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FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

Missour1 State Board of Agriculture

A Record of the Work for the Year 1913

Also Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week, 1914, Association Meetings,
Farm Statistics and Other Information and Papers Relating
to Agriculture and Its Allied Industries

PUBLISHED 1914

THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY
JEFFERSON CITY, MO.

tere

OFFICERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF

AGRICULTURE.

President—P. P. Lewis, Crescent.
Vice-President—W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis.
Secretary—Jewell Mayes, Columbia.
Assistant-Secretary—W. L. Nelson, Columbia.
Treasurer—W. A. Bright, Columbia.

Institute Lecturer—J. Kelly Wright, Columbia.
Institute Lecturer—Miss Bab Bell, Columbia.
State Veterinarian—Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia.
Apiary Inspector—M. E. Darby, Springfield.
Dairy Commissioner—E. G. Bennett, Carthage.

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS.

Governor Elliott W. Major.
Dean Agricultural College F. B. Mumford.

CORPORATE MEMBERS.

(Term expires July 20, 1914.)

Cong.
District Name. Residence.
22.0) CCR ROAR TE Jichnehia Braytone sso. 5.0 ae: Ranistegeicriecte-
3) 5/5" 0. caCORE Jal (Ca ID races ae ean eoiocctrns @Sborneren eee
Mr SCIEN oat reco SMP LLeCICKet © 5 Sona ces tute Buckner: see.
113).3 Sohne nee ane ene iS; 1S3 Symialk. 5 Ss ooalsieg co co on ceNAANINeAONG, oe ale oc
1A oie eae ae (GAN IEEBaAEnestec cr a Arie cout ee Mairstonen rience
NGA te ace ae 2 Ave dlwiNielSomifeai.s ice crise ae orks ebanonemat ere:
(Term expires July 20, 1915.)
il. 5 et ORy ER Rene enone ES Nie wloml pic erences sre cents Lewistown.......
4. 5. oS een Chass Bellowsemermrres ia Miarsyavalle tanec eee
0 5 ee ING BIE (Gia alae ey eects cameras Sedalliarmanarsacc
be 0 6 Se eee W: A; Dallmeyer..............Jefferson City... .
1D), oid eae ene ee Jiohngbankersrmeme-r cao. a canthages =... boy.
(Term expires July 20, 1916.)
(Oe aiguoiiee Ecker Mache We Ilias see ate oe aise - iit wn woeee cielo cub ore
De Saree Lloleea eee Jiohma)|eaWalketteld: 555 .0e see lexXiGOs-e a. oe e-
10) 5 3. RA Gee eeReaeane mA CWASR alanis «tha teense (Grescent)is cess a
JUL 3) Glee ae Chinispeilkeseaenne hee eben le Ouis)-
12 5. acta Re ee cata WAS IR NSIS Bink Boe bce St. Louis.
(3)

Superintendent of Schools W. P. Evans.

County.

.... Monroe.

.St. Francois.
.New Madrid.
. Laclede.

Lewis.

. Nodaway.

Pettis.
Cole.

.Henry.

Audrain.

.St. Louis.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

President—W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City.
Vice-President—E. E. Swink, Farmington.
Secretary—John T. Stinson, Sedalia.
Treasurer—W. W. Barrett, Sedalia.

STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES.

Name. City or town. County.
D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian....... Coltimbias sec. eee os boone:
FS Sita AMA Ve Leta esta seris, Metaeg aia She tanec ete ee JoplinkesnGeee ae bis eremiae Jasper.
BilackesS antes acess epee sich sie eeteseeet ea! Chillicothe. ssc see ee Livingston.
Bradley spllora cena cnnemast otk, acvoere cranes ° WhndSorertice-sotm sotiae ee Henry.
GAlme ng sult ensr sci cetaiserucr ance apc oies Memphissaas i emaeiaa eae Scotland.
[Byetonniit, ILjgel Dl Setanta amination hy hear eee Eval tone eee irene Caldwell.
Cahill ha Mie 224 South Seventh street.St.. Joseph. .2+)-aseee e 2: Buchanan.
atta crew Gio A clement sehen verona weaves Susu ligcoinsvailleneseacie sree ae Lafayette.
GheathammGa ey oot Casa ens acl oene Clinton eee as eee ec Henry.
GhenowethpalewW. orcs. aadee. see aires Albany. = casa aera ent ce Gentry.
(Gissel RRR orp. eek ery eo eesee eee te: Perryville..... .. Perry.
(ON eaves. ise Cope mea BU Ro ING vad alc Rates och scans Vernon.
(Glinerm Rees a eer tet eae cer oks cae Lamar .. Barton.
(COmedal bi Nea Dee etcictaee sare eraiose lara akaioraedic as Fedinas ey tra ren eeseitcnet hs Knox.
CnitesMD ANE ea sie cic teal Sa PaN Caer Jackson... 0-2-6 ee ee Capen Girancdeane
Gillisomaiames sae eas se erties Charlestonneae eres Mississippi.
IDYenyits, [Bio Chk oe ea aan Reem anon eee Laren 8 Garrolltont tase ene Carroll.
IDYovavsy aS Ah Cos as ete vane pment Ome eerie ae Boonvilliceeen eee Cooper.
I Dikerernl VOR Sie, Ife NY Ue aot che Seaiete mace acters one SchelliGity2... 5.5 en ennone
ES OMUSHM|(OSteteyets Arata reac eoscsye eee Ronae OsBalloniie eee aoe St. Charles.
Del seo nMleEe faeces ara al ceteris Rlattel City ace moeeneee late:
(Goniine sae Camilo pa eke deers cies awe A Siemens ae GChilhoweess space Johnson.
(Georcere AN iseee tw Ache ve eis oct nanerdls come dccemorte Manrrisonvalleseaasi era: Cass.
Glover Awl Rath week au cackace Yaris seein INIGWAIE Roo desea caecen dole abl NM,
Grevonyapl wile et ecu eat A kad St Charlessess eee een Sen eharles:
GrigcbyemlccuuleS eee teyese wcr seer ea oe eee Souisianatenoe aie eae Pike.
Pelenr clsy rabies ies series Ja) cee. cues teen oy oh Re Niethersong Gitye eee Cole.
InI@ASl Nl seinegers lela Oe nals ata Saiyan Coen alaeNobtOG 4 meee So ookomOe Caldwell.
lHIOOl, Ooms INoteocasccdcs cave aacoc > oe BIMNAMEPooco0co seo eon 55 CHGhWall
LOUSEIAMVN Sitesi sais chloe: toh ade Garthralee acen era eer are cree Jasper
FAUT MLE SHA) Cums tact oueene eines ared onan haeimer ern ee Grundy.
amres ElyidevNics ws ci ace oss ee iol ClCOMe cee , . (CASS.
VietinaVesas WaNe, NIN Ano Neem testa ewe fel eataps meeenatts aintig ete Cameronincheciswasee eee Clinton.
Niohnstonspheliercg eee eres en Oe eee Excelsion Springsmrrseeie ee Clay.
Kinsley, A.f., 1336 East Fifteenth St... Kansas City: 72... -2...)--: Jackson.
ashi nO) SAU) es tree ane enue ade iieeh espe Sos Mioberlyisviy: neice se Randolph.
Me eachin Ge bees eo ites eect eee cap ee INE WARING os og bao oG.on oo OfOe Nodaway.
Bebe yiGom Vr vatien 6 clrs cation itech von acer PCC ag cocogeupcwuce va celucmidbinl,
ThESEST WER Sin eticre tora dth. bce oe aeaent 0 o-c eo AOL NELLY RNR Ee nee Harrison.
Xa; op OR, VANS] Meccoecveslncses crctaat oer okons mc: eae Sedailiatemre «pero ees 6 Pettis.
Won Cheeses ces ee eee cs. ee Springitel dart ciactscterserks + = Greene.
IUSIAGV Coy Reb cots Coc RUE Ro A) ohn 6.5 cna ae IMkeacamit IAM, ce eas ooo como Cass.
Wilke Cronin ll Tole weet o bdic n SHS ene Independence anise ae ace Jackson.

List of Officers.

IMIG roy: ;a [holism mekieis 6 5ese uuers oc Peers ore Grants Gityeeerane eerie ee Ontle
MicintynresiGeon Wisden asco oes INVexI coment tgs ence Aa Audrain.
NIC even -Mltg tltana teeter cha sian: ne Warnrensb ince meta Seine Johnson.
McDonald Vins ARReM ani ee. a ee ke IA dinich): eae s eed eos, 2 Polk.
Miaiélancl acne eytis a smoistehiene ss aera tices (eaRlataveee ee eicev ins scene Macon.
Mein tira eA Ee is eg eet a oeehayaice Ne nator Peniym caer dio ae. Mee oalls:

AVI Stems alles. he eeeeeeectac ee ones ee oats Galitormiase eee eee Vloniteaulr
IM loyaeaiiny, | BBS Bieeee utes 5.0 caste! ene is cantare apoicnste ING OSH OMG ws ee Cer snr Newton.
Mini rinedyB:.) «4 aapennge case hos ose ees Summits eae Jackson.
IN itrsarpe Nea | og peter accuse ame aie aie Eavyiettenn ines cho neat ton Howard.
Milos, OM os oosebesadegeeaascae KWahokarivapry a2 ochre: Clark.
INIGS NAA pie a ns be aT gL Rt ne a Kanksyvillene ee a eee A Calis
OMB rien ein eee Nese Acie tins lolayararloeNl, 5 aac Somaeeboooce Marion.
OldMC@landeni a wees aera ele ee bos Maldentereeess nee Dunkin:
FRAT ICC TSAN Ae cope RE lc chests ns ca By uine caer ea seer te hak coe St. Louis.
IRarGiment etem Glee mar arnt ste, <.cieie Coloma igi Sew keen ceva a oes Sullivan.
RGA COC kaa bien Hee, coment einai wees vcr tat: eatiichcaxe arecc Ranl oa to cere ee Atchison.
FACATSOM a ASM NVA Ake eis sess eS sc puta ones iercelGity “enone Aone leawience.
fEpitstermicvnie Ges ER. settee a paces teusees oreo) sels oS Mount Vernon...........- Lawrence.
Prieinoe in, JANET Rts 5 boaods racemes Stylo oc RON Ashes 8 Rien cn ct sn aie ree ers. 2 Lincoln.
OA Ce pIRe Me he Ailirs Sirat Dh caliente Shelbinaw..ja22 4 ae. ere hie Shelby.
Raley Am PEVVRR Oper r oemn oe ere Vie lite City was Ackman: ¢5 eo NVATTeM:
Resse me Niet. 4h, erste tie tc: sere anes Wiestulelains ann eene ae Howell.
LST GENET COLE 5h] elegy AWE Seen citer Spare Nee eue ete Gaeta Maysvillem poem aoe. oan Dekalb:
SCO GIN etre os otal ante, a) one kk Princetons. ee ae Mercer.
Srooreres MC IN Ay Ue Re rd Mount City eee eae Holt.

SIG ONY. 1 6 lee, | fhe ed eee ee nn RE Aen ea? arminetonese crise cle St. Francois.
SCID Lepm MONS no tis eevee acs, streets eines PoplacBluthaneereen rere oe Butler.
Slitlcl estan Nee aS ee ee ere os Mere ree Dearborn eee Platte.
SVanS Sey (Coa ae ei ees on aurea asc Plattsburgs neice ee son: Clinton.
STAT Aye lic Re NER i. sea Rar oe aN Richmond eee eee Ray.
Syonllesy7 ollts aM Daath aiceeineeests Besta eececrse:- Iibenty seater ae ers Clay.
Strate (Ge ID Re Sere aie eee is eae ann Kockwoodhaee eee Dade.
Smith eStamley reise L kerey ses skeeca et: Golumbiavree ts tesa nee Boone.
Sorber, W. C., 3535 N. Grand avenue. . . .St. Louis city.

SHES TT yTNG [gah ee Re ec eg Ca Odessab ui esh. ter ey erat Lafayette.
SUA OSCAT a als cil aie gas Osea cele: Ranisiesiy meine miaerrn tee Monroe.
iptonmlthosy Bee ie. hens cian sen cere FUMING atc abst Wis ere Bates.
Site aay ayn CeO of oc tee te ee mae ft eM ANIC OM eyo ea is Rk Naa 2 Lewis.
siroxele De Vitse ante: eh artim: IG SE Wyant cei rere Harrison.
Mitr elaine Geen yok hee ea etek ine Miogrisyll enamel sere el Ol ke
Witla ples Cetra |S Meta ro techy pane Rrenitonh seh ets Ate are ee Grundy.
Wenn JNainieiion JBo Uh Ga ebb been oho ge ox Brooktiel dane aster eres Linn.

AYA arccl Pow Ealick GE A pee fie RR HEA al a BRE Fulton) waste Ce race Callaway.
Niel clea neg. 2 ic. 0a tnt eeiae Mion a ween ane Miairs halls eistsees 2s lentes Saline.
Nil Sore mlRael ree A eee a eee ee a BOLIVAR sheet Polk.

VV SDLUS SMES She ata a erento. een fe eet Sed alice spa a nbs: alae newman sag Pettis.
\OVAW@ a oS ERA Biel Rea eS an RRS eR toe CE Savannahs erent ern Crewe
WAGER AAR 2 eet ee ene ae Oe SIMIVE US ee ey we ee ee Linn.
OOGS ale. Tit Nadler tigen MA Ne bg eae hase Fumes vill eae ee a eae Randolph.

Wired ai( | [eg Le eon ath OP rene rc SER L Sallasbimy) ee ee ee Chariton.

On

ASSOCIATE ORGANIZATIONS.

MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—H. G. Windsor, Boonville. bs
Secretary-Treasurer—C. B. Hutchison, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary-Treasurer—F. L. Bentley, Columbia.
District Vice-President—W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport.
District Vice-President—A. White, Jr., Palmyra.

District Vice-President—E. L. Hughes, Glasgow.

District Vice-President—Simon Baumgartner, Pierce City.
District Vice-President—Maurice McCauley, Doniphan.

MISSOURI FARM MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION.

President—J. Ed. Hall, Lamonte.

Vice-President—Ollie Davis, Wellsville.

Secretary-Treasurer—R. S. Besse, Columbia.

Advisory Board—D. H. Doane, Columbia; F. B. Mumford, Columbia; W. P.
Dysart, Columbia.

MISSOURI CATTLE, SWINE AND SHEEP FEEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.
President—Dr. A. W. Nelson, Bunceton.
First Vice-President—C. E. Yancey, Liberty.
Second Vice-President—G. V. Sneed, Sedalia.
Secretary-Treasurer—H. O. Allison, Columbia.

MISSOURI WOMEN FARMERS’ CLUB.

President—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Columbia.
Vice-President—Mrs. Rosa Russell Ingles, Columbia.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mrs. Maud Griffith Woods, Harrisonville.

MISSOURI HOME MAKERS’ CONFERENCE ASSOCIATION

President—Miss Alice Kinney, New Franklin.

First Vice-President—Mrs. J. Ed Hall, Lamonte.

Second Vice-President—Miss Louise Stanley, Columbia.
Secretary (Corresponding)—Miss Bab Bell, Columbia.
Secretary (Recording)—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport,
Treasurer—Mrs. Cora_Chapin, Appleton City.

(6)

|

Associate Organizations.

MISSOURI ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIR MANAGERS.

President—A. R. McComas, Sturgeon.
Vice-President—J. W. McDermott, Kahoka.
Treasurer—B. E. Hatton, Columbia.
Secretary—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.

MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

President— Marshall Gordon, Columbia.

First Vice-President—C. W. Kent, Kansas City.
Second Vice-President—O. O. Harlan, Marionville.
Treasurer—Rudolph Miller, Macon.

Secretary—P. M. Brandt, Columbia.

MISSOURI DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—J. F. Roelofson, Maryville.
Vice-President—Wilbur Mcllroy, Louisiana.
Secretary-Treasurer—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.

MISSOURI SADDLE HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City.
Vice-President—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.
Secretary—Rufus Jackson, Mexico.
Treasurer—E. S. Stewart, Sturgeon.

MISSOURI COUNTRY LIFE CONFERENCE.
President—Paul Culver, Gower.
Vice-President—H. E. Books, Fulton.
Secretary—W. L. Nelson, Columbia.
Treasurer—M. F. Miller, Columbia.

MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—E. B. Wilson, Stanberry.
Vice-President—Lyle Atkins, Denton.
Vice-President—W. D. Ashburn, Farmington.
Vice-President—J. M. Grigsby, Paris.
Vice-President—W. J. Shores, Clark.
Secretary-Treasurer—H. Hackedorn, Columbia.

MISSOURI DUROC-JERSEY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—Green McFarland, Sedalia.

Vice-President—Chas. L. Taylor, Olean.

Secretary—R. L. Hill, Columbia.

Treasurer—Geo. E. Thomson, Columbia.

Directors—C. G. Starr, Centralia; Edward Sheley, New Bloomfield; A. White,
| Jr., Palmyra.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

State Board of Agriculture, Office cf the Secretary, (
Columbia, Mo., March 18, 1914. f

To Honorable Elliott W. Major, Governor of Missouri:

Sir—I have the honor to transmit to you a report of the
State Board of Agriculture for the year 1913, including the work
of the State Veterinarian, State Dairy Commissioner and State
Apiary Inspector.

Very truly yours,
JEWELL MAYES, Secretary.

(8)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Miscellaneous— ° Pazes
Oa dene fase Nom GUltti Chetan mits aie.) 5 se oeaceethers Ue Sie ois «ae rience ie oes E13

Annual Meeting—

MimTteS! = sane OG MANO ORE CNRS 0-2. oe ORES. CEMENTS cea ee 14-21
GP Ontet Oia SCC AIAyg esate arp nor aM Rewer etal oR oe oe clk Maen cen es 22-27,
Seercianyrs lhingimerall, Suevemiett. couscotiacwe boow deecesos ooo ug 66 oF 27-43
“TDRERUSUT OPES TE SFOYON GENES aon A eR nei oie GRIP OEE ar am, ee eee ae 44-40
ReportmotestatemVieteninarianesheldonmaane ssa acer eine nei. 47-53
Report OF Stawe Wenermeinein ILGC E76 0coboccoobade:,coseosagoueud 54-61
INepore Or IDA? (COmmMISHOINCG yoo nko ooooopodoone obo Ds oonGdO GU OE 61-65
FVEPORtMOleNPIany, eLMSPECtOter mame ier lca sectors encloses teats 65-67
Farmers’ Week—
Reponisseeaperssainds Nd diesSese seme scenes: oats cleus chistes 68-622
Miscellaneous—
IMBISSOUEL Tey: SSyorsniee J etbinah AIMS oak Gets 8 Oe Aol cada ep g Sites Bern ote 623-627
Shorthorn Brings’ $38/083)imi the Atrgentine..........0......65+.-- 627-628
loOwatOmVicasunemamiialll@onimememta rms a a ciicieiceeaeieniee irene s 628-630
leiview Stocks Mianketsmhote nse dialOla sc 4 ree nec os bocce cee oan 630-635
Cov Majors: GoodmxoadseDaysmm ats. 2s Jc sere err een: 636-647
Mbiggouint (Cinaypy IRGRE GY AGE MUOIBS oe n.s goa doosgue ood oMaDEaobmod culoboobae 648-671
IMS SO tiaineliviegaS tO Camere eset To a oa eects ol GA Ssea wad oe ewe am ana eee 672-679
ILISE Oi AICS IMbiggowint STAe Menge andecdesucudonoe shes scons sonoae se 680-706
EPOLEEOke StatemVicteninanianmandmD epiitless: ses see a eaatrecin ne eerie 707-722
Line Suogs Slayonneimis ineomm Whole gs5goceacabun one boo san aeboeoouce 723-724
Live Swoele Siaijoyonemi shale) IWNGQOuI: gen apneoo sancbo wen ouacocouamon se 724-725
ISG ES icone cos Cero ere tay Gla lca fy SHG chy ES ok omen ae PS Pe 725

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Ayer eee wee

The Missouri State Board of Agriculture.

NEW MEMBERS AND OFFICERS.

In the forty-fourth annual report of this Board brief sketches
of the corporate and ex officio members and of the various offi-
cers and employes were given. Last year sketches of the new
members of the Board were published. Following that plan
and in order that the people may know more of those who
serve them as members or officers of the Board, something con-
cerning the new members, officers and employes is given this
year.

Jewell Mayes (Democrat), Secretary of the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture.—Born on February 15, 1873, at the
Mayes farm near Knoxville, Ray county, Missouri, son of Wiley
"i MayesieJir.,. sand
Sina Stephenson
Mayes. His grand-
fat heer, » Wiley
Mayes, Sr., came
from Tennessee
and settled in
Knoxville town-
ship in 1829. His
mother’s people
came from Ken-
tucky. »to ‘Clay,
county in) 1615.
His father died in
L830; pandas the
widow lives with
the subject of this
sketch, her only
son. On August
10, 1904, he mar-
ried Miss Edith
Frances Martin,

daughter of John
JEWELL MAYES, Secretary. and Stella Mar-

(11)

12 Missourt Agricultural Report.

tin, and granddaughter of Rev. O. D. Allen of Kansas City.
They have one son, Martin, a lad in his ninth year. Owns the
Mayes farm in Ray county, a portion of which has been in the
family for the third generation. Is publisher of the Richmond
(Mo.) Missourian, and since 1898 has been a writer on farm hfe
subjects, and in 1912 was publicity secretary of the Missouri
Anti-Single Tax League and is now state secretary of that
organization.

Christopher Hilke, Eleventh district
(Democrat), 1515 Bremen avenue, St.
Louis.—Born in Westphalia, Germany,
October 7, 1850. Came to Missouri
September 28, 1865. Was educated in the
parochial schools of Westphalia. Was
married May 2, 1876, his wife being Miss
Margaret Wiegmann. They have four
daughters and two sons. Mr. Hilke is a
member of the Catholic Church. He was
appointed a member of the State Board
of Agriculture July 17, 1913. Isa promi-
nent hay and grain merchant of St.
Louis.

J. J. Wakefield, Ninth district (Democrat), Mexico, R. F. D.
No. 2.—Born in Brooke county, West
Virginia, November 10, 1863, but has
resided in Audrain county, Missouri,
since March 2, 1866. Was educated in
the schools of this county. Was mar-
ried in 1897, his wife being Miss Laura
F. McCue. They have one child. Mr.
Wakefield was appointed a member of
the State Board of Agriculture in July,
1913. He served as highway engineer

fe of Audrain county from January, 1908,
if A to January, 1911. He has always taken
an active interest in road and school
work in his home district. He is en-
gaged in general farming, including the breeding and feeding of
live stock. He is also an extensive grower of corn, taking
much interest in improved corn. Part of the farm now owned
by Mr. Wakefield was settled by his father in 1868.

Christopher Hilke.

J. J. Wakefield.

New Members Board of Agriculture. 13

Mack V. Thralls, Sixth district (Democrat), Urich.—Born
in Linn county, Kansas, September 11,
1868. Came to Missouri in 1874, and
resided in St. Clair county, near Apple-
ton City, until 1893. Was educated in
the public schools and the Appleton
City Academy. Was married in 1896,
his wife being Miss Cora Miller. They
have two children, a daughter and a
son. Mr. Thralls was for twenty years
editor of the Urich Herald. He wasa

-member of the Forty-fourth General
Assembly of the State of Missouri,

Mack V. Thralls. representing Henry county. For
twenty years he was clerk of the public school board of

Urich and for fifteen years clerk of the city of Urich. He has

always taken a prominent part in lodge and church work. Isa

member of the Baptist church and has served as moderator of
the Febo Baptist Association. Was in charge of the Henry

county agricultural exhibit at the Missouri State Fair in 1911

and 1912 and had been appointed to same position for 1913,

but resigned when appointed member of the Board of Agricul-

ture and when he was named as director in charge of agricul-
tural hall. Since retiring from active newspaper work he has
devoted his time to supervising his farm.

Eugene G. Bennett, State Dairy
Commissioner, Carthage, Mo.—Was
born August 12, 1868, at Coving-
ton, Ky. Came to Missouri in 1874.
Was educated in the public and private
schools at Carthage. Was married
September 1, 1903, to Miss Bertha
EK. Fancher... Appointed to present
position, im August, 1913." > Has yior a
number of years been connected with
the dairy industry of the State. |

E. G. Bennett.

Annual Meeting.

MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, }
Columbia, Mo., January 12, 1914.

The Board met in the office of the Secretary at 4 p. m.
with President Lewis in the chair. Those present were:
Messrs. Wilkinson, Hilke, Brayton, Bellows, Mumford, Evans,
Newlon, Parker, Wakefield, Hedrick, Duncan, Swink, Thralls,
Dallmeyer, Lewis, Nelson, Gentry and Barnes. Absent, Gover-
nor Major.

The minutes of meeting in St. Louis November 12, 1913,
were read and, on motion of Judge Swink, were approved.

The President appointed Mr. Hilke, Mr. Wakefield and
Mr. Hedrick as the Auditing Committee to examine the financial
reports of the Secretary and Treasurer.

The Secretary then read his report of the work done by the
Board and a few recommendations for the future. On motion of
Mr. Brayton and Mr. Thralls, the report was received and
ordered printed in the annual report.

Mr. E. G. Bennett, State Dairy Commissioner, then read
his report and, on motion of Dean Mumford, the report was
received and ordered printed in the annual report.

Dr. Luckey, State Veterinarian, presented his list of deputies
and, on motion by Judge Swink, supported by Mr. Wakefield,
the list was approved and the Secretary directed to issue com-
missions for the same.

The report of Dr. Sheldon for the first eight months of the
year was read by Dr. Luckey, and after much discussion and the
consideration of several propositions it was ordered that the
President appoint a committee of three, including chairman, to
examine Dr. Sheldon’s report and to advise what part, if any,
should be left out of the annual report. The committee was
composed of Mr. Duncan, Judge Wilkinson and President
Lewis, and on advice of the committee the report was received
and, after eliminating certain words that were considered

objectionable, was ordered printed in the annual report.
(14)

Annual Meeting. 15

Dr. Luckey then read his report of work done in his depart-
ment after September 1, 1913, and, on motion of Mr. Thralls
and Mr. Newlon, the report was received and ordered printed in
the annual report.

On invitation of the Board, Dr. McAllister of Columbia,
Dr. McComas of Sturgeon, Dr. Goodwin, secretary of the Mis-
souri State Medical Society, and Dr. G. O. Cuppaidge of the
State Board of Health appeared before the Board to advocate
the erection of a medical building on the fair grounds at Sedalia,
Mo., where lectures can be given during fair week to instruct the
people in hygiene and preservation of health.

On motion of Mr. Barnes and Mr. Brayton, permission was
given the State Veterinarian to reduce his salaried force when a
reduction of expenditures in the veterinary department becomes
necessary.

BEECTION OF OFFICERS.

The chairman called for nominations for the office of
President of the Board for the current year. On motion of
Mr. Thralls, the rules were suspended and the Secretary was
instructed to cast the ballots for Mr. P. P. Lewis for President.

On motion of Mr. Gentry, the rules were suspended and
Judge Wilkinson was elected Vice-President.

For the office of Secretary Mr. Duncan nominated Mr. |
Jewell Mayes and, on motion of Mr. Newlon, the rules were
suspended and Mr. Mayes was elected Secretary, to take effect
February 1, 1914.

On motion of Mr. Gentry, the rules were suspended and Mr.
W. L. Nelson was elected Assistant Secretary.

On motion of Mr. A. T. Nelson, the rules were suspended
and Mr. Bright elected Treasurer.

On motion of Mr. Gentry, supported by Mr. Thralls, the
chair was authorized to appoint a committee to escort the newly
elected Secretary, Mr. Mayes, to the room. Messrs. Wilson,
Duncan and Bellows were named as the committee.

On motion of Mr. Barnes and Mr. Thralls, the chairman
was authorized to appoint a legislative committee of five mem-
bers (to be appointed later).

Adjourned to 2:30 p. m. January 13, 1914,

16 Missourt Agricultural Report.

MINUTES OF ADJOURNED MEETING
Secretary’s Office, Columbia, Mo. \
January 13, 1914, 2:30 o’clock p. m. f

Board met in office of Secretary according to adjournment,
and in the absence of President Lewis the Vice-President, W. R.
Wilkinson, took the chair.

The Secretary-elect, Mr. Mayes, was escorted to the room
by the committee and was introducéd to the Board by Mr.
Duncan, and made a few remarks expressing his appreciation of
the honor conferred on him and of the magnitude of the work
before him. :

Miss Bab Bell, women’s institute lecturer for the Board,
made a brief report of her work and urged co-operation with the
home economics department of the University.

On motion of Mr. Dallmeyer, Miss Bell was authorized to
co-operate with the University through its department of home
economics.

On motion the secretary was authorized to expend $75.00
out of the Farmers’ Institute fund to purchase equipment needed
to demonstrate the possibilities in the teaching of home economics
in the rural schools.

Mr. Mayes asked for the opinion of the Board on the exten-
sion work for women, and the Board informally expressed an
approval.

On motion of Mr. Bellows, Mr. W. L. Nelson was author-
ized to prepare a series of bulletins giving the history of the lead-
ing breeds of live stock in Missouri.

Mr. G. W. Reavis made a brief statement on the Boys’
State Fair School and asked that his report be published. Mr.
J. K. Wright and several members expressed approval of the
boys’ school.

On motion duly made and carried, the Governor’s procla-
mation governing the movement and quarantine of cattle in
McDonald, Newton, Ripley and Oregon counties be annulled.

On motion of Mr. A. T. Nelson, it was ordered that a com-
mittee composed of Mr. Mayes, Mr. W. L. Nelson, Dean Mum-
ford and Mr. Wright be authorized to purchase the equipment
necessary to give stereopticon shows at Farmers’ Institutes.

The committee on the Agricultural College then made the
following report which, on motion of Mr. Newlon, supported
by Mr. Barnes, was approved and ordered printed in the annual
report:

Minutes of Adjourned Meeting. 17

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

The Revised Statutes of Missouri, section 601, require that a committee of the Board
of Agriculture shall annually make an inspection of the work and progress of the College of
Agriculture and the Experiment Station of the University of Missouri, and report its findings
to this Board. Acting in accordance with this statutory requirement, your committee begs
leave to submit the following report. In submitting this report we have attempted to give
definite facts and figures as far as possible which mark the progress of this institution. In
general, your committee desires to record its opinion that the College of Agriculture is mak-
ing rapid progress in all lines of activity coming within the scope of its organization. The
enrollment of students has rapidly increased, the investigations conducted by the Experi-
ment Station are practical, and the extension activities conducted by the college which have
for their purpose the bringing of results of the college directly to the farmer, all have been
augmented and more completely and systematically organized during the past year:

ENROLLMENT OF STUDENTS.—tThe enrollment in the College of Agriculture has
increased from 147 in 1903-04 to 821 during the year 1913-14. During the past five years
the enrollment in the College of Agriculture has increased 350 per cent. The enrollment in
the long course in 1903-04 was 75. In 1913-14 the enrollment is 506. The short course
enrollment in 1903-04 was 72. The enrollment in the short course in 1913-14 is 315.

We find that from the years 1901 to 1906 the enrollment increased from 160 to 186,
and that from 1907 the increase has been from 211 to 820 at the present time.

Special courses are offered by the College of Agriculture for the preparation of teachers
for the rural schools, for the training of dairymen, for poultry farmers, and a short course
for women in home economics.

ADDITIONS TO EQUIPMENT AND INCREASE IN THE TEACHING
FORCE—During the past year the building for agricultural chemistry has been completed
and equipped, and students in the College of Agriculture are now receiving instruction in
this building. The physics building has also been completed and is fully equipped for
instruction in that subject. A greenhouse for the department of agronomy, to be used in
soil and plant experiments, has greatly added to the efficiency of instruction and investiga-
tion in that department. Extensive repairs have been made on the dairy building. Labora-
tories for the study of animal nutrition have been provided in the new building for agricul-
tural chemistry. Instruction is now offered in the cutting and curing of meats. The fol-
lowing live stock has been added to the department of animal husbandry: By purchase—
One Percheron stallion, one saddle filly, one high grade draft horse, twenty-eight pure bred
Dorset, Southdown, Hampshire, Shropshire, and Cotswold sheep, four pure bred Duroc-
Jersey and Poland China swine, thirty-nine head of cattle for instructional and investiga-
tional purposes.

There have been produced on the farm the following animals: Four fillies, seventy-five
pure bred sheep, one hundred and sixty-five pure bred hogs, fifty-five pure bred cattle.

The following additions have been made to the teaching force in the University and
College of Agriculture: Agronomy, one assistant; entomology, one assistant; farm manage-
ment, two assistants; poultry husbandry, one assistant; veterinary science, one assistant;
rural economics, one assistant professor.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS.—We point with pride to
the fact that in 1913 the dairy judging team of the University of Missouri won first place in
competition with sixteen institutions representing the various agricultural colleges in the
United States. Mr. W. A. Rhea, a Missouri student, won first and a four hundred dollar
scholarship; and Mr. L. W. Wing, Jr., another Missouri man, won second and also a four
hundred dollar scholarship. These prizes were won in competition with forty-eight other
students representing the best agricultural colleges in the United States. The fruit judging
team competing in the National Fruit Judging Contest at Washington, D. C., won first
place and brought back to Missouri a beautiful silver cup. The live stock judging team at
the International Live Stock Show at Chicago won second place in competition with twelve
other teams representing the agricultural colleges of America. No more convincing testi-
mony could be offered to the efficiency of the instruction given in the Missouri College of
Agriculture than that represented by the winnings of Missouri men in national and inter-
national competitions.

FAT CATTLE PRIZES WON BY THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.—
The department of animal husbandry fed and exhibited fourteen head of fat cattle at the
Missouri State Fair, the American Royal, and the International Live Stock Shows. Several
of these cattle were bred by the College of Agriculture. At the Missouri State Fair every
animal exhibited won a first prize. At the three shows the cattle exhibited by the University
of Missouri won the following prizes: One grand championship, five championships, twenty-
five first prizes, eight secomd prizes, nine third prizes, eight fourth prizes, one fifth prize,
one sixth prize. Prizes were also won on fat barrows which were exhibited for the first time
in 1913.

18 Missourt Agricultural Report.

EXTENSION TEACHING.

We find that the college has more and more emphasized the importance of carrying
directly to the farmers the results of important and practical investigations made by the
Experiment Station. A brief statement regarding these outside activities is indicated in
the following paragraphs:

Branch Short Courses in Agriculture.—Since the report of the Agricultural College Com-
mittee one year ago, the College of Agriculture has conducted eleven branch short courses,
each one five days in length. The total attendance in these short courses was 862, and the
average daily attendance at each short course was 47.

Farmers’ Institutes—The college has for many years co-operated with the Secretary of
the Board of Agriculture in Farmers’ Institute work in Missouri. During the past year
teachers from the College of Agriculture have attended forty Farmers’ Institutes located in
thirty-three counties; 6,130 people were in attendance at these Farmers’ Institute meetings.
In addition to the foregoing, men from the College of Agriculture have attended forty-nine
local farmers’ meetings in twenty-four other counties of the State. There were 4,495 people
in attendance upon these meetings.

Special Demonstration Trains.—The College of Agriculture co-operated in conducting
three special demonstration trains running through twenty Missouri counties, and thus
reached directly 15,350 people.

Correspondence.—The demands upon the College of Agriculture for special information
upon all phases of agriculture and horticulture are increasing at a rapid rate. The number
of letters received by the college has more than doubled in the past three years. In 1913,
52,407 inquiries for special information were received by the various departments of the Col-
lege of Agriculture. Assistance was given to each of these inquiries either by personal
replies or by sending publications of the college.

Judging Live Stock at County Fairs.—During the past year the college furnished experi-
enced judges to fifty-three county fairs located in forty-two Missouri counties. ‘There were
384,977 people in attendance at these live stock shows.

Judging Corn Shows.—Calls for judges at corn shows have increased. During the past
year judges were furnished to thirty-six local corn shows located in thirty-one counties.
There were 75,500 people attending these corn shows.

Boys’ Corn Growing Contests——The Boys’ Corn Growing Contests have now been defi-
nitely organized in 113 Missouri counties, and there are enrolled in these contests 3,500 boys.
More than 600 samples of corn were exhibited by boys during the year. The value of this
work cannot be overestimated, as an abiding interest in agriculture has been created on the
part of many young men.

County Farm Advisers.—In accordance with provisions of the farm adviser law enacted
by the Forty-seventh General Assembly, the College of Agriculture has organized twelve
counties and has actually employed ten county farm advisers, who are now actively at work
for the agricultural betterment of the counties in which they are located. The principle of
this project is not new in the policy of the College of Agriculture. The college has been
doing extension work for many years. The present plan attempts to make this extension
work more efficient by locating a representative of the college in each county where the
application of the practical investigations made by the Experiment Station can be made
directly to the farmer himself. On an average, the farm advisers have been located in the
various counties less than one year. During that time the farm advisers have visited 765
farms, attended 252 farmers’ meetings, spoken to 19,674 people, and given personal advice
to 2,749 farmers. Numerous other activities have been promoted and directed by the farm
advisers. This project has accomplished very great service to the farmers of Missouri.

WORK IN THE EXPERIMENT STATION.

The Experiment Station continues to concern itself with many practical investigations
of the problems of the farmer. Some of these investigations which seem to your com-
mittee to be of immediate benefit to farmers are the following:

The improvement of unimproved western ewes through use of pure bred rams.

Economic production of pork with forage crops. :

Coutnarison of warm feed and water to cooked and uncooked feed and cold water
or hogs.

Best methods of preparing corn for fattening steers.

Comparison of corn and oats as feed for working mules.

Most profitable crop rotations for Missouri.

uxperiinents with alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans, sweet clover and other economic
plants.

Nutrition of heifers.

A study of the life histories and methods of eradication of tarnished plant bug,
apple leat hopper, hickory twig girdler, peach-tree borer and other injurious
insects.

10. Herat to determine the durability of fence posts,-variously treated to resist

ecay.

11. Best methods of storing seeds.

12. Farm cost accounting.

BM: NICD Oe

Minutes of Adjourned Meeting. 19

13. Distribution of labor on a farm.

14. The organization and administration of a profitable farm.
15. Peach breeding for hardy sorts.

16. Spraying fruits for insect and fungous diseases.

17. Experiment in orchard heating.

18. Fall versus spring planting of trees.

19. Self-fertility and self-sterility of fruits.

20. Study of tomato diseases in St. Louis county.

21. Grain smut infections and control.

22. Microorganisms in silage.

Soil Survey.—In co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture, the
Experiment Station has completed a detailed soil survey of thirty-four Missouri counties.
Of these five counties, Nodaway, Ralls, Perry, Dunklin and Greene were completed during
the season of 1913. The soil survey forms the basis for work on the soil experiment fields.
The station is now conducting soil experiments on twenty-one fields representing twenty-one
soil types of the State. On some of these fields it’ has been found possible to double the yield
of farm crops and increase the net profits by proper crop rotations and the addition of fer-
tilizers. —

Fertilizer Control.—The Experiment Station has collected fertilizers from 81 Missouri
counties. Over 800 samples have been analyzed and the results published in Bulletin Num-
ber 109. The work of the Experiment Station in the inspection of commercial fertilizers in
this State has practically driven out of the State dishonest fertilizer dealers. The farmer
who purchases his fertilizers from a reliable dealer may be assured that the fertilizer contains
the fertilizing elements guaranteed by the manufacturer. The Experiment Station report
indicates clearly which firms are furnishing a good grade of fertilizers and which firms are
failing to supply a grade of fertilizers as good as their guarantee. We find that the agri-
cultural work in several departments is seriously hampered for want of room, and suggest
that the next Legislature of Missouri be memorialized to provide additional room, also addi-
tional land for experimental work, if possible, within the revenues of our State.

Publications.—During the year the College of Agriculture has sent out 29,500 copies of
newspaper bulletins and 160,674 copies of regular bulletins. The following publications
have been issued during the year:

Bulletin 107—-Farm Poultry House Construction.

Bulletin 108—Grass Investigations in the Ozark Upland.

Bulletin 109—Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers.

Bulletin 110—Forage Crop Rotations for Pork Production.

Bulletin 111—Report of the Director for Year Ending June 30, 1912.

Bulletin 112—Corn Silage for Fattening Two-year-old Steers.

Bulletin 113—Commercial Fertilizers for Strawberries.

Research Bulletin 6—The Distribution of Farm Labor.

Circular 57—Keeping Records of Dairy Cows.

Circular 58—The Missouri Fertilizer Law.

Circular 59—The Farm Adviser Law of Missouri.

Circular 60—The County Farm Adviser Plan.

Circular 61—Docking and Castrating Lambs.

Circular 62—The Chinch Bug and Its Control.

Circular 63—Inspection Service, Control of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases.

Circular 64—Directions for Testing Cream.

Circular 65—Advantages from Use of the Pure Bred Ram.

Circular 66—Cotton Seed Selection for Southeast Missouri.

Index to Bulletins 97-104.

Index to Research Bulletins 1-3.

Your committee has examined the work of the various departments and notes with
approval the signs of progress in all of the activities of the college. Your committee has been
informed that impotent hog cholera serum has been sent out by plants in the State of Mis-
souri. We recommend that all serum manufactured in the State of Missouri be tested for
potency before being sent out for use by Missouri farmers. We recommend that all hog
cholera serum plants located in this State be operated strictly in accordance with the rules
and regulations of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry governing the production of hog
cholera serum, and that all such plants be required by law to be kept up to the federal standard
in all respects. Under present arrangements, the State Veterinarian is vested with police
authority, and the State Agricultural College has charge of the manufacture and distribu-
tion of hog choleraserum. We further recommend that the distribution of hog cholera serum,
made at the expense of the State, and all police authority necessary in the control of hog
cholera be vested in one department, with a view that the State may hereafter be saved the
expense of maintaining two different departments for the control of hog cholera.

Respectfully submitted,
E. E. Swink,
E. L. Newton,
Mack V, THRALLS,
Committee.

20 Missourt Agricultural Report.

On motion the Board of Agriculture then adjourned and
immediately reconvened as a Fair Board.

Board met in office of the Secretary in adjourned session
with Vice-President Wilkinson in the chair.

The Auditing Committee made the following report:

REPORT OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE.
To the Board of Agriculture:

We, the undersigned, members of the committee appointed by the President to examine
the financial statement of the Secretary and Treasurer and to inspect the warrants drawn by
the Executive Committee, have examined the same and find that the books of the Secretary
agree with the financial statement submitted, and the same agrees with the report of the
Treasurer of the Board.

The following warrants which have been issued at the last annual statement, but had
not been presented for payment, we find have since been paid:

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

NOME O 2A a sete erdctics sos Gea asin Gis, sgoyelsks vee Nays ie ha ’S.oteaens arene amterslevahs) Ganie wen ore SeweNe $25.04
INGO MGS Olea: cucyenais csi UMMM eile (oh. ciioy eslae el Silay sxe, fou sys) cavyoparatsy shay manta else Wish ye Re egs yocia eboe Bee 10.50
IN (ORNS Cleve rete voit ctyey cecicsy east Syea sel ap « shatiis: SUT SG csyeweeheucesy ol se eye ay/A ay eeray 2 Oy ah oye chnns Sapoa ea lane 1.65
IN@> G2Seaidirerore gem obo ceo eo ARCHED Oba sen oMB Cl ct create Ore ene Casa: OMRON ch ACTS ah 5 Re ery 43.75

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE.

IN[OMPLSS Sapna couse chek rou yea ens rewares a Ceureneiist beystyamer teh al oar gendn dawute Chel 4 mumubuetn sea eae eeicemts arlene $25.00
INI@, HBO sisa iota arare.6 othe oie © Ora HIG mene tai GIN SHS IN ree ts ab Re ie es eMac 200.00
INTO Mel !e3 O iterates apee casi hes eed Sarah eS (etsy a epee Eke cneeoanye Pcie cer aspenicieet nea e acu 22.25
IN[@ sr TEIO OE Stooge asenmInT Ey PLOT nen OPE RRS ELE near CC bn tees Monee bois ut Sereno peinnrte eetonteticn ota citer chy ci 13.87
INOMMUAO ORE ieputcroieyekerars atc a lactate icin otte coco eum tal operete eee ais aim’ St ansae sp antea steams amen 150.47

INOS PI TSioo st O° EeDic Dice es OTE RC ROTONORORCE ARO PALONO Cc CAC ene ie ee eR RES act cl cue e $2.64
INI@s P20) (Bis Bio.0: Bol a.o ek OA aloe Once D TetckO, OIC OTe: Rare nko co aL aie eartes o CME Ole MRM Te rh Chow tas oka ene 62.71
IN (ONE Zhao Steee st aer pepay sy wee Pet tote cus 5 ie voy orcs Lesser agereemunteyous’ pachel & uss, Srensieh chat ed aniemen ee seculs 194.91

The following warrants, for which corresponding vouchers are on file with the Secretary,
have not been presented to the treasurer for payment:

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT.

INO). Ao delete one acerca lia Op ators Loree PAD on centeirte bio thc sca-ciiecr Aenecho cae cut tae tah Dadi cement | $1.50

INO A715 Deanne See cha inne cea ee Sein nae fa 21 A EL CS VE ee Bhi IT) Core Pe a $44.41
INIGK: (CTO ES chair cmtecieh fae rated cae Rea ee 3K.) an ny cha are a 21.15

INOS” LIZA LARS Sot oeeken tions nh Sareea E CIES at MEER MRR Sha ee. Bots uh OLS cen ade oh nen toad | $4.28
INTO) S UC aasorterd Oa loko cto are YC mBIER A ee rear Sie iota 4a holt nue sda eee ane Mean eteraaic es ca bea) <hamek cranial eae } 5.77

Minutes of Adjourned Meeting. Dil

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

INO Spee iA ile cree esis a ene ney sey po ete ea eli ccsacnceepebist ale acter ertes Me oaeavevt ler Sat TATA ke $13.50
INO Pe SS 2 eee reres ss eeeee ea ee Peace NMR iy Maspedoa OLE = Mate eyo RAS edn Saye ial eects ree aie, aries | 23.54

INI@> BUC ss d'aroarciet th oe oNau bad ehchpsaeete Ria aan Clevo AR GROIN eet eee aes Pe Ae Pe at am | 7.50

When these warrants have been presented to and paid by the Treasurer there will
be an exact agreement in balances.
Respectfully submitted,
J. J. WAKEFIELD,
Curist HILKe,
T. J. Heprick.
Committee.

On motion duly made and carried, the report was approved
and committee discharged.

Mr. Newlon presented the following .for the consideration
of the Board:

As our Secretary has asked this Board to give some recogni-
tion to the improvement of the dog family in Missouri, I move
that the State Board of Agriculture most heartily approve the
recommendation of the Secretary, and at least lend its influence
to the improvement of the breeds of dogs most beneficial to the
farmers of Missouri. The motion was duly seconded and
unanimously carried.

Mr. Thralls presented the following:

Be it resolved by the Missouri State Board of Agriculture,
That in’ the retirement of Honorable T. C. Wilson as Secretary
of this Board we shall miss him, and hereby tender him our
fullest thanks for his able, efficient and untiring service in behalf
of and for the promotion of all details of the work of this Board
in all its departments.

On motion the resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.

On motion it was ordered that the Secretary of the Fair
Board furnish to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture a list
of those winning prizes at the State Fair in 1913 for live stock
exhibits, said list to be printed in the annual report.

On motion the meeting adjourned sine dic.

ve Missourt Agricultural Report.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

To the Honorable Members of the Board of Agriculture:

This is the fourth annual
meeting of the Board during
my administration of the office
of Secretary, and it is doubt-
less appropriate that I give a
brief statement showing some
of the work accomplished.

The affairs of the office
had been ably and conscien-
tiously administered by my
predecessor, and I found a well
organized, effective force doing
most excellent work.

My purpose from the be-
ginning ~- was ‘to: “make ame
changes except for betterment
of the service, and I have ad-
hered strictly to that policy.
In every department and dur-
ing all of my administration I
have had the most cordial and loyal support of each and every
‘employe, and this often when the service was but poorly paid.

My first effort was to ascertain where improvement could
be made without increase of expenditure, and I may give a few
instances.

T. C. Wilson, Retiring Secretary.

RECORDS AND FILES COMPLETED.

To my surprise I found the office did not have a complete
set of the annual reports of this Board. Eight volumes were
missing from our office set and I went to work immediately to
secure the missing volumes. This I found much more difficult
than I supposed. I appealed to county clerks, libraries and
individuals, and after persistent and determined effort during
three years I have completed the set, securing the last volume
some six months ago. The monthly bulletins issued by the
Board were growing more and more valuable, and I gathered
up some of the rare ones and had them bound and added to our

Report of Secretary. 23

collection, until we now have a complete set of 10 volumes, and
the eleventh will soon be added, making the set complete to 1914.

MAILING LIST GREATLY INCREASED.

A hasty inspection of our mailing list showed many names
of those who had changed residence or had died, and I deter-
mined to make the list a live one. Our efforts in this work soon
cut the list of 3,500 to less than 3,000 names. By enlisting the
aid of the farmer himself and making our bulletins more practi-
cal than technical, they became more and more popular and the
demand for them caused a rapid growth in our list, until today
we have a list very near the 10,000 mark and practically all
receiving our publications.

15,495,000 PAGES OF PRINTED MATTER.

Our monthly bulletins were being printed in lots of from
2,000 to 8,000 copies, and some of these were not much in de-
mand. We now find it generally necessary to print 12,000 copies,
and then some issues are exhausted long before the demand has
been satisfied. We dare not print more copies, for the funds
allowed us by the Legislature will not permit. During the year
1913 the following publications were issued from this office:

Vol. 11, No. 1, January—The County Farm Adviser and County Bureau of Agricul-
ture, 46 pages, 10,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 2, February—Methods of Fattening, Dressing and Marketing Poultry,
32 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 3, March—Missouri Home Makers’ Association, 1913, 130 pages, 3,000
copies.

Vol. 11, No. 4, April—Pastures for Hogs, 39 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 5, May—Agricultural Laws in Missouri, 35 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 6, June—Country Hams and Bacon, 53 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 7, July—Blue Grass in Missouri, 40 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 8, August—Peach Growing in Missouri (Koshkonong-Brandsville dis-
trict), 28 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 9, September—Silo Facts from Missouri Farmers, 108 pages, 15,000
copies.

Vol 11, No. 10, October—Missouri Saddle Horse, 95 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 11, November—Development of Home Economics Work in Missouri,
23 pages, 12,000 copies.

Vol. 11, No. 12, December—Missouri Crop Review for 1913, 23 pages, 12,000 copies.

Annual report, 658 pages, 12,500 copies.

Booklet, ‘‘Missouri Peaches,’’ 32 pages, 12,000 copies.

This makes a total of 15,495,000 pages of printed literature
in 1913, not including the monthly crop report.

AUTHORITATIVE CROP REPORTS.

Our crop reports, made up from estimates supplied by more
than 600 correspondents representing the 114 counties of the
State, are issued during the months of April, May, June, July,

24 Missouri Agricultural Report.

August, September and October. In October a wheat and live
stock report is issued and in December a general report covering
all the principal field crops. These reports are much in demand
and are generally regarded as among the most authoritative
issued by any state.

240 FARMERS’ INSTITUTES, 53,612 ATTENDANCE.

The Farmers’ Institute is a very important part of the
Board’s work, and the interest has grown materially. We now
have two lecturers employed by the year and both are doing
most excellent work. Their hearts and their lives are given up
to their calling, and both have resisted tempting offers of greater
salaries elsewhere because of this fact. Mr. Wright has been
with us long enough that the Board members are familiar with
the character of his work. Miss Bell has been in our service less
than a year, but her work is applauded by State officers, county
school superintendents, county farm advisers, and above all, by

oe BS [ Nopawar” wor f male Prous aint
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EO eoee f ~ | ece | SHELBY | MARION \\~
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the people everywhere she has appeared. The work Miss Bell
is presenting to the people is new to the great majority and it is
often difficult to get a hearing at first, but in every instance

Report of Secretary. 25

where an audience has been secured, through curiosity or other-
wise, she has aroused great interest, and in many cases a per-
manent organization has been effected promising much for the
future. Since she has been with the Board she has addressed 78
meetings composed of 3,776 people and organized 23 active
working home makers’ clubs: In Dade county, 4; Dent, 1;
Jackson, 5; Buchanan, 5; Montgomery, 1; Cape Girardeau, 1;
rlarmison. 2: Ghariton, 1; Lafayette; 1, and Pike, 1.

Since beginning of this institute year we have held 240
institutes in 77 counties, with a total attendance of 53,612.

ECONOMY IN CONDUCTING WORK.

I might as well give some comparisons of our work with
that done in other states. We have an appropriation of $17,500
for the Farmers’ Institute fund for the years 1913 and 1914.
Assuming that every dollar is spent in the institute work alone,
we would have $8,750 for the calendar year. The United States
reports of institute work in all the states for the fiscal year ending
July 1, 1913, shows for Missouri 314 days of institute work, and
allowing the full half of our biennial appropriation for this work
alone, our work costs $27.86 per day. The same report shows for
Kansas an average of $39.91; Iowa, $155.19; Illinois, $85.39;
Kentucky, $119.32; Nebraska, $55.12. Michigan stands lowest
at $15.25. ;

This comparison does not tell all the truth, for we do not
spend $8,750 on the institutes. When we deduct the money
spent for Farmers’ Week, for prizes given to encourage corn
growing, meat curing, dairying, tomato growing, etc., as well
as the expenses of speakers for the Farmers’ Week, we reduce the
$27.86 daily cost of the institute work to near one-half, and this
should be done to give a fair comparison with results in other
states. While the demand for the help afforded by our insti-
tutes has not fallen off, the appropriations by our recent Legis-
lature for this work was reduced $5,000, as compared to that of
the previous session, by leaving out the appropriation for the

- extension course.

HIGHWAY ENGINEER'S DEPARTMENT ABOLISHED.
The Highway Engineer’s Department was abolished by the

recent Legislature and that work transferred to the Highway
Commissioner.

26 Missourt Agricultural Report.

MONEY NEEDED FOR APIARY WORK.

The apiary work has not progressed during this four-year
term because of the lack of funds. The protection of the bee
industry and the increase in production of honey is of great
importance to the State, and this Board can well afford to use
their utmost power to secure much larger appropriations for this
fund to enable the Apiary Inspector to employ assistants
enough to drive the foul brood and other enemies of the bee out
of the State and keep it out. The appropriation, now $2,000,
should be at least $5,000 for the biennial period.

THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

The Forty-sixth General Assembly increased the allowance
for this work from $23,200 to $25,000 for the two-year period.
Long before the end of 1912 it was apparent that the funds
would not carry on the work, and the Governor gave this Board
authority to continue the needed work and make a deficiency
demand on the next session. This was done and a deficiency
account of $2,634.51 was reported to the appropriation com-
mittee of the House and of the Senate, and every member
of each committee was supplied with the information. For
some reason best known to the House Committee, no appropria-
tion was made to pay this deficiency, although a similar over-
expenditure in the Highway Engineer’s fund was provided for
and paid.

The work of the State Veterinarian and his deputies has
increased enormously in Missouri during the last four years,
which increase is largely due to the prevalence of tuberculosis
and hog cholera. This Board very wisely asked our last Legis-
lature for an appropriation of $50,000 to run the veterinary
department for the years 1913 and 1914, but a short-sighted
Legislature authorized only half that amount, and it will be
absolutely necessary to exceed this allowance and create another
deficiency or let the people suffer the terrible ravages of tuber-
culosis, glanders and other diseases until another Legislature
can relieve the dangerous situation. In Dr. Luckey you have
a man by nature and temperament most admirably equipped to
carry on the work. To this may be added the great value of
his years of experience both in the office of State Veterinarian
and in private practice. The only need is in the support this
Board can and ought to give him. Pressure can and should be
applied in our next General Assembly to secure for this depart-

Report of Secretary. PA

ment not what was asked of the last assembly, but double that
amount. Take a firm stand for $100,000 and give Dr. Luckey
your combined support and the money can be secured that will
enable your State Veterinarian not only to drive out bovine
tuberculosis, thereby reducing the death rate by consumption
one-half, but will also enable him to control the hog cholera
situation in Missouri. It is not necessary for me to tell you
gentlemen what this means.

This briefly covers the expenditures of the funds appor-
tioned to your use.

IN CONCLUSION.

In closing my official connection with the Board I feel it
my duty to call attention to some serious conditions. If this
Board is to continue its great work in the interest of agriculture,
it must assert itself and stand up for its rights. The time has
passed when the individual or a collection of individuals can
long exist and accomplish anything worth while without a
struggle. One after another of your prerogatives are being
sought and some have been taken over by other interests. If
you quietly permit this to continue the time will soon come
when a Board of Agriculture will not be needed in Missourt and
your existence will end.

TiC] WiEsSONn, ‘Secretary.

SECRETARY S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
To the Board of Agriculture:

I beg to submit the following exhibit of the financial trans-
actions of the Board for the year beginning January 11, 1913,
and ending January 12, 1914, which shows the balances on hand
at the beginning of the year, the requisitions drawn on State
Auditor, warrants drawn on W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the
Board, balances in the treasury of the Board, and the balances
in the different funds remaining in the State Treasury:

28 Missourt Agricultural Report.
DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORTS.
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cri
19138
Jan balance, sonaehian dss soca sleds ns sok eeeleee mel eal ete $337.40
Feb 8 | Bye Ay MRM ere orcnes crslacusnepcia sities | DAD |: icpest os cea $50.00
a 8 Wells, Fargo & Company, express..... 243). “ill. <A ats se eee 33.83
bx 8 | American Express Company......... DAA \\l\s cuit inane a 75)
a 8 | Columbia Telephone Company....... DA |S kas as eee 16.63
Mar. 21 | Barnes-Crosby Company............ WIHED4GY 0)... eee 89.29
Apr. 9 Barnes-Crosby Company............ So DAT We as ean eqs ee 26.21
ie 9 HAGA MEVemml Gyre. aie a en cco eee DAB la nia nore 75.00
= 9 | FSG SWS OMe peach scale ce cpacdevomtyerereniaits 249 9). 2.cbe eee 6.30
248} |) ASPEN, cones bo ooo abana oda oue \ coho Hereeaete 200.00
May 1 | By Barnes-Crosby Company............ 2500 Nes eto oes 54.76
1 SHIN Few Ghee oVSIU Reece once ee HOW MCeRR ooa.osniet 3 25h livid. eo eee 38.73
if Wi ATO IG a rath nis.S sree tien th ee a Oa AT Nhs ieee eked eee 25.00
8 Columbia Telephone Company.......| DEST le nen Oe 10.95
7 8 Barnes-Crosby Company............ Vee sa: Sine. Jae 36.31
= 9 | J. W. Butler Paper Company........ PA stat al! hl SeMIESANS ld) co. ¢ 144.90
sit | Wabash Railroad Company.......... D5G6 te Ae el ks oe 3.15
is NEGUISIUION Meets a Nae s appecre sie eniete, cut | Aukawce aptseray 200.00
pe Barnes-Crosby Company............ Fie wel eats, cc, cen 2.60
June Barnes-Crosby Company............ DEST. IRE eka. ose 9.25
ae American Express Company......... DRO ye Tile si cee tts eae 4.05
July TEGQMISIEION weyers ani ine ees ee ere arelllaetaes sos 500.00
Aug Jee Glial spOStmasteLe ny). sac. : DAG Og Wl (Secearn Peers Beet airiee 500.00
ci NEQUASIOIO Mee eyeadenclae ccna cere [ere Rare 1500000) ln sae cnoenone
- E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. PAGS Ai lagen ke er er 27.50
ue M.. K. & T. Railway Company.......| 26 Dirge || |eeases aeons earn 39.48
na I INGHIN CCH eras rie rae eerste sea 263) ix, lleeon Sic ae 47.40
Sept. Jee Gullbar spOstmasteters... nn sae DG4s i pl Rete ese eene 500.00
oa Je ee Gulttar postmaster ince 265)- JIRA eee 250.00
os TOQUISIO ON Maarsc chee cree eacreetone. ots aya een 1,000.00
i American Express Company......... 266; Yl Steere 133.46
zy O2Uiranster © Omp ayaa os een PAO AON eee pet a oie 13.80
i J. WH: Guitar, postmaster... 9. ......- S680 ll epee: aaa. 500.00
Oct M., K. & T. Railway Company...... 269\y Al ei eee 50.51
os Jaa hransteriCompalnyeren erence | DOU Me at eee 19.25
Me Wells; Margo & Company....-.......-| AY i UU Ute SA 43.63
emNEa NM aGChelliey aaa cs cugepauareiensicls see D2 ea ee ener 53.40
4 INA AIO TET saa clo stein a Slain Oh bomiot DA eee el eh RR RSE 13.95
ian MutherwWauckettn nce steescs cas ccler oFe: DUA® o SISO REE basta Sees 5.48
23 J. W. Butler Paper Company........ QU” 7 s\nateseetene sree 1183
Nov AT CHUTES UIGLOIE Acre srcte at) eke es ee) Ss ce DiG: os erewerte hae Rees 8.40
3 JRINGuVidteGhiell ean scien cee ce ey ceaieca a) OM G7 MME WEARS vos: A 2i020 Soe anle. cc 28.45
oe OB) “Nomar (CYonmoRhhy,.oscpooacadode DRT OC” Ae) concent area 9.50
Dec. GOA) NWCOss ish caepoucasl énog peeuto xe |) eh 2MOP SA Nea enact skh eee 1.50
Jan. EDL ATI COR re teP ae eC ses ode eR ead Gea s- saorAc ates h oaeaee seats ae 355.85
ALO CRIS Rate i, ee ee ee ee een Se $3,237.40 $3,237.40
MONTHLY CROP REPORT.
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.
Jan MME OMM a OhSS eas ob bavan noo cacnclleagdacelea $251.48
a Byg KenilehtyetmbvOSS@%-04: 5 s+ 5 ae enone GSO Aa ee ue phe koiene $3.55
“a IDS NG RUC y 000 CEN egies Bis tee EAB MapeAUeles: 37 ble dea. c GST AE A icectnerercehelicnate 8.00
uy M., K. & T. Railway Company...... GS2 Aictec cee ee Saliiae
st PAY Abbaye Olomorhon~ongodadanudés cc Cotsts ue lll a cune cach Scares 4.50

Report. of Secretary. 29
MONTHLY CROP REPORT—(Continued.)
| |
Date. | Name. War. No. Dr.

Jan. 14 | The Statesman Publishing Company.. GS45n a eeare © ae keee, oes $6.50
“e145 | Barnes-Crosby Company.......... CSaeF Mies Tee nishene ck: 69.61
ee LA: | Barnes-Crosby Company.......... GS GiB all eevee mes ctr ee 4.58
Co le a Wabash Railway Company........ GSA. Bis ee eee. 1.75
Mar. 3 OB Menai Oom@loyiih~onseneourcedune| Gets W|lopontie canoe 4.00
os | J. N. Mitchell. yor eee G89re Wise ts sates 28.40
Tal Wabash Raia Gompany, SiGe 8 Ole OCOOW Mtn e es oS. 2.25
ie a || M., K. & T. Railway Company...... GOThe |} |e ee ee ee 10.15
Ta Columbia Telephone Company....... (EP alba eee et ae 17.05
8. 7 American Express Company....... 693 | preareesat ora bieainns 1.85
" 7 Western Union Telegraph Company. . 694.) 1h |S eeeeee 1.48

ANvorntl® TLS] | 4 bKoyn eevoR bhi UH) Ole Grek ces CANS creipRS mote oecia Gad Sigg ee eroioa| $200.00
Mar AEBS iOS peIVUAY CL sates c ieee cana a sce vacances te ol OOS.) Ville Meee ots 4.00
ee C| Pauigh wb arsOnsserter de acra.c tee 696. |) 4. Sees: 11.40
April 9 Columbia Herald Company......... GO ah Res SRO ete 4.50
a: @) |) Barnes-Crosby Company.......... G9Se TEs Seeatteene 42.38
“3 9 | 23 URransteriConipany. saat | eee GOO) PN LO goes 1.25
OG) Hi AMR OrmlOy. mes. 5 ee. ee TOOMME | tee ee: 13.60
ie 9 15 Eel Sie LR ere( LO ee eee 5c AEE Ge 7OL |. SS ee Pt (5)
Soule 0), Pa uletOrdeiie och... aes vn eer ta TAU cons Ul eagles ely ae 14.02
* 9 M., K. & T. Railway Company.... OSM NES |i NARS She 5.25
May 1 | Callie Markland. OLA fat. ae, eee: 12.40
a 8 The Drug Shop.. MODES ha ne, se ieee 4.03
poh Pally) Columbia Herald ‘Newspaper Co.. BOGS» BIPM NS Ata renee ob ke 7.50
= sahil M., K. & T. Railway Company......| LOGE Sree ae ee 4.48
ole) 22u Transfer! Company: ane ee eee eal) nsOSs | LENS aire 1.50
cul | Columbia Herald Company..........| 709 eda peers Sie 6.00
SSB @alliosMarkland” 3: ce -he eye «i2| 710 | err eas Bae 5.80
aeron || E. A. Remley..... Ree WE A paar Ai A (es ete a 40.00
June 30 | 23 Transfer Company. ? pia ay Pele eset Sark ria ko S25
BO | Statesman Publishing onium 713 PRES Aico enc 22.50
80) T. C. Wilson. (Sh es Ae Se ror 1.00
e380) dis INTs Mitchell. = besecy TALS gee | Sees ae CRO ACY: 43.75
180) IVE er oes Railway Company. Fo dekivsiel| 716 We cota mee asin cue 7.28
ames Ole )s @olumibia eral dicnc chert eee. TEL gi | a EARP a ok 6.00
me 8X0) ThepDrugsShopie cc asmiccce soe eee Elsie | Pen Peete eee Ce Wo VD
oe 380i: Ha MaRemloyee ec. 3c Wud eee Til SL Bac ee aee 40.00
~~ 8X) HY ACAGMEVEIMLO VE: pew «vives stor npeees 20 VSS eae eee ee 25.35
dhs “ZA Columpia) telephone Company... a.) 7210) ees eee 8.90
a 25 mLransfers©ompalhyien ne eee E22 eh en Ry Ces ores 3.25
ee O8)| Barnes-Crosby Company............| Ton) ‘Ree oe 6.56
ae LOr|| The Drug Shop.. Oe abi Ur aa entd | nei AUmmn Ne AP ORAIY. 7.80
Reet 28 | Barnes-Crosby @onpane Ay esl 72.5) whl eae een eee 37.14

Maes OF | MOWeCUIsitiOnic «astepeeee eos aes ance se leeetratenn owas 300.00
Bee yar hel rues Sho pimueer in ea ere e CP AS TI en oka ch ee Ec 4.80
east | With renstinn COxomihn® SRO. conccaall U2 ileoascocaacee 275
Aug. 4 | HyAssRemleys gts aso ee 1.28 wp PSE eet 3.35
oa On| American Express Company....... 729 (ipa Seek rat eve» 3.05
= he Wells} Harzolé& Company. ..-...05..- TOM WO legte te es eter 4.50
oo 8%) | Jeo Gallitary posumastery. eee ener Site iat ape (Oe | 4: 40.00
Sept. 10 | GeorceLlKdincs sees ana eee WaeerS Osu paige 8AM 3.00

eee? Sat eNO PeCUISttlON 44) e tetsu an eee eee eel 200.00
“29 | By Herald-Statesman Publishing Co...... 3am 4) \eRnee oaks Be 6.00
Poe Pd) Barnes-Crosby Company.......... As 1 il ER reece, chr 65.80
SK DOM MBarhami i teely.b..05..0-1y Wh cies. | SAMOA nares 3.40
Oct 8 JE Guitar) postmaster: «. 0200 5-.545| 736 (tet d Ree ere aed Told
vs 8 J. H. Guitar, postmaster.... ...... | ICRI TEM | aah to AGEs 40.00
<r 16 Maen rue, SHOp sews eS ite en Ae | TSSe) IN| PRN ee Sy: 3.05
ae eet | Minnesota Engraving Company......| CEP OMT loka sacs rea 25.00
ot als Herald-Statesman Pub. Company... | 740 | ks 8 ae 6.00
oon esa | Jo He Guitar: postmaster.......2 55. 741 on aA ee 40.00
oo acs. | Wells, Fargo & Company, express.... 742 alos Acacias 6.38
INOVee online ehesVMissourl Store... «44-0 eee Ch UA iio Sentscgr eRe 39.75

The Missouri Store

30 Missourt Agricultural Report.
MONTHLY CROP RFPORT—(Continued.)
Date Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
| |
1913. |
Nov. 13 American Express Company......... | (iC SE ae rts tonto ac $6.22
yond ig} dg Lite (CMe Ve, FHOSHMNSI. Goose cesses! C25 “Wboaarscorscs 39.50
4 18} Barnes-Crosby Company............ AGO) ollie bi, 2 ena 5.08
ope OM AMMOLPEQIiSItLODE 44 <<iatee ties oe ne ene ay ee ea $200.00
DEC on eB yaw Kero ehvatlwaya© oOmpaiiyeas ee WAC No Stak eee 3.36
ia 5 Je Ee Guitarmapostmasserns.).) 2 eee | GAB wild ana apa 40.00
ie sty TRUE HAOKSOM . 400 uacucvenocoescoe eek 7/4070 (| RS. Se ee ae 32.44
= 5 E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. HOON tls sek eee 39.50
oss 5) Herald-Statesman Publishing Co...... Tel, An) \|\5 Sen bod Cee 72.00
' 5 Je ANd Mbt Chelly cates sro, oda tae pete el| OD) s ilis o., see 20.70
5 Wells, Fargo & Company, express... .| GOS). Nis sca eee 8.50
ne 5 Barnes-Crosby Company............ CSA ||, 2.3 ates ee al
eee Oa ML OPO CUISIGLON ert. water ts os. cs acta ce een eee eat acy saa 200.00 F
: PAD) | Bie IDUOEO MEGS eau poboso pose egoeblLce Via} in Peal RE OAcole 6.2. 2 44.41
ann () Ka therinegerice sree nice. see ee OGis Allishcosiius cucu 2 ee bs)
PS 29 He Wi stephens Publishings@ompaniy. |e) ove ||) «6c oie eee 8.00
: 29 Koni shite cm OSS). eee: ends aiken ene ens | GOS Oiuataar ics tree 5.85
a 29 Barnes-Crosby Company............ Ie ZAaX em ie earns ae oe 1.56
oe sail J. H. Guitar, postmaster............ aImeTGO UC! dlkisiar >. 2° eae 100.00
Casal 23 Transfer Companyeeee eee CASH eal Ser cee cea 5 5.25
sae weil M., K. & T. Railway Company...... G2; gma eo teekedensy secon 15.12
aryl Herald-Statesman Publishing Co. ... | UOSu Val she ere tecdes ee 45.00
me a5 eeINCOINTTGCCH eG EES Sit ia cre dS ce AE GAL. | all cess ies eenisire erode 36.05
AN al Mee Ovovierdpattn ses See cee osc ae eee | ar pene 106.73
AO RETH ISS A orearicd ead S eeHID vem cheacoeciions ei taycto class! ai Bis $1,458.21 $1,458.21
EXPENSE OF MEMBERS.
|
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr
1913.
Janes ee oOnbalanceronsnandrec 4m neue eee leieeeeer ence $168.06
SE SIGART BIN iN veel Bry G9) 011 CN Aaa ee a O38, . jl aereicds, ots $8.77
A Hee Ne WwLO MES, 5 Aecis os: cick coe clan ee OS OM iaal iia Bie Concha ety sae 24.65
coe v4 Hee ING WLOM ees ess. y's reroseecernren ene QA OM AM ettiasittcoses one Loo
: 14 ee eM CONIC Kot ra APS Sint ievous aie vs slonee ee ee Q4aTey Vesey eto 3 eee 150
“14 William P. Evans G42 Vaile tes atte 3.90
ela JohnwRarkertmy racials ee eee oe Eo el caer cg ait oy co 23.20
DT: APETV HINGIS OME eee teee olor eters. ciavateneie resides (OP I Ie ec. cleans Fh. 5) 5 46.00
14 Hae VEIN SON ete ou4c eya cise suelescntie ere 945.1 ais mew eee: steer 31.05
PATO U1 ole be HORPECUMISUIOM ae ses aie Roiricen sch sane Oech tell Paoke eee 300.00
JTS PAT WB ee BS Ale 1B Eero lic (ol Feta ae, lea av an ene Un ee G46) > eee occa 20.84
steer rl. POMP ALK OR rpestehs nus Alay soya nie. onew esate DATEL) Me et arte Sys eee 18.50
eal 1 Dis. J Siete heb en RR cas ena AU APES andy uae i a 94'S) Wer eae Fee 22.92
Atte L FEC DUNCAN Riek Ree canon QAGi ay ae ares 20.29
eg eI | Re IN@ wiloney ser ae, tents ahah ousianees 950) & ihe Sakae 26.44
yo Dill Ae EGING ISON rt fic econo tric peau eT eis (V5) [ema emewete nts Hibs aa ck 26.60
Gort NT ING PES (Gienttnyaesact keer aida ia siencrne OH Dig | |eecienieis tea yen teee 7.38
seal Coe MEMBarN Sitar hey prt soo aeiaveiegrceokare O5She 3|sinitacbsontrnore 34.24
NDT e284 OLPOCUISIEION eerie huais Se Oe oe ete oer 100.00
Mayen lb velredmlomNVininsOnere rine aan ee Q5 aig | aeti ela ateres 11.40
or 9 Wi. LR iWilkcinsona ain. csi cctonaeaomeiors GOs i lee eatsintee ae ks 48.00
: 9 JOHNYEP Ankers as ee eee ek kee 956. oe Miedaieiakls Sais 12.60
a 9 Cie MB ClOWS cc nos 6 oh or ee Oe ET tse re etene ENR 18.35
"a 9 EB oe WV TRE ear Nhs os, os ocy 8 ae a QBS ih 4] si sdedais Baie ians 23.00
or 9 AvaTyMINICISOM trices case uly teri ae Rie OS OM aH Sevsnetahathe aust 31.10
“e 9 Charles@Houscholder... onan inne GO Wilizreiite A ewuevenshe 35.70

Report of Secretary.

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS—(Continued.)

3)

Date Name. War. No. | Dr. Cr.
1913 |
May 9 1915 1 INIEV AOINGS dogo od donion ooo no olee OG10) Cilia ea ceaecieuae | $31.34
eS 9 FAO DUNCAN ees ate sures eet, occa OX SAl ls ay atanteeae epee 14.32
a 9 Fred T. Munson. DOS Me ete ccatrn Cay Ae 17.00
ot 9 F. B. Mumford. OE Ra, aN eS otros 7.02
2 9 FT OL MVVALS OM areca. tei sech tye shts/ ono sacaesoner ts G5 tel lbaasir ache 7.02
A: 9 Wise Ae AIMeE VOR ee aoa. ee oes jee OGG Blaine ante: 9.58
es 9 INASEIEMG OTT yam tret een isie esos ites ees ects 9 Or aoe Teak chat ke 4.25
ss 9 CAMReBanmeshis en a too cen conse ieee QGSF Pisce cutee teen: 36.88
ue 9 PP IG CWAS EIS, cot cats. saci aera SOXG YS Jaa Wine Rr ne ee pe Pree 69.80
ve 9 A eye) s bs 1B YEN OI, ao Wome aad CMR are te: A's mre C7 ORS Groteeesiney ator 25.06
Oo (9) SW PREV ATISEP crs cc AN s cicacs Setuee te G7ileer ellen eee 10.28
ee ET OLE CG UIST ELON: pad ns cicee 2) cicise ca: «boas een cena eubas $200.00
comin es yeeninye Suer ma CSCHiaa is...) cere Oi esheets 13.00
sees AW eld BUCS ya bate) ce tae ne at RR DS ee OS whew Alora serene Gm enee 17.28
Bil @harles#Householder.. >... ...5--426-- Dag A nrein scrsmomersiians | 26.35
ITC we Ol pe ORFEQLUISTOLOME rac, Sisiever eye cles ci oc ate eee Ie a ayeusta one 100.00 |
UVa OM POP QULSUULOM tect cew-ae ee ciccs sl cc. Sean lope seee sa ae et 200.00
PAC ean ea Es Vane © SMV AUIS OM craters. «assis, a arc cache Rael Dre lace aca nohexers os | 15.59
ue 4 INAH GCM bn yates snort nl oc ste 976 Dyer ic catettaiene eens | 5.22
sa SZ er Seed Cheney s: 2 Sjakailehees se 977 fo ee 9 15.20
aie 4 laleibay ishibowoneyeals 5 ans oo oneeeoccon 6 DESK Taverne ee aon ieee 8.50
“s 4 AWS ECM LHI SOM «5 <versncte oie co enero AR Ags edna ies Sal ST 17.50
“s 4 C2BMER IE AIM OS 105 cu chcle sate a oro de SOME eine se cas a 25.54
i 4 JEM AV CONE., steverecck sc, 0 defcsvereecyeeeteoks i Feit les nl erate iv. tek oe 12.49
oe 4 ID pLe sm NIG WLO Ml ses) oy of op wiosexer w) sda fo ee aes eA AIS Gao one eg nee 21.06
e 4 HY SMES WLM fctieeyeioncnere, cts erevons) a senlevherhene OSSi EP ltrataacices wockon: | 15.80
as 4 (ACE SINICLSON PE joc fice Ako ene (OFS y ee alas eer a ioien ota 19.05
ce 4 JOHNPP ALKA wesw easel oe kc CV toe QS 5x 7 “lees suoys heyaneroews 16.85
oY 4 ISO WAS eee sere rotan rare ress Se GS Gr ligestaccs tute ae 11.20
Ss 4 Charles*tHouseholders..... 1. ]s200 ee QS Wy psec aces es 6.40
<e 4 HC Dun Canine tae cis ae ee OS Se oa. oree eras: 1765 al}
ae 4 Mrede he NVGUnSOMan aoe mie ce oe sae OS OT Rey hea ate oct 13.525
Oct Dale LO) RECUISTGIONE.. Niceciicrs eieol oe law cee eeseene 100.00
INIA) BB) A Moy exo Lb inGy oy Gal se Seen te Ge niga Ruslan 6a cluiloio on dag al 200.00
Dec |) 1B Wiebe 12) ION OWO ee Sead e oa deat aces SOG Rai tenner wey oe | 5.60
us 5 Hye NIG WAOM aces ous cre Oe COLOYG Lia, yaaa ete a ett 17.28
ve 5 PAV ea NIOISOMntyya.ctonss heaavol onerensic uae oe QO Dh heh. weeds esicecas 20.50
5 Hie @ DUN GAME Aces locos ook eee GOSF Rael eects meks seeut | 25.80
nS 5 INEBEIERG On tRYS sare: ep beer DOA Wills vrce onseoaetAice | its) Py
5 Mack V. Thralls. ects a orden GODT LM sete ce cra scat 23.80
oe 5 St. Louis Button Company Pe ts Soi GOGTA IS anced ting 5.00
ae oe Me TORTS CUUISIGL OM tse at teteus ec idceia ey ey pcan e el Arete oie 200.00
ee COn its Vs we WhSh fis wee Ske oes othe okey LOS )7/ ile | eibanke ecto tea 7.50
SO Xo} top CATiCk: te ey eh ciate iiekeroei ce OO Sita ieee erat maori. S2e25
er o29) WrrAeeDallmeyera- 5.56 sca = cee ee sree QO OT Ma er a aici 125
Soe 29 SH Hy SWAIN Kop tet chor ice cists lcsoder dh ees NOOO aa | Oe tact ce ye 9.00
ee DO CeeD FP BeOWS is ccrueclio is cerns MOOG eassene Ses ocr nose 24.25
Hehae) = 1 IES DLT CO Beet een ne tee SRE a eu Seattle ape emer a De cate Say 302.95
MOCal Sioa cin ren: Mek eee hc ye i Mere. alle Ae epee Ar $1,568.07 $1,568 . 07

32

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE.
Date Name. War. No Dr. Cr:
|
1913. |
Janta) ehompalanceOnenand ters aottelecteci screech Grell le Storcueote nee 2,806.73
ee La al) IB Sula aan reel OM cic wie eae yan M557 MN eice asve toner $10.75
Cube: \ilige (OLetSI 2) a) as) Oanene Deh Sb he Ea near er ese 1558) Noes ocr 1.95
14 | American Express Company......... iss Wale calsolae a'd6 = 6.03
14 EW tO OMIEEe aeweenes Wael meh nero et. 1560 |. .20 2a | 8.09
BA TACO Machilemane ae} ses -sso rn see eke T5621 eet occ 30.47
A C. L. White. Niro lac pamee Siesce W562 Wiens cane gee 79.43
14 | George W. Walliams. SWS RAO ae apeiron: | T563) Wiccan ene 83.19
cr eee | Ele Ee mIpSten: sc sneate spe. yuo eee 5 G4 Teles 1s One 17.08
14 | Pee MAME Tari Gerctattagse re saeusttar. aca eaenGe sens WERT Woewa dws soso 9.45
14 | MAE Mn errr ance se) cuhoks the fowl steve T566) (|\c.0 2 Gee eee 33 77
14 T. C. Wilson. W567 eve c oeeteee eee 11.60
came Ke! Wee: @oerorir™ : NG [liga os teat oo 18.83
nae kee E. W. Stephens Paplishine Gompaiet 1569" alice ayes eee 12.50
ee Western Union Telegraph Company. | 1WGW A Oia teemesacmeN Aes 6 1.00
oom 4: Columbia Telephone Company....... 1 E5974) Reames SER A 6c 17.00
vate ele Statesman Publishing Company...... WD Waieer ens. ct ere 15.00
ae La George hippinieeee. eee cesar letel 1GHSh- Volcom 6 - 13.50
14 Howard Hacked Onno . mre). i itete DS TAL Weise ue. 2 eee 13.00
Manin Eva Kraus. ; NESS No ate sed o's'c's 2.78
fener 8 Wells, Fargo & Co., bepress) sighs TAG, | |le oe cars elses sy atte toe 15.92
14 WGC INCE oo oe acnbeocdo00 codcox MS * |ieoloo sa Gee co 12.49
Bre al EAP AV SEY CTI OW a arcetee ac yarenens eae heen etal s 573 Nee ao de ecto oo 150.00
14 Sep Celliv Wine hitace he.rw cic emake hs cusea tn c 57 AON a ems tes Wi ago 212.96
a wee it lang (Olena Shs “Noli e es aaa pease aac TRIO) lo 6 Sato Goo % 12.74
14 | Harry NACHOle! : Reenter MEX E Ness dole oue wens 1.35
14 University Co- eoperative Store. | GPA eee sece somo c 12.20
14 | JACOD NES WGC Hele een ee ceria etel | WEBS lc coo neon ose 47.49
14 | BPS SMO A eh ain cael: | PS 4 Nie sucesec teense 64.72
earl ABSWIRUO TT he Gee tye ewer mecan sy Sewn ron T5850) ltr sacar eae 14.80
Tet) @harles F) Mitchell................. Pasian Cay -t aan eb Neco ny 2.36
14 GEOrezenWeawWialliams eeepc WSS loco gn coe bebe 13.92
rie GAL: Wer meV VillainsOnmeny ech enie cete ee naor| NGS. |lowocvooccs ods 41.15
14 | eee HL COLICK se eiciweien otters aia ces eney ener ke | USE) |la'o id ast ove-0'C 29.50
14 | Wie Ave Dallimeyern aa. shoe eae eee | 1U5}810) ilslelo oo Sa Oe oo 7.20
eave LA. Riev. Clarence Hatheldin .- o. a. s- ' TSO illvec we epees. ste micane 23.00
14 WiewAt COCKE E s: Fx, 5a beisceoeciasaeneere 59D MEM revs cess «ave deus 18.25
14 | Se MEET Organs ar taackecioten oy cist obeme creas WEEE) lod otto etate oe 2.84
14 IR MIG \ERIal AMES ys cus Oooo ae mimace UBS |lo abla oe ele eiare | 36.18
14 Wiss SUINGIOS ots Soke) taser asian eprcs rock 4 TUS beaks Sie telaetin 6 2 19.40
as A: WirsseHarriral Og @ ic ken sien meee reer P5996. |e os 2 we ae lizos
eee JER Payton sn. aecrsteaty aioe eereeet ene NEY llaseiiseae oe 25.24
ee INEVP A JACODSEME remiss © obs eaoea cet deicuel Geek WHOS) Alcyetciensksre.cie hens 21.30
23 INE RED SG Cnty picvatye oe srcie ee oe ak TODO De verenee=n sto pane} 13.55
23 Hy eATSINGISON NOL 354 al ese 5 cane ee TL GOOM ye sen-tere tenements 10.00
7 BR} IMIG Vio daly OMENAIe 4 Ando os Aone wee MG OM [store vesy ets ol oon 15.00
23 ies ITS WSLS OM sera 4st c sens eae 1602 |---......2..- 25.00
BB} S Qa) SAV ay 197 See ee 1603 |.-------+--- 10.00
BL eB} BOM VWICLI CLs Har get at mecca a Re 1604 |-.-..-..-.-. 15.00
23 INS MEVSN WALL QIIS na. elt Stic GES eee ies MG ODE | eyareias-Pateee steno 25.00
23 Columbia Herald Newspaper Co...... 1606 |..--.---..:. | 234.50
PS. Een inyeerGir kine hee et een ee OY jaan ok se sud ac 13.90
23) | CMe Barnest nation cus eta s hee ee GOS tay Wexner er waite 41.07
WB} H. E. Keim.. ont te VHOOON Wicca on 9.00
oe PBL St. Louis Button Sentara: Sia! ausael Steeles LG IUO Wg | acesieecnces eaten 3.00
23 AVS HGH Oard bem Soa i. sk keer ee Gi sl wel veces ey ee | 1.00
“24 | Ebel: ve J O11 aaa rare coors 0.) | TG abea||S Sige cite owe 4.00
24 | Wei@eSiwatners oi... = oo cs ee GAB Ms cern eeuh So ere ate (ano
24 | Werks | Cocketain <5. '328 «610 acne GWA) Wernick ee bes 10.00
24 | E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. GUD y sl eecice ater as Or 6.00
24 | Regs (Galloraitie os « . 5 c3 oe eee IST MGS al eNterseey Ahn cham ethane 3.00
24 | LRA Ole ADEN Dies Aiea Oh eM pa el | GIs Wie iene es 45.00

Report of Secretary. 33
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE—(Continued.)
s | pitied
Date Name. | War. No. Dr. Cr:
1913. |
Feb. 8 40 (OE \Wiillsoilonooke cone ook Seer TGiS «| betes ore tbo $6.05
y 8 CHRHSSa@ppertianc sistacnee: | GMOS Alp esieee eww cs cl 4.00
at's HRS Maaco seine as neye a el ac le Oy cea eaeeeep Neves GO 20M oNtet agai) veel ie | 24.75
Ws Wale Nelsonmeen ctu.’ fg, Denise 0 eee ite ie | 6.30
eS | Hdnag DS Daya: ae mel 22'- © 2, te ateete pete 14.15
aes, «| PES RO WIAUCLS ee teres Hien.) Als hae eel GPE AR os aie crete de 20.10
Ss 8 MatiSsiCohensaasces a... - GDA Mates cee te eee 50.00
ae 8 | enryaStemmesch err. cis cre « susteee WG ZS i ill dee a ke eo orto: 13.70
ue 8 | ©} DBellowsrrncr seis. hac G2 Gigli |S Bee ee oes 16.64
Feb 8) |p Bye,be Ce Duncankasyoee ce = | IGP A7/i | RNA ae te an 14.71
oe 8 The Drug Shop. . : | MO ZS IRs. roe tearee ere | 9.10
os 8 Agricultural Experiment Station. NG ZO ae Chen em tase | 2.50
nel eee lym WTI G erate crate on, shared seh shekenes UGS Ojpgt ede ce nloaces taint: | 283.56
com tS To IN MMOS bbs on aoe GSR espera a eee | 37.43
ee alts} George Wien wWilliarmnStiay sey. «c.0 aie ct eceke es NGSZ ei Pae Norton te ee 16.08
ue 1S Western Union Telegraph Company. .| NGSSA Eee cee one 1.60
ea 182 SG CUDWHISORI ES tector) asic, «+. oe ake | Pima Aa ee eh a SOE ies 8.55
pa Ss) Amer. Assc. Farmers’ Inst. Workers. .| UGS Sie Ree. «cles | 5.00
Mar. 3 | maKkellyv Wri gh termes 4 «sve actos | NGS GW YW esT tae eye, te 56.66
SS. (DUG) Dpre s Wt eee nS ae LES Tap: NOE os 5.63
et 35] BeePsSmootien cae = ws eto TGESSUB Nees tecoe Fe OMT
fe 3 TAN ORD ins ce teeler syctees | LG SOM We conten Meroe: i 135.00
<0 Th ile i285 Os eT eee ear PaO AO meet se “cat 68.05
xa. | Watson Law Reporting Company... .| GAS 1S ee Seer heaps 161.40
SED | WissloseNGISOM ee meric sors | GLDEPs Pee aed teat: ae 6.70
Dh Fen © SV ALS OTM. eri) 6 i's ae | NG ABs | Reeey cee atene.s 83.09
be PAG EC] VALS IiiGisetewersnate icy ¢ cuss sect ccunaecls | VU OY: i IF ban ananel era Amie 219.40
Ga? Ar 183, IPs Shane o doooonuooe | NGA Calley eens eee 89.68
ADU Melee eM OsrequisiGlOn <5. ..crea a as steia econ chats @al| cree creme $2,150.00
Peron BycA Wo Orr. 24. 2a. ae. : hi) LGAGE a Sea enme crac,” 126.91
os 9 Louise Stanley........... GATE |e. eee, 20.02
sf 9 Mrs. Walter McNab Miller GAS stents sere. 22.05
oe 9 American Express Company......... GAG 95 ee ey. ene cee 6.61
Si 9 RGveeion bs lel CLNOV iene tee een ee 1G5O2 NS siesta sete 16.14
a 9 | E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. TG 5s || Peery. ose case 1.50
May 1 | IS Wis OLE ai, eabele e apets She NGS 2ias oer case sete 139.22
pr 1 Lillian A. Vanatta..................| UGS Se eee eea cise cece 3.85
‘3 1 HS KCMPS UCI erga oes se wc em ees | GSAS ae SA se os 4.02
fe 1 SKC LL yaWilel Gate ne Peo a leevens os sosese reste | iN oYo to yell | sn. G/oro. Gieerc toc: 258.00
“i 1 Wis a INICISOMER:. ci pert eta.w ens GSB eM eo creck 42.55
- 1 183, 12 Sie oiies ocomsctouade NG SVM Peso away ek ieee UC ils}
a 1 Wie PACS Brighite mcs vests ee | LO 5Sie linet akon ren: 25.00
s 1 A\; Vio OFRavccb tase GoGucbeueaneesc a| IGS OMG A os een tot 36.38
wo el Deel vay WEIS Gye cans ie, se ceeistsi ccd acne woe | LEGO! Wests cratecree: 214.56
eH Drea he browprdee..- - sore see IGGL GIR ra eens 4.47
Sil SNe Vb CHeME san tie, ees nee cel GG Qi ere eis oe orn 26.15
ie: AC OW a OLEH spars hore rahe els LOGS I. leash ees 119.44
TUinews Ob le MOmecguisivionerr etter cwn is siciesuoke out ceatel| ms CoNtepeaans 1,000.00
OO" |r yaniea ©). aWAISONer seieracts > cusiehs IGG ieaa Ss ak 9.60
8X0) E. A. Trowbridge. . TG Gyn YN eens a ree ele 4.55
oO Missouri Valley Guide Compas. ape GGG gl Pease pens sce 2.00
Ss) HSpArwRvemle vacances NG GZ 0 NVR eee gee 75.00
~~ 8X0) DNTAN ONE RAO CRG CROs eu Rte REE Ma tee MGOGS aerate ands 148.98
= Sho) WiaryavViacrinag Seller sir eee ry NGG OER ese ty 5 ee 20.04
BN) Ae 1 Gey Whee A iS T8 OR Hanes tach Sane Mi AER GOW wan cent eee 221.86
July 10 DW itl INCISOME eA uses neeots tare neon sires | TRG 7Aab al ath eee ene er eS ee fe BD
«98 ec Cuwilsone ee iat: Ke Aastra: a ea 22.53
oe eds} eR IKelliva Wari oats ies eee tact thc TRG tel CPR ie ere | Dil Dealt
3/28 Macrina sibel ramets c-1: eG Amn eine hoes, ite 123.44
ep t28 IWeMIn. INGISOM wanes <ctce cls, = UCC (Ges alla CES taek MORRB SS etic 6.28
ee Ole | OREO UISLULOM ee tame snc os ht yon nate; sucrelin steel eyeterersvay cc te 1,000.00
pean oil | PES Vert Wi AOL. 2) ya) rene siede<lalsy « UGB Nas aaae AAG eer 100.00

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE—(Continued).

Date Name. War. No. Dr.
1913.
July 31 HED MLe ys cers chttonere estes cic aise | aie UGE ne edie eceeee
cou TINGE CH OILS Sue eects oh cick aaeree VOLS). |e. eta ee
Aug 4 Statesman Publishing Company...... 0 Koro area PA A EV hy ys
orn allt) AAW OT svc ont cM eae lt bancgarlaters) deaeetegs ESO > | cays =o Bee
1 55 DD © Wil SOmM so. Aaa Alsen cos ole ces tees TOSI ileesl aces eee
30) ely AWarl GG) geeks tc ar act coe pee Kats Pregl feerctenarecn ole co =
30 BigP SOO tairace settee sn scat eee ee E1683): loans eee
2) GX0) ASS DW ORTA Ma xteren: eee oie cee Ged aad woke aaa WG6S84-. lis hte
met) Dr. Walter McNab Miller........... V685 sci. sak eee
8X0) Columbia Telephone Company....... NG6S6i, |i See
~~ 8X0) J. H. Guitar postmaster... . seen ere UG Site els tae eee
OUP aa4 0) Maxey IDI See ouaogeobnponeuauoo HOSS ets. Rt ee
te 8X0) 1 tbs] Brpgpel DBI Vs ai aeaee Pec cy Ne Re: Param ae Na T6895, llc tst Ne eee
Sept. 10 Hy VASE TOW DIG ee eeycestr oe cic caes ees aie NGE9OM) ih. 3 Se See
rr 10 MacrinayB Clk cae. oles oclcrotaiet ones 169M: iles.ldewilehewe
pam 4 || OsPeGUiSiGlOmMm s.r... eet cc. Mex oa sey cliniee cndille cleanin | $350.00
10) OYE NS lee dig LEGA \iiiated Min, obo waowledoo 0 con « NGO QE chen ios eee
fy e829 IWWis DE IMIGIKC OME ME Ren cine s wore ita creases 1GOS J ultnayeas co cherenae
» | 29 IMacrinay elle cee ees WG945 |e pase) ctnsenee
eet29 Wells, Fargo & Company, express... . GOSS il, Sees sie e ae
Oct 8 Columbia Telephone Company....... VO 96d |e etka eee
& 8 E. W. Stephens Publishing Company . MOOT Wi lexiet ett ce eee
i 8 Herald-Statesman Publishing Co...... MG OSG. oes saxty eee
* 8 ao se L Oe heenecdnaes sho eucseet aes eae GOO) eee Bote se ie
ee WG Herald-Statesman Publishing Co...... WOO! Ml age tee
Ne palicd Hy VVALS OT earetr bs eerie, ain: Eva eyen: TEGO i egeete ee eee
See ie OFFOOUMISIELON ey ecc-percicic reeset ese oc tois et nalts io eeheaasiioust 200.00
“* 31 | By Columbia Telephone Company....... LOD" ear een
Oe Bail SOUL OW Arp eee sens Skee ite nis cchropenseec. LOS" 5). Neen eee
ee Si Rei SeWiISON cosheks Sica cee oe 1704; \loheine ee, eee ee
“BB JeIOl ly SW ING Se stares, heya ecrere eocteee LOS) GA cheno oe
Het Sl BAe Ay SINOO Ulin teem ere tena) crereroicns noe LPO Gio cata ds
Pe Sul Ba bab elles ee kare tar atiette aus ete bitiaceun LO en set ener eee
ee Bil (Oe LUO OI eee Coghcrd BeeMecats ath beeaT otek POS" ss) ck he. See]
seeresyI George mwilliam Sree ae siete casters TE OD) registers -soees ote
Nov. 13 M., K. & T. Railway Company...... DLZAILOVT slate akeech Bee BA eds
hal) meals} Business System Store.............. TAU ey Seon err aa TMOG, rt?
oe > 1B} Rego CHa delsonmone ta). tsichetospsiee eee TIN 7aTD eS ay Shh A 8 es SOR |
we TB} ThesDouglasssStudion 1.1 ree ee 5 Li les a eae cd ER a
mel CEB Hutchison sso bees TEGAN. a a rae
seeps ats} PR HD OUSLASSs ates tes = OLS PAG I UZAT US ae (ey vie
1183 MIO AMVWVGLS OT repr eneeer ate nein Cae ape LZ AT SHE \Brefeh yc eacen ike es
ros P13 Wala ss INCISONMnnihia ee rereaie sic eters ene AL ZOLITo ead spay ten, Skee
cease) 4 Je Melly Wright. seks se ceo ee Te 4 LS hae aot e e an ee
soe. 1 yaed ety 1a QdKOKS) Ode, 4 5 Gey sdia oto 5 .croros 6 ONO LPO Rae aes Wy ree ce Be
eee 4: Amer. Assc. Farmers’ Inst. Workers. . 20) Wisc een Ge
we od: DME Cll et is eysve tor nelcnasttons coeehore Eicon eats THON A Peete fH estan to cic
nw -24 (Gi, 1B, LEHONKI HOM, ook edocodsedaoghe M2) lll Aaatnmatce. SN eae
an A Ee liar KempsterAnweae. photehonim tea M2 See ily ws oak ee
oe. OD NAae Je ON (Nos DP AA RE AVR EGOS cai DAS IEPA has tes Scere
Sem yi! OS POQUISIULOMs sect arcnevabsraunsc. deen ewetersens oe renal Rieter ces, Seal 1,000.00
Dec on ByoBePASMOOt: |. 5 ae oceanic oes leer PC2Z5™ Wee tees ile Soe
3 5 Cari WoyWihitek. tee As aan LA2OC MIS akas oe See
i 5 Jeo Guitar postmaster erate PPA | lecieo tenes ni che Oe B
o 5 E. W. Stephens Publishing Company . INS ay Iievoyerskera sccksre tne
fs 5 Webs Niel somes rs as oe oe eee ae 1772) ited ches ORL
S 5 Ee wiempstery sis. cc, crore SOMME ee cee
Se bee Oe aa SOM: 27 bus haere cas reach ee ee T1733) VR een onset oy tot
ty 20) Jere Guitar postmaster... o5 lian I/O bers Geo amehe as 2
cot DO +l in OREO CUELSUDLOTNG oo arte Casi corcetncten ty S nls: oY Reece teal | Cee eee 2,500.00
enn 9a! BS yadwkcel ly War Sn beaaes. 14 Le ye a eae EGS Bie tlle Mesos veh at eases
oe) 15 Oh ALi ged Ssh aa CMe) Ae SRA Cokes sis. Sing DSA: Wile sid Suen oncveas trees

.00
54
-00
.80
.35
.12
.44
.00
. 66
65
.00
.80
.00
.44
saul

. 20
56
47
-06
.40
-50
-50
.00
.50
34

55
.00
.15
-92
72
95
54
12
. 84
.00
74
.00
.48
09)
af)
78
-21
06
-00
C6
. 64
.20
.29

72
.52
-00
.00
. 84
ST
-03
. 00

55
.28

Report of Secretary.

FARMERS INSTITUTE—(Continued.)

By)

Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.

Dec. 29 CHB outchisonee as cee eee ore As DEGAS Foyer ewok toe eee errs $14.54
“529 CORA MVC DSCCD eres srcreg on tpeieas oo eke ieee Mi Ged Oia hoe Sgt crt col tous 6.48
ceo. FS COM PStOE cinerea reels is eed DU CAS37 AM, || een Pa eae Dents
Seo IBabyBellerc mks toes caves cian SS ee ck eae ee ae 221.00
er 48) ISNA SO NG ag ooo oo Re Ooo Go © ISIE ee ae Aon so aes 9.44
ve 29 Wabash Railroad Company...... 7A Ole Gl epee aeuaea te eka 1.19
epee O MIOISEHKMN GIS eV erreiyrersea | acini hierar 10/28 Da eae ag Sa ecu Cae 44.41
Eoin 29 Katherine Pricer atesicys anes oe iene: WADE sen bate steeve si eusie 21.15
29 BPA STNOOtR Meee he hanes U4 Br iy (eeces tas ales 213.95
wy t29 SMES JOLrdantaycrino one cio oa achat GAAS al yrs cae): costeneeen aie 24.04
S29 © WALSON cree ye eeeks kc ie cuca ee A Siem |ssecctntwemenctesces 13.84
we Sait Western Union Telegraph Company. . WAGs Se Ware cote ec 2.35.

Jan. A2 BLANCO ern cee enieeay cet seve ice 2 a) heey eee) | Henn aecotraanayel llores ei aem avec 1,321.99

NOU AIS hate welte tin vcaione eee eer a oleae $11,006.73 $11,006.73
x
OFFICE EXPENSE.
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.

ane lel (Pe lLOD Alan COrOMPlHan Ge secu) c.a-3 2 ae ila oe eee ell asco enone: $.02

AND rile ee Ose CUASIGLOM ey. ae et porctig cesier hs ers eevee een al ieeeees eee 125.00
ss 9 | By University Co-operative Store........ SOD we alienate: $20.35
o 9 Newman Hardware Company........ SOG rae escaocae ore 6.35
op 9 E. W. Stephens Publishing Company.|...897 |..........-.. 10.70
a 9 The Statesman Publishing Company. . SOSer ile cee eee 45.50

May 1 J. W. Butler.Paper Company........ SOOM Nite oro saree tao
te 1 Jy] Esa] DAVE Res pean tee eR Re DOO | see ocarcs ws ck: 24.00
Mg 8 J. W. Butler Paper Company........ DONTE Bl iece arena sos 32.30
eee (28 |b ORC OQUISL tL OM reat rensucyansdes oho: 2.3.5 aioe, Se evelc oa aeons 100.00
“31 | By Statesman Publishing Company...... GOD estes suysaceer eta. IS 75s
ee enl Pe OVP eh ee gitaten a A Sioa sec rcs cee SOSH) tater chess tee 12.00
oF Sil University Co-operative Store........|.. 904 |............ 20.90

UMM S ON NOMeQUISiOLONe maria to ecko cre es Sys shell eae 125.00
“30 | By J. W. Butler Paper Company........ FO 0 F552 fala | Peace bat ate atk ee 16.75
rs O) Libby & Williams Paper Company... SOG ee aoeae acieens 24.01
SC) Hye erp ULO Wa hars seers, edith cvorcians eteicun nde DOT Ne eit eyecare a 12.00
FB Y0) Sears, Roebuck & Company......... GOST I reece re acasr ushte he 3.40
= BY) Wabash Railroad Company.......... DOO Bl ee cite Ais wit csgsc ac: 1.67

July 7 J. W. Butler Paper Company........ DO mre etches asp a 2 10.75
ES Ole Li OFLFOCUISIOION cece aiencysweser hire cose) fae Nokes, | (remptec obeeee 100.00
“31 | By Sears, Roebuck & Company......... .2)3 LT. lala ee teenth ee eee 8.00

Aug. 30 L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter Co. ON 2 en Crepe een 7.00
sa, 530 JigaWei COMERS. Geer eas oe shin cares CO) 5a MIT Ra ane a 8.00

Oct. 8 University Co-operative Store........ ON Alaa tS chev ae 7.00

Nov. 13 Libby & Williams Paper Company... CLES Sh speech ee 8.60
poe alp} J. W. Butler Paper Company........ ONG Rees ones cantor es 15.25
ae 2) | LVORrCCULISL DION era sear peeaee en ates s, citeiroc set aren kctooal ca ae eure 150.00

Dec. 5 | By Business System Store.............. (On 17h ahi aetna a iA 75.00
& 5 Hee DULG year taecceionere cis cade olhte tne QUIS Melee ar isco er nai eee 12.00
Saeko): University Co-operative Store........ OUD esi eshecea cutest 4.10
oo Syl Tbh I Dp DUE NIE bso cc CI Eine 8 Rs PR marae RUS OZ OR ites nicest: 12.00

31 Business System Store.............. PAT 9 | Rei cal ests ia cee 75.00

Janey 12 LEXA TeV eas 5 ercue saceclacl eles toto ome Memon citer clic hes a esac ca Ieieeee c e eal 6.29

ER OUAIS EY are ge teie et sicoe ey slers Mince all ode eee: $600.02 $600.02

to

36 Missouri Agricultural Report.
EXTENSION COURSE IN AGRICULTURE.

Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.

Janie pe holbalanceion hand eee cieoc oc eee =< $478.44
sree 4s HB yaNellosNesbittiic. ac. oc accies Oot ene 2D 6 We see eeaeeeene $131.48

Mar. 7 INelleUINGSbitthemenemecttonn. aise i De ene Pereiirires 1 23- olG 152.45

May 8 INGLIGUINGS DIRS: eros cide ocbioc ear $24.° Ne eee 100.00
oe 8 Hie A ROMUC Yeni pennies vacaciones M25 Wiss bess eas eee 94.51

PRO UAIS Herter ace. a icbensihn lene ekeiOe hte ets aloes $478.44 $478.44
STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.

arrieeeel el el) SES Vasc OVOLOLALG Gm cheese ers are eisai ce eee oO eRe woes toll ones or ape $1,668.24
ras ee RB eeUOVCs. ciecsonsvcrstene Colom cia ene 2955 Ol etaccxa.a Beemer 23735
oom allyl 12 ELOBA ET Cols ecm emarn GubaAan Gros nae PES co OMonEeeS 2956 |.. das te see 216.20
vie 3b aD BO Wile rahe crores eicso steak >Ao 15 Gand Peta eeeiiaicrsro. otc 154.01
Ss: ScaSheld oneness ep ve eee els 2958) Was eee 192.50
sel’: Wer Bakcirtleys niet ces aries helenae fies 2959 lWeexoico dee eee 51.53
oo IW de NOOLe ee easy aa Geocaches ZOCOR cies Oe cos renee 85.49
a4: IAG ATI CK ae travasnshd cet eonieichies cen cana ce 296k ns chee 223,31
“14 AWiem ©) 2S OLDER Amrik. tskave oe enteaiorneconon te 2962 Ae ep aceon 10.00
saa He SODAUS WM ster the ie ciekelieis ks oeeene 2963) Oi\crsscrercearstennen 9.22
Leaps | PAR IKANSIO Yeah acces ch eEa ee orcas ZOE Sarctovctintone cone VORGa

Mar. 21 Wialterol cINeiligecss ao: ec ctirn oie ances 2965. cl asc ciensre ease 5.00
se 2 ID yl de bleh an we eathoro las iodo Ono ee MER 2966) {Cece nsenino 16.64
eae Al 1D BEN ergo lai a cat eo oaneons oar arEeEs aR erneCrs Z9OGT she wissen ene 6.00
Se er: Hey sebaughaes.. 29GS8ie tl accaes ee nee 9.41
eA A eT KATISIOY 5 cy tetas, one GW yo aloe cieiocey esd 296O Eres, veces 9.56
2 ORI ERS WAT Ge Arete tenon ctctetatolsus 2 eaieiarewee ZOOM Reicicscnte ee 228.05
Sel 16 es Oa Lt ol aa eae aero ae Oe AT) fa lal | eres epi ae in bE 219.30
eee si | EDS BLOW sects else ec ekereee se lelws PA! 7 (An ee ice aici 165.52
ee ay WiC LD avAGdSONaneceieet cee tees 2978 Vile hh gs arcuate 1.50
' 21 HWE OUBTiOnyes ce icts ke esis Gren rarer OTE isc = oops 1 aes 8.80
er OSI JaNahd Bs CGAY) (eh lc eee ans PH ate eee ee ZO TS I y Weteveuseo.sxeus auetae 40.70
SPH AWie HS CLI yises oy etre rinicletere moka oe OA (eal Rome aioe comala cS 11.00
: Py Wire bs WRADtlO yess is ere wclione eke ce 2977 Canceled.
HO OA J.C. Humphreys QOS ollevotrerscucet octet. 21.60
so ADI 8D Browaly ace ceca ote ee nae DOF OE Gas eye ac cree 155.36
Je Pal Sasheldonse sneer cece enr eens cece 2980) 9 ill tsi, 5 sieve ceeters 217.73
eee: EDC ANVALG a rratyasne hc eres cata cis hearse DOSE Bl ovek- a, ceanceene 274.29
¥ eol Ee DUCKS sata avo ee ease one eee O15: DH PR eae eee temtcec: G 256.38
APA Stesheldoneee seria: PLC OLR RTI DOB ais sccuses scent vekences 182.29

Aprilia |. LO req isi tions 5 omic orn erence een eo $3,000.00
ae DaiABY: Seo SNeld OMG nis Actes rors Ortee sai oes orto PO BAN Pra te ae nee 191.09
F 9 Statesman Publishing Company...... 2OSOe dlhiskaeiet cies 33.75
. 9 SWira bs IRGIPtG yikes ak cachecetne cieee eusers DOSG Pa erayels eee 151.51
* 9 LDS Brows sce ec one ee ZOSTUF Alnevaoretes cuenee 182.21
fe 9 Wells, Fargo & Company...... ISS 5 Vso axa, otelcee Aas 11.87
of 9 153 Feel OFM B16) Seer raenoimeleremrtcnl cae ones Sipecic eo, 8 t 2989" le ccerac cays Ad tote 236.60
a 9 13 RC OFA (1 a6 Re oreeentiod eCeres PRORSIGRC Arri'ol.c.0 ONE 2990 aca actoreteencee 240.45
a 9 Underwood Typewriter Company.... ZOOM ccc cis ahokno 08 68.00
os 9 E. W. Stephens Publishing Company . OO WE servants sere suseeweus 37.50
. 9 J. W. Butler Paper Company........ 2993 Transf'd to office Exp.
ee 9 CHD Ana ccc aye -uen Srayctel dane ee OAM era stoices cnt e 143.95
4 9 Western Union Telegraph Company. . 99 Sie alisutareraious carcie es 2.03
im 9 AW. Ce SOL DOR crayetre kaso) <cie noice DOOG wal Petrone ier one 10.00

8

PLOFPEQUISI TION ay a. losses css ok a eee

1,200.00

Report of Secretary.

STATE VETERINARY FUND—(Continued).

37

Date
1913.

- May 1
be 1
pi 1
pS 1
oa 1
he 1
= 1
<4 al
xy 1
” if
Pe 8
te 8
oo 8
front
oe |)
Cy Dh
oe eal
eo Birt
woe Bal
oo iil
il
A el
oe Bl
Oe Bil
oul
a aia
Mo Bal

May 31
June 30
ce BK0)
“8
oO
Bo)
VBS
~ 30
SO
ats O
8X0)
SO
oO
sO
He BD)
sO
AEN 2/
we 7
‘ i
se 7
“ of
ie 7
v3 9
a 9
9 9
2S
28
“. 28
se 28
ser 28
28
eS
ais
oe Po

By

To
By

To
By

Name.

EymaneD Ss Browsers crs ae ee
Ser Sel OM sere eesicis chosen mere oP eons ie eos
Georgeawir Webern aetna coe ee
ANT ATISLO Viney rsa eh nets ewewerduic) oie
HoracesBradleyen ate ae
E. W. Stephens Publishing Company.
Willm. Cooper & Nephews...........
Wiebe Kartloyisascac c.ccciercis. ceca tere ake
OW: SARS TI I Ga eyaiar codes colon we Ee
18 [ak CEM Mio) Pete 8 Siete ar aio ee ome ce een
TES AWE Ge iaieuss sctenetaventcl cos irene ewenene
IAN UN SIG Yecrotet nares sic ote in s Seeker
ERHeMVUSSOULIES TONGS...) a. eee
Wir Ce SOLrber a crrcaruccves ocr aoksieysns
GAP MG aI tre scape ian s oslo choco
requisition Meee yal eccs ean eyoscucnke Coe Oe
Saslneld On siactarchesseeve a aacrcters Gavel eae
AW PS RCIR COV: bce cee

Welts, Fargo & Company, express....
rede COPTIC. ecctes! © arshorn cle cie ieee
Me © P AVWALIS OD ers eich: 53.5) 1 sical a voc) Chew rotons
HC DunCants sce. sors see
HVA ERCMIOV A aci5,- cee ot tec
Hrede ly VMiunsonk.. tsar

Columbia Telephone Company. .
Western Union Telegraph Gonivanvar
NEQUISILION ER ee.n-yei rol ee eee ceo on
Willm. Cooper & Nephews..........
OS Up bashinn pf ome nace ce eRe erence

Renn spe harmacyeacereie eon
ROM AWALG bier cane ces oh ene eee
Horaceybradleyae.. eee
OW Ar wR AP KOD tigers 4: on sein Cretan VRE
EC WAISOM Ecorse fe hays nie ee

Wee Brekartleyacee avai. chlacclo ane
Se Sheldontrerieatster mrctici.: acide

TEG(OeS iC ile oneal eR

American Express Company......... |

F. L. Cissell. Liha:
Statesman Publishing Garnpanye
W. J. Houser..

The W. G. Cleveland Company......
NGC lark error techs olan eee

Wee beKartley sss weit cece oineioe
OlingheMurphysce eo at eee
Sms leldOnicr aye eS ocr Ae ee
FEQUISILIONE A erent ne ke ee
HIRI MWA enter chen: sree nonin eee

War. No.

Dr.

209.

.64
. 60
.00
.50
.89
.50
.40
.00
. 00
-20
. 60
. 03
35
.00
.00

.98
.00
.85
.18
.80
15
.35
.00
.10
95
.65
.05

.40
.84
.60
75
72
. 64
.00
5 Le
-00
.00
27
.00
.10
.16
. 82
.65
.18
.60
. 00
.00
.00
.50
-50
38
.00
.O1
.00
.00
.96
othe

.25

38 Missouri Agricultural Report.
STATE VETERINARY FUN D—(Continued).
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
19138. .

Aug. 4 American Express Company......... | SOS. Lucene $10.75
& 4 lyvimnaneD\ Prowl ascii acess saaea 3056) osc 211.43
a 4 ENG STICK er Sioeltvavenn adevoustare har deeis, sattivetes BOOST — |lew wasps aie ween 236.14
ee 4 Columbia Telephone Company....... S058 ~ haw cistern 8.85
es 4 PAS lee MRA SLOVies co ntcus odelonoG, ote tasoneyeharers 3059)" Wea anes suse 30.50

4 AWW JAY MIP COIN aa ote dois ne koe us) domaine atias BOBO ho coves soos 5.65
ee LS BEEN. OC abil iirc hays c me aiteeves tices Am PO UGE ecm igo 6 71.08
Ce? Giall OuLeCuUiSUtlOM. arcinis chairs. aie aiccs ate ie emcee te liaveueeale. sts. ss $1,500.00
S26 Es Ya Wiskvs WALKS OM: avai otis cree atin sure eee 3062). ||P seeks cence 15.80
CS BAG} IMA CK Vie hT alls sa. Actos crooner c 30632 cece ee 9.20
= 26 J EE Bay LOM pie cic iee.cncceist ns cesta ceeiers SOBER Ae iicus crouse 12.06
CO AAG} JOHN Parker Wy peysyeucore at wane ceatsverceetees 3065) 0 Wy. cies cere Vieoo
“26 A SOEs ING wilON icc tycsts octets eel atoisren ent S066 2 secure 23.06
BAG OEM PIB ALM OS ie cie cystocele oo oct wean S067 ~ |e saree 25.50
a AG PAG TUMIN CISOMM ai ysidsus erciclions abiehe lhe we S068" “I. cvseis-s cease 19.05
Ie BE. E. Swink..... SOGO ME Wine cae 17.00
SO PXS EDC PPD MNCAN: moses sicaea merci shea uses SOON S| procestorecs nei 18.92
sO, CotD SBeMOWS a sarcpersicls chose sites @isus¥erotenane SOG Wecacuss cee 20.25
sent oO) LWi SWRGITGLOY sacs sols chouerstcusteismecarsoshee SOT | isso, con euannaenene 50.00
iO) ED OSE WIA irscs tern el sic, arey cle opelicgakeres) ac COGS Ale card ouuiet susuansmeus 215.22
ann > () RB uOVilrmy Neeser ssh cmencionelo sisuan nai nee OCA S ill\eresoketersieit betoge 23.38
oO) He Be iVviuimt ord traci sioseoditene oe SOMO «| Sucroucdore ne wiCeene 6.88
oF BYD) Tes Gisi@larks- aie. yess pte ah cpt OOAGmedleuciotiore suctetiae 20.53
~~ aX) E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. SOM a ssecuenene bs eee 8.50
“30 Willm. Cooper & Nephews.......... SO CS |\ sicessrer cee 12.00
i | 30) Je CH OIG Kerem ats cisteerer accra teccrete a SOUDY Whevens aseue. srvcee sor 7.09
me 8X0) Western Union Telegraph Company. . SOSO. | rvccsusyssnsete nots 4.10
es BO) OWLS OMEy hyecewsinaena theme cic reco agree SOSMRN | cccgonueriaewsacnone 17.62
es 8X0) LSID BLO Wal ensminycherereernae maior cece at BOSZi ||leyeectes sey oeeyentes 227.91

Sept. 10 1a ie (GIES Libis) Saas SSI OR ERE Cy pect Honea Coe SOS" iil aarxcocnewec mee 279.40
a ea (0) PES RL OMC Sen ee ko da cicuetone mitict incre Iscnn ate BOSE, | Riatyeieuisesneute 10.00
eed 0) Dig IMIG a ISAKS7S aw Oo nee os be A bare Oken SO85) «Iho cise eae we ces 9.00
eS Ae OVE OUMISLULOMy parrots) pete accuse Acacia clllomene iN oieaneer 1,000.00
ee 4 ES VD eH eG UT CLOW asec alt-weyas cuievtetere hey veer ohe laren skebs BOSGH Aleicsnceaeeuevencuck: 196.20
oe PAS) SWiEGHS ee GIN GLO jevanctgstotecrsie cornu chars eurieuens GOST aM Alcs hese Gd
sD) ANT am ESCLINS LO Via ays sscter esa oar eatyseinehe SOSSr hiesveneac. tsi 7.50
BOs ote) PPpH rail 2 OL Viera aecise tee oo set BOSD iliteaaeaete cae near 5.88
29) IAB a WETS NG ceccspsiees oltgaae apse tee awe SOOO il soasaerttonas rene 50.00
Lee 4o) Wit © ES OVDOR es cect acucbscccheio emusic SOOM a Sewscwexate ol maar: 5.00
re 42) Sahel onesie tscerens posescctocs eareaceusie tea tneveme SOO 2 mya ciiianicaore cnr 210.74
aa O) WE Oe SOLDODG sictate pega retilen dekoctors wienoonc SO9S ae | eispciencas ore 2.50

Oct 8 Win © SOLDER Tg sleushe los bot ade oie em concer ae SO94W Nera reracis case 5.00
rs 8 TL UE) BLOWIN fysleya oko ebac lenses iedeucneacesictele SOO Sie eesrce tone yanecae 219.55
ar 8 13 (GAC O)5a4t bai cd Poet ees Ce ae pape ae as au Peres SOD G A eatnrcnsrade payers 257.00
a 8 UMmiversityaof VlissOurite eres 3 9 Can use sweyecccners cise Was
S 8 LPC SAWIALGI Arachne ese lohe tr sac teen: SOO SM rineecseie sas agare 236.43
= 8 1 Week Greek OW EV eh Gene ncinin aeoterd Sey once cist SOOO tehvas tenses corer 12.45
ss 8 AW iA wR ALOR scigceas ekceteluateucueian tie ouatens SOOM eae cascpencetae 22.95
of 8 HAW. COMBS Toner. gatos Conia oat ee cee ne SLOW y Meee Weceanss. dese oe 45.00
“i 8 dig Lele (Endo) daa ee eas Bisiniola otoioe aoead G31 0P4 oiliseaameaenon cata toca 75.00
ar PANG} Columbia Telephone Company....... Shil(08 Weel euonseetcrcicentter 1.50
EDA. €l|| COMPO QUISIGION yysre tr cys cat arctouclle larcelere usuanty-|| Rene eee aT 1,500.00
mers tha ES ye es CKO rtm cuca). ee ak casein cel eure SEICOY We ecoeateey creme cee ete 210.71
on Bal BAB WALLE IG Serelor.tece aie firmed SMOS aa eocvene saa cen 50.00
oo BU Western Union Telegraph Company. . SMOG Wal Mitek s eastctake 2.14
parol E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. SHO we illgte ols eee cee od 7.50
eo Bl CE Dananr sfc Wena On a ee SOS cepett pees xeas i vemers 4.80
Bil NG OV ans 7 sy has fe oe is Oko Oe SILOS! Pillow niece ais, ae 16.66
vo Bil TEAS Cy UCL Sop rence ais) ic toeace oxo AEE UIC OVE. J |Bkn ek essencrcnonaicrs 237.32

Nov. 13 Aaa MISTI SIONS 0 are van sisi lsc Goch el eee oe STMT BTCA oes, cee acre Gar 5.00
ES} Wi SOL DOI aie oe rote oieCaece ca tn ne eine SZ Canceled.

Report of Secretary.

39

STATE VETERINARY FUND—(Continued.)
Date. Name. War. No. Dr. Cr.
1913.

Nov. 13 EU CMG iar Ger cpa karte ea ouch e331 hs Taal Oke Cages Gn cad ne $51.15
els Hime JOhNSOne hee enters enn oy Ee a Nee Liars, gs nee aimed 47.00
= ale; Wises WaWiel Chis simpate er ees ee eons A SEL Sak Wl eves Ar wats e 0 2 10.00
at? SERIES 1a Clare hee eeee nate ae pee epee. ciao SSAEIGIS hose ote tomes 5 tere 8.00
aes, Wid CCLQIE AOD Dis weivanenee ce ta ener alc co LL? Alia le oct GL atten DRE 85.10
* 13 Wisk © S OGDOL at ieee athe et ee mae ate SUS ilexntacts stare ets.2 12.95
Me ets lbgpoatin ID, IRON pis Bic ie oto oto an o ono SOM, Were reso oe 212.60
Ue 13 EAR AVVO Tia gee oeeyen ete cen Peek) ot ro) (5? 0 ial li hac oes eenar ICer 18.00
S27 a5} BS SWire © SBT On Roy. ce nis sess ab. sist oes SZ lie sills Ae eee cae 27.50
ae LS E. W. Stephens Publishing Company. SIF Ma ee ees 40.00
pia ls eA KERWIOOUSE Hee.) Rinesse eters oo cratacnsen ars SIE Wises clouds c | 134.29
eee? OM eMNOLPOGUISIGLOME rs cenerte unt aie chose ee atewesle ae allen ee heels $1,500.00

Dec ones yi George IWeMleber ness sere oso ey Ee Weeiraipacirit aac! 12.00
ve 5 Jamesi@ullisoneece ac. sooo eae ae SLQSt Men eee esl 7.00
< 5 ID) WHER @LIUCOS Spas hea ete dose ors cee ls eee aus SULZO erases ce eke re ele 24.00
oe is J MEN ha) VAULT aoe oie SRE SIREN ee eaaie oe SLO ae, an ees 6.50
= 5 Horact Bradley...... Bi foley Bacar ote ene Oe 5.00
at 5 DEAK VVIOOUS Sains ce! + ees on eeee were 339 PAL ST attr ony Steet ore 202.52
os 5 EB EUSS CLD Ola ranma el wa ea eee ete eran Res es ilies Ole. essnacceae eee yews 14.82
xs 5 IWialiter Je WuOpDiaircok coc Aine Stthe ave eis a be ott ae eney AREA OO tea | 24.22
ce 5 PHU CKe YA. ate ee eee DBD ina Seokecs chee 208.58
ss 5 Ese dese Naat sagt eng eto A yore a eiorcier a oree SHSSEM ichigo rina | 50.00
a 5 eR CMAN Ghost. nn ts sch ieee Cen. an SSA, Wiles Meee wy. | 271.06
vs 5 HimerJe JOHNStOne == eerie cee SSS, | lleorencus actens 125.00
ne 5 Jinan ID)s 1eigonpety ene seo babeoone aoe SUSGY Wiltanee aes 216.64
+ 5 Western Union Telegraph Company. . SST haces peewee ase | 1.60
oe 5 Columbia Telephone Company....... SUS Sas Ice ee | 8.90
cc 5 American Express Company......... UTS Ho ell (Ee ee coor ose | 10.64
SD) oI) TeQUISIION sa io eters eee eee: el Pen eanrae ee oe Oe 1,000.00 |
POON BOP Py Lewis: mee seh oe ete ne ee STAOtalteaern ere e| 26.65
“ 29 Asay. RUN SLO Vay eames Riterd eee tome 6 mare's 53 7 ER Se chet ical caree | Ils} 5510)
i 229 AGE) GlOVEL AA eit, See erie oe nise eis ol poh he De 1 AES hae es cee 23.54
i 29 Hawi OeBrienss qaeecntaeeer rds sane ST AS eee ee er, oe 15.00
Ha Po) Herald-Statesman Company......... Bil VR ae ee ee piiedn © 18.00
= 329 Bre WTS ts tereecpes< s,< eica e oeae olor Sy alte ANS Re oe Gs 50.00
ae }9] 1 DNs shee (SB ed Seis oie i s,s ees or SWAG ihatetenotespavalthense: 222.91
Oe Sil Ibaaotin IDS Weronndle sa soosonenosancece SAT AN sccug cunenn oueenshe 178.74
oe Bul MHP ASS AVVOLT Ortay temtarsoenins ekki cre encevee LAB) | eco encnehensnewe aes 22.13
ot Sal Jim ea VWVLOOUStveecuerss. ce che ned Hee ate coy 0 | eet aon aes Saab 204.64
OO Gaul GeOreenWielseber..: en nies hee. a SD OL Bie eee rien 11.80
el Wells, Fargo & Company, express.... Gi fay ee We ceoceatonne mio dic 4.20
ee etl Columbia Telephone Company....... SLODiee |S eebocna coin 8.10
VSNL J. H. Guitar, postmaster............ SLD SM lisecereretecnen hekees 75.00

Deficiency Orel OZ map yor ecu enone ae 2,634.51
Jans 2 ES AL ATIC One eh ne, eR epee eee sii, oa oats peace neel luca te Pes aosc estas | ioereapaee ri saere 415.79
MO Gals ectsiens setae aot oeepel | haart aes $16,634.51 $16,634.51

Missourt Agricultural Report.

APIARY INSPECTION.

Name. War. No. Dr.
TOSLECUISTOLOM ster a-mennt ae aon ek Sasa Sey od | Dewars wee eas $400.00

fe Biya Vi HD ar byer tor ices catterstetae ane «Secret 45... “'i\\alenn Seep ereiee 35
IME BE SD ALD Ysera cee eek etna BARS 46.0 ls Tea io)

MOM CUMUISIGLONE si eticuaete one aeeein ele sere ett one 200.00
Biya ive anbiyser cic lice eeae ae se tee ete ell ATT ie dernier 94

MROsLOGUISUGLOME rs ae eee foie Micices ee ee FE ona ens aes 100.00
Byes Sa aby. i iraritericc bus cacis ter eee AS || soe yb eee 200.58

OWS OUISIb ON eee Ceres he eink te ees tere 300.00
IB YaVIS ED) an yaceueeseate oe. c+ sesh tech nae 7. 0 Dg ere cs bey dic 180.65

TOMCGuUISItlONE ease se ae teat Pach ee bum nha! cl Pen ak eta rie 100.00
By SVE. Daten cue eiie tee eee 50? |. enw 160.55

TOsneQuiSltiOnssaesty meee se wcke ae sane le ess a arene 100.00
ES VAD ALAM COM es eaicrh Cee ies es Mice Sana aime rRICEN Hic, ove, a Siton rs | Pace ee SSC ace eee 18
EO GAISE er feteeeyete ilo Pau tcc$ cc souta RIOR rene ake atelS Site" $1,200.00 $1,200.00

STATE HIGHWAY ENGING@ER.
Name | War. No. Dr.
!

By SON CLOT Alterra vel. oe a tL ee eee Se Aid| ES Ria i tote te, Ein .60
Win Ca DavidsSoneice Newt Aces Stays alls reas Brtiots Sree 03
Cun ciSPE es eae taro ken aan AIG), ot Naeccveae ic eae ae . 66
Vines ay DteeAty BS liek eis recs cesseector eee cee SI Wat Remo te at sum .00
Ee AvE © OllIGR rere. cia itunu tics ree toy Us ame era peeaotera aie aac 00
JANE 4 SETI JH 0 EES peta RG, 2 Ae Ne Jays LS gunn theater en avst 00
PeRuckertva; Companyean. as ao: S205" i leecheges, Heer: .45
IMIS ly Is CORSE oc anne ouoeenodos 521 Nica See ee Bir 5)

MRLORLE CULMSIGL OM! sess yb miles ahs ed hn cee ariel (eee ea $2,851.09
IB yaNiTs wy Ale belli: cr. 4. cise 6 ean SQQ™ agile Meee, cee ene .00
IWeiCESDavidSOns 4 sche tee tes 1505 Seen R| RUR Mad Foie an See .97
CuTbismille ye aco cma ha Aeon FD 4w gs Uexcistein eae: 04
Cie bis MEME oa cn Sie eye ear ee ZOE ai lesen een sane eee 54
Wire@ uD awiGdSOMh, sc tens tec chorea eee 2 Gitte nly ewetnce csi seclets -40

Le LS OMNC OULSUOT OTS rycen) corse cit ele ue keera ace etic eae SAR eee 1,500.00
9 By Columbia Telephone Company....... Orie 8 Pee Ra ep Ne 65
9 CuinGi SMAI Feces oe, eee ee ee OS Meu larcem cea. seca h aan a .20
9 eRe er teen © OMp any eee fay? °) ollie lence ery Sere eer eae -40
9 WER GLI aWiGSOMeesrss en ieee a eet omen 3 O MeO scat teas acy cae 36
9 Underwood Typewriter Company.... Lai VG eee Re .00
9 Hae ALp Ev CIMLG Vey -p acs Accel cise earns he eee re 3 OMe alee ae a ram tae cata .00
1 Wise Are L Gerais ies shor hy wert eee co Yeoh Tl ees ounce eran .00
1 ie Ruckertsé& Company.-..+.-..5.-- SA rats VOUpS ei «ay ee iaee .95
12 Bialancesemrssere: Cioran nDIe lane nana Mars) OPAL? hola ico vdhay eal oraonCeo ceome Rn Ec 49
ROCA eae eev onan si wo atone al eee ease ie $1,351.09 09

Report of Secretary. 41
SUNIMARY OF “SECRETARY SsPINANCIAL
STATEMENT.
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr:
1913.
Pains tile Gees se oreo cree To balance insour treasuy.. ss. c $337.40
Wie de LOdS ean. -.. ROsappLropLiabioninae riick ee 15,000.00
Jan: due L913 >to
Jan. 12, 1914....| By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OfeeNericulouress cicsc cits Som eh cele kbe lege ree. $2,881.55
Janey p25 TOW s. - 2 By amount paid for printing and binding,
account with printing commission....)|... 4,759). 54
Apciioy ag Ie eae a By-balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
(GUULMIRDsclnou.o doles bio ou so Oso PAU MIBK lobe ager ersasrol 355.85
Veins es Tie tas eae By balance in State Treasury........... ate Sak REM Ay sy. | 7,340.43
z |
Totals...... $15,337.40 | $15,337.40
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
Date. ID his Cr.
Afaiol, Jlils aie leet eel To balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
CUltUTOC ae oe eee em ce Seay vere Sieus eee $251.48
Nayar OLS ee avens. | AMO) DI HORIOAENNOINS bono nonanoomooouudue 4,000.00 |
MOxOVviercharze form Oli2een secre acne ae 64.30
Jan. 11, 1913, to | |
Jan 12, 194s s| By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OfCArICUlGULe Aan chan Meney aes cers a ie SIE eee al ease atch rs $1,458.21
Janey ola OTA oor | By amount paid for printing, account with
PLIN FINS COMMISSION eae etna a a ans tee 2,559 . 22
ame UOT a ImMByabalancenin Stavev bre asuiyeeer). eer stene) <i |ienener hens) ay -rehes | 405.08
Janwel2 LO ee. =. | To overdraft in treasury of State Board
| OfeAcriculturea see eee 106.73 |
| =
| Potalsae ra ct pakke GOR $1,422.51 $4,422.51
|
EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr:
Vey, iil, winless eae To balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
CULE UT OS ce een, nee es. nay dace Saale Seabee $168.07
Witasyai let Ons ey ae 40} YOOMOOVMENHWOSS oo by Heb abo nase bu as 1 2.000500)
Jan. I. 19135) to |

Sane) MOWAT aa

Jan. 12, 1914

Jan. 12, 1914

By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
of Agriculture
By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
culture

| By balance in State Treasury

|

Totals

$1,235.52

332.55
600.00

$2,168.07

$2,168.07

A—4

42

Missourt Agricultural Report.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.

Date. Dr: Cr:
Venn, Ib lees ss ote To balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
GuiltUnes aware ees ead ae ten hee | $2,806.73
IMME Ae TL IMB 6 ac be Ova PLOPLa vious eee eee ere nnn el 17,500.00
Jan. 11, 1918, to Jan.
TD AS OMAN Re Sewer sacs By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
Of Aisricultureas ei eens oa lordehoneelacat oie ake $9,684.74
Meo 1 OES oo oe By amount paid for printing and binding,
° account with printing commission....|............ 110.94
amie el OW 4c eer. By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-)
Cultures: qe ete ee EM GR eon I\.s avewoviai’s Rca 1,321.99
Vans 2s OAR wees. Byabalancennks tatemireasuinycp er aee cells een 9,189.06
TOGAIS: Sse | VENPENES Mise, eee moras $20,306.73 $20,306.73
OFFICE EXPENSE.
Date. Dr. Cr.
Melo, iil, eles. eae | To balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
| CUITUT OREN icone gaat: Sopa tae Ee: $.02
Muley | il, IIB ois. & Morappropriatlonens. eee eee 1,000.00
Jan. 11, 1913 to Jan.
12, 1914.........| By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
Of ATIC UIGULe Pater: Hie OLN ewe A ne eel aL eee meee $593.73
eas 1 ieee aoe By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
CUI CURE Steen She ts Coee sea cuenta ig ad ate |e 6.29
Jian) U2 OAT ache Byabalancennys tate elncastiinyaie es ene n | ane ae 400.00
AO CaS pes arate a iece-rcil CGR In ietacls $1,000.02 $1,000.02
EXTENSION COURSE IN AGRICULTURE.
Date. Dr. Cr.
eins iil, TOMY osteo 2 To balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
CUCU ee ye Spee cree Gee aie ie st ee $478.44
Jan. 11, 1913, to Jan.
POLO. a 006 By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OPA cricultUres ry ee oven eect mts Pi ee $478.44
BRO GaSe vac toe ibs Ci Re CRIN $478.44 $478.44

Report of Secretary. 43
STATE VETERINARY FUND.
Date. Dr: Cr.
dirs alanis ate isie oe soo By overdraft in treasury of Board of Agri-
CULGURO ayer nee ooh tee te ocr aa stee occas ete $1,668.24
Wiaiyger Lee Ol sm cyer. cr MOLApPPLOPLia LlON Me eerie rece $25,000.00
Jan. 11, 1913, to Jan.
12, 1914.........| By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OfsA eriCulGUre aes crc kach ners EPA e oe biel elas oo te oles Jeske 14,550.48
Ae Me, wines Gee. By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
ee CULtUT eR Aah seach h cr Pee rated Seo ae LMS © hshouhe leks elk 415.79
Jan. VD MOLAR Sia oe ByibalancesniStatewlreasuryene ier) sheets cele cis scene 11,000.00
, Morvdeicieoney for Olge aecse ses eee 2,634.51
ne HA D0 OE) KS A CS a SA Se ln | $27,634.51 $27,634.51
APIARY INSPECTION.
Date. Dr. Cr.
MiaiyelentOsecin sac MovAapPPLOpLriavion eases eso eee $2,000.00
Jan. 11, 1913, to Jan.
OW Ae eke wys.srs By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OfPAericulture cme er crone ree, = eke eeere keae ns oer $1,033.82
ane or OAN Se x cca By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
CUlCUPE TE ere. eck ce edema nis hotell oemcreteket-eiekeas 166.18
ane OVA ia slen. By balancein: StaterDreasuby.. on... a. ice cs ses <r 800.00
ANON ie sina td, Renteabecle ar ciakeretenias otet aa $2,000.00 $2,000.00
STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.
Date. Dr. Cr.
dein, als wiles saocs By overdraft in treasury of Board of Agri-
CULTURE Hee nee bs erat aketottetewoisteriakas sche el ene aahaer owe nonenG $2,423.60
Waive ONS ses. ANG) Hoy VRO NACUNKOIN, 6 Go godocupnononoboeas oe $4,351.09
Jan. 11, 1913, to Jan.
12, 1914.........| By warrants drawn on Treasurer of Board
OPAC TICUIGUTE aierwe ss sc ok tone aris eae ellos oven ale Fes , L751 .00
Jameel 2 OVA ee By balance in treasury of Board of Agri-
(HOV AVD dee OIL ote oven oISe a Ono anand crovcuale. chord |latd cath) catace iota 176.49
MOCAIS | sersvs/, Seana oy cyatsseneeeee oer ae $4,351.09 $4,351.09

A4 Missourt Agricultural Report.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

To the State Board of Agriculture:

I, W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board of Agriculture,
submit the following report of the money received from last
report and from the State Treasurer, including balances, and
the amounts paid out on warrants presented against the several
funds of the Board of Agriculture and the balances now on
hand, January 12, 1914:

APAIRY INSPECTION.

Date. Dr. Cr.

ano POTS. 4: To State warrant......................| $400.00

ANUS, Gy MONS a ogo s To State warrant. 25 ofc eee 200.00

Sept:))2) 1913........... Mos tate warkanteac eerie ene 100.00

OGs, “ily NOME scour MOLState WarLanten na ee een | 300.00

Nov. 3, 1913 Towstateswarran taser eran ners | 100.00

Dect oy lols aoe) LOState warrants... 42 eae ee onerens 100.00

Jans) (21914 By warrants paid and canceled.......... omer cee ado $1,033.82

Ain TPs IIe oo By Walance: foes acscy Se sere ke Ceres He ee Ste ORS eee 166.18
Motals:.2aiso5, 2 hese eae oe $1,200.00 $1,200.00

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT.
Date. Dr. Cr.

aml ee LOS 3 ey TO DAalance. cs acim aie Tee $337.40

IM G3, TEBE 6s oso LOWS tatenwarvant ie yess erin: 200.00

June way 19S oe se To Stateswarrantsnnccrcree one reer 200.00

AUTISM LOS acne Moy tate warrants.) eee renee 500.00

Sept. 2; 19035. 2. 52 MorState warrant. 5.9m ee ecto 1.000.00

Octaele tole. aor NorState: warrants. eee ee aneiacn 1,000.00

Janne ow Ola sae. ae Byawarrants paidiand cancelede ere seers cieein $2,880.05

Tan le Oar By: balances)... ctelsta ce Oe ae Bae lsdoteeicie cwieaeks SO oo
Totals:c. 2-0 hae eee oreo $3,237.40 $3,237.40

Report of Treasurer.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

45

Date. Dr. Cr.
Fane i, 1913-55... MoOMalanice seek Ee ee eae $251.48 |
May 1 TIS ao. LoyStabe: warlantenvreri see sees ciety = 200.00 |
ANE “ZEIGE Be Sn MOPS CALC OWALEAN Ge stars aly chia Sisneueieress a1 eats 300.00
OCt el wl OS arsery MOMStAtOnwaLllant 2 sisiciens cnr irc ieee 200.00
Deere 21 Ol Sincere Mors tateswarvantare woe 4a eae ee 200.00
Jan 2; 1914.5... MOUStatve wallabies cystic io tecus ce seor cots, ieee 200.00
Jan. 12, 1914...... Moroverdrattere acetyl eae Cue ears 41.17
Vane LOlAn iByawarrants) paid and-cancelede-m.s). ce lteea ea oo. $1,392.65
Rotals.psk sees ose ee ean tes $1,392.65 $1,392.65
OFFICE EXPENSE.
Date Dr. Cr.
Jarl LOS nar 4 Movs] by) Eni (oye teeepptens @ cletaig Sas cnB Perce ache meres $.02
Viale UO ts 20 POMS tatenwalnanterers siren cis cies ciarsie s 125.00
UNC wt 4s ONS sa. Lo State warrant sncc.ceraoukes our sieneee 100.00
dimlk? 6%) Were e (Lo; Staterwarran tere oem ccc te cla cere 125.00
AuigiascS pl OlSes.5 TO! State warvantierteice sche oad wletete ere alae 100.00
Decwee2 1 Olsen. LopState warrantese ceca. coco eee 150.00
Jan 12519145... By warrants paidiand canceled... (20: ..-\.- +. 40c20e-% $593.73
Jana 12> 1914. 05 IByz balances sce ee Cet rates TP rollers hahaa eer ee tea 6.29
LOA Se nc aria ws, we Gaceee oH eters $600.02 $600.02
EXPENSE OF MEMBERS.
Date Dr: Cr.
desi, ilile tOnkyeesooy Tosbalancessccacri oe ee $168.07
Maya NOS ro) oustate.warlanta.a nieces coe eae ee 300.00
Maye 1G; 1903. a: LoryStateLwarrantsry cick ackores ae eens 100.00
UNC a4 el Ooo see TowStatenwarrant..2 ee eet ae k ce 200.00
uly eo Ol Serre LOS tatenwarrants cca oh eer cries is 100.00
ANDES BR AUDI, oe.00 5 Mow Categwarcantre - lec ccktons tiene eles 200.00
WO. sh Wee Gaaes Loystate; warrant... src aaa 100.00
IDG PH ITB soba Towtateswaltante.rsn sie ae 200.00
Jans 2194 vasa o. Towstateswarrantin. sci pie ee ee ie 200.00
Janet O14 ese By warrants paid and) canceleds.- a5 -6 aloe) eee $1,229.12
van. 12) 19145. oe. B ya balancertss.coccets coe toc. oo oo ae oracle taal lPeoiens stovonsene 338.95
WE Otals se. ok chon OTe $1,568 . O07» $1,568.07
EXTENSION COURSE.
Date. Dr. Cr:
Jews iil, WOU esas MOU AN CO Snare 5s eioesc hehe oe Gas ae $478.44
Janel eel Oa eens Byawarrants paid andi canceled-as ese ees le. aco a eee $478.44
RO GAISi 2.5: cfaperailercnet sory hate sieve el see 6 $478.44 $478.44

A6 Missourt Agricultural Report.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE

Date. Dr. Cr.
Jane tl LOLS Ree ee RON DALAM CC} eeeee ncteieeicee testis ce ew eae ey $3,036.77
Mile ale See a & a HOnStaAveMwarna nivale or 2,150.00
Ditlivaeo el O lis pena LOWS CAUCE WaALLAalN Ger coe sis smears ss ae - 1,000,00
AIG Dyn Ol oiereien POPS CALC AWETLAM Gases ccnats tuclemicucieac tokens 1,000.00
Oct DLO US arc AN) SEES) WANE MGs oo dp nooo sc onOhonduore 350.00
WOW Sy UCB. Sess. 8 MOVStAbe WALRAD atc ere a cur Gis coos oo) nade 200.00
Decy eZ; Osea ROMS CRLChW ALL ATIUE ria tere iene oe ep sicnes 1,000.00
JANE pop Ota ak To State warrant.............. lb See 2,500.00
Jane Oa eee By warrants paid andiicanceled’),.......-|. «2. «ome $9,904.73
Vanin die el Oa eer EB VAN BILAN COb mane roceuciss cherry sleeker is oles) oS. 2 shllet ay cle) eee 1,332.04
TO GALS yi fence ote ate bam hedstorienerstras $11, 236.77 $11,236.77
STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.
Date. Dr. Cr.
Veins lik NS go. BY OVErarattient ys sot cede oct suse ne ton Flaine soe eee $197.48
wieny il, WOMB soso ull NO Siew eM, GOs ooo ooo doo ho ooods $4,351.09
Janey 25 1OT4 ene By warrants paid and canceledivi..4. 42-6 5.542 0-ee 3,977.11
Jann 2s Oa yan 2 IB yi alance ccs chee eee ET oan Sell eer ic cae 176.50
TNO GAISE Fycrerd rsh ibehaeke cise eee $4,351.09 $4,351.09
VETERINARY SERVICE:
Date. Dr Cr.
Aono lS eee od. oc IBYHOVEFGRALti ae. sheer eye's eae aed coer oe reste | eae ee $10.11
May 1, 1913...... MoyState warrantee cyanea eee er $3,000.00
Miay, 9637 1913" 7.3). Low tateswarrantancsy pointe ee 1,200.00
Suney TA SOUS sew MosStateswarrantee. aa hoon eee oe 1,000.00
‘polhy &3, aeIe}s Sago MoyStateswalran teenie celecieen 1,000.00
Aue 55 Lose nnn. Morstatemwarkantrenecrncm en eee ie cn 1,300.00
Sept. 27 1913) =o. OM tate wartantinncer cise cee cree tae 1,500.00
Oyen to WON caus x MomStatetwarvantere reese 1,000.00
INOWen LOU Scr MoxcStateswaLvranthinss sje eee ee ees 1,500.00
ID CCwm el ON Sree ONS CRO sWwaArrantion. = poss) mucmetnte cee ster 1,500.00
Panny 2, LOVES. wae MoiStateswarrantyrc sss cee ieee on 1,000.00
ariel LOM AR Fie Byawarrantsspaidvandicanceled.. aint kee 13,529.56
iano?) VO4 ee . IBVs ALAN CO trek heer ee te eTeL a Meena | hee ee, Sed 460.33
TROCRIS A nrata aRee ee ee eee hee ae $14,000.00! $14,000.00

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. Bricut, Treasurer.

Report of State Veterinarian. A7

REPORT OF S. SHELDON, STATE VETERINARIAN.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Missouri State Board
of Agriculture:

I beg to submit that part of my annual
report of the work covered by this depart-
ment from January 1, 1913, to September 1,
1913; also recommendations for the future
work of this department.

It is useless to state that we are again
placed at a serious disadvantage in our sani-
tary control work by an unjust oversight of
the last Legislature in refusing to grant the
necessary appropriation that was recommended
by you for this department. Just how long
the live stock industry of this State will stand
for such neglect at the hands of our lawmakers
remains to be seen. We are compelled to turn down important
calls almost daily in order that we may not exceed the meager
allowance granted this department by the last Legislature. We
would most heartily recommend that you again ask for an
appropriation of not less than $50,000, and that each member
in his legislative district present the needs of this department
to his State Senators and Representatives and urge on them
that the above appropriation be secured. If the matter is
properly presented there is no question as to the result. When
it was found that we would have no additional funds to carry
on the work of this department we were compelled to make
radical changes in our plan of action for the next two years.
Much of the important work that we had under consideration we
were compelled to give up, but trust that at some future time it
may be carried out.

We would most heartily recommend that the salary of our
successor be increased to not less than $3,000 per annum and
that the salary of the assistants who have worked so faithfully
for the protection of the live stock industry be increased from
$1,500 to $1,800 per year. Wewould further recommend that if
it was found that the State Veterinarian and his assistants were

lb, ish SRA ts

48 Missouri Agricultural Report.

not earning more than the salary recommended above, that they
be promptly discharged. We _ believe that the State should
receive the best possible service available. When we stop to
consider that a single county can afford to pay a student $2,500
per year to assist in farm work, we feel that the State Veteri-
narian, with 114 times the responsibility, is entitled to at least
$3,000 per year.

Our sanitary bill, introduced at the last session of the Legis-
lature, governing the importation of live stock into Missouri,
failed to become a law. There was no particular opposition to
the bill; in fact, all agreed that it was a splendid measure and
would have been enacted into a law had it been introduced
earlier in the session. This bill, or a similar one, should be intro-
duced early in the session at the next Legislature and supported
by each of you. At present the statutory protection afforded
our live stock industry is insufficient and not in keeping with
other progressive states. There was introduced at the last
session of the Legislature a new veterinary practice act repeal-
ing the present law, which has become obsolete. The new bill
should receive your support and encouragement at the next ses-
sion of the Legislature, as it guarantees a much higher class of
veterinary service and thereby increases the protection to the
live stock industry of the State. This bill should be introduced
early and each of you should be provided with a copy. Among
other important features, you will find that it does away with the
abominable practice of registered veterinarians acting for quacks
in order that they may evade the law. It also provides for
revoking the license of any veterinarian who issues fake or
fraudulent health certificates, which has caused the department
so much trouble in the past.

DISEASES OF SHEEP.

With the exception of scabies, Missouri sheep have been
remarkably free from disease. We have not received a single
report of foot rot, lip and leg disease or stomach worms. County
quarantine, we believe, is the solution of scab eradication in
sheep. The above disease will show an increase over last year;
in fact, we believe that the 27 shipments of sheep to the public
stockyards during the past year, infected with this disease, is
certainly sufficient to make us take notice of the above disease
that we have to contend with. At a meeting of the Board of
Agriculture at Jefferson City on August 1st we asked for per-
mission to place a quarantine against Laclede, Camden and

Report of State Veterinarian. AQ

Wright counties, which was granted by you, and we feel that
this move should eradicate scabies from the three named counties
in a comparatively short time. As soon as we can spare one of
our assistants from the other important work that we are now
interested in, we shall start to co-operate with the Bureau of
Animal Industry, and shall expect much good to be accomplished
in the eradication of this disease. In our annual report for 1912
we recommended that no sheep be released from quarantine
that were affected with scabies unless they were dipped in the
lime and sulphur or nicotine dip made after the government
formula. However, we have modified this rule in one instance
by allowing one firm manufacturing the cresol dip to supply the
Kansas City stockyards with dip for the coming year. They
agree, however, to remunerate the State of Missouri for any loss
occurring where sheep have been dipped in the above prepara-
tion and the disease has not been entirely eradicated. Early in
March of this year as a matter of economy we decided to place
one of our deputies in charge of scab eradication work in the
counties of Howard, Shelby and Monroe. Dr. Munn of Fay-
ette, Mo., was instructed to look after the infection that might
exist in Howard county, Dr. Poage of Shelbina was instructed
to look after Shelby county and Dr. Stuart of Paris was ap-
pointed to cover Monroe county. The work of each of the
above veterinarians has been entirely satisfactory, and it has
been carried on with very little expense to the State. We
believe that the above plan could be enlarged upon the coming
year with splendid results.

GLANDERS.

Glanders will show a decrease again this year in the num-
ber of cases reported. We have received reports of only four
cases in Kansas City for the past seven months of this year,
against 24 for the entire 12 months of last year. It is interest-
ing to note the continued decrease of glanders in Kansas City
since the closing of the open drinking fountain. However, in
spite of the above fact, there is some agitation at the present
time to reopen them, due, perhaps, to commercial interests
trying to place a patent fountain on the market. We present
herewith the report of cases in Kansas City for the past ten

years, which is interesting:

1903—165 1907— 93 1911— 56
1904—295 1908—105 1912— 24
1905—115 1909— 67 1913—4 cases
1906— 81 1910— 86 and 2 suspects.

50 Missouri Agricultural Report.

With the above results before you, I would recommend a
quarantine against Kansas City for the protection of the rest of
the State should the disease-spreading fountains again be in-
stalled. St. Louis unquestionably has many cases of glanders
that are not reported to this department. This is perhaps due
to the carelessness or indifference of the practicing veterinarians
of St. Louis. As soon as funds are available or can be spared
from other important work, St. Louis should receive attention.
A strict sanitary law on our statute books requiring the veteri-
nary inspection of all horses imported into this State, we believe,
would entirely eradicate glanders from Missouri, and within
the short space of ten years it would be practically unknown.

HOG CHOLERA.

Hog cholera is again prevalent over the entire State. How-
ever, we do not believe it will ever become as widespread as it
was during 1912, for the following reasons: First, the adminis-
tration of the double or simultaneous method immunizes hogs,
it is believed, for life. The above method is becoming more
and more popular each day, and the farsighted farmer and hog
raiser will use this method to the exclusion of the single or serum
alone method. The results secured by the simultaneous method
warrant its continued use in the eradication of this very impor-
tant disease. The fact that the serum alone method creates
an immunity of from three to six weeks makes constant revac-
cination necessary in order to secure protection on account of
the period of immunity being so short and the danger of rein-
fection so great.

We again wish to direct your attention to the second recom-
mendation in our last annual report when we urged that all
plants engaged in the manufacture of hog cholera serum doing
an interstate business be placed under the supervision of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. This has been accomplished, but
unfortunately the State failed to enact a law providing for the
state supervision of plants distributing serum in this State.
This is certainly unfortunate for hog producers, as no plant
should be permitted to operate in this State that is unable or
unwilling to comply with the government requirements. The
section governing the disposition of the carcasses of hogs that
have died of contagious diseases was changed. They must now
be burned or buried under the directions of the State Veteri-
narian. Unfortunately, the duty of enforcing this amendment

Report of State Veterinarian. D1

was placed upon this department and no funds provided for
carrying it out.

In the latter part of May of this year we received informa-
tion from outside sources that there was a possible chance to
secure one of the three counties to be selected in each of three
states to be used as a demonstration for the eradication of hog
cholera by the Bureau of Animal Industry co-operating with this
department. I at once informed your Secretary, and by the
active co-operation of the two departments we were enabled to
have Pettis county, Missouri, selected for demonstration pur-
poses. We sincerely trust that this demonstration will prove of
much benefit to the farmers of Missouri in the eradication of hog
cholera.

From time to time applications have been made to this
office for the movement of hogs from the public stockyards at
Kansas City and St. Joseph back to the country again for feed-
ing purposes. In June of this year a committee was appointed to
draw up rules and regulations whereby stock hogs could be safely
moved back to the country again. After an inspection of the St.
Joseph and Kansas City stockyards a meeting was held in
Kansas City and rules and regulations adopted which at the
present seem rather stringent, as very few have attempted to
comply with the requirements. We believe that this is a step
in the right direction and that the rules can be modified and
stock hogs moved to the country again with safety. We suggest
that this receive your earnest attention and consideration, as
unquestionably it will be of material assistance to the hog raisers
of this State.

RABIES.

The State is again remarkably free from rabies. In fact,
no cases have been reported for the past seven months of this
year.

TEXAS FEVER.

In our last annual report we recommended that the state
and federal quarantine against Newton, McDonald and Oregon
counties be released. We have caused frequent inspections to
be made of the above named counties, which early in the season
were placed under the supervision of Dr. H. C. Tuck, one of our
field veterinarians, and Mr. Roark, acting for the Bureau of
Animal Industry. Very little infection has been found up to the
present time in the above named counties, and they should

bz Missourt Agricultural Report.

remain free from ticks unless infection is introduced from out-
side sources. Dr. L. D. Brown, another of our field veteri-
narians, was sent to Ripley county with instructions to place the
county in a condition where it might be safely released at the
end of this calendar year. The Bureau of Animal Industry sup-
plied Mr. H. D. Crane to assist Dr. Brown in tick eradication
work and the work has proceeded admirably; in fact, from
reports at hand, Ripley county can be safely released from
quarantine at the end of the present season. The State is cer-
tainly under many obligations to the Bureau of Animal Industry
and Drs. Tuck and Brown for the splendid service rendered the
State in the tick eradication work.

TUBERCULOSIS.

This is unquestionably one of the most serious diseases with
which we have to deal. Public sentiment demands that we con-
tinue the splendid fight started by this department some years
ago by my predecessor. Since our last report all dairies supply-
ing Springfield milk or butter have been tested, also many herds
in the vicinity of Mexico. A retest was ordered for Columbia,
with the result that one splendid dairy herd was found to be
badly infected with tuberculosis. We would especially direct
your attention to the herd above referred to as all herds were
tested in 1911 in and around Columbia and a retest made in 1912,
yet we found that the infection was introduced from some out-
side source. It is certainly gratifying to note that no tubercu-
losis was found in any herd save the one mentioned, where 24
head were quarantined. Several herds have been tested in the
vicinity of St. Louis, and without an exception those receiving
the first official test were found to be badly infected. We are
confident that tuberculosis exists to an alarming degree in the
dairies supplying St. Louis with milk and butter. If the citizens
of St. Louis would demand that their milk supply be produced
from officially tested dairies it would only be a short time until
they would enjoy clean, wholesome milk.

Kansas City has an ordinance requiring all cattle from which
milk is produced to be tuberculin-tested, yet anyone calling him-
self a veterinarian is allowed to apply the tuberculin test and his
certificate is accepted, with the result that the careful, conscien-
tious veterinarian is very little in demand and those that never
find tuberculosis are employed to do the testing. Only four
reacting cows have been reported to this office in the past 20

Report of State Veterinarian. aS)

months. The above shows the result of an unofficial test. We
have tendered Kansas City our assistance provided they would
furnish the necessary lay help and route the dairy herds for us.
The feed inspector of Kansas City agreed to this, yet officially no
action has been taken by him.

Joplin and Excelsior Springs have, or will in the near future,
pass an ordinance requiring the official test of all dairy cows
supplying milk and butter to each of the above cities. They
should have our co-operation and support. During the past
winter the Hereford breeders filed many applications for the
tuberculin test. We looked after them as rapidly as possible,
and it is certainly gratifying to note that out of the many herds
tested no tuberculosis was found in the Hereford breeds. We
believe it is only a question of time until the pure-bred breeder,
who expects to sell cattle interstate, will be compelled to have his
herd officially tested until they are found free from tuberculosis.
Most of the different states with but two exceptions require that
cattle intended for dairy or breeding purposes be officially tested
before they will receive them. Many badly tubercular herds
are located due to, interstate shipments, therefore we recently
requested an opinion from the Attorney-General’s office on sec-
tion 712, in which he advised us that we had absolute authority
to take charge of any herd and hold it in quarantine until it was
Officially tested without expense to the owner. This section
should be rigidly enforced, and in this way the most dangerous
herds in the State will be located and the disease placed under
control.

S. SHELDON, State Veterinarian.

54 Missourt Agricultural Report.

REPORT OF D. F. LUCKEY, STATE VETERINARIAN.

Gentlemen of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture:

Supplementary to the report ren-
dered by Dr. Sheldon covering the work
-of this office during the greater part of
this year, I wish to submit herewith a
few statements covering various mat-
ters since I assumed the office, Sep-
tember 1, 1913.

SHEEP SCAB.

From Dr. Sheldon’s report I got
the impression that sheep scab had
become widespread in Camden, La-
clede and Wright counties. I madea
personal visit to each of these counties
and held mass meetings with those interested in sheep industry
in each county. I found that scabies was present only in limited
areas in each of these counties, and I effected local organizations
of the sheep men whereby I think all sheep in the infected areas
will be properly dipped and cured without the necessity of a
quarantine. Numerous shipments of scabby sheep have come
from Morgan county during the present year, and it seems that
there is probably more scabies among sheep in this county than
anywhere else in the State. The sale or shipment of scabby
sheep is a violation of the law of the State. Scabies in sheep is
easily cured by dipping. I have notified shippers in Morgan
county of this law, and have taken the matter up with the prose-
cuting attorney. Hereafter we will rigidly prosecute all who
ship diseased sheep, and in this way I think we can thoroughly
control the matter.

Dr. D. F. Luckey.

Or
Or

Report of State Veterinarian.

TUBERCULOSIS QUARANTINE REGULATIONS UPHELD.

On December 2, 1913, the temporary injunction restraining
the State Veterinarian from enforcing the cattle tuberculosis
quarantine regulations came up for hearing in the Circuit Court
of St. Louis. The temporary injunction was dissolved, and later
the quarantine regulations were declared just and valid.

During the past two years these regulations have been
evaded in different ways, especially by shipments of cattle from
the states of Illinois and New York. Either through fraudulent
inspections by veterinarians or through the ‘plugging’ of
diseased cattle to make them pass inspection by an honest
veterinarian, a large number of tuberculous cattle have been
shipped from both of these states. The veterinarians of the
State of Illinois are making an honest effort to purge their ranks
of those who would pass tuberculous cattle for sound. So far as
I know, no particular effort is being made in the State of New
York along this line. Under present conditions, it seems abso-
lutely necessary to exercise the authority given under Rule V
of our quarantine regulations and hold all dairy and breeding
cattle from the states of Illinois and New York for a retest
ninety days after arrival in this State. Orders to this effect
have been sent out to all railroad companies and deputies in
this State. It has been found that some are shipping cattle
into this State ostensibly for pasturing, feeding or immediate
slaughter and subsequently selling them for dairy and breeding
purposes. During the coming year we will attempt to keep
check on cattle coming into the State without the tuberculin test,
and if it is found that this liberal provision of the regulations is
being abused it may be necessary to require the tuberculin test
of all female cattle.

It is to be regretted that a few unprincipled dealers and
veterinarians persist in a course which eventually brings more
or less hardship and inconvenience upon those who are honest
and efficient.

The observations of the inspection of cattle for interstate
shipment, and especially of dairy cattle, show plainly that we
need in all of the states a strict law regulating the practice of
veterinary surgery. The time is now at hand when everyone who

56 Missourt Agricultural Report.

does any kind of veterinary work at all, especially those who have
anything to do with the treatment or immunization of live stock,
should be required to secure a license for that purpose. When-
ever any incompetent or fraudulent work is done the license can
be revoked. At present there are numerous unlicensed persons
going about the State using hog cholera serum and, in many
cases, causing heavy losses. There are also those who are
absolutely incompetent, making fake health certificates for
dairy cattle. The veterinary practice act should by all means
be so amended as to fix the responsibility in such cases so that all
offending parties could be brought to justice.

HOG CHOLERA.

Hog cholera is still quite widespread over the State. There
is no definite plan in operation in this State for its control, and
nobody in particular is charged with its control. There is no
effective system for securing information as to-its prevalence.
It would be difficult for anybody to place the responsibility for
the lack of results in hog cholera control work. It still seems
to me that our system (if what we are doing may be called a
system) is seriously at fault, and the whole matter needs to be
gone over and some organization perfected which will be effective
in controlling hog cholera. By all means some definite plan
ought to be worked out and presented to the public so that hog
owners might know whom to depend upon for assistance, with
whom to co-operate and whom to hold responsible for lack of
results.

‘It has become very evident that if any department is to
control hog cholera without unusual and unnecessary expense it
must be vested with authority to quarantine affected hogs,
enforce various police measures, be supplied with potent hog
cholera serum, and must be prepared to take charge of out-
breaks promptly. It is to be regretted that for the lack of such
an organization being perfected promptly at the time hog cholera
serum was discovered the State has since unnecessarily lost
millions of dollars worth of hogs.

According to recommendations to your Board from time to
time, and strongly urged at the annual meeting, December 28,
1910, and through the persistent urging of my predecessor, a
system has at last been inaugurated whereby stock hogs may be
vaccinated and taken from the public yards for stock purposes.

Report of State Veterinarian. Diy

This has already stopped a great waste at the yards of hogs that
were entirely unfit for slaughtering purposes. As far as can be
ascertained, this system is proving successful and in all prob-
ability may be extended to apply to all stockyards. The waste
of hogs prevented by this system at the yards will amount to
much more than the entire cost of supporting the office and
force of the State Veterinarian.

An attempt following the correct theory is being made to
control hog cholera in Pettis county. Yet it would appear that
the most expensive instead of the most economical system was
adopted in this work, and that the longest way around instead
of the shortest way through has been followed. There is em-
ployed on this work duplicate, if not triplicate, forces. On
analysis of the situation we find representatives of the Federal
Government going about administering hog cholera serum.
When they find diseased hogs that are not properly controlled,
or infected premises that are not being cared for, they return
to headquarters. At an additional unnecessary expense of six
or seven dollars per day a Deputy State Veterinarian drives
back to the same territory and issues quarantine orders. We
find that right in the midst of all this hog cholera work some
breeder wants his hogs injected to be exhibited at the State
Fair, and a student packs his grip with some hog cholera serum
from the Missouri Experiment Station and puts the State to an
additional, unnecessary expense. The business arrangement of
this hog cholera eradication work is so far from economical as
to appear almost ludicrous. Furthermore, infected and ex-
posed hogs of numerous owners over the county which were in-
jected with serum in November were still found dying Decem-
ber 20th. This indicates that either the hog cholera in Pettis
county is of an extremely chronic nature or that the serum used
on these hogs was impotent.

It seems to me that if the Board of Agriculture could make
some arrangements whereby a Deputy State Veterinarian could
be supplied with potent hog cholera serum good results could
be obtained with about one-third or one-fourth of the cost under
the present system. When one veterinarian goes out twenty to
twenty-five miles distant to examine a lot of hogs infected with
cholera, it seems silly to return to headquarters and send another
veterinarian to administer the serum, or vice versa, thereby
duplicating the expense. When it comes to making an official
call by this department in some extreme corner of the State and

o8 Missourt Agricultural Report.

then returning to Columbia and sending a student from the
Agricultural College to apply the serum, you can readily see
that the expense of this control work would be entirely unreason-
able. Such a procedure seems so void of good business sense
that I have not undertaken hog cholera investigations at all.

TEXAS FEVER.
I am glad to report that the last area of any extent infested
with Texas fever ticks has been cleaned up. On November Ist
the federal quarantine on parts of Ripley county was released.
There are a few limited ticky areas yet in the State, but here-
after all such infestation can be controlled by farm quarantines,
and the Texas fever quarantine regulations are no longer of any
use. In fact, the regulations are not only useless, but are more
or less of a hindrance to the legitimate movement of cattle. I,
therefore, recommend that the Texas fever quarantine regula-
tions under date of August 19, 1912, be entirely rescinded.
There is no further necessity for these regulations as pertaining
to the movement of-cattle within the State. The federal quar-
antine regulations will fully protect the State from ticky’ cattle
from without. Our regulations are, therefore, a duplication of
those of the Federal Government and are entirely unnecessary.
There never has been a successful prosecution under these regu-
lations. All prosecutions for violation of the quarantine have
been brought in the federal courts, and, in most cases, have been
successful. Furthermore, there is a statute which is much more
binding and more easily enforced than these quarantine regula-
tions which specifically forbid anyone to drive ticky cattle into
or across this State. These regulations are, therefore, mani-
festly superfluous and should be recalled forthwith.

SPLENDID PROGRESS IN TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION WORK.

During the past year Texas fever work in Southern Missouri
and hog cholera eradication work in Pettis county took almost
half of the time of our three regular deputies. For several
months during the year our tuberculosis eradication work came to
astandstill. Yet, considering everything, very satisfactory prog-
ress has been made. In looking over the results of this work for
several years, they are especially gratifying. Our plans in the
beginning were to take up the dairy inspection, co-operating
with different cities of this State. The city passed an ordinance
requiring the dairy inspection, and our force has supplied the

Report of State Veterinarian. 59

veterinarians to inspect the cattle. We have made a general
inspection of practically all of the dairy cattle, including single
cows from which butter was sold, around Hannibal, Warrens-
burg, Independence, Columbia, St. Joseph, Springfield and
Sedalia. In addition to this, we have kept up the annual retest-
ing of the dairy herds furnishing certified milk to the cities. We
have begun the tests of all Hereford herds of the State, but for
the lack of funds have not been able to carry this work forward.
We have begun an official test of the dairies around Joplin and
almost completed the test at Excelsior Springs. We still have
several hundred applications around these two places.

One of the most gratifying features of this work is that a
retest of the dairy cattle around different cities has shown that
our work was thorough and effective. In our retest for Sedalia
we did not find a single tuberculous cow. <A retest around
Hannibal, after a lapse of three years, revealed the presence of
one tuberculous cow. Retests around Columbia, wherever such
retest appeared necessary, showed no tuberculous cattle except
in one dairy, and the infection was reintroduced into this herd
since our last test. Retests around St. Joseph after a lapse of
two years, as far as they have gone, show practically no tuber-
culous cattle. These results are especially gratifying and are
largely contradictory of some of the results on similar work re-
ported in other states.

At the close of the year 1913 we find that our funds are over-
drawn, and it appeared that all of this work would have to come
to a standstill. We find, however, that both the dairymen and
milk consumers in areas where we have worked are in favor of
regular retests as far as they are necessary. The people of St.
Joseph waited two years for a retest, and as it could not be sup-
phed by this department, demanded a retest at the expense of
the dairymen. The authorities of Kansas City have been work-
ing diligently for a complete and accurate test of all their dairy
cattle. Finding that this work has vastly outgrown our depart-
ment, we have attempted a new system which is a compromise
between all of this work being done by deputies and allowing it
to be done by veterinarians promiscuously, competent and in-
competent, honest and dishonest. Through the co-operation
of the officials of Kansas City and St. Joseph we have arranged
to furnish tags, tuberculin and blanks to all veterinarians in the
surrounding country who will be accurate, careful and honest in
making these inspections. One of our regular deputies will be

60 Missourt Agricultural Report.

placed in this territory. It is the understanding that whenever
a reacting animal is found in any herd the veterinarian making
the test will report forthwith to the deputy in charge. The
regular deputy will take charge of the herd, tag and quarantine
all diseased animals, supervise the disinfection of the barn and
dispose of the diseased animals. He will make such retests
every sixty or ninety days as may be necessary without any fur-
ther charges to the dairyman.

It seems with this plan that we promise fair during the com-
ing year to clean up the tuberculosis among cattle in the western
half of Missouri from which milk is being sold and many from
which butter is sold. We will have a clean area then reaching
across the central part of the State to the Mississippi river at
Hannibal. If we were provided with funds we could practically
finish the balance of the State in 1914. It is possible that we will
get in touch with the breeders of pure bred herds and manage
within the next year or two to have practically all of our pure
bred herds on the “white list.”’

If this work is allowed to go forward, we may soon expect to
see our dairy and breeding cattle and our dairy products at a
premium on all markets.

WiKi ee iSies -

There is a movement on among the official veterinarians of
the different states to get registered herds on the “white list.”
As yet definite rules governing this matter have not been laid
down, but in practice the work is about as follows:

Anyone who owns a registered herd will have that herd
officially tested for tuberculosis. The names of all owners of
such herds will be furnished by this department to the officials
of other states. Whenever the owner of a herd on the “‘white
list’? desires to ship an animal out of the State, he can write the
State Veterinarian to that effect and receive a shipment per-
mit by return mail, In the event of an emergency shipment,
this business can be transacted by telegraph. In this way
tuberculosis will be controlled in all of our breeding herds with-
out any expense to the owner, and the owner of the herd will be
spared the expense and delay of securing inspection for each
animal that he desires to send out of the State. The Jersey and
Hereford cattle breeders are in line on this proposition at the
present time, and if this department were supplied with the

Report of Dairy Commissioner. 61

necessary funds there is no reason why a vast majority of the
breeding herds of this State could not be placed on the approved
list within the coming year.
Respectfully submitted,
D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian.

REPORT OF DAIRY COMMISSIONER.

To the Honorable Board of Agriculture:

I was appointed to the office of Dairy Commissioner last
August, and this report to you will cover the last five months
OF 1913.

It required but little effort to realize that the output of
dairy products in Missouri, when compared with that of many
other states, was not what it should be. Investigation showed
the resources in Missouri, necessary to the welfare of the dairy
industry, to be far superior to those in many sections standing
high in the production of dairy products and exceeding us in out-
put, and I do not attribute this condition to any lack of interest
on the part of those having had charge of the welfare of the
industry. Good results of the efforts of the Board of Agricul-
ture, our Agricultural College and our former Food and Dairy
Commissioners are much in evidence. In order to determine, if
possible, why our development along dairy lines had been so
backward, I made a trip to the dairy centers of Illinois, Minne-
sota and Wisconsin and studied their methods closely. Con-
clusions were quickly reached that our farmers were not suffi-
ciently specializing in dairying.

In the dairy sections of the states visited I found a very
large percentage of the farmers with a herd of dairy cattle, with
creameries and cheese factories every few miles, showing con-
clusively that the farmers were making dairying a main issue.
They were milking cows for profit and were applying business
principles to their work. Local dairy associations were much in
evidence, and through these organizations not only are the many
problems of dairying quickly solved, but co-operative cheese
factories and creameries are owned and controlled by their
members and are being successfully operated, thus finding the
most profitable market for their products. The details of dairy-
ing are given close attention and the importance of well-bred

62 Missouri Agricultural Report.

stock is not overlooked, and testing cows in order to positively
know their worth is generally practiced. The result being ob-
tained in Wisconsin through using the above methods is worthy
of consideration.

Wisconsin has 2,000 cheese factories producing 48 per cent
of all the cheese produced in the United States. She has almost
1,000 creameries and her output of dairy products for 1912 was
almost $100,000,000, and Missouri, producing approximately
$14,000,000 worth of dairy products, is a good reason why we
should give more attention to this profitable work. The demand
for good dairy products far exceeds the supply. With railroads
running special milk trains into the large cities of the east, an
increased demand has been made for whole milk, and the east is
drawing on the middle states for much of their butter and cheese.
The fear of overproduction need not be considered.

In going over the better dairy sections of Missouri, it seems
that in order to increase our output of dairy products it is nec-
essary to arouse a greater interest among those already engaged
in the work, and through showing the financial benefits derived
from this industry more people will take up dairying, which will
bring more cows into the State by increasing the demand for
them. It is also apparent that we need local organizations for
the purpose of establishing cordial relations and co-operation of
those interested, and through frequent meetings friendly dis-
cussions on all subjects pertaining to dairying could take place.
It seems that more attention must be given to the cow as regards
her care and feed and also to the breeding up of our herds.
Believing that to accomplish these results would be best serving
the welfare of the State; my plans were made along the line of
development work.

Business men and bankers in other states are recognizing
the importance of dairying in their communities and are giving
substantial aid towards its development. Banks are lending
money on cows for security, allowing the farmers who borrow to
pay for them with a certain percentage of what the cow produces
until the debt is liquidated. They are offering to loan money
for a year without interest for the purpose of building silos to as
many as twenty farmers, provided they are residents of the
county in which the bank is located and own 80 acres of unin-
cumbered land. Merchants are building and equipping cream-
eries and cheese factories, turning them to the dairyman and the
farmer to be operated on the co-operative plan—those supplying

Report of Dairy Commissioner. 63

the raw material getting all the profits after paying a reasonable
sum for interest and depreciation. Sooner or later the factories
are purchased by the patrons.

Feeling that our business men and bankers would appreciate
the importance of encouraging more dairying in their neighbor-
hood, I made special effort to have them present at the meetings
in which I have taken part. They were much interested, and I
am glad to report that much progress was made and the outlook
is indeed gratifying. One banker in Southern Missouri an-
nounced at one of our meetings that their bank was ready to
lend $10,000 to farmers in their locality with which to buy cows
on the terms mentioned above. Merchants promised active
support through their commercial clubs. I have taken part in
dairy meetings held in Clinton, Neosho, Kansas City, Fordland,
Rogersville, Seymour, Mountain View, Willow Springs, Warsaw,
Sarcoxie, Granby, Jasper, Carl Junction, Paris and Carthage.
Another series of meetings will be held in the places already
mentioned and plans are under way that will terminate in
accomplishing the desired results.

It is my desire that all the breeders and fanciers of the
different breeds of dairy cattle that are sufficiently represented
in the State organize and be active in promoting the welfare of
their favorite breeds, and this department will gladly assist in
this work. About one year ago the Southwest Jersey Cattle
Breeders’ Association was organized in Kansas City. This
association accepts members from the entire southwest, there-
fore it is not a state organization. However, its headquarters
are in Kansas City, and the members in that locality are quite
active. The dairy industry of Missouri has already derived
much benefit from this association, and still greater benefits will
follow. This department has had the pleasure of assisting this
association in some of its work. Through the efforts of its
members and the kindness of the members of the Kansas City
Royal Stock Show, about 100 head of Jersey cattle were shown
at the Royal show last October. In this exhibit were some of
the very best specimens of Jersey cattle in the United States,
and they attracted much attention. The officers of the South-
west Jersey Cattle Breeders’ Association are entitled to much
credit for the success of their initial show. Since the close of
this show my attention has been directed to the purchase and
bringing into Missouri of more than $30,000 worth of pure bred
and highly pedigreed dairy cattle. More than one-half of these

64 Missourt Agricultural Report.

cattle were purchased by members of the association. Their
annual meeting was held in Kansas City a few weeks ago and
was well attended. It was unanimously agreed to hold a show
in Kansas City some time in October, 1914. All the dairy breeds
will be represented. This will be a show of dairy cattle, dairy
products, dairy barn equipments, cow-testing contests, dairy
cattle judging contests, and a general exposition of all the up-to-
date and progressive ideas that has to.do with dairying. So far
as plans have progressed, it is intended to have this show the
week preceding or the week following the State Fair, and it is
the desire of the committee having the matter in hand to have
our State Fair get all the benefits possible from the show and
will co-operate to that end.

At the last meeting of the Missouri Dairy Association it was
shown that this organization was making splendid progress with
their work throughout the State.

Following up the plans to organize local dairy associations,
I called a meeting of the dairymen in Jasper county on January 3,
1914. This meeting followed three preliminary meetings held
in different parts of the county. The general meeting was well
attended and the Jasper County Dairy Association was organized
with 50 charter members; many of the representative farmers and
dairymen of the county joined the association and the meeting
was a decided success. Other counties are already becoming
interested in this work, as requests have been received for infor-
mation regarding organization. Anticipating this, a bulletin
has just been issued from this department on ““The Advantages of
Community Organizations,” and will be distributed over the
State.

There were many silos erected throughout the state in 1913,
and they had much to do with relieving the threatened feed
shortage last fall. With favorable weather, good grass and
wheat pasture it has not been necessary to feed a great deal of
silage or reserve forage up to this time. I want especially to
invite your attention to the decided interest being taken by our
farmers and dairymen in the betterment of their farm equipment.
Many labor-saving devices, such as litter and feed carriers, water
tanks, stanchions and cement floors, are being installed, while
the importance of more light and better ventilation is being
realized. The growing demand for tuberculin-tested cattle is
causing much thought to be centered on this subject, and no
doubt it will be but a short time until all of our cattle will undergo

Report of Apiary Inspector. 65

this test. Every effort should be put forth to accomplish this as
it is of vital importance to the entire cattle industry of the State.
With the increased employment of modern barn equipment
better sanitation is sure to follow, and when the importance of
cleanliness in the handling of dairy products is fully realized and
generally practiced, the greatest obstacle in the milk problem is
removed. :
Respectfully submitted,
E. G. BENNETT, State Dairy Commissioner.

REPORT OF APIARY INSPECTOR.

Gentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture:

While the work of apiary inspection for
1913 was greatly hindered by the drouth, the
results in most places where work has been
carried on have been very good considering
the disadvantages we have labored under.

During much of the time there was little
or no nectar secreted by the few flowers that
were not cut down by the excessive heat and
drouth. For this reason bees were very much
inclined to rob, so it was necessary to be very

M. E. Darby. cautious about opening hives at times when
robber bees were likely to dart in and steal a load of honey
from a colony opened for inspection when said colony might
contain foul brood and in this manner scatter it to other colo-
nies. Under these conditions much extra work had to be done,
for very seldom could an apiary of any size be inspected with-
out having to suspend operations one or more times before
completing the work unless a tent could be used, and most of
the time the tent proposition was an impracticable one.

The work done before the dry weather was very satisfactory
and makes the season’s results up to the average in number of
colonies inspected. But in many cases the work could not be as
thorough as it should have been. Of the 4,000 colonies thus
inspected five and one-half per cent were found to be diseased.
Of this number 75 per cent were affected with the European type
of foul brood and 25 per cent with the American type.

A—5

66 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Bees and fruit go well together.

The past season has demonstrated the need of additional
help in this work of fighting bee disease more than any preceding
one since this work was started. With the help of a few good
deputies during the early part of the season foul brood could have
been well under control by the time the work was checked by the
drouth, and thus have been prevented the spread of disease and
much loss to the beekeeper. The inspection work early in the
spring and summer means much in this foul brood work during
any season, but it means much more during a season like the past,
when a nectar famine extended over the greater part of the sum-
mer season. During such times the robbing inclination is
greatly increased and colonies weakened from disease are almost
sure to be found and robbed. With a good force of deputy help
during the early part of the season a great amount of work in the
later part of the season would be saved, more territory would be
covered and more good accomplished.

It is impossible for one man to cover the whole State and
deal with the conditions in each diseased district as they should
be dealt with. For example, results have not been satisfactory
at Mexico, Benton City and Wellsville. The beekeepers there
have not taken hold of the work as they should. Very few have
offered to do any real work. Some would like to see the law
enforced if the inspector would do the work and relieve them of
work and responsibility. They consider it a great sacrifice on
their part to give two or three days of their time for the general
welfare of their community. While conditions in these places
remain as they are at the present time, satisfactory results can-

Report of Apiary Inspector. 67

Apiaries of H. C. Gadberry, Miami, Mo.

not be obtained under the present system of inspection, in which
one man is expected to deal with every diseased colony of bees
in the entire State. One inspector cannot give the time needed,
for there are other localities needing work just as much as these
and where the people are anxious about the work and willingly
take hold and help. Some provision for extra inspection work
seems to be the only way to meet the conditions we have before
us, and we earnestly hope that the importance of the bee indus-
try with its possibilities and its close relationship to the great
horticultural interests, will bring the help and recognition de-
served.
Respectfully submitted,
M. E. Darsy, Apiary Inspector.

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week.

January 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, 1914.

Fourth Annual Meeting Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Asso-
ciation, Fourth Annual Meeting Missouri Cattle, Swine and
Sheep Feeders’ Assoctation, Seventh Annual Meeting Mis-
sourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association, Fourth
Annual Meeting Missourt Association of County and District
Fairs, Fifth Annual Meeting Missourt Farm Management
Association, Fifth Annual Meeting Missourt Draft Horse
Breeders’ Association, Fourth Annual Meeting Missouri
Women Farmers’ Club, Seventh Annual Meeting Missouri
Home Makers’ Conference Association, Twenty-Fourth An-
nual Meeting State Dairy Association, Eleventh Annual Meet-
ing Missourt Corn Growers’ Association, Second Annual
Meeting Missouri Country Life Conference, Second Annual
Ham and Bacon Show.

(Conducted under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.)

The attendance at Missouri
Farmers’ Week in Columbia, Janu-
any, Zito 16; 191405 was 2.240 son
1913, the best year up to that time,
the enrollment reached 1,587.

Since the establishment of
Farmers’ Week by the State Board
of Agriculture, a number of years
ago, each year has witnessed an
increased attendance. <A few years
ago the College of Agriculture also
inaugurated a special four-day short
course in agriculture, which has be-
come one of the valuable features of
Farmers’ Week. From 3 to 5 o’clock
each afternoon association meetings
are held. The associations repre-
sented were: The Missouri Saddle
Horse Breeders’ Association, Mis-
souri Cattle, Swine and Sheep Feed-
ers’ Association, Missouri Association
of County and District Fairs, Mis-
sourl Farm Management Associa-

tion, Missouri Draft Horse Breeders.
(68)

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 69

Association, Missouri Women Farmers’ Club, Missouri Home
Makers’ Conference, State Dairy Association, Missouri Corn
Growers’ Association, Missouri Country Life Conference, Mis-
souri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association, Missouri Ham
and Bacon Show. In addition to these, there was held the
organization meeting of the Missouri Duroc-Jersey Swine
Breeders’ Association. The evening program included music
and popular addresses. In the attendance for the week Cooper
county, with 95 representatives, was first; Johnson county, with
75, second. Of the 114 counties in the State 92 were repre-
sented. Visitors were also present from 19 states. The Mis-
souri attendance by counties was: Adair, 20; Andrew, 5; Atchi-
son, 13; Audrain, 38; Bates, 4; Barton, 1; Benton, 1; Boone, 718;
Buchanan: 22-6 Butler, 2: Caldwell; 10; Callaway, -43; Cape
Girardeau. 3: Carroll, 30; Cass, 8; Chariton, 24; Christian, 1;
Glare: 7 Clay's Glinton,..6;> Goley 7; -Gooper, (95; Dade, 3;
Daviess, 10; DeKalb, 9; Dent, 1; Franklin, 9; Gasconade, 1;
Gentry, rl2:(Greene,.4; Grundy, 12: Harrison, 11:)Henry, Is:
Hickory, 1; Holt, 6; Howard, 51; Howell, 1; Jackson, 37; Jasper,
21: Jefferson, 2; Johnson, 72; Knox, 8; Laclede, 4; Lafayette, 13;
Lawrence, 15; Lewis, 10; Lincoln, 12; Linn, 19; Livingston, 13;
Macon. illo.) Madison, 3; Maries, 3; Marion; 25:57) Viercer, ol:
Miller, 4; Mississippi, 4; Moniteau, 12; Monroe, 32; Mont-
gomery, 36; Morgan, 5; New Madrid, 1; Newton, 4; Nodaway,
i2-Onregon, I> Osage, t: Perry, 1; Pettis, 67; Pikes23 Platter 6);
Pulaski, 1; Putnam, 1; Ralls, 5; Randolph, 26; Ray, 5; Ripley, 2;
St Charles. 14: (St-iClair, 6; St. Francois; 6: Stes Genevieve ul:
Si@wouis.'26- city of St. Louis, 20; Saline, Soguscovlamd an:
Scott, 1; Shelby, 7; Stoddard, 3; Sullivan, 6;,Taney, 1; Vernon,
2; Warren, 10; Washington, 5; Worth, 2; Wright, 4.

Following the custom inaugurated five years ago, the Board
of Agriculture provided a registry for all visitors at Farmers’
Week, and presented each one who registered with an official
badge. This badge is illustrated in connection with this article.
It is through the liberality of the Columbia Commercial Club
that this feature was made possible.

The Farmers’ Ham and Bacon Show, organized in 1913 by
the State Board of Agriculture, was again an interesting feature
of the week. An account of this show is made a part of this
report. The State Corn Show, covered in another part of this
report, was an exceptionally strong one, considering ,the season

70 Missourt Agricultural Report.

of 1913. The entries of small grain were numerous and of
excellent quality.

One of the fine features of the week was the annual banquet
provided by the Agricultural College and attended by some 500
farmers. The large dining hall was completely filled. Among
the speakers were Governor Elliott W. Major and others promi-
nent in public life or in agricultural work.

In the following pages will be found a report of the proceed-
ings of the week. We regret that all of these reports are not com-
plete, but it was impossible to secure copies of all addresses and
papers. For this report, as published, the Board of Agriculture
is greatly indebted to the secretaries of the various associations
and to members of the Agricultural College faculty.

MISSOURI FARMERS’ WEEK.
(Hon. George B. Ellis, editor The Missouri Farmer, Columbia, Mo., and former Secretary
of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

Have you ever attended Farmers’ Week, held under the
auspices of the State Board of Agriculture?
If you have you know something about the
enthusiasm this great annual event begets in
the minds of those who gather in the Agricul-
tural College each January. The inspiration
and information farmers have received from
the exhibitions, demonstrations and lectures
during Farmers’ Week has been a very great
factor in the wonderful awakening we have
seen in the last few years in the betterment of
farm practices and in rural life conditions.
The good influence of these meetings does not stop with the few
thousands who have been fortunate enough to attend, but
through the publications of the Board, the publicity of the press
and the missionary work of those who have attended this influ-
ence has reached the remotest corners of the State.

I have been asked to give a brief reminiscence of the organi-
zation and development of the annual meeting known as ““Farm-
ers’ Week.’ Looking back for a great many years we find that
different classes of farmers have been organized in State associa-
tions for mutual benefit, but until the organization of Farmers’
Week no successful effort had ever been made to bring all classes
of farmers together for conference and for instruction. Some of

Hon. George B. Ellis.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. fo

the older associations were the State Horticultural Society, the
State Dairymen’s Association, the Swine Breeders’ Association,
the Road Improvement Association and others, but each of these
had its own meeting place, and there seemed to be no successful
effort to unite all these various societies in one powerful organiza-
tion. It is true that as far back as 1898 a number of these asso-
ciations met in the same place at the same time. Included with
those already mentioned were the Improved Live Stock Breeders,
the Missouri Grange, and the State Poultry Association. These
meetings were held in various towns, Mexico, Chillicothe, Fay-
ette, Columbia, Sedalia and Springfield being among the places
where the meetings were held. There was more or less local
interest in each town where the meeting assembled, but the pub-
licity, except what the State Board gave through its publications,
was limited to the locality where the meeting was held, and even
that, in some instances, was very poor.

The writer attended several of these meetings, and the last
two—those held at Chillicothe in December, 1901, and at Spring-
field in December, 1902—were under his supervision. He saw
the loss of any cumulative influence growing out of these meet-
ings, as the enthusiasm for each meeting had to be worked up as
if it were the first meeting of the kind ever held. The associa-
tions of the different interests would do very good work for a year
or two; then some of them would die and others would be organ-
ized. There seemed to be no permanency in the plan. While
these meetings had all been fostered by the Board of Agriculture
they were not under the control of the Board, but each organiza
tion controlled its own affairs. The meeting place and general
arrangements were made by the Board, acting with a committee
of one delegate from each association. This committee had been
in the habit of voting the meeting to the town offering the best
bid for it. It cost considerable money to pay the necessary
expenses of these meetings in the matter of printing programs,
paying for prominent speakers and for premiums for the State
Poultry Show, which at that time received no State support.
When the time came for selecting the next meeting a delegation
from Sedalia submitted a proposition asking for the meeting, and
also a delegation representing the Commercial Club of Joplin
offered a purse of $400 to pay poultry premiums and free enter-
tainment for the officers and members of the Board and speakers
on the program. This was a handsome proposition on the part
of Joplin, and seemed certain of acceptance.

W2. Missouri Agricultural Report.

Having the responsibility of the permanent success of the
work of the Board by reason of my position as Secretary, I had
for some time been thinking of a plan that would arouse the whole
State as to the importance of the work of both the Board of
Agriculture and the College of Agriculture. (In writing this
statement I hope I may not appear egotistic, for in anything I
may have done my only aim was the betterment of the farmers
of Missouri.) Both the Board and the college had been doing
splendid work for many years, but for some years their efforts
were not appreciated—even among farmers at that time there
was widespread prejudice against both institutions. I had
observed that the reason for this prejudice was largely a lack of
understanding or familiarity with what the college and Board
were doing, or, at least, what they were trying to do. It seemed
to me that if the meetings were held in the college and the home
of the Board of Agriculture that gradually the farmers. who
attended would become extension representatives for their
respective communities and in that way would soon have the
support of at least a large majority of the farmers throughout
the State. I made this plea before the committee and begged
them to hold the next meeting in the Agricultural College,
Columbia, in January, 1904. I was asked what money con-
sideration Columbia had to offer and I was compelled to say,
““Not one cent—we can only give you a place of meeting and an
opportunity of visiting the College of Agriculture, which should
be the pride of every intelligent farmer of the State.”

To my great surprise the plea won the committee and an
unanimous vote was given for a trial meeting in the State Univer-
sity. The next meeting was therefore held in January, 1904, and
all organizations in the State representing any line of agricul-
ture or live stock were invited tojoinus. Early in 1903 a Corn
Growers’ Association was organized among the students of the
Agricultural College and their first annual meeting was held
under the auspices of the Board of Agriculture in January, 1904,
and a corn show was held, but it was a very poor show, and would
not be classed as a corn show today in the most remote district
of the State. The few farmers who attended this first meeting
were enthusiastic about the work of the Board and the College,
and unanimously voted to continue the meetings here, and since
that each succeeding year has seen an increased interest and
attendance. Up to this time the meetings had been held for
two or three days, but it was seen that a big program such as we

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. ds

wanted to give could not be rendered in so short a time, and this
led to the arrangement for a week’s program and the adoption of
the name ‘Farmers’ Week,” and the first meeting under the
new name was held January, 1906, under the auspices of the
State Board of Agriculture. If there is a farmer in the State
who has not heard something of the Board of Agriculture and
College of Agriculture through Farmers’ Week, it is because he
does not read the papers, for it would be hard to find a paper
that has not given wide publicity to this annual farmers’ round-
up.

Those familiar with the growth of the Agricultural College
know that one of the great factors influencing such growth has
been the direct results of Farmers’ Week. It was largely through
the influence of the men who had attended these meetings that
the Legislature made the appropriation for the $100,000 new
agricultural building which now adorns the campus of the State
University, as well as for the large appropriations for betterments
of the college and Experiment Station. The Board of Agricul-
ture first suggested these appropriations and, with only passive
support from the University authorities, fought them through
the Legislature, and we are proud of the fact that the agricul-
tural department has become, in many respects, the greatest of
all the departments of our great State University.

One of the great features of Farmers’ Week is the State
Corn Show, which has grown in ten years from a small show of
very common corn to a magnificent show of almost perfect
exhibits, and it is recognized as one of the leading shows of the
United States. A more recent feature is the ham and bacon
show, which is destined to restore to the farms the good old
practice of making nice, sweet hams and bacon, and while it may
rob millionaire packers of a little of their profit, it will keep more
money in the pockets of the farmers to be used in building better
homes, better schools and better roads. Another feature of
Farmers’ Week which has a great future is the Rural Life Con-
ference, which was organized by W. L. Nelson, Assistant Secre-
tary of the Board, as was also the ham and bacon show. This
Rural Life Conference, if supplemented with community clubs
all over the State, will prove a great influence for better schools
and roads and for all those better things of life for which we are
all seeking.

The great success of Farmers’ Week has been due, first, to

the cause, and second, to the hearty co-operation of the officers
A—6

74 Missourt Agricultural Report.

and members of the Board of Agriculture, together with the
president of the State University and the faculty of the College
of Agriculture. This co-operation, backed up by the enthusiastic
support of the farmers, has given our great State a prominent
place among all the states of the Union in the work for agricul-
tural betterment, and it is only by a continued and united effort
that we can maintain our position. Let the Board and the col-
lege continue to lead, and may we, as loyal farmers, support them,
to the end that Missouri may become the home of the greatest
body of successful farmers in all this great country of ours.

THINGS THAT MAKE LIFE IN THE COUNTRY
WORTH WHILE.

(S. M. Jordan, ‘Sedalia, Mo.)

Did it ever occur to you that a college professor knows only
a little? A lawyer knows just a little; a doctor knows a little
bit; a farmer knows something; a merchant has a few “‘notions:”’
an institute lecturer may have an idea or two. In other words, no
one man knows any great amount, and the world does not care
whether you know any great amount about many things or not.
But if the college professor and the lawyer and the doctor and the
merchant and the institute lecturer and the farmer combine their
information it makes a lot of it, doesn’t it? That is why we are
here—to combine our information.

We are going to play a joke on you tonight. You are
tricked, and it may be you will conclude you are tricked a good
deal worse before the day is entirely over. Some of the speakers
cannot be here tonight, so I have been asked to make this lec-
ture a continued story, and I am going to make you the promise
of doing like the little boy did—he saved the best apple until
the last.

For a little while this afternoon I am going to tell you just a
few things that we are doing to make country life worth while,
and I believe that country life is the most worth while for the
simple reason that those events in your lifetime that have made
the most lasting impressions upon your memory were events that
took place in the country. You may have lived in town, but one
of the happiest days you ever spent was when you made that
excursion to the countryside. Why, we all remember the “old
swimming hole,’ don’t we? How when we started to Sunday
school some of us forgot sometimes, and when we went home and

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 1D

had been asked whether we had been to Sunday school or not
and we said, “‘yes, ma’am,”’ but after awhile, when mother looked
a little bit closer and found sand in our hair, there was trouble
brewing.

Soon after entering upon our duties in Pettis county we
began working in co-operation with the county superintendent
of schools. About the first thing that we did was to give notice
last fall, after school opened, that we would group the districts
and make trips explaining the how and why and the method of
gathering and storing seed corn. We made the visits to the
schools as we had agreed, and many of the boys and girls went
into the fields following that and secured seed corn for their farms.
The county superintendent said:

““Now every teacher who will take the pupils to the cornfield
and put in the day gathering seed corn will be given credit for a
day’s work in school, and the teacher will be given full credit
for attendance in school.”

The matter is not that a lesson be given within a little dusty
schoolhouse to be a lesson in their school life. The greatest
lessons that have ever been are in the open field from God’s
great Book.

We took the little folks a little farther in their seed work and
asked them to test clover seed and alfalfa seed for purity. One
fellow said that he made fun of a girl teaching agriculture over
at their country school. ‘‘Why,”’’ he says, ‘“‘that girl has lived
in town nearly all her life and she is teaching farming to the
children.’? One day one of his little chaps asked him for some
clover seed. He did not know what she wanted with it, but he
gave her the seed and she carried it over to school. In a few
days she came back and said, ‘‘Papa, that clover seed of yours
has sour dock and buckhorn in it.’’ He said, ‘‘She was only
twelve years of age, but she knew more about the impurities of
seed than I did, and I had farmed for over thirty years. She
picked out sour dock and buckhorn and showed it to me.”

We took up that line of work with the children for the rea-
son that such work is easy for them. It was attractive, they
enjoyed it. Carrying the work through the schools, in a very
short time we found that they were able to identify or recognize
the noxious weed seeds that usually grow in our clover field.
As a result, the farmers began bringing their samples of seed
to the office to have them looked over. I can take a twelve-
year-old boy or girl into the office and in about thirty minutes

76 Missourt Agricultural Report.

have that youngster able to recognize the seed of the sour dock,
the buckhorn, plantain and some others. When the farmer
comes in and exhibits his sample of seed I pick out those impuri-
ties and show him, and tell him what they are. He recognizes
them; we look at them through the glass, and the next time when
he wants to consider the question of clover seed he doesn’t need
to bring a sample at all; he can look over it for himself or have his
little folks do it for him. ‘

With reference to the seed work, in helping the farmers, I
told the seedsmen over there that I would be of assistance to
them as long as they handled the best seeds that money would
buy. If they did other than that I would fight them to a finish.
I told them that I was telling them that for the reason I wanted
no misunderstanding. There has been no misunderstanding.
And if there has been any unkind thought toward me in my work
by any of the seedsmen I am not aware of it.

A man would bring a sample of seed to the office; I would
look it over, and if there were impurities in it I would pick them
out; sometimes if he was not satisfied that he was doing work that
was good enough, or if there were seeds that I was not able to
recognize, I would send them over here to the University. Ina
few days they would come back. We took that sample of seed,
together with the government analysis, and put it right on our
table with the man’s name on it and where the seed came from.
If it happened to be good seed it was a mighty good advertise-
ment, was it not? But there were no secrets in the process.
As a result, this past season the seed dealers have been sub-
mitting their samples of seed to the office and having them looked
over before they bought their stock. Last Legislature we got
pretty badly put out with some of those fellows down there at
Jefferson City. I don’t know whether we actually called them
ugly names or not, but we thought them, because they did not
see the thing as we did and they did not pass what we called
“the pure seed law.’’ Missouri has no pure seed law, but in
Pettis county we have an arrangement that is a better thing
than any law that can be put on any statute book.

The children in the schools have assisted greatly in working
out this one problem in Pettis county. Some one said that
man is the greatest institution in the world, and I believe that—
unless perhaps—I think, however, that if there is any difference,
woman is a little bit better. In our work to try to make country
life worth while over in Pettis county I am giving credit to a

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. eh

very great degree to the men of Pettis county. We have a
splendid bunch over there; they are men as progressive as men
are anywhere and are doing an excellent work; but for the great
work in helping out in the schools and in the homes of Pettis
county we will have to give the credit to the good women of
that county. Do you endorse that?

In addition to our organization of men, consisting of about
660 members, the Home Makers’ Club has something like 280
members, and I believe that the 280 women got more actual
work done in the way of bettering Pettis county than have the
660 men.

In the piece of work that we have taken up for further
organization we have only started it in Pettis county. We
found our organization as it was inadequate. We have one or
two organizations now already formed in the county, and I go
next Monday to assist in another one. Invariably these organi-
zations have started where there were some one or two or three
persons that could and would lead. There are a great many that
would like to lead out in the work, but are not capable of doing
it, incapacitated for some reason or other. Others attempt to
lead and make failures, so that without a leader in a community
it is a very difficult matter to get the work done that we would
like to have.

A short time ago we began work to find out how many silos
are in Pettis county and how many acres of alfalfa are growing
in Pettis county. Together with the county superintendent I
wrote a letter to each teacher in the 102 rural schools. From
the 102 rural schools I received 71 replies. If we cannot get a
teacher to help in a community, what is the hope for that com-
munity? Seventy-one out of 102 made reply. I think one of
the reasons, however, that there were several that did not reply
is that we have some districts in the county in which there are
no silos, I am sorry to say, and some in which there is no alfalfa
growing, and I am just as sorry to say that. My objective point
will be to have at least a small field of alfalfa growing in every
school district of Pettis county in one year from now. The
facts are that alfalfa is easier to grow in Pettis county than red
clover. You believe that? Just a little bit of record of it.

It is a good notion not to believe much. A neighbor of
mine used to say, ““Don’t believe anything you hear nor half you
say yourself,’’ and that has been the plan I have been working
on here, especially when a fellow tells me something cannot be

78 Missourt Agricultural Report.

done, and they assured me in Pettis county that we could not
grow alfalfa. A teacher’s report from one district said, ‘““There
is no alfalfa growing in this district; the soil is not adapted for it,
and men tried it a few years ago and failed.”

I have been running down the men who did try alfalfa prior
to 1912. I have discovered sixteen men who put out a field of
alfalfa and ten of them made good. Six failed. Sixty-two and
one-half per cent were successful. I found men in Pettis county
growing as good alfalfa as a man need desire to raise, and every
one of them was doing exactly what my good friend Miller and
some more folks over here told him he had to do, yet people
within one mile of this man did not know how they were doing
it. JI am telling it on them. That is part of my business. A
man within a mile of ““Uncle Nick’? Gentry did not know how
he was getting such a splendid crop of alfalfa every year off the
ground, and how Judge Sneed was getting such a splendid crop
of alfalfa, and how Mr. Brandt, south of town, was doing the
same thing. A man a mile away did not know how they were
doing the work; some of them do not yet.

Since 1912 and 1913 the number of fields put out according
to the census that we have was forty. Forty fields put out in
1912: and 1913 and four of them failed. Thirty-six were suc-
cessful, or ninety per cent were successful. Some fields may
die during the winter. J don’t know; I cannot prevent the
weather from heaving the plants out of the ground, but if they
will let me help them next summer, if there is any trouble brew-
ing, I can cure it. I can avoid their alfalfa trouble if they will
tell me about it.

I want beginners to let me select their ground for them,
unless they think they know. One man said, “I don’t know any-
thing about alfalfa, but I would like to grow it. I know it isa
profitable crop. I wish you would come up and tell me how to
do it.”’ I went to him, picked out his ground and told him what
to do. I think I wrote the directions on a piece of paper. He
followed them to the letter, just as closely as it is possible for a
man to do. When he cut his crop last spring the first time,
when it was ready to put into the barn—that was off of two
acres—he called some neighbors in to estimate the weight as he
did not have'scales. The estimated weight by himself and his
neighbors was four tons of alfalfa hay—the first time it was ever
cul.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 79

Another man who had followed the same directions said to
me, “I did not weigh it, but on three acres I got seven ‘whaling’
big loads.”’ The second cuttings for each of those men was per-
haps less than half a ton per acre, because there was no rain
between the first and the second cuttings; the next cutting ran
about three-quarters of a ton; the fourth crop I do not have a
record of.

One of these men was in a neighborhood where there are a
number of people that do not believe in Sam Jordan, but they
came over there to see how he grew alfalfa, and some of them
actually asked him to go and pick out their land and tell them
what to do so they can grow alfalfa. And he can do it. It
matters not whether they believe in me or disbelieve; that does
not make any difference, but they are getting information just
the same. So we are trying to make every one in our county a
teacher of the good things we find out.

Of the forty fields ninety per cent were successful. I do not
know the per cent of successful clover fields last year, but in the
entire county we got one—now mind, I am not saying anything
ugly or mean about red clover—one of the best plants the Lord
ever made. We don’t treat it right. We abuse red clover more
than any other crop we put out. Had we had as bad luck with
alfalfa I no doubt would have lost my job.

If you are going to put out corn you want a good seed bed;
if you are going to put out wheat you will get the bed ready for
it. If you are going to put out oats you sometimes fix a toler-
ably good seed bed, but when you sow clover you don’t make any
seed bed at all, just scatter it out on top of the ground and trust
to the Lord for the balance. Well, the latter part of that is all
right, but the Lord helps them that help themselves, and He
does not expect you to treat clover seed in that way. If you do
He is going to go back on you about three times out of five.

Another feature of the work of improvement in the county
to make country life worth while, I want to mention tonight, is
that while the man and woman and boy and girl are the greatest
‘‘institutions’’ possible, what makes those people the greatest
“institutions” hinges on the fertility of the soil and the home.
Do you know that a good man and worn-out soil can not live
together? The man will either make that soil better or the soil
will make him poorer. Good citizenship lies close to fertile
soil, and we are using every effort that we can, putting in every
day that we are able, and sometimes Sunday, too, in traveling

80 Missourt Agricultural Report.

over the country telling the story of how to make farm life better.
Every influence in this country is asserting itself on that one
proposition, because the country life is the very lifeblood of this
nation. Without it all business must, more or less, go down.

In my travels over the country I have taken some very
long trips, and the people are all wanting to know what we are
doing over in Pettis county and how we are doing it, so that if
we are accomplishing anything worth while somebody else can
help do the same thing.

I, maybe, might refer just a moment to the county farm
adviser, he is sometimes called, and I wish they had another
name for him. That doesn’t tell any story about him. He is
scarcely in any sense at all an adviser, and “‘expert’’ is worse
than that. Sometimes call me “Professor,” and I wish they
would not do it. They call everybody ‘Professor,’ from a
college president down to a street fakir, and, according to
Webster’s Dictionary, it is about right. “Farm Helper” will
not quite do, because we do so much that is not farm work at
all. A vast number of questions come up about their troubles in
town, their lawns, their gardens, and other things. Sometimes
it is a case of arbitration and the county man has to be an arbi-
tration bureau; these things have to be considered. Some
farmers have raised the objection and say: “‘Why not mer-
chants have advisers, why not bankers have advisers?” Why,
they do, and the best advisers that money will buy. The
Wabash Railroad and the Burlington Railroad and the Santa
Fe Railroad have the very best advisers that money will buy.
The President of the United States surrounds himself with the
brightest intellects in the nation to advise him. The Governor
of the State surrounds himself with men of the best capacity to
advise him in his work.

Why only a little while ago I was invited to attend a bankers’
convention over in Boston and talk to them for thirty minutes—
give them a little advice, if you please. In other words, they
wanted to know what they could do to make farm life worth
while. They took me over by a special train, as good as the
Wabash builds, stopped off with me at Niagara Falls for six
hours that I might see the Falls, and kept me in Boston from
Sunday morning until the Saturday morning following. And
then took me over to Albany, and on Sunday sent me down the
Hudson to New York City, and while I was in New York City—
by the way, did you ever feel the lonesomeness of the crowd

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 81

and of the great city? If you ever felt that lonesomeness it was
cured by a trip where you could see nature in its operation. So
we went out to the Zoological Park, and just a little story that
happened as we were going out: There were four men together;
we all posed as bankers; I was among them, and I acted like a
banker, too, and on going out to the park we did not know how
to get there, so we asked the policeman. He told us to take the
subway car and go to the end of the line, and then we were at the
Zoological Park. As we went down the stairway there was a
man there with a carriage, a two-seated rig, and he spoke to us
very gently, and we asked him where the entrance was to the
Zoological Park. He said, “It is down there about three-
quarters of a mile,’ and “J take people down there; I would
like to haul you down there.” We asked, “What will you
charge?’ “Well,” said he, “‘I will take you down for a quarter
apiece.’ We thought that a pretty good bargain and traded.
He loaded us into the wagon and on the way took us down a
road and in a back way, and finally unloaded us at the adminis-
tration building, but on the way my friend up here from Salis-
bury—he is a pretty good joker, too—reached over and tapped
the fellow on the shoulder and asked, “‘Mister, got any Illinois
hill-billies in this park?” He thought he was jollying the driver a
little bit, but that fellow had us worked all right, and when we got
out of the carriage and looked around we saw the main entrance
to the park within fifty steps of where we got off the car. I
said to the boys, “‘Maybe no hill-billies in this park but there are
four suckers.”

I went over there, traveling 3,100 miles to talk to those
people, advise them as it were for thirty minutes, and they paid
the freight. That speech cost them $4 a minute, and I have
thought ever since that it was not worth it. But anyway, I
was on the route from there with some mighty big guns. I was
trying to get away with it. I made the first speech in the
afternoon and James J. Hill made the next one and Dr. George
Vincent of the University of Minnesota made the next one,
and with the three of us together we got the American Bankers’
Association to appoint a committee on agricultural develop-
ment. One of the greatest organizations in all of this country
recognized the movement that you and I are trying to promul-
gate. So that, when we all pull together—the college professor,
the merchant and the lawyer, the doctor, the farmer, the banker
and the institute lecturer, and every man and every woman

82 Missourt Agricultural Report.

who can lend a ray of sunshine for today and a gleam of hope for
tomorrow, adding to the sum total of human happiness—life in
the country and in the town will be worth while, and such will
not have lived in vain and such will make the good State of
Missouri a better Missouri.

THE ESSENTIALS OF FARM CREDIT.

(Hon. B. F. Harris, Champaign, I11.)

When the automobile was first introduced it was said it
would find its greatest employment and be most used in France,
because it required the good, hard roads which they had par
excellence. By the same logic it was prophesied that the United
States having bad roads most of the time and poor roads all the
time could not use the automobile to any extent. This prophet,
however, did not know us, nor our habit of building from the top
down—getting the cart before the horse. Contrary to prophecy,
we excel in the use of the automobile as we do in bad roads—we
got the automobile before we got dependable roads—but, work-
ing in our illogical way, the automobile is going to bring good
roads a generation earlier than otherwise.

The same trait is now finding another illustration in our
cry for better farm financing methods before we begin to cor-
rect our ruinously bad and wasteful farming methods, which are
such as to forbid or call for anything but longer term loans at
lower rates. At our present pace of soil exhaustion there would
be no farm or fertility left, and the mortgagor would find an
abandoned farm at the end of the long term mortgage. Yet
after all, this cry for better farm loan rates is going to have its
effect in bringing modern and permanent farm methods years
sooner than otherwise.

The first point I want to bring home, speaking as a farmer
and as a friend of agriculture—of 20th century agriculture as a
business proposition, and opposed to and condemning the
average, present-day haphazard farming—is the necessity of
modern and systematic farming, not alone for the increased re-
turns it will bring, but as absolutely demanded for soil pres-
ervation as well as for self-preservation. As agriculture, or the
soil, is the basis of all our social and material superstructure, we
know, but need to be reminded, that the character and per-
manency of the latter depend entirely upon the constructive,
permanent and conserving methods we employ on the farms.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 83

And so, since all the world is dependent upon a successful and
self-sustaining agriculture—which it does not often stop to
appreciate any more than does the average farmer feel the
necessity for saving and feeding his soil—yet the business men,
and the many more we wish to loan us money on farm mortgages,
can’t and won’t do it until we farmers get down to business
methods.

Farming has been said to be one-eighth science, three-
eighths art and one-half business. The business man in financial
circles is anxious to do business, to loan money, but he wants to
know exactly what he is doing and what his security is. When
the farmer becomes a business man, as he must, he will manage
his farm on business lines with plan and precision. He will
know what he is doing and why he is doing it; he will be able to
show that his farm is making a clear, clean, net profit each year
and that his sole asset, his soil, is being protected, and that its
fertility is being built up. Then the farmer, as a business man,
can go to the financial business man and get any financial accom-
modations that he could ask. Not alone that, but the financial
man would be delighted to loan on such farm security, for it is
absolutely the best and safest of all.

We must have business methods—permanent and purpose-
ful methods—on the farm, not alone to hold our own, but to get
financial help. This being understood, and being a condition
precedent, how is farm financing of the future to be conducted
for the farmer’s best interest when his methods and soil fertility
are assured? We may learn much from Europe in farm methods
and farm finance, for dire necessity has compelled them to have
better methods, as it will compel us if we are not smart and sane
enough to anticipate the results of present methods. They have
better farm financing methods, not because they have better
soil or brains, for they haven’t, but they have better methods,
and for that reason, and that alone, their soil, farmed for hun-
dreds of years, gives twice the yield ours does.

They, however, make prompt and continuous returns to the
soil, for fertility, or soil reserve, must be built up while the farm
income will carry it, otherwise it becomes a dead load for a few
years.

We know enough of good farming now to double our yields
and treble our income if we would but put it in practice.

One of Europe’s oldest and earliest methods of farm financing
was on the co-operative basis, an organization of the farmers in

84 Missourt Agricultural Report.

each community—a combination exclusively of farmers for farm-
ers, where, with unlimited liability, they join together, borrow-
ing money on their joint liability, as they could not borrow so
favorably as individuals. This is known over Europe as the
Raiffeisen system, and some believe that such a system would
grow and flourish here. It would be interesting to see it tried
out, and the result might be beneficial in developing the business
ability and vision of our farmers as well as in bringing more
favorable financial aid.

However, with the independent and individualistic ten-
dencies of our people, and the thousands of country banks we
already have, I cannot believe this system would appeal broadly
to our farmers. In any event, it could not produce, promptly,
the tremendous volume of money needed to carry on the im-
proved, up-to-date farming we must adopt, and that requires
heavy investments in fertilizer, live stock, more and_ better
machinery, buildings and other farm improvements.

The better method, it would seem, could come from land
mortgage banks to be provided by state or federal law, or both,
whereby they could be organized and properly regulated and
supervised just as is now done with our state and national banks.

This is the system followed by the Credit Froncier of
France. In the same line the German law of 1899 provided for
the chartering of private joint stock mortgage banks that now
carry $2,618,000,000 in mortgages, being five times the amount
carried by the Landschaften banks organized more than a hun-
dred years before.

The method under which these loans are made is certain to
appeal to our farmers. It is on the basis of long terms with
annual payments which, while a little more than a fair interest
rate, at the end of a thirty or fifty-year term will pay out both
interest and principal.

For example, a thousand dollars is borrowed for thirty years
at 5 percentinterest. Then by paying, say 2 per cent additional,
or 7 per cent, or a total of $70.00 annually, the entire interest
and debt would be met in the 30 years. For convenience it
would be provided, say for sixty semi-annual payments of $35.00
each. Of the first payment of $35.00, $25.00 goes to pay inter-
est, $7.35 to reduce the principal and $2.65 to pay expense and
profit. On the sixtieth and final payment eighty-seven cents
pays the interest, $31.48 pays the last of the debt and $2.65 the

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 85

last of the expense, etc. This plan, now so generally in use in
European farm and other mortgages, is known as amortizement.

Such loans, given for a long period, make the payments so
small that any industrious farmer can meet them and, if through
any adverse circumstances he should fail in any payment, the
local banker could easily help him out. This spreads the pay-
ments well into the future, allows more income to be invested on
the farm and practically removes all chance of foreclosure.

As our farm mortgages go now, they are for short three or
five-year periods, which make the payments unnecessarily heavy
and concentrated, and as these mortgages are frequently re-
newed or re-negotiated, it results in frequent brokerage fees,
expenses, etc., to the farmer and annoyance to the mortgagee,
all of which tends to increase the rate and expense.

Long term mortgages on the amortizement plan, or deben-
tures issued against them, by banks chartered and regulated by
law would find a ready market on favorable terms, especially as
our farm methods improve and investors are assured of the
farm’s fertility being properly conserved.

As we see it, few of our farmers borrow to improve their
farms, as they should if they borrow at all, but they borrow to
pay for the farm or buy more land. We must learn to treat well
and properly develop that which we already have, and not starve
our farms to buy more. Then, too, the landlord and tenant
cannot get results or maintain soil fertility with one to three-
year leases, which result in robbing the soil. Money borrowed
should be more largely for creative or constructive purposes.

Our earnings, or rather our farm income, have been greatly
increased—in fact, in the last ten years values of farm products
have advanced two to fourfold with scarcely any increase in the
quantity, the increase in price being forty-seven times the
increase in quantity. Few of the farmers are putting much or
any of this increase back into the soil and at the same time they
are borrowing more money, which goes to show that they are
speculating in land instead of feeding the goose that lays the
golden egg.

Most of the apparent profit in farming has been in the ad-
vance in the value of farm land, and some of this advance comes
on the basis of the selling price per bushel instead of on the basis
of the bushel yield per acre, which is not being maintained.
These are the things that the money lender very properly con-

86 Missouri Agricultural Report.

siders and that we farmers must consider, for they are funda-
mental.

Building up fertility builds up the yield. For instance, the
profit in a corn crop is in the excess yield above 35 or 40 bushels,
for the cost and expense eat up the latter.

Worn-out soil and increasing population are the serious
questions from a food supply standpoint, but the more serious
feature is that our shiftless and heedless methods of farming are
responsible for declining fertility and yields. The Illinois Experi-
ment Station shows on its thirty-year plots in corn every year a
present yield of 8 bushels per acre, with oats and corn alternating
27 bushels of corn; with a three-year rotation of oats, clover and
then corn, 80 bushels per acre.

The soil and the man on the soil are the essential and final
assets of the nation, and when the man has starved the soil
until its declining returns have forced an unnatural and abnormal
advance in prices, and no part of this advance has been returned
to and used to build up the soil, then, indeed, is it time to call
a halt. In certain sections of New York State one farm in three
has been abandoned on account of worn-out soil, while in Ohio
farmers themselves have returned figures to the state showing
141,000 abandoned acres.

As showing what a difference in yield may come from seed
alone, sixteen Ohio farmers, each on the terms of a contest,
selected his best seed corn and one of their number planted each
farmer’s seed in a separate acre in one sixteen-acre tract. The
soil, cultivation, rain, sunshine, all conditions were precisely the
same, yet the yields varied from 53 to 80 bushels per acre.

Farm demonstration—the carrying of the new farm methods
right to the farmer on the farm—is the most important single
feature of all the work to be done, and the adoption of these
permanent methods is a condition precedent to all the better
conditions and uplift that are to follow—including better farm
financing facilities. All good citizens and friends of agriculture
should and will aid in the work to build it up and bring it and
the farmer and his family into their own. Yet, the burden is
largely on the farmer, for he is responsible for his methods and
attitude now that the better ideas are at hand.

It behooves us all to take up our part in the great work of
the redemption of American agriculture so pregnant with
results to the whole nation and to the generations to come.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 87

A NEIGHBORLY MESSAGE FROM KANSAS.
(Hon. Arthur Capper, Topeka, Kan.)

My friends, I account it a great privilege and honor more
than of passing moment to be invited to Columbia to talk to this
fine gathering of Missouri people. I come to you as to a citizen
of a sister state, but I hope the farmers of Missouri may look
upon me not altogether as an alien, for while I live in Kansas
and love Kansas—a loyal native son should love his mother
state—I have been striving for several years to serve the farmers
of Missouri as well as the farmers of Kansas to the best of my
ability. Your problems have become my problems, and from a
purely selfish standpoint, if no other, I am deeply interested in
your welfare and your prosperity, in the agricultural progress of
Missouri, in the moral, social, economical and political advance-
ment of your people. A generation ago these two states held
widely divergent views on many important subjects. We have
not always traveled the same road. Let us thank God that day
has passed.

Today the people of Missouri and the people of Kansas
stand shoulder to shoulder for the same ideals, fighting the same
battles for the betterment of the race. The two states are con-
fronted by much the same fundamental problems. Missouri,
the older state with a large city population, has some advantages
and some disadvantages when compared with Kansas, a country
state with no metropolis within its borders. I say Missouri
has disadvantages. I mean the handicap placed upon the moral
and intellectual progress by the large city. I recognize the part
the city plays in modern life. I admire the enterprises domi-
nating such great centers of industry and commerce as St. Louis
and Kansas City; I know the great works and I do not deny
their legitimate growth, but I also know the city’s slums, the
city’s vice, the city’s floating population, the city’s greed, the
city’s sin of extravagance and the indifference of the average
city man to the public good render the problems of the State
somewhat more difficult of solution. I do not pretend to say
that the man who lives in the great city is any less honest, any
less patriotic, any less loyal, any less a good citizen than the
man who lives in the country, but I do say that he lives in a
different atmosphere. He learns to look upon public affairs
from a different angle; he is more engrossed in his own personal

88 Missouri Agricultural Report.

pursuits, and unless he is an exceptional man, he gives less
thought to what to do for the public good.

So it has come about that we look to the good men and, in
Kansas, to the good women who live in the country and in the
smaller towns, to lead the way in both moral and economic
reform. Without making any pretext to statesmanship, with-
out posing as moral philosophers, the plain everyday farmer-
American, by an application of everyday common sense and
common honesty and common decency to the problems of the
states, are keeping the American people in the right track and
are keeping alive that righteousness which uplifts the nation.
So I am going to talk to you for a few minutes about some of the
great questions which the thinking farmers of Kansas are con-
sidering, some of their problems and some of the solutions which
they propose, in the hope that you may find here and there a
helpful suggestion or a gleam of encouragement and inspiration.

The ‘present-day problems which belong distinctively to
the farmers are many and diverse and every one of them is far-
reaching in its effect. Many of them are entwined in the very
life of the nation. Bill Shiftless, for example, may think it
nobody’s business but his own whether he raises twenty bushels
of corn per acre or one hundred bushels; whether he depletes
his soil or conserves the fertility; whether he lets weeds take his
crop or keeps it in a high state of cultivation. But Bill is wrong.
The price of bread and butter and meat and shoes and clothing
and everything the American public consumes is reflected by
the size of Bill Shiftless’ crop and the condition of Bill Shift-
less’ farm. One-half of the state or nation cannot prosper if the
other half suffers. So the idea of class in America is in reality
very small and is growing smaller every day. I have known
very few rich people, and there are very few compared to the large
number of us common people that Lincoln loved. Now, I feel
it a disgrace not to work or pretend to work at something. The
influence of one Bill Shiftless is infinitesimal, to be sure, but a
few one thousand Bill Shiftless’ can make or break a nation, and
so it is with every problem with which you farmers are struggling.
I do not wonder that the farmer occasionally resents the benevo-
lent interest taken in his affairs by the banker and railroad presi-
dent and editor and preacher and politician, but you must
remember that all the rest of the nation depends upon the
farmer; all these men who preach at you and lecture you are
particularly interested from a selfish standpoint as well in

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 89

your prosperity, because their prosperity depends upon yours.
So it is not strange that they are so ready with willing advice.

I believe your purely technical problems are in good hands.
Missouri has a great Agricultural College, so great that when
Kansas was in need of a strong man to place at the head of its
Agricultural College we came to Missouri and took one of your
big men from the place. Indeed, I plead guilty to being one
who participated in the theft, for I was at that time president of
the Board of Regents of the Kansas Commission, and I am glad
to say that we have never regretted the choice we made. Mis-
souri has every reason to be proud of its Agricultural College
and the work it is doing.

But it is not of the conservation of the soil nor of the ques-
tion of roads nor of any one phase of technical husbandry that I
want to talk to you, important as they are, despite the com-
mendable progress we are making in increasing the yield of a
field and flock and herd, despite the increased price thereof,
measured by dollars and cents which the American farmer has
received for his products in recent years. Every thinking man
realizes that all men are with the men who till the soil. The
Missouri farmer and the Kansas farmer on the whole are doing
better perhaps than their fathers did. They are not howling
calamity; they are not pessimistic, but they are thinking and
thinking deeply on those questions which concern them and
their families and they know things are not altogether right.
We don’t all agree in our definition of the trouble; we don’t all
agree as to the remedy to be applied, but I think we all do agree
that there is something wrong with the present conditions and all
agree that they can be bettered. In the first place, we have lost
a good many bright men and women who should have remained
on the farm. For half a century our national system of taxa-
tion and our business system has placed a high premium upon
urban life and has discouraged farm life, with the inevitable
result that our city population has increased in the past few
decades far out of proportion to the increase of farm population.
And aside from the alluring opportunities for making money, the
call of the city is perhaps a wholesome craving, born as it is of
the desire for fellowship, for amusement and culture. But the
cost of gratifying this desire in the city is very great, involving
loss of neighborliness, curtailment of freedom, sacrifice of
identity. We read in the newspapers from day to day of the
fights and brawls in the cities, of arrests for drunkenness and of

90 Missourt Agricultural Report.

murders resulting from drinking; read of the poverty in the slums
where children swarm and the display of the extravagance of the
foolish rich; we read of the great need for charity, of poverty
that is the result of misfortune or vice; we read of the strikes
and the lockouts, of oppression of labor by capital, of great
accumulation of wealth to oppress.the weak and poor; we see
the foolish girls both in the country and in town who, caught by
the glitter of the city, flock on its streets, often falling prey to
the lust of men who glory in their shame. When we think of
all this in the city, can we doubt for a moment that the clean,
wholesome life of the country folk is far and away the happiest,
the most useful life?

We must, therefore, from a technical and moral motive do
everything possible to keep our people who live in the country,
in the small towns, from rushing into the already overcrowded
cities and becoming consumers instead of producers. We must
do everything to keep the best brains of the nation where the
best brains originate—on the farm. They will not be wasted
there—and there is just one way in which this can be done,
and that in my judgment is this: Give the farmer and his family
economic justice and the problem is solved. The bright lights
and the gay white way lures a few, many perhaps, to the city;
the desire to wear a stiff collar and keep the hands clean is the
motive of some; the expectation of escaping hard work attracts
a few foolish ones, but the vast majority of those people who
leave the farm and go to the city, and the vast majority of
emigrants who take up the city life instead of the country life,
do so because they believe they can make more money in the
city; they believe that there are bigger opportunities for them in
the city. If we expect to keep them on the farm we must not
only show them the opportunities which already exist, but we
must see to it that the farm opportunities are in reality as great
as those of the city. We must see to it that the city man has
no unfair or artificial advantage over the farmer. Let the farm-
ers of Missouri and Kansas get a hundred cents on the dollar
for all they produce and they will make country life attractive
without any commission to show them how. Give them the
money and they will need no guardian to show them how to
spend it. Asa matter of course, this cannot be accomplished in
a day or in a year. Our whole system of distribution must be
readjusted in some way before the farmer will attain economic

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 91

justice by co-operation, and organization is the watchword of
American advancement, and the farmer must come to it.

The farmer buys of organized trusts and sells to organized
‘middlemen, and if the farmer is unorganized how can he hold
his own? Organized as effectively as the American Federation
of Labor, the farmers of the United States could dictate the
prices of foodstuffs, and, if they so desired, force the enactment
of laws that would place them in affluence and work a hardship
to nearly every other class of people. We do not want that,
but the country people should be made to realize that in union
there is strength and they should get together for their mutual
benefit. Why is it that the rural organizations are so rare a
thing that a man doing really effective work is regarded as
something very much out of the ordinary? Every city has its
commercial club, every village has its improvement association.
Is the farmer with his broad acres, his investment totaling many
thousands of dollars, and his operation sometimes running into
tens of thousands, less of a business man than the men who sell
a few dollars’ worth of goods over a counter each year? It is
an easy matter to organize business men of the town and city
into one compact body, working together for a common good,
if you can show them organization means dollars. Co-operation
among the country people means not only that, but broader and
better social life and education at home for your children, and I -
believe this leaven is working.

Wherever you go today—all over Missouri, all over Kansas,
all over Nebraska and the other western states—the men and
women and children are talking clubs and associations, the end
and aim of which are to make life larger and more wholesome.
The forces of the countryside are gathering for a great forward
movement. Wherever men meet to talk alfalfa and corn and
live stock, wherever women sit down for an afternoon, wherever
girls and boys gather to contest their corn acres or their cooking
or stock raising, there is the comradeship that stirs one as the
blast of the trumpet. The future is full of promise of the time
when each shall work for the other and no man shall be glad of
his fellow’s fall or mishap. So I say the fundamental task of
rural advance is local rural community building—the gradual
erection of strong communities founded on better farm practice,
securing a fair profit through better farm business, and growing
of mighty ambitions for better farm life.

92 Missourt Agricultural Report.

How can this fundamental rural task best be forwarded in
Kansas and in Missouri in 1914? First, organize local com-
munity campaigns in as many neighborhoods as possible. Seek
the formation of a community council or federation, made up of»
representatives of all the organizations in the neighborhood that
have any interest in the common good—the church, the grange,
the women’s clubs, the farmers’ union, etc. Seek to discover
the needs of the neighborhood that perchance may be met by
the organized forces of the neighborhood itself. Endeavor to
make an intelligent plan of operations for improving the com-
munity in all needful respects.

Second, push the idea of better schools for the country boy
and girl, including consolidated district high schools and an
agricultural department in the public high school Consoli-
dated schools are on the increase in my state, and wherever the
experiment has been tried I hear only good results. One such
school in a little country neighborhood in Saline county, Kansas,
has one hundred seventy-six wagon pupils. They are taken
to and from the school in school wagons. None of the hundred
seventy-six was tardy last year. Even the wagons, which seem
to be the chief objectionable feature, are considered advantage-
ous in this respect—that a number of the pupils always ride
together. There is less chance for misbehavior, less chance for
any wrongdoing than where the boys and girls have a distance
to go on foot, by road and across fields. In the matter of ex-
pense, I am told the consolidated school costs little more money
on the average than separate schools, but the results in every
other way are so much better that our taxpayers who have
these schools are glad to pay the difference.

Farming demands educated men and women. Agricul-
tural colleges neither in the classroom nor in their extension
service can meet the full need. Every boy or girl desiring the
equivalent of a good school education, either in academic or
agriculture, should have that training. We are coming more
and more to believe that the farmer that can afford to educate
his children has robbed them if he keeps their schooling money
and with it buys more acres of land to leave them after he is
gone. We must work for better rural or graded schools for the
benefit of the vast number of children unable to obtain the
advantages of a higher education, for more attention to the
fundamental and practical in education, for open schoolhouses
for the public, and the encouragement of the social center idea

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 93

in every community. In discussing this great educational
question I want to say to you that after a long struggle we feel
hopeful in Kansas that we have at last destroyed the infamous
schoolbook trust—the merciless book trust that has been load-
ing us up for years with inferior books at outrageous prices. We
have put a stop to this ever changing of books with a law
providing for state publication of textbooks and distribution to
the people at actual cost. We believe this will supply better
books at almost half what we have heretofore paid.

Third, we must develop the collective or co-operative method
of doing business on the farm. The co-operative plan is spread-
ing. It should not be entered upon hastily, but it promises to
render more help to the farmer than does perhaps any other one
thing. Heretofore the farmer has been only a hireling in his
own house; been the laborer who did the hard work, but received
only such profits as were left him by his industrial masters.
These masters were men from whom he bought his supplies,
men who converted his products into secondary form, men who
marketed his products, and men who loaned him money to carry
on his business and buy food from other farmers while he worked.
When the railroads and other commercial and industrial con-
cerns borrow money at much less rate and on security that is
bound to fluctuate more rapidly than land or live stock, or crop
values, it is time the farmer was financed on a more stable and
more just basis.

The farm credit system of Europe may not meet our needs,
but what we have got to have in the future is more stable loan
values, lower rates and longer term, co-operative features by
which the interest is paid with the principal each time and the
loan wiped out by the time the term is ended.

I hate demagoguery and would do nothing to stir up class
feeling, but the facts in this matter must not be blinked at.
It will require only a little thought to show that other interests
have prospered in a greater degree than has the farmer who is
the creator of the basic wealth. The merchant who sold the
farmer his supplies, the grain buyer and the corn buyer and the
cattle buyer, and the cold storage plants who have marketed his
products, the mills and packers who have converted his product
into more finished form, the money lenders on time mortgages
who have furnished him credit—all these have taken their tolls,
and in nearly every instance their profits have been larger than
those made by the farmer himself. It can be shown beyond any

94 Missourt Agricultural Report.

question that in some lines of farming the farmer receives only
thirty-five cents on the dollar which the ultimate consumer pays
for the farmer’s product.

If the farmer is to take control of these profit-absorbing
phases of his own business and get his proper share of the final
consumer’s dollar, to effect this result, it seems to me that our
farmers everywhere must definitely resolve upon five lines of
co-operation: Co-operation in big supphes for making farm
products; co-operation in raising farm products; co-operation
in finishing farm products; co-operation in standardizing and
marketing farm products, and co-operation in securing capital
for making and marketing farm products. You must do those
things for yourself. If you depend upon the people in other
walks of life to effect and carry on this work, it had better be
never undertaken.

In every community lives some man or woman capable of
leadership who could start a movement of benefit to the whole
surrounding country, and the people know who to follow.
Leadership is a gift of God. He will hold you accountable if
you are not giving your best in service. If our country is worth
living in and fighting for, let us love it so well that we shall be
glad to accept the charge of citizenship as a duty as well as a
privilege and care. It is a business. Give it businesslike
thought and consideration. It is such men as you who are most
deeply interested in every move for civic reform and good
government in the State of Missouri—men who go ahead with-
out regard to the applause or abuse of the crowd, men who have
the breadth of vision to see the right and the moral courage to
do the right, although the heavens fall, upon whom we must
depend for the solution of the many pressing problems in our
times.

I am happy in the belief that the world grows better from
age to age. We are nearer the long sought brotherhood of man.
Ten years ago the United States was headed straight toward
plutocracy, corrupt and tyrannical; today the sun of free govern-
ment again shines in radiant promise, which seems almost too
good to be true. The Sermon on the Mount, the most brilliant
burst of oratory the world has ever known, commanded us to
love our neighbors and do good everywhere. The world now
at last is beginning to see what Christianity means, that it really
proposes to shape the whole of human society here and now,
according to its laws of good will and human fellowship. The

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 95

human race is developing wonderfully in charity and unselfish-
ness. The percentage of those who are mere beasts of burden
decreases. Our everyday acts, our institutions, our laws, our
practices, more and more are coming to be directed more truly
and unerringly to the ends of justice, equality and real liberty.
I am firm in my conviction that never before have the con-
sciences of men and women been so widely awakened or so
keenly active. I know that the world today scouts at many
things which we accepted a few generations ago as a matter of
truth. In business, in politics—in fact, in every department of
human life and activity—we are establishing new standards and
higher ideals. But there is still so much to do.

Privilege and privileged classes, the public plunderers,
political corruptionists and grafters without regard to party,
must be eliminated; we must work for a clean, efficient govern-
ment as against selfish partisanship. The cost of government
in the State of Kansas, in the State of Missouri, and the country
over almost doubled the last ten years. Not only are we living
beyond our means, but living beyond our means to the third or.
fourth generation to come. This all has to be paid some time, if
not in direct taxes then indirectly, and the end is not yet. The
whole American Republic seems wild with spending. We are
living high, in the family, in the town and as a state and as a
nation. If the public money supply was as inexhaustible as air,
as so many agitators try to make it appear in urging appropria-
tions, the result would not be so serious, but we must forcibly
keep in mind that the government of the nation, state and lo-
cally has nothing to give except what it collects by taxation,
and this burden lies heaviest on the man at the end of the line.
As a part of the readjustment or liquidation which the entire
business world is now passing through, lower the cost of living
and teach us the lesson of thrift and economy in public and
personal affairs. It will be to the great and lasting advantage
of the country as a whole. The government must stop spending
money recklessly and wastefully; expenditures for battle ships,
rivers and harbors, monuments, public buildings—in these and
almost everything else there has been a shameful extravagance.
Congressmen actually have urged, in many instances, million-
dollar appropriations just because the graft was to be spent in
their own states; have boasted of their raids upon the public
treasury, and the whole thing is ruinous, a disgrace and a be-
trayal of the public welfare. The extreme has been reached

96 Missourt Agricultural Report.

in social public expenditure. Economies on a large scale will
be brought about if the cost of war establishments can be cur-
tailed and if municipalities and commonwealths will lop off a long
list of unnecessary expenditures which make for higher taxes.
We don’t want to be niggardly or miserly, but just provide full
measure of plenty and stop there. But first of all, drive deeper
into the public conscience the determination to make economy,
honesty, simplicity and efficiency the watchword in the adminis-
tration of the people’s business.

We must help to fight for less technicality and speedier
justice in the courts; for a system that will simplify legal pro-
cedure and make justice free in fact as well as in theory, to the
poor as well as the rich; protect the rights of men, lift up the
fallen and help the down and out; imprison the big thieves as
well as the little ones; impartially enforce all of the laws and
insure a greater, larger measure of popular government, of
human welfare and social righteousness. We are making too
many laws and enforcing too few of them. The courts must
reform their procedure, a relic of the Middle Ages, or the people
will reform the courts.

We must stand for more equitable division of profits on
farm products by the elimination of grain gamblers, the beef
trust and all other jugglers of markets, the interlocking director-
ates and financial pirates who play the watered stock game, so
that the producer and the consumer will be in a position to get
more and the manipulators less.

We must lose no time in taking our prisons and charitable
and reformatory institutions from under the control of politics
and put them on a broad and lofty humanitarian basis, an
honest, well-managed business basis, rather than under the
domination of selfish partisanship. No man is more active for
partisan administration of the prison or reformatory than is the
politician. The professional politician has always been found
fighting to maintain the old order of things, fighting to keep
out those reforms which surely destroy graft; fighting against
the open and above-board methods of handling public business,
and they will have their way every time if the apathetic citizen
does not wake up.

The curse of intemperance must be utterly banished from
America. And let me say in passing that, in my judgment, one
of the greatest blessings ever bestowed on the State of Kansas,
and the law which is doing more to make useful men and women

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 97

and bring prosperity and happiness to our state, is the amend-
ment to our constitution absolutely prohibiting the traffic in
intoxicating liquors from one end of the state to the other. It
has been on trial over thirty years. It has reduced the con-
sumption of liquor to the very minimum and has emptied our
poorhouses, our prisons and asylums, made better homes,
happier and healthier families and brought a higher standard of
education and intelligence. It is endorsed by more than three-
fourths of our people, and is a portion of the fundamental law of
our state nearest and dearest to their hearts. I hope you and I
may live to see the day when liquor will be excluded from every
state in the Union.

The black and damning social evil must be eradicated; the
purity of American womanhood must be maintained; the inde-
fensible double standard of morals must be wiped out abso-
lutely; the exploitation of children in factories and mills must
be stopped; and there must be vigorous prosecution for wife and
child desertion; must be pensions for indigent widowed mothers
and dependent orphan children; especially must our country be
spared of war on account of the deplorable conditions existing in
Mexico. Forcible intervention in Mexico would mean the
raising of an army of half a million American youths at a cost
of much more than one million dollars a day, and many lives
risked in a bad climate, probably have years of contention, boys
sent home physical wrecks and new blood forwarded to replace
them, draining the nation’s vitality and increasing the nation’s
burdens. Who will call for such a sacrifice? Owners of prop-
erty in Mexico, many of them, are mere gamblers on a long
chance, big interests which find in war new opportunities for
plunder. The real patriotic Americans stand behind their
President to prevent this nation from being stampeded into a
costly war by a selfish and conscienceless war party seeking some
selfish advantage. We have in Washington a President whose
expert knowledge of the history of the people and the nation is
surpassed by no other statesman; the world has no stronger
champion of the rights of man; his patriotism is as unquestioned
as Lincoln’s; and his conception of the part the American nation
should play in the turmoil of this hemisphere is clear and far-
seeing and, speaking as one who does not belong to President
Wilson’s political party, I believe such a man should be trusted
to do what is wise and right. What the President wants and the

A—7

98 Missourt Agricultural Report.

country wants is men, strong men, unselfish and broad-visioned,
able to help him and his cabinet lead the way.

My friends, I have touched upon a few of the many problems
which crowd upon us instantly demanding solution. I have
abiding faith that the good people of Missouri and Kansas: will
do their part to abate these ancient evils, to right these age-old
wrongs and put our twentieth-century civilization on a higher
and happier plane than any which has yet blessed or prospered
humanity; that the misery and suffering of the world may be
lessened; that equality and justice and liberty may be found all
over this nation and all humanity brought together in the-uni-
versal brotherhood of man. And friends, I come here as a
faithful native son of liberty-loving, progressive Kansas to join
hands with you God-fearing people of stalward, loyal, grand
old Missouri, in a solemn pledge made in the beginning of a
promising new year that we will live our lives righteously, that
we will fight the good fight for human progress and higher ideals
and will do our part, be it large or small, to make this world a
better, a cleaner, a little more decent, a little happier, a little
more God-like.

HOW ONE RURAL CHURCH WAS MADE TO SERVE ITS
COMMUNITY.

(M. B. McNutt, Glen Ellyn, IIl., field assistant of the Department of Church and Country
Life of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions.)

Thirteen years ago last spring I went directly from McCor-
mick Seminary to Du Page Church, which I served 12 years.
It is a country field thirty miles west of Chicago and six miles
from the nearest railroad. It is surrounded by no town or vil-
lage. The church and manse stand alone on the open prairie.

It is one of the oldest churches in Illinois. The people are
an average country folk of Scotch, English, Irish and German
descent. The congregation was then worshiping in a frame
structure built half a century before. It was the old type of
church architecture—one room, boxy, straight board seats,
small, plain glass windows and with scarcely any furnishings.

The church and manse lots, enclosed by the remnant of a
wire fence, were veritable weed patches. North of the church
stood some old tumble-down sheds, the sight of which made every
passer-by shudder and think to himself, “Surely the Lord hath
deserted this place.””’ The manse had the same neglecten appear-

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. ~ 99

ance and everything about the place reminded one of a man who
had gone away on a long journey and had forgotten to leave any
one in care of his abode.

One of the elders, a farmer, had been preaching for three
years, or until he died. The last minister had resigned with
$400 back on his salary, which amount the church borrowed to
pay the debt.

No one had united with the church for five years. A club-
house has been fitted up in the neighborhood to house an organi-
zation that called itself ‘‘The New Era Club,’ but whose chief
object and amusement turned out to be dancing, though its ori-
ginal promoters had hoped for it something better. Many of
the young people of the neighborhood, including church mem-
bers, were spending evenings there. The dancing element from
the surrounding towns had also begun to frequent the place.

The only service the church attempted was to open the
doors on Sunday for preaching and Sunday school. Collections
were taken once a year each for missions and ministerial relief,
and this was practically the extent of the benevolent work.

Two-thirds of the Sunday school teachers were members of
one family. The three elders were also trustees, and each taught
a class in the Sunday school. One of these elders was also a
Sunday school superintendent, Sunday school treasurer, church
treasurer and treasurer of benevolences.

The condition of this church at that time was not excep-
tional. Other country churches were and are still in the same
plight. Some people were saying the country church has out-
lived its usefulness, and that was and is true of the old type of
country church. Many such have given up in despair and dis-
banded. Many others still exist at the same dying rate. What
was the matter with this country church? What ts the matter
with that type of country church? My diagnosis of the case is,
simply, a lack of vision, and the want of adaptation to the new
needs.

There was a time when preaching and an occasional pas-
toral visit was all that was demanded of the country parson,
and the people were thought to perform their part when they
went to church and paid the minister’s salary. But it is not so
now. What was to be done?

Jesus, the head of the church, once said, “‘I came not to be
ministered unto, but to minister.’ Believing, therefore, that
he intended his church to be a ministering church, I began at

100 ' Missouri Agricultural Report.

Du Page with the idea that religion has to do with the whole
man—body, mind and spirit; that it deeply concerns his social
life, his business lite, his education, his amusements, and every-
th ng else that pertains to man’s well-being.

I was brought up in a country church and the idea I got of
it in my boyhood was that the church is a sort of a Sunday
affair, which dealt exclusively with men’s souls and good clothes.
It was also a place of long faces, for if there was any hilarity
among the boys at “‘meetin’,’’ we could always depend upon the
hazel brush being brought out when we got home; a place where
dead men’s bodies were carried, as the funerals were invariably
held in the church. Well do I remember also how fearful I was
of the preacher when, clad in his long black broadcloth coat, he
would make his annual visits to our home. Two men I greatly
feared in those days. One was Mr. Matteer, the preacher, and the
other Mr. Turney, the butcher. As boys and young men we never
associated our good times with the church or the minister—
except the annual union Sunday school picnic, which was really
a delightful occasion. The church did not seem to have much
to do with our daily lives, or our occupations and amusements.
It demanded nothing of us, apparently, but to go to church and
sit still. Our companionships were outside of and independent
of the church. It was the day of the husking bees, the apple-
cuttings, the sugaring-offs and all those most delightful, whole-
some and interesting neighborhood pastimes in which old and
young alike engaged with such pleasure and profit. What a
pity they have gone out of date! It was before the day of com-
mercialized pastimes—the amusement parks, the public dance
halls, the cheap vaudevilles and the like. It is alarming how
rapidly these modern creatures are creeping in upon the country
people in these days of the trolley, the automobile and the horse
and buggy which every young man on the farm now possesses—
even the hired men. It is far easier now for the country people
to get into the world current than it was forty years ago.

But coming back to the old type of country church, it did
not seem to offer us much but a long, dry sermon on Sunday—
and it was dry to the boys and girls —hard, straight-backed seats,
a book from the Sunday school library in which the good boy
and girl always died and went to heaven, and those delightful
annual visits by the pastor!

Now, I love that dear old country church of my boyhood
days, back in the hills of Pennsylvania, and I like to think that

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 101

it did me a great deal more good than I realized either then or
now. It might have done worse. And it is furthest from my
purpose to speak disparagingly of it or of the dear people who
were its leaders. I love them every one. It perhaps served its
day. But the point I am making is that’ that type of country
church will not meet the needs of the country people today.

With these recollections of my childhood and the church, I
resolved first of all, when I went to Du Page, that I would get
next to the boys and girls; that I would make that old church a
great center of attraction. Notice I did not say the great center.
I do not believe in the church attempting to do everything or
trying to do things that might better be left to other institutions.
But I would make it a great center of attraction; a hub of joys,
of happy memories and associations for that entire community.
I determined, with God’s help, to make it an indispensable
institution to every man, woman and child within its reach.

One of the good old Scotch elders—they called him “Uncle
Dan,” and he was one of the dearest and best of men—put his
arm around me one day (it was a way he had of greeting every-
body), and he said very seriously, the tears rolling down his
cheeks, “Our young people have got to dancing and they are
being wooed away from God and the church. How are you-
going to deal with them?”

I said, ““Uncle Dan, I know from experience that young
people will dance if they have nothing better to do. I propose
to give them something better.”

“Well,” he continued, “‘just before you came here our
session passed a rule that there was to be no dancing by mem-
bers of the church, but I fear there is going to be trouble when
we come to enforce it.”

I replied again, ““Uncle Dan, it is impossible to shut off a
stream entirely unless you give it some other outlet.”

I set to work, first, and organized an old-fashioned singing
school. It might have been anything else just as well—a class
in scientific farming, animal husbandry, domestic science, or
nature study. I chose the singing school because I had some
knowledge of music. The idea is to have something that will
afford a point of contact between the leader and the people, and
also to get everybody interested in doing something. The
singing school met one night in the week in the church. There
was some good musical talent among the young folks and this
new enterprise proved to be a great hit. Out of it grew a good

102 Missourt Agricultural Report.

strong chorus choir, a male quartet, a ladies’ quartet, an orches-
tra, and some good soloists. Besides, it improved the singing in
the church and Sunday school a hundred per cent.

We began at once to observe all the special days—a dozen
or more. This kept our musicians busy. And the first thing
we knew the young people and many of the “‘outsiders,’’ as they
were called, were taking part in these special services. They
just couldn’t keep out. And, of course, the fathers and mothers
had to come to hear their children sing and play and speak, and
likewise the doting grandparents, and the uncles and aunts
and cousins. and sweethearts all had to come.

Next we started what we called a gospel chorus. We got
some live new song books and went singing around from home to
home. At first some of the people were a little shy of the gospel
chorus, but soon they were vying with each other to see who
would secure these singers. The chorus went to the homes of
the aged who were too feeble to come to the meeting house. It
sang for the sick. It sang in the homes of those who never heard
any other music.

An athletic association already existed. We encouraged
the boys in their field-day sports. Two or three baseball teams
were organized. We played successfully many of the surround-
ing towns, including Chicago. We never challenged the Cubs,
but we did challenge a team from the Fullerton Avenue Presby-
terian Church, Chicago, and beat them on our grounds one
Fourth of July 20 to 0. The pastor of the church had come
along with his boys, and he kept insisting that we must have
some professional players from outside, but they were just the
husky farmer lads.

The church building was not suited for social gatherings, so
a series of sociables was planned at the different homes. These
were not the money-making kind; they were sociables indeed.
The older people often attended and engaged in the play with
the young folks. Refreshments were served free. At these
gatherings special attention was given to strangers and to the
backward boys and girls, and a few of us always had upon our
hearts those who were not of the fold of Christ. They grew to
be a sociable lot of folks, I tell you! They became well ac-
quainted. And such fellowship! Such friendships! Such com-
panionships! And all centering around the church.

I shall not have time to describe the various activities that
have been carried on in connection with the church, but shall

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 103

tell only of the work of the boys and young men, because the
difficulty in many churches seems to be to interest and hold the
young men and boys.

A young men’s Bible class was organized. It grew until it
had nearly fifty members enrolled. This class met with the
Sunday school for Bible study. Bible study was emphasized
above everything else. But we believed in doing the Word as
well as studying it. So a monthly meeting was planned for
social service. The first Tuesday night in every month would
find the young men at the kirk. This meeting was opened with
a devotional exercise. Then a musical and literary program
followed. They debated a great deal. Papers were read and
talks made on agricultural topics, current events and various
subjects, some of which were of special interest to young men.
Once in a while the class would organize itself into a moot court
and try some fellow for some mischief with judge and jury and
all the various court officers. The boys were getting a lesson
in civil government here, you see, as well as having a good time.
Sometimes they would have a little spread of some kind for the
sake of good fellowship. It is a great thing for young men to
break bread together under this kind of auspices.

One of the things we emphasized a great deal in these meet-
ings was extemporaneous speaking. J am convinced more and
more that right here is where our farmers as a class have lost out
in times past; they have not learned how to talk up their case.
The lawyers and the politicians and the business men who have
learned to talk have gotten into the offices and responsible posi-
tions and they boost their business and make laws to suit them,
but they neglect to talk up the farmers’ business or to make
laws to benefit them. I have been told that in the Congress
before the last there was only one farmer—that is, a real farmer
that actually makes his living by holding the plow handles or
driving his own team. Of course, there are plenty of “cavalry
farmers” in Congress, as they call them down south, but only
one real farmer. There is not the representation of farmers in
our state legislatures that there ought to be when we come to
consider that nearly the half the people of the nation are engaged
in agricultural pursuits.

This extemporaneous speaking is developed in a_ very
simple way. About five of the men are called to the platform
every night and are given a topic, something we are very sure
they are familiar with. This is important. The speakers must

104 Missourt Agricultural Report.

first know something to talk about before they can talk. Then
they are expected to speak on these topics. They begin it with
fear and trembling. I have seen them sweat at this as much
as they ever sweat in the hayfield. But it is wonderful how they
develop in this work through a period of years. As a result of
this training there are a number of young men in the community
who are good public speakers. Now these young men utilize
this speaking talent in various good ways. For instance, two
of them posted up on some crooked work which a notorious
politician had been doing there, and went to the town meeting
on election day a year ago last April, and by their knowledge of
parliamentary law and their being able to talk and think on their
feet, exposed that man’s crooked work in such a way that it
resulted in defeat, the first time he had ever been defeated in
that township at an election. So you see how it worked out for
cleaner politics and a better type of citizenship.

Again, the young men’s Bible class has held what they call
open-air gospel and song services in a grove in the summertime
and in the public schoolhouses in winter. These meetings have
been a great blessing to the young men as well as to those to
whom they minister. In the pastor’s absence on Sunday his
Bible class has frequently taken charge of the service, three or
four of the members giving short gospel talks.

The young men conduct a lecture course, not for pecuniary
profit, but for the sole and only purpose of furnishing wholesome
entertainment for the community. We have had some hundred-
dollar attractions. The enlire community patronize this lecture
course without exception and regardless of creed. The Catholics
and the German Lutherans attend. People from the surround-
ing towns are frequently seen in the audiences, driving some- .
times ten miles or more.

Another enterprise which the young men’s Bible class has
introduced and supported is a bureau of publicity. The boys
invested in a small printing press. They, with the assistance of
the pastor, do all the church printing and issue a local church
paper.

You are wondering what became of the dancing? Well,
they forgot all about it in about two years, and there has not
been a dance in the New Era hall for over eight years. The build-
ing stands idle and is crumbling to ruin. ‘The pastor never men-
tioned dancing in the pulpit or to a single individual in private.
It was simply starved out. 3

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. ~ 105

The pledge system of finance has been introduced for the
local work and for benevolences as well. Our ideal is a pledge
from every man, woman and child. We have devised an en-
velope for making payments which answers all purposes. <A
financial secretary keeps an account with each individual and
sends statements at the end of each quarter if necessary. We
have found that the pledge system is a great improvement over
the old way of taking collections once a year for the “‘Boards.”
This church in the last ten years, in addition to building a
$10,000 edifice, remodeling the manse, making other improve-
ments and increasing the minister’s salary forty per cent, has
given to benevolences $5,270, as against $6,407 in the fifty
years preceding.

As a rule the various societies in the church are not made
money-raising institutions. The system for raising money by
sociables, fairs and other devices has been almost entirely
abolished.

As an ideal we are working toward the entire support, our-
selves, of both a home and foreign missionary.

There have been no evangelistic services in this church by
professional evangelists for ten years. Formerly this was a
favorite method. Such distinguished evangelists as Moody
and Sankey, and Majors Cole and Whittle have conducted meet-
ings in the Du Page Church. And these were successful, too.
But there is not another ten-year period in the history of the
church that shows as many accessions as the last decade.

The one by one method as illustrated by the Master and by
Andrew and Philip has been used. A great deal of the evan-
gelistic work is done through the Sunday school. Every class
is a personal work class. The teachers are encouraged to lead
their pupils in personal work.

Great care is taken to press the claims of Christ and the
church upon the young. The parents co-operate with the pas-
tor.in this work of dealing with the young. This is done through
pastoral visitation and through pastoral letters. Occasional
sermons are preached to the children, and a christian training
class is conducted for those who are about to enter the church.
There have been few communion services when there was not
somebody to unite with the church, and between communion
seasons members have been received. There is scarcely a per-
son in the parish between the ages of ten and twenty-one years
of age who is not a member of the church.

A-8

106 | Missourt Agricultural Report.

Eventually this church outgrew the old building, and it rose
up and erected a new one, costing, including furnishings, $10,000
in money and the equivalent of another thousand in hauling,
which the farmers did gratis. Practically all the money was
subscribed before a shovelful of earth was moved for the founda-
tion. No offering was taken at the dedication for building pur-
poses or for furnishings. Every person in the community was
given opportunity to help build the new church. And all
responded heartily. The Catholics and German Lutherans con-
tributed to the building fund and helped to haul the materials.

The new structure is Gothic in design and is built of brick.
The interior is finished in red oak. A handsome fresco in water
colors adorns the walls, with panels of burlap below the surbase
molding. This with the beautiful art glass windows gives the
interior a most pleasing and homelike appearance. The floors
are covered with cork carpet. The main auditorium has a
bowl-shaped floor and seats three hundred people. The assembly
room of the Sunday school apartment, which is separated from
the auditorium by accordion doors, has an additional one hun-
dred and fifty sittings. There are fourteen rooms in all, includ-
ing a number of classrooms, choir and cloakrooms, toilet, pas-
tor’s study, vestibule, kitchen, dining hall, cistern, and furnace
and fuel rooms. The building is heated with hot air furnaces
and lighted with gas. A system of waterworks supplies water
wherever needed about the building.

To sum up the principles underlying these methods: Make
the church a ministering institution. Let it be many-sided.
Let it seek to serve the whole man, body, mind and spirit,
rather than the spirit alone. Let it seek to make this a new
earth by teaching the people to do al/ things to the glory of God.
Let them know that honest toil is sacred, that innocent amuse-
ment is holy, and that these are also ways of praising and glori-
fying God as well as the Sunday devotions. Let the church seek
to discover to men their talents and then encourage and help
them in their development. Distribute the responsibilities as
widely as capacity for efficiency will warrant. Lead everybody
into doing something useful for somebody else. Make the
church to minister to the whole community rather than to a
particular body in the community, the aim being, not to make
Presbyterians or Baptists or Methodists or Catholics, but to
create an atmosphere in the neighborhood to breathe in which
will help Presbyterians to be better Presbyterians, Baptists

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 107

better Baptists, Methodists better Methodists, Catholics better
Catholics, and all better men and women—an atmosphere that
will inspire to higher thinking and nobler living.

Let there be as much preaching of the gospel as ever—and
more—for the gospel of Christ is still “the power of God unto
salvation to every one that believeth,” but let there be more of
the spirit of Christ in ministering to men. Make it easy for
people to do right and as hard as possible for them to do wrong.

WILD ANIMALS AND BIRDS.

(Col. G. O. Shields, president of the League of American Sportsmen, 1110 Simpson street,
New York.)

I don’t know whether I am going to be able to talk much or
not. They tell me that things don’t happen on the 13th of the
month any more than any other day, but they happened to me
yesterday, all the same. I caught the worst cold yesterday that
I ever had in my life. Two engines that were pulling the train
on which I came from-Cedar Rapids broke down at different
times. We developed a hot box two miles out of the Union
depot, St. Louis, but finally got in there four hours late—and it
was on Friday, the 13th of January! So I am here tonight
unable to perform my duties decently and respectably, but
fortunately I am limited to thirty minutes, after having traveled
fifteen hundred miles to talk to you people. J am to show you
seventy-five pictures of birds and animals. I was told by the
boss, the man who pays the bill, that I have only thirty minutes,
and I am going to try to get through in that time, and you will be
mighty glad when I do get through.

I would like to talk to you all that thirty minutes about the
value of insect-eating birds, but I can do little more than touch
on that subject. I should like to appeal to you with the voice of
an old sportsman to save the quail and the prairie chicken from
the gunner. I was for many years an ardent sportsman, but I
quit all shooting thirty years ago, when birds began to grow
too scarce to kill, and I have been doing my hunting since with
a camera. I shall show you some of the results of this kind of
sport. Now I am begging the sportsmen of the United States
to make the sacrifice I have made. Let up on the birds; let up
especially on the quail and the prairie chicken, two of the most
valuable insect-eating birds in the world, and let them live and

108 Missourt Agricultural Report.

take care of the crops and the fruit trees and the forest trees of
this country.

The first picture I am to show you was made by a man in
Maryland, who is an ardent sportsman. A pair of eagles made
a nest in an old tree near his house a few years ago. His first
impulse was to take his gun and kill the birds and have their
skins upholstered and set up in his.den, where he has many
others; but he thought better of it, and instead of that he went
down there and built a scaffold in another tree, thirty feet away
from the nest, got up there with a camera and spent the better
part of six days, going every morning and staying nearly all
day trying to get a picture of them. Finally, on the sixth day
about noon, when the conditions were just right, the male parent
bird came with a full grown rabbit in its talons. The man
pressed the bulb and got this beautiful picture, and he says he
would not give that negative for the skins of any dozen birds
he has mounted and set up in his library. And many other
men who have substituted the camera for the gun have found
the same intense pleasure in it that this man has found.

Here is what the gunner gets if he can shoot well enough
(showing a pair of dead quail). He brings home a few mangled,
bloody, lifeless birds. He has had some fun in killing them.
He and his family may have a passing satisfaction in eating
them, but if this man has the right kind of a conscience it will
punish him ever after for having destroyed such useful and
beautiful birds. . The quail, the ruffed grouse, the prairie
chicken, the robin, meadow lark, the blackbird, and fifty other
species of birds in this country live all summer long on insects,
and many of them live all winter on weed seeds, the seeds of
noxious weeds that you farmers have to fight all summer.

Mrs. Margaret M. Nice of the Massachusetts State Uni-
versity has been studying the quail in domestication for many
years. She has counted out and weighed out the food to each
bird and has kept careful records of what each one ate. She
has arrived at the conclusion that each adult quail eats seventy-
five thousand bugs and worms each summer and over six mil-
lion weed seeds each winter. And yet, strange as it may seem,
there are men all over this country who, every time we intro-
duce a bill to afford better protection for the quail in any Legis-
lature, protest against it and beg their Representatives to kill it;
and in many cases they succeed in defeating our measures. On
the other hand, there are good-natured farmers everywhere who

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 109

if they are fortunate enough to have a covey of quail grow upon
their land will not only permit, but invite some friend to come
out in the fall and shoot them. The man goes out with a spike-
tailed dog and a double-barreled gun, finds the birds and follows
to a finish. Or, if one or two of them do escape, he goes home
and cusses for a week because he did not get them all. This is
a short-sighted policy on the part of the farmer whose best
friends these birds are. 3

Experts in the Department of Agriculture have estimated,
after Years of careful study, that each adult quail is worth
twenty-five dollars a year to the farmer on whose land it lives.
When a quail is cooked and served on a table it weighs about four
ounces, and the man who eats it is eating meat that is worth
six dollars and twenty-five cents an ounce. Can you farmers
afford to feed the gourmands on meat at that price, and espe-
cially when you don’t get a penny for it?

We are trying to get all states that have quail to enact laws
to stop the killing of them at all times, and the same in regard
to prairie chickens. The sportsmen of this country have had
their day; they have almost exterminated all game birds. Ninety
per cent and the other ten per cent will soon go unless you stop
all shooting. Make the shooters put away their guns for at
least five years and give the birds a chance to come back. There
are ten million shotguns at work in this country. There are in
round numbers one hundred million people in the United States,
and we claim that the other ninety million people should now
rise up and assert their property rights in these birds and permit
them to live.

A man who has studied the ruffed grouse in domestication
and in its wild state for years has arrived at the conclusion that
each one of those birds eats two and one-half bushels of bugs
each summer. Yet there are men all over the country who
want to kill all they can find of them. They want three months
of open season each year and no bag limit. They want to kill
ten or fifteen a day all through the open season. I have heard
men complain bitterly that they were not allowed to kill more
than five or ten ruffed grouse a day. A man, as I said in the
beginning, can have a great deal more fun photographing birds
than he can in shooting them, and he has the satisfaction after-
wards of knowing that the birds he shot at with his camera are
still alive, enjoying themselves, and fulfilling the end for which
God placed them on the earth.

110 Missourt Agricultural Report.

This is an age of object teaching, and I am going to give
you an object lesson in game protection that is the most beauti-
ful and most effective I have ever learned. I have not time to
tell it to you in full; but the pictures talk for themselves.

A farmer in Southern Colorado, in the San Joachin valley,
put down an artesian well near his house, which you see in the
center of the picture (showing picture), and got a fine flow of
water. That was in the fall of the year. The surplus water
ran off a hundred yards from the house into a depression and
formed a pond of about three acres. It was just when the ducks
were starting south on their migration. The water had only
been there two or three days whan a flock of ducks passing saw
it and dropped in. The man and the boys were at work in the
field back of the house. One of the boys saw the ducks dip and
he said to his brother, “Hully Gee, Jim, look at them ducks.
Let’s get the gun and kill them.” And the boys started to the
house onarun. But the old man had lived longer; he had learned
the lesson of human kindness to dumb creatures; he had learned
the value of living birds over dead ones, and he called the boys
back and said:

‘‘Now wait a minute, boys, and let us talk this matter over.
Those ducks have come from away in the Arctic regions where
they were hatched. They are on their way south to escape the
cold winter. They are tired and hungry. They have dropped
in here to rest and get something to eat. Now, let’s treat them
white; let’s not kill them.”

The boys thought that over a minute; it sounded good.
They went back to work and the ducks stayed there all after-
noon and other flocks dropped in and joined them. That night
that kind-hearted old farmer took a pail of corn and went down
and scattered it along the bank of that pond. That is different
from what most farmers do. I know, for I was one of them.
I grew up on a farm and am like that politician you have heard
of who was talking to an audience of farmers. He wanted to
get next to them. ““Why,” he said, “I am a farmer; I was born
on a farm and grew up between two rows of corn,” and a fellow
in the audience yelled out, ‘“‘Punkin, by thunder!’ I did not
exactly get mine that way, but I grew up on a farm all the same,
and I know what I am talking about. The ducks stayed all
night and all day, and the next night the boys asked their father
if they might go down and feed the ducks. “Yes,” he said,
““Go ahead.’ And they went; and they went the next night and

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. iat

the next. They fed them all fall and in a few days they had
them so tame they would come up and feed from their hands.
The ducks stayed until the pond froze over and they had to go
south, and by that time there were over two hundred of them.
They were shot at all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. They were
shot at down there all winter. They were shot at all the way
back the next spring, because they were passing over heathen
territory where men still claim the right to shoot birds even
when on the way to their nesting grounds.

Of the two hundred birds that left that little pond in Novem-
ber only a paltry thirty lived to get back the next spring; but
they remembered where their friends lived. They remembered
that little haven of rest, and they made a bee line for it when
within twenty miles of it. The family was down there to meet
them again and had grain for their breakfast. The ducks
gathered around them and ate from their hands again, though
they had been persecuted all winter and had been as wild in the
south as any other ducks. It is along story. I cannot tell you
all of it. That first picture was made eight years ago. Those
ducks have been coming there every year ever since, and have
been increasing in numbers from year to year in spite of all the
slaughter elsewhere, until last fall over two thousand of them
came there, and they stayed until the pond was frozen over
again.

Now do you see what you can do with a little remnant of
bird life if you will take care of it?

A farmer over in Illinois, the president of the Illinois Corn
Growers’ Association, Harvey J. Scouse, has a farm of two
thousand acres. A pair of prairie chickens migrated down into
Illinois five years ago, one cold winter. In the spring most of
them went back, but one pair stayed and nested on his farm.
He has taken good care of them, has not shot at them, although
he is an ardent sportsman and president of the Illinois State
Sportsmen’s Association. He has not fired a shot on his land
and has not allowed anyone else to do so, and today he has over
three hundred prairie chickens there.

Now, I beg of you, take care of the quail you have on your
farm. If they nest and raise a covey next summer don’t let
anybody kill them. Feed and care for them as this man did of
the ducks that came into his pond, and you will soon have
plenty of them.

nD, Missourt Agricultural Report.

Now, on the other hand, suppose the farmer had let the boys
go to the house, when that first flock of ducks came in there, get
the gun and go down there and fire a shot or two at them. Or,
if they had one of these infernal machines known as an auto-
matic or pump gun, they might have fired a volley into them;
they might have killed half or two-thirds of them. The rest
would have gotten up and gone away and never come back
again, and this beautiful piece of history never could have been
written and these beautiful pictures never could have been made.

It pays to take care of the remnants of wild life you have,
and if you do that you will soon have plenty of it.

The time was when the wild goose was as abundant all over
this country as the wild duck ever was; but it was a bigger mark
and easier to get at. It has been hunted more industriously
because the men got more meat for each cartridge. The result
is the splendid birds are almost extinct. Only a very few of
them are left anywhere. Twenty-five years ago you could
often see five hundred of them feeding in a wheat field almost
anywhere in this western country. You could often see a hun-
dred or five hundred of them on a sand bar here in the Missouri
river; but not one today. Once in a while you may see a small
flock; but they are mighty nearly gone and the last one will be
in five years more unless we stop all killing.

The sand crane is another splendid bird that was formerly
here in millions. I have seen three or four hundred of them in
a flock when I was a kid on the prairies; but they are almost
extinct today. The only place I know of any of them nesting is
in Saskatchewan Territory, away in Northwest Canada. There
are a few there yet, but their days are numbered. The gunner
is up there as well as everywhere else, and he will get them
sooner or later.

The average farmer considers all hawks and owls his enemies
and kills every one he can get a bead on. It is a serious mistake.
These hawks and owls are among your best friends, because they
eat the gophers, the field mice, rats, moles and other things that
damage your crops and trees. Only two species of owl and three
species of the hawk ever disturb domestic poultry, and they carry
off a chicken very rarely. In the meantime they and all the
other “‘fifty-seven varieties’? are hunting rats, mice, field mice,
moles and all these other rodents. And when they don’t find
enough of these to feed their young and themselves, they go into
the fields and hunt grasshoppers and potato bugs and beetles

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 113

of all kinds; they go into the woods and hunt down the insects
that are eating the forest trees and destroying them.

This (showing another picture) is that beautiful little
screech owl that sometimes comes and builds its nest in the big
oak that overshadows the house and raises its young there.
Some people kill these because they say they carry off little
chickens and ducks. Possibly one does carry off a young
domestic fowl once in a whole summer, but it is very seldom.
In the meantime they are hunting mice and rats and large
insects.

Now if a pair of these birds nest about your house next
spring don’t kill them, and don’t allow anyone else to. Get your
camera and make a picture of them. Or, if you have not a
camera, send for some friend who has one, take the little chaps
out of the nest, set them up and make a picture of them. Take
them out again later and make another picture. One of them
may get peeved, like this one on the end did, and turn his back
to you and look cross-eyed at you, but he will get over that in a
minute and cuddle up to his little sister and be just as chummy
as ever; and when the birds grow up and go away you may have
a beautiful lot of pictures to show your friends.

The kingbird is another that is sadly misunderstood. The
average farmer considers him a pest and kills him at sight
because he eats a few bees; but this bird eats only the drone
bees. He will not eat the honeybee.

Now a pair of these birds, or a pair of.any of the other birds
I am talking about, in raising a family of young will feed them in
the few weeks they are growing up from twelve thousand to
fifteen thousand insects. Even this kingfisher that you usually
see about the water takes an hour off once in a while and goes
into the meadows or marsh hunting bugs for a change of diet.
He is a persistent fisherman. He takes up a position some-
where about the water and watches for minnow to come to the
surface. Then he goes after it and gets it. When he gets three
or four he has had a square meal and he quits and goes away.
In other words, he quits when he gets enough, and that is more
than I can say of some men I have known. I have known men
who would fish all day long, and way into the night if the fish
kept biting, and stack them up on the shore or in the boat, and
if it were hot weather probably half of them would spoil; but the
men were fishing for a record. They wanted to go home and
tell what great sport they had had.

114 Missourt Agricultural Report.

I have known men to string up a hundred of these dead,
rotten, stinking fish, stand up by them and have a picture taken.
I have known men to do the same with birds—string up a
hundred or more of them and stand up by them with their guns
and have themselves photographed in an attitude that seemed
to say, “‘See what a mighty hunter I am!”

But few people do that nowadays. If they do succeed in
making a big catch of fish or a big*kill of game, they don’t
parade up the main street with a brass band and send for the
photographer. They wait until after dark, sneak it into the
back door and don’t even tell their next door neighbor about it.
The world is growing better all the time.

This kingfisher bores a hole in the bank somewhere along
the stream and builds its nest in there. So when you are canoe-
ing or fishing or hiking and see a hole in the bank, and birds
going in and coming out, take the little fellows out and get
acquainted with them. If you have a camera make a picture
of them; if not, take some friend there who has one and make
a picture of them. Go back the next week, and the next, and
make other pictures. Take the birds some food each time and
they will learn to know you and welcome you. They will pose
for you any way you want them to, and in a little while you will
have a lot of beautiful pictures to put in your album.

The golden-winged woodpecker, or flicker, or whatever you
may call it—it has a dozen different names—is another indus-
trious bug-eater, but. there are men all over the country who
want to kill them, too. They say they are good eating and good
sport. Yet each of these birds eats seventy to seventy-five
thousand insects each summer, and each pair feeds their babies
like ten to twenty thousand insects in three or four weeks.

The blue jay is another good bug hunter and a real orna-
ment to shade trees about the house and in the forest. He is
a cheerful neighbor, and while not much of a songster, he does
the best he can in that line.

The prowling house cat is a serious menace to the bird
world. I have the highest respect for the good-natured, domestic
old Thomas or Maria who stay at home and attend to their
duties; but I have no use for the other kind that goes hunting
in the fields and forests, kill all the birds they can find and eat
them; and these prowlers should be put out of business wherever
found.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 115

The time was, and only a few years ago, when every man
and every boy when he saw a chipmunk, or a woodchuck, or a
rabbit, or a gray squirrel, wanted to either get a gun and kill it
or to shy a rock at it; but that has changed. There are a lot of
people today who are feeding those little things, inviting them
to come and live around their home; and they do it. An old
man chopping wood near a village made the acquaintance of
several chipmunks, and they soon learned to come every day
and help him eat his lunch. He would always share it with
them and he found a great deal more fun in it, he said, than he
would have had in killing them.

You have all heard and read many times the story of the
slaughter of the beautiful white herons and egrets in the southern
states and in South America for their plumes, so I need not take
your time to tell it here; but it is one of the great crimes of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries that those beautiful birds
which could be found in millions all over our southern states a
few years ago have been practically exterminated.

I said something to you about the prairie chicken. You
don’t have it here, perhaps, but in the northern part of your
State where there are vast prairies. That bird, when I first
commenced to travel through this State, thirty years ago, could
be seen in thousands from the trains; but not so today. Still,
if you would make a law absolutely stopping all killing of them
and of all other birds, prohibiting men from taking guns in the
fields or forests at any time for five years, and then send away
and get a few pairs of prairie chickens and put them out here,
you would soon have hundreds of them on every farm and they
would be eating up your grasshoppers.

Here (showing a picture) is another bird that is a menace to
the good birds of the country, the crow. He is one of the serious
problems in protecting our good birds. We cannot legislate too
much against him. So long as men are allowed to shoot I wish
you would induce them to devote their time to the crow and the
English sparrow, the red squirrel and the prowling cat.

A few years ago the gull was hunted for millinery purposes,
just as other birds were. Gull wings and whole gull skins were
very popular for trimming women’s hats, and the state game
warden of North Carolina told me that to his certain knowledge
more than fifteen thousand small gulls were killed on Currituck
Sound in one winter and the skins shipped to milliners in the
north.

116 Missourt Agricultural Report.

We are trying to get all states that have gray squirrels to
make laws to protect them at all times, to take them out of the
list of game animals and put them in the list of protected birds.
The gray squirrel is too scarce now, too beautiful and too valu-
able to be killed for fun. When cultivated and taken care of
they become very tame. In fact, they take more readily to
the friendly advances of human beings than any other wild
animal. :

The skunk is another pirate. He hunts birds, eggs and
young birds all night and eats all he can find. So whenever you
are out hunting and can find one of these put him out of busi-
ness. Fortunately, his skin is valuable and the trappers have
sport hunting him.

There are three species of deer in this country—the Vir-
ginia deer in the east and middle west, and so called because it
was first found and described in Virginia three or four hundred
years ago. It ranges west to the Rocky Mountains. There it
mixes with another species known as the mule deer, the one
shown in this picture, so named on account of its large ears. It
ranges all through the Rocky Mountain country and west to
the summit of the Cascade ranges. There it is replaced by the
third species, the black-tailed deer, in Wyoming and Montana
and Colorado—the people call this (indicating picture) the
black-tailed deer, but that isa misnomer. This is not the black-
tailed deer at all. This deer’s tail is white, except that it has
a few black hairs on the end, while the black-tailed deer has a
black tail from start to finish. So when you hear a Colorado
man, or a Montanian, or a Wyoming man talking about a black-
tailed deer you may know he means a mule deer.

The young of all species of deer are spotted at birth, and
they wear their spots until six or eight months old. Then the
spots disappear and the fawns take on the color of the adult
animal. The fawns are easily tamed and they make delightful
playmates for the little folks. Unfortunately, when the male
deer grows up he is likely to become vicious and has to be put
away.

You have all heard of the abundance of wild animals in the
Yellowstone National Park and how easy it is to go in there and
photograph them, but this (indicating picture of a bear) is not
one of those animals. This old chap lived and does yet, so far
as we know, in the Sawtooth mountains, some three or four
hundred miles south of the park. A man killed a deer in the

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. eZ

edge of this little opening, cut off the hind quarters and took them
into camp for food and left the forequarters out there for bear
bait. The next morning early he went out and set up the
camera by the remains of the deer, stuck down some brush
around it to conceal himself, laid down and read a book nearly
all day, hoping a bear might smell the fresh meat and come to
it. Along toward sundown he was rewarded for his patience by
hearing a suspicious noise away back in the woods. Soon he
saw a bear advancing toward the open. It came very cautiously,
but it had smelled the fresh meat and wanted some of it. Finally
it came within thirty feet of the camera. It entered that magic
circle on which the lens was focused. The man pressed the bulb;
the bear heard the click of the shuttle, turned and went back
into the woods; but the man tells me he would not give that
negative for the skins of any dozen bears that he might have
killed and spread out on his floors at home.

You have all heard and read many times the story of the
passing of the buffalo, and I need not take much of your time
to repeat it. You have perhaps read of places where the
slaughter had been so great that a man could have walked a
mile and stepped on buffalo bones at every step. You may
have thought this an exaggeration, but here is a picture of a
slaughter yard which covered several square miles, where a man
could have walked five miles and stepped on buffalo bones all
the way. This tragic slaughter was made possible by sending
out parties of mounted hunters every morning to round up
bunches of buffalo and drive them into this valley, in order that
the killing might be done near the camps.

In 1873 a party of Flathead Indians, who live in the Flat-
head valley of Northern Central Montana, came over into the
eastern part of that territory to hunt buffalo, as had been their
custom for perhaps hundreds of years. They found this time,
as in previous years, the usual vast herds of buffalo. The
plains were black with them as far as the eye could see, but the
Indians found this time, for the first time in their lives, hun-
dreds of white men hunting these great beasts. A railway had
just been built into the buffalo country, and an army of butchers
had gone out there to kill off these magnificent creatures for
their skins. The Indians saw the puffs of smoke raising from
behind bunches of sagebrush in every direction. They saw the
great beasts staggering about and falling. They saw.the red-
handed butchers following up the gunners, skinning the dead

118 Missourt Agricultural Report.

animals and packing the skins for shipment to the east, where
they were sold for $1.50 each. And this is the story in brief of
the passing of the buffalo.

That night around the camp fire the old chief in charge of
the Indian hunting party said to his young men: ‘These
white men are going to kill off these buffaloes, and if we want
any of them for our children or our grandchildren to even look
at, we must take them home and raise them in our own country.”’
The young men could scarcely believe this prediction. They
did not think all the white men in the world could ever kill off
all those millions of buffaloes; but the counsel of the old chief
prevailed, and when the hunt had ended and the Indians had
loaded their hundred or more ponies with dried meat and were
ready to go home a party of young men went out and roped
three little calves. These were carried over the mountains on
the ponies. In their own country the Indians had some domes-
tic cows that they had bought from the white men. They taught
the calves to nurse them. The little fellows grew rapidly. In
three years they were big, husky brutes and began to increase
in number. You remember it was in ’73 that the Indians took
the calves over there. I was in that Flathead valley in ’82,
nine years later, and I found there this magnificent herd of 35
head of buffaloes (indicating), all sprung from that humble
beginning, from those three little calves that were carried over
the main range of the Rockies on the hurricane decks of the
Indian cayuses. And that herd kept on growing until in 1907
those Indians sold and delivered to the Canadian Government
600 head of buffaloes; and there are over 100 head still running
wild in that Flathead valley.

I wish I had time to tell you all about the making of this
picture. But it is too long a story: The animals were as wild
as any herd ever was on their native plains, and it took me five
hours of careful, patient stalking to get within 50 yards of them,
at which distance the picture was made.

This is simply another of the many object lessons that have
been given to the world as to what may be done with a small
remnant of wild life if you will only take care of it.

Since the buffalo is wiped off the map as a game animal,
the moose is considered by most hunters as the greatest prize
left for them; and many hunters go every year to’ Maine, or to
Canada,.or to Alaska, to hunt moose.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 119

The moose is a great, magnificent, stately creature, but he
is absolutely stupid. He has not the same keen sense of self-
preservation many of our other wild animals have. A good
hunter can stalk a moose to within 50 yards on his feeding
ground and shoot him down as easily as he could shoot a cow
out here in a pasture field. The native guides in the moose
country frequently call with a birch bark horn, and the moose
in answering the call blunders up to within 25 yards of the con-
cealed hunter and his guide. At that distance he looks almost
as big as a load of hay, and all the hunter has to do is to point
the rifle in his direction and pull the trigger. That is not the
way the hunters put up the story when they come back; but it is
the truth all the same. I have been there and I know.

The young moose is easily tamed, as well as the fawns of the
other members of the deer family, and is frequently broken to
drive in harness.

A man in Roseau, Minn., had one when I was up there
years ago that he would frequently hitch up and drive to Pem-
bina, 52 miles from there, have him fed in the livery stable,
transact his business, then hook up the moose and drive home,
a distance of 104 miles for the round trip, and the moose would
come in on his long, swinging trot almost as gay and chipper
as he was in the morning when he started out. So if any of
you people are thinking of buying a driving horse or an auto-
mobile, I advise you to get a moose instead. He is a much
better roadster and much cheaper to board.

Two boy friends of mine were photographing birds and
their nests some years ago on the Flattop mountains of Colo-
rado. I don’t know why they call them the Flattop unless it is
because they are not flat on top. It is a very rough country.
The boys were about a hundred yards apart at one time in the
morning and one of them had gone into a clump of bushes to
look for the nest of a certain bird which he had seen about there.
He heard his friend whistle and knew this meant something, so
he slipped out to the edge of his cover just as these two great
rams came along. They walked within thirty feet of him. He
pressed the bulb and got this beautiful picture. The game
went on down the trail and never knew they had been near a
human being, and the boy tells me he would not give this pic-
ture for the heads of any dozen rams he might have killed and
hung up on his walls at home.

120 Missourt Agricultural Report.

DOGS AND A SUGGESTION.

(Hon. Harry B. Hawes, St. Louis.)

Fellow farmers, I practice law to support a farm; some here
E may conduct a farm to support a lawyer.

There is an old Irish adage, ““‘When
all fruits fail welcome haws.”’ I at-
tribute my invitation to speak to a
partial failure in the fall crop of
orators.

Together with a living every man
is entitled to at least one hobby.

An old-fashioned lady told me her
hubby was her hobby, but times have
changed; the new woman most fre-
quently has hobby for hubby, not
hubby for hobby.

My hobby came to me in my
eighth year in the person of a terrier dog, part Skye, part Scotch,
but all dog. A fussy, fuzzy fellow who, contrary to rules, slept
under my bed, fought his way to school with me each day, took
a keen interest in marbles, played ball Saturday afternoons,
swam the river, a companion in all youthful adventures, a con-
fidential friend, shared all my joys and gave sympathy for my
sorrows. Drawing a homemade wagon in summer he was
harnessed to a sled in winter.

A considerate, courteous, chivalrous gentleman who died
like a soldier on the field of battle. Locked in a death struggle
with a larger dog he was about to gain new laurels for his proud
friend when crushed by the wheels of a fire engine. We gave
him a christian burial, and for many years the little mound
which held poor Toby’s remains was visited by devoted friends,
who, appreciating his sterling worth, kept green his memory.

This was thirty-six years ago, and each year since has
found me either the part or whole owner of at least one dog and
at times as many as thirty. Some were presents, some five-
dollar dogs and others cost more than a blue-ribbon gaited
saddle horse.

There are more different breeds of dogs than of horses,
cattle, sheep or poultry. He is the oldest domesticated animal,
and assisted his master to procure food and defend against his

Harry B. Hawes.

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 121

enemy before horses, cattle and poultry came under control.
His story runs back to prehistoric times. He was used as a
sacrifice upon the altar of pagan gods. His place in history,
art, fiction and poetry ranks second only to man. Next to man
he ranks highest in intelligence, being susceptible to all human
passions, hatred, love, fear, hope, joy, distress, courage, timidity
and jealousy. Man requires service from all animals, but only
from this one receives friendship. He is the only animal that
eats all of man’s food—fish, flesh and vegetables.

Man is taught chivalry; the dog has it naturally. He
never attacks the female of his species, even when feeding. He
is the delight of the poor man’s hovel and the rich man’s man-
sion. Faithfully follows his master who tramps the dusty
roadside, and sits proudly upon the cushioned seat of the mil-
lionaire’s de luxe machine. Wealth, caste, social distinction
are all one to him; he is content and useful in every station to
which assigned by fate. But he knows the just from the unjust,
the kind from the unkind, the charitable from the uncharitable,
the true from the false, the man from the hypocrite. Disguise
does not deceive him; paint, tinsel, silk and jewels are no more
to him than tatters, rags, worn shoes or ragged hat, but it is
what these things cover, the man, who wins his affection or
dislike. His master’s friends are his friends; his master’s ene-
mies are his enemies, no matter what their station. He does
not count the cost, but gives his life at his master’s command

A good dog for the farmer.

122 Missourt Agricultural Report.

and, even without command, in his master’s defense. When
master is gay he is merry; when sad he grieves and understands
his moods, as does his master’s wife. The destruction of an
army, the fate of a nation, has been decided by a dog’s bark.

With teeth bared, eyes ablaze and hair a-bristle he has
saved a wife and child from assault and then played nurse all
day.

With devoted strength he has rescued his master from a
watery grave and dragged a child from an angry fire.

Over bleak and frozen mountains he has carried food and
drink and brought assistance to the wounded and those in dire
distress.

Peary could not have reached the North Pole nor Scott
the South Pole without the faithful dog.

He has taken the place of the horse and the ox, his skin has
been used for shelter and for clothes, his flesh as food, his eyes
have found the things his master sought, his nose has bared
the trail his master could not find.

And in return he asks but a little consideration and a few
kind words.

“Never yet the dog our country fed,
Betrayed the kindness or forgot the bread.”’

As friend, companion and confidant, I like him best. His
manifold uses need little discussion. One small dog in a home
has more terror for the burglar than an armed man outside;
in the yard he sounds the warning and the night prowler sneaks
away.

In hunting he is almost indispensable. An American, Paul
Rainey, recently surprised the sporting world by hunting the
lion in Africa with dogs raised and trained in Louisiana. When
properly trained he can handle cattle, sheep and swine better
than a man. He excels as a ratter and destroyer of mink and
other vermin.

All have seen the blind man’s dog, cup in mouth and at-
tached to a string, leading his sightless master.

Before the days of cooking stoves each household had
its open chimney and “turnspit’? worked by a dog, and even
today the dog on a treadmill churns the butter.

The expressman and peddler, in delivering their packages
and wares, usually leave a four-footed guardian in charge.

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 123

Troupes of performing dogs delight the audiences in our
vaudeville houses and demonstrate what they can do when
skillfully trained.

Hagenbeck has a lion tamer who always enters the lion’s
cage accompanied by two magnificent Great Danes. He
informed me ‘the dogs are not there for exhibition purposes,
but for the protection of the keeper. At the first attempt of
the lion at attack their duty is to attack him. Twice they have
saved the trainer’s life.

Many fire departments have their mascot, who attends all
fires and in idle hours entertains the company.

* * *

Time will not permit of a more extended discussion of these
enjoyable trials, in which the dog of the poor man contests with
the dog of the rich and the happy owner of the winner is more
elated than by any other sporting event.

Housing, feeding and training can not be satisfactorily dis-
cussed in my allotted time. A few things, easily remembered,
will add to our friend’s contentment and his master’s satis-
faction.

The kennel should be dry, clean and frequently white-
washed.

Scraps from the table, when fresh, are the best food and
cost nothing.

Feed the dog yourself; you will control him better.

Feed twice a day, morning and evening—the big meal at
night, as the dog should not be worked immediately after eating.

Do not feed chicken bones; they are covered with a hard
substance which frequently cuts through the intestines.

Use a leather collar, not one made of metal. Don’t chain
unless necessary.

If the dog sucks eggs, open one end of an egg and put in
some red pepper.

The master is responsible for a vicious dog; if it is vicious it
is largely his fault.

Properly introduced to the cat, there will be no “‘cat and
dog time.”

If he jumps upon you in caress gently press your shoe
upon a hind foot. Do this a number of times and he will stay
on the ground.

The pup will imitate an old dog; but don’t try and train
two young dogs at the same time; give each a private lesson.

124 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Put your own name and address on the collar—not the
dog’s.

Don’t kick your dog or strike him on the head. Use a
switch or, grasping him by the neck and back, give him a shak-
ing.

Don’t ‘holler’? at a dog unless he is at a distance; talk to
him in a moderate tone. He is guided more by intonation than
words. You exhaust your emphasis in continuous “hollering”
and he fails to understand.

Don’t let your dog chase horses or autos on the road; it
is a very bad habit.

Don’t use more than three letters in your dog’s name; if
you want to use a longer one for his pédigree give him a short
kennel name.

Don’t borrow a dog and don’t lend one; you may spoil your
friend’s dog or he yours; a dog must know his own master.

Don’t punish a dog long after his fault has been committed;
be sure he knows exactly for what the punishment is admin-
istered.

Don’t keep a dog in a hot room all day and put him out
in the cold at night.

Try and keep a breed that will not require to have their
ears or tails trimmed. This is a custom which is properly grow-
ing in disrepute.

Take your dog into the chicken yard when young and let
him stay by your side while you work with the chickens. He
will then learn to know that they are your property and respect
them. If he is old when you get him and he kills a chicken try
a thrashing; if that fails, tie the dead chicken around his neck
and let him carry it all day. He will soon get enough chicken
and will leave them alone. This is a favorite method of “bird
dog men” in breaking a pointer or setter from chasing rabbits.

I have also thought it would be a wholesome method of
punishment for the chicken thief if one of our ebony-hued friends
should have an old dominecker rooster tied around his neck and
be compelled to parade around town all day. He, too, would
become sick of chickens.

Let us try and devise a practical plan for the utilization of
at least one useful breed of dogs by the State.

Each breed has its especial advocate and each its par-
ticular use. For the farm, however, it is my Judgment that the
rough-coated Scotch collie is the best general utility dog, besides

Report of Missouri Farmers’ Week. 125

being beautiful and companionable. The word “collie” is
simply the old Highland term for “‘sheep dog.” These dogs have
been used for centuries in handling all kinds of domestic animals.
They are serviceable as companions, watchdogs, and have an
all-around general utility. They are adaptable, loyal and
easily trained to perform all sorts of service.

The tests to which they are put in sheep-dog trials are
most severe. A long course is marked cut by flags, and the dog
is compelled to conduct three strange sheep over the course,
which is interrupted by hurdles, and deliver the sheep into a
pen. These dogs are directed only by the voice and signals
made by the hands and arms, and are unaccompanied by the
owner, who must remain at a distance.

Some years ago I ascertained that there were 22,000 dog
licenses issued in St. Louis alone. It is safe to say that not
one-third of the dogs in the city are licensed. If I am even
approximately correct, there are at least 50,000 dogs in St.
Louis and probably as many as 250,000 in the State.

Missouri spends money each year in bettering the breeds
of cattle, horses, swine and poultry. Why not spend a small
sum on the dog? Orif the State will not do this, why can it not
be done by subscription?

The average collie litter contains from six to eight pups.
In nine weeks a pup is born. In sixty days more he will be
ready to send to his new home. This will require only five
months from the date of breeding to the date of delivery. Thirty
brood bitches and five stud dogs could be bought for a com-
paratively small sum and in many cases donated for the experi-
ment; these would in a year’s time supply one or two Gace
collies for each county in the State.

The annual maintenance of a State kennel in Columbia
will not be large.

I may be overestimating the value of this plan, but I
believe it to be practical, useful and will add much to our State’s
reputation for progressiveness.

Senator George Vest illumined this subject in an address
to a jury. Time and changed political issues may cause us to
forget his great speeches, but this classic will always be pre-
served:

‘““Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in
this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His
son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove

126 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those
whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may
become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he
may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it
most. A man’s reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of
ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their
knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first
to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon
our heads. The one absolute, unselfish friend that man can
have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one
that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog. Gentle-
men of the jury, a man’s dog stands by him in prosperity and in
poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold
ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely,
if only he can be near his master’s side. He will kiss the hand
that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that
come in encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards
the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all
other friends desert he remains. When riches take wings and
reputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun
in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the
master forth an outcast in the world, friendless and home-
less, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accom-
panying him to guard against danger, to fight against his ene-
mies, and when the last scene of all comes, and death takes the
master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold
ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there
by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between
his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness, faithful
and true even to death.”

FARMERS’ HAM AND BACON SHOW.
(W. L. Nelson.)

For best home-cured country ham—First premium, $25, W. H. Thomson, Columbia;
second premium, $15, J. E. Ballenger, Columbia; third premium, $10, H.G. Windsor, Boon-
ville.

For best home-cured country bacon—First premium, $25, James Bachler, Frederick-
town; second premium, $15, Walter J. Bachler, Fredericktown; third premium, $10, A. J.
Caldwell, Columbia.

The second annual Missouri Farmers’ Ham and Bacon
Show held in connection with the 1914 Farmer’s Week, and put
on by the State Board of Agriculture, was another success.
Owing to the scarcity of meat throughout the State, this second

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 127

show, while larger than the first, did not bring out as many
entries as would have resulted under more favorable conditions.
However, there were twenty-five hams and eleven entries of
bacon. Not only was the show larger than for the first year,
but the quality of the meat was very much better. The im-
provement in trim and general appearance of hams was espe-
cially noticeable where the exhibitors had made entries in the
first show. This feature is expected to prove one of the best of
the lessons that are to be learned. The scarcity of meat through-
out the State was due in part to the shortage of hogs caused
by unusual losses from cholera, and also to the fact that Novem-
ber and December were too warm for home butchering. This
caused many farmers to use meat which otherwise would have
been entered in the show. '

Hams of excellent marbling and proper proportion of fat to lean, but No. 18 was not
thoroughly cured.

The judges in this second show were W. C. Hutchison,
Jamesport, Mo., former President of the State Board of Agri-
culture, and who has a state-wide reputation for the quality of
his home-cured hams; T. B. Ingwersen, Bowling Green, Mo.,
whose Walhalla farm meat products from some one hundred or
more hogs butchered annually are the equal of the best; Mrs.
Wallace Estill, Estill, Mo., who has built up an extensive trade
in country-cured hams and who makes sales to leading hotels in
St. Louis and Kansas City, as well as shipping as far east as
Boston. In the management of the show Dr. P. F. Trowbridge
of the Missouri College of Agriculture rendered valuable assist -
ance. The report of the committee on awards is as follows:

“We, the committee chosen to make the awards at the
second annual Missouri Farmers’ Ham and Bacon Show,

128 Missourt Agricultural Report.

First, second and third prize hams.

held in Columbia, Mo., under the auspices of the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture during Farmers’ Week, January 12-16,
1914, beg leave to report as follows:

‘““After carefully inquiring into the merits of the various
entries, making careful examination of same following the
cutting of the meat, and, in some instances, the cooking of
parts, and passing upon these entries as to shape, size, flavor,
texture, taste, odor and general desirability to meet the demands
of the purchasing public, we made the awards as follows: On
hams, No. 5 was awarded first place and the premium of $25;
No. 4, second place, $15; No. 22, third place, $10. After the
awards had been made and the decisions finally reached refer-
ence was made to the books, when it was ascertained that ham
No. 5 was owned by W. H. Thomson, R. F. D. 10, Columbia;
No: 4 by J; E. Ballenger, R: F. D. 4, Columbia; and No.122> by:
H. G. Windsor, Boonville.

“It was a very difficult task to judge the many excellent
hams exhibited at the show. Many were so nearly alike in
flavor that it was almost impossible to detect a difference. In
order to decide we had to reject many excellent hams, some on
account of being improperly trimmed, some on account of being
too fat, others for not being cured enough. We especially desire
to commend ham No. 18, entered by James Bachler, Frederick-
town, for the amount of good meat, good color, nice trimming

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 129

General view of ham section of the show. Fourth and fifth hams, bottom row, are almost
ideal in shape.

and good taste. This ham would have been awarded a pre-
mium had it been more thoroughly cured. Ham No. 5, awarded
first premium, was excellent in flavor, but had hardly been
smoked enough, and the trimming was not just correct. Ham
No. 4, awarded second premium, also lacked somewhat in
amount of smoke. Ham No. 22, while a very excellent piece
of meat, was somewhat lacking in flavor.

Some of the hams after the meat had been cut for inspection of judges.

‘The bacon entries were very much lacking in quality as
compared with the hams. The show thoroughly demonstrated
the fact that the average farmer knows a great deal more about
making good hams than he does about making good bacon.
Considerable education along this line is needed. After passing
upon the bacon entered awards were made as follows: Entry

No. 9, first, $25; entry No. 8, second, $15; entry No. 7, third,
A-9

130 Missourt Agricultural Report.

$10. On examining the books, the same as after the awards
had been placed on the hams, we found that the prize bacon was
owned by the following parties: No. 9, James Bachler, Fred-
ericktown; No. 8, Walter J. Bachler, Fredericktown; No. 7,
A. J. Caldwell, Columbia. Practically all of the bacon entered
in the show was too salty, and much‘of it was not in reality
bacon at all, but salt pork.

First, second and third prize bacon.

“We commend the Missouri State Board of Agriculture for
having last year inaugurated the first show of the kind ever
held in this country under State auspices. There is great need
for such a show and for further educating the farmer along these
lines. Werecommend unqualifiedly that this show be continued
from year to year, and urge upon the farmers of the State to
take advantage, not only of the chance to win premiums, but to
learn more of the principles of meat making such as were brought
out in this show. It is our belief that it would be well to have
two classifications for hams—one for what is commonly known
as old hams, cured the previous year; the other for hams more
recently cured. We believe that in another year there should
be additional classifications, including shoulders and country

Report of Missourt Farmers’ Week. 131

sausage, and that similar awards, or awards in keeping with
the judgment of the Board, should be offered.”

Missouri is the first State in the Union to take up in such a
practical way the matter of increasing the interest of the farmer
in the home curing of meat. The State Board of Agriculture
has issued three bulletins on this subject, and has held its second
ham and bacon show. Several other states are following
Missouri’s lead, and some of these have conducted shows pat-
terned after that put on by Missouri during the winters of 1913
and 1914. It is hoped and believed that the Missouri show
may be one of the permanent and valuable features of Farmers’
Week.

L | Si |

Section of the bacon show. From reader’s left to right, second and third pieces in top row.
first and fourth in middle row, and second, third and fourth in bottom row are good
shapes. Sides should be split, not left large as was first piece in bottom row.

Missouri Country Life Conference.

OFFICERS.

President—Paul Culver, Gower.
Vice-President—H. E. Books, Fulton.
Secretary—W. L. Nelson, Columbia.
Treasurer—M. F. Miller, Columbia.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.
(R. H. Emberson, University of Missouri, Columbia.)

During Farmers’ Week, 1913, the Missouri Country Life
Conference was organized. The expenses of
this conference and also those of the 1914
meeting were met by the State Board of
Agriculture. At the first conference no roll
of paid-up members was started, but the
interest was such as to justify making this
organization a permanent one. During the
first conference the sessions were held in the
Young Men’s Christian Association building.
The second conference was held in the main
auditorium of the University. The attend-
ance was the largest of all the Farmers’ Week meetings. Meet-
ings were held in the afternoons of January 13th, 14th, 15th
and 16th. <A strong feature of this conference was the partici-.
pation in the meeting by men and women who are actually
accomplishing things worth while in country life improvement.
Never before had so many Missourians, all working along these
lines, been brought together. The conference was also fortunate
in having distinguished men and women from outside the State
to give strength to the program.

The second annual Missouri Country Life Conference was
held in Columbia during Farmers’ Week, January 13-16, 1914.
The sessions were held in the main auditorium of the University
in the afternoons of the dates mentioned.

R. H. Emberson.

(132)

Missourt Country Life Conference. 133

The program consisted of addresses, papers and discussions
on the country church, country schools, rural economics, rural
sociology and rural organizations. The names of those who took
part in the program which appear in this bulletin give evidence
to the high order of the topics that were considered.

It is doubtful if there has ever been a series of meetings held
in Missouri at which more questions pertaining to present-day
problems were discussed. There was a good attendance at each
session. The interest manifested by the audience showed that
people came to these meetings not through idle curiosity or to
be entertained, but to listen to the consideration given to these
live, fundamental questions.

The enrollment of active members reached one hundred
and one. This number will be increased when the people begin
to realize the aim of the organization. Officers were elected as
indicated above. The Missouri Country Life Conference as an
organization is capable of doing great good for the rural com-
munities of this State.

THE FARMER’S WIFE, SON AND DAUGHTER.

(Dr. W. H. Black, president Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Mo.)

When I was asked by Professor Emberson, my good friend
of long standing, to come over here
and talk at this meeting, and par-
ticularly with reference to matters
that were interesting the mind and
the heart of people who are concerned
for the betterment of conditions not
only, but with reference to the spiritual,
social and intellectual interests of the
people in the country, I was glad to
accept. I have been with Brother
Watson in his meeting over at Lad-
donia, and Professor Emberson was
WEE Black. there and we had a good time together,
and to meet these men again at such

a conference is a delight.
Men and women, we have come to a very important period
im) the! history, of rural people. . The interests that we have
together are vast and the problems tremendous. There are
city problems, the problems of business and of church, and

134 Missouri Agricultural Report.

problems of temperance and of the slums; and we have in the
country problems equally as great and significant. They do
not concern, in the smallest view of it, as many people, but they
concern the people who are there just as vitally, and the interests
to be served are as far-reaching in their importance as any that
can engage a body of men and women in the great centers of
population. We must get busy to think about these important
interests. -

Now this afternoon I thought I would talk on the same
subject that I spoke on over there at Laddonia, and I don’t
know any other way to present the things that I want to say
in connection with a meeting of this sort than to say them just
under four heads—the farmer, the farmers’ wife, the farmer’s
son and the farmer’s daughter.

The first of these—the farmer: The things that I wanted
to suggest are not things that immediately concern the raising
of crops, the raising of stock and the managing of orchards and
the selection of seed, and things like that—you can get that in
other departments and from men and women who are specialists
in the subjects discussed—but there is something that I feel
with referenee to the farmer as a man that I want to lay on your
hearts. Now, of course, it is well for him to look to his health
and the harvesting and the right use and distribution of his
strength, and therefore that he should keep things in proper con-
dition for making himself healthy, but I want you to think
about the keeping of his mind active, too, and some of the things
that make the challenge to the farmer with reference to the
great things that may be done. Just to plump right into the
subject, one of the greatest undone things in the interest of
rural communities is the proper organization and solidarity of
the people with reference to the things that they grow and wish
to dispose of.

When a farmer goes to market he asks one man what is the
price of wheat and corn and oats, and another man what is the
price of hogs and cattle and sheep, and another man what is the
price of eggs and butter and chickens; and if he goes to the
manufacturer, the producer of other things, he will ask the same
sort of a question: What is the price of the thing they produce?
What is the price of your iron? What is the price of your lumber?
What is the price of the things that you have to dispose of?
He does not fix the price on the things that he makes; the other
fixes it both ways.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 135

Judge Wallace told me last night as we came along on the

train that there is a certain class of producers. in this State
who make their produce for one dollar and a half a barrel and sell
it for seven. Now, how many farmers make that much profit
on the things they raise? How many of you are able to fix the
price yourself on what you want to sell?
vd One of the great opportunities for the farmers of this coun-
try is to so get together that a great administrative office handling
the rural productions of this country shall be under their own
control. Why, the brains at the head of the great concerns in
St. Louis and Kansas City, in Chicago, in New York and in
Philadelphia, and all over your country, have in their beginning
come off the farms, and therefore the farms have on them the
men that have the brains as well as the brawn to carry on great
enterprises, and they should not have to go off into the city in
order to find an opportunity to organize a great concern and a
great movement when there is such a tremendous need right
among the farmers themselves for organizing in order that they
may have something to say with reference to the prices that are
set on products that come from their fields. That to me is one
of the most splendid opportunities presented before the rising
generation of this time. We are having difficulty in getting
together. It seems that the people who live in the country are
more difficult to aggregate and solidify and bring into one; but
nevertheless, it must be done. It must be done so that you
won’t have to look to somebody else and ask what he will give
you for wheat and what he will give you for sheep and what he will
give you for hogs. The control of the products requires at the head
a man who is able to handle a great organization, because this
must be widely distributed—a vast organization of strong people.
Therefore, there is an opportunity. We have our societies
scattered abroad (some of them meeting here), but we are not
getting together with reference to the one great concern—look-
ing after ourselves and our interests as the other great industries
look after themselves and their interests.

Now that is why I am calling attention to the importance
of the farmer’s brain. There is one more thing that I will insist
upon in this connection, and it is this: It is just the importance
which is to be attached to the farmer’s heart. When many a
farmer wants his children to have the advantage of a better
school he moves into town, and it is pathetic what he goes
through in getting into town. I will tell you as an educator, it

136 Missourt Agricultural Report.

is one of the pathetic things to see the way the farmer behaves
after he gets into town. He is in a state of daily unrest; he
doesn’t have the environment that is congenial to him, and if he
has his farm near enough he goes back and forth and is at a
great disadvantage. But then there is another thing. He is
not prepared by the life that he has been living for the environ-
ment into which he has come, and therefore oftentimes he is the
unhappiest man in the community. -Longs for the day when
he can get back to the farm, and if that does not happen he just
simply settles down into a state described by our late friend,
Grover Cleveland, as a state of “innocuous desuetude,”’ and that
is about as bad a condition as he can get into. I don’t know just
exactly what Grover meant by it, but I know it must be a bad
state, because the phrase has fixed itself in our minds and we
are all living in dread of it.

The farmers’ heart: The country is full of churches. The
mission of these churches is with reference to the heart of this
man and his wife and his son and his daughter. These churches
in all of our denominations are getting weaker and weaker.
There are several reasons for that. One of the reasons is that
because of the facilities of transportation and the circulation of
literature and the various opportunities of self-culture that
come from the growth of our educational system, and things
like that, the taste has risen, and therefore the rural community
is not satisfied with what once satisfied it, and it does not seem
able or willing to provide for a better condition of things. Hence,
the country churches are emptying and the windows are being
knocked out of them and the doors broken off their hinges, and
things are going to rack and ruin. There needs to be a gather-
ing together of the people in a more compact community and the
elimination of the old sectarian spirit from the community in
order that they may be able to get together in the worship of
God and in growth in grace and in wisdom.

Now that was a nice little thing that Professor Emberson
said with reference to conditions up there at Alma—the getting
together of those four churches and forming one church and hay-
ing a young man preaching to them. They are now going on
splendidly. Why, they did business together before that, and
they went to weddings together, and went to funerals together,
and intermingled right straight along, the Methodist, the
Presbyterian and the Baptist. Why, I never heard of a young
fellow falling in love with a girl because she was a Presbyterian.

Missourt Country Life Conference. a7

He fell in love with the girl! And that sort of spirit ought to
characterize us, too, in our own religion, beloved. It is the love
of God that ought to be the fundamental motive in bringing
us together in His house for the purpose of public worship, and
the lines that distinguish us by name when we get into the house,
whether the name be Emberson or Watson or whatsoever, does
not count at all, and we remember only that we are children of
God. The denominational name does not mean any more.
There we belong to Him and we are His, and therefore the
importance of the farmer’s heart, of his putting in these problems
of the country community his heart—the love of his brethren
and the love of his God in practical operation, so that he and his
neighbors may federate and bring together their religious inter-
ests into an organization that will make it worth while and
effective and bring to them a preacher that will be really a serv-
ant of the community. Hon. Matt Hall said to me not long
ago: ‘‘What are we country people going to do? We all want
good preaching, and it is very difficult for us to have it the way
things are organized in our country communities. We have
a little group here at Smith’s chapel, and have another little
group over at Mt. Olive, and have another little group over here
and another little group over there, and none of us are able to
hold a man for more than one Sunday a month. What are we
going to do? Our children are being neglected.’ Even so.

Last Sunday I was going along the street in Blue Springs,
Mo. Mr. Montgomery said, ‘““We have got too many churches
in this town. I wish we could eliminate some of the churches
and all get together. We are able to support a good preacher
in this town and we all want good preaching.”’

The farmer’s heart must get into action; his brain is being
stirred with reference to the problems of his community and the
interest of the people around about him and in his own home,
and now he needs to have his heart stirred into just as definite
and enthusiastic action.

Well, I want to talk a little about his wife. A few years
ago Dr. Jesse started me on an investigation because he had
‘asked me to prepare a paper for a state teachers’ association. I
made the investigation, and here is one of the pathetic things
that I found: That in proportion to the population there are
more farmers’ wives in the State institutions for insane than any
other class of women. In further investigation of that point I
found it was just the monotony and grind of the life of the

A—10

138 Missourt Agricultural Report.

farmer’s wife that was responsible for that sort of thing. To
me that was a very pathetic thing—that there should be a type
of our best citizens in whose lives there was such monotony that
in the end it began to prey on the centers of reason and, in many
cases, dethroned it.

Now I am thankful for progress; for a little improvement
in the matter of roads so that the women can get about a little
more. They don’t begin to see in the community where they
live what their husbands see. And therefore I am glad that
there is a little taste being formed with reference to better roads
in order that she can get abroad a little easier. Then I am glad
for the rural free delivery of mail, which is a godsend, and as
much to the women as to the men. I tell you, too, I am pro-
foundly grateful for the telephone. It just did me good to be
out in the country last Sunday morning and see a lady sit down
after breakfast at the telephone and ring up a sister somewhere—
I don’t know where it was, “‘seven hundred six”’ she called for—
and she had a good social chat over the telephone with her
neighbor. My, what a break in the monotony of that woman’s
life on the farm it is to be able to thus have a little chat! And
you go to one of those phones and ring and just hear the clicks!
Why, the phones all go down! I was wanting to inquire the
other day concerning the state of health of a friend of mine out
in the country who was ill, and I did not get an answer. I
heard the clicks though as the call was made, and I waited and
waited, and finally a voice piped in. She said, “I don’t think
there is anybody answering the phone at their house today. I
learned a little while ago that she is very much better.” I did
not know who it was, but I got the information I wanted. Now,
- the telephone is a great thing in solidifying and bringing together
the social life of a community, and I am grateful for it on that
account. I am looking for the doors to be a little more tightly
closed to our insane institutions against these women who have
been isolated on the farms hereafter, because they have an
opportunity to think, to talk and to have social life over the
phone.

Well, I am glad of another thing, and that is that we have
in the country the occasional automobile. Now it is not the
automobile itself that is doing the work. It is the ambition
awakened, it is their longing and hungering and yearning, and
all that sort of thing; that is just fine! If you can get a woman

Missourt Country Life Conference. 139

to think about a possible automobile I don’t think she will have
to go to Fulton!

Now there is another thing. I read an instance the other
day that struck me as very singular. It was of a woman who
had been very saving and economical in the making of butter
and in the gathering of eggs and marketing them until she had
saved up enough money to buy herself a sewing machine; and
then, when she got it, her husband took it and bought a sulky
plow! Now, I don’t think the man is here, but I tell you we do
need, men—now just write this down in your souls—we do need
to think a good deal more about our wives and their convenience
and comfort. Why, you don’t provide any way by which slops
may be carried away from the house and the water piped into
the house for your wife’s comfort as you ought to do. Pipe it
away down yonder in a field, down to the old red bull, but you
don’t bring it into the kitchen for your wife. A man says,
“That is right!’ Now you know of things like that. Just let
me write that down here, write it on the minds and hearts of
you men, that we ought to think a little more about our wives
and the things that will make them comfortable in their toil and
efficient in their service as wives and mothers and at the same
time relieve them of a good deal of the grind of life. There is
such a thing as having power to grind corn and there is such a
thing as having a little power to run the churn and washing
machine, and I don’t see why, if you have power enough to run
the corn grinder or the crusher, that you don’t harness the churn
to it in some way or the washing machine, and if you did your
wife would get a smile on that would last all the year through.

Well, the third branch of my subject is the farmer’s boy.
I am limited in time, and therefore I am just hitting a few of
what I think are practical suggestions as I go along. The
farmer’s boy: I want to say to the farmer that I think most of
his peril is thinking, through a sense of false economy, that he is
making sufficient preparation of his boy for life if he gives him a
short-cut training in something or other. It is Just as becoming
in a fellow to have a short-cut suit as it is for the boy to have a
short-cut education, and we are all in the habit of making re-
marks against the man whose clothes are too small for him.
It is said over yonder in China when they had the first reception
after the new President, Yuan Shi Kai, was installed that the
Chinese cut off their cues and came in modern regalia and it was
a sight to see! Some of them had plug hats on with nothing

140 Missourt Agricultural Report.

else to correspond, and some of them had shoes that did not fit
them, and they had trousers that were too short, and some had
gone and bought calico and had trousers made for themselves, and
it was a great exhibition of differences of taste! Well, now, the
incongruous is just as incongruous when we are living in this
century, of simply short-cutting in our preparations for this
century and these opportunities that are before us. Let us
give to the boy the best chance we can.

I want to say one more thing: They are beginning all over
the country in various widely separated spots to gather districts
in groups and building rural high schools. You foster that. That
is another interest of your boys, and if it is not your boy it is
your neighbor's boy—if not your girl your neighbor’s girl.
That is a great movement, men. We can build, like they have
over there in Putnam county, Illinois, a fine high school away
out yonder, nine miles away in the country, and binding together
three districts, hire a superintendent and pay him fifteen
hundred dollars, and other teachers and pay them nine hundred
dollars apiece. We shall then have something magnificent for
the rural community. We just want to spread that sort of thing
all over the State of Missouri, in my judgment. It is for the boy.

Now, with reference to the girl, the farmer’s daughter: I
think she is the most interesting part of the subject because we
all like to look at her, and I think everybody will be interested in
what I am going to say. I am not going to speak about the
general things, but call your attention to two or three specific
things that I think the farmer needs to think about so far as the
girls are concerned. The first thing is on the subject of fashion.
Did you hear that? I ama preacher and I am telling you some-
thing on the subject of fashion! My name is not Worth from
Paris, but I believe in fashion. What is fashion? Fashion is
sometimes connected with extravagances on this side and ex-
travagances on that side, but fashion is nevertheless the way
in which humanity expresses its best ideals with reference to
human apparel. Now there are girls that I think go a little to
the extreme and there are boys that I think go rather to the ex-
treme, too, and there are things of that sort on both sides, but
fashion, as long as humanity lives, will continue to be and be
growing with the growth of men and women. You remember
what your Bible says about the bride? When it wanted to
describe heaven coming down to earth the finest way by which
the Bible could describe it was to say this: “‘I saw the new

Missouri Country Life Conference. 141

Jerusalem, the Holy City, coming out of heaven from God
adorned as a bride for her husband.’ That is the biggest hour
that a girl knows, when she adorns herself for her husband.
When she dresses herself for the great sacrifice of her life and
assumes the responsibility of his honor and the responsibility of
his progeny and the responsibility of the ideals of ahome. Why,
there is not anything too good for her just at that moment.
The fathers are willing to make the sacrifices, and the mothers
spend days or weeks preparing the apparel of the girl for that
supreme event, and the latest fashion is the pattern according
to which everything must be made. I am saying this with
reference to the country girl, because oftentimes she gets dis-
satisfied when she goes into town and sees things. Dress her
well, men, for she is your daughter. She is the hope of the
purity and the religion and the social life of your community.
Let her grow and be awakened for further growth.

There is a second thing I want to say with reference to the
farmer’s daughter, and that is on the subject of amusement.
Now, amusements ought not be recommended very much by a
preacher in the ordinary view of things, but I am going to tell
you that we are organized for amusement. We must have it; we
will have it, and if we cannot get it in refined and tasteful forms
we will get it somehow or other. Bound to come. We must
have it. God has made us that way. I was interested in read-
ing the old Prophet when he was describing the future glories of
the church and he used this language: ‘‘The street of the city
shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof.”
Playing boys and girls is the prophet’s ideal of future glory.
You have got to provide for it, you must provide for it, men;
you must let it get into the program of country life. Not mere
coarse forms of amusement, but things that will really be edi-
fying and helpful and stimulating at the same time that they
amuse. I am mighty thankful for the machinery that repro-
duces music. Those Victrolas have been a wonderful help to
humanity. Last summer one Saturday night the moon was full
and I said to a bunch of men in a hotel in Jerusalem: ‘“Let’s
go up to the Mount of Olives tonight,”’ and they said “‘all right.”’
And we footed it up over the rocky way to the top of the Mount
of Olives and when we got there what do you think we heard?
We heard a little, old, wheezy phonograph picking out an
Arabic song—it must have cost two dollars and a half or some-
thing like that. But those Arabs were lying around there on

142 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the ground listening to that little, old machine splutter an Arab
song. There are ways of amusement that are refining and
helpful and stimulating, and it is up to the men and the women
who live in the country to think out the refined amusement, to
see that it is provided for these boys and girls. Now, I am dis-
cussing that under the subject of girls because I don’t know
any kind of amusement that is as good as the amusement that
is had under the administration and in the companionship of
the girls.

Farmers, let us think on these things and they will add to
the joy and comfort of ourselves and our wives and our sons
and our daughters.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE ONE-ROOM SCHOOL.

(Mrs. Marie T. Harvey, Porter Rural School, R. F. D. 2, Kirksville, Mo.)

Note: One of the most interesting numbers on the Country Life Conference program
was the illustrated talk by Mrs. Harvey. Some sixty slides were shown. No report of
this address, even though it were possible to show each picture as presented, would do justice
to the high character of this address, an address disclosing a thorough understanding of
country conditions and delivered by an educated and cultured teacher whose life is being
devoted to a cause she loves. Rarely has it been the good fortune of Farmers’ Week visitors
to listen to an address of broader vision, greater inspiration and more practical ideas. It is
to be regretted that it is not possible to publish the address in full. The following is given
more in the nature of a summary of what Mrs. Harvey said. Added to this are some facts
reported by Prof. George Melcher of the office of State Superintendent of Public Schools:

To those of you who are familiar with my long and constant
advocacy of the consolidated rural
school for Missouri my choice of a sub-
ject for discussion this afternoon, ‘“‘The
Possibilities of the One-Room School,”’’
may seem strange. You have heard
me insist that the consolidated rural
school is the one type of rural school
that can most efficiently serve the com-
munity, that the building and proper
conduct of such school would be the
best kind of business investment for
all taxpayers in the enlarged district.
In spite of this and at a time when a
progressive Legislature has not ‘only
made the building of consolidated schools possible, but has
actually offered a premium for their erection by providing sub-

stantial State aid, making it possible for such districts to acquire

Mrs. Marie T. Harvey.

Missouri Country Life Conference. 143

suitable grounds, building and equipment, I come to talk of the
one-room school.

Why do I select such a subject? The subject is selected for
the same reasons that my present field of work was chosen.
Today the air is charged with currents and counter currents of
rural enthusiasm. A few experts and numberless nonexperts
are offering countless untested theories and prescriptions for the
solution of rural problems, as they are termed. At sucha time
my choice of a one-room school in the open country, a school
that offered all typical difficulties as well as some that were
unusual, was the subject of wonder and speculation in school
circles, and, perhaps, somewhat of a shock to my friends. Because
of this it seems appropriate that I explain my interest in the
one-room school.

(a) The one-room school, by reason of its contributions to
elementary education in the nineteenth century, has had and
still has a strong hold on the confidence and affections of country
people.

(b) Even with the rapidly growing sentiment in favor of
the consolidated school and all it stands for, the fact remains
that thousands of the most promising boys and girls are suffer-
ing for the lack of educational opportunity that is their right.
Other thousands will have to suffer before the State can possibly
put a good farm school within reach of every home in the rural
districts of Missouri.

(c) Missouri has approximately 10,000 one-room schools,
in which at least 200,000 children of varying ages are receiving
their preparation for citizenship.

-

Community co-operation, September 3, 1912. Bringing sand from river, five miles
distant, for the basement.

144 Missourt Agricultural Report.

(d) Judging from the schools that I know, one-fourth of
this number, or 50,000 children, will be men and women in an
incredibly short time. They will be founding homes, partici-
pating in the public business of the district, county and state.
Often they will be exerting the determining influence on public
policies conscientiously; but alas! often to the detriment of the
cause they would serve and for self-evident reasons.

(e) In view of these and other related facts, these ten
thousand one-room schools should make the closest possible
approach to educational efficiency in the shortest possible time.
- Listen to these words if you will—‘‘the closest possible approach
to educational efficiency in the shortest possible time.” A
chance—a “‘square deal”’ for the boy and girl of today!

Vestibule as it appeared in 1912. Schoolhouse fronts west.

Doubtless my two years’ connection with the model rural
school on the campus of the State Normal School at Kirksville re-
vived my earlier professional ambition to help country children, and
had much to do with my decision to again engage in rural school
work. May I say just here that country children have the same
native instincts, interests and capacities possessed by city boys
and girls, with the additional advantage of the country environ-

Missouri Country Life Conference. 145

ment. Contact with those children, with normal school students
and educators at Kirksville, as well as with country teachers,
school officers and parents in the field where I did much exten-
sion work, revealed conditions and needs that impressed me

East wall, 1912. Note stove in middle of room, wired stovepipe, broken ceiling, hanging
wall paper, height of blackboard, location of flue, arrangement of furniture and other
equipment. Woodwork painted a blue gray and badly soiled.

146 Missouri Agricultural Report.

deeply. In this work any plan that I offered to substantially
improve country schools was courteously but firmly rejected as
“‘sood but impracticable for us.’’ My confident and enthusi-
astic advocacy of a theory, supported by a successful demonstra-
tion before teachers, often brought from them such a response as,
“If I had a model building like this, if the children were trans-
ported, and if I received a large salary like you are getting, I
know I could be enthusiastic, too, and get better results. But,
Mrs. Harvey, you do not know conditions in the country.”
These and other circumstances that there is not time to discuss
combined to point the way to the pioneer work of demonstrating
some possibilities of the one-room school with no other resources
than those at the command of the district.

On July 17, 1912, I got my own consent to sign the contract
‘“‘to teach” the Porter school for eight months at $50 per month.
Beyond assuring you that despite difficulties usual and unusual,
and unaccustomed physical hardships such as were unnecessary
in my little school in Kansas twenty years ago, hardships which
worsted the teachers twice during the first term, I have never
undertaken a work so interesting, so satisfying or so important
as this. Already there are some deductions that could be
offered that are applicable to all similar schools.

East wall, 1913. Note light ceiling, soft tan wall paper, picture molding, lowered black-
board, good chalk rack, absence of old flue, telephone, new desk and chair, organ, lamp
and rearranged furniture.

Missouri Country Life Conference. 147

Because of time limitations it will be possible to give you
only a brief glance at each of the sixty-three slides which will
tell you in part the story of the Porter school development to
date and its relation to the community life. While the pictures
stand for many different things, we will endeavor to attract
attention chiefly to the changes in physical conditions as neces-
sarily preliminary to better school work, better school spirit,
a growing community spirit, and the really remarkable progress
made in so short a time under the most difficult conditions.

A basement view, 1914. Note pneumatic pressure tank, drinking fountain and kitchen
sink; also oil stove. Floor concreted by men in district who donated labor.

The Porter school district, containing nine square miles,
lies contiguous to the city (Kirksville), a fact that makes the
development of community spirit more significant. Its assessed
valuation today in round numbers is $109,000. Previous to
1912 it sustained its school on a twenty-cent levy, had the divided
term and the characteristic rotation of teachers, not one of whom
can be justly charged with the state of affairs that prevailed for
years. Although the enumeration listed fifty-two, the average

148 Missourt Agricultural Report.

attendance ranged from eight to thirteen. This calls for ex-
planation. A voluntary transportation route to feed the model
rural school of the State Normal School drew most heavily from
this district in its five miles’ course. It stands to reason that
parents living on a route offering the benefits of transportation,
expert teaching, free textbooks and a comfortable building
would avail themselves of such opportunity and would not be
actively interested in the development of a local school. Thus
unintentionally was this district devitalized.

Transportation, 1912. Wagon donated. Starting from the Allen Conner home, a terminal
point on the voluntary route. Mr. Conner donated use of team for six months. Fred
Conner, seventeen years old, driving. Two other patrons insisted on contributing
towards the expense of the route that year.

There was lack of local co-operation, local initiative, and
worst of all, lack of local faith in the possibilities of bringing about
a permanent regime of progress. This was shown in the determi-
nation of a number to retain the advantages of the model rural
school at Kirksville, even though they had petitioned for the
retention of this teacher in that school. The model rural school
with another teacher was a more certain proposition than this
teacher with the old Porter school, frankly described by one
mother as “‘unfit for my little girl to attend in cold weather.”’
They had learned to appreciate the advantages of a suitable

Missouri Country Life Conference. 149

Planting the strawberry bed, April 22, 1913. At the school garden, teacher’s cottage, three-
quarters mile north of schoolhouse. Plants brought from St. Louis county in suit case
by Miss Crecelius, a former pupil of Mrs. Harvey’s at Clayton, Mo., who is directing
the work.

building for their own children, but had not reached the point
where they were concerned about housing conditions for their
neighbor’s children “‘across the railroad.”

As stated before, having won my own consent to undertake
the management of this school I submitted my general plan to
President Kirk of the Normal School, who gave it his hearty
endorsement. At that time we both expected this route to be

Tomatoes from school garden. Ponderosa variety. Gathered August 6, 1913; weight,
33 pounds. Plants taken up April 18th; set out April 23d. Brought from St. Louis
county by Miss Crecelius. Season particularly bad—no rainfall between July 24th and
August 11th. All planting and cultivation by younger children. Produced earliest
tomatoes in community.

150 Missourt Agricultural Report.

abandoned. So much for an understanding of purposes and
conditions.

(At this point in Mrs. Harvey’s address the first slide was
shown. As the auditorium was darkened from this time on, the
official reporter was unable to proceed further.) Much has been
written concerning the Porter rural school and Mrs. Harvey’s
work. The following from the Missouri School Journal is part
of an article by Prof. George Melcher of the office of State
Superintendent of Schools:

First and only teacher's cottage in Missouri (so far as we know), September 1913, showing
petunias, geranium bed, etc. Work of smaller children and teachers. In this case
the teacher rents the cottage.

I shall divide the improvements observed into two classes. I shall name only ten
improvements in each class. The first class are ten things that any wide-awake teacher in
any Missouri school can do or have done by the pupils or others.

First. Several sets of good supplementary readers have been purchased. These
stimulate interest in reading and in school.

Second. <A good bookcase to protect the books has been made.

Third. A reading table has been placed in the schoolroom.

Fourth. <A few pictures (masterpieces framed) have been hung on the wall, not on
nails, but picture molding has been placed around the room.

Fifth. The desks have been arranged so that seats of the same size are in the same row.

Sixth. A flag pole has been erected and supports the “Stars and Stripes.”’

Seventh. A volley ball has been purchased, a giant stride constructed, horizontal bars
(two sizes) set up for the boys, and at recess and before school opened the visitors saw the
children really enjoying themselves as one group swung around the giant stride, another
group played volley ball and a third group indulged in a game of ordinary ball. These are
not the only games in this school, but. are the only ones that the visitor saw.

Eighth. Adjustable window shades have been purchased. By means of these the
whole window may be shaded, none of it shaded, the lower part shaded or the upper part
shaded; thus complete control of the light is obtained. Such shades can be secured for 65
cents each.

Ninth. A parents’ club has been organized and gasoline lights installed.

Tenth. Agriculture is being taught concretely. The children actually plant seeds,
cultivate the growing plants and study their growth. Some of the simpler things in house-
hold arts are also taught in a concrete way. .

Missouri Country Life Conference. 5

By the way, a Babcock milk tester was seen at this school. This instrument was a
loan, but served the school as well as if really owned by the school.

Ten more difficult things are:

First. A splendid basement has been constructed under the house. The entire exca-
vation for the basement had to be made. The bottom and walls of the basement are of
concrete. This basement is about 8 feet from floor to ceiling, and furnishes ample space
for a heating plant, fuel room and play and workroom.

Second. A hot air furnace has been installed.

Third. Running water has been installed and a drinking fountain. This was installed
for about $50. It is very simple and any plumber can install the system, a force pump in
the well, a pressure tank buried below the frost line, a bubbler and a few feet of pipe, and a
plumber who knows how to make the proper connections. x

Fourth. The house has been repainted both outside and inside, guttering put up to
insure a dry basement, and windows and door screened.

Fifth. An organ has been secured and the children are taught to sing. The boys rang-
ing in age from six to eighteen years can sing entire selections without the aid of the girls.

Sixth. The slate blackboard which was too high has been lowered so that it can be
used advantageously by the children.

Seventh. Three or four dozen folding camp chairs have been secured. These can be
easily and compactly stacked away and used when needed for classes, visitors or community
gatherings.

Eighth. A real home garden has been made at the teacher’s cottage, and much of the
work on this garden has been done by the pupils.

Ninth. A short course in agriculture has been arranged for November of this year.

Tenth. By a voluntary arrangement transportation is provided for the pupils. One
of the older boys drives the school wagon. A standard 12-foot Delphi school wagon has
been purchased.

Commenting further, Mr. Melcher says:

It should also be noted especially that in making these improvements most of the labor
was performed by the patrons and pupils and teacher. Some of the patrons worked as many
as 20 days gratis, excavating, cementing, painting, etc. They are learning the meaning of
teamwork, and other improvements will be made this year. Indeed, several improvements
which are not mentioned have been made.

AN INFORMAL TALK ON RURAL CONDITIONS.

(Hon. B. F. Harris, chairman committee on agriculture, American Bankers’ Association.
Champaign, Ill. Mr. Harris spoke informally. The following is as the official
reporter turned in the copy, which has not been revised by the speaker.)

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: In diverting your
attention I hope I will not take your

———————————— minds and hearts from the remarkable

address Mrs. Harvey has just given us,

because in such work as she is doing,
and as can be done in the country
school, lies the solution of the better
agricultural problems and rural life
problems for which we are all working.

It is just such a solution as this, which

ought to prevail throughout this coun-

try, that is to make rural life in America
what it ought to be—the greatest rural
civilization the world has ever seen.

B. F. Harris. We all agree, I am sure, that the most

152 Missouri Agricultural Report.

important problem before the nation today, barring none, is the
building up of rural life.

The Illinois Farmers Institute has said that the greatest
problem in connection with this work is the farmer himself.
The farmer is the problem within the problem. And if that be
so, then the farmer on the farm—not the retired farmer, but the
farmer on the farm, following soil, conserving methods of agri-
culture and having his family’s welfare and his community’s
interests at heart—is the most important citizen in the nation
today. There is no question about that in my mind, and I
don’t believe any one who has given it any thought feels dif-
ferently about it.

The care of the soil and the care of its caretakers is the
problem of today. It is not the question of talking to people
and getting them to like the farm better, but it is a question of
making the farm and the country more likeable; building up the
farm from the social as well as the productive side, for we are all
too apt to forget that farming is a life as well as an industry..

We are talking a good deal in the cities nowadays, and it is
high time we should, about social and industrial welfare, of
making the housing conditions what they ought to be, the social
conditions what they should be, and yet all too little has been
said about the same thing in the country, and they wonder why
it is the people are getting away from the farm. We are getting
away from the farms for very many reasons, and one of the
reasons is these one-room schoolhouses. Getting away because
the schools are not doing for the children what they ought to do,
what Mrs. Harvey has shown us even a one-room school can do.

Mrs. Harvey is an asset to this State; no similar address has
ever so impressed me as has hers. It represents a life’s work
for the life of the country school.

We are apt to say in connection with rural life that this or
that problem, whatever it may be—schools, roads, churches,
production or marketing, any one of a number of problems—is
the problem, but fortunately we don’t have to waste time deciding
which is the problem, because we may work on all of these
problems at the same time if we will. Yet after all, the school is
the most important and the vital problem. Nov, it is perfectly
possible to make the one-room school what Mrs. Harvey has
made it, where men and women are willing to take the hard-
ships and undergo all the difficulties which Mrs. Harvey has
doubtless had to undergo to get the results she has obtained, but

Missourt Country Life Conference. fon

it is unfair to put that burden on the few men and women who
are able and willing to do that work. The states over, it can
not and will not be done in that way, but through consolidated
schools.

Now, I am sure your schools here in Missouri are no better
than the schools in Illinois, and Illinois prides herself falsely in
many instances upon what she has accomplished as a great
agricultural state, yet she has something over ten thousand
one-room, ungraded country cross-road schools, and I know
of but few that begin to approach what Mrs. Harvey has been
able to accomplish with her school. Stop again to realize that
in those schools some three hundred and fifty thousand boys and
girls of Illinois are getting—in ninety per cent of the cases—
all of the education that they ever get in those one-room un-
graded schools. Now in those schools we have many teachers—
thirty or thirty-five or forty-dollar, poorly equipped, poorly
paid teachers. Some statistics recently given by Superin-
tendent Blair of the State Board of Education show that out of
some thirty-one thousand school teachers in the State of Illi-
nois sixteen thousand have had no normal or high school train-
ing. I don’t like to speak of my own state in just that way, but
these things must be spoken of plainly; that is the way to get
results. Fifty-six per cent of those teachers have not had either
high school or normal training, and that means that a large
majority of our country schools are taught by those teachers,
for the larger communities have more requirements and they
pay better wages. The boys and girls are penalized in the
country with schools, in Illinois and in Missouri and in every
state of the union, with schools that most self-respecting towns
or villages would not tolerate. And so in the few words that I
will say to you this afternoon I cannot begin to say anything that
would leave the impression with you that the matter of schools
should have. You should carry away, carry always, these
thoughts that Mrs. Harvey has left with you. In other words,
the effort to better rural life in this country begins right in those
schools, too many of which will continue for some years to come
as one-room schools.

Now we had a story in some of the literature that we are
sending out to the bankers to get them interested in agriculture,
for you know one way to interest people is to tell a story to focus
their attention. We ran across a little story of a farming com-
munity where the farmers very properly wanted to improve their

154 Missouri Agricultural Report.

live stock and bought a very fine Percheron stallion. He cost
$2,400, and having such a valuable horse they properly felt they
must be particular to get a careful and competent groom, and so
they devoted a great deal of attention to getting the right man,
and they finally got such a man at a salary of $75 a month and
board. Shortly after that it happened that they needed a new
school-teacher, and some of those same men, directors in this
horse company, were also directors in+the school. After looking
about, and after a good deal of hair-splitting and bickering, they
selected a young lady from town who did not know enough to
boil water without burning it, and they paid her a salary of
thirty dollars a month and she boarded herself—and was sup-
posed to train the children. Now that little humorous story,
which is really a very serious one, may help drive home the
point. We think much of our live stock and all that sort of
thing, and, of course, much of our children, yet we forget or
neglect properly to do the greatest service we can ever do our
children—that is, put them in proper environment and see that
they receive such an education as they are entitled to.

Now, the church follows along with the school. The school
and the church must be our community centers.

Just the other day in our magazine, ‘““The Banker-Farmer,”’
that we are getting out and that goes to the bankers all over the
country suggesting ways and means whereby the bankers may
be of service in helping toward a better agricultural and rural
life, we referred to the fact that the country minister of the
future must know something about the geography of the country
this side of Jordan. I gota letter from a country minister in one
of the neighboring states who had happened to read ‘“‘The Banker-
Farmer,’ and he said that it was right, but, said he, ““I will tell you
one thing perhaps you can do, and that is to see that the farmers
are more prompt in paying their country pastors. If they were
more prompt things might be in better shape. Farmers are in
the habit of getting their living out of the farm and they don’t
realize that the country pastor has to buy in the country town
everything that he uses, and so you will be of service to the
country pastor if you pass that on to the farmer.”’

Now the answer to that comes back again to the ‘“‘geo-
graphy this side of Jordan.’ If the country pastors and a large
majority of our city pastors would get in touch with the people
to whom they are preaching and among whom they are living,
just as Mrs. Harvey has gotten in touch with the conditions in

Missourt Country Life Conference. 15

which she was teaching, there would not be any trouble about
the ministers getting their salary and having a good congrega-
tion. The minister, like the teacher, like every one else now-
adays who wants to carry home any message, must speak in the
terms of the life of the people to whom he is speaking. The
minister in his work can connect up and relate the cultivation of
the soil and the soul, and show the analogy between better
seeds and better deeds, and all that sort of thing.

Now, as I came along down here today I noticed the coun-
try in Missouri is much the same as it is in Illinois in respect to
bad roads. The time has come when the country that is not
worth a good road is not worth living in. You know I speak
the truth. That is one of the things that makes school attend-
ance poor, and statistics have been gathered in this country
showing that where in the case of eight states, all more or less
on the same basis in other respects except that four of them
have good roads and four of them have such roads as you have
on the average here in Missouri and we have in Illinois, and
showing that it made a difference in school attendance of about
twenty-seven per cent whether the state had good roads or bad
roads; and that means a twenty-seven per cent effect on the
literacy of the state. There is no question about that. A good
deal of the talk about roads has been on the dollar-and-cent
basis, and that is the basis that I want to get away from all the
while, because when the bankers began talking about a better
agriculture some people of course would say, “‘He has some
selfish motive.’ Bankers are talking about these things because
they want more money in the bank, but that is only a small part
of the story. The bankers are in this movement in a broad-
gauge way. Thirty-six of the Bankers’ State Associations have
committees on agriculture, and the great American Bankers’
Association recognizes and supports that movement and has
appointed an Agricultural Commission and given us full scope,
and we are committing the bankers to a lot of things which they
stand for in splendid shape, and I want you to know that the
bankers are vitally interested in this matter. Bankers are
just like the farmers, just as many selfish bankers as there are
selfish farmers, for human nature runs through all of us alike.

But getting back to the road proposition, the point I had in
mind was this: A good deal of our road talk to the farmers was
on the basis it cost the farmer so much more to haul grain over
poor roads, but that did not appeal to the farmers because a

156 Missourt Agricultural Report.

farmer does not figure things the way most business men should.
He says he has his horses anyway and teams and wagons, and
has to haul anyway whether the roads are good or bad, and he
figures along that line.

But there are other conditions than crop hauling that de-
pend upon roads and that are just as vital as getting crops to
market.

Improving rural life conditions is the object of the associa-
tion to which you belong, and I want to say that aside from good
schools good roads lead in more directions than any of us can
imagine. If you have good roads and the farmers who can
afford them have automobiles they can get about, widening
their vision. It helps wonderfully in social matters to be able
to get in and out to a good country town and have intercourse
with your neighbors and know what is going on, to be able to
get to church, to school, to town. That is what is going to
build up country life and make it desirable.

Farming is a life and people who farm have to live. They
have been “living,” but it has been a more or less isolated life
because of the poor roads and the fact that in bad seasons for
several months it is almost impossible either to come or to go
with any comfort. They would rather stay at home than go,
and then as soon as they get far enough along they move away
from the farm and go to town, and the boys and girls living under
the average conditions as you find them in any part of the coun-
try are only waiting for a chance when they grow up to get
away from the farm. Now those conditions are totally dif-
ferent from what they ought to be, and we must work for good
roads.

Referring again to the schools and churches, we should
have fewer and better churches and schools—more consolida-
tion. We should have fewer schools and school wagons; have
fewer churches and better preachers that we can pay better,
because in many communities we are trying to maintain two
or three churches when we would find it very much better to
maintain one church or two churches. We are not very far
apart in the line of our religious views—just a few trivial forms.
If we had fewer churches and better churches and made those
churches community centers, and if the ministers, as I have said,
got in touch with the people, he could do for the country churches
the same great service Mrs. Harvey is doing in her country
school. They are doing this in a number of country churches

Missourt Country Life Conference. 157

over this country, and Doctor McNutt, who will talk t@ you
tonight, will give you that side of the matter.

In the same way that we told the story to the bankers about
the improvement of the schools we have told stories, numbers of
them, which you know and I will not take the time to repeat now,
with reference to the farmers who are very particular to see they
have water tanks, heaters in their water tanks to keep the stock
water from freezing, and every kind of modern machinery out
and around the barnyard and in the barn to properly help them
in carrying on the work over the farm, and yet, with all the
running water and other conveniences in the barn and out in the
various lots, in too many instances the farm wife has to go out
these cold winter mornings and break the ice around the pump
and thaw the pump out in order to get water into the house.
There are too many of these things we are overlooking and that
we must not overlook in the time to come or we will pay dearly
for them.

I want to say just a word further with reference to the
banker’s work to which I referred. The time has come, long
since, and more of us are realizing it in these late days, that
every organization and every man who has reached position in
his community owes it a public duty, whether in the meagerly
settled section of the country, whether in town or in the city, if
that community has done something for him, or from it he has
been able to accumulate mental or material values, he ought
to use that ability, or a certain portion of it, for the good of and
to pay his obligation to that community. In other words, he
must justify his existence and his talents.

When men get together in organizations, those organiza-
tions must show that they have some real purpose in life, and
they ought to be of service in the community or state, as the
case may be. So it occurred to some of us a number of years
ago in the State of Illinois that the great Illinois Bankers’ Asso-
ciation ought to stand for something in the commonwealth and
be a power working for its welfare. We used to have meetings
every year, some good addresses and a good dinner, all that sort
of thing, and then adjourn and go home. It occurred to us
that agriculture was our greatest industry and our success was
dependent upon its well-being. We looked into the matter,
found that about sixty-five per cent of our bankers were farm —
owners and concluded that the Bankers’ Association ought to

158 Missourt Agricultural Report.

take a position with regard to building up agriculture and rural
life.

So our bankers were the first to take up the agricultural
work, and that idea has spread until thirty-six bankers’ asso-
ciations have such committees and now the American Bankers’
Association has taken it up. For three years those various
committees in the thirty-six state associations have been getting
together twice a year and conferring in regard to the rural situa-
tion. Our meeting for 1913 was held in Kansas City, and we
had a two days’ meeting—sessions morning, afternoon and
evening—with twenty-seven states represented. Every topic,
every subject on that program was entirely devoted to agri-
culture and rural life—not a word said about banking in any
way at all, excepting in reference to agricultural and rural
credits. I am not here to speak for the bankers, but it is due
them to say these things. While I am a banker, I am, above
all things, a farmer. The larger part of my worldly goods and
all my sentimental interest is in farming and in trying to make
agriculture and rural life better.

It is very easy for the politician and demogogue to knock
the banker. It appeals to the farmers; you know that. It is
done in every Legislature and in every Congress, and is a cheap,
worn-out game.

But a new sentiment has spread over this country in the
last four or five years, growing all the while, for the people are
beginning to think for themselves, getting separated from many
old lines; beginning to be a really free people; beginning to
realize life really means something besides the dollar mark.
There is that feeling of service on the part of an ever-growing
portion of the people, and while it has been long delayed, unfor-
tunately a large volume of that feeling and effort is devoted to
improving agriculture and rural life. Your afternoon is about
closed and I will not take your time further, but it is fine to be
here with you in Missouri, and I am to speak to you tonight
on another subject. I don’t need to tell you that your Bankers’
Association here in Missouri has a splendid committee on agri-
culture and the bankers have been largely instrumental in
extending the farm demonstration work. That just reminds
me of your own Sam Jordan of Pettis county, whom many of
you know. We had him speak to the conference in Kansas
City, and then brought him on to Boston and had him speak
to the American Bankers’ Convention in Boston with some five

Missouri Country Life Conference. 159

thousand bankers present, and Jordan did himself and Missouri
full justice.

There is no question about the value of demonstration work,
yet many of the farmers are inclined to think that any one that
comes out of some college or any one who suggests new ways is
not worth listening to, and that he will-not have anything to do
with “‘new-fangled ideas.’ Those farmers are falling to the
rear like all other standpatters (laughter)—I don’t mean that
in any political sense, either—that did not enter my mind. But
you know the world moves and a great many people don’t move
with it. You know some say, “Well, my father did so and so—
it’s good enough for me,” and all that sort of thing. You know
the man who does a thing because his father did really doesn’t
stand where his father stood because the world has been moving
all the while. “Father” may have stood pat but the world
doesn’t, and we don’t have to prove now that “it moves.” Sam
Jordan points the moral very well. He tells how he went into a
certain community here in Missouri, where you have some
farmers of the same kind we have in some other places, and that
farmer said, “Well that is all right; you cannot tell me anything
about these new-fangled notions,” and they were talking then
about seed corn. Jordan said, “‘Well, my friend, you will find
you have to test seed corn; no question about that. The only
question is whether you are going to test it in the box, in the
house during the winter, or if you are going to test it out in the
field. When you test it out in the field you are going to find a
good many seeds did not germinate and, maybe, a five or ten-
bushel loss in yield per acre. And so a good many “‘stand-
patters” are being jarred loose and things are moving and they —
are moving gloriously. I congratulate you on this splendid
meeting. It is good to be here.

160 Missourt Agricultural Report.

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY.

(Hon. W. B. Sanford, Springfield, Mo.)

Ladies and Gentlemen: It seems your chairman is given to
mistakes. When your meeting was
opened he asked all the members of
the audience to come forward, alleg-
ing that Dr. Black’s voice—the voice
of an orator—was weak. Now, I will
straighten out that mistake. I told
him to ask you to come up here be-
cause my knees were weak, and he
got me confused with Dr. Black.

Dr. Black has touched beauti-
fully on the new conditions. The
speaker who has just preceded me has
talked and told you more eloquently
than I could, were I to try, of what
the conditions of this day and time demand. I have not lived
in the country for years, but my love and affection and the
beautiful memories that I have of my home life on the farm
have endeared the farm to me to the extent that I have not
ceased to be a farmer. While I am a native Missourian, yet
in infancy my father moved out of this State into Arkansas,
and there he lived as an humble citizen, in an humble home, in
an humble way, and to my mind, when I go back and think of his
life of drudgery and toil and the things that came up in his life,
the many conflicts he had, I feel that he was indeed a martyr.
Then when I think of my sainted mother, I only think of her in
reverence, and think she was the noblest, truest, purest, grandest
and best woman that ever lived. ‘These are the sacred memories
that cling to me from boyhood days. I can recall the little
things that would be of most consequence to me and would be
tiresome to you, but to me they all cluster with fragrance and
tender memory. I am sorry that there are not more old people
in the audience to whom I could tell them, for they could appre-
ciate the conditions under which I lived. But this is a new era
and new conditions have come. So I will change my line of talk
a little because I want to suggest to you some of the responsi-
bilities that have come to you as citizens under the new condi-
tions.

W. B. Sanford.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 161

When I think of my old home, the old log house with its
sycamore rafters with the bark on them; when I think of the old
shade trees in the yard, the blue grass, the bee hive, the holly-
hocks, the garden box and everything that made the old style
home, a distinct sadness comes to me, for they are gone. In
that primitive day the people were so dependent one upon
another that they endorsed co-operation; conditions enforced
co-operation, and we did not have the need for organized co-
operation as we have today.

As a small boy, I can remember the time when the day
would come for the logrolling, for the house raising, the hog
killing, the quilting bee, the corn shucking and all those things,
and at times it makes me cry when I think that they are gone
with all their memories. I know that people at this day and
time are looking at the practical side, and in the mad rush for
business are inclined to think that those things were sentimental
and unnecessary, but I thank God that I had that sentiment.
I feel that I am a better citizen today than I would have been
if I had not had it, and for those of you who are not old enough
to have lived in that day and time, I feel sorry for you; I feel
sorry for you now if you have never had such a sentiment.

The speakers who have preceded me, as I have stated, have
spoken so beautifully about co-operation. That was largely
the line of my talk, but I will change that now. I want to talk
to you about personal responsibility.

In the business and active business life I have lived I have
seen many phases of human life. I find that in most of the
wrongs of life that those who commit the wrongs are not so
much to blame, and in my mind are not so much responsible as
the conditions and environments that surround them. We hear
a great deal in this day and time of organized effort; we hear
about the organized effort to relieve distress, want, suffering and
charity; we hear a great deal on public questions of temperance and
intemperance; the different evils that surround city life especially,
and I have never known an individual case that I looked into
but what I felt after having looked into it that I, as a member
of society, was partly responsible for that condition. I have
felt my responsibility more as a citizen, and I have made more
resolutions after seeing these evils, some of which I did not live
up to and some I made forcible efforts to live up to, than from
any other one thing of life. You know the Big Book tells us
that “‘no man liveth to himself; no man dieth to himself,’ and

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162 Missourt Agricultural Report.

in this day and this enlightened age it is time for us to realize
that we are indeed “our brother’s keeper.’ How often you
read in the glaring headlines of a newspaper of some poor, mis-
guided country youth that has committed some crime when
partly intoxicated; you talk about how heathenish it is, but if
you look back, nine times out of ten the responsibility lies with
his neighbors and surroundings. In this day and age we not
only owe it to ourselves as citizens, we not only owe it to our-
selves as members of the community, but we owe it to the mem-
bers of society and to the individual that every girl and every
boy in every community, both city and country, is taught a
vocation and given the necessary knowledge that will enable
them to earn an honest living.

We also, as has been beautifully touched on today by one
of the speakers, owe it to the young people of this country that
we do something for their pleasure. If they don’t get pleasure
of one kind they will of another. Now, let me appeal to the good
women of every community for the good of their own community.
Do you know that right in hearing of your telephone, as has
been so beautifully described, and perhaps on an adjoining farm,
is some poor girl aching for an opportunity to find her way in
life and prepare herself to make a respectable living, to become
a good cook and good housekeeper and a loving wife? And
do you know that they feel a delicacy in making those wants
known? Do you know that their souls are starving for some
good woman just like you, not to go to them in embarrassment
and say: “You are not up to the standard of what young
women should be in our community,” but say, ““We want you
and we want every other young woman of a certain age to
come and go into some society.” What are our churches for?
Come to our church; come to our schoolhouse. Let us organize.
We are going to start a cooking club; going to teach every girl
in the community to sew; going to make it a matter of pride in
this community that when a young lady goes out of her home
she is prepared to take her place in the world and earn an honest
living, if need be, and she is prepared to make a dutiful wife and
good housekeeper. Now come. It is no reflection on you to
come; it is an opportunity and we want you to come. We
want you to do us good and we want to do you good.” There
is the spirit of co-operation.

Let me tell you an incident that occurred under my own
knowledge a few months ago, and I never had anything to touch

Missouri Country Life Conference. 163

me more. I advertised in the paper for two girls, a house girl
and a cook. The next day two big, strong girls, just the pic-
tures of health and young womanhood, came and applied to
my housekeeper for the position. They said that they were
sisters and that they had come from two counties down below
me. Well, of course, I had nothing to do with that; she em-
ployed them. After the first meal I saw that they did not
know the first thing about cooking. There was so little to
do so far as the house girl’s duties were concerned, the idleness
and the leisure made her restless and she was impatient. So
she went down town, looked in the shop windows and saw the
attractive things, saw the girls in the store, and it dawned on
that poor, misguided girl that she was competent to take a place
as a “sewing girl.’ As she put it, “to learn how to sew, how
to make those beautiful dresses.”” So she came back after two
days and said she believed she would prefer to go and learn
dressmaking, or sewing, and that she had a position offered her
down town. My housekeeper told her that was all right. In
the first place, she did not know anything about the duties at
my place. She quit and went down town the next’ morning.
At night she was back and said that she had lost her place, but
that she was talking to her sister and her sister wanted to know
if we would take her back. As neither girl was competent to
fill the places we had my housekeeper suggested that she would
go down and intercede with the dressmaker to see if she could
not again get the place for the girl, who wanted to sew. She
went down and asked the dressmaker why she did not keep the
girl. ‘“‘Why,” the dressmaker said, “‘she came in here and told
me she could sew. When we tried her she could not sew a
straight seam; did not know the first principles of sewing; never
had run a machine. I told her that she was just fooling away
time here and that she had better go and learn something else.
She told me about giving up her place at your house and I told
her she had better go back.”

To make a short story, that girl came back and told her
sister there was an advertisement in the paper of work for girls
at an overall factory. So the sister, the one who was pretending
to cook, came and said she believed it would be better for them
both to go, that they would rent a room down town and work at
this overall factory. They went down and got that place. They
just worked one day, and were back again. The proprietor of
the factory told them they were not competent, that he had to

164 Missourt Agricultural Report.

have girls with more experience. So they came back. Well,
the thing was getting serious then, and that was where my first
knowledge came in. I called them in and asked them where
they were from; they told me the town they came from, about
sixty or seventy miles below. They had seen a copy of my
advertisement in one of our daily papers and came, just sup-
posing, of course, that it was all right. I told them that I would
give them the money to pay their railroad fare and they had
better go back home and practice up a little bit with somebody
in the community and learn to sew, to be more competent to
fill the places. They were ashamed to go back. They told me
their story. They were both poor girls, splendid girls I think,
but ignorant. They said their mother died when the oldest one
was seven years old and the other four. They had lived in that
community with the father, a farmer, on a little farm, and he
had worked around for his neighbors a little and managed to
eke out an existence. As little girls they had, with his help, done
what cooking there was to be done, and they told me that they
never had a chance to learn anything. I said, ““Did none of the
neighbors ever volunteer to help you?’ ‘“‘No.” ‘“‘None of the
neighbor women ever come to see you?’ ‘“‘No.’? And there
they had grown up in ignorance and thought themselves as well
equipped for the battles of life as the ordinary girl.

I know nothing about the lives of those girls since, except
that I know their lives were wrecked, and I want you to tell me
who was responsible for the wrecking of the lives of those girls.
Was it the girls themselves or was it at best themselves and
neighbors? You know, the Good Lord told us that the world
is our neighbor, and it is those conditions that we talked about
in this particular instance that make it imperative, that throws
the responsibility on you as citizens. Now, parents, think of
this side. You may say that it is not necessary for your daugh-
ter to ever take such a position; it is not necessary for your
daughter because you can give her some advantages that other
people don’t have, but don’t it stir your heart to know that there
are people in your community growing up just like those two
girls, and, if not in your immediate community, in some other
community? It is time for good citizens of this country to
arouse themselves to a knowledge of those conditions and to
rectify them.

You must in your own homes provide entertainment for
your young people, for your sons and daughters and for your

Missourt Country Life Conference. 165

neighbor’s sons and daughters, to elevate them and let them
know that their duty in life is toward high ideals and good
citizenship. I guess I am transgressing, going over my time,
but I wish I had an opportunity to talk to you longer just
along these lines. There are so many touching things in my
life on the farm and in the country that I would like to tell you.

I have not time to go into detail, but in the crude, simple life
that I lived I want to tell you one of the little incidents and the
sequel to it.

When I was a little boy, seven years of age, I went to a
neighbor’s house, to the home of a poor widow, to stay all night
with her son. When I got there she had some ducks and I was
very much impressed with the ducks. I was very anxious to
make a trade with her, to get a duck. She said to me, ‘“‘No, I
cannot sell you my ducks, but if you will bring me some fresh
hen eggs I will trade you some duck eggs for them and you can
hatch your ducks.’ I went, childlike, the next morning—I
could hardly wait—went and gathered up the few eggs I could
find. I walked three-quarters of a mile to make the trade. I
had seven hen eggs and she traded me seven duck eggs. Seven
ducks were hatched. In a little while I traded my ducks for a
pig; I traded my pig for a calf; I traded my calf for a colt. Later
I sold the colt and it brought me my first hundred dollars.
Now, the point in this story is that you must interest your
children in your life on the farm; let them have some farm
associations in their memories; let them plant their trees. Even
the little girl wants to plant a tree, and let it be her tree. Nothing
brings more sacred, tender memories to children than the
memories of the things they did on the farm. I was telling a
gentleman last night that when a boy I had planted trees, nearly
forty years ago, dug the holes and planted them myself, and now
they are great big trees, and while I do not even own the prop-
erty, but when I go by there I stop and look. I have a love for
the place simply because of the memory of those trees.

But I am going away from the old lady. I returned to
that neighborhood about a year ago, and to one of the old people
who had lived in the country mentioned this old lady’s name.
My brother told me, ‘‘Why, she is still alive and she is down
here,” mentioning a place about twenty-five miles away. ‘‘Well,”’
.I said, “I must go to see her.’’ We drove over to see the old
lady, and I never made a visit that did me more good. The
poor old soul took my hand between hers and cried like her

166 Missouri Agricultural Report.

heart would break. She was still in poverty, had been in
poverty all her life, as she said. We talked and talked about
old times. She had her memories and even remembered the
incident about the duck eggs which was very precious to me.
When I was leaving she insisted on my staying for dinner, but
I did not embarrass her by staying. I told her I wanted to go
back to my old home for dinner, but-I gave her a little money.
I shall never forget the expression on the face of that dear old
soul as she threw her arms around me and patted me on the
back and said, “‘God bless you, God bless you, God bless you.”
And the memory of those whispers still clings to me like a
benediction, and I feel that I would not trade them today for
any other incident of my life, the memory of that dear old
woman’s talk and whisper as she said, “‘God bless you.”

MY EXPERIENCE IN COUNTRY ORGANIZATION WORK.

(Mrs. Irma Mathews-McLennan, Oklahoma City, Okla.)

I have often said to the people in Oklahoma that I was a
Missourian, and if I did not tell it they found it out anyway.
What there was about me that told them I was from Missouri
I never have known, but the fact was there. I have found
many of my kinfolk and fellow Missourians in Oklahoma, and
have not felt so far away from home, perhaps, for that same
reason.

I deem it an honor that I am asked to return to my native
State and speak to you this afternoon on organization. The
subject assigned me may seem largely personal, but since it was
assigned by my former instructor, Professor Emberson, I feel
that I have no right to object. The subject assigned me is
not concerning one woman’s work; it is the work of the universe;
the work of every good woman who has helped me and every
good man who has said, “I believe in you.” Those are the ones
whose work it is, and if it has been my good fortune to help just
a little in leadership then I am glad and heartily glad, but the
greatest gladness that comes is because the people have awakened
to the possibility of not what I can do but what they can do; of
not what I would be able to help them but of what they need.
They have learned the strength that comes from banding
together and what they can get for themselves. These, then,
have been some of the greatest things that have come to us in
our new State.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 167

We were the baby state until the twins, Arizona and New
Mexico, put us out of business, and I don’t think that we have
forgiven them yet. The baby state is new in a lot of things,
particularly new in experience, but we were all conscious that we
had some of the biggest-hearted men of the universe, anxious
to give in that new country every advantage that they could
possibly give to their boys and girls and to their families. Because
of these conditions I think they have rallied faster to such
standards than people in my own native State, because you
know we, as Missourians, sat down and said, “‘there is McGee
just north of us, that is a good family;” yes, and “‘there are the
Smiths south of us; that is a good family,’ and we just asso-
ciated with them and have not felt the pressure on all sides.
But our men went into a new state and did not know Tom, Dick
or Harry, and knew better than to ask down there, so they just
kept still and went to cultivating that man or woman for what
he or she was worth. Now don’t you see the conditions that
made it perhaps a little easier sailing in our State of Oklahoma in
organization than it is in Missouri? But man to man and
woman to woman, there is very little difference in the heart of
humanity and there is very little difference in human needs.
We need just as much sunshine to make the heart glad, need just
as much joy to make us better, need just as much of brightness
and just as little shirk on one side of the Mason and Dixon line
as we need on the other. Now then, why not consider that and
why not know that; since human need is a general need, we
should get together to meet the demand.

You have heard co-operation urged until you just dream it.
You go to one of these meetings. I have had to attend them
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the border of Canada
to the Gulf of Mexico, and hear it here and hear it there. At
this meeting is one man I met in Canada and one I met in
Atlanta, Ga. They were a long way apart, but together on that
one idea of co-operation. But it is easy for the orator to feel it
and mighty hard for the man sitting in the pew to carry into
effect his ideas. Easy for that man to get up and say “‘do this”
or ‘do that’ and mighty hard for the other man to go home
and do it. Easy for me to talk to a society of women and say
to do this and do that, but it is hard for some member to go home
with several children at her heels and follow any set rules for
doing her housework. I expect I would do just like that woman,

168 Missourt Agricultural Report.

go six ways at once and wonder when night came what I had
done.

Woman’s work at best is in little things. It is up to the
men to make the corporations, to run the government, to build
states and roads, and houses and all that. And what does the
woman do? Iam going to come to my subject pretty soon, but I
want to show you first the need of that organization.

The farmer goes into the field after breakfast—well, no, I
will begin rather sooner. He gets up in the morning and goes
out, has some fine Hereford cattle or registered hogs; he looks
them over with pride; gives them their portion. The good wife
has been up as long as he and she has measured out some other
portion which is, perhaps, greater in riches, bless you, but she
don’t know much about that because it is not measured out in
dollars and cents. And so she goes into the kitchen, cold and
dreary some mornings, and the water was not hot, perhaps she
did not even have a reservoir. So she had to go to the pump,
twenty, thirty or forty steps away, and carry that water in to get
breakfast. After breakfast the husband goes out and hooks
up to a good team and goes to plow. A neighbor drives along,
going to town, looks out and says, “‘a fine field, that ground of
yours is plowing fine, good plow, too,’ and he admires his
neighbor’s team and good harness. The neighbor sees that.

But the good wife is in that kitchen and the neighbor doesn’t
see that; she is boiling beans for dinner, maybe a little pork,
‘““oetting ready for the men when they come in,” and he returns
to raise general trouble if dinner is not ready. You know and
I know the hustle that goes on in the kitchen to have dinner
ready so he doesn’t have to wait. That is her ministry to him
and his. He does the same thing at dinner. He goes out and
don’t even say: ‘“‘Wife, that was a good dinner.’’ He works
all afternoon and the neighbor goes home from town and stops
to talk during the afternoon. He says, “What a magnificent
day’s work you have done.’ And the good wife goes to bed
the last one at night without a word of praise for her day’s
work. Got up in the morning and took down the dishes off the
nice, clean shelves and he helped dirty them up. While the
man went to the field she washed them and put them back in
the same place. Noontime came and she took them down from
their shelves; after dinner was over washed them and put them
back in their places. Evening time came, and she takes them
down for the third time during the day, and after the supper is

Missourt Country Life Conference. 169

over and he is through with his chores maybe she is putting them
back just where they were.

Fall time comes, he sells a calf. What does she have for her
dishes and work? Fall time comes and he sells his grain. What
does she have for her cooking and steaming?

What do you have for the women in the house? It is mighty
little, friends, for the woman. The woman don’t do much! Oh,
but she does! If you traded jobs with her you would say, like
the old man in the little old doggerel, ‘“‘I would rather follow the
plow all day than to chase the speckled hen.’ We think it
is a mighty little thing, but it has to be done. It is the tiny
screw that holds the great belt in the big factory, but let the
screw break and the whole machinery stops. The tiny screw
is the woman in the kitchen with the little job here and another
one there, but the boys are kept in clothes and the children kept
in school, the cooking is done, the washing is done, and it is
mother at the wheel that does the work. Not enough con-
sideration is given her. No, there is not. Not enough done
for her comfort. That woman does not sit down to consider;
she has not the time; she has to work. She is not like the boy
sitting down one day to whom it was said, “Get up and go to
work. What are you sitting there for?’ He said, “I have

got to have time to figure.” ‘Well, work while you figure.”
And he replied: “I tried that, but I got to get caught up with
my figuring.’ The woman working in the kitchen don’t often

think things out. In fact, if she does, something is going to
happen; the beans are going to burn or the chickens are going
to get out. It breaks up the whole plan and she decides not to
do it again. She does the best she can and feels more plainly
than you that the best is poor enough.

Now, how is that to be bettered? How are the conditions
going to be overcome? Folks, all. the domestic science in the
universe cannot keep dishwater from getting greasy or beans
from burning. You will have a hard time if you are going to
work out a whole family system in “yes’’ and “no”’ and in a
definite outlined plan. Rather too many exceptions to the rule
It is like the old Latin lesson, there are more exceptions than
cases that follow the rule, and that is just as true in the home
making as it is true in anything else.

We have decided in our state that if we could get the women
to drop the work for a day, even if the men do come home to a

cold supper once in a while, it is better than having the wife
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170 Missourt Agricultural Report.

there all the time and never a smile and never a bright, happy
thought in her mind, crowded down by the routine that has sur-
rounded her until she is no longer the bright, cheery woman, but
the tired, overworked, petulant mother with not time for a
bright smile for her boy or girl or a real kind word for her hus-
band. And maybe some very cross words for her husband, and
I don’t blame her for saying them atiall. I believe I would do
it myself. What time is given her? What time does she have
to rest?

We started out by getting our women together just as often
as we could. Side by side with the Farmers’ Institute stands
the Women’s Institute of Oklahoma. Our membership is about
three thousand more than that of the men. We started in with
nothing; we went to the Legislature, and I think I am responsible
in a small way for the legislation. The Speaker of the House
is a very good friend of mine, a splendid fellow. He was busy
and I had waited and waited to get an audience with him.
Finally I said, ““Mr. Durant, will you give me thirty minutes of
your time between now and three o'clock Saturday evening?”
That was Monday morning. He looked at me and said, “I will
give you thirty minutes tonight.” All right. I met him
promptly at the time, was there waiting, in fact, because I did
not want to miss the opportunity. Speaker Durant is an Indian,
a Choctaw Indian, a prince of a fellow for all that. He came
walking up and took out his watch and said, ““You have just got
thirty minutes, because I promised another party.’ I replied,
“I don’t want thirty minutes.’’ He said, “You don’t mean to
say a woman can get through in less than thirty minutes?”
He looked at me with surprise and I thought, Mister, I can say
what I have to say in less time than that. And when I got
through he took out his watch and said: “Bless your heart!
you have just been fifteen minutes, and I am for the women.”
And he went from there over to the floor of the House, and when
the bill came up Speaker Durant was on the floor of the House
to defend it, and from that time our appropriation was assured
and our movement has stood side by side with that of the men.

We have sufficient money on hand to put a trained nurse
in the field to talk to our women and tell them things that they
should know; and we have a professional dressmaker in the field
and she teaches the women good dressmaking. We hope to so
train our country women that it will no longer be said when they
pass, ‘That is a country woman.’ Oh, how I hate that stigma!

Missouri Country Life Conference. 171

Friends, I was born and raised on a farm and until three months
.. ago never ordered groceries over a telephone in my life. I lived
on a farm, as Mr. Emberson said, and I know how it feels to
look different from the girls in town. I did not hate it when a
child, but when I grew older I felt and saw the difference felt
by every country girl in the universe. That line of demarca-
tion is stronger than the Mason and Dixon line I have described,
and it is up to you and me to rub it out. No difference in your
girl and in the girl in the city or town. The difference is just
in the little outside fixings. It is the paint on the house that
distinguishes your house from your neighbor’s, perhaps, or the
way it is done. It does not change the home on the inside.
The same thing is true with that girl’s dress. The country girl
asks her father for money to buy a lot of new trinkets. She
gets a long line of ribbon tied round her for a sash, and it cost
more than the city girl’s dress, but the girl in the town had an
opportunity to see things and work them out. Maybe she did
not have so much money or could not afford it. She got a little
plain street dress, but the girl in the town looked different from
the girl in the country.

Those are some of the things we must consider; those are
the problems we are putting before our women down in Okla-
homa. About four months ago ended six “‘week schools” held
in different parts of the state, where I had classes in dressmak-
ing. The Singer Sewing Machine Company was willing to let
me have machines for advertising, so I put a good plain dress-
maker in charge, one that would talk good common sense to
those women. We put twenty-five machines along in rows and
two country women to every machine. We gave them lessons
in plain dressmaking, including making of house dresses, chil-
dren’s clothes and men’s shirts. We gave lessons in cutting and
fitting, and every woman would watch as each dress was fitted.
The classes ranged as high as two hundred and fifty trying to
learn more of the things they had to do. They had been work-
ing at a disadvantage all their lives because they had had no
chance to Jearn the best way of doing the work.

The state schools are closed to men and women, excepting
on occasions like this, but the country is open and the homes are
open, and I believe today the educational institutions should
go to the men and women on the farm and give them a part of
the education they are giving the boys and girls, and instead of
educating the boys and girls away from the father and mother,

172 Missourt Agricultural Report.

educate the father and mother side by side with the boy and
girl. Thus the family will go on as a unit and mature to a good ,
old age. Why not do it?

That is how we began our organization. The people inter-
ested in the community development, the progressive citizens,
all helped us out the best they could and we started this organiza-
tion. We have between nine and ten thousand farm women
today on our mailing list. I mean by that members who have
paid their twenty-five cents a year, but they pay that into their
own local treasury of the Farm Women’s Institute and use that
money as they see fit. More than nine thousand farm women
today are having the bulletins and doing the work outlined in
the course of study. They write to our office and say, ““May
we have a trained nurse on a certain day.’ I write back, “Can
you guarantee a crowd? What arrangements can you make?”
She must have a place to speak, a public place, not a private
home, if we can help it, because they can come to us easier than
we can go to them. I have seventy-six counties to look after
and quite afew women. If I go into the home of one the homes
of all the others are neglected, and maybe some woman does not
know the lady at whose home the meeting is called and does not
feel like going. I have my first time yet to go to an exclusive
woman’s club where the doors were not open and anyone per-
mitted to come. The Woman’s Institute is democratic as can
be. Often I have men, women and children of the state who
want tocome. We have kept it open, and I hope it will always
remain so.

We started out with yearbooks, outlining courses of study,
including courses in foods and their preparation, making of gar-
ments, study of carpets and rugs, study of silverware. We had
a special program on silverware, and I have had reports from
almost hundreds of them in which those women had old spoons
that their grandmother Smith had, or somebody else had, or a
a set of knives and forks, and they went home and got those old
things out and took a greater pride in them, in the things they
had, because now they had some interest in them.

The country woman loves the bright colors. You can tell
that by the sometimes gaudy wall paper and the large flowered
rugs. They are not always there; I don’t mean that, but you
do not find the sober colors.that you find in the city home. I
want just here to make a distinction. Our country is graded
by its mediocre, by the common run, and our city by its best.

Missouri Country Life Conference. Ls

You don’t grade Columbia by the slums that are here, but
grade it by the magnificent homes in your city; you do not
grade your country excepting hit or miss. You will find that is
done the universe over. And so when I say the city I do not
mean your best or your poorest. When I speak of the country
I mean the average country home, because the country averages
much fairer than the city.

The country woman goes to the town and what does she do?
You know you did the chores before you started; perhaps you go
with her, and it is going to be supper time when you get home.
She goes there and buys what she has to have and buys it in a
hurry. She is not acquainted with the clerks; maybe she is a
little afraid of them. They are not as kind to her as they might
be and she buys the first thing she sees, perhaps, in order to get
out and get away from there. She loves the beautiful, and she
will buy, nine times out of ten, stronger colors than the woman
who makes a study of those things. She wears brighter colors,
and she ought not to do it. She does not study harmony be-
cause she does not have time, she thinks. And so we find those
things with the country woman. They are just a part of her,
not because of the difference in heart, but because of the dif-
ference in her environment; difference in her experience in buy-
ing, the difference in her time. The town woman goes down
and looks around and goes home and thinks it over; goes to
another store another day with another friend and gets the
benefit of her remarks, and so perhaps it will be two or three or
four weeks before she buys. But the country woman goes to
town and finishes it up and goes home. Longing to have her
home bright and pretty, she puts in the louder colors. Go to the
dry goods stores and the paper stores here in your city and find
where that man turns over and over until he comes to the paper
that has black specks all over it and tells the woman that it is
good kitchen paper because it don’t show flyspecks. Putting a
premium on dirt, but he does it. Have you not just as good a
right to have a good kitchen as the woman in town? Why
should the kitchen show flyspecks and the parlor not? But
that sort of thing is done in every state in the Union, done every
day of the world, and the country woman says: ‘I cannot help
it; I cannot have things the way I want them, but I do the best
I can.’’ God bless her for it, but if she would only stop a while
and wonder what is the limit to her best and then work toward
that limit as fast as she can.

174 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Another thing I want to speak about as one of the vital
things in organization among country women is a rest room.
Where do the women of the community surrounding Columbia
rest when they come to town? Where are they? Where do
you find them in your little town? Where do you rest when you
go to town? You know you go to the grocery store and sell your
butter and eggs, then you go to the dry goods store and get the
rest of your supplies and you are ready to go home. Perhaps
your husband is not yet ready. He meets some man and sits
and talks; he could stand on the street corner, but you could
not. The children cried at your skirts and you wanted to
hurry away.

I made a special investigation in one of the leading towns of
Oklahoma before I took any definite steps along this line. I
went to the big dry goods stores. The women came in and went
out, and for four months and one week, over seventeen weeks in
all, I made the Saturday canvass in this town. I never saw the
women stay in the dry goods store. Things were orderly there
and they felt in the way, so they went and sat at the grocery
store, where there were extra boxes to use for seats along the
walk, where there were boxes piled and confusion reigned, and
there were the women with the children and their lunch. I
found them averaging nineteen women each week for the seven-
teen days that I had a definite account kept. Nineteen country
women came to those stores each week and ate their lunches -
with their children.

What did it say to me? Definitely, that the purpose of the
country women should be centered for one thing, on an organiza-
tion for a rest room that was their own, where they could go when
they came to town, could go and sit down and rest and feel
things were comfortable, and more than that, that they belonged
there. Today there are seventeen rest rooms in Oklahoma
kept up by country women, furnished by country women, with-
out any feeling that they are under obligations to the woman of
the town. Seventeen towns have those rest rooms maintained
for the country women, by those women themselves, but the city
sisters are welcome. Often I go to them, and I want to tell you
a story of one or two of those rest rooms. One of them has
become a little market. A matron has charge. Over here is
her butter stand, over there an egg stand, using these little
dozen egg cartons, and those women of the town when they
want good country butter no longer go to the grocery store for

Missouri Country Life Conference. 17

it, but go down to the place, and Mrs. Smith in the country no
longer has to go to the back door, not because the city sister is
better than she, but because she happens to live in town and
don’t want the groceries delivered at the front door. Mrs.
Smith no longer goes to the back door of the city sister to leave
the butter there, but the city sister goes and gets it. It is the
same with the eggs. This is just a give and exchange from
country woman to city woman, and with no feeling of timidity,
no feeling on the part of the country women that they are not
side by side and hand in hand with the women of the town.

And then we went to work on co-operative egg marketing
last year among all these country women. A big commission
merchant came to me one day and said, ““Miss Mathews, I want
to get hold of a good bunch of farm women in the country.”
I said, “What do you want?’ He replied, “I want them to
furnish country eggs and I want them to do certain things.”
I said, ‘“You write that down on paper, not less than one page,
in language which puts it out in good plain type, so that he who
runs may read; tell them what you want done and what you
will do for them if they do it, and I will get them to do it.”
He wrote it down. He said, “I will pay you a fair price. I can
always pay as much and frequently more than your local mar-
ket.” He quoted the difference in prices at that time. He
required that the eggs must be gathered twice a day. Remem-
ber we live far south and it gets mighty hot in August. The
eggs were to be kept in a cool place and turned twice a week.
They must be shipped at least once each week. Patrons must
secure an egg stamp with name and number so the firm could
know responsible parties. They must separate the cockerels
from the flock so as to have no fertile eggs. Those are the
things that were told to those women. I sent out ten thousand
copies of that letter. I am not working for a commission house;
I am working for the women of Oklahoma. I was‘out in one
of the counties not long ago where a club of women were mar-
keting their eggs in Oklahoma City at sixteen cents net. The
rest of the women of Kiowa county were selling their eggs at
Hobart for six cents a dozen. For instance, these women, the
few of them that sent to Oklahoma City for sixteen cents a
dozen, showed a difference of ten cents a dozen in their favor
over the women who had not tried. One old lady expressed it
very nicely when she said: ‘“‘Some of us take care of our eggs
and others take their carelessness to town and sell it for six

176 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cents a dozen.’ And it was pretty well put, I thought, ‘Took
their carelessness to town.” |

I said to a groceryman, in order to thrash this out, ‘‘Would
you pay more if you knew these eggs were fresh?’ He used
the argument, ““We have to throw out so many and the com-
mission house throws them back on us, we cannot pay more.”
All right. The women were justified in shipping their eggs out
of their home town when the merchants would not do it. A
man went into that community who said he could do it? He
agreed to take only first-class eggs; he candled them under high
power; tested them out, and handled in larger consignments.
He certainly made money on it and the women got practically
the same price that they had received without the trouble of hav-
ing the general delivery. That is what Kiowa county, with an
organization of nine hundred seventy-one farm women, is doing
in co-operative marketing; just because they started at things
definitely, and they are going to continue throughout the year,
and going to continue to sell their industry in Oklahoma City
and the other women can sell their carelessness at Hobart.
That is how the thing is finally going to bring itself about.
Those possibilities are in your community and they are in mine;
they are in every community.

What I want to say to you is, go home to your community,
talk with your wife about what you can do; if she is here, I am
as proud as you that she is here; if she is there, won’t you please
bring her next year. If you cannot both come, the two of you
stay at home and save up money in the old stocking and “pig
bank’ to come the next year. Bring her one year, or you come
one year and let her come the next. You will both get good
ideas—and friends, it is worth the trouble. It brightens your
life and helps more than you know. Success in farm life is not
solved in dollars and cents so much as in hearts and smiles.
That means more to us than thoroughbred stock. Go home
and decide to do something good. Put a rural library into the
little school. You can get a few women together for a sewing
school and really talk things over, really get something in their
homes. Men, will you go home with the idea that woman’s
work is a narrow work and you her horizon? Oh, she lives
only to please the man she loves! She will do more for praises
than for your money. Be as generous as you can with that.
It doesn’t cost you anything. Tell her when she has done some-
thing well and see the happy smile coming on that old face. I

Missourt Country Life Conference. 77

know it, I know it, friends. I cannot tell you what I would
because my father is sitting here today, but for thirty years I
have seen it. Every day he has done it, pulled her chair back
from the table at noon time and said, ““Mamma, you ought to
take a nap,”’ and she has always said, “‘I am not sleepy.” And
he has always said, “‘I know, but mamma, you ought to take a
nap.” My mother today at sixty looks forty-five, with scarcely
a gray hair in her head; she has lived on the farm from the
moment she drew her first breath, and when they talk of leav-
ing it tears come to both their eyes and they say, ““We cannot do
it.” Every tree planted there is dear to them. Even our
Christmas trees were planted there and have grown to large
trees. Every day mamma’s chair has been pulled back, she
has just a little of the woman’s contrariness in her—at least,
they accuse us of having it—she has always said, “I am not
sleepy, I am going to work down the bread or going to do some-
thing else.”” Every day I have seen him help her—she doesn’t
need any help, but she enjoys it. Sometimes we appreciate the
things we do not need to have more than the things we have to
have. She has gone to take her nap every day, and at sixty she
is still young. You ought to gladly give your wife that noon
nap. Tell her to get her bonnet and go with you to see that new
calf or something else; let her see that there is a hemisphere, a
whole universe outside of her kitchen wall. Do that much for
the country woman. Give her her organization and your kind
smile and the farm women will be happier than those of any
other part of the universe.

With one little illustration I will close. I want to say to
the fathers, do the best you can for your wife and for farm women
in general. I want to say to you, pay your wife with a smile,
with a kind word. How long since you have really told her she
has got a good dinner? How long since you leaned back and
said: ‘‘Wife, that sure was some dinner.” Don’t you know
that you could not give her a check on a bank that would bring
her as much happiness? How long since you have really said
something good? But oh, look out! How long since you have
told her it was bad? So easy to find fault and so hard to praise!
So often we grumble and growl, so seldom we say the kind
thing. Go home and try it. Try a little bit of that kind of
treatment and see how it works. Go to the ditch with your wife
if you have to, but try to keep both of you out. Don’t be like
the old man who had just a little too much of “Blue Ribbon”

178 Missourt Agricultural Report.

and whose friend was in the same condition. In walking home
one of them slipped into the ditch and as he looked up he said:
“Bill, come and help me out.” In a maudlin way his friend
said, “‘Well, I can’t help you out, but just to show you I am a
good fellow I’ll get in with you.’’ Now don’t do that. Don’t
get in with her; get her out. Brighten up, keep her in touch
with the world outside, give her a little trip, if only to a neigh-
boring town; let her take her time and help her; she will appre-
ciate it. Stay by the boys and girls. Make them feel they
are comrades with you instead of wards of yours; make them feel
you have a great big, brotherly interest in them instead of
just the supervision of a father? Why, it goes so much farther
and is worth so much more to the lad and the lass than that
other. I wish we might brighten up a little. I wish you might
see with me this picture out on the canvas. It was drawn by a
cartoonist. A picture of a dollar, “the American God.” The
picture of the dollar was blurred. In an instant the face of a
young boy was shown; he was at his desk and his hand was on
the pen and then the lines in his face hardened, the lines in his
hand grew rigid and the bag of gold began to grow, and as it
grew the lines in his face grew harder and harder. Yet he
became an old man and, needless to tell you, a miser. And
over here was another dollar and it was blurred, and the same
young man was shown. The lines in his face did not grow so
hard; the bag of money was never so large; but the picture of a
young girl came in at the side and over the desk, and then came
the father and mother, and the little ones about. The money
bag was never large and the lines on the face were never hard.
And then the little home seemed to come as if by magic on the
canvas, the old cabin, a little hill, a stream and rustic bridge,
and over there the sun was setting. Down the hill went the
bent old man and woman each supporting the other as, arm in
arm, they went from the old homestead over the bridge and
into the sunset land together.

It is when our womanhood shall have awakened to the
highest possibilities and our manhood has learned the true
estimate of little kindnesses our homes will be happy homes,
pictures of rural content and sweet living; then you will see
scattered over our state from border to border thousands of
happy homes, happy in the first great gladness that comes
with the new home, happy in the sunset hour, as pictured by
the little poem of Lewis’:

Missouri Country Life Conference.

THE HOUSE IN THE MEADOW.

It stands in a sunny meadow

A house so mossy and brown,

With its cumbrous old stone chimneys
And the gray roof sloping down.

The trees fold their green arms round it,
The trees a century old,

And the winds go chanting through them
And the sunbeams sift their gold.

The cowslips spring in the meadow,
The roses bloom on the hill,
And beside the brook in the pasture
The herds go feeding at will.

Within in the wide old kitchen

The old folks sit in the sun

That creeps through the sheltering woodbine,
When the day is almost done.

Their children grew and left them,
They sit in the sun alone,

And the old wife’s ears are failing

As she harks to the well-known tune.

That won her heart in her girlhood

And has soothed her through many a care,
And praises her now for the brightness
Her old face used to wear.

She thinks again of her bridal
How, dressed in her robe of white,
She stood by her gay young lover
In the morning’s rosy light.

The morning is rosy as ever,

But the rose from her cheek has fled,
The sunshine still is golden,

But it falls on a silvered head.

And the girlhood’s dreams once vanished
Come back in her winter’s prime

Till her feebler pulses tremble

With a love that outlasted time.

And looking forth from the window
She thinks how the trees have grown
Since, clad in her bridal whiteness,
She crossed the old doorstone.

Tho’ dimmed her eyes bright azure
And dimmed her hairs young gold,
The love in her girlhood plighted
Has neither grown dim nor old.

Perhaps in that miracle country

They will give her lost youth back

And the flowers of the vanished springtime
Will bloom in the spirits track.

One draught from the living waters
Shall call back his manhood's prime,
And eternal years shall measure

A love that outlasted time.

L793

180 Missourt Agricultural Report.

THE CHURCH IN COUNTRY LIFE DEVELOPMENT.

(Rev. C. R. Green, Ravenwood, Mo.)

Friends, the story that I have to tell you this afternoon is a
very simple one. It is so simple that it
is fully within’ the province of each
representative to realize the values
contained in it. I shall endeavor to
keep well within the request of the
management when writing to me.
Somehow—I don’t know why—the
management seemed to be a little sus-
picious of the ministry, reserving the
right to dictate the bounds of our
speech, no doubt being influenced by
the fact that we have the name of be-
ing considerably long on theory. Hence
I was requested to deal in the realm
of fact rather than theory.

So this afternoon it is my earnest desire to speak from
demonstrated fact, of the things that I have seen and realized in
my own experience. I have no apology to offer for the relation
which I sustain to the subject that I shall discuss, because it is
no egotism for a person to feel assurance in a known fact though
he, himself, might in a measure have demonstrated the fact.
Therefore I desire that you divorce my personality from the
story and get the concrete facts as if they were applied to your
own community. I beg of you that you do this, because the
story that I have to give is not a story that can be accomplished
only by one person in one place, but I am convinced that it can
be realized in the average community by proper leadership.

There ts a Place in the Scheme of Things, tn Country Life
Development, for the Church.—The church in the open country
and its place in the development of country life with me has
passed the experimental stage, so much so, at any rate, that I
regard that the church has a place in the scheme of things for
the development of country life, just as much as any other factor
or force. I realize that there are many forces entering into the
development of country life. The civil engineer occupies a
prominent place as he comes out into the country and shows how
we can grade our roads, how we can build our bridges, how to do

Rev. C. R. Green.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 181

this, that and the other that pertains to the development of our
roads, so that country people can get to places where they want
to go. I emphasize this as a splendid factor in the development
of country life.

I realize that the man who comes into our midst and
preaches the analyses of soil and plant cultivation, and demon-
strates to us the need and the benefits of such work so that we
can make our acres produce much more is doing a great work
in the development of country life. There is also the man who
comes into our midst and teaches us how we can mate this
conformation with that conformation, resulting in animals
better fitted for the ends desired. I accord to that man an
equally effective place in the building of a better country life.
While all this is true, I want to make this emphasis at this time,
that the country church occupies just as prominent place in the
development of country life as any of these factors, and the
country preacher who is on his job should proudly take his
place with these other leaders. How did I come to be interested
in the country church? Perhaps the fundamental reason is
because my natural sympathy is with country people. I was
reared on the farm along with the eighty-five out of every one
hundred preachers that today are exponents of the Gospel.
Naturally, my early training and association taught me to be
deeply sympathetic with country people and their institutions.
I have served as pastor in two different towns, one a village,
another a small city, and among other problems in these places
I found that one fundamental difficulty was very much in evi-
dence. I refer to the relative overlapping of territory in church
economics or the over-churched town.

The first town referred to was just a small village. There
were two churches in that village of one hundred and fifty souls.
The next village, or small city rather, was a town of just a little
less than a thousand, and there were five churches in that city,
all trying to maintain pastors. Now I believe that no pastor
can successfully build up his church where such conditions pre-
vail and keep his best manhood. I cannot give my services and
no other man can give his services under like conditions and
retain the high ideals of service that his profession has taught.
There were times under such administration as this that I felt
in building up my own church that I was the loser in moral life.
I felt that I was building at the expense of some one else and that
the community was none the better for my service.

182 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Further, I recognize that there are two fundamental prob-
lems confronting our civilization, namely: country life organiza-
tion and municipal reform, and in the solution of these problems
largely rests the progress of our country as a force for civiliza-
tion. I further consider that to be a party in solution of either
phase of this problem is no mean life task. And when the task
is completed I am sure that honors will be duly given the men
who serve in either phase of this problem.

The cities are awake. Read the history of commission
government, of the municipal expert, and of the continued strug-
gle with vice. These are proof positive that the city is awake to
her part of the great solution both from an economic and moral
viewpoint.

I am happy to say that the country is no less awake to her
part of the work to be done. We are engaging just as intelli-

Harmony Church. It plays an important part in country life development.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 183

gently in the onslaught on economic and moral country con-
ditions as the cities are, and there are just as marked changes for
a better and happier society over the country field as over the
municipal field.

Our Plant.—Five years ago I came to the church which I
serve. My coming was in obedience to an urgent call from the
president of the district and from the congregation. When I
looked the field over I found a very good church building. I also
found a parsonage just adjacent to the church, but not in nearly
so good a condition. The weeds had grown up about it so that
it was hardly to be seen from the road, which was just a few
yards away. I accepted this place as not only a field of oppor-
tunity, but as a call to a new service as well. This (indicating
picture on the screen) represents very nicely our church. This
building was the realization of the efforts of a predecessor, a
man who some years ago, by the co-operation of a certain pro-
gressive element of the community, built and paid for it. But
that church had gone nearly two years without a pastor pre-
ceding my coming to it. There had not been a Sunday school
for some time (just how long I am unable to state), and other
phases of the church life were running in the same ratio.

This (indicating picture) is the parsonage as it is now.
When I first came to this place the parsonage was much smaller,
but the people have added to it and beautified the grounds until
it has become a very comfortable place for us to live. Now,
other than this plant (the church and the parsonage just shown),
this place was just like average country churches. I want to
show you a picture of an abandoned church that I know of
situated in the open country. It stands there, an eyesore to the
community. Services are held only occasionally, as some one
comes along and preaches to the people. There is nothing here
that anyone can take pride in, and the sad thing about it is that
there are hundreds and thousands of just such churches dotted
here and there over the country.

When I began this work I fixed definitely in my mind this
idea: There are enough Christians tn every community to properly
support a Christian institution in their midst—if they are Christian
enough. I hope that you will read that thoughtfully—if there
are Christians enough.

It was to be my work to correlate these Christians and bring
them together so that they would, unitedly, support the enter-
prises of the church. In this I had great satisfaction, in that I

184 Missourt Agricultural Report.

A deserted church.

found most of the people open-minded. A great many were
willing to enter at once into active work for the betterment of
the community, and while our church is known as a Methodist
Church we have as many Baptists and Presbyterians in our
church as we have Methodists—in fact, the majority lies that
way. The reason that this community church is Methodist is
because this was the established church in the community.
Therefore we did the only rational thing—we used the institu-
tion that we already had to work with. I feel with considerable
satisfaction this success. But, of course, you know there were
some who would not do it—you find folks like that—and they
said “‘No, we cannot do that; that church would be all right if
it were our kind.’ They were not willing to co-operate or
correlate their interests with us. I did not consider this as
defeat, for don’t you know I am just optimistic enough to con-
cede that these people serve a good purpose, because some of
us, you know, get into the altitude of the clouds and we need
something to keep us down to earth, and these people serve that
purpose.

Now in this community service, when a church’s good inten-
tions become known you may lose a certain element of the Chris-
tian people who are not broad enough to realize the importance
of the situation, but the church is not the loser. This is true

Missourt Country Life Conference. 185

because, on the other hand, you know that in every community
there are large numbers of people, splendid citizens, men and
women who are not allied with any church, and just as soon
as a church comes into a community and shows that it is work-
ing for the uplift of that community, and that its enterprises are
for the betterment of the community and working on a broad
expansive plan, you are going to at once get the attention of
those people. This has resulted in some of our very best sup-
port coming from that class.

The Community Idea.—The community idea should be
made a very definite thing. It should have a very definite place
in community life development. I emphasize the importance
of having a plat and a survey of the community. This is very
necessary, very important. I would just like to dwell on this
plat of our community as I have it drawn (indicating picture).
It would be hard for me to tell you how much I realize on this
plat, what it means to me and what it has meant to me in my
working to develop this place. In the center (referring to plat)
you see the church; all of these dots over the plat represent
homes and the schoolhouses.

Do you know what that plat teaches me? It has put me so
in touch with these folks that I know a great deal more about
them than they think Ido. I have learned to be so close to them
that I know their financial and economic standing as well as
their religious leanings—even know their politics. I have
learned to know whether they are interested in the public roads
and in the development of public roads, learned to know whether
or not they are interested in good schools, and learned many
other things surrounding their lives. I keep a card index of
every man, woman and child in this plat, and this card index is
a source of knowledge to me in doing the work while I am at
this place.

Another thing you will notice on this plat, and it has taught
me an economical fact. At the top of our plat you see that sec-
tion lying on the north. There is a section that absolutely con-
tributes nothing to our community, excepting the school tax
and the road tax. There is not a home, you notice, in that
section—not one home. This fact has taught me to know who
is supporting and who is not supporting the enterprises of the
community.

My experience has taught me this: That the open country
should be for country folks. Now then, what we are wanting to

186 Missourt Agricultural Report.

develop in country life, or from the country life development
standpoint, is not the large farmer or the large farm, but we
want the eighty-acres; we want the one hundred and twenty
acres, and the one hundred and sixty acres. We want a com-
munity like that (indicating plat), dotted all about by homes
and home-loving, home-owning people—people interested in the
community, people who can see that, they can correlate their
interests and work definitely for the betterment of the com-
munity. On the other hand, I want to say that one of the most
sorrowful things that can come into a community is for that
community to become largely owned by the absentee landlord,
because absentee landlordism has as its result personal gain by
exploiting the community. I am not taking somebody else’s
doctrine. I am giving that which I have observed from my own
experience, and it is this: They take from the community and
do not put anything back. They are constantly living on the
co-operation of this home-owning people and on the losses of
the tenant. They do worse than that. When by the co-
operation of the home people of the community, because of their
work in community building, the lands increase in value, the
absentee landlord draws his share without participating what-
ever in the community upbuilding, without any energy ex-
pended. He does that, and worse. As land values advance,
this absentee landlord raises his rentals on his lands and draws
another very large increase in that way on his investment.
Thus he partakes of the benefits of society without participating
in the improvement. This is wrong, both ethically and eco-
nomically—not to say that is discouraging to the community
builder.

But fortunately all absentee landlords are not like that.
We have in our community two classes or grades of absentee
landlords. One is the business man who lives in town and
operates farms because of the recreation or pleasure he derives
from them as well as for the income he receives. These have
proved that they stand well abreast with the community in the
development idea. They keep up homes, good homes. Here
is one of them (indicating picture). This man is constantly
spending money in the development of his farm. He takes
pleasure in it, and he tells me he is getting profit from it as well.
Here is another illustration of the same fact. We believe in
everything good in community development—even the Mis-

Missourt Country Life Conference. 187

sourl mule (showing picture). These are pictures taken from
the farms of these business men.

On the other hand, the worst enemy I find in this landlord
business, the absentee landlord (now listen; I may hurt some of
you farmers here, but it is true), is the farmer who owned a
farm, moved away, retired, but kept the farm as an investment.
That man—it is my experience of five years spent in this com-
munity—pays absolutely nothing back into the community.
He goes away, receives a rental, lets the premises go down,
doesn’t look at it like the business man, from the business stand-
point. Here is one such place (indicating picture). That man
ought to have at heart the community’s interest, ought to have
sympathy with it, yet look at the condition prevailing. It is
an eyesore to our community, and we cannot help it.

Now these emphasize this idea: Do you think that in
beautifying a community you stimulate boys and girls to develop
higher ideals of life? I want you to think about that, you who
have farms in somebody’s community where they are trying to
build up and make life better. In the name of sense and all
that is decent and right, you ought to contribute to the support
of that community and keep up the premises in the way they
ought to be; it is only right.

The Morton home, a model 80-acre farm, Harmony community.

188 Missourt Agricultural Report.

I want to emphasize the small farm and farm owner. In
our community at present we have a predominance of small
farms—the 80-acre, the 120-acre and the 160-acre farm. I also
want to say that these farms are the very best improved in our
community. Some people think that you cannot improve the
farm and keep to the eighty, one hundred and twenty and one
hundred and sixty acres. This is not true, as evidenced in our
own community. The very best improvements we have in our
community are on the smaller farms. By more careful handling
of the soil, more intensive methods, by using your brain power
as well as muscles, you can develop the smaller possessions as
much as those who hold the larger tracts can develop theirs.

These (showing slides) well improved, small farms have
taught us this fact—all processes of education should be to fit men
not merely to make a living but to live.

The Community Spirit.—I want to talk to you about com-
munity spirit. When I first came to this place there was no one
especially proud of the community. They were not conscious
of any particular reason why they should be proud to live there.
People were proud of their homes; people were glad to talk to
you about their homes and show you the pleasant features about
them, but those were individual ties, and it was simply an expres-
sion of individual pride. But from the community idea there was
no particularly expressed pride. This has been changed. Now
even the children know they are proud of the community.
Why? It all comes because we have a splendid community
spirit. There are a number of our people who own automobiles
and, whenever they go to town, carry pennants bearing the word
“Harmony.” Thus the community is well advertised.

Notwithstanding our new church building, the attendance
at church was not nearly so large as it ought to be. Often it
would be but twenty, sometimes forty, which would be a splendid
crowd. The people said to. me that since they had built the
church they had never been able to get many to attend. It
seemed as though building that church had crushed the spirit
out of the people and they would not attend. I began to rea-
son. While they had perhaps been getting poor service, I could
not lay all to that source. I felt that more people should attend
regularly. In studying the matter over my attention was called
to our road system. Our roads were very bad. At times they
were in such condition that the people could not get anywhere.
I figure that it was quite impossible for people to come to church

Missouri Country Life Conference. 189

under such circumstances. I noticed that after a rain it re-
quired more than normal interest in the church and religion to
get them to attend. Then when I realized that the people came
two and one-half miles, even four miles, I saw the reason why a
great many did not get to church.

So I turned my attention to the road problem. This was a
much larger problem than I thought it was. In the first place,
I did not know much about it. I attended every road meeting
within reach to hear lectures on good roads, got all the literature
I could get, read about good roads, and sought in every way to
inform myself upon the road problem, how to make better con-
structed roads and how to improve the system. I found by a
certain amount of expenditure we could greatly improve our
roads, but also found that the money was not in the hands of
the board. So it became necessary to find other means. We
had a roads meeting, the purpose of which was to get the men of
the neighborhood together, and, after talking the matter over,
we asked for volunteers for road work. We got sufficient vol-
unteers to grade our road from the church two and one-half
miles in one direction and four miles in another on the main
roads. This made it possible for any one living in the extreme
part of the community to get to a well graded road without
going through very much bad road. We soon saw the logic and
truth of our reasoning, because at once we found that our church
took on new life and many more people attended the church
services than had previously.

Team work and road work in the Harmony community.

190 Missourt Agricultural Report.

The next thing we did was to drag our roads. These main
roads were kept well dragged over the distances mentioned.
This (indicating picture) 1s a bunch of our boys doing road
dragging. Thus, with the road drags we have in our com-
munity, the roads are assuming a very credible condition. Since
we have graded these main roads we have been working on
others, and now have a fairly good system.

Our Bridges.—Our bridges were in very bad condition, and
many of them had to be rebuilt. This (picture) is a bridge that
is built of cement. It is a structure that appeals very forcibly
to us as efficient for practical purposes. The highway engineer
of our county told me that in using this bridge he cut down two
hundred and eighty-five feet of bridge maintenance this last
year—a very hopeful thing, because bridge maintenance is one
of the large items in road expenses. It has been our policy to
put in cement bridges wherever possible. In a good many
instances the township board furnished the cement and we
donated the labor. By so doing we have been able to get a good
many cement bridges in our community. We have used some
steel tubes with cement ends, and they have served the purpose
for the shallow bridge. ‘The contest for the Saint’s Trail stirred
our community with no little enthusiasm, as the towns along
the route were contesting for this highway. We got in the con-
test, too—just foolish enough to think because other folks did
we had the same right. After considerable work we were able
to land something like twenty-six miles of this highway, and
this (showing picture) is one of the scenes in our community.

I want to say a thing regarding our Federal and State
authorities in connection with their attitude of helpfulness to
the country folk. We have never asked for a thing from them
but what they gave it to us, if possible. I want to commend
them for the kindness and willingness which they have exhibited
towards helping us in our difficulties. I wrote to Washington
and asked for some help, and the government sent me the
senior highway engineer, Mr. Heidel. He came to our com-
munity, traveled over our roads, studied their physical condi-
tion and made a survey of them, then he gave us a lecture and
told us just what we needed to do for the roads.. So he helped
us very much indeed. The county engineer gave us of his time
and advice; also gave us much encouragement. This, in my
judgment, is the proper attitude to be assumed by these authori-
ties, because the rural development idea should not carry with it

Missouri Country Life Conference. 191

that idea which pauperizes, but that help which. visionizes the
community.

Organized Social Activity.—Organization for social reaction
is a thing necessary in every community, and it is one of the
things that we lack very materially in the open country. If you
want to develop leadership it is absolutely necessary to have
social reaction, and that is why more leaders come from the city
and centers of population than from rural districts.

I conceived the idea that we might have a home-coming
day. Four years ago last June we held our first. My primary
idea, of course, was to get all the people who once lived here
and have them meet in a splendid, social time. We have this
on Sunday; we have in the morning Sunday school and after the
Sunday school a sermon. Then we have a community dinner
together. In the afternoon we have men to speak on current
events, on country life development and agricultural problems,
giving time for short talks from the old residents. This was
our first and there were about six hundred people present, and
during the years they have increased in this ratio: the first year,
six hundred; second year, eight hundred, third year, eleven
hundred, and this last year we had fifteen hundred people.
This shows the popularity of it.

“We organized a band and it has made good.”’

192 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Our Band.—We organized a band. This was done pri-
marily to supply social reaction for our young men, and that
band has made good. Now, this is not the kind of a country
band you folks think of; I know what you are thinking about—
“Old Black Joe,” ““Annie Laurie’ and some of those things, but it
is not that kind of a band. This band played for a neighboring
town chautauqua and did credit to .themselves and to their
management, and yet every one of the boys does regular work on
the farm.

We organized our young men into an organization similar
to the Baracca class organization in the Sunday school. We
have in that organization at present forty-nine young men.
There is never a thing in the community needed at the present
time, no matter what it is, but that you will find this class not
only enthusiastically working for it, but also you will find them
as the very leaders in its realization (picture). This organiza-
tion is well supported by another organization that we could not
possibly have the young men organized without, and that is we
have an organization of the young ladies of the community
(picture). There are thirty-seven in this organization. These
young ladies and young men take month about having social
entertainments; they serve lunch and render programs, each
trying to outdo the other, and in this way have aroused a great

— Soe

omen ’ Seeeney es: oe

4

&
ee at

Young Ladies’ Society, Harmony Church.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 193

deal of enthusiasm. These classes repainted the parsonage and
built a cement walk entirely around the church and out to the
road, beautified the grounds, the whole improvement costing a
little less than three hundred dollars. And they paid for it
themselves.

Our Sports.—We believe in plenty of good, clean, healthful
sport. This (indicating picture) shows our baseball team. I
have to differ with the man who scouts at the idea of a place for
sports in the life of the average young farmer. We have in this
group some boys who own eighty acres of land and properly care
for it, and are making money on it, and are some of the best citi-
zens we have in our community—yet they are enthusiastic base-
ball boys. I have in mind a young man whose father was pay-
ing out over one hundred dollars in livery bills each year in a
certain city in this State, and it seemed that young man was
doomed. He had just got started with the wrong bunch, but
had not gone so far that he was lost. We secured his interest in
sports. That young man is safe today, and baseball and the
societies have done more toward it than my preaching. Now
this ball team is not “countryfied,’’ either. They belong to
the Maryville Baseball League; we go down and play with

“We believe in plenty of good, clean, healthful sports.”

A—13

194 Missouri Agricultural Report.

those churches and get beat sometimes, and on the other hand,
we win sometimes. Our boys make hay and do those things
which are necessary in harvest time as well.

We have made our Thanksgiving Day service an annual
affair, too. We meet together Thanksgiving Day, have a serv-
ice in the morning and eat our dinner in the basement of the
church (this illustrates our gathering last Thanksgiving. Pic-
ture). We have just a jolly good time together, just like one
family. In the afternoon the men have a trap shoot. See
the trap here (picture).

Our Lectures.—We regard these lectures as one of the very
beneficial things in the promotion of a better country life.
Young men and young women must be entertained. It is the
duty of society to see that the entertainment offered is whole-
some and the very best, and if you properly provide for them -
you have done a splendid service. Oh, get big enough! Don’t
have that narrow opinion so many have regarding these things.
Now we have found this: That there ts no thing that comes ever so
high but that the country people can have it, provided they want it
badly enough.

The problem we have confronting us at the present time is
the problem of better schools. We have in our community six
schoolhouses just like this (picture)—six schoolhouses scattered

Trap shooting, Thanksgiving Day, Harmony Church.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 195

over the community, and any one would represent appearances
in all. There is not a tree about them that I know of, nothing
there to beautify the grounds or to make them attractive. One
school has seven scholars in it maintaining a teacher at fifty
dollars per month. You see it is wrong economically as well as
lacking in efficiency. We have a proposition for a consolidated
high school which will be adjacent to our church. Of course,
we have some opposition in this, the same that has run all along
throughout this development period, but we are hopeful that we
shall realize our desire.

The next thing of which we desire to speak is regarding
co-operation. There is a twofold duty between the church and
the community in country life development—a twofold duty,
a twofold responsibility. Now the church owes the community
a real service and in turn the community owes the church co-
operation and support. One of these cannot possibly divorce
the responsibility which she has in this development process,
because their responsibility is coequal.

The Church’s Debt to the Community.—It owes the com-
munity a resident pastor efficient in service that is peculiar to
country conditions. I want to say a word regarding our theo-
logical seminaries. Don’t you know our theological seminaries
are turning out young men to fill the position of the minister in
these communities who are just like people have learned to sus-
pect, long on theory but deficient in practical understanding of
the needs of men. There are, no doubt, many of them, as has
been suggested, know very little about geography—‘‘this side
of Jordan.’ These kind of young men turned out of theological
schools and sent out into the country only make bad matters
worse. This is especially true unless they have a superabun-
dance of wisdom and intelligence. In this our theological
schools err. I believe our theological schools ought to add to
their curriculum a course of lectures on agriculture. I believe
this especially for young men fitting themselves to become coun-
try ministers, because in doing this they would prepare a man’s
sympathies for the country people and their problems and enable
him to help them. If I were to choose in expertness or working
knowledge in the country minister I would say, give him a work-
ing knowledge of biblical theology but an expert knowledge of
country conditions, needs and reforms.

Here is a very sad thing that has come under my observa-
tion in rural church economics. It sometimes happens that I

196 Missourt Agricultural Report.

go into a little town on Saturday. In the afternoon when the
train comes in I see a fellow come in with a long coat and a high
satchel and step off the train; he shakes hands with everybody on
the platform and inquires how things have been going since he
was last here—about two weeks or a month before. Well, that
is a preacher. I believe this is one of the saddest things in our
rural church work. I believe that it is doing more to keep the
churches of the small towns and country communities, the church
people, Christian people, from getting together, and it is also
widening the gap that is already existing between them. Why?
A preacher is a man and is like other men; he has to have a job,
and if he comes into that town to serve a little church on one
Sunday a month he has to preach a whole lot of denominational-
ism to those people to hold his job. If he did not some would
say that the town had another fellow preaching about like that,
and so would want only one man. But by talking denomina-
tionalism and all the other “‘isms’’ belonging to this particular
sect, don’t you see it keeps up a strained condition and keeps the
neighbor from getting in touch with his neighbors in spiritual
matters. This teaches me this fact: The most insidious enemy
to country life development maintained by the church is the non-
resident minister. The man may be all right, but the system ts all
wrong. I cannot get anywhere with that kind of a system.
Churches that are served in this fashion do not flourish, do
not grow.

The Community’s Obligation to the Church.—On the other
hand, the people of the community owe to the church a united
support. One of the things to speak of particularly is that you
owe a maintenance, a decent maintenance, to your pastor.
Don’t call a man into your midst and then starve him out and
expect good work. It has been said that the farmer is a stingy
man. I would not say that of all farmers. I have a great deal
better opinion of farmers than that. I believe the farmer is a
careful business man; he has to be careful because of the liveli-
hood he has to get out of the soil and because of the conditions
prevailing about him, and sometimes he has a narrow view of
things. But on the other hand, I insist that the farmer owes
the pastor who comes into his community and builds up an
institution of good in that community at least a decent main-
tenance. If you want the pastor to be a man treat him as a
man and do not pay him a smaller salary, as in some instances
you do, than the hired man is getting on the farm. Don’t do

Missouri Country Life Conference. 197

that, because it is absolutely necessary that he be free of finan-
cial encumbrance if he is to give his best service. Co-operate
with your pastor, take an interest in your community, help
your church, help your church to work with you, stand for all
that is good, uplifting and helpful in your community.

CHURCH ADMINISTRATION.

(Rev. Matthew B. McNutt, Glen Ellyn, 111.)

On the way down here I heard a conversation between two
farmers on the way to the conference,
and one said, “‘Where are you going?”
‘“Going to Columbia.’ The other said,
‘Pretty good place to go, isn’t it?”
+Yies,; he said; \ “Indeed itis." And
I feel that way myself. I find the
farmers feel that way.

It was my pleasure to speak here
last year at one of the gatherings. I
am sure that I enjoyed it very much,
and I learned a great deal. I like to
come back here to speak, not so much
for what I may be able to give to the
conference and to the farmers of Mis-
souri, but for what I may be able to get.

It was my privilege to serve a typical rural church for a
period of twelve years, and for the last two years it has been
‘my privilege to visit hundreds of rural and village churches, and
as near as I can see from my study of the rural church, the thing
that is lacking the most is administration.

I find that there are many rural fields, communities where
there are abundant resources in both men and material to make
a good, strong church. If there was only more attention given
to administration. I find in a great many instances where the
rural pastor is trying to do it all. He must, instead, try to
train leadership in the community to carry on the work.

Now the country church is one of the great factors in
bringing about a more satisfying social condition in the country,
and I am sure that when we have the country church performing
its function regarding the community every other institution
that has anything to do with the welfare of the country people

Rev. M. B. McNutt.

198 Missourt Agricultural Report.

will also help. I believe that we are making progress in the
country life movement, and one of the evidences of it is the
change of sentiment in regard to the country and also in regard
to farmers and farming as a business.

Farming used to be looked upon as rather a poor business,
and it is not any too good yet, in spite of the period of the high
cost of living which we are passing through, in spite of the fact
that a good many people think that the farmer is above the
bondholder—that he is “‘in clover.”

We heard a good deal in times past of the farmers in the
light of “buckwheat” and “‘corn cracker’ and ground “‘hopper’’
and “‘hayseed,’’ and the like of that; I have been called all of
those beautiful names, until the word country has become in
past days—not so much now—a synonym for awkwardness and
rudeness. It used to be, if we saw anything in the newspapers
or magazines about the country folk or about the farmers, it was
either in the funny column or in the cartoon. We all recall the
pictures of a farmer as portrayed by the cartoonist. He was
always the man with the overalls or cotton jeans, rawhide boots
and pants inside of his boots, and whiskers and broad-brimmed
hat and long hair, and I presume you will recall instances in the
funny column of the newspaper. I recall one just now that was
a type of what we have often heard which I read not very long
ago.

A farmer of this type came to town one day on business and
was spied by a town boy who thought that it was an opportunity
to have some fun at the farmer’s expense. So he stepped up to
him and he said, “Hello, Mister; what time is it?” The farmer
pulled his watch out of his pocket and said, ‘““Ten minutes to.
nine, my lad.’’ The boy says, ‘““When it comes nine o’clock you
go into the barber shop and get your hair cut.” Of course, that
made the farmer angry and he took after the lad as fast as he
could run. The boy turned the first street corner he came to
and, in the farmer’s efforts to turn the corner, he ran into a
policeman, and the policeman grabbed hold of him and asked
him, ““What’s up?”’ And he said all this that I have said about
the boy. Well, the farmer said, ““I saw a town boy up the street
here and he asked me the time of day, and I told him ten minutes
to nine, and then he had the impudence to tell me when it came
nine o'clock I should go into a barber shop and get my hair
cut.”” The policeman said, ‘““What you running for? You got
eight minutes yet.”

Missouri Country Life Conference. 199

And the country papers have come in, too, for their share
of this fun. It was only a year ago last summer when they were
holding an institute over at Lansing Agricultural College. I
got into the city the night before institute began. I picked up
one of the daily papers at the hotel and in great headlines there
was the following: ‘“‘The country parsons of the State of Michi-
gan have come together to consider seriously the problem of
making a living. They will consider poultry raising and horti-
culture as lucrative side lines. They think it too much of a
comedown from painting mansions in the sky on Sunday to
painting barns on week days.”

I put the newspaper in my pocket and went to the con-
ference, and I read those lines to those men, sixty rural parsons,
that had come together to study. ‘“‘Now,” I said, ““How many
of you brethren have come here to consider seriously the problem
of making a living out of horticulture and poultry raising as
lucrative side lines?” Well, of course, we all had a good laugh
and there were no less than half a dozen newspaper reporters
from Grand Rapids and Detroit and the principal cities of Michi-
gan, and by the looks of them they had come there to have a
good time at the expense of the country parsons, but they re-
ported the conference in a good way, faithfully, and there was
no more poking fun at country people or at the rural parson.

It is getting so now you can hardly tell a country audience
from a city audience in the matter of dress and looks. I have a
good deal of trouble now distinguishing or telling the farmers
from the ministers. I was attending a rural conference recently
and there were supposed to be some farmers there as well as
preachers, and I stepped up to a well-dressed looking man and
I asked him if he was a minister. “No,” he said, “I am a
farmer.” Then I stepped up to another well-dressed looking
man and asked him if he was a farmer. And he said, ““No, I am
a minister.” Just on the way over here I took an editor for a
farmer, and this is hopeful.

Every once in a while at one of the conferences a good,
well-dressed farmer, intelligent, gets up and commences to speak,
and almost invariably he begins his introduction with an apology
that he is only a farmer, and that there is not much expected of
him. Now it is about time we country people quit depreciating
our own business and began to glorify it. I think that we are
responsible ourselves for this attitude that has been taken
against country life and against farming as a business in the

200 . Missourt Agricultural Report.

years gone by. For instance, I have heard some father on the
farm talk like this, “Our John don’t care for books or college;
he is going to be our farmer,’’ just as if it did not take brains
to farm. I have heard country mothers go on and sputter that
after they had educated their daughters and given them an
opportunity to learn music ““They up and married a farmer,”’
as they said, as if a farmer’s wife had not as good a right to have
a good education as a minister’s wife or a banker’s or a business
man’s, or any other man’s wife. But there has been a great
change of sentiment with respect to country life and with
reference to farming as a business, and this is a very hopeful
sign. I am sure that we have seen more about the farmer in the
newspapers and magazines, the great dailies, too, and the great
magazines in the last five years than we saw in the last twenty-
five before, and it has not by any means been in the funny column
or in the cartoon.

Now as to country church administration. I want to
speak first of the church platform or the program of the country
church. You know when political parties are preparing to
combat they set forth a statement of the principles which they
stand for in the form of a platform. What is the platform or
program of the country church? Iam inclined to think that the
platform of the country church needs to be enlarged a good deal
from what it has been in the past. We used to think of religion
altogether as a sort of Sunday institution. We did not think
of it so much in terms of everyday life. But there has been a
great change in the last few years in regard to the conception or
field of religion. Religion is coming to be a movement that per-
tains to daily life. It is a great mistake to divorce religion from
politics or from the business of life.

The function of the church is to preach the Gospel of Jesus
Christ in the world and call men to repentance and prevail upon
them to accept the Gospel of Christ, and also the principles that
Christ has brought to the world, the principles of life. We must
not confuse the function of the church with its sphere; the sphere
of the church must extend to every department that concerns the
welfare of human beings, the department of home and the school
and of the community. It must take its message, the message
and the laws which apply to service and to right living, and apply
them to every relief of man. And it is high time today in the
country that we correlate with the different churches. There
is too much working separately. It is a problem big enough,

Missourt Country Life Conference. 201

I am sure, for all the institutions that have anything to do with
the country people. The churches themselves must get together,
in the first place. There is a great deal of overlapping, and there
is some overlooking, too, as well as overlapping. If the church
cannot be the leader in the community it cannot be the source of
inspiration that it ought to be in all of these various lines and
institutions until the church becomes modern in itself, have good
business and have brotherhood and have co-operation.

It is the function of the church rather to inspire. For in-
stance, the citizens perform their function as citizens in producing
good government. It is not the business of the church to teach
farming, scientific agriculture, but to inspire the farmers to be
the best kind of farmers. It is not the business of the church to
impart knowledge about science and about the affairs of life, but
it is the business of the church to inspire the people to investigate
and make inquiry about the things that are helpful to them in
their lives. It is not the purpose of the church to take the place
of the school, but to inspire the school authorities and those who
have to do with the school to have the best possible school in the
community. And I am sure that when a church conceives of its
mission in this larger way, joining hands with the school people
and with those who are in charge of the government—not that
it is to run the government or the school or run the different
institutions that are organized in the country—but to inspire
each one who has responsibility, in whatever relation in life, to
perform that responsibility in the best possible way.

I am sure the church welcomes gladly the effort which the
Agricultural College is putting forth to help the country people,
and I want to say frankly that as a worker in the church I find
no other institution that is so ready and willing to co-operate with
us in what we are trying to do to bring about better things in
the country than the Agricultural College. Now, I wish that
our seminaries were as free to take up the spirit, the new rural
spirit, and co-operate with the churches in preparing them for
the ministry that the agricultural colleges are. I have heard of
ministers denouncing from the pulpit some of our state institu-
tions of learning as being godless institutions, but I am sure
they do not always know what they are talking about when they
make those denunciations. It has been my pleasure in the last
three years to work a great deal with men engaged in state
institutions, and I want to say that I have found most of them

to be christian men and full of the spirit of the Master in doing
A—14

202 Missouri Agricultural Report.

good in the world, and I am sure that we welcome what they
are doing, and would that all of our country ministers and
country churches could realize what a great help the agricul-
tural colleges are in paving the way for the new agriculture in the
country.

I find a good many farmers are prejudiced against what
they call book learning. They say they have no use for instruc-
tion in farming that comes from a man who sits on a leather
cushion. They have the idea that agricultural men have
nothing to do but sit on leather cushions and be comfortable,
but the farmer who is prejudiced against agriculture, scientific
agriculture, does not know what a blessing it is to many and is
going to be. I am sure that the future farmer is going to be in
the new agriculture which will enable him to raise two bushels
of corn and wheat where he only raised one before, and the
sooner he gets in line with it and begins to practice the things
that are taught and that are discovered here, why the sooner
he will be able to build up a better home and a better church,
and better schools and better roads. So much for the platform
of the administration.

Let the program be broad in its scope—the program of the
church, not forgetting it is the original function to preach the
Gospel—but let it be so broad and so sympathetic that it will
touch every relation of life and encourage and inspire everybody
and every institution that is doing anything to help to make a
better country.

The next point is the cabinet, or the officers who are to
carry out this program. I find here that in rural churches there
is the greatest carelessness exercised in the choice of officers.
Now, a minister, as the leader of a church, ought to know a good
deal about human nature; he ought'to be a psychologist, he ought
to be able to discover who the pivotal men are. Now very often
in our church elections men and women are elected to different
positions because they are good and because they are faithful.
Take the trustee, for instance, who has to do with the finances of
the church. Very often the church elects a good man. For
instance, the place that I served, one of the trustees was a good,
faithful old fellow, but he was a very poor business man, and he
would go around soliciting for the church saying that he was
begging for the minister today, and asked the people if they
could not help him out. Now the Scripture tells us that we
have gifts of different kinds, every one has a gift, and some,

Missourt Country Life Conference. 203

now, have a talent for leadership. As evidence of that you have
seen a group of boys or men on the street, for that matter; you
will find that one or two of them are doing nearly all the talking.
Now, those are the pivotal boys or the pivotal men. They have
influence over a lot of men, and it is wisdom for the churches to
discover those who have ability to lead and be sure to get them
into the places where leadership is required. There ought to be
a nominating committee for all the different offices, for the
Sunday school and for the different church offices, and there
ought to be time taken to look over the parish and study the
individuals and, to be sure, to get the men in the offices that are
designed for leadership. And I am sure the church that will
pay more attention to that, or the minister pay more attention
to that, will magnify his usefulness and the usefulness of the
church many times over.

Next is the survey in the community. Make a survey. |
am constantly surprised at how ignorant country preachers
are very often of conditions in their own community, and the
people themselves don’t know their community. We are living
in an age now of investigation. When business concerns of all
kinds are making a study, an extensive study, surveys of their
business, why should not the church make a study of its com-
munity—the work that is to be done. It is time we quit spend-
ing energy and money going on blindly. It would be just as
foolish for a doctor called in to see a patient to proceed to give
out a prescription without first having examined his patient and
diagnosed the case, getting the symptoms; and that is what we
are doing in a great many instances in our rural churches, simply
pushing along in the dark—don’t know what we have to con-
tend with. Now there ought to be a careful survey made of
everything in a rural community, beginning with the home.
The minister or ministers, if there are more than one in a parish,
they ought to know what their people are reading, what maga-
zines and papers they are taking; they ought to know what
facilities they have in their homes for education and for culture.
It ought to be known where they are spending their evenings,
where they are going for their entertainments, and_ there
should be some facts developed by somebody as to the farmers’
economic condition.

We cannot expect our farmers to build up their social insti-
tutions such as the church or the school except it be on a profit
or income. A man can borrow money at the bank to improve

204 Missourt Agricultural Report.

his farm and his buildings, but he cannot borrow money at the
bank to build a church or to pay the minister. Social institu-
tions cannot be supported in a community except it be on an
income, and the farmers are very often asked to subscribe to cer-
tain things, the school, for instance, or good roads, and to the
church, and they are not asked as to whether or not they are
able to get it. We found by surveys.in many communities there
is not enough of profit after the farmer has had his own living to
build the kind of school he ought to have, or to fix up his home
in the way it ought to be improved. And then have the com-
munity survey with reference to everything that touches the
community life. Now, the minister might make that, or a
group of ministers, if there is more than one minister in the
community. Let the ministers go together, and the school
might unite, also, and the business men, in making this survey.

I think it would be a very good idea to open up an office, if in
a village or in a town, not any one religion, but a general con-
ference of the community. Then let these ministers, this group
of ministers, get together and have all these statistics gotten
from the survey, and let them be filed away and indexed so
every minister may have access to them. Instead of every
minister and every church having its own little program and
pushing along individually and separately, have one great big
program for the whole community, for instance, a program of
evangelization that would be so complete that it would touch
every home and every life in that community, and then let all
the christian people go to work in earnest with a systematic cam-
paign to evangelize that community. Then they might have
another program, a church program, or a community program,
rather, for improving the educational equipment and conditions
in the community. Not that this community would direct the
educational work, but simply to co-operate with those which
have to do with education. Then have another program, for
instance, for directing the recreations of the community. I am
sure that the commercialized form of entertainment today is
continually counteracting the best influence of the church, the
home and the school. The people ought to be in their enter-
tainments largely. It is what they do for themselves that de-
velops them, and the christian people of a community ought to
see to it that there is no kind of entertainment permitted in the
community except what is good and wholesome and fit for any-
body’s children to look at. That can be brought about only by

Missouri Country Life Conference. 205

the co-operation of the people in the community. They might
have another great big program for co-operating in the develop-
ment of musical talent of the community. And one work of
the community would be to let the whole community go to work
and have some competent person come and plan the music of the
community. Still another for the development of the dramatic
talent. The church has done a good deal of preaching against
the theater, but we still have it, and one of the best ways to
counteract the recreation in the community or entertainment
that is called “‘questionable’”’ is to put some substitute there.
There is a principle in nature, in physics, that nature abhors a
vacuum, and you may just depend upon it that our young people
—it is their nature to have entertainment and have social life—
and if the church or good influences in the community do not
furnish it, why the commercialized agencies will furnish it.
And so have the program arranged along the community basis
and then have all the christian people of the different denomi-
nations co-operate, including the school and other agencies in
the community, and I am sure a great deal more can be accom-
plished in that way, emphasizing the community idea, rather
than to have a separate program for each church.

The next point is organization. The organization of the
church life must be as simple as possible in the rural community,
because of the scattered condition of the homes. It is impos-
sible for the people to get together very often for meetings.
And so we have to try to do the work as far as possible with the
organizations that are at hand. It isa great mistake to multiply
the organizations in the country, because every time you intro-
duce a new organization you simply do that which must dissipate
the strength and energy of the rural people.

I would recommend the expanding of the Sunday school.
The Sunday school is on the job all the time in the country, and
there is nothing hardly but what can be done under an organized
Sunday school class.

The next point that I would emphasize in country church
administration is adaptation, and I find there is a great deal of
energy wasted in the country, and patience, too, by planning
entertainments and work of one kind or another at times in the
year when it is absolutely impossible for farmers to engage in
them. There are a few seasons of the year, for instance during
the seeding time, or the harvest or the gathering of corn, when
the farmers have to put in very long hours, and they have not

206 Missouri Agricultural Report.

strength enough left after they have done the necessary work
to engage much in any activities in the community. So in these
campaigns of one kind or another, to help the people, you must
be careful to plan them at seasons of the year when it is possible
for the country people to engage in them. Now the winter
season, for instance, when our country folk have more leisure,
is the right time to enter into these-aggressive campaigns for
different things in the community.

There is a very sad tale told of a prayer meeting, a midweek
prayer meeting, that was conducted in a parish I serve, or had
been tried to be conducted, of a minister and two faithful elders
coming together on Wednesday evening. The prayer meeting
had dwindled down to just those faithful three, and it is said
they would sit on the porch on nice nights, on the nice summer
nights, and they would talk and pray and declare the common-
walk people of the community were godless, because they would
not come to these prayer meetings and they needed a revela-
tion. So they got an evangelist to come at a good deal expense
and they had some speech-making. The prayer meetings were
a little better attended after that, but it was not long until they
dwindled down to the faithful three.

Now that is a city institution, the midweek prayer meeting,
and here is the mistake we have been making in the country for
a long time, our country people have listened to discussions on
city topics by city people. It used to be you hardly ever saw
anything on the program, any topic that was distinctly rural,
and our good rural people have listened to those city discussions
and they go home and try to put them into operation, when they
are not at all adapted to rural conditions. I contend the mid-
week prayer meeting for the average rural community is not a
practicable thing. In the first place, it is almost impossible for
them to come together for a midweek prayer meeting, so the
simple thing to do is to plan the prayer at times when the people
can come together.

Now, in working along this line, we found in the first place
that fully ninety per cent of the people of the congregation were
brought under the influence of united prayer simply by planning
the prayer at times when it was possible for the people to come
together. It was a very common thing to open the socials with
a devotional service, or after the young people had had their
play, to gather around an instrument, if in a home or in a church,
and close the evening by singing some hymns and having a

Missourt Country Life Conference. FAUT

benediction or a closing prayer, and it did not seem at all out of
place, and I am sure did much to sanctify the social life and
entertainments of the young people.

I recall one time we were giving a little play in our church,
entitled ‘““Hunkers Corners,” setting a country store with post-
office, and there were about forty different characters in it.
You know all the interesting characters that gather around a
place like that. This little play called for ten rehearsals, night
rehearsals, and one family living nine miles away came out for
every one of those rehearsals, and the night of the entertain-
ment, making ten times they had come, in all, one hundred
miles, which these young people had driven for that entertain-
ment. And right in the midst of the corn shucking, so you may
know what that meant for those young people. Now that was .
early in our pastorage, and I learned that it was a very foolish
thing to plan anything like that in such a busy season.

Now the way we manage that now is to have those kinds
of entertainments in the winter time, and instead of coming out
nine times for a rehearsal the young people come together on
Saturday, bring their luncheon with them, and they will re-
hearse probably three or four times in one day, and under
wholesome influence and supervision, and it is a social gathering
as well as a cultural. Now we must not get the idea that our
entertainments must be simply for the sake of entertainment,
but this was cultural and had a good deal to do with the training
of those young people, and besides, was a social event, and a
good deal of the social life and enjoyment of the country may be
associated with gatherings of this kind if they have them at
times when it is possible for the people to come together.

The next point that I would consider or emphasize in the
country church administration is the equipment. It is pathetic,
indeed, to see some of the rural churches that we find scattered
out through the country, a little old-fashioned church that was
built by our grandfathers, incommensurate entirely with the
surroundings of the community. But all that our forefathers
would recognize in the community, if they came back here—those
that have been called Home—would be that little old-fashioned
church; they would not recognize the splendid modern machinery
we have now and the way of doing the work on the farm. Now
it is impossible to gather a twentieth-century spiritual harvest
from an antiquated and inadequate equipment. Now a great
many of these churches are an eyesore to the community. I find

208 Missouri Agricultural Report.

weeds grown up in the church lawn and the plastering off the
church and having many times the appearance of a shed, and
nothing at all inviting about the church building. Now that is
very bad evidence for the religion in the community. If any
one of the buildings in the whole community should be kept
in tiptop condition it is the church, not only the church itself,
but the surroundings. It does not cost very much to plant a
few trees or shrubs or put a few good vines around the church
premises, and I am sure that if every community, if every
congregation would be careful and try and make the church
beautiful that that would be attempted in almost every home in
the community. It would do a great deal to inspire the aesthetic
genius and taste in the community, and the environment, too,
has a good deal to do. It has a good deal of influence on the
morals of the community, too.

That is something we can all do with the rural churches.
We can do something to make them more beautiful, and the
rural schools as well, and not only more beautiful but more
modern.

Now the Sunday school is a great teacher of the church,
and it is impossible to build character unless it be on truth.
Truth is God’s word, and the Sunday school is supposed to be one
of the great agencies of the church for teaching the word of God.
Now I am sure that no modern institution, no educational insti-
tution today, would tolerate at all the conditions for teaching
which we find in many of our rural churches today—maybe a
dozen classes reciting in one room and nothing but a babel of
sounds. It is impossible to do good teaching under those con-
ditions, and why should we tolerate such conditions as that? I
am sure that in many of those churches, if you are not able to
rebuild them, tear out the old seats and seat with chairs instead,
and by a system of curtains that would not cost much the room
could be divided by partitions so that it would be possible to
have the classes largely apart, especially for the children. We
learn a good deal more through the eye than we learn any other
way, and if the eyes, if they can see everywhere, and if they are
reciting in a room together that way, it is almost next to impos-
sible to concentrate attention of the children to do any effective
work under those conditions, and I am sure many communities
could build if they were inspired to do it, could have better
churches.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 209

I held services in a little rural church about ten miles
from Champaign lately and I knew the building would not sell
for two hundred dollars at auction. One woman told me the
seats were regular backbreakers, and I knew they were from
the looks of them. Yet on Children’s Day eleven automobiles
drove up into that church lot to celebrate Children’s Day.
Any one of those automobiles cost one thousand dollars. Now
the people who sport automobiles in a community surely ought
to afford something better than that in the community in the
way of a church.

I realize that you can not do it all by equipment, but,
other things being equal, equipment has a great deal to do.
God, of course, can use the weak and foolish things, and I sup-
pose could use poor equipment to do good work if the people
could not afford anything better, but I don’t believe any rural
community that can afford to ride in automobiles will be honored
of God in trying to conduct services of worship in a house such
as I have described when they could have something better.

And the last point I would mention is efficiency, the method
—not what the program is, or the cabinet, or the equipment, or
the adaptation; if we do not secure efficiency all will be of no
avail. Efficiency is the one great thing to be aimed at, and in
this day and this age, when the business world and men every-
were are combining and striving for efficiency and economy in
administration of their business, why should not the church
be up on this question of efficiency? Now I am sure that we
ought to pay more attention as rural pastors and Sunday school
superintendents—we ought to give more attention to the train-
ing of leaders in the rural communities. Mr. Moody used to
say, ‘““Better put ten men to work than do the work of ten
men.” I am sure that is a good principle to follow. Get the
pivotal men in the offices and then train them for it. There is
not anything to hinder a rural pastor from getting Sunday school
teachers together or his church officers, or everybody that has
anything to do with the work, to get them together once in a
while and train them instead of trying to do it all himself, as I
find a great many ministers are trying to do. Train men to
lead in the various activities in the church, and then not only
train them to lead but exact of them reports. Might have
monthly meetings of all the officers and have every man in an
office of any kind bring in a written report. If he has not done
anything, make him write it out in so many words that his

210 Missourt Agricultural Report.

committee has not done anything, and keep on in that way,
requiring them to bring in reports, and after a few years of this
kind of work you will find the great value of these reports.
They ought to be filed away and kept. The committee is mak-
ing history, the church is making history, and get these reports
out once in a while after a period of five years and note the
progress that has been made and the new enterprises that have
been undertaken and how often a failure has been turned into
success through persistence and through thorough work in
bringing about efficiency, and I trust that above all else this
conference may desire for our rural people, it will be to inspire
them to greater efficiency and administration of church business.
I thank you now very much for your kind attention.

THE LADDONIA PLAN AND ITS PURPOSE.

(Rev. J. L. Watson, Laddonia, Mo.)

By way of introduction let me say that in the summer of
1912 I visited Locust Grove Baptist
Church in Boone county, Missouri, and
preached to the people. Since that
time I have been going there once a
month, or sending a good man to con-
duct divine worship. During the pe-
riod we have had thirty-six additions,
organized a ladies’ aid society, which
has done more aiding than any other
rural society I know anything about,
started a Baptist Young People’s
Union, which meets each Sunday even-
ing, repaired and beautified the house
in many ways. New pulpit chairs, a
new carpet, a modern lighting plant, practically new seats, and
an iron fence in front of the property are some of the recent im-
provements. Money is now in the treasury with which to buy
paint to paint the house. We now have worship twice a month,
both morning and evening, by the help of consecrated laymen
who are willing to give of their time and talent at least one
Sunday each month. The people appreciate these meetings
conducted by laymen, and to my mind their generous use in
this way by the churches and pastors will contribute in no small

;

Rev. J. L. Watson.

Missourt Country Life Conference. PA |

way to the solution of the rural church problem. We have
many laymen, with splendid ability, consecration and fine sense,
who are ready to do this kind of work. I know several who
never fail to render such a service when asked.

Last October we held a rural life conference which lasted
six days, at which many of the usual subjects were discussed.
This conference was a success in every way and resulted in much
good to the community. They now have a petition filed with
the county school superintendent containing the required
names, calling for an election to vote a consolidated rural high
school. The school will doubtless be a fact in the near future.
At the last meeting the people voted unanimously to have
another conference next year.

The success of the conference at Locust Grove encouraged
me to make an effort to hold a similar one at Laddonia, a town
of 650 people. We have seven churches, five of which have pas-
tors. As I am president of the Ministers’ Alliance I called a
meeting and submitted the matter to the members; they at
once became enthusiastic for the meetings. I then talked with
a number of business and professional men relative to the
matter. This resulted in an evening meeting of about fifteen
men at one of the banks a few days later. I stated in detail the
purpose of such a conference, and after some discussion it was
voted by all present to hold such a conference and to support
it in every way. ‘The necessary committees were appointed and
did their work well. The meetings were held in the opera house
from December 8th to 12th. The house was filled every night
and the meetings grew in interest and efficiency to the end. The
last evening steps were taken to form a permanent organization.
At a subsequent date the Laddonia Rural Life and School
Association was organized. Its purpose is well set forth in its
constitution, the preamble of which is as follows: ‘‘In order to
promote and advance the mutual interests of the city of Lad-
donia and the rural community adjacent thereto, and to effect
the best co-operation among the people of the entire community
along all lines of endeavor calculated to better their financial,
educational, social, moral and spiritual condition, we, the
citizens of said community, do hereby form the Laddonia Rural
Life and School Association.’’ The constitution provides for
the usual officers charged with the usual duties. The president
is a well educated and prosperous young farmer. The vice-
president and secretary are merchants, the treasurer is an active

an Missourt Agricultural Report.

farmer and your humble servant is the chaplain. Article 8 of
the constitution reads thus: ‘“‘The officers, with one commit-
teeman to be elected by the association from each school district
in the co-operating territory, shall constitute the executive com-
mittee and shall administer the affairs of the association.”

Section 7 of the by-laws reads: ‘“The executive committee
shall be thoughtful of the future activities of the association and
be prepared to suggest to the meetings lines of work which will
enable the association to render the best service to the com-
munity.”

It is not the purpose of the association to try to accomplish
everything needed in the locality at one and the same time, but
we are trying to do a few things well.

In the first place, we are trying to make all our citizens
realize that the interests of the rural people and those of the
people living in town are entirely mutual. Laddonia has no
city problems. Her water, light, heat, health, sewage, high-
way and home beautification problems are the same practically
as those of the farmer. We have no enterprise except that of
agriculture, and as the success of the townspeople depends abso-
lutely upon the success of the farmer it follows that their interests
are one, and it is our aim to banish all prejudice and bring about
a co-operation of all the people in the interest of “better farming,
better business and better living.’’ To this end we are trying
to secure as members all moral men and women and all young -
people above the age of 15 years. One becomes a member by
signing an enrollment card, which is a promise to support the
work. No dues are charged, but the necessary funds are secured
by contributions and in such other ways as the finance com-
mittee may see fit to adopt.

In the second place, we hope to do much for the schools and
we expect the schools to do much for us. The association has a
school committee whose duties are made plain in by-law 5,
which reads: ‘“‘It shall be the duty of the school committee to
interest the various schools in the community in literary con-
tests, crop-judging contests, stock-judging contests, stock shows,
community exhibitions and such other activities as will tend to
teach the pupils to love rural life and to endeavor to better rural
conditions.”

It is our purpose to hold a stock-judging contest at an early
date, the school pupils acting as the judges. As far as we know,
nothing of this sort has ever been attempted in Missouri. The

Missourt Country Life Conference. Zale}

teachers and pupils are now at work on a course of study pre-
pared by the professor of rural education in the University of
Missouri which will enable them to do this work with intelli-
gence.

In the third place, we aim to co-operate in every way with
the Audrain County Farm Bureau. The farm adviser, ‘Mr.
E. W. Rusk, was one of the speakers at our conference and the
people appreciate him and the work he is doing.

In the fourth place, by-law 4 says: ‘The social committee
shall arrange for such social gatherings from time to time as are
calculated to create a better social life in the community.” By
quitting our homes and business for a day and gathering in the
park, or some other convenient place, where the joy, beauty and
freedom of rural life can be told in “‘song and story”? by our own
people and their children, where the young folks can engage in
the playing of games and sports and thus have “‘fine fun in a
good way”’ and where all can meet in one great brotherhood, we
hope to make this community an ideal place in which to live.
In this way we hope to keep many of our best young people on
the farms who would otherwise go to the city to reside.

In the fifth place,we hope to aid in the betterment of the
school system. The rural schools should be made so efficient
that a country boy or girl can enter the University from their
home school just the same as their city cousins.

In the sixth place, the home economics and domestic science
committee plans to do some helpful work at an early date.

In the seventh place, we aim to conduct a university ex-
tension center and hope to start it in a few days. It is our pur-
pose to make a large use of the University along this line.

Let me say in closing that our five evangelical churches are
co-operating in the work most heartily. They seem to be fully
alive to the situation and needs and are anxious to meet them.

The regular meeting is the first Friday night in each month,
at which a suitable program is rendered and one address is
delivered. Called or special meetings are held as occasion
requires.

214 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ADDRESS BY S. M. JORDAN.

(Mr. Jordan is the pioneer county farm adviser and is at the head of the Pettis County (Mo.)
Bureau of Agriculture.)

I don’t know why it is, but it seems when I come before an
audience nearly every fellow begins to
grin: I don’t know why it is unless it is
my looks. I am awfully glad, however,
that we are not necessarily judged by
what we look like, and when I take a
survey of this audience I am thoroughly
convinced that there are a whole lot of
people who should be just as well
pleased about it as I am.

A man reminded me of something
today that I don’t believe I said, but
he said I did; I know I would not
answer a farmer that way. It was at
a town where I was making one of my
talks concerning two ears of corn. One was a very handsome
ear and the other almost anything else. I was comparing the
ears of corn, with reference to their quality, to hogs, and a man
in the audience said, ““You can tell a hog’s quality by his looks,”
and I said, ““No, not necessarily any more than you can judge of
a man’s quality by his looks. If you had to judge a man by his
looks a lot of you fellows would be in the penitentiary; I don’t

S. M. Jordan.

know where I would be.” The world wants you for what you
can do rather than what you look like, unless you are in a
baby show.

It is very difficult to attempt to take another man’s place, and
perhaps since “‘the dog show” is late, I will have to be first in the
performance tonight. Two men were unable to be here—and I
am not assuming at all to fill the places that those men could
have filled on this occasion. I am in a sense unprepared, but I
work in almost any harness and try to do my level best every
day and take no offense at playing second fiddle. So they asked
me to perform a little while tonight for your entertainment, and
possibly for your information, if I can give you anything.

We have collected here trying to join together the things
that a great many people have found out. No man can learn
very much in a lifetime, but a great many men ina great many

Missourt Country Life Conference. Dali

lifetimes can learn a great deal. We are here to try to find out
what each has found out, and if we can make the combination we
shall have more knowledge than we did have. As I said on
another occasion, we are here to collect ideas and carry them
home with us, provided we have anything to take them in.

The subject that I talked about a little while this afternoon
and agreed to continue tonight was ‘“‘Things that Make Life in
the Country Worth While.” And the things that make life
most worth while are those things that have made the most
lasting impressions on our minds for good and for good service.
I will repeat, those things that have made the most lasting im-
pressions from childhood to the present day are no doubt the
things that happened on the farm during our lifetime there.
These impressions have been made for good or ill, as the case
may be. If they have been made for good, we agree that they
have come from the very fountainhead or foundation of the
civilization of this country, which is the American farm home.
It has been my privilege to be in a great many places in the last
few years, and I have tried always to have a definite object in
view wherever I was working.

It may seem strange to you that the bankers’ associations
almost all over the country have invited me to come and make
talks at their conventions. I have talked to every group in the
State of Missouri. I have talked to them at two of their State
meetings; I have talked to the Michigan State Bankers’ Asso-
ciation at Lansing. I had to refuse the Illinois State Bankers
at Chicago on account of a conflicting date. I have talked at
both of the agricultural conferences that have been held by the
agricultural committees of various state banking associations in
Kansas City and at St. Paul. I have-talked to two or three
groups in Kansas and one or two in Oklahoma, and talked to
the American Bankers’ Convention at Boston, and when I began
talking to the bankers I said to them at that time that I believe
I am assuming to talk to you about an unpopular theme. I was
a little bit afraid I would not get any applause because I believed
I was talking to them about an unpopular thing. However, it
proved to be the very reverse, and it has been my observation
that every intelligent interest in this country is today looking
toward the betterment of farm life and the upbuilding of the
farm home. The various state bankers’ associations—I believe
every one of them in the United States at this time have a com-
mittee on agricultural betterment.

216 Missourt Agricultural Report.

At Boston, where was held the American Bankers’ Asso-
ciation convention, where 4,100 delegates registered, at the close
of their agricultural session a committee was appointed on
agriculture in that gigantic organization. It becomes a business
proposition for the banks of this country to make the farms a
little more productive and the owners a little happier and a little
better fixed than they have been in the past. It becomes a
business proposition as well as a social proposition, because in
1910 the census tells me that in this country we grew a crop
worth approximately $8,000,000,000, and on this $8,000,000,000
crop the farmers of this country borrowed $6,000,000,000, or
seventy-five cents on every dollar of our product, and on which
we pay $500,000,000 interest. When the rate of interest, the
commission, transfers and other trimmings that they take on
approximate eight and one-half per cent, the farmers of this
country cannot endure that rate. The bankers are well aware
of the fact that this country cannot endure that rate. They are
ready and willing to do their part, but the great difficulty in the
past has been that the farmer is not ready and willing to perform
his part. We make objections to practically every new idea
that could be promulgated, whether by farmers, merchants,
lawyers, doctors or bankers. At that great convention in
Boston a man made a speech condemning the currency bill that
has passed the House and he received great applause. Other
men seconded what he said; they passed a resolution condemn-
ing the currency bill as it has passed the House. One lone man
from Arkansas was the only man that had the backbone and the
nerve and the courage to stand before that great audience and
tell them that the most important piece of legislation that has
been before the American Congress for many years was that
currency bill. They ‘‘cat-called’’ him and hissed him, but today
the bankers are saying that the lone individual from Arkansas
was the man who understood his business.

We are trying to work out a new problem in Pettis county
with reference to the bank. I am not going to tell you the
machinery, however, that we are trying to put into motion, but
we are endeavoring to have the Pettis county banks stop the
practice of paying interest on time deposits. If you have money
put on time deposit, maybe you will say that is not right, but
if you say so I would like to take issue with you.

Our banks pay the people three per cent on time deposits
over in Pettis county. You know that you can often buy cir-

Missourt Country Life Conference. DAMP

cular exchange at a discount when direct exchange might cost
you a premium. So we are trying to handle this thing in an
indirect way. If I have money to lend I can go to the bank and
tell them I want to lend the money, and they say “‘All right, I
will pay you three per cent.’’ They say they have to do that
to keep the money from leaving the community. We are going
to try to prevent the money leaving the community and prevent
the bank from paying interest on time deposits. The bank
takes my money and they loan it to somebody else. If they
make five per cent they must loan it at eight, must they not?
Suppose now that they could lend that money of mine at six per
cent. In other words, they will say to me, “I am not paying
interest on time deposit, but I have some mortgages here, mort-
gages on cows, and they are good collateral; I will guarantee
them; I will stamp my guarantee on the back of that paper and
sell you that mortgage; I will discount it two per cent; you can
have four per cent out of it and I will get two per cent.’ The
banker then loans the money, and the borrower puts it again
into the channels of trade. He does. not put it down into his
boot nor hide it under the bed. He uses it among the mer-
chants and among the farmers, and when four o’clock comes it
has found the way over to the bank. The banker got it with-
out paying interest on it. Every cent that he pays that man on
a time deposit he must charge you as a borrower. It is the only
way. Now in making the loan, or selling the mortgage, he makes
two per cent there, and he saves three per cent instead of paying
the interest on the money; he has five per cent margin that he
makes on the proposition, and the margin is all that can interest
the banker.

Now then, where.are these mortgages going to land? Who
is going to get them? Why we must work out the problem in
this country whereby the beginner can begin. With the high
price of land today the beginner cannot begin. He has not
enough money to pay for all his farm, but maybe can make a
small payment. The bankers are also recognizing the fact that
it takes six to ten times as much to equip a farm for successful
operation today as it did forty or fifty years ago when labor
was cheap. So the time is here when money on easier terms and
longer time must go onto the farms of this country.

How are we going to manage it. We are going to try to get
cheaper money for the farmer from this man who has money to
lend on time deposit. That is, we are going to lend it to him at

218 Missourt Agricultural Report.

six per cent on three years time, not ninety days, nor sixty
days, nor thirty days.

A little while ago I was in St. Louis and made a talk to the
bankers and one of the newspapers reported me about as I said
it, but the other reported it a little differently, and then an edi-
torial in one paper, taking the report from another paper, made
me say this: “Pettis county bankers-will not lend Pettis county
farmers money with which to feed cattle.””> Now anybody that
knows anything at all about it knows that that is not true; that
bankers do lend many men with good standing what money they
need to feed cattle, often it being the case that the banker has
to borrow money from another bank in order to accommodate
such a customer. But the bankers do not lend farmers money
with which to breed cattle, and until more farmers breed cattle
they never relieve the cattle shortage. The farmers quit breed-
ing cattle for the reason that it was not profitable. This is
the only reason; it cannot be figured out any other way. We
must bring about a condition that will make the breeding of
beef cattle profitable. If the banker lends this money to a
young man, a beginner on the farm, lends him this money with
which to buy cows, who gets it? Tom, Dick or Harry? No.
(Maybe Abraham, Isaac and Jacob could, while maybe giving
too much consideration to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and not
giving enough consideration to Tom, Dick and Harry.) When
a man makes an application for a loan it will be my business as
a county man of Pettis county to investigate that fellow, see
what he is doing, how he farms, whether he farms mostly in
town or out in the country. If he farms mostly in town he is
counted out at once; if he is not industrious he is counted out,
and if he “‘boozes’’ just a little he is counted out. It will be my
business to help him in handling his farm in a right manner to
get enough feed out of it to feed his cattle. The bank takes
the mortgage on the cows with their increase for three years’
time, and at the end of three years, under reasonable manage-
ment, the increase will easily pay the bill. We put the young
man on the farm breeding live stock, growing cattle on the farm,
and you cannot point to a man in this country that is growing a
good bunch of cattle on his farm and not making his farm better
while doing it. These are practical problems that we are trying
to work out. This institution has been hammering away for
years and trying to drive home the same ideas. Bankers dis-
like long-time loans for the chief reason that in the past a panic

Missourt Country Life Conference. 219

occurs once in a while, and when such does happen the banks
can realize on short-time money when they could not do so on
long-time money. If we could bar the possibility of panics it
would relieve this condition and make long-time money possible.

At the foundation of making things in the country or life in
the country worth while, we can trace it back possibly to one
word, and that one word is “Citizenship.” I repeat what I
said today that a high quality man and a low quality soil cannot
live together. The soil will make the man poorer or he will
make the soil richer; they will eventually get together. That is
one of the things now that I have been trying to bring about by
hobnobbing with the bankers, realizing the fact that if we can
make it possible for the boys of the State of Missouri to begin
farming in a profitable way, and when those boys eventually
have the home paid for we will have a citizenship in Missouri
that is well worth while. If every man on every farm and
every man in every town was the owner of a home, and one that
was reasonably good at least, I believe that our hardware stores
would not carry padlocks in stock unless some outsiders came
in. It might be that some of the ““Quo Vadis Club” would hap-
pen along. The means by which we are trying to accomplish
other things is through school and through organizations of
various sorts.

Just one or two of the things now by which we have to
popularize our work. There is the farm adviser—that is what
they call him; I wish we had some other name, and while I think
of it, I did hear another name for him. Some fellow said he
was “‘a nuisance.” So they can take it as they please, but the
people that we have served possibly would not be satisfied to give
us that title. I am going to give you one or two illustrations of
some of the things that we have to do, and the man will make
good on that work in proportion to the number of places that he
can see where he can render efficient service. If he cannot see
where service can be rendered, he will fall down on the job.

A little while ago a man was taking me through the country;
we were making soil tests on several farms that day in the neigh-
borhood. I was to make a talk at a meeting that night. He
said, “I have to stop at one of my neighbors down here; he don’t
believe in you’?—and by the way, they don’t all believe in me
over there. I have some very much appreciated objectors.
And who don’t? If you do something, somebody will kick you;
if you don’t do anything they will kick you. There is only one

220 Missourt Agricultural Report.

place that you can go that I know of to keep from being kicked—
and that is to your grave. So that the enemies that we have
to overcome, not the enemies to the individual but the enemies
to the proposition, and I think just as much of that man who
objects to that proposition as the man who accepts it; he has
just as much a right to his opinion as I have to mine. I respect
the man, no matter what his belief may be, if he plays fair or
fights in the open, and that is what a good many of our Pettis
county friends did. Among the best farmers over there many of
them objected to the proposition in the beginning, but they
fought in the open; they investigated the matter, and today
they are among our very best supporters and friends. When we
drove to the farm I spoke of a moment ago my friend said, ““That
man will not do you any harm, but he don’t believe in you.” I
said, “‘I will not get out of the machine until invited.” But
presently the man came down and asked me if I thought he had
any soil that would grow alfalfa. I knew by his look that he
did not want to grow alfalfa, had no faith in it, and I said,
‘Well, I doubt whether you have. It looks to me like this farm
is pretty badly worn.” I told him if he would like for me to
make an examination of the soil I would be pleased to do so,
and that up yonder on the hill looks to me like the only place
that might be reasonably sure of growing alfalfa. I made the
soil test and while we were at work he asked, “‘Are you an
orchard doctor?’ ‘“‘Oh,’’ I told him, “‘Not much of one, did not
know much about it.” ‘Well,’ he said, “I am having some
orchard trouble.’’ I said, ‘““Maybe I can help you. Let us go
down there.’’ He said, ‘““My trees seem to be dying on one
side.’ I knew at once what the trouble was. We walked on
and I saw one tree a short distance ahead of me that was a nice
looking tree. Before we got to it I took my knife out of my
pocket. The farmer had not observed that the bark was dead,
but I had; I had seen too much of it. I took my knife and cut
down a slice on each side and that piece of bark fell right down
to the ground. By spring you would perhaps see that bark drop
off of the tree. I told him what it was, how serious it was and
what to do for it, but pointed to another tree. ‘“‘Now,’’ I said,
‘that other tree did not die from this cause. That tree leafed
out nicely last spring, had blossoms on it and a certain amount
of fruit, but within sixty days was dead.” I said, “You cut
some bark down on that.’? When he put his knife into the
bark and cut it down the dust almost flew into his eyes. He

Missouri Country Life Conference. 22

found it completely tunneled out under the bark. I called his
attention to the little holes in the bark as though the bark had
been shot with fine bird shot. I told him that those holes were
where the beetles had come out and gone to other trees. I said,
“If, when you saw that tree dying, you had cut it down and
burned it all you would perhaps have saved trouble this spring.”
We talked on a little while and I dare say that he was my friend
when I left. I had performed a real service for him.

Another man called me in as I was going by one day and
said, “I want you to look at my orchard. I don’t know what is
the matter with it, but the trees seem to be dying.’ I looked
over the orchard, an eight-year-old orchard, and I did not find a
tree that could possibly live through the summer—this was
early last spring. I explained the trouble to him and explained
that no doubt the trees were diseased when he got them, and
that if he had understood how to examine that disease he per-
haps could have prevented having to take the ax now and cut
down the orchard after he had been taking care of it for eight
years, cultivating it for eight years, been spraying and taking
the best care he knew, but now after eight years work he would
have to take the ax and destroy it. Another real service, a
genuine service that could have been performed had we got to
the man’s orchard in time before the trouble had gone too far.

At another place where I was taking dinner one day the
lady said, “If you can tell us how to grow just enough potatoes
for our own use we will think maybe you are earning part of
Voumusalanyes o-- Welly lL said; “Can. you “grow jood:. tops? -
She said, ““The finest tops you ever saw.’ I asked the man if
he could grow good straw piles. He said, “Yes, fine straw
piles. A field looks like it will make twenty to thirty-five
bushels per acre, but it does not make fifteen.’’ They told me
what their troubles were. I told them what to do. I went
away; he promised me that he would do what I told him. I did
not see him any more until State Fair and then just a few min-
utes, but I asked him if he grew any potatoes (it was awfully dry
down in his neighborhood). He said, “I did where I followed
your directions; where I did not I did not grow anything. I
had never been able to raise potatoes on this farm, while even
with this awful weather I had a good crop.’ He told me those
were the only potatoes he had ever grown on that farm.

So it goes all along; so many opportunities for rendering
service. The Hessian fly was reported as making lots of trouble.

222 Missourt Agricultural Report.

I had an article in the paper one day and I said that I did not
expect to see very much Hessian fly. Some others said that the
fields were full of them. I made an examination in several fields
and I did not find any Hessian flies. I found several bugs, how-
ever, but they were not Hessian flies. One man called me in as
I was going past his field, described his trouble, and I thought
possibly he had the fly in his wheat, but the examination showed
that it was not the Hessian fly at all but leaf hoppers. When we
find these in wheat we perhaps cannot do very much with them
unless the ground is dry enough to get a harrow and run over it.
That is one of the great difficulties with alfalfa. Sometimes the
alfalfa is attacked by leaf hoppers; the leaves begin to dry and
we believe it to be attacked by disease. Sometimes the alfalfa
is attacked by a leaf disease, but it is usually not a leaf disease
but the leaf hopper that is making the trouble. We find the
leaf hopper does not like to have his back scratched with a
harrow. We get into the alfalfa with a harrow and disturb it
in some way and he gets away from our field and goes over to
our neighbors, not asking permission.

In making life in the country worth while, in taking up
county work, a man will get along in proportion to his infor-
mation, to his sympathy with the work, to his integrity, purpose
and ability to get close to the man he is trying to serve. If he
can do that he will make good; if he cannot, the chances are
somewhat, at least, against him.

Another matter that we are trying to take up is in benefit-
ing the schools. Our boys and girls need a little better educa-
tion today to cope with the world’s condition than they did a
few years ago. The country school has not kept pace with the
city school, and as a result, when the country boy is through
with the little country school we must send him to town, and
when he once goes to town—maybe I had better repeat a little
story that I heard today; it will take but a moment.

The man said, ‘“‘We have only one college graduate living
in our community. It is true that we have sent our boys and
girls away to the colleges and to the universities, but none of
them have ever come back to help us.”

I call that a pathetic story. These young people going
away to learn of the world and its ways, that they might bring
the information that they get in these schools back to the home,
but our system of education in the country has made it so that
they have not returned to help us.

Missourt Country Life Conference. 22s

The ideal school—that is, the social center where the mas-
ter makes it his home, with a little farm in connection—is where
the people have their meetings, and the school is held twelve
months in the year. I do not mean that the children attend
school five or six days a week for the twelve months, but attend
school five days for a part of the year, then during the summer
season, while their experimental work is being done, go back
to the school at least once each week or two to review the work
and look after such things as may need attention. Thus they
are taught how to perform the duties that they will be called on
after a while to do. Why, I remember one of the problems in
algebra. It was about a man on horseback and a man on foot,
and a goose. The goose started out along the road traveling,
of course, at a slow rate. A while after that the man started on
foot. After he had been gone for a while another man started on
horseback, going a little faster, and they wanted to know of me,
after they had been going a certain length of time, that is, after
the goose had been traveling a certain length of time, how far it
had gone when the first man overtook it and when the second
man overtook it, and how far the first man had gone when the
second man overtook him. Well, I expect you could not work
that, could you? Icould not, either. I did not want to try very
much because I believed it all a he, anyhow. After I had
graduated from the rural school I knew a good many things—
I thought I did—but I did not know how to feed a calf. I did
not know how to feed a boy or a girl a balanced ration. Yet
feeding calves and people was to be part of my life work, yet
my school had absolutely failed to equip me for that greatest
of all things, making a living.

Now then, our work in the country and your work and mine
will be measured by the service that we can render. It has
been my privilege to visit a great many historical places of this
country within the last few years, and while I don’t like very
much to go to the grave, yet I sometimes make the trip, espe-
cially when I can visit a cemetery where great men have been
buried, possibly a few hundred years. In some of those burial
grounds the marble slabs and the granite ones that were erected
have lost their lettering, it being erased by the ravages of time,
and on some of them hands that have remembered have im-
bedded the bronze slabs and tablets in them, reciting the in-
scription that the marble and granite ones bore. I find in every
case where such have been remembered they have been remem-

224 Missouri Agricultural Report.

bered on account of some special service that they rendered.
The service that any man can render is the measure of his suc-
cess. It matters not whether you be a leader or a follower; it
makes no difference whether or not the world looks upon you as
great, if you perform the duties that you have assumed to per-
form and do your level best. For such service, I believe, the
final reward is great. If you fulfill that duty that you have
assumed men may not call you great—that matters not—but
after a little while the accounts will be cast up and you will be
looked upon according to the service you rendered. We some-
times in making this illustration refer to the stoker who puts the
coal in the furnace that drives the great wheels that sends the
great ship across the mighty deep, bearing the captain of the
ship and the cargo of human life across the sea. If that man
who is feeding the furnace is doing his level best every day, per-
forming the duties that he has assumed, and the captain of the
ship is doing his level best every day, their reward will be great.
The trackwalker walking along the railroad to see that every
spike is in place, every tie sound and every rail without defect,
the integrity with which he performs that service renders safe
the human life that passes over the rails. The railway presi-
dent surrounds himself with men of ability, men of integrity,
who perform their duties the very best they know. In other
words, all these men are doing their level best every day, because
on their efforts and on their work depends the measure of the
safety of the human lfe that passes over the road. I don’t
know what you may think about it, but I believe when the
stoker at the furnace and the captain of the ship, and the track-
walker, and the railway president have passed over The Great
Divide and are standing side by side to be weighed in the balance
of God’s Eternal Justice the beams will swing equal.

Missourt Country Life Conference. DPA

ADDRESS BY W. F. HUPE.

(Mr. Hupe is superintendent of schools in Montgomery county and is a real leader in Agri-
cultural and country life work.)

I came here to make a great speech, but now I can’t do it.
You will know I had a great speech
when I tell you that Mr. Wright stole
it and delivered it just now. In the
second place, I am informed that I am
limited to five minutes when I expected
to use fifteen minutes. So I shall have
to hurry and touch only high places.

When I used to sit in this audience
as a student, when I attended school
here, I longed for the time when I
might have the honor of standing on
this platform or speaking from it.

Wice’! Hue Now when I have the privilege I am
afraid to get up there. I wish I did
not have the opportunity.

It seems to me that this problem of rural life improvement
which we are discussing this afternoon is largely one of education
—education through the schools. I do not want to repeat Mr.
Wright’s speech, but I do want to suggest just one or two things
in connection with it that he may have left unsaid.

In the first place, it seems to me, as he has already so
forcibly argued, that we need a change of ideals, need to hold
up before our boys and girls different ideals. We have held up
long enough the ideal of the president, the governor, the states-
man, or the doctor or the teacher, or of the lawyer, as Mr.
Wright said, but we have left unsaid, untaught, those things
about the country men who were just as great as our presidents,
or our governors or our statesmen. We need to teach in our
schools, in our rural schools, something about the things that
surround the boys and girls on the farm—some of the things
that savor of the country life and country interests. And the
boy or girl that learns to interpret the grass that grows in the’
field, the flower that grows by the wayside, or the trees that
grow in the forest, has learned a lesson that is no less valuable
or no less important than the solution of a mathematical prob-

lem, so far as his or her well-being and happiness is concerned.
A—15

226 Missourt Agricultural Report.

So I say we need a change in ideals. We need ideals of the
happy, thrifty farmer and happy farmer’s wife. We need to
teach the boys and girls the idea, the truth, that the man who
improves the farm, the soil, and makes it more productive, is no
less a benefactor, is no less great, is no less happy than the presi-
dent or governor or statesman or the professional man. We
need to exalt country life by giving it proper interpretation.

To bring that change about we need two things; I think
we need, first, a change of textbooks. I mean we need to change
the matter and nature of our textbooks and put in them some
things that pertain to and teach of country life and things in the
country. Our teachers:are sent out to teach, and we superin-
tendents and institute lecturers urge them to teach agriculture
and the things that are vitally connected with country life,
but we place textbooks in their hands and expect them to
teach those textbooks which have little or nothing of that na-
ture. And that is why so many of our teachers, especially young
teachers, fail to teach the things they ought to teach, and the
things that will make boys and girls love the country and coun-
try life, and that will tend to keep them on the farm.

Another thing we need is—well, I think the Legislature
ought to give us a law fixing a minimum age of 20 years for
school teachers. I think the time has come, or it has been all
the time, when children should not teach children, should not
teach school.

Then the rural school should be a school for country boys
and girls and not a school modeled after a city school. The rural
teacher should be a teacher specially trained and educated for
teaching in the rural school; not less educated than the city
teacher, but if any difference, better educated, more extensively
educated and along somewhat different and more numerous lines.

Time fails me to elaborate on this as I should like, but sum-
ming up, I would say that we need for our rural schools, in order
to bring about the needed improvement of country life, first, a
textbook reform; second, a special rural teacher; and third, a
special school properly equipped for the country boy and girl.
Rural education should be such as will enable our boys and girls
—the future farmers—to see in the hogs and sheep and cattle
they raise and work with and sell more than the mere dollars and
cents they represent, to see something of the wonderful beauty
God has placed in these animals. Then, too, the rural school
should train the boys and girls to see and appreciate and love

Missourt Country Life Conference. Diver

the wonderful and magnificent beauty that spreads all about
them on the farm and in every country place. The farmer
whose training is such as enables him to see and love and appre-
ciate this beauty and glory will love the country. Drudgery
will be removed from his work, his life will be wonderfully en-
riched, and he will be inspired and enabled to make the country
and country life more ideal.

WORK THROUGH THE GRANGE.

(Mrs. James N. Hutchison, Johnson county, Mo.)

Mrs. Phillips was asked to talk on what we have been doing
along the line of high school improvement. I hardly know
what else to speak of unless it be of our work through the grange.

Our community is not so much unlike other communities
because we have just about the same kind of people; some of
them are poor, some of them are in good circumstances, but we
have none that are rich; and we have the educated and the un-
educated. The uneducated, I believe, are in the majority, and
they realize what they have missed. Seems like they are more
determined to put something before the younger generation that .
will better fit them for life and make them better satisfied.

Now, of course, Johnson county is very proud of all that
has been done for them. We are glad of all this and still we are
not satisfied with ourselves. We want to push on and do much
better things than we have been able to do so far.

Our grange was organized last December with about twenty-
five charter members. As summer came on the attendance
dropped. There was so much work for the farmers that they
were not able to do very much in the grange until this winter.
Now it seems to be taking on new life and we are adding two,
three, four and sometimes five members at a time.

Our programs have varied so as to suit each member, the
old and the young, the men and the women. We are taking up
the things we are interested in out there and things to connect
us with organizations that are trying to help us. Its interest,
I think, are broader and the organization stronger because com-
posed of men and women both. While the women are doing a
great work, they have the co-operation of the men, and the
interests being united, there is more of strength. The women
manage these things, but have to call on the men for money

228 Missourt Agricultural Report.

when they get ready for their ice cream suppers and other money-
making activities. So I think it is strengthened in that way,
and that is the way to get the good out of the union of the two
in our programs.

This is an old organization, and I am sure most of you here
know better what has been done for the farmers than I do. We
hope that through our work the community may be made
stronger and country life more attractive.

I want to tell you a little of what we have done in the way
of improvement in our high school. We have put a stove in the
hall above for entertaining our friends, where our socials are
held and where fellowship is fostered. Then we have put
shades at the windows and made other little improvements.
Our activities, too, have also taken form along other lines.
We have decided to have a declamation contest in the township
between the eleven districts, and are offering a gold medal to the
winner. This is to encourage work to which but little atten-
tion has been paid.

WOMEN’S CLUB WORK IN THE COUNTRY.

(Mrs. Ivan Phillips, Kingsville, Johnson county, Mo.)

I have been asked to tell you briefly something about
development in our community. I think this comes to me by
our having Professor Emberson out there last summer to dedi-
cate the new high school building.

I will tell you first just a little bit of how we are situated.
Jackson township is in the extreme northwestern portion of
Johnson county. It is nine miles square and the nearest rail-
road is four miles from the southern boundary. On the north,
eight miles from the boundary, is another railroad. We have
no cities, no mines. We are altogether in an agricultural coun-
try. There are two country villages; general stores where we
may get needful supplies. One is at Pittsville in the eastern
part and one at Elm near the center.

In 1909 there seemed to be a kind of mania for street fairs
passing over our country. It dawned upon the mind of some
of our good men: Why not Elm have a street fair. It was
considered a huge joke for miles around—FElm with a street
fair! But we had that fair, and there never was a movement
started anywhere that so drew the people together. The old

Missouri Country Life Conference. 229

people were there with exhibits. One old gentleman with some
potatoes, a man whom nobody had ever encouraged about his
farming, but his potatoes took the blue ribbon that year, and he
was just as much pleased as a little child. One had some oats,
of course, and he took a blue ribbon. The fair was made an
annual event, and by working together we became better ac-
quainted. I think, too, it developed in the minds of the older
people an ambition for their children that they might learn to
do better, to be more than they themselves had been, to have
more opportunities.

In February, 1913, Mr. R. H. Boston, our superintendent
of county schools, called a meeting of the teachers and patrons
and the school board at Elm, and at this meeting they discussed,
among other things, the advisability of a rural high school at
Elm. The citizens were sure it would be impossible to vote this
and organize the high school, as the state law required. A few
of the leading citizens were not willing that their children, who
were just then ready for high school, should wait these two or
three years for consolidation, so they formed a stock company,
selling shares at twenty-five dollars each. Some took just one
share, some took three and some as high as eight. Then one
gentleman in the neighborhood who had no children to send to
school—he was an old man, his children were all grown and able
to support themselves—gave two acres of land to put the build-
ing upon, with the promise that when they needed it he would
give two more, and I think he will give more. It is not the old
men of our neighborhood who are the kickers. It is the man
who says: “I went to school so and so, and that is good enough
for me and will do for anybody.” Perhaps you have all seen
him. Well, this school proposition has exceeded our wildest
dreams as a success. The men laid their plans for a large build-
ing, well equipped. You know they knew what they needed, but
when they came to look at the funds there was a limit, and it was
just a little bit discouraging. The men would come home from
these meetings of the stockholders looking so blue and say: “‘I
don’t know whether we are going to make it go or not.” Then
you know the drouth struck us, and it being a strictly agricul-
tural district, I think we suffered more, perhaps, than we would
otherwise have done. Just here we mothers thought it time for
us to go to work. On the Monday after Mothers’ Day in May
we met and organized the Rural Improvement League of Jack-
son Township. We got the idea from some of our city sisters

230 Missouri Agricultural Report.

near us who have civic improvement societies for beautifying
their cities. We felt that we wanted not only to plant trees
but to grow boys and girls worth while. So we organized this
Rural Improvement League, whose object, as stated in our
constitution, is ““To promote education, sociability, sanitation
and provide attractive environment in our township.”’

Along the line of education we went to work on the high
school. Helped with that just as much as we could and, in
order that we might get all the women interested, we subdivided
the league into clubs composed of the women in each school
district in the township. They are not yet all organized, but I
believe that we have a representative from each school district
in our league membership. These separate organizations are
to look after their own district needs. We felt it better to
undertake one thing at a time and do that well, so we put all of
our energies last year into helping the high school building com-
mittee. We installed a Waterbury heating system and acety-
lene lights.

When we speak of raising this money the next question the
women always ask is “How did you do it?’ Well, we had a
series of ice cream suppers, and we always tried to make our
plans in the work of raising this money help sociability along
with it. Of course most of you ladies know how the ladies’
aid societies go about this, and we went about it in much the
same way.

In the matter of sanitation, we have been trying to look
just a little bit more closely to the conditions in our several
district schoolhouses. We are planning to do a little bit more
for the rural high school right away, and that is to put in an
agricultural laboratory. I believe it was Mr. Wright yester-
day evening who was talking about the biographical study we
get in the average high school. I think we will try to put in a
library in which will be found biographies of the men of whom
he spoke.

Missourt Country Life Conference. Dan

COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENTS IN MISSOURI.

(J. Kelly Wright, Farmers’ Institute Lecturer, Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

I am supposed to talk to you on country life movements in
Missouri. Since my time is allotted to
thirty minutes I shall spend one-third of
it mentioning some facts and conditions
that exist, one-third in giving the rea-
sons for these conditions, and devote
the remainder of the time to the remedy.
I would like first to call attention to the
country life movement in this and other
states. Society is today really in the
most critical condition in which it has
been since the government in the United
States began. We are to determine
within the next twenty-five or fifty years
at most whether or not farm peasantry
comparable to that in some European countries shall exist here.
I do not think it will ever-exist in this country, but if it does
not, it will be because the people rise up in their might and
change some of the conditions that have been brought about
within the last hundred years and make better conditions, all of
which have to be brought about and determined mainly by the
country people themselves, or at least by the country people in
co-operation with the best men of the villages, towns and cities.

Agriculture is the very basis of our Nation’s life. The life
of this State and the life of this Nation ultimately depends on
just about two things: the fertility of our soil and the quality
of our citizenship. As Mr. Jordan said, good soil and good
citizenship lie mighty close together.

Now if you would just go with me from the New England
States I would take you down the Atlantic coast across through
the states of Indiana, Missouri and out into Kansas, north
through Nebraska, through the Dakotas and on up into Canada.
Looking backward, I would show you a train of depleted soils
over which our fathers passed in the progress of civilization
westward. It is not for us to criticise our fathers because I
think they farmed rightly. I think they met the conditions of
their times when land was rich and cheap and plentiful; when
they had only to tickle the soil a bit with their crude farming

J. Kelly Wright.

Ley Missourt Agricultural Report.

implements and the crops would grow, and when the soil no
longer responded to that sort of treatment they had only to goa
little farther westward and take up new lands at a dollar and a
quarter an acre and repeat the process. Now we find ourselves
in possession of the very soil over which our fathers passed in
the progress of civilization westward. It is no longer a virgin
soil. It has already yielded to the plowshare and to the tread
of civilization. Every acre of it has doubled in value within
the last ten years. Ona poorer soil we are face to face with the
proposition of making two blades of grass, two ears of corn or
two dollars grow where one used to grow before, or we can’t
make the same rate of interest on the investment that we made
ten years ago because our capital has doubled.

Our students of political science and political history tell
us of many reasons for the downfall of the Roman Empire, the
chief of which they claim was political corruption in the city of
Rome, but there is a reason farther back than that. If we look
over the pages of history we find that there came a time in the
Roman Empire when the people lost their love for the soil and
the open country and drifted into the towns and cities. The
fertility of their soil had become depleted and the quality of
their citizenship had declined. Wherever we find a nation with
a depleted soil we find the quality of its citizenship declining,
and sooner or later it becomes a weak nation. The people in
authority in the city of Rome surrounded themselves with all
sorts of luxuries. They even sent men out in the country to
gather slaves and bring them back to the city of Rome. The
people in authority there were surrounded by all sorts of luxuries,
the children born to the city of Rome were born to slaves.

In telling you some of the facts and conditions that exist
today in Missouri I should like to take you from a county seat
out along a country road to an old-fashioned farm home. ’Twas
a good old home in its day, a two-story log house with walnut
weatherboarding without, finished with ash lumber within, two
big rooms below and two above with long halls between and a
great long ell. Here in this old home not many years ago in the
autumn time, when the leaves were red and yellow and brown
and gold, there was born a rosy-cheeked, brown-eyed baby boy,
and as he looked up into the eyes of his mother, his own reflecting
the beauty of heaven and earth, no wonder the mother ex-
claimed “Surely you are the sweetest baby in the world!’ And
to that mother he was, The days, the weeks, the months, the

Missourt Country Life Conference. DBS

years went by; toys came into the home, picture books, story
books and, after a while the baby learned his A, B, C’s. Then
the mother and the father began to talk about the first day of
school.

Have you ever experienced that first day of school in the
country? They dreaded the coming of the day but it came, and
the baby went to school. How proudly he walked from the
house to the gate, kissed his mother good-by and walked down
the lane with his little book under his arm.

What did he leave when he left the home that morning and
went down the lane to the schoolhouse? He left a home sur-
rounded by shade trees and grass and flowers and fields and
flocks, just as beautiful as nature could make them; a home in
which could be found good books, comfortable seats, good pic-
tures on the wall, everything calculated for the development of
a baby boy into a truly good, useful and noble man.

Now what did he find down at the other end of the lane?
A little old, cold, deserted, paintless, weatherbeaten shack of a
building in which I am told even the bats sometimes refused to
stay; no grass in the yard, no shade trees, no flowers, no com-
fortable seats in the house, no pictures on the wall, no books for
him save the little book that he held under his arm. Out on the
playground he found a group of anxious little boys and girls,
some of whom wondered who the little stranger might be. And
the little schoolma’am, I am told, imbued with the surroundings
of the place, said in the usual way: “Well, what is your name,
sir?’”? He could hardly understand it all. Everything seemed
so different from the life at home.

Somewhere I have seen a schoolhouse like this set on an
acre of ground, the building in the middle of that acre. Inside
of the schoolhouse a stove in the center of the room and the
seats all nailed down, and under the stove and around it a box
in which was placed some sand for the directors and patrons
to spit in on election day—and the box still waits, like the little
boy who had been bad and his mother shut him up in the closet.
He was so very still that she said, ““Bobby, what are you doing
in there?’ He said, “I ’pitted on your hat, and I ’pitted on
your dreth and I ’pitted on your coat, and I am waitin’ for more
Spub.2

Tell me, friends, do you have your stove in the middle of
the room at home? No, because that is not the place for the

stove. Do you have the chairs all nailed down at home? No,
A==16

234 Missouri Agricultural Report.

because they are not comfortable that way. Then tell me, why
should we have the schoolhouse in the middle of the yard, the
stove in the middle of the room and the seats all nailed down?

Now who was this boy that I have told you about? I am
going to name him for you, though I think I need not do so for
I think you have seen him perhaps many, many times right in
your own community—the average Missouri country boy.

What did he go down the lane for when he left the home
that morning? You tell me that he went down the lane to the
schoolhouse to get an education. What is an education and
what is it good for? I do not know what your idea of education
is, but I will give you mine.

An education is a training for a life work of some kind, the
ultimate end of which is the building of a home. Did you ever
try to define that word home? It cannot be defined. Home
means so much to me. What does it mean to you? To some
people home is simply a place to sleep and eat—that is all.
Somebody said: ‘‘The world is as we take it and life is what
we make it.”’ I say, “The world is as we take it and home is
what we make it.”’

“To the teacher life is a school,

Life is a good thing to the grafter,

But it is a failure to the fool.

Life is a long vacation to the man who loves his work,
But it is an everlasting effort to shun duty to the shirk.
To the earnest christian worker life is a story ever new,
Life is what we try and make it,

Home is what we try and make it,

Comrade, what is life and home to you?”

And what will it be to all the boys and girls of Missouri who
go down the lane to the schoolhouse that I have described? Do
you know that of all the boys and girls that go down this lane
to the schoolhouse eighty-five out of every hundred never go to
school anywhere else; there they get all the training for their
life work, all the education they ever receive right there in that
little one-room country schoolhouse. What becomes of the
other fifteen per cent? Why, they go away to our colleges and
universities and become professional men and women. They
will take care of themselves. We need not worry about them
longer.

But what about the eighty-five per cent? They are divided
into two classes: One class become dissatisfied with farm life.
These follow their classmates right along to the same towns and
the same cities, but they do not go there to go to school. The

Missourt Country Life Conference. Dao

other class remains on the farm. If one class becomes dis-
satisfied with farm life and leaves who is responsible?

Do you know that the rural school teachers of this State are
saying to your boys and girls, ‘““Pass your examinations, be pro-
moted from one grade to the next, pass your eighth grade
examination, and get your high school entrance certificate and
go to high school?”

And where is your high school? Is it out in the country
where the boys and girls grow up? Not so. It is usually in
some village, town or city, perhaps many miles from the place
where the boys and girls were born. Their goal has been the
city high school. They have had the same training, same ideals
put before them that the fifteen per cent have had. Is it any
wonder, then, that they want to go to town to school? Can
you see that we are giving a hundred per cent a training that
only fifteen per cent use? We teach them in the rural schools
the things that will admit them to a city high school. Why?
Because we know when they get to the city high school if they
have not had the training in those things they won’t let them in.

What do they teach them in the high school? The things
that will admit them to some college or university. Why?
Because we know that when they get there if they have not had
the training and those requirements they will not let them in,
and every step they go the farther away from the farm they get.
It has been my experience and observation, and I think it has
been yours, that when once these boys and girls get away they
never get back. I would not give a snap for the slogan “Back
to the farm.’ Better say “Stay on the farm.”

Every country boy and every country girl has an inherent
right to just as good educational advantages as have the boys
and girls in town. Why do we have better schools in the towns
than we have in the country? Simply because the “‘city dads”
got their heads together, went down to the schoolhouse on elec-
tion day, voted the levy to build the schoolhouse, equip it and
employ the teachers. Why did they do it? Because they
thought their boys and girls were worth the price. The man who
goes down to the country schoolhouse on election day and votes
against a good school and good teachers says indirectly by that
vote, “I don’t believe my boys and girls are worth the price.”

Now, then, are you to have as good schools in the country
as you have in town? Believe that our boys and girls are worth

236 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the price; go down in our jeans and get the money to build the
schoolhouse, equip it and employ the teachers.

There comes a time in the life of every country boy and
country girl when they realize that they are too old and too
big to go to school. That is the most critical time in all their
lives. That is usually the last day of the country school. On
that day when they have completed the eighth-grade work they
pass the eighth milestone, the place where the road forks. One
road leads to the city and one leads back to the farm. Which
road will your boy and your girl take? If it is the road that leads
to the city, to the high school, all good and well. If it is the
road that leads back to the farm, will they stay on the farm or
will they become dissatisfied and leave? Today we hear the
cry in all parts of the State, ““The country boy is leaving the
hanna.

Not long ago a man said to me: ‘‘What are we going to do
to keep the farm boy on the farm?”’
I said: ‘‘There are perhaps a great many things we will

have to do if we keep the farm boy on the farm, but there is one
thing I am sure we will have to do if we keep the farm boy on
the farm—we must keep the farm girl there. I believe if we
keep the farm girl on the farm the farm boy will stay.”

But the farm girl is not staying on the farm, neither is the
farm boy. .

There are many reasons why the farm boy is leaving the
farm, some of which I shall mention. I believe that every coun-
try boy has an inherent right to share in the profits of some
phase of activity on the farm. I believe that every girl has an
inherent right to wear pretty clothes and look pretty, yet there
are thousands of homes in this State where the boys reach the age
of twenty-one without having a share of the profits of the farm,
where girls grow up and money is no item, and they do not have
pretty clothes.

Is it any wonder that when somebody comes around and
says, “I would not stay at home and work for dad for board
and clothes—not very good at the best—I would go to town
and get a job,” that they want to go? But I do claim that the
man or woman who goes nosing around in the world making
other people dissatisfied with present conditions without offer-
ing something better has no right to a place in society. If you
do not believe that country boys and country girls hear these
things, just ask them and see what they will tell you.

Missouri Country Life Conference. Dor

Another reason why boys and girls are leaving the farm!
We are building good roads and we must have more good roads
in this State. But where, other than the church houses, out in
the open country can as many people be seated comfortably as
are seated here comfortably today, to hear good lectures, good
music and good entertainment; lectures which the men and
women from your normal school in your district or from any
department of your University would be only too glad to give
if you would furnish them the meeting place and the audience.
Again there are farm homes in Missouri that do not bear very
many attractions for the good, healthy Missouri boy and girl.
You have seen them. The chief reason, however, for the coun-
try boy and country girl leaving the farm is that they are edu-
cated away. We have in the curriculum of our country school
things that admit them to city high schools, things that per-
tain to everything other than the things with which they will
come in contact on the farm. Consequently, all the result of
this and the other things that I have mentioned is that they
become dissatisfied and leave. I have told you where they go—
to the same towns and the same cities to which their classmates
have gone—but not to go to school. Where do they go? Into
the factories and workshops to learn the trades, in the stores as
clerks, in the offices as office boys and office girls. Perhaps
some of the boys go to town to push an automobile for some-
body at a dollar and a half a day and spend the money before
sunup, or perhaps to become a street car conductor.

What do these boys and girls take with them when they
leave the home in the country and go to the city? In ninety-
nine cases out of a hundred they take the joy of a mother’s
heart, strong muscles, rosy cheeks and clear eyes, but ere long
they have worked in the hurry and the hum and the hustle of
the city, in the places that I have mentioned; that sort of life
soon robs their muscles of their strength, plucks the roses from
their cheeks and drives from their eyes the innocent clearness
which they once possessed. Many country boys and country
girls have left good homes with fathers and mothers and gone
to the city to work from early morning to late at night for a
pitiful sum compared to what they might have received had they
stayed at home on the farm and worked just half as hard.

Enough, then, for the fifteen per cent who go away to
school and for the class of eighty-five per cent who become dis-
satisfied and leave.

238 Missourt Agricultural Report.

What about the class of the eighty-five per cent who stay
on the farm? What are you teaching your boys at home and
at school in your community about the different types and
breeds and characteristics of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs?
What are they learning about the men whose lives have been
spent in the development of these different breeds of live stock?
As I travel over the State I ask the boys and girls who was
called the father of his country? Their hands come up. The
father of the Revolution; their hands come up, and the father of
the Constitution; their hands come up. But when I say who is
called the father of intelligent live stock breeding not a hand
comes up, and Robert Bakewell was six years old when George
Washington was born. His name has already gone down in
history as one of the world’s greatest men. Not a bad thing,
do you think, that if country boys and country girls want to
study biography they learn right along with the biographies of
such men as Mr. Byron, Mr. Keats, Mr. Shelley, Mr. Poe, Mr.
Wordsworth, Mr. Longfellow, Mr. Shakespeare, and all the rest
of them, biographies of such men as Robert Bakewell, Robert
Bates, Amos Cruickshank, the Colling brothers, the Thompkins
family and many others, just as truly good and useful and noble
men as George Washington, James Madison and Samuel Adams.

What are they learning of the different types of soils and
plants best adapted to each? What are they learning about the
different varieties of corn and oats and wheat and clover, alfalfa,
cowpeas and soy beans? What are they learning about insect
pests of the field and the farm and the methods of combating
them—the corn root worm, the corn root louse, the corn ear
worm, the leaf hopper and so on? What are they learning
about the insect pests and fungous diseases of orchards and
methods of combating them? What are they learning about
farm sanitation, care of the health of animals on the farm, con-
trol of hog cholera, eradication of tuberculosis from cattle?
What are they learning about weed seed dissemination, eradi-
cation of weeds from the farm? What are they learning about
architecture, the best way to build cattle sheds, mule barns,
hog houses, poultry houses, farm home buildings and the like?
I could stand here for a long time and continue asking questions
just like these, and what will your answers be? My friends, if
you do not teach the country boy something about these things
that I have mentioned, what in the wide world have you taught
him about the thing with which he will come in contact in after

Missouri Country Life Conference. 239

life on the farm in his struggle for an existence between his
fellows there and his fellows in other lines of activity?

Enough said for the boy. What are your girls learning at
home and at school today about home economics, sewing and
cooking, for example? Perhaps you think that girls should not
study sewing and cooking at school. Did you ever see a girl
who could make her own calico dress and wear it like a queen
and look like a queen? I have. Did you ever see another girl
who could put on the finest clothes money could buy and yet
would not look well because she did not know how to wear her
clothes after she got them? I have. Did you-ever see another
girl who when she came out to go to church came out bedecked
in all the colors of the rainbow? I have. She looked just like a
barber pole. Did you ever go into a home where you found the
books and pictures, the furniture and everything arranged in
such a way as pleased your eye and went away and said that
woman is a splendid housekeeper? I have. Did you ever go
into another home where you found the same kind of books,
pictures, furniture, window shades, curtains, rugs, carpets and
all arranged in no way, and you went away and said that woman
is a mighty poor housekeeper? I have. Why the difference?
A few people are born with a little better taste in this respect
than others, but the chief difference lies not in the difference of
their taste but in the difference in their training. Some of our
boys grow up in homes where their fathers can teach them the
methods as practiced by the best and most successful men of the
farm. Some of our girls grow up in homes where their mothers
teach them how to buy the goods from which their clothes are
made, how to make them and how to wear them after they are
made. But there are thousands of homes in this State where
the boys and girls grow up and their mothers and fathers cannot
teach them these things, even if they knew how, for their time
must be taken in keeping the wolf from the door. Can you not
see, my friends, that unless we teach these things in the country
school we shall continue to turn out of our schools boys who will
go out on to these farms to become poor farmers, girls who will
be poor housekeepers, boys and girls who will be poor home
makers?

What are you teaching your girls at home and at school
today about home economics, the canning of fruits and vege-
tables, home sanitation, the care of the health of those in their
homes today and those who may be tomorrow. Not a bad
thing, do you think, that the future mothers of this State learn

240 Missourt Agricultural Report.

at home and at school, while they are yet young, the care of
those who are in their homes today and those who may be to-
morrow. Do you know that a very great per cent of the con-
tagious diseases that we have come through what we eat and what
we drink and what we breathe? Nota bad thing, then, do you
think, that we teach our girls at home and at school the care of
the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe?

Sometimes I hear girls say, “I don’t know how to sew;
I don’t know how to cook and I don’t know how to keep house,
and I don’t care if I don’t, because I will never have that to do,
don’t you know?” I feel sorry for the girl who says that be-
cause I know she does not appreciate the fact that woman did
not always hold the position in society that she holds in America
today; I know she does not appreciate the fact that the American
home is the greatest institution the world has produced, that is
the home life of America that makes America great in the eyes of
other peoples in other lands; I know she does not appreciate the
position she holds when she is made mistress over the greatest
of all the world’s institutions, ‘“‘“An American home out in the
open country.”

Somebody has said, “‘There is no such thing as luck. Great
things never did just happen. They are always the result of
somebody’s hard, earnest work, somebody’s carelessness or
somebody’s ignorance. .

“There is never a song that the breeze whispers low,
There is never a note that the bugle may blow

Like the lilt and the croon of the old-fashioned tune
That babes on the arms of their glad mothers know;
There is never a song that goes to the throne

Where angel hosts sing and trumpets are blown,
Like the low note and clear

That falls on the ear of the baby in arms

Like the dear mother tone;

That keynote to every home,

No human words can reach so high,

The sweetest song that ere was sung is

By-O-Baby, Bye-O-Bye.”’

Right in connection with this a story is told of a woman and
her baby. The woman prayed that she might go into foreign
fields to convert the heathen, but the poet tells us that the Lord
in answering her prayer answered it thus:

“T have many a voice that is loud and strong

To speak to the world for me,

But no one in all the world to sing a lullaby song
To this wee little babe but thee.

And the song was so sweet

And the song was so soft

That the babe on her bosom smiled;

And the world that was weary of toil and strife
Saw God in the mother and child.’’

Missouri Country Life Conference. 241

Now, my friends, I am not saying that we should teach the
things that I have mentioned to the exclusion of some other
things that we are teaching. We must have the three ‘‘R’s,”’
‘Reading, Riting and Rithmetic.’’ They are the fundamental
things. Boys and girls must learn these. They can learn their
history, their civil government and their geography and their
grammar if they want to, learn them just like some of us did;
learn to say, “I love, you love, he loves; plural, we love, you love,
they love,’ if they want to, just as they learn right along with
it, ““I farm, you farm, he farms; plural, we farm, you farm, they
farm,’ if they expect to go out into the country and build homes
there.

Now, my friends, I am not claiming that you can teach the
things we are already teaching and these other things that I have
mentioned along the line of agriculture and home economics in
the one-room school, but I am saying that if we cannot teach
them in the one-room school let us, for goodness sake, build
schoolhouses of more than one room in which we can teach these
things. In the not very far distant future I can see a school-
house of more than one room. Near this schoolhouse a dwelling
in which the master lives and spends his days, a leader in the
community, a leader in society, standing for all that is good and
best for the community. Around this home and school I can
see ten or, maybe, twenty acres of land on which the boys and
girls grow the crops they grow in the fields on their fathers’
farms. Not far from this schoolhouse and the home I can see a
church, and near this church a dwelling, the pastor’s home, where
he lives and spends his days, a leader in religious work, a leader
in society and standing for all that is good and best for the com-
munity. ji

In many parts of the State today people are talking ““Com-
munity life.” In many counties there are already community
organizations. My work takes me into many fields; farmers’
institutes, teachers’ associations, school officers meetings and
even rural pastors are demanding some of my time, asking that
I come to the churches out in the country on the week days and
hold agricultural meetings there. Last spring I spent about
two months with rural pastors in Callaway county, Audrain
county, Ralls county, Pike county and Lewis county. Some-
times I find somebody who says, “‘I don’t think the church is the
place in which to hold meetings of this kind.”’ Then I say:
“Why isn’t it the place to hold a meeting of this kind? There is

242 Missouri Agricultural Report.

no other place big enough to hold us all in rural communities
today?”

If a man can go into the church house on week days and
hear there discussed things pertaining to the farm and go back
home and grow better live stock (for there is an influence coming
from good live stock that we cannot get from any other source),
srow good fruit, to feed his boys and girls on (I believe the man
who will grow good live stock on his farm and good fruit to feed
his boys and girls on will not grow boys and girls that will want
to go to war and go to the penitentiary), grow better corn, follow
a better system of crop rotation, build a better home, turn out
from his home better boys and better girls, to become better
men and better women, better citizens—I claim that man has
served the Lord just as much as the man who stands in the pulpit.

Wherever I have held meetings in country churches a local
organization has been perfected. Farmers’ clubs are being
organized all over the State.

Some of the oldest farmers’ clubs for the betterment of
country life are in Monroe county. The north side agricultural
class at Paris has been in existence since 1911. This class was
organized after a meeting called by Miss Eugenia Schmitt, a
country school teacher, living at the time a few miles north of
Paris. She concluded that a farmers’ organization or a com-
munity organization would result in much good. With this in
mind she called her neighbors over telephone saying that there
would be a farmers’ meeting at her father’s home that evening.
At this meeting an agricultural class was organized. This class
met every Saturday night of every week at Miss Schmitt’s home,
as I understand, and heard a series of lectures given by Mr.
Emmett O’Neal, a graduate of the College of Agriculture of
Missouri. At these sessions talks were given by men who lived
in the community and had made a success of some particular
thing. Occasionally they had a lecture by a man from some
department of the University. This kind of work continued
for about six months, at which time an organization with officers
consisting of a president and secretary-treasurer was perfected.
Meetings were held once a week. At each meeting one lecture
was given and followed by a general discussion. This work
continued until about October 1, 1913, when each member
bought a book on agriculture and began a regular study, using
the questions furnished in the text. Quoting a member of the
club, ‘‘The people in the community are paying more attention

Missourt Country Life Conference. 243

to good seed, good farm implements, good live stock and the
betterment of home life on the farm.” An offspring of the
north side agricultural class has been organized at Goss, Mo.
Mr. C. H. Davis was the leader in the latter movement.

Mr. C. M. Robinson, who was for ten years with the Bar-
num & Bailey Circus and who now lives several miles west of
Paris near Welch, has organized a club in his community. This
club meets every Friday night at his home. Every year he holds
a country fair and sees to it himself that the prizes are provided.
I am told that aside from Mr. Robinson and his son there is not
another member of this club that ever saw the University. I
say this because I believe that the solution of a better country
life will in general be worked out by country people themselves
in co-operation with the people of our towns and cities.

Over in Lewis county the Reverend Roy Piper has per-
fected a farmers’ organization at his church at Ben Bow. These
are some of the things that they have accomplished and some of
the things that they hope to do in the future. Through Mr.
Piper’s leadership a new lighting system has been put in the
church. New furniture has been installed and a concrete walk
put in, the money being collected from voluntary subscriptions.
Last fall at this church the people of the community held a
country life institute. Representatives of the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture, extension men of the Presbyterian Church,
the farm adviser of Marion county and local people appeared on
the program. They expect to make the church the center of all
good things, fostering community pride, conserving local tra-
ditions and rendering the greatest possible service toward the
realization of a better country life.

It was my pleasure last spring to accompany Rev. Clair S.
Adams, Rev. Horeman, Rev. Alonzo Pearson, all of the Presby-
terian Church, and Mr. A. W. Orr, representing the Missouri
State Board of Agriculture, to four churches in Pike county,
Missouri. These churches were under the pastorship of Rev.
Pearson. We held a series of agricultural meetings at each of
these churches. As to the result of these meetings I wish to
quote Rev. Pearson. In a letter to me recently he says: “I
wish to say to you what I have said both publicly and privately
wherever I have had an opportunity. The meetings held in
the country churches in which you and Mr. Orr took such an
active part in presenting matters that every farmer is or should
be interested in were very beneficial in many ways. First, they

244 Missouri Agricultural Report.

helped me to show to the farmers that they are the greatest co-
workers with God in this world; second, they quickened the in-
terest of the people in farming, in their farms, in their homes,
in their stock, its improvement, care and protection; third,
those talks were wonderfully helpful to me in showing the people
that farming is as truly the work of God and the farmer is truly
the servant of God as any minister; fourth, that the farmer is
as much under obligation to do all that he does on the farm for
the glory of God as any minister of Jesus Christ in his work;
fifth, that no matter what a man’s business is, he is under as
strong obligation to do all that he does and whatsoever he does
to the glory of God as the minister of the Gospel; sixth, those
talks on farming and stock raising in the church in the spirit in
which they were delivered helped some men to become inter-
ested in the church and the religion of Jesus Christ as nothing
in my knowledge had ever done.”’

Each county naturally divides itself into communities.
Why should we not have our country life built up by commu-
nities the center of which is the home, the school and the church?
We talk about teaching civic pride, patriotism, love of God,
love of home and love of country. I know of no better place in
the wide world in which to teach and develop these things.

Out in the open country where the home, school and church
are surrounded by grass and flowers, fields and flocks as beauti-
ful as nature can make them, with the starry canopy by night
and the glorious sunshine in the daytime. Why is it not the
best place in all the world to develop true American citizenship?

Whenever we build communities like this with homes and
schools and churches like these that I have described, schools in
which we teach the things that I have mentioned, we need not
worry about the farmer boy leaving the farm. He will no longer
see in farm life a life of drudgery. He will see more than that.
Down in the Ozark country he will see more than just hills and
rocks and trees—he will see there God’s thoughts piled up; in
the prairie lands of North Missouri he can see God’s thoughts
spread out; in the ripple of the streams of the Ozarks he can
hear God’s thoughts in music; in the carol of the birds in the
springtime he can hear God’s thoughts in symphony; in the
petals of the flowers in the springtime and autumn time, in
the foliage in the springtime and in the autumn time and in the
sunset he can see God’s thoughts in color. From homes and
schools and churches in communities like this will come young

Missourt Country Life Conference. 245

men and young women who will represent the very highest type
of American citizenship, young men who will consider it their
highest ideal and greatest service to their State to build a home
on Missouri soil, on a Missouri farm with a Missouri girl, who
holds American manhood above the mere titles of other lands
across the sea.

THE HUDSON FARM AND HOME IMPROVEMENT CLUB.

(C. F. Chapin, Appleton City, Mo.)

Before telling you anything about what we have done to
bring our people together and make them of one aim and one
mind in our community, I must attempt to take you down there
among us for a short time.

We are situated in the eastern edge of Bates county and
reach over into the corner of Henry. Appleton City, St. Clair
county, is our trading and shipping point, and is only a little
over four miles distant from our community center—the school-
house. It is not one of your old settled and rich sections of the
State, such as you have along the Missouri river. The people
are just the common, everyday kind. : _We have few of the rich
farmers such as you have about here and in many other places.
We have but one university graduate in our community that I
know of. True, we have sent our boys and girls away to our
different colleges and universities, but few have come back to
help us in our work after they have completed their education.

While the land of our section was entered before the Civil
war, there was not much of it settled until the late sixties and
early seventies. Then people came in from Virginia, Kentucky,
Ohio, Indiana, Ilinois—places from which you trace your own
ancestry, and of course from that you can tell what kind of
people we are.

The community had hardly been settled before a school-
house was built; a Sunday school was soon organized; even a
church was built, only to be moved away when the railroad
passed by on the other side. But the Sabbath school was
maintained in the schoolhouse until a little over twenty years
ago. A denominational church was built. But that did not
help matters. Though the Sunday school was kept up most
of the time, still there was not that unity of feeling which was
necessary to make any community ideal. Such was the con-

246 Missouri Agricultural Report.

dition of things until a little over three years ago, when a few of
us who had been dreaming dreams and building air castles
thought the time had come to do something. We thought that
the people were like those to whom the musician had propounded
the question as to “Who could play in the band” and they
answered by saying, ““Those who wanted to.’ So we thought
the time had come for us to try to get together; we thought we
wanted to see one another’s faces, take hold of one another’s
hands and talk over what we all had in common. So a mass
meeting was called in our schoolhouse. A representative audi-
ence was present. The advantages and disadvantages of some
kind of an organization were brought before the people. It was
unanimously voted to effect some kind of an organization to
meet every three or four weeks, as thought best, as things
progressed.

Officers were elected for only three months at first, for it
was then midwinter and it was not thought possible to keep up
any kind of a farmers’ organization during the summer months.
At the first meeting the schoolhouse was well filled with good,
orderly people. After a good, social time mingling with our
neighbors we had a program of recitations and songs, essays and
talks, some by the little folks and some by the grown folks.
Some of the essays and talks were upon farm topics and all
were by home talent. The program was interesting and the
people all enjoyed it. At the next meeting there was a larger
attendance. After some two or three meetings there was added
an orchestra of stringed instruments. The programs continued
to be interesting, instructive and entertaining.

At the end of three months it was decided to keep right on
during the summer season. But in the meantime the trustees
of the church, of which I have made mention, could not see their
. way longer to keep up that building or secure the services of any
one to conduct religious worship even once in a while. So they
got permission from the higher authorities to sell the building.
As it lay just across the road from our schoolhouse and could
easily be made into a model building for school purposes, the
school district bought it and the land with it. Our club then
took up its abode in this building and, though we could now seat
from one hundred twenty-five to one hundred fifty people com-
fortably, still we had oftentimes many standing.

In the meantime, a proposal had been made to hold in the
fall, sometime after the crops, the corn and the potatoes had

Missouri Country Life Conference. 247

ripened, a fall fair and a picnic—a community affair. A paper
was passed around and sixty-five dollars subscribed for pre-
miums. Premiums were offered to the boys for the best samples
of potatoes, corn, oats, Kafir, etc.; to the girls for the best
samples of sewing and baking. Classes were arranged so the
younger boys and younger girls would not have to compete
against the young men and the young ladies. The premium
list was printed and one or more copies given to each family in
the neighborhood. Everyone became much interested in the
proposed fair and went to work in earnest to make it a success.
The interest in our meetings kept right on from month to month.
Oftentimes we would have some one with us who had heard of
what we were doing and would give us a short talk of encour-
agement.

You all remember that the summer of 1911 was nearly as
hot and dry as that of 1913. As the date for our fair approached
we would hear that this boy’s crop of potatoes or corn was an
entire failure, and that he would not have anything worth show-
ing. He was told that all were in the same fix and that the pre-
miums had been offered for their encouragement, so that if an
exhibit were made some one would get the money. The day for
the fair came. There were creditable samples of many kinds of
farm products. The girls’ part of the exhibit was just grand,
nearly as good as that of most county fairs. Through the State
Board of Agriculture we secured the services of J. Kelly Wright,
whom you all know, to judge the farm and garden products.
Local talent was used in the other departments.

The dinner was one long to be remembered, being spread
under the shade trees that had been planted some thirty years
before in the old schoolhouse yard. After dinner Mr. Wright
gave us a talk which benefited all and made the occasion all the
more profitable.

When in the spring of 1912 we commenced to talk about our
fall fair the tradesmen of our town said they wanted to help.
One hundred and fifty dollars was subscribed; the premium list
was greatly enlarged. Then we had a good crop year. When
the time came for the fair we had fine samples of most every kind
of farm products that could be grown in our vicinity. F. B.
Mumford, dean of our State College of Agriculture, was present
to judge the farm and garden products, and it must have taken
him nearly two hours to designate where to tie the ribbons. He
had time to make only a short talk, but it was much appreciated.

248 Missouri Agricultural Report.

There must have been five hundred people present to see the
exhibits, to give us the encouragement of their presence and to
hear the talk.

This last year we held our third annual fair and, though the
season was not opportune, we had many kinds of farm products.
The girls’ part was fully maintained to its high standard. We
had with us again Mr. Wright, and he seemed to appreciate the
opportunity to come back to us.

The club has now kept up its regular monthly meetings for
over three years with unabated interest. After we had been
running a short time we met only once a month, and then when
the moon gives a good light, so the old folks can see to come as
well as the young.

Our club has attained considerable prominence through our
section of the State. We frequently have some one with us
to make us a good talk on some topic of general interest. Among
these have been Uel Lamkin of Clinton and Senator Wallace
Crossley of Warrensburg and others. Our ministers also have
been good in coming out and giving us short talks.

Such, in brief, is the history of our Farm and Home Im-
provement Club up to the present, but if I am to tell you what
we have been doing in the neighborhood to help ourselves I
should not stop here. We had hardly got our improvement club
well organized and going before the women of our community
had conceived the idea of organizing a club all to themselves, a
club like the town women have. So one beautiful June after-
noon they met at one of our farm homes, about twenty-five of
them, mostly married women, and effected an organization that
has since joined the State Federation of Women’s Clubs. They
now have thirty or more members. They have up to the present
devoted most of their study to home economics. They have
provided several high-class entertainments for the community,
some pay and some free. They have given receptions once a
year to their husbands and sweethearts. And last spring, when
word was received that the sufferers in the Ohio flood were in
need of aid, the club raised seventy-five dollars for them in one
afternoon. This was done over the telephone.

Now I have not time to tell you about the boys’ band or the
girls’ embroidery club, although it would serve to show you
what can be done by the young people of any community that is
worth while if they want something going on.

Missouri Country Life Conference. 249

But I must not close yet. I must speak to you about our
Sunday school. It has been reorganized and taken on renewed
enthusiasm and vigor such as it has not had for over twenty
years. On Christmas Eve the school gave as fine an enter-
tainment as I ever witnessed.

Again, last spring a few of our community thought the time
had come when we ought to have religious worship on Sundays,
in the afternoon. Soa paper was passed around and a fund sub-
scribed which enabled us to have preaching most every Sunday
afternoon by the different ministers of our town. I might go
more into details and tell you how our school has been greatly
improved in the last two or three years. Last Saturday night
the young people of our neighborhood gave a play in our school-
house in which the acting was better than ninety-nine per cent
of the troupes that go from town to town and make one-night
stands. They played to acrowded house, and the proceeds from
that play—over thirty dollars—is to be used by the school board
for improvements.

I have once in a while met with some one from the country
who says he would like to have something going on in his neigh-
borhood, but that they do not have the working material. I
venture to say that many times they are like the sailors who
were on a ship that had been provisioned for a long sail. After
they had been at sea for quite a length of time a calm came over
the ocean. The wind did not blow for days and days. Their
drinking water became very low and they feared death from
thirst. Finally a steamship hove into sight and they at once
sent out a signal to let them have some drinking water. The
signal came back for them to let their buckets down where
they were. Thinking the signal must have been misunderstood,
the second time they sent a signal asking for drinking water.
Again the same answer was received. Thinking this would be
utter foolishness, a third time they sent a signal asking for
drinking water, and again the same signal, for they were at the
mouth of the mighty Amazon river and the water was pure and
fresh and would quench their thirst. That, I think, is the way
with many farm communities. That is why they do not have
anything going on; they do not make the attempt, do not try the
experiment. Frequently if they will but do as we have, make
the test, they will find that people who could not make a speech
of two consecutive minutes are later able to make good executive
Officers, J thank you,

250 Missourt Agricultural Report.

EUROPEAN METHODS OF FINANCING THE FARMER.

(W. I. Diffenderffer, Lebanon, Mo.)

The invitation extended to me by your secretary to speak
before this meeting is considered by me
a personal compliment. At the same
time, I consider it a great privilege to
place before this body a brief, personal
report of one who was a delegate on
the American Commission that went
abroad to investigate agricultural con-
ditions in Eurpoe.

I had the honor to be named by
United States Senator Duncan U.
Fletcher of Florida as a delegate at
large upon this commission. While
Missouri had no legal representative, it
was understood that I represented this

W. I. Diffenderffer.

grand old State.

You have already followed the newspaper accounts which
stated that the commission consisted of about seventy delegates
representing thirty-six states of the American Union who visited
eight countries of the continent.

The purpose of this investigation was that the American
people might be awakened to the general and permanent pros-
perity of the state and the nation, a full report of which has been
made to Congress, which will be made public. The view ex-
pressed by me is my personal opinion and investigation and has
no reference to the report of the commission, disclaiming on
behalf of the commission all responsibility.

In European countries the rural conditions differ widely
from those in America. The environment and temperament is
entirely different. There the farmer with his entire family culti-
vates the soil and gathers the crops. His wife, sons and daugh-
ters work in the field. In Germany, I believe, fifty per cent of
those in the fields are women at work on small tracts of intensely
cultivated land.

Every farmer knows the business of his neighbor and his
borrowings are common knowledge. The European farmer is a
‘fixture’ on his place, which possibly his forefathers before him
had owned and his family expects to continue. I was on one

Missouri Country Life Conference. 251

farm in England that had been in one family for eight hundred
years. In one case I saw land that had been in use two thousand
years, and it is said this land produced more the past year than it
did the fifty years ago. This is brought about by careful rota-
tion of crops through cultivation and high fertilization. I saw
three growing crops in one field—potatoes, beans and rows of
grapes—that is, the potatoes were planted between the rows of
grapes and the beans were planted in the grape rows, the vine
of the grapes being sticks for the beans.

The American farmer usually does things on a larger scale
and he hires much of his help. He lives to himself. Ina sense he
is usually a land speculator, that is, he is ready to sell at a fair
profit and buy elsewhere. He has been taught from early boy-
hood to avoid obligating himself to pay the debts of another.
The Europeans say the American farmer is less of a farmer than
a speculator in land.

European rural credit systems follow a division of short-
time personal credit societies and long-time land mortgage asso-
ciations. For short-time credit co-operative societies are formed
and in lieu of capital credit is pledged, sometimes with limited
liability of its members but often unlimited—that is, when a
farmer becomes a member of a co-operative society he pledges
his entire worth for the debts of the society. In Germany these
societies have reached their highest state of development.
Throughout that empire there is one equal for every one thousand
population. It is not difficult to determine the financial stand-
ing of a borrower because of the simple methods, property assess-
ment and title registration. Every farmer is his own capitalist.

These short-term credit societies throughout Continental
Europe are generally federated. The organizations for the
provision of personal credit facilities are as highly developed as
are the systems of commercial banking. The prevailing rate
of interest paid by the farmers for the short-time loans is from
four to five and one-half per cent. The terms offered European
farmers are generally better designed to meet the peculiar re-
quirements of agriculturists than are the terms obtainable today
by the American farmers.

The personal credit organizations have the form of co-
operative societies. As I stated before, very often the members
of these societies assume unlimited liability for the debts of the
society, while in other cases the societies take form of limited
liability. As a rule, in European countries the law makes little

ESV» Missouri Agricultural Report.

or no provision for exemptions of any kind. These short-time
credit societies furnish cheap, safe and elastic credit to their
members by reason of their control by farmers and are organiza-
tions exclusively in the interest of farmers, who operate them at
nominal cost and without seeking dividend profit to such so-
cieties.

Land mortgage credit has been organized so as to place a
collective security back of bonds issued by land-mortgage socie-
ties in contrast with the system of marketing individual loans
upon individual mortgages. Without discussing the form of
organization employed for this purpose, it may be stated that
the land-mortgage institutions bring to European farmers a low
interest rate, but not any lower than the short-time credit
societies; the privileges of repaying loans in small, fixed annual
installments extending over a term of years—in some cases as
long as seventy-five years under the amortization plan—although
provision for the earlier payment is made if the borrower so
desires; protection from advance in interest rates and the prac-
tical elimination of commission charges. Many of these per-
sonal credit societies and land-mortgage associations are fostered
by government grants, loans or special provisions of law. Mort-
gage bonds issued by commercial banks and by private joint
stock land-mortgage banks sell substantially on the same basis
with like securities issued by government-favored institutions,
and both classes of banks are recognized as needful in the de-
velopment and conservation of agricultural resources. In
many instances private and commercial banks purchase the
securities of land-mortgage associations. Experience has dem-
onstrated that such land-mortgage bonds are liquid assets.

The systems of land-title registration in countries possess-
ing such mortgage institutions practically prevent dispute of
title upon mortgaged land. Provisions are also generally af-
forded these mortgage institutions which eliminate undue legal
delays in the recovery of loans placed with defaulting borrowers.
Savings and trust funds are frequently invested in securities of
such mortgage institutions under sanction of law. Loans up
to fifty or even sixty-six per cent are made on lands of dependable
value, and are considered safe and conservative and compare
favorably with provincial and government bonds.

The American people are too free and independent; there-
fore I seriously question the adaptability of any such system to
our conditions in this country, co-operation being the founda-

Missouri Country Life Conference. 253

tion of the foreign-loan system, while co-operation among our
farmers has been tried often, and, according to my observation,
to no great success. In Germany every thirteenth inhabitant
is a member of one of these affiliated associations, and while all
rural banks accept deposits from everyone, they will only lend
to members who are properly endorsed by other members.
Savings accounts in both France and Germany far outnumber
those in this country, and the rate of interest paid is about three
per cent. It is easy to see the source of the money loaned to
the European farmer, while in this country, with its vast oppor-
tunities for speculation, our people, in a large measure, prefer
to do their own investing in land where the possibility of large
returns is so attractive.

Many Americans have for years advocated the making of
farm loans by the government, which is a fallacy. The whole
plan of government farm loans or government guaranty of farm
loans, as in the case of the Saskatchewan idea, eventually will
resolve itself into this: No government can make loans simply
because it is a government. No government can rise superior
to the economic laws which govern the value of money, and no
government can fix an interest rate which will apply on all farm
lands alike. To attempt to do this would be to invite disaster.

The cry for cheap money for the farmers is largely one by
those who do not understand the situation. During the last
year it is a fact that farmers in Illinois have been able to borrow
money through the life insurance companies at lower rates than
~the big business men of Chicago have been able to secure it.
The only reason why more thinly-settled sections have not been
able to do this is that the local conditions do not warrant it,
and this would be the same whether the government or a pri-
vate individual attempted to make the loans.

It is my opinion that if we are to inaugurate a successful
system of farm credit we should try to forget the methods
employed by credit associations in Europe. What we should
do is to try to comprehend the principles employed and seek to
adapt them to American ideals, customs and governmental
methods.

What is wanted is some method by which young men who
wish to become farmers may offer evidence of ability, thrift
and character. There is wanted some guarantee that the money
will be used for productive purposes and sufficient supervision
to determine that the money will be wisely expended. What is

254 Missourt Agricultural Report.

needed is some basis on which educated, hardworking, honest
young men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty may
obtain a reasonable capital with which to make a home in the
open country. What is needed is some method of replacing the
opportunity which formerly existed under the homestead act.

In endeavoring to make applicable any long-term mortgage
system for this country the fact must be kept constantly in
mind that the farmer of Europe operates under nominal expense
as compared with the farmer in this country, as well as operates
on a much smaller scale. The European farmer applies himself
to a greater degree and is more scientific in the handling of his
land products. While the average farm in Europe is small,
varying in size with the different countries, about twice the yield
is obtained per acre that is obtained by the American farmer,
owing to intense cultivation and scientific methods. The earn-
ing capacity of the European farm is an established fact. That
in turn establishes its value. So-settled are the values that the
basis of assessment for taxation purposes, which is made at one
hundred cents on the dollar, is generally used as a basis for valu-
ing property when granting loans. Among the most important
advantages for facilitating loans on real estate in Europe is the
title-registration law which, in effect, places the government
behind the title to all property. Some modification of these
title-registration laws could undoubtedly be made applicable to
every state in the Union, and is highly essential to obtaining
cheaper rates of interest on mortgage loans.

It must be understood that the method to be pursued in
this country under existing conditions, should any long-term
mortgage systems be devised, necessarily would be quite dif-
ferent from the European methods; the rate of interest to be
paid by our farmers would of necessity have to be higher, be-
cause of the expense incident to appraisement; because of
exemption and redemption laws; because of the general lack of
title-registration laws, and the consequent need of abstracting
and title examination; because of the necessity of safeguarding
the loan by watching the security that has not such a stable or
definite income-producing value over an extending period; and
for the further reason that a market would have to be built up
for this class of investment. Whereas throughout European
countries this class of investment is now well established,
their land mortgage associations having been in_ success-
ful operation for over a century without a loss of a dollar to an

Missourt Country Life Conference. 255

investor so far as we could learn. However, I do not believe the
need of the American farmer is so much for a low rate of interest
on his mortgage loan, if he is furnished a reasonable one, as for
a method that will give him a sufficient period to work out of
debt by amortization.

Through operation of the long-term amortization loan
system the European countries have revolutionized the land -
ownership, passing titles from large tracts of landlordism into
small tracts belonging to the individual farmers, making per-
manent home owners out of former tenants. They have assisted
in making farm life more inviting and in improving farm prop-
erty to a high state of cultivation, thereby increasing the pro-
duction of the land and, as a natural result, enhancing the value
of the land itself.

If it is possible to devise some safe system for financing the
American farmer on some safe plan, which contemplates the
long-term amortization principle, I feel sure it would be much
easier to build up our rural interests, ultimately placing more
farm owners on our lands. In other words, if we can make
easier the ownership of farms farmers will multiply. We would
thereby assist the successful tenant to become a landowner, and
the more landowners within a state the more stable and per-
manent its population, and the more stable and permanent its
population the safer and more certain is invested capital and the
happier and more contented its citizens.

256 Missourt Agricultural Report.

RURAL SCHOOLS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

(C. H. Funk, Johnson county, Mo.)

It certainly affords me a great pleasure to speak a word in
behalf of the rural schools. We find
the little rural schoolhouses dotted all
over this country from Maine to Cali-
fornia and from Canada to the Gulf.
And it is in these rural schools that we
have the material in the boys and girls
on whose shoulders the responsibility
will fall to carry out the future develop-
ment of the greatest of all industries
of these United States, agriculture.

The boys and girls of today will
be the farmers and farmers’ wives of
tomorrow.

First, let us notice the rural school
buildings, the greater per cent of which are built along lines
that have been handed down for several generations, usually
built on straight lines with window in either side, one end
blank with door at the other. They present anything but pleas-
ing appearance outside, and much less inviting or cheerful
appearance inside. They are very badly lighted and poorly
heated, and are without any ventilation whatever. Now
this is a fair illustration of what ornamented our school site
over in Johnson county, a few miles southwest of Holden, until
last year. This is the district in which I was born, reared and
am still living.

The old building had been erected something over forty-
two years ago. It was twenty-four by forty-two with four
windows on either side. A hall cut off of one end. The build-
ing had been formerly plastered and replastered and patched and
ceiled and painted until it reminded me of the ‘“‘old colored man’s
sock,’ which he said he had worn for forty years. Being asked
how that was, he said ‘“‘Missus. footed the leg and then legged
the foot, but they is the same old socks.”

That was the way with our old schoolhouse. It had been
“footed”? and “‘legged’”’ until it was anything but a picture of
beauty.

Cee hunks

Missourt Country Life Conference. PBT

There were several fruitless attempts to vote a loan, but
they always met defeat until last spring election, or rather
before the election, we got busy and by good teamwork got the
voters out, and when the vote was counted we found we had
carried five to one for the loan. The old building was built
entirely of white pine and was all full in measurements. It was
sawed in those early days before they acquired the habit of
charging up for sawdust and shavings, as at the present day.

We first hired the old building wrecked at a cost of twenty-
five dollars, the lumber cleaned of nails and sorted and piled,
ready for the contractor.

For the new building we have a oid concrete wall and
cross walls, to support the floor. The house is thirty by thirty-
six feet with an eight-foot space cut off of the south end for
porch, cloak and library room. This leaves the schoolroom
twenty-eight by thirty feet, seated the long way of the room.
Heater is at one side, or rather corner, of the room. I should
have mentioned that this building has a T-shaped roof, making
three gables.

The outside is covered with one-inch storm siding building
paper and best quality siding, the siding extending down over
foundation, preventing water from getting in to rot the ground
frame.

The inside is patent lath with two-coat plaster work and
thirty-inch wainscoating metal ceiling. Flooring is edge-sawed
yellow pine, treated with two coats of boiling oil. Library
room and cloakroom are plastered, sides and ceiling. Library
room is six by eight feet, having one window with built-in book-
case, with sliding glass doors at top and sliding panel door at
bottom. The bottom part is ten inches deeper than the top,
making a convenient shelf. The cloakroom is eight by fourteen
feet, has double window in south, and coat hooks for wraps
and shelving for lunch boxes. The porch is eight by ten feet
and has concrete floor extending over cistern.

The seats are the best individual seats that could be bought.
We have the Smith heating system, which is guaranteed to heat
the room to seventy degrees in the coldest or windiest weather,
and it isn’t any warmer for a pupil sitting directly by the heater
than on the opposite side of the room. It takes the cold, pure
air from the outside, heats it and radiates it through the room.
The foul air is drawn out at the base of the chimney, completely

A—17

258 Missouri Agricultural Report.

changing the air from three to fifteen times per hour, so we have
a perfect ventilation.

We also-have sanitary drinking fountain, which does away
with drinking cups in any way and keeps a good, cool supply of
water in the building.

In Johnson county there are one hundred forty-five rural
schools. Of this number there are but seven modern, five only
modern in both building and equipment.

Now about the second improvement—the course of study.
I think the course of study for our rural schools should be so
arranged as to make agriculture the central subject, with stock
breeding, poultry raising, also the building of silos and _ soil
fertility, home economics, etc., so arranged with the present
subjects and making a ninth grade work.

It has been brought to my observation very forcibly just
recently that the very best that many children could ever hope
for in the way of an education is what they get in the rural
school. Their parents are not able. to give them a higher edu-
cation, but the rural school may prepare them to combat the real
battles of life by giving them a knowledge of the work by which
they will make their living.

The third improvement I wish to call attention to is the
teacher. We should have a qualified teacher, one who is com-
petent to give the very best of instructions. I think the time
near when a teacher holding only a third grade certificate will
be unable to find employment in our rural schools.

It is not so bad for a teacher to teach one term on a third
grade certificate, but to do as some have in Johnson county for
fifteen, twenty and twenty-five years is certainly going the
limit and should not be considered at all.

Now fourth, about co-operation. I think that parents
should co-operate with their children, beginning when they are
young to teach them to work, to take interest and pride in their
work. Give them something for their own so they can make a
little pin money for themselves. It makes them independent.
Then teach them to invest their little savings. It teaches them
to know the value of money. They will become interested in the
stock, the farming, the chickens and the housework. It teaches
them that your interest is their interest, that your business is
their business. It encourages them in school work. It broadens
their mind and will be the foundation of better manhood and
womanhood. By co-operating with the boys and girls and mak-

Missourt Country Life Conference. — 259

ing them your companions and partners in business you have
their full confidence. Co-operate with the teacher. It gives
her a better chance to demonstrate her ability as a teacher.
Through co-operation with children, co-operation with the
teacher and co-operation with your neighbors you will have a
successful school, a credit and honor to district and county and
State as well. |

I know some parents who seem to think that the boy or the
girl owes them a debt and they hold a mortgage on their lives,
and should the boy or girl ask for any money these parents
growl about how much they spend, which is about one dollar.
When the boy or girl is about fifteen years old—or maybe they
will stay until of age—then they are gone to make their own
way, leaving the farm with its pure and wholesome surroundings,
and going to the city where the lure of big wages and more
pleasure attracts and where are temptations and pitfalls for their
inexperienced minds. Is it any wonder so many fall by the way-
side? Is it any wonder the farm is being depopulated today.

One more thought, and it is this: How are we to get our
rural schools on equal basis, so that the boys and girls in one
district may have the same advantages as those in another.

I believe that a county unit, or still better, a State unit of
taxation, would solve the difficulty, the State to equalize the
valuation and fix a tax by which every school would be put on
an equal basis. By so doing it would give every boy and girl a
chance to complete at least a ninth course, and as I have said,
that the highest education some boys and girls can ever hope
for is our rural schools. It not only enables them to wrestle
with the problems of life, but will make better, broader men,
and women with higher ideals.

260 Missouri Agricultural Report.

MEANS FOR RURAL PROGRESS.

(Professor A. W. Taylor, Bible College of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.)

Others have treated specific parts of the general theme of
this conference. It is my part to try
to bind these various parts together
and to show how they are interdepend-
ent and interrelated.

The farmer is the average man,
and the average man is the best kind
of a man out of which to make a
nation. Picking up the picture of the
farmer in his working clothes, Roose-
velt struck the table with his fist and
said, “That is the man I want to
know.’ He is the man who makes up
the bulk of the common people in the
United States and his class is by far
the largest in the country. President Wilson, scholar though he
is, said he would not have experts and scientists in the executive
departments of administration; he could trust the man of
affairs to have better balanced judgment in matters of state.
It is from the farm that our leaders largely come, and they
make good because of the fund of common sense a boyhood of
industrious life on the farm gives to men.

As the farmer thinks so the country ought to go, for we are
still an agricultural country, notwithstanding the tendency
toward the city. There is a tendency toward the city, but it is
not so much against the rural regions as the face of the figures
might lead us to think. In 1880 70.5 per cent of the population
was rural; in 1890 it was 63.9 per cent, and in 1910 it was 53.7
per cent. Yet there was an actual increase in the number of
people on the farms; the city did not quite absorb the gross
increase of population. It was a relative increase over the rural
districts; but the actual movement from the farm to the city is
perhaps not over 10 per cent in a decade—that is, not more
than 10 per cent of our farm folk go to the city each decade.

We do not need so many farmers as we did a generation ago.
Then it took two men to create enough to feed themselves and
the third man in the town. Now, with farm machinery, one
farmer can feed the three. J have traveled among the country

Prof. A. W. Taylor.

Missouri Country Life Conference. 261

people of several European lands and everywhere it was the
same—men, women and children working in the fields with
hand tools. When some of us, now at mid-age, were boys on
the farm a riding tool was scarcely known. ‘Today one lad
with four horses will do as much as three of us used to do. The
machine has made the farmer a business man; he is thinking of
his farm in terms of profit more than, as he used to do, as a
permanent home; he is becoming less a working man and more
a capitalist. The speculative features thus brought into farm
operations is not altogether of salutary value.

President Wilson says that while the farmers were feeding
the world Congress was feeding the trusts. A picture of the
President’s cabinet will show the faces of men several of whom
were brought up on the farm, but not one of whom is now a
farmer. So it is with Congress and the Legislatures. Their
members are largely lawyers. The farmers are the largest class
and their interests are greater than those of banking or manu-
facturing, yet the lawmakers are usually much more concerned
with commercial and manufacturing interests than with farm
interests; it is because the lawyer and average representative is
a city man and sees commercial interests largest. Why do not
the farmers send more of their own number to the Legislatures?
Certainly they are the peers of many who go there from the cities.
Our public domain was given away to the speculator and the cor-
poration and the natural homes of the people forfeited to the
speculative profits of rich men because we had no home makers
in Congress who depended upon the land. So we practically
built the railroads and then turned them over to skillful com-
mercial manipulators who ran them for private instead of public
interest, and charging all the “traffic will bear’? increased capi-
talization enormously and now asks us to allow them to continue
to make dividends on the inflated values, and some day will ask
us to pay enormous prices to redeem the very rights of way we
so freely gave away. In Germany the railroads are owned by
the people and men ride for less than one-half what they pay
in this country, and their freight packages are carried for the
most part much cheaper because the roads are run as a public
utility instead of as private enterprise. Here we have paid
tens of millions to have our parcels carried by the express com-
panies while in Europe the government has carried them for
the whole people for a fraction of what we paid. The same is
true of telegraph systems. ‘All these are public utilities and the

262 Missourt Agricultural Report.

laws of competition do not apply to their operation. Because
the laws of competition do not apply they became the mothers
of monopolies, and the great nerves and arteries of our indus-
trial and commercial life were turned over to private greed
instead of being run for public benefit.

Competition is put forth as the law of the universe. It is
time to nail that as a lie, said Frederick Maurice, one of man-
kind’s greatest lovers. Competition has its part to play, but it
is only one-half the process of economic life. Co-operation is
the law of society; it is the law of brotherhood. Competition
never begets brotherhood; it may benefit the individual and
give strength to individuality, but we need to emphasize the
social nature quite as much as the personal, and thus the need
of more of the spirit of co-operation. The great corporations
have discovered the utility of co-operation; every corporation is
a co-operative enterprise. The principle is good, but the cor-
poration tends to co-operate for the good of the incorporators,
and all too often to the prejudice of the interests of all not in
the corporation. What we need is a co-operation that will
take in all who deal in the commodity, the buyer as well as the
maker and seller. At least, if the maker and seller will co-
operate to prevent competition between themselves and thus
increase profits, the consumer—and the farmer is the greatest of
all consumers—needs to co-operate to buy and to sell his raw
product that he may derive the same sort of mutual advantage
as well as deal on even terms with the powerful agencies to which
he sells and from which he buys.

The farmer has been called a ‘“‘rampant individualist,” and
there is too much truth in the charge. He needs to learn what
the city man has learned, and that is that there is more profit in
co-operation than in individualistic management of his affairs.
In England alone there are 7,000,000 people who make their
purchases at co-operative stores. The profits are saved to the
purchaser. The greatest of our high cost of living factors, our
Agricultural Department at Washington tells us, is the middle-
man system. It is built on the competitive plan and is cum-
brous and wasteful. Up in Wisconsin and the Dakotas the
Scandinavian Americans are practicing co-operation with signal
success. In Denmark the rural sections have been made over
from poverty to prosperity through co-operation and scientific
farming. They have co-operative agricultural societies, cream-
eries, packing plants, stores and shipping arrangements. The

Missouri Country Life Conference. 263

government inspects, stamps and guarantees the freshness and
quality of the butter, bacon and eggs shipped to England and
France and they thus top the market. The cost of brokerage is
put into the hands of the producer. Co-operation, not compe-
tition, has remade rural Denmark. New Zealand is another
illustration of the benefits of co-operation. The land was
appropriated by speculators at first, but now the government
prohibits absentee ownership of idle land by rich speculators and
turns the whole patrimony of nature over to the home maker.
The poor man goes into the clearing with money loaned by the
government and begins to create his own home out of nature’s
raw gift to men. In Germany I saw many of the public markets
where the producer and consumer met face to face and shared
the profits of the broker and middleman.

Let us take a few illustrations of the cost of our system of
distribution and see wherein there is such a large waste of profit
between the farmer who tills the ground at one end and the man
who labors at forge and machine in the city at the other end.
President Yokum of the Frisco system found that the Texas
truck farmer often received only from one-tenth to one-fifth of
what the New York worker paid. For instance, he got six and
one-half cents for the peck of potatoes for which the New Yorker
paid 60 cents. It was the same on onions and even much worse
on watermelons. In the city of Rochester it was found that it
takes 356 men, 380 horses, 305 wagons and 3,509 miles of travel
daily to supply the city with milk. Less than one-fourth of the
number of men and wagons and of the amount of travel would
do it under a co-operative system, and it would be much easier
to maintain adequate inspection, thus insuring a pure food for
the babes. The grocers and middlemen do not always get rich.
There is scarcely a town that does not have twice as many
grocers as it needs. But competition gives every man a fight-
ing chance to make a living in delive: ing goods, and the greater
the number in the game the more every one of them must charge
to make a living. Thus many go bankrupt and most of them
play no necessary function in the work of distribution. We
doubtless need the element of competition, but we do not need to
let it run riot with our sense of economy.

Scientific farming is the second means of rural progress
upon which I wish to speak. In Germany I saw everywhere
the women and children at work in the fields. Both there and
in France the home farm of tbh* peasant is small and the size of

264 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the farm will not allow the purchase of modern power machinery.
But “‘necessity is the mother of invention,” and Germany turned
science to the use of the peasant. She increased her yield of
wheat 48 per cent in two decades while we increased ours less
than 6 per cent in the same length of time; she also increased her
yield of barley by 51.8 per cent while we made a gain of only
8.8 per cent, and that of potatoes by, 61.6 per cent while our
increase was only 32.6 per cent. But we are learning. Our
vast, unplowed domain and cheap land has kept us from turning
to intensive farming and we have wasted much of our natural
resource, but necessity is driving us to consider these things
and education is convincing us of the value of them. The
farmers of Wisconsin are saving $12,000,000 annually by spray-
ing their fruit. A visit over to the Agricultural College is worth
many talks upon this subject, so we will not tarry upon it. One
of the greatest things to be done in Missouri is to learn to grow
alfalfa. There are thousands of acres that are capable of making
from $50 to $100 per acre each year with it, but we seem to lack
patience and the willingness to make the temporary risk it
requires.

Our next topic is one in which, above all others, Missourians
are, and by necessity ought to be, most interested. It is that
of good roads. The story is told of a community not far from
Columbia where a small tax levy for good roads was being voted
upon. The election day was in the early spring and the roads
deep with mud. In the late afternoon three men rode in on the
trucks of a wagon with four mules hitched to it and pulling with
all their strength even then to get through. Some one offered
to wager there were three votes for the proposition, but to his
surprise they had pulled in in that manner in order to get to vote
against ever having such conditions changed. The road drag and
grader will make any road fairly good the year around. We waste
most of our road money in puttering up the roads instead of
putting in permanent improvements. I cycled in several of the
old countries and found one of their greatest assets to be in their
good roads. It put every man in easy touch with his market.
Again, the spirit of co-operation is the first requirement and a
willingness to pay taxes for the common good. What we need
is not less taxation but better use of what we do pay and then a
a larger vision of what would come to us all through more public
taxation of the right kind.

Missouri Country Life Conference. 265

With the good road comes the better school. We are proud
of the little red schoolhouse. It was the nurturing place of our
democracy and universal American culture, but it taught us how
to be never contented with primitive vehicles of public good,
such as it was. The country could have as good schools as the
towns if they would pay as much, but when the town pays $1.00
school tax and the rural district only 40 cents as good cannot be
expected. With good roads comes the centralized and well-
graded school, and it actually costs less than the old-time, one-
room schoolhouse, while trebling the efficiency of education,
making it possible for the farmer’s child to have a high school
course and also keeping the boy and girl in rural surroundings
and educating them in rural arts, instead of sending them away
from home at great expense to be educated in city arts and
thus be won away fromthe farm. The enterprise is not nearly so
formidable as it looks; indeed, it is made comparatively easy now
under our new law and the offer of State help; but it does require
initiative and public spirit and it will never be done so long as
the farmer is a “rampant individualist.”

The farmer needs to talk over community interests more.
When he comes to town on Saturday he talks with neighbors, in
groups of twos and threes, the things of common interest. But
it is usually things of less public and more private interest and
much of the talk is social and merely the exchange of opinion
and personal experience. Suppose he could have clubs and
societies where matters of public interest could be talked over
more. The schoolhouses and rural churches can furnish the
centers. The townfolk meet daily and their daily papers and
ever-open churches keep them close together. The farmer
lacks these opportunities of free exchange of ideas and oppor-
tunities for mutual action. The country woman is just as
sociable as the town woman, but she does not have the clubs
and societies that enable her to turn her sociability into com-
munity action. Yet she is generally more of a housekeeper
and has-more things in common than the woman in town. She
would find great profit in mothers’ meetings. She is usually a
superb economist and would profit by an exchange of experience
of a more formal nature than the telephone allows. Governor
Hughes told the people of Rochester, when he spoke in their
social centers, that he was more interested in what they were
doing than in anything else in the world, because in it he saw

the very buttress and foundations of democracy. ‘These social
RES

266 Missourt Agricultural Report.

centers are in the schoolhouses. If the city can profit by them
how much more the country? It is by such meeting together
and talking over common problems that we make ourselves
intelligent citizens. Gladstone said the men of the farm and
workshops were the nation’s foundation, and declared that in the
labor unions of workaday England was the hope of democracy.
He thought so because they get together and talk over public
questions and enlighten one another and learn to act together
for the common good.

In recreation we find another need of interest and co-
operation in the country. You say his work gives him enough
exercise; that the sawbuck is the best gymnasium. But you
overlook the play side of boy and girl nature. That is by nature
a social thing, and it cannot be met by toil but only by recreation
and in games. The country needs field meets and contests and
all sorts of public gatherings for the youth. Perhaps more young
people go to town for the sake of play and association with other
young people than for any other one cause. They find little
diversion on the farm, and the lure of the city with its high lights
and gayety is too attractive for them to resist. There is excite-
ment and crowds and pleasure and the hope of riches. But few
get the riches, and many get sodden poverty in the city and the
pleasure all too often is that of the moth-and-flame variety.
Give the farm children and youth more association and chance
to play together and keep their interests in the country. Build
neat homes as the townfolk do and lend to toil a flavor of human
interest, and boys and girls will want to stay with the fresh
air and beauty of the country. Teach them the excessive mor-
tality of city life and educate them in farm lore instead of city
ways and fewer will leave the farms and the ways of their fathers.

The first and most fundamental of all means to rural
progress is that of co-operation. It is the nurturing spirit for
all good things needed. It will save money and it will make
money. It will help get good roads and will cultivate the com-
munity desire to get them. It will bring better schools, and
once put to work in all community matters will bring to the
farmer all that progress demands for him. The center from
which it ought to spring is the church. It is deplorable that the
one institution that should teach co-operation and fraternity so
often destroys it by dividing good men into opposing camps
over matters of creed. Suppose we united in matters of deed
and made our religion a matter of works instead of opinion.

lol

Missourt Country Life Conference. 267

There would soon be an end of sectarian Christianity with its
duplication of churches, its once-a-month absentee pastoring,
and its general inefficiency, and the substitution of a community
church that would unite men of common faith in the common
tasks of righteousness and community betterment.

Photo by W. L. Nelson.
THERE IS MUCH OF BEAUTY IN RURAL MISSOURI.

Missouri Farm Management Association.

OFFICERS.

President—J. Ed. Hall, Lamonte, Mo.

Vice-President—Ollie Davis, Wellsville, Mo.

Secretary-Treasurer—R. S. Besse, Columbia, Mo.

Advisory Board—D. H. Doane, Columbia; F. B. Mumford,
Columbia; W. P. Dysart, Columbia.

WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION.

(R. S. Besse, secretary-treasurer.)

The Missouri Farm Management Association was organized
in 1910 for the purpose of co-operating
with and organizing those farmers in
Missouri who desire help in their farm
management problems. Many letters
were coming into the farm management
office from all parts of the State asking
questions concerning their farm—rota-
tion, marketing and labor problems.
So on the basis of these numerous ques-
tions and from the requests for farm
visits and assistance the association
was formed with 75 charter members.
Pha lieecee: It has increased its membership to date
of January, 1914, to a total of 350 pro-
gressive Missouri farmers. For a time, until the membership
became too large to be handled in this way, visits were made to
individual farms and crop systems and rotation plans were dis-
cussed. The department of farm management, co-operating
with the United States Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton, worked through the association members in carrying on
their work of investigation and demonstration.
The Farm Management Association, however, is now too
large for one or even two men to handle the work by personal
(268)

Missourt Farm Management Association. 269

visits, so that portion of the work is being handled through cor-
respondence only.

A labor bureau, through which the’ members may secure
more adequate farm help, is a department of the association doing
a good work. Many calls come from members desiring help and
numbers of requests from men desiring work. Through the
association these men are brought together.

The information bureau, through which many questions
concerning the farm will be answered as thoroughly and quickly
as possible, is another source of benefit for the members.

The Farm Management Association holds its annual meet-
ing at Columbia during Farmers’ Week, when plans for the
succeeding year and general policies of the association are
discussed.

BETTER UTILIZATION RATHER THAN GREATER
PRODUCTION.

(D. H. Doane, professor of farm management, University of Missouri.)

There are four fundamental or underlying principles for
successful farm management in Missouri. In
the following these four principles will be
stated and the last one briefly discussed:

1. The size of the business must be com-
paratively large.—For general farming in Mis-
sourl we should have at least 100 to 160 acres.

2. The farm operations should be diversi-
fied.—The old saying, “Put all your eggs in
one basket and watch the basket,’? may be
correct as it applies to eggs, but it does not

Pha do DOT apply to Missouri farming.

3. Man and horse labor must be productively employed
throughout the year.—This simply means that the farmer, his
hired help and his work stock must be kept busy at a kind of
labor that will bring a return.

4. Soil, crops and stock have the broadest utilization.—This
principle has to do with the use of the product grown on the
farm.

In discussing the last principle it would be well to look at
a few concrete examples: Three years ago on one of our demon-
stration farms the corn yield in a particular field was 15 bushels

270 Missourt Agricultural Report.

to the acre. The corn had a catch crop growing in it. Fifteen
bushels of corn at 50 cents a bushel would have made us a return
of $7.50 per acre. This crop was so utilized that the return
amounted to as much as though we had raised between 50 and
60 bushels of corn. In other words, what was lacking in pro-
duction was more than made up, and certainly more easily made
up, by the proper utilization of the crop that was grown. This
was accomplished in this way: At corn-planting time the corn
had cowpeas planted in it. We used the black variety, putting
about three peas to two grains of corn, or about ten pounds to
the acre. The peas were put in at the same time as corn, with a
cowpea attachment to the planter. The two crops came on
together, and during September the hogs were turned into this
field. Before being turned in, however, they were shut up in a
small pen and fed cowpeas that had been freshly cut in the field.
This was done in order to teach them to eat the green peas.
When they were turned into the field they grazed down the peas,
corn and all, thus balancing their ration very satisfactorily and
making the gain so economically that our final figures made it
possible for us to make the statement made at the beginning.
In other words, an acre of corn and cowpeas returned as great
an income when hogged down as though we had raised 50
bushels of market corn. This shows how it is possible to make
a small production yield a large return by the best of utilization.

On another demonstration farm the crop under considera-
tion was rye and rape. Fall rye was sown with the rape in the
spring, the two crops coming on together. The rye making the
quickest growth, furnished pasture two to three weeks before
the rape was ready. At that time hot and dry weather set the
spring-sown rye back a little, and the rape came on vigorously.
This combination made excellent hog feed, and it was on this
field of forage crops that the fall litters were finished off during
the months of April, May and June. Old corn was purchased at
60 cents a bushel and fed to the hogs on this field. After the
hogs had been weighed out and sold and the returns figured up
the following results were found:

The feeding period of these hogs is divided into three
divisions, which we will call periods 1, 2 and 3. During the first
period the corn and forage made a return in pork of $1.33 per
bushel with the corn fed. During the second period, when the
forage crop was still better, the return for a bushel of corn fed
was $1.44, and during the third period, after.the dry weather cut

Missourt Farm Management Association. Din

the forage crops somewhat, the return was $1.03 per bushel.
In other words, the average return for the forage crop consumed
during the time that the hogs were eating a bushel of corn was
73 cents. This allows full cost value of the corn of 60 cents.

In another instance the corn and cowpeas were planted to-
gether as described, and 152 head of western lambs were pur-
chased the middle of September and turned into the cornfield.
They grazed out the undergrowth, not bothering the ears of
corn, and in 86 days they had gained 27 pounds, making a profit
of $1.40 per head, after charging full value for all the feed con-
sumed, freight, commissions, interest on investment, loss and
other items of expense. In other words, the profit on the lambs
was as great per acre as the profit on the corn.

Another farmer found that better utilization came to him
by handling his wheat in such a way that he doubled the sale
value of it. At threshing time, instead of hauling his wheat to
the mill and getting 75 cents a bushel for it, he hauled it to the
barn where he graded and cleaned it, and then sold it for seed at
$1.50 a bushel. In other words, the work put in on this pure-
bred Fultz wheat used in preparing it for market was from one-
fifth to one-tenth as great as the labor expended in producing the
wheat, while in each case the receipts for the two classes of labor
were the same. In other words, he would have received only
75 cents a bushel if he had sold from the threshing machine, and
for the extra few days’ labor of getting it in good seed form he
received the.same price per bushel. Profit on the last kind of
labor was far greater than that on the first.

THE BOYS’ DEPARTMENT AT FARMERS’ WEEK, 1914.

(R. S. Besse, in charge.)

Four years from this date it is not impossible or even im-
probable that Farmers’ Week of the old type will take on a new
aspect in which farm boys will predominate. Indeed, we would
not go far wrong to believe that even now in the process of evo-
lution can be seen the ‘“‘Making of Farmers’ Week a Boys’
Week.” Even in the face of the fact that Farmers’ Week this
year was the very biggest and best ever held in the State,those
attending and associated with the work agreed that the influence
of the ‘“‘Boys’ Department” was felt.

Did Missourt Agricultural Report.

An attendance of more than 2,000 farmers from Missouri
and many other states—the record for 1914—-speaks volumes for
the Missouri farmers, the work of agricultural education and the
institutions representing such education. But one thousand
boys from Missouri farms, representing the young blood of the
State, will have a far greater influence on Farmers’ Week and
what it stands for than the same number of grown-up men.

The question may legitimately be asked, ‘““Where can we
find a thousand boys and, having found them, what inducements
would bring so many to our State agricultural institutions?”
The answer is easy. Thirteen Missouri counties today have
farm advisers, men who are devoting their entire time to the
development and promotion of improved agriculture and better
rural life. They all admit a more eager response from the boys
and girls of the farm than from the older persons. It is unreason-
able then to believe that these counties in one way or another,
through contests and prizes of different kinds led by the farm
advisers, could send fifty of their choice youth to the Farmers’
Week school? We do not think this is unreasonable, for this
year, 1914, Johnson county with but little effort, under Mr.
Long’s direction, brought twenty-two boys to attend the school.

On the other hand, this work is by no means limited to
counties having farm advisers. Every county in the State
could, by a simple series of contests, conducted or planned by
some public-spirited citizen, send from four to ten boys to the
Farmers’ Week school at Columbia. In this way the one
thousand mark could soon be reached.

Having found the boys and arranged for their expenses, what
would be their reception at Columbia? <A resume of the boys’
department this year will give the plan and an idea of the work
as started. This was the first school of its kind ever held in
Missouri and, to our knowledge, ever held in the United States.
Nine counties were represented as follows: Johnson county,
22 boys; Buchanan county, 15 boys; Marion county, 12 boys;
Adair county, 5 boys; Pettis county, 3 boys; Dade county,
2 boys. Five of these counties have farm advisers. One, Adair,
has not. Any boy from twelve to sixteen years of age was
eligible to attend the school.

A special daily program, consisting of lectures, demonstra-
tions, contests and amusements, was given. The program
follows:

Missouri Farm Management Association. 273

POPULAR LECTURES FOR BOYS.

“Education of a Man,”’ F. B. Mumford, dean of Agricultural College.

“Better Bodies for Better Boys,’’ D. H. Doane, professor of farm management.

“Our Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs,’’ O. H. Benson, United States Department of Agri-
culture.

Illustrated lecture for boys and girls, J. C. Whitten, professor of horticulture.

“The Boy and Modern American Life,’” M. A. Hart, pastor of the Christian Church,
Columbia.

“The Rural School and the Boy,’’ R. H. Emberson, professor of rural education.

“Just Boys,’ J. D. Wilson, farm adviser for Cooper county.

DEMONSTRATIONS.

Corn judging and testing, T. R. Douglass; live stock judging, S. T. Simpson; soil
testing, C. A. LeClair.

JUDGING CONTESTS.
Dairy cows, hogs, beef, cattle and corn.

AMUSEMENTS FOR BOYS.

Two hours each day devoted to play under the supervision of Prof. O. S. Fields, play-
ground specialist.

Special sleeping and eating quarters were reserved for the
boys. In this way they were kept in large groups under the
supervision and instruction of a special guide, who showed them
the University grounds and buildings and took them over the
University farm.

The contest work was a feature of the week, the following
boys winning in the stock judging contest:

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The boys learning to judge live stock.

274 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Draft Horses.

1. Ivan Hutchison, Kingsville, Mo.

2. Chandler Spitzer, Kirksville, Mo.
Hogs.

1... Earl Maxwell, Kingsville, Mo.
2. Frank Wells, Centerview, Mo.
Cattle. oe

1. Marion Kephart, Holden, Mo.
2. Lyman Isaacs, Faucett, Mo.
Sheep.

1. Worth Lawson, Kirksville, Mo.

2. Nelson Russell, Chilhowee, Mo.

The winners in the corn judging contest were as follows:

1. Robert Hook, Halls, Mo. Prize, $20.00.

2. James Connor, Kirksville, Mo. Prize, $10.00.
3. Harry Wandis, Hannibal, Mio. Prize, $5.00.

4. James Briscoe, Oakwood, Mo. Prize, $2.50.

5. Nelson Russell, Chilhowee, Mo. Prize, ribbon.

Although he is a willing worker, a boy is not a tireless
machine that would work hour after hour in a monotonous grind
without becoming dissatisfied. Consequently, it was planned
to mix play with their work. At night they went to the picture
show, basket ball games and other entertainments. Ata certain
time each day they would gather at the gymnasium, where they
were placed under the direction of a “play specialist.”” This
phase of the week is indicated in the photo shown in connection
with this article.

Learning to play, a training badly needed in rural communities.

Missouri Farm Management Association. 279

The outcome of the boys’ department ‘exceeded all our
expectations. The lively spirit with which they took hold of the
work and play indicated their real enthusiasm and delight in
such work. Every little fellow did his utmost to co-operate in
making the week a success. Their feelings and impressions are
reflected in the ideas they expressed by a unanimous vote to
return next year, if possible, and to lay plans to attend the
Agricultural College.

We firmly believe that there is a great future for the boys’
department of Farmers’ Week, and believe implicitly in its
ability to reach the people in a broad way out over the State.

WHAT FARM RECORDS SHOW US.

(O. R. Johnson, assistant professor in farm management, Missouri College of
Agriculture.)

A study of the illustration of an account here given will
show us the essentials of a complete record of the farm enter-
prises. One of the first values we derive from a record is the
learning of what constitutes receipts and expenses. Under
expenses we have the following: Labor, feed, and incidentals
like veterinary fees, shoeing, medicine purchased, seed used, fer-
tilizers, etc. Under receipts we have the meat or crop produced
and such by-products as milk, butter, wool, eggs, manure, etc.
In addition to the above, we have expenses which we sometimes
call ‘‘overheads.”” These include interest on investment, taxes, ©
depreciation, the upkeep of fences, buildings, tools, etc., and a
few others. These indirect expenses must be distributed to the
various farm enterprises for the year. In other words, the
enterprises, in addition to paying all direct expenses, must pay
these indirect expenses also if they are profitable operations.

To get all expense items for the year we must have three
kinds of records—financial, or cash receipts and expenses, labor,
or work put in on the different parts of the farm, and feed fed the
different classes of stock. You will notice that in the illustration
given all three of these records are used.

In addition to showing us what the receipts and expenses of
an enterprise are, the records show us, first of all, which enter-
prises are making us a profit and which ones are proving unprofit-
able. We would not consider for a moment carrying a farm
enterprise which does not pay its way in some form. We prob-
ably will not know whether. an enterprise is paying us for our

276 Missourt Agricultural Report.

work—paying interest on investment and giving us any profit in
addition, unless we have some such record of that enterprise.
After we have studied our different enterprises from the stand-
point of profit or loss a closer study will give us the factors

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which determine that profit or loss. We have found, for in-
stance, that a farm horse works about twelve hundred hours
per year on an average—one hundred hours per month. If it
costs ninety dollars per year to keep that horse, our labor will

Missouri Farm Management Association. Deh

cost us seven and one-half cents per hour. If our horse only
works one thousand hours per year the labor cost would be
increased to nine cents per hour. Our records will show us that
there are many of our horses that are not working even one thou-
sand hours per year, and this means a large increase in the cost
of the work which those horses are doing. This will cause us to
make an effort to so plan our work that we can use our horses
a maximum number of hours per year. One farm showed by its
record that there were many weeks during the year when the
horses did not work at all. It does not take many such weeks
to make the labor cost run up pretty high.

A similar study can be made of the work which our men
putin. If we have a workman on the farm it is very important,
from the standpoint of the cost per hour of his work, that he put
in full days and regular time. We will find many days when we
do not even put in one-half time. The average time put in per
workday on some Missouri farms, where the men are hard
workers and work probably as long days as any of us would care
to, was nine and nine-tenths hours. This does not bear out the
statement that we work twelve or fifteen hours per day on the
farm. This is due to the fact that there are many days in sum-
mer and winter that we do not work very long. If we expect to
get our labor at a minimum figure we must expect to use that
labor a maximum number of hours per year, for it costs just so
much to hire a workman. The cost of man labor under average
conditions, where the wage rate is from twenty-two to twenty-
five dollars per month and board, is about fourteen cents per
hour—the average workman working about three thousand
hours per year.

Another thing which the record will show us is the im-
portance of the labor cost in connection with the growing of
farm crops. The labor cost is the largest single item in con-
nection with farm crops, and many of us do not charge our crops
average wage rates for the work we put in on them. The cost
is about $14.50 on one hundred-dollar land, with money at five
per cent to grow an acre of corn. More than one-half this
charge is the labor charge.

With man labor costing us fourteen cents per hour and
horse labor between eight and nine cents on the average farm,
we can appreciate the importance of one man working a good
many horses and using large tools, thus saving man labor be-
cause of its expensiveness.

278 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Were time allowed there are many other things which we
might show from a good farm record, but the above will have to
suffice and, I believe, it shows to a sufficient degree the vital
importance of some sort of record in connection with farm
’ operations.

SHEEP FARM MANAGEMENT.

(R. 8. Besse, assistant in farm management.)

In the Farm Management Association many of the mem-
bers are taking advantage of our plans for lamb feeding. The
plan, while not altogether new to everyone, will bear repeating
at this time and some concrete examples and experiences given.

GROWING THE FEED.

Cowpeas in the Corn.—Cowpeas are planted with the corn
in the hill at corn planting time. This is done by the use of a
cowpea attachment on the corn planter. The peas, being a
warm weather plant, will not do well in cold soil; consequently,
when planted in this way it is necessary to wait until the ground
has warmed up before planting the corn. ‘The corn is cultivated
in the usual manner. The Blacks, Red Rippers, Clays and
Whippoorwill peas are best for this purpose. A vining variety
should be used. On fairly good soil the peas will begin to form
a considerable undergrowth by laying-by time of the corn, and
not long after a dense growth twining around the stalk and
nearly covering the ground will be found. The peas should be
sufficiently mature to turn in on them by the middle of Septem-
ber, depending somewhat, however, on the location, season and
varieties of peas planted. They should pasture seven to ten
head of lambs per acre, depending upon the density of the
undergrowth.

Rape.—We have found rape to be an excellent feed in
finishing lambs for the market. Furthermore, early frosts kill
the remaining cowpea undergrowth and most likely before the
lambs are ready for market.

The rape may be sown between the rows of corn at the last
cultivation with the use of a one-horse drill. About an equal
acreage of rape and cowpeas is needed when sown in this way.
The rape may also be planted on clear ground, in rows wide
enough apart to be cultivated. This should be done in the spring
and a big, heavy growth obtained by turning-in time after the

Missourt Farm Management Association. 279

first frost. When handled in this way three acres of rape will
finish one deck, or about 150 lambs. This method is the most
certain of results.

THE GENERAL PLAN.

Western lambs are purchased from the market some time
in the fall, brought to the farm and fed on short grass for a day or
two until they become used to the new conditions. They may
then be turned into the cowpeas for a few hours each day until
thoroughly accustomed to this new feed.

WHEN TO BUY.

The time to purchase lambs will depend largely upon the
condition of the cowpeas in the corn; also the market conditions.
The lambs should be bought, if possible, when the peas are ready
to feed. Many buyers do not go to the market to obtain their
lambs. They decide accurately the class, grade and weight of
lambs desired, stating maximum price they will pay and the
approximate date delivery is preferred. In fact, all our Farm
Management Association members do is to call for “Farm
Management Association Lambs,’ and to date we do not know
of a single instance where entire satisfaction has not been given.

WHAT TO BUY.

Western lambs with a Merino foundation are excellent for
this method of feeding. They are hardy, free from stomach
worms, uniform in appearance and of light weight. These
points are of material advantage to the feeder and will tend to
decrease the usual loss of lambs in feeding. “‘Farm Manage-
ment Association Lambs” is a trade-mark established and used
by our members in buying feeders, and with some excellent
results.

The following figures are compiled from reports made by
our co-operating members, five of them being selected at ran-
dom. For convenience, sheep fed by different parties are desig-
natedsas lots'1, 2:3. ete:

280 Missouri Agricultural Report.

REPORT OF SHEEP FARMING OF THE FARM MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION
IN CO-OPERATION WITH ITS MEMBERS.

Number Cost per Length of Average weight.
purchased.| pound. time kept.
months.

Buying. _ Selling.

Lottenedkve cays. cae eee 260} $6.43 3 58t 75
TiO Gee he ce aistr aie omen Ro eee 248 6.25 2 54.6 68
Otis aus tetas & Dee ee 141 6.25 24 52 71
10) aeons Oe Mei eas Men a Aes Le 100 6.25 24 52.5 70
OLED yey eae ee ee ae 158 6.20 25 54.5 70
SAVELALOSS occas 907 $6.27 2.4 55 | 71
Total cost of | Total cost of |All costs, buying,

buying. selling. feeding, selling.
TO Gri ht eR eusiil soe POC AS clan ot ee eatts $1,029.00 $71.45 $1,274.50
Obs Zt lee taieeh te SPR ee co) and eee eee 888.51 63.20 951.71
D0) ih Serene On ark ene te anc oy, 5, SPE SE OM al, ec | 508.86 39.20 548.86
TAO tia acta ee paras Maa coh WR cases ah celia ROE 363 .30 Oleoe 400.62
DOCS rete Chee ee istics deat aa 574.56 37.60 612.16
$3,364.23 | $248.77 $3,787.85

Gross Net. Net per

Selling price per pound. receipts. | head.

GO Da ee No ase of ae ha 235 @ $7.90—15 @ $6.50 |$1,458.70 $184.20 $ .71
TObE2: Cee eee boi 219 @ 7.90—25 @ 6.25] 1,206.56 254.85 1.04
Lio bis Reece ee ha sce ae 141 @ 7.65— 732.04 143.98 1.02
MO GSA yy recur AM ent) cial te, gh 98 @ 7.80— 2 @ 6.00 551.64 156.75 1.06
1 TS) We cowtsstaeetigre Bsbeciice th eae eRe eee 138 @ 7.75—20 @ 5.75 819.72 207 .56 Bil
831 @ $7.80—62 @ $6.12 |$4,768.66 $947 .34 $1.13

While these figures do not picture any extraordinary results,
they wedge themselves into a farm plan as a profitable side in-
come. The operation has not only netted $1.13 per head after
paying for the feed, labor and interest on the investment, but
has encouraged the planting of more cowpeas on the land and
turning them back into the soil in the very best form.

Missouri Farm Management Association. 281

MY PLAN OF FARM MANAGEMENT.

(W. O. Redford, Fayetteville, Mo.)

I was invited by the program committee of this good farmers’
meeting to tell you of my plan of farm
management or manner in which I have
handled my business to enable me to buy
and pay for about 1,200 acres of good
land.

Before I proceed with my talk I
want to say that I have met with con-
ventions of bankers, druggists, teachers,
commercial clubs—and even Democrats;
but no class of men look as good to me
as the Missouri farmers who meet with
us here each year at Columbia. They
are enthusiastic, good-natured, well
clothed, and I was about to say well fed,
but from the way some of us have shed the hair from the tops of
our heads in midwinter, it would seem that we have not been
eating a balanced ration. You can readily see that I am not a
speaker and have no special aspirations in that direction. My
desire is to be a better business man, better farmer and better
citizen. My talk to you will be very informal and brief. I am
what one would call a diversified farmer. I never like to put all
my eggs in one basket.

I will ask you, if you please, to make a mental picture plac-
ing me with my little family in about the center of a thousand-
acre farm, with the very best people in the world living all
around for neighbors. For convenience, we will make an out-
line and divide this farm into two parts. The first part, about
five hundred acres, is in permanent blue grass pastures of about
eighty acres each, fenced to turn any kind of stock. On all our
land we practice what I will call a stock rotation, which, by the
way, is Just as important in stock farming as crop rotation is in
grain farming. In this stock rotation we handle mules, cattle,
hogs, sheep, horses, jacks and jennets and poultry. I place my
mules first because we have more money invested in these than
in any other branch of the business. Each year since I have
been farming I have bought a bunch of mule colts, and since
the first bunch was grown and ready to sell I have had a bunch

O. W. Redford

282 Missouri Agricultural Report.

to sell each year. I go through the country and buy these colts
from the farmers in the fall. I cover about three counties in
buying forty colts, buying on an average about one each day.

Preparing to market corn ‘‘on foot.”’

This may seem rather slow to some of you, but I do not spend
all my time on the colts, as I will explain later. I go into a
community where I know there is a good breeding jack and some
good, heavy brood mares and there I can most always find and
buy good colts. After one works a certain territory he learns
where these good mares are kept and he has easier sailing. A
man who owns a good colt is interested in them and can usually
tell you where there are others. These colts are contracted to
be delivered sound at a certain date—usually about the first of
October. By that time the grown mules have been fattened
and sold to the sugar trade in Louisiana. I have sold direct to
the same planter for about fifteen years, thus cutting out the
middleman’s profits each year.

Missourt Farm Management Association. 283

When the colts are delivered they are put into a darkened
stable, well bedded with straw, plenty of good water and all the
little delicacies to eat they could wish for except the mother’s
milk. I buy only mare mules of the sugar type. They become
quiet in about a week and are then turned out in the pasture
during the day unless the weather is very stormy. They are
put in the barn every night and fed liberally on oats and clover
hay with a little corn. There are two ways of handling these
sugar mules—one to keep them on grain feed both summer and
winter and mature and market them in the fall after they are
two-year-olds in the spring. The other way is to break them
when they are two or coming three years old, work them in
their three-year-old summer, fatten and sell in the fall. The
latter way is the one we usually follow because we need their
work. We change our teams every year but keep the same
names. Last year we sold 40 three-year-olds for $225 each
and 40 two’s at $220 each. If we did not need them to work
I think the two-year-olds make the most money. Handling
them in that way is a kind of “baby beef’’ proposition. | Be-
fore these mules are loaded to go south we give them a small
brand “‘R”’ on the left jaw. They make the journey of 1,000
miles unattended and usually get through in pretty good con-
dition. I wish I could spend my whole hour talking and
praising this much neglected beast. It was neither cattle, hogs,
horses nor sheep, but mules that have made Missouri famous.

While I am passing through the country buying these colts
I always have my eye open for good high-grade calves of the beef
breeds. I usually buy 50 good calves every fall, and I am about
as particular to get a good kind of calves as I am about the colts.
These calves are wintered well and kept growing for a year.
We begin feeding them shock corn as soon as the grass is about
gone. In February or March of the spring they are two years
old; they are put on feed and are fed on grass during the sum-
mer till they will bring $100 per head, then sold. This rotation
gives us about 150 cattle and 120 mules on the place most all the
time. We keep a few good cows to milk and raise roan calves.

We keep about twenty brood sows from which we figure on
raising from 100 to 120 pigs twice each year. These hogs are
fed out along with the mules and cattle. As soon as we sell a
drove of fat hogs we have another bunch of feeders on the other
side of the lane squealing to come across to the feed pasture. If I
were forced to handle only one kind of stock I would take hogs

284 Missouri Agricultural Report.

every time. The breed one handles is just a matter of taste.
I always try to handle the kind of animals that “look good’’ to
me and such as I think will give me a little satisfaction and
pleasure every time I see them eating their feed. I sell about
three old sows each year and keep an equal number of my
choicest gilts for breeding. In this way I keep a thrifty bunch
of sows.

Putting money in both banks, the one in town and the one on the farm—the soil.

We have been keeping about 100 good Shropshire ewes
from which we expect to raise about 100 early lambs each year.
About fifteen or twenty of the best ewe lambs are kept for
breeding and the same number of older ewes sold. In this way
we never have any old sheep to sell as culls. This year stomach
worms bothered my sheep so much that I sold the entire flock
and bought 125 good young Utah ewes which I expect to use
two years, then replace them with a fresh bunch.

Our horse stock is composed of some good, heavy draft
mares which do the slow, heavy work, such as plowing with the
gang plow and pulling the manure spreader. These mares are
bred regularly and their mules help to make a start on a bunch
of colts each year. When these mares are a good age I sell them
and have some more fillies growing to take their places. These
filly colts are bought with and run with the mules. They act as
a kind of chaperon. Much of my time is spent in the saddle,
so I have two good mares of the Denmark breed which keep
me well supplied with saddle stock. I break and train these
saddle horses and always have a buyer when I get ready to sell

Missouri Farm Management Association. 285

them. Some one may ask, what do you drive? Well, when
the roads are so I can’t use a car I drive a pair of good black
mules. I have two little girls and they wanted me to buy them
a burro to ride to school. To satisfy them I bought each of
them a good jennet colt. I expect these jennets to raise enough
jacks to send these girls to college. I have good reason to believe
they will do it, because I have sold $800 worth of produce from
one of them this year.
The poultry business belongs to my wife. Just here let me
say that I attribute much of our success in business to her. I
think that every good farmer’s wife, who does her share of the
work without complaint, will surely receive a high seat in the
next world. As Mrs. Redford is not here I will tell you how she
happened to go into the fine chicken and turkey business.
Several years ago we were attending the State Fair, and while
there I bought some imported Shropshire rams for which I paid
what she said was an extravagant price. So she said, “‘I am
going to the poultry show at Kansas City and get me some
chickens and turkeys that are just as good as you think your
sheep are.” I replied, “I am perfectly willing.” When the
time came to go to Kansas City she asked me if I would go with
her. I said, ‘‘Certainly, if you will pay my expenses as I did
yours at Sedalia.’’ She agreed, but I had been to the city with
her before, so I slipped some money into my pocket. We had
to pass the shops before we got to the poultry show in Conven-
tion Hall. She was broke. I had to buy the poultry.

No farm can be an entire success without a well-managed
farm home. The cultivated portion of our farm comprises
about 500 acres, upon which we practice a grain rotation of corn,
wheat or oats and clover. It is our aim to have about 160
acres of each of these three grains each year. We sow 80 acres
of clover each year, and as it lasts two years we have 160 acres
either for hay or pasture, or both. This clover is cut and put
into five large barns on the place and fed to the stock during the
winter. The second crop is cut for seed, which usually pays
very well for the handling. You will pardon my telling that
our clover seed won the blue ribbon here at Columbia this week.
This was a very favorable season for the growth of clover seed.
Eighty acres of clover sod are plowed each fall for corn the next
year. This gives 80 acres sod and 80 acres of second-year-out-
of-sod for corn each year. The corn in field of the second year
out of sod is cut and shocked and this ground sowed in wheat.

286 Missourt Agricultural Report.

This same field and the one preceding it in the rotation are put
in wheat the next year. The second field is sown to clover.
Sometimes part of this wheat land is saved for oats, which does
not interfere with the rotation. The stock is kept on this culti-
vated land as much of the time as possible. We use a great deal
of wheat straw in the barns for bedding and make from 600 to
1,000 spreader loads of manure which is returned to the fields
during the year. I think that by these methods our land im-
proves in fertility each year.

The ultimate aim of all this work, aside from the satisfac-
tion we get out of it, is money that is easy to rotate, but if you
don’t watch it will just radiate. Some of the money will have to
be put back into young stock, hired help, machinery, feed and
general expenses, but it is well to have your plans made for part
of this money to be put where it will not get away. I have spent
my surplus for land. Each year since I have been farming I
have either bought a piece of land or made a payment on one.
It is always a good plan to have some money handy or some-
thing you can turn into money, so if you have a chance to make
a good loan you can do so. Please don’t understand from the
foregoing that we live altogether for money. We try to live
well, take some time for pledsure—a trip occasionally seems to
do us a world of good. We are for anything that makes ours a
better place in which to live.

HOME GARDENS, FIELD CROPS AND HOME CANNING FOR
BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ CLUB WORK.

(O. H. Benson, specialist in charge of club work, United States Department of Agriculture.)

For nearly a quarter of a century the organization of boys’
and girls’ agricultural and home-interest clubs has been under
way in the United States, but the movement, though a worthy
one, suffered many reverses and, like the history of ancient
dynasties and monarchies, they have had their “‘rise and fall.”
This was governed very largely by the coming and going of
county superintendents, teachers and other local leaders and the
lack of continuity in leadership.

CLUB WORK ESSENTIALS.

Club work to be constructive and successful must have:
1. <A practical plan that contemplates a demonstration of
good farm and home practices and a net profit on investment

Missourt Farm Management Association. 287

O. H. Benson giving a fruit canning demonstration.

for time, money and energy to each club member. This makes
every member a prize winner, and the entire agricultural com-
munity will then benefit by the demonstration.

2. Well prepared leaders in the states, whose duties are to
inspire, organize, instruct and direct the club activities at all
times of the year.

3d. <A carefully prepared system of “‘follow-up”’ instruction
for each club project and transmitted at a seasonable time in
small installments during the year.

4. A system of instruction in bookkeeping as outlined in
the usual annual crop report blanks.

9. A local fair or club festival, where the play contests
related to club work can be executed and where club members,
through the crop and products exhibits, may have opportunity
to study the practical results of the county club demonstration
at close range.

EVIDENCES OF GOOD CLUB WORK.
(After several years work.)

1. Increased interest and enrollment from year to year.

2. Increased acreage, yield and net profit to club mem-
bers for each succeeding year.

3. Increased number of club members remaining in the
club projects for a period of years, and projecting their interests
and activities into other farm and home activities.

288 Missouri Agricultural Report.

4. A larger number of young people in attendance at agri-
cultural college and other institutions of learning and the return
of a larger number to rural life as farmers, home builders and
local leaders.

5. Improved members, homes, schools, roads and greater
interest in the broader, social activities of farm life.

6. Increased financial support to the club work, because
of tangible results shown by the work and its direct benefits to
agriculture and the American home.

The above six points can be applied to twenty-five states
now promoting the club work through regular paid and dele-
gated leadership on a national or federated basis.

WHAT IS CLUB WORK?

Club work is the organization of boys and girls into local
groups for the purpose of demonstrating what is right in farm
and home garden practice, and such an organization contem-
plates officers, monthly or semimonthly meetings, and the care-
ful study of a complete farm, garden or home-interest operation
for an entire cropping season or school year. This is illustrated
by the acre corn clubs, poultry clubs, home garden and canning
clubs, good roads clubs, potato clubs and the alfalfa clubs. In
all club activities the main interest is upon the farm, in the home
gardens and in mother’s kitchen, and necessitates the careful
study of instructions, making observations, keeping records,
making exhibits, and, in short, to demonstrate that business
practice is important in all farm activities.

SPECIAL CONTESTS.

All exercises conducted in connection with the regular club
work at the public schools, county or State fairs, fall club festi-
vals, etc., which can be undertaken in a few minutes, hours,
or even a few days, and completed, may be correctly classed as
contests. Contests are important in that they arouse interest
and spur contestants on to do better the more important job of
completing the season’s work in connection with the club work.

SOME OBJECTS OF CLUB WORK.

1. .To offer to the young people of rural life influential
guidance which will lead eventually to a better type of American
farmer.

2. To demonstrate through the boys and girls what is right
in farm and home practices.

Missourt Farm Management Association. 289

3. To enlist the interest and efforts of the boys and girls
in the problems of greater efficiency and economy in farm and
home interests.

4. To demonstrate the best methods for the elimination of
waste in orchard, field and garden.

5. To offer to the young people the proper leadership and
direction for their own personal conservation as well as the con-
servation of the best American agriculture.

SCHOOL CREDIT FOR CLUB WORK.

It is urged that as far as possible the superintendents and
teachers in charge of the school systems of state, county, city and
local schools will plan to recognize real achievement in club
work by giving recognition by means of credits to all who enter
club projects and follow instructions, keep a complete record
and show a net profit on investment for the season’s work. This
can be done in two ways:

1. By grading the club report and the written essay on
““How I Made My Crop,’’ presented by club members, and
accepting this in lieu of a written examination in the work in
elementary agriculture or home economics.

2. By grading the papers on a basis of 100 per cent and
accepting the grades in this report as a substitute for some other
subject required in the school course.

LEADERSHIP.

The club leader of a State, district or community should be
one of the best trained men or women available for this work.
They should be endowed with a liberal amount of common sense.
It is also important that the club leader has had public school
and, if possible, the experience as county or state superintendent
of schools; he will need a broad, educational viewpoint that will
make it difficult for him to be academic in his leadership of the
boys and girls in this work.

A club leader who is constantly diverting the boys and girls
from the practical and vocational viewpoint to the academic
and the classroom exercises is simply doing the thing that will
increase the “‘bookishness”’ of our present system of education
and will add more textbooks and class periods rather than re-
direct and reinforce the school as a factor for and toward the
home and farm.

A—19

290 Missourt Agricultural Report.

If possible, club leaders should be selected from the class of
people who have made good in the local leadership work of
organization, supervision and follow-up work with boys and girls,
and such leadership should be judged by the high percentage of
results at the end of the year.

CO-OPERATIVE RELATIONS.

The slogan of success in practically all lines of human
endeavor is summed up in the two following expressions: ‘Point
of view” and “‘teamwork.”’

There should be a wholesome, co-operative relation existing
between all club leaders, beginning with the rural teacher up
through the county agricultural agent, county superintendent,
State superintendent, State and district club leaders, and on
to the national leaders.

The policy of the boys’ and girls’ club work, as announced
from the Department of Agriculture, has been first of all to
recognize the State College of Agriculture through its exten-
sion department, and this State institution in turn to recognize
the State Department of Education, the county superintendent,
the county farm adviser and the local teachers. In this way
teamwork and a federation of influence and power for good is
possible that will guarantee success to every club project within
the State.

It is also important to invite the co-operation of granges,
federated women’s clubs, business men, the public press, and
utilize as many different forces as possible in order to get the
favorable public sentiment, the follow-up work and the encour-
agement so essential to success in this line of work. In counties
where a farm bureau has been established and a county farm
adviser put in charge of the work the county superintendent will
find it very much easier to make a success of the club work.

LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

The best time to form the local clubs is during the school
year in late fall or midwinter. The smallest unit of club organ-
ization should be the school district or community center. The
club work should be presented and members secured, then the
president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, program com-
mittee, bookkeeper and local adviser of clubs or home gardens
should be selected. The superviser of the club gardens or local
leader should be an older person.

Missouri Farm Management Association. 291

Arrangements should be made to hold one or two local
meetings of club members each month during the year, at which
time a special program of recitations, music, debates, discus-
sions, conferences, etc., can be arranged.

CLUB PROJECTS.

The few club projects to be undertaken in any county or
State should be determined very largely by the following:

1. The kind of club work that would be best adapted to
the locality and will give at the same time the best returns for
time, money and energy invested.

2. The interest and cultural value possible to the club mem-
ber through a particular club activity.

3. The character and peculiar needs of the club members to
be enlisted in the work.

4. Before selecting a club project it is important to deter-
mine whether there will be a market for the products so as to
make the work profitable, and also if the demonstrations as con-
ducted by the club members will have the effect of introducing
into the State or community the best things for agriculture and
the home interest.

- The following list of club projects will offer an interesting
and wide selection for the entire United States:
The home garden and canning clubs.
The canning and marketing clubs.
Corn clubs.
Potato clubs.
Good roads clubs.
Baby beef clubs.
Pig clubs.
Poultry clubs.
Apple clubs.
Alfalfa clubs.
Wheat and bread clubs.
Back yard clubs.
Sugar beet clubs.
Market garden clubs.

The governing principle in the selection of the club project

should be its ultimate relation to good farm and home practice.

292 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SOME REQUIREMENTS IN CLUB WORK.

The question of securing suitable prizes and premiums for
the encouragement of the boys’ and girls’ club work is easily
solved when we appreciate the fact that the less we emphasize
this particular phase of it the more the club members will under-
stand that to make a net profit on the investment is, after all,
the one prize worth while, and makes every club member a
prize winner.

Few and large cash prizes should not be recommended. It
is very much better to offer small and many prizes in the form
of good books, medals, pennants, farm and home equipments
such as thoroughbred stock, poultry and pets; free tuition to
colleges of agriculture, short courses, and other institutions of
learning. If the State Fair conducts and supervises a school of
instruction for club members and young people, a free trip with
expenses paid to this school would be a worthy premium to offer
for achievement in club work.

If free trips or educational excursions are to be offered they
should be limited to the champion in each club project, and such
a trip should always be supervised and champions accompanied
by a leader who will look after every interest and comfort of the
club members in the party.

Ordinarily the age requirement in the boys’ and girls’ club
work should be from 10 to 18, inclusive. The club members in
any community should be divided into two classes, the children
ranging in age from 10 to 15 in A class, and those from 14 to 18,
inclusive, in B class. The prizes and awards should be made
separate to each class, as it is hardly fair for a ten-year-old child
to compete with an eighteen-year-old boy.

This should ordinarily be determined by the following four
points:

1. Yield.

2. Profit on investment.

3. Crop report and story of club work.

4. Quality of products as shown by exhibits.

This basis of award can be modified slightly in the various
other club projects such as poultry, good roads, etc.

The following rules should govern the club work:

1. Attend meetings called by county superintendent,
teacher or other designated club leaders.

2. Keep records and make crop report at the end of the

Missourt Farm Management Association. 293

season and transmit the same to the county superintendent,
club leader or State agent in charge of club work.

3. To make an exhibit of club products at the local club
festival, county or State Fair, as denominated by the State or
county leader of the club.

4. Club members should endeavor to project the interest
of the club activities into the regular work of the school. This
can be done first by writing a story, “How I Raised My Crop,”
and submitting it to the teacher in connection with the language
work or regular requirements in English.

IMPORTANCE OF FOLLOW-UP WORK.

Boys’ and girls’ club work and the special contests which
precipitates all of its activities and is confined to a large enroll-
ment and the promises given by the leader in his newspaper
publicity work, with no tangible results to report at the close of
a cropping season, is of mighty little value to agriculture and of
much less value to the individual club members.

When follow-up work has been neglected the club work can
be very easily classified and recognized as a failure. Follow-up
work contemplates carefully prepared, printed instructions,
special meetings for instruction purposes at schools, social cen-
ters, county seats and other available centers, personal visits to
club plats by regular State, district or county leaders or their
delegated substitutes.

A word of encouragement and a few suggestions at the
psychological moment will not only mean results on the club
plat, but even greater results in the life and character of the
club member. ’

Field meetings and demonstrations are of vast importance
as a means of follow-up work in connection with the boys’ and
girls’ club project. It is a rare thing to find a club member who
does not keenly enjoy the opportunity to study the great book
of nature out in the interesting school of a cornfield, potato patch,
home garden or canning camp.

THE TESTS OF LEADERSHIP.

The fullest evidence of a person’s weakness in conducting
boys’ and girls’ club work is in his desire to scatter effort or to
use the “spread-eagle’’ method of meeting every conceivable
demand and call upon his time and thus make it impossible to
concentrate and “‘deliver the goods’ in a few, well-chosen

294 Missourt Agricultural Report.

projects. ““Spread-eagle methods” are usually accompanied
by arguments and excuses along the following lines:

“We have so many thousand boys and girls enrolled.”’

““We have sent out so many thousand circulars of instruc-
liom)

““We have organized so many club activities in the State.”’

“The main object of club work is'ta help the boys and girls.”
‘“‘After all, what we are after is not earning power, more
money, but better character and culture for our boys and girls.”

“T am trying to conserve the boys and girls rather than to
teach them better agriculture and home economics.”

We believe that ten club members in one single county who
will enter, study and demonstrate that farming is interesting,
practicable and profitable are worth more than 500 club members
who have enrolled and done but little in the work. The slogan
of every club leader, then, should be ‘“‘Results” at the end of the
cropping season.

CLUB WORK AS RELATED TO MARKETS AND CONSUMERS.

Boys’ and girls’ club work means more than the mere man-
agement and growing of a crop. It should furnish instruction
to the member in the proper methods of preparing, grading and
crating of products for the market, and how to secure and main-
tain a profitable market. The local club organization should
be organized so as to teach the lessons of co-operative buying
and selling and in this way develop for the future generation a
type of people who will not only appreciate and understand co-
operation, but profit by real co-operative methods. Such club
members should be taught the relation of the producers to con-
sumers, the best means of transportation, the value of the honest
pack as related to both consumer and producer, and finally, how
to effectively eliminate the waste products by the skillful use of
the little and inexpensive home canner.

ALL-STAR CLUB WORK.

It is exceedingly important that a disposition be made of
the boys and girls who have from time to time won the high
honors and who have become the champions of their respective
states, district and communities by offering to them a plan of
constructive agriculture and domestic science work which will
keep them in the work and bridge the gap between the club age

Missouri Farm Management Association. 299

and the period when they will have to undertake definitely a
piece of the world’s work.

It is also important that when club members reach college
special efforts should be made to keep them interested in the
subjects of agriculture and home economics, and they should be
given some particular duties during their college years as or-
ganizers and leaders of local clubs during the vacation periods.

CONCLUSION.

.

During the past year over 200,000 boys and girls have
been enrolled in thirty different states in this kind of work, and
have been learning the lessons of life and doing in a manly and
womanly way their part of the world’s work. In so doing they
are building the ‘‘four-square’’ citizenship of the tomorrows,
equally trained in head, heart, hand and health.

SIXTY-FIVE DOLLARS’ WORTH OF BLUE GRASS SEED ON WAY FROM
FIELD TO DRYING YARD. THE SAVING OF BLUE GRASS SEED
IS A VALUABLE SIDE LINE ON MANY MISSOURI FARMS.

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’
Association.

OFFICERS.

President—Green McFarland, Sedalia.

Vice-President—Chas. L. Taylor, Olean.

secretary—R. L. Hull; Columbia.

Treasurer—Geo. E. Thomson, Columbia.

Directors—C. G. Starr, Centralia; Edward Sheley, New
Bloomfield; A. J. White, Jr., Palmyra.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

(R. L. Hill, Adenhill farm, Columbia.)

Each Farmers’ Week sees one or more new associations
added to the list of those participating. This year brings in the
Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. The meeting was
an interesting one and should be productive of much good to the
breeders. The program included an address of welcome by Dean
F. B. Mumford of the College of Agriculture; the president’s
address, by Green McFarland of Pettis county; an address by
W. S. Corsa of Whitehall, Ill., on “Important Factors in the
Production of Pure-Bred Swine.” Other papers and addresses
were those included in this report. We very much regret that
it was impossible to secure copies of all of them for publication.

The association elected the following officers: President,
Green McFarland, Sedalia; vice-president, Chas. L. Taylor,
Olean; treasurer, Geo. E. Thomson, Columbia; secretary, R. L.
Hull “Columbia. Directors: GG. Starr, Gentralias Hdwand
Sheley, New Bloomfield, and A. J. White, Jr., Palmyra.

w. The rapid growth of the pure-bred swine industry of Mis-
souri calls for concerted action on the part of the breeders of all
breeds to keep this growth on a firm foundation and to push the

business from every practical standpoint.
(296)

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Associalion. 297

The purpose of this organization covers a wide field, for the
swine breeders have much to confront them and will have for
some time to come. First of all, an annual meeting is to be held
at Columbia during Farmers’ Week, at which time an attractive
program will be arranged covering scientific and practical sub-
jects of interest to every swine feeder or breeder. By holding
the meeting at this time the breeder is enabled to hear the
programs of the various other associations and take part in
every department of Farmers’ Week.

Every few weeks during the year a circular letter will be
sent the members of the association dealing with some practical
subject to be of service at that particular season.

A constant effort will be made to control and eradicate hog
cholera by insisting on more extensive appropriations from
Federal and State government—and by sending to the mem-
bers from time to time information pertaining to the disease.

The matter of selecting judges and getting premiums for
exhibits at the various fairs in Missouri is an item of vast im-
portance and is to be taken up by the association.

The object of the association is not simply to benefit the
old established breeders of Duroc-Jerseys, but it is the intention
of the organization to help and assist in every possible way every
man who is at all interested in the breed, the man who is just
starting in the business or wants to start, to increase the number
of breeders and the number of Duroc-Jerseys produced. If
there is any information wanted by a prospective breeder or one
already in the business, the secretary of the association will be
only too glad to send a prompt, explicit reply.

It is the hope of the Missouri Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders’
Association that the other breeders of other breeds of swine in
Missouri will organize associations and then work in co-opera-
tion with us, for in that way much more can be accomplished
which is of mutual benefit to all. The other states which lead
Missouri in the swine industry are thus organized, and it be-
hooves Missouri swine breeders to keep abreast with the times.

Every Duroc-Jersey swine breeder or any person who is
interested in Durocs is urged to join the association. The
association needs your help and in turn will help you.

A—20

298 - Missourt Agricultural Report.

THE SOUTH AS AN OUTLOOK FOR THE HOG INDUSTRY.

(James A. McKee, Versailles, Ky.)

To the members of the Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders’
Association I wish to express
my appreciation for the com-
pliment you have paid me in
selecting me to represent the
south before this association.
I trust that I may be able to
say something of interest to
you men of the north.

Bringing together men
from different parts of the
country to discuss the ques-
tion of live stock is of the
greatest value to the live stock
organizations. It develops
new ideas, creates enthusiasm
and gives to each the oppor-
tunity to benefit by the ex-
perience of all others engaged
in the business. Such a
gathering must be for the betterment of all the breeds, and it
seems to me that your committee in charge must have felt that
there was some outlook in the south for the pure-bred business
or they would not have asked a man from that section to address
you.

I believe before I tell you of the present conditions of hog
raising in the south that it will be necessary for me to review
the economic conditions existing there. Perhaps I shall have
to go a little farther and give you some idea of the state of things
in the south before the war.

The south was divided into large landed estates which were
managed by overseers employed by the owners of the planta-
tions for that purpose. The men who owned these estates were
not personally engaged in the work; therefore they were not
familiar with its details, and the close of the Civil war found
the landowner not only deprived of his labor, but the experience
of his overseer also. In this impoverished and ignorant condi-
tion it was hard for him to become a successful agriculturalist or

James A. McKee.

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 299

stock raiser. The raising of cotton was by far the most profit-
able crop, and little time or attention had been given to other
things. This made the situation still more difficult for the
planter as he was afraid to venture upon industries about which
he knew so little. ,

What the south needed most at this time was the means
and knowledge necessary to produce supplies for the main-
tenance of its people. The greatest assistance along this line
was given by Mr. Seaman A. Knapp of the United States Bureau
of Plant Industry when he conceived the idea of the boys’ corn
clubs. He realized that education was a duty the United States
Government owed to its people, and especially to the growing
generation. ‘To accomplish this he deemed it necessary to give
demonstrations from a practical, scientific standpoint.

The government sent demonstration agents south to teach
the people practical methods; and there is now a demonstration
agent in almost every county of each state. In the State of
Arkansas Mr. Watson is at the head of that department, and
there are ninety-three experts throughout the state. What
does this mean? It means that the demonstrators went into
the south and established stations and taught the boys and the
old men how to raise corn; and you know—you who have fol-
lowed the records—that out of the corn clubs of the United
States the largest yields of corn have been produced in the south
by the boys.

The possibilities of the south are so great that they cannot
be estimated. Mind you, there are over 300,000 boys enrolled
in these corn clubs; and the story of the increased yields they
have made read like The Arabian Nights. The magic of science
in the hands of these boys, together with the wonderful fertility
of the soil, would startle you people of Missouri. These corn
agents are educating the boys. They have also formed them
into ‘‘pig clubs,”’ so that the boys of the south are not only being
taught how to produce corn, but they have been taught the
value of the pure-bred pig also.

Gentlemen, I must say all improvement comes from educa-
tion. The blighting hand of ignorance is just like a western
wind that comes sweeping over the prairies of Kansas and dries
up the corn crop.

The demonstration agents have brought into the lives of
the southern people intelligent and practical knowledge. They
knew how to read Milton and Shakespeare and Dryden, and all

300 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the beautiful things of romance, but now they have learned to
do with their hands and to think with their minds. President
Wilson has said, ““Education is the proper value of things,”
and I believe this is the best definition I have ever heard.

All this is teaching the southern boy the dignity of labor
and the value of production—teaching him to produce pigs and
corn, and peas and crimson clover and vetches and all kinds of
forage. It will show him also that if he will put good seed into
the ground properly they will grow; and when you have taught
him these things you have done him the greatest good.

I tell you there is going to be great material progress in the
south in the near future, for the people are alive to the impor-
tance of a change in their agricultural systems.

You may have seen an account of a boy in Shreveport, La.,
who last year displayed the value of this education. He showed
a pig that he had raised, against one that had been raised by an
old farmer under his methods, and the boy proved the superiority
of his knowledge.

Last year the superintendent wrote and asked me to make
a donation to the corn clubs; so I said to my brother Frank,
““Why not give them a pig.’”’ He only replied, ““Oh, pshaw,”’
but I sent the pig and received thanks for it; but the super-
intendent added, “‘I don’t believe we want any more pigs. A
pig breaks up the corn show. This one created so much interest
they didn’t want to pay any more attention to corn.”

We have received letters asking what we would sell a female
pig for, and later what we would sell a male pig for. This does
not mean very much to a farmer, but I feel that when we do little
things like these we are putting something into the lives of these
boys that can’t be measured by dollars and cents. ‘Taking money
for the highest standard in life makes us rusty old farmers; but
when we do something to help young people along it creates
good feeling right inside of us, whatever the motive may be
that prompts it. If it is a good motive it gives an entire satis-
faction and pleasure that we wouldn’t feel otherwise and that
is an incentive to other good deeds.

Returning to the question of the previous condition of the
south, let me say that now these landed estates are going to be
divided into small farms which will be much more profitable as
well as economical. The negroes will be taught the dignity of
labor and will go to work willingly. The south is going to
measure up to the standard of agricultural excellence. When

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 301

the southern people are properly taught they are going to be
successful agriculturalists, and they are going to raise hogs and
other things. They will be raising hogs when you people can’t
raise them here. Why? I will explain by an incident: Mr.
Clark took me out around your town and I didn’t see any sign of
vegetation whatever. Now in the south, at this season, you
would see pigs out grazing. To be successful you must be
economical, and the most economical raising of live stock is to
feed them as much as possible off what they can _ find
in the fields and pastures. After you have found this out
you have solved the problem of feeding stock economically.
kn thesssouthy hogs can graze)yall the- year round. “The
conditions are such that cowpeas, soy beans, peanuts, and
all those things that you have to buy in the north, can
be raised there with very little trouble. They have Johnson
and Bermuda grass, and in some parts of the south they have
these planted all the year round, and can raise hogs in great
quantities more economically than elsewhere. Some of you
should go south and raise hogs and cultivate that wondrously
fertile land that can grow everything you can produce here, and
more too. The pigs can be let out nearly every day in the year
instead of being housed in barns.

There is another condition to be considered. In the south
you do not have to have expensive buildings. In many places
you can just throw a few rails against a tree and you will have
all the protection your hogs need. There is also another cir-
cumstance which perhaps you have not thought of. Have you
ever realized what the Panama canal will mean to the south?
I believe there is going to appear upon the Gulf of Mexico a
city that will rival New York or San Francisco. Just where it
will be located we cannot tell, but it will be the logical depot for
the passage of all the material we are raising to South American
countries. I don’t know anything more roseate than the proba-
bilities for the future of the south. The possibilities there
seem to me to be so great because they are based on bed rock of
intelligent and practical education, and where you have the
proper environments and educational facilities you will be obliged
to have success. The south is going to come to her own and the
wonderful things that she can accomplish will be realized when
the Panama canal is an accomplished fact.

The southern man, possibly, is a little different in some
respects from a great many with whom you are accustomed to

302 Missourt Agricultural Report.

do business. He is more inclined to believe what you tell him
than are many others. He thinks if you are a live stock man
you must be a pretty decent sort of fellow, and he is willing to
accept you as such. He is not willing to pay you as much today
as the northern breeder because he hasn’t been educated to the
value of good live stock, and he don’t know that good live stock
brings high prices; but he will pay you a moderate price, and if
you are willing to do business with him and give him good
stuff he will be a good customer. But if you sting him once, it
is “Good-bye Katy.’ He is done with you. He will trust you
more to start with than anybody else. He will give you more
right to be treated as a man of honor and integrity; and he has
great reason to expect he will get value for‘value. If you take
advantage of this opportunity you will pay the penalty. Today
the man who wants to do business with the south must sell
good stuff.

The south had quite a number of prize cattle at the Inter-
national Live Stock Show, and when it became known a great
many people thought it remarkable that the south could produce
such fine cattle. The southern people have also been active
along other lines, and when they get it into their heads that they
are going to produce bulls, hogs, or anything else, they are going
to) dow.

Years ago Kentucky produced the standard trotting horse.
She has also brought to a high state of efficiency the running
horse, and has developed and trained the saddle horse. She
has made the Hereford and Shorthorn and other breeds of live
stock known throughout this country and the world.

I believe the exhibition of hogs is going to give great impetus
to the improvement of the different breeds. From showing hogs
in the south in the last two years we can see almost from one fair
to another how much more attention is being given to the hog
business. The interest people are taking is marvelous; during
our shows they visit the pens and make many inquiries about
hog raising. When we began showing many did not know
there were any other hogs in the world to compare to the Berk-
shire and Poland China. The southerner seemed to think the
white hog wouldn’t do in the south. They wanted dark, red
and black hogs. Now they are coming to think differently.

You would be surprised at the number of boys who are pur-
chasing pigs. Most of our trade in the south has been with
men who wanted to buy pigs for “Johnny” or “Jim.” They

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 303

bring the boys around and let them do the buying. I will just
give you an illustration: Some one in one of the counties wrote
us to send him a couple of hogs, which we did. Later we went
to one of the southern fairs and we met the gentleman who had
bought the hogs for his little boy. He said, “John is down here
today; he has some pigs, but he never joined the Boys’ Corn
Club. I want you to tell him how he can make his pigs grow.
I would like to have him go round with you to the different
fairs.’ We took him along, and do you know that little fellow
was the most enthusiastic boy you ever saw. He said after he
had been to a couple of shows, “I see how they do it.’ That
boy is just a sample of thousands of boys in the south. They are
getting wise. These shows are educating the people to the possi-
bilities of live stock raising; and it is the best class that are being
educated for—it is the younger generation.

I forgot when speaking of the boys’ corn clubs to mention
that these southern agents have established for the girls what
is known as ““Tomato clubs.” They are trying to get all young
girls in these sections to see how many tomatoes they can produce
on one-tenth of an acre; and it has had this economic effect, that
in the production of tomatoes the United States Government is
today giving these girls under these farm agencies a certain value
in the commercial world, and now all the tomatoes grown by
girls of the southern tomato clubs have been engaged. There is
a fixed purpose in women of the cities to get into communication
with the girls who raise tomatoes and other vegetables so they
can go direct to the consumers, thereby benefiting both parties.
This shows that not only are the boys learning to raise hogs and
corn, but the girls are learning to raise vegetables as well.

I don’t know what is the cause of the many inquiries we
have had of late concerning live stock. There must be some
reason for this great interest. For the last week we have
answered between twenty and twenty-five letters each day
about pedigreed hogs. I am of the opinion that exhibiting hogs
in the south is the cause of this great activity.

304 Missouri Agricultural Report,

SWINE ORGANIZATIONS—THEIR VALUE AND THE WORK
THEY SHOULD DO.

(E. Z. Russell, Benson, Neb.)

We would make two classes of swine organizations, state
and breed. State organizations should include the breeders of
all breeds of swine. We believe that each breed organization in
the state should be auxiliary to the state organization.

The value of either state or breed organization will be just
what the members of such organizations make it. There are
many things that a state organization can do to further interests
in general. In this organization we would reach as far as pos-
sible in the membership, and by no means limit your member-
ship to breeders of pure-bred swine, but get every farmer possible
interested in your organization.

As regards meetings, we believe one good general meeting
better than more, for the reason that farmers and breeders are
busy men and it is hard to get an attendance that will justify
too many meetings. When we have one meeting a strong pull
can be made and a good meeting assured. To have a good meet-
ing we must have numbers. Very seldom do we get the neces-
sary amount of good from a small attendance.

This annual meeting can be held in connection with other
agricultural meetings, as I understand you now have in this
State. When you can show to the farmer or breeder that with
the same expense he can attend several meetings you will be more
liable to get him to attend your meeting than if he can only
attend the one. When you can once get him started and he
becomes interested you can get him to come again.

I am firmly of the belief that no farm enterprise will make
better returns for the time and money expended than will the
raising of swine, and the better the swine the greater will be the
returns. Breeders of pure-bred swine are, of course, anxious to
extend their sales, and to do this we must interest the fellow who
is not now raising pure-breds, as well as to keep interested the
fellow who is now raising them. If we can get these men to
our meetings, have men there who know the business, read
papers, etc., show the many advantages of raising better hogs, we
will soon have these men wanting to better their condition by
having some of these better hogs.

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 305

In the meetings of the state organizations breed character-
istics should not be discussed. The object of this organization
should be to show up the advantages of the breeding and rais-
ing of better swine. All breeds will be in turn benefited.

Friendly relations should be sustained with the different
fairs and stock shows. State swine organizations can materially
assist the different fairs and shows in the making of the premium
lists, selection of judges, sanitary conditions, including regula-
tions for shipping, etc. Now that so much is being said and done
in relation to the vaccination of swine as a preventive for hog
cholera, state organizations can be of much benefit to the proper
officers who have charge of this matter. One thing in this con-
nection which should receive the consideration of the officials is
the sanitary conditions on the individual farms. State swine
organizations can do much towards keeping down swine diseases
by their members pledging themselves to not only keep their own
premises in the right condition, but toward assisting state officials
in having others keep their farms in good sanitary condition.
I don’t mean by this to be squealing on your neighbor—far from
it—but you can assist by keeping the proper officials informed
as to conditions in your neighborhood.

Conditions now facing the swine grower are certainly bright,
and indications are that the man who will keep thoroughly at it
is going to be well repaid for efforts expended in the raising of
good hogs. Swine organizations can do much towards helping
their members by spreading the gospel of good hogs. By doing
so you not only help yourself, but you help the man who is
induced to raise more and better hogs.

Petty jealousy should never come into any organization of
this kind. We have often seen men who are raising a certain
breed of animal say to a prospective buyer that under no cir-
cumstances should he buy anything but the particular breed he
is keeping. This is all a mistake. To make a success of stock
raising one must like the kind of stock he is raising. If a man
who is raising scrubs gets it into his mind that he wants to
raise better hogs and a breeder of any one of our breeds gets to
talking to him and induces him to get some of that particular
breed, when this man thinks he would prefer some of the other
breeds, it is a ten to one chance that he will not succeed. Let
him get the breed that he likes best, and rest assured that if you

be the gainer.

306 Missouri Agricultural Report.

BREED ORGANIZATIONS.

Under breed organizations we would place two distinct
organizations, National and State. The national organization
would be the record association where our hogs are recorded.
The value of the record association is priceless. The value of a
pedigree is only what it is made by the party who signs it; at the
same time the officers of the record association can and should
prescribe rules and regulations for the recording of the animals
that should be very helpful to the honest breeder in making
his pedigrees as correctly as possible and as hard as possible for
the rascal to make a dishonest pedigree.

Officers of a record association should be men of known
integrity, well versed in the breed, fearless in the discharge of
their duty, and men who will place the value of the record above
all else. Many vexing questions come up for decision by the
officers of the association. They must be men who can decide
against a personal friend if it is necessary to do so.

Generally speaking, the meetings of the record association
are purely business meetings. We believe that this should be
changed in a manner and the annual meeting should be a _ busi-
ness meeting and, in addition, a meeting of the members of the
association to “‘talk shop.’’ Papers should be prepared on dif-
ferent subjects vital to the members, discussions entered into,
and the meeting made the most profitable in this way. Efforts
should be made by the officers to get as large an attendance of
the members as possible to these annual meetings, and the
members should in turn make an especial effort to attend.
Members of the board of directors of the association are often
confronted with questions about which they are in doubt. If
we could have in these meetings a free expression from the mem-
bers regarding matters that they may know will come before the
directors much assistance will be given the board in making their
decisions.

A hearty co-operation should be made by the members with
the officers of our record associations in making the record all it
should be. This can be done by the members lending every
effort to the officers, especially in complying with the rules
regarding the recording of the animals. You are vitally inter-
ested in the value of your record. It is within your power to
make the record more valuable and more nearly correct by
cheerfully complying with the rules of recording as made by the
association in which you are recording.

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 307

State breed organizations can be made valuable to the
breeders of any particular breed by the members getting to-
gether and working harmoniously for the upbuilding of the
business. They must be'progressive and on the alert for new
business; if you are not, then the other fellow will get the new

“See to it that at the county fair or stock show your breed is creditably represented.”

man who is figuring on taking up the business of breeding pure-
bred swine. Inastate breed organization as in all associations
much will depend upon the officers. Too often do the members
expect the officers to do all the work and in this way get into the
rut of letting them do it all, and sooner or later your organization
will go down and out. Then again, some officers of associations
assume all the duties and let the members think that they have
nothing to do. Nothing will keep up the interest of the mem-
ber of an association as much as to give him something to do.
In his locality give him to understand that you are expecting
him to see to it that at the county fair or stock show your breed
is creditably represented by good specimens. State breed
organizations can be of lasting benefit to their particular breed
in urging their members to show their animals at the state fair

308 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and stock shows. We believe that there is no place where adver-
tising can be so cheaply and thoroughly done. Make it a point
to get into your organization all the breeders of your breed you
possibly can, especially the breeders of the best animals. When
you get them interested in your association, if they are not men
who are in the habit of showing at the fairs and stock shows,
make it your business to get them interested in showing. You
can’t have too many good specimens of the breed at these fairs
and stock shows. The thing we want to get out of our heads
(if we have it there) is that it hurts our business if some other
fellow can show a better animal than we can and get a better
place in the awards. Nothing will do a man so much good in
his breeding operations as it will to go to the fair and get
‘‘skinned.’’ When this happens he goes home with the deter-
mination to come back next year and get the other fellow’s
scalp. In this way the quality of the individual animals of the
breed is made better and in consequence is the standard of that
particular breed made higher, inducing new breeders to take hold
of that breed, and in turn is a benefit to all.

One of the vital questions regarding a fair and stock show
is who will act as judge. We believe that state breed organi-
zations can do much along this line by the members getting to-
gether and talking over the matter, considering different men for
this position, and then agreeing on the man or men whom they
think best to do the work for them at the show. They have not
the appointing power, but we believe that if state breed organi-
zations will get together as we have suggested and make recom-
mendations to the proper officials of the show they will probably
get the man they want if it is possible for him to be gotten.
State fair officials are as anxious as the exhibitor to get the right
man to do the judging in all departments. Nothing will lower
the standard of the show or lessen the number of exhibitors as
to have it known that the judges in any class or classes are
selected by the influence or pull of an exhibitor of that class.
Not only that, but the exhibitor who has this pull and uses his
influence to get some one appointed as judge with whom he has
personal influence, thinking he will get special favors, is only
‘cutting off his nose to spite his own face,” for sooner or later
he creates an enmity with the other exhibitors and the influence
against him is sure to be felt. Only shortsighted men with nar-
row minds will do these things, and, thanks to the integrity of

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 309

the countless thousands of breeders, we have but few who
qualify in this class.

The question of type is a serious one in some of our breeds
of swine, particularly in some states. In selecting a judge to
judge our hogs we must give this matter some consideration. We
are in the west, and we believe that the prevailing demand is for
a hog with the most size possible and at the same time carrying
the necessary quality. If this is the case it would be folly to
select a judge who would select a small-type hog. You will be
surprised (if you have not given the matter some attention)
how many men, the beginners especially, want to get something
closely related to the champion boar, or sow, at their state fair.
If this champion is an animal not of the type generally sought
for in that particular locality or state, the man who gets started
in this line is almost sure to not meet with the success he expects
and you will find him out of business or perhaps taking up the
breeding of some other breed of hogs. Give this matter some
attention when considering the selection of a judge.

A state breed association should have a regular set of by-
laws and a constitution, simple, yet setting forth just what
the members want. If possible, have these printed in pam-
phlet form for distribution among members and _ prospective
members. A neat certificate of membership is always appre-
ciated by the man who joins your association; it shows him that
there is something more to the association than simply paying his
fees and dues. One of the essentials is to have at all times some
funds for necessary expenses. This does not need to be much,
but you should not be asking your secretary or treasurer to do
something and then let him dig down into his own pocket and
pay for it, trusting to the members to make up the deficiency at
the next meeting. Careful attention to this will be a big factor
in making your association grow and prosper.

In some states state breed organizations can do much good
for their breed in the way of introducing it into localities by the
holding of public sales. The state breed organization can take
the matter up and get different members of the state organiza-
tion to consign to the sale one or more animals. Send them into
a locality well adapted to the raising of good hogs, where few of
your breed now are, and hold a public sale. Generally speaking,
a sale of this kind will not be a financial success, but you will not
be holding it with that purpose in view. If you succeed in plac-
ing in that locality some forty or more fair specimens of your

310 Missouri Agricultural Report.

breed results will follow that will in the end make your venture
profitable to not only yourself, but all the breeders of your par-
ticular breed. Don’t make the object of this sale a failure by
going to the sale and buying the animals consigned in order to
make a good average. Go with the idea that you are going to
get them into new hands, and see to it that you do.

If I may digress from the strict letter of my topic I want to
say a few words to the Duroc breeders in particular. You men
living in Missouri breeding Duroc-Jerseys are certainly to be
congratulated for the many natural advantages you have in the
raising of your chosen breed. Your breed should far and above
outnumber all other breeds in your splendid State.

The farmers the world over have become more progressive.
If they succeed in a business way they must be progressive.
We are living on high-priced land, which is getting higher all the
time. We are feeding high-priced feeds, drive high-priced horses
and use high-priced help. To meet these conditions and make a
success of our business we must necessarily make the most of our
resources. |

Farmers and hog breeders are fast finding that grass is a
natural factor in the producing of pork; they are finding that they
must use grass as much as possible in the production of pork if
they expect to succeed. What is to be the result? Will it not
be a demand for the hog that will produce the most pounds of
pork from grass? I am firmly of the belief that in the Duroc
you have that hog. No hog will go on the pasture and produce
the pork that will the Duroc. If this is a fact you men in Mis-
souri, which nature endows with such a long pasture season,
certainly have a golden opportunity to push your favorite breed.

Well do I remember in my own State of Nebraska, which is
many miles north of you and where our pasture season is much
shorter than yours, some twenty years ago the Duroc hog was
almost a laughing stock. Fortunate for this splendid breed of
hogs, men were at the helm as breeders who kept tenaciously at
it. A good state breed organization was formed, harmony was
always the watchword, the breed was pushed to the extent that
today it far and away outnumbers any other breed, and many
times at the Nebraska State Fair the Durocs outnumber all
other breeds.

I urge upon the breeder of Durocs in Missouri to each put
his shoulder to the wheel and hustle for new members of your
association. If you have not already done so, adopt a consti-

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 311

tution and by-laws. Don’t stop until you have every good
breeder of the breed in your State a member of your association.
Always be on hand at the meeting or meetings. Let every man
take a part in all the proceedings and get for your officers men
who will push all the time, men big enough and broad enough to
see the greatest object in view—the betterment of the breed in
general. We believe in a rotation of the officials; don’t make it
incumbent on one set of men to do this work for you all the time;
at different times get new men to take hold of the business, and
they will see the need of some one else working besides the men
elected to office if the best results be accomplished.

HOG CHOLERA.

(J. B. Gingery, D. V. M., assistant professor veterinary science, University

of Missouri.)

Hog cholera is perhaps one of the most common diseases of
swine and one that causes more loss to the farmer and stock
raiser than all other diseases of swine combined. It is a specific
infectious and contagious disease, the blood being the tissue
mostly affected. It might be classed as a septicaemia, due to an
ultramicroscopic organism. That is an organism that is so small,
or else, owing to some peculiar characteristic of the organism, that
it cannot be seen under the microscope even by the aid of the
highest magnifying lens we have today.

All attempts to grow this organism in the laboratory on
artificial media have been in vain as no results have yet been
attained, and we are still as much in the dark in regard to the
characteristics of the organism as ever. These two conditions
alone make this organism a very difficult one with which to work
or experiment.

We find cholera in two forms, acute and chronic. The
acute being the most common and most fatal usually kills the
animal quickly, at least within a few days.

The chronic form is a much more lingering form. The
animals live for from a few weeks to several months, then
many either recover or die. They usually die in an emaciated
condition. If the animal lives it usually requires considerable
time to fully recuperate from the effects of the disease, but once
over it this animal is then immune to cholera. We also quite
frequently find serious complications such as “pneumonia,”
which seems to be a secondary disease accompanying cholera,

on Missouri Agricultural Report.

and in fact is so common that one may easily be mistaken in his
diagnosis, especially if only one animal is examined and this ani-
mal be one that shows the severe pneumonia type of cholera.
It is always best to examine a number of animals if in doubt, as
a correct diagnosis is essential in any of these cases.

Investigators connected with the United States Bureau of
Animal Industry, namely, Drs. Dorsett, McBride and Niles,
discovered some ten years or more ago that the blood serum of
swine that had been made hyperimmune to hog cholera pos-
sessed immunizing properties when injected into susceptible hogs.
This important discovery has been put into large practical use
in many states and has been the means of saving many thousands
of hogs from cholera. Notwithstanding the great good that has
been done in the past, I believe the coming years will see far
better results through the more intelligent use of serum along
with proper sanitary measures.

It is impossible to control a disease of this kind which is
spread in so many different ways by simply one or two in a
neighborhood vaccinating and doing their best to get rid of the
infection and the rest of their neighbors allowing their hogs to
die of cholera and not using any precautions to get rid of the
disease; it requires a combined effort. If we can get the hog
raisers to feel that it is their duty and their gain to get rid of
the disease and maintain healthy herds, then we can begin to
see results. It is more necessary for organization and co-opera-
tion to successfully combat this disease than itis to have hog
cholera serum for controlling it.

You may now ask, how are we to do it? First, organize
your neighborhood into an ‘“anti-hog-cholera club; then as
soon as there is an outbreak of cholera get busy; do not be
ashamed to let your neighbors know about it if you have the
disease on your own farm; warn them to guard against it, and
they will-not go near your pens to carry it home to their own
hogs. Then get the serum and vaccinate all your well hogs,
clean up, burn all dead animals, also the infected litter and
trash in your pens, and disinfect all yards and sheds. This can
be done quite easily by sprinkling fresh air-slacked lime freely
about the yard, and the use of some good coal tar disinfectant,
whitewash your sheds, applying the whitewash with either a
brush or force pump. Dip your hogs occasionally to keep them
free from lice, or better put.them in a close pen and sprinkle or
spray them with crude oil. Give some good conditioner which

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. aks

would aid the animals in getting rid of the disease. It would be
well, if possible, to change your yards occasionally and not keep
the hogs on one yard too long. Plow the yard and put to some
good forage crop in the proper season, as this is an excellent feed
for hogs, and you no doubt have heard said: ‘‘Pastureless pigs
are neither the most profitable nor the most resistant to preva-
lent diseases.’’ Give good, wholesome food yet not too much.

A few “‘don’ts” to be observed in combating hog cholera:

Don’t allow your hogs to run at large and carry infection
from the infected farm to those that are free from disease.

Don’t leave the dead carcasses exposed for the crows and
buzzards to feed upon and then carry the infection to your
neighbor.

Don’t throw the dead animals into a near-by stream be-
cause it is handy. This will only carry the infection to your
neighbors below you.

Don’t allow your diseased animals to run all over your farm
and keep the entire place infected; shut them up and keep the
infection localized in one place on your farm if you are so unfor-
tunate as to get it.

Don’t allow your hogs to run to the creek during a cholera
outbreak; there is danger of getting infection in this way.

Don’t bury an animal that has died of cholera, as this only
harbors the infection and may cause you and your neighbors
trouble next year.

Don’t ask your neighbor to help you haul your diseased hogs
to market; this scatters infection.

In controlling hog cholera we must remember there is no
effective cure for the disease after it is once developed. We can
prevent or check an outbreak with good serum properly ad-
ministered. |

There are two methods in practical use today for adminis-
tering the serum: First, the “simple serum” treatment. This
consists of giving only the anti-hog-cholera serum, and there is
no possible way of scattering the disease in using it. This can
be used on practically any age animal, giving better results,
however, on the older animals. It produces a passive immunity
which lasts from 60 to 90 days. This is a very good treatment
to use if one follows it up by cleaning up his yards, but unless he
does he had better repeat the treatment in about 60 days or
there is danger of a new outbreak. If you expect to get rid of
the disease, which should be every one’s aim, this is the ideal

314 Missouri Agricultural Report.

treatment, and every one should use it when in danger of infec-
tion.

The simultaneous treatment is simply the administering of
a few drops, or up to two cubic centimeters, of cholera blood at
the time of giving the serum, which produces a varying attack
of cholera. In this way there is produced an active or, more or
less, lasting immunity, the length of time depending a great deal
on the age of the pig when treated and how severe an attack of
cholera he develops from the treatment. Great care must be
taken in this treatment to make sure that a sufficiently virulent
virus is used to produce a severe enough attack to produce the
immunity desired or you may have the same effect as though
you had only given the single treatment, and yet thinking you
have the double treatment cause you a great deal of loss in case
the hogs become exposed four or five months later. Again, you
must have serum potent enough to protect the hog against chol-
era to such an extent that the animal has the disease in such a
mild form that it will still recover. In this treatment, especially,
does dieting play a great part. One should put the animals on
short rations for a day or two before treating and then continue
to feed lightly for a week or so; do not feed heavy feed such as
corn, but give mostly slop. These animals should be kept in
strict quarantine for at least twenty-one days, and the lot in
which they are held should be kept thoroughly disinfected with
fresh lime.

We find that either of these treatments give very good
results when properly handled, but with either of them very little
can be accomplished where one man vaccinates and does his best
to get rid of the cholera and his neighbors harbor the infection.
But if the whole neighborhood or township combine to form
‘‘anti-hog-cholera clubs’’ and then every one does his part, great
advancement can be made in eradicating cholera.

But before we can expect this it is necessary for you, Mr.
Farmer or Mr. Stock Raiser, to learn that this is your problem
and not ours. Wecan help you and work out plans along which
to work, but alone we can do practically nothing toward getting
rid of this much-dreaded disease. With your hearty co-opera-
tion and help we can get results that will soon make a great
showing in the shortening of the now long list of deaths due to
hog cholera, and in this way soon put the hog industry on the
high plane where it belongs. So to sum up the essentials in
controlling hog cholera we may list them as follows:

Missourt Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. Ls)

Organization and co-operation.
Sanitation and quarantine.
Proper vaccinating with good serum.
Proper feed and proper dieting.

With these few essentials properly carried out in each town-
ship in the State the hog cholera problem, I think, would soon
be solved.

HOG CHOLERA DISCUSSION.

(Dr. J. W. Connaway, professor of comparative medicine and veterinarian to the Experiment
Station, College of Agriculture, University of Missouri.)

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Duroc Swine Breeders’
Association: In discussing the excellent
paper presented by Dr. Gingery I can add
but little except to emphasize the impor-
tance of better co-operation among the
farmers in carrying out simple rational
measures of prevention.

There is one point, however, that has
not been touched upon which is a matter
of special importance to the swine breed-
ers, and that is the effects of cholera on
the reproductive functions of brood sows.
A conversation I have had with Mr.

Dr. Connaway. McKee, our guest from Kentucky, has
induced me to say a few words on this matter. Mr. McKee, as
you all know, thinks that in the hog line there is nothing better
than a Duroc—except ‘‘more Durocs.’’ Hog cholera, he tells
me, has prevented him from having more of them—not only
from the death losses due to the disease, but also the losses that
result from abortions and conditions that prevent conception
or lessen the fertility of some of his good brood sows. The
experience of our Kentucky friend is not unique, for the same
thing happens in Missouri. Mr. McKee has been a warm sup-
porter of scientific investigations and teachings, and has tried to
avail himself of the benefits that come from such work. His
experience, however, in trying to secure a “‘life immunity” in
his breeding herd and to supply his customers with “‘perma-
nently immune” breeding animals, by means of the simultaneous
method of immunization, has been so expensive and so unsatis-

316 Missourt Agricultural Report.

factory that his faith has been somewhat shaken in the work
and teachings of the veterinary scientists.

Taking the country over, we have no accurate data as to the
percentage of sows whose fertility is seriously affected by cholera
contracted from natural exposure, nor the percentage that
become sterile, or have their fertility affected from the “‘inocu-
lation disease” caused by the injection of hog cholera blood
when the “simultaneous method” is used. But that this is a
factor that must be considered by the breeder of valuable pedi-
greed sows cannot be questioned. Our correspondence with
farmers and the reports of the men we have sent out to investi-
gate cholera in various-parts of the State show that cholera when
contracted from natural exposure, and cholera virus, when in-
jected with a hypodermic syringe, do cause abortion and affect
the breeding powers of sows in numbers of cases. It is my
opinion that no breeder will find it permanently profitable to
“advertise” that he maintains an immune herd by the applica-
tion of the “simultaneous method” of vaccination. This simply
advertises the fact that he maintains a cholera-infected farm
which in the end will drive customers away rather than attract
them. The disadvantages of attempting to maintain a per-
manent immunity of a registered breeding herd by means of the
“simultaneous” or “‘cholera blood’? method so overbalance the
advantages that good breeders who now follow the practice will
discontinue it and others who are wise will not adopt it. Simpler
and harmless measures, of which I shall speak, will secure better
permanent results. The best advertisement that any breeder
can have is to show that his hogs that are offered for sale are
vigorous, in perfect health and have never had any disease, and
have never been injected with virulent hog cholera blood; more-
over, that the farm of the breeder is not infected with cholera
germs, but is kept in a sanitary condition.

A breeding experiment which we made with a lot of 23
hyperimmune sows that had been used in our serum work may
interest you; these were a mixed lot of sows bought from farmers
in the neighborhood and represented the average in quality of
the unregistered breeding stock of the country. These sows
varied in weight from 250 to 400 pounds. They had been in-
jected a number of times with virulent hog cholera blood, in
the course of their treatment in preparing them for serum-pro-
duction, and were therefore thoroughly resistant to hog cholera.
Their breeding record, however, was nothing to be proud of.

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. in ly;

The total number of pigs farrowed by the 23 sows was 127, or an
average of about five and a half pigs to the sow. Six sows or
26 per cent of the lot had no pigs; 1 farrowed 3 pigs; 2 farrowed
5 pigs; 2 farrowed 6 pigs; 5 farrowed 7 pigs; 3 farrowed 8 pigs,
and the four remaining sows farrowed 9, 10, 11 and 13 pigs
respectively. I asked Mr. Weaver of the animal husbandry
department to group the sows into three groups, namely: “In-
ferior,” “‘good” and “‘extra,’”’ and to try to make his judgment
conform to that of the average hog raiser. He placed 16 of the
sows in the first group—that is, more than 69 per cent of the
sows were put in the “inferior” class; this included the non-
breeders. He placed 6 sows, or 26 per cent, in the “good”
class, and 1 sow, or less than 5 per cent, in the “extra”’ class.
I think that you Duroc breeders will agree that he was not unfair
in the classification, for you are accustomed to better results in
your breeding operations. And this lot of sows, in your opinion,
should have produced a much larger number of pigs when I tell
you that quite a number of them had a good admixture of Duroc
blood. And I am confident that the representatives of other
breeds who are present will not for a moment admit that the
poor showing is in any way due to the admixture of Berkshire,
Poland or O. I. C. blood. My own opinion is that “hog cholera
virus” has had something to do with it. We are going to breed
these sows again, to see whether they will make a better showing
with the next litters. We will finally kill the sows that are poor
breeders and make a careful examination of the generative
organs to see what diseased conditions exist.

I have here a photograph of an organ affected with cholera
which illustrates one of the conditions that is sometimes found
in the womb of hogs suffering from cholera, and will show how
an animal that recovers from an attack may become sterile or
have her reproductive powers greatly diminished. This speci-
men shows numerous small ‘“‘blood-shot’”’ spots on the outer
surface. These blood-shot spots are due to the rupture of
numerous small blood vessels in the walls of the organ. These
minute ruptures frequently occur on the inside of an organ, and
if the disease assumes a chronic form these small ruptures may
develop into ulcers; this is often seen in the intestines in chronic
cases of cholera. The same thing at times occurs on the inside
of the sow’s womb, resulting in a chronic catarrhal condition of
that organ. At other times the ovaries and fallopian tubes may
be involved to an extent that results in sterility. Im some cases

318 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the catarrhal condition is slight and the generative organs may
regain their normal state. In other cases only one horn of the
uterus may fully regain its normal condition, with the result
that the sow has small litters of pigs. I do not wish to be under-
stood as claiming that hog cholera or the simultaneous method
will inevitably produce abortion or lead to sterility, for some
sows will withstand the disease and produce large litters of pigs.
But a sufficient number are affected to make it a serious matter
for the breeders of registered swine. You men are justly proud
of the prolificacy of the Duroc breed, and I do not believe you
can afford to risk lowering the record by resorting to a question-
able method of controlling hog cholera or trying to meet a mis-
taken trade demand.

In the matter of trade demand, we could learn a good les-
son from Canada. Those of you who have shipped hogs to
Canada know that one of the requirements is that the animals
to be shipped must be healthy and that cholera has not existed
on your farm during the preceding six months, and moreover,
that there was no cholera-infected farm within a radius of five
miles of your farm at the time of the shipment; also, that proper
precautions shall be taken in shipment to prevent the animals
from becoming infected in transit. Nor do the Canadians want
you to send them breeding swine that have been injected with
hog cholera virus and serum—in other words, treated by the
‘“‘simultaneous method.” They fear the danger of such animals
carrying infection. If the Canadian requirements were in force
in Missouri for local and interstate trade in breeding swine, how
busy all you. breeders would get in the work of eradicating hog
cholera.from the State. Each of you would become a leader in
the organization of a local club that would put into operation,
on every farm within five miles of your farm, the measures that
we are advocating in our state-wide campaign against hog chol-
era. This is a campaign that emphasizes the fact that the con-
trol and eradication of hog cholera is in the main the farmers’
job, and that the means to be employed are for the most part
simple and inexpensive, consisting of old, time-tested methods of
sanitation which need to be applied, not solely to an individual
farm here and there, but to a large number of contiguous farms
in a neighborhood. Organization that will bring about intelli-
gent co-operation in “‘simultaneous stock farm sanitation” is
what we need. This is the kind of “‘simultaneous’’ treatment
that will rid your farms and your county and the State of hog

Missouri Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association. 319

cholera. Your customer twenty miles away and your customer
over the State line deserves fully as much consideration as a
customer in Canada demands in these matters of the sanitary
condition of your farm and neighborhood.

The veterinary and the farm management departments of
the University have formulated some of the specific things that
are most important for the farmers to put into operation. These
plans have been put to a practical test in two counties with such
gratifying results, from the point of view of controlling the dis-
ease at small cost, that we feel justified in advocating and work-
ing for a state-wide application of the plan. The importance of
this plan is that the control and eradication of hog cholera is not
considered to be a purely nor primarily veterinary problem, but
is largely a problem to be solved by improved hog farm manage-
ment. The principal things that are advocated are things that
every farmer should do as a part of a proper system of hog rais-
ing, even if he should have no hog cholera to deal with. The
control and eradication of hog cholera thus becomes an incident
in a system the main purpose of which is to raise more hogs and
better hogs on more farms and at less cost. In fact, where this
plan is being tried out the number of calls for serum have been
greatly diminished. Moreover, the need for official quarantine
measures is not so urgent. The anti-hog-cholera sentiment that
has been cultivated through this co-operative plan will make
enforcement of official quarantine measures easier and more
effective than in the past if such measures at any time are
necessary. Under this plan the State hog cholera serum labora-
tory will be amply able to supply all the serum that is needed
for every legitimate use in controlling and eradicating hog
cholera. And the veterinary police work of the State Board of
Agriculture will be greatly simplified so far as hog cholera is
concerned.

The members of this association cannot serve themselves, nor
the breed of swine in which they are particularly interested, nor
the swine industry as a whole, better than to take an active inter-
est in this ‘‘anti-hog-cholera’? movement as it is planned and is
being put into operation. As the details of this plan were dis-
cussed quite fully yesterday at the meeting of the Farm Manage-
ment Association, I will not speak further on the matter at this
time. Most of you, I think, are members of that association
and will get the published report. Besides, Dr. Gingery in his
paper has touched upon some of the essential points included in
the plan.

Missouri County and District Fair

Association.

OFFICERS.

President—A. R. McComas, Sturgeon.
Vice-President—J. W. McDermott, Kahoka.
Treasurer—B. E. Hatton, Columbia.
Secretary—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

(E. A. Trowbridge.)

At the annual meeting of the Missouri Association of County

ar |

E. A. Trowbridge.

and District Fair Managers, 1913, the
matter of legislation was discussed. The
legislative committee of the organiza-
tion was instructed to do all in its power
to foster legislation which would aid
county fairs in Missouri. There was in-
troduced in the Legislature a bill allow-
ing each county fair 30 per cent of the
total amount of premiums paid on live
stock and agricultural products up to the
amount of $300. The members of this
organization, and particularly the legis-
lative committee, were active in pro-
moting this bill, and it passed the Legis-

lature, was signed, and during the past year a large number
of county fairs received State aid. Further particulars re-
garding this matter appears elsewhere in the proceedings of

this meeting.

The organization has grown during the past year, the mem-
bership has been increased and it now stands ready to be of
service in any way possible to the county fairs of the State.

(320)

Missouri County and District Fair Association. S211

THE COUNTY FAIR AND THE PRESS.

(Rufus Jackson, Mexico, Mo.)

There are a number of enterprising counties that have no
county fair yet support several good local papers, but this is not
the rule. As a matter of fact, a good fair and a good paper go
hand in hand. The greatest good to be -derived from this
mutual connection comes to the county fair.

I have made observations in connection with the proper
advertising of fairs, and I never have yet found a place for a
highly expensive calendar or a highly expensive poster, if used
to the extreme, that I have known some county fairs to use
them. The object is to get the material you have to advertise
about your fair before the public in a clean-cut, simple, concise
manner, and they will appreciate it more. In this the best re-
sults will come through the use of the newspapers in your county,
with possibly a few especially good publications at greater dis-
tance. Further, I am of the opinion that there is not a news-
paper in Missouri that will not gladly co-operate with you in
your efforts at advertising your county fair or pushing any good
thing for the community. Furthermore, the average paper will
give to you more than it receives in return, in so far as actual
money compensation is concerned. Let a thorough understand-
ing be had with your newspaper man about your fair workings.
I think a fair association properly managed should have an
appropriation for advertising just as there is an appropriation
for premiums for live stock of all kinds, for your agricultural dis-
plays, etc. Take that advertising appropriation to your news-
paper man and say to him that there is the amount of money
the directors have decided to put into advertising. Ask his
co-operation and suggestion as how best to spend this money to
get the best possible results for the fair.

If you take this course you will find that the newspaper man
will appreciate the position. You have shifted, to some extent
at least, the responsibility from your own shoulders to those of
your press, and there is no question but that you will receive
excellent results. You will always find the newspaper man
awake to what is needed in the community. He knows how best
to reach the people, and it is to his interest to make the fair go,
for it is an institution in the community. It is the public, after

A—21

322 Missourt Agricultural Report.

all, that is to be considered, and the manner of putting that fair
before the public, that it may appeal to them as a form of enter-
tainment educationally, is all important.

I know of a fair held last year, and a very successful fair as
the general run of fairs go, where the stockholders went down in
their pockets and made up a deficit, and for some reason, hard
to understand, the newspaper in the town in which this fair was
held absolutely did not do any of the printing for that fair; the
newspaper didn’t even print the premium list. I know of many
newspapers which carry as free reading notices column after
column of matter. I doubt the wisdom of such an arrangement
where the home paper is given none of the local fair advertising.
Why was this catalog printed away from home? It might have
been because some foreign plant offered to do the work for a
few cents less. Maybe the newspaper had an advertising rate
that some of the officers thought a little high, so did not adver-
tise in it. Whatever the trouble, there was a lack of co-opera-
tion that went against that fair. Asa matter of fact, the news-
paper of that community is as important and progressive as is
any other single enterprise. The newspaper is entitled to be one
of the most important co-operators of the fair. In this connec-
tion I would say that a newspaper to be a newspaper is a little bit
in advance of the community it represents, and the same is true
of a county fair. :

I only wish I were able to make plain the fact that there is
an absolute necessity for co-operation between the county press
and the county fair management. It seems to me that there is
a union there that absolutely should be most compact in every
way. I firmly believe that in so far as advertising of county
fairs is concerned it is best cared for through your county press,
and I am quite sure that is best cared for where you have the
co-operation that should be and will exist if the county press is
taken into the proposition, and I am sure that along these lines
there is a great advantage to be gained.

As secretary of the Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Asso-
ciation I am greatly interested in the promotion of the Missouri
saddle horse, and we have had your co-operation in the past and
we respectfully solicit it for the future. We have placed the Mis-
sourl saddle horse in a position that is absolutely unexcelled.
We are far in the lead of every state in the Union. The eyes of
the world now turn to Missouri as the saddle horse State, and a
great deal of this has been brought about through the offering

Missouri County and District Fair Association. 323

at our county fairs of suitable prizes. In the last four years
since the organization of our association the prizes offered for
saddle horses have been greatly increased, and that results have
been obtained, not only from the standpoint of the saddle horse
interests, but from the standpoint of the fair management, is be-
yond question. The saddle horse stakes, including the champion-
ship stakes at our county fairs, have been the features of these
fairs. The association is deserving of all that can be done for it.
We put a measure before the Legislature providing a license fee
for all male animals that stand at public service. This fee was
to go in a fund to be proportioned out in the counties of the State
in proportion to the amount put in, and then in proportion to the
fairs held in that county, and to be offered back to the stockmen
as prizes in the different classes in which it originated. We
didn’t get very far with this measure, because several members
of the committee on agriculture offered objection on account of
the fair south of the river. Nevertheless, a bill was passed which
had been introduced by President Wilson of the Senate, provid-
ing for an appropriation of some $30,000, and which money has
been appropriated to the fairs according to the law.

In this connection, Mr. W. L. Nelson of the Board of Agri-
culture has worked out a plan that I am very deeply interested
in, speaking from my position as secretary of the Saddle Horse
Breeders’ Association. This plan would include a definite re-
port to be made of each of the fairs, such report to be filed with
the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. The report would
embody statistical information that is absolutely necessary in
compiling the records of the achievements of our live stock. I
sincerely trust that Mr. Nelson will go into detail in that regard.
I have cause to know that the compilation of the records of.our
saddle horses, in so far as accuracy is concerned, is hard to
determine. There is no report made now, and if one is made it
is almost worthless, for no information worth while is given.
The report simply reads, for instance, ‘““Saddle mare, any age,
Hook & Woods, first.” Nobody can make anything definite
out of that kind of a report for compiling records such as we are
interested in. I sincerely trust that Mr. Nelson will arrange a
record that will be of convenience, not only to the secretaries of
the various fair associations of the State, but to the interests that
these fairs represent.

324 Missourt Agricultural Report.

A SUCCESSFUL COUNTY FAIR.

(J. D. Johnson, Monticello, Mo.)

We started our fair seven years ago. We are twelve miles
from the railroad at one point and seven miles from another.
When we said that we were going to lrave a fair without races
most of the people threw up their hands and declared that such
a thing was not possible. But with one exception, 1911, when
it rained all week, we have come out on the right side of the
ledger.

We organized by selling our shares at $25 each, and, with
one or two exceptions, none of our shareholders have more than
two shares. So you see, our capital being $4,000, we have quite
a number of shareholders in our own county and a few in an
adjoining county.

Then our next move was to charge every one at the gate,
directors, shareholders and the public alike, all except stock-
men. And right here I want to emphasize the fact that to have
a fair you must have stock, and to get the stock you must have
stockmen to take care of and show the stock. You must not
get into a controversy with the exhibitors over a small gate fee.
If you can’t get them any other way, let the father and two or
three boys in with a colt; get the farmer and his boys interested.

Another great feature, we think, is that we allow no animal
(unless a colt shown with dam or a horse shown double) to win
more than two first premiums. By this means you will see that
with a $3,500 list, by the time the week is over, most every horse,
colt or mule has some kind of a premium. You meet the owners
going home from the fair with their stock and ask them what
they got; they can and will tell you “‘first’’ or “‘second,”’ as the
case may be, and tell you the truth. Of course they do not tell
you how many times they had to show.

We show our sweepstake colt rings before the regular rings,
then in the shows that are to follow bar the colt winning first.
We also aim to use a different judge. By this plan we have
every colt on the ground, in the sweepstake ring, which is a $50
premium. To make this plain, I will explain how we arrange it.
For the best colt of either sex and other than draft we give a
premium. Then we give a premium for the best harness stallion
under one year and the same for a harness mare under one year.
The same rings are also made for a saddle colt and all-work colt;

Missourt County and District Fair Association. — 325

so we make six regular rings out of this one sweepstake ring,
with the first premium colt in sweepstakes barred. We do the
same in the draft and mule colt rings. By this plan we have a
very large ring of colts—had twenty-six entries in this ring
last year.

We have for the last two years had what we call a grange
exhibit. Our county has fourteen granges, and the first year we
had six entries. Last year we had eight and this year we hope
to have ten or twelve. You understand the grangers are mostly
all farmers, and getting these men interested bids fair to be and
is one of our greatest features. We give a $300 premium for
this exhibit, divided into eight moneys.

We are adding to our premium list this year a premium for
a calf fed by a boy or girl under 18 years, and we hope to make
this one of our best rings. We are giving $100 for this, divided
into five premiums. Our contention is and has always been
that no county fair can live and have good races and good show
rings, too. One of the other will die out, or perhaps both will.

We have a fifth of a mile track, and when one sees our har-
ness and roadster rings shown you will not hear on every hand
that a certain horse would have won “‘but the driver held‘ him.”
The horses on our track go for “‘blood,”’ no pulling. Most every
one would rather see a slow race on the square than a fast,
‘fixed’? one. I don’t want to be understood as meaning that all
good races are fixed and none ‘on the square,’ but there is
always more or less talk. Our idea is, either have races and no
show rings or have a genuine county fair and no races.

As I said in the beginning, we are off the railroad, yet we
have quite a lot of cattle, hogs and sheep from a distance. We
haul all hogs and sheep to and from our fair and all cattle sup-
plies free.

To give you an idea of our “‘pumpkin show,”’ as it is termed,
I will tell you a little about a few of our rings. We have had as
many as 26 harness colts, 16 buggy mares or geldings, 14 mule
colts, 12 draft colts and 8 herds of cattle in their respective rings.
We have also had 167 hogs and 70 sheep on our grounds at one
fair.

We think that to have a county fair, as I said before, you
must have stock. Therefore get the stockmen interested, see
that they are comfortably located and try to make them feel at
home. Make your premiums large enough that if the exhibitor
wins a few premiums he can pay his expenses and take a little

326 Missourt Agricultural Report.

money home with him. A fair of this kind will prove very
beneficial to a community.

Our money is distributed among the farmers and not to race
horses, and any one can see the great improvement in the stock
in this community in the last seven years.

We have no gambling of any kind on the grounds, not
even these little spindle games for the children to get started to
gambling. We have one of the best-concession men in the
State, and if they set up their stand and their “‘layout’’ doesn’t
suit somebody will have to “‘shut up shop.” By this means we
have the hearty co-operation of all the best people of the commu-
nity. They know they can come and bring their children with-
out temptation on every hand.

We would say, in conclusion, to organize a county fair get
as many farmers as possible interested, get a live board of direc-
tors, make your premiums as large as possible, do not try to lay
up too much—only a small amount for a rainy day. Keep the
gambling and bad characters off your grounds and we think you
can make it go.

STATE AID FOR COUNTY FAIRS.

(W. L. Nelson.)

The Forty-seventh General Assembly of Missouri appro-
priated $30,000 per annum, or so much thereof as might be nec-
essary, for the purpose of aiding county fairs. The law provides
that each county fair or agricultural society within the State of
Missouri shall be entitled to receive thirty per cent (30 per cent)
of the total amount of premiums paid at such annual fair or
society for the exhibits of horticulture, agriculture, poultry, live
stock, fancy work, school exhibits and domestic and mechanical
arts, etc. The provisions as set forth in section 2 of said act are
as follows:

On or before the 15th day of November of each year the president and secretary of each
county fair or agricultural society within the State of Missouri, and claiming the benefit of
any such appropriation, shall file with the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture a sworn
statement of the actual amount of cash premium paid at the fair of the current season, which
must correspond with the public offer of premiums, and a further sworn statement that at
such fair all gambling and gambling devices of whatsoever kind, and the sale of intoxicating
liquors, have been prohibited and excluded from grounds of such county fair or agricultural
society, and all adjacent grounds under their authority or control. Such statement shall
be accompanied by an itemized list of all premiums paid upon such thirty per cent premium
as claimed, and a copy of the published premium list of such fair, and a full statement of
receipts and expenditures for the current year, not including the speed list, duly verified by
the secretary of such fair or agricultural society. The President and Secretary of the State
Board_of Agriculture shall thereupon file such statement, together with a recommendation

Missouri County and District Fair Association. BEAU

that such fair or agricultural society receive said thirty per cent, with the Auditor of the
State of Missouri, and said Auditor shall thereupon draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer
forsuch amount. Such money shall be paid to the treasurer of the county fair or agricultural
society upon his receipt, countersigned by the president and secretary: Provided, that the
amount to be paid to any such county fair or agricultural society during any one year shall
not exceed the sum of three hundred ($300.00) dollars.

Under this law, which was new and untried in Missouri, a
number of applications which were received were rejected on the
ground that they did not represent either agricultural fairs or
agricultural societies. A few applications were received too late.
Sixty-eight applications were approved by the President and
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture and recommended to the
State Auditor for payment. The sum distributed to these fairs
was $14,752.96. The following statement shows the fairs aided:
Kennett, Dunklin county, $171.50; Springfield, Greene county,
$95.40; Maitland, Holt county, $81.16; Shelbina, Shelby county,
$300; Green City, Sullivan county, $164.07; Nevada, Vernon
county, $132.60; Lamar, Barton county, $300; Chillicothe,
Livingston county, $165; Wright City, Warren county, $127.69;
Bolckow, Andrew county, $64.80; Mexico, Audrain county, $300;
Butler, Bates county, $172.50; Columbia, Boone county, $300;
Easton; Buchanan county, $148.65; New Bloomfield, Callaway
county, $300; Cape Girardeau, Cape ‘Girardeau county, $300;
Carrollton, Carroll county, $182.10; Harrisonville, Cass county,
$198.97; Billings, Christian county, $94.50; Plattsburg, Clinton
county, $300; Pattonsburg, Daviess county, $157.08; Campbell,
Dunklin county, $264.60; Sullivan, Franklin county, $153.82;
Hermitage, Hickory county, $86.53; Armstrong, Howard county,
$105.30; Newark, Knox county, Lewis and Shelby counties, $300;
Carthage, Jasper county, $300; DeSoto, Jefferson county, $206.92;
Festus, Jefferson county, $214.60; Higginsville, Lafayette county,
$300; Monticello, Lewis county, $300; Troy, Lincoln county,
$300; New Cambria, Macon county, $155.92; Atlanta, Macon
county, $132.15; LaPlata, Macon county, $180; Paris, Monroe
county, $300; Monroe City, Monroe county, $169.44; Mont-
gomery City, Montgomery county, $300; Rolla, Phelps county,
$300; Bowling Green, Pike county, $300; Platte City, Platte
county, $300; Bolivar, Polk county, $219.22; Jacksonville, Ran-
dolph county, $197.92; Moberly, Randolph county, $300; New
London, Ralls county, $300; Marshall, Saline county, $300;
Memphis, Scotland county, $143.47; Birch Tree, Shannon
county, $55.35; Forest Green, Chariton county, $72.22; Prairie
Hill, Chariton county, $115.20; Kahoka, Clark county, $266.82;

328 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Lockwood, Dade county, $181; Trenton, Grundy county, $300;
Sikeston, Scott county, $300; Mansfield, Wright county, $55.12;
Clark, Randolph county, $290.86; Cuba, Crawford county, $300;
Palmyra, Marion county, $300; Knox City, Knox county, $300;
Maysville, DeKalb county, $224.47; Independence, Jackson
county, $300; Fayette, Howard county, $300; California, Moni-
teau county, $249.39; Brookfield, Linn county, $274.50; Linn,
Osage county, $113.52; Ava, Douglas county, $77.32; Piedmont,
Wayne county, $191.28; Bunceton, Cooper county, $300.

SOME FACTS ABOUT MISSOURI FAIRS.

(W. L. Nelson.)

The following facts concerning Missouri county fairs are
compiled from reports made to the Secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture in connection with applications for State aid:

As between the street fair with its side shows, and the big
speed meets, the old-fashioned fair has been having a fight for
existence. This is true, notwithstanding that practically all
county fairs are conducted at a minimum of cost. Generally the
secretary, who is expected to do $1,000 worth of work for from
$25 to $100, is the only officer or director who draws a “‘salary.”’
In practically every instance the president and all the directors
serve without pay, giving freely of their time and often of
their money to make the fair a success. Despite all this attempt
at saving, forty-one of the sixty-eight Missouri county fairs
that received State aid during the year 1913 are in debt. The
total indebtedness of these forty-one fairs is $62,809.95, and
ranges from $175 to $15,000. In the majority of cases where
the indebtedness is any considerable amount or of long standing
it has been occasioned by the purchase of land or the erection of
buildings. The twenty-five fairs that are out of debt have ac-
cumulated a total surplus of $11,773.76.

The total value of buildings and grounds owned by the sixty-
eight associations is $154,395. Of this amount the grounds
alone represent an investment of $104,550 and buildings $49,845.
Of the associations reporting, forty-one own their own grounds
while the others have grounds leased. The real estate holdings
of twenty-one associations each amount to $5,000 or more.
Thirteen associations each have as much as $5,000 invested in
buildings. Total investments of twenty each amount to $10,000
or more.

Missouri County and District Fair Association. 329

Forth-eight fair associations are incorporated for a total of
$341,000. Some of the largest are, Howard County Fair, Fay-
ette, $10,000; Pike County Fair, Bowling Green, $10,000;
Knox City Agricultural and Mechanical Society, $14,000; Tri-
County Fair, Sikeston, $20,000; Jasper County Fair, Carthage,
$30,000; Livingston County Fair, Chillicothe, $12,000; Moberly
Fair Association, $10,000; Cape Girardeau Fair, $15,000; Dunk-
lin County Fair, Kennett, $12,000; Sullivan Tri-County Fair,
Linn County, $10,000; Green County Fair, Springfield, $20,000;
Vernon County Agricultural and Mechanical Society, $10,000.
Twenty-eight fairs are not incorporated or else fail to make
reports covering this point.

The ‘factual amount of cash premiums paid, exclusive of
premiums or purses for speed events,’ was $72,612.30 for the
sixty-eight associations reporting for the year 1913. Among
the fairs at which such premiums paid amounted to $2,000 or
more were Columbia, $2,924.20; Bowling Green,’ $2,352.05;
Knox City, $2,030.82; New Bloomfield, $3,460; Higginsville,
$4,505.75; Mexico, $2,026; Monticello, $3,064.56. Big saddle
horse stakes of $1,000 to $1,500 were responsible for the fiberal
showing of premiums as paid by most of the associations in this
larger list. <5

More than half a million people attended sixty-eight Mis-
sourl county fairs held during the year 1913. The attendance
figures 532,856. Some of the fairs having large attendance were:
Columbia, 20,583; Bowling Green, 18,000; Knox City, 22,000;
Sikeston, 16,200; Carthage, 25,000; Trenton, 9,014; Bunceton,
10,500; New Bloomfield, 10,000; Moberly, 17,950; Indepen-
dence, 10,000; Cape Girardeau, 17,500; Kennett, 14,400; Brook-
field, 12,736; Memphis, 10,000; Troy, 10,000; Mexico, 15,000;
Springfield, 10,000; Pattonsburg, 10,919.

Most fair associations charge 35 cents admission for adults.
A number charge 50 cents, while a few still hold to the old 25-
cent rate. A charge of 15 cents is in most instances made for
children under 10 or 12 years of age, but the tendency is to raise
this to 25 cents. With the increased cost of labor, material and
practically everything else, fair managements are finding that
they must have more money with which to operate. Especially
is this true where, because of street fair competition or for some
other reason, the customary ten per cent entrance fee on all
exhibits has been discontinued. A large number of fairs are now
advertising “entrance free in all departments.’’ While this

eee

300 Missouri Agricultural Report.

innovation results in increasing the show of live stock and agri-
cultural products, it means in the end, unless the better exhibits
result in an increased attendance, a falling off in receipts.

The live stock exhibit is always one of the big features of a
county fair, and among live stock at the average Missouri fair
horses take first place. At sixty-eight fairs held in the State
last year horse entries totaled 5,439 head. The Missouri County
Fair Cattle Show for 1913 was made up of 1,405 head. Of the
beef breeds Shorthorns and Herefords were exhibited in largest
numbers. The growth of the dairy interests in the State is
reflected in the larger number of Jersey, Holstein and other dairy
breeds of cattle. Missouri is the third hog state in the Union,
yet the number of hogs reported as having been shown at county
fairs is but 1,787 head. ‘The fear of cholera doubtless kept many
hog breeders from showing their stock. Sheep exhibited num-
bered 959 head. Of goats and ‘“‘other stock’? 42 head were
entered. All told, 11,580 head of horses, mules, jacks, jennets,
hogs, sheep and other animals were shown. In addition, poultry
was exhibited at practically every county fair, 6,439 birds hay-
ing been exhibited. .

Stockholders in sixty-eight Missouri county fairs number
8,875. Par values of shares range from $5 to $100, with $10 a
popular figure. Experience has demonstrated the wisdom of
having a large number of people interested in the success of the
local fair. The fair at Palmyra has 417 stockholders; Columbia,
242: Rolla, 340; Bunceton, 500; Butler, 225; Independence,
1,000; Cuba, 374; Cape Girardeau, 980; Festus, 215; Sullivan,
265; Maitland, 320; Lamar, 200, and Shelbina, 240.

jam on ie a 8 | Ait A é

The Missouri Corn Growers Association.

“Increase the Yield—Improve the Quality.”
OPPICERS:

H. G. Windsor, Boonville, President.
C. B. Hutchison, Columbia, Secretary-Treasurer.
F. L. Bentley, Columbia, Assistant Secretary.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport, Northwest District.
Alonzo White, Jr., Palmyra, Northeast District.

E. L. Hughes, Glasgow, Central District.

M. McCauley, Doniphan, Southeast District.

Simon Baumgartner, Pierce City, Southwest District.

THE WORK OF THE MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’
ASSOCIATION.

(T. R. Douglass.)

The annual meeting of the Missouri Corn Growers’ Asso-
ciation was held in Columbia during
Farmers’ Week, January 12 to 16, 1914.
The annual corn show was held in con-
nection with this meeting and was in
many respects by far the most successful
exhibition held by the association. The
attendance at the show was larger by
several hundred than it had ever been.
The interest was also far greater, as all
visitors were curious to know just what
Missouri corn and small grain growers
could produce in such an unfavorable
Pe Re Douglass, season as 1913. And lastly, the number
and quality of exhibits far exceeded those

of any other year. In 1912 the high water mark was reached in
the number of entries at the show, over 500 separate exhibits

(331)

332 Missouri Agricultural Report.

being on display. At that time it was freely predicted that the
show could not grow much more, but this year 666 entries were
on display and the quality was up to the average, the quality of
the small grains being far above that of any previous year.

The annual show is conducted by the members of the Mis-
sourl Corn Growers’ Association purely as an educational exhi-
bition where the various types of corn and small grain best
adapted to Missouri conditions may be compared and criticised.
New classes have been added to the show each year so that at
the present time prizes are offered for seed of practically all the
most common Missouri crops. Each year the membership in
the association increases, and it is earnestly hoped that the year
1914 will see at least 1,000 of the best farmers in Missouri united
in the organization whose object is the betterment of Missouri
crops. Surely there are at least ten men in each county who
would be profited by membership in the Missouri Corn Growers’
Association.

The Missouri boys’ corn growing contest, the junior division
of the Corn Growers’ Association, had a chance this past year to
prove its real worth, and many boys who planted corn in the
spring of 1913 would have given up the fight when the dry
weather came on had it not been for the encouraging information
sent to them. Careful work surely did repay these boys during
the past year. The winning acre in the boys’ acre-yield contest
yielded nearly 110 bushels of corn, this being only three-fourths
of a bushel less than has been reported by a member of the Mis-
sourl boys’ corn growing contest in any previous year. There
are 10,000 farm boys in the State of Missouri who should enroll
in the boys’ corn growing contest in 1914. Too much credit for
the success of the work with the boys cannot be given to the rural
school teachers and county school superintendents who have
interested the boys in the boys’ corn growing contest.

The educational work of the Missouri Corn Growers’ Asso-
ciation has accomplished some splendid results. The efforts dur-
ing the past ten years have been directed mainly to the spreading
of good seed corn to every section of the State, but much atten-
tion is now being given to breeding corn for yield and to the
adaptation of corn and small grain varieties to Missouri con-
ditions.

Awards in acre-yield contest were as follows:

Men’s Acre-Yield Contest, North Missouri Bottom Land—
It, Thos. Slawson,’ Rea? 2) R. AL Hatfield’ Trenton: 3, W.
Jordan, Shelbina.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 309

North Missouri Upland——),. N° (C. *Bruce, Dalton;*2, no
entry; 3, no entry.

South Missouri Bottom Land—1, T. A. Wylie, Chaffee;
DICH. Morrison, Aurora; 3; no entry:

South Missouri Upland—No entries.

Awards in the boys’ acre-yield contest were as follows:

North Missouri—1, Hubert Corken, Burlington Junction;
2, Grant J. Gates, Ravenwood; 3, Sam Fortney, Columbia;
4, A. M. Rice, Hickory; 5, Harvey Jordan, Shelbina:

South Missouri—1, Oliver A. Hahne, New Haven; 2, G. S.
Hensley, Jackson; 3, Otto McCormick, Seligman; 4, Cecil
Browning, Verona; 5, Willis Wissman, Cape Girardeau.

The election of officers was as follows: President, H. G.
Windsor, Boonville; secretary-treasurer, C. B. Hutchison,
Columbia; assistant secretary, F. L. Bentley, Columbia. Vice-
presidents are: W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport, Northwest dis-
trict: Alonzo White, Jr., Palmyra, Northeast district; E. L.
Hughes, Glasgow, Central district; M. McCauley, Doniphan,
Southeast district; Simon Baumgartner, Pierce City, Southwest
district.

MISSOURI AT THE NATIONAL CORN SHOW.

(T. R. Douglass.)

Missouri corn and small grain exhibitors fared unusually
well at the National Corn Exposition held in Dallas, Tex.,
February 10-24, 1914. Competition was open to the world and
there were from 15 to 50 entries in every class. Awards to Mis-
souri exhibitors were as follows: Bushel of corn, fourth place,
J. G. Douglass, Shelbina; 10 ears late sweet corn, world’s cham-
pionship, Chris Smith, Bunceton; 10 ears pop corn, third place,
Karl Zimmerman, Amazonia; peck red clover seed, world’s
championship, Will Redford, Fayetteville; peck red clover seed,
fourth place, L. E. Rice, Hickory; peck red clover, fifth place,
R. E. Powell, Palmyra; peck of cowpeas, world’s championship,
R. L. Fronabarger, Oak Ridge; peck of cowpeas, second place,
George Stark, Arcadia; peck of cowpeas, fourth place, S. Baum-
gartner, Pierce City; sheaf of foxtail millet, world’s champion-
ship, Chris Smith, Bunceton; sheaf of orchard grass, honorary,
Chris Smith, Bunceton; peck black oats, central zone, first,
Chris Smith, Bunceton; peck red oats, central zone, first, H. I.

O04 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Greninger, Carthage; 10 ears white corn, cen-
tral zone, second, J. G. Douglass, Shelbina;
10 ears yellow corn, central zone, third, J.
G. Douglass, Shelbina.

The central zone comprises the states
of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa,
Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. Thirty-
seven states and the Dominion of Canada
were represented with competitive exhibits
in the “‘open-to-the-world”’ classes.

In addition to the competitive grain
from Missouri, the College of Agriculture
sent an interesting display featuring the
arrangement and display of Experiment Sta-
tion material at county fairs.

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
YIELD OF CORN.

(C. B. Hutchison, professor of farm crops, University of Missouri.)

The average yield of corn in the United
ORES States during the five-year period of 1906-
First prize single ear 1910 was 28.5 bushels per acre. Atthesame
Se HE Rane time the average yield in Missouri was a
bing, Mo. imannusl Mis little less)than) 30) bushels per acres) Oumne
souri State Corn Show, :
1914. Winner of Ruralist the season of 1913 one member of the Mis-
Ripe souri Corn Growers’ Association grew 114
bushels of air-dried corn on an acre of ground, and five boys in the
boys’ corn growing contest of the association averaged more than
92 bushels per acre, in spite of one of the most severe drouths the
State has ever experienced. Every year yields of considerably
more than 100 bushels are reported over the main corn belt,
while in the south yields of more than 200 bushels have fre-
quently been recorded. It would seem, then, that the corn
plant as it exists today is able to yield much more than we
ordinarily obtain from it, and that much larger yields may be
expected if conditions are made favorable for its growth and
development. A brief consideration of some of the factors which
are responsible for these low yields is the purpose of this dis-
cussion.
The Important Factors.—Those factors which influence the
yield of corn and which are to a greater or less degree under the

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. BD)

control of the farmer may be grouped under
three main heads: First, those pertaining to
the seed; second, those pertaining to the soil,
and third, those pertaining to the care or
protection given the crop in the way of seed,
preparation and cultivation. The two im-
portant methods of increasing the yield of
the corn crop, then, must be through the im-
provement of the plant and through the im-
provement of the soil in cultural methods.
Good Seed.—It need hardly be said to
the members of this Missouri Corn Growers’
Association that one of the first requisites of
a good crop is good seed. In spite of all that
has been said and written regarding the im-
portance of good seed, however, there are still
a great many people who pay little attention
to the matter of selection and care of seed
corn. It has been demonstrated many times
that seed corn gathered in the fall and stored
in a dry and well ventilated place is stronger
in vitality and usually yields better than seed
which has been stored in the crib over winter.
This decrease in yield from poor seed is not
alone due to poor germination, but in some
way the seed is perhaps weakened and its
vitality lessened so that lower yields usually

Grand champion single
ear, eleventh annual Mis-
souri State Corn Show.
Shown by C. N. Daly,
Palmyra. Winner of asso-
ciation single ear trophy.

result than from seed which has received good care.

Not only should seed be good in the sense of being able to
make a vigorous growth, but it should be of a variety well suited
for the environmental conditions under which it is to be planted.
The importance of the variety is well illustrated in the following

data from the Missouri Experiment Station.

Some twenty-five

varieties of corn have been tested under similar conditions for a
number of years. As an example, the average yield of the two
best and the two poorest varieties for years are as follows:

3036 Missouri Agricultural Report.

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF TWO OF THE HIGHEST YIELDING
VARIETIES AND TWO OF THE LOWEST YIELDING
VARIETIES OF CORN.

MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION.

Variety. 1910. | 1911. 1912. | 1913. | Average.
Commercialawihitensnon ec. eine 82.30 38.49 86.51 34.93 60.55
St .@harleswViellowianis ac 2.5 crore Pomeie eins 62.05 37.67 85.63 46.90 58.06
SITVermiinen wnececrsh ce kis Ge ths eid ees a suomepea artes 56.45 28.01 45.52 38.82 | 42.20
PridexotacheyNonthteree ys cece: 28.19 25.41 | 49.94 36.92 35s Lt

Varieties vary considerably in their ability to yield in any
given locality, and a high yielder in one state, or even in one sec-
tion of a state, may not be the one best adapted for another.
In every state in the corn belt there are varieties of corn which
have been developed by long continued selection under certain
environmental conditions and which have come to be particu-
larly well adapted there. The corn grower who may not care
to go into the business of corn breeding can do no better than to
make use of one of these standard varieties. The careful farmer
will determine what variety best suits his purpose, either by trial
or by seeking the information from the Experiment Station, and
then obtain his seed from some reliable grower who makes a
business of seed corn production.

One should also take the precaution to obtain seed grown
as nearly as possible under the same conditions of environment
as those under which he expects to plant it. It is a well estab-
lished fact that corn brought in from a distance yields less than
native seed of the same variety. This is well illustrated by data
from the Nebraska Experiment Station.*

*Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 126, 1912.

EFFECT OF

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association.

Jon

ACCLIMATIZATION ON THE YIELD OF CORN.
NEBRASKA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Variety and origin. 1903. 1904. 1905. Average. | Difference.
INebraskal sac oe 70.0 Gn MeO |tmer coerauswen eye

Silyermine 42.5 Tin Oisig se pees ese 65.1 63.4 64.2 8.8
JiNebraskale oe. -14- 95.2 69.8 PASE ha GRO ae ie
ILM 6 Gps Stam eee UUNTVONS lo say 5 oles ec 76.6 | 2S 74.4 8.1
Nebraska UBoe 84.8 74.5 LAC Cl oad Shonen et oon

Snowflake White.....\|Ilowa 68.7 72.8 671 69.5 S52
INebraskala. ene MGS Dialects Ve % TG SQVies PPA aes

Boone County White.. Ui OLS reine = (ofr Tellews we eran oles 68.9 (0303
Nebraska 68.1 67.9 ore MOPS | ege once eaten

Early Yellow Rose....\Iowa 6251 76.9 | 63.5 67.5 | 2.8
INiebraskaleaae tase. 83.8 64.2 USEC ee RA cesta

Reid's Yellow Dent... |Illinois |.......... 82.8 60.8 Wy. 8 1.9
(477

IAW CL AZ Gea seven

It will be seen from this data that home grown seed of these
six varieties when planted under similar conditions yielded on an
average of 6.2 bushels more corn per acre than seed not accli-

mated.

White oat trophy donated by the Atlas Oat Co., Kansas City, Mo.

Missouri State Corn Show, 1914.

Awarded at annual

Won by S. P. Stephenson, Canton, Mo.

338 Missouri Agricultural Report.

GOOD SOIL.

The second great group of factors influencing the yield of
corn are those pertaining to the soil. These are many in number
and varied in character and it is possible in the space of this
paper to consider only the most important. It is obvious that
to produce a good crop of corn one must have productive soil.
The productiveness of many soils in the corn belt has been
materially lessened by mismanagement and poor businesslike
methods of farming, and to a vast majority of corn growers in
this region the first step to take in increasing their yield of corn
is to make their soil better. Likewise to the others one important
consideration at least is to keep their soils productive, for it is
much easier to maintain the productiveness of soils than it is to
build up the fertility of worn lands and make a living on them
at the same time. I want to briefly call your attention to some
things a man can do to accomplish these ends.

The Cropping System.—One of the most important factors
influencing the yield of corn is the cropping system, which has a
marked influence upon the fertility of the soil. The gross returns
from the corn crop are not great enough to justify the expense of
heavy applications of fertilizers and manures that it is possible
to make with tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes and other special or
truck crops, and we must, therefore, depend largely upon the
cropping system to maintain the yield of the corn crop. It 1s,
of course, profitable to use manures and fertilizers on the corn
crop as will be indicated later, but to be most efficient it is neces-
sary that these be used in connection with a systematic rotation
of crops. In this connection let us consider briefly the history
of the development of cropping systems in America. When
any new section is settled up it has been our practice to follow
for a number of years what we might term a one-crop system:
In the south cotton, in the middle west corn and in certain parts
of the west wheat has been the chief crop grown. Such a plan
usually continues with very little if any variation for forty or
fifty years, or until the land begins to fail. Then the farmer
begins the alternation of crops such as corn and oats, corn and
wheat, corn and tobacco, or corn and grass, which we may term
a two-crop system. This is not carried out systematically, but
since most farmers recognize the importance of simply changing
crops on a field it is looked upon as a means of maintaining
yields. This plan likewise usually continues for some thirty-five

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 339

or forty years, finally giving place to a definite and systematic
rotation system. In many of the newer sections of the west the
one-crop system of corn or wheat is still practiced. As we come
east we first find a region just west of the Mississippi river where
the two-crop system is largely practiced. As we proceed east-
ward we finally find in Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania and other
eastern states regions in which systematic crop rotation is very
definitely defined. In Missouri and surrounding states we are
just passing from the two-crop system to that of a definite rota-
tion, anda great many of our farmers are beginning to practice
definite rotations. This will become more pronounced as our
lands grow older and thinner under the present system of man-
agement.

More or less manure and fertilizers are used with all three of
these systems, but such treatment usually accompanies the last
two.

The effect of the cropping system on the yield of corn is
well illustrated by the work of the Illinois Experiment Station*,
where different plots of land have been under different cropping
systems for more than thirty years.

EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON THE YIELD OF CORN.
ILLINOIS EXPERIMENT STATION.

(Average yield of three last years of corn.)

|
Crop years. Cropping system. | 13-year experiments 29-year experiments.
M905 S620. oc ais hate oe Corn every year | 35 bushels per acre | 27 bushels per acre
IY 0 ets ay (chit Ae CREE icccy 5. Hoc Corn and oats 62 bushels per acre | 46 bushels per acre
9 Oa epee ais, on Ms ral co ce Corn, oats, clover} 66 bushels per acre | 58 bushels per acre

The original productive capacity of the land on which these
experiments were conducted was more than 70 bushels per acre.
It will be seen that there has been some decrease in yield in all
cases, but the decrease has been less where rotation was practiced
than where one or two-crop systems were employed. This is due
largely to the fact that the organic matter of the soil has been
more nearly maintained under rotation and also to the fact that
certain insect pests and plant diseases have been better con-
trolled by rotation. bn

Similar data have been obtained at the Missouri Experi-
ment Station, as will be seen from the following table:

*Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 125, 1908.

340 Missourt Agricultural Report.

EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEM AND MANURE ON THE YIELD OF CORN.
MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION.

Average yield of corn.

Crop years. Cropping system.
No treatment. Manured.
|
LOW =F eben ora | Corn continuously 15.72 bushels per acre} 25.04 bushels per acre
1907-’10-’13........} Corn, wheat, clover | 25.89 bushels per acre} 36.58 bushels per acre
1898-1902-’06-"11.. .| Corn, oats, wheat, clover) 37.37 bushels per acre] 48.00 bushels per acre

The importance of a good cropping system cannot be too
strongly emphasized. It is the first step to: be taken in the
maintenance of the fertility of our soil. Under continued
cropping, especially of a cultivated crop lke corn, the supply of
available plant food present in virgin soils is largely depleted and
conditions are brought about that are unfavorable for the making
available or soluble of the plant food locked up, so to speak, in
the mineral grains of the soil. This condition is brought about
largely through the depletion of the content of organic matter in
the soil which is broken down rapidly under continued cultiva-
tion, as organic matter decays in soils carbonic and humic acids
are formed which increase the solvent action of the soil water
upon the mineral grains. Fresh decaying organic matter is also

|

Wheat trophy, donated by John F. Meyers & Sons Milling Co., Springfield, Mo. Awarded
at the annual Missouri State Corn Show, 1914. Won by W. C. Young, Carthage, Mo.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 341

beneficial in that it promotes bacterial growth and in this way
helps set free plant food. This, together with the beneficial
physical effect that organic matter has upon soils in making
them work easier and in increasing their water-holding capacity,
emphasizes the importance of maintaining a good supply of
organic matter if the soils of the corn belt are to remain produc-
tive. Since this is best accomplished through rotation of crops,
together with the use of manure and green manuring crops, it is
evident that a good cropping system is by far the most important
single factor influencing the yield of crops. But the cropping
system alone will not maintain the yield where the crops are
removed. It is necessary that this be supplemented either with
manure or fertilizers or both if. the yield is to be maintained.

Champion ten ears white corn, eleventh annual Missouri State Corn Show. Shown by
J. G. Douglass, Shelbina, Mo.

In another series of plots at the Illinois Station a corn-oats-
clover rotation was practiced where all was returned to the land
except the grain and clover seed harvested. In one case the
corn stover, oat straw and the clover straw were turned under,
together with legumes as catch crops. This system was desig-
nated as ‘“‘grain farming,’ and was compared with a second
scheme in which all of the crops were removed but equivalent
manure returned and which was called “live stock farming.”
The effects of these two systems upon the fertility of the soil
were compared where no further soil treatment was given and
where lime and mineral fertilizers were used as supplements.
The following table illustrates the influence of the two systems
upon the yield of the corn crop:

342 Missouri Agricultural Report.

GRAIN FARMING VS. LIVE STOCK FARMING.
ILLINOIS EXPERIMENT STATION.*

Yield of corn. Bushels per acre.

Crop years. Soil treatment. Grain Live stock
farming. Farming.

LOS Gehry eee aee ee None lie 69 81
POO SIG a M88 eicisaeci yee oe | MILI Ci wr ces eset Cec eR ey cle ieee | 72 85
1905-’6-’7..............| Lime, phosphorus | 90 93
1905-’6-’7..............| Lime, phosphorus, potassium| 94 96

|

It will be seen that the growing of legumes as catch crops
and returning all crop residues has maintained the yield and
when in the form of manure has increased the yield. When
minerals have been added the yield in both cases has been ac-
tually. increased about twenty per cent. We may, therefore,
conclude that it is possible to maintain and actually increase
the yield of corn in a system of grain farming by the proper use
of green manures, crop residues and mineral fertilizers, the final
result being practically the same as under a system of live stock
farming where manure and fertilizers were used. Where fer-
tilizers are not used, however, the live stock system is to be
preferred. It would seem, therefore, that the most successful
scheme of soil management for the corn belt farmer and the one
which will best enable him to increase the yield of his corn crop
is that which combines a good cropping system with the use of
manures and fertilizers.

The Use of Manure.—It is not only important that the
farmer practice a systematic crop rotation in order to maintain
the yield of his crops, but such a system must be supplemented
by the use of manure or fertilizer if the greatest returns are to
be had. Unfortunately, not every farmer realizes the value of
manure, and many others do not take the care of it that its value
in increasing crop yields justifies. In fact, it may be said that
fully one-half of the value of the manure produced on the farms
in the corn belt is wasted. The value of manure in maintaining
the yields of crops is no better illustrated than by the work of the
Ohio Experiment Station, where its effects upon the corn crop
as well as upon other crops in the rotation have been studied for
a period of years.t Where corn has been grown continuously
for nineteen years at this station, an application of two and one-

* Illinois Experiment Station, Bulletin 125, 1908.
} Ohio Experiment Station, Circular 131, 1913.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 343

half tons of yard manure per acre annually has increased the
yield of corn 12.21 bushels, while the increase from five tons of
manure under similar circumstances has been 22.51 bushels,
with corresponding increases in the stover. The value of these
increases has been $5.70 and $10.39, respectively, or a value of
$2.28 per ton of manure for the lighter application and $2.08
per ton for the heavier.

In a rotation the value of manure is even more apparent
than when used in connection with a one-crop system. In a
five-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, clover and timothy at
the Ohio Experiment Station manure has been applied in one
case at the rate of 8 tons per acre before corn and wheat and in
another case at the rate of 4 tons before each of these crops.
The increase in the yield on each crop is shown in the following
table:

EFFECT OF MANURE ON THE YIELD OF CROPS GROWN IN FIVE-
YEAR ROTATION OF CORN, OATS, WHEAT,
CLOVER AND TIMOTHY.

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION.

Average annual increase per acre for 19 years.
Manure applied before corn and!

wheat in the rotation.
Corn, | Oats, Wheat, Clover, | Timothy,
bushels. bushels. bushels. pounds. pounds.
Sstons Pel acre riser ios oom 22.96 12.14 IL SP0CE 2,065 1,504
AYCONS PCL ACLOks ss, si o.ec1s ene eesneue 14.11 7.40 7.66 2,167 980

The value of the manure is best illustrated in the following
table, which summarizes the value of the increase in each crop:

AVERAGE VALUE OF TOTAL INCREASE PER ACRE FOR EACH ROUND
OF THE ROTATION.*

Value of increase.

Total amount of manure applied. | 19 yr. Value
Ist 5 yrs. | 2d 5 yrs. Wada eis aa ire) 3d 5 yrs. average. per ton.
IG) THOME HOP LGRs oop he eee stone. $19.82 $34.24 pened aye 7h $55.94 $39.84 | $2.47
SiCONS PCriacre sy. ee ae 13.02 21.28 | 35.36 24.54 3.06

* Ohio Experiment Station, Circular 131, 1913.

344 Missouri Agricultural Report.

It will be seen from this data that manure is more valuable
when used in connection with a crop rotation than when used
alone, and furthermore, that greater returns per ton of manure
were obtained from the lighter applications than from the heavier.
It would seem then a good practice where the manure supply is
limited, as it is on most farms, to make a lighter application over
a greater area than a heavier treatment to a smaller area.

Supplementing Manure.—The Ohio Station has also demon-
strated that the value of manure may be increased by adding a
small amount of mineral fertilizer with it.* This is especially
true where it has been supplemented with phosphates. The
following table summarizes the data showing a marked increase
in the value of the manure where treated:

ree
VALUE OF MANURE TREATED WITH 40 POUNDS PER TON OF DIF-
FERENT MINERALS APPLIED BEFORE CORN IN A THREE-
YEAR ROTATION OF CORN, WHEAT AND CLOVER.
AVERAGE TOTAL INCREASE PER ACRE FOR ONE ROTATION.

| :
Value of increase.

Cost of treat- he

Amendment used.
ment per acre. | Total per acre | Net per ton of

| for one rotation manure.
TEL O DGS Apap mene Pha he ini: Beas ote cA eo ERE wee $1.40 $34.02 $4.08
AclaRD HOS DH Abeer grrs sear Ve ican carson eens 2.40 38.59 4.52
IMIS eee ero eevee ek eihc ee oe ee 2.70 29.68 Ba Sie
GiyiD SUM seep cae tees aaa es sean’ ioe asiccocas OAC haste 1.00 PA SPALL 3.28
Wintreatedumanunress cme ia ent lesion eso de qomes 23.52 2.94

Manure with the Hay Crop in the Rotation:—In the Ohio
experiments to which we have referred the manure was applied
to the grain crops in the rotation—corn and wheat. Some
recent work at the New York (Cornell) and Pennsylvania Ex-
periment Stations has indicated that it may be more profitable
to use manures and fertilizers with the hay crop in the rotation
than with corn. It would seem that this is due to the fact that
the fertilizers stimulate the growth of roots in the hay and thus
have more organic matter for the grain crops following, while the
reverse would not necessarily be true. In these experiments it
was found that the residual effect of manures and fertilizers was
very marked, ten tons of manure per acre with the hay crop giv-
ing an increase on the corn following of 110 per cent over the

* Ohio Experiment Station, Circular 131, 1913.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 345

untreated plots. It would seem then to be a good practice on
large farms where long rotations are used to apply the manure to
the grass crops in the latter years of the rotation.

INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL.

Water is the most important food of the corn plant and
upon its supply the yield of the crop depends more than upon
any other factor. Crops suffer each year from too much as well
as too little moisture. The draining of wet lands both by sur-
face and underdrainage and the construction of dikes and levees
to prevent overflows is each year increasing the acreage of land
on which corn may be grown. At the same time it may be said
that the corn crop as a whole suffers more from a deficiency of
water than from an excess, and one of the most important factors
influencing the yield of corn is that of rainfall.

The rainfall in the corn belt during the months of June,
July and August has been found to be closely correlated with the
yield of corn. This is especially true of the month of July.
Although the average rainfall in most sections of the corn belt
ranges from 30 to 40 inches, there is hardly a season passes that
in some sections the yield of corn is not seriously cut by insuf-
ficient rainfall. This was especially well illustrated in Missouri
during the past year. The State experienced one of the most
severe drouths in its history and one of the lightest corn crops
on record was produced. Yet the total rainfall for the season
was not far below normal. It is not the total rainfall of the year
then that cuts the yield of our crops, but rather its unequal dis-
tribution. It has been found that from 14 to 20 tons of water
are required to produce one bushel of corn. This equals from
7 to 14 surface inches for an average crop of 50 bushels. To this
must be added the loss from seepage runoff and surface evapora-
tion which under field conditions is sufficient to bring the total
water requirement up to from 12 to 14 inches.

An average corn soil in good tilth will store about five or
six inches of available water in the upper four feet. A 50-bushel
crop of corn would then require at least six inches additional
rainfall during the growing season, and probably even more than
this, for the plant’s growth would be checked before it had ex-
hausted the soil moisture to low limits. A 75-bushel crop would
require an additional rainfall of at least ten inches and a 100-
bushel crop fifteen inches during the growing season. On rolling

346 Missouri Agricultural Report.

land and where the rainfall comes in downpours it is evident that
this estimate should be increased.

Most of the available water stored in the soil will have been
exhausted by the time the corn plants are four or five feet high,
and unless more comes in the form of rainfall the plants must
suffer, as the rise by capillarity from the lower depths of the soil
is hardly rapid enough to supply the plant’s needs at this stage
of its growth. ;

Unfortunately, or fortunately, the weather is not in our con-
trol, but there are some things that a farmer can do to conserve
the supply of soil moisture. Deep and early plowing will increase
the amount of available moisture and frequent and shallow culti-
vation to keep a dust mulch on the ground while the corn plants
are small and the conditions of the field more nearly those of
fallow land will conserve considerable quantities of water that
would be lost by evaporation. Keeping the soil in good tilth
with a good supply of organic matter will also increase its ab-
sorbing and retaining power. Furthermore, less moisture is
required by plants in a fertile soil than in an infertile one.
Hence it is evident that keeping the soil fertile will tend to
lessen the injurious effects of a drouth.

Clover seed trophy, donated by E. J. Mahony, Dexter, Mo. Awarded at annual Missourt
State Corn Show, 1914. Wonby W O. Redford, Fayetteville, Mo.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 447

GOOD CULTIVATION.

We pass now to a consideration of the last of the three groups
of factors influencing the yield of corn—the care and protection
of the crop. These embrace all of the various cultural opera-
tions included in the preparation of the seed bed, planting and
cultivation of the crop which have for their purpose the pro-
tection of the crop from the various factors opposing its highest
development.

Many of these factors are too well understood to warrant
their discussion in this connection, for the art of corn growing is
old though the science is new. Practices differ with soils, with
seasons and with custom. As for the seed bed, suffice it is to
say that it should be well prepared, the plowing usually deep,
especially on heavy soils, and the best part of the cultivation done
before the corn is planted. As our lands grow older and become
thinner with continued cropping, the preparation of the seed bed
becomes a more and more important factor in influencing the
yield of corn. Where corn is grown on as extensive a scale as
in the corn belt there is often a tendency to slight the seed bed
preparation, but with the present price of lands in the corn belt
the time is here when this factor can no longer be ignored. Con-
ditions should be made as favorable as possible for the young
plant at the very start if it is to reach its highest stage of develop-
ment.

Functions of Cultivation.—The chief functions of the culti-
vation of corn are (1) to keep down weeds, (2) to conserve mois-
ture, (3) to aerate the soil, (4) to increase nitrification and (5) to
aid in making plant food available. Of these the eradication of
weeds is the most important and under normal conditions is the
chief purpose of cultivation. If the seed bed has been well pre-
pared the best part of the cultivation is done before the corn is
planted, and thereafter little stirring of the soil is necessary save
that required to remove the weeds.

In dry seasons, especially early in the season while the
plants are yet small and where conditions more nearly approach
those of a fallow field, frequent cultivation may conserve mois-
ture by keeping a dust mulch on the surface to check evapora-
tion. It is not likely, however, that much moisture is saved in
normal seasons by cultivation after the corn reaches the height
at which it is ordinarily laid by. Much more moisture may be
saved by cultivation where the plants are small than after they

348 Missouri Agricultural Report.

are large enough to protect the soil from the drying action of
winds sweeping over the surface.

In the light of some recent investigations it would seem
that the value of after-cultivation in conserving moisture under
average conditions perhaps has been overestimated and that the
increase in yield to be expected from further cultivation after
that which is sufficient to control the weeds is not great. Cates
and Cox* of the United States Department of Agriculture have
summarized the data published by several experiment stations
together with that obtained by their own investigations through
a large number of co-operative experiments with farmers under
a wide range of soil and climatic conditions.

In these experiments plats were cultivated in the ordinary
way and the yield compared with that of other plats receiving
no cultivation but on which the weeds were removed by scraping
the surface with a hoe.

In the following table the results from four experiment sta-
tions are summarized covering twelve different trials:

EFPERECT OF CULTIVATION ON YIELD) OF CORN:

Yield, bushels per acre.

Station. Number |
| of trials. Cultivated. | Uncultivated but
weeds scraped.

Newmviork-—Genevaw sas its eee echo 1 56.8 “ORS
Mlin ois—=—Wirbamata jason le cae eee ee a 70.6 69.1
Missouri—Columbiaieee soe. cee. oe 2) 67.0 63.8
South Carolina—Clemson College.......... 2 62.9 62.0
AVOLAE OA. tortalie Crate teu Bote cleat Saeates Renta: pi Areas 67.5 67.1

Similar experiments were conducted in co-operation with
farmers all over the country, the average results of which showed
that the yield of fodder on the uncultivated plots was 95 per
cent of that on those receiving cultivation, while the yield of corn
was 99 per cent of that of the cultivated plots. It is evident
then that keeping down the weeds is the most important function
of cultivation.

. The frequency of cultivation is another matter concerning
which there is often much difference of opinion. Fortunately,
considerable experimental evidence has been accumulated in
regard to this point.

*United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 257.

Missourt Corn Growers’ Assoctatton. 349

At the Illinois Station several years ago plots were culti-
vated from three to five times during the season in comparison
with plots cultivated about three times as much. The average
results for five years were as follows:

FREQUENCY OF CULTIVATION FOR CORN.
ILLINOIS EXPERIMENT STATION. (1)

(Average 5 years.)

Amount and kind of cultivation. | Yield in bushels
per acre.
|

SrallOwArOcG i ary ee eee ct cies ey TS Te ES es aes hiss Seeeuplivianenees | 70.3
EY SO MOLI AVE es ore eee ees Se eT ee tee e eT eee EP ones. fee | 66.7
Shallow rreauent ark crn tree hac Se cee R eae CO ot cheers ol ou ola oben nLei en | 72.8
IDE oh, TEE hah ta Gite rictoecitcln Graea oka cra re onGkee Kena a Seo CMe ror gOn ner neo Iemc cn mr ERC RCRE Sepaee | 64.5
IAW Ora es TEGUCI bi amore ke eC tre Re ae ke oak EAS Cscohe nti cley titregs lee 68.6
AVOrag eG OLdINalyi cn) scan sen eee ENN auth theme a! re lohan pi Tea ele 68.5

Similar experiments have been conducted at the New Hamp-
shire Station with the following results:

Shallow cultivation 14 times, 80.6 bushels; shallow culti-
vation 5 times, 79.1 bushels.

At the Kansas Station corn was cultivated from three to
seventeen times during the season for two years. The results
are presented in the following table:

FREQUENCY OF CULTIVATION FOR CORN.
KANSAS EXPERIMENT STATION. (2)

(Average 2 years.)

Yield in bushels
Cultivation. per acre.

‘Oncerne4nweeks(2xcultivations) re. is5 eae ret ee epee aoe oe ae 16.9
Oncesnvsnweeks) (SicultiviatiOns)i ace sees tee a eee Eee cea 24.0
Oncoeyiny2 weekss(4ycultivations) ire. 5 2s so he Cor en ee eae 2Dee,
Onceranweels (7 Cultivations)jss4-- 4005 oO. Cee oe eee ese Pat Ate aoe 27.8
ewiCekanweeke(L SuCUltiVatlONS) EL tree. sto se ate oe te ce oeuer to eat arewnrale elas OM 92
hreesoimesiapweekul 7a culbiva bions))207.5 pues eee wets ies ee eae cee ne sense en 24.8

We may, therefore, conclude that while the plants are small
and the field comparatively fallow, cultivation conserves mois-
ture as in any fallow soil. After the plants are large enough to
shade the ground considerably and to protect it from winds

(1) Illinois Experiment Station, Bulletin 131, 1894.
(2) Kansas Experiment Station, Bulletin 45, 1893.

300 Missouri Agricultural Report.

sweeping over its surface and when they have developed a mass
of surface roots to intercept capillary moisture from below, the
principal object of cultivation is to destroy weeds. There is no
evidence to indicate that more frequent cultivation than that
which is necessary to control weeds is profitable.

In conclusion, I would emphasize the fact that the yield of
the corn crop is influenced by a diversity of factors. The careful
farmer will make it his business to know in so far as possible what
these factors are and how they act. He will then endeavor to
regulate and systematize those directly in his control in such a
way that they will act harmoniously to promote the develop-
ment of this important crop.

PREPARING LAND FOR WHEAT.

(L. E. Call, professor of agronomy, Kansas State Agricultural College. Address delivered
during Missouri Farmers’ Week.)

The preparation of the seed bed is the most important factor
in growing a crop of wheat. The condition of the ground at the
time of planting usually determines the success obtained with
the crop. Experience has taught us that an ideal seed bed is a
firm, well-compacted soil. To prepare a firm seed bed from a
soil that has been previously worked deep requires time. It is
not accomplished in a day, a week or a month; it is the result
of many days of settling, some good packing rains and frequent —
cultivation with the disk, Acme or spike-tooth harrow. Thus
the time necessary for the preparation of the ideal seed bed is at
hand only when the preparation of the ground is started early.
The advantages of a firm seed bed that results from early plow-
ing and frequent subsequent cultivation cannot be overesti-
mated. A firm seed bed is absolutely necessary if the subsoil
water is to be utilized by the young wheat plant. On loose,
poorly packed soil there is such poor connection between the soil
particles that moisture cannot be raised by capillary attraction
from the subsoil. Under this condition the soil may be well
supplied with subsoil moisture and the wheat fail to germinate
because of the loose condition of the soil, which prevents the rise
of water.

A firm seed bed is only one of a number of benefits that
result from the early preparation of the soil. Moisture is con-
served and plant food is made available in this way. The con-
servation of moisture results from the killing of the weeds that

Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 351

sap the ground of water and from a looser condition of the soil
that more readily absorbs rain. The cultivation of the soil after
packing rains form an earth mulch which prevents the loss of
moisture by evaporation. In the drier climates perhaps the
greatest benefit resulting from an early preparation of the soil
is the conservation of moisture. Where moisture is more plenti-
ful the greatest benefit results from the liberation of the plant
food, and especially of the plant food nitrogen. Plants use
nitrogen in the form of nitrates. Nitrates are formed as the
result of bacterial action. The bacteria that form nitrates work
only in well-aired soils. Thus the better the soil is aired the
more nitrates are formed. It is evident, therefore, that the
greatest development of nitrates takes place in soils plowed the
earliest and given the most frequent cultivation throughout the
summer. Thus the firmest seed bed, the most plant food, the
greatest accumulation of moisture and usually the largest yield
results from the earliest preparation of the soil.

Experiments were started at the Kansas Experiment Sta-
tion several years ago to determine the value of different methods
of preparing land for wheat. This work has been conducted
during the last three years upon upland soil very low in fertility,
land that had been previously cropped for many years to small
grain, corn and sorghums, without the addition of manure or
green manuring crops. The field was in wheat in 1910. A por-
tion of this field was divided into plots in 1911, each plot receiv-
ing different seed-bed treatment. Eleven methods in all were
used. In 1912 and 1913 the same methods of treatment were
repeated on each of the eleven plots. Another portion of the
field was planted to corn in 1911, to oats in 1912 and to wheat
in 1913. Five different methods of preparing the seed bed were
used upon this area for the 1913 wheat crop. The wheat was
seeded upon all plots October 2nd. Bearded Fife wheat was
sown with a disk drill at the rate of one and one-fourth bushels
per acre. The following table shows the results of the various
methods of treatment for the season of 1913 and an average of
the three seasons, 1911 to 1913.

Missouri Agricultural Report.

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Missourt Corn Growers’ Association. 3909

The plot disked and not plowed was double-disked twice just
before seeding. The other plots were treated as indicated in the
table. An effort was made to prepare the best seed bed possible
with each method employed. Thus: All plots were harrowed
immediately after they were plowed, except where otherwise
indicated, and were worked thereafter as was necessary to main-
tain a soil mulch and to prepare a good seed bed. The table
gives, in addition to yield per acre and method of treatment, the
cost per acre for preparation, which was figured as follows:

$5.00 per acre for plowing with Spalding deep tillage plow.

1.25 per acre for 3-inch plowing.
1.75 per acre for 7-inch plowing.
.75 per acre for 5-inch listing.
.40 per acre for disking.
.3o per acre for Acme harrowing.
.25 per acre for harrowing.
.40 per acre for seeding.

The cost of preparation includes all expenses involved in
preparing the ground and seeding the wheat. The value of the
crop was figured at the market price of wheat at the time the
wheat was thrashed. The market price at the time of thrashing
this season (1913) was eighty cents per bushel.

DISKING.

Two plots were double-disked July 15th. One of these was
plowed August 15th and the other September 15th. The plot
plowed August 15th produced 29.84 bushels of wheat per acre.
The plot plowed September 15th produced 27.53 bushels per acre.
This is a difference of 2.31 bushels per acre in favor of the earlier
date of plowing. For the best results, ground that is double-
disked early in the summer should be plowed within a month
after disking. If the plowing is postponed later than this much
of the moisture saved by the earlier disking will be lost by the
rank growth of weeds and volunteer wheat that grow all the more
vigorously after the ground has been disked. Also, if the plow-
ing is not done before the middle of September there is not suffi-
cient time to prepare a firm seed bed before time for planting.

When we compare the plots that were disked early with the
plots plowed at the same date but not previously disked, we find
for the August plowing that the plot not disked produced three
bushels more wheat per acre this season than the disked plot, but

for an average of three years the early disking has increased the
A—23

304 Missourt Agricultural Report.

yield over a bushel an acre. The plot double-disked in July and
plowed in September produced 27.53 bushels of wheat per acre
this season, while the plot plowed on the same date but not
double-disked produced 16.39 bushels per acre. This is an
increase of 11.14 bushels per acre in favor of double-disking and
an increased return of $7.71 per acre after paying for the disking.
There is absolutely no doubt of the benefit resulting from double-
disking ground early in the season when it can not be plowed or
listed. Double-disking early in the summer not only insures an
increased yield of wheat, but holds moisture in the ground, so
that the plowing-can be done later with greater ease and at less
expense.

Disking is a desirable method of preparing the seed bed
when used in connection with plowing, but is a poor method
when used alone. In this trial the plot that has not been plowed
for three years, but where the seed bed has been prepared by
disking just before planting, produced only 9.39 bushels of wheat,
and the average yield for the past three years has been but 6.63
bushels per acre. This is not a sufficient yield to pay for the
cost of production. On lighter types of soil in the central and
western part of the State this method has produced satisfactory
crops of wheat for a single season, but when the method is fol-
lowed year after year it can not be expected to equal plowing
or any other good method of preparation.

LISTING.

Two methods of listing were tried in this test. One plot
was listed July 15th, leveled with a lister cultivator about August
1st, and worked as necessary thereafter to maintain a soil mulch
to prevent the growth of weeds. The other plot was listed on
the same date, left one month without being worked, then the
ridges split with the lister. About two weeks later the land
was leveled with a lister cultivator and thereafter worked as
was considered necessary. The plot single-listed produced 27.81
bushels per acre while the plot double-listed made 29.40 bushels
per acre, a difference of 1.61 bushels in favor of double-listing.
For the first two seasons of the test single-listing produced
slightly more wheat than double-listing. This year, however,
the reverse is true. It will undoubtedly be found, as the test is
continued, that the plot double-listed will produce more grain
than the single-listed plot. When single-listing is practiced,
especially when the listing is done each year in the same direc-

Missourt Corn Growers’ Assoctation. 355

tion, there is a tendency for the lister to follow the old lister
track, leaving a portion of the soil unturned from year to year.

Listing is a good method of preparing a seed bed for wheat,
providing the work is properly done. Ground can be listed
more rapidly than it can be plowed; thus where a large acreage
of ground is to be prepared it can be prepared earlier in the season
by listing than by plowing. It is advisable, however, when
listing is the general practice followed, to plow the land occa-
sionally. The plow pulverizes and inverts the soil more thor-
oughly than the lister, and thereby puts it into better physical
condition.

PLOWING.

On the field continuously cropped to wheat ground was
plowed July 15th, August 15th and September 15th. Two plots
were plowed in July, one seven inches deep and the other three
inches deep. Three plots were plowed in August, all seven inches
deep. One plot had been disked in July, and of the other two
one was worked as thought desirable throughout the summer,
while the other was left without working until September 15th,
when it was treated in the same manner as the September-
plowed plots. Three plots were plowed in September, one seven
inches deep, another three inches deep and the third, which had
been double-disked in July, was plowed three inches deep. The
three plots were worked alike after they were plowed.

Of these methods of preparation the plot plowed deep in
July produced the largest yield, 34.95 bushels per acre, and as
an average of the three-year trial, has produced 4.71 bushels
more wheat than any other method employed. The plot plowed
three inches deep on this date for the last three years produced
21.57 bushels per acre, or 13.38 bushels less than the seven-
inch plowing.

Of the plots plowed in August, the one which was worked
during the first month after plowing produced 32.83 bushels
per acre, while the other, which was not worked, produced 28.80
bushels, a difference of 4.03 bushels per acre in favor of working
the ground the first month after plowing. This increase in yield
was secured at an additional cost of sixty-five cents.

Of the three plots plowed in September, the plot disked
July 15th gave the largest yield, 27.53 bushels per acre. The
plot plowed deep at this date produced 17.55 bushels per acre,
while the plot plowed shallow made 16.39 bushels.

356 Missouri Agricultural Report.

These tests show that 2.12 bushels less wheat were ob-
tained for August than for July plowing, and that September
plowing produced 15.23 bushels of wheat per acre less than
August plowing. Of the two plots receiving identically the
same amount of work, one plowed in August and the other in
September, the August-plowed plot made 11.25 bushels per acre
more than the September-plowed plot: What greater evidence
is needed of the benefit resulting from early plowing?

ROTATING WHEAT WITH OTHER CROPS.

Wheat was grown this season (1913) on ground that was in
oats in 1912 and corn in 1911. The ground was plowed seven
inches deep in the fall of 1910 for corn and six inches deep in the
fall of 1911 for oats. Five plots were prepared upon this field
for wheat. Three of these were plowed in July, at depths of
three inches, seven inches and twelve inches, respectively. One
was plowed on August 15th seven inches deep and the other was
plowed September 15th three inches deep. The plot plowed
twelve inches deep in July was plowed with the Spalding deep
tillage implement. There was practically no difference in the
yield of the plots plowed at different depths in July; the three-
inch plowing produced 44.08 bushels per acre, the seven-inch
plowing produced 44.66 bushels per acre and the twelve-inch
plowing produced 44 bushels per acre. The cost of preparing
the land, however, was $8.10 per acre for the twelve-inch plow-
ing, $4.85 for the seven-inch plowing and $4.35 for the three-
inch plowing, leaving a return of $27.10 after paying for the cost
of preparation for the twelve-inch plowing, $30.88 for the seven-
inch plowing and $30.91 for the three-inch plowing. .

It appears that little or no benefit results from deep plow-
ing for wheat when the ground is rotated with other crops and
when it received a thorough and deep plowing at least once in
three years. The benefit of deep plowing as compared with
shallow plowing, when each method is practiced continuously,
has already been indicated and shows an increased yield for deep
plowing of 13.5 bushels per acre. The plot plowed August 15th
produced 3.53 bushels per acre less wheat than the July-plowed
plot, while the September-plowed plot produced 19.16 bushels
per acre less than the plot plowed seven inches deep in July.
These results again emphasize the benefits secured from early
plowing.

Missouri Corn Growers’ Association. SO

The results obtained from wheat grown in rotation, com-
pared with that grown continuously, are shown in the following
table:

WHEAT GROWN IN ROTATION VS. WHEAT GROWN CONTINUOUSLY.
YIELD OF WHEAT PER ACRE.

| Wheat in Wheat con- | Difference,
Time and depth of plowing. | rotation, tinuously, | bushels.
| bushels. bushels.
TUlywloth sain chesideepra-- r= eee ee rieteke ste ceed == 44.66 34.95 9.71
Tiihy Ws, Sia Ce Dsoononreob0ccconceconeuego 44.08 21.57 22.51
August loths “unchesideep)- yon) 4. ae ea 41.16 32.83 Shoo
September 15th, 3 inches deep...................-..| 25.50 16.39 | 9.11

Wheat grown in rotation produced 22.51 bushels per acre
more on shallow July-plowed ground, 9.71 bushels per acre more
on deep July-plowed ground, 8.33 bushels per acre more on
August-plowed ground and 9.11 bushels per acre more on
September-plowed ground than when continuously cropped.

It will be seen from these tests that the largest yields of
wheat and the largest profits result from those methods of
preparation by which the soil is worked early in the season and
kept cultivated until the wheat is sown and when the wheat is
grown in rotation with other crops. This corroborates our
observations and the results of past trials. There may be an
exception to very early plowing on fertile soils in wet seasons.
Upon soils rich in plant food and well supplied with moisture
very early cultivation and continuous working of the seed bed
may liberate plant food in such large amounts that the wheat
lodges, resulting in a decreased yield. Under these conditions
dimeum early plowing is advisable. In dry seasons and on soil
of average fertility the best yields will be produced by starting
the preparation of the seed bed as early in the season as possible.

Missouri State Board of Horticulture.

OFFICERS.

President—Richard Dalton, Saverton.
Vice-President—D. A. Turner, Sr., St. Joseph.
Second Vice-President—J. C. Evans, Olden.
Treasurer—W. T. Flournoy, Marionville.
Secretary—John Bland, Columbia.

REPORT OF MEETING.

(John Bland, secretary.)

The fruit growers’ meeting held in Columbia during Far-
mers’ Week, January 12 to 16, 1914, was devoted to discussions
of problems relating to co-operative marketing. Thirty-eight
representatives of co-operative organizations were in attend-
ance, and the work done by them during the week is an unique
accomplishment horticulturally. In reporting the proceedings
of this meeting it will be necessary to divide it into two parts:
First, an interstate bureau for the exchange of crop and market
information was established; second, records of the history of
seven notably successful co-operative associations were ob-
tained, which, together with the full oral discussions conducted
by the great number of ‘‘co-operators” in attendance, furnishes
a great amount of forceful argument for co-operative selling of
fruits—more, perhaps, than has been heretofore brought out
in a fruit growers’ meeting.

FIRST PART OF MEETING.

After two days’ discussions the following resolutions creating
a bureau for the exchange of crop and market information were
adopted:
First, we recommend that John Bland act as secretary for a central information bureau
on fruit conditions and production and market conditions.
Second, we recommend that the secretaries or managers of all fruit organizations within

this territory report to the above named secretary monthly all information pertaining to
crop conditions, output and market in their particular territory, and that the secretary of

(358)

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 359

the bureau of information thus formed shall compile such reports and furnish the same to
all corresponding secretaries.

Third, in order that the work of systematizing crop and market reports and marketing
the product of our orchards and fields shall be done in an effective and businesslike manner,
we urge that the growers in the territory embraced in the territory above named shall be
organized as speedily as possible into strong and compact community associations, and
then that these community or local associations shall be affiliated into a central informa-

tion and fruit exchange.

Fourth, that the secretary of this bureau shall call an annual meeting, at such times as
in his judgment is best, of all the corresponding secretaries and such other fruit growers as
in his judgment would promote the interests here represented.

This resolution was adopted by representatives of thirty-
eight co-operative associations, some of which were central
selling agencies for federations of local associations, making
in all about seventy-five local associations represented.

Since this meeting circular letters have been sent to the
larger associations of growers of perishable horticultural prod-
ucts announcing the result of the Columbia meeting and urging
attention toward the necessity of extending the organization
as rapidly as possible. As a result of this publicity we now
have about five hundred local organizations that have agreed
to affiliate with the Interstate Bureau, and as far as crop re-
ports are concerned, these organizations effectively cover all of
the United® States.

The work of this bureau will, at first, be simply that of
supplying organizations of growers of perishables with reliable
crop and market reports. The information exchanged through
this bureau will be accepted by and transferred to only those
organizations that are purely co-operative in principle, and not
to any organization that is operated for profits based on capital
stock. This includes, of course, individual growers.

It is hopefully expected that this service will stimulate the
organization of co-operative associations. The marvelous re-
sults of successful co-operation are now familiar to us all, and it
is the opinion of well-informed men that no one will stand in
the way of co-operative effort who is well informed and at the
same time truly American in his ideals.

Some of the possibilities of the future development of an
interstate bureau, such as was created at the Columbia meeting,
may be found in extract from the following letter sent to co-
operative organizations:

This general organization should first take the form of a national conference, or rather
a convention where representatives of different co-operative associations will meet and dis-
cuss problems in marketing, legislation, ete. This convention would no doubt ultimately
grow into a strong national federation of co-operative associations. Although the organiza-
tion of this federation may be years in the future, it will pay us to bear in mind the ultimate
importance of such an organization, so that we will be furnished with adequate incentive
in pushing this convention idea to a successful termination. Let us consider, then, some

360 Missourt Agricultural Report.

of the possibilities of a national federation of co-operative associations. A company is now
building in Chicago three warehouses or wholesale produce markets. These markets are
located in the best position with respect to transportation facilities and accessibility to
Chicago consumers through grocery stores, etc. This company will lease storage space to
any commission firm of the right character. Now suppose we have a federation of asso-
ciations, and this federation should establish agencies in Chicago, and these agencies could
supply perishable products directly from the co-operative associations to the grocery stores
or to the consumers, as there are even now enough co-operative associations handling all
kinds of perishable products. It would be only a short time before association products
would have a fixed and standard value on the Chicago market, because of the fact that all
association products are of uniform grade. The cost of distribution through these agencies,
that is, the agents’ saiaries, storage, rental, etc., could be paid by each association in pro-
portion to the amount of its produce handled by the agency.

It is not my intention to imply that a national federation of associations could take
such a step as this at the present time. It is only one of the possibilities of the future devel-
opment of our idea of a national convention of co-operative associations.

Another possibility that is suggested by the development of such a federation of co-
operative associations is this: If we should be able to supply an agency such as the one in
Chicago with standard association products, we would be able in a very short time to get
command of the situation in that market. Local hucksters would find that the market
for a great amount of their products was being taken away from them. They would be
gradually forced out of the field. Now, it would be the plan of this association that any
organization would be included in it that was purely co-operative in principle. It would
only be necessary then for these truck growers to unite under a co-operative charter to
become a member of our association.

I believe that even now there is a large enough amount of perishable products handled by
associations to command the market situation in several cities. When this national federation
becomes effective the organization of local co-operative associations—such as you, state in
your letter are absolutely essential to the success of the central association—would be
brought about in rapid order. There would be a great number of organizations effected in
a short time, simply to take advantage of our central organization.

As soon as the portion of perishable products marketed through this federation of
associations were large enough it would be practicable to place these agencies in each of the
markets of this country. It is possible that some of the smaller towns would have to be
included in a district with a larger town where an association agency was situated.

If the federation were developed to this extent we would have complete and perfect
distribution of perishable food products. All of the central markets would be well in hand,
and all the consumers except the farmers or the producers themselves would be reached by
these central agencies. As for the farmers or producers themselves, it would be a simple
matter for each association to act as the agent for the other associations in supplying them
with perishable food that they did not themselves produce. Extensive argument intended
to demonstrate the difference in efficiency in this proposed plan of distribution and the one
now in operation was offered, and in conclusion an extract from a letter from a prominent
Chicago business man was used. This extract is not aimed at the better class of commission
men, but serves to point out some of the evils of the present, the ‘‘disorganized’’ system.

I have read with much interest your proposed organization plan and it accords with
what I have been working on for several years, and I am confident that the wholesale market
system as planned will meet with the heartiest co-operation of producers and shippers of
fruits and produce. I have given careful attention to these plans, including the workings
of the middleman, and our system will take him by the bootstraps, lift him from the mire
and place him on solid ground if he will do the fair thing; otherwise it will exterminate him.
The greatest fraud in the wholesale business is the dishonest commission merchant, and
every large market has many of these smooth letter-writing, sharp-tongued gentlemen.
They beg and urge you to give them one trial shipment of fifty or a hundred barrels of apples,
one hundred birds, or a car of potatoes; then when your goods land you are told that you did
not pack or load right; you failed to sort right; you may get a hundred complaints—and
you may get a statement. If you show fight it may show that you still owe $2.50. Now
this does not apply to many reliable houses or any honorable dealer, but it does apply to
many who are doing this very thing and have done so for many years, and I blame the
reliable houses for associating with these kind of fellows when they know how they operate.
If I lived in the same block with a thief I would not only refuse to neighbor with him, but
I would tell others to watch their hen coops. Then there comes a big, three-ringed swin-
dling outrage called the cold storage house, which is for the protection of the big produce
dealers only. If you ship a car of peaches, grapes or perishables of any kind and you do
not want it sold at once you will either get soaked good and hard by the cold storage com-
pany or your stuff will be piled in the old dirty, rat-eaten basement of a South Water street
commission house and allowed to spoil, or until you wire to sell for what you can get, This
is all in line with the commission business,

Missouri State Board of Horticulture. 361

In addition to the many local associations, favorable replies
have been received from the largest five fruit growers’ exchanges
of this country. Extracts from some of these letters follow:

H. C. Fletcher, manager Grand Junction Fruit Growers’ Association, Grand Junction,
Colo. (apples, peaches, etc.): ‘‘My suggestion would be that you do not attempt to market
any produce of the several associations and shippers at the present time, but that a system
be inaugurated whereby reports could be received and distributed. It would be of great
assistance to all distributors in handling the sales of their fruits.’’

J. A. Anderson, secretary Brownsville Fruit Growers’ Association, Brownsville, Neb.
(strawberries, grapes, etc.): ‘‘I have your letter and I will say that I am pleased with Mr.
Kirkpatrick’s idea of banding all sales managers together in an organization.”’

J. J. Nagle, general manager California Fruit Exchange, Sacramento, Cal. (citrus
fruits): ‘‘My idea would be to create an office to act as a central point for receiving and
distributing information from each and every fruit growing district in the United States, said
office to be located either in Omaha or Chicago, and that reliable sources of information
be selected in each fruit district in the country and become a part of this organization to
furnish crop and market information, including movements of fruits and vegetables to this
central bureau. For example, this office would be willing to affiliate with and become a
part of this central organization and furnish all requisite and valuable information regarding
the fruit business in this State by letter, or, if the change were acute and affected in any way
market conditions, the information could be forwarded by wire. Wein turn would expect
similar information from every other district where our fruit came into competition. We
believe the Georgia Fruit Exchange and other similar organizations would be glad to join,
as the benefits accruing from such information would be invaluable to the interests of all
engaged in a like industry. Naturally, financial support would have to be contributed,
but not to any great extent as far as I can see at this time, as the only expenses would be
the maintenance of an office, with a manager and two assistants, and, of course, the neces-
sary stationery with which to distribute this information throughout the country, and if
possible, a fund to take care of any telegraphic or long-distance calls that the bureau might
be called upon to use in the performance of its work.”’

J. H. Christian, secretary and treasurer Neosho Fruit Growers’ and Shippers’ Associa-
tion, Neosho, Mo. (strawberries): ‘‘Replying to yours of the 7th regarding the recommen-
dation submitted by the committee appointed by the Interstate Conference of Fruit Grow-
ers, I will say that I heartily agree with them. .... It will give the growers over the ter-
ritory embraced confidence in the organization. This is a move in the right direction, and
I have great confidence in the success of such an organization.”’

L. M. Garrett, secretary Farmington Fruit Growers’ Association, Farmington, N. Mex.
(apples): ‘‘There is need of more system in the marketing of produce, and the move that
will correct the present system is the right move. We need more direct knowledge and a
closer touch with the markets, etc.’’

N. P. Westcott, Eastern Shore of Virginia Produce Exchange, Olney, Va. (garden
crops and potatoes): ‘‘We would be very glad to co-operate with you in exchanging infor-
mation to the fullest extent that might be advantageous for either your section or ours,
and would be willing to adopt any practical plan that might be worked out for that purpose.’’

During the season 1914 the Interstate Bureau will attempt
nothing further than the exchange of information as to crop
and market conditions, but during the winter of 1914-1915 a
convention of co-operative associations will be called, and at
this convention we may expect to see the beginning of a new
era as far as producers and consumers of perishable products
are concerned.

SECOND PART OF MEETING.

The seventh annual report of the Board of Horticulture
contains the complete report of this meeting, and in it will be
found the reports from several co-operative fruit growers’ as-

sociations. Only one of these can be published here.
A—24

This district produced in

district.

99

Missourt Agricultural Report.
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At

Wathena, Kan., just across the Missouri river from St. Joseph,
Associa-

This little town of

The Wathena lumber

1912 more apples than any other apple district in the world,
yard, the elevator, the general store and the county insurance

and this district supports at the present time as prosperous and
well-to-do fruit growing communities as can be found.

Mo., $500,000 in fruits are shipped yearly.

Wathena is a “fruit growing town.”
company are owned by the Wathena Fruit Growers

Missouri State Board of Horticulture. 363

tion. The name of the local bank is the Wathena Fruit Growers’
Bank. This town is an inspiration to the man who likes to see
the small owner prosper. Wathena is one of the many asso-
ciations in the Missouri river “‘Loess’’ fruit district.

This loess district furnishes us with an unique and highly
interesting story. A description of this district will be found
in the paper read by the secretary of the Board of Horticulture
at the fruit growers’ meeting.

Loess soil grapes.

364 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Nine thousand four hundred dollars worth of grapes were
sold from the “‘Loess’”’ district in Missouri in 1912, and $179,050
worth were sold from the part of it not in Missouri. The Mis-
sourl grapes were not sold through associations. Those across
the river were. Had the Missouri grapes been sold at the same
price as those through the associations they would have brought
$9,400 more. The difference between 114 cents, the average price
received by growers not in associations, and 2% cents, the average
price received by association members, might easily represent
the difference between profit and loss—between prosperity and
the other things, good roads and bad roads, the best schools and
those not so good, and many other things of fundamental con-
cern to the agriculturist.

As stated, all of the papers road by representatives of the
various associations in the “Loess” district will not be pub-
lished here. The paper by the secretary of the Board of Horti-
culture and two papers by association representatives will fill
the available space.

REPORT OF CO-OPERATIVE MEETING.

This meeting began Tuesday, January 13th, with Dr. W.
L. Howard in the chair. In welcoming the fruit growers Dr.
Howard said, “I do not recall any time when so many successful
business men in the horticultural line have been gathered to-
gether in one conference. This is truly a remarkable work that
is just beginning here this evening. The State Board of Horti-
culture has called this meeting as the first step toward the or-
ganization of the people of Missouri, in order that they might
accomplish much that Colonel Dalton outlined to you yesterday.”

An appropriate address of weléome was made by Colonel
Richard Dalton. John Bland, secretary of the Board, was then
called upon and spoke as follows:

REMARKS BY MR. BLAND.

We are at this meeting, first, to discuss the various things
that contribute to the success or failure of co-operative fruit
growers’ associations and, second, to form a temporary or per-
manent bureau for the exchange of crop and market informa-
tion from districts represented. We have in attendance about
thirty-five representatives of associations, a large portion of
whom are from the famous Missouri river fruit district. Our

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 365

great need of associations in Missouri lies in the fruit district
of the Missouri valley, rather than in the Ozarks, where there
are now a great number of effective associations. Our problem
at this meeting is one then that involves Missouri river valley
growers primarily, and we are glad to have here gentlemen
whose experience in this same district fits you to be of greatest
help to us in Missouri.

In the land of the loess soil. View of vineyard and hills.

Before going into the explanation of what is proposed to
be done, I want to call your attention to the Missouri river
fruit district, the district producing more apples at the present
time than any other district in the world. That is, as compared
to districts that are “units” of territory.

Who knows what this district is? Few people indeed. Why
is this? Simply for the reason that it has lost its identity by
being cut into four pieces—quartered, as it were—by the state
lines of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri; and its apple
production, instead of being known as that of the Missouri
river district, is known to the world only as the apple produc-
tion of the great apple states of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and
Missouri. Why, do you know that three-fourths of the apples
raised in these four states are raised in the little district that

366 Missouri Agricultural Report.

stretches along the Missouri river from Omaha to Kansas City,
sometimes twenty, never more than fifty miles in width. That
is astounding news to most of us. It came to me as a revela-
tion when the figures of the actual apple production of Missouri
showed that eight-tenths of the apples produced in Missouri
are produced in this little strip of territory along the Missouri
river. Two counties in Northwest Missouri produced in 1912
more apples than all the State of Oregon, and one county just
across the line in Kansas marketed more than $500,000 in fruit.

Do you ask why this strip of territory is distinguished
from all the lands of these states as the great apple producing
district? Here we face as interesting a story as horticulture
has to offer.

There are two great divisions of soils in the world: One
comprises all of those that have been produced either entirely
or in part by weathering or chemical bleaching; the other is the
soil that has been produced from mechanical grinding up of
rock into particles of microscopic size. One kind of soil has
been produced by chemical and mechanical action; the other
has been produced by mechanical action only. There is but
one soil in this last group, and that is the true loess soil. This
soil may be said to be to all other soils as gold is to all other

The best of the world’s fruit soils—the loess soils of the Missouri river hills.

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. DOs

metal. It is the rarest of the useful soils and is the best. Prof.
M. F. Miller, chief of the agronomy department, University of
Missouri, has said that this soil is, in his opinion, the best of
the world’s agricultural soils.

This soil is found in only three places in the world: First,
a small deposit near the river Rhine in Germany; second, a
much larger deposit extending along the Missouri river two to
thirty miles in width from Omaha to St. Louis, and along the
Mississippi a short distance above and below St. Louis; and
third, deposit in Northern China. These unique soil deposits
are the result of glacial action, and are believed to have been
formed by winds that prevailed during the time of arid climate
that followed the glacial period.

This soil is the world’s best fruit soil. There are soils in South
Missouri, in the great Ozark fruit region, which are quite as good
for some of the fruits as far as actual results are concerned, but
as compared to all other soils, the extraordinary physical struc-
ture of the loess soil, allowing penetration of roots to unbeliev-
able depths and perfect underdrainage as well as perfect mois-
ture supply in dry weather, places this soil first as a fruit soil.
As regards the plant food in this soil, Dr. J. C. Whitten, chief
of the horticultural department of the University of Missouri,
tells us that on his farm near the Missouri river, about eight
miles from Columbia, the dirt from the bottom of his cistern,
25 feet below the surface, was used to fill in the low place in
his garden, and that it produced quite as good vegetables as
the surface soil, and we know what this surface soil will do.
Twenty to two hundred feet deep, rich in plant food to the
bottom, perfect physical structure, this soil ranks as the best
fruit soil of the world and distinguishes our Missouri river
valley as the heaviest producing of all apple districts. This
district, then, is made distinct from the rest of our middle west
fruit districts by this marvelous loess soil.

We may recognize this soil by its peculiar character which
enables it to stand up in perpendicular walls where cut into.
This is due to its homogeneous physical structure, which allows
water to seep out between particles and yet be held together
by the countless ‘shoulders’ caused by its many “jagged”
edges. Soils built by processes of erosion have not these
‘jagged”’ edges, and only the true loess, which is simply crushed
rock, will be found in perpendicular cliffs in our rainy climate.
This peculiar characteristic accounts for our being able to cul-

368 Missourt Agricultural Report.

tivate the steepest hillsides without loss from washing and also
for the fact that our Missouri river hills have remained so
steep.

We are here to begin the work of establishing a chain of
co-operative associations covering this district, so that later we

Not a rocky bluff, but a formation of loess soil.

Missouri State Board of Horticulture. 369

may combine under a central exchange and put the Missouri
river valley fruit, including tree and small fruits, up before the
world under a common brand that will stand for honesty of pack-
ing, uniformity of grade, excellence in appearance and flavor far
above that of our competitors, the fruit growers of the northwest
coast. We now have thirteen successful associations in this dis-
trict, and I am glad to say that they were all represented here.
We are going to get the benefits of the experience of these men
and build an enduring structure on the foundation furnished
by their experience. We must have a strong federation in
this valley.

Missouri river valley growers paid in 1912 forty cents per
barrel more freight than did New York growers to get their
apples delivered to their markets. This is the comparison of
the average ton-mile cost for hauling from Missouri river points
and from New York points. New York apples are the com-
petitors of Missouri river apples. Taking twenty cents, which
is one-half of that really paid by our competitors, as the average,
and we see that Missouri valley growers paid $320,000 in excess
freights—a third of a million dollars in one year. If we were
joined together in a strong federation the funds necessary to
fight this discrimination would be forthcoming. It is up to
us to do all that is possible to unify our efforts as fruit growers.

The western invader—and we are not afraid of him on even
footing—has taken our better markets to himself. And why?
Do not let us avoid the issue—because he has furnished con-
sumers with a product that he guaranteed to be good all the way
through.

Has any district ever established and maintained a stand-
ard, dependable pack except through the agency of a co-opera-
tive marketing association? An individual has, but never a
district.

W. S. Keeline of Council Bluffs, Iowa, sent his son, Frank,
west in 1906 to learn western methods in packing boxed apples.
Six years later, after building up a reputation among the people
of Council Bluffs for his standard pack, Mr. Keeline sold boxed
apples at prices uniformly fifty cents higher than western boxed
apples. Council Bluffs had learned that the ““W. S. Keeline’”’
brand meant apples that tasted better. Are we afraid of the
western invader? Yes, as long as we are not working together.
We must establish a pack, make it cover a great quantity of

370 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fruit, and people will ask for Missouri river apples—‘‘the apples
with the taste.”’

We want to work up to the point where we have a common
brand and then advertise that brand. We can educate the
consumer to our mutual profit. No, you will not have to cut
out your Ben Davis trees and plant the Juicy Jonathan. There
is no better apple than the Ben Davis—when it is baked. Tell
the consumer that you are selling him a cooking apple. Would
a certain big manufacturer be fool enough to put out his imi-
tation of coffee in the same kind of a box with the same direc-
tions for using as he does his breakfast foods? Let’s get to-
gether and educate the consumer. Who is going to advertise
the apple? The man who grows it—and make every man pay
for that advertising who gets the benefit of it; don’t advertise
the apple unless you advertise the brand that is fixed to that
apple, a brand that stands for honesty of pack. We cannot
advertise the apple effectively until we organize. We cannot
compete with other big business concerns until we organize.
We must act as a unit, and let that unit be composed of in-
dividual growers, each of whom has an equal voice in saying
what that unit will do. We are done with the day of the local
apple buyer, I hope.

Our Missouri valley brand will be advertised to the world
and it will signify more than excellence in the one fruit, apples.
Who has tasted finer small fruits than those grown in our Mis-
sourl river loess hills? Where do small fruits grow as abun-
dantly? Where is there a more prosperous, live, up-to-date
fruit growing community than the one just across the Missouri
river—I refer to the Wathena, Kan., Fruit Growers’ Associa-
tion. Why should our good mid-western people drink grape
juice made in New York when they have the best of the world’s
grape soils on sale at twenty-five to sixty dollars an acre?
Association communities know what can be done with grapes
in Missouri river loess soil, and I want to tell you that it was
an inspiration to me when I traveled through your glorious
country last fall and saw mile after mile of beautiful rolling
‘ country covered with grape vineyards and berry fields. Our
district is coming into its own and I hope that this meeting
may hasten the day.

I have talked too long. Just a brief outline of the second
purpose of the meeting, the organization of an interstate bureau.
Last summer our office made quite an effort to supply Missouri

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. Sil

Hauling grapes to the warehouse of the Co-operative Selling Association. Florence Fruit
Growers’ Association.

growers with reliable crop report information. On all hands,
in the far eastern and far western districts of the United States,
the difficulty of securing competent information was encoun-
tered. Plans were suggested for an interstate organization to
establish a system for the exchange of crop report information,
and that is the second purpose of this meeting.

372 Missouri Agricultural Report.

REMARKS BY J. A. AULABAUGH.

In introducing the speaker the chairman said, ‘‘Over in
Council Bluffs, Iowa, they have successfully grown apples and
fruits of different kinds, and the men who have been associated
with the organization up there for over 21 years are ready to
give us some definite figures. We are going to call upon a
man to tell us what he has been able to do growing fruit and
what assistance the organization there has been to him as an
individual. We will now hear from Mr. J. A. Aulabaugh, a
director in the Council Bluffs Grape Growers’ Association.
Mr. Aulabaugh spoke as follows:

Your secretary has brought me before you to make a
statement of facts regarding co-operation in the marketing of
fruit. He has selected me I presume because I am a member
of the Council Bluffs Grape Growers’ Association, a corpora-
tion that represents a community where co-operation has been
thoroughly tested and successfully practiced for 21 years. It
is my pleasure, therefore, to give you such facts as will prove
the value of such an organization.

Since entering upon this field of labor I have endeavored
to keep an accurate account of all transactions executed on
the place and at the same time keep in touch with the asso-
ciation. Every crop is treated as my debtor, and all work,
material, etc., is charged against its individual account, and
all produce sold is duly credited to each account. To me
farming is a business, and I have never been able to understand
why some men go on year after year without knowing whether
they have made a loss or gain on their respective crops or
whether the profit of one crop is not consumed by the loss on
the other. It seems to me that the greatest help our rural
schools could give to the farmer would be to teach the coming
generation a simple and practical course of bookkeeping to meet
the demand of farm business.. Since co-operative associations
will soon be the rule rather than the exception, the youth of
today should be taught such business rules and methods as
will give him self-assurance to enable him to meet business men
on their own ground. Co-operation must be the outcome of
education, and nothing will so quickly dispel the natural sus-
picion of the average man as a little practical information
about business.

I have kept my books solely for my own convenience and
not with any idea of publication, so I have found it impossible

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 373

at so short notice to give you as detailed an account as was
requested by your secretary. Instead I have taken, as an
example, my oldest grape patch consisting of eleven acres,
which was in rather a dilapidated condition at the time I took
possession. This patch I have chosen in order to show you
the possibilities of the grape interest during a period of ten
years. I have made a summary of the original eleven acres of
grapes and to simplify it have taken the average of one acre.

The first year the average crop was 306 baskets for ten
acres; the tenth year the average crop was 1,624 baskets for ten
acres. The greatest number to a single acre was 2,232 and the
least number was 158 baskets. Following is the average of
the eleven-acre patch for a period of ten years reduced to one
acre per annum: Receipts—829 eight-pound baskets sold at
17 2-9 cents, $142.77; disbursements—renewal of posts and
setting, $1.60; pruning, $4.60; raking out brush, $11.44; twine,
$1.27; tieing grapes, $4.08; cultivating, $2.25; hoeing, $3.69;
829 empty baskets at $22.50 per thousand, $18.65; picking,
$12.43; delivering, $3.31; extra labor, $3.00; commission less
rebate, $10.99; icing (net), $2.07. Total, $69.41. Average net
profit, $73.36.

For the last five years the average was better than for the
first five years. This does not include interest on the invest-
ment, for the reason that land varies so much in value in dif-
ferent sections.

I have also grown diversified crops of fruit during this
period, but can only generalize on them in my statement. I
have grown some food crops for my own use, but more with
the idea of renovating and renewing the old plantation. There
are forty acres in the place, about 28 of which are in fruit. The
products were not quite all put through the association, for the
reason that it did not handle several kinds of fruit, especially
apples, for a number of years.

Now then I want to speak of co-operation. If there is a
scarcity of fruit generally all over the country and we have a good
quality of stock we can easily realize a fair price for our product
without co-operation, because we will have a good demand on
our local market. But we cannot do as well even then as we
could with co-operation, as I will show you later. Suppose
there is a large crop all over the country, what will be the
result?

Let me call your attention to our two bumper crops during

O74 Missourt Agricultural Report.

this ten-year period, the years of 1907 and 1912. This applies
to grapes only. In 1907 we handled 262,124 baskets of grapes
through the association. We realized an average of 2334 cents
per eight-pound basket, and why? Because nearly all sec-
tions were short all over the country that year, and we were
long on grapes. Co-operation stepped in and enabled us to
reach out and get into touch with distant markets and we sold
grapes as far west as Seattle, south to San Antonio, and we
even had an order from Charleston, S. C. We could not fill
all our orders. This enabled us to dictate our own market
instead of dumping the grapes on our local market, and at
such prices as our curbstone brokers would see fit to dictate
to us. In 1912 we had the largest crop ever grown in our sec-
tion, and there was a very large crop generally over the country
and the average ran very low—14.6 cents. Competition was
heavy in all directions. We shipped 383,367 baskets through
our association. Now right here at the height of the season,
when we were shipping out from seven to eight cars per day,
the non-co-operative growers were dumping their grapes on the
Omaha and Council Bluffs markets in all kinds of receptacles—
even bushel baskets—and at any price offered. I want to ask
you where would the market have been if the associate mem-
bers had dumped from seven to eight carloads—twenty to
twenty-five thousand baskets a day—on top of the glut that
was already there. I say that without co-operation 75 per
cent at least of the growers of Council Bluffs and Omaha would
have been driven out of business and would have depreciated
the value of their land to at least.50 per cent of their present
valuation.

There is one thing to which I wish to call your attention,
and this is what I consider the greatest enemy to co-operation
with the farmer. It is the speculator—he will exploit you.
That is his business—keep him out. Don’t allow speculation.
Make the business strictly mutual, and let the organization
be for and of the growers only. You may think you need
speculator’s influence, and capital—we thought so at one time,
but we know better now. I will not argue further against the
speculator, but let me urge you to limit your membership
strictly to men who specialize in the growing of fruit, and do
not allow any of your stock to be owned by outsiders; they
will not further your interests, but will be more likely to sap
your organization for their own gain.

Missouri State Board of Horticulture. 57/0)

Provision should also be made for taking up the member-
ship of any man who ceases to be a producer or who refuses to
sell through the association for a given period of time. Of
course, he could be reinstated under certain conditions. These
two protective measures should be fully covered in your articles
of incorporation—not your by-laws.

In organizing an association you must interest the grower
from this standpoint—‘‘Will co-operation pay me?”’

Let me state briefly how it has paid in my case, which is
the strongest testimonial I can offer. Co-operation has saved
me each year in equipment and upkeep $188; in extra labor,
$160; in rebate on commissions, $115.75. This makes a neat
total of $463.75 per year, or $4,637.50 in a period of ten years.
This does not take into consideration the vast amount of per-
sonal time saved in selling all of my own products.

As to the central exchange for the Missouri river valley,
I am in favor of it. Let its name be what you will, but let its
principles be for the mutual good of the Missouri valley growers,
and with such a foundation success will be yours so long as the
old Missouri continues to roll her turbulent waters to the sea.

REMARKS BY C. D. KEELINE, COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA.

The subject assigned me is the ‘““Commercial Record of the
Council Bluffs Fruit Growers’ Association,’ so I have left the
history and organization of our association to Mr. Aulabaugh
and Mr. W. S. Keeline, and have tried to keep as closely as
possible to the statistical side.

The Council Bluffs Grape Growers’ Association was founded
twenty-one years ago with a membership of eighteen or twenty.
At the time of organization the members owned only about 400
acres of bearing fruit divided approximately as follows: Straw-
berries, 35 acres; raspberries, 75 acres; plums, 15 acres; grapes,
100 acres; blackberries, 50 acres; cherries, 25 acres; currants,
GB, 10 acres; apples, 115 acres. Excluding the apples, this
leaves about 300 acres of fruit controlled by the association.

During the next three years all of these acreage figures
except apples more than doubled and the next few years doubled
again. The association had made the market secure and a large
amount of small fruit was planted. The orchards were young
and many acres of berries and cherries were set out between the
apple trees. The acreage of berries, cherries, plums, etc.,

376 Missouri Agricultural Report.

steadily increased until the maturity of our orchards and vine-
yards, about ten years ago.

Since the association was started the apple acreage has
grown from 115 acres to about 2,500 acres. (This is acreage
owned by members; Pottawattamie county has 5,364 acres of
apples.) Our vineyards have increased from about 100 acres,
with a production around 40,000 baskets a year, to 500 acres
and an average production of about 300,000 baskets.

The average price per basket in the last 11 years is a little
less than 19 (214 cents per pound). Our average yearly price
has been as high as 25 cents in 1910, 24 cents in 1907, and as
low as 15 cents in 1912. I have with me our accounts in full
for the last 11 years, showing the amount handled of each fruit
and the prices received. I also have these figures plotted on
co-ordinate paper, so that if anyone is interested they may
compare them very easily with their own production and prices
received.

I shall read the statements in part for 1912 and 1913.
The average prices received for the various small fruits for the
last seven years are as follows: Blackberries, $2.37 per crate
of 24 liquid quarts; raspberries, $2.82 per crate of 24 liquid
quarts; cherries, $2 per crate of 24 liquid quarts; strawberries,
$2.52 per crate of 24 liquid quarts.

As I have said before, the original membership was less
than 20. This season’s membership was 110. The original
acreage was about 115 acres of bearing fruit. The present
acreage is estimated at over 1,150 acres, excluding the apples.
These figures do not represent the amount of farm land owned
by the members, or any fruit not yet bearing, but are an esti-
mate on the actual bearing acreage. Since the organization
of our association the population of this territory has increased
60 per cent. The total acreage of bearing fruit has increased
nearly 900 per cent. The acreage of grapes has increased 500
per cent, and the acreage of small fruit increased about 50
per cent. This is a good evidence of the success of co-operation
in our community, as at the time of organization our growers
were even then producing more than the local market could
consume and we had as a market the three cities of Omaha,
South Omaha and Council Bluffs.

At the outset the association was incorporated for $1,000,
divided into 100 shares of $10 each. Since then the capital
stock has been increased to $35,000 at $10 per share. Each

Missouri State Board of Horticulture. SWE

member to join pays $10, which makes him a member for life.
He is now supposed to ship all his fruit through the association,
and if he does not do so his dividends may be forfeited at the
discretion of the board of directors.

I will now try to make the workings of the association
clear by following a growers’ fruit and the bookkeeping thereon
through from the beginning.

A member’s load of fruit is driven into the warehouse, to
the cars that are being loaded. The fruit must be up to a
certain standard. If it is grapes, the baskets must weigh 8
pounds; the appearance must be first class; berry boxes must
be full, etc. It is inspected as it is unloaded, and as each
package must bear the grower’s name and address beside the
stamp of the association, it is not difficult to trace back fruit of
poor quality to the grower, even if it should get by the in-
spector at the car.

The driver is now given a receipt showing the amount of
the load, also the date and car number if a car is being loaded
direct. A duplicate of this receipt remains in the book, which
that evening is turned in to the bookkeeper. The bookkeeper
enters this into a book called the “pool book.’ This book
has a page for each day divided into columns—a double column
for each kind of fruit. In the first column is entered the grow-
er’s name, the number of packages of his fruit and later on his
share of the pool for the day. The second column contains the
names of the firms buying the fruit, the number of packages
each took and the amount paid for it. The number of pack-
ages of fruit in the two columns must balance and the sum of
the amounts paid for the fruit divided by the total number of
packages is the pool on that fruit for the day. That is the aver-
age price received for one package of the fruit for the day. This
is multiplied by the number of packages credited each grower
and placed after his name in the first column. The cash amounts
in the two columns must now balance.

Before leaving the subject of “‘the pool’ I want to say that
a grower whose fruit falls below the association standard does
not share in the pool for the day, but is credited with just what
his fruit may bring.

The next book is a ledger. Each grower has a page on
which each day the date, the number of packages of his fruit,
the price, gross sales, the commission, icing charge and net
amount are put down in columns for that purpose.

378 Missourt Agricultural Report.

A commission of ten per cent is charged against everyone,
besides a small icing charge to pay for icing the cars while
they are being loaded. Under this sheet is another one with
the same headings and between them is a piece of carbon paper,
so that a copy is made of this record. At the end of the month,
if the grower draws out his money, the date and amount are
written in columns provided and the.duplicate torn out and
given to the grower, so that he has a complete record of all his
dealings with the association. The rest of the accounting is
ordinary bookkeeping—a cash book, etc., and could be varied to
sult the wants of the growers at any time.

The association ships the fruit of nonmembers and charges
them 10 per cent commission, the same as members. Ten per
cent, however, each year more than pays the expenses of han-
dling the fruit, so that at the end of every year dividends are
declared on the earnings of the association, which goes back
to the members as a per cent on the fruit they have shipped
during the year. Nonmembers, of course, receive no divi-
dends.

The amount of the dividends is usually around 4 per cent,
reducing the actual commission of the members to about 6 per
cent. The association’s gross receipts for the year 1913 were
$65,542.07. Of this $8,451.15, or over one-seventh, was handled
for nonmembers. This figure, however, is not a fair average
showing, as in 1912 we handled $83,674 worth and in 1911 over
$100,000 worth. This last amount, however, includes the
Omaha fruit. In 1907 we sold over $120,000 worth of fruit.

The association rents two stalls on the Omaha market and
also sells to local grocers, etc. The local sales in Council Bluffs
and Omaha, however, run well under 8 per cent of the total sales,
leaving 92 per cent on the general market of the country. Be-
sides this, the association buys boxes, crates, baskets, chemicals
for spraying, ink for stamping, etc., in large quantities at whole-
sale price. and sells to members at cost plus a small handling
cost. Nonmembers may also buy material, but at a slightly
higher price than members. However, even at this nonmem-
bers find the association price cheaper than the price generally
charged by dealers.

A box and crate factory is run during the winter months,
making up the berry boxes and crates for the coming season.
A good deal of this work can be done in slack seasons by the

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 379

regular fruit handlers. The earnings from this factory go into
the regular funds of the association.

Two building associations have been formed among the
members for the purpose of building our present office building
and warehouse. <A certain amount of the funds of the Growers’
Association are every year placed into a sinking fund with which
the stock of the building association is gradually being acquired.

I have not been able to find very much about prices re-
ceived by growers outside of the association. However, grapes
sold in the Council Bluffs grocery stores most of the summer at
15 cents per basket and part of the time at two for 25 cents.
During this time we were getting from 16 to 20 cents, our average
price for the year being about 17 cents. I can’t say what the
growers received for these grapes, but the grocery store must
have made 4 or 5 cents, so the grower probably got about 10
cents a basket, a loss of over 60 per cent by not shipping through
the association. Even this price, of course, is much higher than
he would have received if there had been no association, as the
shipping out of a large per cent of the crop, of course, keeps the
local price up.

For several years the Omaha, and I think, the Florence,
Neb., fruit growers, sold their fruit through our association.
At the present time we are handling the fruit of the Missouri
Valley (Iowa) Association. If the plan here is to organize a
group of small associations, I think that you will find that one
good manager and one bookkeeper will be able to handle the
business of several associations. This plan would enable you
to hire a manager by the year and so not lose a good man by
laying him off in the winter. It will also enable you to pay a.
better salary and get a more efficient man. A good manager
should be secured for $100 to $200 a month.

FURTHER EXTENSION OF CO-OPERATIVE EFFORT AMONG
FRUIT GROWERS.

(R. E. Hanley, secretary and treasurer North American Fruit Exchange, Chicago, I11.)

I was told here today that out on one hundred fourteen
counties in the State of Missouri one hundred ten of those were
producing apples commercially, those counties having produced
in a normal season five thousand carloads. The further fact
was brought out that Missouri, among the most prominent of
our states in the production of apples, is probably the most

380 Missouri Agricultural Report.

backward in co-operation among the fruit growers in the matter
of marketing. The secretary of horticulture, Mr. Bland, is
devoting a great deal of energy and time at the present moment
in an endeavor to effect greater organization among the fruit
growers in this State.

I may modestly make claim to having come ‘into contact,
directly or indirectly, with every important co-operative or-
ganization of fruit growers. in this country in the course of visits
among forty-two states of the Union within the last three years.
I am going to give you briefly a few remarks covering the ex-
perience and accomplishments of various successful co-operative
organizations throughout the country, including a central selling
exchange plan adopted by factors of various states.

That fruit grower who considers his marketing problem
solved when he with others has formed in his home district a local
co-operative shipping association may be likened unto the
ostrich which presumes to conceal itself from pursuers by
burying its head in the desert sands.

The organization of local fruit shipping interests is but a
short step forward in the direction of that co-operative effort
that has for its purpose the securing of greater net returns for
products of the farm and orchard. No local shipping asso-
ciation can achieve much along the lines of that purpose which
does not comprise a majority, if not all, of the growers of the
community in which it exists and, probably more importantly,
retain the unfailing, loyal support of its membership. It is
vitally important that Mr. Individual Grower must attend to
that.

Co-operative effort alone cannot be relied upon to secure
for the association member that return for his products com-
mensurate with his land investment, cost of material, labor and
individual energy, but for that he is much dependent upon the
efficient, businesslike and economical management of his ship-
ping association.

The duty of securing to his organization that character of
direction and conduct of its affairs that makes for success is
accepted too lightly by the individual grower in many instances,
with the result that frequently the principles of co-operation
are jeopardized and oftentimes receive serious setbacks through
incapable or discreditable management. This duty Mr. Grower-
Member must accept as one of his important responsibilities.

Prominent of the causes of failure among the co-operative

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 381

organizations are the shortcomings of underpaid employes car-
rying responsibility and improper exploitation of growers’ as-
sociations by selfish interests among the officials in charge. Too
often are these official positions striven for, as are some political
plums of the public employe, by men more imbued with the
desire for selfish gain than the furtherment of the welfare of
constituent growers. However, experience has shown this
practice to be greatly reduced by the elimination of salaries of
all officers not devoting their services exclusively to their as-
sociation, thus attracting to the elective offices only men with
upright, unselfish motives, more devoted to the interests of the
growers collectively than individually.

The successful co-operative fruit growers’ organization is
that one which does:

1. Control all or a good majority of the commodities
produced in its district and such as are handled by it.

2. Command the confidence and loyalty of its member-
ship.

3. Be capitalized sufficiently as not to be required to incur
indebtedness, but yet be established as to credit as to be able
to secure loan accommodations, should that be necessary, without
exorbitant interest charges.

4. Procure for its own needs and those of its membership
supplies, packing material, implements, fertilizer, seed, nursery
stock, ete., at low costs, quality considered, through purchases
by contract and otherwise in large quantities.

5. Afford suitable and adequate facilities for the grading
and packing along improved economic lines of the products of its
membership.

6. Through rigid inspection and careful packing, together
with judicious advertising, establish a reputation for high-
quality products, and thus create a distinctive demand for its
trade-marked brands among the wholesale, retail and con-
suming trade of the country.

7. Control the harvesting and shipment of its growers’
products so as to regulate distribution as near as possible to
conform to supply and demand.

8. Through competent management and with proper
facilities sell its output at profitable prices and make returns
therefor to the contributing growers without delay.

So much for the ideal local association, but what about
those “‘proper facilities’? that shall sell the output at profitable

382 Missourt Agricultural Report.

prices—that accomplishment most important of all——turning
into cash the results of great care, hard toil and considerable
expense? Here is where many co-operative fruit growers’
organizations, though they may closely follow the ideal in several
respects, widely diverge as to marketing methods.

Let us review some of the methods in vogue with existing
co-operative organizations in various producing districts of
the country. Among them we find:

1. The consignment plan, whereby goods are consigned
without control direct to commission merchants with rebates
on the receiver’s commission that tend to maintain the shipping
association. With limited tonnage and selections of thoroughly
dependable agencies this plan has some advantages.

2. Contract distribution by commission merchants who
undertake disposal of entire crops, but who, because of recip-
rocal obligations among commission merchants of other markets,
must necessarily reconsign at additional commissions, rather
than effect outright sale to these dealers of a large portion of
the products handled.

3. The district marketing by the association managers by
means of telegraphic and telephonic communication with car-lot
buyers, a system conducted with some degree of success where
the tonnage is limited and adjacent to important consuming
Cemibers:

4. The employment of resident brokers among the markets
open to the association, these agents being generally satisfactory
where not dependent for a livelihood upon the good will of the
trade and disposed sometimes to favor unscrupulous ES at
the expense of the shipping account.

5. The temporary employment for short-time periods of
local men selected from among the fruit growing communities
and dispatched to the marketing centers to conduct car-lot
sales to wholesale dealers. It must be obvious that generally
these men, lacking trained salesmanship, experience, knowledge
of local trade conditions and familiarity with “tricks of the
trade,’ are, and of necessity must be, at considerable dis-
advantage in their selling operations.

6. The state-wide exchange plan contemplates concentra-
tion of selling efforts on the part of allied shipping organizations
within the State through a central exchange or clearing house,
thus by a combined tonnage securing the benefits of economy

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 383

of operation, equitable So and the lessening of much
wasteful competition.

Of these methods enumerated the exchange plan must
appear as that having the most advantages. We have but to
look about to determine the effectiveness of such combinations
of fruit growing interests.

Let us first refer to California, where exists the commonly
accepted ideal growers’ marketing organization, the California
Fruit Growers’ Exchange, with headquarters at Los Angeles.
The California Fruit Growers’ Exchange is a co-operative body
of approximately six thousand fruit growers distributed among
over one hundred local associations within the state.

Through its strength of number and consequent tonnage
shipped over a period of ten months in a year this federation
of growers is enabled to and does maintain offices of its own in
the principal marketing centers. This established selling force
largely facilitates equitable distribution among the markets
and, excepting a small percentage handled through auctions in
a few of the largest cities, the fruit of the growers, members of
the exchange, is disposed of through outright sale in car lots to
local wholesalers, prices being governed practically by supply
and demand.

The exchange is a formation of seventeen districts, or sub-
exchanges comprising one hundred seventeen local associations
within the state, all operated on a nonprofit co-operative basis
and shipping collectively in a normal season about twenty
thousand carloads of fruit. It should be noted that the success
of this organization is largely attributable to the thoroughness
of this exchange’s selling organization and to the binding con-
tract existing between the association and its members, there
being little opportunity for a degression on the part of the
growers, a harmful practice so common to members of co-
operative bodies in some states.

In Florida may be found a somewhat similar organization
of citrus fruit growers comprising nine exchanges, attached to
which are about sixty local associations, but with less than
twenty per cent of the state’s crop under control. With this
limited tonnage, moving as it does within a short period of the
year, the Florida exchange is only warranted in operating but
a few sales offices of its own, using principally for an outlet for
the growers’ fruit the auctions of a few of the larger markets.

384 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Reverting to California, we may note the success of fruit
marketing interests in the operation of the California Fruit
Distributors, composed of fourteen incorporated shipping or-
ganizations operating one hundred or more packing houses in
the shipping and marketing of about six thousand cars of de-
ciduous fruits annually.

Extending our observations into .the northwestern apple
country, we find that territory quite as progressive in the
matter of co-operative organization of fruit interests as in the
effort to lead the country in the production of fine apples. In
fact, control of 80 per cent of a normal season’s crop of twelve
thousand carloads of boxed apples, there being about equally
divided between the Northwestern Fruit Exchange of Portland,
Ore., with three subdivisions comprising twenty-eight local
units within the states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and
the North Pacific Fruit Distributors, a coalition of shipping
associations and independent shipping companies heretofore com-
petitive with one another.

These references to a few of the larger organized shipping
interests, most all of which have passed the experimental state
and accepted as substantial and successful institutions, must
be sufficient to indicate the success of co-operative effort along
broad, extensive lines.

While considerable organization exists, combination among
fruit producing factors has not kept pace in that respect with
other lines of industry. Yet much good progress is being lately
made, thanks to greater assistance from state and federal de-
partments devoted to agricultural pursuits.

As regards modes of marketing, we find to date but one
single co-operative organization (the Exchange of California)
sufficient in strength and tonnage to warrant the maintenance
of its own selling machinery on a complete scale—a trained and
experienced sales force quite as essential to the effective selling
operations of the important fruit shipping associations as the large
commercial establishment.

Excepting the citrus fruit territory of California, no fruit
producing section extends its shipping period beyond a very
few months of the year, consequently the establishment of any
extensive sales force among the marketing centers by the in-
dependent co-operative association or exchange is obviously
impractical.

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 385

It was in recognition of this fact, and the great need by
fruit shipping interests of marketing facilities better than those
then available, that measures were undertaken in 1910 to create
a central, country-wide selling agency with a corps of trained
salesmen located in all the important consuming centers that
might be utilized jointly by noncompetitive co-operative asso-
ciations and exchanges of good standing that would ship their
products in consecutive season periods throughout the year.

This concentration of selling effort by important shipping
factors variously located from Florida to Oregon was to make
possible the year round operation of a thoroughly organized
selling force under the expense to the independent association
only as actually used.

This plan contemplated the operation of the forces at the
marketing end under the direction of the independent association
manager during his respective shipping season in the execution
of sales orders and acquiring authentic information of markets
to facilitate cash selling and distribution.

It was thus the North American Fruit Exchange, referred
to as an exchange of exchanges, was organized by horticultural
interests of Florida, West Virginia, New York and Oregon and
incorporated in January, 1911.

The exchange’s board of directors include Messrs. R. H.
Parsons, president of the Rogue River Fruit & Produce Asso-
ciation, Medford, Ore.; W. F. Gwin, general manager of the
Northwestern Fruit Exchange, Portland, Ore.; Wm. Campbell,
secretary and manager of the Virginias’ Fruit Exchange, Charles-
town, W. Va.; L. S. Tenny, general manager of the Florida
Citrus League, Jacksonville Fla., and E. P. Porcher, manager
of the Indian River and Lake Worth Fruit Association, Cocoa,
Fla.

This central sales organization operates district offices in
all important markets, and from its general offices at New
York and Chicago constantly supervises the activities of this
force, which is under directions of the affiliated shipping asso-
ciations.

Presently the exchange’s facilities constitute the marketing
medium of organized shipping interests of Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, Colorado, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Illinois,
Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, West
Virginia, Georgia and Florida.

The many economic advantages to be derived from com-
A—25

386 Missourt Agricultural Report.

bination of fruit shipping factors can be no less than those of
legitimate commercial and industrial combinations so prevalent
throughout the business world of today.

That the State of Missouri offers great opportunity for the
development of co-operation among fruit producers is evident
to your Board of Horticulture, whose efforts to promote local
and state-wide organization of those interests are warranting
heartiest and substantial support.

THE MISSOURI ORCHARD CENSUS.
(John Bland, Secretary State Board of Horticulture.)

The orchard census of the State of Missouri was taken by
the State Board of Horticulture in the years 1912 and 1913.

This census was obtained by canvassers working under the
direction of district supervisors. Each fruit grower was vis-
ited by a canvasser. A report of this census will be found in
the seventh annual report of the State Board of Horticulture.
This includes the names of 16,705 fruit growers, with data as
to the size and character of their fruit plantings, acreage of
apple orchard, acreage of each variety of apples, acreage of
each kind of other fruits, whether or not the grower sprays,
the age of his apple orchard, and the exact location of his farm
in the county. Each of ninety counties is mapped separately.
Each grower has a number on a map, placed in a position to
correspond to the location of his orchard in the county. A
number corresponds to a grower’s name and will be found
attached to it along with the other figures showing the char-
acter of his plantations.

This report includes, also, five large maps, showing the
comparative importance of the different kinds of fruit in the
different parts of the State, and twenty-four maps showing
comparative data of different sorts in the counties of the State.

This orchard census is the first of its kind taken in the
United States, and represents the expenditure of a great amount
of money. The purpose in taking it was simply to place the
fruit growers of the State in touch with the Board of Horti-
culture so that the Board’s service could be extended as far
as possible.

The following table gives statistics for the various counties
of the State. Excepting in a few counties no orchard less than
two acres in size was listed, so that these figures are from com-
mercial orchards only:

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 387

S@PA TISTICAL, SUMMARY.

TOTALS FOR EACH COUNTY.

| ns lon
Ai oS 52 5 4 | 5 ee Acres of | = | x
B) G2 | 82) 8/2] & isk | S| 8
@| § ae 3 g| 8 |ss\e Qe | C= Apple ee lice
|) ais Ole Sele | oll@ al Sel © |S | © |g jtréesover|e | 2
2/72 | se | 1S) *| 84/8) el) a) S| Syears|e/ s
Sore Semen = ein eile | 2 aap Old ee) S
Slee ss | See | Sle Sails |S ae “|g
aa PGs Cedi Wr ci a | | 2 a}! @) q|/8is
ebat Ieee lage |) 2 aa tee ecg dia cl aan aa (aa
rel Be Edad ea ee ae | Sale lines
2/-e2 | 9 Saeco leslie || Soules e
© 2 5
@/o3 | SE] SIS] ? | males
Sie Seal | 6
| | |
INGEN S 9 85 aac 77| 259 Sessile 13 412 Sie 2s Ale 4ieeo|! (63/ F831 Oks 7,
AMGEGW, = sn: 2 155| 1621 | 546.0) 46) 18} 2) 5] 1] 45) 1! 2| 50) 242/1463/ 10|136
Atchison......... 1621 -1233))|| 995-6) 2Ol) 410 5 Ge. olla a Pe bealse aleecltS56|"Sz2\n2a38
Auidrain 345200 54 44| 295 | 14.5] 28} 9] 5] 1) 13)...|...} 1)...| 53) 242) 4) 33
PALEY esti a. | 511) 4394 | 27.81147/176| 517|147) 61)...|106| 46 4 7163103) 47/291
Barton. yl: <2. s> 269) 1767 HS) PAD Datars lin- 2 \o> olletetoiee «1-01 LAUT IAS Al 258
Bates eerste o's 6 6053} 78.3) 20] 1/....| 1) 18 1)...) 1...) 565) 9 Zins
Benton..... | 107) 492 1.1) 130) 44/ 15! 6] 29) 22) 2) 1) 5) 55) 395) 3] 73
Bollinger........ 556] 1152 | 13.4| 430/243|....{ 59| 53] 2)/...} 1|...| 50} 881] 12/309
Boone sse te gees: | 86] 1113 | 106.2} 73) 19} 8] 3) 3]...) 2) 3|...| 269) 706) 17/ 65
Buchanan.......1145) 6270 1091.1) 490161) 122) 77) 80.108) 91) 51105| 345966 108,922
Butloneee cee |) O0NeATOs |. an. | 50) 20)....| 1) 8} 1} 4}...] 1) 24) 223) 3) 41
Caldwell.........| 95| 724 | 37.6] 27/ 16)....| 2| 6)...|...| 7|...| 124) 555) 15) 68
Gallaway<. 525-5: | 176, 1321 | 40.4) 200| 78] 5] 6) 14) 13) 51) 3) 4) 175) 993) 15/131
@amdenters.. 66.0: AA G260 erates: 1G [Be hee |e eee gael Shae | GO 489 nesina
Cape Girardeau. .| 249) 616 | 1.4 8 5 1 2|...| 1)...| 105) 442) 23/207
@aproll!. 2); 5 ctts = | 280] 2529 | 345.2) 69] 30) 5] 4| 2) 1] 1] 1) 2} 5388/1719) 16/242
Carter...... 7} 233 | 1.1) 17 3}....|...| 10) 2)...]...] 1) 188) 95) 3) 3
Cassie es 132) 1308 | 99.2 87) 23} 2/ 3) 5) 2) 3) 13)...| 1211160, 5/121
Cedars qceeioe cs: [OO|b Y509)|Fe-rs20. ee 4azinaalie 4li1s|) eal) 10) e443), 12! 28) "459) s3\iss
@aritonG 325... - | 167| 1292.| 26.7) 194] 19) 6] 1/ 13].../...| 12| 1] 144] 921] 10/146
Christian........| 51] 486 9.6| 78| 16, 7 1) 31 1|...| 81 | 387/ 3/ 44
Clare's 2 - | 28) 139 2.6, 6) 3] 4| 3) 2 1). 1) 3) 30) 83) 8 15
layers sf: | 154} 9463] 188.7/ 98) 37| 24) 14] 25] 17| 14/ 50) 22) 200 691) 21/119
@linton sh:sa ses: | 153; 7244] 47.6] 33| 39] 5] 3] 10) 1 2| 1] 97| 566] 11/120
Colors weet 54| 3173| 3.4) 66| 24| 4] 5] 18] 3] 7| 8| 2| 151| 99) 15| 27
Goopersi8) bac 122 1231 | 66.9) 80 47 2| 14] 23] 20, 1) 5| 3] 590 616) 23) 85
Crawford... -.... 233 3118} 48.3 91) 37, 9) 12) 7) 3) 17) 4..../ 4912270 33/181
Wadets cere re 31) 1128 AG) EG) @leocsllecailooellonollecol| Silo null ata) eeey) Oy Alay
Dallaghyodss. 4 eae) 180), O8Aaiek aes. ie GU7| dle le ale || Sliysl sean 2561) 651). 5|49
Daviess vests 84, 679 | 20.4) 84] 31; 7} 6|124| 2} 2| 9] 4} 350) 319) 36| 44
Dekalbitoe oes: = 43| 325 9.6, 8 6. i] JA). ; 2-41) S).2|-110) 199] “si 30
Denteeeeee 154| 1259 4.4). . 53). 10). Ml @leoclecs|) AMmiby), ej flex
Douglas 62% aan! sess oltre es | Brantley ee eae (es | me alliasn S| Peal che clean hears
Danklineaey ese lees oe lose 0.6). . I eotorcl leek tel (ec ene pions Bega
Franklin....:.. 79| 4853| 8.9] 97| 44| 4} 2/ 22! 8] 1| 2!...| 155] 246) 16] 47
Gasconade....... 68| 1213/ 1.7; 5] 4| SILIO alee 4| 116} 2| 17
Gentry si.'. yee se 93, 924 | 10.0} 26] 10 2} 9| 1| 2] 3|...| 312] 613] 22) 64
Greene: 46). 308) 46114) 295.3) 154/ 31) 209| 63] 29]...| 17) 46) 1/2155/2338) 46/174
Grund yy). =): 75| 605'| 28.2! 32) 9} 4) 3] 8|.-.|...| 3) 1) 206) 397] 11) 63
Marrisone;. «<1. LAO 7OOs 26) Sle 26/0 9ie ae lee aS ZI al ODIs 19|.6 70/7/71 "96
Henry.... 72) 461 | 19.7; 24|/ 11/ 3] 2) 5] 4}! 8] 6 3/ 136/ 300) 14] 49
Hickory.:.....:. 100, 737 OFS) 26) 16.9 3\y Sle--| S| 4) 3h...) 221) 525) .6) 82
Olt! Po sais ioe 459| 32053| 735.6| 194| 89} 5| 7| 22} 7| 9/ 10) 9/1221)1922) 79363
Howardael 122. 166| 1646 | 127.6] 93] 24; 2| 1) 19}...]... 7|...| 739| 744) 13/121
Howell see 463) 6257 | 151.52784'244 300 98| 2| 66134, 5| 41257213229 64289
(Cea te eee nee 123) 459 0.1| 182| 71; 3| 4) 21| 5| 5) 51. 58| 205. 9) 59

388 Missourt Agricultural Report.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY—Continued.

b + 4 uy by
| A | oc Be cf Zi | 5 e A Acres of ¢ ¢
E/ ge | 82 | 2 |e] = (ge | Bis
etl 2 to og fl BS a 7|@/e 2) 2. Apple | asl
3 | 5 4 P15 ry 2 a 8
a | Se o ole | eo l/#o/s|8)10/ 8 |g \treesover) | @
Saeeaes 22 =O || BS | 2 |) © Lat pie o | 8 years | 2 5
= Seal lexicl cod ee IA SEMA et iC) old. ay. [ee
< Ge) ip eke Po |S ale telliek. Thee lite |; i | ae Ia ES
| SS (ee Stacie 2): | 6 4 thee
Vs 2 ais Ole 5: ll g @ limo et ae
lleeeoiel| Ss |eCmmOn ieee [cee ile : ie aliazp ese)
CR no el |) ch We ieee ciel e & | os 5
Saleen | Sa. lesen ee | ales | 2 | 8 e
AS Sheer ier lt oie | ae |
AS 26 aS Z en Sule :
Jacksons aoe eee | 228] 3963 | 304.8) 268] 80) 23) 11] 79} 22) 14| 67| 5)/1252/2460) 61/126
JASPCL.- ne ||) Loo OS4: 0.3) 20) 12) 257) 47) 16) 1) 10) 10) 8| 57| 576) 14) 81
Jeflerson\)... =>.) | 65] 267 7.2} 101) 30) 28) 21) 11) 16) 28) 4] 1} 10) 143) 8 24
JOHNSONeeere hee | 68) 744 14.0} 30) 13 PAY Al alls) i) allt 77| 653} 3} 60
1eGIXO>-<ey Beg Gene Oars | 25) 2533) 10n3 5) 3 Gal D5), al 2089 re
Waicledee snes ee | sui 14633) 60.3) 23) 3 4| 2) 6] 2|...| 186|/1270| 6) 94
Lafayette........} 182) 2134 816.5) Oh alee 13 | emesis oet ella 1455) 656) 76) 93
Lawrence......../1089) 4681 | 195.2) 571|116/1157|370) 45) 18 120,214! 19)1879|2465)114/686
Lowiser notice BAN 268 ihe s 4) 4). 8 | 3|.$.| 114] 142) 14] 35
IDNs ocoge nc oe 126) 855 20.5) 22) 9 1 | 146] 636) 9] 98
Tira. a podone erat a 89) 603 HaO) ssi) ee. 1| LG 20) 91| 490) 12) 76
Wivingston).) 6. ae.) Slimissw 91.4, 36) 9 Bieds 2 1| iW abe al) 492} 845) 9] 73
McDonald....... 277| 2287 26.5) 346] 54| 442/140|...| 6) 5) 2] 2) 647] 657| 8/200
NiaCOnM hare 156) 1728 75.5} 16) 11 N25) |G) 2845) Sal e296
IMiladisonteeres neil UC PAB. Wo a0 00.6 79| 34 Leet ishy ole ao| oT 1; 68} 199} 6) 59
MEW RIES, goo as.co-e 58| 649 OF elS tio: | 16] 530) 1) 44
NATION ieee)! OO! MLL OS 43.2) 112] 27 VY) PA aMG}) ay, aly} 1| 458] 651) 28) 29
IMIGINEEPs oo ac oo oes } OS G7 Nos say 10) 3) 4) a) 44) > 4| 98) 6) 6) 136) 539) 13)°75
Millers. heesege- 126) sol 0.2} 44] 25) 3 7| 2| 6| 2] 1) 129] 532/- 9) 85
INTISSISSIP Dis. eee etna lee aha calicce Reagent ae Fan Phe ec octee | atest eer hall ene ad | ota rc, (al cell ateeletee lhe rors
Moniteau-s. --e4|) 22) 288 37 ee ZO aT MT Seal le Se Allee | 65| 218} 4| 8
IMONTOC re ens 63) 654 Uisye2k) yl | 7/ SN PAG Ge eo. aye 8} 640, 1) 60
Montgomery...... OE KO) || UBS) BM) las ocllo oe | 19] 1)...| 5]...] 105) 187| 10) 55
Morante acerh: 75| 508 O29) - 2h ers rq | Gp SA, Tat | 95] 405| 7| 59
New Madrid..... ae Iie Paes | a gh eee Atenas atone Ie Ihe Sal eae | Vey a] ee Pasa (AE full a Boe
INewtoule eee err 518] 3010 | 26.1] 465/109, 905/270! 17\197| 85| 55| 8| 755/1861) 52|173
Nodaway..... 350) 1951 Ge UPA Zo eholl sion ils 5 1) | 571/1367| 45|286
Oregon. enc 112) 458 20.02588) 82; 26) Sis) 1 20) | 236) 27/ 18) 3
OBNED-cocasouconl| Gi Wea 4.1) 53) 32 LLG |2 5 | eal a 8| 93] 6 28
Ozark Aran ater: NG) SKB fs 64 on 31| 13 ee ees ee Cais | eee |e pose Palle 6
iPemiscoteeeeinr: re |W Srcanl| eaten. 3 ; ally [PR I ieee oe peree lemma I ei
POEL Yyites oi sc. chanrons 130; 249 21.6) 15) 29 S|) si 6) 3 8 25| 169} 7/106
IP6ttisee cos. ate 120} 682 35.0) 55) 26] 17; 8) 41) 2| 7:12) 3) 153) 512) 22) 96
Phelps yaar 61| 506 19.7 6| 3 Ole aaa Shanes 37| 430) 4| 51
IPUEC RE patch cus totene 238) 1732 56.3} 161] 57| 16] 11/151| 4| 2) 11/ 10 531 1067 39 202
Platter ane 349) 3025 | 620.1) 331) 85 5 8) yy ali 1| 1015211415) 83 254
(POMC Ya rene ces eater 118) 832 26.1; 13) 10 All marl 1} 5) 2] 1} 198) 562) 13)107
Pulaskt.. 4): ches. 102) 1175 | 16.0) 89} 15). 2) 6lcc| 4 148 918) 9 89
Pitre aeep sects: 30| 197 PSA) | ones TL eves eu lesee aes ee Ty il 10 175 1 28
Va Shae ae eciereneralelL to | eLa2 41.9} 103] 34 4| 4] 35) 2) 3] 6) 9} 805) 610} 39) 96
Randolphijee. rere 55| 544 18.7 96 OP e2e 3 tay) aL 79| 465) 6) 49
RUBY ine a) photo vated 88] 651 | 214.7| 38) 14 Sie 2} 3] 8] 1] 150) 479} 9) 76
Reynolds eee fey Bish lob oa oo 97) 31 PAV |) aM ee Ae 18} 262) 4! 71
Ripley wc We ekcwer 168) 433 0.8) 413/123 OM ele22\) 21023 21 alieol|rs12)220on
Ste@harlesiannc 148) 1399 OCH AUS MAS eae 29| 48]...| 5 237/1152| 20)111
StiiClairy 6a. Sere 64| 558 10.9} 42) 30 Ge Sheer S| SS IS EAST eS ees
St. Brancoispaees-1 OT 4800 |ereirenet 228| 47 8} 6} 21) 25) 15) 17) 1) 105) 259] 13) 73
Ste. Genevieve shel evalleneyate ous Que. oS a bee AES See eccla rouleea cee
Stes IBY ES 5 Bons 252} 616 6.0) 703/190) 150115) 50) 92) 97| 88) 41| 291) 258) 77) 74
Saline esi ener 173) 1230 40.8} 53) 30 PEN ZU A eS Coys od allssn tl) “cevoy- 8) aba Oy.
Schurylersy.ncereen 41| 140 (gi 9) 11 TNS a) ye aie abl 22) 103} 12) 41
Scotland. ee.) 29 88 0.1 taaeG\ts Th) all eas Sl esis aie29

Missourt State Board of Horticulture. 389

STATISTICAL SUMMARY—Continued.

Z oe Wa es | 4 Py wy Acres of ¢ g
B| os | @8 | ¢/8) ¢ |¢8|)———_~_________|5| 5
lei |e Belo & ie | oO!) wa | a e| 8
2/5 ae | 6|e| 6 |gsiei/+|/s\e|s | Apple |a/ 2
o | &5 CLE lane! o |@5|8|8| 5 | 8 | & |treesover| a) a
2 | ?s8 mao ei/S5]/ =| 82/5) e)/ 31/5] Syears|a2/| p
| > Sa ch CMe g| Seo ae Le | Seale olds ts) 2S
= oS IOS ee come | iersir lets ie! Sim ips: tere [Ng lea ee ES
=A le) =p | 2 rs) 5 pe tule = == lset n
ct OF | & | ag ahdq : e) a wD | 2 2
Se | cles s (8 |e eed ie) 3
3 , Bo | ° g O°*|. @ ie ; : ra len : £
g A EGR | A |S ml. Bl : anes ©
5 2 ey | ois || @ |: | : O S 2
zh] oem mcieea |: | Gait elem aula
ee) SSO ai ee ee ale
| | eal |
Scotiessaqse4:- | 260085 | 0.7) O53i 05). 0 ..-/) 915) 12) 2), 2.) 23) 58] 8/26
Shannonkees ae 194) 1418 3.3] 202) 65) 10] 22) 11) 17| 40|...| 1) 255/1148) 21/193
Shelbyenjeese cis 49| 285 9.3) 15) 6 3) 3/ 9)...|...) 4| 2) 84) 178) 4 24
Stoddard:......- LOW 504) so 2 | 180] 68) 17| 14) 15] 4) 5) 6| 5] 95] 310) 12) 75
Stoneeeee cee 78| 361 5.6| 79) 21) 36] 11) 81] 1). Meee) “S33 SR ey) Gil
Sullivanssse0 o3ee 79| 397 2 OM Mae oes |eASt tet! 3) Th e61l) 325) 26/168
Taney eran Oa Aust wn a | 437| 67} 9] 3) 11/161] 4| 1)...| 75] 107| 7| 59
Texas emer. 534| 2988 | 40.0) 338/143]....|... TS eas sles 102774) 2509
Wernon eee ipo eos Srila rary eaiecolly 4 NE Slat (eine 3] 4| 217) 709) 1/ 53
Warren..........| 59] 344 8.1) 55] 20; 2) 4] 8| 6 2| 9) 4| 38| 224) 4) 40
Washington...... Sa] BOA sacs 196} 36) 2) 3] 75| 18] 3] 2|..-| 53} 204) 9) 63
Waynes’ 4:0 o:: av ZNO Ns gS sac | 34) 17 Ws i) TIO A esol! 20} Sal alli sy
Webster enn a: 262| 3069 | 205.9] 61] 24) 2] 2) 3] 1|...| 2] 1) 301/2643) 9/234
WOLthenei ee 53| 229 IGN eG) Us| OE ee eee ee 2|...| 30] 191 3| 53
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Basket of Elberta Peaches from Southern Missouri.

Missouri State Dairy Association.

OFFICERS.

President—Marshall Gordon, Columbia.

First Vice-President—C. W. Kent, Kansas City.
Second Vice-President—O. O. Harlan, Marionville.
Treasurer—Rudolph Miller, Macon.

Secretary—P. M. Brandt, Columbia.

The program as given below was carried out:

THURSDAY, JANUARY 15TH—ROOM 117, AGRICULTURAL
BUILDING, 2:30 )e] xe

The Selection of the Cow by Type, P. M. Brandt, in-
structor in dairy husbandry, University of Missouri.

The Co-operative Creamery in Missouri, E. G. Bennett,
State Dairy Commissioner.

Developing a Dairy Community, O. O. Harlan, Marionville
Creamery Co., Marionville.

FRIDAY, JANUARY 16TH—ROOM 117, AGRICULTURAL
BUILDING, 1:30 P. M.

Feeding for Milk Production, C. H. Eckles, professor dairy
husbandry, University of Missouri.

The Relation of a Creamery to Its Patrons, E. K. Slater,
Blue Valley Creamery Co., St. Joseph, Mo.

The Value of Cow-Testing Associations, Will Forbes, Dairy
Division, Washington, D. C.

The following premiums were awarded in the butter scoring
contest:

CREAMERY CLASS.

Holden Creamery Company, first, score 95. amount $10.00; Marionville Creamery
Company, score 93, amount $8.00; Pierce City Creamery Company, score 92, amount $6.00:
Marceline Creamery Company, score 9014, amount $4.00.

DAIRY CLASS.
J. R. White & Son, first, score 9414, amount $5.00.
(390)

Missourt State Dairy Association. 391

There were twenty creameries exhibiting butter this year
which made the largest exhibit shown in a number of years.

The association voted to buy a $50.00 silver loving cup to
be awarded to the owner of the cow making the best official
record during 1914. This cup is to be awarded annually and
must be won three successive years before it can be retained
permanently by any one winner.

The association urged the State Fair Board to make larger
appropriations for premiums in dairy cattle classes. <A resolu-
tion to that effect was passed and Mr. E. G. Bennett, State
Dairy Commissioner, was charged with the duty of presenting
the same. Resolutions, were passed by the association as

follows:
RESOLUTIONS.

Whereas, The dairy industry of the State of Missouri is fast developing into such large
proportions and bids fair to become one of the leading industries in every section of the
State and already is in some parts of the State, and

Whereas, The premiums offered on dairy cattle at the Missouri State Fair have hereto-
fore been less than those offered at state fairs in representative adjoining states, and

Whereas, A better premium list for dairy cattle at the Missouri State Fair would fur-
nish incentive for bringing out a larger and better representation of the dairy cattle of this
State at our State Fair, as well as attract many desirable exhibits from leading dairy herds
of adjoining states; therefore,

Resolved, That we, the members of the Missouri State Dairy Association, this day
assembled in annual convention, hereby recommend that the Missouri State Fair Board
increase its list of premiums at the Missouri State Fair on the three leading dairy breeds of
this State, viz., Jersey, Holstein, and Guernsey cattle, equal to those offered on these cattle
at the state fairs of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota; and that we lend our hearty
endorsement of such increase when it is made by such Board.

Resolved, That we endorse the plan for a general dairy show as proposed at the annual
meeting of the Southwest Jersey Cattle Club, such show to be held at Kansas City next
October.

Resolved, That we thank the State Board of Agriculture and the dairy department of
the State University for many courtesies shown to this association.

Resolved, That this association is to be congratulated on account of the recent decision
of the court of appeals upholding the oleomargarine law, thus establishing the existing form
of a desirable statute.

Resolved, That we advise the establishment of district dairy associations, which may
hold frequent meetings and thus keep alive active interest in dairying; and that we further
advise that delegates from the district associations be sent to the annual meetings of this
association; and in order that this arrangement can be made effective we recommend that
the president appoint a committee to draft definite plans to this end.

A committee was appointed and charged with the duty of
making a definite plan outlining the work to be done by the
association in the future. It was the sentiment of those present
that the association should find a field for its endeavors that was
not covered by the work of the dairy department of the Uni-
versity or the State Dairy Commissioner.

392 Missourt Agricultural Report.

THE RELATION OF A CREAMERY TO ITS PATRONS.

(Edward R. Slater, educational commissioner Blue Valley Creamery Company.)

It is with genuine pleasure that I undertake to tell the
delegates to a Missouri dairy convention something about the
educational work that is being done by the Blue Valley Creamery
Company, because the grand old State of Missouri is the home
of Blue Valley. What the word “home”? means to the indi-
vidual it means to the business organization, providing that
organization is made up of men who have time for the finer
things, of life.

Personally, I can only speak for the educational work that
has been carried on for the past three years, during which time
I have given my whole thought and attention to it. There are
no doubt many of you who know more about the earlier work
done, especially in this State,where the first dairy trains in this
country were run in 1904, also the first dairy congress was
held—the one at St. Joseph in 1906.

The men who have guided the policies of the Blue Valley
Creamery Company have always appreciated the fact that the
foundation of the dairy industry is the dairy cow and that her
owner must prosper if the business as a whole is to prosper.

An effort has been made to not only pay the farmer a high
price for cream, but to show him as well how to keep more and
better cows, how to care for them better and how to produce
cream of good quality.

In order for you to gain the right impression of what has
been attempted it will be necessary for me to go somewhat into
details.

In the first place, allow me to state that at no time has
our educational work supplanted work done by farmers’ insti-
tutes, dairy schools, dairy officials and the like. It has rather
supplemented their work and at all times has been carried on
in perfect harmony with the work of these other educational
institutions.

Oftentimes we are enabled to give suggestions that are
adopted by cream producers who might not follow the same
suggestions coming from other sources. We are paying them
cash for their product, and the close business relation existing
is the one thing necessary to make their minds receptive.

We endeavor in.several ways to get practical suggestions
to them. They may be summed up as follows:

Missouri State Dairy Association. 393

First—Through the Blue Valley Bulletin, a 24-page
monthly dairy paper, which is sent free to shippers. An effort
is made to make this entertaining as well as instructive, keeping
in mind the fact that a paper must be read before it can be
effective. |

Second—Through traveling representatives who are trained
to give helpful suggestions, not only in regard to quality of prod-
uct, but as to feeding cattle, etc., etc. These men are kept
posted regarding the quality of cream received from each patron
so that in calling at the shipper’s home he can give intelligent
information to him.

Third—Through correspondence by competent authority
on breeding and feeding cattle and kindred subjects. This
feature of the work has been exceedingly productive of good
results and is developing from year to year.

Fourth—Through special bulletins on important subjects
of dairying and on correct dairy events such as pending oleo-
margarine legislation, etc.

Fifth—Through a sort of exchange bureau or clearing
house by which patrons with dairy animals to sell or others
wishing to buy are brought into contact.

Sixth—Through co-operation with dairy school extension
movements and similar institutions.

Seventh—Through holding stereopticon dairy meetings con-
sisting of an afternoon or evening program of entertainment
and instruction on selection of cows, dairy barn construction,
feeds, the silo, handling of dairy products, cream markets,
eles, eke:

These meetings are held mostly during the winter months,
and last winter more than 40,000 farmers, by actual count,
were in attendance.

Inasmuch as the kind of educational work we are endeavor-
ing to do in all of the different lines finds expression in these
stereopticon meetings, it might be well for me to mention the
points we endeavor to emphasize at these meetings.

We point out that there are three kinds of cattle:

First—The kind that eats lots of feed and gives lots of milk—
the kind for the dairy farmer.

Second—The kind that eats lots of feed and produces beef
most cheaply—the kind for the exclusive beef man.

Third—The kind that eats lots of feed, and the Lord only
knows what they do with it—the kind to weed out of the herd.

A—26

394 Missouri Agricultural Report.

We do, however, keep in mind the fact that there are many
farmers in the corn belt that ought to be producing dairy
products that are not, and we try to get them interested in the
dairy business by pointing out that they can better afford to
keep a cow that will produce milk enough to at least pay for
her keep and raise good beef calves.

We do this without deviating one iota from the principle
that the cheapest producer of dairy products is the special
type dairy cow, but we recognize that there are many farmers
who will not keep special type dairy cows and many others
who could not make a success with them even if they should
keep them.

We believe that it is to the best interests of the dairy
industry to make our instructions fit local conditions and
individuals as far as possible.

We try to make the beef producer a dual purpose producer,
rather than be content to leave him out of consideration from
a dairy standpoint altogether.

We give little attention to the question of breeds except to
emphasize the character of each breed and their adaptability
to the work for which they are wanted.

With the right kind of a cow for the work to be done, the
next consideration is a proper place to keep her. In order to
do this it is not necessary to add greatly to the expense incurred
by the average farmer in providing shelter for his cows. It
often means simply a better arrangement, providing for com-
fort, sunlight and proper ventilation.

With these things provided the rest depends upon the
owner. If he is temperamentally fitted for taking care of cows
he is sure to succeed.

The cow is a mother and her calf is a baby, and the man who
doesn’t keep this in mind and treat them accordingly cannot
succeed in the dairy business. With the right kind of a cow
to start with his profits will be in proportion to his sympathy and
thoughtfulness in carrying on his dairy work.

The next consideration is plenty of the right kind of feed,
keeping in mind that certain feeds are particularly adapted
for meat production and body maintenance while others are
particularly adapted for milk production. How to balance
those feeds in the ration so that the cow can give her maximum
flow of milk at the lowest cost is one of the real studies of the

Missourt State Dairy Association. 395

dairyman. In no other branch of his work will he be better
repaid for intelligent thought and study.

How to produce the feed on the farm most economically
is very important. It is advisable to raise alfalfa or clover,
depending upon locality, so that farm-grown grains can be
used without buying mill feeds and still feed a good ration.

We have been giving particular attention to the building
of silos, and have stereopticon slides explaining each step in
the erection of stave and monolithic cement silos. Our efforts
along this line have been particularly successful. The silo is
the cow’s winter pasture and should be on every farm.

It is to the mutual interest of producer and manufacturer
of dairy products to give constant attention to the question of
quality. Good cream makes good butter and good butter
means high prices for that butter and high prices to the producer
of the cream.

Cold and cleanliness are the two things necessary in the
production of good quality, and expensive equipment is not
necessary.

We have succeeded in interesting our shippers in building
cream tanks and in many cases separate cream houses. We
have furnished them with plans and specifications complete.

In connection with this question of quality we will add that
it has always been a wonder to us why some cream that reaches
our factories is of so much higher quality than other cream that
may not be half as long in reaching us after it is separated, and
both lots of cream produced under apparently the same con-
ditions. To us it seems that there must be some bacteriological
reason for this that dairy science is not familiar with as yet.

Our experience teaches that acid in cream is not necessarily
objectionable to the manufacture of high grade butter. The
main trouble we experience is with what we term “‘old flavor”
in cream, but not necessarily old cream, and the reason why
we say that we believe this question is a bacteriological one is
because we receive hundreds of cans of cream that are ab-
solutely clean in flavor, and upon the other hand, we receive
some cream which we know is not half as old that has this
decidedly old flavor. Our experience assures us that some one
will solve this question.

In our endeavor to improve the quality of cream received
at the creameries in this country we must keep in mind the
economic phase of the question. We must consider the farmer’s

396 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cost of producing the cream, keeping in mind always that his
cost of production must be enough below what he receives for it
to return him a profit that will encourage him. Otherwise the
business can not grow.

In spite of all that has been said against the hand separator
by a few creamery butter makers, it has done more to enable
the farmer to meet increased cost in producing dairy products
than any other one thing. ;

It has enabled him to reduce the cost of getting his produce
to market, and under the old whole milk system the cost of
marketing was tremendous.

Among several reasons for the farmer’s adoption of the hand
separator is the important one of economy of getting his cream
to market. A can of cream is now a finished product of the farm,
just like a fat hog or a fat steer, and the farmer can patronize
the best market whether at home or in some distant city.

He appreciates this economic feature of the hand separator,
and it is one of the things that is keeping him on the milking
stool.

Those who would bring about improvement in quality of
cream should keep in mind this economic feature, and if pos-
sible—and we believe it is possible—bring about such improve-
ment without asking the farmer to add to his present cost of
getting his cream to market.

There is no question but what the quality of cream going
to the creameries in this country should be improved. The
same improvement that has been made along lines of better
dairy stock has not been made in the quality of the cream
delivered by the farmer.

But in working for better quality of cream we must keep
in mind certain fundamental economic principles if we are
going to get anywhere. This subject of better quality is a
beautiful subject on which to theorize, and there are plenty of
men in this country who take advantage of the opportunity.
Some would compel daily deliveries of cream, some would
establish acidity standards, some would have government in-
spection, some would establish a mileage limit, while some
would require all butter to be made from sweet cream. The
majority of those who advocate these different plans for quality
improvement have in mind the best interests of the dairy in-
dustry. To them we would especially sound this note of warn-

Missourt State Dairy Association. 397

ing, backing it up with the practical business side of this quality
proposition. Aan Pe:

The warning is this: Do away with ideals and meet this
question on the ground instead of in the clouds. Remember
that today we are dealing with cream not whole milk. Re-
member also that a horse may be led to water but that. he can
not be forced to drink. Farmers are not producing cream
at a handsome profit and will not meet ideal requirements.
If forced to choose between them and going out of the business
they will do the latter. It is not sufficient to answer that he
will get more money for better quality. If he is going to get
more money for better quality then the consumer will have to
stand the bill, and this the consumer will not do. He is already
protesting against the high prices of dairy products, and any
movement looking toward forcing the consumer to pay in-
creased cost of production is dangerous. One has but to study
the growth of the oleomargarine industry to gain this truth.

There will always be a sufficient demand for good, whole-
some butter to insure a price to the farmer for his cream that will
enable him to stay in business, providing we don’t force upon
him unnecessary expense, and providing further that we don’t
try to make the consuming public pay for a lot of frills and fads
that it has not been educated into, and never can be.

We believe absolutely in protecting public health, we believe
absolutely in laws that require wholesomeness in food products,
but when these have been accomplished we believe just as
strongly that the producer’s interests, from an economic stand-
point, is the important thing to consider, and along this line the
work of our educational department has been directed.

We have also been giving considerable attention to the
question of cream markets in our educational work. We have
felt that it is essential that the farmer understand the market-
ing of his dairy products as well as understanding their pro-
duction. The cost of production, of course, remains the same
no matter what market the farmer may patronize, and the
difference in cash between a poor market and a good one is all
clear profit to the farmer.

There are several distinct types of markets for dairy prod-
ucts, all of which we endeavor to clearly explain to the man
who has cream to sell. These may be summed up under the
following heads:

398 Missourt Agricultural Report.

First—City Milk. The man who has a sufficient number
of cows and lives near a large city can generally find a market
in that city which will pay him more ready cash than any other
market. He sells his whole milk there at retail or at wholesale,
or both. He must, however, be content to give his whole at-
tention to his dairy work and not raise very much young stock
because he, of course, does not have his skim milk for feeding
purposes. As a rule, such a producer is not what we would
term a good dairyman. He is a buyer and seller of ordinary
cows, looking for high producers, and is content to get a few
years’ service out of the heavy producers and then get rid of
them. Producing milk for city consumption is not a business
which tends to develop the kind of dairymen that are the back-
bone of the dairy industry, although, of course, they fill an im-
portant place in society.

Second—Dairy Butter. In spite of the fact that the
creamery business has developed until there are about 10,000
creameries in the United States, we are told that about one-
half of the butter made in this country is made in home dairies.
Of course, a large per cent of this dairy butter does not get
upon the market. A large part of it is consumed in the home
where it is made. Some dairymen are so situated both geo-
graphically and in a domestic way so that they can find a market
for butter which returns them as high a price throughout the
year as a good creamery can offer them. This is not true gen-
erally, however, and even where it is true, it often happens that
the good housewife is burdened with this chore because of her
patience rather than choice. There is still too much poor
butter made in this country and sold to the grocery store. Its
quality is generally poor, and before it can be consumed it must
go to the renovating factory and be made over. The process
and renovating butter factories stand as monuments to the
shortsightedness or carelessness of a certain class of cream pro-
ducers who might patronize some creamery because there are
very few farmers living where they cannot reach a modern
market for their dairy products.

Third—Local Cheese Factories and Creameries. Of course,
when hand separators come into a community the cheese factory
gets out, if it was ever there. Whether it is a cheese factory or
a creamery, there must be the right kind of co-operative sen-
timent in a community in order to make the local market a
successful one. Please keep in mind, too, that when we use

Missouri State Dairy Association. 399

the term successful market we mean successful from the pro-
ducer’s standpoint. In our educational work we never have a
word to say against a local creamery and cheese factory in a
community where conditions are just right to promote their
operating successfully. The nationality of the people is quite
as important as a sufficient supply of raw material and good
business management. As a rule, we advise against the es-
tablishment of local creameries because there are few com-
munities where conditions are right. We have seen so many
of them fail, especially in the older dairy sections, that we
always feel that we have done a service to a community when
we point out the essentials for success in running a local cream-
ery and the many chances for failure. When a creamery fails
it gives the dairy business in a community a setback. No one
who has the best interests of the dairy industry at heart wants
to see a creamery fail. The best way to prevent such a catas-
trophe to a community is to go mighty slow about starting a
creamery in the first place. Starting a local creamery nowadays
is an entirely different proposition than what it used to be.
The almost universal use of the hand separator has changed
conditions entirely. More of these creameries made a success
fifteen years ago than at the present time. Such creameries
used to furnish the one market to a dairy farmer. They had a
complete monopoly on the business in the community. They
no longer have such a monopoly. Under present-day hand-
separator conditions the principle of the little local creamery is
entirely wrong. Such a creamery is limited to certain districts
and subjected to outside competition. Wedo not mean by this
that it is impossible for a small local creamery to do a success-
ful business. We simply wish to emphasize that the chances
are against it.

Creamery promoters with machinery to sell have done
more and are still doing more to injure the dairy business than
any other factor. They go into a community agitating the
building of creameries where, in a great majority of cases, there
is and never has been enough cream to support a creamery,
even if a creamery got all of the cream in the territory. They
are out to sell creamery machinery at a good, stiff price, and
that is their business. In some states the work of these pro-
motors is made easy because men in the employ of the state
get too enthusiastic and advise farmers to build creameries
without a full knowledge of local conditions. They cannot

400 Missourt Agricultural Report.

spend the time necessary to study conditions in order to give
valuable business advice, and in some cases are not familiar
with the dollars and cents end of the creamery business. Their
enthusiasm has thus been the cause of starting creameries that
failed after a few months’ operation.

The local creamery is founded on sentiment, and this is a
poor basis upon which to build an industry unless that sen-
timent is supplemented with enough cream to make a successful
business and good business management.

Fourth—Centralized Creameries. Under this head we put
those creameries that are out to get a large volume of business,
through cream stations and cream wagon routes, centralizing a
large volume of business in one place. These stations or routes
are convenient for the farmer, and many farmers choose to take
a lower price for their product in order to enjoy the convenience
of having the cream wagon call at their doors or to take any
quantity of cream they may have to sell to the local buyer
almost any time of the day or night. Of course, the expense
of gathering and hauling cream to the creamery must all come
out of the farmer’s cream, and if he is to enjoy the convenience
of them he must not complain about footing the bill.

Fifth—Hand Separator Shipping Creameries. Under this
head we place those creameries which receive only direct ship-
ments of cream. The farmer ships his cream himself, and many
farmers prefer to do this and get more for their product.

The argument in favor of these different systems and the
farmers’ reasons for patronizing them are familiar to all of you,
and I have mentioned the different markets simply to point out
the trend of our educational work as far asit relates to this ques-
tion of markets. Wecontend that the dairy business will develop
just in proportion to the satisfaction the farmer feels over his
end of the business. There is mighty little sentiment in the
dairy business with the average farmer. He is out to get all
the cash he can, and we don’t blame him a bit. When he gets
good results for his labor and investment he is going to become
more interested in the business, and this holds true in all lines
of his farm work, and if we are to encourage him in the pro-
duction of more dairy products we must increase his interest
in dairying by paying him a price for his cream that will give
him just returns. The sooner all of us, farmers and creamery-
men, realize that this dairy business, either in the production
or manufacturing end, must be run on economic, sound business

Missourt State Dairy Association. 401

principles, the better it will be for everybody. The sooner all
sentiment is cut out of the business and the sooner we produce
the cream, manufacture the butter and sell it at the lowest
possible cost, the sooner will the dairy business be established
on a basis that will enable the industry to develop as it should.

Such, my friends, is the nature of the work carried on by
the Blue Valley educational department. We are striving to
do the greatest good to the greatest number of individual
farmers in helping them to get more and better cows and do
the greatest good we can to the dairy industry as a whole. To
this end it has been and will be dedicated.

WHY THE FARMERS OF THE SOUTHWEST SHOULD MILK
MORE COWS.

(P. M. Brandt, dairy department, University of Missouri. Paper read at meeting of
Southwest Jersey Breeders’ Association.)

The permanent prosperity of a nation must rest upon its
agriculture. Where agriculture has been decadent nations have
declined. The history of the past decade proves that the agri-
culture of this country, if not actually on the decline, is at a
standstill, and the result of this effects the producer and con-
sumer alike in one respect, i. e., a rapid increase in the cost of
living. This is a fact recognized by farseeing men to such an
extent that at the present time we find some of the strongest
minds of the country grappling with the problem of putting
our agriculture on a permanent and sound basis. This has
become a near national issue.

The prosperity of our agriculture depends very largely
upon the condition of our soil fertility. One does not have to
travel far over almost any railroad in the country before he
sees the direct relation between the fertility of the soil and the
outward appearances of prosperity on the part. of the people
farming it. The same is true of large sections of country, of
states and of nations. The fertility of the soil of our nation
is being rapidly depleted.

The new lands of our country that can be profitably farmed
are practically all occupied. The only course left for the
American farmer to pursue is to adopt a system of farming
that will not only build up and maintain, but will increase the
production of the land. The dairy cow seems to be the means
through which a part of our farmers are destined to do this.

402 Missouri Agricultural Report.

That the dairy cow can be the means through which agri-
culture can be put on a permanent and profitable basis is clearly
shown by the history of the nation of Denmark. Forty years
ago Denmark was on the verge of bankruptcy. The land had
been run down through years of continuous grain farming.
The people were poor and dissatisfied and were leaving the
country for America as fast as they could get the money for
their passage. A few of the farsighted men of the country saw
a possible solution of their national problem in the dairy cow.
Dairying was introduced into Denmark, and now the little
nation once poverty-stricken is pointed out as an example of
what can be done when the proper system of farming is followed.
The country is prosperous. The production of soil has been
increased to more than double what it was forty years ago.
People no longer have a desire to leave, and, as a whole, they
are considered among the best educated and intelligent of the
world. The country exports annually over $47,000,000 worth
of dairy products from an area of less than one-fourth that of
Iowa.

The relation of the dairy cow to the fertility of the soil
should make us all consider her seriously as a means through
which we can restore our farming to a profitable basis. We
have seen briefly what she has done for a nation.

Probably some of us have never stopped to consider some
of the factors which have contributed to the gradual depletion
of our soil fertility. When we see a farmer hauling fifty bushels
of corn to town, worth in an average year about twenty-five
dollars, we hardly think of him as hauling away fifteen dollars’
worth of soil fertility with that corn. Yet if he brought back
home in the form of commercial fertilizer the same amount of
fertility he hauled off that is what it would cost. Likewise
when fifty bushels of wheat is sold sixteen dollars’ worth of soil
fertility goes withit. A ton of clover hay may bring $17, but the
seller is giving away eleven dollars’ worth of his soil fertility in
the hay. A ton of creamery butter contains about fifty cents
worth of soil fertility. And when a dairy farmer buys a ton
of bran the soil fertility in it, if bought in the form of commercial
fertilizer, would cost $16. The same in a ton of linseed meal
would cost $26 and in a ton of cottonseed meal $30. The dairy
farmer sells less fertility from his farm, and furthermore, he is
constantly buying it in the concentrated feeds and leguminous

Missourt State Dairy Assoctation. 403

hays that he is required to feed. These facts must receive
their proper consideration.

Much has been written about the Hosmer farm in Webster
county, Missouri, which is an example of the role played by
the dairy cow in building up a farm. Twenty years ago Mr.
Hosmer bought a farm that had long been under cultivation.
It was located on the stage line that once ran from Rolla to
Springfield, and was used as a station on this line. The farm
was naturally a good farm for that part of the country, but
grain had been grown on it continuously for many years and
fed to stage horses or sold off the farm. It would hardly pro-
duce five bushels of wheat to the acre, and a yield of fifteen
bushels of corn to the acre was considered excellent.

When the farm was bought Mr. Hosmer commenced
milking cows and making butter, and his son, who now has
charge of the farm, still continues this. The fertility of the soil
has been increased to the point where a fair season assures a
yield of from 25 to 30 bushels of wheat to the acre. The yield
of corn averages 60 bushels to the acres. On good years large
fields have averaged 85 bushels to the acre, and one particularly
favorable season a ten-acre field yielded by actual weight in
round numbers 1,000 bushels of corn. Alfalfa has been grown
successfully on practically every field of the farm. Mr. Hosmer
has repeatedly stated that all this was made possible because
they fed most of the crops grown on the farm to the dairy cow.
What crops they did sell they replaced with concentrated feeds
that were rich in soil fertility.

This farm is by no means the only one in the south part
of Missouri where remarkable results have been achieved.
N. P. Jacobsen of Seymour has a forty-acre farm on which he
raises alfalfa and clover in abundance. He never gets less than
60 bushels of oats. to the acre and is disappointed when this
wheat does not average 30 bushels to the acre. The writer
personally has seen his corn shuck out at the rate of 65 bushels
to the acre when his neighbors informed him that they were
getting fifteen. The reason for this is that Mr. Jacobsen keeps
about twelve cows on his farm, has a silo and saves the manure
produced by his cows. His neighbors have not yet learned
to believe in cows.

It does not always take a long time for the effect of the
dairy cow on the soil fertility to be seen. Mr. R. C. Zeller of
Seymour, Mo., bought a farm within a mile of that town in

404 Missourt Agricultural Report.

1909. He brought a herd of dairy cows with him from Iowa
and established himself as a dairy farmer. The first year his
corn yielded twenty bushels to the acre. The hay was prac-
tically a failure. He saved the manure and carefully put it on
the soil, and in three years he had more than doubled the yield
of corn and the land was producing over a ton of clover hay
to the acre. This is excellent when we.consider that the farm
had been mistreated by continuous grain farming for more than
twenty years previous to his buying it.

The value of the dairy cow does not include merely her
relation to the soil fertility. The income from her produce is,
of course, the principal factor by which her values must be
determined. It has already been pointed out what an enormous
income is produced by her in Denmark from an area less than
one-fourth that of lowa. Switzerland furnishes another example.
That part of Switzerland not covered with rocks and glaciers
is about equal in area to eighteen average Missouri counties.
The land is not as adaptable to farming as is our Missouri
Ozark region. Switzerland has a population almost as large
as that of Missouri. There are not quite 800,000 dairy cows
in Switzerland, which is less than the number of dairy cows in
Missouri. These cows supply the entire population of the
country, and in addition $26,000,000 worth of products are
exported annually. Were our Missouri Ozark counties, or any
other section of the southwest of equal area, to take up dairying
as they have done in Switzerland, it would mean that $2,500,000
would be distributed annually in each county of that section.

We have many sections of America where the value of the
cow has been clearly demonstrated. Twenty years ago Wisconsin
was hardly on the map, agriculturally speaking, and now it
produces more butter than any state in the union. In our
own State of Missouri we have communities where the effect
of dairy farming is already being strongly felt. At Macon,
Mo., a creamery distributes about $90,000 annually to the
farmers within driving distance of the town. A prominent
banker has said that since the farmers have taken up dairying
their financial condition has been immeasurably bettered, debts
have been cleared and bank accounts established, and he further-
more states that so far as he can see it is all clear gain over their
income previous to the time when they took up dairying.

Three years ago when a creamery was established at
Mountain Grove, Mo., the amount of cream produced was

Missouri State Dairy Association. 405

practically nothing. Now the creamery is distributing $50,000
annually to the farmers around Mountain Grove. This is
quite an item when we consider that in that locality the labor
is practically all the additional investment the farmers have made
in order to produce the cream. It is not out of place to mention
here that this same creamery is responsible for the statement
that the production of cream in the Missouri Ozark region is
increasing at the rate of 150 per cent a year. ~

Here again it might be interesting to note from the purely
financial point of view what certain individuals have accom-
plished. Mr. John Hosmer, whose farm has already been
referred to because of the wonderful increase in its soil fertility,
furnishes a still more interesting story about what income can
be obtained from a large and properly managed dairy farm.
His farm contains 670 acres. He milks 100 cows. Butter is
made on the farm so the skim milk and buttermilk is available
for hog feeding. Mr. John Hosmer, son of the man who started
the farm, is as thorough a business man as was his father. He
takes an annual invoice and knows accurately what his whole
farm as well as his individual cows are doing. He keeps no
cows that do not produce on the average a pound of butter a
day. At the end of his last fiscal year he cleared above all
expenses a little over $7,000. One interesting thing about Mr.
Hosmer is that he is an influence in his community. Practically
all of his neighbors are dairying, and needless to say, are dairying
successfully. He has supplied breeding animals to hundreds of
farmers in that locality.

Several years ago a relatively poor man went to Billings,
Mo., from St. Louis. He was driven to the country because
of poor health. He bought a hillside farm and a few cows.
Inside of five years he has paid for the farm, increased the pro-
duction of his cows to an average of 300 pounds of fat a year
and has grown five tons of alfalfa to the acre. All of it has
been due to the influence of the dairy cow.

According to the United States census figures there are
850,000 dairy cows in Missouri. Basing an estimate of the
milk and cream used on the farms, the per capita consumption
in the cities and giving the skim milk a value of 20 per hun-
dredweight, which is conservative and fair, we make the total
value of dairy products of Missouri in round numbers $32,-
000,000. This compares very favorably with the $33,000,000
value of the poultry products of the State estimated on the

406 Missouri Agricultural Report.

same basis. We hear a great deal about the wonderful
orchards of our State, yet all the horticultural products, includ-
ing all vegetables other than potatoes, are valued at only $18,-
000,000. It might be well, however, to consider a few possi-
bilities for bettering our showing, basing our consideration on
the following facts:

The dairy department of the University of Missouri has
several farmers scattered over Missouri whom it is keeping in
close touch with and aiding in the development of a dairy
herd and farm. These men are called dairy co-operators.
The results obtained on one of these farms are extremely
interesting.

In 1909 a student in the University from Lawrence county,
who was specializing in dairy husbandry, was called home be-
cause of permanent injury suffered by his father. The farm
was at that time an average dairy farm. A grade Jersey bull
was at the head of the herd, which consisted of about twenty
cows, all grade Jerseys or Shorthorns. When this young man
went home he took three things on which have been based his
success. The first was a pure-bred Jersey bull from the Uni-
versity herd. The second was a pair of milk scales, and the
third was a Babcock tester. His father thought they had a
pretty respectable herd, but in six months they had sold eight
of the twenty cows because they were proved unprofitable.
Here and there he bought cows to replace these, trying to get
good milk producers. He used the bull on the cows he had
selected and kept because of the record for milk produc-
tion they had made. At the end of the first year of keeping
records it was found that the cows averaged 180 pounds of
butter for the year. Three years later it was found that the
herd averaged 300 pounds of butter for the year. This re-
markable record was all made under very ordinary conditions.
The scales and tester and pure-bred bull with intelligent feed-
ing will do the same thing for any other farmer in our great
southwest.

If every farmer in Missouri would increase the production
of his herd from the average annual production of 140 pounds
of butter to 300 pounds, instead of Missouri supporting 850,000
cows in order to produce $32,000,000 worth of dairy products,
we could dispose of 454,000, keeping but 396,000, which would
do the work of the 850,000 now kept. Or if we should keep
the 850,000 cows with their annual production increased to

Missourt State Dairy Association. 407

300 pounds of butter a year, and this increase sold at thirty
cents a pound, it would bring our farmers $40,000,000 annually
in excess of what thy now receive. This tn three years would pay
off the mortgaged indebtedness of our Missouri farmers.

These statements are made because they are based on fact.
There is no reason why in time every farmer in Missouri should
not increase the annual production of his herd as did J. R.
White & Son. There seems to be every reason to believe that
a large number of them are now attempting to do this.

Inquiries come to the dairy department of the University
at the rate of more than one each day for bulls or bull calves
to be used on scrub herds. Many other inquiries come for
breeding stock of all kinds. It is interesting to note that
farmers are commencing to discriminate, and they insist that
the breeding animals they buy come from a strain that has a
record for production behind it. There is a demand for good
cows as well as for bulls.

In this connection it might be well to mention the inter-
esting experience of Mr. Marshall Gordon, president of the
State Dairy Association. Mr. Gordon is a Holstein breeder
and engaged in the whole milk business at Columbia. He
sold in two years $7,500 worth of surplus stock. This figure
does not include the culls, but the surplus cows in milk, he
having a herd of over 150 head. It might be added that he
advertised none. Buyers sought him because they knew his
records were accurate and dependable and that they would
receive no culls.

The dairy cow needs no defense. There is no argument
better than that of her past and present performance that will
make for her a place in the permanent agriculture that must
be established in this country. The breeders of pure dairy
cattle can play an important part in bringing about this per-
manent agriculture, and it is to be hoped that they will play
their part well.

408 Missouri Agricultural Report.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.

(EZ. G. Bennett, State Dairy Commissioner.)

Through realizing the necessity of putting back on the soil
that which is taken from it is, no doubt, the reason why many
farmers went to dairying in most of our dairy sections. Seeing
profitable results obtained by a neighbor had much to do with
the development of this industry. As more farmers in a com-
munity became interested in the cow, organizations were estab-
lished for the purpose of gaining practical information. Through
these organizations the interest in the cow increases until the
successful and persevering dairyman, through the splendid bul-
letins issued by our agricultural colleges and State Board of
Agriculture, and the reading of good dairy and farm literature,
becomes enthusiastic. We find him attending county and state
fairs and all the institute meetings available, seeking informa-
tion that will help increase the output of his herd and studying
closely the economic questions connected with his work.

The department I represent for the State of Missouri is
particularly interested in the development of this industry
within its boundaries. We know of the many, many acres of
unimproved land lying south of the Missouri river and extend-
ing to the border of the State. Nature has especially fitted this
land for dairying. Blue grass and forage crops grow in abun-
dance, while the pure spring water and splendid climate make a
paradise for the cow. This land can be bought reasonably, in
most cases cheap, and a state-wide move should be made to
place people on these idle acres who will become interested in
dairying, the business for which the country is best adapted.

The bankers and merchants in all the smaller towns through
the State should familiarize themselves, not only with the oppor-
tunities offered in this particular work in their communities, but
for the financial benefits to be derived, for while the question of
education is being agitated, we must not overlook the apparently
neglected question of educating the banker and the merchant in
all matters that will add to the betterment and upbuilding of
the community in which he lives.

In dairy sections bankers loan money to farmers with
which to buy cows, taking a mortgage on the cows and allowing
him to pay for the cows on installments, taking 25 per cent of
her proceeds until the debt is liquidated. They are also offering
to loan money to a stipulated number of farmers for a year

Missouri State Dairy Association. 409

without interest, if they will build silos. All the banker asks
is that the farmer own 80 acres of unincumbered land and lives
in the county. Merchants build and equip creameries, turn
them over to the farmers, and after paying the interest and de-
preciation the creamery patrons divide the accrued profits and
in a few years the patrons buy the creamery. A few weeks ago
a South Missouri banker became stricken with milk fever during
a dairy meeting I was holding and at the close of the meeting
announced that his bank stood ready to advance $10,000 to the
farmers of his community with which to buy cows on the basis
I just mentioned.

Col. W. H. Phelps of Carthage recently, at several different
dairy meetings, stated he would give to six farmers living in the
townships in which he had spoken a pure-bred bull calf for a
community sire. This sort of encouragement will develop
dairying. And as the bull is half the herd, no doubt Col.
Phelps will have several customers.

When the banker and the merchant of Missouri closely inves-
tigate dairying from a business standpoint they will find they can
heartily endorse the milking of more cows to their farmer cus-
tomers. It is a well-known fact that dairy sections of the
country are noted for the prosperity of their people. Their
splendid homes, spacious barns and well-kept farms all point
to success.

The business man knows that the farmers in his community
who milk cows for profit, and that is the man who is dairying
on business principles, is paying, or can pay, cash for what he
buys. He is not the man who contemplates harvesting 20
bushels of wheat per acre or 60 to 75 bushels of corn per acre,
and borrows money and asks for credit rating to the extent of
his anticipations, and when harvest time comes finds 8 to 10
bushels of wheat per acre and 20 to 30 bushels of corn per acre
on account of drouth, chinch bugs and other causes, and as a
result is compelled to ask for extension on his obligations.

The dairy department of this State has plans under way to
organize county dairy associations throughout the State, and any
community contemplating the organization of an association,
or of starting a creamery or cheese factory, can have assistance
from.this department if they will address the State Dairy Com-
missioner, Columbia, Mo.

There are many reasons why these county dairy associa-
tions should be organized. They get results. They are the

410 Missouri Agricultural Report.

most potent factors in developing this work. Regular meetings
are held at various points throughout the counties. At these
meetings local dairymen and others give talks and read papers
on their experience. Everything concerning the cow is dis-
cussed and much practical information is gained. Through
these associations members will know the real value of their
stock and buyers will be found for their surplus.

The dairy industry in Missouri has been greatly retarded
through the creamery promoter; his victims are many and well
distributed over the State. Creamery companies were organ-
ized and the promoter would build and equip the creamery for
$5,000 to $6,000 when $2,500 to $3,000 would have been a good
price for it. Little attention was paid to the number of cows
available for the creamery support, and the creamery failed for
lack of support and proper management. |

The creamery question can be solved through the county
association, and in any community where 500 or.600 cows are
available for the support of a creamery it will pay.

We want to tell you of a recent trip through the dairy sec-
tion of Wisconsin and the development of the dairy industry in
that state in the past 25 years.

The section devoted to dairying will take in but little more
than the southern half of the state, but they produce more than
48 per cent of all the cheese manufactured in the entire United
States, and their dairy products amount to $100,000,000 a year.
They have more than 1,000 creameries and about 2,000 cheese
factories. Ninety per cent of the farmers in the dairy section
of Wisconsin milk cows for profit and 75 per cent-have silos. The
motto for all dairymen in that section is, “feeding, weeding and
breeding.”’ The farmer grows his grasses and grain and feeds
it to his stock, not only making his profit from feeding what he
raises, but replenishes and fertilizes the soil at the same time.
He feeds his cows liberally and does not hestitate to buy any
milk-producing feed he does not raise. Large, substantial barns
give necessary protection to their cows during severe weather.

Almost every farmer has his milk scales or belongs to a cow-
testing association, and knows exactly the number of pounds of
milk each cow gives. Many of them have their own testers and
test the quality of their milk, knowing exactly what each cow
is producing in butter fat and whether or not she is paying.
Where cow-testing associations are established one man is hired
to do the testing for all members of the associations. He visits

Missourt State Dairy Association. 411

the herds owned by the members each month and makes a test
of the cows for the owners. This has increased the interest until
it is nothing unusual to find two or three cows in a herd under-
going a register of merit under practical conditions.

These methods and conditions have resulted in bringing up
the standard of cows to a point that most of them make a net
profit each year of $85 to $100 from the sale of cream to cream-
eries. The increase of the herd, value of skim milk and value
of manure paying for feed and labor on cows. When a cow is
found that is not paying a reasonable profit she is immediately
disposed of.

Many have pure bred and registered herds. They all be-
lieve that the bull is half the herd, and those who have not pure-
bred herds at least have good registered bulls and are particular
to know that they come from splendid cows and are sired by
bulls of real merit. They realize that there is a vast difference
between breeding intelligently and breeding in a haphazard way
to any old thing, so it’s handy. They believe in carefully se-
lecting animals for breeding, thereby reducing the likelihood of
defects rather than intensifying them.

So, after many years of constant dairying in that state, the
. dairymen are more convinced today than ever before that their
motto of “feeding, weeding and breeding” is the key to the
success of this industry.

Thirty-five years ago the farmers of Wisconsin were not
making the dairy industry a business. They were raising crops
and hauling them to market. In the course of time they real-
ized their soil was becoming depleted and in many cases their
farms would not return the seed that was sowed on them.
Farm lands were sacrificed and many farmers left the country.
Those who remained were forced to turn their attention to new
methods, something that would prove remunerative and at the
same time replenish the soil. The dairy industry was adopted,
and for the past thirty years this industry has advanced by
leaps and bounds until today Wisconsin leads every state in the
Union in the output of dairy products.

PE DADA YS (COW, GLEN BURST PLAGE:

As more farmers became engaged in dairying they soon
realized they were producing more dairy products than could
be profitably disposed of in their local markets, and through
the establishing of creameries and cheese factories, where they

412 Missourt Agricultural Report.

could concentrate or centralize their milk and cream, they
found a ready market for their surplus. The industry grew
steadily. The dairy cow was given first place over all the farm
animals, and instead of selling heifer calves for veal they were
raised to maturity, and if they met the requirements they were
made a part of the herd. The desire to own a dairy herd kept
increasing, because the cow fully demonstrated her worth, both
by making her owner money through her commercial products
and the building up of his land.

As time went on the desire for more and better dairy prod-
ucts increased, and communities began to talk local creameries.
Realizing that if they could keep the raw material in proper
condition a better finished product would result, local cream-
eries and cheese factories were established and were successful.
Many of them were owned, operated and managed by the
creamery and cheese factory patrons, or those selling milk and
cream to the factories, and were called co-operative. Most of
these factories in Wisconsin and Minnesota today are co-oper-
ative and many of them have been in constant operation for
years, proving conclusively that community co-operation is a
SUCCESS.

HOW THE CREAMERY IS STARTED.

A co-operative creamery is one where most, if not all, the
creamery patrons own stock in the creamery and share equally
in all the accrued profits.

After deciding a creamery is needed in a community a
meeting is called to determine whether or not there are sufficient
cows in the neighborhood to sustain a creamery. If it is de-
cided to start a creamery the amount of capital stock is agreed
upon and the stock offered for sale at a price depending upon
the number of patrons and prospective shareholders. After the
stock is all subscribed a meeting is called for the purpose of
electing a board of directors of five or seven members and a secre-
tary or manager. Great care is exercised in selecting these officers
as the success of the enterprise is entirely in their hands. So far
as possible a director is selected from each of the different sec-
tions in which the stockholders live, in order to give all stock-
holders a voice through their respective directors. These di-
rectors are generally representative men in their neighborhood
with more than ordinary business and executive ability. There
are many co-operative creameries that have been successfully
operated for years whose directors meet but once annually, so

Missouri State Dairy Association. 413

thorough is their organization and so complete are the monthly
statements issued by the secretary. When a meeting of the
board is called each director is allowed his expenses and $2 per
day during the session.

THE MANAGER'S DUTY.

The only one drawing a salary other than the operative
force at the creamery is the secretary. His salary depends on
the amount of business done by the creamery and the time re-
quired to attend to his duties. It is the secretary’s duty to
keep a true record of all transactions pertaining to the creamery
and render his report to the board of directors at their regular
meetings. It is also his duty to find a market for the product
of the factory and secure the best prices obtainable. A market
is usually found through one of the responsible market houses
in the cities and the entire output is contracted for at a price
based on New York or Chicago quotations on the day the ship-
ment arrives. So long as the product is of a uniform good qual-
ity there is no trouble in disposing of the output at entirely sat-
isfactory prices.

Wisconsin and Minnesota today are disposing of the output
at entirely satisfactory prices.

CREAM HAULERS GET GOOD PAY.

Bids are submitted by parties living in different directions
from the creamery, offering to deliver all the cream in their sec-
tion or on their route (the boundaries of the different routes are
determined by the board of directors) at so much per butter-fat
pound—that is, he receives the price agreed upon (usually
about one cent) per pound for all the butter fat contained in the
cream he hauls. There is keen rivalry for this work in some
sections, as a good cream route often pays $1,800 to $2,000 per
year. In Wisconsin the cream wagons cover their routes three
times a week in the summer and twice in the winter. As every
patron is financially interested in the welfare of the creamery
they are very careful with their cream, seeing that it is properly
cooled and cared for after separating until the cream wagon
comes. The driver weighs and samples the,cream gathered
from each patron. After this it is poured into large pans in the
wagon and the empty can returnecl to the patron. The sample
and weights are carefully taken, as the entire load is again
weighed at the creamery and a composite test is made, which

414 Missourt Agricultural Report.

must balance with the tests and weights turned in by the cream
wagons. The cream haulers are paid monthly, their wages
being added to the general expense fund. When the butter is
ready to be taken from the churn it is put in 60-pound tubs,
when it is ready for the market, being put in the storage-room,
and when a sufficient amount has accumulated it is shipped to
market in refrigerator cars. As contracts are usually made for
butter on the cars at stations where the creamery is located,
there is no further expense to the creamery for the butter
shipped, less the shrinkage that occurs in the storage room and
in transit, which does not amount to a great deal. All of the
returns for sales come in drafts and are deposited by the secre-
tary of the creamery. At the end of each month the operating
expenses are deducted from the total sales and the entire bal-
ance, including all the profits, is prorated among all the stock-
holders or patrons. The price per pound is found by dividing
the total amount received for butter, less operating expenses,
by the total number of pounds of butter fat received at the
creamery each month.

A co-operative creamery patron was asked why he favored
the co-operative plan of disposing of his cream. He said:

“Every good butter maker can get 20 per cent overrun.
This is 120 pounds of butter made from 100 pounds of butter
fat. Then we do not have to pay 1% to 2 cents per pound com-
mission to a cream buyer and we do not have to pay 1 to 1%
cents per pound to express companies for shipping, to say
nothing of the drayage. In addition to all of this he is aiding
an enterprise in which he is interested and helping to upbuild
his own community. Each stockholder is paid 5 per cent in-
terest on his stock, interest being deducted from sales of butter.
And should a stockholder leave the community the creamery
buys his stock, holding it as treasury stock until disposed of to
anew patron. Very little stock accumulates, however, as there
is usually a demand forit. Each stockholder has but one vote,
regardless of the number of shares he holds.”

The following example will show why the patron likes the
co-operative plan: Cream buyers in most localities pay 3 to 4
cents under Elgin or Chicago quotations for butter fat. If
Elgin is quoted at 30 cents the cream seller receives 26 to 27
cents per pound. Suppose he is a patron of a co-operative
creamery where, say 1,000 pounds of butter fat, is received daily
for 26 days each month, making a total of 26,000 pounds of

Missourt State Dairy Association. 415

butter fat per month. Now add 20 per cent overrun, 5,200
pounds, making 31,200 pounds of finished butter. Elgin price
is received for the butter if of good quality, or 30 cents per
pound, $9,360. Now deduct the operating expenses approxi-
mately as follows: $100 per month for butter maker, $60 per
month for secretary, $70 per month for two helpers, $15 per
month for interest on investment, $30 per month for fuel, $110
per month for supplies, $25 per month for incidentals, $260 per
month for hauling cream. Total monthly expense, $670. Six
hundred and seventy dollars expenses deducted from $9,360 for
butter sold leaves $8,690 net butter sales. This divided by
26,000, the number of pounds of butter fat, gives .3342 the
co-operative patron gets, almost 3314 cents per pound for his
butter fat, or 614 cents per pound more than the patron of the
cream buyer. If he is milking 15 cows, each averaging one
pound of butter fat per day, the difference in the profits between
a co-operative patron and a cream buyer’s patron is easily cal-
culated.

It is the duty of the dairy commissioner to develop the
dairy industry in this State, and we will be glad to hear from any
community where the establishment of a creamery or cheese
factory is contemplated and will assist in its organization. This
department would especially warn communities where cream-
eries or cheese factories are contemplated against promoters of
these factories, as much damage has been done by promoters
organizing companies in sections where there is not a sufficient
number of cows to maintain a creamery, their object being to
sell the creamery outfit and erect the building at prices that
will make them large profits.

5

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’

Association.

ORFICERS:

President—Dr. A. W. Nelson, Bunceton.

First Vice-President—C. E. Yancey, Liberty.
Second Vice-President—G. V. Sneed, Sedalia.
Secretary-Treasurer—H. O. Allison, Columbia.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

S. P. Houston.

(S. P. Houston, Malta Bend, Mo.)

It has been said that the romance of
food is the romance of all romances and
that “‘the history of a ham sandwich is
the history of the human race.”

The prayer of mankind since the
cradle of the race has been, “‘Give us this
day our daily bread,’ but modern civiliza-
tion, with its combined wisdom and ex-
perience, confirms us in the belief that
‘‘Man cannot live by bread alone.’ Hence
the problems of the farms and the feed lots
are becoming more and more the problems
of all the people. We shall not be able
to relate to you, as a fable, the tale of the

years that are gone, nor will we attempt to weave a story of
the successes or failures in the past, but rather should we be
mindful of our mistakes and apprehensive of what the future
may have in store for us.

The legends of the ancients was the story of their shepherd
kings, and profane history tells us that Abraham was the cattle
king of his generation. Hence the aristocracy and antiquity of
our calling through all the ages gives us just cause for the pride

we possess.

(416)

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 417

Since the dawn of creation man’s first need was food, and
the lack of it has led him to conquest in every field. When his
wants were supplied in plenteous quantities and at fair exchange
he had little else to disturb the even tenor of his way, but when
the conditions imposed in supplying his primitive needs seemed
burdensome or unfair, he then began to inquire the cause and
seek the remedy. So out of mankind’s first necessity we enjoy
the splendid civilization of. today. And through it all we can
discern a serene and beautiful Providence which has shaped the
affairs of man. It has given to every race and generation its
own talent and has ordained that only those who are able to
combine the virtues of all shall endure.

In the general readjustment of the affairs of the world today
we find that the supply of meat-producing animals is growing
lamentably less each year, and this through no malicious intent
of the individual producer to boost the price to the consumer.
Rather is it the result of a long train of events beginning back
a decade or two and leading up to the present time. Close
observers of conditions surrounding the live stock industry,
especially that phase of it which we represent, are inclined to
take a pessimistic view as to the future. The change in our
country from a creditor to a debtor nation as regards meat pro-
duction is becoming daily more and more a matter of stern
reality. It may interest some of you to know that in our own
State our herds have suffered a significant depletion. In 1890
more than two and one-half million cattle were on our pastures
or in the feed lots. The same number of hogs were here to
assist in paying off our mortgages, but today one million less
cattle and one-half million less hogs are here to help raise the
income tax. Government figures indicate that there are two mil-
lion less cattle, five million less hogs and two and one-half million
less sheep in all of the states than there were the preceding year.
This alone tells the story, and when we consider the rapid in-
crease in population the question naturally arises, ‘““What are
we going to do about it?” The suggestions made for replen-
ishing our depleted herds.are almost as numerous and entirely
as vague as are the provisions of the income tax or the regional
banking law. No two are agreed on the same proposition of
replenishment. On the other hand, the vast army of consumers
are of one opinion, that they must buy cheaper meats. The
daily press is filled with unreasonable tales of the fabulous

profits of the farmer and the stockman. Those who have
A—27

418 Missouri Agricultural Report.

stayed in the game know that the winnings are indeed modest
and that we possess no magician’s art whereby we can supply
the demand without the prospect of adequate compensation.
There are many who are rash enough to predict that the
day of cheap meat for the American people is past. The dis-
crepancies between feed and market values, careless breeding
and marketing, larger farm areas and smaller ranges, widespread —
disease among swine, serious drouths in the sheep producing
states, together with adverse legislation, are some of the factors
which have contributed to that impression. You will pardon
the digression here, but it seems to me that any business or
occupation which is so fundamental to the happiness and pros-
perity of all the people ought not to be made the goat of modern
legislation. The fact of hostile legislation will do more to ac-
centuate the shortage of our live stock than all the drouths and

Secret, grand champion steer, Missouri State Fair, 1913. Bred and exhibited by
University of Missouri.

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 419

pestilences of the past. It will prolong the season of scarcity
and at the same time add an extra hazard to the business of the
producer without compensating that class most intended to
help.

The wisdom of placing live animals and meats upon the free
list by virtue of our latest tariff laws will be sorely tried, but
there are those who are unpatriotic enough to predict that the
worm will turn and that eventually prices will be higher rather
than lower. However this may be, it is within the memory of
all that when hides were placed upon the free list the manufac-
turers promised cheaper shoes and cheaper leather goods of all
kinds; but that elusive day is still to come, while another costly
experiment is to be tried. In matters of legislation, it seems
to me that we ought not to lose sight of the fact that a business
which means so much to the world should be rendered sufli-
ciently profitable and attractive that we may be able to stay
by it, and when our tenantry is ended we can pass it on to
future generations with its increment of food and possibilities
of happiness to bless mankind.

If normal conditions prevailed and the American producer
were permitted to enjoy the privilege of home markets undis-
turbed by foreign competition, no doubt the year before us
would be abundantly prosperous. But with conditions con-
fronting us it is unwise to discount the situation, and I doubt
not but that we will have to cudgel our brains to devise some
way to successfully meet the changes that have been wrought.

Much speculation is being indulged and volumes of gra-
tuitous advice given as to how we should meet the problems of
our existence in this new year. One fact is quite evident. If
we are to successfully compete with the beef of Argentine, the
mutton of Australia and the bacon from China we will need to
utilize the cheaper feedstuffs upon our farms. Corn alone is
the most extravagant feed in the world, while silage, cowpeas,
clover hay and alfalfa, with a moderate amount of corn and
cottonseed meal, will go a long way towards reducing the cost of
production. The crime of our age is the waste of high-priced
feeds by getting indifferent results. It is said that we feed the
machine too much fuel for the results attained. It takes 400
tons of coal to drive an ocean liner 20 knots per hour and 200
tons to make one additional knot. So with the machine which
we feed, we should give enough fuel and of the right kind to get
the maximum of gain at the minimum cost.

420 Missourt Agricultural Report.

It pays to have good cattle to eat good grass.

The notion that high-priced land and the cattle industry
do not go well together is fast being proven a fallacy, and the
supply for the future must no doubt be produced upon land that
is susceptible of intense farming. The effect that free meats
will have upon our business this year is somewhat problematical,
but it is a safe guess that a business which increased 600 per
cent in four months will hardly make a less showing in the next
twelve. The old adage that “‘a good beginning makes a bad
ending” was fully exemplified in the past year, and in the closing
months the feeders’ profits dwindled away almost to the van-
ishing point. The lesson of the past ought not to be soon for-
gotten. They emphasize the fact that we cannot place too
much reliance in the weather bureau, nor give too much credence
to the advice of the fellows who are haunted with the specter
of a famine, for first one thing and then another happens to jar
our faith and shrink the profits. The man who has stayed in
the game while his neighbors were getting out ought to be re-
warded for his nerve this year. Alarmists are again working
their imagination overtime lest the future supply of cattle will
be exhausted, but my notion is that when any business becomes
reasonably certain of safe and easy profits it will become suffi-
ciently attractive that it will stimulate greater production. I
see no reason why the rule should not apply in the live stock
industry.

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 421

The past season has done much to decrease home supplies.
Deficient rainfall over a large area, short pastures, a short-
forage crop, high-priced corn and an indifferent quality have
no doubt caused many of our number to have “‘cold feet.’ The
west will offer but scant competition in the early months, nei-
ther will the corn belt states be able to offer their usual supply
to relieve the situation. So if the year does not bring better
prices than now prevail you may put me down as a bad guesser.

As to the situation ultimately; it seems to me that one of
two things is going to happen. We must increase the herds of
our country upon the small farms and consume the waste of the
strictly agricultural communities, converting it into meat, or
else we must be content to draw upon foreign countries for our
beef supplies. Under the first proposition we can not hope for
any appreciable increase for a year or two; rather will it be five
years before the bovine population increases to the extent that
it will be a depressing factor in our home market. On the other
hand, if we give up our markets to the influx of foreign beef and
confine our efforts to a larger agriculture, then sooner than we
think a decadent period will halt the prosperity of the country.
Under such a condition the time will not be far distant when
the cattle industry would fall into decay, our soil would become

This feeder believes in making his hogs heavy.

422 Missouri Agricultural Report.

impoverished and agricultural and industrial interests would
suffer a like degree of depression. So we get back to the original
proposition, ‘““Man can not live by bread alone.’ Rather is
that race making the greatest progress in the affairs of the world
whose individuals live in part upon the rich red meat of the
animal. |

If the business activity of the country depends upon the
prosperity of the farmer and the farmer-stockman, as our states-
men would flatter us to believe, then it is past my comprehen-
sion that your business and mine should be offered as a sacrifice
to those who toil not. In the conduct of our business no mo-
nopoly is possible, for no combine would permit us to member-
ship because we display too little the quality of adhesiveness.
Yet because we have been unable to make our petitions reach
the throne of legislative action, by reason of neglected opportu-
nities, we must permit to sit at the feast those who will not
share with us any of the responsibilities of government, who will

age

A Missouri feeder and one of his smooth-as-an-egg steers weighing a ton.

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 423

not pay one farthing of our taxes, nor support our institutions
or perform any of the duties of citizenship.

The live stock industry will not fall into decay although it
may suffer temporary discouragements by reason of unfair
preference. The natural instinct of the human family is self-
preservation and the pursuits of the farmer and stockman must
not be minimized, for the primal needs of mankind is daily
growing greater and the teeming, hungry millions at the centers
of population must know that at best the world is but thirty
days betwixt feast and famine.

And thus our romance ends. In the experience of a present
reality we are impressed with the uncertainty of conditions
which make for gain or loss. A scant rainfall and short crops
should impel us to study the art of conservation, both of the
soil and the products of the soil. Greater efficiency should be
our aim, more economical production and less waste, while
common prudence ought to teach us that the storing up of the
surplus feedstuffs during a fat year against an evil day is the
only sinking fund that will tide us over the lean years or beat
money in the bank. .

If the problems which confront us look ominous and for-
bidding, let us not grow weary and fall by the wayside; rather
let us face them with a buoyant spirit. Chastened though we
may be, let us be more prudent and self-reliant, cheerfully
awaiting the dawn of another and a better day.

In a Missouri feed lot.

A424 Missouri Agricultural Report.

. A FEW POINTERS ON FEEDING SHEEP.

(J. H. Starr, Centralia, Mo. Mr. Starr feeds several thousand sheep each year and makes
many market tops.)

There is no kind of stock fed for market that is as little un-
derstood as sheep by the average farmer. While there have been
great successes in feeding sheep there have been as great failures.
The latter are usually attributed to lack of knowledge, careless
and indifferent handling, crowding, the wrong amount of feed or
feed that is not of proper kinds. I wish to make it plain that
there is no kind of stock that will fatten as fast and respond to
good treatment as a sheep, and, on the other hand, there is no
stock that will go to pieces as fast as sheep under bad treatment.
Consequently, to be successful it is a vital matter that they
receive regular and careful feeding.

Sheep will thrive and do well on different kinds of feed;
in fact, they gain the most when fed various kinds of feed—silage,
clover hay, alfalfa, oats, corn, wheat, cottonseed meal and lin-
seed meal. They should not be fed too much at one time, but
fed often in amounts that will keep the feed fresh and clean.
And the water supply should be ample—good, clear, fresh water.
It is a mistaken idea that sheep do not require much water.
When your sheep are drinking lots of water it is a good sign that
they are going right, but when they are not getting plenty of
water you need not look for satisfactory gains. Water troughs
16 feet long, 18 inches wide and 12 inches deep, fed by a supply
tank, are very satisfactory; or, if you are fortunate enough to
have it, a spring or running water is fine. Sheep like fresh run-
ning water.

There are two plans for feeding sheep and lambs. One
plan is for early market, which is December and January, and
the other is called the late market, from February until April.
In feeding for the early market you should get your lambs from
September Ist to October 15th. If you have some grass or cow-
peas or can turn the sheep in the cornfields and let them eat the
blades and roughage it is fine, but it is very important to give
them a little grain as soon as you receive them. Shelled oats
and a little corn with it make good feed. The reason of this is
it takes the place of the mother’s milk. As these lambs are
weaned when loaded at the range points and the long trip in
shipping is hard on them, they need extra care and nourishing
food when they first arrive.

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 425

-As winter approaches and green feed disappears get your
lambs on grain by increasing the feed gradually each day so that
the stronger kind of feed will not hurt or kill them. When you
have them up on full feed my experience is that it is best to
close them up in close lots and give them the feed in troughs;
don’t allow them to travel out over the fields. They gain and
fatten much faster closed up. Make the troughs out of inch
lumber with 2x4’s for legs, with 6-inch fencing plank for sides
and ends, and let the 2x4’s extend up high enough for a top rail-
ing to keep lambs out of troughs. These troughs may be made
twelve or sixteen feet long and set in long strings, with an occa-
sional opening for sheep to pass. Such troughs are good for
any kind of feed—silage, hay or grain.

It is very essential to salt your sheep. I prefer to have a
salt trough and keep salt in it at all times. In this case they get
salt when they want it. Some men have salt days, two or three
times per week, but this causes crowding and jamming when the
salt is put in and it may be that some do not get any at all.

In feeding for the late market you need not get your lambs
before the last of November or up to January Ist, and carry
them along until February on a little oats and corn with plenty
of roughage, and finish them for market in the same manner of
feeding as with the early lambs. If you wish to run late into
April or May, you may clip them by March Ist if you have a
warm barn or shed. If you have grass in April allow them to
run on it, but keep up the grain if you want to make them good,
fat market toppers. I wish to impress you and make it emphatic
that the success and profit of sheep feeding is in making them
fat and selling at the highest price on the market. The man
that does this will make a success, love the business and want to
do more of it.

In Missouri we usually feed lambs and yearlings mostly of
the Mexican type, but good western lambs are all right when
you do not get them too heavy to start with. Mexicans are
hardy, good gainers and very desirable in weights and quality
for the killers. My experience is that it pays better to feed
lambs than yearlings, as the markets are demanding more
lambs than older sheep and the gains are greater and prices
higher for the gains you put on.

A good many farmers do not feed sheep for lack of experi-
ence in buying and handling. I can safely say that any good

farmer who handles his cattle and hogs well will make a success-
A—28

426 Missourt Agricultural Report.

ful sheep feeder. JI have in mind a Saline county farmer who
had never owned a sheep yet last year fed 1,200 lambs. He fed
them fifty-five days. They gained twelve pounds per head from
range-point weight to market weights. They topped the market
each day they were there. He lost only two lambs and did not
have a ‘“‘tail end’’—all sold straight. This lot of lambs were
fed in the following manner: When they arrived the farmer
filled them up well on clover hay, then turned them on a few
acres of cowpeas and gave them some shelled oats, a little corn
and silage in the lots in troughs. As the cowpeas disappeared
he increased the silage, decreased the clover hay, increased the
corn and added one-fourth pound of cottonseed meal per head
per day. He made the change gradually and got them up to
one and one-half pounds of silage, one pound of corn and one-
fourth pound of cottonseed meal, with a very little clover hay
and oats. The oats and hay can be decreased and taken off
entirely at the last end of the feed when the lambs are eating
plenty of silage.

I am a great advocate of silage. When fed with a balanced
ration it cheapens cost of feed and produces the best of results.
I will give you the figures and results on 2,700 Mexican lambs
fed in Saline county last winter. This was a partnership deal,
so all feed was purchased and a strict account kept on every-
thing. These lambs were fed in two bunches—1,200 in one lot
and 1,500 in the other. They were fed for an average of 51
days and made a gain of 12 pounds over range-point weights to
market weights. They not only topped the market, but also
sold at the top each day, which shows that they were strictly
good and satisfactory to the buyers. When these lambs were
received they were filled up well on clover hay. They did not
have any shelled oats or cowpeas, but were started on silage and
a little corn and wheat. (Just here I will say that there is no
better kind of grain for sheep than wheat.) We also added one-
fourth pound of cottonseed meal. We gradually increased the
silage and corn until we got them up to one and one-half pounds
of silage, one pound of corn, one-fourth pound of wheat and one-
fourth pound of cottonseed meal. Then we decreased the hay
and later took it off entirely. This is when the silage made the
saving in cost of feed, by reducing the amount of corn one-half
and all the hay—the two most expensive feeds last year. We
bought the silage at $5 per ton, weighed out of silo when fed.
This was good corn silage. Corn cost 731% cents per bushel,

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 427

wheat 72 cents per bushel, cottonseed meal $30 per ton and
clover hay $13.50 per ton. On 2,700 lambs fed 51 days this
meant a saving of $1,377. This feeding was done in the open
lots, some very inclement weather and muddy yards. In fact,
it was the worst weather we have experienced in several years’
feeding, all of which goes to prove the value of silage as a saving
of cost and as a fat producer when balanced with other feeds.
It also explodes the idea that silage-fed stock does not kill well.
As I said before, these lambs sold at the top of market and
higher every day they were on market.

There is another reason why more farmers should feed
sheep: that is for fertilizing. They will enrich land more than
any other kind of stock. I will say in conclusion that it is to
the interest of every farmer to investigate and study the sheep-
feeding proposition. Missouri needs to feed more sheep. We
have at St. Louis one of the best and highest markets in the
country for good, fat sheep and this territory is not near sup-
plying their needs. You can depend upon a good market close
at home.

THE FARMER AND THE PACKER.

(Judge William H. Wallace, Kansas City, Mo.)

I came to attend Farmers’ Week to learn. About all I have
accumulated in thirty years in the practice of law is in a farm
in Jackson county, which I operate myself. I was raised on a
farm, but I feel that there is much for me to learn, and I have
learned during the past few days.

Hour after hour I have listened intently to splendid ad-
dresses devoted to the proper methods of raising corn, wheat,
alfalfa, cattle, hogs, sheep and so on. All I have heard has been
splendid and instructive. The speeches have all related to the
proper methods of production.

With your kind indulgence I desire for a few moments to
make a sharp digression to what I will denominate “‘the other
end of the line,” namely, the selling end. The question I ask
is, ““Does the farmer receive what he deserves when he comes to
sell?”? Let us eliminate everything else and look at the con-
ditions at the various stock markets in our country and see. I
call your attention specifically to the great stock market at
Kansas City. I have been a small seller at this market for more
than fifteen years and, I believe, understand it fairly well.

428 Missouri Agricultural Report.

When the farmer walks into the great stock exchange build-
ing at Kansas City he is in a structure every brick of which
belongs to a packing house company. All the commission men
in this great building are dependent upon the packers (for they
are all in one great combination), as to what offices they shall
occupy and how much they shall pay. When the farmer goes
out into our great stockyards he goes where every lot and alley
and plank belongs to the packers. They charge him what they
please for yardage. They sell him hay and corn for his cattle
and hogs, and charge what they please—always a most exorbi-
tant price. He can buy food for his stock nowhere else. When
he comes to sell, if he has fat cattle he can sell them only to
these packers. ‘They claim that they compete with one another,
but they do not. They bid below a certain price agreed upon
but never above it. The commission men who sell the farmers’
beeves are afraid of these packers because if they offend them
they will not buy from them, and there are no others, as a rule,
to whom the beeves can be sold. .

I call your attention now to an infamy of infamies. I know
that I am telling the truth, not only from observation, but from
sworn testimony in a recent case I tried. A large number of
commission men were witnesses in the case I am referring to,
and every one of them stated on the stand that the custom I am
about to refer to existed. The custom is this: If a farmer does
not like the price offered for his beeves in Kansas City and con-
cludes he will ship to Omaha, St. Joseph, Chicago or St. Louis,
then the packers invariably “‘wire on him,”’ as they term it;
that is, they wire to their associates and representatives of the
great packing houses in the markets I have named, or rather to
the one to which the farmer is shipping, telling them exactly
what the bid or bids at Kansas City have been, with the under-
standing growing out of a conspiracy between them that the
farmer is to receive nothing more than he was bid at Kansas
City. If you can imagine any worse species of dishonesty and
rascality than this let fancy take wings at once. This act of
wiring ought to be made a felony by both State and United
States statutes, and it ought to be punishable, not with fine,
but with punishment in the penitentiary. I defy any man to
show me the difference in morals between stealing the farmers’
beeves outright and wiring on him so that he will not be able to
obtain the honest market price for them.

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 429

But I have not yet called your attention to the principal
crime committed in this custom of “‘wiring on the farmer’? when
he ships to another market. You can readily see what does
occur at Kansas City. It compels the farmer to sell there and
there only. It prevents Omaha, St. Joseph, Kansas City, St.
Louis and Chicago from competing with one another, which the
honest laws of trade require that they should do. The delib-
erate purpose of these packers in this ‘‘wiring’”’ process is to
destroy competition between the great stock markets in the
United States, and they accomplish their nefarious purpose.
Surely this ought to be a felony punishable only with the pen-
itentiary, for these packers, with their millions, care but little
about fines.

I call your attention to another crime constantly com-
mitted by the packers. They are deliberately, by reason of
being members of a common trust, making the market difference
so small between the price of feeders and the price of beeves
that they are practically putting the feeder out of business.
Recently at the stockyards a feeder from Illinois told me he had
just paid $7.65 per hundred for feeders. The commission man
who bought the feeders for him said that that very day feeders
of the same kind made fat sold only for $8.00. You can readily
see that no man can feed cattle on a margin of 35 cents. We
hear a great deal about the high cost of meat. People fail to
realize that a farmer on ground worth $100 an acre cannot raise
corn and feed it to cattle for which he must pay $7.65 a hundred
and then sell for $8.00 or $8.25. The condition I am depicting
would not be so bad if the consumer received any benefit from
it. In the case I am referring to a commission man, who tre-
mendously favored the packing houses, was asked by myself
how he accounted for the fact that about a month before that
time beeves on foot had dropped $1.00 on the hundred, and had
continuously sold for $1.00 less, while the consumer was paying
at the meat market precisely what he paid before the drop in
cattle? The commission man answered by saying that the
butcher, as we used to call him, or retail meat man, as we call
him now, was to blame for this. He said these men held the
price up, but we all know this is not the truth. There are
thousands of these small meat sellers. They are not in any
great combination, and it is absurd to say that they would con-
tinue to sell meat just as high if the packers would sell it to
them $1.00 less after the fall in the price of cattle. The packers,

430 Missourt Agricultural Report.

by reason of being in a trust, commit this and other crimes
against our trust laws, and every commission man knows I am
telling the truth.

I now call your attention to another fact which was over-
whelmingly proven in the case I am referring to, namely, that
the three great packing houses which control the market are
engaged in a deliberate conspiracy to put the “‘speculators,”’ as
they call them, or, as they should be named, the cattle dealers
at the Kansas City market, out of business. These cattle
dealers simply buy and sell cattle at the stockyards just as mer-
chants buy and sell goods, and it is a crime to attempt to crush
them, as the packers beyond question are now attempting to
do. It was shown in the case I am now referring to that on a
given day these three great packing houses I have referred to
all gave instructions to their buyers to buy no calves from
“‘speculators.”’ You can readily see the purpose of this. If
they could put the independent buyer of calves out of business
they would then be able to come in direct contact with the
farmer and buy his calves at their own price. Here we see the
gist and wickedness of the beef trust. Everybody knows that
after they had bought the calves of the farmer at their own
price they would then sell veal just as high as ever, for in doing
this they would simply make more money, and rapacity knows
no bounds with the modern packing houses. A packer died in
Chicago a few weeks ago who had made, it was said, $50,000,000.
Now what farmer has made $50,000,000? We have, it is said,
now a large number of packers worth this or more who a few
years ago were worth nothing.

What then ought the farmers to do? Beyond question
your watchword should be co-operation. You ought to get
together and demand your rights. If there is another great
body of workers in the United States who are not already organ-
ized to protect themselves I do not know it. In all ages of the
world the farmer has been the man most oppressed, but with
the intelligence now possessed by the farmers of the United
States there is no reason why this should continue. The
farmers ought to get together, not only for the purpose of re-
ceiving what they are justly entitled to in the great markets of
the world, and especially in the cattle markets in the United
States, but in Missouri they ought to combine to put men in the
State Legislature who will pass laws intended to secure justice
for the producer. Farmers do not stand by one another in this

Cattle, Sheep and Swine Feeders’ Association. 431

behalf. You get some splendid, common-sense farmer to be-
come a candidate for the Legislature, and then they raise the
howl that he is a “‘hayseed;’’ he is a “‘back number.’’ And
some young upstart from town defeats him for the office. As
most important legislation should be enacted by our next Legis-
lature affecting the rights of farmers, there ought to be a com-
mittee sent to the Legislature to urge that body to appoint a
committee to investigate the matters at Kansas City I have
spoken about. I know I have told you the truth. There
ought also to be national legislation along these lines, for a law
passed by one state would not suffice where the markets are
located in several states.

The farmers have a great work before them. They will be
left in the strenuous rush in the age in which we live if they do
not organize and protect themselves. You owe it to yourselves,
to your families and to your country to organize and co-operate.

Pigs and Pasture Make Sure Profit.

Poultry Meeting at Columbia.

(H. L. Kempster.)

Since the income from the farm poultry flock
plays an important part in the farm income, each
year there has been provided a special poultry
program for Farmers’ Week, in order that those
who wish to may become more familiar with the
problems arising in their work and acquaint
themselves with better methods of poultry cul-
ture. There has been a gradual increase in the
interest and attendance, which manfests that
more attention is being paid to the Missouri
hen. During the session of Farmers’ Week in
January, 1914, seventeen meetings were held, with a total
attendance of 800 people. The following program was ren-
dered:

Poultry Conditions in Missouri, H. L. Kempster; Housing
Farm Poultry, C. A. Webster; Poultry Diseases, Their Preven-
tion and Treatment, H. L. Kempster; Marketing Eggs, H. L.
Kempster; Feeding Hens for Egg Production, Wilson Cramer;
The Canadian Method of Marketing Eggs through Co-operative
Egg Circles, C. A. Webster; The Successful Hatching and
Brooding of Chicks, H. L. Kempster; Breeding for Egg Pro-
duction, H. L. Kempster; ‘Marketing Poultry, H. C. Pierce;
Fattening Farm Poultry, C. A. Webster; Breeding and Judging
Poultry, E. C. Branch; The Efficiency of the Hen as a Factor
in Farm Profit, R. C. Lawry; Some Lessons from the National
Egg Laying Contest, T. E. Quisenberry; Organizing to Handle
Poultry Products, S. D. Gromer; Community Co-operation in
Hatching and Marketing, R. C. Lawry; Modern Methods of
Poultry Culture, T. E. Quisenberry; Demonstration in Killing
and Dressing Poultry.

Prof. Kempster.

THE CARE OF MARKET EGGS.

(H. L. Kempster, associate professor poultry husbandry, University of Missouri.)

Poultry plays an important part in the products of the
Missouri farm. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that

the wealth produced by Missouri poultry in 1911 amounted
(432)

Poultry Meeting at Columbta. 433

to fifty million dollars, an amount equaled to the combined
output of gold and silver from California, Colorado and Arizona
for the same year. Of this sum the estimated value of eggs
produced is at least twenty million dollars.

Eggs are a perishable product. Their quality depreciates
with age, especially when improperly handled. A common
conception is that cold storage is responsible for the average
low quality of eggs, but this is a mistake. Investigations have
shown that eggs deteriorate very little if in good condition
when placed in storage. The deterioration of quality and the
corresponding depreciation in value are due to causes outside
the storage.

Marked improvement in the marketing of other foodstuff,
such as dairy products and fruit, has been made, but so far
little improvement has occurred along the line of marketing
eggs. Despite their importance as foodstuff, they are handled
in such a manner as to result in enormous losses.

Losses in the Handling of Eggs.—Bulletin 141 of the Bureau
of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agri-
culture states that seventeen per cent of the total crop is lost
annually. On this basis, the annual loss in Missouri would
amount to over four million dollars, which means that each
year the poultry producer or the Missouri farmer loses a large
portion of the profits of his poultry flock because of carelessness
in handling the poultry products.

A new-laid egg is a fresh, sweet, nutritious food, but the
average egg reaches the market in such a condition that the
consumer hesitates before he has sufficient courage to use it.
So great is the shrinkage and the inferior quality that the
consumer scarcely recognizes the product that was once in a
condition to. be valued as a delicacy. The consumption of
eggs is much less because of the neglect that permits such a
deterioration.

The Channels Through Which Eggs are Marketed.—Eggs pro-
duced on the farm are, perhaps, taken to the grocery on an
average of once a week, usually on Saturday, which is the
grocer’s busy day. Under the most favorable conditions it is
probably Monday or Tuesday before they are shipped to the
nearest egg collector, and a day or two is spent in the transit.
Sometimes the collector is in the same town and the time
intervening is perhaps a day less. The collector then ships
the eggs to commission men, when another day or two is added

434 Missourt Agricultural Report.

to their age. ‘The jobber disposes of them to the retailer, who
holds them until bought by the consumer, or they may be placed
in storage to be held for later trade. They are usually candled
once or twice in transit and always before going into storage.

With every precaution, it is readily seen that an egg is at
least two or three weeks old when it reaches the consumer.
When one appreciates the length of time it requires to place
eggs before the consumer he will realize the necessity on his
part of caring for the eggs in the best possible manner. The
shipper usually appreciates this necessity and hurries the eggs
to headquarters, where refrigerator cars, cold storage, etc.,
check the further deterioration. Eggs do spoil. They do not
melt or sour, but they decay rapidly. An appreciation of this
fact will cause greater care in their handling. Government
experts tell us that a large percentage of the losses can be
traced back to improper handling on the farm.

A large number of people even go so far as to sell eggs
whose quality is questionable, thinking that the loss is borne
by some other than the producer. There could be no more
serious mistake. The price of eggs is determined by their
quality when sent to the consumer. The purchaser, whether
a commission man or the country storekeeper, must buy eggs
at a lower price in order to come out even on the entire deal;
hence the continued practice of placing bad eggs on the market
results in an average low price for eggs. Figuring on the
seventeen per cent loss, it can readily be seen that if only good
eggs reached the egg buyer he could easily afford to pay a
higher average price than he does at present.

Present Methods of Buying not Conducive to Production of
Better Quality.—The present method of handling eggs in a large
majority of cases, however, does not encourage the production
of good eggs, especially when purchased by the country store.
Often the storekeeper, in order to obtain the trade of the farmer,
pays a higher price for the eggs than he sells them for, many
times losing money on his egg transactions. He does this in
order to get the farmer to ‘‘take it out in trade’ and marks his
goods up, thus making his profit on the goods he sells, not on
the eggs he buys. It is common practice for a grocer to have
two prices for eggs—so much “‘cash”’ or three or four cents per
dozen more “in trade.’”’ This works an injustice on other
customers, because the goods are marked up so that the grocer
can come out even or make a profit on his egg transactions.

Poultry Meeting at Columbta. 435

Eggs are bought in most cases just as they come from the
farm—good, bad and indifferent, and a flat price of so much a
dozen is paid. This nominally places a premium on bad eggs,
and the result is that the eggs when collected into the egg
depots are usually an uneven lot in size, color and condition.
As long as the present system of buying is used there can be
little hope of the elimination of the present enormous losses.
Until some scheme is devised which will cause the producer
of good eggs to realize a greater profit, and the producer of bad
eggs to stand a loss because of his carelessness, the egg industry
will not approach its possibilities. The “‘case-count’? method
of buying should be eliminated from the system of buying
eggs. A better method is to buy on a “‘loss-off” or “quality”
basis. The methods which are employed by the country store
and by some commission men, in which they buy all eggs just
as they come at the flat rate, is what is known as the “‘case-
count’? method.

In some sections, however, there has been adopted a
system known as the “‘loss-off’? system of buying, a practice
which results in the eggs being candled as they are brought in,
the good ones accepted at a higher price and the bad ones
turned back to the person who produced them... It is interesting
to note that in these sections where the “‘loss-off’ system has
been used the quality of eggs has improved, and where the
system is fully understood there exists greater harmony be-
tween the producer and the egg buyer. Many firms candle
eggs as they come in, but make the mistake of not explaining
to the producer that he is getting a higher price than he would
were they not candled. Where the buying is done by an egg
dealer and not through the country store this practice seems
to be working satisfactorily. However, where the egg dealer
and grocer are both working in the same town the grocer generally
pays more for the eggs than the egg dealer can afford to pay,
making his profit by the goods which he sells. It is thus seen
how difficult it is to establish a “‘loss-off’? system of buying
eggs under those conditions. Where possible, it would be ad-
visable for the egg buyers in a certain town to universally agree
to buy eggs according to a certain system. If the egg dealer
attempts to purchase eggs on a quality basis while the grocer
is purchasing case count, it will result in all of the trade going
to the grocer.

436 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Bad eggs are due to climatic conditions, careless or delib-
erately bad marketing and poor care of poultry on the farm.
Keeping eggs in damp quarters tends to develop mold spots
and musty eggs. The storing of eggs in rooms having strong
odors will cause the eggs to take up these odors, and often
accounts for the bad flavor of eggs.

Eggs for the market should weigh one and one-half pounds
per dozen. They should be uniform in size and color, should
be naturally cleaned, not washed; should be strong-shelled,
not cracked; should be fresh, not over five days old; should
be laid in clean nests; when weather is warm they should be
gathered daily—twice, if possible; should be placed in a cool, .
clean, dry place away from flies; should never be sold from
stolen nests.

CAUSES OF BAD EGGS.

A summary of the losses in eggs is given in Circular 11 of
the Bureau of Animal Industry as follows:

DING OS FR rea. ev ev cnapee not ree eee ates, Wis vor ado ee a een aictRetee eee 2 per cent
Brea sa rena 224 incest e ey se oa Sea ee eRe Plana te Oo eae 2 per cent
Chickidevelopmentee eyes ioe ee lsna cree: meron 5 per cent
Shrunkenvorwhelaeresiiraqaeie ccs... ee ieee cere E 5 per cent
IVOtTENLOR ES 1 Ce SEE RES Pee erat Fee ty ee 2 Ee Pe ae Pgh we a 24 per cent
IMoldvsorabad flavoredies shar een eis aie oie 4 per cent

The farmer is responsible for a large portion of this loss.
Some farmers think of collecting eggs only when a trip to town
is to be made. In many instances eggs from stolen nests, if
whole-shelled, probably find their way to market. The house-
wife holds the eggs where it is most convenient, usually in a
hot kitchen, which hastens deterioration. Often, too, the eggs
are held until the basket is full or the price may go up. Ina
study of egg marketing conditions by the bureau of chemistry
Miss Pennington found that the losses from rots and other
total loss was:

PUTO! RAL A La aa erasers GHG Oe SPST ACe ROE ASAE Tos ED 3.1 per cent
AUR ZS Bow A ar OME Hecho aed GG ORT ERS eee nO ec RF Oar 2.79 per cent
ASTI US Uiesarcrat outpaces wena hemi te coment eis Leer cn el eee ae ee aa ae 3.43 per cent
SeptemberAeeer ets. cea nee oe eee es ee ee 4.03 per cent
OCTOBER) ie eert eebd ees ban eee Se pee ORE EN cc opeaupel oe 4.47 per cent
INGVEMIDEr: AR o Ree ete Oe tc he aUa at re, Ste Pen ene Me REE REN ene ge 8.33 per cent

That same year, in October, eggs brought to the country
storekeepers from the farms would grade on the Chicago
market:

1 DS a] Ste ah ee RR gy EAC eR ae iA eee ks EM Os ets a Vac 25 per cent *
SOCONGS bars sev sence BVA ae tye a ceaR enh es oe eee ae 60 per cent
(G1 el cio (A an ae ae ERS OME RIA SMe tin td Em aha. b nha orca S 5 per cent

RROUCOM cise es ernie ach oron he Marthene tata Ore Re Phe hore Te 4 per cent

Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 437

Some of the eggs had been held for four weeks.* The
farmer, of course, is responsible for only a portion of the loss,
yet he can do much to improve the quality.

What the Farmer can Do to Prevent Loss.—First, market
only eggs of standard size, twenty-four ounces or more to the
dozen.

Second, sort out exceedingly large or small eggs.

Third, avoid dirty eggs by using clean quarters. Eggs
should be naturally clean, not washed. A washed egg loses
its bloom and appears stale. The washing also causes the eggs
to decay more rapidly. The moisture not only favors the
growth of molds, but also makes the membranes more pervious
to bacteria and assists in their development.

Fourth, remove male birds as soon as breeding season is
over. Fertile eggs do not keep well. Five per cent of all
eggs marketed are a total loss because of chick development.
Besides, a large proportion of rots are due directly to chick
development being retarded. The object of a hen in pro-
ducing eggs is to reproduce herself. If mates are present and
the egg is fertilized, the embryo starts to develop within the
body of the hen. When a proper temperature is again main-
tained this development continues. There will be slow growth
at any temperature above 70 degrees Fahrenheit. A tem-
perature of 84 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit maintained for three
days will produce as great a development as one day at a tem-
perature of 103 degrees. A temperature of 104 to 110 degrees
for one day will produce an embryo as far developed as three
days at a temperature of 103 degrees. When one appreciates
this fact he can see the necessity of removing male birds from
the flock as soon as the breeding season is over.

The production of infertile eggs is especially advantageous
during the summer. They do not develop germs, stand ship-
ment well, withstand heat, are easily preserved, slow to decay,
and cost less, and it costs money to feed surplus males. The
highest price on the market for old male birds is at the end of
the breeding season, and the hens will lay as well or better with
no males present in the flock. An infertile egg can thus be
produced, and, if unwashed, will keep indefinitely. A large
percentage will dry up before they will rot.

*Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1910.

438 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In bulletin 160, Bureau of Animal Industry, the losses on
infertile eggs in some experimental work were as follows:

Ossion farms ki wer Gat ee ee ae A ne hemee ane etc 15.5 per cent
Loss during stay in town............ aes ree one tan R a 4.0 per cent
Mossiduringstransportavionn eels een eae 4.7 per cent

TOG allOSS wha octet ots Fo con een ste = Sere Eaeinns Waly ee doe SD OLEGEILG

For fertile eggs—

Mossionstann serene eee Ne os a aes 29.0 per cent
Loss during stay in town......... Te IE La eee eae Le peLacent,
oss during transportations se ee ae eee 6.4 per cent

PE OCAINTOSS Me hh \te pee aii Rete ate cast Rane Ce 42.5 per cent

The greater loss is on the farm, and by the production of
infertile eggs this loss was reduced from 29 per cent to 15.5
per cent, or a loss of 13.5 per cent was saved on the farm by
the production of infertile eggs, while the total loss was reduced
from 42.5 per cent to 24.2 per cent, or a loss of 18.3 per cent
was prevented by the removal of the male birds. When these
facts are appreciated one will readily see the necessity of em-
ploying this practice.

Fifth, store eggs in cool places, which are well ventilated
and dry. MHeat assists in chick development, increases shrink-
age and develops molds.

Sixth, collect eggs from nests daily, or twice daily in warm
weather. Stolen eggs are largely responsible for rotten and
spot eggs.

Seventh, keep eggs away from bad odors. They absorb
them as readily as cream, and they should be kept away from
kerosene, cabbage, rotten food, fresh paint, etc. Food also
influences flavor—only clean foods should be fed.

Eighth, market eggs at least once a week. An egg deter-
iorates in quality with age. Eggs should not be held until
the basket is full or the price goes up.

Ninth, keep eggs covered so as to prevent dust from settling
upon them and flies from running over them.

Tenth, secure a suitable egg case for marketing eggs.

Eleventh, produce eggs of one color.

Twelfth, insist that your egg buyer recognize quality,
that he buy on a quality and loss-off basis.

The more careful handling of eggs on the farm will not
only eliminate some of the present losses, but will also stimulate
in the poultry producer a greater interest in his poultry which
will result in their having better care. The farmer must learn

Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 439

to select good breeds of chickens, take care of them in a good
manner, and produce eggs which are larger and cleaner. He
should kill off all breeding males as soon as the breeding season
is over and in this way eliminate a large percentage of blood
rings and rots in eggs. The country storekeeper should be
taught to buy on a loss-off basis instead of case count, since
buying on case count places a premium on bad eggs and en-
courages their production. The practice of taking it out in
trade at the country store should be eliminated for a cash
basis instead of credit being employed. The great cause of
losses in eggs is at the source of production. Improvement
has been made in the channels of trade in the better handling
of poultry products because of competition and realization of
the importance of better business methods. When the farmer
is brought to realize that nearly one-fourth of his profits from
eggs is thrown away because of carelessness, he will see to it
that better methods are employed in handling those products
and will eliminate a portion of the enormous losses which are
occurring at the present time.

THE CANADIAN CO-OPERATIVE EGG CIRCLES.

(C. A. Webster, department of poultry husbandry, University of Missouri.)

The common hen is coming into her rightful place on the
farm. More and more attention is being given to poultry.
Poultry produces in the State of Missouri, according to the
United States census for 1910, an annual value of $125.40 for
every farm in the State and the hen is just swinging into her
stride. These figures are bound to increase.

Let us consider the reason for the success of the Missouri
farmer with poultry. Is it due to his care and attention?
Rather is it in spite of his methods. Missouri, with her favor-
able environment and climatic conditions, is adapted by nature
for the profitable raising of poultry.

When we examine the average farmer’s methods we find
a great lack of proper care and attention. The housing is poor;
the chickens are raised in small, crowded areas, and the eggs are
not properly stored nor marketed in the best manner. Ninety
per cent of the eggs marketed in Missouri during the later
spring months and throughout the summer are from two to
three days under incubation. The males are allowed to range

440 Missourt Agricultural Report.

with the flock after the breeding season is over. Often eggs
from stolen nests and other eggs of doubtful character are
marketed. All these conditions are bad and reflect to the
discredit of the farmer. When marketing, the country store-
keeper buys everything that is brought to him. He pays the
same price for all eggs, regardless of quality, size or soundness.
Usually goods are given in exchange.’ This system of buying
eggs as they run is the “case-count’” method. The store-
keeper often has little idea of the value of careful storage of
the eggs and further deterioration results. When one realizes
that a temperature of 70 degrees will start the embryo to hatch
it is little wonder that we have such a large proportion of rotten
eggs. Over four million dollars is lost annually to the Missouri
farmer by bad eggs.

Exactly the same conditions were formerly prevailing in
Ontario, Canada. How to change these conditions and bring
about the proper production, care and marketing of eggs is
an immense problem. To accomplish this result we must
educate the farmer. The best manner in which to do this is
to reach his pocket. So we must be able to show that better
care and attention to the poultry brings increased returns.

The Ontario Department of Agriculture became interested.
After some study of the situation the marketing end of the
situation was the one that seemed the best point of attack.
To increase the production alone would hardly bring the farmer
relief. It would merely lessen his selling price. To better
the marketing end would increase the selling price and, as a
natural result, make it worth while to take the required care
of the poultry. In the successful marketing of poultry prod-
ucts the Danish people were found to be eminently successful.
Their success was due to co-operation.

THE OLD- WORLD VERSUS THE NEW WORLD.

The position of the Danish farmer is entirely different
from that of the Canadian or American farmer. There the
farms are small; the farmers are either tenants or else owners
of quite small farms, ten, fifteen and twenty-five acres being
the usual farm. The soil is poor and the climate rigorous.
As a natural result the Danish farmer is quite poor and so has
all the traits commonly attributed to the poor the world over—
honesty, frugality and industry. Such was their condition in
the 80’s.

Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 441

Co-operation.—Co-operation changed their poverty to a
considerable extent. By its means the farmers were united.
Each farmer with his one, two or three cows and his few chick-
ens, often all being under the same roof, was now enabled by
united effort with his neighbors to do their marketing together.
By thus pooling their products and living up to certain rules
unprecedented success was the result. At present there are
over 550 egg circles which were affiliated into a central organiza-
tion in 1895. This organization now embraces over 40,000
farmers. The great bulk of their products are shipped to the
British market. The eggs are graded by weight and color
and top the British market even over the native eggs. The
keynote of the Danish success is “‘uniformity.’’ How to adapt
these egg circles to American conditions was a problem. Here
we have our farmers in a different position—they possess good
farms, money, and above all, sturdy, even obstinate, inde-
pendence. To induce them to join together in co-operation
is a serious undertaking.

Realizing these things, the Ontario agricultural experts
approached the new situation with careful consideration.

The Egg Circle Movement in Ontario.—In 1909 the county
of Ontario was selected in which to start operations. This
county borders on Lake Ontario and extends back a considerable
distance. It thus has a diversified agriculture. Each district
in the county was carefully investigated and the opinions of
the farmers sounded. Then the district which offered the
most favorable conditions was selected. Next a further canvass
from farm to farm was made and interest aroused. A meeting
was held. Nothing was left to chance and nominations were
arranged beforehand. Experts were present who spoke, and
it was decided at the meeting to organize an egg circle. Seven
directors were appointed, four being appointed for a term of
two years and three for one year. These directors elected
among themselves a president, vice-president and secretary.
Dues were fixed at thirty cents and annual fees at twenty-five
cents. A manager was appointed, rubber stamps bought and
one given to each member. The dues barely paid for the
stamps, etc.

Duties of the Manager.—The manager was required to go
out on a regular route each week and collect the eggs, repack
and take them to the railway station, ship the eggs and disburse
all money received. His commission varied from one to two
cents a dozen, depending on the season. He deducted his

442 Missouri Agricultural Report.

commission and freight and paid the balance to each member
on his return trip the following week. The eggs were all sent
to a large poultry produce firm in Toronto who were willing
to give a premium price for the eggs.

Duties of the Secretary.—The secretary kept the accounts
and looked after the supplies and books.

Duties of the Members.—1. They must deliver all eggs not
used for home consumption or breeding purposes. All eggs
must be unbroken, clean, fresh, of good size and not more than
one week old.

2. Before being delivered all eggs must be stamped on
the broad end with the stamp supplied by the association.

3. Only false eggs of gypsum, china, etc., may be used as
nest eggs.

4. Eggs must be gathered twice a day and kept in a cool
room, free from draught, dampness or any foul odors and in a
temperature not exceeding 60 degrees nor lower than 45 degrees.

Results of the Egg Circles.—From the original egg circle
eight more have been started and are in successful operation
in Ontario county, with a membership of well over 500 farmers.

The premium received by the members has averaged from
three to five cents in the spring and summer to as high as fif-
teen cents in the winter months. This premium has averaged
about twenty per cent above the prices realized by nonmembers.

The winter egg production in the county has increased by
over twenty per cent through the greater interest in poultry
now taken.

Demonstration poultry houses have been established in
the county and thus a bred-to-lay strain of fowls has been
disseminated and the proper care and management of poultry
has been fostered.

Difficulties Encountered.—Many difficulties were met with
and much tact and patience were required.

It was found that the employment of the proper man for
manager virtually spelled the success or failure of the circle.
The manager must be honest and energetic and one possessed
with tact.

It is extremely hard to hold the members in line during
the spring months when everybody’s eggs are good and prices
are more nearly uniform. Then the dealers would entice the
members away and much trouble thus be given.

Again, the adoption of stringent rules is not to be recom-
mended. The expulsion of a member for an infraction of a

Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 443

minor rule might well prove disastrous to the egg circle. It
is better to try to encourage and persuade the member to do
right than to expel him. After the circle is well established
this trouble would not be as serious.

The stamped eggs are often objected to because if not
properly stamped the egg was smeared. The ink would often
soak in, staining the white of the eggs. Thus a clean egg was
preferred.

Again, the eggs when stamped were sometimes not good
enough to be sold as “extra firsts.”’> But to sell -them as
““straights’’ was impossible as the retailer would ask questions
and refuse them, so they would have to go as “No. 2” and thus
realize a lower price than would otherwise be the case. These
last objections would be met by using a neat, attractive package
and by stamping the package only.

Parcel Post.—At present the shipping by parcel post is
rather expensive. The postage costs’ about three cents a
dozen, the package another cent and there is quite a deal of
labor required. To send the eggs by freight just costs a fraction
of this, being about half a cent a dozen.

To hold customers by parcel post, asteady egg production
is required. This condition is one hard to meet. Again, an
unduly large proportion of the eggs are broken or damaged by
parcel post.

Conclusions.—The real benefit derived from the co-opera-
tive eggs eircles is not so much in their successful operation in
itself, but from the increased interest taken in poultry by the
farmers. In Ontario, from a careful census taken of 448 farms,
about two-thirds of the farmers were either indifferent or un-
interested in poultry. To get these men interested in poultry
is a greater thing than the success of the egg circle in bringing
increased profits to its members.

To receive the greatest benefits from co-operative market-
ing we must organize a central society. Then we must operate
or rent space in a cold storage plant and store eggs. A thirty-
dozen case of eggs can be kept in cold storage for a space of
six months for thirty to thirty-five cents. A broker will sell
them for a commission of one-half acent.a dozen. Freight
charges will bring this cost up to a total of two cents a dozen.
If we can place eggs in cold storage at twenty-two cents a
dozen and sell for twenty-four cents we can produce for “he
farmer a handsome return for his eggs.

444 Missourt Agricultural Report.

INCREASING THE WINTER EGG YIELD.

(Prof. H. L. Kempster.)

The problem of the person keeping hens is how to get
eggs when prices are high. During the winter hens seem to
possess a lack of inclination to produce. The successful poultry-
man is the one who solves this problem. He who solves it best
is the most successful.

There are many factors entering into this problem. A
casual glance at some will perhaps direct our attention to the
mistakes made and assist in their future avoidance.

In the first place, let us realize this fact: Commercial
poultrymen do not expect large egg returns from last year’s
hens. A hen goes into the molt in late summer and fall. She
does not produce a crop of feathers and eggs at the same time,
so that while the new plumage is being grown there is a cessation
in the production of eggs. Hens during their second year lay
on an average of two dozen eggs less than pullets. This number
is taken out during the winter production. It is unusual for
hens to produce liberally during December and January. From
the standpoint of breeding this is highly desirable, but not
from the standpoint of winter egg production. It is from
pullets, then, that winter eggs are expected, and in order for
pullets to lay it is necessary that they be completely developed.
The time of hatching is an important factor. They should
commence laying in November and December, and, if properly
taken care of, will continue to produce eggs all winter.

HATCH EARLY.

The great fault with farmers is that they do not hatch
early enough. With good care it requires six months or more
for Leghorns to develop to maturity. Heavier breeds require
from a month to six weeks longer. To be able to mature a
pullet before November 1st necessitates hatching not later
than June Ist for Leghorns and May 15th to 30th for the other
breeds. The concensus of opinion is that April and the first
part of May is the best time to hatch. Not only is it the most
desirable time of the year from the standpoint of growing the
chicks, but it is absolutely necessary if the poultryman expects
winter eggs.

One point should be considered, and that is the danger
of hatching too early. Particularly is this true of Leghorns.

: Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 445

A bird should not commence laying in September. When a
pullet lays at that time of the year there is a great probability
that she will go into a fall molt. If this occurs the hen has a
vacation for three months just at the time when winter eggs
are expected. Avoid the fall molt by hatching at the right
time. Obtain winter eggs by developing the bird so that she
commences laying in November and early December.

Another point that should be taken into consideration is
that of the breed itself. Some hens are born to lay, some are
not. The writer kept two flocks side by side, same age, same
house, same care; one flock produced on an average of one
hundred and twenty eggs in a year. The other produced on
an average of seventy. The only difference in the two flocks
is that one had inherited from its ancestors the faculty to
produce eggs, the other had not.

Having considered the factors other than the care of the
hens, let us now take up this question: By November 1st the
birds should be placed in winter quarters. The house previous
to this should be thoroughly cleaned and precautions should
be taken to see that the house is dry, free from cracks, com-
fortable, well ventilated and with plenty of light. The floor
should be covered with at least a foot of straw so that the birds
are compelled to exercise for their food. Pullets should not
be confined with hens if it is possible to make other arrange-
ments. The hens always overrun strange birds, make it un-
pleasant, thus checking the pullet’s growth.

THE BEE D:

One of the first principles of poultry feeding is that poultry
will not do well if fed on a grain ration alone. The feeding
of grains alone is too great tax on the digestive apparatus of
the fowl. Too much energy will be taken up in digesting the
food and less will remain for the production of eggs. The
writer has observed a large number of flocks which were not
only deficient in egg production, but also were impaired in.
health because of this practice.

In addition, a ration of grains does not possess the required
food nutrients in their proper proportions. To correct the first
fault ground feeds should be fed and in the proportion of one-
half as much ground food as whole grains. To correct the second
it is necessary to supply those foods necessary for the produc-
tion of eggs. Wheeler of the New York Experiment Station

446 Missourt Agricultural Report.

has supplied the following information: When laying, a 3 to
5-pound hen requires for every one hundred pounds of live
weight, or in other words, 20 to 25 birds, 5.5 pounds dry matter,
0.3 of a pound ash, 1.0 pound protein, 3.75 pounds carbohydrates,
0:35 pound, fat:

Wheat, which is considered one of the best poultry foods,
possesses 5.5 pounds dry matter, 0.09. of a pound of ash, 0.62
of a pound of protein, 4.25 pounds of carbohydrates, 0.1 of a
pound of fat. About three-quarters of the ration is used in
supplying the food nutrients necessary for maintaining the
body, the other fourth is given over to the production of eggs.

If the hen eats four ounces of wheat a day and one quarter
is used in the production of eggs, what would be the result?
One ounce of wheat has one-tenth of an ounce of protein. An
egg contains one-fourth of an ounce of protein; so the hen
would have enough protein for an egg every two and one-half
days. Figuring the same on ash, it would have enough to pro-
duce an egg every twelve days. It would have an excess of
the other food requirements. This shows that it is poor
economy to feed a grain ration or a combination of grains and
ground feeds, because they alone are not of a nature to furnish
the needs of the hen. Other grains, such as corn, would show
a greater difference.

NEED OF PROTEIN FOODS.

It is necessary, then, to add something to the ration to
balance it up. This is done by adding foods high in protein.
For efficient production of eggs one must feed some such food.
Foods which are suggested and used are linseed meal, meat
foods, such as beef scrap, meat meal, etc., buttermilk, skim
milk, and occasionally milk, albumen and fish scraps.

The following is a good ration for egg production:

Grain—Corn and wheat, equal parts.

Mash—Bran, middlings, 2 parts each; corn meal, beef scrap,
ie pares

Twice as much grain should be fed as ground food.

Another suggested ration is corn and wheat, equal parts,
and oatmeal—ground fine with part of the hulls removed—
buttermilk or skim milk, in addition to water for drink. In
all cases grit and oyster shell should be kept where the birds
may have access to them at all times. Failure to supply this
will result in a less number of eggs or soft-shelled eggs. Clean,

Poultry Meeting at Columbia. 447

fresh water should be kept before the birds at all times. The
egg is sixty-five per cent water and the bird requires large
amounts.

Green food should always be supplied, especially in the
winter. It assists in keeping the digestion perfect and is
claimed by some to make the digestion of other foods more
efficient. Green food may be supplied by feeding sprouted
oats (all the birds will eat), cabbage, hung up in the pens so
the birds can peck it, wurtzels, clover hay steamed or soaked
over night, alfalfa, etc. Lack of green food also results in
pale-colored yolks, an objection to some who cater to a fancy
trade.

METHOD OF FEEDING.

Poultry feeding depends quite largely on the individual
feeder. He should gain the confidence of the hens; should
treat them in such a manner that they are not excited. He
should understand their needs and cater to their tastes. In
other words, as much depends upon the feeder as upon the feed.
He should appreciate the hen’s nature, and by varying the
ration keep the birds on edge.

One of the great factors is compelling the birds to be
active. Unless a bird keeps busy there is danger of her becoming
too fat. This checks the circulation of blood in the ovary and
lessens the number of eggs. The feeding should be liberal.
Unless a hen has some fat she will not lay. To feed enough
so that this condition exists and not have the hen too fat is the
problem that the successful feeder has solved. In the morning
feed grain. Bury it deep in the litter. This induces exercise.
At noon feed the mash dry. This can be done by opening the
dry mash hopper or feeding a definite amount in a trough.
At night feed grain, all the birds will eat. Let no bird go to
roost unless its crop is full. A few visits to the henhouse after
the birds have gone to roost will indicate whether the correct
amount is being fed. They should be fed all that they will
consume and yet be kept active. Some people feed the ground
feeds as a wet mash. It requires greater skill to do this than
to feed dry feeds. A little wet mash, however, is desirable.
This also affords the feeder a chance to vary the ration. The
feeding of wet mash should be limited. The amount fed should
not satisfy the bird’s hunger, but rather stimulate it. A hand-

448 Missourt Agricultural Report.

ful of wet mash to every four birds will cause them to become
active and more of the dry mash will be eaten as a result.

In conclusion, the writer wishes to emphasize the im-
portance of skim milk and buttermilk for egg-producing rations.
Experiments tend to prove that more economical results are
obtained with their use. Changes in the rations should be
made gradually. There is no best way to get results, but the
suggestions given will aid materially in ‘increasing the egg yield.

Missouri Women Farmers’ Club.

OFFICERS.

President—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport.
Vice-President—Mrs. Rosa Russell Ingels, Columbia.
Secretary—Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Wood, Harrisonville.
Treasurer—Mrs. R. B. D. Simonson, Jefferson City.

MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS OF ANNUAL MEETING.

(Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Wood, Harrisonville, Mo.)

The Missouri Women Farmers’ Club
met in regular session in the agricultural
building, Columbia, Mo., at 3 p. m. Jan-
uary 14, 1914. The meeting was called to
order by the president, Miss Pearle Mit-
chell of Rocheport, after which the min-
utes of the last meeting, held in Columbia
January 14 to 16, 1913, were read by the
secretary.

-The president’s address came next in
order and was full of hope and enthusiasm
for the future.

Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Prof. D. H. Doane of the farm manage-

god: ment department, University of Missouri,

was present and gave an excellent talk on “‘How to Make a
Barmy Pay:?

Miss Ida Fischer of Shenandoah, Iowa, our associate mem-
ber from across the line, was unable to be present, but sent her
paper, “‘Farm Labor in Other States,’’ which the secretary read
before the club. Miss Fischer took a more optimistic view of
the labor question than do most of the Missouri women farmers.

Mrs. Ingles with a very interesting talk closed the first
day’s program.

On Thursday, January 15th, the afternoon meeting was
called to order at 2 o’clock instead of 3 o’clock. Prof. A. J.

Meyer, assistant to Dean F. B. Mumford, Missouri College of
A—29 (449)

450 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Agriculture, again delighted the women farmers with an excel-
lent talk. He discussed the scholarship question at length and
gave his idea as to future work of women in agriculture.

Dean F. B. Mumford honored the women farmers with a
visit and gave a very interesting talk.

Mrs. Turner McBaine of Columbia then told of her ex-
perience with share tenants.

Miss Alice Kinney of New Prankin discussed at length
some of the labor-saving devices of advantage on the farm.
Miss Adella Blew of Montrose gave her report as delegate
to the International Congress of Farm Women at Tulsa, Okla.

Friday, January 16th, the club convened at 2 p. m. as on
previous day. The program was opened by Miss Laura Bur-
roughs of Columbia, who spoke on “‘Why I Stayed on the
am mee,

Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Wood then gave a report of the
Women Farm Managers’ Association which was organized at
Tulsa, Okla., last October.

A telegram from Mrs. Mabel Miller of Osceola was read
bearing greetings and a motion to increase dues. There was no
second to the motion.

The question of national federation than came up for dis-
cussion. It was voted to join the National Federation of
Women’s Clubs, and the secretary instructed to look after
the same.

The delegates to Chicago convention were named as fol-
lows: Miss Mitchell, with Mrs. Ingles and Miss Blew as
alternates.

The program for next year was then generally discussed
by the club, after which came the election of officers.

Miss Blew of Montrose hastened matters materially by a
motion to re-elect by acclamation the present officers. Motion
prevailed.

Thursday, at 12:30 o’clock, the club met at Pemberton
hall for the annual dinner. At this time a motion was made
and carried to the effect that the secretary be instructed to
send a letter of greeting to Mrs. Simonson of Louisiana, who
was unable to be present owing to the illness of her only son.

Four new members came into the club during our stay in
Columbia.

On Friday the club adjourned to meet at the call of the
president.

Missourt Women Farmers’ Club. 451

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

(Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport.)

The Missouri Women Farmers’ Club is celebrating its third
anniversary. From five members, timidly uniting for mutual
benefit, it has now twenty-five active, energetic women who
are earnest tillers of the soil. They are intelligently and profit-
ably managing their farms and are fullfilling the duties of citizen-
ship. The club members are not neglecting home or any work
that is peculiarly that of women because they have chosen the
profession of agriculture. Motherhood, home making and
philanthropy are inherent, and however full her hands and
time, the feminine nature will not allow a disregard of these
highest claims.

The influence of the Missouri Women Farmers’ Club has
found an echo in many states of the Union, which culminated
in November in an organization at Tulsa, Okla., during the
International Congress of Farm Women, of a national organiza-
tion of women farmers to be known as “‘The National Asso-
ciation of Women Farm Managers.’ I am constantly receiving
letters of inquiry regarding our club from individuals and the
press. All this means that women farmers have found their
place in the world’s activities and are being recognized as among
those whose faithful attention to a chosen vocation has brought
SUCCESS.

The scholarship we have offered to the girl who will make
good in the study of agriculture has aroused much interest.
Other colleges have investigated its results and many inquiries
from young women come to me.

The report of this club at the meeting of the Missouri
Federation of Clubs last year introduced us to that great body
of workers, and many were curious and interested in knowing
of this practical branch of woman’s work. I have mentioned
a few of the things resulting from our organization, and you
‘must hear of some things we have not done. We have not
reached the hundreds of women farmers in our State who should
be allied with our club. We have not shown the proper zeal
in regard to bringing the results of our year’s experience here
for discussion, which is necessary. Each one of us has not
added a name to the roll of membership ‘as agreed upon last
year at our delightful round table. Is this lack of enthusiasm

452 Missouri Agricultural Report.

on
\
\

In this group are most of the officers of the Missouri Women Farmers’ Club.

or the strenous demands of varied interests? I prefer to believe
the latter true.

My friends, I beg of you to bring the same earnestness to
hand that has made you so useful in the propaganda of suffrage,
or your church’s welfare, or the literary clubs to which you

belong—then our roster will increase and our attendance like-
wise.

Missouri Women Farmers’ Club. 453

During these sessions I urge that we consider the vital
problem of farm labor. Perhaps some one may offer a solution,
for it confronts us as a constantly growing obstacle.

Are we doing our part toward building or encouraging good
roads? We have wide opportunities in this line, for women are
wont to carry through what they undertake. Let us insist
upon properly graded roads and frequent use of the road drag,
though we should, like one woman farmer in Callaway county,
set the example by doing the work ourselves.

More and more am I convinced that we do not watch
carefully enough the by-products of the farm—how many of
us let the wheat straw rot instead of baling it, or leave the
windfallen apples decaying on the ground—our gardens should
give some surplus to the markets while the house and poultry
products should help keep up the household expenses. Our
repeated drouths force us to think of the conservation of mois-
ture. The destruction of the forest has removed one great
means of retaining moisture preserved by leaves. The intro-
duction of deep wells instead of ponds has eliminated the
opportunity for evaporation afforded by the big body of water
which returned to us in showers. We are consequently forced
more and more into the practice of ‘“‘dry farming,”’ experiences
which I hope we will be able to discuss during this meeting.

One most important subject for our consideration is organ-
ized co-operation among farmers. There is yearly increasing
necessity for it, forced upon us largely by the increasing lack
of business integrity. It is my belief that not until the con-
sumer and producer meet as buyer and seller, or operate through
a farmers’ market, will the cost of living be reduced. The
farmer gets no better prices than the expense of producing the
‘foodstuffs demands. Hence one must look to the much hand-
ling of the same for the reason of its increased cost to the con-
sumer, unless perhaps we except eggs, when the hens go on a
prolonged strike, as has been the case this winter. However,
even then these hens were eating corn at 80 cents a bushel,
wheat at 95 cents a bushel and other things in proportion—
so eggs had to be high to pay their keep.

These are all problems for the women farmers. They are
part of our business. We are here to take council together,
to help each other, and to lay upon each of you the responsibility
of co-operation and fraternity as represented by the Missouri
Women Farmers’ Club.

454 Missourt Agricultural Report.

REPORT OF WOMEN FARM MANAGERS’ ASSOCIATION.

(Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Wood.)

At Tulsa, Okla., was born the second organization which
has to do exclusively with the interests of women farmers, viz.,
the Women Farm Managers’ Association, which is a national
organization. ‘

This unique organization is the direct outgrowth of the
influence of the Missouri Women Farmers’ Club through the
efforts of its president, Miss Pearle Mitchell, and the interest
of Mrs. Clark Kelley of Devil’s Lake, N. Dak.

The Missouri Women Farmers’ Club has been the subject
of much interest and comment, not alone in Missouri, but
throughout the United States. Women from various states as
well as persons interested in agriculture have written repeatedly
for our constitution and for information as to working plans
of the club. In many states numerous women farmers have
made themselves known. At Tulsa, Okla., during the con-
vention of International Congress of Farm Women, the women
farmers were given one whole program. At this time there
were women farmers present from nine states, and all seemed
anxious that some sort of a national organization be formed.
As a result, owing to lack of time only temporary organization
was effected and temporary officers elected, with the under-
standing that next year we would meet with the International
Congress of Farm Women at Wichita, Kan., and perfect a per-
manent organization. Mrs. Kelley of North Dakota was made
temporary president; Mrs. Belle v’D. Harbert of Magnolia,
Col., president of the International Congress of Farm Women,
temporary vice-president, and Miss Pearle Mitchell of Missouri,
temporary secretary.

There were representative women from the following
states: Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, North Dakota, Michigan,
Colorado, California, Idaho and Arkansas. Many of these
women are very strong characters in their respective states
and are recognized as financiers. They also represent the
various lines of agriculture. Mrs. Fred Osborn of Ann Arbor,
Mich., is a prominent vegetable gardener and is the only lady
who is member of the National Vegetable Growers’ Association.
She cultivates large tracts of celery just in the suburbs of Ann
Arbor and handles vegetables in wholesale lots. Mrs. Clark

Missourt Women Farmers’ Club. 455

Kelley of Devil’s Lake, N. Dak., is recognized throughout the
state as one of the financiers and business managers of the day.
Another Mrs. Kelley of White Hall, Ill., has built up a sub-
stantial poultry business, and I take if for granted that we all
know that some of our Missouri women have done equally as
well.

Great interest and enthusiasm was manifested, not only
by the press, but by the persons interested in the agricultural
world when it became known at Tulsa that such an organiza-
tion of which I have just spoken had been planned. Many
and great were the things predicted for the future of the or-
ganization. I trust that every member of the Missouri Women
Farmers’ Club may be present at Wichita next October and have
a voice in perfecting a permanent organization.

FARM LABOR IN OTHER STATES.

(Ida M. Fischer, Shenandoah, Iowa.)

One of the hardest problems the farmer has to face is that
of labor. And the problems of the woman farmer in this
regard are not different from those of her fellow farmers. The
conditions with which I am most familiar are those that prevail
throughout the corn-belt states, and it is to conditions of farm
labor in these states that I shall confine myself.

One way or another, every farmer manages to get along
with or without the labor he needs. Many a farmer is obliged
to give up his plan of farm management because he is unable
to get as much or as efficient labor as he would like. Many
farmers are changing from the one or two-crop systems to a
system that includes cattle feeding, sheep feeding, hog raising
or dairying, so that having efficient labor they can keep it em-
ployed with a profit the year round. With corn, wheat, oats
and hay only as principal crops, there is a great demand for
labor during June, July and part of August, with a lull until
September, when fall plowing and the sowing of winter wheat
again increases the demand. In November and December—
corn-gathering time—comes another period of demand. From
that time until spring opens the grain farmer has a period of
comparative rest—a period in which he perhaps employs no
extra labor at all. On the other hand, the combined grain and
stock farmer or feeder finds it necessary to keep at least one
extra man for every 160 acres. Even with such an arrangement

456 Missouri Agricultural Report.

it is no easy matter to plan farm work to distribute labor equally
throughout the year, as any farmer knows who has corn to
“lay by,’ alfalfa, oats and winter wheat to cut, all at the same
time.

Fortunate is the man who has sons of his own to carry on
the labor of his farm or can borrow the sons of his neighbors.
If he must depend upon the man whois here today and there
tomorrow, his grievances are indeed many. It behooves the
farmer, therefore, to so manage his farm that having found an
efficient man he can keep him the year around. The fact of
the matter is that the efficient man is not one who is here today
and there tomorrow. Such a life is to him neither pleasant
nor profitable. The short time work is then left largely to the
man who is not so capable.

As to wages, the efficient man rarely receives all he is
worth, whereas the inefficient man always receives more than
he is worth. Both receive the wages customary in that com-
munity, which may vary from $1 to $3.50 per day or from $25
to $45 per month. In one community a man may receive $35
per month, have his horse or his horses fed and shed room pro-
vided for his buggy. In another community he may receive
$30 per month and not be permitted to have a horse of his own
nor the use of one of his employer’s horses.

Some farmers have found it to their advantage to build
comfortable cottages for the use of the married man and his
family, and have given a garden spot, milk and eggs for family
use. In many instances this arrangement has proved satis-
factory both to the farmer and to his man. In other instances
it has not proved satisfactory, as is shown by the empty cottages
that are to be seen as one drives along the country roads.

Some of you may have read the interesting and amusing
discussion that was carried on in the Breeders’ Gazette during
the past year in regard to the proper housing and treatment
of the hired man. The discussion was opened by a woman
whose description of the table manners of the hired men she
had known equaled some of the descriptions of farm life as
they appear in Hamlin Garland’s ‘“‘Main Traveled Roads.”
The discussion was closed with the remark that the only thing
necessary to do in any case is to observe the Golden Rule, ““Do
unto others as you would have them do unto you.” It is safe
to say that where this rule is observed by all parties concerned
there is no great problem of farm labor.

Missourt Women Farmers’ Club. 457

THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF FARM WOMEN HELD
AT TULSA, OKLAHOMA.

(Miss D. Adella Blew, Montrose, Mo.)

I assure you it was a great pleasure to represent the Mis-
souri Women Farmers’ Club at the International Congress of
Farm Women. And I will take this opportunity to thank you
for both the honor and the privilege. The International Dry
Farming Congress and the International Congress of Farm
Women, together with the International Soil Produce Exposi-
tion, made the last week of October a great week for Tulsa,
Okla., and a splendid school of instruction for her thousands
of visitors and delegates.

The most important of these, to us, was the International
Congress of Farm Women.

I received many impressions and learned many things
which I would like to bring back to you. One is the great need
and value of the organization of our farm women. The Ameri-
can farm woman is not awake to her responsibilities nor living
up to her possibilities. The women of the European countries
have far surpassed us—they are most thoroughly and efficiently
organized in their efforts to promote better rural conditions.
Their organizations are officially recognized by their respective
governments and oftentimes given financial aid and support.
The great European International Congress of Farm Women,
held at Ghent, Belgium, last year, was financed by the govern-
ment of that progressive little kingdom, and in a most splendid
way. Instead of taking the Congress to some large church or
auditorium—as we do in America—the government had erected
a number of spacious buildings and most splendidly equipped
them for the use of the International Congress of Farm Women.
Our president, Mrs. Belle v’D. Harbert, who attended this
congress at her own expense, representing the American Women’s
Congress, told us she was simply amazed at what she saw and
learned. Instead of a few hundred delegates, as we have, their
delegation numbered into the thousands, and twenty different
nations were represented.

We of the American International Congress of Farm Women
are hoping and believing that the time will come when our —
congress will be officially recognized by our United States
Government and become a connecting link between its Depart-

A—30

458 Missourt Agricultural Report.

ment of Agriculture and the woman on the farm. The need
of such a link was demonstrated when Miss Marie Willoughby,
official from the United States Department of Agriculture, in
her address told us of the letter Secretary Houston had sent
out to the farm women asking how this department could be
more helpful to them. The fact was here revealed that few of
our farm women had seen or heard anything of this very im-
portant letter. One of our women rather wittingly remarked
that a directory of farm women be furnished Secretary Houston,
that hereafter when he wanted to communicate with farm
women he would know to whom to address his letters. Miss
Willoughby urged the women to answer this letter. The
International Congress of Farm Women also instructed its pres-
ident and secretary to write an official letter to Secretary Hous-
ton asking, first, that a bureau be established devoted to the
interests of the farm women; second, that a traveling school
be provided for the rural communities; third, aid in establishing
the Red Cross rural nursing service in the rural districts, that
it may be possible for these communities to have skilled nurses
to care for their sick and who could teach, not only the chil-
dren in the schools, but also the mothers in the home the laws
of hygiene, the care of the sick and the proper feeding of chil-
dren, etc.; fourth, to ask for such an arrangement and classifi-
cation of the information and bulletins already compiled by
the department that they will be more accessible to the farm
women.

Much of the investigation the department has made in
the interests of better homes and better living, and its many
valuable bulletins are practically useless because unavailable
to the average housewife, who either does not know of them
or how to get them.

The congress urged the farm women who were desirous of
better rural conditions to write Secretary Houston and express
their wishes. The letter had to be in by November 15th.
And it is hoped many saw the wisdom of asking for the things
suggested by the International Congress of Farm Women, as
in unity there is strength. We are going to get what we want
when we want it bad enough—you know women always do.
If, as a recent correspondent wrote Secretary Houston, that
“the ‘farm woman’ has been the most neglected factor in the
rural problem and she has been especially neglected by the
National Department of Agriculture’ is true—and we believe

Missouri Women Farmers’ Club. 459

it is—isn’t the farm woman a wee bit responsible for it as well
as man to blame? Heretofore she has not taken time to think
of, much less insist, that the world appreciates the economic
value of the farmer’s wife and the important factor she is in
the world’s work. Surely the farmer’s wife, who has given to
the world its greatest wealth of brain and brawn and as keeper
of the rural home from which come so many of our nation’s
great men, merits the first thought and consideration of both
family and state.

The International Congress of Farm Women has no higher
ambition than to be of real service to humanity by promoting
the dignity, happiness and usefulness of the farm woman in
her rural home.

The third convention of the International Congress of Farm
Women was held at Tulsa, Okla., October 27 to 31, 1913, in the
First Presbyterian Church. The congress was formerly opened
Monday afternoon, the president, Mrs. Belle v’D. Harbert of
Magnolia, Col., presiding. The greater part of the afternoon
was taken up by the several addresses of welcome and greetings
brought us from foreign countries by their distinguished repre-
sentatives. Governor Cruce brought us a message and a wel-
come for the State of Oklahoma. Hon. W. R. Motherwell
brought greetings from the International Dry Farming Congress.
There were also greetings from many nations, including Brazil,
Belgium, Hungary, China and Roumania. It is needless to say
that both the man and the message of these distant countries
were interesting and greatly appreciated.

Tuesday, the second day of the congress, was crowded full
of good things. The first address of the morning was by Dr.
Edna Carver of Denver on “Keeping the Right Mental Atti-
tude.’’ She explained the close and sympathetic relation existing
between mind and body, and emphasized the fact that a well-
poised, happy and contended mind plays an important part in
maintaining the physical health of the body. Following Dr.
Carver came Miss Fannie Clement, superintendent of Rural
Nurses American Red Cross Association, Washington, D. C.
In her address she told of the Red Cross rural nurses and their
work and its relation to the child and value to childlife. So
many infants die each year through a lack of proper care,
feeding, etc., due to a lack of knowledge on the part of the
mother. Dr. C. C. Allen, dean of the Kansas City Dental
College, Kansas City, Mo., gave an address on “Oral Hygiene

460 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and its Relation to the Child,” setting forth the necessity of
caring for the teeth of the very young child. Tuesday after-
noon Mrs. Marie T. Harvey, in an illustrated address, showed
us the possibilities of the one-room school as an efficient insti-
tution. Her pictures and talk would bid the discouraged
teacher laboring under most adverse conditions to take heart
and go to work for better things.

Wednesday morning Miss Caroline Hunt of the nutrition
investigation department of the United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C., gave a very interesting and in-
structive address on “The Art of Bill of Fare Making.”’

Thursday morning delegates and visitors to the Inter-
national Congress of Farm Women experienced the pleasure
of partaking of a breakfast scientifically prepared by Miss
Hettie Starr, teacher of domestic science in the Edmond, Okla.,
Normal School. She cooked in full view of the audience, at
the same time preparing the dinner meal (part of which was put
to cook in a fireless cooker) and lecturing on the subject sis
her, “Three Meals a Day.”’

Mrs. J. A. McKenzie of Alberta, Canada (sister of Mrs.
Harbert), and who is manager of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
road’s large poultry farm, gave a very interesting address on
““The Why and How of Poultry Raising as a Successful Business
for the Farm,” ‘“‘Dairying and Its Place in the Farm Home,”’
“Dangers to Public Health from Public Milk Supplies and How
to Control Them,”’ “‘Co-operation from the Producer’s Stand-
point,” “‘Co-operation from the Consumer’s Standpoint,’’ ‘““The
Furnishing of the Farm Home,’ and many other very inter-
esting and vital questions to the farm woman were handled
by men and women of national reputation. All phases of farm
life—material, physical, mental, social and spiritual—were ably
discussed.

One of the finest things of the whole congress to me was
the inspirational address given by Miss Jessie Fields of New
York, national secretary of the Young Women’s Christian
Association, on “‘The Life of the Rural Girl.’? In her address
Miss Fields emphasized the need of the awakening and develop-
ing of the rural girl into her best possibilities. To me it was a
delight to know that at last the splendid organization of the
Young Women’s Christian Association has seen the wisdom of
reaching out and touching the life of the rural girl. Only a few
years ago they did not deem Young Women’s Christian Associa-

Missouri Women Farmers’ Club. 461

tion work practicable for the rural communities because of the
lack of trained leaders. But the Young Women’s Christian
Association will now send into communities desiring it a trained
secretary to organize and supervise the work. Several rural
communities, or even a whole county, may combine in paying
the salaries of one of these trained secretaries to supervise the
work with their young people. Another splendid address along
a line similar to this yet different was given by Miss Anna Taft
of New York on “The Church for Farm Girls and Boys.’’ In
her address Miss Taft emphasized the fact that the church
should be a vital force in the community at work, not only on
Sunday, but every day in the week—helping people mentally
and physically as well as spiritually. Our president, Mrs.
Harbert, in her opening address and at other times during the
convention told us many interesting things of her trip abroad,
in the interest of the International Congress of Farm Women.
She spoke of how delightfully she was received and entertained
by the royalty and best people of the progressive little kingdom
of Belgium; of how upon every occasion all honor was paid her
as the American women’s representative. Mrs. Harbert re-
mained abroad four months studying conditions of rural life
in seven different European countries. She said the little
kingdom of Belgium, whieh is only about one-sixth the size of
Oklahoma, seems to have most ideal rural conditions and is
the most beautiful agricultural country in the world. Prac-
tically every foot of ground is in a high state of cultivation.
They consider farming a profession, not for men only, but
women also. The traveling schools play an important part in
the life of these rural people. These schools are managed and
supported by the government, and some of the finest scholars
and instructors in their colleges and universities are sent out
to conduct these schools, which vary in length from three
weeks to four months. Not only the daughters, but the mothers
and grandmothers go to school. And in the evenings the fathers
attend the lectures on scientific farming and other kindred sub-
jects. Mrs. Harbert paid a high compliment to the women of
Belgium, who, she said, are essentially home women, and above
all else, accomplished housekeepers. Yet the women of Bel-
gium find time to study anything and everything for the better-
ment of their country. Before the close of the convention
Mrs. Belle v’D. Harbert, in her charming and sincere way,
very beautifully expressed the gratitude and appreciation she felt

462 Missouri Agricultural Report.

at the great honor conferred upon her by her re-election to the
presidency of the International Congress of Farm Women.
She voiced some of the high ideals cherished by the executive
for the future of the congress in its broader and larger scope of
work.

Mrs. Harbert has been such a gracious and efficient execu-
tive and has done so much to promote-the growth and power
of the organization that the wisdom of her reelection as this
splendid body’s head was unanimously conceded. Mrs. Belle
v’D. Harbert is a woman so altogether gifted and charming
that every one instinctively felt that she was the right woman
in the right place. She was called upon to face many varied
and difficult problems during those five days, but never once
did tact and good judgment seem to fail her. The women of
the United States and Canada may well congratulate themselves
that a woman so intelligent and intensely interested in every
problem of rural life and so efficient has been called to the front
to champion their cause.

The next and fourth International Congress of Farm
Women is to be at Wichita, Kan., in October, 1914. And I hope
you will every one plan to go and become a part of this splendid
organization. If your home clubs have not yet done so, get
them to federate with the International Congress of Farm
Women. The federation fee is only one dollar per year; the
fee has been kept small so as to bar none. The International
Congress of Farm Women should become the recognized head
of all farm women’s organizations. The time has come when
the farm women of all America, expecially of the United States,
should be glad and proud to stand together and become recog-
nized as a distinct class whose interests and welfare are deserving
of special recognition.

I must not stop without telling you something of the social
delight of this congress, for the recent International Congress
of Farm Women was one of unusual social brilliancy. Each
day a delightful social tea was given in the church parlors by
one of Tulsa’s many splendid women’s clubs. A fitting climax
to the social events of the week was the dinner party given by
Mrs. Belle v’D. Harbert, president of the International Congress
of Farm Women, and Mrs. S. V. McGreery, president of the
Oklahoma division. The dinner was in honor of the official
delegates fron foreign countries and the governors’ appointees
from our several states. Those present from Missouri were

Missouri Women Farmers’ Club. 463

Mesdames Harry Sneed and S. Stephens, Sedalia, and Maud
Griffith Wood, Harrisonville, and Miss D. Adella Blew, Mont-
rose. After the dinner the entire party attended the governor’s
reception. A number of the diners stood in the receiving line,
which numbered more than half a hundred honor guests, among
whom were many foreign dignitaries and several army officers
in uniform which added much to the spectacular brilliancy of
the occasion.

Friday the delegates were taken to the Page Orphan Home
and shown other interesting things of Tulsa. That the familiar
adage, ‘‘All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,’ was
appreciated by the people of Tulsa is applicable to farm women
as well, was evidenced by the many delightful diversions pro-
vided for them. Members of the international congresses
departed for their homes feeling that Tulsa had indeed proved
herself a very gracious and delightful hostess.

Threshing English blue grass on farm of Mrs. Maude M. Griffith Wood.

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’
Association:

OFFICERS.

President—E. B. Wilson, Stanberry.
Vice-President—Lyle Atkins, Denton.
Vice-President—J. L. Grigsby, Granville.
Vice-President—W. D. Ashburn, Farmington.
Secretary-Treasurer—Howard Hackedorn, Columbia.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

(Howard Hackedorn.)

The Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feed-
ers’ Association held their annual meeting at
Columbia January 13th and 14th during Farm-
ers’ Week, 1914. <A very interesting program
had been arranged.

E. B. Wilson, president of the association,
addressed the members on the “Retrospective
and Prospective Sheep Industry,’’ pointing out
the past good year and the bright future for
the sheep men in Missouri and other states. He
laid special emphasis on the fact that the
average Missouri farmer should pay a little

E. B. Wilson, more attention to the fleeces, as superior fleeces

cages could easily be selected without the loss of
mutton qualities, and he cautioned the sheep breeders of great
flocks in particular to pay more attention to the wool, which
would not detract in any way from their mutton qualities.

L. A. Webster of the American Sheep Breeder and Wool
Grower was unable to attend, but sent a very interesting paper
reviewing the general status of the sheep industry of the United
States, pointing out the fact that the western growers were
being somewhat handicapped by the lack of range pastures and

the free wool, which would tend to make it necessary for the
(464)

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 465

corn belt farmer to produce more lambs than has been done in
the past. He pointed out the healthy condition of the sheep
market at present, and could see no factors which would make
any permanent slump in the market.

R. A. Turner of Stanberry addressed the meeting on “‘More
and Better Sheep for Missouri.’? He placed special emphasis
on the fact that Missouri farmers have overlooked the sheep
as an important factor in their system of farm management.
He referred to how very good profits could be made, also to
the great value of sheep in cleaning the farm of noxious weeds,
and at the same time called attention to the great value of
sheep manure.

Frank Sherwood of Shelbyville, Mo., told of his personal
experience in the selection of a good show flock, and urged
especially that more of the Missouri sheep men get into the game
and show their sheep at the State and county fairs.

John Rankin of Tarkio, Mo., superintendent of the sheep
at the Missouri State Fair, made a special plea for Missouri
farmers to come to Sedalia with their flocks, stating that many
of the premiums had been taken out of the State simply because
the Missouri men would not come out after them. He stated
that there were a number of good sheep in Missouri that would
compete successfully with those of other states if the men
would simply wake up and put their flocks in show shape. He
spoke of the good sales that are made at the Missouri Fair and
of the opportunities the State Fair offers to sell the surplus
sheep of the flock.

The Missouri Cattle, Swine and Sheep Feeders’ Asso-
ciation, in connection with the Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and
Feeders’ Association, made Wednesday a sheep feeding day.

J. H. Starr of Centralia, Mo., who has probably had more
experience in feeding sheep than any Missouri feeder, told of
many interesting things that they had learned while growing
up in the sheep business. One of the most interesting points
he made in the feeding talk was of the good success he had had
in feeding silage this last year, stating that he had bought
silage at $5.00 a ton and considered it well worth the money.

A. K. Miller of the National Stock Yards, East St. Louis,
told the Missouri sheep breeders and feeders how they could
get their Inmbs in better shape for marketing, and gave them
many valuable pointers in preparing sheep for market and in
buying and selling their lambs.

466 Missouri Agricultural Report.

An election of officers took place after the program. E. B.
Wilson of Stanberry, Mo., was re-elected president; Lyle Atkins
of Denton was re-elected vice-president of the southwest district;
J. L. Grigsby of Granville was elected vice-president of the
central district; and W. D. Ashburn of Farmington, vice-pres-
ident of the southeast district; secretary-treasurer, Howard
Hackedorn of Columbia.

At the business meeting plans were started for the Mis-
sourl Sheep Show at the Pan-American Exposition in 1915, and
a committee appointed to look after the special premiums for
Missouri breeders. Much interest has been manifested by
Missouri breeders in this show of the west.

A resolution was also adopted to the effect that the Mis-
sourl Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association should hold a
banquet during the State Fair, and it is hoped that all sheep
men of Missouri and all of the exhibitors at that fair who are
interested will be present at this banquet on Thursday night
of the State Fair week.

MORE AND BETTER SHEEP FOR MISSOURI.

(R. A. Turner, Stanberry, Mo.)

Having accepted the place on your pro-
gram proffered by your honorable president,
Mr. Wilson, I have taken as my subject “‘More
and Better Sheep for Missouri.’ Hoping that
possibly I might drop a thought that would aid
the industry of sheep raising in Missouri, I
come before you today. .

The Great Shepherd or Master commanded
his followers over nineteen centuries ago, in
teaching them frugality, to gather up the frag-
ments that nothing be lost. Missouri has a
natural environment for sheep, unsurpassed by

eres any other state. Ihe farmers of today are
working under soil conditions differing from

those of our forefathers, and more and better sheep for Mis-
sourl may prove one of the greatest means of soil restoration.

In fact, the farmers of Missouri no longer desire to raise
grain without a just remittance to the soil and are anxious to
learn the best solution of the problem of maintaining soil fer-

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 467

tility. Land is advancing in price, and not only are the owners
of the deteriorated farms anxious to get their farms up to the
standard, but the richer farmers want some means of main-
taining that standard and to derive the greatest profit from
the larger investment. To each and all arises the question,
what animal is it that will give the best results in increasing
soil fertility and give the largest profit from grasses and other
crops that must be rotated in order to better the conditions of
the soil? The fact that more farmers of Missouri than of any
other states are solving that question is the one reason why
the sheep industry of Missouri is gaining over that of her sister
states. Sheep transfer the weeds and much otherwise waste
material into golden dollars and soil fertility. Their droppings
are the richest known natural fertilizer. No other animal will
clear a farm, improve the looks and in the same time yield the
profit. The value of the flock can scarcely be overestimated.
As the wealth of the land increases and the population mul-
tiplies, just so will the demand for good wool clothing increase.

Again, this will make the sheep a much more desired
animal. The wool clip usually pays the annual expense of the
flock, and no other animal of the farm has a side issue that pays
its annual board bill. The lamb crop comes in as a clear profit
and is a great return compared with the investment. I noted
a comparison of home markets the evening I prepared this
article—hogs, $6.85 to $7.75 per hundredweight; cattle, $6 to
$8.60 per hundredweight and lambs $7 to $8 per hundredweight.
The sheep is the easiest of the three animals to care for, be-
sides it has been demonstrated time and again that sheep make
the greatest gain from the given amount of feed. So again we
would impress you with the fact that Missouri needs a few more of
the ‘‘golden hoofs.’ The experience of the foreign countries,
with their good flocks rebuilding their soil and increasing their
bank stock, should indicate the necessity of the same to the
farmers of the ‘‘Show-me State,’ and I believe as our land
values approach theirs the absolute necessity of the flock will
come more into prominence.

Quite natural we look to the man with the pure-bred flock
as the main factor for assistance in improvement, since he be-
comes the founder of new flocks and should be the upbuilder of
other flocks. On him other flocks depend for their success or
failure. On him we might say the market itself rests. Since
quality governs all sales, it behooves him in behalf of his own

468 Missouri Agricultural Report.

permanency as a breeder to offer nothing but the best of his
production as breeding stock. His culls should go to the
butcher regardless of the fact that they are pure bred. In
other words, the breeder of registered flocks must work with-
the other breeders as a unit, as did our forefathers when they
threw off their cloak of selfishness or local garb and took on
their national garb, realizing as they did that the selfish interest
too often destroyed all hope for the betterment of the present
and the future condition in general. To the man with the
grade flock—be a little more cautious in the selection of the
ram you use, since you can breed pounds of wool and mutton
as easily as you can feed them. A keen observation of the
market demands, and the breeds that supply that demand,
means much toward your success or failure as a shepherd. Do
not allow some man to place a ram at the head of your flock
inferior in quality just because he is registered or eligible, or
still worse, because he can be bought for a pittance less money
than a good one. It is an acknowledged fact by all breeders
of all stock that the best herd or flock headers are cheaper at
whatever price. To the nonbreeder of sheep—the oppor-
tunity awaits you, make profit out of waste, turn the wrong
side of your account book into the right side. As an experi-
ment, turn a few of the nooks and crooks of your farm now
useless into a few holiday gifts, and thus bring merriment into
your home through the energy of a small flock of sheep.

In conclusion, for that animal, symbol of innocence, sacri-
ficed at the altar, that clad our forefathers with the homespun,
that utilizes the waste of the farm to a greater profit than any
other animal, that replenishes and redeems our soil from past
folly, that helps lift the mortgage yet furnishes us the fiber for
our best garments, that gives us a better home environment
and a higher socia! standard for the future—let us unite with
renewed energy to place Missouri second to none in produc-
tion and quality.

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 469

EVERY CLOUD HAS ITS SILVER LINING.

(L. A. Webster.)

Fellow Breeders and Shepherds of Missouri: I regret that
I cannot well be with you. I wanted to bring you a message of
good cheer in regard to the outlook. Furthermore, I wanted
to endeavor to convince you that our success in the production
of wool and mutton (which I believe is the general topic as-
signed me) will depend very largely upon the measure of our
ability and effort. With all due respect to the breeders and
feeders of Missouri and of every other state, I must say we are
not masters either of our vocation or the situation—at least,
the most of us are not. Very few of us have a national reputa-
tion as great sheep breeders, simply because we have not de-
termined to find and breed the best breeding animals in the
United States instead of the best in our neighborhood. Per-
haps we are not thoroughly posted in regard to the best type
and character of our breed and we are not willing to pay the price
for the best. Again, we cannot build up our flocks and sell the
best individuals, but the buyer usually gets the best.

There are about 625 members of this association—the
American and Delaine Record Association—and the world
never heard of 600 of them, and never will. Our ideals are
not high enough and our purpose not strong enough to attain
the highest standards, and only the highest type and standard
as recognized by the world’s best breeders is worthy a true
Missourian or of the breeder in any state.

Missouri has great advantages and opportunities, and I
am sure the patriotic young men of your college will demonstrate .
her possibilities. Some of our present-day breeders have lost
faith in present conditions, but quality and merit will sell today
for good money. I know a breeder today who will pay $300—
yes, $500— for a $500 ram, but he cannot find one. The young
breeder, or older breeder, who developes quality and merit will
sell at profitable prices at any time. Second or third class
stock should be beneath our ambition. Let your standard
be the highest and best, weed out all inferior stock, refuse to
sell the best ram and the best ewes and you will succeed. We
believe in the attainment of a wool and mutton standard with
a hundred million people to feed and clothe. With a wool
shortage in this country the past year of seventy million pounds
the law of supply and demand will help us out.

A470 Missourt Agricultural Report.

I am not going to give you a technical discourse on feeding.
I will simply say that the shepherd who studies feed rations
and then studies his flock while they eat; the shepherd who pro-
vides clean feed in clean troughs and clean water, also clean,
dry quarters, and uses good sense in a practical way and theory
less, will succeed. Remember the father of every scrub flock
is a scrub shepherd—and the best breed is the breed that has the
best shepherd.

Agriculture, with the live stock industry, is the Mis-
sourian’s support and prosperity, and should be the source
of inspiration among the students and young men of Missouri.
There is no more honorable vocation, and I can send you no
better message than to urge you to maintain your agricultural
life and character, respect and honor your vocation and the farmer
who honors his calling. Remember that the farm produces
the best men and the best soldiers. Be brave and carry your
own burdens through life. Do not forget that when the Romans
fell away from the toil of their farms and cultivated ease and
luxury the result was the greatest tragedy in history. Do not
let this be repeated in Missouri, but so live and so establish and
develop your flocks and herds that your life and-work will stand
as a monument to your memory as a benefactor of your State
and fellow men. I wish you success in all your work and under-
taking.

FATTENING WESTERN LAMBS AT PURDUE.

(F. G. King, department of animal husbandry, Purdue University. Mr. King was
formerly connected with the Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

Producers of mutton can very logically be divided into
two distinct classes: First are those who keep ewes for the
purpose of producing lambs and‘ depend on the low cost of
keeping ewes and the cheap gains of young lambs to make a
profit on the operation. In other words, they are growers of
mutton. Second are the men who depend on buying their
feeding lambs or sheep and have them on hand during the fat-
tening season only, 1. e., they are professional feeders, so to
speak, and depend on the difference in original cost and cost of
fattening and the selling price of the stock to return a profit
on the feeding operation. It is this latter class of stockmen
our feeding trials are primarily designed to help. Indirectly,

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 471

however, everyone who has sheep on the farm will be interested
in the results.

The corn belt feeder is considering more seriously each year
the best method of disposing of his crops and at the same time
conserving the soil fertility. One of the great losses at present
on the farm is the failure to secure the full value of the roughage
necessarily produced in the growing of grain. While cattle
are pre-eminently the great coarse roughage consumers, sheep
and lambs, while not eating corn silage in nearly so great quan-
tities as cattle, will consume much larger quantities of hay per
1,000 pounds live weight than will the cattle. As a means,
therefore, of disposing of hay sheep are fully the equal of cattle
and offer a channel for the disposition of the corn crop and at
the same time seldom fail to return a profit on the feeding opera-
tion when proper management is used.

Too often, however, we find that proper management is
not used. Often a man who has had little or no experience with
sheep or lambs goes to market in the fall and brings down a load
of lambs or sheep for the purpose of cleaning up the farm, eating
weeds, waste grass, maybe a crop of rape sown in the corn, ete.
He brings them to his farm, turns them on grass and for a while
everything may go well. After a month or so, however, the
first storm of approaching winter arrives. The feeder is not
prepared for caring for the lambs, he has no shed without turn-
ing other stock into the weather, or possibly no shed at all; con-
sequently the sheep are sent to market at a time when grass
sheep are still coming and when other feeders under conditions
similar to his are also unloading. The result is what could
naturally be expected. The market papers report an abundance
of “‘scenery-fed’’ lambs, and there are more recruits added to
the force of farmers who say “‘sheep don’t pay.” Practically
every fall the market has, just as winter sets in, a flood of lambs
that have been running in cornfields or late pastures and that
are not more than half fat and either go to the packers at almost
feeder prices or are reshipped to the country for further feeding,
but usually, in either case, at a loss to the former owner. Often,
too, more sheep are bought than can properly be cared for, and
when winter comes part of them must be put on the market.
Do not understand me to say that having sheep or lambs run
on the green forage is a mistake, because it is not. In fact, it
is the very thing to do. Some of the cheapest gains that can
possibly be made on any class of stock can be made with lambs

472 Missourt Agricultural Report.

on a good fall pasture, and often very fat lambs are made in
this way. But it is very seldom that the novice in the business
is the man that gets them, but rather the older hands in the
business who have learned the ups and downs of the trade.
To get the cheap gain on fall pasture is one of the sources of
profit to the lamb feeder, but the mistake must not be made of
putting the lambs on the market in an. unfinished condition so
that they do not sell for enough to return a profit above the cost
of lambs, feed and shipping. The owner should be in a position
to put the lambs on feed until they have become fat enough
for market. It is the fattening period when no green feed is
available with which our experiments deal.

The trials are conducted in a shed 22 feet deep and 112
feet long with a feeding alley six feet wide along the back side
of the shed. The shed space, 16 feet by 112, is divided into
eight equal divisions, thus allowing each lot a shed 16 by 14
feet. In addition to the shed room each division has an open
lot 14 by 28 feet. Therefore each lot of lambs has a space 14
by 44 feet, 16 of the 44 feet being covered with a shed open to
the south. Fattening lambs do not require warm quarters.
The wool helps to keep them warm and the heat formed in the
digestion of their food keeps them sufficiently warm that no
great attention need be paid to getting a warm barn. In fact,
fattening lambs will make a more rapid and economical gain
when the atmosphere is cool. An open shed with an abundance
of fresh air and sunshine is far preferable for fattening sheep
than a tight barn that has a tendency to cause a heated, damp
atmosphere. Sheep want clear, fresh air and lots of sunshine.
But they cannot endure wet feet or damp coats. Therefore
the shed should be dry. Muddy lots are not only disagreeable
to the occupants, but may also lead to foot troubles and result
in poor gains on the lambs. All things considered, the shed
opening to the south, thus giving the lambs dry backs and feet,
at the same time keeping the air pure and cool, offers almost
as good conditions for fattening lambs as could be desired.
In fact, we have had better results when the weather is cold than
when warm and we always prefer as much cool air as possible
in the fattening pen, but always have a dry place both above
and below the fattening lambs.

The animals used in our trials have been western range
lambs and have averaged approximately 60 pounds per head
when placed on feed. We have been using western lambs be-

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 473

cause that is the class of lambs on which the feeder must rely
for his supply, not only because of numbers, but also because of
the fact that native lambs in the fall when not fat enough to
be purchased for slaughter are usually so affected with worms
that they are not satisfactory as feeders. In other words, all
the good native lambs are sold for slaughter and only the dis-
eased or late lambs are to be obtained for feeding. On the
other hand, the western lambs are practically free from worms
because of the dry climate from which they came and are,
therefore, very satisfactory for feeding purposes. We prefer
the heavier lambs rather than lighter ones because they are
stronger and are ready at once to begin fattening and will finish
for market at an early date. For the experienced sheepman
small lambs or “‘pewees’”? may return a larger profit, but larger
lambs are more certain, especially for the less experienced
feeders. The death loss among small lambs is higher and will
be very much higher if the owner is not a pretty good sheepman.
Thus, while the small lamb can be bought cheaper the heavier,
stronger lamb is healthier and affords less risk of loss from the
dangers that beset the inexperienced sheepman. For this
reason we have chosen to use the strong, heavy feeders in our
experimental work, and especially so because we knew when
starting that some of the rations would not add to the thrift
of the lambs. But we desired data on the subject in order
to present the matter to readers in a more convincing manner.

Feeding is done regularly twice daily; water and salt
are kept before the lambs at all times. More depends on care-
ful feeding with lambs than any other class of stock. When
feeding time comes the lambs become restless and uneasy, are
always on their feet and moving about. If feeding is not
regular the gains are reduced and the lambs do not fatten
readily. The troughs where grain is fed must be kept clean.
Lambs do not like to eat feed that has lain in the trough and
been “‘mussed”’ over. Therefore clean feed should be supplied
in clean troughs. We sweep our troughs twice daily and never
feed anything except fresh, clean feed. Water tubs are cleaned
once daily and fresh water supplied both morning and night.
Salt is kept before them at all times. Let the salt supply
become exhausted for a few days and the desire of the lambs
for water begins to decrease and soon the appetite begins to
be less sharp, with the result that the quantity of feed con-
sumed decreases and the lamb does not make so satisfactory gains

A474 Missourt Agricultural Report.

as when salt is kept before them. Of course, salting at regular
intervals of a few days is good, but not nearly so satisfactory
as keeping it before them at all times.

When starting western lambs on feed it must be remem-
bered that they have never eaten grain and must acquire the
habit. We have found oats to be about the best feed for teach-
ing lambs to eat. To each lot of twenty lambs five pounds of
oats are given at the first feed. The lambs, which should always
be hungry at feeding time, finding the oats in the trough and not
greatly different from the finer portion of hay which they have
been accustomed to, soon learn to eat. For several feeds oats
is the only grain offered the lambs. After they have acquired
the taste of grain so they rush at the feed the moment it is
offered to them, a few grains of shelled corn per lamb is added
to the oats and a little more added each day until it is seldom
more than ten days before the lambs have learned to eat shelled
corn as readily as they do hay. The grain, however, should
never be increased very much until all the lambs are eating well.

After all lambs are eating well the grain is gradually in-
creased until the amount is reached where it is all just cleaned
up readily. Lambs are made to clean their troughs before they
quit eating. When so much feed is offered that the lambs do
not come with a rush for their feed as good results cannot be
expected as when everything is cleaned up and the lambs are
anxious for the feed. Experimental data from many different
sources show that the cost of gains is higher when a self-feeder
is used than when the grain is given in quantities that will be
readily eaten. Hay is given in such amounts as they will clean
up before next feeding time.

In planning our experimental work it was our object to
secure some figures in black and white on things that some
sheepmen already know. Even when starting into the trial
we knew from general experience about what the results would
be. Knowing, however, as we did that many men are making
just such mistakes as to feed rations such as corn and timothy
hay, it was considered advisable on our part to make a com-
parison as to the feeding value for lambs of corn and timothy
hay with corn and clover hay. Timothy hay represents the
great class of nonleguminous roughages such as oat hay, wheat
straw and to a certain extent corn stover, while the clover hay
represents fairly well the leguminous roughages such as alfalfa
hay, cowpea hay and soy bean hay. Therefore for the purpose

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 475

of getting figures on the actual difference in feeding value be-
tween timothy hay and clover hay we decided to feed two similar
lots of lambs, one on corn and timothy hay and the other on
corn and clover hay.

The composition of timothy hay gave us grounds for ex-
pecting bad results from its use, but the fact that many men
are now using it for fattening lambs led us to secure exact data
on its use. Three trials have been made at this place com-
paring corn and timothy hay and corn and clover hay. The
trials lasted 90, 50 and 70 days, respectively. ‘Table I shows
a comparison between shelled corn and timothy hay and shelled
corn and clover hay.

TABLE I.—TIMOTHY HAY VS. CLOVER HAY FOR FATTENING LAMBS.
AVERAGE OF THREE TRIALS.

Shelled corn Shelled corn,

|
|
|
fil
oa

Ration. timothy hay clover hay.
Pounds. Pounds.
initialkweish tres asia cee Crate iors ska a atege Pe ucserctentcoe Lele co eis 59.1 59.4
Ten bos GEA DAG o.0 Braun Sletoictate Gi Orla ta ccc OarienaiG oroIo cao. clomorara ota! 72.6 82.2
Galrepergl arn eererakes Pees rexeracuacsra tt chen owes wucvenahs, sheseis cite) letyevte nel enta/is 1 1805) | 22.8
Daibyecainsperslamibs josctscn ss aoe oat 5 ae elaimaoetaeue ne . 192 woo
Daily feed eaten:
GTM ye eee rte hee ae seuss ees ev gchar aici veiar atnerrousn aks eats vei ce ran Gy 102 1b 283
181A or geben 6 ied Grays Re ea Recerca Ren RC en ie Pei na. F learn aah .93 ean
Feed per pound gain:
(CHRON Tigo ohana 6 a ace cho Ce ien eich eee EONS CER acc iene i Teen 5.29 35700
1B ION Yo aetic, 6. dtc e Reae Aerie ORPR a ol ESSE ee eer run enero neces 4.84 4.35
Cost per 100 pounds gain:
‘@orniati4 Olcents persbushelimeny.nri eae ee ee $6.90 $4.99
Cornkat SO (Centsy per DUSHeles ner sca cie ere ees eee UST, 5.63
CornpatioOlcents; perm bushelemerseee ieee 8.64 6.26

Clover hay, $10.00 per ton; timothy hay, $12.00 per ton.
Average length of feeding period, 70 days.

The rate of gain was .192 pounds with the timothy hay
and .325 pounds with clover hay. The lambs fed timothy —
hay did not have as eager appetites as those fed clover hay, as
is shown by the daily feed consumption. The lambs fed
timothy were very hard to keep on feed. Six or seven weeks of
full feeding seemed to be the maximum time the lambs would
endure without going off feed. The feed had to be greatly re-
duced and a laxative administered before the lambs fed timothy
hay could be brought back to their feed. The lots fed corn and
clover hay were eager for their feed at all times. The lambs
fed timothy did not get fat enough to be classed above feeders
except in one trial. The lots fed clover hay finished well. Our

476 Missourt Agricultural Report.

results with timothy hay justifies a conclusion that if a man
has a large quantity of timothy hay and a flock of lambs he had
better sell them both before he ruins his lambs. We have
quit feeding timothy hay to lambs and we hope everyone else
will soon follow our example.

Another roughage we have been trying for fattening lambs
is corn silage. There are in the corn, belt enough cornstalks
to feed three times as many cattle and sheep as we are now
feeding. Approximately forty per cent of the feeding value of
corn is in the stalk. Under the present system of farming little
of the feeding value of the cornstalk is secured. Silage makes
use of the entire corn plant and furnishes the stock a succulent-
feed which is so highly appreciated by good shepherds. Table
II shows the results of three trials with adding corn silage to
a ration of corn and clover hay.

TABLE II.—CORN AND CLOVER HAY VS. CORN, CLOVER HAY AND CORN
SILAGE. AVERAGE OF THREE TRIALS.

' Shelled corn, | Shelled corn,
Ration. clover hay. clover hay,
corn silage.
Pounds Pounds
Initialgweimht. rset, fcisrtc: ee eee de Aerie hel ns 59.4 59.6
Minaleweighitek: tits se vive abe Ne OA a ates. eerste ae, SUN 82.2 82.2
GainwpersLam DD) 256-05, aae cies ooieh ie ee re eS oN eee 22.8 22.6
Dailyaeainipersambaee ce cera cede eee uses cle oe .325 : .323
Daily feed eaten:
(Era U AVR IRAN cod lo cay cece ere eh RIO ee cae A et, ee ores 1.23 1.19
18 7 ae ORER Crise POR beat eEN ORES TENS Bi oa OREN ARS Unie SABRE a gegen 1.41 90
ST) ea easy ce eR Peis c ihe 5 au ete at Soreors Wr es eR RN ols ge oc baitsh|e e eae ee ese eR aIaeeaS 94
Feed per pound gain:
(STII Ys. Sate aialy et Ded ae nce nM U etree Gi ies 'eh Ar uerocal Ss AA Ste! Bate 1 ck 3.77 3.68
Le Naa Ohcp oD ERenen Tot OEE MORE ICIEICT E Ci A tian cea Grebe nen a ares: 4.35 2.80
SHU WE( =) Men eta eee ney ere cen Ney Beane RnR aN “Cena ane tan fae hice can oes c 2.90
Cost per 100 pounds gain:
Corn,40lcentsipersbushelean ocean ose o eroeiel Gieroe $4.99 $4.79
CorneSOlcents persbushelss. | sees cen. eee 5.63 5.28
Worn WoOicents sper oushele sor. sone rei 6.26 5.90

Clover hay, $10.00 per ton; corn silage, $3.50 per ton.

It will be noted in Table II that the lambs receiving corn
silage did not eat as much corn as those receiving no silage. This
was not due to poorer appetites of the lambs fed silage, but”
to the effect of the grain in the silage which replaced a part of
the corn in the grain ration. The rate of gain was so nearly
the same in both lots that the difference can very well be ig-
nored. The only marked difference between the two rations
was in the cost of gain. Two hundred ninety pounds of corn

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 477

silage replaced one hundred fifty-five pounds of hay and nine
pounds of corn in the feed required to make 100 pounds of gain.
This resulted in a slight saving in cost of gains.

We have studied this matter a little farther by trying the
effect of adding corn silage to a ration of corn, cottonseed meal
and clover hay. The reason for feeding cottonseed meal was
that in our many trials with cattle we have found that corn
silage replaced the clover hay in the ration to such an extent
that it was found necessary to add protein to the ration in a
concentrated form. We have been using cottonseed meal as
our source of concentrated protein for both cattle and sheep.
The effect of adding corn silage twice daily to a ration of shelled
corn, cottonseed meal and clover hay is shown in Table III.

TABLE III.—SHELLED CORN, COTTONSEED MEAL, CLOVER HAY VS.
SHELLED CORN, COTTONSEED MEAL, CLOVER HAY AND CORN

SILAGE.
Shelled corn, | Shelled corn,
cottonseed cottonseed
Ration. meal, meal,
clover hay. clover hay,
corn silage.
Pounds | Pounds
Initialewiele hitercwe-cs eee sire ees eee int mye Pe Mpc cs Gece 59.3 59.4
EEN AGW eibewa wae ae sete ge Meee cig ook AE ATER Ree hin Oe 84.0 83.8
Giaingpersl ana eae tee ae pee ether: 24.7 24.4
Dailyse ainwperyl aim Die wien se ae eke ia cos, ca ea AC ee 353 .349
Daily feed eaten:
Gray errs ee eer eee et a eee ee 1.24 122
Layo rec Ee ee ee eR Ne, EN Gunn R ARO IO Rd) a 1.44 73
SULA Oe athe eT eS Oh ee yer ns ee Pre a ined P| Lead at OO cen a WL BXe
Feed per pound gain:
Grain tis EP A etRe e T e ee 3.52 3.50
15 CYA Et SNE CCCP IER ONG, Oo CRG © Dab Betray EGLO ead Cree 4.08 2.08
STL eer eestor 8s RnR TE es EE EE Se Re a ee Pad ee eo 3.91
Cost per 100 pounds gain:
Corns 40icents per! bushel? 3.44 ee ee ae $4.98 $4.65
Worn 50centssper bushelace 4.6 eee en eee ae 5.49 BH Aly/
CormnaGOycentsiperibushells.c)4 456 eee een 6.01 5.69

Clover hay, $10.00 per ton; corn silage, $3.50 per ton.

The addition of silage to the ration did not add to the rate
of gain. In one trial out of three the silage added to the rate
of gain, but in the other trials the faster gain was made when
no silage was fed. The appetites of the lambs were good at
all times. In one trial the lambs receiving no silage consumed
more grain, but in the other trials the total grain consumption
was the same in both lots. In feed per pound gain there was
little difference between the two lots except that 3.91 pounds

478 Missouri Agricultural Report.

of silage replaced 2.00 pounds of hay. When cost of gain is
considered, the silage effected a saving of 33 cents per 100
pounds gain with corn at 40 cents per bushel; 32 cents per 100
pounds gain with corn at 50 cents per bushel, and 32 cents per
100 pounds gain with corn at 60 cents per bushel. The lambs
fed the silage sold for 15 cents per 100 pounds more in the first
trial and 10 cents per 100 pounds more in the last trial. The
best ration we have ever fed has been one consisting of all the
corn, clover hay and corn silage the lambs would eat and one
pound of cottonseed meal for every seven pounds of corn fed.

ADVANTAGES FROM USE OF PURE-BRED RAM.

(Howard Hackedorn, Missouri College of Agriculture.)

The use of a good sire is one of the recognized principles of
improving the live stock. This principle is generally con-
sidered to be fundamental by all breeders of live stock, both
breeders of pure-bred stock and breeders of animals for the open
market. However, some breeders through neglect, or a lack
of knowledge and interest in the improved types, use sires
which retard the general quality of their flocks and herds rather
than advance it.

Judging from the quality of native lambs on the various
Missourl markets, lamb producers of this State are realizing
more fully each year the economy of investing in good sires.
The object of this bulletin is to present data which will show
the difference in profits derived from grade ewes bred to an
average medium priced mutton type ram as compared with the
profits from the same class of ewes when bred to an inferior
ram.
A good, strong yearling ram should be able to serve fifty
ewes. A good ram when used on a flock of grade ewes is in
many cases more than half the flock because he will usually
have greater ability to stamp his character on the offspring than
will the ewes. So with a small flock of grade ewes, worth from
$4.00 to $10.00 per head, one can afford to purchase a good
mutton ram. As the value of the ewe flock increases one can
afford a higher class ram. It is economy to have a ram of
superior character at the head of the flock.

Ewes and Rams Used.—The ewes in this experiment were
selected from a load of western ewes, classified as Colorado ewes

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 479

on the Kansas City market. (Fig. 1.) They showed a pre-
dominance of fine wool blood.

Figure 1. Showing the type of ewes used in the experiment.

Lot 1 consisted of 17 of these ewes which proved to be with
lamb when purchased. The sire of these lambs was a “‘scrub”’
ram.

Lot 2 consisted of 17 ewes comparable in every respect to
those in lot 1 except that they were not pregnant. The ewes in
the two lots were as uniform as to size, quality and condition as
was possible to select them. The ewes of lot 2 were bred to the
Hampshire ram shown in Fig. 2. This ram was a medium
priced individual, which any sheep breeder could afford to use
on grade ewes. As seen from the cut, this ram lacks breed
character and shows only average mutton type. He was a
large framed, growthy yearling and weighed 215 pounds in a
thin condition of flesh at the end of the breeding season. A
ram of this type and quality can be purchased for $30 or $35.

Feed for Ewes.—The ewes in both lots were fed the same
rations from the time they arrived at the Experiment Station,
September 29, 1911, until the close of the experiment in June.
All the ewes were kept on blue grass pasture from September
29th to November 29th. The grass was short on account of
the extremely dry summer of 1911.

The ewes were fed in dry lots on clover hay from Novem-
ber 29th to December 9th. From December 9th until lambing
time the ewes were used for another experiment, which made
it necessary to feed both lots on several different rations.

480 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The number of ewes from each of the lots 1 and 2, which
were fed on these different rations, were kept the same, so the
lots were comparable. After lambing until May 15th the ewes

FIGURE 2. THE SIRE OF THE LAMBS OF LOT II.

The lambs sired by this ram sold for $7.35 per 100 pounds as compared with $4.50 per
100 pounds for lambs sired by the scrub ram.

of both lots were fed the same ration—alfalfa hay and grain.
The grain consisted of shelled corn, 6 parts; wheat bran, 3 parts,
and old process linseed oil cake, pea size, 1 part, by weight.

On May 15th both lots of ewes were put on blue grass pas-
ture without grain.

Feed for Lambs.—The lambs were fed grain in creeps as
soon as they began to eat. The lambs in lot 1 were first fed
grain at an average age of 9.5 days, and the lambs in lot 2 at
an average age of 9.7 days. The lambs received all the grain
they would clean up from one feeding time to the next. They
were fed fresh grain every morning and evening.

The grain fed the lambs from lambing time to June Ist con-
sisted of coarsely ground corn, 6 parts; wheat bran, 3 parts, and
old process linseed oil cake, pea size, 1 part, by weight. The

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 481

ration was changed June Ist to ground corn, 6 parts, and oil
cake, 1 part by weight.

The lambs ate some hay with the mothers, but this was
charged to the ewes.

Salt and Water.—Clean salt was kept before the ewes.

Fresh, clean water was supplied the ewes and lambs twice
daily in galvanized iron tubs.

Weight of Ewes.—The average weight of the two lots of
ewes are given in Table I.

TABLE I.—WEIGHT OF EWES, SEVENTEEN EWES IN EACH LOT.

Lot I. Lot II.
Ewes bred to | Ewes bred to
inferior lamb. | superior lamb.

Average initial weight per ewe December 9th............. 93.17 95.03
Wieizhtiperewe atten lambines ste 5 3 6 fk See cece oss | 92.35 | 98.29
Loss or gain per ewe after lambing...................... .82 loss 3.26 gain
Average final weight per ewe June 22nd................. 85.00 85.27
NSRTRYES TOUMILIOES TO Chive 5655 een daha ob ousdescscse sous S17 | 9.76

The difference in weight of the ewes throughout the ex-
periment was slightly in favor of lot 2. This difference is too
small, however, to account for the difference in the lambs.

So far as could be determined from observations made at
weighing time, the ewes in each lot suckled their lambs equally
well. Hence the difference in condition and weight in the
lambs could not be attributed to the difference in the amount
of milk they received from their mothers.

Weights and Gains of Lambs.—Table II shows the difference
in weights and gains of the two lots of lambs.

TABLE II.—WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF LAMBS, EIGHTEEN LAMBS IN EACH

LOT.
eae sa _ 7 is Dale Ela J 2
Lot I. Lot IT.
| Lambs sired by | Lambs sired by
inferior ram. | superior ram.
Average age in days per lamb June 22nd................ 122.50 93.61
Average birth weight per lamb, pounds.................. 8.79 9.75
Average final weight per lamb, pounds.................. 56.22 59.72
Average total gain per lamb. pounds.................... 47.43 49.97
Average daily gain per lamb, pounds.................... .387 .533

A—31

482 Missourt Agricultural Report.

The above figures show that the lambs in lot II made an
average total gain at the average age of 3 months (93.61 days)
of 2.54 pounds more than the lambs in lot I at the average age
of 4 months (122.5 days).

The lambs sired by the better ram averaged 28.89 days
younger than the other lambs and the final weight of the former
were 3.5 pounds greater, illustrating the great advantage de-
rived from a good sire. As shown in the last line of the table,
the lambs which were sired by the superior ram made an average
daily gain of .532 pounds as compared with .387 pounds daily
gain made by the lambs sired by the inferior ram, or 26.6 per.
cent greater gain in favor of lambs sired by the better ram.

It was not possible to obtain the weights of the lambs at
exactly the same age. Table III shows the weights and gain
of the lambs at practically the same age, however—the difference
between the two lots being only .89 of a day in favor of lot 1.
This difference is so small that it does not cause any material
difference in the results.

TABLE III.—WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF LAMBS AT THREE MONTHS OF AGE
EIGHTEEN LAMBS IN EACH LOT.

Lot I. Lot If.
Lambs sired by | Lambs sired by
inferior ram. superior ram.

ALE CMU Y.SS sey cece eee ye Noe nsdn Sees ena are son smeuat ces Uelre eae Maye eieaeten 94.50 93.61
Averagel weight at oir si). . sec © pide ce earache siaied ae 8.79 9.75
Average weightiat sanonths ofagen...2- 2. 4-1 eee ee oe 50.33 , 59.72
AVELALS COAG ai A Anette Oe ate tera odie cline oman fears Serta a ee 41.54 49.97
Average daily caincns 62. We. aaa me ceee hon Oke ae CaP See .439 583)

The above table shows that at practically the same age
the lambs sired by the better ram were 9.39 pounds heavier
and made a total gain of 8.43 pounds more. In general, younger
lambs will make a greater daily gain than older ones providing
they have sufficient feed and that they are comparable in con-
dition. Thus the difference in the average daily gain presented
in Tables II and III of the two lots of lambs can be partially
accounted for.

Feed Consumed by Lambs.—The difference in the amount
of grain consumed by the lambs is more marked that the dif-
ference in their weights.

Table IV shows the feed consumed by lambs.

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 483

TABLE IV.—FEED CONSUMED BY LAMBS FROM BIRTH TO JUNE 22.

Lot I. | Lot II.

Lambs sired by | Lambs sired by
| inferior ram. | superior ram.

Total poundsigrain ford Salambse- wpe: ies feieeeless) « 758

58.00 475.00
MoOtalspounds 2Lain) Peralamipre sre eee ciel ence evens ie rye 42.11 26.39
Average pounds grain per day perlamb................. .34 | . 28
Average pounds grain per 100 pounds gain............... 88.78 52.81

The above table shows the total amount of grain consumed
by the lambs in lot I to be 59 per cent more that that eaten by
lot II. This illustrates the economy of the improved sire.

The lambs of lot I ate 88.78 pounds of grain per 100 pounds
gain, while those of lot II required nearly one-third less than
that amount, or 52.81 pounds grain per 100 pounds gain.

FIGURE 3. REPRESENTATIVE LAMB SIRED BY INFERIOR RAM.
SIDE VIEW.

This type of lamb sold for only $4.50 per 100 pounds.

The lambs in lot I were 28.89 days older than the lambs in
lot II, and it should be borne in mind that older lambs in the
same condition of flesh require more grain per pound gain than
the younger ones.

A84 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Table V shows the grain consumed by the two lots of lambs
from birth to a little over 3 months of age. The difference in
the average age of the two lots being only .89 of a day.

TABLE V.—FEED CONSUMED BY LAMBS AT THREE MONTHS OF AGE,
EIGHTEEN LAMBS IN EACH LOT.

: Lot I. Lot Il.
Lambs sired by | Lambs sired by
inferior ram. | superior ram.

AVELALCTALS ATG Sc: «eke hoe Ree none 6 cep ae 94.50 | 93.61
Total pounds of grain eaten by eighteen lambs........... 506.00 | 475.00
Totaligrain=per Lamb \e) srt VR as 2. 5 ee ene 28.11 | 26.39
Averagergrain perdamb perdayeeneen -2 ool. cles ale en ee .29 | 28
Average erain peradOO) pounds;eaininenc)) .- 16 0 shine 67.66 | 52.81

FIGURE 4. REAR VIEW OF
LAMB BY SCRUB SIRE.
The same lamb shown in figure 3.
The narrow, raw back, deficient hind
quarters and long legs decrease the
per cent this lamb will dress out.

The difference in the feed con-
sumed by the two lots of lambs at
the same ages is small. The great-
est difference is that the lambs
sired by the superior ram required
14.85 pounds less grain per 100
pounds gain than did the lambs
sired by the inferior ram. The
lambs of lot I required 28 per cent
more grain for the same gain than
did the lambs of lot II.

After lambing the ewes were fed
grain and hay in such amounts as
were necessary to keep them in
good, thrifty condition. As seen in
the last line of Table IV, the
average daily rations were prac-
tically the same. The difference
in total hay and grain consumed
by the two lots of ewes can be ac-
counted for by the earlier lambing
of lot I. Ewes suckling lambs re-
quire more feed in dry lot than
pregnant ewes.

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 485

TABLE VI.—FEED CONSUMED BY EWES FROM LAMBING UNTIL TURNED
TO PASTURE.

Lot I. Lot II.
Ewes bred to | Ewes bred to
inferior ram. | superior ram.

Average number of days on feed in dry lot............... 84.50 | Sonor
FROLAEpPOUNGStOlshays CALeMn a EL erie en ne neice ran ae 3,746.50 2,341.50
hovalpoundsroferain catenene . ona oes er cic | 1,211.25 858.50
Motalpounds/ of hay eaten per ewes ne) aso] eee ees 220.38 137.70
Total pounds of grain eaten per ewe.................... @1225 | 50.50
Average daily rationyof hay per €we....- 4s cee ae. =. 2.608 | 2.476
Average daily ration of grain per ewe................... 843 | .908

The greatest factor affecting the difference in the profits of
the two lots is the selling prices of the lambs, the lambs of lot I
selling for $4.50 per 100 pounds at the National Stock Yards,
East St. Louis, Ill., while those of lot II brought $7.35 per 100
pounds. The difference in the prices of these two lots is due
to the quality and conformation of the lambs.

FIGURE 5. REPRESENTATIVE LAMB SIRED BY MUTTON RAM.
SIDE VIEW.

The kind that sold for $7.35 per 100 pounds. This ty pe of lamb will dress out a high
per cent of carcass and the carcass will be of good quality.

486 Missourt Agricultural Report.

The lambs in lot ‘II
were broader, thicker,
smoother, more full and
deeper in the hind quar-
ters than those of lot I, as
can be seen in figures 3
to 6, which show side and
rear views of representa-
tive lambs of each lot at
the time they were mar-
keted. The butcher or
packer prefers the type of
lamb shown in figures 5
and 6 because it will dress
out a higher per cent and
present a better carcass.

Figures 7 and 8 show a
number of representative
lambs from each lot.
These pictures were taken
on the same day. The

FIGURE 6. REAR VIEW OF WELL lambs of lot I were 8 weeks
BRED LAMB. :
The same lamb shown in figure 5. The old while those of lot II

broad, thickly fleshed back and full hind quar- :
ters of this type of lamb are desired by the were only 4 weeks old.

butchers. The lack of mutton con-
formation in the lambs of lot I is especially noticeable.

SUMMARY.

1. The average total gain of the lambs sired by the better
ram was 2.54 pounds more at 3 months (93.61 days) of age than
the average total gain of the lambs sired by the inferior ram at
4 months (122.5 days) of age.

2. The average daily gain of the better lambs was 26.6
per cent greater than that of the lot of lambs sired by the in-
ferior ram.

3. The feed eaten by the lot of lambs sired by the inferior
ram was 59 per cent more than that eaten by the lambs sired
by the superior ram. The grain eaten per 100 pounds gain was
88.78 pounds for the former lot and only 52.81 pounds for the
latter.

Missouri Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 487

FIGURE 7. LAMBS SIRED BY THE INFERIOR MUTTON RAM AT THE AGE
OF EIGHT WEEKS.

This lot of lambs at four months of age did not weigh as much or make as great a total
gain as did the lambs of lot II at the age of three months.

4. Both lots of lambs consumed about the same amount of
grain at the same ages, the advantage being slightly in favor of
the lambs of the better mutton type.

5. At 3 months of age the lambs sired by the ram of mut-
ton type were 9.39 pounds heavier and made a total gain of
8.43 pounds greater than the lambs sired by the inferior ram.
The lambs from the scrub sire required 2.8 per cent more grain

per 100 pounds gain than did the other lot.

FIGURE 8. LAMBS SIRED BY AN AVERAGE MUTTON TYPE RAM AT THE
AGE OF FOUR WEEKS.

This lot of lambs at three months of age weighed 3.5 pounds more per head than the
lambs of lot I at four months of age.

A488 Missourt Agricultural Report.

6. The average daily rations for the two lots of ewes were
about the same. Lot I required more feed because ewes re-
quire more feed when suckling lambs than pregnant ewes, and
the lambs of lot I on an average were 28.89 days older than those
Ormon

7. Lambs sired by the good ram sold for $7.35 per 100
pounds while those sired by inferior ram. brought only $4.50 per
. 100 pounds.

8. The lambs of lot II were thicker fleshed, smoother,
broader in back and lighter in the pelts than those of lot I.

PREPARATION OF CORN FOR FATTENING LAMBS.

(John M. Evvard, formerly of Missouri; now assistant chief in animal husbandry, Iowa
Agricultural College and Experiment Station.)

Is it profitable to shell or grind the corn which is fed to
fattening lambs? How about corn and cob meal? Should
one feed the same preparation during the whole period or change
it, aiming always to keep the “‘feed a little bit better than the
lambs? Does the cob whem ground have a feeding value?
These were some of the questions we sought to answer when we
undertook the investigation regarding the best way in which
to prepare corn for the lambs we are preparing for market.

The relative efficiency of the different preparations has.
been tested in two separate years. The results are quite im-
pressive, in that they demonstrate that there is a right and a
wrong way to prepare corn when feeding same to young growing
sheep.

Some 300 lambs were fed in the experimental lots in the
year 1913-14. To place the practical figures of this trial
definitely before you we present Table I.

489

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association.

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490 Missourt Agricultural Report.

It is particularly gratifying for the busy farmer to know
that the scoop shovel and the edge of the feeding bunks are all
the equipment needed in the efficient preparation of corn for
fattening lambs. The more elaborate costly methods of prep-
aration under the conditions existing at the time these trials
were run did not compete successfully with the simple natural
ones. bot
The profit per lamb is, after all, the final basis for judgment.
We find that broken ear corn takes the lead this year with a
profit of $1.04, tying only with the bunch of lambs that received
whole, broken or ground corn. This lot VI was fed whole and
broken corn at the beginning of the period for about a week or
so when the corn was entirely changed to whole ear, and then
a little later it was all broken, and finally the last month of the
experiment some ground corn was fed in addition to the broken,
although at no time did the ground corn exceed more than half
of the entire corn grain ration.

Of the straight preparations the ranking would be: First,
broken corn; second, whole corn; third, corn and cob meal;
fourth, shelled corn, and last,.ground corn. This is on the
profit per lamb basis.

The cost of gains show in favor of the combination of
preparations, with corn and cob meal second. One difficulty
with the corn and cob meal was, however, that those lambs
shrank heavily going to market, thus tending to lower the
profits below those lots which made more expensive gains but
shrank less en route to the selling place. By simply taking the
cost of gains into consideration one cannot determine the merits
of aration. We must go further; in truth, we must go as far as
the sheep feeder goes, namely, to the scales that determine the
selling weight at the final market place.

An alfalfa-corn lot was added to this preparation test
simply to demonstrate the value of silage and alfalfa vs. alfalfa
alone as roughages for fattening lambs. It will be seen under
conditions existing at the time this experiment was run that
both rations were practically equally efficient at the prices
quoted.

The lamb feeding experience of 1912-13 coincides quite
closely with that recently gained. The figures for 1912-13
work are given herewith in Table II.

491

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492, Missouri Agricultural Report.

We would conclude from a study of this experiment that
broken ear corn is most efficient for fattening lambs as com-
pared to shelled and ground corn. This holds true both for
the alfalfa as well as the silage rations. Seven cents greater
profit per lamb was secured when shelled corn was fed as com-
pared to broken ear on alfalfa, but ten cents more was made
with broken ear corn as compared with’ shelled corn on silage;
at any rate, the showing is in favor of broken corn, because if
one even got 7 cents more per lamb he would hardly go to the
trouble of shelling the corn at a cost of 2 cents a bushel. It
usually costs more than 2 cents a bushel to shell corn. This is
especially true under average farm conditions. Of course,
there are conditions under which corn can be shelled for a less
figure; the actual cost must be taken into consideration when
solving local problems.

Ground corn with alfalfa gave somewhat cheaper gains
than either the broken or shelled corn, but the lambs shrank
heavily going to market so as to reduce the profits per lamb.
We presume that the final weight on this lot at home was for
some unknown reason abnormally high, even though an average
of three individual weights on every lamb was taken in order
to compute the average final weight. There is a slight indica-
tion, however, that the ground corn fed lambs will shrink more
than those fed broken corn or whole ear.

The “ground corn” lot, however, showed up so unfavorably
in the 1913-14 feeding trial that it is quite evident that the
simpler preparations excel it.

The “‘ground corn with corn silage’? lot made the least
profit of the three preparations tried, a still further evidence
that the ground corn is not the most economic preparation.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

I. A combination of preparations, happily manipulated
by the skilled feeder, should be more efficient than a single
preparation taken through the entire period. To illustrate,
one can start the lambs out on whole ear corn, change to broken,
and finally finish on a mixture of broken and ground, or he
could start out on corn and cob meal and finish largely on corn
meal. The general aim should be to “‘keep the feed a bit better
than the lambs.”

II. Whole and broken corn of the single continuous

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association. 493

preparations are both very efficient in that they show a max-
imum of profits per lamb.

III. Shelled corn is more efficient than the ground, in
that the gains are produced more cheaply and the profits per
lamb are greater.

IV. Corn and cob meal seems to be very efficient prep-
arations when corn is very high in price. If corn is very cheap,
however, it is not so efficient. Peculiarly enough in these trials,
when considering the feed required to produce an equal quantity
of gain, we find that 100 pounds of ground cobs (comparing
corn and cob meal to corn meal) saved 46.2 pounds of ground
corn, plus 4.2 pounds of oil or cottonseed meal, plus 16.4 pounds
of alfalfa hay, plus 20.6 pounds of corn silage. Assuming that
the corn grain is worth one cent a pound, the oil meal one and
a half cents, the alfalfa hay one-half cent and the corn silage
one-sixth cent, we find that the hundred pounds of cob replaced
63.1 cents’ worth of other feedstuffs. This is figured on the
basis of home weights. Evidently there is some nutritive value
to the cob, bulky and fibrous though it is. Reference to Table
I showing the “Feed for 100 Pounds Gain”’ gives the figures for
the basis of these deductions. Unfortunately, the corn and cob
meal lot shrank quite heavily going to market, which tended
to reduce the profits per lamb even though the cost of 100 pounds
gain was smaller than any of the single preparations. The
possible big field of usefulness, however, for corn and cob meal
is with the wintering ewe or the stock sheep which have a
maximum of need for roughage and with which forced feeding
is not the object. In other words, where bulky, fibrous feed is
wanted for maintenance purposes the corn and cob meal will
- come into its own when corn is relatively high in price.

V. The shrinkage of lambs en route to market is affected
by the method of preparation as well as by the roughage fed.
We find, as in our steer feeding work, that if silage (or hay) is
fed as the lone roughness that the shrinkages are usually heavier
than where a combination of silage and hay are used. The
shrinkage en route from home feed lots to market is often such
as to make the lambs which had the most economical record at
home prove to be the least efficient of all.

VI. Alfalfa is a premier sheep roughage. The addition
of silage to alfalfa is the practical thing in the corn belt. Silage
should not be fed as a lone roughage for fattening lambs; they
should have some leguminous hay along with it. A happy

494 Missourt Agricultural Report.

combination of roughages would be either silage with alfalfa
or silage with clover.

VII. The profit per lamb is the one thing which we must
keep uppermost in our studies of practical feeding trials, be-
cause it is the relative showing per lamb which determines how
large or little our bank account shall be.

.

Be Cautious in the Selection of the Ram You Use, Since You Can Breed Pounds of
Wool and Mutton as Easily as You Can Feed Them.

Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’
Association.

OFFICERS.

President—James A. Houchin, Jefferson City.
Vice-President—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.
Secretary—Rufus Jackson, Mexico.
Treasurer—HE. S. Stewart, Sturgeon.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

(Rufus Jackson, Mexico, Mo.)

Your secretary begs leave to submit the following report
of his work and of the general progress of the association dur-
ing 1913:

Contrary to the expressed views of some, the Missouri
Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association has since its organization
in 1909 accomplished much in its endeavor to promote the in-
terests of the breeder, developer, exhibitor and owner of the
saddle horse.

This is substantiated by the following statement of facts:

First—Interest on the part of the saddle horse breeder
shows a perceptible increase for the reason that there is a greater
demand for saddle horses through the educational campaign
launched and furthered by your association and having the
hearty and earnest co-operation of its members. A _ better
knowledge of our own resources in the production of saddle
horses has been made possible through our annual and other
meetings, through newspaper publicity and a more general
activity in saddle horse circles.

Second—An increased demand for the finished product
should be attributed at least to some extent to the exploitation
of the goodness of and the gladness resulting from the owner-
ship of the Missouri saddle horse. For be it known that the
Niles airewtion is called to frontispiece showing saddle horse demonstration at Co-
lumbia during Farmers’ Week, 1914.

(49 5)

496 Missourt Agricultural Report.

(Copyrighted 1914 by Ben C. Barnes, Mexico, Mo

REX McDONALD 833—HIS LAST SHOW.

Left to right—Rex McDonald 833, Ben R. Middleton up; Golden McDonald 4642, Tom
Bass; Miss Cliff 5524, D. E. Holman; Madison McDonald, James Bufford; Rex Arbuckle
1467, M. Middleton; the Stuart colt, L. B. Barnet. Mexico, Mo., August 15, 1913.

good saddle horses, raised and developed in our State are now a
source of profit and pleasure to the whole of America.
Third—There has been gained a place paramount in the
public exhibitions of our country through the persistent efforts
of your association. The fair associations of not only Missouri,
but our neighboring and distant states as well, have been
brought to realize that as a drawing card liberal prizes for saddle
horses prove the greatest attraction. In this one accomplish-
ment we may point with a sense of pride that since the organ-
ization of the Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association in
1909 the prize lists for saddle horse classes have been increased
a hundredfold. Prior to that time it was the exception to note
‘in a premium list a prize to exceed fifty dollars in value for
saddle horses, and the best horses of that day “‘showed their
heads off’? for one hundred dollars, where now the Missouri
fair association that doesn’t offer at least a one thousand dollar
stake for all age saddle horses and liberal prizes in the other
classes is not looked upon as one of the live fairs of our State.
The Mexico Commercial Club’s guaranteed stake of $1,000
in 1912, with its liberal entrance conditions, marked an epoch
in show horse affairs. Following its unqualified success from
every standpoint, the enterprising fairs of Missouri and Ken-

Missourt Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 497

tucky offered big stakes in 1913. The Mexico stake was in-
creased to $1,500, and the Missouri State Fair Board, at the
suggestion of Secretary Stinson after the plans and conditions
had been approved by your association, announced its great
stake of $2,500, to be given even on more liberal conditions than
had been those of other like events. The conditions provided
that all entrance fees above twenty entries should be added to
the stake, and this made it worth in all $2,900 and proved the
greatest feature event ever staged at the Missouri State Fair.

Rex McDonald 833, famous Missouri saddle stallion. Died November, 1913, the property
of Ben R. Middleton, Mexico, Mo.

It is all history and all who care are familiar with the facts
here set forth. Details might be given as to the success of the
$1,000 stakes, with relatively liberal prizes in the other classes
at the Columbia, New Bloomfield, Sturgeon and Knox City
fairs; of the- liberal prize lists at the Montgomery, Higginsville,
Marshall, Independence, Bunceton, Fayette and other of the
State’s most successful fairs.

498 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Summing up, it may be said that it all amounts to this:

First—It has been conclusively demonstrated that the con-
tests resulting from these great shows have provided an enter-
tainment that is dear to the hearts of not only the Missourians,
but to the horse lovers of distant states who have been attracted
here through their love of such entertainment.

Second—A saddle horse that can win is no longer a source
of outlay. Such a horse is a money maker, and a number of
owners this past season finished with a comfortable balance in
the bank where heretofore they had been forced to meet the
heavy expense incidental to the campaigning of a show stable.
While this phase of the situation must be watched and matters
securely safeguarded that the exhibiting of saddle horses shall
not be commercialized, yet it is true that, primarily, through the
efforts of your association, the stable of good saddle horses can
be shown now at a profit rather than a pastime as was entirely
the case a few years ago.

Third—The benefits resulting to the breeders of saddle
horses through these improved conditions are most apparent.
Show horses are worth more money and the breeders and devel-
opers are profiting greatly thereby. Many specific instances
could be mentioned where the increased interest in the exhibit-
ing of saddle horses has been the cause of high-priced sales, and
in a number of these the breeder of the horse sold has been the
particular and sole beneficiary.

Your board of directors held several meetings this year.
The most important was that held at Jefferson City May 24th.

Four horses from reader’s left to right: Russell Moore on Queen of the Denmarks.
Tom Bass on Golden McDonald. John Woods on The Gingerbread Man. John Hook
on My Major Dare. Missouri State Fair, $2,500 stake, 1913.

Missourt Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 499

At this meeting the matter of an incorporated organization with
a purpose of better serving the interests of the exhibitor was dis-
cussed. Here was launched the Missouri Saddle Horse Breed-
ers’ and Exhibitors’ Association, and though not organized as
yet, it can and should be pushed to a successful conclusion.
However, to my mind the most important part of that day’s
work was in the selection of a list of men known to be capable,
in the fullest sense of that word, that might be recommended as
judges at the various fairs of Missouri and the adjoining states.
As a result of this, this list of names was consulted and these
men generally were asked to officiate at many of the most im-
portant shows in the west. With not a single exception these
men gave satisfaction to exhibitors, fair managements and public
alike. It may be said that this step has done more in relieving
the tense situation that surrounds the “‘judge question”’ than has
any one move.

There were sixty members of our association who paid an-
nual dues of one dollar each for 1913. There was a balance in
the hands of the former treasurer, W. P. Hawkins, of nineteen
dollars, and thirty-one dollars with Treasurer Wallace Estill.
There has been expended for stationery and printing $37.15;
paid on accounts incurred last year, $12.70; paid for services of
stenographer, $8.60, and for stamps and other office expenses,
$16.40. There remains in the hands of your secretary $8.00,
and in the hands of your treasurer $31.00, a total of $39.00.

As to the expense of the promotion of-the new organization,
Mr. Houchin is familiar with it. He has paid such out of his
own pocket and should be reimbursed by the association.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

(F. B. Mumford, dean Missouri College of Agriculture.)

The University of Missouri and College of
Agriculture are behind the Missouri saddle horse.
From my point of view the Missouri saddle
horse has done as much to put Missouri on the
map as any other single thing that has been
produced in the State. There is in Missouri
the best opportunity for developing the best
type of saddle horse that can be produced in

F. B. Mumford. the United States. There is no question in my
mind but that we have here in Missouri the foundation stock,

500 Missourt Agricultural Report.

so far as the horses themselves are concerned, and the founda-
tion men to produce and train these horses.

I want to call your attention to a bulletin just issued by the
State Board of Agriculture, ‘““The Missouri Saddle Horse,’ by
Prof. E. A. Trowbridge, Rufus Jackson and W. L. Nelson. This
publication impresses me as one of the best that the Missouri
Board of Agriculture has ever issued. ' This is true for two rea-
sons: In the first place, it is giving information to the world
and to us of our own resources. Here in Missouri we are all too
much inclined to look to some far-off country for many of the
things we have and to think that others are doing better work
than we. Let us all do what we can to exploit our own great re-
sources. Secondly, this bulletin appeals to me because it is
well written and by men who know what they are talking about.
For the benefit of your secretary I want to say that I read this
bulletin from cover to cover, and this is a thing which I do not have
time to do very often. I agree with Mr. Nelson that
this is a type of bulletin that we ought to be encouraging, so at
the last meeting a few of us who were interested in this said to
the Board of Agriculture that they ought to get Mr. Jackson
and all the saddle horse men in this State to furnish information
to add to this bulletin so that in a few years we could issue a
more complete publication.

Scene at Missouri State Fair Grounds, Sedalia, 1913. Horses in $2,500 stake.

Missourt Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 501

Your organization, made up of men interested in the saddle
horse, is a fine thing for the industry. If we could get together
all the people who are interested what could we not accomplish!

The College of Agriculture is starting to pay more special-
ized attention to the saddle horse, and anything we can do in an
educational way we are glad to do. We now have 850 students
enrolled in the College of Agriculture, and we propose to give
them a chance to see what a good saddle horse is like and to re-
ceive first-class instruction in the saddle horse business.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

(James Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo.)

At out meeting last year at Mexico,
when we were discussing the saddle horse,
some one asked, “‘What is the use of hav-
ing a Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association,
for we do not accomplish anything?’ We
had quite a discussion along that line, and
I told those present at-that time that if
there was anything I could do to do the
saddle horse industry any good or to
arouse more interest in the saddle horse
that I was going to do it during the year
1913, and I feel sure that our secretary
joined in these sentiments.

Shortly after that meeting we called together the directors
of the Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association and held a
meeting in Jefferson City, adopted a constitution and by-laws
and started out to do some very effective work. We selected a
committee of judges who have been used to an extent throughout
the State, and I feel that some satisfactory work was done. The
secretary, through press of business and ill health, was not able
to push forward the matter of organization which we determined
upon at that meeting and has turned over to my hands the mat-
ter of organizing according to law, the idea being to become a
legal corporation. We spent a considerable amount of time
and about $50 worth of postage and literature, and a great
amount of correspondence was done. As a result we secured
some thirty-five subscribers for stock. Most of these gentle-
men agreed to subscribe for a share of stock that was to be paid

James Houchin.

502 Missouri Agricultural Report.

for on demand, if necessary. During the summer press of busi-
ness compelled me to drop the work and I turned it over to the
secretary, and he will report on that.

Beate ie Las
&

At the Missouri State Fair, Sedalia, 1913.

For the past year I think that some good has been
accomplished. Although in some respects we were just where
we were last year, we have no permanent organization, and
here we are making a great mistake. The saddle horse today is
the most profitable horse the average farmer or breeder can pro-
duce. I make this statement after giving the matter careful
thought and considerable and practicable demonstration. Thisis
the one breed of live stock that I know of that has no effective,
active organization constantly pushing forward its interests, and
I feel sure that we all suffer through that neglect.

During the last year there has been a great interest in the
saddle horse shows and there has been more money offered for
saddle horse classes than in any year in the past, due, perhaps,
to some of the work of your organization. As to the future, I
believe 1914 is going to be a progressive and active year. Al-
ready, in conversation with different state fair secretaries, they
have assured me they are going to put on as large stakes, and in
many instances larger, than ever, and fair associations which
have never given any consideration for saddle horses are going
to offer very liberal stakes this year, and this is something this
association should be interested in.

We are breeding saddle horses and we ought to put a little
money behind it. We ought to have an organization that will
push every phase of the business. We should advertise and let
others know what we are doing and get other breeders and fairs
interested. I get letters from Kansas, “‘Tell us how to go about
putting on a good saddle horse show,” etc. This is one of the

Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 503

duties of our organization. If we had the permanent organiza-
tion, putting a little money into it, had a secretary to push the
saddle horse, we could have shows, stakes, etc. It is something
that the saddle horse people will derive a benefit from and it
should be brought about. We have never had a medium in this
State whose interest it was to push forward the saddle horse.
I am glad to say that our secretary has been bold enough to
undertake to give us that needed publicity. He cannot do that
alone. He has to have your help, your financial help and loyal
support, and if you have a news item it will be to your benefit
and to his benefit and to the benefit of all of us if you will take
interest enough to furnish him with that information. In the
past, if we heard anything about a Missouri saddle horse, it had
to be extraordinary to get in the paper and then we would hear
of it. That condition should not exist. We ought to be inter-
ested in anything that is to the interest to all of us. Every man
who is interested in the saddle horse in this State should take
an interest in The Missouri Stockman, recently established, and
let us have some Missouri publicity. We ought not to be com-
pelled to go outside of the State to get that which we have.

It is with regret that our friend, Mr. Wallace Estill, finds
it necessary to go out of the saddle horse business. Not many
men are able to start into the breeding industry on the basis and
the solid, substantial, businesslike basis that Mr. Estill has
started, but conditions and circumstances compels him to sell
out his saddle horses. I am glad that Mr. Long of Kansas City
has come into our ranks and is going into it on the substantial
basis and is to be of great assistance to the industry in this
State. Here at Columbia there is a great field for an extra-
ordinary saddle stallion. There are half a dozen towns needing
a good stallion, and I would like to see these things pushed for-
ward. I believe they will be when we become fully organized,
and I know it would be to the interests of this State.

I hope to see our ranks increase. I hope more people will
take up the breeding of the saddle horse. I am glad to see so
many present here this afternoon and to note the interest that
has already been demonstrated. I hope next year will find
more and more people having an interest in the most profitable
horse that we are now producing, and I feel sure that if we all
do our duty these things will come about.

504 Missourt Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI THE SADDLE HORSE EMPIRE.

(John T. Hook, Paris, Mo.)

I find myself again with you and it is good to be here.

I am not here for the purpose of making a speech—for like
a century plant, I bloom along that line only occasionally. I
am here to talk to you as a neighbor would talk to a neighbor.
Yes, to talk to you like a brother should talk to a brother. The
beginning of the year 1914 finds the seat of the “Saddle Horse
Empire” in our State, and our mutual friend, Rufus Jackson,
sits on the throne. I hope every one of you takes his paper.

Without stopping to discuss the matter as to how it hap-
pened, it stands out as a cold-blooded proposition that the year
1914 finds the greatest saddle horses of the world citizens of the
State of Missouri. Now with these conditions confronting us
the question is, ““What are we as members of the Missouri Saddle
Horse Breeders’ Association going to do about it?’ How are
we going to conduct ourselves? Heretofore we have run our
big fairs and horse shows largely with the aid and consent of
Kentucky. Do you want this to continue or do you want us
to be released from our cable-tow and be bound to the State of
Missouri—by the stronger tie of State pride? I dcn’t blame the
Kentuckians for trying to dominate the shows of this country
and control the committees, but I do think it is time for us to

In the $2,500 saddle stake, Missouri State Fair, 1913.

Missourt Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 505

declare our independence and get in the game ourselves and see
who dominates at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in 1915—Ken-
tucky or Missouri.

Professor Trowbridge is turning out a class of young men
each year who have proved themselves the most capable judges
in the land. Don’t you think it time for us to recognize the
merits of these young men? Now what we want is a clear
working basis among the saddle horse men of our State. Stand
up for our State as long as it is honorable to do so. Go into the
show ring with the spirit of true sports—do our best, and if we
meet with defeat accept it with a spirit that should be character-
istic of true sports and loyal Missourians.

The man who because he cannot win, who goes around hob-
nobbing with and lending aid and comfort to some fellow out
of the State, is a Tory and should be excommunicated without
benefit of the clergy. What we want now is all to pull together
and, with Rufus Jackson in the lead, make the year 1914 high
tide in the saddle horse business in our State.

RECENT SADDLE HORSE HISTORY IN MISSOURI.

(E. A. Trowbridge in bulletin, ‘‘The Missouri Saddle Horse,’’ issued by Missouri State
Board of Agriculture October, 1913.)

The saddle horses of the present are but the saddle horses
of the past, modified to some extent by the infusion of some new
blood and the ideas and demands of present conditions. The
American saddle horse as a breed exists upon the same founda-
tion stock now as it did in years past. Some new blood has been
introduced because it has served as a means of improving certain
characters and features of the horses. More systematic efforts
have been made in breeding horses because experience has
proved that system in breeding would more certainly and quickly
accomplish results.

In the days of the early saddle horse there was less of a de-
mand for horses for city use, either as five-gaited horses or as
individuals of the three-gaited variety. Today many of the
highest priced saddle horses sold go to our cities as pleasure
horses. They are sold either as three-gaited or five-gaited
horses and their function is that of pleasure horses to be ridden

Nore.—This bulletin, ‘‘The Missouri Saddle Horse,"’ is really a history. and almost a
textbook. From practically every state in the Union have come requests for it—from some
states calls for hundreds of copies. Quite a number of copies have also gone to foreign
countries.

906 Missourt Agricultural Report.

for one or two hours each day in the parks and along the bridle
paths of our American cities.

While saddle horses of earlier years were used for this pur-
pose and by this class of people, yet a large portion of them were
used by residents of the country. Particularly was this true in
the south. These people used them as both pleasure and busi-
ness horses. Much time was spent by the planters and land
operators in riding over estates to superintend the general ac-
tivities of the place. The saddle horse also proved himself use-
ful in numerous other capacities. In view of these different
functions of the saddle horse, it was essential that he be a horse
of considerable versatility. The horse of the earlier day was
necessarily a horse possessed of gaits and manners which would
make possible his use for a considerable length of time without
great fatigue. The running-walk or other suitable slow gait was
of prime value as well as the rack, canter and the flat-footed
walk. For the horse of the present time which fills the same
place these same gaits are of equal importance. For the horse
which goes to the city as a pleasure horse a shght difference in
the relative importance of gaits seems to be demanded. The
trot has come to be considered one of the very foundation gaits
of a saddle horse. That great saddle horse authority, Col.
Charles 4) Raley, has said, No vtrot, no. horse. 3 NV hilemtlte
trot is of the utmost importance, yet the pleasure-loving people
who use saddle horses are close students of their horses, and their
admiration and their money freely go to the horse that can per-
form at five distinct gaits in good form and with the proper
manners.

The demand for quality and finish has also been of the
utmost importance in saddle horses. The saddle horse inher-
ited beauty from his thoroughbred ancestors, and constant atten-
tion has been given to his beauty and his quality since his
-existence began. Perhaps it is this beauty, intelligence and
general air of refinement and culture which is common to all good
saddle horses that serves as the deep-seated cause of unbounding
enthusiasm and admiration for this type of animal. Certainly
it is true that no other class of live stock breeders and users
exhibit the enthusiasm which is prevalent among the supporters
of our riding horses. _

With the depression which followed the panic of 1893 came
a depression in the horse business. Saddle horses perhaps suf-
fered less than other horses, yet the lack of financial support was

Missourt Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 507

easily seen. Many great horses were produced during this time
and some of the great horses which lived at the beginning of this
period of depression managed to survive. Breeding operations
were curtailed to some extent and the horse business in general
did not flourish as it had in earlier days.

Following upon the heels of the financial depression came
the invasion of America by the automobile. This unquestion-
ably served as an opiate in the horse market and the lack of
demand in turn led to a decreased production. As the auto-
mobile has come to be a part of our business life and our pleas-
ure, conditions have become adjusted to each other and saddle
horse breeders and dealers have found an excellent business
growing up about them during the past four or five years.

The history of present-day Missouri horses and Missouri
horsemen covers a part of the lives of many of the State’s fore-
most men. Great progress has been made in breeding opera-
tions and market demands are better understood now than ever
before.

THE FOUNDATION OF THE PRESENT SADDLE HORSE
INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI.

(Rufus Jackson in bulletin, ‘‘The Missouri Saddle Horse,” issued by Missouri State Board
of Agriculture October, 1913.)

The saddle horse industry of Missouri is an inheritance from
an ancestry that in the early days came from Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and Virginia. Saddle horses were then a necessity, as
they furnished the only means of travel through the densely
wooded valleys and the high rolling prairies of the early Mis-
sourl. Missouri owes much to the saddle horse. Not alone for
the great reputation his production has made for the State in the
present age, but the State’s early settlement was made possible
by the saddle:horse as a means of locomotion.

This article is to deal with the history of the early-day Mis-
sourl saddle horse. It will not be complete. The lack of rec-
ords make it an impossibility to compile such information in a
manner that could be called complete. The matter set forth
herein is largely g'caned from personal information. It is sub-
mitted for whatever good it might do. Perhaps it will attract
sufficient interest so that those who are personally informed may
be interested in furnishing data that will make a future article
of great historical value.

508 Missourt Agricultural Report.

The early-day saddle horses of Missouri were brought here
from Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee and were largely of
thoroughbred ancestry. In the following years came represent-
atives of the families known as the Hals, Drennons, Copper-
bottoms, Whips, Cockspurs and the Bald Hornets. The Ver-
mont Morgans were also represented here in the early days and
should be considered as a contributing factor in the improvement
of the breed. The Eagles, often referred to, were sons of Grey
Eagle (Th.); the Golddusts were sons of the trotting-bred Mes-
senger Golddust, and Jack Sportsman, Jr., was a thoroughbred
of royal lineage. Revenue is another horse often referred to in
the pedigrees of the good Missouri-bred saddle horses, but like
the other stallions of his day, but little is known of him. Per-
haps this article will be read by some who are informed concern-
ing these great stallions of the yesterday and who may be suf-
ficiently interested to correspond with the writer in the matter.
It will prove of great benefit to the industry to learn more from
authoritative sources of the good horses of the early days. Such
information will prove of interest and will be appreciated by the
present-day breeders of saddle horses.

Occasionally we find, in a study of the pedigrees of the reg-
istered saddle horses of today, a reference to the good horses of
the past that is given in such a manner that it conveys some
information as to their breeding. We shall call attention to the
breeding of two of the good horses of the present age for the
reason that it is interesting to note the value of the information
so obtained. Both are Missouri-bred and are well-known to the
saddle horse breeders of the State.

Jack McDonald 3217, owned by Buckman Brothers, near
Monroe City, is by Rex McDonald 833, and his dam, Margaret
4749, by John M. Hoxey; second dam, Mary, by Patrick’s Bald
Hornet, a Tom Hal horse brought to Monroe county by Biggs &
Fox; third dam, Maid, by Bodene (Th.), a horse also brought to
Monroe county from Kentucky, and by War Dance, dam, Reel
by Imported Glencoe; fourth dam, Pet, by McReynolds’ Copper-
tom, by Griffeycopper, by John S. Copper (known by some as
Tom Hal); fifth dam, Hunter, by Grayfoot (Th.), brought to
Missouri by Dr. Bower of Monroe county; sixth dam, Queen, by
a son of Sir Archy (Th.), that was brought to Missouri from Vir-
ginia and made one season near Florida, Monroe county; sev-
enth dam, a mare by a son of Imported Diomede, brought to
Missouri from Kentucky in 1836 by J. S. Buckman, the father

Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. 509

of John R. and R. P. Buckman, and the grandfather of Will and
Charles, favorably known as the Buckman Brothers. During
the Civil war the farm of John R. and R. P. Buckman, who were
strong Southern sympathizers, was raided and every serviceable
horse on the farm was confiscated. The mare, Hunter, on ac-
count of disabilities, was deemed of no value as a cavalry mount
and was left. From the produce of this mare the present great
horses on the Buckman farm descended.

The writer has been made familiar with the pedigree of the
good mare, Miss Cliff 5524, owned by Wallace Estill & Son of
Estill, Howard county. This mare is also by Rex McDonald
833, and on her maternal side is a descendant of a mare called
Blue Bird, ridden to Missouri from Kentucky as a two-year-old by
J. H. Estill with bedclothes and a surcingle as asaddle. This was
in the early fifties. This mare was by the thoroughbred, Wood-
pecker. In 1859 Mr. J. H. Estill sold all his personal property that
he might go south to save his negroes, he, like many of the Mis-
souri farmers of that day, being an extensive slave owner. Pre-
vious to this sale Blue Bird had been bred to a horse known as
Green Mountain Morgan, owned near Paris, and produced a
chestnut filly called Emma that Mr. Wallace Estill’s father,
J. R. Estill, paid $200 for at the sale as atwo-year-old. Whenthe
Civil war came on every precaution was taken to save this mare
from the depredations of the bushwhackers. She had been
bred to a horse called Cockspur, owned by Tom Moss of Fay-
ette, and brought here from Kentucky by Vol Paine. Cock-
spur was said to be out of the dam of Edwin Forrest 1901, which
horse, by the way, passed the better part of his life near Keokuk,
Iowa, and was of material assistance in bringing the saddle
horses of Northeast Missouri up to their present high standing.
From Cockspur Emma produced a black mare called Fancy and
was rebred to Cockspur, this time producing a bay colt called
Prince. While Emma was yet suckling Printe, Mrs. J. R. Estill
was riding her one day to the home of a sick neighbor. A bunch
of bushwhackers met Mrs. Estill, took possession of the mare,
and after turning the colt into a wheat field one of the number
rode the mare off and she was never again seen by her owners.
Her foals, Fancy and the horse colt, were left to the Estills, and
the children of that family used her in learning to ride. She is
said to have been a wonderful fine saddle mare and her manners
were near perfect. She was bred several times to Ashland Den-
mark and produced, among other foals, the black mare, Grace,

ind

510 - Missourt Agricultural Report.

foaled May 16, 1872, a date well remembered by Mr. Wallace
Estill, for it was his wedding day. Bred to Tom Telegraph,
Fancy produced Topsie. This mare was the dam of Topsie
Estill, by Mambrino Eric, the dam of Miss Cliff.

The development of the industry as established today began
with the first interest in competitive exhibitions in which beauty,
grace of movement and stamina were the qualifications consid-
ered. Our early citizens tell of the great saddle horse shows of
the antebellum days. From this source of information we
learn that the Missouri saddle horse of that day was of splendid
type and finish. However, during the Civil war every horse
available for military use was drafted into service. At the con-
clusion of the civil strife but few remained and the horse industry
along with other agricultural and industrial enterprises began
life anew.

Perhaps we may say it was in the early seventies that the
breeding and exhibiting of saddle horses had become so estab-
lished as to be of consequence. We are told by our older friends
of great shows in those days. The records, however, do not
antedate the early eighties, the beginning of the saddle horse era
in Missouri. At this time a keen interest had developed, and in
the rivalry incidental to owning and showing the best many promi-
nent stockmen through the central part of the State became
intensely interested. Kentucky was drawn upon for the best,
and the present-day records will disclose that the greatest sons
of the greatest sons of Gaines’ Denmark 61, the best Denmark
of the Denmark family, were bought by Missourians and
brought to this State. It is here that the yesterday of the Mis- |
souri saddle horse, as we positively know him, begins. We shall
not attempt to give the order in which these great horses were
brought to Missouri. Authoritative information in the matter
of dates is extremely hard to obtain, but a brief description of
the great horses that, through their progeny, have made the
saddle horse industry of Missouri, is noted in this bulletin.

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’
Association.

OPRFPIGERS.

President—J. F. Roelofson, Maryville.
Vice-President— Wilmer Mcllroy, Louisiana.
Secretary-Treasurer—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

(J. F. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo.)

Gentlemen, you no doubt all understand
the purpose of this meeting, it being an annual
event in the history of the Missouri Draft
Horse Breeders’ Association. I take it, too,
that most of you understand what the Missouri
Draft Horse Breeders’ Association is.

This association was organized four years
ago for the general benefit of the draft horse in-
dustry, and we have from time to time met to-
gether and transacted such business as seemed
advisable. As an association we have grown each year in mem-
bership, and we can very truthfully say that each year more in-
terest has been manifested in the heavy draft horse and that
Missouri farmers and breeders are now producing more and
better draft horses than ever before.

We, of course, would not claim that this has all been brought
about by and through the efforts of the officers of this associa-
tion. The modern Missouri farmer has seen that along with
other products he should raise some good draft horses.

Inventive genius has tried for many years to displace the
horse, but in spite of this tendency the draft horse industry is
in a most prosperous condition. More draft horses are being

J. F. Roelofson.

Nore.—Attention is called to frontispiece showing draft horse demonstration at Co-
lumbia during Farmers’ Week, 1914.

(511)

SP Missourt Agricultural Report.

produced than ever before, and still the demand continues to
increase. The draft horse breeders everywhere are not only
breeding more, but better, horses than in the past, realizing that
the demand is for the better classes and that the real drafter with
quality always commands the high dollar. The fascination that
the business has for the real horseman prompts him to produce
the best that his ability and judgment*can develop.

We go to the State Fair or other great fairs and horse shows,
and we notice the great interest manifested. I dare say that
at most of these big fairs the big draft horse is one of the greatest
features of such shows and is perhaps the subject of more com-
ment than is any other part of the exhibit. Now there are rea-
sons for this. Of course they will say, ““Isn’t he large’ or “‘Isn’t
he handsome” and all that sort of thing, but the fact is the
masses are understanding and beginning to realize that he is
almost king. At least he is to some extent “‘the power behind
the throne.’ Eliminate him and where would we be today?
Think of it! There is no getting away from the fact that in the
main the horse furnishes the power to move the vast amount
of machinery to operate the farms of this and other countries,
that raise the products to feed the civilized world. When we
breed these horses then we are ourselves contributing to this
mighty power. It is claimed by some (and it is probably true)
that for long hauls the big motor trucks can be operated with
economy, but I might say that the same has been true of the
steam railways for years. We have had no occasion to compete
with this mode of transfer. Rather is it a fact that the more of
these long hauls that are made the more business there is for
the actual “‘horse power” alive and real at either end of the line.

In the former meetings of this association I have urged Mis-
sourl farmers to raise more and better horses. Some of the
states around us are excelling us in the number of draft horses
produced. We would not like to admit that they are producing
any better. We cannot give a very good reason why they should
produce more, for Missouri has every facility necessary for the
production of the very best. It seems to me, fellow farmers and
breeders of Missouri, that we should be securing more of the
good ones in our own State. It is a noticeable fact that at
many of the sales of pure-bred draft horses too many of the good
ones go farther away from us, in various directions, not only
to the far west and northwest, but not infrequently to the old
‘states of New York, Pennsylvania, and others where they have

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. ls:

nothing like the conditions that we have for raising good draft
horses for profit. But I do not mean to criticise, for Missouri
is gaining each year in the production of draft horses, both in
numbers and quality. In the last four years that we have been
organized I have taken quite an interest in the progress of draft
horse breeding in this State, and I find new men entering the
field each year, many of them starting with only a few, but
most of them gradually growing into a business which is bound
to be appreciated by the community. It is a well-known fact
that a high-class stallion in a community leaves his impress for
future good in the improvement of the horses of such locality.
Such improvement being so clearly shown by one horse, a cor-
respondingly greater improvement might reasonably be ex-
pected by the establishment of pure-bred herds here and there,
and I wish that these might be distributed with a regularity all
over the State.

To the Missouri farmer present who owns no pure breds I
would say that you certainly would do well to secure at least a
pair of pure-bred mares, breed them to the best stallion avail-
able and get in the procession, for the draft horse industry is not
going to be behind all others by any means.

The time will come, and ere long perhaps, when the modern
Missouri agriculturists will all be using and raising pure-bred
draft horses and turning their surplus each year into a very
handsome profit by the production of the right kind. Then
you will be turning deeper and wider furrows, hauling heavier
loads and “‘cut a wider swath,’? whether hay or whatever it
may be.

DEVELOPING DRAFT FOALS.

(E. H. Hughes, College of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo.)

Never in the history of the horse breeding industry has
there been a stronger demand for the heavy draft horse, nor has
he ever commanded a correspondingly higher price than at
present. To produce drafters of this class we must develop
the foal.

The progress of the draft horse breeding industry, in part,
depends on this development, for during the first twelve months
the colt makes as much growth as it does in the following three
years. The increased demand for the heavy drafter comes from

several sources. Increased population without the correspond-
A—33

514 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ing increase in land makes intensive farming imperative and we
become.more thorough in our cultivation methods. The high.
price of farm labor is another item, and to overcome this factor
we employ less men and more horse power. It is an economical
fact that we must develop the foal. During the first year the
colt makes a pound of growth with less feed than at any subse-
quent time. On the other hand, the colt cannot handle a large
bulk of feed in its small body. ‘Therefore the folly of with-
holding grain from the foal either before or after weaning is
apparent. We not only get economical growth, but by early
development we get early maturity—larger and better horses.

Imported Percheron stallion, Honorable (54635) 41371, at the head of the stud of Per-
cheron mares owned by the department of animal husbandry, College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Missouri.

If we are to produce horses of size, quality and conforma-
tion we cannot hope to succeed unless we use great care in breed-
ing, selection, feeding and general practices. From the sixth
week after the mare is in foal there .is an ever increasing demand
for bone-forming material, and is especially urgent during the
first three or even five months after birth.

It is essential that the breeder should so regulate the food
of his brood mare that an abundant supply of mineral matter

Missourt Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. Sul)

will be available, not only during the gestation period and dur-
ing the time she is suckling the foal, but he should also be in a
position to so feed his colts during the first year that they may
be able to form large, ivory-like bones, strong ligaments and
tendons that have the capacity of withstanding sudden jars and
strains. The stunted frame of a yearling will never expand
properly by any system of later feeding.

Few foals get too much feed. He should be encouraged to
eat early, and when he begins to nibble at the mare’s feed then
put up a low feed box just out of reach of the mare and feed him
regularly. A mixture of crushed oats and bran is a good feed
during the summer and early fall.

The foal must be encouraged to eat, exercise, rest and
grow. If the mare is turned to pasture, exercise and rest are
provided naturally. Though grass is provided, the foal should
get grain once or twice a day either in a creep in the lot or be
fed in the barn. Though our pastures are good during part of
the season, we cannot compete with Europe in raising horses on
pasture alone, for there the humid atmosphere keeps the grass
fresh and green through the growing season. If the mare must
work, keep the foal in a ventilated, well-lighted stall, a well-
fenced lot or paddock. The colt should not follow the mare at
work. While the foal is suckling the mare her feed must be
intelligently chosen. She should not be given too rich feed,
turned too suddenly to pasture, or brought in too hot and tired
to her hungry colt. If care is not taken trouble will surely fol-
low. A good, strong digestion is an absolute essential in a foal.
Therefore, an evenly regulated supply of milk, uniform in qual-
ity and quantity, is needed. The way to secure this is to regu-
late the feed of the mare, avoiding sudden changes of any kind
and shielding her from too much exhaustive work.

Probably the best feed for the mare is oats, bran, clover or
alfalfa hay or pasture, with possibly a pound of oil meal daily.
The mare and her foal should have access to water and salt
whenever possible.

When five to five and one-half months old the colt should
be weaned. At this time the foal should be eating grass or hay
and a mixture of oats and bran, or a mixture of corn, oats and
bran. The corn and oats should be ground, at the present high
price of feed.

Draft foals that are doing well gain from three to four
pounds per day up to weaning time. Colts sired by 2,000-

516 Missourt Agricultural Report.

pound horses and from 1,700-pond mares should average 750 to
800 pounds when weaned. Averages taken from thirty-five
colts in different sections and showing very little variation
would make these figures fairly reliable:

One month, 345 pounds; two months, 465 pounds; three months, 570 pounds; four
months, 675 pounds; five months, 759 pounds; six months, 828 pounds; twelve months,
1,170 pounds. ‘

At weaning time there should be very little trouble if the
foal has been fed and handled properly up to this time. The
foal and mare should be separated, the mare being milked by
hand until she is dry, to prevent caking of the udder. In the
meantime, the foal must have careful attention. It should be
turned to pasture or paddock each day, except during inclement
weather. At night it should be placed in a ventilated, well-
lighted, well-bedded box stall, if possible. Two foals will do
well together in one box stall.

The following is a part of some experimental work done at
the Wisconsin Experiment Station under the direction of Prof.
J. G. Fuller. The work covers two years’ time. Eleven pure-
bred foals were used in the test. The foals without exception
were doing well when the tests were started, having had good
care and feed prior to the time they were put on the experiment.
The foals were fed at 6:00 a. m., 12:00 m. and 5:00 p. m., regu-
larity of feeding being considered very important.

The ration was, 60 pounds ground oats, 15 pounds ground corn, 10 pounds bran, 15
pounds chopped alfalfa.

IAVeragerGailytratvonyfed ss! access oka tllewere tae soe ee ona aie Fe eeeteene ee een Rane 16.2 pounds
A VErace teed speOrIMe alte ccf ise sree oo choke Wits eer ES ay cce een ep a Emenee 5.4 om
AVeragcelanye Ceo sper DOUNnGLOfse alin ee into een ieee noe 7.91
AVerage COStADer DOUNGsOf Same yee se ies cia htc etter $.096
Averaged ally gain kpersto alto esis cis age cies eae Hene cae ae ee Poe 11
Avieragze.;cOstiofMioals (255 4wWeels) jin o ceaot cuca eugenics) vee eae $32.95
Average cost of toals(4 OGWweeks) csr cia ices ele ie eo ed eee ee 58.84
AVerage.costisvallionservaCecesometosttecs ines Gilani Re ee nee 20.00
TotalicOst ONC PVCali st. See rhe endef) eenee anes tea ae seas Meee Eee 74.84

A Veraze VallerOfbhese tO ast . kere at ciciechee Seeman eae ee eee aid ER eae One 215.91
LOL arene tase tk tate sere e aps aoe doe aS ORME Wile) wields at, eeNecd @ Gna eines Eda Abecepene ete ceLeR erates 141.07

This ration was fed dry and included no roughage other
than the fifteen pounds of chopped alfalfa which was mixed
with the concentrates.

Taking the average foal from 2,000-pound sires and 1,700-
pound dams at 828 pounds, and taking the daily gain of 2.1
pounds for one hundred and eighty days or six months, makes a

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. al

total gain of 378 pounds the last six months or a total of 1,206
pounds at twelve months of age.

Conclusions:

First—Draft foals may be made to weigh 1,200 pounds at
one year of age.

Second—It will pay to force pure-bred or high-grade draft
foals on such a ration.

Third—The ration is recommended highly as being prac-
tical for the development of pure-bred and good, well-bred
grade foals.

Having produced 1,200-pound foals at twelve months of
age we can reasonably expect large, early maturing horses. No
one will question the advisability of forcing the good, pure-bred
colt, but what are we to do with the high grade? With ordi-
nary care he will mature at from four and one-half to five years
of age, weighing 1,500 pounds and worth $175; with proper care,
feed and supervision he will mature earlier, weighing 1,800
pounds and worth $325. This is ample proof that it pays to
develop the good foal to its fullest extent.

DRAFT HORSES FOR MISSOURI FARMS.

(Wilmer Mcllroy, Louisiana, Mo.)

I presume nearly every person in the
audience is raising or contemplates raising
draft horses. I sincerely hope you are
very enthusiastic about it, for it is the best,
most progressive farmers that assemble
here each year, and each one, no doubt, has
a great influence in his home community,
and you can give no better advice than to
raise good draft horses. |

A paper wrote asking me to write an
article on “‘Pure-bred Draft Horses’’ for
the every-day farmer, saying that a few
men thought nobody but the wealthy
could dare try it. That belief is far from

Wilmer McIIroy.

correct.

Draft horses in Missouri have been neglected entirely too
much, and it is my prediction that we will be still further behind
in draft'horse breeding unless the State Fair or some other or-

518 Missourt Agricultural Report.

ganization does something to encourage the few men who are
now striving for better draft horses.

You know Missouri has long been noted for her beautiful
saddle horses and good mules, and that is all right, but the time
is coming when we must give more attention to the heavier
breeds or lose our prestige as a mule-producing State.

Good property on any farm.

While we have been fussing with Kentucky as to who had
the best saddle horses, and have been raising mules with only
Kentucky and Tennessee as competitors, other states have been
growing rich raising big dependable drafters. But things are
changing gradually, and Iowa, Illinois and Kansas realize what
kind of mules they can produce with their splendid draft mares,
and they are doing it.

Ira G. Sharp, Sharpsburg, Ill., who showed the grand cham-
pion mule this year at many state fairs, including our own, told
me that that mule was out of a 1,900-pound Percheron mare.
He didn’t say, but I am sure the sire was a big Missouri jack.

I am having double the inquiries for jacks from Illinois men
that I had three years ago. They can buy a jack in Missouri
that is standing for $10 and get $15 for his services. Why?
Because the farmers are well stocked with grand, big mares;
therefore are able to pay, and then the mule from that class of

Missourt Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 519

mares is worth thirty-five dollars more. An Illinoisan will tell
you also that two jacks of equal value, one a Missourian and the
other an Illinoisan, that the former will get more business by far.

The draft horse stock of any country is the foundation of
everything. Had you ever thought what breed of horses we
could get along best with if we were compelled to discard all the
rest? A neighbor told me last year he had. eighteen head of
horses, and should one die he would have to borrow a team to
drag it off with. Is that a dependable, profitable kind to care
for and feed high-priced feed to?

The lighter breeds are all right, and they have their places
to fill, and everybody has to take his hat off to a finished saddle
horse, but how many farmers are capable of finishing one? The
man who gets the big prices we hear about for the light horse
isn’t the farmer very often, but the dealer who grooms and edu-
cates him. I noticed an account of a dispersal sale a few weeks
ago of some magnificently bred trotters, and the average was
under $100.

One of my neighbors had a sale two years ago, and a wean-
ling, a yearling and a two-year-old harness filly brought an
average of $71, while a two-year-old draft filly, not any better
for her kind, brought $165.

W. J. Cunningham, Hartford, Ill., gave $300 for a three-
year-old Percheron filly, and at his sale last year she at ten years
old with a month-old filly colt brought $600, and he had already
sold $2,375 worth of produce from her. I have a mare due to
foal in two weeks, bred to the grand champion Percheron stal-
lion, Carnot, and I have refused an offer of $500 for her colt at
weaning time. It is such things as those that caused us to
begin raising Percherons.

Statistics show that the live stock farmers are making more
clear money and keeping their land up much better than the
grain farmers. If the population increases 21 per cent during the
next ten years as it did the past ten we must raise more from our
acres. Better farming and good draft horses go hand in hand,
for to raise more grain and hay and do it economically we must
plow deeper, cultivate more thoroughly, farm more intensively
and concentrate our labors by having one man do the work of
two by using modern implements. To do these things weight
in the collar is very essential.

If we are raising horses successfully then we have a surplus
to sell, so the market should govern our breeding operations

520 Missouri Agricultural Report.

largely. What are the market demands? They are for horses
standing around seventeen hands, with weight, quality and con-
formation. How do we produce that kind? By having good
draft mares, breeding to splendid stallions weighing a ton or
over and by giving them that often-neglected “‘corncrib”’ cross.

Too many men think that because the colt has big stock in
it that it will go out to the stalk field with the rest of the horses °
and mature into a fine, large horse. A horse’s future depends
largely on the care it gets the first two years, especially the first
year. Feed generously.

Men on small farms should keep nothing but good, big mares
to use; they will do all the work and raise a colt worth from $100
to $150.

The Agricultural College, especially the animal husbandry
department, is the best friend the farmer ever had. Boys who
come here to school get an incentive that couldn’t be given so
easily any other way. Every boy loves his stock judging class
and goes home determined to raise better stock. Then if the
father doesn’t encourage him by getting better horses a large
part of the good he got out of school is gone. Humor the boy
by letting him have one good team well harnessed and you will
almost have the problem of keeping the boys on the farm solved.

Then the hired man is to be considered. He is much better
satisfied if you give him a splendid team; he will take better care
of it and be in better humor to do other work. No good hired
man likes the “Boss”? unless he is somewhat progressive.

I am trying very hard to get my neighbors to get better
mares, either by buying or grading up with what they already
have, and my labors in that line are not lost as many are now
searching diligently for good mares. It is true we have been
careless about this matter too long for our own good, but will
probably be heard from in the future.

I had a pair of our good mares in town one day when a
horse buyer from St. Louis who was buying horses said: “I
guess that pair isn’t for sale, but the farmers must raise that
kind if they expect us to continue coming here after horses.”

Now there are several ways the draft horse business can be
helped. One is the community colt show. I saw a lady last
fall who had been at Bloomington, IIl., during their colt show,
and she thought there was more enthusiasm and more good colts
than she had ever seen before.

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 57!

Another thing that is doing untold good is the “State Fair
Futurity.”’ That encourages the breeder to take extra care of
his colts until they are nearly two years old, when the biggest
part of the growing is done.

And if our State Fair would give half as much for draft
horse sweepstakes as they do for saddle horse sweepstakes
they would do this State more real good than could possibly
be done in any other branch of the animal industry.

Therefore, I think it the duty of this ‘““Draft Horse Breeders’
Association” to petition the State Fair management to be just
as liberal as possible in giving to their heavy horse departments.

We have the soil, the climate, the grass, the everything,
so let us resolve to grow more and better drafters in Missouri
during 1914.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DRAFT HORSE IN THE OZARKS.

(Lewis B. Tietze, Oakland, Mo.)

Joseph E. Wing said some time ago that the products of
the State of Missouri are so many and varied that if we were
to build a high wall around us and shut everything out we
would not miss anything we have been used to except bananas.
Everything we need is produced within our borders, from
maple sugar to sauerkraut. Likewise, the Ozark hills country
of Southern Missouri will produce everything that goes to build
great draft horses, unless it is commercial stock foods, and I
am strongly of the opinion that that is something we can get
along without. I invested 25 cents of good and lawful money
in a package of stock food or “Animal Regulator” once upon
a time. If you get it in 25-pound pails it is called “Stock
Food; when you buy it in little packages it is called “Animal
Regulator.” I have fed 25 cents’ worth of ““Animal Regulator”
to my horses since I have been in the business, and ever since
I have felt that I never got my money’s worth out of that
transaction.

Mild, short winters, suitable soils for the production of
grain, forage and grasses of all kinds and an abundant supply
of living water all combine to make the Ozark hills an ideal
region for the raising of draft horses as well as other live stock.
The heat of summer is not oppressive, and is always tempered

by cool nights which afford great relief to both man and beast.
A—#4

522 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Our winters are mild; the temperature does not often fall below
zero, and when it does it is immediately followed by warmer
weather. The grazing season begins in March; sometimes
early in April, and continues until December. Pastures. of
wheat and rye are usually green throughout the winter. Snow
seldom lies on the ground more than seven consecutive days.

To illustrate the open winters I will describe the care my
horses receive. They are never stalled at night unless the
ground is icy or covered with snow so they can not lie down
outside. One winter they were stalled only twelve nights
throughout the winter. My stable doors stand open day and
night, summer and winter, the year around. The horses go
in and out between the pasture and the barn when they please,
and if you have ever experimented any along this line you will
find they generally prefer to be out, as it is not natural for
horses to be housed up. It is wet with cold that hurts horses;
cold alone does not.

Now don’t suppose for a moment that I make my horses
‘rough it’? by starving or neglecting them, for I do nothing of
that sort. I have just as healthy a lot of horses as anybody.
My horses are never sick; I never lost but one horse and he
was killed by lightning. I have never had a case of distemper.
I never had a colt with lice. My brood mares raise colts reg-
ularly every year without fail, and I have never had a colt lose
flesh during the weaning process, and I have been breeding
horses for ten years—pure-bred drafters for six years. My
stallions share the same outdoor life as the mares, and-it is
generally conceded that I have the surest breeding sire in the
country. I am not saying that distemper and lice are un-
known in the Ozarks, for unfortunately that is not the case.
I am trying to show you what can be done down there with the cli-
mate and brains working together. A motto which I work by
is this, “‘Eternal vigilance is the price of good horses.”

The fruit industry which has brought fame to the Ozarks
for so many years is, owing to frosts, drouths and other things,
being superseded by stock raising and general farming. Dairy-
ing is fast becoming the most important and successful line of
farming. It is a known fact that those provisions of nature
which make dairying profitable will also grow bone and muscle
in horses. There are eleven different types of soil in Laclede
county. There are farms that are as rich as any in the State
of Illinois and there is land so thin and poor and stony that

Missourt Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 523

you actually couldn’t raise your umbrella on it. We have
fields that have produced a crop of corn every season for eighty
consecutive years with no appreciable decrease in soil fertility.
All the standard farm crops are produced, although the oat
crop is not generally sufficient to supply the local demand.
All our soils except the most stony hillsides will grow blue grass
abundantly. After years of experimenting we have learned
how to grow alfalfa in the Ozark hills, and there are hundreds
of acres of it there now; some in my own county. Not all our
soils are adapted for it and the cultivated methods differ some
from those elsewhere, but it will grow all right when you know
how.

Everywhere I go people take great pleasure in telling me
that the people in the Ozarks are far behind everybody else in
agriculture. This has been true to a degree, but it will not be
so very long. We have not had the advantages or opportunities.
enjoyed by others. It is about 75 miles across the country
from where I live to our State Fair. It is more than 200 miles
by the shortest railroad route, to say nothing of changes, waits
and poor connections. Is it any wonder that we do not all
turn out to the State Fair every year? The old-line native
Missourians are learning or disappearing.

I meet people from all parts of the world who depend upon
signs for their success in breeding operations. As far as the
horse breeding industry is concerned, the education of a com-
munity depends upon the stallioners. If they are unpro-
gressive or conservative little can be done, and that has been
the trouble in the Ozark country. Stallion men would not
hesitate long to pay $1,000 for a jack, but would balk at half
that sum for any kind of an improved stallion. Importers
have tried to push their business into the Ozarks. They met
with little or no encouragement from the stallion men, and
so they moved their basis of operation to other and more profit-
able fields. George R. Crouch told me they sold 18 stallions
in one county in Missouri. I asked him how many he had
sold into the Ozark region. He replied that he did not have
the boundaries of the Ozarks definitely fixed in mind, but to
the best of his knowledge he had never sold any except to a
horse merchant in Springfield.

At this present time, however, a great change is taking
place throughout that vast region. We are on the threshold
of an era of transformation of development and of readjustment.

524 Missouri Agricultural Report.

From the densely populated rural districts in the states to the
north, northwest and northeast of us is coming in a steady
migration of intelligent, progressive and up-to-date farmers,
realizing that this is their last and only opportunity to secure
homes at a price within their means. When they once get
possession of a farm it will never be for sale again, for they
have come to stay. We extend to them the glad hand of wel-
come, for they are the best class of farmers and citizens you
ever saw. Each newcomer brings with him one or two good pairs
of high grade draft mares, probably in foal, and with them
comes an ever-increasing demand for better sires. The younger
generation of Missouri farmers, too, are not content to live and
farm as their fathers used to. In nearly every farm home in
the Ozarks nowadays at least one farm paper makes its weekly
visit. It is, indeed, refreshing to see frequent articles in our
stock journals setting forth the merits of the draft horse and
his value to the southwestern farmer. Publishers should
whenever possible illustrate these articles with good half tones,
for pictures will do much toward helping the reader to form an
idea of what a good horse should look like, and few have the
privilege of seeing the real article at the ringside.

When I introduced the first pure-bred, heavy, draft stallion
into Laclede county I half expected that I would have to raise
a pair of geldings and ship them to market before my neighbors
would see that there is money in draft horses. At first I met
with opposition strong enough to have discouraged anyone not
supported by a faith born of the knowledge that his undertaking
could and, therefore, must succeed. The leaders in the outcry
were, of course, the other stallion owners who declared the
horses were too big and unwieldy, couldn’t stand the climate,
couldn’t climb the hills, would stick fast in the mud, would
tear a turning plow “‘all to the devil,” and all that sort of talk
which was heard in your neighborhood years ago. Today my
breeding business is still only in its beginning and yet I can
already tell you that “I came, I ‘saw; I) conquered. . The
people down there are quick to grasp new ideas. They see me
successful with my horses and they follow my example. They
do not always understand the science of it all, but they do as
I do and get the same results.

Gentlemen, the time is surely very near when the draft
horse will come into his own in the Ozarks. I am not a prophet,
neither am I one of the sons of the prophets, but I honestly

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 525

believe that this coming season Laclede county could support
a good draft sire for every one of her twelve townships. Good,
big, grade stallion colts, sired by my old horse, are strongly
in demand to use for breeding purposes, and I do not discourage
their use because they are so much better than the stuff that was
there before. There are about 3,300 mares in my country
suitable for breeding. Good draft sires, owned by intelligent
men who can advertise wisely,, would command most of these
in a few years. The raising of mules is not the paying prop-
osition it once was. I can remember the time when any beast
with long ears and a bray was considered a good mule jack.
But times have changed, people’s inclinations have changed
and the mule market has changed.

While I am not acquainted with any great part of the
Ozarks, I think conditions in my own county do not differ
greatly from those in most of Southwest Missouri. <A year
ago last summer I was called on business to a near-by county
whose agricultural wealth is nearly twice that of Laclede.
Having an hour or so of leisure, I did as I do everywhere I go—
I looked up the horse breeders in that town; I made the ac-
quaintance of one of the leading bankers who owns some sad-
dlers. In the course of our conversation he told me he did not
think there was a pure-bred draft stallion in the whole county.
He had been contemplating the purchase of one for some time
as he was sure it would be a profitable investment, but he had
not done so as yet.

I have endeavored to show you that the time is at hand
when the production of draft horses may become an important
industry in the Ozarks if pioneered by men with a “go-ahead-
itive” spirit, who are willing to do missionary work and patiently
await results. But that is not all; I don’t believe there ever will
be better opportunities for community breeding than is there
offered. Here are people who have arrived at the point where
they will insist upon using better sires. Considerable draft
blood is already prominent in the she-stock, yet the blood of
no particular breed predominates to any appreciable extent.
Neither are the farmers prejudiced in favor of or against any
particular breed. Let the man in each community who has
the inclination and the means buy a pure-bred draft stallion
and, perhaps, a pair of fillies, advertise wisely and wait patiently
for results, and if he has no reverses I will bet you a coonskin
his success is assured. Let him choose the breed that his con-

526 Missourt Agricultural Report.

stituents lke best, if there is one, otherwise his own favorite
breed. He should enlist the help of the banker, newspaper
and business man to help advocate better stock as well as to
discourage the bringing in of other breeds. I will tell you the
truth, friends, I have no favorite breeds. I thought I had
when I started breeding, but the more I associate with and
compare the different breeds of draft: horses the more I am
convinced that one breed is as good as another and where one
will succeed the other will also, but I realize the necessity of
sticking to the breed—not only of the individual breeder, but
of whole communities. I have been in breeding districts where
you can drive along the public road and see in one pasture a
group of horses of Belgian breeding; in the very next, Percheron
blood predominating; in still another field, Clydesdales, and so
on. Each of those farmers has followed his fancy. They have
been breeding in all directions and got mostly nowhere. I
have more than once been seized by a yearning to own one of those
thick, sturdy roans or one of the white-faced beauties, but
common sense tells me that so far as local interests are con-
cerned that should never be.

It is very seldom than any one raises objections to the breed
that I handle. When some one does, I explain to him to the
best of my ability the wisdom of community breeding. In
nearly every case he goes away pledging his support to my
efforts, and he is especially lhkely to do this when he learns
that I am about as much of an admirer of his favorite breed
as he is and it is only a matter of policy or accident that I am
interested in another.

SOME FACTS REGARDING THE DRAFT HORSE.

(W.S. Corsa, Whitehall, Ill.)

King Richard offered his kingdom for a horse—Professor
Trowbridge only offers 20 minutes. We bow to Professor
Trowbridge and will attempt to touch a few of the high spots
in the subject assigned.

The draft horse is the logical horse for corn belt conditions.
The proper tilling of the soil, with the scarcity of farm labor,
requires power for the large machinery devised to perform the
most work at the least expense for manual labor per acre of
ground or bushel of grain. This evolution of agricultural
machinery to the large model has been rapid and widespreading

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. O27

until in the west powerful tractors are in common use. ‘There
the climate and soil and extent of ground to be covered point
to the use of such massive machinery, but in the corn belt,
upon the majority of farms and in the general run of seasons,
the draft horse will prove the most economical source of power
in producing our crops for some time to come.

In the corn belt we do not breed draft horses to cultivate
fruit nor to raise cotton, but wheat, corn, oats, elover, alfalfa—
the very best feed to develop the draft horse to his best estate.
It is a weakness of human nature to feed more liberally when
you raise the feed than when it is brought in over the railroad.
Draft horses .for their proper development require generous
feeding. So nowhere else in all the country are the natural
conditions for developing the draft horse so favorable as in
the corn belt.

The custom and training of the corn belt farmer is to
handle stock in bunches. The kindly disposition of the drafter,
his quiet, friendly manner, his peaceable ways with those of
his kind, as well as other kind and mankind, enables him to fit
in most acceptably with the prevailing methods and equip-
ment on acorn belt stock farm. As with cattle, you can double
the average bunch of draft horses, and practically the only
expense you have doubled is the expense of feed. Here is an
economic feature which has considerable bearing on the suc-
cessful contraction or expansion of such an enterprise. At
home we have a two-cent parrot in a $20 cage, but a bunch
of somewhat valuable draft mares went all winter and never
saw the inside of a barn. An hour’s chill would do up the parrot,
but whoever heard of a draft horse that had plenty to eat
freezing to death in the corn belt—if, on a day like this, one
can imagine anything ever freezing? A woodland blue grass
pasture and grain twice a day, and today we have twenty-one
colts saved out of twenty-two foaled, a result due in no small
measure to abundant out-of-door life and plenty of feed.

We overlook our hand when we fail to remember that the
horse is an out-of-doors animal, that the corn belt furnishes a
well-nigh perennial and salubrious out-of-doors for the drafter
at a minimum expense per head for equipment. There has
been and is much argument as to whether there exists such an
animal as a ‘“‘dual purpose’ animal. Permit me to lead for-
ward a corn belt draft mare and mark her ‘Exhibit A.” She
produces the crop which sells for cash, and a colt which from

528 Missouri Agricultural Report.

weaning time on may be transmuted into more coin than the
average individual offspring of any farm animal at the same
age. Jane produced $1,400 worth of colts and Daisy $900
worth, and also performed their full share of labor on the crops.

Sots

Champion Percheron stallion, International Live Stock Show, 1911. Among the
best sires of the breed. ; “2

Later, branded by wire and marked with age, they sold for
approximately their original cost. The depreciation in the
power plant of the corn belt farmer is at a minimum when the
units are drafters; and when these units are draft mares it is
the only power plant I know of that renews itself while pro-
ducing profitable labor.

In 1910 the Illinois Stallion Registration Board issued up
to October 1st 9,370 licenses. Of this number 3,397 were for
pure-bred draft stallions—all breeds. An average of about 33

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 529

pure-bred draft stallions to each county of this, the greatest
draft horse State in the Union. A mighty little leaven to
leaven so large a lump.

Reports from neighboring states tell a similar story. In
spite of the automobile and auto truck the growth of popula-
tion has brought about a greater demand for horses for farm
and city work.

The corn belt farmer wants to awaken to the use of only
pure-bred draft stallions and to the necessity of increasing
the number of such stallions in every community, to the ex-
clusion of the mongrel and the scrub.

“Grading up,’’ as Doctor Alexander so well states, ““means
using a pure-bred stallion for the first cross and continuously
crossing the resultant female progeny with pure-bred stallions
of the breed first used until all impure blood has been practically
bred out.”’ And that “as soon as possible in every community
unsound, unsuitable, undersized breeding animals should be
discarded—sound, high-class mares substituted and only pure-
bred stallions patronized.”

But the call of the times is to be the pure bred as never
before. The expense of maintenance is the same; the labor
of the pure bred is the equal or superior of the grade. Lineage
is no license to loaf in either man or beast, and the profit and
pleasure of breeding pure breds is incomparably greater. The
pure-bred weanling brings as many dollars as a well-matured
high grade. The pure-bred drafter on the corn belt farm spells
better farming, better fencing, practical elimination of the
barb wire and the barbarian scrub, and the maintenance of
our heritage unimpaired as the seed bed of the draft horse
industry.

Other lands are casting eyes toward the United States for
breeding stock of the beef breeds of cattle. Breeders of dairy
cattle are at this very time anticipating the production in
America of the choicest specimens of their favorite breeds.
Already we have distanced foreign lands in the production of
ideal types of swine. Is it possible that having drawn to this
country for years the highest type and best individuals of draft
horses that the day will not come when the draft horse, in the
splendor of this massive form, graceful carriage and symmetrical
outline, will not be sought for in our own country by our own
breeders and the breeders of foreign countries. It would be an
indictment of the intelligence and perseverance of our people

530 Missouri Agricultural Report.

to deny it, and when that day arrives the drafter of our ideals
and our dreams will be found on the land of the corn belt farmer.

In this presence and in this connection it may not be out
of place to say that we have been fortunate enough to have
done some things or to have seen some things done in breeding
draft horses, and while every man’s work is for real success
much depends upon his love and interest for it, and is not based
primarily on the financial side. At the same time, if it is not
profitable financially you cannot maintain your own self-
respect, much less that of your neighbors, your friends and
those around you. One could not afford to do these things if
they were not profitable from a money point of view. This
leads me somewhat to things that have passed. For instance,
I once came right here to your State and happened to be going
through Kansas City and I stopped over to watch a sale. I
was getting large horses simply for the work they could do in
order to do more work with less machinery expense. ‘These
horses which were selling came up from Carthage and I topped
the sale at $280 for a mare; I also bought the next highest-
priced mare for $225. I sent the mares out to a farm | had
in Nebraska, and the mare I bought for $225 was bred to a right
good kind of a horse. She raised a yearling colt and a fellow
came from Kansas and he paid me $700 for that yearling.
That looked good to me. And we made more money on the
same mare. I came into your State one time and bought a
mare and paid $500 for her, took the mare home and she sold
for the highest price I had ever sold a horse for up to that time—
$1,160, and we were so excited that the auctioneer knocked her
down at $1,160 when the man was plainly heard to bid $1,200.
So you see what really money-making propositions you have
here in Missouri.

I notice that they spoke of beginning with these horses
at birth. Oliver Wendell Holmes is credited with a statement
relative to what should befall every young man. He starts in
with the grandfather—and there is a whole lot of that in regard
to horses. A whole lot depends upon the grandsire and so on,
the same as with yourself.

After you get on the scene yourself and you have to do
with the horses themselves, then comes this question of feed.
The point having been raised, I want to suggest the use of whole
oats rather than ground oats. It is much easier to make the
weight with rolled oats, I think. The feed is lighter, it is. all

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. Jon

there, and you can get the worth of it. We feed it ground, on
the pasture, and you don’t find the animals passing any grain.
The animals get the full benefit of it. This roller which I am
using cost me $110, and I think for any man with a bunch of
horses it will pay for itself in a very short time.

The question of alfalfa and clover has been brought up.
If you want a good pasture in the summer time when blue
‘grass gets dry use some field on which you think you have failed
in raising alfalfa. After weeds and wild grass, the worst enemy
of alfalfa is blue grass, and I suppose you pat yourselves on the
back as raising good blue grass. I think the blue grass that
comes up in the alfalfa at four years old is a blessing. Up to
that time your alfalfa will be six to ten inches above the blue
grass and the stock will take a part of each, so there is no danger
of bloating.

There are varied circumstances under which we must
operate. When I brought that $225 mare over I admit she
wasn’t the best mare in the world, but she has done well and
is still doing well, but as in all lines of live stock, the crux of the
thing would seem to be the sire. That has come to be so com-
monly believed that people don’t pay the proper amount of
attention to the mares, and of course that is where a great
many fail. I am certain, however, that the sire is the point
of real consideration. With many of you your start would
probably be with a pair of mares. Every farmer should have
at least one or two good draft mares. The value of the draft
mare is largely dependent upon the draft sire that you have at
command. I don’t believe that it pays anyone, and I strongly
advised a friend of mine who was bound on buying a very high-
priced mare at a sale not to do so unless he intended to send
that mare away to be bred. In making this selection of the draft
sire you should simply bear in mind the points that we have all
been harping on, but I think certain things we should look for
in drafters. It seems to me that the size would come through
the sire. I don’t believe in getting the size through the mare.
But admitting that you have the size to come through the sire,
the next thing that we want is what would be the quality of the
-sire. I don’t want to be misunderstood. When I mean or say
size I mean size sufficient. I don’t think a person who raises
pure-bred draft horses would want to court a 1,600-pound
draft sire. In that respect the size would be the controlling
factor. We will assume that the draft sire should weigh 1,800

Sa Missourt Agricultural Report.

pounds or better, and then you come to quality at once and you
must have finish. He must have the appearance of the sire.
He must impress you not only with his form and conformation
and the fact that he measures up to the requirements, but the
impression which he conveys to your mind is that he is a draft
sire. He has the heart girth, the eye, which would bespeak
the sire, the neck, crest, carriage, movement, action and dash
and breed character. It settles itself in certain individuals,
largely. |

We understand there have been no horses that were perfect,
so we have to content ourselves with the best we can get, the
best that we can afford, and I think there are some of these
things which are the very essential.

When it comes to the mares, I do not think the best results,
as a rule, are obtained through the largest mares, yet when I
say that I recall three instances which are directly opposite.
I had one mare which would weigh in work condition over a
ton; another one in show condition would probably weigh 2,100
pounds—big mares that were grand breeders—and the mare,
Tolantha, of which you have heard, was a large mare and an
exceptional breeder, but generally I believe the mares around
1,700 to 1,800 pounds will give more and better colts. I am
satisfied of one thing; most of the show stock with which I
have acquaintance come from stock of that kind.

My policy has been to divide good things with the people,
yet there are some mares I wouldn’t sell to the people at all.
There are a great many good mares and a great many sold
young which have every reason to be as good as the older mares.
I do not believe any man in the business can afford to sell all
of that kind all the time. I never have much faith in a farm
where everything is for sale, because I don’t believe it is in the
realm of possibility for a man to build up his stock and build
up his business and be willing to sell all of his stock at any time.

There is another class of stock that you don’t know what
to do with, and that is the mare that you don’t want, that
you don’t want your neighbor to have and that you don’t want
some innocent party to have. The best thing you can do is to
take the loss yourself and sell her as a work mare.

The requirement for the sire should be soundness. With
the mares I would say “‘serviceably sound.” It has been a
little more difficult to keep the mares good because you work
them. I do not pay any attention to an unsoundness which

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 533

would not be hereditary, but I dislike anything of the hereditary
nature and put it out of business just as soon as possible.

The colts are the really interesting end of the business.
Colts intended for show should come as early in the year as
possible, for the fair managements prescribe the age dates from
the first of the year. If you will pick your best mares for that
purpose you can manage to take care of one or two colts, give
them special attention and bring them along so they will make
a good show. You have that privilege and right. For the
bulk of the colts, when they come along on grass, we feed them
just as Professor Trowbridge has told you they should be fed.
We give them some grain and try to get the growth into them,
with plenty of exercise, and we always save a pasture for them
during fly time—a pasture that is partly shaded and partly
open, and then they get their extra feed. Later we classify
these colts and the stallion colts are separated from the fillies
at weaning time. They should be on another part of the farm
so that they never know they are stallions and then you can
run your fillies and studs in bands and do it successfully.

I shall speak of but one kind of a sale. I have never been
much of a private salesman. We sell occasionally privately,
but I always like the gatherings of the public sales. I got my
first experience from Mr. L. M. Monsees. Public sales always
appealed to me. I like that way of disposing of stock. I
think you get what they are worth. Some go high and some
low, but you get their value. There are a great many things
which go to make up the success of a public sale. There is
about as much of “‘don’t’”’ as “‘do,’’ and you are all more or less
familiar with these. It comes right back to doing about the
way you would want to be done by. Aside from that there
are certain little things.

In making a public sale a good idea is not to have a dis-
crepancy in the offering. You cannot sell very many foals
and many aged mares. An offering of that kind is a hard one to
sell. I think that as a rule the uniform offering, speaking of
a certain standard or type, is the one which makes the best
sale. The feeding of the stock is a great proposition. The
stock must not be loaded down with fat, but it must be in fit
condition. Regarding the method of conducting the sale,
you have attended so many that you know those which are
most in favor, and I want to say to you that if you want to
popularize the draft breed—and there are not enough of you

534 Missouri Agricultural Report.

to do it—a proper combination sale would do so. The com-
bination sale can damn you or make you. If you let every
fellow put in what he wants it will damn you. If you will not
accept anything that is not meritorious you will still get enough
of the plainer sorts. You must work the sale system out for your-
selves. The Experiment Station here is the best place to hold
your combination sale. :

PUBLICITY FOR THE HORSE WITH A ‘“‘PULL’’.

(T. W. Morse, of ‘‘The American Breeder,’’ Kansas City.)

The draft horse from the standpoint of most draft horse
producers has to be considered under three important heads:
as a source of farm power, as a commercial commodity, and as
an agricultural institution. Publicity to fully -meet the merits
and needs of the draft horse in this broader sense must go farther
than merely to find a buyer for this or that particular animal
which one may have for sale. It must make the draft horse
as an institution better understood, more highly thought of
and more generally talked of. To do this and to do it right
his merits as a source of farm power and as a commercial com-
modity must be played up and proven beyond any possibility
of doubt. The publicity that brings this about must interest
your neighbor to come to you and learn where he can get some
good stock hike your own. It must make your banker willing
to carry some enterprising young farmer for enough money
to get started with a few money-making draft mares of his
own. It must teach the street corner talent the facts in the
case to the extent that when they get together to settle the future
of the horse business they do not talk against the best interests
of the community off of which they make their living.

It must impress your local editor until you find him short-
ening his editorials on ‘“‘Free Trade’ and the <“‘Philippine
Policy;” cutting out his neighborhood gossip and boiling down
his eulogies of “‘Popular Citizens’’ in order to get space enough:
to tell whose geldings and what kind brought the most money
from the horse buyer, what kind of mares it takes to raise the
first prize mules Mr. So-and-So showed at Kansas City, and to
give interesting and intelligible accounts of the neighborhood
colt shows and of the draft horse exhibits at the county fairs.

It must appeal to the school teacher and reach her or him
in such form that appropriate use can be made of it in the class-

Missourt Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. D030

room, and through its use the smaller sons and daughters be
given a better idea of the nature and dignity of the farm’s busi-
ness as well as of its opportunities.

It must commend the subject of its propaganda to the girls
in the country until, in their confidence that it is the draft
horse which in the long run buys the auto, they feel no slight
of having to take an occasional buggy ride behind a team more
marked for stability than for speed.

It should bring into the life of your son the profit in dollars,
the excitement of competing and excelling, and the satisfaction
of always seeing something better ahead, without which no
real live, red-blooded boy stays contendedly on the farm ex-
cepting from a strong sense of duty.

It must carry to your “better half’? such assurance of the
permanence of the business as will forestall all apprehension on
her part when you find it necessary to take a big roll of yellow-
back bills and start out in search of a new stallion to head your
herd of mares.

In fact, the arguments of this publicity must become so
much a part of you that you live them every day of your life;
that they will be reflected in the polish of the harness your
road team wears; in the good-conditioned coats of your mares
and colts and the high quality of your stallion; in the soundness
and integrity of your methods and in the business prosperity
which almost certainly attends a wise, conservative and com-
petent application of correct draft horse ideals and practices.

In many a community at first the whole neighborhood
- and the cook had to be convinced, but it surely came if the
pioneer himself was able to start with good material, knew
what he was doing and was possessed of that double-distilled
confidence that the course he had chosen was right.

It is therefore not a national draft horse propaganda that
is needed in this connection so much as a home campaign in
every county, in every community, on every farm. Such live
stock and agricultural papers of general circulation as are aware
of actual farm conditions and have provided themselves with
any editorial ability along that line have all done something
toward farm horse improvement in the direction of more weight
and draftiness. In this way many arguments, illustrations
and items of news have been put out which profitably could
be copied by local papers and quoted early and often by all who
want to see this kind of gospel spread. Every draft horse man

536 Missouri Agricultural Report.

should help to get such items and figures into print and into
talk.

This desired generation of a draft horse atmosphere where
it is most needed is so much a home affair with every one of us
who is interested that for the balance of this talk I wish to
mention just some of those particular, things which (to change
my simile and come down to earth) will inoculate the field of our
endeavor with the bacteria most favorable to the spread and
better development of draft horses.

In the first place, the horses themselves must be such as
to constitute their best advertisement. They must be sound,
healthy, well cared for, true drafters without bad faults of
quality or conformation, and be so trained and handled as to
make a good impression and meet all proper requirements.
Our home people will not be impressed with outside evidence
as to the merits of the class if a good case cannot be made at
any time by an exhibit of the specimens at home.

The home breeders’ methods of handling draft horses, of
buying and selling, must have a look of practicality. If you
are in the business your methods must be such that your neigh-
bor similarly situated can see where he can get into the business
on a similar footing. Many a man who has need of draft
horses on his farm has been deterred (and in many cases ab-
solutely scared out) by the idea gained at big draft horse shows
and sales that he would have to have a lot of box stalls, foreign
grooms, flannel rubbing cloths and tissue paper rosettes before
he could make a start. Ido not wish to be quoted as advocating
just exactly the following method, but it might help a whole
lot if the suggestion were dropped now and then that draft
colts can be grown with success in very much the same way as
we would bring along a bunch of good beef calves: A bunch
of draft weanlings in a roadside pasture, showing a hundred
pounds each for every month of their age and raising themselves
—with the aid of a self-feeder, the blue grass, a rack full of bright
tame hay and plenty of fresh water—constitutes a form of
publicity hard to beat. |

People will talk, and if the draft horse business of your
community is organized in such a way as to give them plenty
of things to see and say in its favor a mighty good start has been
made. Take a pleasure in telling those who will listen (and pass
the good word on) how much your colts weighed as yearlings
and how easy it was to make that weight. Show them that

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 537

your colts are ready to work a year younger than is customary
with the native horses, and that their broad, well-covered
shoulders do not wear sore under the collar or their muscles
shrivel from sweeny so readily as was often the case with the
green horse of lighter build. They take home these points.
And when you have geldings to sell, make them right and sell
them where the price they bring will be good for a week’s general
discussion and a fair-sized item in the county paper. Write
the item yourself, for that is the only way to be sure it is given
correctly. There are county paper editors a plenty who will
thank you for helping them out to that extent. Then when
the farmers’ institute or extension department experts come
to your town get the college to send a good live stock man.
Get out as many good drafters, yours and your neighbors, as
you can. Secure a good lecture on the draft horse for farmers,
with some pointers on draft horse, care, size and conformation,
illustrated with the animals themselves. In this way you get
the right standards fixed in the minds of your neighbors and
quietly catch onto a few points yourself, as you have the chance.
Every time something like this can be done the appreciation
for the best stuff is increased and the tolerance for inferior
animals is lessened.

The county officers, the city officers, the preacher, the
banker, the superintendent of schools, can and doubtless will
easily be interested in furthering a business that means so much
to the welfare of their locality. We have a long way yet to go
before we dignify this business as it deserves and as it is dig-
nified in the old countries of Scotland, England, France and
Belgium. We received at our office the other day a photo-
graph from a small breeder in the northwest part of the State
showing a postgraduate class of high school girls who came to
see his Percherons, as a part of the preparation they were mak-
ing for county teachers’ examination. And what better could
they be learning for their work in country schools? We make
the children learn the parts of speech, the capital of Persia and
the products of Paraguay. Why should they not learn, among
the early things at school, the names and characteristics of the
leading breeds of farm animals? It is good advertising to help
them—at least so far as the class of stock in which you are
interested.

Business arguments are always in order. There is many
an opportunity to get the actual figures on a dollar’s and cent’s

K

538 Missouri Agricultural Report.

profit from using draft blood. Every time you can put into
circulation a plain statement of the facts in such a case it is
just as truly worth while as increasing your yield of corn. On
many a farm the same mares have produced colts, first from
inferior stallions and later from good registered draft animals.
In hundreds of cases the development and sale of these colts,
side by side, has proven the case of the-drafter beyond any pos-
sibility of doubt. But the evidence has not been worked for all
it was worth. As a rule, it never gets beyond the realm of
neighborhood gossip, and there the owner of the scrub stallion
is always on the job and often will manage in some way to cloud
the issue. It is well worth while to write out the facts of every
such case. Get them straight. Mention no stallion owner’s
names, but make it clear that it was the colts by the registered
draft stallion that made the best money. Cut out the element
of personal advertising and you can count on your home papers
and the better class of live stock papers making use of what you
send. We not only print everything of this sort that appears
to be fair, but we suggest to our readers that they get their
home papers to copy. It is also a good thing to give your
home paper briefly the prices which pure-bred draft stallions,
mares and fillies bring in the market where this kind of stock is
current. Often he exchanges or can exchange with agricultural
papers that give such facts. Get him started and he may keep
it up himself. Extremes in prices, however, are not educa-
tional unless full explanation is given with them. Two points
to be made are that it costs something to go out into the na-
tional market and buy foundation stock, and that the business,
once started, is supported by a steady demand at good figures.

The part that draft blood plays in the production of our
highest-priced mules is one of the most important arguments
in its favor. The American Royal Draft Horse Show last fall
furnished one of the most striking examples of this fact. As far
as I could learn by making careful inquiry, almost every prize
winner in what is conceded to be the most high class mule show
ever held was out of a mare carrying draft blood. Some were
out of very nearly full-blood mares. It was the draftiness of the
mares, added to the undoubted quality back of both mares and
jacks, which put the premium on the ten head bought by Mr.
W. R. Crackel of Indiana at the record-breaking price of $3,800.

I believe that a man’s attitude toward other interests than
his own has an important bearing on the consideration which

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 539

the world will give his interests and opinions, and also his
achievements. Legitimate advertising and pushing of your own
live stock is approved as an evidence of enterprise and a matter
of business, but begin directly to decry some other interest and
you weaken your position. I do not mean by this that any man
should stand for crooked competition or misrepresentation.
This, in common honesty, calls for attack not of the thing which
the other fellow has, but of the methods he employs. But we
have no fight against the automobile, the saddle horse or against
any other good live stock that fills a legitimate place in business
or pleasure. This is too big a world for friction to exist between
the good things which make it up. And (getting down to de-
tails) we who own Clydes or Shires have no quarrel with the
Percherons or the Suffolks. To ascribe to a breed the faults we
find among its less desirable individuals is either ignorance or
jealousy. In all breeds where business is active and competi-
tion keen the faults of conformation are apt to be disappearing
faults, for the effort of every live breeder is to cull them out and
to breed them out. Likewise, among the owners of draft stal-
lions standing for public service any rivalry which goes beyond
a good-natured competition to get the best class of mares and
(as a result) produce the most good colts is likely to react. The
biggest object to be achieved is to get the mare owner’s co-oper-
ation (if you really have brought them stallions that warrant
it) and then work with them for more colts, better colts, better-
cared-for mares and colts, and finally, a class of horses in the
community that will bring the best buyers and make them com-
pete for what you have to sell. Many a community in the
United States has done this, and in those communities the best
farm profits in horses are made. |

Exhibitions and direct advertising through various uses of
printer’s ink are so much.associated that I shall talk of them
together, but not at much length. Either one is subject enough
in itself for a complete paper, but I believe that a discussion
from experience is the best way to bring out the facts in both.
Exhibiting animals is almost always a mixture of public service
and good advertising, so far as it is beneficial. Few men exhibit
primarily for the money they can win. Of such there is really
only one distinct class. To it belongs the fellow who waits to
learn the rings at his county fair in which there will be no com-
petition and then slips in with just enough animals to fill the
openings. Usually his animals have been so brought up that

540 Missouri Agricultural Report.

they do not mind three or four days at the fair without feed or
care. This reduces his exhibition expenses to the minimum so
that he pockets a cash profit. The rules of most fairs afford a
remedy, but too few superintendents have the nerve to instruct
a judge that he must not award premiums to animals that are
clearly not deserving. The foregoing can be considered only
as an example of how not to exhibit and so is not needed here.
It is well to remember, however, that an exhibit of this sort
hurts any breed to which it pretends to belong, and it is worth
while to incur a few hard feelings if necessary by insisting that
rules governing such cases be observed. No one man ought to
have to do this. It is disgusting enough to incite a riot.

Of all kinds of draft horse exhibits the colt show is the
livest proposition known, and its influence has brought im-
provements in the country, state and national shows. There is
still plenty of room to improve, and the opportunities to make
colt shows more interesting and instructive are almost without
limit. Following and combining the examples which some pri-
vate colt shows have set, a county fair association could profit-
ably organize its draft horse division to cover something like
the following:

It should first carefully canvass its territory and see what
classes were necessary to provide for the pure-bred breeding
animals, giving each breed a classification, say for three ages,
but allowing neither ribbons nor money to be awarded except
for merit. Two classes for teams in harness (mares or geldings
only) could then be made, the hghter one open to grades only
and the heavier open to grades and pure breds. ‘These could
be for horses under, say 1,600 pounds and horses of that weight
and over. ‘Three grade classes each could be made for colts and
yearlings sired by draft stallions, say for colts from mares under
1,200, from mares 1,200 and up to 1,450, and from mares 1,450
or more. The draft horse men of the county should see to it
that the prizes for colts out of the 1,450-pound mares should be
slightly more than for colts out of mares under 1,450. Mares
above that weight are the ones that begin to give draft horse
reputation to a neighborhood, and it pays to recognize them. A
championship class can also be provided to which the only first
prize winning colt from each of the other classes should be eli-
gible, and in this class only one ribbon should be given. An-
other mighty interesting class is for brood mare and two or more
colts, and in such a class it might be well to require that at least

Missouri Draft Horse Breeders’ Association. 541

a sucker and a yearling be shown with the mare, the mare to
count one-third of the entry and the colts (two or more) to
count), two-thirds. This requires a mare to show that she can
repeat on the good ones and at the same time does not put a
young mare at too much of a disadvantage. Then I think the
draft horse men should co-operate in the mule show in some way
to bring out the influence of draft blood in the mares. It might
not pay to take any part in the class for sucking mules. Dairy
quality in a mare often has more to do with making a winner
than does form or quality of bone and muscle, but in classes for
yearlings and two-year-olds some good special premiums paid
for best mule shown with its dam ought to bring out some les-
sons that are worth while.

These are just suggestions for helping a county fair to show
the benefits of good draft blood in a farming community. If
they are to be carried out with good effect two or three special
facilities must be provided. First, the judge must be as fully
competent as it is possible to find. Nobody can be found who
knows too much. Probably the best way is to apply to the
animal husbandry department of your State college and make
it plain that an absolutely competent man is desired, and that
you expect to pay him for good work. There are some good
judges among the horse market men who have had a breeder’s
and feeder’s experience. Scales should be used, if possible, to
determine exact weights. Any scale company will set up a
good pitless scale on your grounds for the sake of the advertis-
ing. If the superintendent will organize his work he can weigh
up and tag a lot of stuff in an hour. The classes outlined call
for weights of only teams and the dams of entered colts, but
weights on every entry card lend interest and help the judge.
The exhibits, both in stalls and in show ring, should be so han-
dled as to give the public the best possible chance to see. It is
the public interest and approval you are after. Signs and show
cards at the stalls should tell the passer-by the things he wants
to know, and space along the stalls should be kept cleared and
clean. Falling over manure piles and cracking shins on feed
boxes in their efforts to penetrate the mysteries of blanketed
and implacarded exhibits has discouraged many possible cus-
tomers who sought to satisfy an inborn interest in better animals
by visiting the live stock exhibit.

Missouri Home Makers Conference.

OFFICERS.

President—Miss Alice Kinney, New Franklin.

First Vice-President—Mrs. J. Ed. Hall, Lamonte.
Second Vice-President—Miuiss Louise Stanley, Columbia.
Corresponding Secretary—Miuiss Bab Bell, Columbia.
Recording Secretary—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport.
Treasurer—Mrs. Cora Chapin, Appleton City.

ADVISORY BOARD.

Mrs. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia; Mrs. Marie T. Harvey, Kirks-
ville; Mrs. F. B. Mumford, Columbia; Mrs. W. C. Hutchison,
Jamesport; Mrs. Scott Cunningham, Palmyra.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

(Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport.)

The Missouri Home Makers’ Conference met Tuesday,
January 13, 1914, at 10 o’clock.. A message of greeting was
read from Mrs. Chivvis of the Missouri Federation of Women’s
Clubs. The conference president, Miss Kinney, in her address
laid stress upon the power of women to improve the conditions
of home making and farm life. She urged the necessity of more
earnest work along the lines of child welfare. She advised
women to take more interest in the scientific and sanitary rules
for butter making. She announced the chairman of the various
domestic science departments which were to hold meetings
during the conference and where the proposed plans for ex-
perimental work and contests would be explained. Miss Kinney
also gave her ideas regarding the benefit of a woman’s farm
produce exchange.

Mrs. Harry Sneed of Sedalia made an interesting report of
the International Congress of Farm Women at Tulsa, Okla.
Miss Louise Stanley gave a fine report on the International
Congress at Ghent, Belgium. She thought the education of
girls one of the most interesting subjects discussed. It was

(542)

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 54,

thought by some speakers that modern girls received more
instruction in painting, music and dancing than in the home
arts, and in religious training. Miss Stanley spoke of an ex-
hibit of work of Missouri College of Agriculture, which work
she took there and which attracted much attention. She told
of the scarcity of milk as a food product in Belgium, and stated
that it was due to the milk being sold to dealers and that the
children were fed on tea and bread to their detriment.

Mr. J. Ed. Hall was introduced and explained a plan he
and his wife had for offering a trophy worth ten dollars for the
best exhibit of canned vegetables, this contest to be open to
girls from sixteen years and over. The conference accepted with
enthusiasm the offer.

Plans for county organizations were told of by Miss Bab
Bell. She announced that she would go to the assistance of
any who requested the organization of local home makers’
clubs. Miss Mary C. McDonald spoke of “County Organiza-
tions as Related to the Mothers’ Organization.”’

The conference listened to Mrs. Charters on “‘Child Wel-
fare.’ She spoke on the “‘Moral Training of Children,” and
thought the first problem was what should be taught them about
religion. All moral training should be positive, she thought.
Children naturally follow the example of parents, and the first
effort in training should be directed by the parents against
themselves. Mother should learn to relax when nerves were
unstrung and before they reproved or punished their children.
All character, she said, was built on struggle, and the child who
fought the hardest to overcome his faults would probably be
the strongest character when grown up. Discussion of child
discipline followed, in which arguments for and against the use
of the old-fashioned. rod waxed warm and earnest. Mrs.
Flournoy talked on ‘‘The Courtesies in the Home.” She said
that example is the best method for teaching this to children,
and that coming into contact with frequent guests in the home
was a medium of encouraging the habit. Discussion followed
bringing out various suggestions.

Mrs. Harry Sneed gave a report of the Pettis County
Home Makers’ Organization. The club was organized in 1912
and at each meeting subjects of rural interest were discussed.
Contests in sewing and bread making had been established.
There are 200 members, and one of them, together with the

544 Missouri Agricultural Report.

school directors, visit the country schools. Many lines of
work are being successfully conducted.

The report of the Johnson County League was given by
Mrs. Hutchison, who said’ the club was the result of the moving
school which was conducted last summer under the auspices
of the College of Agriculture. The main effort of this club is
to make home more attractive to the boys and girls. She
thought home conveniences most important. She told of a
gasoline engine which cost $40, and it was turning the washing
machine, the cream separators, pumps water and does many
other things. This county organization has 200 members, the
membership being divided into districts.

Mrs. Phillips told of the Jackson township organization.
This township has no railroad in it, but in 1909 a fair was held
which brought people together and aroused the spirit of progress.
A year ago a high school was established and the women or-
ganized to assist. The club is called the Jackson Township
Improvement Association. Mrs. Phillips said the most earnest
workers in her association were the women who lived in the
plainest homes. She advocated the naming of country homes.

Mrs. Cora Chapin told of the Rural Improvement Club
and the Appleton City Club. She said they both sent delegates
to the biennial meeting of the State Federation of Women’s
Clubs and to the International Congress of Farm Women at
Tulsa, Okla. They had introduced lectures and _ various
literary and social entertainments, besides contests in household
economics lines. Contributions to various philantropic objects
had also been made.

The meetings of the various departments of the Home
Makers’ Conference were so numerous and scattered that it
was difficult to obtain reports of each, but in so far as possible
all written addresses and club reports were collected for the
annual report. The executive board recommended holding
semiannual meetings of the board at such times and places as
the president shall decide.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 545

WORK OF THE HOME MAKERS’ CONFERENCE.

(Miss Alice Kinney, New Franklin, Mo.)

Many of you will recall the interesting item that went the
rounds of city and country papers last summer in which it was
stated that Secretary Houston of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture was sending out 50,000 letters to that many
farm women throughout the country requesting them to write
to the Agricultural Department at Washington the true con-
dition of their homes and suggest the solution that they thought
would meet these conditions. We have not been able to locate
a single letter, although we hear that a deluge of replies went
to the department, and in due time we shall be given a summary
of these letters.

If you were conjecturing the nature of these letters what
would you assume the dominant key to be? Would it be one
of utter loneliness and separation, would it reveal a life of end-
less drudgery and no personal change ahead in the road of life,
or would the dissonant tones tell of the deprivation of equal
privileges for the farm woman’s children when compared with
what others are receiving in the great world? Unquestionably
all of these and many others will be put into the great melting
pot of justice and emerge a great potent power for the better-
ment of the woman on the farm.

While we are willing to admit that these conditions are
not always what we should desire, yet it is far from just to either
women or farm life to acknowledge that it is a necessary factor
of this life, and that it more frequently arises from the lack
of some mental quality to meet and overcome conditions rather
than from its natural environments. Some of these women
would not meet other conditions of life any better as is shown
daily in small towns and cities.

Many women have given all that is bean to the human
heart to brave the wilds to make successful homes, but they
' carried with them that inherent power to conquer conditions, .
and though the homes were crude yet their children and every
phase of that isolated life radiated their mental influence. On
the other side, there are thousands who have been denied the
opportunity whereby this power could be developed and have
gradually sunken deeper and deeper into this hopeless mental

outlook, passing the same conditions onto their children. If
A—35

546 Missourt Agricultural Report.

it were not for the helpful influences of our rural schools the
future would indeed be dark.

These are the problems that this organization must meet,
for farm women, by their sympathetic understanding of similar
experiences, are the logical ones to help solve and apply the ways
and means. These are not the women you meet at a conference
like this—-women who are competent to give as well as receive—
but through this council all gain the stimulus to reach out and
take hold of neighborhood conditions. Helpfulness is the
necessary spirit that all club women must have.

Do you realize the privilege that is yours today, how you

can help? All can see the wonderful vision that is coming to
those who join hands in bringing cheer to so many lonely, un-
satisfied women in rural communities.
b The Missouri Home Makers’ Conference during its first
few years was full of formulating useful programs, thus hoping
to attract and interest the farm women. Today we realize
that an annual meeting is not sufficient to meet its growing
usefulness, so a few departments have been created, and through
these avenues of effort we hope to come in closer touch with varied
interests of farm life and yet keep them broad enough in the
outlook to embrace State and general problems of mutual
interest.

The scholarship to the home economics department of
the University of Missouri was the first effort in this direction,
and through it we were able to offer one girl its advantage last
year in the tomato growing contest. This past summer the
prolonged drouth put all of their efforts out of commission,
but with great joy we hear they are eager to enter the race for
the coming year’s contest.

The child welfare department was organized last year to
meet a demand that has been felt all over the State. We are
slowly realizing that Missouri’s best products are the boys and
girls, and that we have too long neglected them. Our State
Board of Health gives us most appalling statistics on child
death rates; the State lost 10,000 children last year under five
years of age. As a small effort toward stemming this terrific
tide we last year started a baby health contest. Thirty babies
were entered and were physically measured and judged by a
score card; these score cards were sent to the parents in the hope
that they might awaken interest in other parents.

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 547

This year the health contest is continued and various other
lines of child welfare work will appear on the program. Mrs.
Charles W. Greene of Columbia is chairman of this depart-
ment.

The dairy department will appeal to those who so carefully
look after the butter and kindred valued articles of food. Butter,
we believe, is handled with less system than any other farm
produce and is marketed in the poorest condition, when it de-
mands all the detailed care that can be given it. Through this
department we hope to get women to enter and take up the
record of one or more cows as to their yield of milk and butter
fat, also cost of feed. We feel that the attention thus given
will cause many to stop and think over the profit side. All
feed, whether for cows or chickens, has a commercial value,
and women hf&ve reached a time when they must measure up
their efforts and see if the balance is on the right side of the
ledger. The chairman of this department, Miss Mabel Burks,
Kingsville, R. F. D. 27, will be glad to hear from all women
interested in dairy topics.

This year we are launching an egg laying contest under the
directions of Mrs. R. Lee Alford of Vandalia, Mo., who will
conduct the poultry department and furnish all information
regarding the rearing of pure-bred stock and a score card for
the egg laying contest.

We are hoping through these various departments to reach
every member of the county organizations as well as individual
women over the State in some one of these farm interests. We
hope to have many act on our committees, as each chairman
will make her committee as large as is necessary. The Missouri
Home Makers are hoping to get into operation this next year
an exchange by which we may enable our farm women to find
the customers they need for their surplus fruits and vegetables,
and provide the consumers the goods they want through some
businesslike arrangement. In this connection it may be well
to ask, “‘Are we prepared to meet the demand that seems to
be looking to the farm homes to help solve the question of a
lower cost of living?” We must remember that the more direct
the trade the greater the responsibility which goes with it, for
that is what buyers pay for. This direct trade develops another
obligation. Each party is looking to get the difference in the
dollar over the long accepted 35 per cent. Hence, there is the

548 Missourt Agricultural Report.

necessity of a spirit of equal sharing, each giving and receiving
the mutual benefit of direct trade.

The Missouri Home Makers’ Conference cannot express too
deeply their appreciation to Mr. and Mrs. J. Ed. Hall of La-
monte, Mo., for the valued interest they are showing in our
Missouri girls by offering to the one who will most successfully
can six jars of vegetables, grown by herself (these to be judged
at the next annual conference), a prize valued at $10. Mrs.
Hall, our vice-president, has ever been a most loyal and helpful
co-worker. While no girls grace the Hall home, this generous
offer shows hearts tender for all girls and insures an equal
showing with the boys.

We welcome with sincerity all to our conference family
and want you to feel at home at once and permanently; call
on us whenever we can be of service to you; tell us of your
needs and we will do our best to meet them. With your help
we hope to make this coming year with our efforts win a per-
manent place in your lives and home circle.

‘GREETINGS FROM MISSOURI FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S
CLUBS.

(Mrs. W. R. Chivvis, St. Louis.)

Your State president wishes, at this opening session of your
1914 meeting, to extend to you her hearty good wishes for a
most enthusiastic and helpful conference.

To her mind the work of this organization is of utmost
importance in the development of State resources, since you
consider, primarily, the direct problems of the home.

The greatest problem of this day of problems is how
shall we reach the greatest efficiency in the home at the least
expense and at the same time maintain a high standard of
living? This is distinctly a woman’s problem. It includes
every phase of sanitation and home economics as well as child
welfare, and is so broad that we can never escape it but must
face and solve it.

You will, therefore, readily understand why the club
women of our State look to your organization to lead in
thought and action toward the protection and perfection of
the home. As a result of its further efforts we hope to soon
see the study of domestic science a part of the program of every

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 549

school in the State. We require our young men to prepare
themselves for their life work and to demonstrate their ability
before we are willing to give our daughters into their keeping,
but do we require that our daughters be prepared for their life
work at marriage?

Recently it was my good fortune to listen to a demonstra-
tion by Miss Bab Bell of the Missouri State Board of Agricul-
ture, and ever since I have wondered how we might bring just
such talks to every woman in our State. It occurs to me that
your conference might join hands with the agricultural depart-
ment of the State, and with the active co-operation of the
State Federation we might induce the railroads to furnish a
domestic science car which would be constantly going from one
town to another (and please do not neglect the city also) giving
a perpetual demonstration of an ideal kitchen (with talks on
kitchen sanitation, etc.), a simply-furnished bedroom (with
talks on bed making, etc.), giving certain hours to lessons and
other set times to inspection and exposition.

I have one other suggestion: Our State Federation is
taking steps to hold a club woman’s day at our State Fair next
fall. May we have the help and co-operation of your Home
Makers’ Conference in making that a profitable as well as a
happy day?

I assure you of my sincere good will toward your officers
and members, and bid you an earnest Godspeed in all your
efforts.

OUR WORK AND OUR PLANS.

(Bab Bell, woman’s institute lecturer, Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

The Missouri Home Makers’ Conference held its seventh
annual meeting in Columbia January 12th to 16th during
Farmers’ Week. Probably every woman of the State knows
what Farmers’ Week is, but how few know the real meaning
of the Home Makers’ Conference.

The Home Makers’ Conference was first organized in 1908
while Dr. Edna Day, now of Kansas University, was the head
of the home economics department in the University of Mis-
souri. The main object of this organization is to unify the
housekeepers of Missouri (town and country) in an effort to
better their own home conditions and to help future homes by

550 Missourt Agricultural Report.

encouraging the introduction and development of home econo-
mics in all the schools of the State.

Oak Grove Home Makers’ Club, St. Joseph, Mo.

In many places there is not a clear conception of the pos-
sibilities of the organization. Every woman in the State is
eligible and should feel that the conference belongs to her. It
should serve the same purpose to the women as Farmers’ Week
does to the men. To the women who want to keep in touch
with the increase of scientific and practical knowledge con-
cerning home duties the conference offers a practical solution.
Oftentimes, owing to household duties, they cannot attend the
normal schools or the universities. However, many can find
time to spend a week in Columbia, where they can get invaluable
information on home work.

The demonstrations and lectures on the following subjects
should have been of vital interest to every home maker: ‘The
Convenient House,’ “Clothing the Family,’ “The Home
Makers’ Conference,’ ‘“‘Food and Its Uses,’’ ‘“‘Sanitation in
the House,” “‘Cooking Vegetables,’’ ‘‘Mineral Matter,’’ ““House
Decoration,” “Preservation of Food,” ““Daily Menu,” “‘Cooking
Meats.” This was in reality a “short course” for the women
of Missouri. While the attendance was good and unusual
interest was manifested, how many women failed to avail them-
selves of this opportunity?

ieaisaRiien |

Dadeville Home Makers’ Club, Dade County.

During the last session the Home Makers’ Conference had
four departments represented—“Child Welfare,’ “Poultry,”
‘“‘Dairying,’’ and “Canning.” An endeavor will be made the
coming year to create other departments. What these de-
partments are will depend upon what the women of the State
want. Any woman desiring information concerning the various
departments may obtain literature on the subject of “‘Child
Welfare’ from Mrs. C. W. Green, Columbia, Mo.; ‘‘Poultry,”’
Mrs. Lee Alford, Vandalia, Mo.; ‘‘Dairying,’’ Miss Mabel
Bunks, Kingsvilles Mo. Ra kb: 27; ‘Canmmneg;” Miss Alice
Kinney, New Franklin, Mo.

It is the duty of every woman to make this work a success.
Why not make this organization the strongest in the State?
Why not join now and get copies of the proceedings when they
are published? For information concerning membership address
Mrs. Cora Chapin, Appleton City, Mo.

Farmers’ Week, from the home makers’ standpoint, at
least, was one of the most successful in its history. It was very
gratifying to note the eager response of the women to all work
pertaining to the home. There now seems to be a general
awakening to the importance of this work. Judging from the

552 Missouri Agricultural Report.

general attitude and the spirit of progressiveness, Missouri
women should make rapid advancement in all phases of home
activities.

MEANING OF HOME ECONOMICS.

No subject has received so many criticisms as the subject
of home economics. Too often it is looked upon as something
which deals with the superficial side of home making—this
probably is due to the fact that formerly many of our boarding
schools really gave this Kind of training. The work of home
economics really treats of every phase of home life—every
problem which confronts the housewife in her daily routine of
work. Home making is now treated as a science, and it is a
science. There are many names for this work—household
art, domestic art, household science, domestic science, or science
of home. They all mean the same or a part of the same. The
two terms with which most of us are familiar, cooking and sew-
ing, lead to erroneous opinions of the work. While both sub-
jects are included they do not cover the whole field.

‘Sehr Feo ; bs Mee :

Eagleville, Home Makers’ Club, Harrison County.

The newspapers, the popular magazines and the press at
large are constantly maintaining that the work of home econo-
mics has advanced hand in hand with agriculture. From my
own experience throughout the State of Missouri this is an
untruth. In most localities the home is progressing, but be-

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 553

cause of a later awakening has not shown an advancement in
proportion with agriculture. Why is this? The reason is very
obvious.

MISSOURI WOMEN ‘NEED HELP.

In the first place, agriculture is an older subject. The
attitude toward this movement has completely changed. No
longer is it criticised. Generous appropriations have been made
for colleges, short courses, experiment stations, farm advisers,
etc. Every attempt is made to reach all farmers. Railroad
corporations and bankers’ associations are now joining forces
to aid the farmers. We see the splendid results of the great
work, and no one questions the wisdom of the expenditure of the
vast sum.

On the other hand, it is only recently that the importance
of the work of home economics has been recognized. It was
only in 1912 that the State Board of Agriculture added to the
staff of institute lecturers a woman who gives her entire time
to this work. However, the women are awakening to the fact
that more money will soon be necessary and that all they have
to do is to claim their share of the State funds. The State is
willing and eager to help. There is an erroneous opinion that
home economics concerns the farm women exclusively. It
really is of vital importance to every woman. The success of
the work in the State of Missouri depends upon the co-operation
of the women. Every woman should know it as her right and
duty to give serious thought and suggestions to the State Board
concerning what help she really wants. Any suggestions will
be gladly received.

One of the most effective methods of reaching the women
of the State is by means of the Home Makers’ Clubs. Since
very few of the women can attend the normals, the University,
short course, or even the Home Makers’ Conference, the State
Board of Agriculture is endeavoring to supply this lack by
means of club work. The plan of organization is very simple,
only three officers being necessary—president, vice-president,
and secretary. There is absolutely no cost attached. Lectures
or demonstrations can be obtained, at no cost to the club, on
practically any subject desired.

SUBJECTS THAT INTEREST ALL.

These Home Makers’ Clubs hold regular monthly or semi-

monthly meetings and plan a regular course of study for a year’s
A—36

554 Missourt Agricultural Report.

work. Each member suggests subjects in which she is inter-
ested, then a committee is appointed to plan the program. This
program is mailed to the State Board of Agriculture, which pre-
pares references on each subject and returns them to the club.
A new outline has been published containing all of the late
references. For each month special subjects are suggested
suitable for study during that particular time of the year.

The Missouri State Board of Agriculture is working for
better conditions in the homes, and is eager and willing to help.
We see the success of the work in other states, and believe Mis-
sourl should be second to none.

ae
he

Home Makers’ Club of Woodbine, St. Joseph, Mo.

HOME MAKERS’ CLUBS OF MISSOURI.

The following clubs, with four exceptions, have been or-
ganized since June, 1913: The Home Makers’ Clubs in Paris
and Sedalia were organized by Miss Nelle Nesbitt, then a
representative of the State Board of Agriculture. The village
Improvement Club of Centerview, Johnson county, was or-
garized by the women of the town in 1912. Mrs. E. W. Vogel
organized the Home Makers’ Club in Salem, Dent county, in
1912. Audrain county, one; Buchanan county, four; Chariton
county, two; Clinton county, one; Cape Girardeau county,
three; DeKalb county, one; Dade county, four; Dent county,
one; Grundy county, one; Harrison county, three; Jackson
county, four; Lafayette county, two; Monroe county, one;

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 555

Montgomery county, one; New Madrid county, two; Pettis
county, two; Pike county, one; Ralls county, one.

The above results show the attitude toward the work—-
everywhere the women are responding with the greatest eagerness.
Each club takes up some special work aside from its regular
program. For example, in Buchanan county one Home
Makers’ Club has given entertainments which netted $70.
With the money they are planning to excavate the basement
of Oak Grove schoolhouse in order to have a place of meeting
for the club. Later they intend to purchase a home economics
equipment for the school. Many of the town clubs often take
up civic improvement. Others aid in home economics contests.

CLUB SUGGESTIONS.

1. Read the constitution and by-laws very carefully.

2. If you join a home makers’ club do it with some definite
aim in view, not because some friend joined.

3. The assignment of topics for papers or demonstrations
should be made six months or a year in advance, thereby enab-
ling the ones on duty to obtain the references.

4. Use the bulletins given as references.

5. Subscribe for a good woman’s magazine.

Walkenhorst School District Home Makers’ Club, Lafayette County.

556 Missouri Agricultural Report.

6. Use the books furnished by the Missouri Library Com-
mission.

7. Become a member of the Home Makers’ Conference—
a State organization.

8. If you want suggestions for new work write to the
State Board of Agriculture for assistance—it will be given
promptly and willingly. }

9. No club can exist long unless it is doing something.
It must be of value to the home or community. What is your
club doing? What plans have you for future work? Aside
from the regular routine of study each club should have a special
work.

The women of Missouri by means of the home makers
clubs can effect a state-wide organization. With such an or-
ganization they should be able: }

1. To secure State aid for home economics work in Mis-
sourl.

2. To secure county woman advisers on the same basis
as the county farm adviser.

3. To make home economics compulsory in the State
course of study along with agriculture.

4. To improve the rural schools of the State.

Concordia Home Makers’ Club, 1914, Lafayette County.

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 557

5. To secure co-operative laundries for country women.

6. To raise the standard of the home economics exhibits
at the county fairs by securing competent judges, by the use of
the score cards and by getting women to see the educational
advantage of home exhibits.

7. To aid in the establishment of canning clubs.

8. To introduce the “home canner” into country homes.

9. To bring about civic improvements.

The women of the State are to be commended for the
interest manifested in this work. Judging from their general
willingness and their spirit of progressiveness, many counties
will soon boast of organizations similar to the famous Pettis
County Home Makers’ Club.

COOKING OF MEAT.

(Louise Stanley, Ph. D., department of home economics, University of Missouri.)

General Ways of Cooking.—A_ large
part of every receipt book is given over
to a discussion of the ways of cooking
meats. Leaving out of consideration the
preparation of left-over meats, we can put
them all under one of three groups: 1,
| those in which we are aiming to keep in
all the flavor—only the tender cuts can
be cooked this way; 2, those in which we
wish to keep as much of the flavor as pos-
sible, but which are so tough as to require
a certain amount of cooking with water to
make them more tender; 3, those which
are so tough that in making them tender all the flavor is
extracted.

Before discussing in detail these methods we should have
some knowledge of the cuts of meat and the characteristics of
each. We can discuss these only briefly here. For a more
detailed discussion see article by Dr. Trowbridge, Report Home
Makers’ Conference, 1911, from which the following tables are
taken:

Miss Stanley.

558 Missourt Agricultural Report.

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF LEAN, FAT AND BONE, GOOD BEEF.

| Lean and
Lean, Fat, | fat Bone,

Cut. | per cent. per cent. meat, per cent

| per cent.
FRULTIND osteo te Kavie ha coteveic haste ve etiantelrabeyere tone nee 38.9 39.6 78.5 20.4
UVa bh haa Sieh ost ce tet e ee Dihees aoe 40.5 58.4 98.9 0.3
Same a oie Gusta esters ore tae, eee erewers vee 41.1 Papi 43.2 55.9
PU AGO eh ileicestey oa io ahobe estan arch ere elepene bons 30.1 85.4 13.8
TEOIN tes teen ete ee. 57.6 29.3 86.9 | 12.5
SHIN Sree. eet eteoshe ee ne one ee eee 58.2 4.5 62.7 36.2
UTD eee is bee Re shots eae Raeliens rota ane 59.4 23.8 83.2 16.1
INICCES erated oc foe Ohobaneueecminen al see eemens 67.2 8.5 (Aare 22.6
Ouch Weer se Sela eee ie eee Ue ste Uae 76 85.5 14.5
FROUNG Ec cnab ete pi chele cere cue erens ate 81.4 9.1 90.5 9.1

TABLE 2.—COST OF EDIBLE LEAN MEAT TO THE CONSUMER, GOOD BEEF.

Selling price Cost of lean | Cost of lean

Cut. per pound, meat per and fat per

cents. pound, cents. (pound, cents.

Sara cesta Biren censahatts ait wem eas cane 5.0 12.2 11.6
SUDA reteset era a oe icae rey Sica ence Pelceaetosiers 8.0 TSW 12.8
INC CNG ais oc i a och eee eon el oat ilioae Oiemaeietes s 10.0 14.9 a ee}
Plato He ae aces arene aie ee aime te ols 10.0 18.1 it 7
CO] sy his Bhar Hie yeyene or eA PRINS Guia eno Ios a cuCNEES 14.0 19.0 16.4
OUT ray cent ea ate tasers Heliaerte valle prouscioluoretebens Oe 18.0 221 19.9
ON esac er ccete eee ue tae or iskaie ative else Pavia, e ayeonte vous 10.0 24.7 10.1
17 OBS ERE ee PrCMeR Seto CHEERS CRON SECRETS CEI ORGAO RON ATTIC 18.0 30.3 21.6
1Byo) bale ey a ee comitcrOs Gd cic Careres hareo mses ence 22.0 38.2 | PASS]
RUD ee Rae an hee orene races emote roiia eeloyic eat ots 15.0 38.6 19.1

Val,
See

Note difference between round and arm. Number 1 indicates the loin back muscle;
2, the tenderloin: 3, the flank muscle. The tenderloin is very tender, but is usually not
considered as well flavored as the loin back muscle. The flank muscle is cut lengthwise of
the fiber and is relatively tough. In the round cut attention is particularly called to the
separate muscles, 4, 5 and 6, of the outside of the round. Muscle 6 is tender, but mus-
cles 4 and 5 are almost always tough.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 559

The essential points or principles underlying the prep-
aration of meat can probably be brought out best by describing
one or two typical examples under each head. The roast is
probably the best example to take for the first group.

Roasting.—We use for roasting only the tender, well-
flavored pieces of meat. Probably the cut best adapted for this
purpose is the rib. The chuck from a good animal may be used,
but is not so desirable since at this point the muscle is so much
divided and the shoulder blade comes in. This can, however,
be boned out, and in a good animal makes a delicious roast. The
rump makes a nice small roast, but taking into consideration
the large proportion of bone, is not a cheap cut. A porterhouse
roast, while considered by some as quite choice, is correspond-
ingly expensive, and is difficult to obtain on account of the
demand for porterhouse steaks.

Having chosen a rib cut, and less than two ribs will be too
thin, the bone may be taken out and the roast rolled or the bone
left in. If the former is to be done, the butcher should be told
before the roast is cut off, because in this case it is cut longer,
long enough for the fat portion to wrap completely about the
eye of the beef, and so protect it during the cooking process.
The rolled roast is much the easier to carve, while leaving the
bone in is considered by many to improve the flavor, and the
arched rib bones serve as a natural support to keep the roast
off the pan. In case the roast is boned out, have the butcher
send along the bones and trimmings, for they will be useful in
the soup kettle. In case they are left in, be sure the butcher
does not break them, as in that case they will not serve as a
support and are not so effective as a means of keeping in the juice.

Preparation for the Oven.—The roast should be removed
from the papér as soon as it comes from the market, as the
paper simply serves to absorb the juice. In preparing it to be
cooked, simply wipe off with a damp cloth. It should never
be washed, because that is unnecessary and would remove some
of the flavor. For roasting, use any uncovered pan that is
sufficiently large.

How Hot Shall the Oven Be.—Place roast in the pan on a
rack or something to hold it off the bottom with the fat side
up. In order to keep in as much of the flavor as possible it is
now necessary to form a coat over the outside. This is ac-
complished by putting the roast into a very hot oven (250C)
for about fifteen minutes. If the roast is a very large one it

560 Missourt Agricultural Report.

may take longer to brown to just the right point as the roast
itself will cool down the oven considerably. At the end of
this time the extractives will have formed a brown crust all
over the outside. which will serve to hold in the juice and any
volatile flavors. Our object now is to keep this crust intact
until the roast is done.

If the high temperature is maintained it would soon cause
the outer portion to become overcooked, and since it would
be harder for the heat to penetrate, the inner portion would
remain almost practically raw. On this account the tem-
perature of the oven must be lowered (to about 175 degrees)
and held there until the roast is done.

When cut from the lower side the round bone of the arm shows, giving a cut which
has some resemblance to a round steak and for which it is sometimes sold.

When is It Done?—Fifteen minutes to the pound is cne rule,
but this is inaccurate, since the rapidity of cooking will depend
to a large extent upon the shape of the roast and whether there
is a large amount of fat or bone. Some state it in terms of so
many minutes for each inch in thickness, and though this is a
more accurate way to base the time it is still a bit inaccurate.
By far the best way is by the use of a thermometer. The ther-
mometer is inserted into the thickest part of the roast, and the
temperature of the interior of the roast at this point is an ac-
curate indication of the color of the roast at that point. Since
we are cooking for a color the thermometer tells us just when

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 561

the roast is done. It is the simplest, easiest and most accurate
way.

An ideal standing rib rocst taken from a very fat show steer.

A little experience soon enables one to so time the roast
that it is. ready at the time needed, while the thermometer
simply enables you to gauge accurately when this moment has
arrived. It should be borne in mind that the outside of the
roast is at a very much higher temperature than the inner por-
tion and that when the roast is removed from the oven the
heat travels in both directions, increasing sometimes the tem-
perature of the interior of the roast to the extent of several
degrees.

Basting with Water is Bad.—But what about the basting,
you are probably wondering. That is the point at which most
women fail in cooking a roast. The feeling that if a thing is
to be well done it must involve extra work predominates, hence
the bending over the pan and the periodic dipping up of the
tried-out fat and too often along with it the water that has
been added, supposedly to keep the roast from burning. That
coat which has been so carefully formed over the outside of the
roast is soluble in water, and every time that you dip a spoonful
of water and spill it’ over the top of the roast a small portion of
the crust is washed away and with it some of the flavor of the
roast. Then perhaps the coat is washed through completely.

rm

562 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In this case the juice from the inside is let out, and also some of
the volatile flavors escape.

Baste Only with Fat.—But how should it be basted? Only
with fat. This coat is insoluble in fat, so it can be used without
any danger of breaking our seal. But it is a back-breaking
process to dip up the fat which has tried out in the bottom of
the pan, so we take advantage of the fact that the fat tries
out slowly and place the roast in the pan, fat side up. As the fat
tries out it trickles down the sides, and rather than breaking
the seal helps to hold it, keeping in the juices and flavor.

Self-Basting Roasters Should not be Used in a Roast of this
Type.—What are the arguments for and against the self-basting
roaster? It may be used very successfully with a fowl or for
a pot roast—in fact, in any case where water will not be a dis-
advantage. The moisture given off is condensed on the top of
the pan and drips back down on the roast, having just the same
effect that basting with water would. Furthermore, the steam
held in by the covered roaster keeps the crust from forming in
the way it normally would. For a good and tender roast, a pan
without a cover and the roast cooked as outlined above is the
simplest, easiest and the most economical way, and the resulting
roast is the juiciest and the best flavored.

Broiling.—In broiling, the principles are the same, only
the meat is cooked directly over flame or coals, the form of
radiant heat. The heat is ideally applied to both sides at the
same time, in any case to the two sides alternately, and since
the steak is so much thinner than the roast the time required
is much shorter. Here we can gauge the cooking much more
accurately according to time. Four to six minutes are allowed
for a steak one inch thick, while for a steak one and one-half
inches thick eight to ten minutes should be allowed.

The steak should be wiped as in above with a damp cloth,
then put on a broiler under hot flame, turning as soon as one
side is seared to sear the other. After this the heat should be
decreased and the steak turned constantly until it is done. It
should be turned between two forks and not pierced with a
fork. Wherever the cover is pierced the juice has an opportunity
to escape. After the meat is well seared the cooking can be
finished in the oven. In this same group: should be included
frying, which is an example of applying heat through the
medium of hot fat. The meat is immersed in hot fat and cooked
in this way. Only tender cuts are suitable for such treat-

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 563

ment. Sauteing, where the meat is cooked in a very small
amount of fat, is quite similar to pan broiling. In pan broiling
the procedure is the same, only the meat is cooked on a hot
griddle instead of by means of radiant heat. Since there is
no means of draining off the fat it is quite similar to frying.

Pot Roast.—For a pot roast we use a piece of meat which,
though the muscle is not very much divided, the piece is too
tough to cook without the addition of some water. The round
is one of the cuts most often used as a pot roast. In this case,
while we must use water in order to make the meat more tender,
we are anxious to keep in all the flavor we can. In order to do
this we form the coat on the outside just as in the first case,
only here it seems a bit easier to do this by means of fat in the
kettle in which the roast is to be finished cooking. So some of
the beef suet is tried out in an iron kettle and the roast is
browned on all sides in this, after having been dipped in flour
or not, as one chooses. Then something is put in the kettle to
hold the roast off the bottom and a small amount of water
added. This amount will in any case depend upon the tough-
ness of the piece of meat; a cupful to each pound of meat will
in most cases be found to be sufficient, while less may be used
for the more tender pieces. Vegetables and seasonings of
various kinds may be added.

Stew.—A stew is cooked in just the same way, only in the
case of the stew the meat used is such that is not adapted to
being cooked in one large piece, either on account of the pres-
ence of bone, toughness or because the muscle is so divided.
In this case the meat is cut into uniform squares and each is
browned as the above.

Since the gravy is so important a part of the stew, we must
see to it that it is well flavored. This is accomplished, in part,
by the dissolving off of a portion of the outside coat, which is
unavoidable, but to make it more sure, the trimmings of the
meat or a few unseared pieces are put to cook in the water
which is to be used in cooking the stew. More of the flavor:
will be gotten out if the water is cold.

Vegetables are considered an essential part of a stew, the
kind varying with the individual taste. Certain names have
come to attach themselves to stews made from certain com-
binations of meat and vegetables. Since the vegetables are
as a rule not improved by the long cooking necessary for the
meat, they are usually added when the stew is partly done.

564 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Fireless Cooker for Meats.—All meats cooked in this general
way need long, slow heat, both to prevent the over-coagulation
of the protein and the excessive evaporation of water, which
means that it will be necessary to use more water. They are
especially well adapted to cooking in the fireless cooker. There
the heat is slow and uniform and can be continued for several
hours without any danger, while at the same time the moisture
is held in by the tight cover. Such meats are quite as nutri-
tious as the more expensive cuts, and if well prepared have a
good flavor, only we must keep in mind the fact that it is usually
necessary to add some outside flavor.

Meat Soups.—The last group is represented by soups. For
these we use the cuts of meat that are well-flavored, but either
are so tough that it seems impossible to try to make them
tender, or those in which the muscle portion is so much divided
as to make it worthless for the usual uses to which we put meat.
Here our aim is to extract the flavors as completely as possible
and along with it to get as much of the soluble gelatine as pos-
sible. Since heat hardens the protein and helps to hold in
the juices we put this on in cold water, the meat having been
cut up as much as possible in order to have the water come in
contact with every part of it. The easiest way to chop it is by
means of the meat grinder. Before doing this one must de-
termine the use to which the meat is to be put. The mixture
is then heated up gradually and kept for several hours at a tem-
perature just below the boiling point. This dissolves out all
the flavoring constituents and much of the gelatine. Any
protein, other than the gelatine and a few simple forms which
may have dissolved out, is coagulated as the liquid becomes
hot and floats on the top as scum. It is removed when the
soup is strained.

While we have in the clear soup all the flavoring portion of
the meat, very little of the nutritive portion is left. It has the
same food value as would be obtained if some beef extract
should be mixed with a very dilute solution of gelatine. For
this reason it is so dangerous to rely upon broths and beef
extract in cases of severe illness.

The following plate, taken from article by Dr. P. F. Trow-
bridge and which has been referred to elsewhere, gives the two
views of a side of prime beef, and shows the relative position
in the animal of the different wholesale cuts. The carcass
shown in this plate yielded the following percentages of the
different wholesale cuts:

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference.

565

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100.0

566 Missourt Agricultural Report.

COUNTRY CULTURE CLUB, HUDSON, MO.

(Mrs. Jessie Ellis Holland.)

Once again to have the privilege of meeting and mingling
with you in this annual Home Makers’ Conference gives me
very great pleasure.

In the twelve months which have passed since I met with
you here in 1913 many things have transpired in our lives.
While the year was yet in its infancy, our hearts were filled
with many and varied hopes and aspirations for the year’s
work. I doubt not that most, if not all, of us here today have
seen a part of our cherished hopes culminate in the glory of a
full realization, while others just as fondly cherished and as
much striven for have fallen blasted and withered at our feet.

So it has been in the last year’s work of the Country Cul-
ture Club of Hudson, Mo., which I have been requested to
present to this conference.

Although our club is just a “babe” yet, as it were, still we
feel that we have passed the experimental stage in club work,
and our organization has become almost a necessity to the
country women in our community.

If you will glance at our yearbook you will see that we have
continued the study of home economics, combining it with
French history. Much interest has been taken and much
reading has been done by the members, and as a result many
instructive talks and interesting papers have been listened to.

In the report of last year’s work I think I told you that
we belonged to the State Federation of Women’s Clubs. This
year we have joined the General Federation, which is nation-
wide. In this way any news of club work, no matter where
situated, has become interesting to us.

Aside from our regular monthly programs, we have had
a number of lectures and other entertainments.

First, came Dr. Herman Pierce of Kansas City, giving us
his lecture on “School Sanitation and Hygiene.” This was pro-
nounced very fine by those who heard him. Our second num-
ber was a lecture on home economics given by Mrs. Flora
Greene of Columbia, with whom most of you are acquainted.
Both of these lectures were free to the public and were heard
by people who would not think it possible to attend our regular
meetings. Two first-class impersonations have been given under

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 567

the auspices of the club. These made possible a pleasant eve-
ning entertainment to a large number of people and at the
same time helped to augment our club treasury. In August
“we gave an ice cream social which proved successful both in a
social and a financial way. Our third annual reception was held
in October and about seventy were entertained this year. This
feature seems to be gaining in popularity each year.

Before we close the year’s work we have decided to give
an oyster supper, which will probably conclude the social
events for this season. As is our usual custom, we again aided
the Farm and Home Improvement Club with its annual picnic
and fair which was held in September. J. Kelly Wright,
institute lecturer for the State Board of Agriculture, was secured
to deliver the principal address. We also presented the Farm
and Home Improvement Club with a large lamp, which aids
in lighting the building in which meetings are held. At Christ-
mas we sent small donations to the International Sunshine
Society, the Florence Crittenden Home and the Antitubercu-
losis Society. By appointing a committee to solicit donations
over the telephone we secured $75 in twenty-four hours from
club members, neighbors and friends, which amount was promptly
forwarded to the Red Cross Society, to be used for the benefit of
the flood sufferers.

Our youngest club member was sent as a delegate to the
biennial meeting of State Federated Clubs, which convened in
Columbia in May.

The annual meeting of the Fifth district was held in Ap-
pleton City in November, and many of our members attended.
At the International Dry Farming Congress, held at Tulsa,
Okla., in October, we were represented by Miss Della Blew,
who returned to us with a very interesting report of this as-
semblage. And lastly, four of our members have traveled the
intervening 125 miles that they might be in attendance at this
convention of the Home Makers’ Conference. This is but a
brief review of the things accomplished through the Country
Culture Club during the past year.

We now number thirty-five members and the interest is
increasing. Our aim is to do more and better work in the
coming year than we have in the past. With the poet we

believe,
“Give to the world the best you have
And the best will come back to you.”’

568 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE JAMESPORT FORTNIGHTLY CLUB.

(Mrs. W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport, Mo.)

The Fortnightly Club of Jamesport since its organization
in 1911 has done much to stimulate culinary development and
household economics.

This year’s work has included the following subjects:
Resources of Missouri, Legal Status of Missouri Women, What
Missouri Should Do for Her Women, Home Building, Sanitation,
Decoration and Economy, Dress, Eugenics, Relation of Home
and School, Composition and Classification of Foods, Civic
Improvements in Relation to Women’s Organizations, and
House and Garden Flowers.

Unusual interest has been manifested. A leader was ap-
pointed for each day and the lesson followed by general dis-
cussion and suggestions.

At each club meeting the hostess has been given some
class of foods from which to make her demonstration, and a
lecture giving the history, use, nutritive value, composition,
and method of preparation was required. Several members
were grouped in the demonstration of well-balanced and econo-
mic breakfasts, luncheons and dinners, and were required to
report cost of same.

Jamesport having one of the most beautiful see in
Northwest Missouri, this club has its garden parties there,
inviting the progressive men of the town, where all in united
effort arrange flower beds, build park benches, whitewash trees,
and aid nature in making these attractive grounds the pride of
our town.

RURAL IMPROVEMENT LEAGUE OF JACKSON TOWNSHIP,
JOHNSON COUNTY.

(Mrs. Ivan W. Phillips, Plumbrook farm, Kingsville, Mo.)

Jackson township in Johnson county has no towns, only
two little country villages, and no railroad within its bounds.
The farms, for the most part, are owned by the people who
live on them, and range from about 80 acres to 200 acres in
size.

At the time our league was organized we knew nothing
whatever of the Home Makers’ Conference. We merely came

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 569

together to meet our own particular needs. To make these
needs plain to you involves the telling of some work attempted
and accomplished by our citizens.

In the fall of 1909 the “‘street fair’? craze seemed to take our
part of the world by storm. It was suggested by somebody
that one should be held at Elm, the village nearest the center
of our township. The fair was held and proved such a suc-
cess that the people present voted to make it an annual event.

In February of last year County Superintendent R. H.
Boston called a meeting for the teachers, school boards and
patrons of the township at Elm. Among other subjects dis-
cussed at this meeting was the rural high school. Located as
we are 10 or 12 miles from any high school, it has been necessary
for the children to board away from home if they attended.
Those present became so interested in the matter that a later
meeting was called to discuss more fully ways and means for
building and maintaining a rural high school at Elm.

A number of citizens, whose children had finished our eighth
grade work and were ready and anxious to go on, felt that they
could not afford to allow them to wait on the uncertainty of
voting consolidation for high school purposes. So they with
others formed a stock company, selling shares at $25 each, to
provide for the erection of the house.

Up to this time the women had helped, mostly by talking
and urging the plans forward, but now it seemed the time had
come for more material aid to be given. This, we thought,
could be more effectually accomplished by organized effort
than in any other way. When the matter of organization for
women came to be talked about—mostly by telephone—so
many things presented themselves that might be helped by
co-operation on our part that the idea was gladly accepted,
and on May 12th, 1913, the Rural Improvement League of
Jackson Township came into existence. The extreme dry, hot
weather affected our plans very much last summer. Our people,
depending almost entirely upon agriculture for their living,
were especially hurt by the short crops and poor water supply
for stock. In the face of these conditions the league has put
a Waterbury heater and acetylene lights in our high school
building, besides several of the district schoolhouses have been
helped in matters of comfort and cleanliness. We felt that in
this way education would be helped by making the ‘“‘workshops’”’
more agreeable. We also encouraged the preparation of school

570 Missouri Agricultural Report.

exhibits for the various corn shows, and succeeded beyond our
expectations.

The league meets quarterly, while the community clubs in
each district, of which it is composed, meet some monthly and
some every two weeks. These meetings in themselves advance
sociability. At the league- the ladies from the northeast meet
those from the southwest, and we find out what really inter-
esting people are our neighbors and that we are all concerned
in the same great movement, that of lifting ourselves and our
boys and girls to a higher plane of usefulness.

One means toward “‘providing attractive environment”
has been the naming of our farms. I think it is calculated to
make the boys and girls, and older people, too, take more
interest in the appearance of the place. They are more likely
to clean out the fence rows, drag the roads and keep the fences
in good condition if the name of the farm is over the gate. And
they are more particular about the quality of produce that is
sold with the farm name backing it.

We feel that our last year’s work has not been in vain and
are looking forward to greater things in the future. Next year
we expect to have our own lyceum course,. even if we are ten
miles from a railroad station.

REPORT OF INTERNATIONAL DRY FARMING CONGRESS
AND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF FARM WOMEN.

(Mrs. Harry Sneed, Sedalia, Mo.)

The wonderful meeting of these two congresses was held
at’ Tulsa; Okla.; “October 27. to November 1? 1913-" The-Dry
Farming Congress had its birth eight years ago, and in 1911, when
it met at Colorado Springs, Colo., the Women’s Congress was
organized as an auxiliary, and a lady from Canada was its first
president.

The next year they held their meeting at Lethbridge,
Canada, and Mrs. Belle v.D’Harbert of Manzinola, Col., a
real farm woman, who understands the conditions of farm life,
was chosen president and succeeded herself at Tulsa this year.

Tulsa is a beautiful city of about 35,000 inhabitants, and
as it is in the heart of the oil regions its wealth is in evidence
everywhere, and the gracious hospitality of the people won the
hearts of all the visitors.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. O71

The boy scouts are especially deserving of mention. Sixty-
five of these gallant, courteous boys offered their services for
the week, and fairly outdid themselves in escorting us around,
running errands and carrying messages, all for which they
would not receive one penny of compensation.

The first morning as soon as we were settled at our hotel
we went out to see what was going on, and found the procession,
headed by Governor Cruce and his party, was forming to march
to the exposition grounds two miles distant from the city. We
at once took the car so that we might reach there before the crowd
and get a good seat. We had not long to wait until the official
party, headed by the band, marched to the platform. Hon.
W.I. Drummond, chairman, in a few fitting words declared the
Congress formally opened and then introduced Governor Cruce
of Oklahoma, who bade us welcome to the state and city and
spoke of the universal brotherhood that had brought together
many tongues and many nations in a common cause. This
address of welcome was responded to by Dr. John A. Widstowe,
president of the Agricultural College of Utah. Following this
came greetings from Belgium, Greece, Brazil, China, Japan,
Russia and Hungary. These talks were short and it was quite
difficult for some of the speakers to express themselves. The
Hon. W. R. Motherwell of Saskatchawan, Canada, president
of the Dry Farming Congress, was then introduced. A beau-
tiful young girl came forward and in a most pleasing and gra-
cious manner told how the school children of Tulsa wanted to
show their appreciation of this gathering in their city. The
boys of the manual training department had made a gavel to
be used in presiding over this great congress. Amidst cheers
from the audience the young girl presented the gavel to the
president on behalf of the 4,000 school children of the city.

In the afternoon the International Congress of Farm
Women was opened by Governor Cruce. He said this coming
together of women meant better humanity and better homes.
“Women stand for the good of humanity and better citizenship,
which means better womanhood and better government.”
After a short address by W. R. Motherwell, Mrs. Harbert, the
president, told of the work of the congress with its membership
of 200,000 women, representing twenty different nations.

Mr. Yun from China then told of the women of his country.
Ten years ago there was not one school in China that a girl

B72 Missouri Agricultural Report.

could attend, except the missionary schools. Today there are
hundreds of them and sixty newspapers are managed by women.

The ambassador from Greece said that for 500 years his
country had been under Turkish government, and the continual
wars have taken their best men and the boys are leaving for
America as fast as possible, so only the women are left to till
the soil and care for the children. He ‘hoped to be able to take
back something to them that would be helpful and inspiring.

Dr. Edna Jackson Carver of Denver, Col., spoke of keeping
the right mental attitude and said, “It is a great thing to earn
a living, but it is a greater thing to live a life.”

Miss Fannie Clement spoke of the Red Cross rural nurses
and said there should be better methods for raising babies as
well as better methods for agriculture.

Miss Jessie Field very interestingly told of her experiences
as county school superintendent in Iowa and her work in the
rural schools and homes.

Miss Anna Taft of New York City spoke of the church
for farm boys and girls and the importance of the Bible being
taught in the schools. She said the first country movement
was when the children of Israel went up to possess a better land.

Our own Mrs. Marie T. Harvey of Kirksville, Mo., told
of the possibilities of the one-room schoolhouse. Her lecture
was illustrated and showed the wonderful work she is doing.

Many other interesting subjects were presented and dis-
cussed, but we will not have space to tell of them here. The
whole congress was rich with inspiration and uplift, and surely
better homes and better farming must be the result.

Mrs. McCreevy of Carmen, Okla., gave a banquet to the
governors’ appointees to the Women’s Congress, some of the
foreign delegates and Mrs. Harbert and Hon. W. R. Mother-
well. This was a delightful affair which we enjoyed very much.
Following it was a reception given in honor of Governor Cruce,
and it was attended by more than 2,000 persons.

Dr. H. J. Waters, president of the Kansas Agricultural
College, was elected president of the Dry Farming Congress,
and next year the meeting of the International Dry Farming
Congress and the International Congress of Farm Women will
be held at Wichita, Kan.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. aid

ENCOURAGING HOME CANNING AMONG GIRLS.

(J. Ed Hall, Lamonte, Mo.)

We are very much gratified to see such interest manifested
in the farm boy in way of corn growing and stock judging con-
tests, which tends to keep him contented and in love with
the farm. This is as it should be. But we feel that as much
should be done for the farm girls.

Since the girls of today are to be the home makers of
tomorrow, if we are to have the best of homes we must train
the girls for this work. By the economical management of the
home maker there are greater possibilities to save money. But
not alone to save money must we consider this. The greatest
gain comes to the well-trained home maker in the form of
greater health and happiness for the family, less sickness, greater
opportunities to work, and to enjoy life.

The qualifications of a good home maker cannot be valued
in dollars and cents, because their effects in the home cannot
be bought with money. These must come through careful
training. Feeling the great importance of this Mrs. Hall and
myself have decided to offer to the girls of Missouri from six-
teen years up a canning machine valued at ten dollars. The
requirements are that the girls, unaided, must can four varieties
of vegetables—corn, peas, beans and tomatoes—using no
acid, and exhibit them at the next Home Makers’ Conference to
be held in Columbia, Mo., during ‘Farmers’ Week,’ 1915,
where their products shall be judged and prize awarded.

The aim of this is not only to train the girl to do these
useful things, but that she may be able to earn something for
herself which gives her a feeling of independence that she does
not have when she is entirely dependent upon others. They
will also not be so anxious to answer the lure of the cities that
leads so many of our girls away where they are lost to home,
friends and society.

' If we can interest them along these lines they will be helped
to see attractiveness of life on the farm and of fitting them-
selves for that highest of all callings—that of a well-trained
home maker.

574 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE STORY OF “‘LADY’’? AND HER OWNER.

In submitting the following letter from Miss Hazel Pipes
of Rocheport, Mo., Miss Kinney, in charge of the dairy depart-
ment of the Home Makers’ Conference, writes: ;

“These parents have discovered the magic power of how
to keep their only daughter and child on the farm. May we
hear from many more at the Home Makers’ Conference in
1915.”’ Miss Pipes writes as follows:

‘“T am enclosing a picture with my report of the pure-bred
Jersey cow, Lady, and calf, which my father gave me. The
calf was permitted to run with the mother until it was five
months old. On November 7th I began milking Lady and by
January 7th had made and sold 60 pounds of butter. During

As the kodak caught ‘‘Lady’’ and her owner.

the time this record was kept the cow had no feed other than
that furnished by pasture at 75 cents per month. Expenses
for this would be $1.50. The butter, sold at 25 cents per pound,
brought $15, leaving a net profit of $13.50. The work was not
hard and took but little time. It was really a great source of
pleasure. When Lady again comes fresh I hope to get scales in
order that I may keep an accurate account of her milk and

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. DD

butter. I wish I had some means of testing for butter fat.
As you requested my age, I will say that I am fourteen. I
thank you for the interest you and the Home Makers’ Con-
ference have shown in me and in my work.”

AGRICULTURE IN PETTIS COUNTY SCHOOLS.

(T. R. Luckett, superintendent, Sedalia, Mo.)

Agriculture has been taught as a regular part of the daily
program in the rural schools of Pettis county since 1908. It
has been attempted to make the work a little more concrete
and practical each year and to be governed a little less by the
textbook.

This work, though usually considered essentially boys’ work,
has been given to boys and girls alike, and the girls have shown
fully as much interest and enthusiasm in doing things such as
testing soils, selecting seeds according to science and common
sense, testing seeds for purity and for germination, as their
brothers. At the same time it has seemed that if boys were
given this work something should be done for the special bene-
fit of the girls, and in 1911-12 Miss Higginbotham of Ander-
son school, Miss Sullivan of Camp Branch and Miss Vaughan
of Maplewood gave their girls lessons in needlework.

At the State Fair in 1912 Miss Higginbotham gave a
demonstration of this work with a class of five boys and five
girls. The girls worked on garments and used the different
stitches while the boys each sewed on buttons and made a
marble bag. The boys also were taught to put on a neat patch,
to mend a tear and to darn a worn place in heavy goods such as
men wear.

Several more schools took up the work of their own accord
that winter, and by the close of the term in April, 1913, quite
a number of schools were doing good work along this line.

In the summer of 1913 the Pettis County Home Makers
asked what could be done to help the girls, and it was suggested
that they get the mothers in the different districts organized
for the purposes of visiting the schools in a systematic manner
and of helping teachers and pupils by giving the work their
moral support. Last fall a letter was sent to every teacher
suggesting work of this kind and naming a set of sewing tablets
which could be used as a guide and text. About seventy-five

576 Missouri Agricultural Report.

per cent of the schools are teaching some needlework at the
present time.

Last September Miss Bell, institute lecturer for the State
Board of Agriculture, was looking for a place to start a model
school in the teaching of home economics. Visiting Camp
Branch school, she at once decided that she had found the right
school, and when the matter was presented to them they
promptly raised the money for the equipment, which was in-
stalled in a small fuel room fitted up as a kitchen, and since
that time the class of five young “home makers” prepare and
serve lunches to the other classes in the school, the materials
being furnished by those who are to enjoy the lunch.

HOME ECONOMICS IN RURAL SCHOOLS.

(Bab Bell, institute lecturer, Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

The rural school, the subject of much discussion in the
past as well as the present time, is again coming into prominence.
The feasibilty of introducing home economics into the one-room
school is being considered. The main arguments against the
work are lack of funds, teacher’s lack of training, and in a case
a man is employed, how could the subject be presented?

In the first place, we realize that whenever as much money
is expended on the rural school as on the city school—then,
and only then, will we have good schools. Consolidation is
advocated and seems to be a real solution to the problem.
However, this movement was started several years ago, and
although we feel certain that eventually all will be well we
know that it will take time.

While we wait for consolidation what are we giving our
girls to prepare them for their life work? The city schools are
giving excellent training to the boys and girls. In the rural
schools the boys have agriculture as it is required in the State
course of study. Home economics is in the State course of
study, but it is not required. Many teachers, seeing the need
of this work, are voluntarily introducing it. Of course, it
takes work and a vital interest in the school.

T. R. Luckett, superintendent of the Pettis county schools,
is endeavoring to introduce the work of home economics in
the schools of his county. Camp Branch school, a one-room
rural school seven miles from Sedalia, was selected as a demon-
stration center.

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 7

This school, as may be seen from the picture, is a typical

i ISRERTR A on lige:

Camp Branch school.

ea
1

Missouri school, and it would be possible as well as practical
for the girls in other schools of the State to receive the same
training as the girls of Camp Branch are receiving. The patrons
of this school are especially fortunate in having a teacher of
exceptional ability, Miss Julia Sullivan. The success of the work
is largely due to her untiring interest in the girls. Superintendent

Miss Julia Sullivan.

A—37

T. R. Luckett is also responsible for the
excellent results obtained in the school.
Through his efforts the State Board of
Agriculture assisted in planning the equip-
ment and furnishing free demonstrations
on methods of preparing hot lunches
for the entire school. In the accom-
panying picture the five girls may be seen
preparing potato soup. This simple, whole-
some food is to be served in connection
with the lunches brought from home.
Few parents realize how cold and
unappetizing the average school lunch
really is. Insome rural schools the lunches

578 Missourt Agricultural Report.

are allowed to freeze. In such instances the warm soups prove
doubly beneficial. The kitchen is supplied with shelves divided
into as many compartments (in this instance 35) as there are
pupils in the school. Each compartment is large enough to
hold a plate, glass, knife, fork, spoon, bowl, cup and saucer.

©

Preparing the lunch.

Each pupil is responsible for the order, neatness, etc., of his
own compartment. By the use of plate, knife, fork, etc., the
importance of eating in a leisurely quiet and sanitary manner
is emphasized.

EQUIPMENT.

Camp Branch school has the following equipment:

One coal oil stove and oven (three burners), three dish pans,
1 garbage pail, one bread box, one flour receptacle, one kitchen
table, three preserving kettles, three cake pans, 5 pie tins, five
dish mops, five soap shakers, one water cooler, five mixing
bowls, five teaspoons, five tablespoons, three asbestos .mats,
six wooden spoons, three bread pans, two frying pans, one deep
fat frying pan, five biscuit boards, five biscuit cutters, 3 paring
knives, five spatulas, one coffee pot (large size), five double
boilers, one roaster, three irons, five glass measuring cups, five

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 579

salt and peppers, one spice cabinet, two wash tubs, one wash-
board, three irons. a

Home economics class, Camp Branch school.

This equipment was purchased at a cost of $40, the money
having been obtained from the proceeds of an entertainment
given by the teacher and pupils. Fortunately, the school had
two cloakrooms—one large room and one small room. It was
found that the large room could easily accommodate the wraps
of both boys and girls. The smaller room was then used as
a kitchen. The door opening into the schoolroom proper may
be closed and the meal prepared without disturbing the pupils.
Classes continue as usual.

The girls make a study of each food as it is prepared and
keep notebooks. The bulletins from the United States De-
partment of Agriculture are the principal sources of references.
These notebooks will be on exhibition at the State Fair in
September.

The report card now used in this State is a marked success.
One of the purposes of giving school credit for home work is to
bring the school and home into closer relation. It is hoped
that this plan will direct the child towards everyday practical

580

Missouri Agricultural Report.

tasks, will train them for service, not merely helping them in

the acquisition of knowledge.

However, to be a success this

home-school work requires the best interest and co-operation

of the parents.

.

SUGGESTED FORM OF REPORT CARD.

Ppbitiec\ Virds Pan a, MRE ys LE UA OES County.
1913—_PUBLIC SCHOOLS—1914.
REPORT CARD.

RepOLbiObe i racwte sree cree ete euateca coer nena se aeee ene ;

a PUpil of hel sec eseeercce see eeceo ee eee school.

Arithmetic....

Agriculture... .

Graal ell ose ee en sosen eae sed cee ce eeacee leesoacmmuces

U.S. History. .

Ti ATMA Oi note ll cocee ec acecaloceseareoven|sessaseres od lkreseacsaess

Physiology....

Civil Gov’t....

Spelling.......

Tire it daar ares 3 ane Be saeneearis| Baprtenceocd lrecacccuded| baceoasccee

.

INDUST RIAL WORK.

I Qr. | Il Qr. HT Qr.|EV Qr

Girls.

SWECDING ways a5] oseecaceeee|eeenoee

School lunch-

Wiashingydishes ites lneeeeeee:

G0) al boy ae ments in| bpaneacecrcel Mpuineharcees

“Setting’’ fire-
less cooker. .

Boys.
Feeding stock..

Milking oan...

(CUPEYAN SNOLSES | eee ses coer lees | eee

12 onvao boyd HOLS) Ini akan anccool adap acne sl doocaososaca| ke sonactocsso
Heeding pours
Ae Wee aty aaice « |eseaetes proce leeenteseezes | ere coaeeiee

Drage | the
road. oe ee aR

TO PARENTS.

You will assist the teacher very much by
co-operating during the school year in the
following plan

Under ‘Industrial Work” please report
to the teacher each quarter the progress
made by your child at home in the different
divisions there outlined, using the letters

0 3 » P to denote excellent, good,
medium, poor, respectively.

Lie epee ssoua st Rata nsw oe seaaue wax Meremmrenectesvestes , Teacher
Pc Bee We tiae seaess daesusie savenevads , County Supt.

Parent’s Signature.

CERTIFICATE OF PROMOTION.

This certifies that

has completed the work outlined in the
State Course of Study for the........ grade, and
is hereby promoted to the........ grade.

Teacher.

weet cece resenescnseccessseercnensestssnescseessenesy

, County Supt.

Teacher’s Signature.

Missouri Home Maker’s Conference. 581

The preceding report card will be of great assistance in intro-
ducing home economics into the rural schools.

Interior of Camp Branch school.

COOKING OF VEGETABLES.

(Louise Stanley, Ph. D., department of home economics, University of Missouri.)

In the cooking of vegetables we have two purposes in view,
the hydrolyzing of the starch and the softening of the cellulose.
Those vegetables which have no starch and not excessively
large amounts of cellulose can be eaten raw. The small boy
may eat raw sweet potato in spite of the raw starch present,
but he usually suffers from indigestion as a result. Few of us
would care to eat a raw beet even though there is no starch
present, for in this case the amount of cellulose is so great as to
render it unpalatable and indigestible. Both the hydrolyzing
of the starch and the softening of the cellulose require moist
heat.

In cooking vegetables we should be concerned not only
with increasing the digestibility, but also the palatability of the
vegetables. This is done by judicious seasoning and combina-
tion of flavors, and especially by preserving and keeping as far

982 Missouri Agricultural Report.

as possible the natural flavor of the vegetables themselves.
As usually cooked, there is a similarity of flavor between most
of our boiled vegetables. The usual method is to boil in a
large amount of water. This water is drained off and the
vegetable is served. Looking at the composition of vegetables,
especially green vegetables, we are struck with the large pro-
portion of water and cellulose. They do not furnish any con-
siderable amount of energy-yielding food. That material
present which does yield energy is principally in the form of
sugar or soluble carbohydrates. We eat such vegetables
chiefly for their fresh flavors and the mineral salts which they
contain.

Now what happens when we boil vegetables? The mineral
salts are soluble and so are the sugars which are present. A
glance at the table below will show how large a proportion of
these two constituents comes out in the water during the cook-
ing process.

Carbo- | Mineral
Water. Protein. Fat. hydrate. matter. Cellulose.
Cabbage, raw....... 89.6 1.8 4 5.8 Woe} peal
Cabbage, cooked... . 97.4 .6 1 - 4 plies: 11333
Kalesrawaanetaeas 93R3 RS be Nae aie eae eee a Sats) .6 9
Kale, cooked....... 97.95 BAS WMI in RES Rae oc a (OU 533 57) Ib, i

This water in most cases is thrown away. In it we find is
contained a large part of the material for which we eat the
vegetable in connection with a large proportion of the flavoring
material. It seems quite likely that the strong, white teeth for
which the negro was noted during slavery time were due to the
pot liquor left in the kitchen as refuse, while the indigestible
portion of the vegetable or the cellulose with any small amount
of flavor which might be left clinging to it was sent into the
white folks’ table. g

Nor is this the only way in which the flavor of our vege-
tables is decreased by boiling. Some of the flavor is due to
volatile compounds or compounds which are given off in the
“steam. When vegetables are cooked or boiled in an open
kettle a large proportion of the flavor will escape in this way.

A familiar classification of vegetables from the cooking
standpoint is into strong flavor and weak-flavored. Just where
the line is drawn between the two depends upon individual

Missourt Home Maker’s Conference. 583

taste. The use to which such a classification is put is that, in
the case of the strong-flavored vegetables we are advised to
get rid of the excessive flavor by pouring off the water in which
the vegetable is cooked. This is the reason for the directions
given so frequently in vegetable cooking to parboil and discard
the water. Whenever this is done we can see the result will be
loss in flavor and food value. By taking advantage of the fact
that this flavor is volatile and cooking the vegetable with the
cover off a large amount of flavor may be gotten rid of without
any loss of food value.

But what will we do with the liquor in which vegetables
have been cooked when it is present in large amount? If the
vegetable has enough flavor left in to be used without it this
liquor may be saved and used as a French woman does in making
the soups for which she is so famous. By far the most rational
way to use it and the way which is most likely to increase the
palatability and consequently the use of our vegetable foods,
is by concentrating and combining it with whatever sauce is
served over the vegetable itself. In this way we help to de-
velop the individual flavors of the different vegetables while
at the same time we are preserving the food value.

Now let’s look at the other methods used in the cooking
of vegetables from the same point of view. We may steam
them, in which case we are supplying moist heat just as we were
in boiling, only here, instead of surrounding the vegetables with
water at boiling temperature, we use steam. Steam is not so
good a conductor of heat as water, as a consequence the time
required is much longer than in the case of boiling. In steam-
ing some of the volatile flavors are lost, but they do not seem
to escape to the same extent as they do in boiling in an un-
covered vessel. At the same time, since the vegetable is not
surrounded by liquid, all of the soluble materials are retained
or the amount which is cooked out is so small that it can be
very easily served with the vegetable itself. Those vegetables
which are exceedingly compact can be steamed to better ad-
vantage if finely divided. Some, of course, contain so much
cellulose that it is almost impossible to soften them at all by
steaming. The chief advantages are they need not be watched,
and when several things are being cooked at one time there is
an economy of fuel.

Baking as a method of cooking vegetables is limited in its
use. Any vegetable to be baked successfully must fulfill two

584 Missouri Agricultural Report.

conditions: It must have an outside coat capable of holding
in the steam and it must contain enough water to cook the
starch and soften the cellulose which is present. In baking,
while we are applying the heat in a so-called dry form or by
means of the hot air which comes in contact with the material
being baked, we really are applying moist heat to the interior
of the vegetable, because the moisture’ must be present in the
material itself and there must be some means of keeping it in.

This is really the basis of the much-talked-of paper bag
cookery which was advocated as being especially advantageous
for use in cooking vegetables. Here the bag is used as a sub-
stitute for the outside steam-retaining cover and, in case there
is not sufficient water present in the vegetable itself, we are
able to add more before starting it to cook. In this way the
paper bag shell has an advantage over the potato peel or the
apple skin, for in these two latter cases we cannot so easily
control the amount of water present. We can see the basis
for the extravagant claims made for paper-bag cookery. No
material is lost and the volatile flavors are preserved.

Another form of cooking which has all the advantages of
the paper bags and lacks some of its disadvantages is casserole
cookery. In this the earthenware casserole takes the place of
the paper bag. While as now made not as steam-proof as the
paper bag, they could be made even more so, and even now
they hold in sufficient amount of the volatile products for all
practical purposes. A great advantage of the casserole is that
the material is served in the dish in which it is prepared, thereby
insuring that it will be kept warmer than is the case when the
material must be transferred from a paper bag to a dish, which
in many cases is completely cold and in no case would be heated
up to the temperature of the material which is being served.
Further, the construction of the casserole is such that it keeps
in the largest possible amount of heat, and in this case, as in
the case of the paper bag, there is only one dish to be washed.

Frying has not been considered as a method of cooking
vegetables because in so few cases do we use it as the original
means of preparing them. It is much more frequently used
as a method of utilizing left-over vegetables. It might be well
here to define what is meant by frying. By frying we mean
using fat as a means of conducting heat to the food material.
In order that this heat should penetrate from all sides it is
necessary that the fat be deep enough to cover the food com-

Missourt Home Maker’s Conference. 585

pletely. Since fat can be heated to a very much higher tem-
perature than water, the material cooked in this way reaches
a considerably higher temperature. This means that the
outside portion will tend to become overcooked very quickly,
and when raw vegetables are fried they must be sliced very
thin. Usually the vegetable fried is-one which has been pre-
viously cooked. Even though it is not, we might say, except
in a few isolated instances, for example, potato chips, we are
still using moist heat. The outside portion of our fried foods
are brown, indicating that the dry heat has caused a dextriniza-
tion of the starch present, but usually the interior portion is
still moist and the effect of the fat has only been to heat it up
and change a certain amount of the water over to steam. We
cannot on this account fry foods which contain too large pro-
portion of moisture because the intense heat changes this mois-
ture very suddenly over to steam, and may result in a mimic
explosion.

Sauteing is a method of cooking which is frequently con-
fused with frying. Sauteing means cooking in a small amount
of fat, just enough to keep the material from sticking at the
bottom and not enough in any case to completely cover. As
applied in the cooking of vegetables, it might be said to result
in a method which is a combination between stewing and frying.
The fat present tends to increase the temperature somewhat,
at the same time making it possible for some of the lower por-
tions to get the effect of dry heat, while the main body of the
vegetable is stewing in its own juices. The objections to such
a method are that the fat tends to incase the particles of food
and prevent the ready access of the digestive uses. On the
other hand, this is a method of adding fat to the diet, and if
not added in such a way as to become too completely soaked in
the food, it adds flavor both by its presence and by the browning
effect it has on the vegetable itself.

After the vegetable has been cooked by any of the above
plans we are next concerned with the question of seasoning
and serving. The ways given in an ordinary recipe book are
endless. We can, however, arrange them all in a few typical
groups. First, looking at the composition of fresh vegetables,
we are immediately struck with the absence of any appreciable
amount of fat. In serving vegetables, this is most easily made
good by the addition of some form of fat as flavor. Serving
the vegetable in a sauce made of fat combined with the liquor

A—88

586 Missouri Agricultural Report.

in which the vegetable is cooked, salt, and perhaps a little
pepper, is by far the simplest and by many considered the most
palatable way in which to serve them, and most certainly is
the method by which we develop to the greatest extent the
natural flavor of the vegetable. The fat used in this country
would be butter or oleomargarine.* In Italy and the Medi-
terranean countries olive oil is much used for this purpose and
gives a most agreeable flavor to those who like it. Another
very common way of serving vegetables is by the addition of
cream sauce. This is very much overdone, and where the
same cream sauce is served over one or more vegetables it tends
to give them all the same flavor and hide the individual flavors
of the vegetables themselves. This can be in part obviated
by the use of liquor in which the yegetable is cooked in making
the cream sauce.

An acid flavor improves certain vegetables, especially those
which contain large amounts of cellulose. This may be ob-
tained by the addition of small amounts of vinegar or lemon
juice to the butter sauce referred to above. This forms the
the so-called “‘maitre d’hotel’’ butter.

Escalloping is a method which can be used in the original
preparation of vegetables or may be used as a means of reheating
and preparing for service left-over vegetables. By escalloping
we mean placing in a baking dish layers of the vegetable, alter-
nating with layers of cream sauce or some liquid. Over the
top we place a layer of buttered bread crumbs, which serve
the two purposes of keeping in the flavor and by their browning
developing the flavor which we specially like. Sometimes we >
add to the cream sauce grated cheese and sprinkle over the
top grated cheese with or without bread crumbs. These are
known as the “au gratin’ dishes. Some vegetables which
contain a large amount of starch are after the original cooking
put into the oven to brown the outside, for in this browning
starch is dextrinized and a certain amount of flavor is devel-
oped. Another way of bringing about this same result is by
reheating the vegetable in hot fat as in frying'referred to above.
In this case the vegetable is coated on the outside with some
material such as egg, which prevents the absorption of fat.
A few vevetables such as eggplant may be sauted after having
been dipped in batter.

Summarizing, we can state very briefly the principles
which should be observed in cooking vegetables whatever the

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 587

method may be: (1) All vegetables which contain large
amounts of starch and cellulose must be cooked by means
of the action of moist heat. (2) In order to retain the food
value of the vegetable the liquid in which it is cooked should
be as limited as possible and should, whenever possible, be re-
tained and used in some way as food. (3) In retaining the
natural flavor of the vegetable we must both keep the liquid
which contains the soluble portion of the vegetable and also
must cook them in such a manner as to retain as much as pos-
sible of the volatile flavor.

THE HOME IN HISTORY.

(Mrs. Walter Warren, Sedalia.)

From the beginning of time inventive ideas have held the
kingship of the world. From man’s mind, as the ages sped,
have been organized homes, society, government, laws, litera-
ture, arts and commerce.

The first home was a very simple and humble structure.
When not a cave it was a shelter made of bark or skins sufficient
to afford protection to the mother and the child. Subsequently
it was a lodge made of earth, of stone wattle work or adobe.
The first needs in this home were food, shelter and clothing.
Food products were first used in the raw state, but woman’s
inventive genius made a most important and far-reaching dis-
covery, a method for artificially producing fire. The Greeks
showed their appreciation of the value of this invention by
asserting that it was stolen from heaven. Considering its many
uses in heating and cooking, thereby adding to the comfort of
man, we are not surprised that in certain parts of the world
fire has always been considered sacred.

No discovery after that of producing fire contributed more
towards the development of mankind than the taming of the
milk and fleece-bearing animals. The domestication of these
diminished man’s labor as a burden bearer and made of him a
herdsman.

The monotony of the long-continued meat diet made the
herdsman’s wife hungry for starchy foods; she began to save
seed from certain plants and gradually evolved a garden.
Generation after generation of her descendants picked over the
grain patches, selecting the seeds to be preserved from the harvest
festivals to the next spring’s planting time. These daughters

588 Missourt Agricultural Report.

eeN partnership with God is motherhood;
What strength, what purity, what self-control;
What love, what wisdom, shall belong to her
Who helps God fashion an immortal soul.”’

of the herdsman became the wives of farmers and in turn made
farmers of their sons by placing in their hands the seeds of
wheat and other cereals which gave to the family bread and
nutritious foods.

After building a home and establishing a fireplace for the
preparation of foods woman’s next concern was for more raiment
than that afforded by the traditional fig leaf. This she found
in the bark of certain trees, in the fiber of hemp and cotton,
and in the wool of sheep and goats. With her distaff she spun
the thread thus obtained and was enabled by means of her
loom to provide textile fabrics for herself and family. With
a rude knife she skinned and carved the game brought by her
male companion, scraped the interior of the hide and cut it up
into clothing, sandals, and mocassins. There was much to
invent before this home could be considered even fairly equipped.
Furniture and culinary utensils were required, and a very im-

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 589

portant part was played in domestic economy by the soapstone
pot and native basketry.

When we contemplate the splendid porcelain wares of
today, the numberless varieties of cutlery, the beautiful textile
fabrics, the delicate silks, the countless forms of footwear, the
astonishing output of food products, we little think that the
wheels of these vast and varied industries were set in motion
by the needs and inventive ideas of a woman in a primitive
home. The rude knife of flint has become the keen tool of
tempered steel; the distaff has issued into the intricate Jacquard
loom; the metate and pestle manipulated by a woman’s hands
have by a long process of evolution developed into our mammoth
roller mills, impelled by water power, steam or electricity. These
wonderful changes are due to inventions and specialization of
work which became possible only when men liberated from
the avocations of hunting and warfare were able to take up
other occupations and develop them in the manner with which
we are now familiar. Primitive woman having a home, was
cook, butcher, baker, potter, weaver, miller, tanner and furrier.

Man, in assuming the occupations which were originally
feminine and performed by one person, has subdivided and
specialized by practical inventions and improved forms of
machinery. So the work that is now done in a modern home is
accomplished more rapidly and to better purpose and with
correspondingly greater results in the development of industry
and in the progress of civilization. This is an age of efficiency
and specialization. We would not expect a farmer to be a
success if he dabbled in law, in plumbing or salesmanship. Big
men of today are all specialists, be they farmer, lawyer, doctor,
minister or merchant.

But what are the mother’s professions? She is the home-
maker, care-taker, teacher, nurse, peace officer, minister and
lawyer. The mistress of the rural home, in addition to filling
these various occupations, not only supplies her own table with
all its fresh vegetables, milk, butter, eggs and poultry, but pro-
duces a surplus equal to the needs of a great city. Besides the
care of her home and family she carries on a branch industry
greater than the cattle business of the nation—for the poultry
business is owned, managed and controlled almost exclusively
by her. We never sit down to a meal but that the work of a
farm woman is somewhere in evidence. But the physical and
commercial products are her least contribution to mankind.

590 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Three-fifths of the women of Missouri live in rural homes.
Ninety per cent of the leading business of the cities come from
these homes, as do eighty-eight per cent of the ministers and
a like per cent of the leading educators and government officials.
The farmer has been much concerned about the exodus of his
boys to town. But a greater concern, the exodus of his girls,
is facing him. Compared with the comfort of present-day
households, the fabled palaces of ancient kings were mere hovels.
While much has been done in improving the conditions under
which farm women work, it remains for progressive farm men
and farm women to better conditions by providing mechanical
and labor-saving devices in farm homes.

These practical inventions are the aids which are necessary
to place the country woman’s work more nearly on par with
that of the city woman’s. The introduction of a modern
heating apparatus and some kind of a sanitary water system will
do much to make the farm home more pleasant and healthful.
The cream separator, the dumb-waiter, the roller table, the
stove with glass doors, bread and cake mixers, the fireless
cooker and its logical companion, the iceless refrigerator, will
each lessen the steps and lighten the work of the housewife.

Study of improved conditions on the farm have developed
plans for the ultimate elimination of wash day. In districts
having a community creamery the creamery is idle every other
day. It has been demonstrated that machinery for a laundry
can be installed and operated during the idle time so that the
washing can be done at the creamery at but a slight expense
to each farm.

Labor has become such an important problem on the farm
that the gasoline engine has become the new hired man that will
perform such tasks as would require the service of both men
and teams. This engine will drive the machine to fill the silo,
grind the feed, saw the wood and thresh the grain. This chore
boy is equally accommodating to the farm woman, for it will
run the washing machine, the wringer, the cream separator,
the pump, the sewing machine or vacuum cleaner.

While the engine is doing all these chores it drives the
dynamo which generates electricity and stores it in a battery
making a complete farm electric lighting plant, from which the
power can be used whenever and wherever desired. The house-
wife finds her life brightened and duties lightened by electric
lights and small motors. New uses for the power are found

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 591

every day. Sometimes the dairy cows are milked and the
cream separated from the milk by electricity; the dairy is ven-
tilated, lighted, heated or cooled, all by electric power. Poultry
farmers are finding that this power can be used to furnish heat
for the incubator and the brooder.

Electricity on the farm is a subject commanding much
attention. Manufacturers are studying the farmer’s wants,
and are making machinery to supply those wants. The National
Government is investigating, the State colleges and experiment
stations are helping the movement with information and advice.
The possibilities are beyond count. The successful advent of
the electric automobiles suggests the possible use of electric
power in plowing, seeding, cultivating and harvesting. Electric
farm trucks are made in America, and the general utilization
of electric power in agriculture depends upon a better under-
standing between the producer and the consumer as to the field
of probable use. The consumer does not realize how much
time, money and patience can be saved by the application of
the new agent. Electricity is no longer a luxury, but is rapidly
becoming a necessity to the farmer and the farmer’s wife. The
yearbook of the Department of Agriculture calls attention to
an awakening of the farmer, to the necessity of a machine-made
farm. In certain parts of the country such an awakening seems
to be already well advanced, and the steam engine, electric
motor, gasoline engine, and particularly the oil-burning en-
gines, are doing the work of opening up innumerable acres for
cultivation. Not since Watt’s time has such a vast improve-
ment in engines been made. The oil-burning engine consumes
crude oil costing only a few cents a gallon, or any liquid fuel,
and, like all great inventions, it is astonishingly simple. And it
seems reasonable to predict that this simple and inexpensive
engine will work as great a revolution in American agriculture
as was worked by the automatic harvester. With horses, every
plow needs a man, but with an oil engine two men can operate
eighteen plows and hold control in their hands the power of
eighty horses that never tire. Agriculture now as in the past
is still the most important occupation, for it is here that the food
that feeds and the raiment that clothes the world finds its first
production. And any invention that lightens the load of the man
who toils and enables him to reap a greater profit from his
labors is of great benefit to humanity. But any movement
for the lightening of the farmer’s work must, if it meets with

592 Missourt Agricultural Report.

success, receive the support, not only of the farmer, but also
of the farmer’s wife.

The county farm bureau should include the women of the
farm and their household problems in its scope. If these pro-
gressive movements are to go forward the home must not be
neglected. For on the home foundation is built all that is good
in state or individual. Many farmers’ “wives do more reading
than their husbands, and are more susceptible to suggestions,
and are anxious and alert to make progress in their life work.

The first problem of the farmer is how to increase farm prod-
ucts through labor-saving devices and better farming. The
first problem of the farmer’s wife is how to improve the con-
dition of her home. The mistake of the husband in his sphere
during one season may, with the aid of the farm adviser, be
corrected in the next. The mistakes made by the wife in the
home and in rearing her children are never entirely corrected.
The woman is in greater need of expert advice than the man,
and we should have a special county bureau for women, with
a woman well trained in home economics at the head of it.
Her expert advice would enable the wives and mothers to solve
many home problems and make the home life more efficient.
The future of most families depends upon the mother. She
is the one who does much to make for the happiness and the
health of her family, and it is her attitude toward the farm and
her success in making a happy farm home that largely deter-
mines whether the boy or girl remains on the farm.

If the mother feels that the farm offers no future for the
boy or girl the chances are that the farm will lose them. You
may remember the little waif, Glory McGuire, as she looked
through the window at rich children’s parties she would lament,
Oh, the good times going on in the world and me not in them!
Farm women want some of the good times. Is it fair for the
cities to absorb all the talent or culture generated in the country
and never send any of it back from whence it came? Seldom
does a high official of church, school or state visit the rural
districts except to draw more votes, more dollars or more chil-
dren from the homes of the farmers.

With good roads eliminating space, and with the telephone,
country women want and can have social centers and neighbor-
hood gatherings. They need domestic science, the neighbor-
hood nurse, the traveling library and the up-to-date con-
solidated district school and playground. All farm women
have in a large degree the same experience, and therefore they

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 593

can and should help each other. They should meet to discuss
the problems of mutual interests, they should organize home-
makers’ clubs with the object of securing the best of conditions
in the schools, and in their home life, of broadening the outlook
of the home, of encouraging the social spirit and of elevating
the character of farm life.

The rural teacher and the rural preacher should be very
active in this social and educational work. Country schools
should have teachers trained for work in rural schools, teachers
of sound judgment, understanding the nature of the child, and
tact in dealing with him. A live, trained progressive teacher
can be a great force in a community in advancing progressive
movements. Modern education is a mighty movement in
modern life. Young men and young women were never so
alive to the needs of education, technical training, vocational
guidance and creative power as now. This new position means
that the farm woman must take advantage of labor-saving
devices in the home, that she may have the time and strength
to fit herself for the new relations and the new responsibilities.
She has been too busy at home to be much in the limelight, but
she has been thinking, and through the school, the church, the
home makers’ club, the University short course, she will make
herself felt in raising better children, building better homes
and a better commonwealth. When the Romans got into
trouble and had to have a dictator they sought the old farmer
Cincinnattus. The farm woman, wife and mother, rearing her
family in the quiet homestead, has the chance to cultivate the
sanity that will be the saving salt in many of our complicated
situations.

094 Missouri Agricultural Report.

CHILD WELFARE DEPARTMENT.

(Mrs. C. W. Greene, Columbia, Mo.)

In this department this
year we selected only three
lines of interest because our
time was very limited. One
session, in charge of Mrs.
J. G. Jones, was givenesto
art and music in the home.
This was illustrated by lan-
tern slides and by the player
plano. Another meeting,
with Mrs. W. W. Charters
as leader, was devoted to
papers and discussions of
moral and ethical training
in the home. These papers
are all given in connection
with this report. The third
meeting was one on ““Games
and Amusements for Chil-
dren,’ and with it was held
a baby health contest. The
children from the elementary
School of the State University and the Benton school of Co-
lumbia gave an exhibition of games such as tenpins, bean bags,
three deep, ringtoss and basket ball. Some of the Mother
Goose rhymes were dramatized and a number of folk dances
and marches were BiveU: Two hundred and fifty children were
on the floor.

The baby health contest was instituted that the babies of
our State might receive more attention. It was conducted
without prizes of any kind, and the babies were protected from
publicity in every way. The score card used was furnished by
the physiology department of the State University and is an
attempt at measuring the child’s physical and mental develop-
ment.

The anthropometric measurements were made by persons
of experience and skill. The medical examination was given

Donald Meyer,

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 595

by the dean of our State Medical School, who is a specialist
in eye, ear, nose and throat diseases.
The following score card was used:
THE MISSOURI HOME MAKERS’ CONFERENCE.
OFFICIAL SCORE CARD FOR THE BABIES’ HEALTH CONTEST.

Nec td © See ee ee ee en teres Mo el ly ee oe ee ce erg deere tec Ne A Aileil o d atin ae ete ere RS LN Se So
IN CMBV OATS Oe racer er chance otncenene oie eioaseenets IVE OTIS ee cee reer rece arconee rts IDF NgsPeeasn soon tucunepascodecret scans
Boy, girl
TD) AE SRO LAC TIGL YE ee eee eae Nee ee eas Te ae TO hs Heeb ee batt ode seein s Sua seed ob evevunvectai ayes sosucivacecas be
EOC BISA TOSS a ee aa cede ee ee Sa I RL ata semana aifas cbc evetaceat po Atie ees bt eee ean Carat ee

TRS HTAE) COVE TIPLE OS ncaa beecet Bad ie BSS ee Se SAE od a cS RE UO oe ake 8 Se ane ke
INGER ULOTN DAG Veeco rrr Coe a eee ere o aera re slotes cauicec debices feb teses saaentinse ane obese DANCY) ot So Oe Bee ERC eRE ACEO SORE
INIATITO Ofer 11 OUI CT re eee ars eae OTE oe TETSU oe eEa ane seat oek cathe deacuasetesetssteonsen Se AR mA
TNR COSA UH 3 Sta eR ABA aia gah Pal aR nit Po AC CRE ro Rae RAD an aerate See oe Rate nae

Parents early life spent in city or country ae
Wiasimhisichildayvigorousiand Strong yat OI bl? oops seceteteas cece eee oe et tee e receasverdeescstesenactestis-auescadssseccoss~
GD reas tate essere cece rks Seen eae eet s Sa tae a Meee nee than eee Let eben TTR ini CMa Aceh trees ese terete ce

Has the child had his food, exercise, baths, etc., by a regular or by an irregular schedule?

WihabediscasesshasMhen lia dita erg tere hota. eck reece teeta hance carson seat ecaecnee re asec ck Oem noeiaaee Cammaccacemeeaets
Official record, head and neck. Lee ed Individ-| Stand-
ments. ual ard
score. score.

feet CInCuINferenGe: OfsHe ad yuo - ye een ety sie heh lens ak mG eet ene al | detecpeace ets Meslloes sectlsqocseaee 6

Qe) ONS tLe rc stiscieseceteses SVL Gl GER eet ec coererelion Are nee ane ied Gate avceeealedtas cme) Sea daacsseeat ce 4

Suet VesS—_siZOaSnape tSeuulnParmici) cei acacia & iio cimeiemee ie) el) eeceenace st seetleeh wansssetan sem 6

Ae iE AEL GIN OE TOONS 56 on ooo o-olo duo Dopo 6 blS do0.0 6 olb| beenecnredsteens| |s-penacerecasac 4

See eeINOSe——_SIZe aN Gp atenya. ora ciee eee. at2 ears Sivloxarels © cite ciltom-tssscasonce. cbnsecaedeetace 4

Guan Mouths tongue, palates GONSIIS: isomers iors sess aieieliat ne yernie) |e eecneecee sare baarcnteaens acer 6

RELL COG cea, eT We ra emat eh ore RA USB SIN Ne Sica. opera eshte cia ead can aebree suru cls cb wis stow atay 5

Somme NG CKva nla riya cd cece irars cost tel cueope Ate patos econ kes waitenste ge co) all inees Gee ean | ecesseeeerest oat 3

Trunk and limbs.

COR MEANS 01 Res rerenetic bahuest as Hiete Re cn ese aatcnd ics CnC orate heme Rauch crn rome 6
TO Sew ECL SH Gee te ein sie ee, oa b Astin onedeslomeee Rats Den acauere et netoy a cachonertete 6
inl (OMS He as 6 OI oO Ore A Oe CR IIS CET Ok ator ancarar Renee tench to. ORIOL 6
LD peeWiaista(avenaviel):.-.smasivehscele cveuecese.s are) 2 ae Suet teenies set cer « 2
13. Symmetry of body 2
14. Forearm and hand 3
ie) CORI ETL InGM SG aid sc Rogidiol bids = 6.4 oflarnipinraiotorgs fo a8 Eieoemeane 3
16. Muscular poise in walking, sitting and power of handgrip..).... 6
MWe kin——qualitys coloring. CbeCr associates cielsietietcheac <sen- 5
18. Skeletal symmetry and proportions.................... 3

Mentality and alertness
IQ}; IDEOOSINGs cigs choo ab dn ob ce cob a bicoeye o> obiot.8 4 6 in)6 Side Ol Ecococgegeosnee4 pseenacuecconSca 2:
20. Expression and attention..... ite RAS PLA TEARS aoa fo 5ibch, Gera Ee ePe ence Al aortas ieecaoden 8
Oe NeLVOUSHbalancerandiGo-Ordinabl Olan. wee crease iatilneh oye po |-sceaor-4> sansa )ooseaeheeanaacs = 10

596 Missouri Agricultural Report.

STANDARD MEASUREMENTS FOR BOYS.

The facts are from Holt’s ‘‘The Care and Feeding of Infants.’’ ‘‘The weight of girls
is on the average about one pound less than boys. They are about the same height.’’—Holt.

Al Birth.—Weight, 74 pounds; height, 203 inches; chest, 13} inches; head, 14 inches;
teeth none.

At One Year.—Weight, 21 pounds; height, 29 inches; chest, 18 inches; head, 18 inches
teeth, six.

At Two Years.—Weight, 263 pounds; height, 32 inches; chest, 19 inches; head, 19
inches; teeth, sixteen.

At Three Years.—Weight, 31 pounds; height, 85 inches; chest, 20 inches; head, 19%
inches; teeth, twenty. F

MEASUREMENTS OF BABY CONTEST WINNERS.

Denver Champion.—Age, 34 months; weight, 34 pounds; height, 364 inches; head,
204 inches; chest, 224 inches; waist, 213 inches; forearm, 6% inches; calf, 8% inches.

Denver Second.—Age, 24 months; weight, 30} pounds; height, 34% inches; head, 20
inches; chest, 204 inches; waist, 21 inches; forearm, 6} inches; calf, 83 inches.

Chicago Champion.—Age, 40 months; weight, 34 pounds; height, 363 inches; head,
202 inches; chest, 223 inches; waist, 23} inches; forearm, 7} inches; calf, 9 inches.
RULES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE HEALTH AND LIFE OF THE BABY.

1. Follow a fixed and regular daily schedule for the babies’ feeding, exercise and play,
rest and sleep, and body functions.

2. The clothing must protect the neck, arms and legs; it should be loose and com-
fortable; the underclothing of light soft woolens.

3. Mother’s milk should be the food of the baby. When bottle-fed, use pure, sweet
cow’s milk modified under the physician’s directions.

4. Games, romps and other baby exercise favor growth and give discipline in self-
control.

5. Do not allow a typhoid fly to touch the baby’s sleeping lips, his food or his play-
things. Flies carry germs of diarrhea, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other death-dealing
diseases.

6. ‘Baby pacifiers’ are instruments of death to the baby.

7. Never use ‘“‘soothing syrups,’’ which generally contain poisonous sedatives and
habit-forming drugs.

8. A child trained to regular habits and in good health never cries except when hungry,
tired or uncomfortable.

The score cards when completely filled out were mailed to
the parents of the babies. The front of the card contains the
eugenical history of the child and a set of rules for preservation
of the health of the baby.

This whole movement has been characterized by the ab-
sence of any comparison of children, of any commercialism, or
any of the spectacular or sensational element. It has been an
effort to enable parents to bring their children and have their
bodily development scored, that they might learn wherein they
lack perfection. No attempt was made to give medical advice,
though an attempt was made to give intelligent answers to
questions. Where a doctor’s care was indicated the attention
of the parents was called to this fact.

Sixty babies were entered, and they included all strata of
society, from the common laborer’s baby whose roughened skin
and broken toe nails showed contact with a strenuous world,
up through the typical farmer’s baby, minister’s, banker’s and
University professor’s babies. These children were all under

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 597

forty months, but we found defects ranging from asymmetrical
heads and broken noses to adenoids and cleft palates. In
almost every case the parents were unconscious of these defects.
We were impressed all the time with the lack of standards as
to what constitutes a normal, healthy baby.

Camilla Collins. Vivian Long.

These babies averaged higher than Holt’s standards and.
a little lower than the Colorado babies as reported in the news-
papers.

The babies were entered in three classes: In the first class,
which included babies between the ages of 6 months and 18
months, Donald Meyer of Columbia was given first place. In

598 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the second class, 18 months to 30 months, Vivian Long of
Warrensburg was winner. And in the third class, 30 months
to 42 months, Camilla Collins of St. Louis was declared most
nearly perfect. Camilla Collins was also found to make the
highest score of any child entered.

It is hoped that the home makers in each county will make
plans to have local baby health contests, with the thought
always in mind that it.is the physical development and not
beauty of the child that is under consideration.

THE INFLUENCE OF GOOD MUSIC AND ART IN THE HOME.

(Mrs. J. C. Jones, Columbia, Mo.)

We women are beginning to take ourselves so seriously,
and amid the din caused by the woman question it is so hard
to determine whether we really are butterflies or the saviors
of the Republic, and between deciding on the tango and the
ballot we are in a frenzy of indecision. One epithet which
was heard less frequently in former years is the mother of future
generations, and appalling as this sounds, we cannot over-
estimate the underlying meaning or minimize the responsibility
which belongs to the phrase.

Agnes Repplier has said if parents do not know by this
time how to bring up their children it is not for lack of in-
struction, and we are prone to agree with her when we con-
template the amount of literature upon this subject, the variety
of theories advanced in regard to it, and the attention paid to
the child problems, both before and after birth. The little
girl who said she wished she had been born in the time of Charles
II because her history said that during his reign education was
much neglected has our heartfelt sympathy.

We are not concerned today with the complexity of. the
general educational problems. Happily, we are not to decide
whether our child material, which is the proper name now for
any little boy and girl, has to sit on a hard bench many hours
of the day and really learn his alphabet and how to spell with
it and his multiplication table and how to multiply with it, or
whether by suggestion and symbolic play he shall learn the
necessary requirements of the three r’s, which, by the way,
seem now to be of far less importance than we once believed.
Let those of us who had little boys and girls and not child ma-
terial wonder and be thankful that we brought them safely to

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 599

maturity and so far have kept them out of the penitentiary.
Seriously speaking, we should not minimize the importance of
all of these questions, but the largest influence, after all, which
comes into the life of the child is that which emanates from
the home, the most unconscious but the most subtle and lasting,
and to bring into the home the music and art which shall set a
standard for all time should be the effort of the mother. There
was a time before the invention of what some of our friends
insist upon calling “canned music’? when it was difficult to
familiarize the child or even the adult with the best kind of
music. The girl who had taken valuable hours from study and
recreation in God’s out-of-doors to practice, as soon as she had
a home of her own found no time to keep up her music, and
after six months or a year the piano was abandoned for house-
hold tasks and the home was musicless. This need not be
the condition now, for we have the piano player and victrola
in every home where music is really desired. It is hard to
estimate the possible educational advantage (notice I speak
of it as a possibility for musical education), but I must em-
phasize the fact that in homes without number this is only a
possibility and not a reality. It is possible to go to a boun-
tifully spread table and partake of the wholesome and palatable
food, but quite as simple is it to eat only the pickles and sweets
‘with the attendant lack of benefit and satisfaction. Hence,
when these instruments are introduced in the home and the
mother lacks the standard and ambition for the best music,
the damage is great. No art has a more insinuating influence,
and the child who hears first from the mother a lullaby of
musical worth and value is likely to have an ear trained in time
for the best, and if this child is given songs suitable to its age
and development, simple, worthy and beautiful, there will be
in the inmost self of that child something developed which
will be of the greatest value in later years.

I have been often interested to hear people of intelligence
and pronounced education say, “‘I can enjoy music which has
a tune and I really am very musical, but I do not care to know
about Wagner and Beethoven. I do not believe anybody
really enjoys such music.’’ And I always find that such an one
has not gone about the task of educating himself along this line
as he has in literature and other branches of culture. Just as
well never learn your alphabet and expect some fine day to enjoy
yourself with a volume of Browning or Shakespeare as to neglect

600 Missouri Agricultural Report.

all your musical education and then expect to get your five dol-
lars worth out of a Wagner opera. To my mind the best
music is none too good for the child, and my experience has been
that taught wisely he will learn to love good music. Beginning
very young one can give nursery rhymes set to music by J. W.
Elliott, a writer of taste and distinction. These melodies are
musical and catchy and melodious. JI used for years the kinder-
garten book gotten up by Jessie Gaynor, our Missouri composer,
of whom we are proud. Nor did I fear to familiarize children,
both my own and the neighbors’ children, with such master-
pieces as Schubert’s Erl Koenig, telling them the story and pre-
paring some of them for a delightful experience when, in a
foreign gallery, I led them to the masterpieces of Schnorr and
Schwindt, portraying this mystic creature, and later in another
German city they heard the inimitable Lilli Lehman render
Schubert’s famous song.

When it has been my pleasure to travel abroad with young
people I have been interested to note that they enjoy and profit
by what they see and hear just in proportion to their prepara-
tion for it. The originals which they most desire to see are those
with which they have been familiar through copies. The music
they most enjoy is that they have some knowledge of. Many
a symphony concert would have been a bore rather than a
pleasure to my children had not my Cicilian piano already
familiarized them with the masterpieces of Schumann and
Schubert and other great composers.

THE MORAL TRAINING OF CHILDREN.

(Mrs. Jessie Allen Charters, Columbia.)

The fundamental factor in all training is the imitative
instinct. Children learn by doing, and they do what they see
and hear others do. Later in life they may reconstruct their
experiences by deliberating upon what they see and hear, and
thus their acts are not all directly imitative. But small chil-
dren are only copies, imperfect and modified, of the people
around them.

For this reason it is important that children be surrounded
by people of the highest ideals and who are doing good things.
A child cannot rightly be punished for something copied from
its mother or father—when the parents are the highest model
he knows. A mother who is not careful to tell exact truth to

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 601

her children and before them is the one to be blamed when the
children fail to tell the truth.

There was once a woman (perhaps more than one) who
did not want her Sundays disturbed by company at Sunday
dinner. Every Saturday she told all her children that she
would not let any one, not even those tiresome, meddling stick-
tights, the Smiths, bewitch her into giving them an invitation
to Sunday dinner. But after church on Sunday, being worked
upon by habit and a sense of the duty expected of her, she did
give the tiresome, meddling Smiths and others cordial invita-
tions to dinner, and:during the long Sunday this dutiful and
God-fearing mother pretended a pleasure in, hospitality and
urged her friends to come again and often. No sooner would
the door be securely closed upon their departing backs than
the irritation from a disagreeable day would burst forth, and
the children were even scolded and punished for their accu-
mulated misdeeds.

If there is ever to be an ideal of truthfulness in this world
parents will have to set better examples at home than the
average parents now offer. And the same is true of all the other
virtues.

Honesty must be taught by example first, foremost and all
the time. The parent who will accept an incorrect bill when
the mistake is in his favor sets a wrong standard of honor before
his children. The mother who rejoices that the street car
conductor missed her in collecting fares is training her children
to wink at petty graft and to lower their ideals in all moral
situations. The parents who slip their children into theatres,
street cars, employments and other places of the sort with les,
told or implied, about the children’s ages, are demoralizing
these children’s standards of right and responsibility.

Intemperance is a vice usually started in the home. Rarely
does a child of total abstainers become a drunkard. Parents
who drink a little, who have liquor in the house, who go into
the saloons, and who allow the children a small amount of in-
toxicants, are paving the way for these same children to become
drunkards and worse. On the other hand, an example of high-
minded sobriety at home will save a boy through life’s severest
temptations.

We have so far emphasized only one phase of moral training
—but that is perhaps the most important phase of all. Chil-
dren imitate their parents; they form their habits according to

602 Missourt Agricultural Report.

the examples before them, whether for good or evil. Children
try to be like the best people they know—their parents. How
very important it is, then, that the parents be good and true
and pure, virtuous in all their thoughts and acts, gentle with
the children who are patterned after their image, and lenient
with the faults derived from the parents by trustful imitation.
Every parent may set a good example to the children, thus
helping to form their characters beautifully and nobly. Good
parents are not limited to the city or the farm, to the white
race or the colored, to the past or the present. Every parent
may set a good example to the children in the home.

But parents have every day and every hour many practical
problems of moral training, and I would feel that my opportunity
were lost if I did not take up with you today some of our serious
questions.

There is, for instance, the question of obedience. It was
not very long ago when obedience was a big word in family life,
thus—obedience. In Japan children are compelled to obey their
parents absolutely and without questioning. Many people have
that tdeal for home life today—wishing it were possible to go
back to those old-fashioned times when children were expected
to give perfect obedience. Most parents spend a large amount
of time in getting obedience from their children.

There are two questions to ask ourselves: First, is perfect
obedience desirable? And second, how shall we train our chil-
dren to obey?

First, is perfect obedience desirable? In some children
perfect obedience would mean a giving up of personality to the
despotism of some stronger will, and this submission could not
possibly be yielded except under fear. Children who think
for themselves and act for themselves are too busy to obey.
If the parents are wise, restrictions will not be put around such
children except when unavoidable, so that these children will
at least not have many chances to disobey.

I know of one such child—a four-year-old girl. If there
are many things she must not do she cannot help being dis-
obedient. When her mother sews on the machine she will put
her hands on wheels and work, and climb over the machine.
She can no more help it than a moth can help flying at a candle
flame. The little girl I know climbs over chairs, jumps off
steps, chews her fingers, and is in many ways a fidgety, dis-
turbing element. But she is a sweet, loving, well-meaning

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 603

child. Her nervous habits are no more under her control than
is her heartbeat or her digestion.

Accompanying this nervousness is a distaste for continuous
work. It is nearly impossible to get her to put away her toys
unless interest is kept up by some kind of game. If she spills
a box of buttons it becomes the task of an afternoon to compel
her to pick them up as a punishment for carelessness.

Training such a child as this is a delicate and complicated
matter, for in this case the connection between the physical
nature and the mental and moral nature is easily seen, and there-
fore the parent becomes more gentle in dealing with moral
defects. What might seem to be a moral defect is often only
a nervous disorder. The training being given to this child is
largely physical. Nervousness can be partly controlled after
the body has been well built up. But it is a matter of years’
work.

Other children are naturally obedient—that is, they easily
do what they are told to do. They do not keep particularly
busy about their own play, nor too busy to pay attention to
other things.

One must not make a little tin god of obedience. While
obedient children are convenient and may save serious diffi-
culties, implicit obedience is a bad sign of sturdy character,
and parents who demand utter, unreasoned obedience are killing
their children’s character and later chance for independent
action.

There are several ways of training in obedience. One is the
immediate, severe punishment of every form of disobedience.
It is acommon belief that if every tendency toward disobedience
is punished the child will of course be obedient. But obedience
must be of the heart. Children who are thwarted will become
deceitful if they have any grit and personality at all. They
must have their own way some of the time; and the parent, in
getting the appearance of obedience, is losing many things
even more valuable than obedience.

There is also the theory of reasoning with children. Obe-
dience is secured by giving reasons for it. But parents soon
learn to their sorrow that children are irrational little brutes.
They love to argue and question and procrastinate, but they
are not at all interested in the real reasons for and against their
desires. They are interested in gaining some end by fair means
or foul. And the parents who are careful to explain and to

604 Missouri Agricultural Report.

reason find out how often they are baffled, and the child comes
off victorious even when the parents are wholly in the right.

There is one other method of training in obedience, namely,
the method of giving very few commands, and practically none
which are as unalterable as the laws of the Medes and Persians.
Of course, it is impossible and undesirable for any child to be
brought up without daily and hourly commands of ‘‘do this”
and “‘don’t do that.’”’ But these commands and requests may
usually be of passing interest only and may not be allowed to
become “‘test situations.”

I know a little boy whose father said to him, “‘Johnnie, put
away your book now, it is bedtime.’ .The childish act is often
inexplicable—and Johnnie threw his book to the floor in perfect
good humor, saying “I won’t put away.my book.’ He was
not a bad boy, he was on the whole of the docile type. So
his father paid little attention, saying, however, “Yes, put it
away now.” But John wouldn’t. Hesat. He grew stubborn.
He was willing to go to bed or do anything else—but he wouldn’t
pick up the book. He did not cry—he did not laugh. Being
only four years old, and docile, the situation was unheard of.
The other children went to bed. The mother reasoned, plead,
loved him, promised rewards. The father joked, commanded,
threatened finally; Johnnie did not and would not pick up the
book.

After two hours he was put to bed and the book left where
it was. Less wise parents would have left the book on the
floor and in the morning the battle would have been resumed.
But these parents gave up. They realized that their docile
son had a will of his own which they must respect.

These sudden, intense, disciplinary situations appear to
be more frequent when children are tired or ill. Rarely, in-
deed, have my children had serious difficulties before five o’clock
at night. But several serious battles were fought about bed-
time before I realized that it must be only the children’s fatigue
and my own which was responsible. Since then I’ve been able
to let morals go after six o’clock, and we’ve all been better and
happier for it.

And so far I have never punished the children when they
are sick, but have begun already to explain matters to them. I
say, ‘““Mother knows you don’t feel very well, and the germs in
you make you want to be cross and to stamp your foot and to say
“T won't.”> So I’m not going to pay any attention to the germs,

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 605

but help you to get well.” So all attention is directed to get-
ting fresh air, sunshine and happiness, and the next thing that
happens is a combination of good health and good temper.

All that I have tried to do today is to give a few hints
about moral training. It would take many hours to talk over
even half our daily problems. I should like very much to
know from you what you think and do and what your most
serious problems are. And from you, friends in the State,
who may read this paper but who are not at this conference,
I wish that I might hear. I should like to know how other
mothers train their children to be good and true and loving
children.

COURTESY IN THE HOME.
(Mrs. W. F. Flournoy, Marionville, Mo.)

Courtesy is, etymologically speaking, the politeness of
courts. It displays itself in the address and manners. The
courteous individual is one who is polite, civil, obliging and
affable. A person possessed of those qualities is truly agree-
able, while without them he may have great talent, good con-
duct, virtue, and still be disagreeable. Some one has very
truthfully said that ‘as charity covers a multitude of sins
before God so does politeness before men.’ I do not see that
the courtesy or politeness or good manners used in the home
is any different from that used elsewhere, yet my subject,
“Courtesy in the Home,’’ might make one think there is a
difference. Politeness is a result or perhaps combination of
good sense and good nature and becomes a habit. And the
individual who is habitually polite away from home must
necessarily have some in reserve for home use. In order that
the habit of politeness may become a fixed habit it is very
necessary that children be taught to be polite and well-man-
nered from infancy. It is just as necessary a part of their
education as are the “‘three R’s.’’ Sometimes I think teaching
them the “‘three R’s’’ is the easier task.

Some of you who have no children can, perhaps, tell us just
the most approved methods for teaching children to be cour-
teous. I certainly hesitate to do so. However, little children
are great imitators, so perhaps example is one of the best ways.
Precept, of course, is always the easy method, but maybe not
so effectual. If a child is taught to have the proper respect for
the rights, property and opinions of others, that child has ac-

606 Missouri Agricultural Report.

quired the first step in the education of being courteous. Chil-
dren, like grown-up people, acquire ease and gracefulness of
manner by coming in contact with others. The friendly col-
lision rubs off the corners and polishes the rough places, until
the child forgets to be rude and smiles and looks pleasant when
things go wrong. I think in the home which entertains a good
deal the children acquire a desirable deference to others. In
fact, the entertaining in the home might be a part of the cour-
tesies of that home. One of the viewpoints that is not always
put before children is that they can look at it from a selfish
standpoint. Other people will have a much better opinion
of the child who is polite, and the child himself will think so
much better of himself. Usually courteous children are fairly
good children.

POULTRY SECTION.

(Mrs. R. Lee Alford, Vandalia, chai.man.)

The poultry section of the Home
Makers’ Conference is a new venture,
this being the first year, and great in-
terest was manifested at the meeting.
We were especially favored by having
with us: T. E. Quisenberry, director of
the Missouri Poultry Experiment Sta-
tion, Mountain Grove, Mo.; Judge E. C.
Branch, member of the revision com-
mittee of the American Poultry Asso-
ciation, and H.’ L. Kempster, professor
of poultry husbandry, University of Mis-
souri, each of whom gave able lectures
advocating better methods and greater
attention devoted to farm poultry. Interesting papers were
also given by Mrs. James A Staples of Lamonte, Mrs. Scott
Cunningham of Palmyra, Mrs. E. M. Scott of Lathrop and
Miss Martha Blume of New Franklin, and others.

The poultry section will undertake an egg laying contest
in the homes of the farm women of the State under the direction
of the chairman, Mrs. R. Lee Alford of Vandalia. Professor
Kempster in his lecture comprehensively outlined the method
by which such a contest might be conducted.

Missouri now ranks as poultry queen of the Union, but.
we must work hard to keep our reputation.

Mrs. R. Lee Alford.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 607

HOW TO MAKE POULTRY PROFITABLE ON THE FARM.

(T. E. Quisenberry, director of the Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, Mountain
Grove, Mo.)

I am certainly delighted to have the
opportunity to speak to the good women
of Missouri who are interested in poultry
on the farm, for it is to the farmer’s wife
that Missouri is indebted for the greater
portion of the $50,000,000 worth of poul-
try and eggs that are marketed in this
State each year. The care of the poultry
on the farm is left largely to the farmer’s
wife, his son and daughter, and the far-
mer who doesn’t give reasonable atten-
tion to his poultry is neglecting a very

i, TS, OnRaeeioay. important source of revenue. A flock of

100 to 200 hens, if properly bred, housed
and fed, will pay the dry goods, clothing, shoe and grocery bills
for the average family on the farm.

The products of the Missouri hen have outstripped the
revenue derived from the Missouri mule. The poultry products
of Missouri are twice those of our annual wheat crop and half
as much as our annual corn crop. The Missouri hen _ pro-
duces $10,000,000 more wealth annually in this State than
do all the beef cattle of Missouri. Then, will it not pay you
to devote a few minutes time each day in properly caring for
your poultry?

In a few words, the four essential things in successful poul-
try raising can be summed up as follows:

1. Good stock—high vitality and pure bred.

2. Good houses—inexpensive but comfortable and con-
venient.

3. Good feed—clean and wholesome and some variety.

4. Good care—clean ground and sanitary quarters, dili-
gence, and common sense.

1. Without stock of strong, vigorous constitutions you
will be troubled with more or less diseases in both young and
old stock. A hen cannot lay many eggs without a good con-
stitution. The destiny of your young chicks is largely de-
termined before the eggs are laid. Don’t breed from stock

608 Missourt Agricultural Report.

A chicken well bred and well hatched is half raised.

too young or too old. Use pure-bred poultry because it looks
better, you take more pride in it and give it better care, they
lay more eggs as a rule, eggs are larger and more uniform, and
it fattens better for market purposes.

2. <A farmer makes a mistake if he puts a great deal of
money into a poultry house. A house should be inexpensive
yet properly ventilated and free from drafts. Above all things,
it should be convenient and comfortable. Do not build your house
too shallow or narrow, but make it deep; then provide an open-
ing of some kind in the front, which occupies not less than ten
or twelve square feet of space. We have found that a stationary
shutter, much like the shutters in the old-fashioned barn cupola,
placed in this opening with an inch or two between slats,through
which the air can circulate, is the best method of ventilating

The vitality of the breeding stock influences the hatchability of the eggs and the
‘“‘livability’’ of the chicks. Poor hatches and poor health among baby chicks is largely
due to the condition of the parent stock.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 609

your poultry house. These shutters admit fresh air and at
the same time prevent the rain, sleet or snow from blowing

eceeereerrerenremererereremetner
ss ereeeanenemameneniinean:]
Os aeeeiiiiaiiaiieaecl
i osaacieetaeiidanianataiaal
(eeetiatiiieiniemmmatiell
se aeaateacietaniaieell
sa sesithiinidiaiiaiabiaaeatel
“enters comemerarin
PR TO

A house built after this style, made 12, 14 or 16 feet square, with a good foundation
under it, makes one of the best houses that can possibly be built by Missouri farmers, and
is also very economically built.

into the house. If you can’t do anything more, cut an opening
for ventilation and cover it with a cloth curtain which can be
raised and lowered. The farm poultry house should be built
in sections 12, 14 or 16 feet square. We prefer a shed roof, and
face the house to the south. Make nests, roosts and all inside
fixtures loose so they can be removed from the house and every-
thing thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

3. The average farmer in Missouri grows on his own farm
the very best foods for poultry. If the hens are provided with
a lot or range to call their own or are moved to the orchard or
cornfield, they will consume a great quantity of injurious in-
sects, bugs, worms, etc. The hens will turn grass into green-
backs and convert grains into gold. The best poultry food is
composed of what I term “5 G’s:’’ grit, grains, greens, grubs,
gumption; that is, hens must have some grit with which to
grind their food, and also should have some cracked oyster
shell. Corn and wheat are staple grains. We also provide
ground food composed principally of equal parts of bran, shorts
and corn meal, with three-fourths of a pound of fine salt mixed
with every hundred pounds of ground food. Hens needa grass
run, or else provide them with sprouted oats, alfalfa or clover
hay, ensilage, or some green food. If you have sour milk or

A—39

610 Missouri Home Makers’ Conference.

buttermilk, this takes the place of meat scraps and is a splendid
thing to give hens or chickens of any age. You should also
mix in a little gumption in the feed bucket. Don’t let the
drinking pan go dry.

4. Good care means a little more gumption, a little com-
mon sense.

FIRST FEED FOR BABY CHICKS.

It might be well for us to mention a very good feed formula
for baby chickens. We sprinkle a little clover chaff over the
floor of the brooder or hover before the chicks are placed in it.
We also sprinkle a little fine grit in the chaff and provide a
small fountain of pure water. The chicks are not fed for forty-
eight or more hours after they are hatched. Don’t feed too
soon. The first feed is usually a little commercial chick feed

Ready for their first feed.

sprinkled in the litter or perhaps placed on a clear spot on the
floor until the chicks learn to scratch for their feed. We feed
the chick food at morning, noon and night. Between regular
meals we feed a little rolled oats and bran. When the chicks
are a week or ten days old we then place a dry mash before
them composed of two parts bran, one part shorts, one part
corn meal, one-half part ground oats.

It is also a good idea to mix a little fine charcoal and a little
bone meal in this ground feed. We give our young chicks all
the sour milk or buttermilk they want from the time they are
hatched until fully matured. If you chop up a few onions
occasionally for the youngsters, it is a splendid food for them.
You may also feed the infertile incubated eggs to them after
they are boiled and mixed with some of the dry mash.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 611

LOSS FROM BAD EGGS.

Missouri farmers lose nearly three million dollars annually
on bad eggs. It is just as easy to market good eggs as bad
eggs. You can not only save this tremendous loss to yourself,
but you can improve the quality of the product and thereby
increase the price and also your profits by giving a little closer
attention to the market end. You can also increase consump-
tion by marketing a better article. Most of this three million
dollar loss on eggs is caused by farmers marketing fertile eggs
during the hot summer months. Keep the males from your
flock of layers in summer months and you are marketing. in-

Good, clean, fresh eggs of uniform size and color always command a good price.

fertile eggs which as a rule will not decay. The hens will lay
just as many eggs. The germ in the fertile egg develops on the
road to market to such an extent that it is unfit for food. But
an infertile egg remains wholesome for a much longer period
of time, and simply dries up, as a rule, instead of decaying.
The eastern buyers have learned that one out of nearly every
five eggs from Missouri is a bad egg, and they make the price
to Missouri farmers accordingly. Farmer friends, let’s help
save this $3,000,000 each year by keeping males out of our laying
pens. .

Mr. and Mrs. Farmer, give the hens a chance and they
will help lift the mortgages from your farms and help swell
your bank accounts.

612 Missourt Agricultural Report.

POULTRY AND CHILDREN.

(Mrs. James A. Staples, Lamonte, Mo.)

Much has been said for and against the great American
hen, but she has been doing some wonderful things in the way
of producing wealth, generally without much encouraging
treatment of any kind.

On the average farm the hen has literally scratched her

way to prominence in financial earnings, alone and uncared
for. A natural forager she has been left, on the majority of
farms, to look out for her own living. There has been remark-
able progress made in the past few years, showing that more
attention is being paid to both the breeding and feeding of
the hen.
“ But what we want to talk to you about today is poultry
and children. Doesn’t the combination sound good to you?
I am sure it does to me. What is more fascinating than, when
driving along a country road or passing a-city lot, to see some
happy, healthy children feeding a nice, healthy, pure-bred
flock of poultry? There is something. about it that makes you
want to stop and speak to those children. Now on many farms
al great deal of the care of the poultry falls to the children
such as putting out water, gathering eggs, running to see if
the setting hens have gone back to their nests, ete.

What we want to bring to your mind is, are the childsen
really partners in this business or are they used to fill in and
help out?

We advocate making the children partners, giving them a
share, so they may look forward to a reward. It makes the
work much more pleasant both for the child, the mother or
father, or whoever happens to be working with them. Now to
illustrate this. Even we mothers, with as much pleasure as we
get rearing and caring for our children, isn’t there the hope in
our hearts all the while of the fine men and women we expect
to have when they are grown. On the other hand, could we
work with our poultry with the glad hearts we have, hoping to
have a fine bunch in the fall—if we knew we would get none of
the money we make out of that poultry but what some one was
willing to give us. Perhaps you will say, ‘Well, I buy Johnnie’s
shoes or suit or Mary a nice dress or I wanted to give her a
book she wanted, or something of the kind.’ JI have seen this

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 613

tried and have had mothers tell me, “‘I need every cent I make
out of my poultry. I can’t give a part to the children to use
as they want.”

Did you ever stop to think that either paying your child
for his work or giving him an interest in the business helps him
to be fitted to battle life in other lines of business when he
is older! Now few children if allowed to have spending money
of their own, if properly taught and especially if they earn it
themselves, will squander it. Wouldn’t you rather give your
boy or girl an interest in the work so they will have an income
of their own, rather than go to the city, as so many do, meeting
temptations on every hand?

It makes children very proud when they can say I bought
these shoes or this dress with money I earned helping mamma
or papa. We do not believe in paying children for everything
they do, neither do we believe in paying large sums, but start
them with small sums and see that they earn it—and be sure
and pay them. To give you an illustration, to show the dif-
ference in boys earning their own money and just having it
given to them, I saw two little boys (about eight years old)
together a short time ago. Each had a quarter; one earned
his, the other his parents had given him. His money was
burning his fingers, he wanted to spend it so badly. I asked
him what he wanted to buy. He said, ‘“‘Oh, I don’t know, just
anything, candy or something. The other one said, “I am
going to keep mine and save it and see if I can’t get a dollar.
I want to see how much money I can save this year.”’

But let us get back to the main subject, poultry and chil-
dren. We believe it is best to start the child on a salary. A
very small child can begin to do the little things. I have seen
them take a half gallon bucket and make many trips to fill a
trough for the chickens with water, and how they enjoyed it!
They perhaps said, ““‘Mamma is going to give me a dime if I
keep water there every day for a week.’? How they would
work to earn that dime. I have seen a little boy take his little
wagon (in fact, our own little boy, eight years old) when papa
and mamma were very busy, clean all the dropping boards in
three hours, rake and sweep the boards, haul the droppings
down in the field, all for 25 cents. He was so proud of his work
and he came in and said to me, ‘“‘Mamma, I tell you I am
making that ground ‘wich,’ we sure will have lots of wheat
there next year.”’ He enjoyed the work; he was allowed his
own time and only worked an hour at a time. We think he

614 Missourt Agricultural Report.

got a great deal more good out of that than running up and
down the road in the dust with his wagon.

The children learn to love the poultry, and where the
parents are interested in picking out the good points of the birds
they readily learn. Our little boy when he was five years old
called to me one day and said, “‘“Oh, mamma, come here quick;
I ran out to see what in the world was the matter, and he said,
“IT wanted you to see this cockerel; isn’t he a fine one.’’ He
had not previously noticed the bird and I had only a few days
before discovered how good he was. Our little girl at ten
years of age could select a prize-winning bird from our flock
of Langshans nearly as well as we could. Last year, at 13 years
of age, we offered her $10 to help keep books. She kept them
herself and kept an accurate account of everything. It gave
her the finest kind of a start in that line, and this year we will
have to increase her pay. She has had a flock of her own, has
shown her birds at some of the good shows, selecting her own
birds to show and winning the blue ribbons. We are sure it
pays to give our children a chance. They soon learn to select
the best specimens. You know that children are only mimics,
after all, and are just about what we make them.

We really believe the future of the great poultry industry
depends upon our children, and we believe it will pay us and pay
us well to make our children partners in our business just as
soon as we possibly can. Subscribe for good literature so they
can read up on the work. Give them an opportunity to go
with you to places of interest so they will meet others and gain
new ideas.

There is something fascinating about poultry work and
children enjoy it. Something new it seems comes up every
day. There must be regularity for the best results and chil-
dren as well as grown-ups learn to be systematic in their work.

We believe it takes as much or more business ability to be
a successful poultryman or woman as in any other lines. Ac-
curate accounts must be kept, strict watch must be kept at
all times for drones in the flock, and numerous other things. It
teaches children to be observing, and no matter what line of
work they may take up later in life they have had the very
best training in business lines to meet it. There is more clear
money made from an investment in poultry, everything con-
sidered, than any other line of live stock. So let’s give our chil-
dren a chance to make this, the greatest little industry, to be
the greatest big industry.

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 615

SELECTING THE BREEDERS AND RAISING YOUNG TUR-
KEYS.

(Mrs. E. M. Scott, Lathrop, Mo.)

In the selection of birds for my breeders I have found
several things to be considered, and I believe foremost I would
place strength. I mean by that good, healthy, well-matured
stock. Avoid inbreeding, I believe all good turkey raisers
will agree with me in this. Color comes principally from the
male bird. I use a medium-sized male with a brilliant bronze
color, clear white edging, with no real defect in markings—in
fact, the very best colored bird I can get. One cannot afford
to be careless in selecting the male bird. He constitutes one-
half the entire flock. One, if forced to, can use a defective
female. The eggs marked, poults can be marked, and that way
tab kept on the offspring. Not so with the defective male bird.

In selecting the females I use birds with head long and broad,
a long body yet full breast, a shank not short yet not too long,
well-spread foot and long toes, a well-poised head and bright,
alert eyes, well-barred wings, clear white penciling. The female
is never so richly bronzed on fluff or lesser coverts. I like to
see plenty. My ideal mating, according to my own experience,
is an early young tom with one or two-year-old females. I
have had fair success with yearling tom and early hatched
pullets.

I do not yard my turkeys but give them range. During
the nesting season they are tolled into an inclosure that I have
built out in the orchard of woven wire fencing eight feet high.
Inside is placed barrels, real brush piles and boxes, the front
hidden by loosely piled brush. China eggs are placed in the
thus improvised hiding places. The turkeys are kept in a
while and turned out each morning until after nests are selected
and three or four eggs laid. Then they are allowed to come
and go at will. Some times Madam Turk takes the side of
contrariness and has to be kept in all day for a few days, but
seldom after having laid three or four eggs do they try to change
nests. Use discretion in gathering eggs, leaving the nest much
as you found it, always a nest egg. I seldom set the turkey
hens. For one reason, I find that if they are not tired from long
setting they are more attentive to their young; another, they
are large and sure to break eggs if disturbed in the least.

616 Missouri Agricultural Report.

I always raise the poults with a turkey mother. I set the
eggs about April 15th under chicken hens, my Barred Plymouth
Rock hens covering ten easily. I always put soil in the nest
boxes several inches deep, placing on top chaff or loose straw.
Have my hens rid of lice by use of some good powder. A few
days before hatching I take all litter from the nest, putting in
fresh. Dust the hen, throw her out to rid her of the powder.
Meanwhile the turkey hen has been setting for a week or per-
haps three or four days. I place a pipped egg under her at
night and leave her alone until she comes off with the one
turkey. Then she is dusted thoroughly, let loose to dust her
feathers, placed in a run prepared for her and containing corn,
grit, water and some clean sand. ‘the poults are placed inside,
not more than twenty-five, generally not more than twenty; the
gap is closed and she is left to get acquainted with her family.

The runs I use are made of old rails (as the only available
material at hand), but have been found so satisfactory that I
have continued the use of them. Build a pen square, rail
upon rail, until four feet high, making a slip gap in one side.
Cover with boards weighted down in case of heavy wind. At
the bottom of the pen I place a board eight or nine inches high
to keep the little poults inside the first day or until they have
learned the mother call. Always use the ground for floor
unless very damp, then some dry straw or chaff is scattered.
If weather is sunny and bright the little fellows lie in the sand,
take a pick at the grass, a sip at the water, seemingly quite
content. I feed first about noon (they are now forty-eight
hours old) a little stale bread dipped in sweet milk, pressed
dry, sprinkled lightly with black pepper, not too much, scat-
tered around on the same. Feed about five times each day
for two or three days. If weather is clear I open the gap on
the third day about nine or ten o’clock and let Mother Turk
come out with her brood, which she will do very leisurely.
Always keep her well fed and don’t allow her to range far. As
they grow older commence to feed a little hard-boiled egg, a
little onion top or lettuce leaves cut fine, but main feed, bread
and milk, until after two weeks old, at no time feeding all they
will eat. The hen is driven back to the run about five o’clock
and kept in until after dew is off in the morning. The boards
are thrown back from top of pen to allow sunshine each day,
and every five or six days run is moved over on fresh ground.
I dust each poult once a week for lice until six weeks old. After

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 617

eight weeks they are allowed to roost out of runs unless stormy.
They are well filled after their day’s gleanings of bugs and worms.
Keep plenty of cool, clean water for them to drink. Last sum-
mer I followed many a hot trail with a bucket of cool water for
my pets, as the branch that usually affords plenty went dry.

I find the main trouble with raising turkeys is “we forget
they are not chickens.” The culture is very different. Tur-
keys habits are wild; give them freedom, and do not hamper.
The work of raising turkeys will prove a profitable and pleasant
pastime.

“‘Here’s to the turkeys for weal or woe,
A farmer’s good friend, to the insect a foe.’’

CHICKENDOM FROM THE FARMER WIFE’S VIEWPOINT.

(Mrs. Scott Cunningham, Palmyra, Mo.)

With the first signs of spring come the alluring poultry
catalogues, filling the beginner with unbounded enthusiasm
and visions of chickens galore. To read in the current maga-
zine about the experience of the city fledgling who, from book
learning, imagines that poultry culture is his special calling,
and begins at the top of the ladder, is, to say the least, pathetic,
for never did Shakespeare write such tragedy. If the ghosts
of all the chicks that have been deliberately overfed, smothered
and tortured by incubator, brooder (fireless and otherwise),
through ignorance and stupidity, could haunt their respective
owners, I fear that King Richard’s dreams would pale into insig-
nificance by comparison.

Well do I remember my own tragic beginning and not only
realize each year that there is much to learn in raising poultry
successfully for profit as well as pleasure, but that the farmer’s
wife, with her all-round duties, cannot give them her undivided
attention, and must plan the easiest way to conserve her time
as well as her strength.

When we moved to the farm from a distant town, some
years ago, my thoughts naturally turned .to poultry raising.
Dreams of fried chicken and fresh eggs was the goal. My first
investment was an incubator. Oh, the pathos of it! It proved
to be very unreliable, the temperature playing hide and seek
with the weather most of the time, and especially so at night.
Suffice to say, after furnishing a great deal of entertainment
for the family during the required length of time, sixty little

A—40

618 Missourt Agricullural Report.

White Plymouth Rock chicks hopped out into my care. As
far as I can remember, their first diet consisted chiefly of grit
and water. The fittest survived, however, two pullets and a
cockerel, and I certainly would not entertain the thought of
frying them.

Since that experience much has been learned, as it is only
by failure that we learn to succeed., While Dame Nature is
just about perfect, some hens seem to have as much “stick-
ability’? as some people, especially when one tries to set them
on high-priced eggs that the express companies have been
tossing about, and so the housewife must try to find the happy
medium. A reliable incubator will hatch a good percentage
with less trouble, but brooding the chicks—‘‘Aye! there’s the
rub!”

I have used brooders with lamps and so-called fireless
brooders and find that by setting a number of old hens on the
same date as the incubator have let mother hen share the
burden of brooding the chicks. As many as forty can be given
to one hen in a large coop or brooder with a window and a run
or framework covered with small poultry wire on the top as
well as the sides. This saves a great deal of worry and care.
It keeps the older chickens out while keeping the mother hen
in, and when the chicks are old enough it can be pushed just
a little ajar from the coop during the day to allow the chicks to
forage. What farmer’s wife has not gone out after a quick
shower and viewed the remains? And so I have found that
by keeping the mother hen enclosed in the run, especially in
doubtful weather, saves many chicks as well as time and some-
times a shower bath. It is natural for a chick to run to its
mother when it rains, but a brooder chick will keep on running
until it is thoroughly soaked. The book will tell you to tap
gently on the brooder, and presto! they will all fall over them-
selves to get in, but alas! one could stand and beat a drum.
The busy housewife finds that she has neither the time nor
patience to carry on experimental work in a drenching rain.

Now as to the different types of chickens; every one who
raises poultry is generally partial to his own favorite breed,
or ought to be. A pure-bred chicken is a joy, but methinks
a mongrel is neither beholden to look upon nor fit to eat.

After trying six or more different breeds, I decided to con-
tinue raising the White Plymouth Rocks, as they are an all-

Missouri Home Makers’ Conference. 619

purpose fowl for the farm, and if fed the white corn are a thing
of beauty, lay well, and are delicious for the table.

There is no doubt but what the Leghorns fill the egg basket,
are self-supporting and great hustlers, if you do not keep a
watchful eye upon your favorite pansy bed. They seem to
have a decided ‘“‘penchant,’’ however, for roosting in the trees
late in the fall, and if they are not chased out continually will
freeze there. If I were going to raise chickens at the North
Pole I would raise the heavy breeds, and if I lived at the equator,
Leghorns and Bantams would be more appropriate.

Much has been written about the curtain-front poultry
house. I lost about two dozen Leghorns in a week, one severe
winter, with a curtain front while I was attending lectures in
Columbia on poultry culture, and consequently have learned
to combine the glass and curtain front.

Of all the most provoking things to contend with, after
raising a flock of half grown chickens, is to-have a rat, a prowling
stray cat, or perchance, a hog out of the fattening pen, quietly
feast upon them.

There is much with which to contend, yet the farmer’s
wife, with eternal vigilance as to system and cleanliness, will
always find that the good old Missouri hen not only fills the
exchequer and supplies the table with many delicacies, but
the outdoor work is the best kind of preventive medicine, and
if our Creator hadn’t given us the intelligence to combat and
overcome every obstacle he would have made us into chickens.

POULTRY HUSBANDRY.

(Miss Martha Blume, New Franklin, Mo.)

I began my course of instructions on poultry husbandry
under Prof. Kempster at the Missouri State University Jan-
uary 6, 1913. This was on a short course scholarship which I
won through a tomato contest, and I was repaid manyfold for
the labor expended in the contest.

I was ably aided in my work by Miss Kinney of New
Franklin, my home town, who is an enthusiastic and able worker
in promoting the short course at the State University.

Mr. Kempster taught us through a course of lectures and
instructed us in the methods of constructing poultry houses,
selecting different breeds, hatching eggs and caring for young

620 Missouri Agricultural Report.

chicks, particularly in feeding and housing. He treated ex-
haustively the subject of eggs, and gave methods of properly
caring for them to maintain their freshness and insure whole-
some eggs for culinary purposes and marketing. Mr. Kempster
demonstrated that eggs should be sold direct to the consumer
by the producer. Thus would be avoided the probability of an
impure article of food. The consumer would by a direct dealing
with the producer also buy more economically.

I would deem it advisable for all who can do so and who
are interested in the production, growing and care of poultry
to take this short course at the State University at Columbia
under Mr. Kempster. No matter whether they are veteran
poultry raisers or beginners, they will secure much valuable
information that they might not otherwise obtain.

HOW THE FARM WIFE MAY HELP TO IMPROVE POULTRY
CONDITIONS IN MISSOURI.

(Mrs. R. Lee Alford, Vandalia, Mo.)

This is indeed an age of improvement and progress, and to
get the most out of poultry culture one must be educated in
its arts and science the same as any other industry in which
we hope to excel. Surely the people of no other state are so
richly endowed with opportunity for education in this par-
ticular line than we of Missouri, and it is now possible to obtain
best results with poultry more economically than ever before,
due to the growing interest and demand for knowledge along
this line, which is supplied through our best farm papers, poul-
try journals and bulletins from our State Poultry Experiment
Station, State Board of Agriculture and College of Agriculture.

The object of the Missouri Home Makers’ Conference is
through combined effort to show the farm wives of our State
what important factors they may be in helping Missouri retain
her reputation as “‘Poultry Queen of the Union” and what
better poultry, better houses and better methods will mean to
them in a financial way. This is being done to a large extent
by both the State Poultry Experiment Station at Mountain
Grove and the poultry department of our State University,
and the excellent work done by these institutions can be sup-
plemented by concerted effort on the part of the home makers.

There is money to be made in poultry culture and it is as
dignified as any other occupation, but intelligent business people

Missourt Home Makers’ Conference. 621

are required to make a success of it. It may be combined with
housekeeping without detriment to either, is a healthful as well
as a profitable occupation and surely lies within woman’s sphere.
It has many and interesting attractions and is peculiarly adapted
to women.

While poultry on the farm can be made to play an im-
portant part in producing a living, and on many farms is the
main and on some the only source of income, too many of us
are still satisfied to go on in the same old way year in and year
out—some through necessity and others through lack of interest
or indifference.

Every farm in the State should be stocked with pure-bred
poultry, and it is just as important as thoroughbred horses,
cattle, hogs and sheep, and for the same reason, it gives one more
pleasure and profit.

Many feel that the cost of getting started with pure-bred
poultry is too great, but it is unnecessary to pay exorbitant
prices for either stock or eggs or to raise fancy stock. You
will, however, find much greater profit in disposing of all
mongrels and investing in some one good variety.

The surplus poultry and eggs shipped in this State during
the past year amounted to over $50,000,000. It has been said
that if the surplus eggs produced in Missouri for one year were
laid in a row, end to end, they would extend more than twice
around the earth.

From the standpoint of breeding, the old belief that “eggs
are eggs’ no longer prevails; but by selection of both the quality
of our breeders and the size and shape of the eggs we incubate,
we are each year making progress and stamping size and quality
in our flocks. ;

There is no “best breed,” and it is true that more depends
upon the strain or breeding of a variety as to the number of
eggs it will produce than upon the variety itself. You have only
to choose the variety and color that most appeals to your fancy
and then breed them up in quality and productiveness to the
highest standard possible.

A good egg laying strain is necessary for successful pro-
duction, and we should exercise great care in the selection of
our breeders.

You cannot expect high egg production unless you breed
from only the best in the flock, and to me the trap nest plays
the most important part in discovering the best. By this

622 Missouri Agricultural Report.

means you are able to select your heaviest laying pullets, and if
they come up to the standard in size, type and color, carry them
over for the next breeding season. While two-year-old hens
are rarely so productive of eggs as in their first year, they are
our strongest breeders. Too many make the mistake of dis-
carding all their hens and retaining only the pullets, and there
are also those who keep their hens long after they have out-
lived their usefulness. Here again the trap nest pays, for
there is no economy in feeding a hen which does not lay.

It is not always practical for farm wives with their numerous
cares and responsibilities to trap-nest their hens, but where
this practice can be carried on, at least during the breeding
season, you will find it most satisfactory.

We are no longer satisfied to give to our birds what we may
have at hand and accept in return the best the hens can make
of it; but by close and careful study, and, perhaps, a few experi-
ments of our own, find just what food is best adapted to heaviest
egg production, for after all it is eygs we want whether we are
devoting our attention to the fancy or utility side of poultry
culture. We must of necessity have a certain amount of utility
along with the fancy or we make little progress in either line.

It has been suggested that the women of our State under-
take an egg laying contest in their own home under the direction
of the Missouri home makers, and I feel this will very largely in-
crease the interest in farm poultry and thereby bring about
better conditions.

“SOME PUMPKINS

MISSOURI IS ‘“‘SSOME PUMPKINS.”’

(Copy of circular prepared by W. L. Nelson and issued November, 1913.)

Missouri is “some -pumpkins.’’ Each year the Missouri
farmer cuts a half billion dollar melon.

“Some pumpkins” in corn! Missouri will this year harvest
more than a million bushels of corn to the county—and there
are 114 counties in the State. Despite the discount that drouth
demanded, we are still “some pumpkins” in corn production.
Preliminary figures by the United States Department of Agri-
culture credit Missouri with more barrels of corn than Kansas -
has bushels—and it takes five bushels to make one barrel. The
Missouri corn crop of 1912 was about a quarter of a billion
bushels. But two states in the Union—TlIllinois and Iowa—
grew more. Five Missouri counties each grew more than
5,000,000 bushels of corn, while seven others grew more than
4,000,000 bushels each. These twelve counties together grew
one-fourth as much corn as the entire State of Indiana, prac-
tically the same as either Michigan or Wisconsin, more than
one-fourth as much as either Kansas or Nebraska, one-third as
much as the entire State of Texas, one-half as much as Okla-
homa and more than all Arkansas. The combined output of
corn grown in twenty states of the Union is less than that of
these dozen Missouri counties. One Missouri county alone,
with production of 6,413,000 bushels, grew more corn than any

one of sixteen states. Argentina, that vast country of South
(623)

624 Missouri Agricultural Report.

America, grew but one-fifth more bushels of corn than did Mis-
sourl. Had all our corn,.in the ear, been loaded on cars it
would have made a train extending from New York to San
Francisco and filling a sidetrack from St. Louis to Kansas City.
The cobs, if made into Missouri meerschaums, of which the
State last year manufactured more than 28,000,000—enough
for every fellow to give Old Missouri a “‘puff’’—would have
enabled the whole world to smoke the pipe of peace. Combined
in one ear, the cob would have served to bridge the Atlantic,
or hollowed out it would have provided a traffic tube for conti-
nent-to-continent trains.

“Some pumpkins” in wheat! The 1913 Missouri wheat
crop amounted to more than 35,000,000 bushels—more, accord-
ing to preliminary figures by the United States Department of
Agriculture, than that of any other state, save six. This is
more than twice as much wheat as was grown in either Okla-
homa or Oregon, both heralded as wonder wheat states. It is
more than three times as much as was grown in the entire State
of Texas, where the wagon haul to railroad is often as long as
is the railroad haul in Missouri. It is more than three times
as much as is grown in Colorado, where the millionaire goes for
air, and almost thirty times as much as is grown in Arkansas,
where many go for bear. It is more than was grown in Alberta
last year; and in this same Missouri, land of balmy days and
blue grass, is grown a wheat crop equal to one-sixth that of all
Canada. Had the Missouri wheat crop of the present year
- been made into flour and the flour converted into loaves of bread
of standard size, the output would have been enough loaves, if
placed end to end in a single row, to have extended from the
earth to the moon and more than half way back. If made into
biscuit—but why invite everybody to breakfast! This year
seven Missouri counties each grew more than a million bushels
of wheat. The wheat production of any one of these seven
counties equaled that of any one of a dozen states, while the
combined wheat production of these same counties equaled the
production of any one of twenty-five states. This year any one
of half a dozen Missouri counties grew enough wheat to have
provided one loaf of bread for each of the 93,000,000 inhabitants
of the United States.

“Some pumpkins” in oats! The Missouri oat crop of 1912
was approximately 30,000,000 bushels. Figures showing yield
for the present year are not yet available. The threshed crop

Miscellaneous. 625

was somewhat short, the yield from thousands of acres being
used as breakfast food for aristocratic representatives of the
live stock world. So used, it puts on the pounds and commands
premium prices. :

“Some pumpkins” in hay! Witha hay harvest of 4,143,000
tons in 1912, Missouri, according to government figures, was
surpassed by but three states—New York, Iowa and Pennsyl-
vania. The Missouri crop was practically the same as the com-
bined output of all the south central states—Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma.
In value, it was more than double that of the Kansas crop.

“Some pumpkins” in blue grass! Missouri is credited with
growing more blue grass than is grown in all the states north of
her northern border or south of her southern border. This
greatest of all grasses cannot be baled and shipped to other
states to add to their fertility and to lessen ours. Nature gen-
erously gave it to us to hold in trust for all time. In turn, it
feeds the millions of animals that graze over it and thus con-
stantly contributes to the fertility of the soil. Only the seed
is shipped. This finds ready sale in Kentucky and other states.

“Some pumpkins” in total value of farm crops! Missouri
is now fourth state in the Union in total value of farm crops.
Texas is first, with crop values for the year 1912 amounting to
$407, 166,000; Illinois, second, $289,326,000; Iowa, third, $284,-
395,000; Missouri, fourth, $196,968,000. A further analysis of
the figures as given by the government shows Missouri’s superi-
ority. For instance, the total land area of Missouri is but
43,985,720 acres as compared with 167,934,720 acres in Texas.
Missouri, with only about one-fourth the land area, produced
last year farm crops worth approximately one-half as much as
all Texas. In 1912 Texas farmers cultivated 7,300,000 acres of
corn land; Missouri farmers, 7,622,000; Kansas farmers, 7,-
975,000. The corn acreage for the three states differed but
little—the difference is in the yield. Texas grew 153,300,000
bushels of corn; Kansas, 174,225,000; Missouri, 243,904,000.
For his work the Texas farmer got 21 bushels of corn per acre,
the Kansas farmer 23 bushels and the Missouri farmer 32
bushels. Had the Missouri farmer planted two million acres
less of corn than he did in 1912 he could still have harvested
more corn than did the Kansas farmer. Had this same Mis-
souri farmer planted three million acres less of corn he could
have grown as much corn as did all Texas. The cost of grow-

626 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ing an acre of corn, including rent of land, is placed at $12.27
for the United States. So the Missouri farmer, by being able
to save the cost of cultivating two or three million acres and
still grow as much corn as Kansas or Texas, has an advantage
of $30,000,000 or $40,000,000.

“Some pumpkins” in pigs and pork! Missouri with more
than 4,000,000 hogs is surpassed by btit two states. If all these
hogs were one hog the only ring big enough to stay its rooting
would have been the equator. So, with snout free, it might
by a little rooting have saved “‘Uncle Sam” the price of the big
ditch at Panama. In perfection of pork products Missouri
occupies first place. Each year about 1,500,000 hogs are con-
sumed on Missouri farms. If all the Missouri “‘hog killing
days” were combined in one the only pole that would be big
enough to hold the carcasses would be the North Pole. Here is
breakfast bacon, the kind with which the pioneers greased the
path of empire westward. Here, too, is the home of the old
ham, the sweet and savory country-cured product. Here he
who makes two such hams grow where only one grew before is
proclaimed a public benefactor.

“Some pumpkins” in poultry! The value of Missouri poul-
try products for a single year approximates $50,000,000, or more
than that of any other state. This is something to crow over.
According to Governor Major, the Missouri hen lays enough
eggs to give to each man, woman and child in the United States
a dozen eggs annually. In a world-wide egg laying contest, just
concluded, a Missouri hen was the winner. If all the chickens
in Missouri were one rooster and that rooster were “‘swatted”’
according to Marquis of Quisenberry (prize poultryman, not
prize fighter) rules, a single drumstick would make the “‘big
stick” of politics look like a splinter on a sawlog.

“Some pumpkins” in cattle! With 789,000 milch cows
and 1,444,000 other cattle, milk and beef production in Missouri
is a big business. Each year more Missourians see in the
“milky way’’ a path to profit. From Missouri feed lots come
the cattle that top the St. Louis and Kansas City markets.

“Some pumpkins’ in sheep! Missouri sheep number
1,650,000. But one other state in the Union has as many sheep
worth as much per head. The value per fleece is exceeded
only by that of some clips reported from the “lamb shearing
works” on Wall Street.

Miscellaneous. 627

“Some pumpkins” in horses and mules! Missouri has
1,084,000 horses, being one of six states in the more-than-a-
million class. Missourians do not ride hobbies—they ride
saddle horses, the best in the world. In number and quality
of mules we stand at the head—the only safe place.

“Some pumpkins’ in peaches, melons and berries! This
year from the peach belt of Southern Missouri almost 1,000 car-
loads of peaches were shipped, most of them coming from two
counties. One Southeast Missouri county ships annually 1,000
carloads of watermelons. From a few counties in South-
west Missouri strawberry shipments amount to 500 carloads
per season—enough to make every strawberry shortcake longer.

“Some pumpkins” in cotton! Miuissouri is not ordinarily
counted a cotton State, yet no other state growing as much corn
or wheat as is grown in Missouri also grows as much superior
quality cotton.. Should Missouri cotton fields fail there would
be a shrinkage in “‘all-wool’”’ garments.

“Some pumpkins” in people! “No state produces a better
crop than its inhabitants.” No state has a better citizenship
than Missouri. Each year we are growing a better crop of
state pride. As Missourians, we are standing up for our native
land ‘“‘whether born there or not.”’

SHORTHORN BRINGS $38,983 IN THE ARGENTINE.

Americus, a Shorthorn bull, has sold for 38,983 gold dol-
lars in the Argentine. The price in the money of this South
American country was 80,000 pesos. Not only is the price an
unusual one—probably a record—but in connection with this
sale there are other things of interest.

Americus is a great show animal. In junior form he was
champion and as a more mature bull exhibited the same out-
standing bloom, quality and finish. His winnings include
championships and many cups, among the latter the Madernan,
the Nicanor and the A. de Bary cups.

Mr. Leonardo Pereyra of Argentine, the breeder of Amer-
icus, in a letter to Mr. George M. Rommel, chief of the animal
husbandry division of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, says: “If Americus is a prototype of this race,’ his
impressive style while in the ring furthermore commanded the
spontaneous opinion, not only of our breeders but of the British
public present, that very seldom had such a genuine specimen

628 Missouri Agricultural Report. |

of the race so justly imposed his triumph. Americus was
bought by Mr. B. Ginocchio for his ‘Cabana Santa Aurelia,’ to
whom the female championship was awarded for his excep-
tional cow, ‘Industry 22nd,’ a breeder who also obtained the
champion prize at our last fat show.”

The record price calf of a Missouri cow.

Interesting as are these facts concerning Americus, there
is yet one of more interest to the people of the United States,
and especially of the Mississippi Valley corn belt. The dam of
Americus was Merry Ravenswood 3rd, calved December 2,
1902, and bred by Messrs. Chas. E. Leonard & Son, Ravens-
wood farm, Bunceton, Mo. When three years old she was
sold to Mr. Walter L. Miller, Peru, Ind., who shipped her to
South America. Not only was the dam of this bull bred by
the Messrs. Leonard, but they also bred six of his top dams and
one of his sires.

HOW TO MEASURE RAINFALL ON THE FARM.

(From United States Department of Agriculture.)

The amount of corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, etc., that can
be harvested from a given acre of ground, other things being
the same, bears an intimate relation from year to year to the
amount of water supplied to the same acre by rainfall or other-
wise, as compared with the average rainfall of the locality. If

Miscellaneous. 629

the progressive farmer will only keep a careful record of the
rain that falls in his locality, especially throughout the growing
season, and compare this with the normal or average amount for
the same region, he will find himself able, as the season advances,
to form a very intelligent estimate of the prospects for a good,
a bad or an average yield of his more important crops.

An excellent equipment for collecting and measuring either
rain or snow consists of a simple pail or bucket. The location
selected for setting out the pail should be chosen at a point in
some open lot or field unobstructed by large trees or buildings;
nevertheless, low bushes, fences, or walls that break the force
of the wind in the vicinity of the gauge are beneficial if not too
near or too high. Low vegetal growth near the gauge is also
beneficial, but the top of the pail must be at least as high as the

630 Missourt Agricultural Report.

general growth. It is almost needless to say that the pail must
be secured against being overturned by the wind, animals, or
accidental causes. Such a collector of rainfall constitutes
almost an ideal rain and snow gauge, and it remains only to
explain how to measure the collected precipitation properly.
This is best done by weighing the contents of the pail. A bal-
ance should be used that will give the weight accurately in
ounces or half ounces. If such a scale is not already in the pos-
session of the farmer, it will more than repay him to buy one
of the inexpensive spring balances such as shown in the cut
herewith. If now the diameter of the pail is just 101% inches
at the topmost edge, each ounce of water collected represents
two-hundredths of an inch of rainfall, or, in figures, 0.02. Many
12-gallon pails are exactly 101% inches at the topmost edge. If,
for example, after a rainfall the pail and its contained water is
found to weigh, say 3 pounds 8 ounces, and the empty pail
alone weighs only 1 pound 14 ounces, the difference gives 1
pound 10 ounces net=26 ounces; 26X.02=.52 inches of rain.
The measurement of the contents of the pail by weighing
avoids all difficulties as to whether the precipitation is in the
form of rain or snow. The result is always the equivalent
depth of rainfall. Moreover, a pail with sloping sides is just
as good as, in fact it is better than, one with vertical or parallel
sides. In each case, however, the diameter must be just 10%
at the top inside edge, so that each half ounce of collected ma-
terial represents one-hundredth of an inch of precipitation. The
record should be taken at about the same time each day—
weather observers record one day’s fall regularly at 5 p. m. In
hot weather, when water evaporates quickly, the record should
be made as soon after the rain has stopped as is practicable.

LIVE STOCK MARKETS FOR YEAR 1913.

(Compiled by W. L. Nelson from market papers and other sources. Photos by author.)

Many factors contributed toward making the year 1913
an unusual one in live stock. ‘Tariff changes and a consequent
uncertainty as to the part Argentine beef might play, a pro-
longed and disastrous drouth, and the prevalence of hog chol-
era, all featured in the general result. Despite handicaps, the
year 1913 was generally favorable for farmers and feeders.

Miscellaneous. 631

Broad-backed Missouri beeves.

CATTLE.

In reviewing the 1913 cattle market the Daily National
Live Stock Reporter of January 1, 1914, said:

All classes, from the prime and fancy heifers down to the common light kinds, were in
favor with the buyers. And in the face of unprecedented market irregularities average
prices soared away above the 1912 average. The year’s top load of heifers brought $9.65,
and at the best time it took only a choice grade of heifers to make $9 or better. The average
bulk of desirable heifers was $6.94 to $8.13, as compared with $5.40 to $6.66 in 1912.

The average bulk of beef steer sales during 1913 is higher than that of 1912, this, how-
ever, being in a measure accountable for by the fact that the beef steer crop in 1913 was
fed on the corn yield of 1912, which was one of the largest and best quality yields ever pro-
duced. The average daily beef steer top for 1913 was $8.87, as compared with $9.10 for
1912, but again there were fewer fancy cattle marketed here—last year, like 1912, drouth
hampering the finishing of cattle which had they been fed out undoubtedly would have
brought high prices. The average bulk of native beef steer sales for 1913 was $7.54 to
$8.65, as compared with $7.10 to $8.32 in 1912. The Christmas cattle trade was somewhat
of a disappointment, but at that the top last year was the same as 1912, viz., $10.

The year just closed was the banner year for yearling steers, as a load of them brought
the year’s top, which was $9.80, and several bunches sold at $9.75. Heavy steers were
rather unpopular throughout the year, and consequently no high prices were realized on
these kinds, although 1,700 to 1,900-pound beeves brought $8.50 to $8.75.

Best grades of beef cows throughout the year sold well above $7, and a price of $8 was
the year’s high mark. The average bulk of beef cow prices in 1913 was $5.31 to $6.60, as
compared with $3.77 to $5.71 in 1912.

Coincident with the advance in prices on killing cattle during 1913 came an upward
trend of values on stockers and feeders. The trade on those classes during the year just
closed was remarkablein divers ways. The first six months of the current period the trade was
at its zenith both in the volume of dispositions and prices which the stock commanded. Dur-
ing these months the shipments to country points of stock and feeding cattle showed an
increase of approximately 81 per cent over the same time in 1912. Average prices for feed-
ers at this market in 1913 were the highest on record.

There was a good reason for this, however. Probably the most apparent incentive
to the feeding of cattle was the banner corn yield of 1912, when the production was one of
the largest in the history of the corn belt. Cattle feeders were able to secure the best grade
of corn for a small cost, and while some had been fed out through the winter, yet there was

632 Missourt Agricultural Report.

a good supply with which to begin spring and summer operations. Moreover, fat cattle
prices during preceding months were most attractive.

Before the severe drouth set in, which was about the latter part of June, the year 1913
gave promise of being the best year for stockers and feeders in the history of St. Louis.
Breeders and raisers of both classes were unable to supply the excessive demand and prices
were away above any ever before realized. Imagine feeding steers selling above $8 and
up to $8.25 and you have a fairly accurate conception of how badly feeders wanted them.
Drouth cut short feeding operations, however, and in the late summer and early autumn
shipments to country points showed a decided decrease. One remarkable feature was the
fact that while the demand was visibly narrowed prices held up admirably, despite the
fact that a great many half-fat steers were disposed of to the killers for lack of feeding de-
mand. Top-feeding steers last year sold for $8.25, nearly a dollar higher than the best
price in 1912. The average top on feeders was $7.40; that on stockers $7.05, and the bulk
of stockers and feeders in 1913 was $6.06 to $7.27, while at the best time.in 1912 they were
selling at $6.25 to $7.

During the year 1,234,053 head of cattle were slaughtered
at Kansas City. In its review of the cattle market for the year
the Kansas City Daily Drover’s Telegram said:

The day of extreme high prices for fancy Christmas cattle is a thing of the past in the
opinion of the leading buyers of packing houses. Ever since the sale of the steer Advance
in Chicago at $1.50 per pound, the highest price ever paid for a steer, the tendency has
been to conservatism and reason in the matter of buying Christmas cattle. The move to
keep prices of fancy cattle within a narrow margin of the top prices on the open market
was more pronounced this year than ever before and proved a great disappointment to many
ambitious feeders throughout the country. At the American Royal Show the prize winners
sold at $12.85, while the tops on the open market ranged up to $9.55 in that month. The
grand sweepstakes winners at the International Exposition in Chicago sold at $13.25, while
the bulk of the finest cattle ever grown sold only at a slight margin above the open market.
In Chicago, where prime heavy show cattle were plentiful this year, the prices declined
materially and many averaging over 1,600 pounds sold down to $7.75, a level far below
the range on the open market in the preceding week. The cause of the decline in the prices
of premium cattle is the high price of ordinary cattle, and there is no profit in handling
them, either to the feeder or the butcher.

Beef steer prices developed few material fluctuations in the first three months, the
tops selling up to $9. In April and May the tops were $8.85 and $8.70 respectively, the
only time in the whole year-when the tops ranged under $9 for fed classes. The top price
paid during the year was $10, outside of the American Royal show steers, which sold at
$12.85. The final four months witnessed a return of prices to the high level of the year
for medium and weighty kinds, though $1@2 under the high level in 1912. Yearlings gen-
erally ranged from $1@2 above 1912 and outsold the weighty classes during the greater
part of the year, closing much higher than the heavy weights. Butcher classes ran to mod-
erate supplies, and the shortage was felt in every month. There were fewer common range
cows and cutters than ever before and prices ruled the highest ever known, mostly above
$4.25 to $5, and seldom down around the $4 mark. The highest price paid for cows was
$8, and they ranged down to $7.25 at the close of the year. Heifers sold up to $9.25 in
October and November and down to $7.75 in January. Mixed yearlings ranged up to
$9.75 in January and down to $8.50 in February. In the closing months the tops ranged
from $9@9.40. Bulls and stags sold readily at strong to higher prices during the entire
year and closed up 25@50 cents above a year ago.

Shipments of stock cattle from Kansas City in 1913 broke all previous records. The
total outgo was 26,797 carloads, 913,701 head, or 39.4 per cent of the entire supply of cat-
tle and calves received.

A review of the stocker and feeder trade and movements in 1913 shows a
remarkable state of affairs which completely upset all previous records. The
prolonged drouth in the middle west, which began early in the summer and continued un-
broken until well into September, caused a shifting of supplies from one section of the coun-
try to another on a larger scale than in any previous year. The affected area was the largest
ever known and the drouth of the longest duration. Stockmen kept up a hard fight against
the inevitable, in the hope that the weather conditions would change and save them from
disaster. For months cattle were driven from pasture to pasture where water and grass
were available, and finally were forced on the market to prevent starvation. While a good
many thin cattle were marketed in June and July, August and September were the big
months when forced shipments predominated. While the middle west was suffering the
eastern portion of the corn belt was favored with plenty of moisture and bountiful crops
maturing. At the same time eastern feed lots were practically depleted—a legacy from the

Miscellaneous. 633

preceding year’s short feed crop—and hungry for cattle to consume the growing crops.
All eyes were turned on Kansas City—the greatest stock cattle market in the world—from
the west for an outlet, from the east for supplies, with the result that the trade in the three
big months, August, September and October, was the heaviest known. For the above
period there was a gain of 117,600 over 1912. The big gains were made by Missouri, Iowa,
Illinois and other eastern states, while Kansas, Nebraska and other western states encoun-
tered corresponding losses. There was an unusually strong demand for choice to prime
grades, while the eastern buyers were prominent in the trade, and the top prices for stockers
under 900 pounds ranged from $7.70 to $8.60, against $6.10 to $7.25 in 1912. Feeders
over 900 pounds ranged from $7.75 to $8.65, against $6.60 to $8.25 in the preceding twelve
months. Stock cows, heifers, bulls and calves sold at the highest range ever known in the
history of the trade, practically the whole year, showing slight declines in the final month.

At times choice fleshy steers sold to feeders fully as high as fat cattle and competition
between packer and feeder buyer was no uncommon sight. Choice toppy feeders seldom
sold under $7.75 and up to $8.65 in June. Prime stockers and yearlings ruled above $7.75,
except in January and September, and ranged up to $8.60 in October. Stock cows and
heifers were scarce, and with the exception of the final month maintained the highest level
of prices ever known in the history of the trade. Thin western and range heifers frequently
sold at $7 and up to $7.50.

HOGS.

Receipts of hogs at the Kansas City Stock Yards for the
year 1913 were 2,567,785. This was an increase of 52,000 head
over 1912. During the first half of the year the quality of
hogs marketed was exceptionally good, but toward the close
of the year weights ran lighter and quality was rather poor.

Cattle and hogs on a big Missouri farm.

In April hogs reached $9.25 per hundredweight. The following
from the Kansas City Daily Drover’s Telegram shows the
opening and closing range of price for each month (bulk of
sales) and net gain or loss for the year:

634 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Opened. Closed. Gain. | Loss.

JANUARY 32a car atone mors Se eR Re ore $7.10@7.40 $7 .30@7.50 $:..15). |< aeacene
IRC DEW BISV aeieeatee Ck Te ae 7.35 @7.50 8.25@8.35 BEF deegee
ING AT CH sl :8t Aah ACRE re Re are 8.20@8.25 8.80@9.00 JOT5| cee
WN OF LAAN a RS ONE SIs feel ohbes ate cn Siero maton ata Ae 8.90@9.20 S25 @ S425 wane $.744
IVE BV i spigot hice oer aI oe a eo 8.30@8.45 8.65 @8.70 HELO aos s
SUTIN ON) reo: goa eee rt od ee Eee ere tes eee 8.55@8.70 8.65 @8.70 3053: 5. eee
Till gies Parte ae ade Ae eee he vA PCR Rca: 8.65 @8.75 8.70@8.90 10'|s40enee
PNY =a Ip LOMO Oe aR EC ERS ee re eo ete 8.80@8.95 SOS; 45) eee anes 574
Septem Derincds. np dotieko contac eon wi aa 8.20@8.50 8.52@8.60 O74 ite eee
October Few eae cane eisai eee 8.15 @8.50 Plaine @Nihotsta) Ilo o.o ue 4 aa 60

INOVEMDCEY seals Bic pres Bele a a ea oe 7.50@7.7734 Th PAD ONS B10) My gn oon | 264
D ecemberictis ts cetect eh es rhe eae Rae Pe 3 Oi Oi. LOS | ene etek eeuckove eis Nee chele coke Clee

Sales of hogs on the St. Louis market amounted to 2,583,-
908 head for the year 1913. The Daily National Live Stock
Reporter in its review of the hog market for the year 1913 said:

The year opened with the top of the market around $7.50 or just a little higher, but
prices were soon on the advance and by the first of February the top was up to $8, and before
the end of the month was reached the best offerings were bringing a little better than $8.50,
thereby showing a gain for the two first months of the year of $1.00. Early in March prices
were up to $9.25 and reached $9.55 before the end of the first week in April.

This shows an advance during the first four months of the year of $2.00. No material
change took place soon, but later prices dropped down so that by the first of May saw hogs
up to $8.80 and by the middle of June $9.00 was again reached and $9.55 in July, placing
the market back to the high basis the first of April.

Values now started down and continued to go up and down but mostly down, so that
the top was under $9.00 early in October and under $8.00 the greater part of December,
however, the close of the month of December saw prices back above $8.00 and higher than
any other western market from 5@30 cents.

Following is given the receipts of hogs by months for the
year 1913 at the National Stock Yards, East St. Louis: Jan-
uary, 282,960 hogs, 182 pounds average weight; February, 219,-
015 hogs, 180 weight; March, 194,211 hogs, 170 weight; April,
189,664 hogs, 179 weight; May, 231,442 hogs, 185 weight; June,
226,463 hogs, 183 weight; July, 189,016 hogs, 181 weight; Au-
gust, 175,222 hogs, 183 weight; September, 189,417 hogs, 182
weight; October, 182,181 hogs, 182 weight; November, 214,232
hogs, 178 weight; December, 290,138 hogs, 169 weight.

SHEEP.

In reviewing the 1913 sheep market the Daily National
Stock Reporter said:

The year opened with the best lambs selling at $8.75 and sheep at $4.85, but it was
only a short time until lambs were up to $9.25 and sheep $5.50. Lambs continued to sell
at $8.75 @9.25 clear on through May and sheep were selling at $6.25@6.75. In June, July
and August prices were on a slightly lower basis owing to the heavy receipts. Best lambs
ranged from $7.50@8.10 and sheep from $4.00 @5.00.

In September and October lambs sold at $6.85 @7.90 and sheep from $4.00 @6.50. Dur-
ing the last two months lambs sold at $7.50@8.25 and sheep at $4.50@5.00 and buyers
were quite anxious for them at the prices most of the time. Bucks the last few months
sold largely at $4.00. What is generally termed as stock sheep found a good market as the
packers are purchasing a lot of them for choppers and canners,

Miscellaneous. 635

Good sheep on a good Missouri farm.

On the Kansas City markets shortage of muttons on west-
ern ranges made the receipts of the year the lightest since 1909.
The following table from the Daily Drover’s Telegram shows
the high prices paid for mutton and lambs in the different months
of the year 1913:

Month. Lambs. | Yearlings. | Wethers. Ewes
ATMA G VE Opies, Cee eta tae ee ae hee $9.30 | $7.05 $6.00 $5.50
IMO DLUEAT a pes acetate ee Per ni Oe ee Tre 8.85 7.65 6.50 6.25
WEAN CHa caret ee ern ee a eka 12.007 | hoe 7.00 6.75
PASTE Gere. eet hoe tk ee, Mem iek Cod onda 9.05 8.00 U 674) 7.00
IVa Vere yee ee ORT ee On rr NP ek ee A 8.60 6.85* 6.60* 6.10*
SULT Gs tes Rahat ms Saenger rbigh = eysk Sea ne den te, 8.25T 6.00* 5. 80* 5.50*
UL Rees ee SPY os ae Saar NE rad Mos ay eee 8.507 | 5.75 5.35 4.65
PANU STIS Coerety tet ea reels TOA PT AS. leat ieee a 8.00 5.50 5.00 4.60
SeDLEMbeL tee perce eae os on sie eae Clee nT) 4.85 4.50
OCEOD EIRP Rr ee eee oa 4 se SEs 7.85 5.85 §.15 4.85
INIOWC MDCT se ee ee eee ae ee ool Ro ee 8.10 | 6.40 50D 5.05
Meco berry Ma NG ee! Se Be10) | 7.10 5.90 5.15
|

tSpring lambs. *Shorn.

In reviewing the markets for the year it is gratifying to
note that feeding operations were generally productive of profit.
As always, and especially during a year when much poor feed
must be sold or fed on the farms, the live stock farmer had a
decided advantage. Missouri farmers are fortunate in having
within easy shipping distance and practically within the State
three large markets, St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph.
Prices paid at these markets compare favorably with those else-
where. This with the shorter ship and consequent lower

636 Missourt Agricultural Report.

freight charges that the Missouri farmer and stockman enjoys,
really amounts to a premium over the price received by others
less advantageously located as regards distance and markets.

GOVERNOR MAJOR’S GOOD ROADS DAYS.

(Jewell Mayes, secretary.)

On July 21, 1913, Gov. Elliott W. Major issued the first
State proclamation ever promulgated for a good roads day—
in fact, not a good roads holiday, but, instead, two good roads
working days.

Only thirty days to agitate and educate in the state-wide
campaign for a “new thing’ in road work in a State having
277,244 farms and a total population of 3,293,335—for the good
roads days were set for August 20th and 21st!

Although the summer of 1913 was one of the driest and
hottest in the history of the middle west, the people of town and
city and country took up the proposition with fine spirit. To
the credit of the country newspapers and the daily papers let
it be truly recorded that they deserve the thanks and the in-
creased support of all lovers of better roads, for it was a great
publicity campaign that the papers of our State conducted.

As these words go to every state and to many foreign
countries, it would not be amiss to present at this point a copy
of the first proclamation of its kind ever issued by any Gov-
ernor of any state, as follows:

GOVERNOR MAJOR’S PROCLAMATION.

Whereas, The public roads of the commonwealth are its highways of commerce, con-
stituting the strongest link in the chain of commercial greatness; and,

Whereas, No achievement can bring quicker, surer and more lasting benefits to our
citizens and pay heavier dividend than the construction and improvement of our public
roads; and,

Whereas, The State will this year contribute and pay to the people for good road pur-
poses more money from the public funds than the sum total paid in any three years in the
past; and,

Whereas, Every citizen is directly interested and benefited by road construction and
betterment;

Now, therefore, I, Elliott W. Major, Governor of the State of Missouri, do hereby
set apart Wednesday and Thursday, August 20 and 21, A. D. 1913, for road work in the
State of Missouri, and designate these two days as ‘‘Good roads days’’ and declare same
public holidays, and request that all other business be suspended as far as possible, and
that every able-bodied citizen labor upon the public highways of the State during these
two days, and that the work performed be such as will make a lasting and permanent im-
provement such as road grading, culvert building, ditching, graveling, dragging, etc.

I call upon the county court of each county to issue a proclamation calling upon the
people to turn out and labor and see to it that the county is fully and completely organ-
ized, so the work will reach to every neighborhood and be conducted in a systematic and
business way, to the end that when the sun shall have set upon the second day there will
be left no community in all the State where the hand of progress and toil has not left its

Miscellaneous. 637

mark in permanent road improvement and the progressive spirit its impress on the hearts
and minds of the people.

I call upon the country and city press to assist in organizing and bringing to the roads
for work an army of labor volunteers grander far than the brilliant pageantry of martial
splendor, and whose song of progressive achievements will be sweeter than the rattle of arms.

I also call upon the road overseers, road associations, commercial and booster clubs
of the commonwealth to give us their active and united support in carrying to a successful
completion this undertaking. ;

Let the women of Missouri share in the work and glory. I, therefore, call upon them
to prepare dinners and see they are served to the laborers along the way. These two good
road days will mark a new epoch in the history of Missouri and in our zeal for road building.
It will be the most stupendous two days’ public work ever given in the history of the re-
public, and will stand unequaled, unique and absolutely alone.

Let every Missourian show by his work he is for the internal improvement of the State.
Let us labor that we may enjoy the fruits today and our children a fuller fruition tomorrow.
There is no more certain way of advancing our State and the interests of all than through
our roads. Around the history of ancient Rome still towers the Appian Way.

Let us labor with a patriotism and interest never felt before. At the lowest estimate,
the improvements placed upon our roads and highways during these two days will total
$1,500,000.

By this simple procedure a million days’ work will be placed upon our highways, ben-
efiting the present, and in the coming years will bring a return of a hundredfold and give
the good road movement an impetus which will not cease until in this respect we stand first
among the states.

As Missourians we have ever been the pioneers in western achievement and civiliza-
tion—let us now lead the way to a new day in road work and improvement.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the great
seal of the State of Missouri. Done at the City of Jefferson this 2ist day of July, A. D. 1913.

ELLIOTT W. MAJOR, Governor.

(Attest) CORNELIUS ROACH, Secretary of State.

Governor Major in front of mansion ready for work.

638 Missourt Agricultural Report.

THE CHIEF BOOSTERS.

The Federation of Commercial Clubs of Missouri was the
greatest single factor next after the newspapers—in fact, these
two forces were copartners, and it would be impossible to adju-
dicate the rights of the claims of either in comparison. Presi-
dent William Hirth and General Secretary A. N. Lindsey issued
an approving manifesto calling on the four hundred and sixteen
commercial organizations to get busy to help make the Major
good roads day signally successful for the betterment of the
commonwealth. The commercial clubs did effective teamwork.

COUNTY COURTS GOT BUSY.

The county courts followed strong and forcefully with
county proclamations setting forth the advantages of the ‘“‘work-
ing holidays” and explaining the methods or organization pro-
posed. Jackson county was especially active, and the following
concise county court proclamation was the clarion call to duty
that brought results, this being one sample of the many good
calls made all over the State:

JACKSON COUNTY PROCLAMATION.

Whereas, the Governor of the State of Missouri has set aside Wednesday and Thurs-
day, the twentieth and twenty-first days of August, 1913, to be known as good roads days,
when all good citizens of the State are requested to aid in the improvement of the public
roads,

Now, therefore, the county court of Jackson county, Missouri, being heartily in ac-
cord with this movement, hereby sets aside said two days as good roads days of said county,
and requests that all citizens of the county will devote said two days to the improvement
of the Jackson county public roads.

By order of the county court of Jackson county, Missouri, this seventh day of Au-

gust, 1913.
A UNION OF FORCES.

Commercial clubs, agricultural clubs, members of the Mis-
sourl State Board of Agriculture, automobile clubs, good roads
organizations, religious bodies, labor organizations and many
others issued calls and formulated plans for effective results.

The county highway engineers all over the State proved
the efficiency and merit of the law creating their offices by
doing practical work in formulating and developing plans for
managing the army of willing toilers for the common good.

Wholesale and retail dealers in farm machinery and road
tools loaned large quantities of equipment, including many
thousands of new shovels and picks. On these days practi-
cally every traction engine of every type available in salesrooms

Miscellaneous. 639

and warehouses were freely offered for use, and these good roads
days did more than any series of prior years to prove and pop-
ularize the worth and merit of traction machinery for road
making in Missouri. ‘

POPULAR SUBSCRIPTION LISTS.

One of the efficient and helpful methods employed to
gather the sinews of war on weedy and rough roads was that of
popular subscription lists that grew not unlike unto the his-
toric gourd of Jonah’s day, yet they did not come to any sad
ending. The St. Louis Republic and other journals and many
clubs and committees raised substantial sums for furthering
the work of making better roads.

STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSIONER.

Good roads days, as well as the general results of the year
1913, demonstrated in that eloquence that is unanswerable—
positive results—that the Legislature of 1913 builded wisely in
establishing a State Highway Department.

Starting the work, inmates of State prison assisting.

640 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Governor Major tendered the appointment of State High-
way Commissioner to Col. Frank Washburne Buffum of Louisi-
ana, Mo., a prince of good roads boosters and a captain of in-
dustry in Northeast Missouri. Colonel Buffum sacrificed his
personal interests and accepted the post. Speaker Champ
Clark designated this as “‘the best appointment that a Missouri
Governor ever made.’’ Mr. Buffum avas the field general and
director of the work over the State, subject to the counsel and
supervision of the Governor. The month of August (usually a
vacation time) was given over to the preparations for good roads
days by the Governor’s office and the Highway Department.
System counts—and the new department demonstrated its
splendid value by successful supervision.

What the Governor of Missouri said to the Governor of Kansas.

A JOKE WITH INTERSTATE RESULTS.

At a banquet given in Kansas City by the Kansas City Life
Insurance Company on August Ist the writer heard Governor
Major banter Gov. Geo. H. Hodges of Kansas and Gov. Lee
Cruce of Oklahoma to come to Missouri on August 20-21 to see

Miscellaneous. 641

good roads built. Governor Hodges agreed to come if Governor
Major would furnish the overalls. Major accepted the offer
on condition that Hodges would work after he put on the over-
alls. Thus started what resulted in Governor Hodges making
the trip to Missouri and becoming enamored of the idea—and
Kansas and a full dozen other states followed suit with good
roads days later in the season, patterning after Missouri, the
latest being Illinois on April 15, 1914.

°

ATTRACTED WORLD-WIDE ATTENTION.

Hon. Jesse Taylor of Jamestown, Ohio, editor of “Better
Roads. says:

The news of Governor Major’s Missouri proclamation spread beyond the borders of
the State. The Brooklyn Eagle of New York said, in a congratulatory editorial, that the
eyes of the nation were centered on Missouri and were watching the experiment with in-
terest. Like comment was made by the press of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and
Boston. Even the staid Britishers took cognizance of the mobilization of an army of Amer-
ican road makers, for much comment appeared in the press of London and Liverpool. Mis-

sourians sojourning in Paris started a generous subscription list for the benefit of the work
back home.

MOVEMENT NON-PARTISAN AND NON-POLITICAL.

State, district, county and township officers joined with the
citizens to make ready for real road work. The rarest and most
unique element in the observance of the days, as well as in the
preliminaries, was the non-political and non-partisan spirit man-
ifested everywhere.

SAYS EVERY STATE SHOULD DO LIKEWISE.

The Brooklyn (N. Y.) Eagle, in endorsing the Bod roads
days movement in this State, said this:

There is a curious reversion to older and better notions of citizenship in the plan of
Governor Major of Missouri to set aside two days in August on which every able-bodied
man in the State will be requested to give his service to the cause of good roads. There is
nothing compulsory about it, but the Governor believes that fully three hundred. thousand
men will be patriots enough to give their brawn and muscle in this way to the State, and
others will lend mules and horses and wagons and machinery. By simple mathematics it
appears that three hundred thousand men working each two days would be the equivalent
of two thousand men working every day of the year, which would make a marked differ-
ence in the Missouri roads. No contractor will get any graft or any profit out of this ex-
periment. No politician will get anything. Public confidence is established at once. If
the work can be organized properly and co-ordinated properly, the result ought to be all
that the Governor hopes for. We wait with eager interest the Missouri experiment. It
may be an example to every state in the Union.

A BOOST FROM THE NEW YORK SUN.

The ever conservative and sarcastic New York Sun made
this optimistic comment in advance of the big days which gave
Missouri its biggest advertisement of a quarter of a century:

A—41

642 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Missouri men have established a tradition of temperamental suspicion. ‘I’m from
Missouri and you must show me”’ is the catchword which they have adopted. as if thinking
that it indicated acumen rather than plain stubbornness. But Governor Major of Mis-
souri, anxious to get work done, has decided to make a personal application of the local
maxim and see if his constituents really want to have actual work shown them, ready for
their hands. As in many parts of the country, the roads in Missouri need a lot of work
done upon them. Governor Major has begun at the right end; he has shown Missourians
the roads and there is no doubt that they need somebody’s pick and shovel, intelligence
and back muscles. But is it only necessary to show Missourians work in order to get them
to do it? This is what the whole country will take real interest in observing for itself.

ATTRACTED WORLD-WIDE ATTENTION.

The Capital News (Ind.) of Jefferson City made this com-
ment on the good roads days:

Governor Major undoubtedly made a great hit with his good roads proclamation. It
is a matter of genuine surprise how far the Missouri idea has traveled and how generally
it has been approved.

A great many thousand Missourians took the Governor’s proclamation at its true
meaning, and beyond any doubt much good was accomplished. :

The value of the improvements made during the two good road days can never be
exactly known, but the total must be far above one million dollars. This of itself was well
worth all the effort made, even if no good results follow hereafter. But everybody knows
by this time that the two good road days were but a beginning of what is to follow. The
Governor tried public opinion out—and he found that the sentiment of the people was with
him.

It is rather a curious fact that the rest of the United States and all the more enlight-
ened countries in Europe took the move in Missouri far more seriously than a good many
home people, even employes of the State government and appointees of the Governor.
Every state in the Union has taken the good roads boom to be a most commendable under-
taking and one that was pushed through on the good roads days with the most satisfactory
result, and in this they are exactly right.

Europe has viewed the movement with all seriousness. Governor Major has received
a wagonload of letters and printed articles from all governments of Europe commending
the good roads movement here in Missouri, and also complimenting the enlightenment of
a people who will take hold of such an enterprise on their own motion and at their own
expense and push it through successfully.

CITY AND COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP.

Editor Paul W. Brown of the St. Louis Republic wrote
many strong editorials that stirred anew the patriotic spirit and
the feeling of State pride and love for home in this good roads
day campaign. The Republic voiced the spirit of co-operation
between city and country in these words:

When the farmer is unable to market grain, hogs or cattle to advantage, because bad
roads prevent hauling or compel small loads, that means less wealth in the State and less
consuming power on the part of the city’s best customer. When bad roads in winter shut
up farmers on their farms, just at the season of leisure for travel, that means smaller crowds
on the streets of the city. When the farmer cannot get to town the country merchant
feels the effect first—but the city jobber feels it next. When the farmer, either as the seller
of produce or the buyer of finished articles, is hindered in his coming and going, the manu-
facturer in the city, in consequence, needs fewer men and pays out less wages. St. Louis
is just as truly interested in good roads in Pike county, Stoddard county, Laclede county
and Adair county as the people of those counties themselves.

This State was torn and rent by the Civil war. For years its community life was im-
poverished by the war’s effects. Missourians did not meet each other on the level of com-
mon State pride and fidelity as did the men of Iowa, or of Kentucky, or of Kansas. Attach-
ments were strong, but they were local or regional—not State-wide.

Today a new spirit is abroad. New possibilities of co-operation are being realized.
The laws passed by the last Missouri Legislature gave proof of this. A new sense of State
unity shone through them. And this road festival, its enthusiasm covering the face of the
State like a prairie fire in blue-joint grass, is giving an additional and mighty impulse to
the unity of the New Missouri.

Miscellaneous. 643

Governor Major operating road grader.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE THE PIONEERS.

Governor Major and the people generally recognize the
Missouri State Board of Agriculture as being the pioneer good
roads boosters. The development of sentiment during recent
years found its original foundation in the Board of Agriculture,
and in the recent call for the State convention to organize a
Missouri Better Roads Federation the State Board of Agricul-
ture members were unanimously made delegates at large as a
mark of honor for their record as good roads boosters and
builders.

It is a most interesting fact that the Missouri State Board
of Agriculture “‘discovered” the King road drag, the one most
forceful factor in good roads making in America. To the vision
and practical wisdom of Secretary Geo. B. Ellis (now editor of
the Missouri Farmer) should be given the honor of having not
only “‘discovered”’ the road drag, but also of having persuaded
Mr. D. Ward King (its inventor) to begin lecturing in farmers’
institutes. The Board’s ““Road Drag Bulletin” was the first of
its kind ever published—and it attained the widest circulation
of any good roads literature ever issued.

644 Missourt Agricultural Report.

SETTING EXAMPLE FOR OTHER STATES.

The New York (N. Y.) Independent paid Missouri a mighty
fine tribute in the following editorial:

It is not the demand of the motor car men that led Governor Major of Missouri to
set apart two days in which the men of the State were asked to volunteer to work on the
roads of the State—it was the farm wagons and the humbler carriages which take the farm-
ers to market and church that needed the day

They say that when the youth, Abraham Lincoln, saw a slave sold at auction in New
Orleans he vowed that if he ever had the chance he would hit that wrong, and he did hit it
hard. Governor Major reports that he suffered so much as a boy from the ‘‘slews’’ and
bad roads of his native county that he made a vow to do what he could to make them fit
to travel on and that was long before he traveled by gasoline.

Governor Major will be remembered as he who blessed the people with good roads
days, and already the Governor of Arkansas has followed the example, and the Governor of
Kansas was so enthusiastic over it that he put on overalls with his brother of Missouri, at
his invitation, and worked by his side. The two were one, even as Kansas City is one in
fact, although divided by the state line.

THE RESULE OF “A GOOD UEXAMPLE:

The Kansas City Star was one of the foremost of the good
roads days boosters, and the following excerpt touches a force-
ful point full of truth as to sentiment:

Governor Major’s road days ought to have this lasting effect: When once the State
has actually experienced the advantages from better roads it will be unwilling to go back
to mud and holes and bumps.

TWO GOVERNORS AS ROAD OVERSEERS.

One of the prominent manufacturers of traction road ma-
chinery loaned the State executive a giant engine and road
grading machine for use on the two days—and Governor Major,
Governor Hodges, Congressman Shackleford and Commissioner
Buffum did personal duty in overalls driving the engine and
handling the grader.

MOVING PICTURES TO OTHER STATES.

The moving picture cameras worked overtime, and the
good roads films were not only exhibited in Missouri but were in
demand in every state in the Union. These films did much to
stir sentiment for state-wide movements. Among the states
that are reported as issuing proclamations like unto Missouri
may be mentioned Minnesota, Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Alabama and Illinois. Missouri will have two good roads days
again this year.

DROUTH BROKE WITH THESE DAYS.

The unprecedented drouth broke with the coming of the
good roads holidays. The first rain began on the 18th and con-
tinued into the next day. The 20th was cloudless and hot.

Miscellaneous. 645

Some sections of the State missed the rains and were warm in
the extreme.

The wonder was the amount of work accomplished under
the circumstances—the merchant and the farmer, the banker
and the farm hand, the clerk and the teacher, all earnestly
united in a common purpose, a unity of desire to accomplish
‘“‘the one thing needful” for better farms and better towns.

Thousands of banks, stores, shops and offices were closed
for one or two days, and their owners were found busily labor-
ing on the highways in the open country.

The community spirit is stronger in Missouri because of
good roads days. The Missouri farmer is awake to the fact
that it will pay him to work his own roads around his own farm,
in addition to such work as the district may perform.

At left, Governor Major; center, Highway Commissioner F. W. Buffum;
right, Congressman Shackleford.

ONE COUNTY AS AN EXAMPLE.

On the signed authority of Capt. R. W. McCurdy of
Independence, Jackson county’s citizens did $14,780 worth of
work during these two days. There were 2,762 days of work
done by men and teams with scrapers and plows in that one
county, besides independent workers, and 47 teams hauling
supplies and 13 traction outfits on duty. Mr. McCurdy, be-

646 Missourt Agricultural Report.

sides many other items not here reported, concludes by saying
‘““Aside from the money value of work done, there has been a
general awakening among the whole people as to the value of
good roads all over the county.”’ <A detailed report of Jackson
county’s results, published in the Good Roads Bulletin of the
State Board of Agriculture, will be mailed on request.

SUMMARY OF DEFINITE RESULTS.

Herewith you will find in the shortest form of summary the
results—definite results. More than 250,000 persons worked
upon the public roads each day—a half of million volunteer
days of labor in favor of a better agriculture resultant from
better roads.

Counting the cash donated, free materials and implements,
free use of cars and teams, together with all labor incident to
the good roads days, there was fully one and one-half million
dollars ($1,500,000) in improvements placed upon the public
roads during those two days.

MISSOURI NOW A GOOD ROADS STATE.

Another result, not strictly definite but as true as gospel, is
this: Good roads days have aroused the State pride as never
before. Missouri has received the approving smile of every
state and nation. Our people have become, more so than ever
before, good roads boosters and good roads builders.

Formerly it was the town man who voted for good roads
more than the farmer—today the farmer has marched ahead of
the city and town folk in his love for passable roads.

The Missouri farmer is coming into his own, and today it
is reasonable to predict that this State is going to push ahead
and perfect its rightful claim to have all of our dirt roads pass-
able all the year round.

As unanswerable proof that Missouri is now a good roads
State it is only necessary to mention that during 1913 there was »
spent in this State in labor, materials and road improvements
(including road bridges) nearly eight millions of dollars.

GOOD ROADS HOLIDAYS THIS YEAR.

The Governor has informally indicated that it is his pres-
ent intention to issue a proclamation this year for two good
roads days. He has not set the date, but is considering the
naming of earlier holidays than the 20th and 21st of August,

Miscellaneous. 647

that the work done and materials used may give the larger
measure of permanent results to the dirt roads of the common-
wealth.

DWiEIN DY BV PER CEN. SBE NEB OVER THE STATE.

During the two now historic days a vast amount of work
was done on the Santa Fe trail, the Ozark trail, the northern
route or Lewis and Clark trail, and other old trails. But espe-
cially was the work poured onto the cross-county seat highways
by an unselfish local public in each county seeking to get cer-
tain roads into condition to pass State inspection to secure the
$15 per mile allowable to such approved roads under the Painter
State road dragging law. Eleven thousand miles of such roads
are now approved and receiving $15 per mile from the auto-
mobile and corporation license fund of the State.

The work of good roads days, the sentiment stirred there-
by, the better grade of road machinery installed, the new spirit
of co-operation aroused as to roadmaking, the disposition of
citizens and overseers to study and apply the new methods—
these things have improved the highways of Missouri from 25
to 30 per cent. As Governor Major has well said, ““The good
roads day spirit is still alive, and we will continue to battle for
good roads throughout the year of 1914 and thereafter. Good
roads are the avenues over which must pass the triumphal
march of industrial glory.”

648 Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI CROP REVIEW FOR 1913.

(By W. L. Nelson, Assistant Secretary, Missouri State Board of Agriculture.
Reprinted from December, 1913, Bulletin.)

The total value of Missouri farm crops for the year 1913 is
$175,787,126. This is according to estimates based upon reports
made to the Missouri State Board of Agriculture by its more than
600 correspondents. In this estimate only the ordinary field crops
and vegetables are included. No account is taken of live stock,
wool, dairy products, poultry, orchard products and many other
items that go to make up the wealth of the Missouri farmer. The
figures are as follows:

Corn, 7,537,270 acres; 132,748,541 bushels; $97,169,769.
Wheat, 2,020,330 acres; 35,390,833 bushels; $28,505,846. Oats,
656,182 acres; 14,949,532 bushels; $6,280,173. Prairie hay, 127,963
acres; 100,955 tons; $1,163,236. Tame hay and forage, 2,142,762
acres; 2,175,735 tons; $29,063,478. Flax, 9,841 acres; 48,573
bushels ; $55,859. Rye, 7,510 acres; 106,642 bushels; $88,513. Buck-
wheat, 1,083 acres; 11,155 bushels; $10,932. Barley, 620 acres;
11,160 bushels; $8,928. Broom corn, 1,819 acres; 649,383 pounds;
$35,662. Cotton, 51,432 acres; 15,429,600 pounds; $1,851,552.
Potatoes, 31,252 acres; 1,156,324 bushels; $1,133,198. Tobacco,
3,518 acres; 1,861,022 pounds; $260,543. Sorghum seed, 12,461
acres; 168,223 bushels; $195,189. Sorghum syrup, 12,461 acres;
760,121 gallons; $448,471. Clover seed, 12,626 acres; 18,055 bush-
els; $158,342. Timothy seed, 5,769 acres; 16,153 bushels; $47,490.
Kafir, millet, cowpeas, bluegrass and soy beans, etc., $5,100,000.
Miscellaneous vegetables, $4,210,000.

The total value of the 1913 crop is only about $12,000,000 less
than was that of 1912, which was figured at $188,129,500. How-
ever, the yield of all crops except wheat and rye is lower. The loss
in value would be greater but for the higher prices now prevailing.
It should be understood though that mere figures do not make feed,
and as practically all the corn, as well as some other crops, is fed
on the farms the final value must be determined by the returns from
live stock. Fortunately for the fertility of our farms and for the
permanency of our agriculture, Missouri is not a grain selling state.
With well-bred live stock of all kinds, we have found it profitable
to market our corn and hay, most of our oats and much of our
wheat “‘on foot,”

Missourt Crop Review. 649

MISSOURI CORN YIELD
1913 BY COUNTIES

a 30_a0r More —
SSS 2 to=30s— —
Ea zo to2zs
IW us. te_20 _-
= Brostrouina
[_)__Less thanlo_

a \N

Missouri WHeaTt Yierd In Mittions
OF Bushes 1913 BY Counties

ae I MILLION OR MORE.
INNY 500,000 TO 1/M\ILLION.
9250, 000 TO 500,000.
ES 100, 000 TO 250,000.
aa re THAN 100,000

PUTNAM Ss
- - SCHETLER
! iw 2
j 7

Ni neo | <
\ NN | a
VS = \\= =

3

A—42

650 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Corn—The 1913 corn crop of 132,748,541 bushels, while more
than 100,000,000 bushels short of the 1912 crop of 243,042,951
bushels, is much larger than for some other unfavorable years. It
is more than twice as large as was the crop of 1901, which amounted
to but 61,667,000 bushels. According to the Government’s prelim-
inary estimate, it is more than five times as much as the Kansas
crop of the present year, nearly three times that of Arkansas, and
two and a half times that of Oklahoma. The yield for the entire
State of Missouri is placed at 17.6 bushels per acre, as compared
with 31.9 one year ago. By sections, the average yield is: North-
east, 17.2; northwest, 21.5; central, 19.3; southwest, 10.2; south-
east, 17.6. Total yield, by sections, is: Northeast, 26,229,235
bushels; northwest, 44,537,794; central, 24,715,311; southwest,
17,571,439; southeast, 19,696,762. Counties having the highest
estimated yield per acre are: Carroll, 30; Livingston, 28; Howard,
30; Saline, 26; Cape Girardeau, 28; Dunklin, 26; Mississippi, 30;
Ste. Genevieve, 28, and Scott 27. Owing to the excessive heat and
the lack of rainfall over much of the State during the latter part of
the crop growing season, many of the best corn counties fell much
below their average yield, while ten counties grew less than 10
busk@ls per acre. Counties growing more than 3,000,000 bushels
of corn are: Atchison, 3,120,540; Carroll, 3,254,460; Livingston,
3,489,472; Nodaway, 3,449,000, and Saline 3,722,732. The average
farm price of corn for the State is estimated at 73.1 cents per
bushel. By sections the price shows: Northeast, 74.8 cents; north-
west, 70.8 cents; central, 74.4 cents; southwest, 76.4 cents; south-
east, 72.5 cents. Quality of corn is reported as 64 for the State,
being highest in the northwest, where it is 69, and lowest in the
southwest, where it is 55. It is estimated that 75 per cent of the
crop has been gathered. Much of it went into shock or silo. The
open weather that has prevailed has meant a great saving of feed
and with an early spring there will be no serious corn shortage.

Wheat.—The Missouri wheat yield for 1913, as previously re-
ported, was 35,390,800 bushels, being 13,844,113 bushels more than
for the year 1912. The average yield on 2,020,330 acres was 17.5
bushels. The acreage seeded for the 1914 crop is seven per cent
larger than for 1913, being 2,156,637 acres. The condition of the
growing crop is 100 for the State. By sections, it is: North-
east, 97; northwest, 97; central, 103; southwest, 107; south-
east, 100. It is, of course, understood that 100 as here used does
not mean perfect, but indicates a most satisfactory condition. The

Missouri Crop Review. 651

Missour! TAME HAy % FORAGE
YieLtp - 1913 By- Counties
BREE 100,000 Tons oF More.

RSNY 50, 000 To 100,000 Tons

Setorerese. 50,000 ".
SSQQ30,000 « 40,000 «.
= 20,000 “ 30,000 °°.
E==j10,000 “* 20,000
[as] eos THAn 10, OOO

MISSOURI OAT YIELD
(PART PASTURED OR CUT
FOR HAY NOT INCLUDED)
G13, BY COUNTIES

| eee OT MOE _ __
INQ eee eet
SMe ies PheE = =
WN =toluou =
SIS E44] _ Trove Sep ar

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Rea [I under_io _. --

€/ZZe MONTEON
Up

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w
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a
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Pe
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Oe

by
aif

652 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Missouri Corn YIELD PER Acre
1913 By COUNTIES.

VIELD IN MILLION BUSHELS
W== = = ", as 3 MILLIONS OR MORE.
— f = 2 To 3 M LuoWs
>| ' To 2 Mivuions
Se 500,000 TO 1 MILLION
RR a 500,000.

NEA MS
WW
: 1 QW has CRA uy
BRAWN, RG
\\\ \S iN Wi NN .

wa
‘\
CE] us
Nia
<

DSA
RIES

a NET AQ

ale

Nera “PHELPS. lg

Nez is
NG a
\S reas

SARAROLAL

Vi id ee fe
\ Taney | OzaR i Nia
\ ETA

MISSOURI] WHEAT YIELD
1913 BY COUNTIES

‘onl

RI
eee
qe

ape EN
i

Missouri Crop Review. 653

present average farm price of wheat, as reported, is 84 cents per
bushel.

Oats.—Of 891,489 acres estimated as having been seeded to
oats in the spring of 1913, but 656,182 acres made sufficient growth
to be cut and threshed in the usual way. The remainder of the crop
was pastured or harvested as hay. The yield of the part of the
crop threshed was 22.7 bushels per acre, as compared with 31.3
bushels for the entire crop of 1912. By sections, the yield for 1913
shows: Northeast, 21.2 bushels; northwest, 29.8; central, 15.6;
southwest, 19.3; southeast, 17.5. The 1913 yield of threshed oats
is estimated at 14,949,532 bushels, worth at the average State price
of 42 cents per bushel, $6,280,173. This does not take into consid-
eration the value of oats pastured or harvested as hay. The total
oat crop of 1912 was 29,488,490 bushels, valued at $9,632,205.
Owing to the open season and to the fact that many fields of oats
were not harvested in the usual way, the growth of volunteer oats
has in many places been sufficient to provide some fall pasture.

Tame Hay and Forage—Tame hay and forage acreage har-
vested in 1913 is estimated at 2,142,762 acres. This is about 11
per cent less than in 1912, when it was 2,414,889 acres. The yield
shows a much larger decrease, being but 2,175,735 tons as compared
with 3,333,862 in 1912. The average estimated yield for the pres-
ent year is approximately one ton (1.015) per acre for all cuttings
combined. The yield in 1912 was 1.3 tons per acre. The value of
the present crop, figured at $13.36 per ton, is $29,063,473.

Other Crops.—Almost without exception the unfavorable
season of 1913 cut short the yield of all minor crops.

The prairie hay crop, harvested from 127,963 acres, amounted
to 100,955 tons, valued at $1,163,236. The 1912 crop, harvested
from 142,730 acres, amounted to 167,098 tons, valued at $1,400,700.

Flax shows a decrease of eight per cent in acreage; yield 5.2
bushels as compared with 7 bushels last year; price, $1.15 per
bushel.

Rye acreage was one per cent larger than in 1912; yield, 14.2
bushels; price, 83 cents.

Buckwheat acreage was 10 per cent less than last year; yield,
10.3 bushels; price, 98 cents.

Barley acreage shows loss of 15 per cent; yield, 18 bushels;
price, 80 cents.

Broom corn acreage is but little more than half—53 per cent—
that of 1912. The yield is also less, being but 357 pounds as com-

654 Missourt Agricultural Report.

pared with 510 pounds last year. Price, $110 per ton, as compared
with $79 last year.

Cotton acreage shows a loss of 14 per cent; yield, 300 pounds
as compared with 424 last year. Price, 12 cents per pound.

Irish potato acreage was 39 per cent less than 1912; yield, 37
bushels as against 81 last year; price, 98 cents.

Tobacco acreage is decreased 32 per cent as compared with
1912; yield, 529 pounds as against 946 one year ago; price, 14
cents.

Sorghum syrup and seed show a decrease in acreage of 36 per
cent. Yield of syrup, 61 gallons per acre; price, 59 cents; yield of
seed, 13.5 bushels; price, $1.16.

Clover seed acreage was but 15 per cent short of that of 1912;
yield, 1.43 bushels; price, $8.77.

Timothy seed acreage as compared with unusually large crop
~ of 1912, was but 31 per cent; yield 2.8 bushels; price, $2.94.

The value of Kafir, millet, cowpeas, soy beans, bluegrass seed
and other similar crops is estimated at $5,100,000 as compared
with $4,440,000 in 1912. Miscellaneous vegetables are valued at
$6,210,000. Last year the estimated value was $7,325,000.

SUMMARY OF MONTHLY CROP REPORTS.

Following are summaries of the monthly crop reports of the
Missouri State Board of Agriculture for the year 1913:

April 5—The winter of 1912-13 was marked by no ex-
tremely cold weather. Spring finds the farmers in good cheer.
There is no scarcity of feed and live stock has wintered well. For
the month of March the average temperature was 40, the highest
75, and the lowest, 2 degrees. Total precipitation for the month
was 4.95 inches. Many correspondents report prospect for wheat
as good as they have ever known at this time of the year. There
was practically no winterkilling and the plant has made a vigorous
growth. Condition for the State is 96.6. By sections, condition is:
Northeast, 94; northwest 99; central, 96; southwest, 96; south-
east, 98. The seeding of oats has been somewhat delayed by un-
favorable weather. It is estimated that but 23 per cent of the crop
has been sown. By sections, the seeding shows: Northeast, 5
per cent; northwest, 5; central, 18; southwest, 43; southeast, 45.
It is estimated that 32 per cent of the 1912 corn crop is still on
farms. Condition of clover is placed at 92; acreage of new crop as

Missouri Crop Review. 655

compared with that of 1912, 95. Condition of timothy is 93; acre-
age, 101. Condition of rye, 95; barley, 87; alfalfa, 98. The fruit
outlook is one of the best in the history of the State. The condition
of the fruit crop generally is estimated at 95; peaches, 92. A gen-
eral shortage in all classes of live stock is reported. Number of
hogs on feed as compared with April 1, 1912, is estimated at 75
per cent; cattle, 74 per cent; brood sows, 85; pigs, 82. Reports are
to the effect that there is now but 70 per cent as much cholera as
existed one year ago.

May 3—Farm conditions throughout Missouri are favorable.
The weather for the last half of April, while most too cool for the
rapid growth of some crops, was ideal for pushing farm work.
Average temperature for April as shown in Columbia, was 55 de-
grees; minimum, 33; maximum, 84. Rainfall, 3.39 inches. Cor-
respondents report 48 per cent of corn land plowed. Soil condition
is 91. Part of corn crop planted is estimated at 14 per cent. By
sections it is: Northeast, 5; northwest, 4; central, 13; southwest,
33; southeast, 17. A preliminary estimate fixes the corn acreage
about the same as last year, or around 7,611,000 acres. The condi-
tion of wheat is 98. Chinch bugs have appeared in a few western
border counties. Wheat condition by sections shows: Northeast,
98; northwest, 103; central, 100; southwest, 98; southeast, 98. The
oat crop has gone in late, it being estimated that only 96 per cent
had been seeded by May 1. The acreage as compared with last
year’s crop of 940,000 acres is estimated at 97 per cent. Condition
of clover is 97; timothy, 94; alfalfa, 94. It is estimated that 18 per
cent of last year’s hay crop is still on the farms. Preliminary
figures on cotton crop show 95 per cent of the 1912 acreage. Pas-
tures are the best for a number of years. The fruit outlook, except
for Ben Davis and a few other varieties of apples is fine. Condition
of general crop, 95; peaches, 94.

June 7—Missouri crop conditions are less favorable than a
month ago. However, taking the State as a whole, the corn plant-
ing season was ideal. Highest temperature for the month, as re-
corded at Columbia, was 96; lowest, 39. Rainfall, 1.43 inches. Of
the corn crop 91 per cent was planted by June 1. Soil condition is
88. Stand of corn is excellent, being placed at 93. Condition of
growing crop is 87. Corn acreage is estimated at 101 per cent.
Condition of wheat is 89. By sections condition shows: Northeast,
87; northwest, 95; central, 88; southwest, 90; southeast, 86. The
loss for the month was 9 points. Abandoned acreage is estimated

656 Missourt Agricultural Report.

at not to exceed 1 per cent. Harvesting will begin earlier than
usual. The outlook for oats is poor. Condition for the State is 68.
By sections condition shows: Northeast, 71; northwest, 91; cen-
tral, 54; southwest, 67; southeast, 58. Acreage, as compared with
last year’s crop, is estimated at 95. The clover crop is in fine shape,
being 84 per cent for the State. Stand of new clover is 76; tim-
othy is poor, the condition of the old crop being 67 and the stand
of the new crop, 76. Alfalfa is reported at 92; condition of rye,
92; barley, 95; barley acreage, 83; pastures are not as good as a
month ago, the condition being estimated at 80. Tobacco acreage
is estimated at 88; cotton, 91; flax, 92; potatoes, 97. Correspond-
ents report but 85 per cent as much hog cholera as three months
ago. The wool clip is estimated at 6.8 pounds per fleece, average
selling price, 17.5 cents. The outlook for the apple crop is materi-
ally lessened, being 73 at this time. The peach prospect continues
to be the best, and an immense yield is promised. Berries and
small fruit are plentiful, correspondents reporting 88 per cent.
July 5—Highest temperature for the month of June was 98;
lowest, 43; total rainfall, 2.40 inches. Practically all of central and
southern Missouri is in need of rain. The northwestern part of the
State has had sufficient rainfall for present needs. Parts of South-
east Missouri are suffering for rain, and the same is true of a group
of Ozark counties, and parts of Bates, Cass and Vernon. Corn has
been well cultivated and the condition on July 1 was 86. By sec-
tions condition shows: Northeast, 88; northwest, 92; central, 85;
southwest, 82; southeast, 82. The stand was never better. Soil
condition is 95. Estimated damage from dry weather is 15. The
wheat crop has gone into shock in almost perfect shape. There was
practically no abandoned acreage and no loss from wind or flood.
On July 1, 86 per cent of the crop has been harvested. The condi-
tion of the stand of wheat on July 1 was 88. The preliminary es-
timate as to yield is 16.1 bushels per acre. By sections the estimate
shows: Northeast, 16.5 bushels; northwest, 21; central, 15.2;
southwest, 14.3; southeast, 13.6. But 4.69 per cent of new crop is
reported threshed, but both yield and quality are better than an-
ticipated. The quality is placed at 96. The average local price for
the State is 81 cents per bushel. In many parts of northern Mis-
souri the oat crop is good, but taking the State as a whole, the con-
dition is only 56.4. By sections it is: Northeast, 62; northwest,
80; central, 40; southwest, 58; southeast, 42. It is estimated that
65 per cent of the State oat crop will be tall enough to cut with

Missouri Crop Review. 657

binder. Some oats has been pastured, while others is being cut
for hay. Timothy meadows are thin, short and weedy; condition,
50. Early estimate of yield per acre is .66 tons; acreage, 88; qual-
ity of hay, 77. Clover was of fine quality, and the first cutting a
good yield. The hay was saved in almost perfect condition. Con-
dition of the crop is 80. Estimated yield per acre of first cutting,
1.11 tons; quality, 92; acreage, 99; alfalfa condition is 89; esti-
mated yield per acre first cutting, 1.28 tons; quality, 98; acreage,
102. Pastures are poor, the condition for the State being 61. Cot-
ton acreage is placed at 90 per cent, condition 83; flax acreage, 90,
condition, 84; tobacco acreage, 82, condition, 75; broom corn acre-
age, 87, condition, 82; estimated acreage of cowpeas, 102. The
potato crop has been cut short by dry weather, the general condi-
tion being 66. The apple crop will fall short of early prospects;
condition is 62; peaches, 86.

August 2—The great need of at least three-fourths of the
State is a general rain. To do much good this must come at once.
Only 16 per cent of our correspondents report sufficient rainfall
during July, and of these most are from northwestern Missouri.
At Columbia the rainfall for the month was 3.38 inches; highest
temperature, 100; lowest, 59. Condition of corn throughout the
State is 78.8 by sections. By sections it is: Northeast, 70; north-
west, 84; central, 69; southwest, 56; southeast, 75. The drouth
is especially severe in a number of southwestern and southcentral
counties. With estimates showing 63 per cent of wheat crop
threshed, indications are for an average State yield of 17.2 bushels.
This may be increased by later returns from the thresher. Many
yields of 40 bushels or better are reported. The probability is that |
the crop for the year will be something like 15,000,000 bushels
better than for 1912. Estimates show 6 per cent of the ground
plowed for new crop. Correspondents report 60 to 70 per cent of
oat crop cut with binders. Estimates as to yield per acre of part
threshed show: Northeast, 22; northwest, 31; central, 16; south-
west, 23; southeast, 19. State average, 22 bushels. The oat crop
in the northwest section was good, some fields making from 50 to
60 bushels. Pastures are very poor, being brown and bare, with
condition for the State at 49. Some farmers have commenced to
feed milch cows and other stock. Yield of timothy hay is placed at
0.7 tons per acre; mixed hay, 0.9. These are preliminary estimates.
Prairie hay will probably not exceed 0.5 tons per acre. Acreage of

658 Missouri Agricultural Report.

mixed hay as compared with last year is 84 per cent; prairie hay
is estimated at 89 per cent. About one-third of hay crop is being
baled. The condition of apples has fallen to 52; peaches show a con-
dition of 74. The commercial peach crop of southern Missouri is one
of the best ever known. Condition of broom corn is 73; flax, 64;
melons, 638; tobacco, 66; cotton, 84, and cowpeas, 80.

September 6—August was an unfavorable month for Missouri
farmers. At Columbia the rainfall for the month was but .77 of an
inch. The highest temperature was 105 degrees, but on eleven days
during the month it was 100 or more. Corn condition is 41.8, a loss
of 29 points for the State. Condition by sections shows: North-
east. 43; northwest, 45; central, 41; southwest, 34; southeast, 46.
Even in the northwestern section where heat and drouth did com-
paratively little damage early in the season, the crop suffered
greatly during August. There is much good corn in river bottoms
and on low land. North of the Missouri river the greatest lack of
rain has been in Audrain and other northeastern counties. It is
estimated that 20 per cent of the corn crop of the State has been
cut, and that 40 per cent more will go into shock. More silos than
ever before have been or will be filled. Dry weather has held back
plowing for wheat, only 30 per cent of the ground having been
plowed. Estimates for the new crop place the acreage at 89 per
cent, but with sufficient rainfall and a favorable season for seeding,
this acreage may be greatly increased. Yield of timothy seed will
be very light and acreage only 41 per cent of normal. Yield of rye
is placed at 14.2 bushels; buckwheat, 10.3; barley, 18; flax, 6, but
final figures may differ. Condition of cotton is 67; tobacco, 52, and
cowpeas, 53. Water for live stock is now a serious matter, 88 per
cent of correspondents reporting a shortage. The condition of
pastures has fallen to 25 per cent. It is estimated that 30 per cent
of farmers are now feeding new corn. Number of hogs on feed as
compared with one year ago is placed at 58 per cent; number of
spring pigs on farms, 75 per cent; number of sows for fall farrow,
72 per cent; number of cattle on feed, 54 per cent; number of stock
cattle on farms, 73 per cent. It is estimated that 24 per cent of the
cattle have been disposed of owing to drouth.

September 27—This is the report ordinarily issued on the first
Saturday in October. One of the worst drouths for many years
has been broken by a general rain. However, more rain is needed.
Rainfall at Columbia since September 1 has been 3.68 inches. High-
est temperature for month was 103; lowest, 27, on the morning of

Missouri Crop Review. 659

the 22nd, when a light frost was reported in low places. The con-
dition of corn is 52 for the State. Present condition by sections
show: Northeast, 53; northwest, 55; central, 52; southwest, 43;
southeast, 57. Quality of corn is poor, being but 62. It is esti-
mated that 92 per cent of the crop is safe from frost. A prelimi-
nary estimate as to yield places it at 17.5 bushels, with sectional
yields as follows: Northeast, 18.6; northwest, 20; central, 18;
southwest, 10.9; southeast, 19.9. This would indicate a probable
yield of approximately 133,000,000 bushels.. Estimated price of
corn is 73 cents. Wheat sowing has gone forward rapidly. Soil
condition is 89. It is estimated that 42 per cent of the crop will be
in by October 1. Acreage to be seeded is estimated at 92.6. Acre-
age of timothy threshed for seed is 31 as compared with last year,
the State yield 2.8 bushels per acre. The average price is $2.98.
Condition of pastures, 41; grass has made a fine start since the
rains. Condition of tobacco is 61; cotton, 54; cowpeas, 60. Much
rye is being sown for fall pasture. The stock water shortage has
been generally relieved.

November 15—On this date a special wheat and live stock re-
port was issued. The wheat report is incorporated in the body of
this bulletin. That part of the crop devoted to live stock is as fol-
lows: Missouri farms show a shortage of all meat animals, but
this scarcity of stock will go far toward relieving conditions brought
about by a scant supply of feed. Seventy-one per cent of the crop
correspondents report sufficient corn and other feed to carry stock
through an ordinary winter. Bluegrass, in the opinion of most
correspondents, was not permanently injured by the heat and
drouth of the summer. The condition of pastures throughout the
State is 76. There is now an abundance of stock water.

Hogs are scarce. As compared with an average year, the num-
ber of fat hogs or hogs on feed shows 67 per cent; brood sows, 73
per cent; fall pigs, 70 per cent. As compared with one year ago,
fat hogs or hogs on feed are 72 per cent; brood sows, 76 per cent;
fall pigs, 74 per cent. The cholera situation is not as bad as it was
a year ago. It is estimated that the prevalence of the disease is
but 40 per cent as compared with that time. Recent fluctuations in
the market, coupled with the high price of corn, have caused many
farmers to dispose of hogs which under more favorable conditions
would have been given a longer feed. These same conditions have
also sent a large number of brood sows to the fattening pen or to
market.

660 Missourt Agricultural Report.

The number of cattle on feed, as compared with an average
year, is 55 per cent; stocker or feeder stuff, 68 per cent; breeding
cows, 79 per cent. As compared with cattle on farms one year ago,
percentage shows: Fat cattle, 62; stocker or feeder stuff, 71; breed-
ing cows, 78.

Sheep also show a shortage. An estimate places them at 75
per cent as compared with number on farms for average year.

In feeding, much corn will be supplemented by millstuffs, meal,
“cake,” mixed feeds. and other similar products. It is estimated
that the use of these feeds will show an increase of 40 per cent over
a year ago, and 75 per cent over five years ago.

Stock that was sold on account of feed or water shortage brought
good prices, and in most instances the best has been retained.
Owing to the high price of corn, many farmers who ordinarily feed
cattle will not do so now. Most all stock is going into the winter
in good shape.

December 13—The December report is included in the body of
this bulletin.

Growing Watermelons in Southeast Missouri.

Missouri Crop Review.

WHEAT AND OATS.

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre,
of wheat and oats, by counties, for the year 1913

661

and total product

County.

AUTO AIIND Sos Ge ices =|
FANNGOTE Weaeis.ciele. ches |
IAGCHISON sc ncte eats ee:

Caldwell co.55) oe 3
Callaway oc 0. seers
Camdenhacncsn eine
Cape Girardeau.....

Carrolleen: 8 Pe ee el

COOpertee sin. eee

Dunklin=. 26. 56
Mrankdinywecs coe

Acreage.

1,113
9,645
11,631
12,046

26,839

9,694
24,844
12,406

7,824
22,695
29,355

1,066

5,927
28,910
4,801
33,261

67,140

556

19,253

11,656

32,470
14,546

11,303
13,854

7,419
21,024

42,850 |
9,680 |

17 ,598
9,535
10,830
8,908

9,822 |
5,889 |

1,594
70,926

Total yield Acreage Total yield
per county, | harvested per county,
bushels. and bushels.
threshed.
|
|

17,808 10,596 254 ,304
135,030 ISB. 137,841
302 ,406 6,102 183 ,060
301,150 17 , 564 509 ,356
402 ,585 4,351 78,318
164,798 5,410 91,970
472 ,036 10,192 173 ,260
210,902 4,221 46 ,431
86,064 1,292 PR (pals)
453 ,900 10,781 129 ,372
616,455 5,137 164,384
15,990 | 163 2,445
136,321 14,542 465 , 344
491,470 | 4,628 46,280
HO (Oi | 99 1,188
532,176 | 4,022 80,440
1,342,800 12,123 303 ,075
6,672 170 1,870
318,048 13,312 266 , 240
186,496 2,685 48 ,330
519,520 | 10,805 302,540
PBR) aX0) || 4,028 88,616
ZNAR OTe 19,934 518 , 284
290,934 | 5,090 106,890
148,380 16,184 566 , 440
336,384 1,572 15,720
771,300 7,547 113,205
135,520 | 272 3,808
299,166 | 3,424 61,632
123,955 1,316 19,740
281,580 11,489 367 ,648
187 ,068 11,684 397 , 256
117 , 864 | 180 3,240
70,668 315 3,780
25,504 | 472 14,160
1,063,890 | 2,493 34,902

662 Missouri Agricultural Report.
WHEAT AND OATS—Continued.
Wheat. Oats.
Average Average
yield Total yield Acreage yield Total yield
County. Acreage. per per county, | harvested per per county,
acre, bushels. =and acre, bushels.
bushels. threshed. | bushels.

Gasconade sae 28,671 5, 430,065 540 15 8,100
Gentryzfact. cease 6,320 21 132020) Osis So, 229,216
Greene 4.0. ae: 27,145 18 488 ,610 6,077 20 121,540
Grundy sae 3,397 22 74,734 6,492 32 207 , 744
Harrison 7,633 23 175,559 16,033 31 497 ,023
FRONTS eae tenets erences eet 153, ZA 17 257 ,992 1133 (G3 eh 2320
HickOnyeeerce eee 6,074 16 97,184 18,146 15 272,190
iE [ollie a Cannone ne 14,388 26 374,088 9,416 32 301,312
isin HINES Sig slob eo a-aa 26,172 17 444 ,924 3,090 18 55,620
ETO Well eye ea Womens. or i AI 12 47 , 664 1,073 15 16,095
ROT RAs ee ON eeepc 2,029 13 PA SOC 255 iz 4,335
JACKSON ice ee 29,950 19 569,050 9,846 Hil 206 , 766
DASPCL Ae ticcs cio eee 42,219 21 886,599 10,340 24 248 , 160
VEMersOMmny crises eae 27,432 16 438 ,912 594 15 8,910
JOHNSONE Meee ee eee 29 ,903 74 508,351 11,308 22 248,776
IKI OX othe hore ee 1,491 14 20,874 19,420 26 504 , 920
Maclede@vervcauke sae. 8,607 15 129,105 808 15 12,120
Wafayetteme .ictsts ss 55,739 Pil aOR oo Gr 20 122 ,220
Mawrences.. sn ceee 46,682 14 653 ,548 6,327 18 113,886
WG WIS ats aiciockaeetien sss 12) 15 181,815 18,339 20 366,780
Mincolneya seen 155) ,, (A535) 20 Leos OO 3,832 10 38,320
I bal oh ave 5/5 eis SacaoPEL ase 4,525 19 85,975 10,045 33 331,485
Bivinestons cae. 14,381 oD) 316,382 10,940 34 371,960
MeDonaldemeasaene. 8,960 1W7¢ 152,320 2,632 18 47 ,376
INT A COTM trae ita cee 5,033 17 85,561 13 , 223 22 290 , 906
IMMACUIOV SoG ono cone 4,620 13 60,060 271 21 5,691
IVEATI OS le ae yaar tae oes 13 ,090 12 157,080 266 1104 3,192
IVEATI OM eacuseoicieien: 22,140 liz 376,380 5,662 15 84,930
DAY ICS) ix ots) Denes is Oretcpeee RE 3,816 17 64,872 4,275 29 123 ,975
DAU DDG) Oras Ores Ghosena ainete 20,395 14 285,530 789 16 12,624
IMESSISSID DIN aed ee 20,492 15 307,380 99 21 2,079
Moniteatreeseae er 24,124 16 385,984 4,056 10 40,560
IWEONTOC Hae eee 28 , 204 20 564,080 14,272 14 199,808
Montgomery....... 24,713 16 395,408 5,214 8 41,712
IMIOYEANNG 5 Gabe bad eer 18,106 18 325,908 1,526 11 16,786
New Madrid...... 12,850 18 231,300 72 28 2,016
ING wn het oe 28,278 17 480 , 726 6,472 25 161,800
IN Oda wiaiyaecciedeeice 24,442 24 586,608 22,259 oll 690 ,029
Oxregonerrsacin-tosmeeie 7,587 15 113,805 533 20 10,660
OSAEEM a cretion 28 ,064 14 392,896 900 15 13 ,500
Ozark hacer ee 5,490 12 65,880 1,160 19 22,040
Remiscote. so.. 40h. 4,427 19 84,113 51 25 1,275
IROLGY74. ce fos chs aren 21,973 17 373 , 541 1,554 20 31,080
IP GttiS ee ou eens mee 31,678 19 601,882 TPAD 12 86 , 592

Missouri Crop Review.

WHEAT AND OATS—Continued.

663

Wheat Oats.
Average Average |
yield Total yield Acreage yield Total yield
County. Acreage. per per county, | harvested per | per county,
acre, bushels. and acre, | bushels.
bushels. threshed. | bushels.
Phelpsietcucsctster come 9,747 13 126,711 233 14 3,262
IPTKOR A ane heteien ete ee 33,592 iN7¢ 571,064 5,762 10 57,620
PLDC CO merous, ceatee ee 45,530 20 910,600 5,987 25 149 ,675
ROK Asregoet s scticer ele 16,222 16 259 , 552 4,848 15 72,720
Bulaskisey-. occ. BOOS 13 43 ,589 193 11 2,123
Putnam So Oren teed & 1,863 20%. 37,260 9,018 25 225,450
VAIS ons Nee iserts 14,354 12 172 ,248 6,708 10 67 ,O80
Randolph sss ase e 6,655 ilv/ 113,135 9,516 WG 161,772
TRIN eh exSun uO eae b one 22,935 20 458 ,700 10,462 25 261,550
RENAN ogaago 50 ace 926 | 14 12 ,964 190 16 3,040
EVID LC Vier aren crehehe ceenenale 1,749 12 20,988 758 NGT| 12,128
StuG@harles. 5905 a0 | 17,422 iL7/ 1,316,174 970 ilGs |} 14,550
Sta @lairn ee ae nea | 8,373 16 133,968 | 4,509 17 76,653
Ste. Genevieve...... U7 250 14 241,598 1,253 18 22,554
St. Francois........ | 8,552 15 128 , 280 1,030 17 17,510
SOseOUISi a4 eens 50,049 18 900 , 882 474 16 7,584
SpilttGssccogaeueeadaell © vzOngtonl 19 1,343,319 3,922 | 20 78,440
Schinylenk secre) see oes 3,877 18 69,786 6,618 | 30 198 ,540
Scotlandeaere en ae | 2,540 14 35,560 | 14,802 32 473 ,664
SCOUUR oR ee oe ae: | er | 16 683 ,376 | 539 | 23 12,397
Sihiarin Ones eee 1 “698 12; 20,376 | 178 | 12 2,136
SiielDyerchan fee ee 10,038 16 160,608 | 16,871 | 15) 253,065
Scoddardtee sss sle ae 14,379 16 230,064 | 2,250 14 31,500
Stoney ae Soweiuircys os | 3,424 14 47 , 936 | 2,243 | 15 33,645
|
Sullliivanien) eae ee 788 18 14,184 | 6,409 | 32 205,088
PRAM Ypee no. sista sven eltus 4,586 15 68,790 | 1,025 14 14,350
MOKAS He arte slat sicusien ores UY PACL Cl 14 213,878 244 12 2,928
WELTON <r. choc 9,047 16 144,752 7,961 21 167,181
AWiaTRON Ss oisisce sy cwoick: 33,990 19 645,810 1,387 UP 16,644
Washington........ 11,885 15 WS, 275 553 16 8,848
AWiaiyOGsntc os samieiac 3,082 13 40 ,066 417 16 6,672
Webster. ..... 6,374 15 95,610 | 2,444 18 43 , 992
AACE OTS 's vcr eueBuatare 3,698 21 77,658 6,472 30 194,160
Wright 5,482 13 71,266 460 20 9,200

664

Missourt Agricultural Report.

CORN, TAME HAY AND FORAGE.

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre, and total product
of corn and hay and forage, by counties, for the year 1913:

=

Corn Tame hay and forage.
Average Total Total
yield yield yield
County. Acres per per Acres. per
planted. acre, county, county,
bushels. | bushels. tons.
| | : e
SEBO tay vases eu oeeen tere ee 7,537,270 17.6 | 132,748,541 | 2,142,762 2 n oo
County
INGORE dS pu seete eras eee 76,428 Pail 1,604,988 43,878 52,654
AQT Oa, Se rersiorntuctee eee 142,145 16 2,274,320 20, 246 14,172
IATIGIOW, oe sasccoe erent eee eee 111,008 22 2,442,176 24,018 33 ,625
IXGCHISON | eee aerate 156,027 20 3,120,540 26,857 40 ,286
BODY ee tires Gore meee ree 47 ,425 17 806 , 225 11,657 9,326
Bartoneee ss poset see 101,680 8 813,440 Srlsa 4,668
SAGO id a carunle aus ret eretsuage ce 162 ,067 7 1,134,469 43,527 30,469
IB entomen te contac ert cell 72,050 9 648 , 450 14,660 5,864
IB OWINGEr AU ne ae oe 28,612 23 658 ,076 14,227 13 ,035
IS OOO stares ea lh Se e | 103 ,532 23 2,381,236 22,061 17 , 649
Buchan ane ayee ey oe ae 64,603 22 1,421,266 14,039 22,462
BTOLOT ay yee Roe | 30,915 19 587,385 9,171 8,254
Caldwelletne enc ce ee 99,795 17 1,696,515 20,216 26,281
Callawayigtvccotobera ee 119,264 20 2,385,280 31,756 19,054
@amadeninn. nocitiots teeter 32,248 16 515,968 12,008 9,006
Cape Girardeau.......... 45,765 28 1,281,420 4,011 5,014
@arrollies caudate rare avery 108 ,482 30 3,254,460 36,548 40,203
Canter ne cies eee ounce 9,027 117 153 ,459 3,266 1,796
CICICISHS, PTS Ren R SE pan AL ARS Suki 138,081 6 828 ,486 39,514 35,563
Od ates. ohet amines ere cere 66 , 536 8 532,288 11 5225 7,858
@hHaritons .snwer secs: rene 104,041 22 2,288,902 24,747 21 222,
@hristianere ce ee tee 41,440 16 663 ,040 5,546 3,882
Clarkey cer oe sat ees © eek 94,891 14 1,328,474 34,129 42,661
(Olli t5:d eee aen eta terres aeote 77,764 18 1,399,752 9,018 15,331
@lintonterecie oun. seer 93 , 239 le 1,585,063 19.485 23 ,382
COlee ee we eee 29,365 19 557 , 935 9,319 7,355
COopeLs Seo eee 79,986 23 1,839,678 16,560 15) 5 7/822
@rawiOrds was eee 25,694 16 411,104 11,965 5,983
|
ID) ALO tp eee ier hss ete: ee V7 54 0)5) 9 697 ,545 Mine 5,818
alas tes acy eee 41,098 12 493,176 8,959 7,167
Waviessriie ne On aia 121571 21 2,552,991 21,545 32,318
Dekial pris. tes csce steele 83,414 15 152515200 19,978 27,969
ID Mt eres thee casein eteoe 3% 19,029 14 266,406 8,093 4,047
WOU ASE A 4 cific tee Ne 427152, at 463 ,672 10,172 5,086
ID Ae bal sa holes Geo UNees kee steae op D2o OW 26 1,361,542 8,282 9,938
OP AMKAIM sieeistte eccc Re 54,351 18 978,318 220 20,084
Gasconaden. os tc.s5 hoe 23,600 21 495,600 11,558 9,824
Gentrynscivekiccron cee ee 99,380 21 2,086,980 32,216 41,959

Missouri Crop Review. 665

CORN, TAME HAY AND FORAGE—Continued.

Corn. Tame hay and forage.

Average Total Total

yield yield yield

County. Acres per per Acres. per

planted. acre, county, | county,

bushels. bushels. | tons.
Greeneat. re eee ae 1D, O22 18 1,359 ,396 14,338 14,338
(Gimbbays bacco alosdeors oka. cd oieecclone 77,531 | 24 1,860,744 32,630 40,788
ERATDISON pees ee eee 136,137 | 22 2,995,014 45,831 59,580
ISIN rs Ace aoe oor oo CIEE 134,704 7 942 ,928 19,034 9,517
ER CK OMe te et eee one ou 30,768 8 246,144 9,605 | 5,763
EVOL Geert reas iee eerste Tare 104,370 21 2,191,770 LI Ss55 14,194
ETOWARG erence eters te eis ete 54,494 30 1,634,820 DR al7As) 19,486
ETO WielE eae: patente thick ancien airs 46,597 13 605,761 20,522 10,261
POMP acl are .crsasreb Reais ersten | 13,478 15 202,170 5,388 4,310
MiACKSONG ese ce etree mat 76,608 16 1,225,728 20,670 | 28,938
ASDEL sana cate seca 82,330 15 1,234,959 9,226 | 9,226
AEMersON oie eveca alee ae Soule, 19 640,585 12,399 9,299
VOHNSON Meee centers 138,230 |! 12 1,658,760 42,972 34,378
GCN OXG Hevis/ anette s crates 76,743 Lie 1,304,631 | 26,841 29,525
WaClede@tycs.sab ase cctea ace | 42,920 | 11 472,120 | 12,584 | 7,550
WatayeOtte eriec crys ey syaers «acre 94,020 23 2,162,460 23,759 30,887
WEA WEENECG. 60 eee te Sel 53,077 18 955,386 | 10,981 | 8,236
SO WAS AM Tee ents ote = 71,795 14 | 1,005,130 | 30,058 | 39,075
TIiNColny see eee 48 ,569 15 | 728,585 | 12,451 9,338
IL ho W A eueieteisteaneraeah kat nse tenn ee 81,930 23 1,884,390 67,177 | 73,895
ivine stoners creer ee 124 , 624 28 3,489 ,472 30,136 | 42,190
WIGID GEN Gla segs concen ebor 29 ,648 | 15 | 444,720 7,461 6,715
INTE COM: cate sca eee 121,283 | 18 | 2,183 ,094 71,443 85,732
IVEACISON eee eae 18,758 | 16 300,128 5,148 3,857
IMIATICS Here ciciee noe e 25,574 | 14 | 358 ,036 8,905 8,015
NMarione a seer eerie 56,705 | 19 | 1,077,395 16,122 12,092
INTOL COR ee ee ic 69,810 | 22 1,535,820 51,299 66,689
IVORY tie cee ee 38,086 | 13 | 495,118 | 20,937 | 14,656
IMIMISSISSIDDI-e aoe Cee cen 44,551 | 30 1,336,530 4,885 5,862
IWMIOMItEAU Re ane | 52,825 | 20 | 1,056,500 | 16,962 | 11,873
IMIONTOCL io eeo coi coe 116,434 | 14 1,630,076 | 347,222) | 20,533
MOntZOMeEY: ooo seo. | 64,062 | 19 | UPA s vices) 9,762 6,345
IVEOUE AIAG, cue) Shoe 43,461 | 7h sal 738 ,837 12,975 10,380
New Madrid. is. s esis ocas 60 , 954 21 1,280,034 5,350 4,815
INO WiGOW':. cose corse Stocnces epee 63 ,026 | 10 630, 260 | 6,604 ° 6,604
INOG AWB vans tein aes 156,773 | aD} 3,449,006 | 49 ,965 74,948

|

Oregon en ens 2 eee ee 32,404 21 680 , 484 8,089 4,045
OSARC rae ee ic ee eons 29,049 24 697,176 9,444 8,500
OZATE ee etre he rons ce ce 8B} et 10 235,200 6,091 3,959
IPOMiscOtieney see ee ce 28,728 | 20 574,560 | 2,450 2,695
ROrry re, - ia te ee ee 32,858 | 25 821,450 | 8,620 7,758
IPOUtiS. | es st rr ees | 124,764 | 17 2,120,988 21,139 21,139
Phelpsiaenwece elon ses 28 , 252 15 423,780 21,356 12,814
ORs gat eae corte ae eotpes « 85,129 | 19 1,617,451 17,469 11,355

666 Missourt Agricultural Report.
CORN, TAME HAY AND FORAGE—Continued.
Corn. Tame hay and forage.
Average Total Total
yield yield yield
County. Acres per . per Acres per
planted. acre, county, county,
bushels. bushels. tons.
Pattee fate laeccwarey. tobe dete 60 , 604 23 1,393,892 | 12,385 21,055
POMS rise! wer b fa: peace tems 84,024 10 840, 240 9,440 7,080
IPulaskie se eraciieecnacese eke 25,473 14 356,622 8,834 5, 742
PUM eresetlicyees ie sewottie teks tons 62 ,073 19 IL WAS) ateh7/ 69,279 69,279
GAUL Siennces sees eon penser eres 62,874 12 754,488 | 14,733 7,367
Randolph...... DO Ret 23 Le 2STe Sis 2 OD) 29 , 664
PUD gaheeite os Soro cvs notte ites ae 108 , 842 23 | 2,503 ,366 23,041 29,953
Reynoldshasne. tec cet 18,192 18 | 327,456 5,508 3,029
IRIDICY 2 Rcd cee aye oe oohsel inks 22,003 14 308 ,042 10,365 7,774
Sti@harles. 2.) rise sich 44,708 22 983 ,576 18,147 15,425
Ste @ lain ges: cicasmesn aioe: 84,264 6 505,584 12,108 6,054
Sts iran coisserriaiemeisicin ce 15,329 21 321,909 4,868 3,164
Ste. Genevieve........... 20,617 26 536,042 4,845 4,361
S CEI OUIS ae ccaeney ewan actesue tere 37,982 25 949,550 15,660 15,660
SBN Clmcena ava sae eay-hentuere «ee 143,182 26 35 PF 3 28,507 42,761
Schuyletan-secribe reek 41,802 20 836,040 23 ,933 26,326
Scotlandtaccc ic cacu cue M2 2OM 15 1,083,855 24,133 36,200
SCObUReirrcys ott craees rec eke 43,831 27 1,183 ,437 8,152 8,152
Shannon acai actommeete ec kere 17,955 15 269 ,325 7,501 4,501
Sel yen susercatyescucusion avcheneteya 97,898 14 WSO) 31,953 22,367
Stod dard\cr cer keoretaace 57,989 24 1,391,736 18,239 18,239
SCOMC eas ersaave cede tebe warts Toko sRene 27, 742 13 360 , 646 3,924 SRpoe,
Sullivan Se vagen. eaten nite 78,699 20 1,573,980 69,798 90,737
SEAN OY iacree telat sore sae rere 20,816 13 270,608 4,901 2,941
MOXASicWevasweetenescys cts Ee fiend 51,673 13 671,749 1) 333511 6,166
BVIGLTON ee eote cae oxen te ae 156,796 8 1,254,368 29,069 23,255
WHEATON) core er ceiecie xathts, eye eee 28,175 Zit 591,675 5,882 4,706
Wiashinetontrari cir nncn te 25,208 18 453,744 ta Oal: 3,536
WV OR eee Rey cuca ieiexeesrake 34,040 19 646,760 10,485 7,340
SWIC DSCCLE tye cr wencie cancun oneene 32,593 Tal 358 ,523 9,087 6,815
AVIOT Uae char eminent atiies 43,789 21 919,569 18 , 268 27,402
Wario initia case hacusteemuarciee ee 38,709 15 580,635 18 , 622 13,035

Missourt Crop Review.

667

SUMMARY OF THE ACREAGE, YIELD AND VALUE OF
FARM CROPS FOR THE YEAR 1913 FOR THE STATE
AND BY SECTIONS:

CORN.
|
Average |
yield Total
Section. Acres per | yield*® Total
planted. | acre, | bushels. value.
bushels. |
INOGNOASE S/o oasis: stds io, 1,524,600 | 17.2 | 26,229,235 | $19,414,361
INIOLEMWIES bia rata, arsscyce eieyshevens de ol oc-acs 2,068,391 | 21.5 | 44,537,794 31,543 ,897
@entrale serrated eaten See dia LT 276,163) | 19.3 | 24,715,311 18,404,852
SO UIGIWICS U erametiuc cust ave ep encrs heazic 1,721,894 | 10.2 | U7, 5715439) | 13,426,584
SOUGHEAST Ae aiid sel stew: terone fore fst = seen 946 , 222 PAS CA a 19,694,762 | 14,280,075
| | |
Staten shane ec eiea sis ee 5S GAY) | 17.6 | 132,748,541 $97,169,769
WHEAT.
Average
| yield Total
Section. Acres per yield, Total
harvested. acre, bushels. value.
bushels.
INfOnGh Caste. am sch sea one aco vocal oes 354,507 Vi 5 6,215,482 $5 ,082 , 563
INjOrthwiesStisc sac. saan «aeons 399 ,339 PALES) 8,518,581 6,788,313
Weniiralre vv) hho er ocr ene Soe 441 ,457 16.8 7,426,693 5,920,043
Southiweste ners 2s ito ec ery 387 ,680 16.6 6,462 ,433 5,278,424
Southeasta. mes.) 4 aes cea: 440 , 347 15.4 6,767,644 5,436,503
State ce succes ete oN ace see 2,020,330 E(t) 35,390,833 $28 ,505, 846
OATS.
{
Average
Acreage yield Total
Section. Acres harvested | per acre, yield, Total
sown. with bushels, bushels, value.
binder part cut threshed.
and and
threshed. | threshed.
INortheastiy.cee oe. sc 291,413 201,713 21.2 4,280,991 $1,725,361
INorthwest.0%..< 52-<-0- 230,623 |° 215,371 29.8 6,419,083 2,610,073
CWemtralrs sais fvcye steerer os 130,588 91,630 15.6 [PASS Zou 633 ,976
Sowthiwest)t. 1.05106 cc 180 , 645 125,476 19.3 2,430,666 1,122,484
Southeasts....0.42 00... 58 , 220 21,992 a ret 385 ,535 188 ,279
State ern ae tee Se = oeehonss 891,489 656,182 PPD Tf 14,949 ,532 $6,280,173

668 Missourt Agricultural Report.
TAME HAY AND FORAGE.
Average
yield Total
Section. Acres per yield, | Total
harvested. acre, tons. value.
| tons. |
| ;
|
INOLTH CAS Uh sxc ie oN e cider ene eee | 641 , 656 1.04 669,784 | $7,933,675
INTOFOHWEStic tl at cee ene 543 ,319 136 740,440 8,665,654
Wenitralencsasrsc, et ty Aenea a ie nee 349 ,069 .88 307 , 392 | 4,691,488
SOUbHWestsirac sow it ene Sree eee 337 ,959 @20 245 ,320 | 3,982,414
SOUbBEAStHEE ene evo! Eno. eta 0, BIG Oo 270,759 .785 212,799 3,790,242
SUa tele cne aicen a eee ane | eee re 2,142,762 L015 2,175,735 | $29,063,473
PRAIRIE HAY.
Average
| yield Total
Section. | Acres per yield, Total
harvested. acre, tons. value.
tons.
|
INOrthoas titre seh co tte | 18,275 Vel 20,102 | $180,918
INDAWAIONEs o duu aacacwaccaseqensvec | 28,619 | el 31,481 322,680
@emtraltyrsetses tata eee Ri ee 7,594 WA 5,620 75,870
Southwesticcs ace nurs ambo ee 71,393 .6 42,836 571,860
SOWUNCAS bask Heels mes ce acehe cet eers 2,082 .44 916 11,908
SAR sera recesin nee eae een aun 127 , 963 .78 100 ,955 $1,163,236
WHEAT SEEDED, FALL, 1913.
Acreage
compared Average
Section. Acreage sown, with condition,
1913. previous crop,
year, Dee: 1, 1913:
per cent.
INjOrtheaS tie hse thes ethers sto Mei Blin aii oar aie 378 ,435 107 97
INOLGHWeStitei nt totter mash oe Sees cetera 394,101 98.7 97
GOmtralyarrcres ston eee ee CRO tae ooh be 482,218 109 103
Southwester.. 6.2. pey kh Oe ei idiom eid aes 453,736 IIL 107
SOuthCaStL i ego we hone a5 COA ELe ea hee cee 448,147 100.2 100
SCAtOrtts Riathe- aa iae oe Sea eres Ae eT 2,156,637 107 101

Missourt Crop Review.

669

SUMMARY OF TOTAL YIELD AND VALUE OF FARM CROPS
PRODUCED BY MISSOURI FARMERS IN THE YEAR 1913.

Acreage. Yield. Value.
COV BT aS -eCIOLO NG PR OLETO NER CRG ORCI OTERO Ea nich Glee Emre NG bp doile, 2c 132,748,541 $97,169,769
LOVERS a eh cy cat til RAC CONIChity Abs mani hota om 2,020,330 35,390,833 28,505,846
CONES ees een Sate AC CENT Car enue: OAR RC EE ear Peer 656,182 14,949,532 6,280,173
Mamerhay and TOLaAC sacra stetis seers cele ae ar 2,142,762 ON N55 CD 29,063 ,473
IPTairigeh ayer ech oe ikea ete ine ee ee 127 ,963 100 ,955 1,163,236
TATE SS Sea otic Se tone NOK Bi SOIR TOES CAEL Ee REDE ED ar Gs 9,341 | 48 ,573 55,859
ERAY Ofc Woes creer arene i eicotnrec ic evi Lise ees wiih leach ereie gs 7,510 | 106,642 88,513
IBUICKeWiH Oat) meee ce ieee, meat hans nensne el ate cote 1,083 | Mal Ways) | 10,932
IBALIO VAC Lo eho oon ay tee eens 620 | 11,160 8,928
IS TOOMPCOLM sea gin eter ese a cet ae 1,819 649 ,383 35,662
WOCTON Eee oe eras Se es Be ee 51,432 | 15,429,600 1 8515552
PP OCRCOCS Herter eee arora iene ee ln eee 3,252) | 1,156,324 1,133,198
MOD ACCOM yee ere iewee eee ich feet eee: 3,518 | 1,861,022 260,543
SorghumySeede hyd stress tae ee aces crater 12,461 168 , 223 195,139
SOrehwmisy CUP eer canter eet An eke en a oe 12,461 760,121 448 ,471
CWlOV ELISEO horehei Ser case cls os Ree cates Sebo ee | 12,626 18,055 158 ,342
SMITMNOLINY PSCOCON cya mst ait eo wi aebu ea ct oheltoravane atc 5,769 16,153 47,490
Kafirtcorns milletsicowpeas, Castor beans, tC. a i .cteve och olicin te ehetes eteneeerenete 5,100,000
Miscellaneousiverotablests 2 2 5 ).5)4 ere ac witches [feces = sonlenhice syiaet ol | lect tales. Is srieectets eurene 4,210,000
MotalevialuiesorsallYCrOps triers eis sro ete eel ee Oates etccteal| tt bon cdeya tetera manele $175, 787,126
CROP YVIEED; 1913.
Average per acre by Crop Section.
N. E. Sec., |N. W. gec., Cent. Sec.,| S. W. Sec.,| S. E. Sec., State,
Crop. 20 21 | 21 23 29 114
counties. counties. | counties. counties. counties. counties.
i}
@orns) bushels. 4.2)... 17.2 215) 19.3 10.2 20.7 L756
Wheat, bushels...... 725 PAN E83 16.8 16.6 T5545 iene
*Oats, bushels....... 21.2 29.8 L526 19.3 hot) PAPA Tf
Timothy, tons. .63 1 18 .58 nO Ba ai ll
Prairie, tons... ical il sat .74 .6 44 8
Hay 4 Clover, tons... 1 1.43 1 1.04 al'G ial?
Alfalfa, tons... 2.5 om Sue 2.8 3 2.94
Cowpeas, tons. gal 1.6 9 9 .9 1.08
Hla US hel S).05.5. <1 -.8yem) |lartevanee epeusicevei| terawree sheen cieemousl| Nock arene a aGe- 2h, leis aeRerceses|| 5.2
Riye; bushelsi....5 1. 13.5 18 13.5 13-1 12.9 4e2
Buckwheat, bushels..|.......... 10 UG Oe ta. eho bes seal oecasent eter eens | 13
Banleys bushelsa.0s)e|22 eae: 18 | 15 WZ, Mi a| eae tore eel 16.6
Broom corn, pounds.. 400 400 | 330 BOO), 9 a livcutaeureusee 357
Wottony (Mint); MOUN GS! fers rorerseton- eee) lleeeke cher arom oka leher a eine sera)| ls; siete whet orelsee 300 300
Potatoes, bushels.... 33 51 26 37 39 37
Tobacco, pounds.... 575 700 476 400 493 529
Sorghum syrup, gals.. 66 55 58 63 64 61
Sorghum seed, bu... . 16 16.6 9.5 14 eS 135
Kafir, bushels....... Pe ede aeons ore 18 11 18 17
Cowpeas, bushels.... 3 6 See) gal oe) 5.02
Clover seed, bu..... 1.2 1.6 ise) 5D 1 oS 1.43
Timothy seed, bu.... 3 3 2.4 3.4 2.4 2.8

*Average for part of crop threshed.

670 Missourt Agricultural Report.

AVERAGE FARM PRICE, DECEMBER, 1913.

The prices given in this table are governed by local conditions
and are the current local prices prevailing in the country:

N. E. | N. W. |Central.| 8S. W. S.E. | State.
Corn yiperbushelyyncrctacia es ret B38. Bek SAYS AOlS MW ES OE G3 RST SS 57/5. | 83 731
iWiheat; perubushel’ oem. ase eee .82 .80 .80 .82 .80 81
Oats per busheleeee secret er 403 -406 442 -461 488 | -420
Max ep Cru DUSWEL A cays cise soa oeclen ts comes aroma ents eacenced| ee bes Gust ater eneouemere ets 1 rad Its ee dal erect 6 Tt}
Timothy seed, per bushel........ 2.40 2.40 3.10 2.98 3.80 2.94
Clover seed, per bushel..........| 8.50 7.85 8.15 9.66 9.70 8.7
Cowpea seed, per bushel......... 2.40 2.80 2265) 2.40 2.20 2.49
Sorghum seed, per bushel........ 95 1.10 1.20 1.05 150 1.16
Kaftirsper busheleaaoccciee eee .67 .88 HOS .98 99 .91
Rive} sper bushel cece tele 80 call .83 .91 88 .83
Buckwheat» peribusheliaerin- cei |oeeee ere 1.00 ac) fs ea learn ticeenetal (nitnccrccetGrc | .965
iBarleympersbushelaee meee oe cr sel) || eteeswaneders TOW \Ilnaremeestepsie .80
Potatoes; per bushells 2 2... «i .91 .88 1.10 .96 1.04 .98
Sweet potatoes, per bushel....... 1.65 120) 120 1.29 1.03 1.27
Winter apples, per bushel........ .85 .83 .92 .96 .93 -90
Timothy hay, per ton...........} 14.10 12.10 16.40 15.80 18.65 15.41
Gloverihaiy,uper tonne cere en 13.20 12.40 17.35 15.25 17.00 15.04
AfaltavhaynnpeLicOn ieee slaelelidiGo 13255 18.40 i535) 18525 17.04
Cowpealhay, per ton... sac ac. c - 13.35 10.55 14.55 13.75 16e45) | elses
Prainiehaye per tomer cc accssec ser 9.00 10.25 13.50 118351335) 1B) I) Tie
JeyxoVorsal (oye) [oyabel, joouKkoe 5444 5dllouoaGosulsoosccoc 97.50 22S Ol leacremnoreues 115.00
COwnoin, Itai oxo fowls oko coaaovllowonamadloonoacoulosgounoac T1155 125 1192
Leaf tobacco, per pound......... 145 141 142 136 US3Z7¢ | 14
EW OODLE OU C ares sewers tteieiee: .18 175 ples 17 179 | 175
Comb honey, per pound......... a5 164 .158 Gd matty .158
Mixedehiaye sper itOlenueeie iene ciecrer 11.85 11.70 15.26 16.23 17.81 13.36
*Price June 1.
FARM PRODUCE—PRICE PER POUND, DOZEN, ETC.
N. E N. W. | Central.| S. W. Ss. E State.
Chickens.
Average price per pound......... $.109 $.10 $.096 $.093 $.095 $.098
Turkeys.
Average price per pound......... 15 152 14 .185 145 .1445
Number as compared with average
ASEH OaLRO OIE G Go Glos ag Het i eaiolatolc .87 88 .87 .92 89 886
Eggs and Butter.
IBC COVA Nes coodacedcasdoboos .297 292 .29 .296 299 294
Buttersper POUNG ra cic cei reer: 247 269 3745) .24 25 adsl
Honey.
Price per pound, comb........... 5 alts .164 .158 . 167 =L5 .158

Missouri Live Stock. 671
LIVE STOCK, AVERAGE FARM PRICE PER HEAD,
DECEMBER, 19138.
N. E N. W. Central. Ss. W. S. E. State.
Horses.
SpringeiColtsaemicmiteie ce oleate | $56.25 $51.50 $47.50 $46.00 $50.75 $50.50
ICATINES foray. a eraunee iene usk sts | 77.50 79. €5 69.75 65.75 12.75 72,945)
AN WOsyOars) Old! aci.s cise 2 ree | UB Ds 88.00 89.00 87.25 94.75 94.25
Three years and over...... | 128.25 111.00 111.00 110.00 118.75 In eye 74)
Mules.
SpPringicoOltsiajrcienneeeecue ce 68.25 68.25 62.00 57.50 61.25 63.50
PVG APN SSR ann chun acuare ee 90.75 92.25 84.00 82.25 84.75 86.75
WO RyeCarsiOldiee sme aeiices|| lS 25 143.00 106.50 107.25 111.25 WIV /
Three years and over...... | 149.75 144.75 136.50 136.50 140.50 141.50
Cattle.
SteericalivieSivcenc coal nest 26.50 26nd 23.75 19.00 16.50 2250)"
Heifers CalvieSinanee es ess : | 23.70 24.50 21.50 18.25 P55, 20RiS
Wearling steers)... 5.2.20... | 40.25 40.75 39.75 29.25 24.75 34.25
Viearling heiters|. sey... - 37.00 37.25 31.50 28.50 23.00 31.50
Steers, two years and over..| 56.50 58.00 48.75 43.50 38.25 49.00
WIT CHICOWS =) s15 soe se eee | 62.50 66.75 57.00 54.50 49.50 58.00
Sheep.
Lambs under one year..... 4.00 4.25 3.05 4.00 3.50 3.90
AN other sheep... o.cmu 2. « 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.25 3.75 4.40

LIVE STOCK—NUMBER AS COMPARED WITH AVERAGE

YEAR.

N. E. N. W. | Central.| S. W. S. E. State.
MATHHORS at nce ea se ee a ores eydall .69 .69 .58 .68 Ow
IBTOOGUSOWS iid Mecape hauclelsl sialene hues Site .78 74 nike . 66 .76 . 734
HOT See ee Nerd icoak Mee ean) evacee 5 thes 5 .67 .60 .74 .70
I AGEC ACH rece Mest jack erate soutien tone .52 . 64 -52 nad .61 - 552
Stockerrcattlesie: tacos peas ae eee . 66 74 . 64 .65 .70 .68
IBLCCUINZECOWS . so eee ieee ose .80 .78 .70 AG; .89 .79
IBTECGINETOWES'..o5 -ctdeue eters cee cook .79 83 5 (hil wie, 4 (fal 5a
Otherssheep ecto weenie nie oe .81 . 84 .68 .69 13 Oz

LIVE STOCK—NUMBER AS COMPARED WITH FALL
OF 1912.

N. E. N. W. | Central.| S. W. S. E. State.
WBteHOLS Ae els fe cose haters cue cd bith: 5 Oe) 5a 72 . 62 74 . 728
IBRGOGUSOW Sistine cis eay tare cuc-eha ents 78 .82 .70 rao) .80 .76
Hallppigsnacnasnioianesie theta fer TAS athe) .80 .68 .66 stil .74
MatrCavolope ances sinc cate a ae Sada a .62 .67 .59 108 octal . 624
Stockericattlem s.ccrecs sis lees es mites .78 . 64 68 .74 eutilezs
Breeding COWS) omens «okie: .83 .83 70 .78 .78 .784

|

672 Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.

An abstract of the assessment of horses and mules as shown by the assessors’ returns
June 1, 1913. (Compiled from reports of State Auditor John P. Gordon.)

Horses. Mules.
County. eS = —
No. Value. Av. No. Value. Ay.
| |
PN GIQAD cranes can tore eaves) ara uncon | 11,050 $434,580) $39.32) 1,551; $ 53,850) $34.71
FATIGTE WE ier Ste Rs bnieves tele | 9,065 336,790 37.15 2,481 116,120 46.60
‘At ChisOms 4-8. hicmensecal eee | 8,088 317,530) 39.25) 3,167) 154,200 48.68
ATIC RAN eye acy lane esa eon 9,848 435,205 44.19 5,077| 248,035 48.85
1B ht) idee AE plone er Seoieetsts Gra olor 9,882 279,031 28.23 3,110 89,974 28.93
Barton evcas acces cra ste sea ney | 8,364 316,731 37.86 2,741 111,391 40.63
IBaGOS Shae sche cwtretcsp he eee ee ae | 14,713 522,520) 36.18 15,089 186,819 36.71
IBONtOMS s.cfevces ohh cmepeksche cosas | 9,176 235,855 25.70 2,507) 77,390 30.86
BON GOLF Ee cscs as reais asa | 4,878 216,697 44.42 2,764 136,286 49.30
BOONE ee ics ios, seas ee easyer | 8,824 400,425 45.37 6,098 300,745 49.31
IBWehanan eyo cews eee ee st ee | 7,505 284,670 37.93 2,795 139,700 50.63
1 BUR (eLearn Ree eek e ore oot | 4,151) 154,399 37.19 2,345 97,735 41.67
|
Caldiwellesys vc ose ree 8,542 318,755 Be Bil 2,057 93,915 45.65
Callawayeriaacrcavranie secre: | 9,617 346,035 35.98 6,228 275,755 44.27
WAM a vevecae qos ye eee ek 4,417 199,793 45.23 1,855) 100,065 53.94
CaperGirardeal. sane oa 5,728 239,515 40.81 2,845 133,265 46.84
Carron iss. 5 atk ee Lae | 12,959 480,072 37.04 4,986 209,370 44.00
Warbere Firs Ritene tore ticker ee 1,463 87,205 59.60 689 49,947 72.49
CaSSt rie coe Say cre tel ce rcp arene eee 14,001 508,231 36.29 3,855 150,910 39.14
Cediaricntes tesrvarie mens ieee 8,695 311,140 35.76 2,574 96,495 37.49
@haritoniv nis: sie oe ice | 11,497 459,620 40.68 3,916 204,642 52.26
@hristianeem ete aoe ese oe 7,267 320,774 45.51 2,098 96,255 45.87
Clarke eros so uaee nce | 9,109 368,095 40.41 672 31,535 46.92
Claye ee keane tas tae a ae 7,658) 284,430 37.14 2,526 1a bee ba tts 46.36
Cin GOME wy cee eset ome cee ee 5,552 142,455 25.66 2,556 91,750 35.90
CO ey ag eae Seite douse do ¢ 3,736 155,495 41.62 1,537 95, 125 61.89
Coopere sary srsns ceasinue ames 6,964 335,030 48.06 5,543 306,715 51.72
Crawl OU Ge he inne tawercaereeo anne 3,929 147,515 37.54 1,939 81,875 42.22
DAMS RPA iiw-ncy ss ta, weaniater eke 8,011 229,143 28.63 3,033 95,930 31.62
DATA Pay Ne iis tet eeae sane 7,304 211,930 29.00 PA PBI 60,720 27.14
ID A VAICSS es. nee Ge cee ee ewe 11,056 404,097 36.64 3,063 110,678 Sond,
D) OKA Dy. ever rte eyes Bin dawn 7,884 268,348 34.03 2,124 81,380 38.31
TO Xe) C1 A Re eee seen ad oul eee een Oe 4,893 185,301 37.87 2,029 75,060 36.99
IOUS TaASY SR yet aS ee ee 7,800 314,951 40.37 1,865 75,726 40.60
1D po boll dl Vb hee ete Bae tees ua 4,780 281,578 58.90 5,496 406,945 (2.22
Rrankdin ike eon vais eee Ufpilal 299,535 39.87 3,398 163,095 47.99
Giasconad eveyeiai chee. ais nets caskets 3,784 148,788 39.32 2,304 99,705 43.27
GONG Yio) A ote eS koa aerate 10,622 401,695 37.81 2,267 83,085 36.64
Greene ac ihe ikicat hocicka Slee eens 14,847 569,615 38.36 4,412 203,147 46.00
Grund ye anette ees eee 8,642 285,185 32.92) 1,787 57,896 32.39
arrisOnis toby nee eaten aire 16,609 532,811 32.07 2,588 72,210 27.90
RON ry, fois tarsus Riadah hoagie ere oe 12,382 428,944 34.64 4,271 163,832 38.30

Missouri Live Stock. 673
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
|
Horses Mules.
County.
No. Value. Av. No. Value. Av.

TICK ORY eee cise. \Sitis Sek ks 6,001 $217,211 $36.20 3,091 $72,723| $34.77
13 (allie So Scien oa CROEE Ce CR ERENG 6,367 273,600 42 .97| 2,342 134,360) 57.36

| | |
EVO WAL ences event tic vires recites | 5,917 227,480 38.44 4,161) 210,830 50.66
PLO Weller cre cree mee e 7,799 299,362 38.38) 2,638 112,887 42.79
LD W0}4) aeRO GiGiey CaCO OND Ac eae 1,940 94,816 48 .87| 1,081 62,755 58.05
VA CKSOM ards apsic.sis oe ieee ence 20,919 896,470 ae 4,448 261,885) 58.87
DASDEM ieincitedinn of Cee ies | 16,411 629,592 38.86) 54 33337/) 167,780 50527
WEMOCLSOM MG. oar sas c aieteen es. a ole | 6,192 206,945) 33.42) 2,842 120,100} 42.30
PONNSON eee Bosraacseseo 4 13,987 576,220 41.12) 5,764 241,475 41.89
NOX TA er: SON hee 9,272 337,060 36.34) 2,080 69,457| 33.39

: | | |

AGACICM Geren a ioe ates «at ete 7,062) 295,125) 41.77 25257 99,665 44.15
Malayeutersn. see. eins) 1,718) 423,115| 36.11 5,935 248,145| 41.81
THA WECTICO satyste trea ockeas tokens oes 10,523 365,395) 34.72) 3,286 125,194 38.09
ATE WAS eee oe ico oa wis 8,188) 316,115 38.61! 2,115) 75,280 35.59
ASIN CO lager. cans ck ee onan e 10,421 351,740) 33.75) 3,203 135,895| 42.42
AGLI Coe eee. eee ek 12,009 SSS speazea2| 2,348 73,715| 31.39
WGI WAN ESCO. ores cae shee ene es 1,062) 399,210 37.50 2,161 89,767 41.50
Me Onaldeeek at ccs sees 5,880 238,664 40.58) 1,542 70,240 ASS i535
MI ACOMM ee ore eects Ue erate 13,314 529,245 39.75) 3,872) 146,375 37.80
IMEAGISOM.. oie ceesenerocsshoc cid ne ete 2,035) 98,775 48.53) 1,418 68,410 48.24
IMLS see 3 tae er ane, i ee | 4,154 160,930 38.74 2,541 110,090 43.32
AVIATION MeO sie ee nes es 7,667 316,811 41.32) 1,690 82,146 48.60
IVECT CEL Tees cree ee eee ea | 9,103 315,705 34.68 1,284 42,565 33.14
IMGUIGES coo eouoroudoenbucooe 6,711 233,550| 34.80) 2,574 104,895) 40.75
IMEISSISSIDDIt- G5 verse eke eo 2,415 84,240 34.88) 4,360 210,995 48.39
IMIONILCOUM Soins so ee Sa (als 242,720 42.49 3,196 142,785 44.67
IMIONTOC RY cis ae eles cea oe aoe ee 10,154 380,340 37 . 55} 4,797 208,290 43.42
IMO TIDE O00 CIS Vitee eter ieee 6,050 eI YAO) BY sG)) BY aI) 149,605| 42.30
TOL aT eens ee aie Gat ee oa 5,691 168,260 29.56 3,373 103,350 30.64
NiGwaelViadridi sy. ers. hoe 3,060 101,020 33.01 5,348 225,320 42.13
ING WiLOMMEN TAY geroe- tants con eens 10,902 303,040 27.79 2,086 62,345 29.88
Nodaway...... 17,526 676,745 38.61 2,853 125,655 44.04
OnGHON jo.ca nlole Somme nae aoe 4,798 183,595 38.26 2,173 85,155, 39.18
OSFBon0o us dodctonconen ose 4,421 156,995 35.51 2,792 129,300 46.31
ROADIE Fr 8 A Reh See Res BRSI eeenEs 5,601 287,598 51.35 2,049 109,690, 53.53 _
PCIMISCOLM koa ee 2,626 95,285 36.66 4,909 217,005) 44.20
OLIV ets so Paiee ee wr ee este } 5,010 169,836] , 33.89 3,211 120,336 37.47
{HUI o cocci NORE OREO Raeee aR 12,022 453,515 30.02 5,022 241,415) 48.07
Phelnsee en a. eo 4,386 146,274, 33.35 1,815 72,469} 39.37
PIG eevee ores echo ites eee sche 7,602 310,780 40.88) 3,452 147,480, 42.72
21 ELS) 2 SS eae Re 5,613 250,300 44.59 2,869 171,380 59.23
OMI eta iio nosis eran Younes 11,578 452,437 39.08) 3,829 167,470! 43.74
(Plas kat esgewn cite Aca scene. + 4,570 143,790 31.40) 1,504 49,440| 32.92
ERULU AAT ership sce eicses 2 ii ba 409,130 36.82 1,463 48,566 33.19
IVallismerrarniice ties atkewiarks lee 5,760 266,675 46.00 2,303 109,940 47.00
ang Olp hyn pyc rayne ysl 8,260 330,415 . 40.00 2,798 125,930) 45.00
UVR vacrsesie ioe On lateieret sins sustens ate 10,299 352,295 34.20 4,863 204,460 42.04
Reynolds:......-- - SF OGIDIG. eo eBay (ail 128,480) 50.00) 1,638 93,720) 57.21

A—43

674 Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Horses. Mules.
County.
No. Value. Av. No Value. Av.
Ripley eee eee ae Pian 4,228 $207,20 | $49.00 1,996, $108,020 $54.06
Sé; Charlesisctceis Nou sees 7,348 343,975) 46.81 3,218 172,335] 53.52
Sti G@lainsee. ese eee 9,889 Bae 31.62 2,545 97,665) 38.38
S@yhirancois ere sacra 4,023| 158,215| 39.32 1,676 84,850, 50.62
SiouGenevicviorene eeetene: 3,302! 118-110l\s sod 1,398 62,185| 44.48
StisWouisih.. 4 at. Co eee 9,847 441,360) 44.82 3,805 225,730| 59.32
Saline ..; see ed eee 10,484 450,505| 42.97 6,840 368,665| 53.89
Schuyler snee a see acer 7,129) 226,796 31.84 696 21,955 34.54
Scotland tert... eee 9,535) 359,545) 36.65 1,236 44,540} 36.03
Scotties Meh ete ee ee ee 4,008 174,195} 43.46 5,310 260,013} 48.96
Shannon! sen. once eee 3,677 133,486) 36.29 1,814 81,693) 45.02
Shelby... thee aes eee 9,496) 381,095} 40.13 3,591 130,625) 36.37
Stoddard wae acne see eat 7,705 289,965| 37.60 5,068 219,022} 43.21
Stomeets ey ey ee oe 5,062 179,610) 35.48 1,554 62,340} 41.80
Sullivan: ie eee ea 13,544 432,622| 31.94) —- 2,836 89,613, 31.60
MANCVs co PAC ere ea ie 4,369 207,546, 47.50 1,337 76,247| 57.02
MOK AS Aten eS ca oe 9,486 351,220) 37.02 3,200 122,330) 38.22
WiELNONs Ao titers orc ee oreo 13,797 411,746] 29.84 4,285 148,353) 34.62
SWiarlren te Is aan oe eee « 2.734 120,275| 43.99 1,497 77,185| 51.50
Wins nine Cone er eee 3,394 128°270|Nun Sano 2,297 104,525) 45.50
Wey TON Thy cee ee ea Te 3.330 149,505| 44.89 DOG 109,896) 49.56
Wiebstelhc ee wen Lae 7,788 297,280) 38.47 2,918 118,145} 40.48
IWiOlth: ieee eae tae ets 6,574 308,795| 46.97 910 52,025| 54.17
RWirioliG ey pert cuteten meee -ah semen 8,445 314,386] 37.23 2,371 84,325| 35.56
St ILOUISEC iby eee 15,532 764,520, 49.22 2,590 121,630, 46.96
|

An abstract of the assessment of asses and jennets and cattle as shown by the assessors’
returns June 1, 1913. (Compiled from reports of State Auditor John P. Gordon.)

Asses and jennets. Cattle.
County. 2
No. | Value. Av. | No. Value. Av.

|
UNG Ei ty ae yy Be saAy aaah ee 94 $5;320| $56.95 20,661 $331,660 $11.21
Wire: cee thee tes cee eee 90 5,950| 66.10| 19,087| 329,990 17.28
Abchison ). eck oon: sien 29 2,850, 98.27 26,551) 505,120 19.02
IAs. ne ei a: Bees oe 220 16,600| 75.45] 17,972| 320,185} 17.81
BATE en Lee 198, 6,405, 32.34] 26,741 182,572 6.82
Barton: aAee we nee 132 5,500 41.66 12,818 149,686, 11.67
Batestioc chet i. See ee 259) 11,360| 40.00) 24,810| 325,434] 13.11
Benton..... 92. 3,980| 43.26] 18,318] = 214,985) 11.73
Bollinger: 5. tec eee: 80. 4,980 62.25 12.886 143,895| 11.17
Boone; fe eee 276 13,675 49.54) 16,452) 265,930 16.16
Rochanan.,. sa. eee 78 5,600 71.80 11,996 216,245' 18.03
Butlers.) Oi) pp epee 45, 1,920) 42.66) 11,581 96,135 8.30

Missouri Live Stock. 675
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
Asses and jennets. Cattle.
County.
No Value. Av. -| No. | Value. Av.

OFT oh LSS ee etarais areare clo pacers Zit $6,025) $84.90 15,977 $254,505) $15.93
“CHTEN EN abo ole oe ecco cums 383 27,370 71.48 15,292 210,120 13.74
WaMNGONE cece ee esi, 54 3,600 66.66 13,458 240,112 17.84
Cape Girardeaws ae eaees eres 1 99) 9,130 92.22 11,3338 114,290 10.08

|
Carrol ee aes esc eke en era eat | 201 9,330) 46.41 21,375 295,841 183-8 Y7/
OF ICT = SS Ascend cations Onn ote | 25 950) 38.00 6,139 90,355 14.71
MO ASS rs Satya ores. ete eet ay ats } 196 13,825 70.54 23,159 340,622 14.27
“CCT een 4 oer RO enero ataemeCreecns 93 8,825) 94.89) 12,932 167,185 Ae ILS)
MH aritone enc ts Sahe yews Ai: 92 9,505; 103.31 18,976 300,548 15.83
AENVISHLATIO CL io rciehe eionckke ces eaten | 114 5,41 1| 47.81 14,539 268,152 18.24
ACV AT KPa Mbeya fie ots, Son ek) eae 6 18 2,306) 127.74 15,740 189,955 12.07
ONAV A eyes ae POG Ae ee 92 12,575, 136.68 16,350 258,955 15.83
MOLINE ON seed Aotearoa ey hai 35 2,275 65.00 24,529 346,275 14.12
Ot) Se aio oem ONCRe CED Ore caercic Dias 37 4,270, 115.40 9,203 138,045 15.00
COOPER? So Saeko Ss ee eee 193 15,630 80.98 16,048 273,115 LOL
Gre Rio ge le Sea mp ced thot oe oO 35 1,540 44.00 11,607 151,810 13.07
EDEVOVS RIE 6 GReRCMNOI acces my One kere rete 185 6,560. 35.46 14,143 154,660) 10.93
1 DAL EXSE SPaIRSS is eaieurme ss are mone c 114 5,745] 50.38 13,288) 147,385 11.00
SD AVACSS oo hai cr ore oes so 104 13,570, 130.48 18,695, 285,086 15525
PIVOKCA Di por vastrs oreo chen aan ess 53 3.260 61.50 17,706 272,274 15.38
IDTV NES. alot eo crore eee OR cies 119 4,770 40.08 13,465) 183,653 13.64
PD OUGIAS Her eee Ate eisic 112 6,090, 54.37 15,887, 209,971 Beal
iD renabhnee ewe oe a. cicee Eee colors 43 2,655 61.74 12,733} 143,055 22
S irehell ed btele, 5 elo rhe arene Actor 45 3,515 78.11 14,195) 212,800} 14.99
Gasconade 37 2,040 55.10 8,941 89,750 10.03
GONG Ver ny. Seer eee een 122 7,340 60.16 22,087) 394,040 Ny cpeicoes
Eg Re Clits) y oh ome Ree Eke eee or eer 132 8,740 66.02 23,817 344,455 14.46
Ep eb aNe Ligeia incre cio near creas aa 143 7,190 50.28 17,416 237,332 13.63
PEL ATTISON RS eae ae gcs otek AG 172 9,825 oh ei2 32,909 439,010 13.34
15 VST 7iS ey cree REE Once Bacon oe ano 167 11,209 67.01 22,769 296,700 13.03
VTC LCOI YZ ncn dite ax enews eto aneuede0s 112 6,460 57.70 12,221 166,838 13.65
ET OL Gace toe cheese) ut ee 34 3,270 96.17 11,016) 198,640 18.03
TOW ANCA Gots, ccacaietvens abot aecieame Gs. ae 176 11,490 65.28 13,762 223,380 16.23
MP OWOIIE ook cod aeewbepenens, cedti cas, 129 8,690 67.36 16,125 238,189 14.77
TO) 1 ape ee Pinte te ah Oat Bei ee ee 31) 1725 55.64 5,968) 85,542 14.33
PPB CKSOM ee cin on he hed eee Lele a ants [teat Shen GAs Wael aneseyah sao | vice Js Rettercelta he 21,611 425,095 19.67
PASDOV Se pe ccen erates ay otolisaiege fal eke 164) 6,715 40.94 19,139 314,386 16.42
ATRIOS G kn ood bc ce phoeTe 55) 2,345 42.64 13,147) 187,620 14.27
FONNSOM eee chose eres eel 258) 17,285 67.00 29,379 435,230 14.81
KT OXM IEC nc seheves olesemepars let] 89) 6,650 74.72 16,290 219,102) 13.45
WACOM EC cys averse accee, see shana eek | 131 7,860 60.00 15,601 245,237) eae
Wiatayebuerstes Vavepsce =, Oandouscusie'sts | 147 8,595 58.47 24,540 357,050! 14.55
DA WEEN CC) hers oovanssenspnee eases ee] 211 9,885 46.84 15,349 189,486 12.34
ZO WISIN, ootacs aitmokincee: s sa teeasxeeavanr syste | 78 5,535 70.96 14,667 248,695 16.96
TDs <5 siatie oa e Gee cho are Peutaene Shohras Sal ltolatomkewel oll ovtalceu | fevwchet wirericn'e = 12,145 162,715 13.39
TORTS: Oe «io hs eee econ ee eee | 114 5,480 48.07} 27,016 415,696) 15.39
Pavan ge StOMe ry. pnw cscs 3 user 107 6,895 64.40 17,964 307,765 16.10
NICD ON Ale Fac acic.c Sates ee oe 116 5,380 46.38 8,111 129,106 15.91

676 Missourt Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Asses and jennets. Cattle.
County.
|
No Value. Av. No. Value. |
! | |
MiaCOMe eee ct tae 141 $11,715 $83.08 26,204 $391,570)
Madison socio hae: | 13) 990 76.92 7,804 97,900
Marios mie. ioe aM esa | 83 3,300, 39.75) 10,867 126,685)
Marionseriens one eee 112| 10,380 92.67) 10,957 180,606
| | | |
|
Miercerceet ce i cle eal 69) 4,407, 63.86) 19,895 342,256
Miler Jee Le le cue | 56| 4,300, 76.79| 15,488 176,980.
INississIDDIG en eee rel 29) 1,860| 64.13) . 4,736 54,210
Mioniteaumeeenon cae eter 98 S940 Ole 2 ema orate 186,840
IMONEOSH Ath ae eee | 325 18,400 55.92 16,634 275,880
INFOnteOMeLYH Roemer 115 UsUeh0) 67.00 12,349 138,695)
MOTE AMG Po). ct ences. os con oss: ial 5,355 45.7 11,941 117,340
iINeweViadrid essere ree 19) 1,075, 56.57| 7,960 41,185
INO WiHtOL ok rece nace eee tee cre 96 4,275) 44.53) 12,542 114,515)
Nodawayin ss ere one oe 94 6,080 64.68) 41,416 569,465
OLEC ON eee te SN Ee: 410, 3,250 79.25) 17,959 193,766
sae Ona th a eee: 35| 2,005, 52.28] 12,362, 136,860)
OAT ees te ee Ea ee a 98 5,837| 54.46] 21,021 354,889)
Pemiscots vers. sae eee. 20 1,215} 60.75 7,996 45,415,
IPeniVern et ee cE 58 3,420) 58.96 9,513 107,016)
Bettisnee: Wace ete tere bata bie. 173 8,610] 49.76) 23,262} 395,475]
|
| | |
Biel ps eee ea ie areca 74| 3,515| 47.50) 12,283 153,940
12S Rear ae A or ot amet TRS ee a 244) 12,330| 50.53| 11,181) 216,680)
Plattocra ee ae ee 125 7,360| 58.88) 8,696 158,240
POU e ee EON Bc’ 220 15,205} 69.12) 16,532 283,287)
| | |
Pilaskicr esse Tete 65 3,185, 49.00 12,496 175,100
Buin ani ee eee ee, 90 4,477| 49.70) 23,212 354,919)
TRAINS ee OS fe RR a cea 96 8,110) 86.00) 10,333 168,685
Randol phe ae 235, 14,095) 60.00| 13,844 221,500|
RVR eI eas 190, 15,935) 83.86) 17,480 321,770,
ReyNOLUS He eee | 31 1,915} 61.77) 12,992 157,857)
IRipleyenceeeee oe eee | 58 2,868; 49.45/ 11,847 137,644
Sti@harlessuve seta ea 56. 3,180) 56.7 10,651 185,800
|
Ste Clair ere bieus ates aoe Fall 132) 9,235} 70.00 16,193 229,005)
Stehrancoisaeri tein | 51} 3,390| 66.47) 10,147 163,905)
Sets Genevievierne reir 64) 3,990 62.34 8,154 95,325
SCMIFOWIS aerate cere een Ries 3 Raye Jndadadende dlaloe se > 9,878 196,830
Salinas sere hoa ee eee 146 9,765) 66.88 28,901 622,540
Schuyler erie 62! 3,245, 49.92) 11,310 144,894
Scotland! ees eset ic See ee 74| 3,560) 48.10 17,403 248,175
SCOttMn ee eke Se ee 27| 2,650| 98.16 7,883 90,823
|
|
Shannon cer icc hee 53) 1,943] 36.31) 15,301 157,408
Shelbyactise eee cee ee 193 17,155) 88.88] 14,547 242,230
Stoddardiareem ac. See 64 4,420/ 69.06 15,826 154,446
SON ree Pee oe eee 95 3,870| 40.72| 11,747 128,745
Sullivancsesme see eee 139 6,910} 50.00 30,464 427,215
NAN GY ee nator eRe Ee 85) 3,990) 46.94 15,851 280,464
MOXaG &.5 fies Eee oe ee 206 10,480} 50.87) 25,245 263,720
Wiernons: csc ae ae eee 173 O71| e <4ONS7 meee SG 252,357

12.

Missourt Live Stock.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Asses and jennets.
County.
No Value. Av No.
ee
Warren +49 7 $825) $117.84 6,322
Wiashinetonine als emee ete 32 DANO) W Meisasl| Ve arey)
(Wa yNeN ates sass ee nore: 41 2,450| 59.75) 14,896
Webster acu ec iene 131 6,630, 50.61) 18,652
| |
Minchin rca be shel enan 77| 8,905| 115.64) 13,701)
AVUIDI STG ey eesti tate et ie 133 7,637 57.42| 16,348)
Sit ILO Clie wocn aclb some celleao oe aolalldait 6.0 Ga oo.0)/on mcotdme 1,792)

Cattle.

Value.

$77,775)
120,870)
167,130]
233,910

237,955
245,721)
34,340

6

$12.
01
22
54

lee
-03
-16

Tae

30

36

An abstract of the assessment of sheep and hogs as shown by the assessors’ returns
, 1913. (Compiled from reports of State Auditor John P. Gordon.)

June 1

|
Sheep. Hogs.
County. |
| No. Value. sz || ASios Value.
SE ae eR en 8,529 $12,300| $1.44) 14,118) $49,580
INTO LE WW. teehee ea naa ae eee 3,759 7,805 2.00 21,079} 144,760
INechisontirese tien ice coe 1,206 2,370 1.97| 32,134| 116,080
ASTER Cee eee 1,814 19,600 1.98} 23,241| 119,455
SYST eat SS RE eee eee 6,055 5,961 .98| 17,488 21,934
RAnLOTA te te ee ee 2,640 2,838) 1.07 9,573 27,885)
PB Abed oc. vee Seek woke aaa 6,668 9,966 1.49} + 26,336 95,978)
SCNGORS fata ee he Spee 4,730 5,110 1.08 12,129 34,592)
CTE ae Maen CR em te Coy 7,221 10,629) 1.47] 20,953] 48,609
Tana ee) en eR Fe 8,866 21,810 2.46) 20,552! 69,875)
TESA ae ey ee ee 3,194 6,470 2.02| 14,722 54,825
Butlers piscina ase etae | | 1,421 1,335) 94 19,570) 23,513
| | | |
Galaiwiell kere oe, ee eae, 6,160 10,070 1.63) 22,294 92,645
Gallawavar cae sehen washed ah 13,853) 26,670 1.92) 18,434 71,570
Gam ene ee es ak ea 7,845 14,658 1.91) 14,038 28,618
@apelGirardes us) eee 4,893) 7,580 1.55) 15,969 40,450
‘ | |

Warrolly een ss ae Pee 7,333| 10,228) 1.39 35,166 102,138
Canter co. ee 575) 998 1.73) 10,393 18,515
OES, Zia SO oe Ie ee 5,295) 8,889 1.67) 28,996 108,992
Ged ae ee Le ie har atl 3,871| 4,931 1.27| . 21,208 42,629

| |
Chariton..... : oe ek pes eee eae 8,860 18,946 2.14) 14,231 61,860
Ghristianer eee sole treo 4,537| 8,085. 1.78] 25,218) 60,152)
Glare ete ete eee 9,306. 18,575) 1.99] 18,185 41,990,
Clave RVG felis soere eats 4,487 8,675 1.93) 30,162 106,165
@lintoay, fees actas oes 3,577 6,100 1.71| 26,314 60,360
(OLN Gio wb cae eee ene 1,489 2,125| tele wSvmew 20,985
Gao perme. peers se es 6,801, 12,060 TefTS|| eo tad 112,570
Gra wisrdys tee pre esses 3,394) 6,665 1.96 9,319 23,770
|
TONG nage ee ena eee ees 5,063) 5,066 1.00 16,998 43,206
aliases toe ees 6,416. 8,894 1.38' 13,957! 24,070!

AV.

NwWNWN won owe bo Now we Pww hd Noe Ne Ow a w

me bo

-51
.90
.61
-14

-29
seh
.25
.85

.32
sah)
72
. 20

a5
288
03
53)

.90
78
-76
-O1

.34
.38
aot
-52

.29
-40
-83
-55

.54
72

678 Missourt Agricultural Report.
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
Sa —_s
Sheep. Hogs
County.
|
No Value. | Av. No. | Value Av.

Daviess sea vans eae 14,142 $20,851, $1,47| 20,340 $75,559| $3.71
DeKalb: those oe ee 3,843 8,308, 2.16 16,456 61,616 3.74

|
DON Gece hat ne 7,380 7,484 1.01| 16,634 20,809, 1.25
Douglas tet: eee | 9,670 14,244 1.04) 16,729 39,088 2.34
Dunikclini ee ee 439 452) 1.03} 27,539 56,594 2.05
Mranklinwcee pc eee 2,124 4,595 2.16 18,598 56,065 3.01
Gasconadease cee eee Aah 3,836, Pye lf} 10,639 PASS PA7/ 2.66
Gentry cee eee 11,975 13,301, 1.11} 20,009 109,536 5.46
Greene tye a ee 6,362 8,423) 1S 222798 77,028 3.38
Grund ye ey ee ee 12,145 12,453 1.03} 14,019 47,739) 3.40
MarrisOM: see ee eee 19,053 52,653 2.76) 33,904 138,370 4.08
15 (=) 01 sags NRE td oe Ree A 3,393) 4,831) 1.42} 21,361 72,466. 3.39
TICK OLY ea oe 5,182 7,777| 1.50| 9,486 21,736 2.30
TT Olt ante ee eee ee ee 591 1,570) 2.65] 14,595 75,650) baie
HOWALGH 4.0: oe ee 5,976 11,750 1.96| 14,587] 52,310 3.58
Howells qt ee eee 6,549 6,762) 1.03) 19,543 29,502 1.50
TONS se a 1,291, 2,125} 1.57| 6,448 13,550) 2.10
JaCkKSON: sey ane ae 6,100. 10,455 1.71] 23,852 121,507 5.09

| |

SJASDOL i: jLeRAR en eee 3,959 4,850 1.22| 14,570 55,443 3.80
Jeflerson', ween 1,570 2,570) 1.64) 12,727 36,680, 2.88
TOHNSON: hy gaee ee eiee ee ee 8,769 12,415) 1.42) 29,587 109,305) Su72
KM OX Sees ey eh oi ee 7,063 7,648 1.08} 18,074 55,230) 3.06

| |
Macleod en.< carer dence eee 5,560 8,620 1.55) 11,760 36,603) Serr
Wataycctcnee re ree 5,720 8,495 1.48 26,262 150,575 5.73
IDEN ARES oc-c'ce eet lo .oers Oboe e422 08) 5,812 1.38 19,809 52,226 2.60
IPORVIS ee ees ae ee wd 7,379 14,965 2.03] 14,389 52,985 3.68
Tincoln seme Coe sate eae: 3,853 7,705} 2.00) 23,423 76,315| 3.25
ICDA sere ae isis ei ae Me ey 12,710 16,017) 1.26} 18,334 58,908, Seon
ILAKVAMEAHCIN oo cococdaecousor 7,448 11,038 1-48] 14,616 73,240 5.00
NicDonald eee eee 3,348 3,878 iS seeelees Giz 29,912) 2.63
Maconeceee ei mas 9,718 16,6001 1.70! 16,007 70,930 4.43
IVa diSOnt ewe Lee in ote 2,511 3,910 1.55 6,620 12,975 1.70
Nianiest ence eect ee | 3,670) 4,070) 1.10) 19,084 17,915 .93
Marion. ote oe Cone 6,369 11,950 1.87) 11,954 50,758 4.24
INTER GET nk... kere ne eae Ta 5,227| 8,275 1.58 16,799 65,513 3.80
MAN ere senna le nea 3,480) 4,035 1.16) 16,875 32,525) 1.93
IVISSISSIDD aE eee eee 155 210 135 lees 29,625 2.51
Monitea ee os ee eee pig 3,525 1.88} 16,513 56,675 3.43
Monroe... eee oe eee | 18,914 30,900 1.63) 19,061 69,710 3.65
INEOnICS Om Cryer ee | 5,668 9,540 1.68) 19,975 65,525 3.25
NOT Ee anole! 2 Weta Ln eee 5,062. 5,170 TOO), lee 24,320 2.07
ING wie acini cleat 122 130 1.06] 17,280 17,280) 1.00
Newton tor ei 1,985 2,595 1.30 9,528 20,485 2.14
INITIO a aooscodgabaceocune 7,868 7,482 .95| 40,568 135,096) 3133
OLGLONE ace ae eee 2,725 2,725 1.00| 22,166 22,166, 1.00
OSazEL Be ee 2,586 3,005 1.16 16,584 40,065, 2.42

County.

Pulasletersys craig ee

Salinesneeee mientras
Schuvilersrnecs sorcerer
Scotland sit .see-uee me ome

Wark ohtitieec ees. ctoie,c a tusnerene
SG WOUISKCIOYs.« «cop cise ene

Missouri Live Stock.

Sheep.

No Value. AV.
4,175 $4,327, $1.03|
107 75 .70|
4,269 5,094 1.19
6,301 13,115 2.08
3,787 4,163 1.09
6,365 12,380 1.94|
3,832 11,490 2.99
7,135 12,062 1.83|
6,080 6,330| 1. 04|
8,441 9,026 1.07
6,004 11,900 2.00,
8,948 17,890 2.00
4,871 8,500 1.74
2,079) 2,092 1.00
2,262 3,190 1.39|
2,920 5,850 2.00
3,861 4,735 1.23)
1,197 2,270 1.389
2.844 4,305 1.51
721 1,580 2.19
4,091 8,565 2.09
39,400 39,396 1.00
12,596 18,970 1.50
768 1,281 1.67
3,079 2,842 92
10,794 17,340 1.60
2,060 2,060 1.00
5,950 6,990 f18
11,701 17,186 1.47
4,584 7,622| 1.66
10,229 13,805) 1.34
3,024 3,962. Leu
1,130 2,250) 1.99
1,883 2,050 1.08
2,139 3,618) 1.68
2,425 4,170 ihargal
7,421 11,180 1.50
10,412 15,694 1.50

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

679
Hogs

No. Value Av.
17,517 $38,494, $2.19
13,484 18,870 1.40
21,963 51,739] 2.35
21,918 76,900, 3.50
9,315 14,401 1.54
11,885 51,460 4.32
13,466 61,260 4.54
18,763 64,570 3.44
14,647 16630) 1.13
15,211 57,431) STi
7,295 36,365) 5.00
8,905 35,620 4.00
34,234 140,385) 4.10
18,842 29,322) 1.55
18,474 30,682. 1.66
18,245 65,945) 3.61
15,562 62,665 4.03
6,621 21,460 3.24
11,560 28,745 2.48
14,159 59,000 4.16
32,749 146,730 4.48
8,280 23,657 2.86
12,397 53,190 4.29
19,127 41,488 2.17
18,757) 26,854 1.43
20,699, 88,815 4,29
28,433) 28,433 1.00
16,315) 27,320 1.67

|

18,680 55,127 2.95
13,461 17,787 1.31
30,762! 37,226 1.21
17,689 55,967 3.16
9,636. 21,810 2.26
6,318 7,355 1.16
19,702 38,221 1.94
14,462 33,223 2.29
11,960 50,575 4.22
20,986, 35,788 1.75
35 330 9.42

680 Missouri Agricultural Report.

LIST OF AWARDS AT THE MISSOURI STATE FAIR, 1913.
SEDALIA, SEPTEMBER 27-OCTOBER 3.

DRAFT AND COACH HORSES.

CLYDESDALE.
Class. ; Premium.
1. Stallion, 4 years or over—

le COrgortonz, IMlcratroy MICS Sob aa scents Gallant Sturdyere en eter First.
HL CrosbyaeViexiGOneNUOle re iis tiene star Cra an bya eC agen ee Second.

2.) Stallions 3 yearsyunder4as se os... 5.5.6. (No entries.)

SS ballionn 2: years mun OC Crusinea miei: ue sere. (No entries.)

4. Mare, 3 years or over—
Ry ©rosbyay MIGxICONNEOm eee eo eae ee IDoviexsiQucenkiyaecent: hires First.
1s Ae Cigojonyay IMlsb-akeyo), IMIS S So gaaguonee Licilewy ioe a ike Second.

5. Mare, 2 years, under 3—
Hy de CrosbyaeViexicomiMlOn = aie se ae eee DollyaDimples i=. o-e 2 oe eee First.

6. Champion stallion—
Ky es Crosbyny Miexicos Mor 2 )2)5/-\<1-1-)- Po oGcilehonn ihinohic, Aba aeoo5ace First.

7. Champion mare—
Hy CrospyaeViexi Convio neice oascecier. Dove siQucenkepace cae ee First.

8. Stallion, 1 year, under 2—
He CrosbypeViexiCOw WOmey. peso ceseaesere Gallanitperincesee ae First.

Os stallion und ersttyeatns my aati ieee ee (No entry.)

On Marevi>year minderi2u were ae tciten sale oe (No entry.)

11. Mare, under 1 year—
Hi @rosbyaeVilexicon lOc «1s cre cis GalllanteaMiaideere cree oe First.
HE CrosbyneViexicOnmVlOmn sae cto cece GraceiGallantihesane ce eee Second.

12. Mare and foal—
Hee CrosbyneViexiGOwWlOn. . 420.6. 6 Dove siQueenaoa se oe oie :: . First.

13. Four colts, either sex, bred in Missouri, to be shown with sire—
Hy Crosby WViexiCGOmMiO~e «ates see - Gallanitascurdiyee eons First.

ENGLISH SHIRE.
(No entries.)

BELGIAN.
27. Stallion, 4 years and over—
Cal Henman el aliss sViOneers.nts secs s APO Gupeieea atic tarsonees Oo ce First.
JOSephyvVEy Nolan} Paola, Kan... 222... . AGOLCS Re RetT eid clseeeele eres Second.
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Bienfait De Mosmay........ Third.
Sqm valliOnescVeaLs sUnGder4e) be se Me sf (No entries.)
20.) Stallion, 2 yearssunder 3. 9.0.0.4... ... ONO entries:)
SOs Varese) CaLrshOraOMCLen prea) eieie inte) aie elena. es (No entries.)
Bile AMIE OF AW ees ado Kip Gigs alc) 5 So cin SIPooeae omen (No entries.)
32. Champion stallion—
Cc laleivarehn, ISIENIE IW oo gol la-o aicteibes io BiStbonin ss Matas ete) ele he First.
Soe © Ham plONeM ALC mene eNeE Pelee ey cisuetutheGs tes (No entries.)
SYit oe fSheenlbyoay il aieeuey WhoKo Kye SSN 5 5 cloth ols Gomeeee (No entries.)
35. Stallion, under 1 year—
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Bienfaitaad tases cereus oteke First.
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Unnameds onc akc oct kane ieee Second.
SG: Varesd year under sonigeeets setsciaclcce coches (No entries.)
37. Mare, under 1 year— }
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Unnamed: seen e eee oe. ee First.
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Unnamed: nccla.c iets sae ets Second.
38. Mare and foal........ Lo ah Satie Sak ee eee (No entries.)
39. Four colts, either sex, bred in Missouri, to be shown with sire—
J. A. Winebrenner, Tipton, Mo......... Bienfait De Mosmay........ Second.
PERCHERONS.

40. Stallion, 4 years or over—
Percheron Importing Co., South St. Jo-

SEDI) eee eran ccawbe ee dois JOON: in its Aaeteyo een eee First.
Brown & Walker, Clarinda, Iowa....... 1 ae) bb. Gememeseriy Serenata es mec Second.
Percheron Importing Co., South St. Jo- .
BED He VO ea parent ieee icone eke heueiteieus InsSolenitec:. cote com neers Third.
41. Stallion, 3 years, under 4— ‘
IRercheronslim pontine © ome crs. cas. seis: KO ZO ag nit Nee eueeie ie recite First.
Percheron Importing @on..+ 2c c...eae. WEAPT TON ss eae sic aekageavees ates Second.
42. Stallion, 2 years, under 3— ;
Lee Bros., Harveyville, Kan............ Remhard.. 46. Aone aioe First.

Percheron lm portineaCo. ae. ce eieoe cee TOGISSC MA. Le aeot ae ee nee ore Second.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 681

Class. Premium.
J. F. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo......... DD yNamOreweoie cre cers ne Third.
Perehberon Importing (Come aaccee st . -« - Legionire..... jaieded Ren eee ee Fourth.
MD Alcor Sedalia; Wom. snus. ni. = ==) Rontlentrendernee ies oe a Fifth.

43. Mare, 4 years old or over—
PowellsiMicCulleys brincetons Mioe.- 3. ~Gaitecs: a. ee ot ese s First.
Lee Bros., Harveyville, Kan............ Beattie tes Sates pace ata & eer Second.
Powell McCulley, Princeton, Mo........ GriViOS v Susie Sete se ets S18 Bare Third.
MesDepAl corm Sedaliaw Mons aie cee KAtOWR OSSBenncrena tek cheno tts Fourth.
@OmariG@, Davis, Saline; Mo. 2 22.25. - .. 1B Yevg Wa aha rec iotekceac th eae eae Fifth.
44, Mare, 3 years, under 4—
Lee Bros.; Harveyville, Kan............ IOLA rear te ne ere First.
leer Bros) Elarveywville; Kan. 2 soe. 1 arcellenei ya. 6 6 5 -scrsecenas © Second.
ING So Cox Pattonspure, NLOrn «seen cia [eee ILEKohy's a Boon seco BeOS Third.
OmanC> Davis, Salines IMO. oe emcee: WOROttar sy oe meateei tes ore Fourth.
45. Mare, 2 years, under 3—
Wee Bros: Harvey valle; KWanisoane. +l MGCL Oe cate ache niatere te eee niet First.

46. Group of 5 stallions— i
Percheron Importing Co., South St. Jo-

SETI LY Oper ne Se Perc cn pe yee eee teh cv chen chcnes tus iedowotara Mamet ome Moneta et et are First.

MeoseBross PELALVGY VAlLess aT ys oi Gena netsss ancl cpshetich epayere cle phat cole cue cohewetemere Second.
47. Group of 3 mares—

CONE TOS ye ELA Tivie yaVilll Gee KGAT eters tet aley a enaiiss cp etensis ae a jer cavers fe custemes ai eete sn First.

Powel llaNiceulleyarerincetoms HV mye scieens cine sis) isvcusuct Perey ey coon nau aihe Second.

SCORES HOS Per es eae cin sn Reco baie SLE SCAT ap Ns ta pest sesh WS. SATA Third.
48. Stallion and 4 mares—

VEXEVE} TBSEO Eig yh SANG OG Me I OBS, O TRCRDIG cnt eae ERED Ene, Oc Peete First.

1G (efey a BY 0S eke oo Cie IO Rae om hats Ocb.g CICLO corn eee Se ehkae eer yO Second.
49. 4 animals, either sex, get of 1 sire—

NE SCRE LOS Heer ee eT ol sa eS pnara gota coh ailcueWehe Sahiass terre) Slot harcerehanierlaiiehana tity ceerene First.
50. 2 animals, either sex, produce 1 mare—

ECO GEST OS re ee Naar ee eS eee) reeey aver ats eee, acta tos Teel aces First.
51. Champion stallion, any age—

Percheron Importine Co. 5.3.22 42.622: oI JC 2) list eee crc ane ee As First.

TESS BES TOS Me ere cree Mie lteter Reinhard. ones oe Aen eee cond.
52. Champion mare, any age

PV... McCulley, Princeton, Mo......... Gaiten a28 dae. s copes First.

IGECPB LOS ares Oe ae nie ee Sheena IOV 3H Ay. aun sylahais 2 ackaegete siete Second.
53. Stallion, 2 years or over— .

J. F. Roelofson, Maryville. Mo......... IDyNAMOMa cat cto eae ee First.

NESD Alcorn sedatiag NlOneee see oe Ronflaninands ae aaael Second.
54. Stallion, 1 year old, under 2

J. EF. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo......... fl Reef a Cote Lee ee eee Sle oict ate Orc First.

Omar ©; Davis; Saline; Mo.........-.. Gait Srey. eter se eee eke Second.
55. Mare, 2 years old or over—

NES) Cox) Pattonsbures Moe. ae 9 aad ya Coliberta. mee acre er caer First.

N.S. Cox, Pattonsburg, Mo........:... BanissWadiymersaccsis ie herons Second.

Omani Mavis Saline NOs cores ce LOA abi ameemecins cee aie ater owe Third.

DD. B. Koger, Pattonsburg, Mo......... acy LALICGw Mois PA See Se Fourth.

MDs Alcorn, Sedalia. MO.a2 4456 45 2.0. AOA OSSPtaeron al oneness wera Fifth.
56. Mare, 1 year, under 3—

Powell McCulley, Princeton, Mo........ Dorothy. cee shes eae cree First.

PowellgMic@ulley, Princeton, Mon... +. -Hannien.fm ans. oes ..2 a. er Second.
57. Foal, either sex, under 1 year—

Powell MicGulleyzperincetone MiOneee se peViONG Clin eis iin cot es ae cee ee First.

Ma D> Alcorn. Sedalia, Mion cise a eae Brilliante. sce tas sees ees ok Second.

Omar CA Davis, Saline, IMO; mss seein FimeOrnispDyee cee ee Third.
58. Mare and foal—

IVES De Alcorns Sedalia, Mor. aoe ee] emis Kate Ross and Brilliant..... First.
Ogee LOUD) OLVOrsualliOnS ory ce an iais selene eatrcions (No entries.)
(OK. (Gugorpovoy? Site oa conser cmon oaog maaeos (No entries.)
Glee Sitallionvand mares ceric ene ale (No entries.)

62. Four animals, either sex, get of one sire. ...(No entries.)
63. Two animals, either sex, produce of one mare—

OmariCVDaviss saline. Mo mem verse cece Toalatha and Gamin, Jr..... First.

Powell McCulley, Princeton, Mo........ Dorothy and Wonder....... Second.
64. Champion stallion, any age— ;

J. F. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo......... Ma DleaUs ava oncackot sR ee eee First.
65. Champion mare, any age— : . 4

N.S. Cox & Son, Pattonsburg, Mo...... Wadyvi© ollbexrt.c sealers ie icleree First.

Special. Stallion, 3 years old or over, bred and owned by exhibitor. (No entries.)
Special. Stallion, under 3 years, bred and owned by exhibitor—

J. F. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo....... UNF 0} (201 EAR Reo ect loth mate First.

Lee Bros., Harveyville, Kan.......... MIGENon oo de go ccnsuoa0 ace Second.

Dee ROClOfsOny ache ioe ses oe Cee ID Kigceh ore eae Bata rain are Third.
Special. Champion stallion, bred and owned by exhibitor— :

JOE wRoclofsOniveasascneae ye Atom IRADIGAU. s cciicin srslea Honstoebaciee First.

MC ORB TOSRH eee ects one liven dome oman INTOPAING Sains. oe eoakt ete: Second.
Special. Mare, 3 years or over—

Lee Bros..... UAT ne (8 plrraptagesrens nals bonek Mears Miarcellenes ttc. fers.% sieuee ote First.

IN-IS TOox aa Sons battonsbure. NUOm seabls kG yin cise s cle ie). alec eens Second

A-4

682 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Class. Premium.
Special. Mare, under 3 years— .

TGC BOSS race Dice cuca ete ets ostcinere Wiadeline st cite res crs cece atene First.

MiG) BrOSihic.c-ctsconededn cetee Oretehehaueae > ols ekeus MiOnIbaini.4 = brcteie cane eee Second.

Powell McCulley, Princeton, Mo...... Dorothyvenn eee cee Third
Special. Champion mare, bred and owned by exhibitor—

TOC, PALOSS aie tare toloch clots cketeeieiote & onrxeravels Miarcellemes ey. -iseetiavoeicr First.

IGOIBLOS ie hc ookonn cielo etolete, wren ronelier eter La CLOLIN G5 gerne nae st atenomey reenee Second.
Special. Get of stallion, 4 colts, either sex—

OP: Ye Wel 24 0 t= PR a Pam tie e a tN yl Dak i ec 2 pen CMR R Ra RSE aD hr hh NORE Ce Ty CF First.
Sp2cial. Produce of mare, 2 colts, either sex—

Tree BOS he cd Sere re abana ey sotaneus slsepetie ta 5 eUaieL Sasi tern g en eee ee ros First.

OmariG Davis Sain eyeloviers a: orotic: ssi ecco tatelioca ae ieee ee eine Second.

Powell McCulley, Princeton, Mo........ SOR eats Aka Pathbe a cate nt et eas Third.
Special. Champion stud, consisting of stallion and 4 mares—

PISS SISOS oeeere She oe ee Leo Tse au atSNeN Go Sueeerat ie ek Bee wg avs coach ae nee ol Nach EAR First.
Special. Five stallions, owned by exhibitor—

Percheron Importing Co., South St. Joseph, Mo.................. First.

ee Bros; (Harviey-villevy Ways ob coccis aicceuswel ee eieeieled cael cess aca bchon melas Second.
Special. Champion stallion, open class—

Percheron importing (Coys... ss. TOC Leys haicee Seah aan eed coe N ere First.

TECCVB TOS atte he tololn eas ache eae Reinhar digas ee. aie Second.
Special. Champion mare, open class—

PVenvic@ulleyseerinceton INO: jij cide sachin eae ary rekon First.

TSCEMB TOS ae cree ee ete, enselRa) wr aie ss a SUR AURIS 2) epoca Tene eee meee gees Second.

FRENCH DRAFT.

662 ers tallion 4s yieaTrsrOlrOvVieleeieenel eel meiele cele ons No entries.)
Ge Stallionsr years un Ger Aye eee snes ciel efe ter (No entries.)
68. Stallion, 2 years, under 3—

COMBOS hare ae tiene eo Gusieys: Go ww Soavs a wlous War tinl'.to- ts areye uae eee First.
69. Mare, 3 years or over— f

WMEOMBTOS eetercreushee. eis ehons ue RUCCE Le [eco 0G, o) eye aire Stella ocest oa Ana estab etme First.
70. Mare, 2 years, under 3—

1 GeYe tel BY oysters co one eho’ Oke tal Om Cao Oconto tiene TiC Oh teeta eee ee ee heree First.

TCC Brosi ie connecter ee bin el aka eiisiien si sens s 26 NAB RIE: carer sc a lone Gee Second.
71. Champion stallion—

IIMB OS, IleAPenArallllley, Ih. Goo wo ooo moo MIENHIN Cos Cob po umes ao mou First.
72. Champion mare— :

TCOM EBT OS eto TOM Lc lous eis ay stones S258 Sitell apt ahs Resets cere. Aoaee First.
73. Stallion, 1 year, under 2—

J. F. Roelofson, Maryville, Mo......... JohnPBuMmivge eee First.
Tso SheMliioras have eye WAVER E 6 he aooegeouaguand (No entries. )
Cis, * Wulbieey Il aye, WoaOles? Do 4 cdiss od capo bo oo u ao (No entries. )
Ome NVLaAre wun Gerelyiearntaenencn-ternsretet- tenn. = ier atclre ees (No entries.)
Tie mL Ares aT Gat O albeit eene erst Scie eee. sitas Sy ace Sue's (No entries.)

78. Four colts, either sex, bred in Missouri, to be shown with sire. (No entries.)

FRENCH COACH.

No entries in French Coach.

GERMAN COACH.
90. Stallion, 4 years old or over—

Joseph M. Nolan, Paola, Kan.......... Attilanc syste ho Se Sic ees Goce First.
No entries in the other classes in German Coach.

GRADE DRAFT.

101. Draft mare or gelding, 4 years or over—

dis AW elon relly ROE IMIO.5scaonacagogeac Daisy as aes tenets Ruse cetiewe First.
Re ACH Owellseanrisw Lome rpm Cras <<: 1G Ces Bee, ot id ea Sa cheat athe Ane Second.
U5 let Shoohhdals Soe. IMIOL cols soon ood aloe Mia idin's sitemin (etede ee ere Third.
102. Draft mare or gelding, 3 years, under 4—\—
(OU ain Mien NAL: IMI) veo to oeS SOM OMEN Boren dou nsec mbec ants First.
103. Draft mare or gelding, 2 years, under 3... .(No entries.)
104. Draft mare or gelding, 1 year, under 3..... (No entries.)
105. Draft foal, either sex, under 1 year—
PAS Peo well beans UOrssiic tei ire crete ae WK GON es he car he Ea oe eareiete First.
eeACeeowellpeanis VO mere vens yey -yosien iret Wee. AR Oe OR ie eee Second.
dis dele Shoothelat, Sew yleh, IMM). 6G ouanirero nolo 5 MINGUS. Ae Se Aare Third.
1D Ibe (Chosionys WMICh alten IMIS s 6 ola oo Gio oes MWinnamed:.: ss epee b sess Fourth.
106. Draft mare and foal—
Dee AM ELG Welle, Sos cmicicctiis sales cosiateeers Daisy and Wfoalseersae eee First.
Se PAS PELOWIOLUE SS cee recken eI NG midis =searveraientic.s Katrand foaliven cent eecar Second.
Ted & (mst cl choles ns Sone hae Ae eR ne: eae eer, ODER ere OV Ea un pe p: Oe Third

107. Champion draft mare or gelding— ;
SE As SEL OWOll ete teenie 4s colsys cbezeusackemess RI@GMi.. hyde asia tone os ane First.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fatr.

683

Class. Premium.
108. Pair draft horses in harness—
Aisvd\e JEM ON Es SR ieee 6 Gaih Clover cracch 0 RENCE CREME MEMEREGET cere toes ca TER RR entre meena First
Special. Pair registered draft mares hitched—
TESORO See ee a eMC T RTI coat eaay iS bo sivedac\-a:t burs ods MUteHS wttee tatvayneira cele Herieves fet buco ceta First.
JERS Ae NU LEX OEE Pier ch Gott Scr Ceti NT aE aot OO ERE GPA Loto oo Scene cornice eo Second
INE RSE OXEGOES ONStcae sre ie cto cine nu dora shovemadnisis SPeeebeneh ess, auetels repel Sark Third.
LIGHT HORSES.
STANDARD-BRED ROADSTERS.
1. Stallion, 4 years old or over—
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.. Billy Woods............... First.
Joss ws Harris, Columbia, Vion. sae. c. a6 ATG OR ttisher ce eesbeiee or eos Second
A. B. Shepherd, Columbia, Mo......... Carl Reade nan satis e cies Third
2 sStallionyio years, UNGer 4h. sie cele eiercies (No entries.)
3. Stallion, 2 years, under 3—
A. B. Shepherd, Columbia, Mo......... GoldenvReaden. sneer ee First
A-eestallions leyear, und er2)) sick ceusicr cites chee (No entries.)
5. Stallion, under 1 year—
Mv ial, Eneeyorhon,” \wahavolstores IMO) 5 cos pido do. Baron wHummens a ecient First
6. Mare, 3 years or over—
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo..Hasting Girl............... First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... IASDINAGLOM Mr es ois crekeekelonueeere Second
‘Mom BasssuMiexicos Moe: scceke aoe eee cee Journeys NAG... score Seon Third
7. Mare, 2 years, under 3—
TompBass PNECXICOs IMlOme > io cicice cislere cere Wnnamedic Anca eae First
Sue Viarewlayearnun Gd era waa rin ei asiicotericne ls (No entries.)
Ohrn Mares und ernlicyeariins) iscsi eicusle te eye ucla, yous (No entries.)
1Owe Stalliontand:4zofshisseete ee ewe. oe aces (No entries.)
11. Mare and foal—
THe Grahame Windsor, WMlOne ec ae. ee Gadabouteuecminnt. ook First
ENGLISH HACKNEY.
12. Stallion, 4 years and over }
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... IsabiPEAVOa, Gein co doaconceoo First
iS Stallionwe years Wmclern aye ccs) = spp (No entries.)
14S Stallions 2>yearssUunGer oe ai selec ones (No entries.)
DS stallion wsyear aunGers2h) sper) er crcueita ci (No entries.)
TGS tallion sunderdeyeCare es cise ee aire cele (No entries.)
17. Mare, 3 years or over—
MomUBass se Mexico, NOs = eo. 2 aie) tae rer WnMamMede ss. Aes cxslteetoleuewsiciere First
135 Mare, 2hyears) under oe 5. ose ee ee Nokentriess)
Oe Mares leviecanr- mun Germ. camer eee oe (No entries.)
20% soMlare un Gerblieyearerernis tints cen sieves <s.s sas (No entries.)
Zip SvallionsanGg 4sofohisiZetee nies eee) CNIOLENtEIES)))
224s Mareiandiioal aan ance nord sae (No entries.)
ROADSTERS AND CARRIAGE HORSES.
23. Driving team—
JOS hy Harriss ColumbiasiviOm. eam cee. Peter Pan and mate........ First.
Houchinecs Anderson. ssn ers ae ce Billy Woods and Hasting Girl.Second.
Fouchingd&rAndersonm aria eereri ci cisions: JOsicvandweeakeee ween ore Third.
24. Single gelding or mare— :
HouchingséeAndersonysa reine ennai lelephayee Cte cco oonesadacec First.
JOSS den earrise: © Olumbias INIOR reece. IPeteraBaneiimcs «circa orn Second
WHE [oly Gores, IRE WIGS CHG. 6 5.55 oo oo Wheel tomo cunnacubocdoa Third.
25. Carriage team—
Eaton Farm, Mexico, Mo.............. Queen of the Denmarks and
WMA COS Reaays erevas open chee shou oases First.
Jos Harriss Columbia Vion mene cece. Peter Pan and mate........ Second
Buckman Bros., Monroe City, Mo...... 1S byedal Mis heel IDI I Ga cc ons Third.
26. Family mare or gelding—
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City...,...... lesita tion acciewcnslerereds titan een First.
Hatonebarm ViexiGOm lOmin eines Bonnie Niaidi ae aeeie nei eeiet Second
MomeBasswiViOxICOw WlOr are ie sere cine Wimnmamed: es aes eran reais Third
GAITED SADDLE HORSES.
27. Stallion, 4 years or over— .
IMGT) ILOWIEY UO aco daa odoooedobouonoO Kentuelcy/s) Bestia cis 1eiers-r First.
STOMP BASSiaaaereeee se crscc aan euaneyaisies ete vac scene Rex, ©hief A site ace Second
Hook ié \Wioods) Paris, MOR 2s. ses 62. INOTESt WG) herons esoteric Third
S. Y. Sanders, Warrensburg, Mo........ REx INIOOLOLe eee Cree ee Fourth
H. L. Duvenick, California; Mo...:....King High Falutin.......... Fifth.
28. Gelding, 4 years or over— :
Matlack & Shropshire, Winchester, Ky..Jack Barrymore............ First.
Paul’Brown, St.Wouis; Mont) e et - Gingerbread Man..........Second
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Gy IN Oa Tionae crac a ieicrseee tee Third
Eaton Farm, Mexico, Mo.............. MAStCEDICCEciaesiicisrente ero Fourth
FROMPBASSseNUCKICO NL Oje-lernele) «ile cle) ol eileus cc ACAD aAreis.s ts cole senses Fifth

684 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Class. Premium.
29. Stallion, 3 years old—
Baton! Harm, Mexico; Mornrnas... =. + >. Senator Cantrill............ First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... PridevotsLariseeeeneeee ee ae Second.
HstilliecSon eH still Violen aie CarmienwKanee nin nr Third.
Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City NlOmn ci aks Rex Wilsoneites sneer eee Fourth.
W.S. & G. V. Sneed, Sedalia, Mo....... Fleet Wood................ Fifth.
30. Gelding, 3 years old—
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City..... (Winniaim edlenyiy aes orien nem First.
HoniwBassse ViexiCOmMVUOmerm een eines ele WailliameDarekes eerie Second.
Forest Glenn Farm, Holliday, Mo.....:.Hugh Crockett............. Third.
laloyolicna \yyofels lehigch IMO) 5 oo oo dua ona AVCrS 9 Oi dee sit eenertne ee cee Fourth.
Wm. M. Ridge, Shelbina, Mo.......... Troublesome Billy.......... Fifth.
31. Stallion, 2 years old— :
HoOoky ec aWiOOGS eaLisse ViOb me sass se NoblerGrandeiac ioe First.
HorestiGlenny Harm selollidana VlOm se hv exa© ALOU cee sneaks eee Second.
J. ©. Cabbell, Bosworth, Mo........... Hair Acre listen ns. sone ning:
32. Mare, 4 years old and over—
Matlack & Shropshire, Winchester, Ky.. Hazel Dawn.............. _.. First.
Estill & Son, Estill, Mo. ces NEISSHO LITE sty ot eames ae Second.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, MiOes. 5. C@zarim avid aie en aro eee ee Third.
Haton) HarmeViexi COmViOneriers cers bees Queen of the Denmarks..... Fourth.
TompBass. VMiexicOwmNlOmeie aes es cle es Unnamed dads Lhe ta we Pe Fifth.
33. Mare, 3 years old—
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City..... May iD aret: ease coc rere First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City......... Katherine Grigsby..........Second.
Hapon Harm Viexicon NOs mele eis nee ae Bavarian ROSO nie sere ee Third.
34. Mare, 2 years old—
OOK So WiOOUSH Panisue lOc erin) ss) sree ers JACQUCG.. Sates Cash yao ee First.
Havon) Harm Mexicow WMOre ss. 8 as Larkspure aap ee eee Second.
Haton) MarmryViexiconuvlOneris.. . ce csc Rexall Princesse ae saeco Third.
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.. Heaven’s Maid............. Fourth.
HorestiGlennsHarms, Holliday, Mio. 2... .. Ruth Deanies. aos oe eee Fifth.
35. Combined ring, mare or gelding, any age—
Matlack & Shropshire, Winchester, Ky...Jack Barrymore............ First.
HatonyHarmViexiconiMOne= 32 eeu se Queen of the Denmarks..... Second.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Keymokant i) soo ewe Third.
36. Plantation walking horse— :
HatonseharmrViexicowMOmae sete ase Bonniemviaidae eee First.
Geo. R. Homan,.Sedalia, Mo........... Bille, Lae ere a eee Second.
‘LomyBasswNlexd COMM Ome terete reise races Unnamedksrasee sumer tema Third.
37. $2,500.00 stake, stallion, mare or gelding—
Matlack & Shropshire, Winchester, Ky...Hazel Dawn............... First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo.....My Major Dare............ Second.
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.. Astral King................ Third.
Bally Bros mviersailleswiKeyewrsiam en cbs © 6 eye Sadiy, Miaceyiacni sn cena Fourth.
HED Nioores Miexicon NiO. serene Pri incess Hugenia........... Fifth.
Blades Brose, HollidayseMlOsws. «si... - Maurine Fisher............ Sixth.
Paul Brown St. WOulssVlOwersnieene s. - . Gingerbread Man..........Seventh.
195 1D), IN Keyovatey, IM Iepeo), IMLS boi bone ewes Queen of the Denmarks..... Highth.
Still kecas OF Estill VtOm ieee ner : Missi@ lithe ie wee nto. tae Ninth.
Buckman) Bros, Monroe City, Mio....:..Bob McDonalds: 3. .......- Tenth.
38. $500.00 junior saddle stake, stallion, mare or gelding, 4 years and under—
Miss Loula Long, Kansas ae Moun «1 Kentuc ky’ S (Beste seks eka First.
Paul Brown, St. Louis, Mo. Salers! se Lary OMmlIn ee arse cnteiare ote Second.
Blades Bros, Holliday, Mo.............Maurine Fisher............ Third.
AY Greenwell, Lakenan, Mo......... Haster Cloude@aa-epecrcaene Fourth.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... CZarmaviay scence yoke Fifth.
ISM Cos Shor, IOSTaU, WYO s.556 5440405 ne ee Carmen tka geen Sixth.
HavOneh ALM eViCxICOm WlOeneese aed oe ale Bayarianehiosenee ee aie Seventh.
J. H. Wright, Smithville, Mo........... Silver Kine em eeioeio ocr eae Eighth.

AMERICAN SADDLE HORSES.

39. Stallion, in service, 3 years and over—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... KenituclksyasiBestin ciaracees seer First.

TOU os Sora, IOI, IO, 26 bdo He ano ae Carmentkcing eye ie otter Second.

TOomesassy MexicOnmVlOMee aaa ee atest. @ - Rexi@hicfiiay seis eee Third.
40. Colt foaled in 1912—

IBalleB ross aVetsallleswehGynnam tener ier McGibbontesemiecenioctcne First.

Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo..Unnamed.................. Second.

Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo..Unnamed.................. Third.
41. Colt foaled in 1913—

MatoneharmrViexd COMmmVLOtebe le ais cen ei: RexiCollins? sae iterative First.

Wi Cy NicCann, Holliday. Mon. sc. 255. - Grande MiecDonald lei Second.

Forest Glenn Farm, Holliday, Mo.......Eagle Blade............... Third.
42. Mare, 4 years old and over—

BallsBros=mViersailleswmbeyrmeci csi 2 oe stele IWEMISI Cte tcrerocusieinie suse tee First.

MOmpBaAssa MUCXICOMVUOmn pens hreticue ale sunits Viester’ Dare. sis es ae Second.

Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo....... Unnamed) Sa acmurcki comeeras Third.
43. Filly foaled in 1912—

IBallEBrOSs aVieLSalllesheiGyewseme Sia ee WIOnISSale bree see eet eee ee First.

Re Ke ackson. wD amvalloseullie res crn cere Mirzinia ioscan oceces coe Second.

Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo....... WnnNamed!s .jvencree cecretaeos Third.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair.

Class. Premium.
44. Filly foaled in 1913—
GMoria IS, Mier eo WO on on ob os oope eos HSterue cava errs sisiscicisier First.
HAvAG Spires, Holliday. MOMs se 6. Imawhirlwind.......... Second.
J. E. Atterbury, Holliday, Mo......:... COLinee Liaw eres ertveave Third.
45. Brood mare, 4 years or over, with foal by side—
MomeuBass, Mexico, WWlO seis soo ee ese clere WesteryDareremieictc. acc First.
BallvBros= aviersailless Koy eee ican IVITISIC HA eee ne keats Second.
Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo....... Wmnintamediiyar ci evesiees costs Third.
46. Stallion and 4 of his get—
Jas. Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo....... (Wmiiame dre erase) ieier =i First.
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Ark....... Marei@hestere sy scsi sion Second.
Mom Basse MIeCxICON AVI Om aie ene iene eter Chester Peavine........ Third.
Special. Stallion or mare, 3 years or under, to be shown to hand—
Estill & Son, Estill, Mo ARES cont ah aR Se aes ap ie UANs tec (6 Vo) Ree ae Se Be Trophy.
AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.
47. Stallion, 4 years or over—
P. B. Weissinger, Shelbyville, Ky....... Undulata, Chiefas---sa45.. skirst:
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Kentucky’s Best....... Second
JOsee Da Harriss Columbia, NOM yeereener ce PMIILCL TOV; ayes opecnesy eee ee Third
48. Stallion, 3 years, under 4—
Maton Harm, Wvexico) Mio... 2.6 .-.e. «ak Senator Cantrill........ First. +
SGU eS Ons HS cule nm es a crcl strtoe el: Carmen aa Sov eens Second
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Ark....... EVOnNG ya Ova eee oe Third
49. Mare, 4 years or over—
Forest Glenn Farm, Holliday, Mo.......Maurine Fisher............First.
Hatony Harm Viexicon VlOse seeks Bonnier Viardeacie see Second
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo..Miss Bliss............. Third
50. Mare, 3 years, under 4—
HatonwHarm Mexico, WMlOrmni aielae > ee BavarianehvOS@n s.r. seieite First.
Coons & Dunlap, Fulton, Mo.. Tee SalligrHOLestie meee cee Second.
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Tia aes OP Golden Butterfly....... Third
SHETLAND PONIES.
51. Stallion, 3 years or over—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ Leo MGW soon Gooseaces First.
Reno ereipe hOpekaw Males) en eueene PED DEP we ce cle cte os br elthe lee Second
Ieio 1D, Isxonolohual, NCR TE, IMO) 5 a ono nonce BALE OVE yo iaetorcuere Third
52. No entries.
53. No entries.
* 54. Mare, 3 years or over—
Mrs. Hi. lL. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ INCITS Freres toncroys ee ake First.
Rea Kreipe ww hoOpDekda | Kale ees icant LN ZO Olle ein oepersie Second
Ree Kreipes uopelka, Manicess. a) stein ore ole TLOLA eee Third
55. Mare, 2 years, under 3—
Ree kreipes hopekas Kanes pera care IGEYeIYy IMIG AY JELG 6 Baio Sto 60 First
56. Shetland pony in harness—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ BONMICUCI is sierra First.
Rew Kreipe, Lopekarn Kame sorry ae aiece. Pepper ea awe rok Sloe Second
Rev lewrelpere Ope Karma mcg neyene oa) cre eases NERO Aye saree vets koe corona ie Third
57. Shetland ponies in harness—
Rey HeCeIpes MODE kan Manin si. secre arene Pepper and Kinzie Bell First.
ike ANG MGRaloes WOE IN. 4 eke coedtos Error and Elegg........ second
Mrs: H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ Sweetheart and Bonnie Third
58. Four-in-hand Shetland—
Re Kreipes hopeka,, Manian ane ea iene Pepper, Kinzie Bell, Error and
LOS Be sions weve, crene env siaes First.
59. Shetland pony under saddle—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ Sweetheart. = 22.25). First.
R. E. Bouldiny Sedalia, Moe as. 4.54. - - Oba aciersio shy snetemer eens Second
R. E. Bouldin, Sedalia Mower. acini Spoteataseiee eaasvaeerte Third
60. Shetland stallion and 4 of his get—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ Bonnicue and four...... First
61. Five animals bred by exhibitor—
: MirseEla Lr Cannon Sed alia NUON] sierra ielaie 2. sal car cleirmhahemeieeste site sie First
NIGHT HORSE SHOWS.
HARNESS HORSES—SINGLE.
1A. Stallion, mare of gelding— ;
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... invenqelleyntore noadaanooocs First.
Miss Loula Long; Kansas City, Mo.....4 Appreciations Second
MomPBassVMiCKICOmVEOMs ee sas cts crane Wnnamed eee eee Third
2A. Best collection of two horses by one exhibitor— d
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... (WmiTaimied aerate = reas First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Revelation and Illustration. .Second
MompbasswVEXICO, MIO mae arin ak ee WirnnneneinsGles Awolacaonleos c Third

685

686 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Class. Premium.

3A. Mare or gelding, 14-2, not exceeding 15-3, driven by lady—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo sie Seehe Revielationkereic oe rico oe First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City. IMO 255 Mieditationener. occ Second.

TomeBass Vlexicoy IMOreaer icine aicee Mena @ollins rw. {mse see eters Third.
4A. Stallion, mare or gelding—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Unnamed a. con eben First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... iWmmnamed oes chee koe ae. cue ess Second.

Aeron WHS IMIG» SO), IMneooonodoooosba6 Wnnamed eros cssciereree Third.
5A. Gig horse—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... MMustrationes eee eee First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... A ppreciation Be ag ie chine sci Second.

Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City..... 1 EYE Tide C0 a ean Ma RIE a shen a Ate Third.
6A. Stallion, mare or gelding (runabout class) —

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, IMIG)S, SJ G0 Bieaukayi vac cc tiara ene eile First.

MOmy BASS IVLEXICOMmNLOMmins ace. cia ete oes Menia@ollinSmnysem cise cess Second.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Beaucaire sid Wein. cag see use Third.
7A. Pair stallions, pair mares or geldings, or mare and gelding—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Revelation, Hesitation...... First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... 1Opava¥-haavevo lea aeioria scat s Ges alare © Second.

Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo..Ravard, Quenomo.......... Third.
8A. Pair stallions, mares or mare and gelding (high steppers)—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Revelation, Hesitation...... First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Wnname dessert roe Second.
9A. Pair mares or geldings, or mare and gelding—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Unnamed tence nes aera eon First.

MomM-BassweViICXdCOnwNVOmeree ee cen biel cla Lena Collins and mate...... Second.
10A. Best three horses owned by one individual \

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Unnamed eee es oe See First.

Miss Loulawuonss Kansas City, vio. ... Unnamed: ..-).52-- 4.2... Second.

MomreBasswVlexicO mw NLOeee reise es cie - WUnmaimedevser. sts vaste sore Third.
11A. Road team, to be shown to drag, coach or brake—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Uriniamed’, teases eae First.
12A. Park team, to be shown to drag, coach or brake—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... LO oo madKelo Weewtemens oro arcid.ota.chont o First.

13A. Tandem. The wheeler, 15-2 and under; must have substance. (No awards.)
14A. Tandem. The wheeler, 15-2 and under; must have substance—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Revelation and Hesitation. . . First.
15A. Harness horses. Championship—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Revelation soe. First.

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Tiltis trations ee eee Second.

SADDLE HORSES—THREE GAITS.

16A. Stallion, mare or gelding—

Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... NaneyaGanlandh.s) oe erste
IBAlIBrOSPmViCrsallles sy Keyzemeeici aie sc Bettie.Custerns see Second.
PMB AWieissinger Shel yavallenskKeye S25 5. | Vian Oana see ees Third.
17A. High school horses, stallion, mare or gelding
Aho ISR IMIG aon IWIO5555ad5onddacour Bell Beache wna. een ke eee First.
Hatoneharmee Vex COMViOMemeimmeere si: WUnnamedeaerce ote ein Second.
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Ark....... Merry Montrose........... Third.
418A. Hunters and jumpers. Hunters, qualified or green, up to carrying 165 lbs.—
MOMmMMBASS HN VUCSICOMVLOne Emenee Jack Bloomfield ese ecene eee First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Miry:(Choicem ce aren iene Second.
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Ark....... Golden Butterfly........... Third.
OAS Pee AD eters er cerclerc cee crekterclcie ey ai@icicl ais, sis (No awards.)
20A. Best lady rider—
MOmeBass NUexXdCOyuViOperesceielcnicceie ci ciee c Mableshorde easiest EES te
DAT eeB esurzentlemanilld Ob nie eiesiisiencieieis cies (No awards.)
22A. Welsh ponies, single—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ INGllietetan awe nee eee ioe First.
IR) dig 1eXowI obi. SEGRE, IMIG. 566 oo sbeooe Barney. syns rercstebee ech tea oe Second.
23A. Team Welsh ponies dcderclhepomeistigsueuel Susyenatane im ious fe (No entries.)
DAAC SE AnGgdempWielShy PONLES Hiei eeiicie a) cicr= as ccs (No awards.)
25A. Shetland ponies, single—
Nise Hela Cannons sedalianNEOn 4.9. 6. eS wieebhealion scien einen Gaerne First.
Ree Esreipe opekamitanerss 4.0 sees Kinzie Bellies: terias eee Second.
Reve Kreipe, Lopekapiantes sei acgee IPEDDELY A Ma schoo Seen Third.
26A. Shetland ponies, team—
Mrs. H. L. Cannon, Sedalia, Mo........ Bonnie and Sweetheart..... . First.
RO TRSKreipe Ropeka ian. ee. ce Pepper and Kinzie Bell...... Second.
Reh Kereipe; Lopekar Watts = ccjen sc 6 cae Hrronands hi Lee peri eee Third.
27A. Shetland ponies, tandem—
Re KTelpe weOp eka Canes severe cients. Pepper and Kinzie Bell...... First.
Re kr eipeshopokayianier-rseiemri ere Hrrornandehleg eee roeoe Second.
Mrs. Ho Cannon, Sedalia, Mo... ..... Bonnie and Sweetheart...... Third.
16B. Saddle horses, three gaits—stallion, mare or gelding, 15-2 and over—
Balle BrossmiViCrsallles cys menor iin reine MornineGloryeeeeeeeeeere First.
Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo..... Mitvin @ I OLCOP) Alneveve eitiny sate oeeucks Second.

Ball Bros wWiersallleswekeyiew ee ae eee HihelvKellye ee secs aie oe Third.

Class.
17B.

63.

64.

“]

~I

380.

31.

82.

383.

34.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 687

Premium.
High school horses—stallion, mare or gelding—
(RompB assy VMiexICOy Oma nevein oleic ain a ees Wmmnanred@erwreteiee at ns ieee First.
Eaton Farm, Mexico; Mo.......25......- Lpab cea avers ire ee es oe eh eee Second.
Lee H. Ingraham, Ft. Smith, Ark....... Unnamed Ayes otek ook Third.
JACKS, JENNETS AND MULES.
1913.
Jack, 4 years or over— :
W.S. and G. V. Sneed, Sedalia, Mo.....Limestone Henry........... First.
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo...... Wondonvayo ean eee eS econG.
Louis Knoop, Cole Camp, Mo.......... Sq@Uireselainestm cease eee Third.
Jack, 3 years, under 4— :
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo...... INSSOUTINGdanit ate eee First.
Bradley Bros., Warrensburg, Mo........Bradley’s Jumbo........... Second.
Bradley Bros., Warrensburg, Mo........ JOON OR. a ets eee eee Third.
Jack, 2 years, under 3—
J. W. Givens, Fayette, Mo............. Givens’ Longfellow......... First.
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo...... Demonstrator een Second.
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo...... Deierling’s Lightning....... Third.
Jack, 1 year, under 2—
Bradley Bros, Warrensburg, Mo........ MherAristocratenjeeee ee ene First.
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo...... IBAA SANeRE Aas gos ob. & Second.
Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo......Missouri Senator........... Third.
Jack, under 1 year—
Deierlinercr Otto; Queen CityseNiOner. pe nctenctars cissld seker ciel ieee Gis os eee First.
Jennet, 3 years or over—
Frank Barkley, Blairstown, Mo......... Missourt@ueents- se ease. First.
Louis Knoop, Cole Camp, Mo........:. Queen Elizabeth............Second.
VENNEl woRy CAs UNG Cleo secnicrg aie eeciats seer (No awards.)
Jennet, 1 year, under 2—
Frank Barkley, Blairstown, Mo.........Anne Boelyn............... First.
Jennet wunder Wyearkys oc acss aie a cle sosrsrele (No awards.)
Jack, any age—
Jew aGivens: Hayette, Mon... 0. ......-- Givens’ Longfellow......... First.
Jennet, any age—
Frank Barkley, Blairstown, Mo.........Missouri Queen............ First.
Jack and 4 jennets, 3 years and over...... (No awards.)
Jack and 4 jennets, under 3 years......... (No awards.)
Mule, 4 years and over—
Ira G. Sharp, Sharpsburg, Ill........... IND OMIG cay arene ter amie First.
iraiGs Sharp. shanpsbure, Ulli oee oe Miantde ciate tien a) ee eee Second.
DH. Hutchison California, Mo. .-25-. . Missouri Bellow. 5. eee oe Third.
GarliShnader Parise NlO rt ecackae 2 cia ae nomeretn ni ot hey ene par ee meageee eee eae rea ke Fourth.
InrasGe Sharp, Sharpsbure, lilen) gees. EU UG ne sae ae OO een pn eects See Fifth.
Mule, 3 years, under 4—
ira Gasharp, Sharpsburg, Een.) a. snes Min GiskKO@ueeny-vaahercsie nee First.
Midge Marshall, Moberly, Mo..........Missouri Queen............ Second.
ina Ga sharps sharpshburg. Liles) a. oo. pliers kG ao yi Mone oe ane Third.
MidgeyMarshall No berlyseViormer erste: SUSIO in ine ai. tc. e i eiere toa eines Fourth.
Mule, 2 years, under 3—
Sy CeryvBEOs MO WLyAe Lby eI VLOR wy tract ory oo aii, su ahson hema <r Race ener First.
iravGea Sharp yo HalOs DULS, wlll Seer ee eee Se ao ious, hed ary heer teal chore oes Second.
rarGaa sharp a sharpspures Ulett ie wird Soto stletsace aici Third.
Mule, 1 year, under 2—
Everly & Sloan, Coffey, Mo............ Missouri Dutch 1c eee ee First.
SMV GELRB TOs wl O Wry. Clty VLOmENrES tacime iid cedic o's & diario ene: Gren aeey ane Second.
irarG Sharp SOALpSD Ure pill enorme ta, cence 2 Ost 2 eel ani ene eee Third.
Mule, under 1 year—
SnyderssrosselowrysC loys Operetta oie cre © chanel Oca lene First.
CrJpinvine eVlacshalle Vio mam eit ee at ney cam bane rapes Second.
SHPO? IIo, IO WAAy Cities MIs ooo cece ce co oGanoaneocsogesuopeo cme Third.
Pair mules, 4 years or over— i
InarG Sharp. Sharpsburce Ueaes ase Maude and Mollie.......... First.
DE Eutemisony © alitorniayeNlOnmy.- iy |=. aoe) ee ae eo SECON.
CarlyShragd cr Paris PVU Oe. weve eeu a cuscote rote at ok ove ck co seaciin sat eneteyreas, tells falls Third.
Pair mules, 3 years, under 4— i
lrauG a Sharpes narpSOUne allan soeenua ln cuenta a)cis = 16 Gionatsiccds He First.
Midge Marshall, Moberly, Mo.......... @Qucentand! Susiey-se-- os. Second.
Pair mules, under 3— fi.
Hivienlyeéor sian nC OLE ya Vl Onerictortcneeebe n ans © als) 2 0 a) sieve Blake quatre First.
ran Gas vary aS ALD SOUne: Ml lllsmm ais eatimosesetiteds cess, os cos-sucieiicesicks param cue Second.
HIRSARIH GLO Tah UG OLas mite Tl cwewomet we er oy PTO Soo. cachiols se dice, sieieuny Save suchemeyer enone Third.
Four-mule team— :
ney Enntslacigo, slab ig oj ouiges IU tes Gb cine oie Gi AIs aire RING eeene ie bch Crone re First.
SRY GEM BOS MUO wi © ib Vee IN LOR see plate ter sacs cue ce faeces noms, 6) sfe ome Second.

Champion mule, any age— F
heey Ce Sieh, Seeigaclowiges MU Sonos anc MOIS; OUSen a. s-.scecks enee First.

688

Class.

85.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

Premium.

Herd of 5 mules—

IDC SNorige, Sokygosowiee, Ill 5 sigooadededan dunes aes poo ondaoosne First.

Bay CaiORnyKCoVieny, IWIO on. ag omoamepveboe anonobooton gotodensas Second

Siyd crvBrosseWOw EY LC ibyeeNUOp ed. ous sualsicl he oct koter tenon babes) iene ten legs Third

IM OY kee IMAM AM olosd his IMMO)Y no dead cdobomoggoodobonsbodoucdosoDe Fourth

CATTLE, BEEF BREEDS.
SHORTHORNS.

Bull, 3 years or over— °

Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wis......... MillageyD enimark2 2 ee First.

Howell Rees & Sons, Pilger, Neb...... White Rose Dale. . 0. oes - Second.

The Farmer Farm, Farmington, Minn...Daybreaker......:......... Third.
Bull, 2 years, under 3—

Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wis......... GlostersHasnioieea eye First.

He Min Halls Carthage NlOn are ciate +. eis cle Princely Sitar iene Second.

WreaWeebrowil eaumenias Nba. os) se Wallarersulpami nmin eerniete rst Third.
Bull, senior yearling—

Purdy BOs Ela rcisamVLOnmr tale) re ciayeie Orange:Goodseancmieeeroeere First.

Tet Harmen Marie eus erates mie ies) sls rele @ornerstonen- one een Second.
Bull, junior yearling—

Owen Kane, Wisner Neb............. 1S Ko DD oon Rigs Rate, orkoon soe < First.

N. H. Gentry & Son, SoueIes INTOR cerns Grand @viasterscn cet ie eee Second.
Bull, senior calf—

Owen Kane, Wisner, Neb...:.......%. Royal Dalen ws pein eee First.

Havin seal @arthage= Notre ooo see. WMillacevilashean ee minree iar Second.

Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wis......... Ov aliSil verter ecu seer Third.

EeRveesté Sons) PileermNebe oso: oe =e. SultaniszG.0o0dspaeneer rte Fourth.

W. W. Brown, Amenia, N. Dak. MEOCHINVAT Ae si electro Fifth.

Wewbyohy Isidore, ISAS. IMIMe 545 o60000000C Grand’Goodsaw.. se sone eee Sixth.
Bull, junior calf—

OwenvKManeseay. 28 mom tise she ol elles DalerC@larionesr +. cee First.

IED. RE eSN Sa SONS Hats aieeceshanet ates ia len ensue aitaiete RadiumaiGoods) ya cee Second.

UMavepl ities Ideieal, oo poo o ao mads Mom oo Wancasters Dulkeree je eerie Third.

IPUnd yABROSR eis Os ack ara opee el ctu seasons v6 (6 Cumberland Victor......... Fourth.

] Sie Ju Era EY UE SS eater ee eLe Ghar eG IGt occ Memon CREO Hallwood Count 2nd........Fifth

DRIVES Ena ey sets, aoe tee a) oe ieosits eae Willagen Bea Utes aie tee Sixth.
Cow, 3 years or over—

EL RGCSURCHS ONG Meee oelonaieis. 6 ithe ts ai edeloy01 cys Lady Cumberland.......... First.

AWE Vis leptons og Gige wales ag clo oloroisit oOloIc IrenerAvalone ne. ceo sees Second.
Heifer, 2 years, under 3—

ATOKA RH ATINIS myateratices sieioneboue emesis reise ss Maxwalton Missie 2nd...... First.

ED Rees7&-SONnSh ss tee eather ae ele oie JuneiGoods=. =. ses oe ee Second.

THEN TET cae pe ee ceds, Sonere onrekes ata Hallwood imma ec Third.

AWW AWE RO Wille pcan, Pet ceveneten cles) aiel cacao) @hristabelccxete week eee Fourth.

AM ae) INeyaonee IMEW AIG Sau Gayo aa om om ooo Pieasantevildred essere Fifth.

ZRhepharmenret armas see eisens le Ntsiel <1 Hivening Stare. 56 cies tse. Sixth.
Heifer, senior yearling—

Rh ewktanm Crebarmien emis ces es ers che = <i SittytoneAnnarcn ee ae First.

RUS BROSMe ee nc net ts on-set Countess Victoria.......... Second.

“Mavs ldeieonyo Iie heels sages a cod odie Be Bien cc INGATI aI Sa Mee aah ee cece Third.

INTRO MALL ANIN Stee tener meee chaele ore Duchess of Gloster......... Fourth.

Ba IA ET ail le cy csencomstewe ter ioee eds tenes seaneia ceud.cs Hallwood Golddrop.........Fifth.

BIAS oA es edech ll eats eae thee ater ja rapt ecec iret), shes (ous cal Choice Princess 3rd......... Sixth.
Heifer, junior yearling—

PUT Give LOSE ee enone ce tae IMonarchismVactoniannesner seer: First.

Mis) EveMNeIe INEGI, G55 oo ooo Go ome Ben Lancaster Duchess 7th...... Second.

Oiwieny Kean Gitcere wie ens eaen eee sete etatieaie oireirey euros tone Tsabella. irre crseinya tat ee Third.

Owienmian Crm ere w se sncl oe puck eds pesca eneten tse Betty tDaletie sh teme oes Fourth.

Anoka MarimSe denne ee Nee Ghar acae Village Flower 2nd......... Fifth.

HIP RIGES Qc SONSE cereale cutetdereic eke .avess ails Han CyaGOOGS prec er rea Sixth.
Heifer, senior calf—

OwenlKane Wisner INeGD see. cack. - on - Sweet Aftonvsrde. 552 = ee First.

Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wis........ AMSUSTAMLL2thire ance eee es Second.

H. Rees & Sons, Pilger, Neb..:.....- Blooming; Violetec.-5..2) =< Third.

Purdy SrOS., aRriswe Ons ine -ielets fel lhovelysGoogss-n eee =n eee Fourth.

The Farmer ‘Farm, Farmington, Minn... Village Blythesome......... Fifth.

I SMine Hall Cargnacensvlolicn <2. -5) 1s) c crs Hallwood!Dotisrd. seo. oe ae Sixth.
Heifer, junior calf—

PUR ya LOS eee teaches erst ewan iPalinelGoods eee eee First.

Owentkanel are etocrees ccna ees behe seve Wellington Goldie 2nd...... Second.

IW We BULO WIIG scant reine ci ave tale ian 2 Setters erro eke renetn Third.

An okawhalms nc set teen a eiars os ereleusite Millace’ Mlowerserde see: Fourth.

ES RG CSHACRS OMS ee bereteeaeies ah aeons Wome dotetsiiels Robertos lady... ee eee Fifth.

ATOKA WMA INS AG ceneis oienetene ecu slsacney sr sus) suete Hondthanniveeee- eee oe Sixth.
Senior champion—

AMO Ka HaLins oe keetseketenelct ei orel oteisteieela Village Denmark....,...... . First
Junior champion—

OwentKaneae cnices cise | criteksyer ciel elelere npn halen GS SACO OU.cdGlIO.Od oO First
Senior champion cow—

ATOM a Harish eterna cette chete cilereleiterctsne) svolmiene Maxwalton Missie.......... First.

Class.

16.

Pfc

18.

9°

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.
25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.
31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

List of Awards,

Missouri State Fair.

689

Premium.

Junion champion cow—

PAULEY MB COS soctegev es eect aia ewe kcb nek ovat ees auieNai.6 > Monarch’s Victoria......... First

Grand champion bull—

FAN OKA MAPIMIS xe bivauconn evactohevesenei esters tea oye Village Denmark........... First

Grand champion female—

UNG y PBLOSiee sie er teke ie areNa vane oxate eoay*s MonarchisiVictonias. oes: : First

Aged herd—

PAST OKA SR ALIN meee aed, he tey svelte cee tae oe Te ona too eves eal vores tuts lah Steboneieop cere First.
ELAR EC CSEOC IS OTS MEP RR he cae lea cr ee tae net ash mee ee hiyes ays es ee bie oe Second.
HDHCEMARMICERH Ari pe ante ee hoc ori eiaise tie eee nc Ee eee slats choi Third.
AWA Wise ES COW iElee er Reiter Panes tee omni Sena oS pie, cm. Pana SAO de. . Fourth.
YDS ANY Deed BETTS ite ey onehice hates CES ev ONCE ees oe Eee Ee OE ane eae Pe neti ee eee Fifth
Young herd—
OWenKeinemereescien iambic chat mere er ciciloty a hevcic is: Sie ans Mae cae sear First
SUG VamEsi OSs atetare ere eee geere torent ace Tene marae ee brava. she ah aan ane De enema Second
ETERVCCSR OAS ODS ranean Wop rahe te sicicn eran Marae cei cher ntans fhe eccrne ie h ben is Third
IANO KAS ATINS Mere eter tae ho LR Mees occ sya nee ct a Liat ae Fourth
AM aVey JOG VOGAVES 1 DE 0G <u eae, Goethe CLO IRNO SSS cis LAPS ean gr aes bale aim eee Fifth
1H) a ee Etch eee ee eee ea Ter ee ee ecg Se oh 2 i oe ee Se Sixth

Calf herd—

CONRAN LEC 6. Seid Arco OSG OAT ORAL CO GGA Gr STERIC EER Caer oR ORE an ies First.
TRATION Val BVORTS G.5'd Oo ol bo Bees EO IT Oe ee ec en ee a Second.
IETEBINCCSHACES OLS Pnee ee tition: heck Oe nels ote eeciiece wnain alate ake Third.
FATTO KAMAN Sore: Sac neha crear ral cd ioe EO oricesa as sno ene Mn Mie Leelee Seem Fourth
AVG ET en epee teen seas a aes Pe ce cae er oe ered 5 se ae anne cdueatle nen PAE Gree Fifth
Naver Ni LEAR ON. Ailey treme tne: Barge clue ey Die cath A Foy fh Pe RL Sixth

Four animals, either sex, get of one sire—

OWwenleKanc seater trp ribo Mine Sarees crs see sdotce ys ete ee nirseae First.
LNVOVOL EE hell CEVA SoS enn to OteLS ee By Gia Oe ceo EY OOO CR OS EEE ee Second.
EPBRICESL Ge SONS aint oir cee neo eie o ae or cima ee oneigeree Third
IR ULC LOS meee cat en eRe ieee ee ene ene citi cn es tle oben nah d Se dee oe Fourth
ENE SH AIM Chehalis, Aue eee kee es eis aes eee eR cucu ee oe Note ee Fifth

Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow—

PUI OYA B LOS ee eee tle ene ee ee ir Seen mils, oS First.

ERO arn Cram aries na testeaye eset Ara hol rey eet etalon ats Sweteee Sdeue ch bath eae: ae ney Second

EI RCESROcyS ON Shince tine Wrst cw ioe Send eet eat aces Monee nie oe ne. Third

PATIO Kea PHL Sey toe te BAR Rs ee gehey ac ete ChO AA IO oat on eee CE) heiie Minake Sree Fourth

WEAVER SLO Wd ei rien ee ee cee ener Pe peat tai ei. 2s tet a anes ones) Poe amet Fifth
MISSOURI SHORTHORNS.

IB GUbl, 33 WWERWES Ole ONVEs 5 6 wolbDaddoeeneaodoLS (No awards.)

Bull, 2 years, under 3—

Hy vie sealer @arthagze Moz sei esc. Princely Sulianyr ee eo ee First

Bull, senior yearling—
ewiNehy Tayo ise MIO. . a coposcuaacas OranzerGoodsn-- soe First

Bull, junior yearling—

N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo............. GrandaViasters nase eno First.
INE Poe CrentLy SCG aliaa Ml Ope mesperae sted se ialoke oct ci niente slevsasslth re acne eee Second.

Bull, senior calf—

EOIN Ea Re eee ie cate Ramee yi ee aise Willaze Mlashinea: «maak: First.
Pur dypBLOSte peters tlc cities or eat cae GrandiGoodshe.- eee eeSeconadr

Bull, junior calf—

Burdya Brossea ec ehs Senne ara cesale Cumberland Victor......... First.
Vin all eee wseetslncleta ae eteon cole Hallwood Count 2nd........ Second.

COwaLstVCars abd OVierean a oee a oe (No awards.)

Heifer, 2 years, under 3—

De Baa We Oreos cin Santen ioe oh eh inch ai ae Hallwood Emma 3rd . First.

Heifer, senior yearling— 3
ULC YSBTOS Meet eet aia: Srcteh tee otk oc Countess) Victoria. ......... First.
aS Vite ey ee ce eer as, caesar roe ee Hallwood Golddrop . Second.

Heifer, junior yearling— : t
IBUTAVe BTOSM reer eRs caste ede eae oto Monarch’s Victoria......... First.
BULA ye BOSE cheat eee ee ako ee ee Sweet Blossom............. Second

Heifer, senior calf— “
IRULGY BEOS econ aie eee reheat Wowvely Goods: so ees s sae First.
pen IP 8 FD Pe eae me oo cy Say ge eRe Hallwood Dot 3rd..........Second.

Heifer, junior calf— k
IRUnG ya BOS era nites Sere ae ence oe mecca ipailine: GOOdS= eae eee First

HEREFORDS.

Bull, 3 years or over— ‘ :
Warren T. McCray, Kentland, Ind......Corrector Fairfax........... First.
OPH arriswe artis mM VlOn nts cece prince Perfection ~ ein Second.
Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa.......... [BiavaHoyay IMEI. ema ne Gog bor Third.

40.

41.

43.

44.

46.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

Bull, 2 years, under 3——

Premium.

Warren (levVic Crayne aereeicrecinsian oe. Beaushairfaxssoe ee oe ELS te
Wiarreny ay Vic @ralvicre sa eee acne ener oracle Protector Waintaxe wea eee Second.
W. H. Curtice, Eminence, Ky.......... Beau Perfection 15th....... Third.
Bull, senior yearling—
Overton) Harris Harriss eViors selene cle Repeaterk/tht sie eee First.
Wi. He Curtices Himinence) Key 55. >: 5... - Beau Perfection 24th....... Second.
Overtonvilarrish soe eee eae Gay LadvOthiina) ete eae Third.
Warren . Mic@raivaess secs see nck Crusader Hairfaxee ae ee Fourth.
W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City, Mo....Vain Lad.........-.....-.. Fifth.
Bull, junior yearling— =
GyTUS CALM O Wiesel qaieseis eusiepe oe foie oho acu silec Halinva Owe bitl Chery ities First.
OwvertonwElarelsenee pee ede oieicle cyclone Gay Wadel2eth assess eee SeconGs
GyTUsvAL TRO Wee) sie cuca ctene chal char cutie her seuss StandardiGtheeaa as eee eee Third.
IW VAL Dy allimey.em rie earevoioucrere suse Premiers onaldianeciee cee Fourth.
F. T. Wadsworth & Sons, Monroe City,
INTO eRe eo eer ialinns; suatorene Woodrow Wilson........... Fifth.
F. T. Wadsworth & Sons, Monroe City,
AY IO) pe agate Ck Gaucho Uh aE CLR EROS Te Beau Brae sso. sos eee eoeaeee Sixth.
Bull, senior calf—
\iveieGi WBS IMECHE A 5 ob coco cco podueee Kean eebair fa sce eget eae First.
OvertonMelarrispewt cicero eres ener Gay Lad 15th. . Second.
Cyrus AS Owes eiccr occa cieber sociale Distinction 2nd. Scie Rats (ae onebere Third.
Wi Ian @urticGnera earners ctreie tents cince-ke Beau Perfection 25th SDE ach nc Fourth.
Wiarrenwit NCC ray ieee crac tees cu tee ethameHairfaxy eee ese Fifth.
Wi cA DD allime very cum cote fats cele Skene Beau Dare vcooc fit. ciace apts eke Sixth.
Bull, junior calf—
Wiarren ha Vic@rayn eee ene ee ane SuperiorsWaintaxese eee eee eacsus
Aa fend a ley Gib bel ni Gleye Shadi worry 5 aco Aaa cece aces ae Beau Perfection 27th....... Second.
OYVEUSPALS ROW Nonna eee oa ae IDISGUTLDECryiLe eae ee ee ee Lure
Gyrusv Ae Lowse eee oe eee Distinctions4 thes eee eee Fourth.
Why Nn IDRC og b coo soba bo nbocbone Prince! Dare ira. a aie Fifth.
Overtonghiarcishe eee sea Gayaladi2srdte eee Sixth.
Cow, 3 years or over—
Warren eNVic@ravrnemwrinie cies ore ic Perfection) Wassi-es. eee First.
OvertonvlHarristena ca eae eee bless Disturber’s Lassie 4th.......Second.
Veneer INS IMC OMNY G5 ooo On uo be eo OS Nora Fairfax. WGlencibisic piso lava le
C@yruUsSPAG OWA Oe neerieoene EVuss#E ren OO thy tte eae Fourth.
Heifer, 2 years, under 3— :
@yrusvASeOwem conve cathe oe se = ...Defender’s Lassie 2nd....... First.
Warren! Ep IMic@ rains microg. c oiaede ease cose ts WareiniaeHairfansreie a <4 Second.
OvertonsHarristeeerine aero rine okies Harris’ Princess 215th.......Third.
Wiarnensea le Oras cus es ee eee leans Celandinee nda te eae Fourth.
IWR C@uUntTICO NE Sorin eo aoe she kis es Belle Perfection 19th........ Fifth.
Wives @untiGesn. juictec. Ganga ese wince Belle Perfection 17th........Sixth.’
Heifer, senior yearling—
Wid Grenade wNUG Cray eotestee ieee) hess) hare Se PearlaDonaldt entree First.
WARREN AVC © rayinw. uteri ts ret oct avails, atte JOAMMHaintaxeie eee eee Second.
Wie AGH ailllim ery Crees coctheminicics cutee Gi anacn Graceseremierare ei fae Third.
WyartIS MANO weer cstacten sot crc iets ame tute ens rapid itey wanes Disturber’s Lassie 6th.......Fourth.
OVertonPHarrisee Wee rin ee ae hee Miss Gay Juad’ 7th........7. Fifth.
WES @ UTtTICOR A Von ie e: Sento lorsi oie costolsic shel ol Belle Donald 182nd.........Sixth.
Heifer, junior yearling—
OvertonPEarrise ss. fei - cen cers sels weve Miss Repeater 1 Rel aUehwat a sry er Be First.
(Chin QbiS VANS 4 Mon iin Gane cicec ofa hens Scho GUEedio ene Disturber’s Lassie 7th.......Second.
Wiarren eee Vic@rayieri ete cei ss re eren Gertrude: Hairftaxteee ier Third.
(Oh yu ishe slg 4 Nona, GS gioloro phere oilo Gore cteeciet Ey eenenG Disturber’s Lassie 8th.......Fourth.
WineAs Dalle yrs cas cpa inienedcise sic iovebe eu is Dorothy, Dimples]. spe. Fifth.
Mies 8 hs (OMA ALES oie o Gob lsreicd-crb Gin Doerr BellesDonaldhyee eee eS sut
Heifer, senior calf—
Owerton Harris). cytes cee tte) se & ck eyes lela Miss ‘Gay, Lad lothioo... 2: First.
Nive dake (CAMHS ao ood o clo biep aio aio een Belle Perfection 23rd........Second.
OvertonyHarrise oe oe eee VSsiGronvaelsa Ciel Gul nnn enene te Third.
Gyrus: ALR OW se scree ee eco ee wes adya Standards rae Fourth.
@yTuUsvAAVEO Went eke eee terete eye IDisturber’svlassie: ©). a. ease Fifth.
Viveiawene Ite MICO 5 5 os boeeseeghudeone Margaret: Hairftaxn. 550 aoe Sixth.
Heifer, junior caif—
ON erton SElaLniSt eset tet ok. sree nerane a Miss Perfection 6th......... First.
WiarrenwT= Mic@raymintc mint sb eee nite ees Aeliawtainfaxe. Sacer op reset Second.
iW: PAS DD alllimey Cream em iuetaes kee a ce wile eyes Dorothy WaTree sentra Third.
Wi Ao alline yer vat paoctyercc sfc eke g oe Dorothy DO onaldees panes Fourth.
Senior champion bull—
Warren elewIVic @xraiyadewtessetarin) cuse: sie cxensue Corrector Fairfax..........-Hirst.
Junior champion bull—
ONVELRTOMPELALTISEy Cee Ole ite aeons Repeater) 7th. sc oes oe IES.
Senior champion cow—
Warren “PoNTC@ rave cies sis: tee. eeu ewe suns iPerfectioneWassnee nei oe First
Junior champion heifer—
COND dOM IBICVNRIIS hes oh owe amma ela oe Miss Repeater 11th.......°:. First
Grand champion bull— :
Oviertonpelanrisy teri ie eee Repeater. 7th. 2c. He cece acas eee First

Wass. Premium.
53. Grand champion female—
Onmaenrom Seis somanonekocuodP ob aDUGe Miss Repeater llth......... First.
54. Aged herd—
Warren T. McCray First
(OWsanoTY laueAIsS 5 6 At eds pie Oe othe oc cro0 3 One RID OI ci ae cin ath Cie omer Second.
Warren T. McCray Third.
Cyaan A\e TOs oo not 0 can cue BO Gade > old0 clo G0, blood cfd tie, © bland ows ol GuoniG Clore Fourth.
55. Young herd—
CON eig Pareles ino thee ool itis A 6 io BOE CD Oi ee CbbE CIE CuCICHEN ERC oct se aa ara arn First.
(CON MHERS Ja TNO oc .c.c ova 8 Bo DAot CAa IEG SO lol ie od who Oibap OlOro Isle Orcho a Oitiaa el ieiclen Second.
NRE AN, INIPOSR ARE at hbo diy Simiod ba cid SOMA OMIo cicio OpGro.c o.oo gro eee ents Third.
Vig Jia JDPIINICNT@Rs oo 5.05 ak blo dae blooleb.o wowotns deine sacs hod.g Si gue comol eg Fourth.
AAs TEL, COUP UIKETSly S G,o ti cles bleko cael Dake Ge to Ora Ova eT Leone ae ieac lente recov. cnc mice ea Sets Fifth.
56. Calf herd—
(OWA VISITE 5 aa5 ee Beano ond U DeDlolDD oo) Gato eyo Dace DIeIBI eo: Oe clteso, 0 choecuontic First.
Osman) INS WON oo uh ash oho loloeo odie Bae Io Bo C1. dino 1) OF olin ROE ouaio peyton cucmo eesti ca ort Second.
Wvewogsial 4D IA CHAR? 5c, Wlonu BimenibehG orn Sie db oie © Lie Donate SIerC pice G plc iait (aes yore ee Third.
Vales de eV(OUOR HV TeuLs bank SUN esis Cee lal otiadea ort GAs bio oR ON Eee ae SeERR ES DeonaerG eciaran Fourth.
Vig ts JERE OLS & Godot ad od epinic s o6 ood clos ole cminye hn crc a eerie Bie Fifth.
57. Four animals, either sex, get of one sire—
\i@iaresar hs MIG Olas o.4 om babe be oe don coe deeen mmemonGo odlbmon cud ox First.
OTELEODMELAR TIS Per te eae ee Ce RES. Pell neercy cho telty SsapcPsiawercasdsk true: Second.
(Onprbe /N. MMON os doo adcaboceGneremos bn eee doe MouEremmon DEO momo oue Third.
LG Ss (QU tA NKGEY. sm Mara eek B.Nomee ioe tie oc ol OS, chomemare Pein Cro Crome s clialcac Fourth.
\Wwyroyatsa Any IMYAOIMAT ab se bn obodeouuds ccacds oblogmoboneboseaas ome aoe Fifth.
‘58.4%. Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow—
ONAN I ski ao es ae Delp io dooo boon Gombe oSo dan poco oom oc oli First.
Weta AD IWiIGOniizs oo hace ce dosooobb pocoeeCOdw arab UODe ce DoS o base Second.
Niieds bo Olina s 6 oe ais de ciao et DM Ooms ae D Cio e mm nS Oot oKsi SW co oncasietES Third.
et UIT: FICO eee on sen slants ceiccits tirarehrov eaewel eh Gietse hatede, wo ora stone Fourth.
(Cuaron laid Bc5 ook Shao couse s OU OOD ODOR OO DO BOOS DU bobo Sc com auc Fifth.
ABERDEEN ANGUS.
59. Bull, 3 years or over—
W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa........ IDV bell ©) tanto aa Ginter aucka bod ta First.
Omer Catterson, Maryville, Mo........ Queen’s Quality Lad........ Second.
6&0. Bull, 2 years, under 3—
Omers@atuersONee et eee ao eter cre QueenisuitowMad= so -4-.7 2 First.
Cc. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington
ParJunctions, NiOm sq teks cc eee ees Ki ahOgdeeemetieneie ase CCOnds
RM Anderson & Son, Newell’ Towa-....Hnus 3rd: ......5...--..---- Third.
1. Senior yearling bull—
CeDRandsh ek Caldwellias oss ee HponynOtese stderr ae east
Ree View And Crsongeoss OUSE wre elaine) ile en IPEFOVO) 2nd sae hie ses Second.
Vos ea (el 8 aha or ote o teed © een omnorc Quality Prince 2nd........- Third.
2. Junior yearling bull— :
CDS and EE Caldwell sessn 4 ea Quartermaster Ito.......... First.
OmeriGattersonhy ee 6 oe ac @ cutee eee eee Blackbird Beverly 3rd...... Second.
PRE AN, ea eyo, Ls SOM oc ago on ood soe USS tA So acseversye seme sts cee Third.
#53. Senior bull calf—
Vin eA 6rsOnracys ONS pren-iree ete ie tan Princeiof Hlehies.. .-...- First.
Gp yandhleek Caldwell stare iBlackcap Stareeeeo reser Second.
Wie Ace NIGHCNEY: dopcue accent eine aia sks HD libysoteD enisonerey retract r Third.
«64, Junior bull calf—
je INE, oNrayo Keresforel Wo SOME & nln oo oe aoc Oe Word) Melariviere)s..... +r First.
Omer 'CattersOns sho accssc iets erence aoe: IW Viet LGOl ele sccicrs a nce ee seal Second.
465. Cow, 3 years or over—
Wit Are Mic Een Thygeeier erties gt att rare Blackcap McHenry 88th... . First.
Mie Avid ersongec: SOUSH s.r renetyen Pride of Blackstone......... Second.
GD andsh wh Caldiwellary.cs 1c toe Pride Petitexac > ac cevaeeu es - Third.
“66. Cowtor heifer, 2 years, under 3—
IWieeAcs MVC em ey i eiotnie sors isiokoieacs eeereeieehe eye Coquette McHenry 37th... . First.
Ree Mie And ersonnaa SONStiyie sie olor enone Keysotelnd (4 thse eerie Second.
OVD andebio Hen alad wells e7cesoeren Blackbird Chloe 2nd........ Third.
67. Senior yearling heifer— . f
We PAG IVIGELENT Yo cccioisialcter-uslcioreiese sole icrc Pride McHenry 109th....... First.
Ommasye ORV HTHSONG soos po pocebenocces acc Maplehurst Pride 18th,..... Second.
CAD and shake Caladiwell eo certo ert DUNO Cl Gape mop coe-cue doo, Third.
8. Junior yearling heifer— ;
Ommeri@ausersOnrne eieueetlseiekoet er ne nsten r= Queen of Maplehurst 25th. . . First.
iiss IM IGLE STATS Gmniiosiploco.o ogo b.c.cired.d Pride McHenry 114th....... Second.
Peo IME Lune eon Coss go oncnodoudacs Athy WGiHNono pe ccnocbabcabdér Third.
69. Senior heifer calf— :
JR. IM, Awol yoersOkin on Gouobocumooc 5 Dita Addy 5coagcesocogeo4 First.
Chpyandiha nh Caldwell. sas naee vee DDT e oping Ho fe Onion ortaria.o-c Second.
Wise ate IM Its estes Se Gore Soe ec me aoie Sob Pride McHenry 116th....... Third.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 691

_ KS IMIG IGT Ais oo ob odode prec mom ager Queen McHenry 58th....... Fourth.

692

Class.

a9:

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

while

92.

93.

94,

95.

96.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

Junior heifer calf—

OmertCatterson: Aveeno sis ele Itois Pride Crna cee

ReMi Anderson co SONS ce ect cier JAlGHO th eee nee erate

Cap and¥lh sy eiCaldiwelltsere sare cient Pridecap Lady 2nd.......
Senior champion bull—

Wie AauMicHeniryiehe ict beccntopeurieis wisteend ile s BE Win' @cak eoc ene tn ote
Junior champion bull—

ID chal ID Oevelwals 5 yo boa amo de HponyeoteAnoreme. se see oe

Senior champion cow—

BWW AR IVICA enn yyy are cieuats caclcleiele els versreyeneks Blackcap McHenry 88th...
Junior champion heifer “sta

W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa........ Pride of McHenry 109th...
Grand champion bull—

Wisp Ae IVEGED enya erie reataeieitoraiciers, chuness is.cuskens UP wAn © x casstye case cae ene
Grand champion female—

AVE. CAS ENT GHG yrs cron ichonatt isco eteue. ouser irate Blackcap McHenry 88th...
Aged herd—

eee eon ee] B [Csi oy earl ali, cache ORC NER eee eo eae heroine ones co oreheacen he alata eidierc
C. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Mo...............

Young herd—

RwMa ‘Anderson.& isons; Newell, LOwaincnjeteverecces ee tie ee cman eee
SW A IM CTO YA yew tatiecetaiswena re ge ieee Slo Sie ee se montepe Piteaaamrcisre Cnaencwa tens

Calf herd—

RA M-PANGersonrér SONS a 2 cic suc ecGok whale cates feet ee eae tone sae opel edie eine:
Omieri@atterson se VianrywillesWVloOe ee aein a cone ence ieae tein onnea en ronan

Four animals, either sex, get of one sire—

AW eA STINE CEN GT TY 5 cows cs eperra essiceh S tovlanevncirenss arusrra™ep/one, c Rpg eRe Rome aceon eo See el eee ee
RUPEE MATTCELSOMMOGRS OTSters ayers cccterelions lanes Nees ceero CNEL SCOP ene ners

Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow—

RAM Andersonnés: SONSh ks sole aw cacscy-a.a) ava ooh Spo cys cake wi ices cies Gee ees
WewAls OMECHIONT Yc) c eres 5 cembeera ba sane. ors dee deare Bleue hoa choy nat cee ee eee

GALLOWAYS.

Bull, 3 years or over—

SeavieG@rofireusons) Bluti@itys Kann kon Sle yeni einem nienien le
Capital View Ranch, Silver ILA) LEW, oO IIS s Gane sdnesacoposn

Bull, 2 years, under 3—

Capitalevaewalvan che qe eeses cis errs (OPIS omeia-a bid ul Go Glotrac
Senior yearling bull—

SRB IR Grouse SONS rare eye endless vec e cece sche CaZOnetl scree
Junior yearling bull—

@apitaliviewe ian Che rrescuercietsn-cl serene © ie Pilottetof Civic aon eee

SURVINCrOfte ES ONS ep aricessuen. one ciel clsyenshe Prin cerGeoreesJiteene serene
Senior bull calf—

GapitalaviewshanGhere mercer ct seers Ocho of C. V. MBean aes

SOMA Crotty acts Ons cniese cee: sf ok sou si elene BOM 22 2,8 Saks, ounce aun eastsan ashe

@Gapitalaveiewelvan chem mrisetan cries loc. ci 1etlorsKesorolt On Was 5 ano5dn6
Junior bull calf—

Ss Wt, Cinority Os SOS 6 paucgode dovepoRen Pla varie eyes yc tke morc

SE ai, (iors CF SOG 6 aiaio om Slog Oommen .S Joe of IeUibhoy (Chis Ce acue as
Cow, 3 years or over—

Capital WBVENG 7 RYH AG) Cis g Goro ib. 0 GO ION IGRE IONS Daisy, Dimples... s.aene

Sari @ roth sONSt em ae feimcine. = oe ei cles Florence of Meadow Lawn..
Cow or heifer, 2 years, under 3—

CapitaliViows anche ceria sce. «cle lle Nellie Melville...........

Shai is COMOAG (cs IONS SS cig Gee clo eo momo Clararzof Maplesy3rd\y >...)

Senior yearling heifer—

SiMe roftrecasOnSres eietlisis2 35 neers Ethel of Greenbush.......

Junior yearling heifer—

Se IMD (Ohno nies SOS) 5 5 6g oo co Om OO omD Ollie of Greenbush........
SV @ rOftiacns OlSenwamcmme nn want cocrs arlene Gretchen of Bluff City....
Capital View IPM HaKG dln! Goto esas OL obaNS Daca ate Capitals Belleair

Senior heifer calf—
Capital View Ranch, Silver Lake, Kan...Sunflower Maid of C. V

_M. Croft & Sons, Bluff City, Kan... . Violet of Bluff City........
Aries heifer calf—
gopitel VAG Winkel Clie yoke ateeicrn sient mo leueene Mayflower of ©iViee soe
5 dnl y CONRONF os OMS og 6 omen odo Game Florence of Bluff City.....

senior champion bull—

a IMG Ciotn cs SON, socccodadamadoodcod Kein esley aos went meet

Junior champion bull—

SEIVINGrottnac Ss ONStpmicesis: ssies aleve ensienclts CazOnet hee ee eres

Senior champion cow—

Capital Wve waelvanGherememel clr sare eralererens Daisye Dim plenaiace erie ser

Premium.

First.
Second.
Third.

First.

First.

. First.

. First.

First.

. First.

First.
Second.

First.
Second.

First. ‘
Second.

First.
Second.

First.
Second.

First.
Second.

First.
First.

First.
Second.

. First.

Second-

. Third.

First.
Second.

First.

. Second.

First.
Second-

First.

First.
Second.
Third.

. First.

Second.

First.

Class.

ile

104.

105

106.

107.
108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

SEF.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.
123.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair.

693

Premium.

Junior champion heifer—

See Vir OrOhtiocr SONS travers siereroleie a che sioner ance Ollie of Greenbush.......... First
Grand champion bull—

SPER O@rottraSOnsh coc cc eck ae a eee e WAN SSW sc is eee eis eee First
Grand champion female—

Capitaliview eeancle conve aotnene rete sce) texe Daisy. Dimples eee oe First
Aged herd—

SMAI CROLEEOTES OFS MRRP ie) oe On eehs suds ora aiieys lo pctce ticity clans Gael adesee First.

CapitalwWwiSwelvan Chine cei ocr n erates ie Oe oa) cass Fleges ine eine Si anes Second.
Young herd—

SiN Giro nas SiO oS Gis" 6 trom Le AroiG OCG One OSC RR REG ScOie ER eA RU First.

Capitaleviicwakvan Chitrsmcrs cater te een amare ee eewet es oiahs tos) = eeaeras wee meee Slcacts Second.
Calf herd—

See Vira rortpacaS OMS sear errata cae rete cio ctevetcle 2, ana ate iaveldka sveus oyu atene eLapan spars First.

Capitallevnicw Mvanchlictara.cesraeteie: seer aie eee Cis ean ie ebacake) a Bina oats tly Mikel eer tie Second.
Four animals, either sex, get of one sire—

CapitalaVvnewelan chy weg cynys eer tere uae onenes tah ache ia roo Lae ay 5 leliohene telnet eens First.

Sao NMI OLOLt neces OL Sesto ce teen eg aioe ee ee roeb ec. subs oen oy Re a eiatleieeeaee ane ae Second.
Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow—

Capitalevitewa Ram Chie onc teterck sce eheselee cies es aia ouG) oi ley sities Gro, acess eerer acres First.

SeEVIEICrolty Gn SONSiese tie Sar Ro hela ise ceenalisic Soeinlc ine examen nie eS CCONGs

FAT CATTLE DIVISION.
SHORTHORNS.

Steer or spayed heifer, 2 years. under 3— ’

W. W. Brown, Amenia, N. Dak........ Dicks Tyunpiievaccr va ere. p seen First
Steer or spayed heifer, senior yearling— ;

Wie Wi BROWIIN Sich ces oso ee eres ee RO MIU 5 5 s:encve levsusverenss aiei.oy5 First
Steer or spayed heifer, junior yearling..... (No awards.)
Steer or spayed heifer, senior calf— ees

UMiversitys Of WMissOuria © OllumbpIa VO SeClebeca sere seis) oe First.

IWite Wie SLOW gpeiotecia aes cine esate sce Moune) Hartyeanoe ce ae ee Second

Hy Vie Hali Carthage; IMO a sse + anc Halivoodt2nde sie eee ee Third
Steer or spayed heifer, junior calf......... (No awards.)
Steer or spayed heifer champion—

Williversity; (Of IVMISSOUPIs 2.) sates cele cls one SCLC bisnyo che ane crcror eine tees Firs
Champion group—

AV VIAVV SreESOWWUN, cyte a onc iovanevece. Cuetec ort avene oa tokelay oveuorale wisie, sudlewesaite a care slashes First

HEREFORDS.

Steer or spayed heifer, 2 years, under 3—

Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa.......... Bonnie Brae 140th.......... First.

W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City, Mo.... King Brummel.............Second
Steer or spayed heifer, senior yearling—

@yrusvAn LOW cisses cco ae oe cos chs Standard Stree act ieee First.

Overton! Harriss Harris) Viomer cee noo Heir-at-Law 2nd........... Second.

WHA: Dallmevier sa mts cwarecheerbel: son ork Sure Shots eis, csiscusberetcrssoreree Third.
Steer or spayed heifer, junior yearling— ; :

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo...Beau Onward.............. First
Steer or spayed heifer, senior calf— >

UMiversity of AVUISSOUTIa cc) sere cise e eleleele BAX CS Ruicc. cesueysseterel spe sustetsiv ls First.

IW: As Dallmmeyers is J crite:chersc ee sero lon Wai ORD ane erccrs ceolees sashes sate Second.
Steer or spayed heifer, junior calf— :

Cyrus AY TOW eivere tests See arenes mic kee General idem acces cee First
Steer or spayed heifer, champion— :

Cy TUS ACO Wisrerctetersie 6) cle it cneinenel cnetatenake Bonnie Bracke acpiaerrn eee First
Champion group— .

CHV LUS TAMER O Wiles orensrete obey os 6 rote ieasteensRer isla arava, o05, stoke cneleus ale, dic suepeheasssxetehae First.

Wick Ans AllIM Gy CLAt st epencr a mucieernereree ae tetmch ore eiacarreeue wie welcraun wie torenels igh hecesone Second.

ABERDEEN ANGUS.

Steer or spayed heifer, 2 years, under 3— ;
University. ofsVMSSOURIs reise sea erieicie els Blackawargd 2nd ayers: First
D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington f

JUNCTION; MOLE Ha viewelaclsatecies ea cenera iDrseelendnricks,. > arenas oe ee Second.
Steer or spayed heifer, senior yearling— L
University, of MViIsSOUTI sm ae ce ecioterens el elle OrgdeivODertst. 51. see terns First
Steer or spayed heifer, junior yearling— { 5
WNiLVeEsity ofeNMliSsoOUriem ays cie es «cate oe Queen's Councilor..........- First.
R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell, Iowa...Riverdale Perfection........ Second.
Steer or spayed heifer, senior calf— i f
UMIVersibyOfelWVMSSOUnI aoc 4 .<)2 12) stenehe aiclelevelte Prince of View Point 10th... First.

Steer or spayed heifer, junior calf......... (No awards.)

694

Class.

124.

125.

126.
127.
128.

129.

130.
131.

132.

133.

134.
135.

136.
137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144,

145.

146.

ANE

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Premium.

Steer or spayed heifer, champion—

Universityiof VMMissounrienneesseeern erence Blackward 2nd sere eee First

Champion group—

University off Ni ssoumieyaas crew eiass « lgdiecte areca ere mE Le none First
GALLOWAYS.

Steer or spayed heifer, 2 years, under 3—

WiniversitivaoteIMUSSOULIM pean eines sleicriels Wiordland 3.5. ee eee nee First.

Steer or spayed heifer, senior yearling..... (No awards.)

Steer or spayed heifer, junior yearling—

University of Missourites <o w.se ahiane Starland). fs. Jace -tes First.

Steer or spayed heifer, senior calf— .

UniversityiotNTissouriber es eine sees Oakland he eo nee es ee First.

Steer or spayed heifer, junior calf......... (No awards.)

Steer or spayed heifer, champion—

Wniviersity, of WlissOoUuriceenie oo) 0 cle Oakland). eorsaeeke ore eee First.

Champion group—

WMI Versit yor UVIMSSOUMEL secs sts oc eevcrd Sos AiR ne ee one ee nes Eee ene First.
GRADES AND CROSSBREEDS.

Steer or spayed heifer, 2 years, under 3—

Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, POWs eekec ccs le aie DON VOR ey oidaces ant an aoe First-

Steer or spayed heifer, senior yearling. . - (No awards.) |

Steer or spayed heifer, junior Seating
Cy Tus vA oO Wire Meee ence aoe atone Att) Wastin ae nee oe nein tee First.
H. Rees. & Sons, Pilger, Neb........... Straight Goodsieeea- eee Second.
Mes rall@anrthageVloneney ere oer IBUT ACE es eet Aeacic cr ee Third

Steer or spayed heifer, senior calf......... (No awards.)

Steer or spayed heifer, junior calf— 2
@yTUSWACUDOW ce ee ele ie chionare APECDIC sa, eros se case ohne le First

Steer or spayed heifer, champion—

Cy rusrAcMLOW ey Ao .crcctetes maaeheve ae chee) sc0e) aud Denver. csc ¢ boos eae First.

Champion group—

(Baya eo Oe Mon dor cimtts cones crcl eet ACE AME eee eC HEREC Che A icenetT out cls.clowcla lia bea.d Sos First-

Grand champion, steer or svayed haifer, any breed—

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo...Secret......... First—
DAIRY BREEDS.
JERSEYS.

Bull, 3 years or over— :
JeeBsismithy Platte City, Mo......5....- Stockwell’s Fern Lad....... First.
ChasRomie Dresden Mon. 5. «ss seen. Sedalia’s Champion Lad..... Second.

Bulle syecarsiOld sun gderis a ese oer (No awards.)

Bull, 1 year, under 2— :
dS JES Shoah tislale.-g ausrcnSraiare ot me Ais eee tes Stockwell’s Champion....... First.
dg dBi tsnosvHOlsiaks Sie oat UNS eee ere Cea ore Warden’s Oxford Lad....... Second.
IDes 1D), ING MEW, AKojolin, MMOS oes ses aon Fox’s Plymouth Lad........ Third.

Bull calf, under 1 year— ;
dfs Leaky jShoauli ays). Ail oty omyrcke cua SiO Site areata oi Sto iWiaterloonBoyaroreeocienece First.
Aa rlBt sie doutisl ol os SU ereaicgiidbete Sacaetee a Cae OReNGIE Ose oro Warden’s Butter Boy....... Second.
A iorlBie shavultelale oon qian rede ceeies on menemoenten ore tan ha Stockwell’s Silverine Boy....Third

Cow, 4 years and over— ;
de Bs Simitheyy mee oe ears eo ee a anne Warden’s Proud Beauty..... First.
Dyer DS dst shi en Be eces ban ee a ee Plymouth Springtime....... Second.
W. D. Fansler, Sedalia, Mo............Agatha’s Eminent.......... Third

Cow, 3 years, under 4— ;
orl Blo tehaail( lo beee yh 1c, Sue otol onte cer po aD Stoney ERO Belmont’s Silverine......... First.
Wig DYSNI MaWotS Key Oe 5. 5 Bee y aE ok ee ee Babyalairticld sccm Second.

Heifer, 2 years, under 3—

IDAs Doel ase Hill i et eS ties elcome oa a ion ICD Majesty’s Sweet Buttercup. . First.
Gil SSE PSH 0 aU) CUNEO eh cic Sac. CAAPeR RS ee een ee ean King’s May Fountain....... Second.

Heifer, 1 year, under 2— k
Se BSCS Maree se alist Aa eh ection Giere Stockwell's Gem......:..2:. First.
i dese loledii lee Am 6 3.6 obec a Os Caer ee ee eert ye Stockwell’s Sigmet.......... Second.
1D yes) B Pee Spiel 6 BUNS, orcs or RRC BORER RE eae Rae aoe Fox’s Plymouth Violet...... Third.

Heifer calf, under 1 year— ;
DD) aR ED aie eet ssc oye, eis tslenaperaueae Fox's Plymouth Princess. ... First.
USA isiadilth ave, eieses-cllc: a okilo. catia OMNES oto ord Stock:wellts Huth ese seee Second-
Gl fegid Blea sia alld OkraiNe ho 4.40 er-tunrek Cacne eee Eee Princess peadya2n GC ewer Third

Senior champion bull— i
UBS Sid ce .o.a-5,Gla Cam e/a ate oeee a oats Stockwell’s Fern Lad....... First

Junior champion buli— :

Je OMG Mewes. Seen ictale sista c. alexsieeeme ten Waterloo Boyes. 5. -2e ese First.

Senior champion cow— :

Je Be Smal Ghee oe ascites cus eee oe oe ee ees Warden’s Proud Beauty..... First.

Class.
W535

154,
155.
156.
157.

158.

159.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

169.

170.

171.

172.

173.

174.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair.

695

Premium.
Junior champion cow—
AES PAS ED ere ee ane eee irate ate RL, = aie. Stockywell’siGemimencemeis. seco First
Grand champion bull—
Vignd BYylms GUILE Ol eaeher toe Gln, a GSOIERE bce ee eae Waterloo Boveri ete First
Grand champion female—
Alial SS enocul Noles Aree ee ee alone ties ecient mses Warden’s Proud Beauty.....First
Exhibitor’s herd—
pees a DL eae een Re aries PE SHES Py sees tects gt votives n, dnvetien tenis Yowmans raiders Mavaitete First
Breeder’s young herd—
Vaid 835. SHeGUhN. ByerS. c',.60e- SO Diol OPO ORS atone oc OC OeE SOE OREN GIERe Ec ete eens oir First.
Four animals, either sex, get of one sire—
eS TLLGIUG Pence teeet cme ea Pawar te oe airs Lal als lenin ce seatGuee ewe ELS hua Vt Ho aclel algae First.
TOAD): TR 18 OU aa oak Bee CNG city SRE b Ee Gh Ce RM ICR Oana ora." ar) Maa Cnn gee Second.
Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow—
I DREAD sg dS ou SUN op CMe aay Ca a nn First.
Ub 1835 sical lial oH ip,’ onete eS oma Oke ch aeRies Bo. Og BOL NGL REC Rn EM a ead lat Sect eee Second.
HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN.
Bull, 3 years or over— 2 :
Ne a Farms, Davenport, Iowa........ Ollie Johanna Sir Fayne..... First.
Bull, 2 years, under 3— ;
Tomae FELIS His aectow. Sctisiemer tac. ese eee Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead. First.
M. W. Downing & Bro., Waukesha, Wis.. Brookvale Ormsby Wastena..Second.
Bull, 1 year, under 2—
NES WeeDowninsdés BLOM. eaecee sone Downing’s Pontiac Butter-
INAH fac oteve eis wie yanousehetonene First.
Bull calf, under 1 year—
VO wanavbarms tery wis sc ces spn elas ah eile Lowana Sire @Oliege cee sede First
VIEEVWVieeD Own ner sco TO eu ier tren Downing’s Pontiac Dairy
SHOiweteweeer tahoe cae seers Second.
LOWanlagharmisweemus: {cc oe Oe wee: Iowana Oak DeKol......... Third.
Cow, 4 years or over—
MOwWaTTAPHAT MS eee ete eee ecient ae oie Minnie Stienstra 2nd.......First.
ML VANS Don aautiayes Oo BIRO ne Soe mae bao Oak Grove Thelma......... Second.
lowanaeh arm shes ice erie ec sete Queen Gretqui Lutske...... Third.
Cow, 3 years, under 4—
LOWaANaD Harm Sweetie a5 cies oro deieis 2 Gictenens Star Watson Movie 3rd. . First.
TOW ANASHALIN Ss eos cote se ereeee coe eae Ollie Watson Johanna Prima
DOM Ate ayes no este eee Second.
Heifer, 2 years, under 3—
MO WAND Aw ManWISe hoeytver lore weeds cete eee oi eilee Fryslan Waldorf. . Heer ns Ge
lowanasWarmsey oe corse see emit Johanna Fayne Pauline... . . Second.
MER Wie OwmineeconE Ons arin Ani niece Queen Schillard 2nd. . Third.
Heifer, 1 year, under 2—
Mowan ap harm's pes -rocicicuceseveevet eee Towana Colantha Larky..... First.
lowana SERUM S epee oeelie aha caiicire i Gel sures Sagres eaiele Iowana Colantha Lady...... Second.
VESWED Ownincrc Brora ee ae ene Downing Pontiac Milway....Third.
Heifer calf, under 1 year—
Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa. ...lowana Countess Jessie..... First.
Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa. .Ilowana Lady Rouble... ....Second.
M. W. Downing & Bro., W aukesha, Wis. . Downing Pontiac Pet....... Third.
Senior champion bull—
TowanaPpharmse Seesaw ae Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead. . First.
Junior champion bull—
TOWanla yh arms® hen shee she ern cucu Ontars one eee lowanarsir Ollich.- 9. serie First.
Senior champion cow—
ROWAN ae Harn Spperrisis os ome ee Minnie Stienstra 2nd....... First.
Junior champion cow—
TO Wana pH arias hyper ces Aya soso ee ore ey sae lowana Canter Jessie....... First.
Grand Champion Bull— ‘
VOWanaypHarims nen weicl-oselsn eran eetctias Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead.. First.
Grand champion female— A
LOWan an WALMIS ete Ae Aiea cn ee ae Minnie Stienstra 2nd....... First.
Exhibitor’s herd—
OW aT awe EIN Shae cae ay clea eee tee Peel oP neo cis) os otto wt Svae ta menal foaieuers First.
OWA ARE Aris Ang een eRe ee eee okstieue se oomae Beene ee econd:
Breeder’s young herd—
SVL) OTIS ROG Oyen rata ean ean neage eRe. 9 WON SB 2a eee ear Ba First.
Four animals, either sex, get of one sire— :
MOwanap arin sige peers cen eee hee, en) Loastos coe clay pane S nirste
Wee Owminck cab none n mien rm weneAr eS 2 sees ee eke Second.
Two animals, either sex, produce of one cow— 2
GO waMnamHarMmiSty wpa sacede cameet ts reid ic) os caves dues vi atur aisle oh First.
IMLS VANS DYony nau aves (cs, TBS RO Me ruts aural ouiiaae, Sack Oe anne is Pes eA nee Second.

696 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SWINE.
POLAND CHINA.
Class. Premium.
1. Boar, 2 years or over—
Nisge7AGM SHR geran Tatoo ebilils MIO o> po ae Bode San on ao oe didmitis Dia obioa obs eos First.
GAM Hoadley Sedalliay elo rm gone stanate le felele «| elel atte lett heathen ter Second.
John Gildow,é&) SonhWamesporh, AVlOr se siecisss os ereleielchsichelets etal tel ss etetant Third.
2. Boar, 18 months, under 2 years—
IW tZis) ACCT AS sseone ee ats EU Naise oles be -S ya) wren etatao erro) ele Reece nt oe MM OR eee First.
IMD, Porter! Wand alias INO). 2 o:5 veace a ect eie Sle: alleliecel sie a ouci ele ia) siete eae ee Second.
Kol cuag CE sie Kony giecatetovoll ot ceace rasta daisin Gracitin mEIcols ore Gaia > abicwio mn Sion oe 6 oe Third.
3. Boar, 1 year, under 18 months— :
etal ercairks yall ee sNlOr eres errs cre chrsriewe whose Gh. at taw ofl Releaio Mee oaks mares First.
Je Rep woune Richards eNom erase oe Serie i ents see acter erie SO COLL
io Gs Ishi erh eyo bh. IMO, ash odoendcods aod dn SOS SEI eels CRRA Aare Third.
4. Boar, 6 months, under 1 year—
1s Ud Bi 2X0) le) dese el Gad CEG ee OER ens Bia Colors Os gical Mewg O'ors First.
JONG ALG OW SoS One oss aksuee ts c'cnchere ecamauehouel deter sla ke chs areas ells te Chetien Second.
Se SUS ts a owe ero a ieecs icrrallcwalie: het chemteeites rene conan eh ercteconehs er sien eealeea Usernames Third.
5. Boar, under 6 months— Prat ia
1d Son! BD Yen eX oy a he) ans erclns Oy con Giahs are en SEa ae Bi Comlors Gold Gio oko aos Ae Go First.
Witt 212 IB aiOre ee Mera rip Mt eg coo! 3 coc cee trate getetiniepetet het one Rede teleost ieee nea Second.
Cou IRA] S Woy Vo llKenreete i icarses Ae ls an ey eccu ats Gigi Gn Ons Citic moth Pbvdioo aout coon Third.
6. Sow, 2 years old or over—
Nice AR SEAL (Oa ae Ed Ga A i nae 6 otra ha. Ta oisG boo dr cobs cola First.
Sgn Gea Sibi ea eS se oe Pe ee Lt Pini cigm aioe Gch AieNee!S Genoetale Goto Second.
(EM deloryollvial ss oon Soa ee ad DRO Oe rmEMm odo aod CobS Do ootln Dogo 2onlo Third.
7. Sow, 18 months, under 2 years—
ANON KH Koko pcs e Sis omewad pale Geode ooan.o OAD mb aoa oe First and second.
8. Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
SG BTA s Oh boing 25,6. oH Soa DD Mow HOOCobDood on ODOR First and second.
Aiolatal (Eni kokon 7 cco KOs o nonce Coe OH GOA DO OMO oecondoUS oN Baad Third.
9. Sow, 6 months, under 1 year—
é NGO sae SGI Door DLo 6. b1n.6 CORI ORES AIO COE COO OOO ols cba aan DOC First
(Ce UMiGulal@nvolleni as soe co4 haope HOMO OOO DOto conor o Our. bono sO CES Second
Withee wWiheabone DresdenapVlOnn, 95. cciscs cect oiere: cisbeiee eielenatemeoteasicie c-aenent= Third
10. Sow, under 6 months— ; .
MomeNicktone Vion tiCEllOnONIOR ai «cls lle) okey llevesicheensellstkeeshch iain First.
(Cio Mle IslOENelena, Seon coon nos oar OUE poe OR oS UDO CoCo OMI oO UA OG bac Second
AVE eisai ch OTN A conn aie cicco eRe PE © on aie mises evete haeliehelrer ots our peice ch Meme Semens enci.-tte Third.
11. Champion boar, 1 year or over— F
18 041 BY Os ae SO oh a ee ot EEE Ros et Cua) O.o micro 010.9. c 5 F.orb.o'o'C First.
12. Champion boar, under 1 year— A
IMU IDE OMS Rs So Fa sino mo mee GeO OO OmoD oo doMob Gnd cao God 0 ddic.o First.
13. Champion sow, 1 year or over— ;
SVWVFIZiS MES UK CTE er aU Sera cy aie satins tov ayrcfterle euenmisionetier theite lees Gets onctemenen el heats First.
14. Champion sow. under 1 year— r
4 D@aal 1he (OIE eo ale heey he iting. ge (ARS AA Ee ONCE TNS Oro OOo Dare Gs dc 4 momo po gm.¢ First.
15. Grand champion boar, any age— R
IBID 3 oS RS Big ENE Ad Oe eee Rin Aas Clon aieda telsicy.a Ooo, cote Ooo: Gu First.
16. Grand champion sow, any age— E
AiWe U7 And SK eevee ee on, BAS ES Ere Ao al idicd.q.cnin deb home aod First.
17. Boar and three sows, over 1 year— p
Vig Ag IseNegere, IAL IEhI, IMs ome ao Goo nmacocongenomoggdooDcodA He obo Gs First.
Si, Oe, BUS. BVoMlih hes WMO). 6 5 gules Omen oe Han oodaoUpOON SG Mood doDd DS Second.
18. Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor— ‘
SUD aL Bball cles Gud edo loner A G8 CIO Roe RC OER CL CLD OO ODIO LO.ENS in Foch on ONeNG, 2 First.
JohniGaldowarwianvesportee MUO me ec) ci- elo ove) eile net ie lollarelielelosp/o)i Met -oleRememene ea Second.
19. Boar and three sows, under 1 year— :
TMomeMieKones IVLOMtLGE On NUOR i cme crs oleic el eiele wiete ie cheielliellenaleMeratiey -=la-meas First.
G. M. Hoadley, Sedalia, Mo..... A enn, DiS S SCAG OO Ge oie & 6 Second.
20. Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor— :
Movant Fol Coraleincs Se > 6 om ota A Ge rt OIRO ICE ond ia Goin CmichG cholo alos od o/S Gye toecta le First.
G. M. Hoadley...... 3 Ob Gee EE ee dernts: o PeeRe re cero TOT Oo) Gro D, OT Grate Second.
21. Four swine, produce of same sow— :
NV VAG IST es) Duets cic 8k See aN eCaeee Cae menG HIT Did CO OO Orn ong GIOl0 dio oo oo First.
A Doyaae NICO (oF Keron & cna.8 OR CUO Om ra Sia oO Oe DUO b Oo DOM Is o/oIDlO}O oo Ws Second
22. Four swine, get of same boar— A
Milas IB eae & piots.6 6 miele a IO RID A Olen chai Ota loony OOO ol ON. U7.Onio oC First.
IMP ID Buletoat Veo Mi poeadadoododomevoboouoocagscoucdse bcc Second
DUROC-JERSEYS.
23. Boar, 2 years or over—
(GAR Ib, Bikers, Olen, WOR SeaoodoaddgoooobGsacopdo oj sosb dds aos First.
COMO)s 1EXonicol Olah Moe Boman omoootl oon dooo Sonos o poe oe disp Second.

Gertrude Crow, Hutchinson, Kan........:1.....82-+25-2+2:-+-2--:5% Third.

Class.
24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44,

45.

46.
47.

48.

48a.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 697

Premium.
Boar, 18 months, under 2 years—
COMODO y Creer eae aa RSCTA cosigtty. 6, clidiiavis oe eheuereg aliens. © suse Gliegeme First.
Gert C1 SLO Wi re ne oy ses Mel Ss 6 cose Kote ge. Bey ORS Soaiadlousd cata ah aue Second.
DHEA misSOnse Nap COMA O meer co seat edatavossiassusiarsa ia ietale eyrucveccheuss atest cean are Third.
Boar, 1 year, under 18 months—
Ae by HaAVlOLMOlLOAM NT OR sper bs sus c.crsneescsneus @ scans 12 esis ayes uh optus betes] ante re Reltente First.
B. W. Harned, Beaman, DNAO)S Gyo: ty tach Cee Onion ee arelecae Seedece es Pa ere cain erent Acc Second.
(CSTR RAT USD, CHRON Tx acc hen ee eee, Ea A CREE Ry OTe ea Third.
Boar, 6 months, under 1 year—
IS W SEV ATCO mene ete tierce or Suse ii edeaaat eo susterees tayeeh sechias. cat tinhenAatey alee First.
Aer aL A MEA OT 2s reps er Oe ch iO IGr ria cals GRE Oro Oo chbtrie: Gf © choieeee Facies Ciemeun iG ined meeercn Second.
Boar, under 6 months—
IWMicharlanggBrossJOCG alia. pNiOm viet 2 oietets eieus > clea cu eieieie Cusaeene Mierone First.
Ohaseesehaylora@OledneyNiOne 4 -. 1 a eiemboes css tusienets evslchehe trad whe Second and third.
Sow, 2 years or over—
ChasmwreninleyerO tternvallesp N00) sc semi ier cies cve shes eesleveueie) cre cme sematelamere First.
Hassle seal OG a ccie seers a1 thw AeA Gs eek sy eile, 28S, 5s, beara err ae Second.
GrerurtiG Of CRO wires Hie raicteco sehr NAS MERE aos ele evs. cue Our eie emus eucterene Third.
Sow, 18 months, under 2 years—
espa Lerpeclne Vil yee dey een ec pia ss ene heron cance Fey ORSTER Te Pou sisy © sweeils vs) Zs s, «Su sirSt anSreheone loteriomene First.
GOEUEITA STC Owe eae ree ce eare Ne Fao cise Tal's. s, svelte terry seyeceeeme elioike ie Second.
Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
GrOrvru Gen r@iwarueen cre. sae ss, Feel foetus caylee Ss\’S aye yaw "si os First and second.
COU MENS DS Ne nd (0) ee ae ed ee VP re dr ea Se VE Ur Third.
Sow, 6 months, under 1 year— ;
Ricrriied Mee | © Ae teh ES eA re ae Oe Eee First and third.
Chas. L. BNEW LO Vee orc. Coy Bee a Tee oe Ee eae eis Doni ise Soe eta eeu ome Second.
Sow, under 6 months—
Geririd er Crowee as «cee Sonate ere hoyactnle oo eher dhavg er @ eel) ocuers eee sui sts First.
Chas LeMay OLR ahs cine eae ee tare Shot olatowsic srels state suse G) oie eueustein@ 3 suene Second.
IM dei evel lero eee Oo Bean Eo teCme Oe Glo ie Gite oinke olotots Bick cioicimm Gs comics tre Third.
Champion boar, 1 year or over— y
Chaswianehay loraO lean MO bes sea ciaralcveeyoy ee aiicun cle ake) oom eenelel cuereheledcherenes First.
Champion boar, under 1 year—
13s, Wife leltianeyely dexernarthaly WY Olssqun cio common Ooo Uomo en aod od oamimicinG momo nd First.
Champion sow, 1 year or over— d
Chas we Binley Otterville: MEO & 5 va eve orc) ote Jovatls) shel eveicueear ens | sstetenst cele) aes First.
Champion sow, under 1 year— bh
IBEW ELarnedinpey eae tor ble cla tatmera, aeperscstny avanen sleneds, oi Uauersclats eye oVeustetevalle First.
Grand champion boar, any age— :
(ONS 1 bp UE AOI soo oo Cm ain Emo Grn Orono eo olb & ctoatero bic muna Dicima a ioe Oe First.
Grand champion sow, any age—
COMMDCRR YS. LOI eN se Bea ccetat ear mtomololee oe biceacs-tee.cel omni ees oop iosecaeario renee First.
Boar and three sows, over 1 year— :
CHAS a A aryl Olen epee rears cetacean eve se arene SOAIE pene cas Susnt eeeneye ess apt te First.
Gertrude Crow, Hutchinson, Kan............ Sn ae eden wane aie eet eres Second.
Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor— :
Gere erOro wie ee ae eee inne oes seal eusice sy Spec sche sire eye First.
Boar and three sows, under 1 year—
IB ce Wilann GG exteen nate neu beatin apctate oeAbsl siete beuecslieversdershe cust a celeusl ese ieiieiyer First.
Chasse Mary Ores eee ee ae Reon oer ee abey omeuce evolien etieas enie verse fo Second.
Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor— :
Bow. Elarned ss cremeee ne ele Pe Mere A citer ona camps ast-v se) oneteienegs oka First.
CHAS WIT AV LOTR rok ees eh Ne ee ca te eta oe svloman ter isl era ratet citer) e aketenetle ee elie Second.
Four swine, produce of same sow— ;
EVR TSCae eee eerie potateate ron ts MarsmothcPeneesteyiey o zenien ufsi «jas: asieeY op scte c, e one celts fs ei syierta First.
Chass ary Ore eye auctor keira Tot eile eiey oi ane sicuena RaSaestoua aloes Second
Four swine, get of same boar— .
Ja clave Length oo Bho phe more IONE c-O-0, © GriOIORC OLE Cae EoD teen ran Gio ocr io uiea sete First.
Chas. L. FAV Oe eee ee eae eer LSA SHA. Sig eit, CR ays craks Syeeaion o ohs OMEAS Second.
Special—herd, under 1 year— 3
B. arr CG eee eet eee Mea ter ct shares 7che oid oa leaves: clay os First.
Chass ATMA yl OG eae. eyo eo ee esate wera Ole elie soko ols. spebe aust sleromege oYous feds Second.
Special—herd, 1 year or over............. (No awards.)
Special—herd, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor— :
13h, iene sean (eos S c.g Guslenetene dic cis le Sato SI cho cio OSE IeR One apa me Dar hp ne Roh us First.
Chas Melee May On cecmoieest nore oe itera nal ce rekcue ested siete tebe sors ey choustajsroene sunlit hs Second
Special—boar and three sows, owned by exhibitor—
(Clip Tbe (tat RS 6G le elstaio fie Cie t igloOPID cho eee © 1D ROMS EE REIGN wegen Fon 3 First.
IBS NAG, EIN aeRO SE cho doles eo ein bay e-b Ob Citso16 Ooo Ee ONEIEIEN eRNCRO Dic, ei ucamroichc. Oe = Second.
Mire eva wave! TRO Ba 6 oN G.g ool ho Dor Ob c.cls.o 4 Geen aS cao ocoanleameoncectcen cada 6 Third.
Special—young herd— | F
B. VE Lawl Bo cose Oecd ond DO cess BIG OM OJEDA 010) SEONG EERE eid Ca SON Reece cheer Dace First.
COVINA Ly Mates 2 el sietncis-crolccand ean eat 0 Oreo &, ole GUANENEORSRO CRO Nea ERECR RON OCIA Second.

McFarland ron FS ibecy eae a REE ORE I ACETATE ono RE ER oe ORD RR Third.

76.

UE

Missourt Agricultural Report.

BERKSHIRES.
Premium.
Boar, 2 years or over—
lowana harms. Davenport lower enero eee First.
Boar, 18 months, under 2 years—
RalphiCreighton = Creiehtom lO. se ach cies raek ein cine ee iene First.
Boar, 1 year, under 18 months—
TOWANA: WATINISs leva creer Oe Grew ats oO oeea ER te deed RS ORER ON tenis First.
Boar, 6 months, under 1 year— ;
N. H. Gentry & Son, Sedalia, Mo......... A se koko oie eL aie tacenonehseee cities First. —
Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa............ pt ee em nane tee SIR AA Second and third.
Boar, under 6 months—
g. Y. Burks; vB Olivas UO) ieitorde sco. a sute yeh cone iss eae Oa eee a eRe one First. |
Ralph Creighton, Creighton, 1. Koper cette carci aneecae tah onic! Gro ck. bt Second and third.
Sow, 2 years or over— :
LO Wan a SH ALIN Satya eRe Ae voivare <o1c, fovs/towlate meme koeelea ete meee ou ee mnie First and second.
Sow, 18 months, under 2 years— .
FEDS KGrem UR GchS Oly anton ciel Acces ‘ergometer ole larva eee enna First. —
Rowan aris eee ee oo CAO eee Ua alana Second and third.
Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
TOWaAT aT MALM Sacre aeriehe ere orsis: sgelei Sea teenelabeeeiake Cre eee First, second and third.
Som: 6 months, under 1 year—
ELM Giemitryn RS OM eed eects. coats oxererenansiteree eve onepetomats tere First, second and third.
aes under 6 months—
Ralphi@rerehtomtey yc sieccis pecs, oh oice ro: Seo ca eno ITS Cues eat First and second.
S SPY PBU IS a tasre tere cton yl contorer ee neie ve hell Sesucueive fel aie cores uaheteh Garegebee lant ci cietire cue eeweneoeearnm Third.
Champion boar, 1 year or over— :
TOWwana Rarinis Soo eee ee he ny |. La he a ee ee First.
Champion boar, under 1 year— 2
INS | EEG On th yGc5S OM scteee tesse ioe ero! esi yc sseuis dey eltewonmetieprslieney oemsasnen est ieee mone cee First.
Champion sow, 1 year or over— :
WOW etl el RAMA Soo nate yt ec Rap Ri eee a First.
Champion sow, under 1 year— :
EL MG entry 7Go SOM cpsecwet soe. <loreue cay oie ate pouseue enon nem EAS UUs Cameo First.
Grand champion boar, any age— ‘
ING MEDS IG embry Oc Om ate coo ene cose, «eens asi one) aero AICI auie ay lreueihe wna heen First.
Grand champion sow, any age—
Hon nals) SEHD Cal tees erGo kaon acl eee ee IE TAISEN OLS olny IG ots. Ole cud osoeieed b Guo 2 First.
Boar and three sows, over 1 year— :
MO wramawbarm ssa ce ven eee ete: says andi eau shale seeseaettee Pome ek we een: First and second.
Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor. (No awards.)
Boar and three sows, under 1 year— :
EB Gl emitieyin Oc) SS OMNs pen epics asa) 2h Sen od atah's Pv eD ats ROL eneclohots Lode meemenen a tenelomeiee First.
Tow Eh alec ol te igi 00 (ie ere ee eons, ee Ooh IO RNa Smee CaO. no PLN ect orc ocr Second.
Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor—
15 FACE RG) ori arco its (01 Olen Siete LEE ORES Bae cr Marois ican clei, ciaidc.do,6 First.
lowana TRUEST da RSP Petes oh 4 ks es Rn Renta ss Alte Wn oie Pac cleo ata GNoe Ryo Hcl, 6 Second.
Four swine, produce of same sow— ‘
INE EEG Cntr ysecys OMek eisai has a ae naka coM ee cto Rea atnes a eee First.
Says wb UPS) aartere sce usieens eaey ake PR ee a eR Rony RS Cua Cah OLN. <tc Second.
Four swine, get of same boar— ;
INGE Gentry SCH SOM re ederim bic trig te eae SP rae A SUCRE FL ROT Ney RN First.
OW AMA we MATIN Se cae tec ee eR ne ees reee nlie te: tay oozes DORE one OR seoee te sece meee ane Pe eae Second.
Special—Boar and three sows, under 1 year. (No awards.)
CHESTER WHITES.
Boar, 2 years or over—
MOA, Nivel Sob. diols, INGO ME NMOS Gea o ooo kobe Dono dodicorhscoo ee ac First.
Thos: He Kents awalnit iowa. 5.2 oo. ee cee eee Secondsandmthind:
Boar, 18 months, under 2 years— ;
hose Hw Kent Wialault lO warns 0s en os-0- encse oversea oneness Coren ete eerste mane First.
Boar, 1 year, under 18 months— 4
Thos. F. 1 EQS) AU Hake is .o OO COLE REESE me SBLattG ito ror Gla idig emotion DOO First.
Johnuwe Buxton. Nelson NOs fe 00. aint. Schoen ee ee Be eae ee Second.
W. W. Waltmire, Peculiar, 1 (0 ee eer ote ngenet rots hina snd Gold, soko, Go Third.
Boar, under 6 months—

Lolo DER EGNOS SoGacid Exo Cea ne EO AS cm mo biol aiorA pte. ox Gain First
Co} oh aN YG Siibb.qrol den, 4. ey oOlOLe atmo o oOo Uotred da SAS blo OG Dinko oot Second
JAE Nunn elliy ahead sivilllehMilon fee torce errr nore eeeneien een cle eurenenolse Third

Boar, under 6 months—
cat INDE Ue es als cio Cho cinimero- CEG ane Os Oa cheCET Ora. dic DT OOo First and second.
TESTO S SEER OIG eee eont eee in Noe ee ae En th oe avl naire Third.
Sow, 2 years or over—
ADAG (ops) nt SECS) de en REPS Chg ae Cred Ge ero eG aero cn teh Hho Octo. or biylO aie First and second.

Ws SWicn Wiel Grn 0. Be crs alg, wne.« fetes Need Sichisuec eos. A euelec] ne PROM eye ey Sera ieoa ase ate. Third.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 699

Class. Premium.
78. Sow, 18 months, under 2 years—
ODM DESEO MVM amen eneteeeunien ienistake relists elaeleca cibutiel © Aylorsnehen cuca ee ec’ First.
AM avo Id Qs dy od cypisqee Oss Ouvcaoto oles CLL G Ae Bite ERIE OAL eh ol Ree ane rane Second.
79. Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
FIO S ae G eee petie pote eRe sien es eemeie et en aretts aitolbejia: etal’ Sila hae atch oped gemtetesnse First and third.
ACMA, BUSA SC adingoe 5.6 DO DUI OG 6d AIS oe AES nist. mein nie Bernie rereo yao le
30. Sow, 6 months, under 1 year— ,
MM aoe 1ECSaliths Beg ee CORON o-CLPEIRS De Oia Gear aon ie First, second and third.
‘31. Sow, under 6 months— ,
AS ord RON Tot aha (SUIS Se och nico aay Orc ERC MER or Oacn CPC cE NORCO E toa First, second and third.
82. Champion boar, 1 year or over—
JOLIE AW ARE Ub Oar wees meet pe a tae, tres obtener onic nelseute tities c) cligtosclccy ci yey tueee gues aNecueiegals First.
83. Champion boar, under 1 year—
See EON CLT ING Illy Moers peta seh ay tart, cat se amen Mc eeMte ated Sista ton odtallcy e:csshha er eememeetn erin tetat a First.
‘84. Champion sow, 1 year or over—
Abi aVoysiy Lilie JEC(e yal erB gp tceecaa oO GaeMcn Er ORR OIPRCEE RE DIG: © 11° INC RRR AMBER Eterm ME Ue Ean ne ee First.
‘85. Champion sow, under 1 year—
AU eLyooHINGULTIINC lyre cepoccus eerchapeh-cie che io aco ONMEME RES Sheen eG, as ile races eMecrene nema teca ol ral First.
-86. ‘Grand champion boar, any age—
DOME WE BUR bOM Graco cree ieteu 3) ie rood evewekenevel Sueuer nisi Gia Gis © axe oi Go chayloumtileitesiet's First.
87. Grand champion sow, any age—
AM aYotopal Shy 1 EES 6A Gack tO THO ae OAC. CRETGIEL Cot onChosS OLE ONDE Ree Re Caney taint First.
88. Boar and three sows, over 1 year—
IPGL ING LEN goo oo Rao God Bole oo Civics ceo oleh Oia mine sia A Ribwenc choke First.
OHNE WAP ERE OM rr nirccn cesar peter pal pear Aird «Wap cue cl eied dl cic saitne res vaeeeeh eS eels Second.
39. Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor—
AN CG y> Ped Ue] REY Sy iene eME RD chee CRC ELD OEE cine Creer) Cha RetER aE OR N re rc aE tic IRS ES First.
JODM We PBMC OM are ocreececsrepeterereie stele acre ce ercnen ai: Gina ashe Fucpeusieie acne Fhe te cs Second.
90. Boar and three sows, under 1 year—
Uoodtc INNS 6 pooaosoonpODpboaooponoNnonogdodeo es ouamo esas ... First.
FIP OS SHR ABECOM Umer eek rea cree Reece en ay aaier eh ates eicstaants hacaheusy Sou iehs eee ena con asain Second.
91. Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor—
ASSN UTI lived sera cre tarstciewesacalenoter sey ciredicte met due. 5) ee a uatls Ao Ronerane, secremelre Lele ... First.
PIO See HOT G eee ewe rem e er eee cee aL HE tee eee cael Gi eNG, apied cute es Peery ence eaten earn Second.
92. Four swine, produce of same sow—
LLB O'S eH mC OTNG ete Nts cts a eeual ora peas re nto re ere h et cusiislso sues oe R emt ote here Bec aca Guts First.
eee PING UITATT OC lyase rat rey h ates gies cseye ebay cious Note: So teroe eine A beocmene ey elichane puscumcun toners Second.
93. Four swine, get of same boar—
AUTOS MOH Me KCOmt tea, supe Aewe ay ereweirttene sliay Rave esl ors aicatan.e bimbo enema aieaerete First and second.
94. O. I. C. special—Boar, 6 months, under 1 year—
i No INMUMMACINY So CobGe DO UOGoDooU DDO Ode coDDonuDoUD Heo dopa aaa se ¢ First.
9550: C. special—Sow, 6 months, under 1 year—
W. AVVAm VVC OMIT Garant sions a cuny So eine uni pnsseca lin Gah niakt aan hut ot raed niente hia First.
96. O. [. C. special—Boar, under 6 months—
Jip Dyes INUMTMOLL Yate renatey eteaetaue cde aioe seeks Tne Roe eres a sihay dees bacuar eens ae . First.
97. ‘O) we C. special—Sow, under 6 months—
EEC AAIN UTA © iby asa ee eae Peete, Sense Dae tne ery: AH Fal ks ios Gacy Mesto Shes First.
98. O. ct C. special—Grand champion boar. poo. awards. )
99. O. I. C. special—Grand champion sow. . (No awards.)
HAMPSHIRE.
100. Boar, 2 years or over—
We J eBrinicarics One lythedalessNlOeieay. cr. +5) -icratieidiien ee First and third.
ROy He hisher awansid Os IND saree notte leis Oo roe chm cy senmein ancl alers uhausaalee Second.
101. Boar, 18 months, under 2 years—
vO yaE ahs Chere eee ers ee ee etnies ie 2 elec & oe ieee First and third.
\IAVGAA feel BS ert a Pee) Coe, PS \0 a re tue eee Neco ia) © Unc RCRA OEE Eee ne ie tee CLO Second.
102. Boar, 1 year, under 18 months—
Nf dja eel nied re a S\Oy 016 ey cin Given oth 9-71 OU Oho oc ee RES RoE ce RR Eerie oia EELCeCAChO First.
1M Dard Hiisl avSi OM ors crema. 6 ool Croke eno G0 0,0 C Bit .O At Cie a enn encionene ohio cert Second.
103. Boar, 6 months, under 1 year— 2
Winn de Brinigar CGHSKOI NG 2:45. GcROUE ot onene COLO OO. SLOne > SRCR Toe eRER ERE ecss First and third.
RO Va aI Sh Char. ccn pater renee ent Ret eR irer che vacuare fells He vaee bream tas Second.
104. Boar, under 6 months— ,
Goss Lawson mRaviemwiOOd MUO mae ernie cis ais elo ciere esis ache: teueie ele eesustene First.
NaVstcl eed SY Rb OVEN Sesion G cabo ofa GRO B.C IE AntanG bl ble Diy eine ane aee eee UR Mte eto enn Second.
JEG aid DHS vl MICH AVS) Orta liowe’o tow lOO OM Gd D.ult: eIEEL Ones iy Cie eee eee ell reat rokcree Third.
105. Sow, 2 years or over—
Apel Bye shy Oey bere Oe ceo eo OMT Ch CONS OF CTC eee recor First and second.
Roy HP LISH Chae rcs ok ton taraie ey De Pr eae eles sd sve einaclqarone-sers 'shtevetsline Third.
106. Sow, 18 months, under 2 years— 4
Viavig: ligt 1 Bieraw eaten ier edt oes leva cigee atmos Ott 6 ete LAI ASE ale eee Ee eee First.
UO WAH SPESISIIG Caen remem ectysesisan aes mete ewe Mica a chai chess Sr ayeh 2/5) sce) gyn vaehiowaneile Second.
107. Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
PMS Tre aire ot a eae arian Re way Mote Ven RA x hc ssugveqey ale ekevs First.

Roe Mishcr ern) ee ieiey iia Mirela se Ss | Second and third:

700 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Class. Premium
108. Sow, 6 months, under 1 year
HON Bul rel kh fo) as) Men 1 Ga ict cr Uae ey SRR ARLE MRI CEN Gikd Sugratakeunicliceeso Gieio ao 'a bie a. First.
A fou ieee Sos HONY=T eS Gen RRnG Hes Je) Ryne oh iN NI ge ee ten R mw Rg AES Dif es phe tage Bey Second and third.
109. Sow, under 6 months—
Ww. J. BTA SAT cis pe ROP Ts coshe) aussi. bude ar Me ORS oa ear Ine ce ait Conc Sa Pea epee First.
GEASS ea wSOMty sense Lee anaes hceateak ca VA ONT Ra ete eae ene eee een aera Second.
EVO VHS RSI OU ey rece eee eae ai oitel cecal tee hal roPattes ae a ae eee arene Third
110. Champion boar, 1 year or over— :
Die ESTEVE II see, Settee ech ec csayya doer’ a decar ove aan allah SaWEE ASN REMC ER Sr acreh se Poets First.
111. Champion boar, under 1 year— ;
Gis) awsOntmeerh ements sos.e as gcc joomduasgonbwaosoisegod oo First.
112. Champion sow, 1 year or over ;
Wie JEM PIT aT ee etal ec ea cpe ye ape ae ceeds a Ore taeI EAC ERE eRe ROP RT First.
113. Champion sow, under 1 year—
: 1270p ad OT ahh od OVS) Gz Mek ee a REO PMS Co ery im eae ese af First.
114. Grand champion boar, any age— i
Wie Se BPI ary eo ee mettre ay ai! 2) asi cellar eiestl altel once kenr al et eoMenE AOL aoe CRE REI He oer First.
115. Grand champion sow, any age— f
Nineteen oped OW teach ain er ata he i ie Ae SPR Train eA oy Armen aehth noes cole tttoes elo ered. o.a'aa First.
116. Boar and three sows, over 1 year—
AV SORA TN a TO re ET Ie oa. as icy, oe GUE R OR etn Ghee AR bone etuCae aed First.
FRO Wa Hie SENISH OR yee asa eect hie) ore oa o. bu onc a acraslenes i ea ea ota NR ois EET te La ence Second.
117. Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor— 4
ALA Pear Jah 8 yh oY Fs SS ere an PR eae ee Peas Utes Cun SM a Rens a io oh First.
PRVOY EL UIST Tee ratesetcats pac ices eid Ss ayo os sake ve GUE LER OMS Reis Sees AN ee core ee Second.
118. Boar and three sows, under 1 year— ; :
Afra Sell Sb aT fst7h aaa eee COON a RG a Mee ory arene Dorrie Aeon inis Satine eros Or 5-6) BiG First.
VOW ABS HOT ay coated eck ga aise cao dass coyeta ta ele dnharte ORO eRe ac se Rel nema ene Second.
119. Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor— :
AY iil En By Gan YES eae ee Re ee RN Docnren Hotter mol m.Araarie coca o osdioleto toni First.
1 Seo od sel as] Caen ee ee ate we neater ct AN oe dia tte clothed boob Oi meni oe Second.
120. Four swine, produce of same sow— os
A iiiseclaal Sicihal t=: H eee eee Ci en ere ee 66 iota tick mad oma a A lolob bord First.
1 So(O NaN! Dine aLiioh dye) oo gee EE OPER unt Man | Sa Pr erin et aan a I OMERG echo. el roccvc-o1000 C Second.
2 pour swine, get of same boar— :
Bro JB fil BOUTS Y Caer oa wer ae Gate ne aeRO ROPER FO airy Ola iOLOLO/Ea & Ua. blo Oho, o.4 & first and second.
122. gis eee pigs, either sex, under 6 months— :
(Cie ISIee IDEN TON Dah Gt ete Sener cia? 5.6 Cie eNO ONG eioioio lou o'nr5 Oke! bclote m Thatatatolo. cla. sia bo" First.
Nive fa icilan ts) Oe reane aise oa eI OUAE SO, a7 Gide o.trotaieies Olona: OfemnCo/o OkO Second.
YORKSHIRE.
Lor OAT wey CAaLsvOL OWL a nee ae cle cre eres (No awards.)
124. Boar, 18 months, under 2 years........... (No awards.)
125. Boar, 1 year, under 18 months...... ste ae (No awards.)
126. Boar, 6 months, under 1 year............. (No awards. )
127. Boar, under 6 months— g
HO@lMin. Galloloyy7 Gy Sora, ehaaesoweny IMO oo caonboaboousognnowoouudoU First.
128. Sow, 2 years or over— ap
Alolanan El oWonyy ca ONS Geraig 6 5.8.0 GRrERORe O18 or SiO ch doreron tate ald ido dio O-o Solos 9 First.
129. Sow, 18 months, under 2 years........... (No awards.)
130. Sow, 1 year, under 18 months............ (No awards.)
131. Sow, 6 months, under 1 year— :
Nolan Ciskowski nsoken eb coeGObODOOnUO dO GOsOn Oc oN Sooo Goose First.
132. Sow, under 6 months— :
Olio Grilokony cs Sons, nooo sume Gees Dan bos Oncoonosguaenas First and second.
133. Champion boar, 1 year or Over........... (No awards.)
134. Champion boar, under 1 year— Z
OTN Gild G WA SONS SeTn ia eeu tein net eee eee ioe First.
135. Champion sow, 1 year or over— F
Aion Shilkclkonie ca Sloss oho 6 Mee eo nBIAmato pio piGnobe scape bonaDunue amet First.
136. Champion sow, under 1 year— e
: liohouay Galeton sites SiOred.clg a cen a cue Or OOOO Once D Oraid.01d, 0 8.co Ob Dino o Dickond.dho auc First.
137. Grand champion boar, any age— : A
doar Ehivcronwe cs SerlS5 665 ogo U OSE OA MOOA OUD Oooo bomo mb mics Obl os alne two co First.
138. Grand champion sow, any age— ; i
Jovan GhUGReR atte. SOIC. ne eb Ce oeor ROME e oko dco ord Oo ola pmo col co dc First.
139. Boar and three sows, over 1 year......... (No awards.)

140. Boar and three sows, over 1 year, bred by exhibitor. (No awards.)
141. Boar and three sows, under 1 year—

ola, Chiblong es SONOS bocanaqeuernoagdonod oc ppgoeeounoncacsanasogs First.
142. Boar and three sows, under 1 year, bred by exhibitor. (No awards.)
148. Four swine, produce of same sow......... (No awards.)

144, Four swine, get of same boar— }
Hola (Cwilon- ea Sho cs eae ooo temo mebiad goabo GOA tgodc cmp none feaog0 6 First.

Class.

145.
146.
147.
148.

149.

9.

10.

‘Special.

Special.

Special.

Special.

Special.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fatr.

MULE FOOT.

701

Premium.
iB OAL ey CALSIOLZOV ELM ciaiioy stele sear nerctotaliele (No awards.)
Boar, 18 months, under 2 years........... (No awards.)
Boar, 1 year, under 18 months............ (No awards.)
Boar, 6 months, under 1 year—
Ji Gee WiSCZ Ela Lue WAS FO Wilh VU Ole:-%5 5} oifstewevere sro ecu evere's ss\eloieueis lavavertuenaa aiebane First
Boar, under 6 months—
Je. GE SWiChZelera iterates arte ies lo cretrekala, oyeckeuns Pave sbitisy stousy shel ones ohevlicnovapeokeeote t= First
SOW FV CALSKOLIOVEL NY wamices cei susiciane: (No awards.)
Sow, 18 months, under 2 years—
DeWis ISIN OCH SGOM AVEO ii: cts sero cuore) enter nererels feVe alan elle lols! ie enews Slat eet aes First
Sow, 1 year, under 18 months—
en Greve WG UZ Olamewe Ree te Hee Clore tcnswaliel acenclans Potcescen en pa wie sahara Coeds rot Sushe arnteptave ney mens First
Sow, 6 months, under 1 year—
SAV USIIT OPM anon ahr legate wabctat onnyier LOL shel ewe cations vs lcter eh elit so 31 Sad myise pecaoe Si aisles First.
Jen Gre WiOUZOl Mem eae cree tices vcnaleperetecs aragc Garam niche Meo Gee Ghat ike ea een here Second.
Sows uUndenGamnonthshesi vate ce die (No awards.)
Champion boar, 1 year or over........... (No awards.)
Champion boar, under 1 year—
eisvk Gas VVC US lier athe ate te crencsed cobain arco Pa ay ciceige iar S17et SNS ay Soyo STosfov Bak Silas SuSE a dabeae ey ean eee First
Champion sow, 1 year or over—
J RAV VE o o2) ISLE OLE Ss cys, ols Ria s Dea sneer ewsuetegataie esis Cieieiawehe ‘gheyiss Srsvatelousteuche sacs First
Champion sow, under 1 year—
EW ASITNS Olea tsim vores, «stale Paw asec scebatakace me tedctstiocs Sac secs faifonay sere merece etacey tee First
Grand champion boar, any age—
Deere NVICLZOUS > Si Se ic one evo cay ta reke etre ee meitet ev ere soos chiara ois, HANES eopte) one es First
Grand champion sow, any age—
SEMAN Fo ASIII OLic reel ccs Semen remere Mere ettelre Cota eker sila site eiiarve: bvror' 3) culos caise use (ieee venectelle First
SHEEP.
SHROPSHIRES.
Ram, 2 years or over—
Geos MekKerrowié& son), Pewaulkkees WiaSh. «a0 0+ ce sisiene «oe First and second.
ANOKA HATS gs AUKOSHamVVISH siete, slo. cavelemc «overs eee Gioia een . Third.
Ram, 1 year, under 2—
ANGAG) Fo3T AEs COR es lend tee ae, Cp CREME even BNET eT En a hs Eh On et First.
GIEOMVICINELLOWaCcES Ole ep ere an nem ee Cin Second and third.
Ram lamb, under 1 year—
PaNiaVo} tea) Mn anee mcey & teeta CREME BIG cho GIONS G Oib CRD IDLE ORES oie RELA ERE race ioe First.
GCOMMICKErrOWACHIS OD tyre tee Cn eda en ee bess : Second.
Geo AllentG Son mbexin stone Neb sila ce reais oe oie ae cel an eneeaee. Third.
Ewe, 2 years or over—
Geom MVMcIerrowsG SOM serait Ocoee eerie a ereoieree First and second.
JNO) ee hed NEN TTS Gleschercechench mente tet iaeel St PRE rie ot REE OG, SNe Ree ee ee eee Third.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2—
GeOMMICISErrOW ASRS ODE foals crea te Nees icici ee aeae First and second.
JaNi aXa) ez Ral set 9 ad topos Gic.8, Gecko ie CyENe eer OCC. TO OT OTR OR RR AERC Ce eee Third.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year— :
Anoka Farms...... warbovsondloongdbsdoccnopoddanone4 suanae NAR onAS oe First.
Geos MeKerro ws SiS Oniear ae cise cane renee ave a nite oie ole Ghanerers one Second and third.
Flock— f
Geos McKerrowicer SOD .o1) ah tal nee ree RP ahs /cise<is) ane Vciotciewor ane hele come ana First.
PATI Oca HI Siar nayesce case beeen ciao een on bee asin oa sTiciee, a tofauanss onewen reushete aru Second
iPen— ;
JeOL GLOVES Lipton: lO). s 1) sienereuekedbeme rere erere ro. 8 soe Sheeaons! ¥ cide eetie s1cteue keys First.
Geos AllenG R&S One mise. ae eee Pe eet site etek aioe) arial hte atten alloniauoaeieeh ab ners ete Second
Champion ram, any_age— :
GEO. MECIErrO Wits sinc loners cel ots eke cremeeeieie ee vere bel Sse Svein siiertal SyanaveyeteuepevOeeNe First
Champion ewe, any age— ;
Geoy MCMerrOwites eierominiiiche vrai tehe mentee: OIG CAITR cic oa Oe acaeeD First
Flock of Missouri Shropshires— :
SAO? (GLOVES Lipton Vion Ao scapeketenetareh creel week ot steel ©) ey ewer ol'ars ak hepetedahent svar First
Ram, 2/!years or over— y
PORGEOV.ES Mec tacecrnt pcos chorea ouet nel uetanieeneta ei jcra a: 5, ao So le scteuahs eu cosh cance First.
Wi S HAnGIG Ver Sneed Sec alias el Omarreni er lcbele:chaieie clei se cho nies cuereeoers Second.
Ram, 1 year, under 2— f
Gear MIcIKerro wa Gees ODE ersiensrsie eet ea eke eee tai) oo cvaue ate epee als wteusee cae First.
Jey OA GI OWVES eis tee iceliny ric one ae PE ee hotehe iirece a) ote! adds) as o,sye, ot eracausyele Second.
Ram lamb— ‘ :
AiglO hy (CNR OK Sioay ets Gila COI BIS STO IOLS BONS IE Oe OEE IERo First, second and third.

Ewe, 1 year. under 2— ‘
BVVieD Sear) Cle Greg Vict STUCE Chis te iescsiicis eer ohieeire ey Sosy ores /a1'6 (0. Silene srepsyal ss aterm First and second,

702

Class. Premium:
Special. Ewe lamb—
J AOMG TONES hee ee alin rane seneuch eee dene Bek eens First, second and third.
Special. Ram, any age—
(Eo RMM OE cON, id a eM 6 SEE ereoe ron dom cd Solio Oldictsid 05 oi,0-o.6 First.
Special. Ewe, any age—
Fea OARS Nol clan er eee eatin tc on eee Terence cic Se iod Becwene obs Sandy of ain First.
Special. Pen of four lambs—
A RL Oe Baton (sictowes ene Gee he EET aan Cheuynen cine Song Kalo Nola oy 4c First.
OXFORDS.
11. Ram, 2 years or over— ee
Geo. McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wis........... My eres First and second.
Ava, avian, Ie His) lelomney IMIS Sp nlowonodosaso ds aso coupes A oEtG Oo Third.
12. Ram, 1 year, under 2—
(GeOSRNICIKCrnOwiecis OMe eee eral eames nena te 1. eee de Mirstandsseconds
Geo. Allen & Son, Lexington, Neb............. ibe sda Ogee Eero renee Third.
13. Ram lamb, under 1 year— ad
GeO MINICK Err O wae S ONl ke craic) «cas eet eee Neen ee oneness nan enter iea First.
Vey ESTAS] ooealare sieves 3 i) aya ST IRM AS ee hers A alt Sh / (2) ). Second anidithirds
14. Ewe, 2 years or over—
(Ekoog IMIG ies [OMS .s obtain ooo CuSO bE cu nuolougucceece Bei First.
Geo Aller Sct Omeretea etn nie othe roe oni acne enone Sieses a te Second and third.
15. Ewe, 1 year, under 2—
Geol WIGKerrow Go SONS > so se cis ceiciere cele eee etal ancl GES Ahoy AF) First and second.
Geo; AlleniéaSones a. 4- -- - PEP oe an (A Ry dead Me Se ee rere ate eRe ERIS ea Third.
16. Ewe lamb, under 1 year—
GeomNIckerrows ca SOM ore, fat] ae es een ern areas hseee First and second.
BLES FI Bub NG aise wees SOR eet een Oe ee EERE eNE NY Aendin's auyo Gara omic o oickole Cio c Third.
17. Flock—
Geos MICIKErrO War SOT he fiers: 5 see ca cr ca Reten came nev cneaetiotehe) First and second.
18. Pen—
Yoel ie Soldat einia. aian GW hcro Aeron eMenMoIna cmos <0 O50) o.0 Olena bb o o Mma Mi saoeroe First.
(SU NID VES ae erga te( or Olas otc Mest eee sae WEEE ent A ican Hanbun ip eecIOoMOUIGKO Sta ae dIo.0 Second.
19. Champion ram, any age—
(SOE INIGIEeon 7p Castle Guin Roe tp otto Ubon sO nobonUoe on oo oD Oe First.
20. Champion ewe, any age—
(iGO INICIR GIAO, PCS OlL Se 4 ote EARS sin H cmon doODo Ono a 6 utd os more oor First.
Special, Yearling ram -- 7-2-6222 tee (No award.)
Specialeyicarlingiewerracca ert ae ie (No award.)
Special. Four lambs, either sex................. (No award.)
SOUTHDOWNS.
91. Ram, 2 years or over—
(Size Aeon As. SiGe ye ao Pie aE ae Cachan ckaoadsa. 6 GLb Gb Oytk co cienalc First and second.
Wie WY, Wileollivoainey, Ieee wIbiches MRO soem AoodnooogadcdoeabcocanhaGootod Third.
22. Ram, 1 year, under 2—
GeowAllen(&iSonk ss oa-ciee- 5 Rta eyisieviclcaheneh ae eee First, second and third-
23. Ram lamb, under 1 year—
AWW MLL AWE Mea eit tae A LEER REE AII4. CO. A oleae Ola cle) da do-n¢.5 dino’ First.
(Giga; JN, Ca Crore acct s & outed oo ee a oman Gm stko oe a cad os BS Second and third.
24. Ewe, 2 years or over—
(Sire DNerts Stora ee eon Ge OES cnibics Doct otctad a ool es First and second.
Ve CARE. AVE HaghlA sys oro a: Secl class eo AL eee Ene Onsen clo ceGuead Drove ocotd Migeohacts dao. Qo Third.
25. Ewe, 1 year, under 2—
(Guero mI erate Slane s) dog s-ala/cin Gia ROME Soro. 8 or hig 6a. 9.8, dup Ana ori First and*second.
NTNU NUM aaNT ASS, = Oly erick Ue EE Mean EROL a a.chd D Si GIN NOR Ie orkma "oe ty 0:6 0 Third.
26. Ewe lamb, under 1 year—
Geo WATIENE RES One Certs ors coals, » Lukeep ta Weneenanens fer aget atone First and second.
LUMO VIC AVN TGR OR SS 4 ore el Cache eRe a eee non paone heNA outa iad io on.c Cyc 8 O.Gha. 2 ath 8 Third.
27. Flock—
GeowAllentas iS Omer secs a astren hiein ele, oo! oot ME orate each Ne ate MUR Rta First.
Wise VWVie WV all DIDI Crease teeter Eee te ee WR Sith Lit, Bic. pucto ey OG Second.
28. Pens—
Sos AAV CA SKOL ALS (6.5 2S SO SiG SC RAO econo od Gta.c. a Bis. Cuno Gic-dvona Guindior First.
28a. Champion ram, any age
(EOL UNITVa Wa RKOLUIG, g ohne Gene PE I eras Hom o.d Bio Goenol0 domiompd0 0 First.
28b. Champion ewe, any age— :
Geom Allenna SOniee eels oe uetawaions dyansinctenata leva aiacel cde heme Pmeneme elicitors tole Rehremets First.
HAMPSHIRES.

29.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

Ram, 2 years or over—
Geo. Allen & Son....... Ne GS CO UGO MPISUId US oRG monoid moaoS haa bo.c~ First.
Shen wOodmserosers lel byavallleae lO ee ieielen i eieienenehel nein tn Second and third.

Class. Premium.

30. Ram, 1 year, under 2—

SHerwOOdPBROS ey totersia = seer eveen poe, oe voyie e080: Biss @es pa edsle waaeeees First and second.

GeomAlleniaaSOnee hh errata whe ok, A ee A oe Third.
31. Ram lamb, under 1 year—
: ShenwOOdsBLosmerrrde eis se aete cicie ae Got sas neon s owe First and second.

GeonmAllGnWScas Orlane ee eee I rere een ae aCe eh ae eae Dee Third.
32. Ewe, 2 years or over—

Ge osPAllcrmQas One ee tear alec ee eee eee aco he SRO First and second.

AVS VVARDVV AL UIT O eer ercre dieu c ch atai, ap mew WNL iet set ah So Ie a Oe See Third.
33. Ewe, 1 year, under 2—

GCOS AMI OAc SO Ta Rte eyes Ps an cig ee oy Se ay A oa First and second.

Sherwood Broseea.- ose Ci Rect ear Git GE ROPES Bi ERNE MEE nt haureee oe wh a eee Third.
34. Ewe lamb, under 1 year—

COMPA onee Sonia seats cee ey, te EN ae GS OMe es First.

SHER WOOGEBrOSH Enh ert era a cae eee yes tain ne nee Second and third.
35. Flock—

GEO WALIONWRCdS OD wersie coer aoe ons eaten er eerie bene acerca ote ae Pe First.

SHER WOOUME TOS arta eee r rele cane hice eee ee esd eee en Ee Uy ne Second.
36. Pens—

SHEE WOOGRETOSH ere EsEe rete Sc oie Use Toned aeehicy a ae nin artes First and second.
36a. Champion ram, any age—

GC COMPAULO NE AS ON pte tn ccc tel i cia res een TE take Sn ay ant teas First.
36b. Champion ewe, any age—

GSO qe AML STR SO Tense Pee ae aCe ot Ree tens cote, Te eng Soe eh ae First.

Special. Flock—
SH CRWOOGEE LOS aarret ya aaiaut ees aici WSL Read custie, Tee ene First and second.
COTSWOLD

37. Ram, 2 years or over—

ANT Oey, LEVELS ols Ore Oladintane lg ici, Accu Cs Al aS Bee nk ole ee ea ee i First and second.

A OM GLOVES Lp LOM IVE ORs ee en eee et ore ieee Pick cone Doe oe Third.
38. Ram, 1 year, under 3—

PATIO KAM HARMS hem soe SAE ee ree eee hae en Steed ate First and seeond.

FL OTE GaROW,OS terciche eee ree eRe ee elle alicia. bintaw 2, Sey eS) hee ae Third.
39. Ram lamb, under 1 year—

ANNO KGRHARIMIS ey Ramer tee tc a oem seer e Susi olde cere he oe First and second.

ROTO GLO MES ye hea oe ee eae Meo ced NAOH eee Soe Third.
40. Ewe, 2 years or over—

ANOKaARH arms tyre ert he aes eee bic See eee First and second.

GORA EGRON SSI ys ofosc cre eae GIO Ri Oe Fe Ee toon eae ee Third.
41. Ewe, 1 year, under 2—

PATIO Ka WHAT INS Meee Per tare 7am oa ea CEE eo ots eee! a ae SL First.

AE OTE GOV. OSta ene eset a er cin ee one iene ee ca eee ....Second and third.
42. Ewe lamb, under 1 year—

PANO ath AES secede, ee Peis eh ech aes ae os ore IEE ee ee oie Sao First and second.

ATS OTA ONS eter ee eee rere ec i Sins sous ee tees Ob re AEs een a cee ee Third
43. Flock—

PATIO Ka PH ALIN Se leg tow ceceence ec sia ocean so aes so hans Ae kiana First.

OME GLOVES ates ea eee a ete ok ss heist Oren eters Feet otoyss Sonal Second.
44, Pens—

EE OVI COLON. CS re reasceret mee Rts ace CRE ee eine) a as a Bae ES cooley cues ib edts First.

Sy EL GLOVES eal COI EINOn s teen ne mnt enmnnne STi psn een. Ulu sen ee Second.
45. Champion ram, any age— :

EATVO Kicig HEI Sey ayer seein Age ayant cc Rceee Men eRe nts each Eur vs ye cP eae vay tact acho uieen lopake First.
46. Champion ewe, any age—

SATY OKA VHA TTS Meee td en i aes ee nr I Eee eh eon. c A Sing cy es eave) a cusetss late First.

RAMBOUILLET.

47. Ram, 2 years or over— ;

IRS s. _ King EOS sala Cs Wy. Onan teeee eer cieiors ars ce ee coe carte First and second.

Re Ww? Cooke wostultansticld: Ohiowhmme) oti.) cl eee ee Third.
48. Ram, 3 year, under 2— a

SEV so CO Oe Ce a rene mere oe Re Rode Stirs OAS. oie Re, fos 5-2 hse Re elke: Raper First.

Hee Os On Sa LOS ene Pee beetiee in neo tes en clos as 5 Senda Second and third
49. Ram lamb, under 1 year— :

Se King 1B ome pu ie Gis O Sob 06.6. 36 One SSS an eoeiee First, second and third
50. Ewe, 2 years or over— é :

oe hen PUES TOS hacer ee AN asin een ee Ses oe eye First and second.

FERVY a © OO Ketan se eR ee ee cara ale eridlls. Gngnetene ne, nutarevene Third.
51. Ewe, 1 year, under 2— : é

F. S. NSIT ST OSice tea cts gece ene eee tea he PA lee idn se ue towet iene First, second and third.
52. Ewe lamb, under 1 year—

LSC ANTE (GISYOL Sn cp MRE Se tetas ea I nba en a First.

TR, Sho TSG TaVeS 1 BIRO Rte ores RET ek IS ly On io oe ERA ie oer ree Second and third.

List of Awards, Missouri State Fair. 703

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

73.

74.

75.

76.

Missourt Agricultural Report.

Premium.

Flock—

WSIS 4 RANE BEOS cicrs cer nlaereberore tebe kere oieke (sive tok Saene eee ake beReReielelea Nem leregs First and second.
Pens—

BS i Kain CUB rOSie cic, soieoaieteela teres comets = ails usacee afer rete se oie Tee een Ret ad each eV ornenes First.

1 aD id Gl ovo} eater Re ts hhc oh ee eR ReI B e Ge cho Pig aylcle oo GIS om wa 6 God Second.
Champion ram, any age—

IBY Si Kuinio Br Slarinsteratv creas oie e)c) 20 ecoemclcye tenere) aretiatenerebe eg eer teay icc token terre First.
Champion ewe, any age—

1S Gh a y=ahl oy Loy hak io Keke RCI IRC KS OIC enrs ce Neo cmoeos Satoh ao ac First.

DELAINE MERINOS.

Ram, 2 years or over— %

Uriahi@GookwesSonseeorian Ohio. oes eee icra First and second.

IW IN Coolkgsc Son eNews Ondon), @OMWORraterateyar: ofekopt veers etek niet ion ots Third.
Ram, 1 year, under 2—

DW IN © OOK RCH S OM erementithe eis e512 sci enometeienchelone est yetenetoneve rae First, second and third.
Ram lamb, under 1 year—

W.N. Cook & Son...... CPLA a ono a hwo Sian ues ou adsl dure First and third.

DavidsekerBellssBrichtonystabion, IN. Watemcccesclelcicmeicnietcietereruetenene niente Second.
Ewe, 2 years or over.

Wise OCrolc waSOle sd pop momouS MeO osc Os ed An oa ot oor sha bao ov LC First.

David Ke wB Sl MER Sac ol ovens eS yolls Sia Giese Tonle om eeet en One I Ane Ros Second

SWINE WO ORR SOM ers oie ois wis. Slo delidlerabcraies leaebene be lee ate Gute L enhance Reco eres ee Third.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2— '

WEMIN RO OO Laces OT eta aoc star o'solls se! syd tales) Se etone) eed omeienehep etre First, second and third.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year—

WiRINIENG@ COLES ONES, Shes: chic soo wile odie Boe nenen et ep et Meee emeteete tema teteneee First and second.

Wien COO Gs RG cocascboon ono mos 6o05 od DoDD DCUbONGDOUDSGO UNC Third.
Flock— :

LU pret EeWalet Okoyol lenses (oals take ei eM I os cieO. ro O loca Dootidc ho pce oe First.

SWiK ING OO ARC SOM erate lctost4:-c, aoe alhel ev my ApOUEES She lane ene otro tame ere eRe cere cea Second.
Pens—

Aguile OLYGIS COSIOLOS Cis id cokes ICOM TOO PO Cao Sow Oa ca Oo wado sob O0 Oo 000 First.

(Wiriahi COOK SOM. 5 ois. ciee seeks, ato ficciew aie Che ceed) ae avlao sD cing Wehbe eee at iene Second.
Champion ram, any age—

LOPE ol (Oroyel tei cat Shop olan eon te eR oi Scio Gioia cine oid Sica sa o ode First.
Champion ewe, any age—

Wireline OOKMAT SOM re revepe caer ce ois ver sl ollanalts: open ah cae PaMMe MO MOnCwe citettones thenceef stele wer shen ale First.

AMERICAN MERINO.

Ram, 2 years or over—

15) inva (REESE IU AE We et herene(eun re cos 6 0\/0) a1e 4s Weis Ley aM Rene ea tae ete Remeron First and second.

(Wirt ah @ OOleyeriS OMI <6, rc 6 sis. 's. woes bial Re Oe ROI OO) oR eke Third.
Ram, 1 year, under 2—

1D Fateh LGU ye) | A Ce ie al er rr een ne AnG cio mt ois aadino ey Chord ec First and third.

@larence Weebarkers Spencerport, IN Wic. semiotic eee Orie eee Second.
Ram lamb, under 1 year—

GlAaT ENCE mWHIBALKCLE mrcrc aisle fa ais sa, wares lols epeeemeneWewese ahelnncl oer eucp chanel First and third.

ID ea (a kel keh BXe) le Aes et At Oe rector ica coco coano os odman 6qcd5 Second.
Ewe, 2 years or over— ;

NUS) vil Cee Clea ere cio ce ssieks aus Ss noe, & whe vebe fren eLMaiohorenetelte cisienee First and second.

Glarences Wie BAL KGLs occ ess eiais a wre, dcvaybpe erator nee obs nelte ioe rarctoee rien ence Third.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2—

IDE NiiaWel, 1kGo 1BYelllS ke Ga Rio a Late Oden en Reena soar pac orc Oe First, second and third.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year

IDE ysate bel Sea EXE is alisha cay dis CCI RRR eo EES KG clo, oO CTOLOMeGun eS Seat First and second.

GTarem CeRWe BALK CRA rar We asc cusveies) +a 55a: on e:ahte, poeta enteibevalceltartss at ore enone Che epee nene Third.
Flock—

1 Dey to lial Sd BYel ll tons ain aici cnet nee aE ce aa 6 CS ERO arGrs Oo Oene Siciciarolo First.

(OMENS Ve SI ge! BE Ni ide) Beto it aOR ae SoS cig olan o PA ctysld camila D o'b Second.
Pens—

ID Yeo il & Gael 85) I is eto eRe ee eee eee ICES eco cy Mis Aol Gach c Gee a0.c First.

@larenCe: We ALO cs ore: Ake. axe: fois: ssa a.ssyses ayrene de renee She RRC Reames a ORR Renecen ois Second.
Champion ram, any age—

Davi Glaks.. (BURA ae re sr-, ctais oo os, 5) els) « cynical wre tore el oNOe Re tereceiuche = eenevenetemie First.

Champion ewe, any age— :
TT) Riv CRB Clea etenova ctvaticnens fer shen anay sy(sisesTonv ie: aus, Su ebiesrereheteweleterabeane Rotel eoRoets First.

Class.
iife

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.
83.
84.
85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

ule

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

Sie

98.

93°

100.

101.

102.

103.

List of Awards, Missourt State Fair. 705

MISSOURI SHEEP.

SHROPSHIRES.
Premium.

Ram, 2 years or over—

JOM GOMES wala bOI NMVLO ny mutator tenses eters yale -- suse ae) eee eie tore First and second.

Wao. dSlo Biel (rs Wa Sievers SOCIETY INO: on coc oe me Bee Oe De mbee cuisine unk Third.
Ram, 1 year, under 2—

JER OP GTOVIES perceey tera hag heats, 2 were were] eee arate tes sr Aura ler & cre tee e First and second.

Nivign Sls Gah. Cro-\ive Sia Verere LAN Sah, Boes eae a te cata eee ee NR SON ee Bonne hg Third.
Ram lamb, under 1 year—

JROMGLOV.eS ebip tone MO aa stich: Time tebe ea. eis Gecko First, second and third.
Ewe, 2 years or over—

Jed OPM Gs OWES ee) eee error -w oie BAR WMS MER eR Tee hase etc conah omie oa First and third.

Wiss andiGraVersneedals ed alia, wilOmemmrmesiee cies 20 cee eae ae Second.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2—

DEN OPM CHE OVES tare cpeny Sra the sts araie. s( a. oO reNueneitehst = releoe >, os 51.502 4. cio eae teen ee First.

WEES ani GreaVE gon COCi ea 45) on eee in Saute. a A Se oa apes eae Second.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year—

ee Ot Gor OMS mes aeeme ren Suet es a AOE OME nares casusesacndees Wirst, second and third.
Flock—

Jag OCT ON CS tae korn Soucek) set ee ee, ie es ee ek a ee First.
Champion ram, any age

Aes lOls (CHORE a 5 tal Qual eae SS ETP IEE Pe ates ts i on Tee Mey First.
Champion ewe, any age

GOV. CSR Pe ee as ce cdo Ee eT ies toes ek ances Ee a ee First.
OXFORDS.

Ram, 2 years or over—

Ato Mo lsu, eine) Ilo, INO)... oscocessbeookeues busueeaecan First and third.

Vito Vio. \ivelitimaige, Jekaeollbye, IMO. % aomon obese bend Gao Ghose uonmoe ne ecieonvel:
Ram, 1 year, under 2—

PLE EM ES ULI See eit eo RR OR pen cist ix: Dike aN AN Seana aye Aes ia oct 2 a First.

Wiha ive MVE ni rean lero, 6a ats ® ahh SreRo RCO A on Ree aPC nee CREME Oe teen Second and third.
Ram lamb, under 1 year— ;

PPE UITIS Coat on tw tomer cy on ER ee ieee at ate venus lake dese fees First and second.

SV Vice VV CHAN Wich LIND Tren ear meee Ce oe hls ak wi Ries en os, ge) ce ete ue eM Third.
Ewe, 2 years or over— :

ANG ly LEIS BIC yen tes lounter SERA ently ohn RAR oy ea hue aac CNS IERIE RE ery ane Sn First, second and third.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2— :

AMS df LBS DUG eS etn taicmemGte Go ee ale ioioncechee a teciicl Ci eatac eecne aN Ch onan First and third.

LVS LOTITO en enige ey cen eect eee enti oe SU ee) CN Dis) Mey oy eae Second.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year— :

ADO Ine | B3UUe Sha rn date em Dn 0 Ooh ces nee Aen a Be or eT First and third.

VV SAV VCR cL O11: Cerne ate Uae pen NOY. Datta SiO Nr ln Stee Pek hon ny sus Bee Second.
Flock— ,

Dis CESULPEIS RP eee otc Siege recat ech Niel ee SHS eaPh oioescinle. a) eiote cee some First and second.
Champion ram, any age— :

aS, Jie PUR TIS rarest ach ns Wee TN ORG eo assed Slows, s sues'e hao eratogs ais First.
Champion ewe, any age— :

ETN. Tis ERUEP TAS tach sronces eRe ears arenes aha SRT Me oe Seal tle a See Me tray tol Sey abd neta tee First.

HAMPSHIRES.

Ram, 2 years or over— ; :

Sherwood! Bross shelbyivallessMlOma eee ee cles oc cle First and second.

BWV... OWE: WWiallitinniic eee len eon cere won ane ete) dines otters Hans fares, ahtanale Cpeee eee Third.
Ram, 1 year, under 2— ¥ ;

Sherwood! Brostetere etree oe ae a2 occ e Susie First, second and third.
Ram lamb, under 1 year— : ;

Sherwood! Brostremenc epee 2. perk eee sends. d ve 5) ote First, second and third.
Ewe, 2 years or over— me

IWie We, Wealitmire crests h.3.3 5 apace chp sas sacs Sasa orsic © 6 sesso whe Wey ure First. —

Sherwood eB rostaewsstoe seca ocean et taneous hel Steer sete a) alae av eh eae Second and third.
Ewe, 1 year, under 2— i :

aK OOO ISOS > owe nne COO BMH Ds F008 000 UMD Oo CoOdmEdC ooo Oe First and third.

WES Wise Wallin ceeryrorssyernee haa PnP REOME® Soc e alias gh ceeMMten x: dvfev « te sede slsp as al ieee Second.
Ewe lamb, under 1 year— 5 ‘

SHEL WOOGEB TOS Heer rear ieee Crees ie) «ae sa, Soe eMDAE Uo se First, second and third.
Flock— :

SHEL WOOUBELOSam a wer Rare as lice cHeR WoT oso as, ers) bteua/ ous, hayaibatienns avate First and second.
Champion ram, any age— ;

SHErWOOGEB TOSS para one ere a ie Saeko paseeeheriye hiSoeh ermine yanere. evenn 6 008 First.
Champion ewe, any age— ,

SHER WOOCMETOS Bmw rere acter ntl ven initehe tei ce otereueini ens! en heetenstereiteyene.s eosye es First.

A—45

Missouri Agricultural Report.

COTSWOLDS.
Class. Premium.

104. Ram, 2 years or over— :

“nor endo igech UMN, WO. sooo rnoeooma doco neagaac fc First, second and third.
105. Ram, 1 year, under 2—

POM GTOVES \. demuuctcencl sees les > cae acta teeta hei i fae tn ee ae eae First.

Sip glela (Ghetoniesh ‘Inihoiorm, slosh weemee ofa ecru aol. atdo hd om oo coc Second and third.
106. Ram lamb, under 1 year— .

M ovata CUHOn > omtiner hy parhn ath oot oon ACR OTORNGL ONS ee a he OFGLa Ceti Oin First, second and third.
107. Ewe, 2 years or over— f

TNOME GROVES fede eee Gye ome ae ete eloten aeveuate aebelis fe Boel eoc First, second and third.
108. Ewe, 1 year, under 2—

TDOTARG TOV CSI oe ee eae MO ce Ch eik= RR eee eo eae First and second.

SEDGE Gir OVIES Hay uae eh cenre ovine, Sua ee ce RaSA ape emre eeecede, PRR OO Ik os ice Ree a eee Third.
109. Ewe lamb, under 1 year— :

LOM GLOVES Miia tokens ae © eieiecgs; cc MC ee egetoer ce Coe meker First, second and third.
110. Flock—

TOMAGTO VES. sees Shes ates SER cea eae Ocak Ru TSR On oa ne ie First.

shee 8 [aed Gi Roi alc ee eee tak eee eh EE Siar nen Ashe heme Nate oldie ec ktrharta, olveted.o Second.
111. Champion ram, any age—

MNO TMK GENOMES trcsgscets co te hee sna llsnistcos ou gus. Suis Jo: ausm, SU oe so 2s, 2 eRe cones epee Sees First.
112. Champion ewe, any age

FIO) ATN GRIF OWES Ie Sees Pee ed Chiao og 32h 5. ofa. 3) alle, G15 Ses Oo SSRN) CREME ee tne Tene Ene First.

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MULES MISSOURI STANDS AT THE HEAD—THE ONLY SAFE PLACE.

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Missourt Agricultural Report.

708

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tnartan.

Report of State Veter

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“NVIUVNIUGLAA ALVIS ALAA ‘NMOU “d “I “Ud JO LYOdAY TVANNV

ltural Report.

Agricu

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710

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‘NVIUVNIUGLHA ALVLS ALNdaC “AASNOH ‘f°M “UC AO LUOdAY TVANNYV

713

martan.

Report of State Veter

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‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVLS ALAdAC ‘HOVAT “HD “Ud JO LUOdaY TVONNV

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“NVIUVNIVELYA ALVLS ALNdHC ‘AAOT “Ad “UY “Ud AO LUOdAU TVONNY

Missourt Agricultural Report.

716

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= “pouryuerengy | sisoqnosaqny, |°*** 200 moo T [oo 6I Avensgeg |-°°7 uotwonddy |°-°2°s2+0° “+ ppeysutdg “Scie ise ale BM Oar aa
~ ‘pouuezengy csoobonaouoan stsopnosaqny, ajehayetasensderensiese, ox erent SMO0 F [°° ey Arenaqay cle ananerarete teleliehertecs uoryeoyddy qhaveteve\npadehetere ADD pjeysuradg POS OLO DIOLOO ID Gah Joyxeg ‘9 L
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> “paurjuesenty “°° °° Boeepehaye sisofnosaqny, |t¢77s ot moo [ |" --yp Arenuep [2722s 2 “uoneoyddy |° >: stomtaaherese ststees ppeysundg |-°*-: ROOT owe Aasse yy Dg)
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Report of State Veterinarian. 723

LIVE STOCK SHIPMENTS FROM MISSOURI.
(D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian.)
Number of horses and cattle shipped from Missouri into
other states and countries during the year 1913, under official
inspection.

States. | *Horses. | Cattle. Total. | Cue
Ie PAV abamare seme mie acre cls Gas 1,060 10 1,070 45
Bl EATIZON Ae coy ee cco eten ce ores bet ose 14 29 43 6
|| AWE EHISESei5 Bidicia.o cre ionae a ar Re moe 2,156 127 2,283 Pil?
AM EC DITO ae ee ee ee ler. eee ccocker tc 115 84 199 17
OM IRC OLOLAG OF ne cena aeh ie coke ote ees 113 408 521 58
GmieD) Cla wale mr tyre eet Wcssicos eiapere ays eae sc atnl isptepeorcea ys 28 28 1
fa EDL OTIC Decye Rey iat eee cence ie SE cee are (5).8 herein Batters 6 2
Sal G COLL Ae ee ory eae ce sceeien hoaeins sia hh aewiee 118353. ilGkeneape es Bache 135 5
£8) sl LUG TE SOYA a onsg ts: org dtc ora act eae eRe 62 156 218 25
TUG) || MPT SYOT ES its. Gthie eat ct orcl Cee OI GREN Re Cac eee eC 25 198 223 22
iLiT,” |b aGhiey Ne ctpeecie iat ieee ceeiics aEMeR Dee See ea anette 22 25 47 1
LON: ayy ei seenencl hed shes eee oo a caiakarehen omen | 533 445 978 193
LIS3H ll SG aaa cS! cco on GIGI OSENCL GEORDIE RE RERERELEE ae Eer otic 575 483 1,058 235
ASS | ECO TG UC Kiypaenescie) ck et vote ob acu ek dsas oxcberehs 46 13 59
SM PSOUISIAM Gy te Gt craks Geers Sais Sein eeotele 365 2 367 20
GH AN Tanry| ary Cee qantas eee ey cs ic ele yates ON alearcot aoe 9 1
mleMichicanmsees eee nhs sy saevehe Mcp a bedegie Mee 11 34 45 . 3
Swen eSOta. fetes ee Oe ce | 67 a7, 94 20
TORPMNISSISSID Plc Sbhee acetone coe eae 3 Oln- || Pear ete 539 26
ZO MI BWlONtAN dynein citer oackeh ase eee om sass 367 267 634 83
TG INCI GAS Iai cotecnetotouc ws caohehGac tees ovehaens mlcueas Gs 361 189 550 115
DOM MING VLOLA Sere usicuc) tanec haveeeuctan ies Reuctsgehess: or eicod Iastet oeanta ates 19 19 3
oa MING WaclelSG Virus, pases. tow cesich ano wia ork saeectere | PA Wa Shia cia go.9'c 26 1
Acai NIC WIV RS COMES Steers faeces estas 4 Semceys eos hoe I 94 17 al 20
2 Va PSIN(G WA NAOT Konus ncaa ees aeons ere vanes te choue ie TO he lace the toreee 10 2
26) | North (Carolina) ).2..-.- eo ener NTE 186 9 195 10
2 North Dakotaur taku. es yon eae 35 19 54 10
QS KOMG 5 SoBelse epic eer, Ahh heh ste et eee | 110 27 137 8
2OnLOklahomiarn- ae een einen 612 181 793 138
SOmKOreg ont. fe eee hs ee ck ee | ily? | 62 79 15
Sia Pecunsyivanlane eee eee | 34 31 Gs | 3
Si) Souda GAyROtN MG 54 Gaooosanasousagsoe 240 1 241 | 12
SSP SOUth ) AKOCA a ps shake ciciel oie Co cee 91 32 123 | 25
SA RCN CESSES te Ae iisinaveree cat ae ae ee 216 44 260 11
SOMMMANOKAS cp. Seal swevnioon a hero Susie see asl beer i SP47/ 253 1,580 130
SOM AUG ahs «2st: staercycues on wedeweNee vaicto muchas ayer: seated 3 48 | 51 4
SM MVALE INA 2 ey TR ae ee cs yeaa i el eee ee TF 5]
SSmiiashing toner tte n tees hue 16 42 58 7
SOMOS Viloiniawvs ye pews ois ace ees ees. nee 1 1 1
AO EAVVASCODSIN ty....ces ens coals ee sats oe os a el eee 20 21 41 12
ASN VEY OIMIN See eek en tals oct ae Oe 91 311 402 26
ADO ANA Gishat Ate ea ae os a8 a, 7 51 58 4
ASm Po OUth tAtri Caines-..are ice ce tieiere sin sores A Ia Getare hese o i | 1
MO tals ee Ge on ee Pe 9,712 | 3,760 130472) | 552

*For convenience in tabulating, mules have been classified as horses.

Five thousand one hundred and twenty-four hogs were in-
spected for shipment from Missouri to other states, making a
total of 18,596 animals shipped out of the State during the
year 1913, under inspection.

N. B.—This record does not include horses and mules that
went out of the State through the public markets at East St. Louis.

724 Missourt Agricultural Report.

LIVE STOCK SHIPMENTS INTO MISSOURI.

Records of the inspection of horses and cattle shipped from
other states into Missouri that have been filed with the State
Veterinarian during the year 1913.

States. *Horses.. | Cattle. Total. \Number of
iy shipments.
| |

it) | PArKam Sassi Aer it ot MURR RRC rad ok: 64 | 205 269 | 29
QEKSavrornideeam ein cera cee Pech e sees MeN Daeg e Ne PER 2 1
Be Hil xe) OLE VOK Os Airs ives ete Said oh ulocols 6 ain oor 6 | 6 12 | 4
Ag d© ONNECUICUbe enue ats EME eee: © scoala aes 1 1 1
5 a MULTI OIS isomerase cater oy Aenea ae ec ee 137 137 274 57
Ge MOEN Garam. ee cee. os ie cea) eR EEE carts aa | cae tal] eee eee 2 2 1
TERN ALO Widitete cris tgeu cary ee Sree MeO ETN RR Ee cae, oe PLP 388 605 134
Se AnsAS ery hed) epee mee Bees 178. | 380 558 | 96
Oulekeontuckey ces wie ger eee mee. 17 | 30 47 3
LOM MUIOWISIATIA aac. Sentech sont es e cesiccics: = 33 5 38 13
Se SVEN ESOUA ene torn ti ces teee e isees seh 19 3 ayy) | 4
LO NUOTICATIA) cue ee coe La hiae ieee me ieee, ace (7A GeeccnPRoR on cit 62 3
Lia INC DASHA is oe Sie cee ec mac teers 404 164 | 568 #El
VA Oke WOM ash, ake se: 6 een a mee ee aa ORR | 200 | 835 108
52 | WORELOM A ceypoicic aha cep Cea ee Gas SoReal 6 | 1
HGR ES OUtHED alkotareerrine cca 39 | Gi Alb || 8
h/t OTM OSB OC ac. uectiee See bien: cts oke Bo ae ase 16 | 389 | 405 14
IUSYon Rl Web cVI4 | ewe Cre Snes | A RPS ate en) 259 85 344 26
OE AVWASCONSINS sorb corre sie ti. c+ oe ies Re eee ted ee hes se 92 | 92 10
POM SWiyOmine alc poi Aelse ne seis cis ae ee 14 | Bees ae aN a | 14 2
ate fees ie E ML |
Se ROtals ects: aihiek ale tan vere 2,008 2,103 4,201 oe 592
*For convenience in tabulating, mules have been classified as horses.
TOTALS ON TUBERCULIN TEST WORK FOR 1913.
Number of healthy cattle tested and tagged by State..................| 11,846
*Number of healthy cattle tested by Government......../............ 4,500 |
AMO of) Ut ere reg Nici s BROS os a OUCR ORTON cr cece Meme PRC uctote, Cra steam sbcrt anata andh lasnctes abe | 16,346
ING UoM) BYE Osi CRATE Copavolersanareyol Jory SEMIS cadgnanonadodacoanccouposanna sa 339 |
Number of cattle reported condemned by Government...:............ | 21
UT BLOC Geek RPA eS leo “ope dato te y ak Le se CR a OE a SNA PR Pee 360
Number of healthy cattle tested and not tagged by State..............|........ 2,038
Total number of cattle, diseased and healthy, tested by State and, |
GOVELMINENEG xt Gaicto eee ears Shoe sale: ae RSS tres cokes Sat ois oes eae | 18,744
Hogs vaccinated and shipped from the St. Joseph yards............... Poe AR Ate cer 5,269
* Approximate.

Two hundred and seventy-nine thousand nine hundred and
seventeen cattle were shipped or driven into Missouri during
the year 1913 on affidavit that they would be used for pastur-
ing, feeding or immediate slaughter and not for dairy or breed-
ing purposes, and were admitted without the tuberculin test.
There were 6,706 permits issued for these cattle.

Aoricilbural@ ollesemab ber Gan COiga wns cores secs te eee aes ato. sikeve scisa/iohler cies) Gee eRe CERI
ANETAte rilapoerila, Ev AdVON el, Sc od ween Gein Eels ea ais o.oo OEE s God Goa ht adel Gs
PTO aa ECU LISICOLMbiygrweme ser eucte te cy cer cue tee cae as REE GRE, Suen derialer he One, eRe eon Woe
MIMETICUS SHOU OME lll yar eras cot ws occ kts etree pee avis fo asic ce fo Senet ore eRe Lee ter keen eee
ATINOLUIZEMIOMbTG CLIC GUb one ah ier iiciad wane ests Sy oee ee NEU eee ae er ake.) stro dusp alist ele eens ae ORE eee Sree
PAMTTI TN a San GOI Saree oy Neh ee ook cee ST cE woe foie c=: 2c) Sn EO an eee
Asses and jennets, number and assessed value, by counties...................5.2.00-
Babies’ Health Contest—
@vwiSien! Geos ceyye lay toe Me aie Bis oo Ree ON Rana Reh een Seioue le ANE clin ohenrud eid ‘a uosOue C
AAS HANS SUTTONS oe lowe Ace oie eee ae IC PEERS EO. oA oder Binet Pee Re RCRD CLG IS Pree tates, ao oslo.
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Barley Cceagerand pyle) deine VESSOUTE LOM Si cuss ars) 2 ave cov eyeletaleen olteleiclsie oleienaiemen elton ae ees
Bankers, Association) Ameri cananwOrkaOltis eae: « <fs.sve ya teee qiee stile ocwalo ahsueyclghatentueRene not eten el eater
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Board of Agriculture—

Annual Meeting—
ADLALYRINSDECTOLA TE DOLGHOLytaciee on si chatone elev ears ake oes essen are ce ceera te cen meee
AuditingesCommipbeey neporctOle ol isjaeweteers ars ccyane were euchcieeic este eiee were pretence cane tenaea
Gommitteeoni@olleze of Acriculturesreportlofan. see eee eee eee
Dairy C OMMISSIONCH Are POL UOLee ey erence tric cel aie ei ecearae ee Ona k keno emetons
INDITUTGO STO fay cece ae ees ety Rea cere ei Mem ett es ties es ences acre Sine aerials P tek eA Pa as
Secretaryis re pOrbiy craven tech oy ack ae cera aise cunh ne AN coat ety sat RRA eRe avg een ewe
IA DIDEVs WOLKE NEE OS: OF) scp ure rn OR rote: bic asndisce i Ay od ce 1 SRE nee ae
(@AsCOH Oe) O10) 61 Neen en SEMEN Sto 6, cc epee oR ORC MRE ERPS ity hence cists A asec
Harmersinstitutess numbers andpabtend ancem.). «-.- -<) sa sere ets creteree
INMbailin elist; hows ineCredse dyn, cicweenc,~ Sekces « cue ssleres seeseueaehen ene tebe erctene Rete
Printedsmatter, num' ber Ofpacesmicr cs i: .2 sie oc. ls) chs shales inom re) ettonemen elects
Recordsyand filesicom pleted Saeewicrs. «cc cesecracho cic shone Ml seucuedecnens auetarenaneben eles
IWiOrkOf- Board (COMmpATAbiVierCOStreinc a. 4 o<1:c ae cic crdeienctel tena eiceeh nevenenenen eters
Veterinarian department, recommendations concerning............... ats
Secretary,sinancial statement ace sten bs + scslepccsia ote) auc lees Shee oerae eo voh tia act eoeebs
State: Weterinarianelilckey, LeporusOlear.y srs « cccvesiche ie cecasensee oieteichaloreieten cheteieren are
StatemvieterinaniansSheldonareportioters:. . 1. sme: oe eneniee cere tae
TOEASULECE PLSD OLE Ole es 1s sven MON Re Oeks wi ss aloe epee ede, Oro) ata Rea ay oy cuiens etl eps ane
Bulletins issue de GUS ae kee cis Se eo hoe, 5d ie dee ee cue tiga) ose is aiaistbey si creps peepee
(GhaOy ews) O10) Sony Geer ORE RCR ENE ORRRe ECE REIGN cho co CR REREREEE eae min eneana Sie Oo icus o cicoreicwaiy'c. £8 5
Harmerssinstibtiubes; mim beriandsabvendanGes. ... sensei 4 cicieeieisiciene elt eo bel-neenenenen=
Hanmerssinsbitiuitenwork COSh Of ia ce mere yc.c, «cementite Fe easels eaearaee oi ete welled smoot
Hichway Hneineering Department abolished: . 52cm osc. les <-)s tees cpa 7 ene
Verb ers News SUCCCHESHOLee pa cmce es rete lied oicchie us icl eee Relies es st oilers for aire sirey's)-2 gol tea alycHor arenes
INE TTD OLSHO Lite pes tes caren eee tate tah ewe EIR oo. atic at Metsu aa ane | av-toliatepatek eae Syekes eNotes
Wa len bbivayessl Disha. avery caVershCOlale 6 cig comin ic ines cnOSekO CSRS eR RCRA Scie cr HeRmO eG eencic reeenoeEn. Cucina Oleic
OTT CON SHO eae eget ee ecko eee eee lee ERE CTE, Cel Gay ersio aywhon er cftatenet lial <fevepepeeatel crate sar elagebee seas
Orca 7AvONSHASSOCLALC WOliCOLSHO ia wpaeeneen ase aris) sin ltene rane te tale ee CRT eee et cen AISA
OPICErstnNeWwASKeLCNOSWOLS 5 Sta ou, eae, eters Spencer) ais) elec: laceas Ges cer ctctemateney ol crackers) ones iar tate
HED ORUEOM Ne ASUL CIs sheet com can Mute ena ena ce, alee ya fenaita a neta elec eats shee atu tee Men tetchamen stems

II Index.

Board of Horticulture— hts Page
OPA Gers OPT Nee? Ses ican re eee yale Fee Pe Tt ae 358
Reportiol Meeting sy. ale aye Gee eee OO iat a toes «eee oie Sot aCe Re ETc eee 358

Boysenrollmentiofe harm Crs aawiCe Kerem ese cierto ty eee ee 272

Boys-{Corn Growing (© ontestia sacye ccc ei eys ese ene oe eee 10 Re Ee ee 332

Boys JudgingsaContest;pwinnerswinlern 1 Acee kei scra esis rere a eee eae et one 274

IBrOOMECOLn, Acreage and ryleldginwVISSOUTA, iL Olcsiemeene ey renee ieee nee ene 653

Buckwheat acreage. ands yleldain! IVINSSOUTI al Oiler ise elaine iene ene 653

Butter fatsproductionwperxCOwiacva se cle ee eee ree ie eee ee 406

Butter pprice per pPOUNG). aetna een ee Errands seers ine MCRL cue CPR ones 670

Cattle— ~
Wiarkcets fOr SOW ets cysheesesee tee aie, oS. 5s See ety ae Say eee RY GO een 631
INvumibervanditassessed vialile: by COUNTIES jase re renciert caer iene nee inne nae 674
Sita teased ward Si: [yh o vewere es ach ie eucneyaitsy sical ape e eee ac eee CES aU nO oan Toa 688
AM ORAS VEC VICI SS. 5, erstaush cr oeeiei rue tee Nets Cenk, boves aster Rash cae apistke TENCU GBS Men ocean 51, 58
Movalvandsicompanrative mum per Olin cic aa wei ieice eine ie eee een ae 626
MU CLC ULOSIS! M355. 5 aco tee suste ate Nel fawes crs tes Gy a) Aen MNS EES Wr DIANE tric ee aC ee a a O25 OD wos:
Wialwelper/bead)..< feiss teats oman ia aleve si allav Gate secre th sapete were fee Neh eo CSS cornea a 671

Chickens—

FTO SWOMLAI IS Wil OWA OMG tees oye ie ic heen aes cy eh cr eltcn tate tate DP RS eee 617
IBTICENDEL’ DOUNG.. 7.6 cHeR dae ebsites: oats se. oo ot sala ghee dace eee ora ee cata eo eT Oe area ee 670

@hildrens/ Moral: DPrainines Ofs heeivec tos coc 6 oy heer arene SoS on eee 600

Childs Welfare: Depart entingrs ese. hae ieloie a eer oe eee eee ee ee eae 594

Churchvadminis tratio msg) ee Secs te ote eee ens: eco c ae eve eealtosiss bomeute ae ey ene ee 197

G@loverseedtacreages yieldand Price cco cqstsne <b cc erete< Ge ee) Re Oe en eee 654

Clubswork-for boys -andyeirlse si iiacs ccicas fais © cn) arole ame al whee Boca ee Oe eee 286

Concordia Home: Malkers) (Clues foe ace ooo eh lteter, alis oS SP CE PAE Te cl tek eee 556

Contents sha ple Ona ey. sos cas, ctoacts eae em were, bare, 400), sii co hay 0, At roless CET AE ERNST Sd 9

Contributors—

ALLOrG: SIVETS OR IGOR, aps ccc cts ane new Ewes ate nce SLR SRL AR a Slo 12 606, 620
IB CLIT SSOIB alte eich tsi ac rote ee ci aero oki atone contodts Accs cerca Rise Oia oh tea ee ene a 549, 576
Benson OAH en eee PRS ine RC RR STCES Le Oe EA OE MER Oa RREMe ERS PORE Anes eR eo A 286
1B Xeyalra\ eine d Oiok © tee eM ann Io AEP MRE Ie AUT eae ig amet 1) (6 ie, PNP OREM ENS PN) eee Cee AR ok 408
I CSS CRMERGES Oh aca hic crpeale Sate spe ont odsuad Ahan don ALARM Rtas zualnpau lures toute icyseeRinowa Ree tee eee 268, 271, 278
NEY EH ONG riicoLab cup crere exe tere AIM oh eect ee Ree ae Me teste Bh PEO od SoM Ey aS a (aati 358, 386
TET a DC. \W iol Ameen ieee Met Rama Meas ane nee Su aL PNA Dae Se IEEE Oe Tes Re ee Oe, 133
IBTe wae NhissPAd ell ary pe ctmeasts -Revcened mite ook aS our ie eR 8a en ep er 457
IB ame syIVIISS aN err thy aers ae easscc ewe vetie dels cr Se deaprna tcl o Gaye ek eee nee TE eee 619
J SVR W OLEAN en dNY [ste eco EERE a ORR ER ES ete ee NE Pitre Ser tna e Meer y ee Bye bas ee cae nd Glico 401
COPE. Oc) ORE e "ee gan ene ae Pa oS ek Coes oO ee CRI Ty tee DETR A ays A ek ol 350
COG OT OYE) e/a ctrl ORDO O ED ess carn Raat tn a te OP ME ane Aaa od Pans hi Ieee GG Ela ease 87
CONEY ona KO NN ac Laat ey eec Reoe e cee PMR ALSO. BRE AE RMR et ee a ot 245
Charters; virssuessievAll entire n cee te 61.2214 srtotd dik ea eater ec renee see Laer a: 600
G@hinvavii ssp VETS Sal Wie kw trceenceenci ss musa tetanic <2 5) lan uae ee Ot Mee ree POM Ay acetates 548
COLCA TAA DD A eM his ty che POnRe Rc OS Gt eee ns eR Tr Ane ces AC NBEAT arr) ood. Guped oa eancid 315
WOrs aA) a) Sieve: aie ric, es os eR A eee 5 5. MR aig rie She LEMS BREE Be cog Sai ce 526
CunminehambeWVirseSCOttee cone cet sess ols sd ey he OER SEE EME HeR ND Ge RSE Nig op eee 617
MBYTES SG COLE OVE a n ore RM a yee SG feo an as HR ee Noe TA ny ae IR PA ieee = eR 70
Him bersonns Eve Else see Pa am ary MISC cacao itsre ie 8G. 2 nal AUER RRR ARISES oP tne ons oh ee nea Se 132
SAAN 0 eco ab aU AY Be Oey Ae ee RO: 9 ba Or eae Der atlas tu a eae ee Se , Oeea 488
TD TET ELL CLAW eis Oe ee Sie chicas 5 Sees Re Lc ae Ree oie 250
IB XOY.WaVsy ied S410) ed) Doe] 3 Utica. eee oS oes ee nr. Altes. = ee we ORE. Sos 3 o dhons 269
DP) OWE VAS ATE GIR Serei seo es vis bo lonrcs Cg RS aCe IN Lg Ry ER Pt NE nD See ool
MISCHErINTISS oC ay IVE a2) 5 hoes, SAME ees oFiet sick Ie TE Pea, Goiene Oe 455
JB Kopi Tar eKon yea Ges) (nol AR ae RUARAT ER Ss. 3 cc, ohio op WAIN ott, tq Cuottablore cGreametd che otc 605
1 EM ET Sg ©5016 ieee eae ee bo ee ar RN (2S, 5 as CRAMMER Su EEE. Ouro bec Gin Wig & 256
(Grice Wee) eager] D eel ed Beare BO ye ERE 3 in CL OEE MER REELS SIR Rac eee ee Sinic. Sere Sa Sa Bice 311
(Ca eXs aed aXe Aad Os peta neta he Gn Mn RD Se eta la tlie son" hia Geato aoc of 180
Greene NETS Ce Wiis pccces Saks 5. sok Rte tales n'a lace coey Ren MENT cen RR VS ye ee Sn Se 594
DS E:Yolie:Ko Koy ea oyaw 5 Irony: 0 Rae Ace Ree 11 lc eRe aRe Er A cee aie a Eusieeciegioes hte, AlG inte iche.c Aum o'o cut 478
dg [ee Jedd 4c bake ane ee SEE Ae: + | ere NL iis oe Me PP ci ah.c, 2 bo 573
Rare yes ai Prs Fes sw chee a vasnay ets Gh PEM oaiaties id, ooo a) LGV) cach aby nerd PERE ee es a ne 379
12 [We crap BAI ae ae ee ee ete) maa, ct, 5 eee NMOS owe nis Sealine Nuc both ot dine 5.0 oo 82, 151
Hanveys Mars: Wiarie: Tso cclsscucasetdetepeicn tote. sens telsventiel cuatara sremeney eta Sete asi hasan oe ener eae 142
La WieS MA arr yay sccm city esd sage ORR eee ee es cae ae eR Ree VTE at a yas bars 120
Holland: Mrs Jessie Posts... checks ccs ace She iey A ey oho th 0 os cae eae a 566
ie lovos enecl (cy al ald Aa eee Men wet tae aE er eee eRe ML MCR Mey teres a tne nick cl aiha oO auo,G-ern ¢ 504

FRO WGI, TAIN OS wr seek cen gtoneh Bowe cy a livslcculos GY aires tall cd tage PCE BRI ne 501

Index. III

Contributors—continued— Page
EOUS COTE Say eee tote ear ene eae feet erate EUR Ue eat 8 rao th es Bibra el ae ieee 416
Ja KOVAC KID Te CS Sotskae fi LR eles Ree tae th sek had te RS MG Ry SNC DRO AR RET RNS Sry Th Aa 513
18 ECS PS SAVAGE cs cojecit Pee a cca tence ca ace erties ci hnohichr aa a A peed RE Sc gg Jena 225
ELEC ISON Gas preeeie te 8 rir nee hme eure, Bhan arc Rb eal Nee Sh ELIS 7 oa oe Ae Res (eM 334
LET OLMIS} oy IMSS VEIN: 15 ot eo mlgolas once OG RON SoA oeGacd Mee oe ite Gt 227
EM 6ChiconmVErseiWei@ mane) Loe lee She oh EERE rao. ace ROE eect Harel Srok irons 568
TACKS OMe EN CURUIS Gewese ace er Seis aA A same cc 2 neal ne aumneie LILE! de em il aA Nees 21, 495, 507
TONNSON Oe D) pers meer ee eer oct cece Mes See I LEE Lae hey eee San Re a 324
SORTS OT Oe eee ee oe ey eM ete eee ie ee eee Taso dear orale ee Matas che acon eons 275
ONES sIVITS Sede Olsrentin teh in Saibe See eee UNG Spe IE see's Shee teers Ret Rete en ate 598
ICRC IE ote FS A es eae ya AR rs No 3 a ne DE i 74, 214
EGET S GODS Eee smear ack iste Nee eee eens oo Is Sa Ne nr Ae, Es Uc pe RR 3 a eet Oo 432, 444
TEGT aS ADE (Coo A te ics eee aera NCR AN 2s, Soe Ce od. ee MGR tue. 470
Kein Cys NISSAN Come tee ere d,s lens oe ae i 545
VEAEV EER 6 9 DEYN ss SE ai Of ee I IR REED EEE ONPO: Gis SAGk OCT CREREMREE CSO AC oR EHCAIRL cic GIG 575
IMIEGUIMNE WE, IMelLeninga. Mh lbksGas aoe piano occu ade Gomme aoneeocdeuoscasneucooos 166
IMME RYE LGR EU si 2 Sita. Een Raa Peas Ite Ol Aho cts Ee RD Cn Ahn Mrs Ag 636
MIC TIER O yaa Walling C1 aera trae ete me Sic eee RRR Bin AU Se PE ee 2 See ees 517
INAICo ECereys icy eV SkS Nga oss NR Ako Oe le cn Ne, | I RD Sud ie Gl a EL Bt ee 298
TMUOIN TTT TS, TAM Tes 183 acre ret ca ES Ea 07 Bee ete AR Ny an BE 98, 197
Wit CHelIRRNVGISSHP Carles Arent). fee eee 8 SS cg ek ee etn eae 451, 542
IVTOTS Cram Weary eters Neue t tees Sir. eee eh oe ena Ls dois bw Re SIL en ae oe Sees EE 534
Ib ea ab io} ols. I DYSEY al Chan SIMs AAR eee re i ct O's) PR ae ee MO Pes teen ok he Wo 499
INTELS OTN PAV VARIG EN eer oe oak nae ON cg pe eee ie Chek We AEA SY 126, 326, 328, 623, 630
JEON OSE, IN shoe) Cage 0 Wee Neely Ue gry tek 1G 2 a ee en se aie ats ae as 228, 568
Pipes) WissPe azellns. .hpsces cease ee Ee ED TEAC Ie Iv ol A mistornieicy t 574
QUISEn bert yaw Hien ne Pea MIE RnR er ams lye My «ek ian Wey fn ek enn 607
HVedford gy Oh MWanees meer t eae nace ne mre es Oo Se rete OU AMEE te ice eat 5 LO ee 281
HVOCLOLSOI Fea payin eared Pet REN tesco Si 2s SE Lai eae a a ee sr ea 511
ISSO LICH Zisny stk hy on Cone a RRM eget ee Pee EU re Vote ct MEARE De PEN ay 7 OR ol ae 304
pirat (0p fo Lae High 8 Hees ig tayo, ricige rc hnc ye NER EEN ER CUE Eee DPT Re CLI int tithe israel Gis 160
SCOUtHIVETS HAH) oN ihrem ate mean a une materi. hE os hon 14 ihe be ie bt re Nis eee anne ee 625
Siiel dsh@ olen Gi @ races 0 tise atns eee ec sem et Secdecs men yeeee Nota chad SR Mcwe Re Pe meg tne eae 107
Sharer se Hy Giwal Gms seers eet ye ee ee ets CD |S 2) Nectar aly Me mes Vaca te ne Ee 392
SNeCare Vins Ww arrive mera Ane etereewcy Non Amun fk la fad, NR Sk Sf ee SEA, Cee 570
Sami cyee MUSGHIEOUISC eyes pine eee een. Wary ig ak incr 0 ur aM Mam ten Minter i ea prayer 557, 581
Slaples Virsa ames AAs eke sae eee thr ee Stee DE Cc ete go MY beh Seay A Sees GS ee ee 630
PSA ge Jl BSA 2 era ep Rr ey eer a e- s U Rb ERO 2,0) che aR MMO IED aR Ne eS Ai PR Me le Sie Be eke 424
PRavLOT PE LOL Ate VVLEICL oes 5 Sn eee Gn, Nya rhanmermnters 00 2 Mine A AL ine te RU an ete 260
TRICEZE SGC WIS cis eerste ete as Ne re nen ont 218d AOL Aah ada Tes Acid ela Mice cee Saag ayo 521
PE TOW DELS Cx eE EV AG sree etn 15 eee eae oe e ons a aa! = Se cs nl MOREaS ied) 8 eats f= Rota eee 505
PICU TVOT MEV CMAs Ate cea Unk ott Me aati eel eS MM ms 8d ed SN An as Meee aL a eg ne 466
Wiallace. Jnid eer WamiteEii ee oe: ep ire ney Ree one CEP CTE Oe ae lee Apne 427
WAAL ED VETS SAVVALbCD 2s rush av ace eee IS, cicch oP end oo 2 safe atee onears ae elenae 587
Wid CSO WRC Weim lah tere cl eree eres eA tin. CMM a ES 2s ek ian ane Rema 210
IVE DST CTR CRAG tye awh St Ue URIBE 2 rasa D4 5 sana. SAAR OR eC Te I eee ane aT 439
IWIEDS ter mine Ate PN ACHIs SPE Lo Ett no 5 hhc AO EOE ee otoneo Pectin, oath Sia nitoltSth 6 464
AVAL S OTs, THs SAS ears sre oc 9 Selah Mar RE OP Oe PMN me tT eA AO eaeaee a cesta eeeln rar aie 464
WiOOd, VErssaMiad ea is Garithit nin ee eee emery en: oS cc e tel cere nay ent A ane een 449, 454
Nigga rime [ised 22 ee ed | Ne ine et ene Panett Pi Seer og otGis 231

Co-operation—

Advantagentovhorticuliturists:., 2c soe eieeeeeio ee) 2 + cus nae ewe seeing pene eae 375
IAIMTON Se LUUG/ETO WES see tid cocie 0 eae eRe od. 5 2. sh ten euaeen anes bed lstietts ais Suber eon aU reir reyes 379

@o-operative fruit erowers: meeting. TeportiOhen. -c .. sae oe eee nee ote wicteie eo otetelene ates 364

@o_operativie creamery, Nowsstarted = .crerswies Oe 0s) hcbauelist Eire ove te) cellu insteewcnei este inte lalieieeet 412

Corn— .

INCOME TVA TOYals SrCXOH Ova rAVE) oles SGN nc ono eID oo oo) ede He Loeb 0 Ophulb oe n9 OGIO ONC 330
ANcrearesand yvieldubyaGOUntlesn eer rier. =< 2 seem enemeuetsle tennis percleficts) yi taj ehclterels 664
ANGreare savicrage and cota) yleldvanGevialUG. a... sv tiene arene ces oa hee re cleity n-ne tetas 667
Countiesthavinevlarcest: pLOduChlOnie miei iac eck einai ster air aisicnenes ohne eaten eats 650
SHO NON 75 ENGR) aK KOl ENO, Sesteto Sukoe oo ee ceria od oa aro po od olden Geer ged < 332
AINOUAL: Diatel croraey op nee yHayey wavel ol TIGIE} ny so de ea od aoe ooo odo mda oo ce 650
WEIGIESs AMEIGL I OEMS Ota oo dgudhorace osemon soca nu Aneesh cuo dads tooo genos 336
VV HELE TAO HUN ELE Moly fen LON, AH) diy daa @ colbid a Ole one clk enol BRE Ooh cd ati bowu tone & 345
TNGe iors) Thathirveroverbales sin eNKolVolte sins 4 clam c Ue oeoe io cReeIn nS Dat cin ooin ofr O ricrcrcbe otto Bie 334

@ulbiviatlone esse oe ee IG ee) Ueber oe crsuspecehten corn aiewleiy an feira incamen tise ttene. = chet totems 347

IV Index.

Corn—Continued. Page
Groppin es Sy SCOUT suc oie ioc cce ee meietig al a csoanS Cen eaen Glo eal eheNel > seer EN eRR eh chev omen eter ater al teen neae 338
Manure; AUISOiOL as iis 5 a ve ecole eres obo. Cothche ouen oteiiahe IeGnl ase n beara ne NOt Rene Rete one annette 342
A eae rou 20 ee eae ae ce ae Or Eig ei ata eetinad came ae ote ca eth auc eirkcucktie aibiaia are he Richt piso ol 345
FS e(e\0 Rem SERN Ree E ri era Rete PER NONE ea Eee aun PUGS Orn eoneN ouiichintths. 5.017) oro 0-0 335
SOT De neate i) HPN an Ora a eh oe rie Ve oe ns I ALC IAIS n GichG. o Geta DLs Odo oo aoe ao 338
DANK =) Ko been Wer oy rowel a AND Xs) oY C1 0 Yee een se iew en a8 ees Cha cers eee OME mIORn aia icelicl dc, orG Gicholarcls Grote, 2.0 o.0 348
Hect/of Cultivation, icc ouekeea ais cheuseeeccerore oes couelione’ aha. «. Suche eee eres EA eRa ae on eat neh 348
PUN CHIOMSKOR ie c-8 sulitath svete teavovan te Sve Sec covey BU RwORE forte e Dah al oy Nala lawhiceh sal Ghat Waa Eo rome ear 447
Wield: jerainifarming wersusiivieisbOCk pseu. nissan ne rel heise nee nee 342
Yield per acre in United States.................%. ABraoa pg oco ood eC cda aon) C 2's 334
Corn Growers’ Association—
OPA CERSHOL Sos coke Ue ecdiec. eH eo N salted Sia aide eae CS a OE ace Ie eal a 331
Report iol (Secretary sso. sets «wus Sills atchewevard ede: o Aleysr aie adele, ccaeh ans ewan nae ome 331
Cotton—
INCrEA es SV TE] GAM WA WOH Nee esse asia lie Je rahe as loliesoscerelldcaglbita lite) fo arco ude Aalaire diyteule aie Past oMee nue Nene 654
PROAUCtHON AMG): CUA b yes ls hie ew 2 isp ht ells be chee ceoet eal auiewel GSO trees atpel oman nena eles ene eaten 627
Country Life Conference—
OPC OPSHOL sai), TR a ork cate cceunettd basuemenlo reel Nha Teyyalas, vattens, Wieloch ae ORR Saeco ota 132
ReportiOf SCCrevary cry sew weks sas ek Sos a aie wrestev al barel oreyneegted eure tees) 2 he] olla) sls Meanie Mace nem tne 132
CountryslifemovementsanmVlissouris,: |... de clone cle chee aie cies erential ure iel a nsicmen aie a 231
Countryszorganization workine Oklahoma): sco chen cine siecle cic sistema tie craen a eae neneneaee 166
Country deur > ch eee Ri ees os Sie Sica Fes, ance eragiR tones © Sistine ak fous celaliatiroy CMs Pee RIES a Rene ocean aR wT a 180
AC) cl S01 Geen Eee ae ety) OC ee tN Ae et ee EE Oh ABS eo MPa Oe Ba toto. Oud mon c 98
Cows awhypmorentorscOudhiwestecpemeeie a crecis 2 2 cries hitlicnie cecmeiana eacueneneicnon: hers tit OOF GKC 401
Creamery: ‘CO-Operativie radian bas SiOL aes. oe cxs oc) lo-a sta) o eieeeremeieral ie cle etenloneieye ne Aiea eal ea nen 414
Relation vol tO upatbOms sxe cies ceeucucteee lesteco> eich soueuadier ciao hes cate omeNenehensueneheber Aleta fone cet ee ene earaln 392
Crop reports 'SUMIMATY ORS es eA isese, CY Sel iehinrea oie co ve AEN G coytcusts CLIGOh eects) Oat onto) aA ee ayo mene eet 654
Dairy Association—
QOAMCOLSYOL ahs sc eh Sree ee oe ee Rav elle Ste avon ch avielssy Gua rapa toute melee tte estas eRe one ee en a 390
Proceedings of annual meebimes Reces peice custo crete sce os-sureuisy fle cue liel ecliciew cate aire neve i-tietettcestrelis 390
DP) AIrVIASSOCLALLONISS "LO Call savas «eee hic s ooo oe ee cae cee pay oleh heya! snsnsoovereteh clos Aen eer ae Ree eRe ono 64
Dainyicow ss Mumber otin WimitedStauesomre isin lensicisnersicie) sie eienlchatcieieeiierc me neneeenReionene 405
IDEA, FROCK RS, WAIT) Ou ThA IMDISSOI 6 ooo onto oon ohodonouonbboddUmomooD be oodCS 62 ,405
Dairy production in Denmark.............. AM Syn oncieeeh ee: ie aid Looe edones et aba Hote Rohebeniele stem 402
Dairy show at American Royal................ FHLAON Lo BOBO oO Hole kD o.0 gos Kul00 0 OC 63
Draft Horse Breeders’ Association—
CO BUNCE) Co(Oy PEG nea lay ON Gree RoR anc AR Se eT Le ne Rn Saat ES POR RE REMY narnia Alo. otto oi Gicl'd’d.o Oc 511
IAGOTESSVORALT CSIC ENG at. ro cucva arco ane ulecatattevace) steyatetn crore eisuelbbay a teceie ele kee eae one tenets 511
Draft foals—
IDEVENO MMS 5 on cls ob oWoOcaa dy ouGEdsoMOMOeoUoeGedconostacaudcucvcde acne maooc os 513
IRMA LOTR IRONS ey LRM Sun pee men Pane et ROR ee aI od erent Gach oik) Gun coercko,b core otosa!'ol Go; 0 1c 516
Draft horses—
JeHelesro hierePuua OVA MINS Syd Rete Oo eee eee nea a) oro acidic oma dhco,o°0 OP. crkdlblc 40 0-0,0 521
IDS dobloyinvopavsieehavol Weyl. g Goh ee eee Re ct cate eee ene ee LaeAinat osha o ploeticigio crordio.ioldio ©-hus ao cea on6 531
TIEKONS Xelek yeto WiaVeR eee aod) SCENE AL SCAR RG reoee SRAR oe SaaS pamenTayt © mao cl bLolGre ooo 526
INO PMA SIVO Bed tn Vig aN ah. Gi ovatoy GeoMeReN Enc De eR REET C! CHORIN h Ola. onto 1 CeANEEA COL Gua AimtioachGra, 8.0.9 ort 521
PAUL DCU bye ROT ge cso emcee See Cote iad nies e's slabadtuaua ianine Mestad Caged ls CH NC RO OO CR 534
TO SS Es F ts is ce oa NES eae onc SON REET one aura PIG! So Je ones Rene ened coor, SRD GR ep eRe vouch man ORC ae 120
Duroc-Jersey Breeders’ Association—
OM COTSHO fre esee een ale rect ce eet eisai ye vebad nest cole mabe -oieeeecheptey =) tae eR CT Rey ane emes Nee 296
FV CDOTEIO fas CCLOCALY: cavers oc) sey ee oeeaeie- = wilalia ona oeaoe tanto ycae ds) ois eyes tasons Ou eeeuen ne meactel 296
Eggs—
IBAGEStOCK MCAUSESIOL. ck sect OER aes o's aah Suen MOREA Cede. 2 eye ORO Oe eee ences 436
(GENRE OLS a Colouace ide) Rae aud RO esc'o 6-0 IER ISS 6 o.Go ae Om ee RN RIG OI EE cgod-6c0.5,0 432
He ccircles sno waCOnaducted!s — crs mewemeen stele. « oc.) torso eeneiiot hfe) nen leone ae atlicie aren aeahnanreat 441
Hercileyandsintertileses es COmp ale cememnen a: <-5- 5 nel mele tener eter wel ielse eet neice einen 438
Hood required: for Jayinealh nse se pwc e cc. «ohn aye taueiee ek terete yo cae ete Seneca aen mel aieene 446
I oysfsersfeak abel ace oo lib aveseeiete ec hake APO LSEN ces) <7, Occ CR ROMERO KOR Oss O.cve oO Aro e/6 O01 Dione-oMt oreo yoo Dic 433
Loss hows preventeds bys farmer. 2 veep ccosctened creueva eral ero tensuctohetelue) Sicnohcieyeriine yee neon 437
IMethodsvotemanrlketin gy co istsc ccm Ree ovis ares. us vomabich Spare enero AE Cue CER IMR Men ose 175
i Sime ye OLS) cur 6 Ko A=) sg eS ieee ci che eechoRe ick o.o ORM cidio eck o NO MAGN Cold volele oid oo do 6 Oc 670
Productionvxot. need: Of DroveinytOOU Seas aa-cseiet eeee ee ernen ei ca hens ene eee) een n nen me 446
RUleswMorihan Gin ees kere cal po a owers ensey ote a 31 OOM Hele OTR OIE NAR ee che eon mene ts 438
Nieldi for*winters how; ineneased rr cuirs wasies cer cha ncucsnyai den eh oeieirenc anon Meise Mom tcnesten irene 444
IVS Cor sr Aves imran nin teh clad ae eerne wre ho ie 8 pho Ene TOON CIO TM O oOo rok Oe BOO Ua DOU O bs oan od « 591
IDileaOXoy cahaaysoaelrneamn, MOV CO) tew ainicts ae ocu muro eA Hatin Guodic Gouoabclb Ome go bone don 228

I DAvU Koy os ay COHECoinsAAcnnsvonts} e>.aol Niele oongugongbanencsG@sunedecousouueagbdonodaono0udon 250

Index. Vv

Fairs— Page
AATATOVUA WaYRO ACOH HELS| sieve, Wal IMU ECONO. . Ok on eo oe ole cu dbo bp obine bodumouoo eos 329
Attendances oreyeallOligpeme src mene creases iehs les 2.e.c, 8 covery cottee lemme s, coche akon el olenciomeae als 329
MISO ASSOCIATIONS Al Ged LON Se rrcnerc cs. ices asin ee eks 0 Arava ase Saat ote enced Sade ET er S20
County and District Association— :

@ATCOTSRO fer ee rere red era eh se ne ce Rat oka ccey arcu, eae oreo ate, ora eal ahd shiek sewed eeey ne as 320

FRVGPOLGLO MS CCLOUAT Ven ss cctlseies iciteete rete ee oe cdeeetek.-speene te aie lo leach iaeene eee ae 320
Sountyz LalrsranG x enprvess ce seeegsa css yeasts sel cae taney sheusc one SUS EAS eA ita sicereeare are 321
Miverstock= numperiotanimalsveniberedlsrs s 2.s eae nicls «che oe cheese ches aeeter he eneden ateners 330
IVE OI GIGS LOR a ae ae cp meee ena ales pee os ame eek es ice Bae ence Ila a) ae Seog a) Rene 324
BLOM LMMSH ald eaMOUN biOLe ni. eee dere selene Sete = SP PeL ct ac dlc BLE AeTS shoPetia she nehcbemers 329
Sitacem ial ra O fl CCESRO fee nats ack, sae tiem ron caesar Ae eee Shin. anyone eM Rene cited aeons
Sa teral Geel a waz Ove Bienes heir se tye eae ee, inh sis. e dl anieparale eile aitaiche, doles atte eee 326

AP PLO PLIATI ONL OD eye cba kee een eas SES Tl A hei ao 2s TT ee ieee 326
STALISTICSHCONCEEMIT Bg ste eases ee Ee ee nL Lee Se ENA miciate lack, abbpe adie, hv eveed cane tee aetrneaire 328
SCOCKNOLGESLS INLINTO CLO Leys ct ces ose cir ee Te Se ne oe sete os lah wd oha pal Coed gue ceo teeta career 330

libienn Gvohwikiae yi odte iin ISRO Aes © ole pale e Dood 4 oO eee Geo tec obopomoas sc 220

Harimeeredit TeSSCMbial SiO fiyencecec cu ceers esc a ice lien cag Ae oe yo Ack clinics co) BAe ReNAS enC ap ee Ee ESN 82

Farm crops—

AWereagemylcldsgandavalueisummarized 2) acme cic co. secs cic egee a meets neti 669
AverareryloldnperiacreiDy7 CLOpISCCLIONS- 1 aeienioe ee cls co cls «cl cas eae eae nena 669
IBettersutilizabiOnsoOfee sen aot cree ae ho oC nse a ore, sno Ss SUPP opeay a Seon Meee reir 269
TEX AKOEY Oe ALOIS, ‘Glare Orepotee ONO Ce SS) Maa Ean Got En, 5) he RD Sere Gy tice SNS i Ot: A 670
otalandicomparativervaluciOL. se cr ene ec see oleae ee Oe RL ea eRe eneen 625
MotalkvaliwerotecinBNVUSSOUTI cess scesect eee eS Sos (Ao ico nels ease oteue nts) SRO ane ree Sete 648

Harnmyl a boriinvOtvnerista tes iavesyescte: oo leis aus) A WCRI e scare. evo Ue cual eeey Oo) Cl oe Dek SRR MCR hemenes 455

Farm Management Association—

OMCOCTSPOD oe tthe ee a ee eee trot eacetin.5 Sse ey ee eee een ee ot ee ec 268
AVVZOT Ks OLCASSOCIACLOM ap aay sic rari Wear ee is Sones ease OScaas Saacna vongabes NGG WRAL EMO octal oulen tem eens Rak 268

Hanmenanacement sone mansmplanyOlamemirniie = oi, => scart yee eee ele tone bone ree 281

HanimercsatamilyproplemisiOln. cee wai bese eels es 6) ses lscee s coH Re RSIS pic es seen eae DE eRe Meme 133

lateral, Toy Kore bees ovate va is LS US eat asic, leyarcieck Uic oRRNG Sao one ey DIR ee eet Ray Sees htc Hime beer oho: Girl ohn 76. ¢ 670

HAIN PECCOLGS evi lUL CuO ts crate cus eee rel acae vase ese AHS One eee oo REO eee coed em aieae dicho onekeate 275

Harm wiomens interna tlonalsGCOneness! Olas a eis cia eels cee et eek ste ate toe eacleineuenticen 570
TAY [Giaal] OVS ASL aW ONO) Haba rutin wok chee Ce eety He ERED aor Po Rete Coes Gere eee BLA GLY GEM wS.ole Cielo! o Bice fo © ial:

Farmers’ Week—

INSSOCIA TIONS DM ALLICIO ALIN Ee, oreo a cyspenere tc eleeyetey csctegens sonete felaleeten a ath) iy ottade aroma eulcplet le Moa-em=a ei 68
Attendances tel Ol 4inn Coun eee mista iors eyed ceeee oe, eR tia ee ER US od) /omeeennomen er 68
BOYS Cpa Curent wares eo lus force shevin srar ete ries ne ree Make ee eral eet eee ee ls tah BiphevoneNetonene 271
15 LIAS} 09 cRTANCOY es GROMER LRA eyecare uae SEE ee RSI ee ae RES RE, es Fee OTA NO CORD 70

Hinancinenthesarnmer em ethodsxOle cies. aotearoa researc. -l-bat a tehnetentek tome 250

IHineless (COOKeCr suSsehOL in preparineumeats-ere soma een ae oe eee ite rencli= epeiiel ict aelemettcbene 564

HlaxeyioldhineMiSSOUTI wNOWS I eo. faye eis ccc rete oe Ree noes, oc ute reiie. coeksiiesteh Reem We ya clair eaeie 653

LNribily, EO eresh (CORO) Ke HKO ay EMA pea cm odo todo cod dedoEu sue OS Gomon nos cengoooOS 358

Goodsroads; /eflectioniSCHOOlS 55 ery cisee seis aoa Monee eke eae ete nc ey sees eI 0st gett 265

GranceomworkiomanwohnsonCounty. seme cee fies Sein sel Slee nnioe re eee PPT /

Jacks wennets anG mites StavemMairca walGSe o mreeiic. + cle oo cue) elchencl seen ateueneiet arene eit 687

Jacksonvehownship Rural lamnprovement wearers... ss eo oe sce cee sectors ale clelanenen= 568

Jamesport Fortnightly Club Set ONG OT Ciara Do O'S oo StS aeRO Epes hee iaip pao iea inta aso- 0 iors 568

ELSOyaCOw, -sluadiyar> LCCOLGNO Lio <.< seat ols, ace eee orn el aS eons en eh cheptabet ome tenet a italia 574

Ham and Bacon Show—

TA REG KE OEY Yate a ecitel ooey oe aIe) OPER REPEC IES GS. Uicd Gis OEE Aicic fo Miata bees ides oo Oro,0 05/4 0.0.0 126
RepoLbof:COmMMitteerOne sexo och Ct oI ea et ee a ee notelersreh: 127

Harmony © ummunttyeuohea.loiea.sc5 cies eenemee i's 5. sic oP ener ae «de alle, (olloge ater aN treet 180

Hay—

Comparative yield} Missouricversus otherstates. .- Soames yess rele lene er 625
IPrainiepacrearesyieldtan@duvaluleraee ace ike ee een ee eeete noms ten ete ee Pdi it cietete 668
MamenanGitoOrage, acreage: yieldcan Gisviahilem =<... <= cake eperenene «caret ie etiesiel ealledyeuellMeibettstisl= 668 |

Hay and forage—

INCrEALOLAN G tyAClG Dip COUNGLES? mer wer een ier rice. © con sestieteen seepay fete eel ater aleey eRe eet ottop = 664
Necldsine MASSOUD a Oils o.cat ee cite tte ote ences aas ce ol =f2 ese iantemra olfeled 3 s-) otvs od EAE Mel Romine eas eae 653
Hogs—
TS eerexal Coxeter MEN (Ola Keg oeiech chs: ced oly Gacy Oe tery Pee Se PE ee Caneme ery a Cee Ld. Oh Proline old aniaer atc 5 ccc 306
COTO LS Lae eee ad Oh eo ee TR Mess 2s AS une HAST IEEE =D OND OMa MEL ered Mi
IheColersiAy, WMP ovals aioves nba SOUR Bek dea oben on ee ommic ou Pe eaeiche orate ity Cee 298
IMiarlet tons OU Sty b. jnm esos Ae ema me Maur tes cic depias aks Meee Sheet ace AMES eae R ates 632
INTIMTbDerIaAnGEASSESSEGVialLUCs sD ive COMM LCS ene eeyeeagacis = auled aticite uslrone oll) eile atlet suieeeteP = -ai=i-yi 677
Staewmialimas wal Sry stses soe iced ikea eee ae eye Coch AR EMCI mete netevep ere tka) ee Ranci 696

Movalwandscomparative NWMber Of secrets ers) a screens is ehencls ol een eteie ve iMate. -atadats 626

VI Index.

Home economics— Page
Tr rural SCH OOIS Heisei eiuss-s cece tasese See pe tobe Acead ah acteieovalac, tek ole aL oh oe eae eee 576
School*equipment: (costiolieie cise sisie adler ths cue nee cn ate oa ee ET. on 579
OY Rey Woh alo) Memeh ACS ead ne NO oO nae ieal Aird RR ALE eA ORE TE EA uetera Tbe Ne cE cette eR hee 0 552

Hometcanning among seinist pri ZeSeLOlemee ti en wees erratic er tee nara ee 573

Home; ibssplace siti; IS GORyas corsets ccs che Cho eocc oes a Ree ono Eee ae ee 587

Tome vVEAKers SGMBD Shy e508 cia Ales coeee otis oF aitekicteoas cu sy Gmel Chenoa Suerte oes ence salsa te fans WAIL 554

Home Makers’ Conference—

Departments Ofis sacaiseis weve ach phone ess sk siesta deren emer ee Wee ele eRe ed Ee Ats CERIN ore ec oan 551
QA CORSROL elses ae eee eee) do citiulcpiel ete rene cee aileceotaret ew ereaed enone ae are On a 542
Poultryssectionvoreermace ec oii eee DLO CEI IOIS cholo, Oi. 6 AGO iano 'a.a.o. aK 606
Report OLfmSecretary. pcre aio ierenele os =. sees Sal Omak Medea elu ie ean U eh Pee ere eee 542
A "/C 0} la 0) i bye Mn. a ae pee pete me eer ey ee REEMA IS 5 craig) Ai as 6 eee 3 Ge 542, 549

1S Koy ae nga 0) ak ereyy OYs) on OLOL vi aKo lem asl cthe ee N BaMetrsinLA tacos WAR SINIG Ge Chto k God. cic fig 4b A Soe 6 ote 670

Horsesiand mules: total andicomparative numberiote niente nee ee 627

Horses—

(GN Eh ayo =) dearer ene ads os ee Penn ROR OR enees tod ooo ott PAA eenin tee Go Alot hota od he Od} oc 49
INUMIberiandlassessedavallles Dy; COUNTIES he cree cia cer erica cece) hence ia eee ea eee 672
State: Mair awards orseeecicrsccnccs ssa ss ayeiet en wee eae age een ath nvselcoleeye cause osm toeten sat otek ae 680
AYE W GP Sa oye) el aVet 10 lever RR eee tra Ne Rema ha te OMAP So Oe acs Oa gob a ét.c 671
Hudsonsvarmiand Homeslmprowement Clubercectaemncieieneieicie soe enantio ersten eee 245
Illustrations—
ATPOTEM METS SR TOO ere td ep onerccahs. com ao sraifer or Mee aeer halls Nee ones Teace ke, GIRO eee 606
AIMELICUS,: SHOLEHORIM ME cree led sl cess or oce nor ayseteatrs settotie vce Net eal chet rclietis, Sieeemetr Oi te bey uae nae 628
ASD VAT Ye MII BIT INTO Matias ctasy atereiesesiatiea check: scat eseh esas) shuerctal cue oe Gets ERR Sen eta eee ae are 67
Bacon DestanvNle ates HOw cs aeteiones oc eet oo. sasuke 3) oy aloha ce Ronen euch Ie EERE Re Re enn ne een nee 130
IBaconkigeneralcvaleiwe OLUS NOW sera coy sc se om eyo ae rove -arcay wiry ones Nene EL ails ee eS So wea 131
IB'aseMents COLbeLS CHOOl ey cert ho oye ace eons oa TACT OP SR ENT Cee eee a er ee 147
Basket: Mlbertawpeacheszy. tors ceos \cacuenss & diene sere sieve ep etou etre tors one eWauie te On MOEN Rene econo 389
iBallichib) sHarmonys COMMUN yen ner ie weireieer tee hee tei ee eee ene 192
Band) Harmony<Ccommiunibyz. oy osrercrsth as cei o- 5 sco Sal avin «so RAP eR Soccer ene 191
IBGOf: CALCASS; <CUbS TOT. tryare asl SO usc rR erode Ou aural a heating ae ge Oke NMS) OL RES eae ree 565
Beek cutsresembling rounduste alkcvs nr cyclen slots eects eieual oucvcy cl eo cise #1 <slbenci WeNSP eT Dae yea Tene 560
Le Xe\etoierrn ao beni el DON reetaerswr mae Lone eb aOR Een Mie Lome Pienne loam boo en Caren a Rinna ee io oo ac 66
BONN SUH Giese tea e eee haifales ota jen teud yr om cea oNGHTenahcch ouch ayehey Sich Spon GP DLE NSU ENROL Seal ae nemetS 13
IBCSSESHE aS rchos. cists orcie Sev shensimrtes SOT Re nr EON EEE CRG CRM ERIE DIG Seo onatS bidta.S'G.n.S'e 268
ES Ve CRA Give WV D cts terres eatathatarerlahaS ie sisek's sez ebcoyte\tontcnias Sh etrelvelieh a. Susepete af ey eenshe ieee reat a) eles Ba eaat A 133
BOYS) atplay,.dMarMers a WCC K 6 oie cigs aren cyanea, eo 16 ancy eeoeuslelte nate eke teaccoteelle tenets anes Ronen ener 274
IBS OY Saab ula eysavaenc ty chewern ratte ke mete ae iehecichds Be nriey-ahice SeeeeeiR sacle uaz torsos lsu rete: Shai cle tek omen nC nee eee 593
Boys stud yan sistockoyud Sine yoke Mees ssh c: iw. cuemmbe oceusuepey ene. ooh entero clrcesre ue otter aimee ie eames 273
IBTOagd=backed MASSOUTIDCEMESi ero: is exe! d: spec spererta or adsowe. owl fay eilersstop atoteee) clos Paget oem Rene ene 631
Bucketrandi scales toraneasuringeyrainfallicc noe ci eieeienae neces ee aieneneierete nena 629
@amp BranGhischoolae: cic heck cus sos « 6 + isc cleric, chaverete ao cueuepaicnaneacks hc eeenenen ices Rouen aete 577
Camp Branch school wainterir iO fir. iai... 2 cclctaters) choke cere oe re eee ene SR non ates 581
(Ob were Voy ry oxol ay ayay ale (015101016) i Aenean + el en oD isn nines & co resS oid f o's ee 528
@attlevandthogsionvaibie Missouri! pastures... sce ee en ee eee cae 633
Cattlevat feed troue sisi csc cceccosccess. ovis. © ole wellone onate ts caeetle) a ootenoltsl onisueNeh Gna fola: Ob sltchte POR Peme nesters 282
Cattle State air scree cic Gia oiawaians\ «voc suchrabeyo leans = Gare PrP O nena, 6 ca ane Ora ann Sees eee rete 330
Champion ten ears white corn, State Show................. SORGIOR C oly Olawia.o 0 Moto te 341
Shicks coo svabalitiys ewe esr ack ave wa) sires ejfaatared slic atelepehanetekore Oat elon cay sO Rew eaee meeemo eae 608
Chicks». “well|bred and-wellihatched!” .....i0vu.% sam ceric s << s .ceenecehe oh eRe reer etre 608
@hickshreadyet Or Mirst deed arse rwsieees «ss oobi eh eweye Palate eur glean crelhe i chclicte cee emcee Eee 610
@lov.erisced! trophy. State, GormyShowi. sepia see cioioiewtere cia) cine oleracea ne tone t= retee 346
(Olav repro oye Pen ee ec CRM tS Ka RaET RES Set Alo Ss Caty CNR OARE a Chol CMR eet oLc Gidt ookio xi mane a ioed 0 121
Collins GS ami ae Aro esis costal See eS sss a SUR zane penta allcbinta ae ance lemlenelee a econ ONE aden 597
ColtsiateNMsSsOUrINS tate air sxcinc eeu cies lak eikeha f Semetope teen ieltet SNe fey arte) uel e hahaa ceca don ew eee ene 502
Community co-operation at Porter School... ooh ame eee: ee wenele eel) chet) eet 143
C@Lovokel: ht: aes) Dy er) Joa) i eee eels | oe Oe ee So firme toto a gin Raydo kd o.6 10 om'o.e.0-0.c SS
Dadeville biome Wilakersi OLD recep ee) ood eae, oe We lletre cotyel reo) alee) enelies e cs eens) eae ener acaels 551
TD We en caen (Mel OR y acne eer Sel neni) eae en eo ORG Groh aesar es Pet OI tha choir, 6 thou Git. 3.00 65
ID Smsol CMAN, cose eagagaaamoo os SADE GET oie oro moo Ode Co con toen s8u.09 5 184
ID pb odes oVo (=) ci 0i(2) aaah") fe Ue een 5. = ne eit aes Ian IS ah HET cota by aie. 6 iaid'A.o-0'¢ 250
AD Yok haye en) Dat! o Ge Si eereen eeeey eS 07) Ney eee re, SEPP OEA RS Atlee cy Peas ehcd aso AG.com O att C20, ¢ 269
BE) OUT ASS Vile ER sre rem Hee teaise Wee ene les ates one Phas Dae ends feeiye eh, acai Gewialos ie aie enn. fn Ieee eee Sol
Draft) HOFses!| Om armas ay eyye ve scx sees ke hee saaoeasitens epee Mepe ear reca te yie elle error wee tee elke eer 518
Wagleville: Home Mialkkersts ©Uii yc sh<ic sec cr sfis saree alas suc ane vie Reka codeine ee TEey hoae teem ect ene Menem 552
Hastuwialle remodeledseorter schoolhouses ci a riaiciel stearate tenets a tenes 146
Eggs, good, clean and fresh......... RR eee otha Sta mae mot CG 3 t 611

NOD DUT © eyo) 24 el BRM he a Pt eR Ne Oe eM RED oR An es oR ho col ead Tig ORGS CEO 10 oi DNC 70

Index.

Illustrations—Continued.
ddigal) ova dsron als. 1d Riad ge Ls. 5 Sis tmant 5c eo cee rte g Pe ctl Gor cn oe ei Rn rh are mance a BREE Ee avi a
HiwiessUsSeaMnepreedinpyexpPeLIMVOM tian. c oc eee cust nuil, caved etauctivilc clack aye vclttueueltesmewene
Haris POULUE ye OUSC Meacanien saan coc eet tute Ato ck eral ck ele dete uci scar mene Re ty bid Ghee EE SE ee
IM AEXNCLSMaVViCC Ka ad Cen. wuencasisny se obee come cn ercoemcuel aL coats Ayah Reacw ah OU ane abs watever eee
HAGEC A tTLCTONES TASS me weecee erie Rede oo Scr onset eS laine we nck Coston ate te ner Gea ee EE
HOTNTAtIONROMOESSESOL Wager cyte eee. cs eee epee tare te chs A arn ee OE OO A 8 Se
Hrontispiece shorsenuGeine demonstration. ero. ars. ee essed elenreni che aes ent
The oth Ebay? CO KereaOraYss Wey MVGval an pipes eee Maen comes cate cre Ee enene Paeee PaeIec ssoravole ots aud.dia GEA
ah © Eis ater eee cays Actes coisa eect REN carn PRET PACD Pens PROC END Sitios wut sc
GOOds by MELO aieee yee eee tee histone aeaue SLM mee tafe ails, ican, GRR NAIG, Ate ee Oa
Governor VMajorandsothers-1GOOdsRO2GSeD ayiereieiey- ie - o1s)ere eee iieeieioie eieeonenenene
Governor Majorin trontiof-viadison, EOaGd DD ayiens-1s cis<i 2 ener a as lee ciclo eters
Governors Mia onandsiGOvernor HOdeess acm. ems eels 6 ee eine Rice eine
GovernorsMajornoperating roadlerad ery. a5 areas cen - ies sais eae eicaieeeie ele neren anes
Grandichampionviear corm states NOwsr- os eae ciemcie i ors 5 clare syseis eel ieienenaieione vereienene
GrapesierowaTonp VUSSOUT river ills ees an] sesenieter. ciel chcha-cie cusenenereieneleiecicno enon ionere
(CURE CLAP SH ENTE (Olg 1 RH snd soko NDI ro Oia OOP RO SGC 6-0. Ci ERE eee Deer EAE ET Caeioiniote tate bc
Hams irsthesecondiand ohirdsprizese. ics mec aeteieiscs2) s+ csc 2 | semen elena clei enene
HamyShoweseneralaviewa Ole cin; sssvscoks co cases taeroucieren tee nite cis, cnccle balay olttewe Manus Sano oone
Hamsiinv Meat shown atter beingicut....sisseme asec se el ee a AL LEME HCG ecco
Hams NOssel Sian duu Nie ati SO wesc ote ee ahaa a ane ale ello sapere aise Fare Rane
sibs reVoron (Ooo Col se ~ Geen A SMAI tS AYARIEL Ente a co.cc Cachamtia Meettr ch eee REM Ia, Ett o. Ata.chond, ofo.tno
[BIW eB tor) Pn caret Scale ce exit ey CUPS ROR MARE Se oaerCnor 0) |e a aR eR ORE MRE Cee OE cys cary cock uA
ELarviey ae Virsem Vl arle mls sates py ter eth har NE WEBy CRSuen so etts, ot alvsics io S chee dae 1c aie ae Ree eo eee Oo
HailineverapessbOuwarenOuseiy. ys crsie ace Neee ie oo cov. ol cle ions ane Greeyet os Sac CRS a ONION
IE RWS es Eb ani ty tee ee ae ee een re a ee Sos alee Ua Se Ui iy) a A
LEGA d 1Gy=Ay Tie) Gate DIOL suay AW areciel ln over a Os cae CREE es eaec OCA ease aid Goa ola Alois
Miles Christopherson. een ores oie esl ae cab eatioweke Pie eRe ee Rie ola ae Ree Ree
HogsiexhibitedkatrCoumty at alts craercn sys eosiie ces atone tel CUS c rons ra Reef e es Lae eI eet
FOg Ss andseattlerongeed encnctsids Grketacia crete wi. som, uel ac den ne eye ellege MMLC ine Ravelncpeen Me RR OReHe
Homes conomicsiG@lass. Camp BranchiSChools cis qe]. iene celle beeen eeec ener
EHonorables Percheronustalligonm. . 5 -aeis aac. as ot a cum eiesiesene pau oes) Loney ated ieee ene
FOrsesnine pigistakesraitaSed alias: 1. ciic-< esc fue cert ie coche ele) vane eutahensy Sucka echoes tel enemc one
HOTSesmines 2: 500m Miissourinstate main Stale). oe sc. tele) sie elses enet tee etellelene terete
FTO U CHIN AIAN ES Regs eit eee er ee ee OO We Nn SMe Diet eR arate antec aaa
EL OUIS COTM Ss iol rae spi eee hac ese Res TaN ences areca REA RG EU? Repeal Is boy SRP AY ASP Ohae acid ete eM

interior Lorter schoolubetore remodeling sss. oe ae cess ae iol ie nie Sener
Johny Wieeseniian dra GOMiISbCOL: cycles cian Gis Son eae a es pease oP oe steMeL ais as Me Pons Aloe
ICONS KEN ts ee Yd Dame 8 Bye eee PR Ar rr! tn Lene OP arte fol Pectin cond A'S otae
Kempster, L. H....... Be Mig sdb eel ie sa SOI aS, ras oe PG eee
Alea chy.) Can Ge Hero wilelicy see err eh cee aa Race Ok Looe eLearn RT eee
Wambs by averace nmiuttoneram:. sich +. siete us ners =. oir o-ay aces acon sti tone eee en Merete a
ILE\ aa oH ona iba Karelkove seayoyrnorel eho so case enatvcnssomanobaneeso acs onsnoceacsaesduoc
Wamp sired! ibyainteriorsramieakase @ cielo cca eteieee eee te sete clo aac eae Dalek mere
oess soiliofaMiissounimaprOfe je cee erento. areal t= a he teenie sete eae ene
HOESS SOMO AD ES yeie md rs ee Re ee eee Loves sae la apes acey ete Glo ape peewee Slomeeecte ee
ILiCraYeEA YO haha ep oer =. ct ee ot nee A Pan 208 a ee ee ee A SY ey atin Ia HIS Cielo’
Muckey,) Dr DSH eeccces: Si Seater oe CRORE neo atL Ca deeded Genet ay a Poe eee eee
ULicawacVory EEE ene LOLS 6 Get cinematic dt c<.00 nO eS Omi OU Oana h soca co cop OS
Mapishowineslocation of farmers sinstitutespecri.-,.-72) oe enackiciepsn- riers ne eee
MVlaVESs <I OWiells eset cutter coc eosin ot-5! 5 dad eons Nelo aioe Mason oe testecle siren hae
IWMAIGLN On Alberton 5 Gs, 6 oc, cA nd Sie cis oc 5 eRe As ORO Oa to Delo bic at Eso c
IVE CINCOM J INICS HA ae ees catteres con a Se eae cc esos. ie See ae Pence ie Patek elec Reet
INGTON ATA Bed ena day [9-1 Bian Bee oe SE 8 Coed ee ores eae oo) SG A. FA Olc O,t o conaid o 610'9
DNASE DORAN KG US oS et tin co ee ER Bae ee ol Soe PRED AT. t. 565, 0g G CROONER D ORD AG a, 5.010 /Gicro xo
IMotherrandchildrentatm abner tory El OUDaumy ein. (senses ieee ee nekel ictal shel tene rene
IMIGieova, 1EIOpeNeY 1s lRisrrOrehy (CoremoVNNNUING 4 hodc Ho aes aes aed aoosouTebUoOdGCC Ko oeoboS se
KU lCovanifo) xo lhe Der Wold OW 1 Sig qemees alee nte Sas Sect. hn. a8 Ae eeeomeee eters ate Caer 0 Ln ob1o 0. 0.0 oo ousecdlieuc £7 0.6
OaksGroverHomenMialkersua@ltige: semcncmersreteie cee ciety oe efome tole) Oped oho neNelete ksnom- wale mean
OflcerssViSSOUEINVVOMeNn) Harmersm lub eer ces sci cee ellen tence cele tone teers eee teil
LETS). OVP TE HOT ITS LELOI O lin lars ens eh at eh, er crit ng REL E PUG .o Gr cuceDRenDEn Cho OMe O IED orb fo Cua
TESS ra OEE RENE oo. hay ote a ero a chnag Shc) Saree G CI ORRS Daene each s for bam Agsnss ie Rages
leone Srelnoell Gorissen yauheren ne So ae oo as SOOM OO OoMU MO Banoo bUsoc een Stous
lereyovraeyes hou erie Golaool- seco g eno node es On OOD Mb moO ew os sonDoapE oo
IPrizercaricorn, shown y, OSCar DW OUSLASS recs reinenel sere enene lela che te lool eeiey leleetl-W- ve rod-l =

VIII Index.

Illustrations—Continued.
CA ibitsy all oY Bead Nol Oy pee ee eh le ERPOn 6 Clot in cletn oici din clinc™d © Giibid orci c
Pa FEN COs Hao Sey eee hi sre een ceeer seca Se aroke, Shee Le, SRE Ree RC icc upee ta ee an an

Rear view of lamb by scrub sire

TE Yer 0096 led O Shah en ont Alencar ae em Atl aE nee ae ae) Chto EN Rnd clots of Siclidad.0 ln tic ols biw.cre go

Representative lamb sired by mutton ram

Rexavie Donal diinmhismMasteshtOwi ss. eter ere eee Ine cie eeane eno nen seer

RexiiVicDonalats 33 te eet ays re celica ann Qe AGEa eal toe SO ER Oa Tenn nese eae

1ROLKG! MWVOdke, As leWsoaKovahy (ConachamObMUNA~or a oo on andnwo Lobb aut ooouUuUcdoucoeds aos poneS

TRGOSLOPSOM PI HE is ito cstesetcs, Bore. se: ee ae neice REE ati sea a ee

Fez ON ICO) 110 Rees) etl Sire Pe at oA rt EP ee a LOM eR Eta as Co eke nid timed tc

Scene ate Missourt Statewairs cic Se Ses 2 eee ote ae ate: ae ee oro Pe eee

Secret; 2ranid Cham ploniSteers «teis< cased ahs, fo Seen eR eee eg ie ae eS eee Pt ene ee are

Shreld ones eo eh aoe eee eS A ie RR ee PR I eae

Sheep on a good Missouri farm

Shorthorn cows on blue grass

Sireyotslambsmmebreedimnecexpenlmemnits. yi aes oe ieieesien ieee a octet wee nem ane mene
He SOMES! Pump lin se eee eee he decal 4b aucchodtiae ev Asi Pm a ee ae Ld ates ec
Standings *ribiroast fromitat Steer.) sa s)f0s ce pea tee ae ee oe eer RSE Tees eee
Stanley evNEISs: IGOUSS ery alee es cts cs aeee 0a IML hie RS ea FS AE th ct a
Startinesroad works Inmates OL prisOM ASSistiney ye ene oie! oie oie nen eter nen nena
Steaks round andsarm. diferen ce between) eee ose aen eeenetel aiat eerie tee
Sullivans Missile ste He eee oe > Aas ats SS et 5 deh gm ee eat voice eee
Md BeYard Koy arg co G0) te aan) Oe Oe eee SRA ie Fee ee tlle kth a rao 10
Meacherszicottage we ortemschoole..5 4.436 scans Gee ee ee ee eon one ae aces
MMaleyalldsfenhrabaves IDEIy aon, 1S waoo ony CNDDROMS 5 Go 5ooceduoongdeuvaadadagoaduonane
MT all SS IVa CAVES eke HEN cae cc toh nca.ates feats oct CoS eat logy HORE Bn RS PCIE SRCIOR een ma
Threshing HH nelishiPlieweTv ass! ys sissies oveae, ergs clcoclo ao Gea cele oe ae eo rien anes
Morale Moyers} lony Jexoreisye Skolavoyol! avllohers cb sc c0ndudncnduosodoucccbocoononoeoon gus
4 Reh el cee ee Art ark ae Sor Pm | 0 Be de eRe rr eae Poor an Tod sere babe Ao tary 0-0) 610) 0:40
PUTT MOTH PUR SSA 25, th (coe eos ik ap ois ae eo eT at PSS cool cee atest We ike unit MONS) ae ered NSP ee eR mene
Wineyar diana Willson Sarees SAR, 2 kh osetoie ha ec cust Sites cayuprial te hates a eco ct ee Mee et SONI: Re Reema
Vestibule voldsPorterischoolhouse es 4. cas cme ae eee ie ene ne ee ieee iene
Wiiconvloadvofbluecignassiseeds, sa.c.0 Na cise ee sie aie erect sieve) cucaie ay erteMeltel al che ee ete emcee
Wid Onmuscdsinyeorter:SChoolidisti) Gtrrrs ei ciecneic os ceeieae cialis aie ae eae alice tear
WBIK CAEL a Ie Iie peetsettie aah Mee cet fe = & Sat she sve eS Ugh EME elabiss @ tote, hes tue SUS Oe) Sig) Se acne i een
Wiatermelonsnny SOuUthe astiVliSSO UII 4 cial oencueen ec aicee in isn ccin cieieicee ty -eitel siren cient areats
Wa USOM MPR Centr Mate se dts an bhai dn. Mn LSE 2 eure evel eaal eu gl once gion Dac eM ae atom
TWA Cait aile lane asds + rays ee retin aie SS ra A SR aE EN ODS ah RE ay, SIC ae eee
iWiheatitrophiy-r states orn) SleOiwietics. << sit ayeis miche pliers es iene romee cy cnet ae teaten oun ntal iene meme areas
Wihiteroatmrophya i suaben © Om sil Owy scissile el tee ielore cn sic toien etait el ncn emai aeeenemtettas
AAVGISOn aS 1 Dis Bt pet ale Pena Avil ce Sn Ae ae nee ee Recent, eaters Aeneas .olon'n Shoe eet i. 6, alcy Oc
ARYA ESYoy aN A De ORO ads ae rae Ui oy nr ne eee nea rn an iy ee Pte Ode oir olay e mor. ivy aiapciiuare
Wioodbinestlomes\Viakersi@ lames «aii Hee eae Ocenia eee Ce Ronen at ad een te te
Naver la hes IME NOK ey IM, (Cheb astdoly, Me nee ele 4 6 Gioasen oleic la ciate clic qrci.cl auosoucio a ifactsib)0 Wo .crdigno
AAV ert =a ah rare fenait kO=) Ace oe es a eer ee ice by a ueatonaiG a nemtntk teach "o O.cowunore
WiGwiaes IDEAS Koro, isfeyaavorny lewbhreas Godunuouconosupoooolmanvaonoousndbogs
TITANS ON vA Gyn Ofenen ca emia Meteora aud ok oi cor corstony ame hie Manco Lat GROSS oA siren on UMS p aielreP emenememra te eh cite
International Dry Farming Congress—
IPRESTC SIG Obie tee eee Ot eR Ie ian ara, cial oh auer los UlaIRSEre SBT barca a Serge One SR erecmaiaret atts
VEDORTHOR:D Sen eee es oie eS PMTs wlie) chloncar cligfiaueh sb amar gemem eeweiier chichielellc, amas Meneitts ae ienenee tt -Atelte
ImbernationaliConeress:on Harta WOME me... - cee eis) eye elcieietemetaner eta) lol /=/taibela) aided =) elke tele eetem one n =) = <tr
Sa ToXOURNROS EKGs, amlol Guavel Wale, coe a ebenooodusnc aooeee ose ace ooooopysossuaqs
Keatinsan dothersGro psy sit eo c: Mitel reais env eo ele Fal Rema) cee otra Pict city ene re reate reenact ootoet
ILEVayove Seyriuavercolehakeerpankore yj noone, aos on oo MORO Ono co no mn oe Sb oe Kioodons aoe cn eo
HaddoniaselanvanGiits! PULP OSE . 2) meweme ries coe) cic) ciemedsitstee y=) te clk-) ciel eltoe Gua i aie Reales ier aceasta
Lambs—
INPR TOL TON AP SH ee) el Oar te) hanlp Geen mORa MOR EDS ©, 6 Np iOanenN ft cyl hactche, carioun SUOsERGM Od 0.0, 0 ale. Gouxc 0.0. Ope 5-000
(COlaav ETH rere bh aah aol TaN aa ee ERC oc c-b CoRR I CAEIONDeeG IS O cnisicioroswio. 6.0 Oo 010.0 ee uno og Ge Otc
Corminvestigatlonstal Cantos ceace mera enaven sont snolle iioeity tl caat-1 chelsea auteur lolaMelte tx ne Pete M sedi t as
Hahtenin es preparation Of GOLEM: LOT sec) < co -i-y a aebeye aac a-te aron eee ee eee te
Heedstableisho win oun ws COLMMIS MRED aC ami eet eeta eect cited ates ce tee) eile ewer t erence
IPP O PUGS PMN ores aes se eo ret tas Oe ree ee oy ce Meus al cote cta cutee gegen chs Menage ac yoteaka dk ote earon( care Ms orang Ramee ts
Slubomaneheny, (r-qolembam cron lenge loreal Vay MOU pee ocakoegboocsecoubGecuvecon coasts
IHW Ore Haakon Ne CoIe 10) CRO MSONOCEM on onadadu ddd baosh tooo s. da Sugg noo ooo ome Sd
Live Stock— ‘
AD eropeereharevraahsaabbai| oYsigeenier am evo. Higie cer ioiel Aeon a ecic Bc Dio BIO Aca bi, 0C.s Wom oO bo Binge 60

INfibucn| os» EVs} CKonaayor-wearcl yujon IMPS Be wea ooops cede bouno Kodo ooo aod ub mato ao mn a Of0

592
210

417
671

Index. 1K

Live Stock—Continued. Page
Nitimiberkasicompanredswithvavierage yearyei. «<4 .-..4 0s eee asleds © fie a 2c cege ue Eee 671
SHIP NTENES en LORNUISS OUR Re rie 5 mils ss eae te eee clr 52202 1s eee ee ee een are eRe ee 724
SHUM EMCSELOMMVISSOUTle wyatt aes ee aenay steht ckeys = cae: s.lcane) oes DIR, Saran a Ce eee 723
WG SER T OSLO AVERY Glos ctu rch ain cer ose SNeR ete GRP ict net CEPR ANE SRE ROMER Eyre te 671

Loess Soil—

I DXSISeT TOI OSOS (Oh Ete soln cite a oon aeRO ER NOR ee eRe a io EMRE age Plated CEs 367
NAIM UST ees TRONUO AVG LON Goh cpccx oh uc Ne CREMCL LOCEN EN = SJE CN EMER AUP ICIS Ae OER fect PMD RANE GME es Fey acne aa a 367
Ve] OTe COOGMEVOACS WV ayiSiien sre couches, areca strc rol beeen cose ek ee Miss ee oscar etc aR ee a 636
Manure—
EFT OCCLSO LIOR GRO D Siccea tetera Rr ee es oe ore ieee TTT er ead Src aCe cn 343
We RUE OTe TOVSIO (01 elise ee Grewne GLOMOS OSES RueRCnG onc CMEC EMD ATIC CARER OEE EE RANE AOU a Riehl 343
Walieofaminer alate dtr Oraitieen sey ees ce ecrete ns sen cbey mt Sitar as) <'clinc ciel Soe NSO STE one 344
Wilthshavacropmnerobatlomucnams ative ci crete mods ae eouetole otis aren Taen cia een ee ee rene 344

Maps— |
Cornbyicl dsinweVMaSSOUTI ss peryaCre. LOSE caps cen eteode 3 a elena aie eye eee en ee ee 652
Corn apmaol, sels shay Mba, lone Corbonkeys otk oanoasolmasese due ncbabawansuacac 652
Havean Get OracenvilelGsiNeiViSSOULIS ONS ak wu Pama w asa: «lk a.) Ue att Pee eee ae 651
Oateyicla Mots ine NMissOUuri. OY: COUNtICSe | possi iacs a oo <4) sy cuct lee en eee 651
Wieheateviclde slots mine VliSSOUrIN by, COUMULES Hey aeiae aa. acl oie ici ee inn en tee 649, 652

Marketing np OOLRIMethOdsrOtes civics cae rice eee a i Se ee ae ee ne Se 263

Meat—

COforoibabayec (ol 2 harry. svotereuey SIDA NGIA or Can ee Re EEG by asaya Neos Mn aeRO eer ay, LETS AL 557
GeneralBwaySrOliCOO kan Gerais Seas ce eee Lh eee) SES ile 4 ee ea 557
ILGHiNG TENE ENA [ovoNTey OMA ONKOL Orn nos gop pean disor ebonae ere eaocoanbadoncce 558
eanwimed tar COSENCONCONSUINIEL «ota nu- tore yeusie dees leas Io ue iene @ oy LenS tl Rae ieee lu ees 558

MiClONS pPrOCdUChONKO LalTie VEL SSO Tileee obscura ate (<ilete agers. de eee ode Ie oot esl ee eae ene ots 627

MGSSOUTI, importance OfsasriCulo ural lye eye eyecare cea -cre cose oneiles le) cud) ovekale on -eenohene seen abstiens 623

Miontragebanksir Germanys. act oWs ocho calves: ral Dialcas RAE ME ERE oe eee 84

Mules—

IMMSSOUPI Stan Aska tyiCaG wet aey sete cons hcl chen « osmea tie a hayae uke ane is Katee eae a ne eases 706
INjumiberandtassessed value wb yn COUMbICS eer cies clea ere eee eee 672
VAIITEEDERSH CAG s 2. © Sets sia cicuseaciyien ce Tic alts oi, o tes hatin: Bey atclaaiich cher secant eee do AO eg Se 671

MiisicvandsanrtinshomesintitencelOfea... 4... 6 se ce cee ee eel cee tera. hunks eS eee 598

Nationali@ onne Shows WussOUniLWwINMiN@S ss. scimciy oeieeia oie oc iiiene cis chsoierecee eases eae 333

INorthyAu ericanyHriitne xGHAN Ee accel: wicks cusieie -letedole a leme aie e sere e CST one ee heen 385

Oats—

INCLEALOwaVeragelang sotalsyieldsande vial Cras. ciao tel cme ei ee ciel i ier mene eee 667
‘Acreage.an Gdoyieldab ye COUN TIESia ye nots a ne, Racer. Chote one a SEL Ce ane ane eer 661
NETEA VG NT OH RYT CO oar peep aceetee Se EERE. Alen ee AUGER aie Ae cite Se nia OM IPT eek ARCS, SoBe Socket cn EPOMT cr out oN 625
VAC EMME SSOUMI ed OMS i 3) bigs) St ee eR Gee SES Ghia ee Rec ne San Here 653

Orchardrcensus df Om MUSSOUEL. nics ioc: a.- a are fem Gene aetna) Bee tc Re el ae LS eee ene ee 386

IPackerran GifarmersanvaGOmistare: as cee lee eeenrReeee wei: <i) asc hous hy Serene) cont lay pease 427

ersonalluresponsibilitye disCussioMy Of jar 2 -ciuceieeetedcis co = Suniele Ore eneae meee Wane oon res 160

RettisKCcoun ty School awonk Im aericulturess sateen es 2 3 cence eee) ener 576

Plant eood comparablvie: value. Oniny COL |CbCae aera 12 te ne arene ue ace eetiopaenenes 402

Roem > Mne Ouse Imethe Mead owe” 3.7 ses 2 a chee eles lis sp cols aie) Belek tape Se Neuron caeuileney stereneae 179

iBopulation: unbantanderurals per Cen tiofa. acres «es cas oie eae ene rceaae 260

IE OLter SCHOO wOLkOterir sore ieee PREC. > LORIE RRS OU Leet ee A oe eee Mr ec 142

TEYOREIN Rr ey7 sto gXerey ry BaY ae ey OLO) CLIS(O) Cel GRA en PE ENE ry NA a oS eeu a 6 cal Sh Butt yy tA 432

Poultry—

TEN GYoYo Wer ee}: ONES igemi nee -o cre OR EPA 6 tection Sr ic) ti ot a REC ARearh ils one cna otce 609
ENOUSE: (DIAN SHOTS oem nee ee, oS eee a eee oth eh EI reece redeem oem Renesas 608
LatbYS| OF NaQOK ENG 6 orasrs eG eeie Leo ORME PRAES culo, cic cud i ae eeacnn Geno. amicactaice ry pies biotn Bka ‘Arie GiDONs cut 619
Iltaaloponvabayes CXOvaXo biieatayels} tha MMEISSoUlete ove pon dn eo Hedin ooou hs haetanbodeogaAsnoocpuooe 620
IMGELeSting Childrenwnin | sweets. coe eas... c.’> sersh lene olen te) chem onenentel seks Monetet toaetstcaiisn irs 612
[har AM bio bte ln HNO Caio o oo erct ao ocr 0 6 CEE Oa © Solas Aisin en nin of o.alscia cower 607, 621
Oy ie vawale avon y sage oe) arqorls oles oascaononcooue eon dn aooaceauenovoveDoCaoUbDeoGDNS 607
Wilbye pro es ae OW NG daly es eek eee Eaten attero dc ic-n SD Reece aite Grr ATR ee etch g.0.0 ohn Stocoto poi Ot 439

PrATii@ lab sacelolrin duno IOUS = oo So ccc Gu OM Bm E Oo oua bab an ap soso SopomoUnS OOS 653

PiaGe Oriitiaay Ggooch IMG edo eohacmboob ote DoE ome acd BAK homo GoM ecb Goo dD Ho 670

IPioyemieyans IBXonKS sear Wives WWE ck an boceeomrsoosdpocadnoarcocuddus Ug dooo ae 273

JR OES a eye oer c SISAE Reno Sete TEES OO RERE GER ORE oats hl Ee nore eit Rice Bio Mia ia tc SI oo oie Hl

Rainfall—

AIM OUTMG TO Lent GOLrNeSeCbiOMs eh cites Go ucieerieie See oie caet oe cecks tiecs eieis eee o) cine elo chahch orton 345
EVO WALOWINECASUTOM setae srt ies haw te pare dee mee es, MUR wee TIT oye ote Nee Re ne Rohtak ee mk er 628
[RBCS Grater One Coral Inia Konee Scteta aon are lars Aa cee GbmeeSrs COS oO DenOitiae dulce om Slate anton omic 155

IRR! parma ehaakhinvore lon Cronies WEBCO, ooo aokbsdada rote ards ae odomsooducecmecuesac 636

Page
Rotationioficrops).value7OL?).. 3.5 estas cusversl sete ay Cee er eI eae 86
Ruraljconditionssdiscussionvof.iact <i ee ete ee ot ee ee ie Sea ee 151
Riuraleproeress,;jMeans fOriees<8 saceever sass ie cae Pelee Sete lg een Sree ee 260
Ruralischoolss improving Samer sere c.ccs cece tae Ae ee ice oe eee een ee 256
INAVEY EkOReeyedsy Chavet vateltolaba IMbsobbals TEMES, Sok oan agaccaodoonbagodousbhacsnacadnass 653
Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association—
Address /OfsPresidents.. tie sc Sy ere. Steen eh Gee Te ne I ee eee 501
Address) Of WwelCOMe nes ag om Fase sO eae BO ene ee ere 499
Oplcersko tise he: a ee eee eet). kT oe ee Eee abt Beconte Shows s ocr ancey ater nckck Non SRE Reet 495
REepontyotcs CGretaryiiy sce kaad ok ule ee Ae ne ee 8! LARISA ere ake ha Se ee ee ee 495
Saddlewhorse'stakes 7abj fairs erees so o.5 Ges < Shae oe aesat is BR cea fod wien eyed Rae ee cee ne eee 496
Saddle horse—
Houndation of; sin IMISSOUTI te. 55s beets eee eae Cia one Sea eee ee 507
ELIS tory: ei MESS OUT 4/5) age etey yc ahs eo ce te les a See Hts Ou Lei an OM Sess CER oe a 505
bmportance:of,in GMISSOURI ys <4.) \ chile ine ape akeos clejani alae Ree Reese nee eee 504
Sales publicy how: Coma ete de ever «cece oss aie ee see eee eee cies re steerer ctr ee Say t= ec 533
Schoolfreportiicand) Ori Oley s-aees ele nigel as 5 sete de Ol eh EMS ee A ele 580
Schools—
INCCG SHOES tis eo) 5) aR eh cn mete epee eres cimsesd SeoyoNd RR eke i MATT Oia Riser RBS RNa Bey a 225
One-rOOM WPOSsibilitiesiOfee svat arts eis ust cas eee oy excel Gee ea Re ne 142
Sheep Breeders’ and Feeders’ Association—
@PACELSKOLS sicucsqucta rete ere ait AE lab eis 05 lo, SUS yg 8 Notre PIR OES Ble CnGRO pS Ota a eRe eee 464
IRVEPOLtlo£r: SECretaryAe yee hay eo akatie ead ee! ete la then es HRS te tcl OS ato ae er ae 464
Sheep—
Heeding a few: DOMGELS OMIM. Aref cyovses) wieyced: ac) fous ws) seslic aes es ome ueee been alee meeclra on pene Re nee 424
1 esto Mei oy Ie eh (src ou CAR Re aeeicad he tl ane ne nee Rohn khamsel avn. 5 Pla dans oO o.0.c 479
I syCeyero [eho idl (2); 0 61] 0 Rca eR Ea sea orf RS Re en Ra, oS Alan i ee ok ary 480
Howshandled undertarmimanagcemenihece. si 4 selects eho neieneneneseiel one onereneeneenetiene 278
IN Ure red (5) rah Coy ates [LOD ies ee bee CA Panes ais Ia) Ayer ne ee a Pe tale mnie Thon Steet, 6. c.5:ciG.c 634
Moreland betterssheepetonVilSSOUTIMe tise a reese) cries eens ore ene 466
INumbertandrassessed) values by: (COUNGICS I sey seein cin rel et eral) ireoiour: eters eestor crete eee 677
OutlOOks Lora GUS be yes he eS shea aato ctee aoe Sos ee ite avte oie a ee RE AT Ue eee eee 469
Ram pure-bred. advantagesiofadse. = = 2. 4 acc on te iene re ian oer ieee oe oe 478
RSL OLE CLISTSIy GOORIN CN PONS StS TERT CACC ROR ce tact eh ted Pe cuES Uity A coc ora, Geto, a Bra bigs te oo's 48-54
States airianwaredsy Sesee seec sacra eo ceases tea chic Are Segoe kere] weal Re tae aoe lene oe ete a nee 701
MotaleanGdecomiparative mumbervOtin . 1-i- soos reer iceisteae eheeiene teecrenenenene 626
AVE VEY | OS) OI OVEN ls Frc cacy nich ol tec (En scar OS RON CH Ys, OPES ort si a coke ope ees 671
Soilsbuildinge ve oodvexamplerOtiny <i caches ac alec she ele chorale te ons eich tote eek ate See eae 403
Sorghiumyscedrandssyrup) yaeldsandaprice:. . ...nyse ae acl iene Gl enclose eee eens 654
Soups wtood:valuevorandvhowsumad er. 25 2% as Ss cre dade gs sueke ar hehe cueiey ane iE ie) chen wenetene 564
S tater aia wards slivieystOCK wacsiatsck oes sud. sso 's; a4) Ay cieate: de ore ms by Re ote bel tro care Geren 680
Stapisticalisumimary Missouriorchard: Census 1.2 see aes eerie nel nee eee 387
Strawberries; production) Of in es VllSSOUTi). 5) 5 .)2ci See ere ener ancl ener anette so Riki tity amen 627
SiwiMew S cave mbar walGs's a6 1c si.) sass) Sse, Sri gre te ssa eh el Ea cpp cae Gey seIe A converse mnstres Ah 8 a) 696
Swinevoreanizations, valuerandworksot.: ....... pac ence seme ely ieoncne rats ens me eee Sire 304
Siwitzenrlan ges dalimy saa Gus tryal ere, rere sy oie oc cies cere eaten wo ameter te eoedces RIS che ena aR note 404
heachersy Gqilaliticationsvandiwaye Ole sei... 24s sc) ciels ale cielo doit Oriel ce nomie <a lsnc ee eer icine 153
Mimo thyAseeds acredee. yield an GupriGers occ sce Gheuc ol cis cecal Oc erea a cae Gaeict oh en eee ae ate ire te 654
MObHACCOMACLEALE; FVIOLC AMG VANUCR ere liete ces .cis ac x walvs cilleceie: wtehen ete ie curece mes Mile tls coal Ait nein 654
Turkeys—
] Pye esysy 0f21 27 OL {DL eNO Mente Geren. StS, Cua. cee RRP eOESE Sec) Di cacal ahaa oe aL OIC ERC La Concha ais. oc Icucec Olt 670
Selecting breeders! andiraisinepyounes... 1)... ch, si eadmeetncr: ele tact eee meu ceonemetee eset 615
Vegetables—
COfova ah aV:200) Capt ete Pee RE ed, BOWS CRN ir nc | A eS 0 5 ROE A os AREER cc, ig ition c 581
IPFIN GiplESse OV SLM saa ve fees ee SAS 6 cee e ep Ie 1 aves sarc eee aro Sarasa pal ast aerate 586
FRELINIS/(C OLN COM select os cle ok MOS: se le: o Rdsplgmemetelions lag ite p-pee meio te vel ae te Che Rete irae gts 586
AVEIID (S01 tere Seen Oy IRE IO Ce RRR Ne, sl ye Bee, PNR it Aletas he A ein riratirhcyic Olbueio id ako 654
AWia CELA COMPEMbTOL SE sete sctle Ii oe NII, htc fc ics cease bette ReMir cata nrraa cy Een erne 582
Veterinarian—
States detailed TeportiOhs cic cise cceteeewetee ics RI So euw re ain euch slene Ciabeueo rs anon ane tons Meets terere 707
Deputies, detailed reports Olver «6 ces es ea As he i ethene On een emer 707
State: deputies sHStioLe ye, + co amaececrate. © cic din tng cE One apes Claleive eeeacenedorems eee rere 4
Nyveleerell Kors Srelavoyoll WE loyeave, MIEN? (Cll 6 oeoneebaveuacucucnodcunedooeeuunuboudon 555
Wheat— ‘
NWereagewaverarerand total yaeldrand values. sei. ia ane ciel te teaeneuere et neaeeee ete ene 667
Mereage! aN Gi eydel dsp yaCOUMULCS sees cee euch a eae Wire clos Stoic icortemaesieiec he Reena Noh et veney atest eteen Tee 661

Acreage seceded for alOW4cropae cs «esas aire lhc teuw 6 0 bee Hemera nanotech kadelieeem emai 650

Index. XI

W heat—Continued. Page
Comparative yield, Missouri vs; other|states. 7... =. 2 cto. epee ete eels ceo oe ele cue 624
Conditionvolerowineicrop ry taliiOk AOS mereka ein a3) 5 = lava ion lo ane ahesiiallevicWs bayou see eeepeee 650
Mang shows PLep ale Gl wl Olea eiecel sos ateye ere hare io akees he AAS -e leelaliapome ay omckcp clchae nc keha et alot 350
Miethodsiofpreparine land. comparative value Ole. 5-1... cen sce ees enone 352
TRO MAb? Valid el CUA AKEe (OKO ON, on eao 6 ame Ow Bory 5.0 hod oid Cina ole bid Aon Oi Aicin bes 6 356

VHETGL., THOUSH eoeoyo po rbat IM OIE Ta th oicen ee orca. o the Dim Oin ce as Rio Cee ICheNOlD lb Corot aa mcm is oisra eee 650

Women Farmers’ Club—

OTTO GOO s id Gee OL ECO Obit RECs ROTEL COLO SnD ae eee eae eee yo ant Aisin ee 449
IMM bes TOLAIMeEC LIN Gr saa) Sec raen hierar eis lave so atenavel shams, Sosianele his: amalecey elem cite to ried a eurelekomets 449
BESS COMO STAC GLESS ea ree aera. a ep oho haves Ne pane oeSeorey SL os Seeure Me te retake eerie Memes Ree 451

WHONTEHESITES tALOOIMS THO wACONGUGCECG emits aycusls a cial cuae chore Oi-wo eh ieliheiteke cre) ate) serene aioe 174

WiomensHarmeNtatlagersaeA SsOClatlOMery tes tisau-jeyeiar laiuetei ec ieieds ode ichel oteesiets) oneaeioeenel stein 454

\VISCOMSIN, GAAP ITAChISIAy Ss Bo nd ooo oon a OA mM Onn a0 O10 como timo Orrioconpone Hob oo tec 410

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