‘ ON KH VIN We , nn i (aN OS) ToD) RO Hans AX th ney Fey) bY Y hs Nee eye aa RY Tah ste NARS Nh Se See, eres ain im aSroe x) me » Pay ieir el eet » ey i se Nie ¥ Re cy ai 7s ‘ ns Seeks oe iss ae iy Aa Datins Sau 8 : at A> mn Seep tices Sere ne Lp Sete Os, t ‘ ats SENN ¥ v YAY ah i Seen whit ay , * * . aN yi 0 ANU AS 4 ae 5 Tay S i ais bbask ne se Sane ae se xa entee se See ees on rate x ro o Aan a se ns Son —~ Te En) Sey ere, S oe — sd Fs Pag ¥e eh iG; ; ee Stetina eer nt Sos. Shee , i ‘ Sain a SUN ened Se oxy Cs ns ie Soe oS ae NS x CRORE Rey i aN t RONEN x 20 at CA 5 » y HERR ca wie eiek iy * es ee Fatt tts, a DNR hs t AKG “ ee Ree, pa tecsee > oe SEL. 1000 Issued July 20, 1907. Us, DEPARTMENT OF) AGRICULTURE. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS LIBRARY FOR THE NEW y¢ RK A ot Ley: | i GARD % YEAR: ENDED UNE: 30; 1906: WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. TOO]. tak Mae NV 1394 GOL JOINT RESOLUTION providing for printing annually the Report of the Direetor of the Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agriculture. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be printed eight thousand copies of the Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, prepared under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, on the work and expenditures of that Office and of the agricultural experiment stations established in the several States and Territories under the act of Congress of March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, for nineteen hundred and three, of which one thousand copies shall be for the use of the Senate, two thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and five thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture; and that annually hereafter a similar report shall be prepared and printed, the edition to be the same as for the report herein provided, Approved, April 27, 1904. » “~ THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. STAFF. ALnO®, TRUE Ew se, Wi, Director, i. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station tecord. W. H. Beat, A. B., M. E., Chief of Editorial Division. W. H. Evans, Ph. D., Chief of Division of Insular Stations. JOHN HAMILTON, B. S., M. S. A., Farmers’ Institute Specialist. Mrs. C. EE. JouHnsron, Chief Clerk. SARAH L. Sommers, Record Clerk. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. W. H. Brat, Meteorology, soils, and fertilizers. W. H. Evans, Agricultural botany and vegetable pathology. J. I. ScHULTE, B. S., Field crops. -C. B. Smirn, M. S., Horticulture and forestry. C. EF. LAncwortuy, Ph. D., Zootechny and human nutrition. II. W. Lawson, M. S., M. D., Agrotechny, dairy farming, and dairying. W. H. Beat, C. F. LANGwortHy, and H. W. Lawson, Agricultural chemistry. E. V. Witcox, Ph. D., Economic zoology, entomology, and veterinary medicine. B. P. FLtemine, Rural engineering. J. B. MorMAN, Rural economics. D. J. Crossy, M. S., Agricultural education. WILLIAM Henry, Indexing and proof reading. ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. C. C. GeorGEeson, M. S., Special agent in charge, Sitka. I’. E. Raver, B. S., Assistant at Rampart. R. W. De Armonp, Assistant at Sitka. P. H. Ross, Assistant at Kenai. J. W. NEAL, Assistant at Copper Center. , HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. JARED G. SmitH, B. S., M. A., Special agent in charge, Honolulu. D. L. VAN Dine, B. S. A., Entomologist. J. E. Hiceins, B. A., M. S. A., Expert in horticulture F. G. Krauss, Rice expert. Cc. R. Bracow, in charge of tobacco experiments. Q. Q, Braprorp, Farm foreman. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. D. W. May, M. Agr., Special agent in charge, Mayaguez. W. V. Tower, B. S., Entomologist and plant pathologist. IH, C. HenricksEN, B. Agr., Horticulturist. J. W. VAN LEENHOFF, Coffee expert. i. F. Curt, Superintendent. f REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. C. F. LANGwortHy, Ph. D., Chief of nutrition investigations. R. D. Mitner, Ph. B., Editorial assistant. H. L. IWnicut, B. §., Assistant in dietary studies. I. G. Benepict, Ph. D., in charge of respiration calorimeter experiments, Mid- dletown, Conn. C. D. Woops, B. 8., Special, agent at Orono, Me. Collaborators. H. 8. GRINDLEY, Sec. D., Professor of general chemistry, College of Science, Uni- versity of Illinois. M. E. Jarra, M. 8., Assistant professor of agriculture, University of California. H. C. SHERMAN, Ph. D., Professor of organic analysis, Columbia University, New York. Harry Snyper, B. 8., Professor of chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Minnesota. Cc. E. Watt, Ph. D., Professor of chemistry, University of Tennessee. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. ELwoop Merap, C. B., D. E., Chief of irrigation and drainage investigations. Cc. G. Evirorr, C. E., Engineer in charge of drainage investigations. R. P. Teeter, M. A., Expert in irrigation institutions. I’. W. Roepine, Expert in irrigation extension. SAMUEL Fortier, M. I., Engineer in charge of Pacific District. Irrigation engineers.—F. C. HerrMaNn, S. M. Woopwarp, A. P. Stover, C. E. Tait, B. P. Ftemine, S. O. JAYNE, EL1as NeLtson, Harvey CULBERTSON, A. E. WRIGHT, F. G. West, W. O. BRYANT, R. G. HEMPHILL. Drainage engineers.—J. O. Wricut, J. T. Stewart, C. F. Brown, LAWRENCE Brett, L. L. Hiprincrr, H. A. Kier, J. W. Martin, D. G. MILLeR, W. G. MILLER, Omar Farriey, IF’. G. Eason, J. R. Dickson, V. M. Cong, E. W. CHADWICK. Assistants in irrigation practice —JOHN Gorpon, J. H. BARBER, CHARLES Rivers, W. H. LAucK. Collaborators. O. V. P. Strout, C. E., Studies of duty of water, University of Nebraska. W. B. Grecory, Studies of pumping and rice irrigation, Tulane University, New Orleans. W. W. McLauGcuiin, B. S., Studies of methods of using water in irrigation, Agricultural College of Utah. 8. C. Burrum, M. §8., Studies of methods of conserving moisture, University of Wyoming. G. H. True, B. 8., Studies of duty of water, University of Nevada. O. L. WALLER, Ph. M., Studies of duty of water, State College of Washington. A. R. Wiiuirson, B. 8., Studies of farm drainage in Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, J. B. DaAvipson, B. 8., Studies of farm drainage in Iowa, Iowa State College. C. Ik. Lucker, Investigations of the power value of alcohol, Columbia University, New York. B. A. Ercurverry, B. S., Studies of methods of preventing seepage losses from ditches, University of California. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Orrice or EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Washington, D. C., March 30, 1907. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations, the publication of which is author- ized by joint resolution of the Fifty-eighth Congress, second session. This includes a report on the work,and expenditures of the agricul- tural experiment stations established under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, in comphance with the following provision of the act making appropriations for this Department for the said fiscal year: The Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial statement required by section three of the said act of March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, shall ascertain whether the expenditures under the appropriation hereby made are in accordance with the provisions of the said act, and shall make report thereon to Congress. There is also a report for the same year on the receipts and expendi- tures and work of the stations under the act of Congress of March 16, 1906, in accordance with section 5 of that act. Very respectfully, A. C. Trur, Director. Hon. James Winson, Secretary of Agriculture. fi. oe RY a ty ) ek 7 7 e re a @ e a 4 OR lit i *. ®t 1 Pee @ af ‘ ac +i sve Urey ia 7 2 Ply - “oe 1 g jee 3 PM ta ao j = ; ¢ at ‘ ¢t 7 =~ Sy SpesVoms Say) Pa e | -& Cue yore jen oe Oe ral ay wih ir oe hs : bare o- ed ruil stu > v= fe » [ - - A “t cipF 4 ; ogee , hae «) ta A eee 2 4 a ry igen aa > i A ae Li a oe {ts > i r iz= age - = é a n 7 be eee eee if ' . Ms de ee “¢ COUN TaBENeT Ss INTENSE, GU sONiNS) Be he SR Ane een he eS pe ee Se ee ere Sd aa SoabLO Meee eh ar ace tsi hee tee ere ee Ore ae ere IRanaway IRV) SHINON Ga Boa ena nepoe eee ese SO eye eens ee Se SSNS Sets TERROR Slt VES MeULLONIS fraps oe Cory aethor nec eee Eck Emtec eat ee Re Nremyonkea ti dittenenty places ass n2 4 oer ee eae em oe ae eee ee FE eal La lin eastern Semen ges pte hg fee acer epee ates Osa ey ory ae eee ee eae irnication and drainage imvestigations. =... %s2. 3.2.5 -esol 2k eee Mitetei' grea 1 @ Taye eg pee lee oy eyes rsa fells, oie Steere ees VO Poe teen eae eae ee IA) reat Ae eng te Sy Re corey nse pera Semsak Santee oer eS Aral ete Skee IE Uifo eet OMS eee ate ee ee Ewes ay eee ei eS BE = Be Bromonvomomacnicmlnmrakeducaioniss= =] ss4-oe =e seee ae eee eee = ee RANE rs; ani SElGUieSea cao Seva Aa yest cis ney ye eet SS Ae es See TEU GAUGE NIGHING | Spates ape eet ed ae eo Or oe UO or Md. ty ete tr IT RTea (TeV emma tee we OL ec ees Re He eee ed Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations... ...--.---- eroeress:GiunerstatlONs). 294024525 26 jas as sa eons Rea Eee as SOMMER eA LUGCSHOLSlALIO NUN ON sascn aaa] aSere sons cian Se eee eee ear DSS eran an cata COMM Leal COTGEVA AU NO Ts ee yet eye ee ee nee ee Sais hi GrOlmtMNe TS LeblOM Sem caer ce tieco a osenee oases oak ee eee ee THES PEELLIONPOMMe StAONG ses avast = 2s sae eo Soe an eee see ee seen PIN Teta SmAG hie a eet ete ee tn aie BA 8) ee eee lee bee eae oe History of the first year’s-appropriation..+......-...----+--+--:--- NGIMIMIStrALlOnoimthe Adam seNctoss sen. ae 22 2 eee eee eee eee Kena Stomworkaund erm tinesAdamsoACh === seems ae anes e eee eee eae ie POubS (OMEUMOVStALLONG ss 2as sae ees go psc aee wot een ee eee eee Alabama Collere\Stationias42.s255. Ass s5s5.05 255254). sae ae eee Mabamaieanebrake ss tablOles acm 522 25.4 os - cals Sa = ae eee eee Ma bamay huskereeStallons. =225h520052.8ho. Vet ete ee eee ee INGE, CITT eee ka nny re nen es Ck ee Ue ae ae PATE IZ OT ARS Let EL@ Meee eee St eo cs 2 4 Sot, SE ya ROS INTL TONS ES) ASHE AVON Tage te ae at ee Ne LS EE ae iS PULTE TNMs LE LL OIL eee aes eee ee deta Rs apbes 2. Peery 2. Bees ae COTOrAC ORS ballon fester oe ee ee eee ee eer eee ee He eye CGonnecwuicuiastate: Statlonuaeace cis ss soos ee ee eee ee eee eee eee ConnecheuiStorrsis tatlomie see aaa eee een eos See cee Delawarexstation= == se eee eae e e Liie We eens eens ee ts Sues AEG re Stas ten Gro ree ee ee ed ES an eh ae ee ee ee Se oe Se GEorgdnssieiOM See seas vases Soe 82 Ae et ene ys eee ae oS Seis FEEe Wri cS GAL @ Teen eee = al ene eee ee ae eat he ee ee ee ete Hawaltan sugar-blanters’ (Station’s S222 322222 os. 32 4 25 asec Se 8 CONTENTS. Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Cont’d. Reports on the stations—Continued. IdahoiStatione sf 20s os ose te ae eee ee ee eres ae LOW Staton oF so 2S ee ee ee ae ree ee nl Kansas; Station secs ss ans ee eee eee eee cea eee. Kentucky ‘Station 2225.52. 5 -2eee see ace ae = eee ee 5 cee Louisiana stations). 222 se cee eee eee oe Maine ‘Statione sce ce sec Seng oes ee eee ee oe oe ee eee Maryland ‘Station (i22os. 2222 soaesen oe eee eee ae oe eee Massachusetts: Station 4 22322) oa se ee ee eee eee Michigan Station. -.22222 2222 ~ case see eee eee eee ee ee a ee Minnesota Statlomo ses oe = een cee eee ee ee a ne Mississippl Station’ 42-222. t 252 ee ese See ee ea eee ea Missouri College ‘Station .<<..222ct tb cep = noe ee a eee eee Missounmstate nuts tatlone- sees nee es. been Montana: Station 22... 3.<2.cceed Se eee ae eee ee Nebraska Stations. 2s25cssue oe ae ee ee ee ee Nevada: Station: 2cn ass 2cec cc ceccs Oe Be ee ee eee New. Hampshire Statiom 12-22-2222 Ssoscee- here oe eee. ae New. Jersey stations): 2 ¢ 2205). ososcce =p ae ee eee =a NewiMexico:S tations ssoc5 coe eee See en ee ne eee New: York: State Station: 2. 2529s sees eee eee ee ee New. York’ Cornell: Stations. 32-25-56 o ee eee eee North Caroling Station 36.05. 2ue 5c ce. reer ere North: Dakota Statlonae: i o-- a eee eee eee 3 eee Ohio Station. kas ee ee a es eS ee Oklshoma:Station= o eee Orecon Station. 22 2c. cso: eee eer yo3s oe Pennsylvania Stationic2e oc o~ oa—iee o ee ee e iee Porto Rico Station....-..- Se FSO Aah Ne a ee rer ae: Cee Rhode: Island \Stationu22 sess nsen ae oe ee ee eee South Carolina Station.........-- \ jaca: Sgn Mic Me eee Netra Rie meee nee oem ee teat South Dakota Stationzs:.<.; a2 Shes Be eee ree Tennessee Station ao. «24526522 oe ee ee eee ee eee Texas Stationiancsciccd eee ee ee ee See Utah. Station. oo cece ack eee se ee Vermont Station $220 223 a ee ee Virginia Station... <..<2552 sean ne eae nee eee Washington Station ...2 .- ..22264-25scmeqs fac 5 Seen ate oe eee = The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations- Twentieth annualconvention.-.-.-- 4). eee eee ee eee General! sessions: . 2<.sccsn2c thee ee on one ee eee Section on college work and administration .........--------------- Section on experiment station work .........-------.---+---------- Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1906 - -- - Summary of statistics of the stations .........-.-.---------------------- Statistics of the land-grant colleges and universities. .....---.------- Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations........------------ CONTENTS. iProeress inwsercultural education, 190607 2-7 2-2 ee ees teens eee eee mtr OGUEM OMS teats Ses rea Sere a nS oe oe Sree ee clones Soe eines sere eoels Relanon torAmerican institutions 25.2206 52 s4clsss soe eeeets 2s Relanen-toforeion instituhons j252 222.2222 sey 38 bases = International Congress of Agricultural Education. ........------ InternationaleAgriculturalinstitutess = se ssssee eae ae Buclinid ands W alesse ss: sass secs sae Sse te eee eae aes SCO tl ams sass soos eee ee ae oie ye Saree seer tras ohana See nares Aer: es nity Gl ements eo ap ess PS rere ae Ee a SR re en ns BeBe Lonuirmmrspsiene Sacra en te tte 5 at eS ara Se node ar arene AYRES ecw Meri ar eek eat a he a ee SNS ee ee te Eo EL ae Se ee ISAT CO Meee eee ee rae ye Bieta re en aise ee ieee Germmaliyes s2 2252 saa = sae sansos aeolian ae See soe seeneeen ees J NOVS( AE: Hel AS har aetna Re Lae i Se OP Se ERTS M RNB eS i Sete yt gi Ned bomen prem Soy ones le bborefhi? ee nese a empe Soacrace Nee Soe aS kee Senses Atustraliavand™ Newsealan Qu 22 = Seis os ee ee Soe eee SO Utne Ati Cae See ae ais es Sa ae Le ed a ed ey Aarne Educational work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges ALGSH Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906 PLATE Il. Fic. 1.—NEW AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, ARKANSAS STATION. Fic. 2.—New Dairy BUILDING, ARKANSAS STATION. CALIFORNIA. 85 Opportunities, for extension of work have been provided by special State appropriations for the purchase and equipment of a farm; for a laboratory for the study of plant diseases in southern California ; for investigations of pear blight, walnut blight, and viticulture; for improvement of cereals, and for studies of poultry problems and dis- eases. A farm .of 780 acres has been secured near Davisville in the Sacramento Valley about 85 miles from Berkeley, and is being put in condition for instruction and investigation work. Under the State appropriation for a study of plant diseases, plans are beg made for a pathological laboratory at Whittier and for a cultural station at Riverside which will be chiefly devoted to work with citrus fruits. - The farm at Davisville will incidentally be utilized to extend the scope of the cereal investigations which are now being conducted at Yuba City and Modesto. Some work is also being carried on at the substation at Tulare, and the forestry substation at Santa Monica is being restored under the State appropriation for that purpose. The most notable development of the work has been in plant dis- eases, entomology, and agricultural technology. Although handi- capped by inadequate equipment, the entomologist has made marked progress in investigations on mosquitoes, the codling moth, corn worm, cherry worm, woolly aphis, oak caterpillars, tussock moth, a new pear thrips, food of orchard birds, and spraying problems, be- sides expanding the courses of instruction in the university and estab- lishing a correspondence course. The work in agricultural technol- ogy has been mainly devoted to studies concerning the effect of envi- ronment on, the composition of sugar beets, the canning of cured prunes, and the improvement of cereals in yield, composition, earli- ness, resistance to drought and disease, and milling, baking, and bleaching quality by means of cross breeding, selection, and improved methods of culture. Improved special laboratory facilities for this work have been added, and the cultural work will soon be amply pro- vided for. A small zymological laboratory for special studies relating to vinification has also been equipped, and an efficient method of con- trolling the product and preventing losses from spoiled wine has been worked out. The viticultural work has also included studies of adaptation, diseases (particularly Anaheim disease and mildew) and disease resistance, grafting, pruning, fertilizers, etc. An important line of work has been poultry investigations, in- cluding digestion experiments with hens, and studies of roup and chicken pox. 915, OO0K00 United States appropriation, Adams Act____----_--__- 5, 000. 00 State appropriation, == s2- == eee ea eee 10, OOO. OO Harmmaprocuecis === === eae Sees Cece ae |e: 5, 182. 63 salance’ fromeaprevious yeala ane. ae ee 1; 208. 21 otal, 2:40 2s el ee Bie ee eee 36, 390. 84 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre- scribed by this Department and have been approved. The mailing list now numbers about 20,000, being 46 per cent more than that of eight years ago, and the correspondence is increasingly heavy. The State has recently shown a disposition to come more MASSACHUSETTS. 115 largely to the support of the station. A poultry plant has been pro- vided, and construction will soon begin on new barns for dairy and feeding work. While suffering somewhat from the numerous changes in personnel, the station has made progress in the better differentia- tion of its work from that of the college and by its adherence. to the policy of restricting its investigations to a few definite lines of work. MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts ecical acai Experiment Station, Ambherst. Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. W. P. Brooks, Ph. D., Director. During the year the organization of the Massachusetts Station has been given more definite form by the election of a director distinct from the office of president. A division of veterinary science has been established, in charge of the college veterinarian. The station has entered into cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry and local growers in a study of cranberry growing on Cape Cod, and is carry- img on cooperative fertilizer trials with asparagus at Concord in an endeavor to produce a more rust-resistant type. Some interesting observations are under way on the physical con- stants—heat, light, ete.—in relation to plant and insect development. The botanist has nearly completed studies of light intensity and meas- urements of the light units used by plants, together with the bearing of these points on construction of greenhouses, exposure and related problems. He is also continuing his work on electricity both as regards its influence on plant growth and its stimulating effect on bacteria. The horticulturist has taken up the heat and light require- ments of different stages of plant growth, using the cress as a type. In entomology, the heat units required for the metamorphosis of dif- ferent insects are being worked out as a guide to determining the date of their appearance. The botanist is still investigating the diseases of greenhouse crops and the injuries to shade trees by illuminating gas, banding sub- stances, and other agencies. Seed testing for onion and _ tobacco growers has been taken up, and a pure culture of yeast has been pre- pared for trial in the production of a medicinal wine from the cran- berry. Experiments with soils of different textures as related to the germination and growth of plants have also received attention. The horticulturist has developed a collection of dwarf fruit trees which attracts much notice. He is also studying the Mendelian and Galtonian laws of variation on squashes and nasturtiums, the effect of stock and scion in grafting, and pruning with reference to develop- ment of a system. The entomologist, aside from the work men- tioned above, is testing proprietary sprays and studying the relative ELG REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. susceptibility of plants and insects to hydrocyanic acid and other insecticides. Feeding and digestion experiments have been carried on with cattle which indicate that the feeding value of Porto Rico molasses for dairy stock is about 80 per cent that of corn meal. With sheep, diges- tion coefficients have been obtained for a number of by-products and forage crops. An experiment has also been completed to show the physiological and economic value of protein in milk production. The inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, nurseries, etc., continues to occupy considerable time. During the year’the college and station have continued to prosper and have made numerous additions to equipment. The horticultural building has been occupied, and the new college barn is nearing com- pletion. An addition to the insectary and a new greenhouse have provided increased facilities for the entomologists, and a new build- ing for the department of botany and vegetable pathology is under construction. This building, which will be called Clark Hall, will be designed for the special needs of both the college and station work, and will cost, without equipment or greenhouses, about $45,000. The most important step in extension work was the participation of the college and station in the equipping and management of the first railway special to be operated in New England in the interests of agriculture. The “ Better farming special,’ which traversed a considerable part of the State and later portions of Vermont and New Hampshire, attracted much attention, there being at least 10,000 visitors in Massachusetts, of whom a noticeably large proportion were young people. The publications of this. station during the year were as follows: Bulletins 103, 104, and 107, Analyses of fertilizers; 105, Tomatoes under glass, methods of pruning tomatoes; 106, Condimental stock and poultry foods; 108, Inspection of concentrates; and 109, Analyses of fertilizers and insecticides; Meteorological bulletins 198 to 209; and an index to Massachusetts Station publications, volumes 1 to 12, 1883 to 1894. ; The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act_=_____________ $14, 617. 70 United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 5, 000. 00 Balance of United States funds from previous year____ 382. 30 State appropriation______ at pe. J See eee 22. 11385500700 Heesi ess ee ate ED eeS Seat ae ae ee 4, 745. 00 Livi aod payors horse 5s ee oa eee ee es OB ONUE Miscellaneous 222222 222 2 = ee ree ee A HOU mats Total a22 ede eee: See Oe ee ene ee 46, O74. 78 MICHIGAN. 141% Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. There are many indications of an increasing interest in agricultural affairs in this State. The last legislature appropriated $5,000 for normal work at the college as the result of the report of an industrial commission appointed by the governor. An agricultural department of a high school was opened at Petersham in charge of a recent eraduate from the college. The demands on the college and station are steadily increasing, and they enjoy the cordial cooperation and support of the people of the State. The station is doing a large amount of work of scientific value, together with much of more imme- diately practical importance. Its outlook, with a director at its head to give a large share of his attention to its interests, seems very encouraging. MICHIGAN. Experiment Station of Michigan State Agricultural College, Ayricultural College. Department of Michigan State Agricultural College. C. D. Situ, M. S., Director. The work of the Michigan Station is progressing along practically the same general lines as formerly. Some strong work is being done in agricultural bacteriology on the effect of various organisms, alone and associated, on rendering the phosphates available in the soil, the effect of different amounts of green manure with soil on devel- opment of acid, the organisms of nitrogen assimilation by legumes, etc. Studies of the associative action of bacteria with certain combi- nations in connection with lactic-acid organisms in souring milk have shown differences of as much as ninety-six hours in the time of souring. The field work is being carried on much as in previous years, and includes a wide variety of culture, fertilizer, breeding, and variety tests. The study of the effect of inoculation on the compo- sition of peas and other legumes is continued. Some improved strains of oats and wheat which have been distributed through the State are giving excellent results and receive many compliments from farmers and millers. An investigation of mint growing has been begun, both as to the culture of the crop and the extraction of the oil. To this end fertilizer trials have been conducted upon large mint fields near Kalamazoo, and studies are progressing as to the diseases of mint. The department of animal husbandry has been making experiments -with substitutes for skim milk for hogs, and also with cull beans, a Freight and express address, Lansing. 118 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. soiling crops, beets, etc. Work is going on with grade dairy cows bred to Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey,and Shorthorn bulls. The statien now has the first generation of progeny, and it is believed that in four generations animals can be produced practically equivalent to pure breds. The department is doing some work with beef cattle and sheep, and is also raising calves in different ways. Experiments on the amounts of unground corn and oats voided by cows, heifers, and calves showed that from 20 to 26 per cent of the material passed through the digestive tract undigested, indicating that the feeding of grain without grinding can seldom if ever be economical. Dried beet pulp is being fed as a substitute for silage, and cooperative experiments are under way with farmers in the use of beet pulp for cows as a supplement to failing pastures. The horticultural department has begun the selection of strains of potatoes resistant to blight. Studies of the cross pollination of varieties of apples and pears have been continued, as have also those of the pollination of strawberries as a means of improving the ship- ping qualities and prolonging the season. There is some work with fertilizers, catch crops, and tillage of orchards, and cooperative spraying trials for grape rot, San José scale, and potato rot are proceeding at several points in the State. During the past year the following publications of this station have been received: Bulletins 225, Alfalfa in Michigan; 226, The work at the substations; 227, Legumes other than alfalfa; 228, The discussion of the milk problem from the standpoint of avoductiane mae A popular review of special Bulletin No. 33; 230, Some bacterial diseases of plants pen in Michigan; 231, Suggestions concern- ‘ing legume inoculation; 232, Fertilizer analyses; 233, Insects of the garden; 234, Feeding dele: cows; 285, Succotash as a soiling crop; 236, Spraying for potato bight in 1905; and 237, Digester tankage for swine; Special Bulletins 32, Investigation regarding succulence; 33, Extended studies of the associative action of bacteria in the sour- ing of milk; 84, Corn improvement; and 35, Report of the South Haven Substation for 1905; and the Annual Report for 1905. The mailing list now numbers 43,000 and is continually increasing. The cost of the publications is borne by the State. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________- $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act _ ___- a 5, 000. 00 State appropriation for substations____.______________ 15, 580.17 Fees BEN Ae Sone Lae St RE) ER Barre’ sae 2, 860. 00 Farm products, including substations pee Pe setege se 2355 G2 GLOMO Balance from previous year________________ eh Sk 1, 259. 2 Total 32sec eee eee BN os ape Dee 42, 259. 54 MINNESOTA. PES Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre- scribed by this Department and have been approved. The Michigan Station is doing a large amount of work for the improvement and development of the agriculture of the State, and has a strong hold on its constituents, with whom it maintains very close relations. A conservative policy is being pursued which is resulting in a fortunate combination of directly practical work with the more thorough investigations. MINNESOTA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul. Department of the University of Minnesota. W. M. Liceett, Director. At the Minnesota Station, the department of agricultural chemis- try has been expanded to include a new division dealing with soils and fertilizers. The work with soils will be largely confined to a study of soils of reduced fertility and means for their improvement, especial attention being given to the organic constituents. A ten-year series of field tests has shown that rapid and heavy losses of humus and nitrogen result under exclusive grain farming, while under stock farming and crop rotation these losses are minimized. The frequent shriveling of cereals, which has been attributed to drought, frost, and other factors, has in many cases been found to be a direct result of unbalanced fertilizers. Studies have been begun on the digestibility and feeding value of emmer, the protein content of various forage crops, and chemical methods of determining available plant food versus actual field check experiments. Nutrition work has been con- tinued in cooperation with this Office, the principal studies being investigations of the digestibility and nutritive value of flour when prepared in other forms than bread, such as crackers, biscuits, pan- cakes, and cookies. The veterinarian has been making extensive investigations of the physiological aspects of stable ventilation. It is found that steers of sound health can be subjected to close confinement and a high carbon dioxid content in the air without apparent injury, and the conclusion is drawn that the importance of ventilation is from hygienic con- siderations and as a preventive of the spread of contagious diseases, rather than because of any deleterious influence of an excess of carbon dioxid itself. Studies have also been made of the means of transmis- sion of tuberculosis, and about seventy calves have been inoculated with von Behring’s tubercle yaccine to determine immunity. Under 120 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. a special Congressional appropriation a study of hemorrhagic septi- cemia will be made in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. Extensive plant breeding experiments have been continued, espe- cially with durum wheat, oats, flax, and barley. A series of crop rotation and farm management experiments is proceeding in different parts of the State in cooperation with former students of the school of agriculture and the Bureau of Statistics. The main object is to determine the lines of farming most profitable for the various parts of the State, and valuable data have been secured as to the cost of production of farm crops and the income of farms. Feeding experiments with milch cows have been continued upon the relationship between the maintenance requirements and those for milk production, and experiments have been undertaken with cattle, sheep, and swine, with a view to ascertaining the influence of breeding and feeding on the value of the finished products. The entomologist has given special attention to bee keeping and to an investigation of the cabbage maggot. An administration building for the agricultural department of the university, costing about $200,000, is nearing completion, which will furnish quarters for the director of the station and the departments of agriculture and entomology. An insectary, costing $2,500, has also been erected. Special State appropriations of $4,500 for the purchase of live stock, $4,000 for experiments in plant breeding, and $1,000 for soil investigations, have been available. The following publications of this station were received during the year: Bulletins 92, The digestibility and nutritive value of cot- tage cheese, rice, peas, and bacon; and 93, The diptera of Minnesota— two-winged flies affecting the farm, garden, stock, and household; and the Annual Report for 1904. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act____----_--____ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act___-L__________ 5, 000. 00 State appropriation, including substations_____-__-_--~-~_ 37, 189. 18 Harm products, including substationS=s22 ss == 11, 188. 21 Motallijooewl es =e re. Soe ¥et ee ie eee pds DA 68, 377. 39 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Minnesota Station, from a material standpoint, is in a very flourishing condition, and its influence for good is being widely recog- nized. The support given it by the State is very encouraging and the extensive cooperative enterprises between the station, former student organizations, and others show a considerable widening of its sphere MISSISSIPPI. Le of influence. The rapid increase in the attendance at the school of agriculture of the university, and the agricultural high schools, is evidence of greater interest in improved agriculture, and the station will doubtless still further profit from this condition. MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College. Department of Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College. W. L. HutcuHinson, M. S., Director. The Mississippi Station has continued its investigations on the im- provement of agricultural practice in the South. Under existing conditions it is estimated that the labor of two men and a mule is barely sufficient to produce crops which, aside from what is consumed on the premises, will yield a cash income of $200 a year, and even un- der this system the productiveness of the soil is being steadily diminished. With the proper equipment and improved methods, however, it is believed that one man can make the same amount of land mainly self-supporting, maintain the fertility of the soil, and sell from $500 to $2,000 worth of product annually. Efforts are being made by the station to introduce more diversified farming as au means to this end. The department of animal industry, recently established, has carried on feeding experiments which indicate that beef production may be made a profitable industry. Preparations are being made further to develop the work in poultry raising, dairy- ing, and agronomy. Pure-bred stock is to be bought and experi- ments made with a larger number of animals. One problem to be undertaken is that of the better utilization of pastures and woodlands in the State, so that a larger number of animals can be maintained per acre. During the year the college and station farms, gardens, and dairies have been consolidated under the station management. The agronomist, who has recently returned from a year’s leave of absence spent in advanced study, will have general charge of the work with farm crops. About 150 acres are now available for experimental purposes and will be devoted largely to investigations of methods of cultivation, fertilizers, rotation of crops, the growing of forage crops, and plant-breeding experiments. A new dairy building, costing about $10,000, has been completed. This is a brick structure, con- sisting of two stories and basement. It contains ample room for the growth of the dairy department, and special provision is made for work in bacteriology. a Telegraph address, Starkville; express and post-office address, Agricultural College; freight address, A. and M. College Station. 129 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The horticultural work is being enlarged and an additional assist- ant has been employed. Experiments with grapes will be renewed and variety tests of pecans and other nuts will be extended. The three substations supported by State funds are proving of much value to their respective localities and an aid to the cause of station work in the State. The McNeill substation, located in the pine- woods area, has demonstrated that large crops of forage plants, such as vetch and cowpeas, may be economically grown and used to main- tain a much larger number of stock than is done at present. At Holly Springs vetch has been found a valuable crop in the reclama- tion of badly worn soils. Striking results were obtained from inocu- lation. The problems at the Delta substation include drainage, breaking up of compact soils, the restriction of the cotton area, the growing of corn, alfalfa, vetch, bur clover, etc., and the pasturage of hogs. The following publications have been received during the year: Bulletins 85 and 91, Inspection and analyses of commercial fertiliz- ers; 87, Report of work at McNeill branch experiment station for 1904; 88, Report of field work done at the college station for 1904; 89, The underground waters of Mississippi; 90, The San José seale in Mississippi, and the lime-salt-sulphur wash; 92, Feeding beef cattle in Mississippi; and 93, Peach and plum culture. United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 5, OOO. OO Stake appropriavionstor Substations. ==.) a= 9, OOO. BO Farm products, including substations________________ Z 4, 260. 89 Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year___— 13, 352. 88 Mota, See Bi eae Ney ec NN ET Oe es SSL 46, 613. 77 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The summer school and institute held at the college again met with good success. Agriculture is being taught in the public schools, and there is an agitation for secondary agricultural education as a means of relieving the present overcrowding in the college preparatory de- partment, which now numbers 300 students. Appreciation of the work of the college and station is increasing. The equipment is being materially augmented, and there is much activity in making plans which, if carried out, will undoubtedly further increase their effi- ciency and usefulness. MISSOURI. 123 MISSOURI. Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Columbia. Department of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University of Missouri. H. J. WATERS, B. S. A., Director. From an extensive series of feeding experiments with cattle the Mis- sourl Station concludes that the condition of the animal is a more important factor in the cost of gain than is age, and that if animals are fully fed, have fresh air, and a comfortable place to lie, warm quarters seem unnecessary. Calves, yearlings, and 2 and 3 year olds fed an optimum of grain approximating very closely the limit of the appetite of the animal have made gains at the minimum of cost in feed. The addition of a supplement lke linseed or cotton seed meal to a basal ration of corn has resulted in economy in the cost of production, the animals being better finished and selling at an increase more than sufficient to meet the additional cost. Roughage crops rich in protein, such as the legumes, have ‘proved decidedly superior for beef production and wintering to nonleguminous rough- age. These experiments are to be continued on a large scale. Another important series of feeding experiments is being carried on with pigs. Experiments with feeding lecithin indicate that its physiological significance depends wholly upon its phosphorus con- tent, and the function of phosphorus has been shown to be in direct connection with muscle formation rather than in fat production, as commonly supposed. In cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry an elaborate study of dairy products has been inaugurated. The composition, physical structure, and general qualities of milk from different breeds will be investigated throughout the entire period of lactation. An organism causing bitter milk has been isolated. The veterinarian has been making a test of the changes of temperature and of the blood of cows during lactation, and is also investigating serum treat- ments for hog cholera, tuberculosis, and the distribution of blackleg, which in epidemic forms seems to be associated with certain types of soils accompanying crop conditions. A soil survey of the State is being made through a thorough and systematic study of soil types. In addition to the usual observations, field experiments are to be carried on for each of the important types to ascertain methods of improvement. One year’s results have al- ready been obtained from ten substations, three having been located for the study of underdrainage, and negotiations are in progress for three others. 124 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The cooperative and extension work of the station with the farm- ers of the State has assumed large proportions. Over 100 farmers, representing nearly every county, have devoted from 4 to 10 acres to an experiment for corn improvement, and over 500 boys from 10 to 20 years of age have grown pedigreed corn in a contest under the direction of the station. Premiums aggregating $500 have been offered for the best exhibits at the State Corn Growers’ Convention to be held at the college and at the State fair. A number of apple orchards on typical soils have been secured for a systematic study of the fertilizer requirements, and through the cooperation of the Mis- sour! Pacific Railway a poultry-farming train is to traverse the State. During the year a cattle barn for beef animals has been completed at a cost of $12,000, a hog barn costing $2,000, and a stone structure for instruction and research in farm mechanics costing $5,000. ! eee ee a 79, 500. 90 FINO Ge Mee ea AD EY SER as ee Eh ee 81. 500. 90 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this department and have been approved. During the year the station’s high standard of efficiency has been fully maintained. Through its excellent system of popular bulletins and demonstration enterprises, as well as through its close relations with the federated agricultural organizations of the State, its influ- ence as a factor in improving agricultural methods and conditions continues to be more and more widely felt. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, /thaca. Department of New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. L. H. BatLey, M. S., Director. The year at the Cornell Station has been marked by development in all lines, additions to buildings and equipment, and enlargement of the working staff. With the completion of the new buildings, for which the last legislature appropriated $300,000, the college of agriculture and station will be adequately housed, and recent acquisi- tions of farm land provide much more suitable experimental fields than those heretofore available. T. L. Lyon, formerly of the Ne- braska Station, has been added to the staff to give especial attention to studies on soil fertility, and H. J. Webber, in charge of the plant breeding investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been secured to take charge of the work in experimental plant biology. A plan of reorganization has been decided upon, under which the Fed- eral funds are to be devoted exclusively to experimental work by a staff entirely relieved of other duties. The departments thus far organized under this plan are agronomy, chemistry, and entomology, the three cooperating for the present mainly in the study of ques- tions bearing upon the improvement of timothy, including specific 1388 REPORT. OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. methods for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, exami- nation of soil solutions under different soil conditions detrimental to crop production, and insects infesting timothy grass. Other lines are to be carried on as formerly, but provided for from State funds. During the past year the work has proceeded as previously ar- ranged, and has included a general study of root crops in relation to forage problems in the State, methods of culture of various pasture grasses and field crops, and breeding experiments with timothy and clover. Variety testing of alfalfa, Indian corn, and dwarf milo maize has been continued, and studies of the relation between the soluble plant food in the soil and plant growth have been undertaken. The studies of the effects of environment on the chemical composition of sugar beets have been brought to a close, and additional attention devoted to experiments to increase the sugar content of sweet corn by selection. ; Experiments in meat production and animal breeding have fol- lowed the lines of previous years. Additional investigations in ani- mal industry include tests of milking machines, studies of the economical production of sanitary milk and of market milk problems in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, the making of butter from whey, investigations of the early lamb industry, and various feeding and housing problems with poultry. In horticulture attention has again been directed mainly to ex- periments in shading plants, the effect of acetylene Hight as a supple- ment of sunlight on their growth, ether forcing, and monographic studies of beans and peonies. Some attention has also been given to the propagation of the sour cherry, a study of oriental pears, and minor investigations with vegetables. An orchard survey of Niagara County is contemplated. Cooperative spraying experiments have been carried on for curculio and the grape-fruit worm, and studies are also reported on the rose chafer, cankerworm, and a number of insects attacking shade trees. The plant pathologist has begun a study of the * little peach ” in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, and has investigated a number of leaf diseases, notably of the quince, pear, plum, alfalfa, tomato, and ginseng. The extension work has been vigorously conducted and continues to embody some unique features. A rural schoolhouse has been erected recently at the college at a moderate cost, to serve as a model for duplication in the State. The reading courses for farmers and farmers’ wives continue to be popular, and 1,782 teachers were regis- tered as participants in the school-garden movement. Several hun- dred demonstration experiments were in progress in cooperation with farmers. An awakening of interest in the college of agriculture by the people of the State is shown by the establishment of seven grange NORTH CAROLINA. _ 189 scholarships and the endowment of five scholarships by Dr. C. H. Roberts, of Ulster County. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were as follows: Bulletins 226, The apple industry of Wayne County; 229, An apple-orchard survey of Orleans County; 280, Quality in potatoes; 231, Second report on the forcing of strawber- ries, notes on the forcing of tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons; 282, Experiments on the influence of fertilizers upon the yield of timothy hay when grown on Dunkirk clay loam in Tompkins County; 933, Two new shade-tree pests, saw-fly leaf miners on European elms and alders; 234, The bronze-birch borer ; 235, Cooperative spray- ing experiments—I, experiments against the plum and the quince curculio—II, final demonstration of efficiency of a poison spray for the grape-root worm—III, making Bordeaux mixture with “new process” or prepared lime; 236, The blight canker of apple trees; 937, Alfalfa; 238, Buckwheat; and 239, Some diseases of beans; and the Annual Report for 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Inited States) appropriation, Hiatch Act] 22-22-22 ==— = $13, 500. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act_______-______ 4, 500. 00 Sew DLO Wie bl O lp ee ee a 10, 000. 00 TEMG staa ie OV OVO ND CC Se eae 325. 89 MoO tales sien See cer COM eer ees eee ee 28, 325. 89 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. With its radical changes in policy, the strengthening of its staff, and the increase in buildings and other facilities, the Cornell Station presents a marked increase in efficiency. The clear differentiation between research and extension work should tend toward the con- sistent development of both, and the station possesses an exceptional opportunity for leadership in problems confronting agricultural thought and progress. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, West Raleigh. Department of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. B. W. Kiteore, M. S., Director. The North Carolina Station continues to do good work for the agri- culture of the State. The close cooperation of the State department of agriculture has been of material assistance. In this way four State farms, in addition to that at the station, are available for experi- a Bstimated amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes. 140 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. mental work and afford excellent opportunities for the study of special problems in soils, farm management, and field and orchard crops in typical localities of the State. At the station farm the work has proceeded as in previous years, being devoted largely to fertilizers, culture of forage crops, and soil improvement. The agriculturist retired at the close of the year and is now director of the Kansas Station. The biologist is making a comprehensive study of the lettuce crop, especially as regards the means of dissemination, soil sterilization, and similar problems. A private plant at Newbern, in the lettuce district, has been placed at his disposal, and experiments are proceed- ing both out of doors and under glass. He is also studying a number of apple diseases which seem to be new, and is continuing demonstra- tion and spraying trials and breeding work for resistance with water- melons, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. The chemist is prosecuting an inquiry into the nitrifying power of different soils for organic and ammoniacal nitrogen. For organic nitrogen, asparagin has been chosen as a body of known constitution. In other departments the work is proceeding mainly on the lines of previous years. Special attention is being given to feeding and breeding work with poultry, in which there is a good deal of interest in the State. The dairyman has been testing several methods to con- trol the garlic flavor in milk, studying the acid content as affected by silage, the period of lactation, etc., and is making an inspection of farm dairies. The veterinarian has worked almost wholly on Texas fever and has succeeded in eradicating it from 26 of the infected counties. ; The publications of this station received during the year were as follows: Bulletins 190, The formation of nitrates in the soil; 191, Egg preservation; 192, Farm dairying; and 193, Spraying mixtures and machinery, when and how to spray; and the Annual Report for 1904. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act____-_________-_ $15, OOO. OO United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________-_ 5, OOO. OO State “appropriation, 222s eee ee ee ee a 17, 784. 00 Army PLoguciss. 223-42 2222s eee eee Bee re anes ST2atoe "TOUGH 22s asses = ee a ee Pes 38, 156. 35 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. a Wstimated amount. of State appropriation for experimental purposes during the fiscal year ended December 1, 1906. NORTH DAKOTA. 141 The North Carolina Station is making a strong impress upon the agriculture of the State, largely through its branch farms, and is also conducting some good investigations into fundamental problems. Its work is much appreciated and it is in a position to be of great value to the agricultural industries of the State. NORTH DAKOTA. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College. Department of North Dakota Agricultural College. J. H. Worst, LL. D., Director. The North Dakota Station has made material progress, although the extremely wet season interfered very considerably with the field and plat work. Good results were obtained from grasses and clovers, but most of the small cereals failed to mature. The necessity of drainage in the Red River Valley is becoming apparent, and the station has undertaken an investigation of the feasibility of tile drain- age in cooperation with this Office. At the Dickinson and Edgeley substations conditions were more favorable and the plant-breeding work was successfully continued. Among the investigations closed during the past year are studies of the rapid diagnosis of rabies by means of the lesions of Nelis and Van Gehuchten and Negri. Improvement of the wild plum by seed selection has resulted in the third generation in individuals bearing fruit over an inch in diameter and in a fair degree of fixity of type. Continuous growing of grain crops and flax has proved ineftec- tive as a means of checking a rapid increase of wild oats and other weeds, while introducing a cultivated crop into the rotation once in four years has reduced the weeds materially, and grass crops for three or more years have eradicated them almost wholly. Laboratory experiments have recently been inaugurated with “swamp fever” or anemia of horses. The chemist is taking up in- vestigations of the wearing qualities of paints and paint materials, the bleaching of low-grade flours, and studies of formaldehyde. The study of soils will be resumed, particular attention being given to the role of humus. Feeding experiments are being conducted along the lines of previous years with steers and swine, and breeding experi- ments with swine, sheep, and poultry. The station has continued its study of plant diseases, especially the wilt and rust of flax, and its plant-breeding work with wheat, flax, and potatoes. A number of demonstration farms have been estab- ushed along the two principal railway systems of the State. The teaching of agriculture in the public schools has been encouraged and correspondence courses in agriculture have been instituted. aFreight and express address, Fargo. 142 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A chemical laboratory, costing about $48,000, has been completed, which contains offices and laboratories for station and college work and provides much needed facilities. A greenhouse is to be erected for the botanist. A part of the funds from the Adams Act was used in the purchase of a complete miniature modern roller flour mill and a complete set of apparatus for baking tests. A compre- hensive study of wheat and flour is being planned, to continue from eight to ten years and to cover all phases of the subject. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 65, Experiments in clover growing, trials with alfalfa; 66, Water for domestic purposes in North Dakota; 67, Paints and paint products; and 68, Rust problems; Part I of the Annual Report for 1904; and the Annual Report for 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, OOO. OO United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 5, 000. 00 State appropriation for substations__________________-_ 1, 250. 00 Harm products includinewivie Stocks === === === === == Pega PAs aie Miscellaneous jyee ce ee ie A ee et BOG Ml TPotalll: 2h. 29a 8 oe een es Bana ee See ae ere PBY (Stey 1/1 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The inspection work of the station continues to increase and now occupies a large part of the time of a number of the staff. State aid is to be sought to carry on this routine work, and in view of the sub- stantial character of the investigations now under way it is to be hoped that a more adequate financial support for the station will be forthcoming. A OHIO. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster. C. HE. 'THoRNE, M. S. A., Director. The Ohio Station has been further developing its forestry work under a State appropriation providing for a department of for- estry, and Edmund Secrest, of the Kansas College, has been ap- pointed assistant in forestry. The department will consider espe- cially problems relating to the management of the farmers’ wood lot. Over 400 forestry plantations have been established over the State, mostly of catalpa and black locust, to meet the special demand for woods suitable for posts. The increased State appropriation has also made possible the establishment of a department of aninial hus- bandry, and an experiment in feeding lambs has been carried on in cooperation with an extensive feeder with very satisfactory results. OHIO. 143 The field work has gone on as in previous years, and has included comprehensive studies of the use of fertilizers, varieties, rotations, and similar questions. The corn-breeding work for yield and pro- tein content is assuming considerable importance. Variations in yield at the rate of from 55 to 104 bushels an acre have been found in individual ears. The effect of high protein content on the growth and the yield is very striking almost from the start, the high protein corn increasing the crop about 8 bushels an acre. Selection work is also being carried on with wheat and oats from individual plants for yield and for protein content, and also for stiffness of straw and time of seeding. Cutting oats in the spring was found to have a marked effect in preventing lodging. Considerable work has been done on alfalfa, especially on the time of seeding. The horticulturist is studying mulching v. cultivation of orchards, and the treatment of pear blight. He is making cooperative spraying experiments, and in the greenhouse is forcing muskmelons, tomatoes, and other crops. A treatment of greenhouse soil by mulching with barnyard manure has given as good results as composting, and there has been no disease so long as it has been kept moist. The entomologist has been conducting spraying trials with the grape-berry moth and the codling moth, and has made a thorough study of the life history of the Hessian fly. In cooperation with the park commissions of Cleveland and other cities studies have been made of insects affecting shade trees. The breeding and crossing of wheat, oats, corn, tobacco, and other crops have been carried on by the botanist. The rhizoctonia in green- houses, especially on lettuce and tobacco beds, has also received atten- tion, and a method for its control by sterilizing the beds with for- malin has been devised, which is believed as effective as steam and less expensive. Special attention is being given to diseases of peas and beans and a voluntary seed inspection is being made. The publications of this station received during the year were Bul- letins 152, 163, Meteorological summary—press bulletins—index ; 162, Plums for home and market; 164, Winter practice in economic zoology ; 165, Experiments with winter wheat; 166, The newer straw- berries; 167, Fertility studies on Wooster soil; 168, Fertility studies on Strongsville soil; 169, Spraying for the San José scale; 170, Peaches for home and market; and 172, Experiments with fertilizers on tobacco; besides 13 circulars and the Annual Reports for 1904 and 1905. 144 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hateh Act_____________- $15, 000. OO United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________- 5, OOO. 00 State appropriation, including balance from previous VGA s eye ok eS ES ne Was ONO SE AN aE lapel We De Syne OE Tye ea we 80, O10. 86 OCS pres ee as eS ak he eR oe Be 140. 75 Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 14, 483. 18 MV UGG SCOTT Ary UNS essa a ae a ee 1, TISS93 No talli)-2= 22 ain ee ee Bee ieee tars. ee 116, 298. 72 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. _ During the year a special State appropriation, aggregating $55,700, was obtained, some of the items being $6,000 for the publication of bulletins, $5,000 for forestry, $6,000 for animal husbandry, $12,000 for entomology, botany, horticulture, and chemistry, and $7,000 for substations. The readiness with which this appropriation was granted indicates the support which the station has gained for its work. Its demonstration and extension activities, including ex- tensive cooperation with farmers in culture and varieties of field crops, spraying, forestry, and other lines, bring its work into close touch with the people over the entire State. OKLAHOMA. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater. Departinent of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. W. L. Eneuisy, B. 8., Director. The principal work at the Oklahoma Station during the past year has been the preparation for experimental use of the new farm of 640 acres, the erection of a new agricultural building, and the rear- rangement of other buildings. (PIIV.) The new farm contains al- most all the different varieties of soil found in the State, including both creek bottom and upland. The farm as a whole will be carried on largely in a commercial way, in an effort to pay running expenses, but the station has been permitted to select for its use tracts of various kinds. Special attention will be given to studies of the methods of treatment of thin upland soils. An agronomist has been engaged, and experiments have been begun with corn, cotton, alfalfa, oats, wheat, Kafir corn, and castor beans. Pasture experiments are being made with hogs and dairy cattle. Morrill Hall, the new agricultural building, is a substantial strue- ture of stone and brick, costing with equipment about $75,000. In addition to administrative offices and quarters for the agricultural An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE IV. Bik ane SST it = Mt) Pn Fic. 2.—BARN AND FEED Lots, OKLAHOMA STATION. OKLAHOMA. 145 department of the college, the office and laboratory work of the sta- tion will be concentrated in this building. During the year Director Fields announced his intention of resign- ing, and in consequence an effort was made to prepare for publication accumulated results of previous years, rather than to inaugurate new work. W. L. English, a graduate of the college, and recently as- sistant in animal industry, was elected to succeed him at the close of the fiscal year. Despite a feeling of uncertainty as to the status and policy of the institution upon the establishment of a State government, interest in the college and station has been steadily increasing. The bulletin edi- tion is now 25,000 copies and the correspondence is unusually heavy. The college is leading an effort to consolidate rural schools and to introduce elementary agriculture. Normal courses in agriculture are being offered to prepare teachers for this work. All the courses in agriculture have proved very popular and there is widespread inter- est in the Territory in agricultural education in general. The following publications have been received from this station during the year: Bulletins 65, Wheat growing; 66, The water sup- ply; 67, Miscellaneous water analyses; 68, Soil inoculation—tubercle- forming bacteria of legumes (with popular edition) ; 69, Small fruits ; and 70, Hardy Bermuda grass; the Annual Report for 1905, which is a summary by the director of the work and expenditures of the station during the year, to which are added abstracts of the press bul- letins issued; and Circular 5, on the use of the artificial impregnator in horse breeding. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act____--_--___=_ $15,000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act___-_--____-___ 5, 000. 00 Staten app LopLidwouwes son] es wees coe es eee 2, 500. 00 Miscellanea ns ess Snes ot et eed Reis SRA eee Re See Ee ae 2, 425. 27 ET Get eate s e as Deee s e e 2, CY, Call ad sR ev 24, 925. 27 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States. funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Oklahoma Station now has an equipment which should enable it to develop and strengthen its work materially. Every effort should be made to conduct thorough and substantial experiments and investi- gations for the benefit of the rapidly expanding agriculture of the new State. To do this it will be necessary to establish and maintain a consistent policy of management and to employ thoroughly trained experts in the varied lines of agricultural research. 2948—07——_10 146 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. OREGON. Oregon Experiment Station, Corvallis. Department of Oregon State Agricultural College. - JAMES WITHYCOMBE, M. Agr., Director. The Oregon Station has continued its work upon the advantage and importance of crop rotations, which increase and conserve soil fertility, in contrast to the exhaustive system of summer fallowing so widely practiced under the present system of grain farming. Pot tests have been made to study the effect of the bare fallow and differ- ent rotations on soil fertility, especially as regards the nitrogen con- tent, and experiments with soiling crops and various pasture and other forage plants have been carried on with a view to increasing the home growing of feeds and thereby encouraging dairying and animal production. About ninety varieties of vetch have been tested, of which some have shown marked possibilities as forage crops. Grown with oats in rotation with clover, corn, and wheat, vetch has proved exceptionally useful, and a mixture of vetch and rye has given good yields as an early soiling crop. Breeding experiments to increase the protein con- tent have produced individual plants containing 25.52 per cent of protein in the dry material. Considerable progress has been made in determining the feeding value of steamed and unsteamed vetch silage and corn silage, in the hope that dairymen might be able to substitute vetch in part for the expensive concentrated feeds now purchased. A comparison of vetch-seed meal with linseed meal did not give wholly satisfactory results. The investigation of hop drying, inaugurated last year, has been continued. Drying at low temperatures has again proved very effi- cient as a means of conserving the lupulin. Results of experiments in canning fruits and vegetables by a method of intermittent pasteurization devised by the bacteriologist have been published. ‘Tomatoes, green beans, wax beans, cauliflower, asparagus, cherries, and cider treated in this way were found to keep perfectly and ranked as the highest grade of canned goods, but the method proved less satisfactory for beans, peas, and corn. The bacteriologist has also given further study to the retting of flax by pure cultures of organisms. Cooperative work of various kinds has increased to a marked extent throughout the State. Alfalfa is being widely tested in this way, the station sending inoculated alfalfa soil last year to about 250 farmers. Spraying experiments for the apple scab have been car- ried on with local growers and are to be undertaken for the potato scab. The canning of pineapples and the utilization of the waste PENNSYLVANIA. 147 products for sirup, wine, and vinegar is being investigated jointly with a resident of Hawai. Other lines of cooperative work include studies of the value of various cover crops for the Rogue River Val- ley, the adaptability of various sections of Oregon to cranberry cul- ture, irrigation investigations with this Office, and the testing of disease-resistant powers of varieties of potatoes. The department of horticulture has been revived by the appoint- ment of C. I. Lewis, who is expected to give his time exclusively to station work. The programme for the year includes variety tests, storage experiments with apples, a study of methods of handling apples at the time of harvesting, and of the effects of wiping and polishing, plant-breeding experiments with cherries and grains, pol- lination experiments, and experiments with methods of practical orcharding. Bulletins 87, Canning fruit and vegetables, preserving fruit juices, and 88, San José scale, were received from this station during the fiscal year. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____ Joe ae ee Si OOOLOO United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 5, 000. 00 Balance from previous yearo = 9 — = 222 Reels pies shet 285. 63 Miscellaneous, including farm crops__________________ 2, 300. 79 MO Gall a! < Of tase oa as Be oe Sy a a nt rk 22, 586. 42 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Oregon Station is doing valuable work along several lines, and its cooperative experiments with the farmers of the State have proved of decided benefit in disseminating results of station investigations, the introduction of new and valuable crops, and the study of local problems. The station is handicapped, however, by several pressing needs. Farm buildings are urgently required, as well as better library facilities, and in some of the departments additional assist- ance. These obstacles must be overcome if the station is to attain its highest usefulness. PENNSYLVANIA. The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, State College. Department of the Pennsylvania State College. H. P. Armssy, Ph. D, LL. D:, Director. No important changes in lines of work have been made at the Pennsylvania Station during the past year, although radical plans of reorganization have been formulated. An institute of animal nutrition is to be established as a special research department of the 148 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. college, to include the respiration calorimeter and allied nutrition investigations hitherto carried on by the station, with which it will be affiliated, although coordinate in rank. H. P. Armsby, who has been director of the station since 1888, will be in charge of the institute, and T. F. Hunt, of Cornell University and Station will succeed to the directorship of the station and will also act as dean of the college of agriculture. During the year the respiration calorimeter and the methods fol- lowed in experiments with it have been perfected and simplified in many details. Investigations bearing on the general question of the nutritive value of foods as affected by age and individuality have been undertaken, and results of a series of experiments made in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry to determine the relative value of certain feeding stuffs for maintenance and fattening have been published. Other lines of work in animal husbandry to be completed are comparisons of distillers’ grains versus cotton- seed meal as a source of protein for cows, indoor versus outdoor feed- ing for fattening steers, experiments to determine a practical succes- sion of soiling crops for milch cows, and the feeding value of alfalfa meal versus wheat bran. The poultry plant has been improved and enlarged and experiments have been begun to determine the cost of meat production in the Asiatic, Mediterranean, and American breeds. In response to an offer of the station to supply the necessary fer- tilizers and directions for cooperative soil tests in the various coun- ties, more than 250 requests were received from which applicants in each of 38 counties were selected. Attempts to grow alfalfa on the limestone soils of the State have given results which are con- sidered very encouraging. A State appropriation has been used to extend the observations and experiments in Lancaster County on the growing and curing of Sumatra tobacco under shelter. While the results of the three years’ work are not regarded as conclusive, this type seems well adapted to the lighter soils of the region. A beginning has been made in a study of the influence of seed selection on the type and form of Sumatra leaf and of the prevention of burn by the use of artificial heat and ventilation during the critical periods of curing. The inspection duties and routine analytical work continue to be very heavy and consume a large share of the time of the chemical division. Analyses of feeding stuffs are now made by the State department of agriculture, but the station has recently undertaken for the millers of the State analyses of goods for which a State law requires a guaranty of composition. The general correspondence of the station has shown a decided increase, and the correspondence courses conducted by the college now have enrolled about 4,000 names. PORTO RICO. (149 The publications of this station received during the year were as follows: Bulletins 71, Relative values of feeding stuffs; 72, Experi- ments in growing Sumatra tobacco under shelter tent, 1903; 73, Dis- tillers’ dried grains v. cotton-seed meal as a source of protein; 74, Methods of steer feeding; 75, Forage and soiling experiments, 1904; 76, Variety tests of wheat, oats, and potatoes; and 77, Small fruits in 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: 3 United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-_-_----__ —__ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act_____-_--_-__- 5, 000. 00 SUS Ela oro) oreo ee 5 ret 35 05) Ree sieaee sey ee Se a te eS eee 13, 049. 55 HATS LOCUM GIS Sa ee ee ee ee ee 3, 106. 55 IMiScelilamCOUSte senate see ee eee ee ee 893. 93 GON heal pom a ln a Ss SO dary oD A ye et ee 38, 885. 08 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Pennsylvania Station has been able to maintain a high grade of efficiency, although laboring under the disadvantage of prolonged delay in putting into effect certain contemplated plans of reorgani- zation. PORTO RICO. Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez. Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture. D. W. May, M. Agr., Special Agent in Charge. The work of the Porto Rico Station has been devoted chiefly to agricultural and horticultural crops, their insect and fungus pests, and various lines of animal husbandry, with such attention as has been possible to problems relative to the use of fertilizers, soils, drain- age, farm machinery, forestry, etc. Two changes have occurred in the staff, the appointment of W. V. Tower, of the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College, to the vacancy in entomology and plant pathology, and the resignation of H. C. Henricksen as horticulturist, followed by the appointment of M. J. Iorns, of Cornell University, to this position. During the year the tobacco industry has greatly developed in the island, and the acreage and quality of the crop have been much in- creased. The station has introduced the White Burley type from Kentucky, which has been found to grow vigorously and produce heavy yields. The improvement of Porto Rican coffee, both by fer- tilization and the introduction of foreign types for which there is 150 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPHRIMENT STATIONS. a better demand in the United States, has been continued at the sub- station, together with investigations of the insect pests and diseases and some very promising studies of malting. A collection of sugar canes has been obtained from the Louisiana Station, some of whicit have proved well adapted to Porto Rican conditions, and have been distributed to planters for further tests. A scheme for testing the fertilizer requirements of sugar cane has been taken up on a number of plantations, and on several a small portion of the estate is now regularly set aside for experimental work. The station is encour- aging the most extensive cultivation of rice and a number of forage crops. Among these, cowpeas are most successful and are recom- mended for all localities. Alfalfa has given good results on well- drained land, and is regarded as valuable under certain conditions. Tests of an Indian variety of pigeon peas and of the sword bean indicate that these are also worthy of more extensive cultivation. In cooperation with the insular government experiments in fiber production have been inaugurated. Of various fibers sisal promises the greatest returns. A small insular appropriation has made pos- sible the importation of a number of thousands of plants, and it is hoped to put the industry on a commercial basis. Efforts are also being made to stimulate the growing of the palm fiber used in the manufacture of Panama hats now made on the island from imported material. A beginning has been made in the reforestation of the uplands. Tt has been found that this can not be done directly, but must be pre- ceded by the growth of trees of little economic value to serve as shade. Great interest is developing in the work in tile drainage, which has hitherto been unknown, although many acres of land could be profitably reclaimed in this way. The station is temporarily manu- facturing tiles as a means of encouraging the practice. Experiments are also being carried out in cement construction, especially for fence posts, as wooden posts are of but short duration because of the rav- ages of insects. The live stock of Porto Rico is greatly in need of improvement, as but little pure-bred stock has ever been introduced. Results with ‘attle, pigs, and poultry thus far indicate that successful acclimation is possible if certain precautions are observed, and good success is attending the efforts of the station in this direction. The experimental work in horticulture continues to occupy an im- portant place. The station orchard now comprises 25 acres with over 100 species of fruit trees. Plantings of citrus trees, cacao, man- goes, and other economic plants have been established, and experi- ments on their cultivation and fertilizer requirements are in prog- ress. Special attention is being given to pineapple culture and ship- ment. A number of trial shipments have been made to New York RHODE ISLAND. isp and to Washington, D. C., the principal object being to test the ship- ping qualities and also the methods of packing. Experiments in vegetable growing have demonstrated that with fresh seed and lb- eral use of fertilizers and proper cultural methods it is possible to grow for local consumption nearly every kind of vegetable produced in temperate climates, and that shipment is feasible when market conditions will warrant. The entomologist and plant pathologist is devoting particular at- tention to the pests of citrus fruits. Experiments are being carried cn to determine the value of various insecticides and fungicides and the strengths required for the destruction of the pests without in- jury to the trees. In a similar way attention is being given as oppor- tunity offers to the pests of other crops, such as coffee, sugar cane, cacao, ete. During the year the station has issued Bulletin 6, The yautias, or taniers, of Porto Rico, and a Spanish edition of Bulletin 5 on tobacco investigations. The income of the station during the past fiseal year was as follows: UMitedeistatesma ppLOpr ablOne = sa sees a eee ere Sees $15, 000. 00 MAM e Pp TOOUCHS 2182 2s 2 se oe ee ee es ee ee 1, 164, 52 RO tah aeeeete meee! ee ee ee ee eS 16, 164. 52 The rapid development of agriculture in Porto Rico and especially the influx of planters make the discovery and dissemination of re- sults contributing to an enlightened agricultural practice of excep- tional importance. The work of the station is fast becoming recog- nized as an important factor in this direction. A decided increase of interest in its work is being manifested, and its opportunities are restricted only by the limited funds at its disposal. RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston. Department of Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. H. J. WHEELER, Ph. D., Director. The Rhode Island Station continues to make problems in turkey raising a prominent feature of its work, especially with reference to determining the nature and method of transmission of the black- head disease and the possibility of remedial treatment. The disease is now believed to be caused by a parasite, and breeding experiments are being continued to develop a strain of turkeys immune to it. The resignation of Dr. Cooper Curtice, who was formerly in charge of this work, has been followed by the appointment of Dr. L. J. Cole, of Harvard University, who is investigating the disease, and of J. W. Bolte, of the Utah Station, who is in charge of the poultry feeding. 152 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The poultry equipment has been considerably increased by the con- struction of additional houses, yards, ete. The field and laboratory investigations on the relations of lime and soda to plant growth have again been carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils, together with tests of the relative efficiency of the paraffin wire-basket method, originated by the Bureau of Soils for determining soil deficiencies, as compared with the Wagner 8-inch pot and actual field tests. Many farmers of the State are also cooperating in soil studies. Among other lines of work taken up are studies of the improve- ment of land by legumes grown with corn, variety tests of flint corn, rotation to produce grass and corn on worn-out land, mixtures of grasses and legumes earlier than timothy and redtop for convenience of cutting, the feeding power of different crops for phosphoric acid in different forms, and the relative residual effect from these forms. A quite extended investigation was made upon the turnip as a means of indicating the phosphorus deficiencies in soils, and attention has also been given to mixtures of grasses for polo and golf links, the use of phosphoric acid as a supplement to seaweed, and of ferti- lizers for basic and active manures. Plant breeding has been carried on with sweet corn to increase the number of ears, with strawberries to retain the flavor of the wild fruit, and with beans to secure resistance to frost. A State appro- priation to the college has resulted in the erection of a new horti- cultural building and greenhouses at a cost of $15,000, one wing of which is to be for the use of the station. The publications of the station received during the year were as follows: Bulletins 105, Commercial feeding stuffs; 106, Concerning the agricultural value of sodium salts; 107, Phe influence of soil treat- ment in greenhouse culture; 108, Analyses of commercial fertilizers; 109, A comparison of results obtained by the method of cultures in paraflined wire pots with field results on the same soil; 110, Com- mercial fertilizers; and 111, Trial of varieties of potatoes; and the Annual Report for 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______.________ $15,.000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act =f a E 5, 000. 00 Miscellaneous: 122 Ure2 2 Ss Bs see ee Pett H 586. 33 Balance for previous year______________ ZAR dae So? Boe Gao PROBE em ere ts ee Se ee 23, 803. 24 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE V. Fic. 1.—NEW RESIDENCE, OFFICE AND LIBRARY, AND OTHER BUILDINGS AT NORTH LOUISIANA STATION AT CALHOUN. : TOF Aman Cem Fig. 2.—EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSE AT SOUTH CAROLINA STATION. SOUTH CAROLINA. 158 As a result of the passage of the Adams Act several tracts of land not hitherto utilized, have been prepared for experimental purposes. A number of additions have been made to the station staff, and it is hoped to differentiate the work of the college and station more com- pletely. The extension work has been carried on by the college as in previous years, and has resulted in very great benefit to the agri- cultural interests of the State. The station is doing excellent work in both scientific and practical lines. Je SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College. Department of Clemson Agricultural College. J. N. Harper, B. S., M. Agr., Director. ‘ The year at the South Carolina Station has been largely one of re- organization. The directorship has been established distinct from the presidency of the college, and the work of the station staff has been more clearly differentiated. The vacancy caused by the resig- nation of the botanist and bacteriologist has been filled by the ap- pointment of H. D. House, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Through the completion of the agricultural building much better quarters are now available for the station, although there is still a need of further equipment. A greenhouse, costing $6,000, has been erected for the use of several departments. (PI. V, fig. 2.) Considerable interest has been developed in the experiments on the production of starch from the sweet potato. Several hundred pounds of starch were manufactured with the station outfit, and samples submitted to a number of cotton mills and laundries elicited very favorable reports. The pulp remaining after the extraction of the starch also gives promise of making a very useful cattle food, and tests of its feeding value are now under way. Cotton breeding and improvement has been a leading subject of investigation to meet a demand from southern mills for a staple of higher grade and special character. The textile department of the college is cooperating in milling tests of several of the best cross-bred varieties. The veterinarian has concluded a series of studies of scours in milk- fed calves, and recommends treatment with formaldehyde, one part to 4,000 parts of milk, as very efficacious. The horticulturist is mak- ing a special study of the seedling apples of the State, most of which are unknown beyond the locality in which they originated. Cul- tural and varietal tests of fruits and vegetables have been continued as heretofore. Soil maintenance and improvement, as related to the 4¥Freight address, Calhoun. 154 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. growing of corn, wheat, oats, cowpeas, sorghum, alfalfa, and velvet beans, have received attention from the agriculturists, who have also instituted cooperative experiments with fertilizers and systems of rotation in different parts of the State. There has also been cooper- ation of the stations with the Bureau of Plant Industry in an investi- gation of the causes and treatment of the rice blast, and in the grow- ing of vetches and other legumes and grasses; with the Bureau of Chemistry, in an attempt to increase the sugar content of sweet corn; and with the Bureau of Animal Industry in the eradication of Texas fever. The college geologist, assisted by the director, agri- culturist, and botanist, is planning a plant and soil survey of the State with special reference to the geological formations. It is be- lieved that such studies will be of service in the settlement of some fundamental soil problems. The publications of this station received during the year were as follows: Bulletins 95, The milk scales, the milk sheet, and the Babcock test for the farmers of South Carolina; 109, Notes on varieties of apples; 114, A wasting disease of young cattle (verminous gastritis) ; 115, Analyses of commercial fertilizers; 116, Methods of spraying cucumbers and melons; 117, A comparison of wheat bran and cotton- seed meal for milk production; and 120, Cotton experiments. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Uniteds States appropriation. Hatch VAcGt===—===-=—=——— $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act______--_-____ 5, OOO. OO StateVappropriation 4]_—)—-- 8S 2, 635. 53 arm +productss 2 2s hee ee eee 1, 526. 05 Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year_-_ = 1, 211. 15 NO te ee a eet ae re Da verkkes Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The coast-land substation at Charleston has continued its diver- sification trials and recommends the more extensive growing of forage crops. More than 11,000 farmers have been reached by the farmers’ institutes, which have been participated in by eleven mem- bers of the station staff. The college has more applicants for admis- sion than can be accommodated, and the number enrolled in agricul- tural courses is increasing. The general outlook for both the college and station is very promising, and it is to be hoped that plans under way can be carried out. SOUTH DAKOTA.. 155 SOUTH DAKOTA. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings. Department of South Dakota Agricultural College. J. W. Witson, M. S. A., Director. Plant breeding, animal breeding, and feeding problems have con- tinued to be the dominant interests at the South Dakota Station. Tests of about’ forty varieties of durum wheat as to their usefulness for bread making and macaroni have showed great variations and have resulted in the retention of several of the more promising types. It has been established in these investigations that the durum wheats are especially adapted to arid localities unsuitable for the ordinary sorts. Selection experiments with grasses indicate that the slender wheat grass (Agropyron tenerum) and the western wheat grass (A. spicatum) are of considerable merit. Encouraging progress has been made in the introduction of rust-resistant strains of alfalfa, millet, sorghum, clover, and other forage crops, and seed of some of the more promising sorts has been distributed at a nominal price. Cattle feeding has been conducted mainly to determine the value of emmer. This has proved well-adapted to South Dakota condi- tions and has been found to be a promising substitute for corn in the production of baby beef. The value of various proprietary stock foods is being tested with pigs, and digestion experiments with sheep are being undertaken with the principal forage crops and grains of the State. In animal breeding reciprocal crosses of York- shire and Poland Chinas are being made, together with attempts to improve the quality of range cattle and both the mutton and wool types of sheep. Rotation experiments are being carried on as formerly, and there is considerable study of plant diseases. Some very marked physio- logical results have followed the injection of chemicals into trees for the control of diseases, but as yet no pathological benefits have been noted. Breeding experiments with native wild species of fruits and importations from northern Europe and Asia have been con- tinued on an extensive scale. A hardy raspberry of good quality’ has been developed, and the possibility of securing graft hybrids is being studied. Much of the work with grains and fruits has been carried on at the Highmore substation. A test of dips for the prevention of sheep scab is proceeding, and studies of lumpy jaw are contemplated. A building for the use of the veterinarian 1s to be erected. 156 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The publications of this station received during the year were Bulietins 92, Marconi wheat; 93, Plums in South Dakota; 94, Al- falfa and red clover; 95, The treatment of nail pricks of the horse’s foot; 96, Forage plants and cereals at Highmore substation, 1904-5; and 97, Spelt and millet for the production of baby beef; and the Annual Report for 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 5, 000. OO SEATS al PIO Pil cal OME = ese ee eee denspen es 1, 000. 00 NScellaNeOUS eee a | ee ee SL ERAS SE SE Ae ee 2, 658. 11 Osten T) ba PnP Ng Nh A 23, 658. 11 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre- scribed by this Department and have been approved. The work of the South Dakota Station is on a very satisfactory basis and is much appreciated by the farmers of the State. An attempt is being made to take up lines of work in a scientific way, and definite problems are being attacked with less apprehension of failure to get immediate returns. In consequence some fundamental results are being obtained. TENNESSEE. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Avnogrville. Department of the University of Tennessee. H. A. Morean, B. S. A., Director. An active and aggressive attitude is characterizing the Tennessee Station, and good progress is being made in developing its work and strengthening it in the State. An investigation of importance re- cently begun is on the failure of clover. The botanist has traced the cause to a disease attacking both the stem and root, and occurring also on alfalfa, the Medicagoes and Lespedeza. It may be trans- mitted through the seed to some extent by soil inoculation and has also been carried by insects. At present it is widely distributed over Tennessee and to some extent in Kentucky and West Virginia. In entomology the main lines of work are the life history of the cattle tick and peach borer. Some studies are also being made of stingless bees. The horticulturist has under way a study of methods of pruning grapes. Results from a season’s work with several varieties indicate the greatest benefit from long-arm pruning. He is also giving atten- tion to the spraying of peaches. TENNESSEE. 157 A number of new lines were begun in agronomy, namely, rotation trials with and without legumes, soil and crop studies in connection with the use of different kinds of phosphates and lime, and variety tests of cereals, legumes, and forage crops. A study of the retentive power of different typical soils of the State, the formation of humus, and the means of maintaing the humus supply is also under way, together with a determination of factors upon which the retentive power depends. In animal industry some studies have been made upon leucocytes in milk and the relation of the health of the animal to the number of leucocytes. Feeding experiments in connection with the dairy herd are under way, and there is some work with poultry. During the year an effort was made to inaugurate cooperative experiments with farmers on some of the distinct soil types of the State. The results thus far secured have been very encouraging. Farmers’ institutes have been participated in to about the usual extent, in cooperation with the State department of agriculture. The passage of the Adams Act provided considerable equipment for the station, chiefly in additions to the hbrary and in scientific apparatus. The attitude of the university to the station continues to be hberal. An agricultural building for the use of both is one of the needs, which has been met by a recent State appropriation. The publications received from this station during the year were: Bulletins Volume 18, No. 1, Texas fever cattle tick—pasture methods of eradication; and No. 2, Small fruits and grapes; and the Annual Report for 1904. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hateh Act____________ ___ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 5, 000. OO JEN ESS SE ESE eS ee Se eee, ee SEOs eee a 1, 005. 00 EATING OO CU CUS See es eee GU Ta tk Tr ee 5, 191. 43 GIVES TOC Kt eee ee eee eer ele eo ree et neers LR re 1, 542. 87 TRO Gea sek cae SE VO aS as Pe ot Mt ed 28, 339. 30 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Tennessee Station is doing important service along several lines, and is showing much energy in getting its results before the people of the State. There are indications of increasing appreciation of its work, and the general outlook is very favorable. 158 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TEXAS. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Colleye Station. Department of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. J. W. CaRgson, B. S., Acting Director. The work of the Texas Station has proceeded along the lines of previous years, although handicapped by the ill health of the director, who resigned his position at the close of the year. Feeding experi- ments with by-products of local production such as molasses, rough rice, and fermented cotton seed have been completed. Work in agronomy has been restricted mainly to cotton and corn, but co- operative experiments with sorghum, milo maize, and Kafir corn are under way in some arid sections of the State. Elaborate cotton experiments, chiefly in breeding, are being carried on through the cooperation of the cotton specialist with the Bureau of Plant In- dustry. There has also been cooperative work with farmers, in- cluding fertilizer trials, and a test of the yield of cucumbers for pickles at Palestine. A department of entomology has been established, which has begun investigations on the sweet-potato borer, melon louse, citrus white fly, Morelos orange maggot, the cotton boll weevil, and the San José scale. The veterinarian continues to give special attention to the study of Texas fever. The horticultural work is largely pomo- logical, emphasis being given to peach culture, variety tests, and fertilizer and culture trials. Breeding experiments are to be carried on with tomatoes and grapes, including a study of the geotropism of different species of the vine, and investigations of the value of native species as a resistant stock for Vitus vinifera varieties. Thus far V. champini has shown most promise. Figs and citrus fruits are being specially studied at Beeville, and plums, apples, and small fruits at Troupe, where substations are still maintained by the State. A study has been made by -the botanist of nitrogen assimilating bacteria, showing these to be of doubtful value. Seed tests indicate a need of seed inspection, as the State is being made a dumping ground for inferior stock. The feeding-stuffs inspection has been thoroughly established and nets the station some additional funds. Bulletin 76, Experiments in steer feeding, was the only publication received from this station. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Aect___- fet 3 ($15) 00000 United States appropriation, Adams Act__- AaB AS. 5, 000. 00 Harm pLOCUCtINRe = Se) a ee eee : 965. 00 Miscellaneous —__ Bere 2, Olanou Totals ee Fate SQA fp ee fn a a OOM UTAH. 159 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The field work at the station is being brought together on a single large tract of land, on whiclr it is hoped to erect suitable buildings. A plant house for the winter work of the botanist is also much needed. During the year the college and station work have been well dif- ferentiated. The number and grade of the agricultural students are increasing. The farm mechanics laboratory is being developed, and considerable machinery has been contributed to it by manufacturers. UTAH. Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan. Department of the Agricultural College of Utah. P. A. Yoper, Ph. D., Director. The year at the Utah Station was marked by the appointment of a new director and numerous changes in the staff, although there has been no material departure from the previous policy and lines of work other than the concentration of activities upon a somewhat more restricted number of projects. Irrigation has continued to be the leading feature. Two small farms devoted exclusively to irrigation experiments have been carried on, one confined to a study of methods of irrigation in cooperation with this Office, and the other used for studies of the water requirements of different crops in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry. Studies of the irrigation practice of the State and of winter irrigation are being made, and alkali recla- mation work near Salt Lake was carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils. The dry farming experiments carried on in different parts of the State under State appropriation have yielded valuable results in showing the localities and conditions under which such farming is likely to be profitable and the methods which should be pursued to insure success. Some of the farms have been more successful than others, and for this reason several of those already established will probably be either abandoned or continued for a time merely as demonstration areas, while others will be developed as centers for more advanced investigation. Additional farms will be established for more fully determining the areas of the State best suited to this character of farming. Studies of the codling moth, sugar-beet leaf hopper, grasshoppers, and various strawberry insects have been taken up by the entomolo- gist. Spraying is now being more generally practiced in the State, to the great improvement of the quality of the fruit produced. The 160 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. means of dissemination and control of tomato blight are being in- vestigated, and there have been studies of sugar-bect seed improve- ment and variety tests of alfalfa. Feeding experiments have been largely directed to the utilization of available Utah feeds for horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. The poultry department is to be strengthened and made a more prominent feature, and a department of dairying has been established. The horticultural work at the Brigham City substation has been given up, but continued as usual at St. George. A new substation has been established at Lehi, which has been used chiefly for variety tests of orchard crops. These substations have been maintained by State appropriations of $8,000 and $6,000, respectively, for two years. The publications of this station received during the year were Bul- letin 92, Poultry experiments, and circulars giving memoranda of plans for arid farm and irrigation investigations. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hateh Act__+___-__-_____ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act__-_--_~_~ bbe 5, 000. 00 State appropriation, including substations____________~ 21, 376. 84 Farm products, including substations_________________ 2, 853. 38 Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year___ 395. 00 EDO tall Sere eis fae nee A Fa ee ee See 44, 625. 72 Reports of the receipts and expenditures of the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The Utah Station has suffered from the lack of permanency in its personnel and the difficulty of securing and holding a sufficient force of experts to properly man its various departments. In view of this fact the policy of concentration on a limited number of the most important lines of work seems especially wise. VERMONT. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington. Department of University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. J.-b. Hinis;, Se. Ds, Director: With a view to expanding and developing the work in dairy hus- bandry at the Vermont Station, C. L. Beach, of the Connecticut Storrs Station, has recently been added to the staff as the head of this depart- ment. Experiments in horse breeding, using Morgan blood as a basis, have recently been inaugurated in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. The stud now consists of nine animals. . - = y oad | 2 — - ~ i a = _ Ae = , Ph 7 “y . J > Ss a " : 2 ® y ~ . +i . 4 t ‘ ». ap = “sd LP a a = : ; *¢ ¢ = > Ld Fa 4a * P 2 - S j a i > , ‘ bd x © av f 5 ia ; i ) - > Cy >" é an 7 - hay ~~ : iy f ~~ 7 by i 7 7 7 * , \ —— ' ,- ey . Av, Bet v aos . ’: ie uP * + ‘ - = . .? _. : 1 — ao ¥ ‘ =? . An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE VIII. Fic. 1.—CORN GROWN ON UNDRAINED FIELD. FIG. 3.—CORN GROWN ON FIELD WITH TILE DRAINS 40 FEET APART. [Originally the wettest portion of the area. ] RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN TILE DRAINAGE ON HEAVY LACUSTRINE CLAY, WISCONSIN STATION. WYOMING. 169 culosis in suspected and nonsuspected herds in Wisconsin; 134, Licensed commercial fertilizers and feeding stuffs, 1906; and 135, Spraying potatoes for prevention of leaf blight and rot. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act_________---_~_ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act_______--_--_~- 5, 000. 00 Stategapproprintiony se: = et! eet ees eee eee @ 18, 500. 00 HIGGS yee tees ae Sey el Be ee oe as ety Be 2, 600. 00 SIN teu yr te Ne a Uo Ra yy SNES er ee Se Ee 41, 100. 00 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre- scribed by this Department and have been approved. During the year provision has been made for the erection of farm engineering and agronomy buildings for the college of agriculture. A tobacco shed has been built solely for experimental purposes, and several tracts of land have been secured and improved. Through the efforts of the college and station a law has been enacted requiring the licensing by the college of all stallions in the State for which service fees are charged. This law, which is the first of its kind in this coun- try, has already resulted in the elimination of a large number of low- grade stallions. The college continues to make rapid growth, and a number of addi- tions have been made, both to its staff and to that of the station. An attempt is being made to differentiate the work to a greater extent than formerly. WYOMING. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie. Department of the University of Wyoming. B. C. Burrum, M. S., Director. The work of the Wyoming Station has in a large measure passed the pioneer stage of merely testing the adaptability of crops and meth- ods of farming to high altitudes and arid region conditions. The station has shown that oats, barley, wheat, rye, and other cereals, potatoes and other root crops, alfalfa, peas, spelt, and a great variety of other forage plants and many kinds of fruits and vegetables can be successfully grown under conditions which were formerly thought to debar successful farming, and has convinced the ranchman that many of these products can be utilized to make his stock raising more profitable. In consequence, stock feeding for marketing in finished form has been added to stock raising as formerly carried on. This has brought about better methods of management, increased care of ani- 4 Tncluding $2,000 for cranberry investigations and $1,500 for tobacco investi- gations. 170 REPORT OF OWFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS- mals, and the raising of winter feed for the better maintenance of stock. Having thus in a large measure met the more pressing prac- tical needs of the agriculture of the State, the station is now in position to direct its attention to more advanced investigation. During the past year the work in agronomy has been confined mainly to experiments with a number of farm crops. Special studies have been made of barley for brewing purposes, of disease-resistant potatoes, and of the deterioration of seed potatoes. Horticultural work is being developed at Lander under a State appropriation. In animal industry attention is being given mainly to the econom- ical feeding of cattle, sheep, and swine, the breeding of polled Here- fords, and incidentally to the influence of high altitudes and aridity on the hatching of eggs. Through the cooperation of the chemical department the digestibility and nutritive value of native and intro- duced grasses and grains are being determined. The farmers’ institutes and short courses, some of which are in effect protracted farmers’ institutes, are accomplishing much good but make serious inroads on the time and energies of the station staff. The development of the short-course work and the introduc- tion of secondary instruction in the college are being considered. The publications of this station received during the year were Bulletins 65, Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composi- tion; 66, Irrigation work on the North Platte River; 67, Duty of water; 68, Ration experiments with lambs, 1904-5; and the Annual Report for 1905. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-_--_--__-__-_ $15, 000. 00 United States appropriation, Adams Act___—~ ee ieees 5, 000. 00 State appropriation__________~- ee ee 177. 26 MSM PRO CU CES es a ee ee 2, 608. 30 Motel aes ee ee ae ee ee eee 22, 785. 56 Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department and have been approved. The station is making good use of the funds at its disposal and is steadily increasing the grade and efficiency of its work. Supplemen- tary funds for additional equipment should be forthcoming, espe- cially on the farm, in order that the increased Federal funds may be used to the best advantage. THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. OFFICERS. President. L. H. Batitry, of New York. Vice-Presidents. T. D. Boyp, of Louisiana. B. C. Burrum, of Wyoming. M. A. Scovetu, of Kentucky. R. W. Stimson, of Connecticut. C. G. Hopxins, of Illinois. Secretary-Treasurer. J. L. Hituis, of Vermont. Bibliographer. A. C. TRUE, of Washington, .D. C. Executive Committee. H. C. WHITE, of Georgia. W. H. JoRDAN, of New York. J. L. Snyper, of Michigan. C. F. Curtiss, of Lowa. W. E. Stone, of Indiana. Sections. Section on College Work and Administration: HE. A. Bryan, of Washington, chairman; H. C. Prick, of Ohio, secretary. Section on Experiment Station Work: M. A. Scovett, of Kentucky, chairman ; C. KE. THORNE, of Ohio, secretary. TWENTIETH ANNUAL CONVENTION. GENERAL SESSIONS. The twentieth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was held in Baton Rouge, La., November 14-16, 1906. The meeting was an unusually large one, and, as has generally been the case in recent years, it was made the occasion for the meeting of several societies and associations not affiliated with the association, although related to it in work. Among these were the Associations of State Universities, of Farmers’ Institute Workers, and of Horticultural Inspectors, the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, and the Economic Ento- mologists of the Cotton Belt. 171 2 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The annual address of the president of the association, M. H. Buck- ham, of Vermont, was in the main a plea for placing greater emphasis upon the liberal and humanistic culture studies in the curriculum as a means of preventing narrowness and crudeness of thought and char- acter. He maintained that while the function of the land-grant colleges is to produce industrial experts, they should be lberally educated. (See also p. 283.) The report of the executive committee reviewed the work of that committee during the year with reference to the passage of the Adams Act and its interpretation, initial steps with reference to the estab- lishment of a department of rural education in the National Educa- tional Association, and negotiations with the trustees of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching with reference to including the land-grant colleges among the beneficiaries of that institution. H.C. White, chairman of the executive committee, was designated by that committee as its representative to present the last- named matter to the trustees of the Carnegie Foundation at a meeting held November 21, 1906. The association passed a resolution express- ing its gratitude to the executive committee for its painstaking and efficient efforts in connection with the passage of the Adams Act. The bibhographer, A. C. True, presented as his report a list of 385 books, the work of 195 men and women now or at one time connected with agricultural colleges or experiment stations. (See p. 234.) Memorial addresses and appropriate resolutions relating to the life and work of President George W. Atherton and Hon. Henry Cullen Adams were presented. The committee on instruction in agriculture presented through its chairman, A. C. True, a brief report explaining the organization of the committee into subcommittees on (1) elementary courses, (2) secondary courses, (8) courses in home economics, and (4) courses in rural engineering. These subcommittees have in preparation reports on the subjects assigned them, which it is expected will be published through this Office. In the discussion following this report there was a general expression of interest in the work and a desire for the early publication of the results of the committee’s studies. (See also p. 234.) The report of the standing committee on graduate study, by Chair- man L. H. Bailey, consisted of a brief account cf the second session of the Graduate School of Agriculture held at the University of Illi- nois during the summer of 1906. Explaining the purpose of this school, the report says: This graduate work stands for a kind of teaching that lies beyond the college grade and that makes strongly for originality and personality. This enterprise expresses the conviction of the association that agricultural subjects are as capable as any others of advanced study, that they have equal and similar pedagogical value, and that there is need of the pursuit of them. * * * The ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND STATIONS. Ls unqualified suecess of the second session of the graduate school established the fact that graduate work is in demand. This school is now the only meeting ground for teachers and investigators in agriculture. The comradeship of it is itself worth the while. * * * The experience with the two sessions of the graduate school indicates that no agricultural college or experiment station can afford not to partake in it if the institution expects to keep in living touch with the knowledge and opinions of the day. For a fuller account of this school see page 236. The report of the committee on extension work* presented by Kk. L. Butterfield, chairman, defines and classifies such work, sum- marizing the present status of agricultural extension teaching in the United States and recommending that each college establish as soon as practicable a department for such teaching coordinate with other departments. The association placed itself on record as strongly favoring adequate appropriations to the Office of Experiment Sta- tions to enable it to enlarge its work on agricultural education, espe- cially with reference to the organization of agricultural extension teaching. (See also p. 235.) The report of the committee on station organization and policy,? . presented by the chairman, E. Davenport, dealt largely with ques- tions growing out of the interpretation of the Adams Act and the organization of work under that act. (See p. 71.) The relations of the Bureau of Education with land-grant colleges were reviewed by L. A. Kalbach, of that Bureau. It was shown that the number of agricultural students at these institutions has in- creased during the past ten years from 2,712 to 7,418, and the stu- dents in mechanic arts from 5,317 to 12,969. The State appropria- tions have increased from $1,789,235 to $5,768,786, the total income of the colleges during the last year being over $11,500,000. A proposal to cooperate with the Association of State Universities in memorializing Congress to establish a National University at Washington was quite fully discussed and finally disposed of by reference to the executive committee to take such action as in its judgment seemed wise, and to make a full report to the association at its next meeting. An important matter affecting the policy of agricultural research in this country was presented for discussion in a resolution pre- sented by H. P. Armsby, calling for the appointment by the incoming president of the association of a commission consisting of five per- sons, two representing the research efforts of the association, one the United States Department of Agriculture, and two representing the scientific men not connected with official agricultural investigation, “the duty of which shall be to inquire into and report to this asso- a This report has been published as U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 72. 6 This report has been published as U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 71. 174 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ciation the organization and policy which, in the opinion of the com- mission, should prevail in the expenditure of public money provided for scientific experimentation and research in the interests of agri- culture, to the end that such funds shall be applied in the most eco- nomical, efficient, and worthy manner to the production of results of permanent value.” The discussion of this resolution indicated a general feeling that for the purposes of research the various agencies in this country, partly from lack of system, have not been as efficient as they might be made, and that much good might come from an impartial survey of the whole field by men competent to analyze the situation and to plan broadly. The resolution was adopted. The association put itself on record as favoring an attempt to secure increased Federal appropriation for education in agriculture and mechanic arts, and instructed its executive committee to cause a measure drawn on the same general lines as the second Morrill Act, to be introduced in Congress.” SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION. In the section on college work and administration the main topics of discussion were: (1) Administration of the land-grant colleges— organization and classification of the instructional force, control of student activities and student labor; (2) relation of the land-grant college to the public school system, to the agricultural industries, and to the mechanical industries; and (3) curriculum of the land-grant college—study of home economics in the land-grant college, the short practical course, its place and importance, and agricultural extension. (Fora fuller account see p. 235.) SECTION ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. Tn the section on the experiment station work attention was devoted principally to discussion of questions relating to the Adams Act and agricultural research in general. The Director and the Assistant Director of this Office explained the provisions and limitations of the Adams Act, plans for the administration of the funds under it, and some of the difficulties experienced by the stations in inaugurating work under the act. H. P. Armsby urged that the stations should consider not so much the legal requirements as the opportunities for advanced scientific work offered under the act, and a recognition of «Such a measure was introduced into both branches of the Fifty-ninth Con- gress, second session. The appropriation was, however, finally provided for by a clause in the appropriation act of this Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, which increases the appropriation for each land-grant college $5,000 annually for five years. ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 5 the need and desirability of the more advanced work contemplated under the Adams Act was generally expressed. A resolution record- ing approval of the methods adopted by the Office of Experiment Stations in administering the Adams Act was passed by the section. Three carefully prepared papers were presented before the sec- tion—one on Problems of Animal Nutrition, by H. P. Armsby; another on Methods of Experimentation in Feeding for Meat Pro- duction, by H. W. Mumford, and the third on Methods of Experi- mentation in Feeding for Milk Production, by J. L. Hills. A report of the committee on unification of terms used in chemical analysis was presented by C. G. Hopkins, chairman. The report was accepted, and the committee was continued with instructions to seek to bring about an agreement for uniform usage among chemists. a ih a4) iyi yr Pant stver \ oF RZ! , ThA Awe vic pete . Hala wh, w" ‘ wt vt ae ie’ ra "i Lif ALS AP! oe BU rs von. an 4 Pe A ? ' i, oe de ely Th ‘Vite egd ah. | aired ig Bib ig Vid et Montes See 7 aw ¢) pelyy in eed f VoeTeaits 4 : yh ? k rs i ‘ . J ' ' j > ; s “ } y . ; 7 ’ i at STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1906. By Miss M. T. SPETHMANN. The following statistical statements relate to the institutions estab- lished under the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, and August 30, 1890, most of which maintain courses of instruction in agriculture, and to the agricultural experiment stations, which, with few exceptions, are organized under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, and are con- ducted as departments of the institutions receiving the benefits of the land-grant act of July 2, 1862. These statistics have been compiled in part from replies to a circular of inquiry sent out from the Office of Experiment Stations, and in part from the annual reports of the presi- dents of these institutions made on the schedules prescribed by the Commissioner of Education. Tables showing the annual disburse- ments on account of the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, August 30, 1890, and March 16, 1906, prepared from figures furnished by the Departments of the Treasury and the Interior, are also included. Owing to the complex organization of many of the institutions, it is impracticable to give exactly comparable statistics in all cases, and in some instances the data furnished are incomplete. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. Educational institutions receiving the benefits of the acts of Con- gress of July 2, 1862, and August 30, 1890, are now in operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The total number of these institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain courses of instruction in agriculture. The aggregate value of the permanent funds and equipment of the land-grant colleges and uni- versities in 1906 is estimated to be as follows: Land-grant fund of 1862, $12,500,558.29; other land-grant funds, $3,988,068.60; other perma- nent funds, $13,829,945.72; land grant of 1862 still unsold, $4,005,- 736.10; farms and grounds owned by the institutions, $7,873,237.68 ; buildings, $80,322,457.04; apparatus, $2,432,839.88; machinery, $2,- 831,046.06; libraries, $2,819,614.26; live stock, $369,913.13; miscella- neous equipment, $3,229,469.12; total, $84,195,385.88. The income of these institutions in 1906, exclusive of the funds received from the United States for agricultural experiment stations ($867,617.70), was as follows: Interest on land-grant funds of 1862, $758,753.34; inter- est on other land-grant funds, $106,185.17; United States appropria- tion under act of 1890, $1,200,000; interest on endowment or regular 2948n—07——12 177 178 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. appropriation, $122,980.94; State appropriation for current expenses, $4,308,150.34; State appropriations for buildings or for other special purposes $3,088,947.32; income from endowment, other than Federal or State grants, $677,138.21; tuition fees, $993,003.38 ; incidental fees, $631,936.99; miscellaneous, $1,659,663.77; total, $13,546,759.46. The value of the additions to the permanent endowment and equipment of these institutions in 1906 is estimated as follows: Permanent endowment, $1,215,084.73; buildings, $1,745,118.99; libraries, $452,- 963.23; apparatus, $227,340.63; machinery $134,800.20; live stock, $56,244.87; miscellaneous, $133,597.19; total, $3,965,149.84. The number of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agricul- ture and mechanic arts was as follows: For preparatory classes, 480; for collegiate and special classes, 2,454; total, counting none twice, 3,020. In the other departments the faculties aggregated 1,667, making a grand total of 4,687 persons in the faculties of the land- grant institutions. The students in 1906 in the colleges for white persons were as fol- lows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 5,890; collegiate, 22,823; short course or special, 5,695; postgraduate, 517; other departments, 22,038; total, counting none twice, 56,919. (2) By courses: Four- year—agriculture, 2,779; horticulture, 132; household economy, 926; mechanical engineering, 4,351; civil engineering, 3,730; electrical engineering, 3,166; mining engineering, 1,061; chemical engineering, 377; architecture, 281. Shorter than four years—agriculture, 3,883 ; dairying, 720; horticulture, 161; veterinary science, 821; military tactics, 17,372. The students in colleges and schools for colored persons were as follows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 4,544; collegiate, 682; short or special, 310; other departments, 1,016; total, 6,552. ° (2) By courses—agriculture, 1,798; industrial courses for boys, 2,106; indus- trial courses for girls, 4,120; military tactics, 1,798. The graduates in 1906 were 5,220, and since the organization of these institutions, 67,122. The average age of graduates in 1906 was 22 years and 8 months. The total number of volumes in the libraries was 2,464,642. The total number of acres of land granted to the States under the act of 1862 was 10,320,842, of which 798,053 are still unsold. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS. Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, in all the States and Territories, and under special appropriation acts in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. In Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Hawaii, Missouri, Ala- bama, and Louisiana separate stations are maintained, wholly or STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 179 in part, by State funds. A number of substations are also main- tained in different States. Excluding the substations, the total num- ber of stations in the United States is 60. Of these, 55 receive appro- priations provided for by acts of Congress. The total income of the stations maintained under the acts of 1887 and 1906 during 1906 was $2,017,492.12, of which $960,000 (Hatch fund $720,000, Adams fund $240,000) was received from the National Government, the remainder, $1,057,492.12, coming from the follow- ing sources: State Governments, $709,902.05; individuals and com- munities, $8,304.37; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $100,186.57 ; sales of farm products, $135,526.96; miscellaneous, $103,572.17. In addi- tion to this the Office of Experiment Stations had an appropriation of $197,900 for the past fiscal year, including $18,000 for the Alaska experiment stations, $15,000 for the Hawaii Experiment Station, $15,000 for the Porto Rico Experiment Station, $20,000 for nutrition investigations, $74,200 for irrigation and drainage investigations, and $5,000 for farmers’ institutes. The value of the additions to the equipment of the stations in 1906 is estimated as follows; Buildings, $169,875.50; libraries, $22,080.29; apparatus, $57,439.98; farm im- plements, $22,706.52; live stock, $51,977.68; miscellaneous, $22,812.75 ; total, $346,892.72. The stations employ 950 persons in the work of administration and inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines of work is as follows: Directors, 52; assistants and vice-directors, 17; special agents in charge, 3; chemists, 171; agriculturists, 47; agrono- mists, 68; animal husbandmen, 72; poultrymen, 12; horticulturists, 101; farm and garden foremen, 31; dairymen, 45; botanists, 54; plant pathologists, 21; entomologists, 76; zoologists, 4; veterina- rians, 36; animal pathologists, 3; meteorologists, 8; foresters, 9; mycologists, 5; biologists, 3; physicists, 5; geologists, 7; bacteri- ologists, 25; irrigation engineers, 18; in charge of substations, 26; secretaries and treasurers, 32; librarians, 14; clerks and stenogra- phers, 55. There are also 64 persons classified under the head of “ miscellaneous,” including superintendents of grounds and_ build- ings, gardeners, farm mechanics, laboratory assistants, etc. Four hundred and thirty-four station officers do more or less teaching in the colleges with which the stations are connected. During the year the stations published 463 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars, which were supplied to over 758,000 addresses on the regular mailing lists. A larger number of stations than formerly supplemented their regular publications with more or less frequent issues of press bul- letins and other special publications, and most of the stations report a large and constantly increasing correspondence with farmers, on a wide variety of topics. STATIONS. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT REPORT OF 180 ‘doid ‘(‘s14 Z) [RIagsnpul ‘(sak ¢) [BULION *(SyooM OT ‘10qULM) *1BR ‘(SIA Z 10 T) “ASV *sosinoo ARp-ue} Ze ‘(SoM 9) Aagnod ‘(syoom ZT ‘1ojzuIA) “Joulod ‘Agourvole ‘SurAarep wary ‘(syooM ¢) ey] ArgUNOD puB oINjJeU UT s1EyoRo} 1O0F Jooyos 1ou1uins ‘(euo;dip “srA Z) Apngs eingeu “uode euloY “Yyoour “410y 10 “Ady *(syquouwi Z) “138 ‘(sah Z) ‘daid “18e pue ‘los o14seul -Op “Ids O1seulOp UT vsinod [euTIOU “Ady *(s¥o0M 9) WOIsses iewuuins ‘(syoomM fF) “JIA ‘(syooM fp) “yuo ‘(syooM €) UOTIIIINU ‘(syooM g) SutArep “snpul [puiue “138 ‘(sad ¢) ‘pour ‘doig “(sah ¢) ‘dog *(syooM Z) ‘138 ‘Csrd Z) ‘doid ‘(sad ¢ 10 Z) SquB “Yooul ‘CsA Z) ‘ulsU0 “Qd9[0 ‘SulArlep “4104 oan. a(GRad p) ‘doid ‘(sad Z) SulABssB puv ASoOlBAIUI ‘(‘sa4 f 07 [) SOIPNgs 41] puB ‘snpuyL *(sABP QL) SIOULIBy IOJ Jooyos JowUINs ‘(IA J) “ISB ‘(*SIA ¢) ‘-asyd ‘(‘saA Z) ‘reyd ‘sqiv ‘yoaul “Idy ‘COL a) ‘ulsue ‘Casy “q) “138 ‘Cg “q) “ls “CY ne ae Cg g | ulsuo “qoojo “usu “Yyooul “Uulsud [IAIO “los [B1oued “ide ‘(Cy “q) ‘10S “4BT “sRID Eas tes = (Cg °q) ‘u0de oulo0y ‘410Y 10 “IBV “CQ "q@) “qaoy “ols OIsouIOp puB [eB1dues “ulsue “SMUIL puw [IAlO “ulsue ‘yoour “isy “Cg ‘q) ‘jouyoe} 1e3ns “uleyo “UIs [LATO “ULsue SUTUIU ‘UIsua “qoojo “Ulsue “yoour “18B ‘ed1BUIUIOD “10s [eine ‘(7 “q) “10s [e100s ‘(-y “q) s10940T | *sq1B8 “Yoour ‘SsuTule1y | [BnueuL ‘(*T 77) JeuLIOU ‘("y “G) o7BIZATIOD | “q1e ‘[RuLLoU ‘(*snyy ‘q) oIlsnur ‘(Cg ‘gq puB “y ‘q) ‘los puB “4 CO 'S “a@) “Wego ‘Ca “4D “@) “Ulsue “wey ‘(Cy IW °@) “Ulsue Suri ‘("q “—O ‘q) ‘ulgue [IAT ‘Ca Gq) ‘U1sUa “quate ‘Cal Wd) “ulsue “yoour ‘("y ‘§ “q) “sy “CQ "q) ‘UIsU0 “yoour “u1suU0 [IAID “ulsue Suturul “toyo “los ‘Cae Ud) “AT “CQW'd) ‘Goel ‘('g “y “q) “1dB ‘(Cg *q) “109 ‘CQ °q) ‘[BJoeuL pu ‘UIeYpO ‘[e10 | -ues “ieyd “ulsue Suruiul “ulsue ‘qoour | “uldue “qooje “ulgue [IAIO “138 pu ‘UTeyO *sesanood J0yg ‘soo1dop puB sesinod 1BeaA-IN0 *(ayenpeisiopun) Apn4gs Jo sasinod 94BISa[OD ‘a ‘a “Vv "W ‘uostr “OD “AL ; “d “dd | “VW ‘ewe CV -D Cats! “WV ‘UOsWIINS “AA “H 1) 391 Aen “Vy ‘YqWoMse[AY “O A , cea “d “Ud ‘A9jooy MA “1 ae nn al JOYSIY IBBST IT "Tq ‘UVONTINL “Nf a ‘Ud ‘oooqeg “9M rd ‘Ud ‘ounog “HMA scTiagtal “vy W ‘WRGL 0° “yuopIsel gq IIAO(T a ee Fe YIBMIAN s1101g "SUMO 10g a /alayavatate a Aoloysog er UO ould “**" QI[TA0}OAB Se eae uoson LT a a © |BULION es ae ae Winqny u01} 8007] ‘syueplyg pero -|OQ AOy aFaJoQ 27BIg “RIUIOJI[RD JO AJISIOATUL) “SBSUBYIY JO AJISIOATU() aude} AlOg aBo[[0) WBAMBIOT | ‘adaT[oO [einy -[Wousy ynoyoouu0g ‘OPB1O[OD Jo aBa[og [BINI[NIUSY 93BIg 9yy, | ys) | -]O) |BULION YouBlgy, |" wuOZzIIYy Jo AjistoATIy so01d0N 1Oy asajOQ [BormBYyd -aW -pue [eing~nousy ‘aynqsuy BUIBQBLY ae” oe mre ae OBMBLOT eo ed BUIBGBLY “UOIINISUI JO OUIBN “£101 -1110,, 10 03819 [oang[nol3e UL UOTIONAJSUT JO SosINOdD UTRIUTEUI ‘(,) YSl1ejsv UB YIM poyxIBUL osoyg ydooxo “4sI[ SIV} UI SUOTINIsU! aq} JO [TV] ‘fipnys fo sasinoa ay? pun ‘gost ‘é fyng fo jon qunib-pun) ay) sapun paysyqn}sa suoynjpisuy— [| AAV, : MOTO UALS JST] OY} UL Po} VUSISEp SB SUOT]NFLFSUL OY} OF aIV S9Tqevq ot] UT poy1odad Soryst7RYs 9Y} ‘poyloads ostM1oYIO SSoTU » SHILISUAAINN GNV SHYATION LNVUS-GNVI AHL AO SOILSILVLS 181 STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. *(sAep OT) 8urspnf 009409 pu ‘u100‘4904s “(syooM QT) “ase ‘(a4 1) *doad ‘(-q 777) MB’T ‘(14 [) ssoutsng ‘(sad ¢) SUIDTSLIMOOyM ‘Sulyyiusyov[q ‘suyuwd ‘supyeurssoip Oisnur ‘suppood ‘Aajyuedaed “ase ‘[BULION *S101[0B9} IOJ [OOYOS JouTUINS ‘(Soo OT ‘109UTM) *13B ‘(sah Z) “doud ‘(sah zZ) IBV *(syoomM ZL) SsurArrep ‘(syooM OT) SurAsrep wey ‘(Ove SHOOM OT ‘SULIO} 10JUIM Z) ,SIOULIB “(Tove SHYOOM ZI ‘SUII0} Z) “los OIseuI0d *(qove syooM 7) AIJSoIOJ puB “410Y “U0da djsomop ‘suispn{ yooys ‘Surspnf ureis puvB Ui0d ‘(syo0M OT) BulAIep ‘(1A T) Bur -Aqrep ‘(sé Z) BubyomM Avo “UIsUe SUT, “Cy ‘Ud “srk G) ‘avyd ‘(syoom OT ‘10}UTM) SBuLAIIep “qsny [eure ‘“gioy “ase ‘(‘si1A Z) “IZV *(syooM Z) “198 ‘(SHooA 6) [OOYOS JourUINS ‘Csif §) Cg qd °q) Atosins ‘(gq TT) MET *(syoom 9-F) “104 pus surAriep ‘(sah ¢) ‘dead ‘(sid fF) “dV “Csad ¢) -dord ‘yergsnput ‘(‘s14 ¢) [RULION *(SYooM Z1) “ase ‘(1A [) Burdrrep “4104 “ASV *s9SIN0o [[B ysno1y} Surue1} ‘snput ‘(*s1f ¢) Tooyds Ivumureis ‘jooyos ysty ‘(stk Z) [BULION *(syoom 9) SdoyoBvoe} IOJ TOOYOS JoutuINs ‘(‘s1A Z) ‘depod ‘sqie ‘yoout “ase ‘(sid p) [RULION ‘068T JO UoIVIIdordde oq} WoIy syUsMUONIOdde ZutAtooal SUOTINIYSUI OS[e Surpnypouy v “(Ww *q) *po pues ‘sopicd aT TOs “qeTy ‘[elodeulu0d ‘(°g “g) *peureid “10s [B10 -ues “UIsUe “Yoour “UIsUa [IAIO ‘(‘sad G) ‘JNUBUL PUB “WEY AB8Ns “UL *4d0[9 “ASW [BULION “(pod ‘g) Seped “Cg *q) ‘los ‘Casy *q)' 438 ‘CW A‘) ‘Ulsue Sururu ‘(gO q) “uIsua TAD ‘(of “We "q) “ursue ‘qoom “(Cg “y) “SBIO ‘CW AN. *d) Tos “90a ‘(Cg *€) “TyoIe “Tos o1WsoWOp “ULdUd “qQoeJe “Tos [vious ‘UIs “‘qooul “as y “CSC “) ‘18 OseurOp ‘(109 Ul W “ A) sorureres ‘("g “gq ) “10s OIJsoWIOp puB [e1oues “Tos ‘(ay “UP Ul ‘Sg “g) “UIsUe Sut Ur ‘(A “GUI g ‘q) “UIsUe “4qooTs ‘CAO “q) “Urlsue [IAT ‘Ca “WW “@) ‘Ulsue “your “CW A‘) ‘pout “40a ‘(Cy ‘g ‘q) “138 pus ‘ls “Woy “qsny [Bute ‘sulALlep “uoIsy “Cavyd “§ “q) seyd ‘Cg ‘q@) ‘Woda prfoyesnoy “Ios ‘(Isy ‘S *q) ise ‘CQ -q “g ‘q) ‘UIsUe ouoYydelor “uigue “qooje ‘(yO “Gg q) ‘Ulsue Arey TUBS “ulgue [IAT ‘Ca “W “S ‘@) “Ulsu0 “yoo “Cg dq) Alysia uep “Cd “W) “peut (‘9 Ud) weyo ‘reyd COD Ud) “aeqd ‘Cg “T “@) ‘wos “sq ‘CW *q) olsnut ‘("g “q) “10s O1Ys0uIOp “ABB “10S “uisue Areyues pus [ediormnur ‘ulsue ABITIBI “ULB “Yoour “U1sUe “Yoo “ ULsUe [Ald “urdue “yore (Cy “q) SWB puB “WT “CW a) olsnur ‘Cg “A “d) “Ulsue “yoo[e ‘Cy “W °@) “Ulsue Sur -UIUI ‘(" °O “gf ) “UTBU9 [ATO ‘("g "q) ‘UOd0 dseulop “Tos “4104 puB “1ZB ‘("V "q) “SPIO BG 2 REE SCR GOO RS Reig OO UC Ca V) 07B1s9109 AGsies0) ‘UISUO “JOoTe “UTS [IAT “138 “Tos [Bluey ‘Cped Ul*y *a) ‘sepod ‘(‘g “q) “uldue [IATo “ulsue “409[0 “ulgue “Yoour “138 “los ‘ues ‘(Vy "g) “UIT “Car Fata “Vv ‘W ‘phog ‘Cd ‘1 |" -o8n0y u0jeg F ‘ad ‘w “VW ‘AemenyeH sc |” JAOF YUBA cya tat Aa *Ud) -UOs109T Bq) SY | vance u0j3UIxe'T "WV SIOUDIN “WH |” UB, yByUByL ? 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OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT REPORT OF 182 ‘(sah ¢) Sutsepunryy ‘supyooo ‘SuIMos ‘HIOM “YoBUL ‘“BUTYQTUISyORlq ‘Aaquedieo “doid yeuniou “daaid oaoO *(sxooa g) S19yOBe} IOJ [OOYOS IOUTUINS ‘(SyoaA\ g) durAarep “qsny yeurue ‘uoyonpoid quest “(sak z) ‘doad ‘(*sud ¢) ‘090 ‘AaoUT[[ TUE “tos oysowop ‘suljured ‘sury ys yov[q ‘Supjyemeoys “ase ‘Amjuedieo ‘ssoursng *(syoomM ¢) saoyoRe} a0y [OOYOS [RULIOU JOULUINS “(syoom OT) “188 ‘(ah J) “doad ‘(‘sad Z) 9[19xX0} “ULsUe “qoo[o ‘SIIB -YOoU “sy *(syooM fF) SurAarep ‘(syoo g) ‘ade ‘(sad g) “ode omoy ‘(sah g) “ASV *(qoBve SyoeM g) oINATMO YIN ‘ZUIULIB] [BIOUES PUB YOIS BAT] ‘QUOTIEST -uvit AOUIBIID ‘(SyOOM Pf) SUDYBULESeOTIO “(SOOM Z) oINg[Nd aoq ‘(SxoeM OT Sto} UTM) “Q10Y ‘SurUaLrey AITe “snpuly *SurAarep ‘(sxo0M OT) *19B ‘(sak Z) “AsV *sos.mo0o aouepuodseLiod pue BurpBer ‘(syaem g) S19yoBe} TOT [OOYOS souruINsS ‘(sHYooM g) 4yi0oy pus juouleseuBur Ary[nod ‘(syoom 8) SutArrep pus “4104 “1388 ‘(CsaA Z) (°O Ud) aeyd ‘(sad Z)a8B ‘(Gg “TT “sad g) MBT “SurjwiMod 49 ‘(sad g) Bury Qtusury “qoour (sad Z) Surdeexyooq ‘Surdarep “Ady *sosinod 104g Rg Sak Te ea [euro ‘(Vy *q) meraal oye) CO" ‘[ejour “ursue oyneapAq “uLsue *mMeyo “argue Areqyrues ‘(oT “ay “SG *q) ‘ulduo qoo}o (CW'S ‘@) “ulsu0 Surutur ‘ursu0 “oour (OED “Gg *@) “ULsUd [TAT ‘(-g"g_) “Ady gaat Sf aa 8 SS ae a eee “CS *q@) oOBMUIIDS “CS a) 9[x0} ‘Sulutor pue ‘food “ulgue [Bint puB [IAIO “Ul3ue “yoojo puw ‘sAyd “ursua “yoour “Urey “108 "4oA ‘SurTArrep “qa0y “sy “Cg ‘q) ‘uod9 oUIOY ‘(10,7 ‘S$ 'a) Augsos0y ‘Cady “g*q) “ade ‘(1° 10 ‘O° V) “moyo ‘C a "IOW “Wa ‘Te }0Uur ‘dut -uyur ‘(* “W) “ULsue “40070 ‘(“ “W) “ULsue “qoour *(* *O) ‘Uldue [LATO ‘("y “q) [B40MOy) ‘(sad G pus F yove “g “g) s,uour0 mM ‘Ar4ser0y “ULsUO “Ady “CS “@) 0Ary -d9[9 “Iyoae [BABU “Toes “UuLsuN ArezTLURS “uigue ‘Mey “wWeqd-o1},0eT0 “sAyd “ord “uLsue “qoola “uMeyo “Tore “[BJeUL pus ‘uLsue SUTUTUT “UTsUO “Yoour “UISUO [IAID i CS “q) ‘13 V Se a a oe ae oer a [BuLIOU ‘oIMEpBoOy “CS *@) “ursue [LATO “ursue "yoour “tos ‘ues “uleyo “qa0y “AsW “CS ‘q) ‘aeyd ‘Aajsor07 “ursuo ‘ued “ursue “qoeTe “ULsue “yoour “UuLsue [At “ures “41oy “ase “Tos ("WV "q) “SBID *OISNUL ‘Sunuiud ‘euLou “yoour “18e “Tos “SRO ‘soo1d0p puv sosinod 1BoA-INO WT ‘(oyenpBisiepun) ApNys JO sasinod 9}BLse[[OD : aka ‘WV ‘WV “Ha TT osso¢ “HA "gg ‘UBMON “fT : EET ‘WV ‘ApseH “0 “£ ‘d ‘d “Ud on ‘y ‘reapAug erect y ‘a "TT rae ‘Ud ‘Med “Ss “H WY ‘ppeyuyng Tt “VW ‘Bsn, yuu “SW ‘10S0ATIS “MH Manga cal erie Baa “C Ud ‘SMol[ed “AD pee de Taki 11095 Gea aee Se “‘qUOepISelg Brig UBULIO'T ‘ad0T[00 [Baing[Nolisy ~-> - srodrouuryy “asa[[0D [Bainy[nou3sy ig Ale ae m0 sod STG 4si0yury --ouuYy ssooultg “"* "yreg e8e[]09 “** sUBOLIO MON Sela aes 3 o1nyYsUuy UpoourT ~“Lmmossrpy jo Ayistoatag |--" "7° Limossipy ‘adoT[0D [BOIUBYDOP, pue [B.In{ [NOL y WIOoTy a0] -[09 [BoIUBYyDeW puE [ernqnowsy tddississypy “""""*" tddississipy “BL OSOU -ury Jo Aqisuoatug oy, |--*"*** BLOSOUUTY ‘asal[OH [Bang -[NoLIdy 07819 UBSIYOT | --- UBSIqONY “ASojouyoT, JO o7ny -sur = syjosnqorsseyy ‘asa[[OO [Bany -Molsy siJosnyoRssey_ |~~ “SesnyoRsseyy -AWLOpROY VUUTY SSOOULIg ‘asoT[0D [Banqnouisy puvlAreyy |----** * purl Arey “OUIB_ JO AISIOATU ONL aST[09 [BOTUBIDEWT pue [Bainj[NoLisy pue AyIsi9ATayQ «= usloyynog |****-** -BUTRISINO'T “MOTYBIO'T “£104 “MOIININSUI JO OUIBN ~w19], 10 03839 ‘ponuuoj—fpnjs fo sasinoo ay) pun ‘z9gr ‘ze yng fo qov yuvsb-pun) ay) sapun paysrgnjsa suoyniysuT—'T ATAV I, 183 STATIONS. OF THE COLLEGES AND STATISTICS “(exh g) CG TT) Ml ‘CW A ‘oO “sIh €) “pour "yoA ‘(SYooM OT) “19B ‘(SULIOq Z) SurAirep ‘(si4 Z) “avy ‘sururur ‘S918 “snp -Ul “JOS O1ySoMLOp ‘SOLUBIOD “JLOY PUB “IDV ‘138 "Jo UT OSINOD “dsor -100 ‘(sAep OT) Suispnl ureis pue yoo4s ‘(un10} Suyids) ‘uod9 od1WseuTOp ‘(sx90M ZI) ‘ase ‘(sad Z) ‘dord ‘s1oyovo4y 10F “198 ‘jo puw Apngs o1nqevuU ‘W0de 01489uI0p “reqd ‘surArrep “ulsue uree4}s ‘("SIA G) “Id Vy *(SyoomM 9) SurArreq *S1OTOVO} IOF [OOS JouTUINS ‘(SYOOAL OT) ‘snput of19x09 ‘surArrep pus “138 ‘Csad % puB T) apngs oingeu pu “138 ‘]9 Ul Sosanoo[BuLIOU ‘(Sih Z) AJ I0TTYOOTO porjdde “snpul oj1}yxe} ‘sqie “yoour “isy *S1OYOBO} IoJ 9sinood ‘souopuodsei1o9 Apnys o1ny -BU ‘SLOYOBO} IOJ [OOYOS JOUTUINS ‘SOATAL SIOULIB] PUB SIOULIB] LOJ SoSINOD SuUIPBIL ‘(syooM [TT ‘IoJUIM) "MO09 omMTOYy “410 “qsny Arnod ‘surdirep “aise ‘(sIA & 10 [) Apngs oinyeu puv “sR [BI0UNs UT SeSINOd *yooT [woods ‘(sak Eg “G TT) MBT (Gul 70) ssouisng “CIA [) ‘uays ‘uvdg —|suq ‘(IA T) ‘wogs ‘(sik Z) ‘dord ‘(814 Z) ‘yoour ‘yowrd ‘(‘siA Z) “4104 pue “Isy *(YoRo SyOoM ZI) SUIMOpIVS JoYIvUI puv ‘SUIMOIS Ying ‘SuTuLey Arep “188 [v.10 -ued ‘(sak Z) solurei09 puv SupyIOM ARID *(SYOOM ()T) SUL -Arrvep ‘(sxooM OT ‘109ULM) “dB ‘(SIA Z) “ASV *(syjuoul ¢) Surfesse “10s o1jseurop ‘yoRq ‘que ‘4o0q ‘surkilep “sy ‘oIsnut ‘q1eB ‘(oom T) Surspnl ‘(sxooM 9) WOIsses JoUTUMS ‘(SyooM 6) “I8B ‘Bur -Aurep ‘(*s14 Z) 8918 “qoour ‘(*si1A ¢) “uIsuo suruiur ‘(sak ¢ “gf TT) MBL ‘(SIh G) “IBY *(qovo “1A T) SULINSBOUL 109BA “TOS OIQsomOp ‘(sad g) -doid ‘(‘sa4 z) “yoour “yowad ‘(*s1d g) “1dy ‘Ca "W) “Usue "qoour “Ca a a "W) ‘m1 3u0 "o970 ‘(CW ') ‘UIste Sulu ‘SolUured -00 pues Supyrom Avy ‘(ay °O) “ULsuo [TATO “Tyors ‘(Cy g) sqre (gg) reyd ‘Surrey [enuvur ‘syIB ‘snpuUl “Wed “Tos O1QSsouUL -op ‘Arjsoroy pus *y10y ‘(sy "Gg "d) “dV “(Cg °q) ‘wey ‘urreyd ‘-yoour “10s ‘ued “Is See ry Cs *q) *qoour ‘Casy “d) IBV “CQ ‘@) “mmeyp ‘snpui ‘Ca *a@) JaB pu 10S 9T1}x0} “urduo Sulutm ‘ulsue “qoo]o “u1Su0 [AIO “ulsue ‘yoour ‘(asy “q) “sy ‘CW ‘A ‘C) "108 “904 ‘CQ "W) ‘peur ‘(y's a) “dB “CyOIy *d) ‘yore ‘(CG "A) “ULsUe “qooyo “(| “W) “usd ue "yooul ‘(*W *O) ‘usu [ATO “(Cg “V) S9.1V “CS ‘@) “108 IO [e10uas ‘108 O1IYSOMLOp “UIsUE “Yoo “Is \y “CUNT *&) "P8 *9B'T ‘Cg ‘q) Sorurei0e9 puv SuTyIOM AB “TOId “qoayo “uo “YOoUL puw “UISUO [IAIO “Is y “CQ ‘q) Tearoues “UIs -ue “ueyo ‘“uTsu9 “qoo]o “U1SsUe "qoour “dy “CQ 'q) ‘TOS [B10ules “UlsuO [Alo “ursuo ‘yoour “10s osouop “188 “Teqour puv Sururur ‘(*y "q) SHB [BLOqIT ( ‘W) ‘pour ‘(-g *q) Arqsor0y “094 caautaan “q13u0 ‘yoour “ulsue yediounm ‘us -00 UIBO4S ‘ISU *4OoTo ‘*U1SUe [LATO ‘1009 euroy “aise “os [wroues ‘(-V “@) “FIT “SBIO “OIsLUL “4.18 “(OE “OA “USO [TAT “COL *g) ‘urdu “Q0070 ‘(YW @) “UIsue “qoour ‘Cy ‘9 "q@) ‘qa0y ‘SurAarep “qsny [Bure “dose ‘(‘g *q) 10S oIJseuIOp “Ios [v10uUer) Cal "Ty XE ‘ad TW *y ‘uosdu0yL *O “M “dd "TT “810M “H “£ KGL AU ow ‘vy ‘4erpnd “d “f nade Lema "WV ‘WOISMIA LD , Ge Ts Oe ‘Wy ‘uvuLinyos "Df “VS ‘10980q IOYIN'T ar = snqumypoy ‘asoT[00 [BiINng[NIIsy Boe o1OqsuoeL') sence cece YSIO[BYy eee wowyyy -ad0] [09 [eingp[noumsy “"-qsorvulod *S “HM | XorMsunIg MON "SW ‘Saat “dM = eka eia cs Karat “V CW ‘sqqn4g “a “£ “d "TT ‘SMoipuy “go “SW ‘uo Tue HW *e ai at meyind See, upoour'y, vanes UBULOZO ~ APISIOATI 0981g OTTO ‘asoT[09 [eany -[MoISV BOY’ YON Q0BY PILO[OD oy} LOT oSo[[OH [BoIUBYyoo pus [eInqgmMousy oy, “‘Sqry oluByooW pus oIny{nousy jo ose] -[9D BULLOLBD GIAON OULL ‘APISIOAIT) [[OUIOD 4B OINQINOUSY JO so] “10D 99849 YIOX AON ‘sj1y ormeyo -oW pues oing[nousy JO 989][09 OdIXOW AMON “‘Syly ormeyo -OW 94} pue oIngjno -Wsy_Jo yyousg oyy 10F OSoTTOD 09849 AOS -1of MON oT, TOoyaS opueIg sil9esyny ‘SyIVy o1UByoIW puv WINANS Vy JO oso]]0D oliysdueyy, MON OL, “AVIS -IOAIU() 09849 BPBAON *BYSBIC -ON Jo AqIsIOATI OL, “SUTy o1uvypoopy, pus emmgynousy JO ose, -[09 02879 BUBIUOPL OWL Soreeiieee === "0170 “-"B10HBC YON ““"BUITOIBD YLION harap Aa YIOXK MON Bake ics OoTxXOW, MON eS Aasio¢ MON “orrgsdueyT MON a a at BDBAON Vine? Pe BYSBIGCIN at aia a a BUBIUOPL REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 184 *(S3OOM 9) SLOTOBOY TOT [OOYOS rourmMs ‘(Tove syooM Z) “4.L0Y “UO0d9 VULOY, ‘surdooy ooq “qsny Asytnod ‘qsny Aarep “qsny jeurue “ase ‘(sad 7) ‘pout ‘deid ‘Cq@ TT) “vl ‘(sik Z “OD Ud) “weyo ‘reyd “ase ‘Cg “q *q) Adosins [equeq ‘orsnut ‘(*s14 ¢) 4av ‘(14 T) ‘ULSUO UTReYS “TOS ]BTIOIOUTUIOD ‘SUTIIIM -0d 4} puv *uojs ‘(syooM ZT) “ULsU WWRA4S ‘Buryeur osoeyo ‘Supyeur a09ynq “los osomop ‘410y ‘(syoom 9) *19B ‘(1H “Ud “sik Z) ‘rvyd ‘(‘sad Z) ‘188 ‘(sad §) [BULION “418 ‘OISNUL “SNpUr ‘[OOYOS JopOW “(14 [) *doid ‘(‘stA Z) ‘snpul 9719 Xo, *(syooM 9) oo1g0RI1d uLIey ‘(SyYoOOM ZT) jooyos Arjjnod ‘(syeom ZI) “qoour ule *‘Csrh Z) ‘doad ‘(‘s14 Z) ‘snput ‘(‘si4 Z) “AsV "138 UWI Sesinod ‘dsa1100 ‘(SyooM Z) Jooyds Jourums ‘(syooM g) ALOWUIBveIOD PUB sulArep ‘(syoom ZT) Surutur “13B ‘(14 T) “138 ‘(sad Z) Sururur “yoour “meyo “Ady *(skBp OT) “138 ‘(syooM g) Surérrep ‘(‘s14 Z) -avyd ‘suri, “(sid g) ‘doid aSeyjoo ‘(sah 7) Arequoutoya [BULION *(ULI84 Suds) s1oyowe, [Bind Oy “ABB ‘(Yoo T) WOTJOVJoS poss puw Zuispnl yoo4s ‘(syoom TI) ‘138 ‘jo pu’ Apngs o1n4VU ul sLoyoRey IO} [OOYOS JeurUMS ‘(SHoIM CT ‘10}UTM) Surk11ep pus 138 ‘(syoom 0Z) ‘qoour ‘(14 I) ssouisng ‘(*s14 Z) “Ios OIJSoULOp pu “IdV ‘CQ ‘W) ‘pout ‘(‘g *q) ‘moo ‘1eyd “ulsue “moyo “ULsue SuTUTUL “ULdue *400]0 ‘“uLsue “Ooul “ULSUO [LATO “Tos “1d “Tos ‘(-W *) “4VT “Cg *q) ‘reyd “q10q “uLsue "138 PUB [LATO “UTS *JooTe “UL ‘qoour “Tos [er1sueds “tos osomop “1isVy *(‘s1f ¢) [eutou pus ‘doid ‘(‘] *7) [euLroU ‘(Id y ‘q) “ade ‘Cg “@) “qoou ‘(Cy “q) LeINdexY ‘CS ‘d) ‘SNpUl 9T19x0q “Joos pu *[BQoUI ‘*U1SU [IAIN “US “409T9 PUB “YoouL “qsny [BUlIUv puv “138 “4I0Y puv sy “CQ "q) ‘los [B10U0 “UISUe *yooTe ‘*[OIq “uoyo “ulsue ABMYSIY “ULSUe “Yoour “isy “CS a) ‘shud ‘SUIUIUL PUB SOUIU “UISU "Yoour ‘yy BUr “treyo ‘Snpul “ulsue “4ooJe ‘*uULsua [LAID “ureyo “yorq “ad8 “sopiyd ‘10s -yeq ‘417 pues “BUR] ‘pour “Ios [B1eUNs ‘(*-y “gq) ‘SBI “CQ *q) Arqsoroy ‘ooTOUITIOD “417 “reyd “los ployosnoy “ulsue Surmiu “us -ud [IAD “uIsue “qooTo “uISua “Yoour “AsV “CA WA) ‘Wore [ATO “urs -ud "Yoour “usu “4oo]Jo ‘(IS VW *S “q) ‘138 “C'S "d) [euniou ‘("g *q) “Tas & “Cg q “sid G) ‘QI, puB ‘10s “UIsUO *4d9T “U1sUe [LALO “UIs "qooul ‘10S [B1loues “IBV “sosinood VIOUS (OUP AUG S(T d SOLA VILA OLE) | coca: a[[Axouy ‘d “Ud SY Vi SACI St “ieee a = ssunjooig "TT OWN “AL | dinqesuvi9 au ata “d ‘Ud “HW ‘TPNH ‘d | 280 [[09 uosmeTD ‘ad TIT CON ‘W‘SplBMpg plBMoyT | --- 7” uoyssuly "qT ‘teavog “y *¢ |-*“edeT109 03%4g ‘d “Ud ‘sooI1S0p PUB SosINOd IBOA-INOT *(oy8npvBisiepun) Apn4ys JO sasinod 0} BIZoT[OD Core OVE) NNT | seee tee SI[[BAIOD NF aD) TIO) PP V7 pe Cat ern mo4ssue'T Ba tat OTE ype atone) 99) ir iee cea IOVS “quepIselg “WOI}BI0'T | [BULION “gassouuay, JO AJISIOATUY) |*~" "7 "77 eassouuey, ‘asoT[0O [e1ny -hoUsy B{OHeVC YINOY |--- BIoHB WINOg *BULO -1B89 YINOY JO VsaI]0g 1BOLUBYOI Pus ‘;BILy -nousy ‘[eliqsnpuy ‘(BULION pel0O]OoD ey “Bull -O1BD YANO JO VSaT[ON [BInyMousy UOsule[M |*--BuljoIRD YINOS ‘syly o1ueyo | -OW pues singqnouisy JO ad9][0D puBys] epoyy |-* ~~ puBlsy epouy | | ‘ada[[00 07849 BIUBA[ASUUDY OWL |*** “BIuUBA [ASU ‘asal[0Q [e1ny -INOUSY 07819 U0FZ0I0O co IA HP u0Z010Q “AVISIOATU) [Binj Nous y yn) -[09 [BoluByooyY -pue [einjNousy VuIOYyBTyO |----- 7" BULOURLAO “UOTINFSUT JO OUIBN Pere ee Seo 2 | ‘ponunuoj—fpnjs Jo sasunoo ay) pun ‘ZgsT ‘% figng fo yon yunsb-pun) ay} vapun paysyqnjisa suoynjysuy— | AAV, 185 STATIONS. AND OF THE COLLEGES STATISTICS *sosinod ‘dsoi100 ‘(syooM Z) jUomspn{ puv qusmeseURUL YOO}S-dAT[ “SLIT “Tos O1gsoulop ‘(1049UTAM) “qsny [eullUeB ‘(syoeM 9) SeuTUt JO [OOS ‘(syooM ZI) ‘ade ‘(sah Z 09 T) “ade ‘(sid Zz) Mey ‘derd “pout ‘derd ‘(sad g) ‘dorg *(syooM 9) [OOYOS IouluINs ‘(SyYooM Z) OSINOD SIOULIV] ‘(IOUL -umns) ArourBero ‘(syoomM ZI) [ooyos ArTep ‘(qove SyoeM FI ‘SoSINOd IOJUTM Z) “IB ‘oisnur ‘(‘sih ZO “Yd) “Ley ‘Cg TT) MET “(sa g) suyud ‘(sx ¢) yoour ‘(sad Z) [BIor9UL -ul0o ‘(*saA Z) SuTYBVursserp ‘(*s1A Z) SULMOG *(syoom 9) Apngs oingvu “(syoaM ZT) orngqno Arqnod ‘sutArrep ‘sur -psey puv SUTpseiq YO04s “Tos “YoA “410 “ise ‘(1A JT) -derd ‘(14 J) “ase ‘(sik Z) [BIOIOULULOD ‘MBI “YooTe PUB "Yoour “Asy “(SOOM 9) SIOTOBOL 10} [OOS eousTOS ouTUINs ‘(*soA g) OISNUL ‘(syooM fF) “Jao ‘(SHOoM g) SUTAITEp ‘CIA [) suvsyie ‘(sid Z puv [) ssou -isnq ‘(‘st4 ¢) -derd ‘(‘g “A *d) ‘Tos “goa “i3e ‘(sid z) ‘reqgd “jey ‘ABolBI0UTUT pue ‘joes “sAyd ur sosanoo Areqyuourejddng “(ad T) ssoutsng ‘(‘saA Z) [euro ‘ (‘sah ¢) sopBry “1s8V :ojnpRisysog *“CsId €) o9pBry, *(syoor 9) Jooyos remus ‘(sik Z) “Yooul “isy ‘(p14 Z 10 [) “IsV *(SYoeM G) s1eTOvE} IOJ [OOYOS JOULUINS ‘(SHOOM ZI) JOIEUTULOD ‘syIB “Yoour ‘sq1V olsomop ‘(syoomM fF) “Adv ‘(sd Z) ‘dord ‘Csih §) dd10UTWIOD “TOs OIJseuIOp “AsV “BurALIep pus ‘4104 puv 13 ‘sq1B “YOO, *(sxo0M OT) ‘q10y ‘Burdrep ‘BurULIBy YO0IS *goreuTUIOD ‘oIsnut ‘(*g *gq) “ULsua “Stil “uLsue Surat “uLsue “qoour “1388 “jos jeroued “4sty “tos “yrod ‘(peg *q) [eutiou ‘(Cy “q) UOTZwoNpe “Tos “4IT “S®BID ‘oisnur ‘(°9 “q) ‘aeyd “umeyo -orjo0]0 pordde ‘“ursue [ei1oues “uLsue *qooye “uIsUe ‘yoour “uLsue Areqyues “ULs -Ud [ATO ‘(ASV "Gg “q) “Ide ‘CUd “@) [eu -10u ‘("V "q) 9d10UUIOD ‘000 esuTOY “Tog nen g petaas ae eee eS I3B ‘[BULIOU ‘OTUIEpBoOy ‘orsnun ‘(*g TT) MBL SCAdW “9 “q) “198 ‘CW AS a) “Ulsue suyurur ("gq “OS “a) ‘uLsUe TIATO ‘CC CWS °@) “UlsUe “qo0T0 pues ‘yoour ‘(-g -g “VY ‘q) o1N}[No [B10me4y “CV (a) UyeT “suey Ulepoul “4YIT pus “Bury [suq “joes ‘(CW ‘gq “S ‘q) ‘Ulsue SuTUtU “UIsUe “qWoour “ULSUd “OTO ‘4ST PUB "LOS “U0dd “TOS “Joa “qioy “ise “jooz pue “qoq “ueyo “reqd “7000 OsemlOp “ULSUe [IATIO puv “Ye So 3o OB Ra apa eUCsOurS “*" (sid fF) OLWIEpROy “CQ “q) ‘Tos -Jo0A puB “pou ‘doid ‘joos pordde ‘Ayderso][ejour pus ‘TBIOUL “ULM “YooTe “ULsUe “Yoour “uLsue [IATO “Tos [eroues “UeY) por[dde “4.104 “1dy . Ca ‘W) ‘pout ‘Cg gq) ‘W008 puv ddIOUTULOD “198 “Ueto “u1gu0 "yooul “uTsue “yooje ‘ULsue AI1B4I -UBS PUB [LATO “(-g “Yd) “Ts “HI CV “A) “SBI *S]1B “TOOUL PUB S41B OLJSOULOp UL SuTUTeIY [enueul ‘(*9 °q) “Tos [Bioues “UTSUe “YoouL “UL8U9 [LATO ‘Vd1OULUL0D “10s OIJsouOp “Ady *[BN} -SNpul ‘[euLio ‘(“y “g “s14.9) “Tos puB “sBID “(Cg *q) ‘ULSuUe “Tore “UL8u0 [LATO “UTsue ‘qoour “uldue “qo0[o “uLsue ofI}xe, “Ady | "Ud ‘PPSKL “Wa “Ud ‘estH UPA “UO “WV ‘souor "HOW “L ‘ad wa lab (aE ‘Yd ‘woyuLINg “A “Cd TCG cy W ‘uesig “V “a Cae ata “Gd ‘Wess “a “H ‘Gd a lat at Ud ‘epArgow “WL ; ar aa 2a ‘q ‘weIppNg “HW aes os" 09y LA epee IvsysyoRBl, VL AW cag ‘uojsuliey CH CH ad *- OTUlBIB’T gs er a UOSIPBYL BEC DDE eyngysuy -- - UMOJURSIO[ cae a UBUD ee ee woqydure py --=*MOTA OMIBIG “M0111 951109 ~surm104 AA JO APIsrOATU “UIs -UO0DSTM, JO AZISIOATU YL) *a4N4JSUT. pero -[0D BIUTSITA 989M OTL, “AQIS -IOATU() BIULBITA SOA, “MOUSUTYSE MA Jo esaT[09 978419 9TL “oyny -Ysut [Bing[Nousy pue [BULLION uoyduIeyy ‘94N4I4suy oTU -yooyA[Og pur osa][09 [eoluUByeW pueR Teany -[NOLUSY VBIULSITA OL, ‘aso][0D [Rainy -Mousy 07819 puB quoULIe A JO APISIOATU() “Get Jo oso]]09 TBingInousy “as0[100 [euysnpuy pue [eur ~ION 07849 MOTA OMITRIg “SBXOL JO oexso][oQ yRormeyo -oW puv [Bing[nousy Rees --Zurm104 ERO a0 UISUWOOST AA “"""BIULBIT A 489 Ah Sasa WOJSUTYSE AA OSS See ced “"SsBxXOL 186 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLe 2.—General statistics Faculty. Date Date of es- pens College of agriculture and | tablish- mart mechanic arts. } State or Territory. ment of ag- = Other ofin- | Ficul- | Pre- | Collegi- depart- stitu- | ture] | para- | ate and ments tion t jal Total. - course.| tory | specia classes.) classes. PATS SIIVS CANT DUITID) lt. crete. aie a's 2 p= sete 1872 1872 4 41 43) See se AlahbamaiGNomngy) 225222. heoneeee 1875 1882 8 13 21 6 I Ng VASO GE 55 Gane EPs 1891 1891 8 18 Pd, Ae as Arkansas (Fayetteville) ....--...---- 1872 1872 7 14 21 21 Arkansas (Pine Bluff) .........-..-. ISIS" Pe 5-2ee 9 9 CAM eee CAITTOTMI Ate sicsciss cece soecoiae ne soee 1868 TSGS wee scete 66 66 166 Colored Onn ee nnn 32. eee eee a aoe paar 1877 1878 14 40 GAD teens eee Connecticutes os. s.62 - eee eee cece 1881 ASST) Whee e 23 23, |\Use aor aees Delaware (Newark) ....-.----------- 1870 187 Oe ieee 20 20)|'- Seen Delaware\(Doveriizt. 22cscee-seee moe 1892 1892 6 6 8 ))| Soames Florida (Gainesville) ..............-- 1884 TRSas eee. 27 27 109 Florida (Tallahassee)......-.-...-.- 1887 18007 Gineeecee -|'seseenee. (es poe 22 Georgia, (Athens) 52 cc2eee noen-- mae 1872 CPI LS Se Ss oe 23 7 eee Georgia (Savannah).............--. 1890 1890 12 4 G14) see Wola 0 ies. 28 Gee ee oh ane cee ee 1892 1892 4 22 26 3 MUIMOISE S22 4 Gone ade ces eee sence ae 1867 1868 ll 231 242 166 Indiane).< je sc 8 dee. Os ete ee coe ease 1874 TRY ZS eee oe 120 120 112 WOW Bis seas cu Se. the eee ae eee eee 1869 TRG9) ae oie sles ae oe 102} Se Seek IKATISR Se es Be eee eee eee ee 1863 1874 5 63 68 13 Kentucky (Lexington) ............-- 1865 1880 4 31 35 a3, Kentucky (Frankfort) 2.25 -2-c.. <2 1887 1892 3 11 14 1 Louisiana (Baton Rouge) ...-....---- 1877 1887 7 30 G32) oe ee eects Louisiana (New Orleans) 1880 1890 9 8 LTS eet oe Maine gates tree eee ae 1865 1868 8 55 a55 14 Maryland (College Park) 1859 1859 2 20 22 |e es Maryland) CerincessArine) coc. ae sere) aeeeese seer ones 10 5| ie ee eee 10) Soe aos Massachusetts (Amherst) ..........- 1867 TS67 fel Soe eee 32 32) |2 eee Massachusetts (Boston)...........- SOB Mee Sen el ere: 248 PAB Sie Soe tenie Michioant sc met cose s soci oee enone 1855 a ee al ese See Bhs foe oases Minnesota. acesen soe cares seen eee 1869 1869 27 27 54 119 Mississippi (Agricultural College) ...| 1880 1880 6 28 34 9 Mississippi (Lorman) ....-...--...-- 1871 1878 11 5 16th co Missouri (Columbia)... ..2.-2.22--+2 1870 1870) 3) Aes ae 78 7S Noweeeeeeee Missouri (Jefferson City) ...........- 1866 1866 18 7 a 20h). Sees MONPAN AMEE eee et eee. Bray) soe 1893 1893 12 29 GIO on on INGDTAS Kare cece cee ceo cece ee 1869 1s AaB Sec 43 43 156 N@Vadasen et eee meet aa ees 1873 1888 6 20 265) ssnasee es New dlampshiress s-ecnce eee ece ones 1866 T8865 || See 24 DAN Sectecee INGW JOUSGY:. scence estas o eine tee enee 1864 1865 ll 27 a37 3 ING WuMOxICO: Jaace ht each marcos 1889 1890 4 26 230)|S-8 ean ee ING We XM OnKas eee cone eae btmayaoer 1865 1865) 4 |Beoce ee 95 95 372 North Carolina (Raleigh) ........--.- 1889 T889 | se) Ee 40 AQ CSRS eee North Carolina (Greensboro) .....-- 1891 1SOU |e eA ll 1 eee INOTEDDAKOtH Sse.. eee ee eee 1890 1890 24 26 neste se (O17 (oye Wig eS yal ea A eer ed ee 1870 TRIB Eee 123 123 26 Oklahoma (Stillwater) .............. 1891 T8902") | Meee. 31 Sle aaa eee Oklahoma (Langston).............- 1897 1899 2 6 CO) W1--f0y 0 Yeh BS ie ae ee OR EE 1868 1888 es fatcs 36 Pennsylvania 1855 1859 5 65 Rhode Island 1888 1890 11 24 South Carolina (Clemson College) ...| 1889 1893 2 41 Aaa Tree Pee South Carolina (Orangeburg) ....... 1896 1896 12 6 18 8 NOUPh Dakotas. — = Shes ake eee ee 1881 1884 15 32 Gea |. oxscee ee IPOMNESHEDE oes See aor ook vee eee 1794 1869" | Se Sone 53 53 35 Texas (College Station)............. 1871 1871. Wesc case 46 (ph PER SERS Moxa (Prarie View) cscn;-cce mene sabe ecko es | cock eel on aac 5 5 10 (Of) WS A ees ees 5 See a ey & 1888 1889 29 30 1) Rea Meron tee act one cet ae eee mee 1865 1885.) ae Bae 38 38 34 Virginia (Blacksburg) ............-- 1872 1872), \\\. 202 tee 56 iy Ree Virginia (Hampton)-<....2.22.-2.52 1868 1890 WSs kere oe awe 113 12 WiRBDIMNGLOM Jc tices we c.ct soe he sce 1892 1892 13 57 701 cae West Virginia (Morgantown) ....... 1867 1867 7 38 45 19 West Virginia (Institute) ........... 1891 1892 7 16 a 21 2 WHECOMBIN ne scuc ee eae cctcack aoe cee 1848 1866. eee 75 75 217 WW VOIning i cscpasete chee anc womeeeccme 1887 1891 14 15 a19 2 POLE rere sete se ore ace ce ee eine ae | cto natch cel eects 480 2, 454 | 3,020 1, 667 a Total, counting none twice. 6 Including all departments of the university. Experi- ment station officers. STATISTICS of land-grant colleges, 1906. OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 187 67, 122 235, 673 94/000 207, 920 989, 920 270, 000 2, 464, 642 10, 320, 842 Graduates. In 1905-6. Number of . Number of | Number of; Rate of in- Total Number of perce aloud |acresofland| acresin | terest on uae v ipiare Wer Fs be be | grant of 1862] farm and | land-grant si - : i Namen, Average a ares 1862. still unsold. | grounds. | fund of 1862. Be. tion. | — en eee Per cent. 57 20 887 22,890 240, 000 325 798, 053 188 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLE 3.—Students, by classes and PaRT 1.—WHITE STUDENTS. By classes. . State or Territory. Other 7 Prepar- | Colle- ene He depart- | Total. atory. | glate. | special ate. ments. | INIGW O00 325? 8 eg ee pee Je 78 AiO) |S See ees 7A Ree 579 J NAVAN) 1 See ee pee 163 44 15 | A je eee 226 INTAREATCE CEs: Beare eee, gar Chee eae 548 438 72 13 457 1, 528 (CENDE orm att es ee) ne een Snes a 926 37 28 | @3,182| 4,170 COLOTA COM ene 2 SL eae eo ee 190 193 119 Dh Tits Se b 502 GOTINeChICUt Sete) eee ee ade nae eee tetoe 68 C1 eee San ee Oe ee © 128 DET Aen ae een 22 22 a ae meters 112 6 iD | ee eee 119 Tal tants EAE ein re PCR 2 62 15 Bile eee 136 Georpiak SoS tele eee eeaseu sactaode 205 19 CO te eee 227 Hols cVo) eee ee 4: So BARES Bas cece ese hea 20455 = eee (ity (eta eee +310 linn Oise Sete aes oe ees eecise eee 2, 205)|- ncaa ees 123 | £1,453 | 4,074 imidiana: 5.8 foo. bk poe occas ee sone 1, 456 102 31 440 2,029 OWES 2 sere Baas Coe Meee onan eee 1,075 ol Wee as 71 62,199 TATISRIS So = 4) eee ss SAREE ee Rao eee 842 282 20 FL Ee pees b 1,690 Kentucky 409 4 28 258 813 Louisiana 318 20 Oc )caer comet 464 Maine Canes eee tras een Wastes 448 94 12 82 b61l Maryland 129 22 73h A Re 186 IMaSssachtischtise Sole sre sot sii sh epee ma |eeeeeae ns 218 44 Sul Ae oe ers 270 Massachusetts"(Bostom))>-s2 226225 asesece aes seene 1440"). ances 26) |e ee 1, 466 Mighivanie. = safes 20 8a 2. hase aocee ee 134 634 179 Ciel BESSA So 950 MINIMOSO Laie eens cee e ee os cc eeeee ee | 9 555 430 a V4 ae Pee ae te 2,751 3,950 SslaSl DDL eee eee ree ee aie 298 497 23 CHne esis 824 NST SSO MLCT Se Ie Sy SS ee 839 139 49 1,045 42,072 MON ama nn se ete sat: Seretiai an ome 61 109 TAs. tee 118 362 INGDIra ska): toes sone ee eesee ee nee ae 9 393 EU ere See nee ne ae 1,974 2,914 Nevadae 2-508. c2 28 sep teow as cae acne 62 123 ayes ee 37 269 ING Weel anupshire Seas aoe ie er le eee cere 143 46 DC ee ee 191 INGWOLSCY = ee ono eee ci Saus ueeree 158 171 8 3 61 401 INO WAMOxICO S22= 252 Secniestonwes aoc cne Soe 125 | 55 35 Dilece ces Bee 217 INE WO Teeth ee yl SAY a Oe | 1,326 DAG ise Bae §2,754 4, 328 NOTE Carolina. 2:.< ober seer emaunees sere Poe meee 346 142 Glee 494 NOTED A KOC a5. -c)thise case an Aooenene 271 94 453 6 Kk 107 931 ORION eee oe oe oe ee eo snes | eee See 927 164 6 917 2,014 OkTanOmB eee caries. ae ace 9102 | 266 AGO) Se< ee oe 39 ’ 901 OTOP OnE aa ae aces oe a cae ta aaa sates 110 492 115 18) See Soe 735 PONNSYAVEMMN Gas tniaicae sree see 46 682 71 3 k 2,500 3, 302 RNOGeMBlANGE ee «oso 5 +e aan one tones 46 | 65 0B CES Se Remorse ae b131 Souub Obrolinneaseeesntas seks k eee 103 | 542 (ih PRR SUN (SS SPT 652 AOUTHADAKOTERE Ee ciee tetas tere see 269 | 166 126 10] eee 571 Mennessee eee tcc ct): wo Gees c2 vcs doer [Rese suas 348 86 4 257 695 MOxeis ans Been NU see eae vous o aaa Woe eiie Saco 361 48 Pel Pee 411 LU ANeDee Ree Bey 2 ee Seen ot Rees 97 136 419 11 ee a es 663 WEL One je Soe eo Oe ec tn oc Os ieee seers ote mare 329 23 2 169 523 WAM PUN aT aS ee cites ake SO Oe eck Se Se ee 570 29 20 5/2 eres 619 Washington ills smc cudwodusatuence soe ee n 445 | 354 201 9 70 1,079 WMC DV AT OUI Ge 3 relat clears. d aes cients ene ete wenn 90 pe De Peete yet 944 1,118 WISCONSIN Bas Net rN See SON Se OC ae 897 485 14 2,175 3, 571 WivOrling SaCeen hfs CEG pe Oe ee 29 | 13 90 | 3 | 177 6 304 SSC ERR | MEDAN ED 5,800 22,823 | 5,695 517 | 22,038 | 56,919 a Including 798 students in 1905 summer session. » Total, counting none twice. ¢ Including horticulture. @ Yncluding electrical engineering. ¢ Including horticulture and dairying. J Inecludir 9 School of agriculture. h Including civil, electrical, and mining engineering. 7 Including 396 students in 1905 summer session. j Including 619 students in 1905 summer session. k Correspondence course. ‘Including agriculture, horticulture, and veterinary science. m Including pies gl ” Including schoo engineering. of agriculture. 423 students in 1905 summer session. STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 189 courses, at land-grant colleges in 1906. ParT 1.—WHITE STUDENTS. By courses. Four-year. Hor-| #°US€-| Mechan-| Civil | Elec- | “ing | ical chi. | A8ri-| Hor- | Dai-| eri- | Mili- eats ticul- ues ical engi-| ee ites engi-| engi- | ;,,_ | cul- | ticul-| ry- |nary| tary ture. omy. neering. | “ing. neering. Hee sane ‘sia ture. | ture. | ing. ine tactics. 2,779 | 132 926 4,351 | 3,730 | 3,166 |1,061 377 | 281 | 3,883 161 | 720} 821 | 17,372 190 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TABLE 3.—Students, by classes and courses, Part 2.—NEGRO STUDENTS. State or Territory. Alabama (Normal)...........-- 2 inet es aoe Arkansas (rine Bluff) DEisWATAIGUOVOD) orci cc ccs ceeeee aorcee Florida (Tallahassee) - - - Georgia (Savannah) .. Kentucky (Frankfort) -. Louisiana (New Orleans) Maryland (Princess Anne) Mississippi (Lorman) ..-.-- tee Missoun'(Jefierson. City)... 2a--.2.-2- 00-625. - North Carolina (Greensboro) -...-.......-.-.-- Oxlahoman (Langston) :.2 cise seen sseseeeene South Carolina (Orangeburg) .............--- MEISE TEATIC VACW) ics osesceee eee ee bee cea Mirpinia (Hampton) 2. ostacccctecece seen asses West Virginia (Institute) -....-.----......... By classes. By courses. . u 5 b ° a & S 8 | g |+d¢| as en Wal sal [ee = @i{/es| og 5 = | 9s e Bh | 68] He 3 3 5) 2 a | 2 |cel Sa) 3 | 2 | 8 |ae ie irs) a = () ao a 3 9 Oo |m fo) & < oO la 478 173 29 35 737 eee 60 18 133 30 30 8 280 124 11) |. 374 4 5) Oe Bc 119 CRO oe tse al eaceeee 202 19 41 5 351 7A Bese beacuse 353 45 56 56 ME Becees Bers seo see 144 16 16) |5eee 437 (| Seen aoe 529 100 (hy Basa Gi Souter eee 375 411 36 41 7 naeease 170 7 acranmeel| |e) YP? 162 22 4 296 4 19 15 334 55 28 19 633 Fh eee |seesese 692 20 37 42 CAD pee Ane ra ee| Bacee se 412 98 45 |) ees 1, 362 21 | PAST seek See 1,570 908 56 15 a) |[oecese 14 108 218 8 21 2 4,544 | 682] 310] 1,016 | 6,552} 1,798] 599] 211 STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 19] at land-grant colleges in 1906—Continued. Part 2.-_NEGRO STUDENTS. By courses—Continued. 1 A } 1 y 1 hte: | ee lien a 2b 3 tial [CEs | 1 al setae | Ptachellie eee It WM Sly 3 ee fe lees alae Ms aaa ee Ew] a wi)/ewM| & a BOE} eb |e as i a0 BI ap is be na | Fe irate yg S 3 oF E g r=] 3 KS {5 a an Se] ess 2 o 5) S rs I & n g | a = + = edits is SER tu sos eareeen [ures Ans 7S z S 3 Seas ea) ale tee d= Q 04 a |m | a ay B S) | Z pat | Ee f | Go| > ot | | 2 By) lf ee allt CO] abi eeene Revere 16h) 5\) 9) || SOIR GE 201 ZN (ES BR Sa | eg) ah rae ee Be oe ih10) | beeen LOM ae elect 110 [pe Pe ye PI | We a I Pe Di Vea O5e | ae OMe st On Satan eee 60 Too See al ee og ial ee eee 7 iy eae ADP) LTO] LON Metta a TD 104 Col Tain sakes TOP nes 10 | (ayer | meee 1 6S rs eal S eee ie hat 227 iy Ad a ok Sal DPE Ol heb et Oa Ue ee 50; |e hee Bees ay aoe OSt |). Pelzer SOM aaa (Leen Be 87 cece eae allies i ee ae AE AON aylOe ems etel ee al evel Oran Cs 8 ee aaa | ae | rae) | beeen lig eee eels ae OME EE dae al es Seah (> ge a 7 || ge cos (ee pe Nee 48 50) 20) |e 18 AP AOR lle 0) (seen | eee PTB | '590))|) pul) | aml Op sees | eee Fell cect ail Fe a Ie Ne Pe El aot (eee ir ol Ree ne TON. 861) 140 ees 17s ese py ane 15 yl rea? linet 75) eet Reel a | PALE ees MER eS ka 2 ila ee BL |For cndcs ls Bl ene La ce Uae Ge ean a] Wa 130)! |) 30:1) 25 eee ea ee See 5 7h) See he 5| 75 Gil Eeeeee 7a |e 20) eae e PE S20 Ns.) See D6Aler sth 363 DOs (Bees | e-ce.: C5 set Re Bel ee cll pee fe i se ae pas a 175°| 185!|. S10) Sees 30] eee Oy || aly |B Eee 123} een ZO) eet 9 e410) |) 040), e5s4ulF 1334) | 2274 eee 5 500 pees ee Silenzi Guat Ld reer 17 59, |, -67: 1S -2ate | eee 16 98 305| 90] 15| 99] 265] 117] 100] 30] 123] 152] 2,208] 973] 684} 983] 172] 1,798 192 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLE 4.—Value of permanent funds and Land-grant Other Other Land grant State or Territory. fund of land-grant | permanent of 1862 still 1862. funds. funds. unsold. Alabama (Auburn)......--- $255; 500; 00bs Sooo Meee nc ae ete a a ee Ala nama NOME!) .:522 2. 5s cee -seeep cscs ae ee ae oetin eo See hee ne cnet see een ee a ee ne ING VAG SS A eT Brehm t= coe ee (ec eC eN Seoee 2 A a eA. (en eS Arkansas (Fayetteville) --.- 130;'000:00. ean Set aks ee eaE ne cick LA Serene. hes see che Arikanaas (Pine Bluit) - 2 |ctee cee = eee es eee ee Eee eee ee a ee en ee (CHAI fein) 1: Rete St Sees ae 731,325.54 | $154,712.27 | $2,785, 404.30 $5, 807. 60 (Cla ard: y0 0) Se RR See cape cacode LOO FAUT OS IE Bases cece a asleek ae eee eee 125, 000. 00 Connecticut. =.=. 2-2: /--~ = 135:000:00) 2-222. 60; COO!00) eee aes ee Delaware (Newark).--..--- 83;(000100) | o> ated Gude otal bce ncedese beer Pe eee ewer Delaware (DOveL) iiss | acne seca ee = [ea ee ae oe | ate war earl ee Res Florida (Gainesville) .--.--. 153, 800. 00 GIS650500N SS: ce © See eee en eee Morida(Tallatiassee) i sire s2) ic er ce epee | ese ener ope SEI etn antetev er tafe ietccte ate eet os Georgia (Athens).......---- DAD 2025 TIN 2 Lee Bamana toe | Sel Ue inem Se eeeee Ree = eee Georgia Savanah) eases: | oon ee ceene se |e aap Rete a= | been eee eee ete eee HOMO. cc oc Sete ees 4,752.00 2613 809; 73 eee omen ee 890, 400. 00 TON Yo) (Rar ans cabo ssaae 635,026.08 41-256 ccc ace eel tose oes bee eens 400.00 Indiana 340, 000. 00 UG SSS ocodos donc cadsass 683, 000. 00 Kansas 492, 381.36 |...- Kentucky (Lexington) 165,000. 00 iRentuckya (iranktonts) tie. ol seems scan ae) oe peewee stale Louisiana (Baton Rouge) - - 182, 313.00 ouisiana (New: Orleans) ac|ebse nce aces as olons Soecreesses |e eee eet Re a eee Mainesccjacescaco--2- sane eee 118, 300.00 Maryland (College Park) --. 118, 000. 00 Maryland Cb Tincess Anne) | cles ns eaee ee ne eeaese cents = Massachusetts (Amherst) - - 219, 000. 00 Massachusetts CB OStOH) = an|>-2 ce =e ae eee bean eee Michigan) =e ece- a= nn aen a 973, 336. 49 Minnesotas..—.-.----5-==se- 570, 747. 59 706/801 538) | sas ee ee 240.00 Mississippi (Agr’l College) - - 98, 575.00 141219 F553) Catoosa nee See eee Mississippi (Lorman) --.--- 113, 575.00 96, 296.00 |......-. Soe a el hoe eee ee Missouri (Columbia) . - ----- 349, 881.19 220, 000. 00 668, 958. 23 60, 000. 00 Missouria(eterson City) )=-<|\Jua.-o- se ee ee | ease eee cl a atpee ean comes | Berea eee Wontanpeeesn he s-a= = 14, 357.90 25 F157.0 1s Bee ane See 299, 541.00 INGDIASKate esac ee ea eeets 433, 646. 31 1k) As Gy (se ee eed sh gs ey ea (INeWad aera .- - -naeeeee eee 99, 351. 54 48, 560.20 1 O00300312 feo eee New Hampshire.........-.-- SO}000500))| 22. cos. ace 705000: 000) 52-28 eee ee INGWAUOURGY Ee = eee sone eo LLG OGO00) | eee ee eee DOOR 000L00 Pea e eae ae ae New MOxICO\2 ste secc cet lac ane pe me te oe ered amie eee | cee eee cine aes] er eee eed INGWeUOLKteectanceesaseee. G88 ib (Oe iee ce. se ew tee 45101, 2082300) de eee eee North Carolina (Raleigh) - - 125; O00;00 "| 22% eee panos | naeee teen eal ee ee North Carolina (Greens- jeYoVWo ace Seca e ae OE eG Beer nn erate! See peer Sad tacos aera eke at North Dakota.....-..------ 762, 600. 00 ONTO eee neces 524, 176. 58 Oklahoma (Stillwater) .....|.......-----.--- Oklahoma (Langston)+.-...|.........2.---.- Operonteca nn reer sot ne eee 193, 778.00 Pennsylvania.............- 427, 290. 50 Rhode: Wsland=>.--2:--------~- 50; OOOJ00 0 Dea. Seo eA Nae ea ce aeros cou eee a eee South Carolina (Clemson Collegé)pecce-2 =o -s-eeee $b; 900; 005) Sesser eeneee DShbS0100 ul sect seceecenes South Carolina (Orange- DUTP Reet coe sees eee 95900400: |e: Foe ober | Mert tee om accel as reer ate ees South) Dakota-..2--.2--2--. = D AGE BAL Ce eee ale cits aes eae ieee 800, 000. 00 MONTIBSEGGL. eet cs cee eee 400; 0005001); sos ose SS ee Eee | i Texas (College Station) --.- 209; 000300 loos 2s aes ee eee ee eee ee ee Mexas(PLalte VIOW) «woos Ga fx cto Pate tek Stole ooh meee oe | cee Chega ane a ete | aie ete taene Witahi so. ees 2k ecto en 1835442077 Nik os oN asl e eee See ce Wernmontucccciesn tec eee ee 130; D005008I 4. Sesec ee eee Xcy UGS BE y 0 eee a ee ee Virginia (Blacksburg) --.... 4431200 nos orks chee snl Capea eeae gon eo enue ete Virginia (Hampton) ..-....-. POL DGROO ees Sec es 1828 706-00 ow. cake ee od Washitiptoni. ..ccicx coces ok 2;,000:.00 ||°1;025;000'00)|2222e.-aeee-e == 890, 000.00 West irginia (Morgan- 19453160;00))| cos esemceee ee AOUU,00i| sec o.6 eo. cee 303, 359. 61 288, 263.95 62, 500.00 340.00 21 450.67 i 2 Ss cc Son cl Come ees a ac 90, 000. 00 PLOLHL a DpeMc bie. es 12, 500, 558.29 | 3, 988,068.60 | 138,829, 945.72 @ Including farm and grounds. 6 Including all other equipment. ¢ Including value of land on which university buildings are located. | | Farm and grounds owned by the institution. 60, 000. 00 42,470.00 40,000.00 4,005, 736.10 | 7,873, 237.68 STATISTICS equipment of land-grant colleges, 1906. OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 193 2948—07——_13 d Including apparatus. e Including apparatus and machinery. f Including machinery. Miscella- Buildings. | Apparatus. | Machinery. | Libraries. | Live stock. | neous equip- Total. = ment. $153,700.00 | $20,794.00 | $23,488.00} $39, 200. 00 $2,500.60 | $18,000.00 $515, 682. 00 55, 000. 00 6, 960. 30 3, 441. 35 12, 000. 60 GARTEN Bete chee hee 88, 636. 60 152, 708. 89 28, 522. 08 18, 881. 04 20, 414. 69 1-70.00) ||:ceoneesneacne 247, 436. 70 400, 000. 60 67, 000. 60 36, 000. 60 18, 660. 60 S5000500)| Meee tne. 666, 000. 00 28, 000. 60 600. 60 15,000. GO 25000) OOM asses cn= = a 1, 860. GO 107, 900. GO DS OOM TA ee eee sess | once ce nelecees Uacemeismswes ta Kamins feet aan [Aa aoe See eee 7,624, 267. 45 190, 251. 00 54, 500. 00 19, 516. 60 31, 247. 90 11, 063. 00 23, 660. GO 688, 989. 68 175, 0600. 00 13, 700. 00 7,500. 00 20,000. 00 10, 000. 00 21,700. 00 472, 900. 00 145, 000. 00 51, 500. 00 22,000. 00 22, 900. 00 200. 00 3,000. 00 337, 600. 60 26, 000. 00 1,000. 00 800. 00 300. 00 1,000. 60 500. 00 35, 600. 00 15030005 OOH eee io sacs seal eke a eee alee outer We eet cc ocean mee b 55, 000. 00 439, 250. 00 25, 200. 00 7,384. 59 TDS Si il pota can. eee = O20 700 8 eee eee 45, 168. 96 ¢ 550, 000. 00 SBE UMD | ERS as ter oe ae 40, 000. 00 1s 0 UG Uh eaeiee eASeouee 943, 702. 17 32, 433. 04 3, 144. 00 200. 00 400. 00 AV5S00 |e eee 45, 192. 04 120, 000. 00 10, 842. 81 10,349. 65 2, 200. 00 5,320. 00 6, 823. 82 1,330, 498. 01 1,500,000.00} 230,060.60} 140,000.60 | 140,000. 00 40,000.00 | 150,060. 60 3,010, 426. 03 650700051 O0N | repartee = d 210, 000. 00 24, G00. 00 7,500. 00 25, 000. 60 1,386, 500. 00 1, 200, 000. 00 122, 500. 00 30, 000. 00 75, 000. 00 22, 500. 00 75, 000. 00 2,308, 000. 00 422, 579. 45 47, 552. 26 39, 729. 37 52, 554. 10 15, 800. 00 130, 154. 04 1, 250, 950. 58 262, 859. 00 51, 707. 00 26, 708. 00 13, vil. 00 3,054.60 | 423,326. 60 1, 383, 958. 00 40, 060. 60 300. 00 2,700. 00 2,000. 00 2,500. 00 1,300. 60 73, 900. 00 427,760 00 19, 683. 56 16, 230. 38 29, 653. 98 1,390. 60 27, 806. 65 991, 817. 57 47,760. 82 3,644. 31 4, 415. 10 3,990. 00 1, 100. 00 7,551. 10 108, 461. 33 325, 000. 00 30, 060. 00 17, 500. 00 32,000. 60 4,700. 60 13, 000. 00 665, 500. 00 ATOZ O0ON00) Aes cae ese. d 50,000. 00 E5500! OOW Fee seein cocoa le secen cases 374, 560. 60 TO SOON 00a Rama e at alha ne MCR Cael Soe. SR 1,000. 00 € 1,900. 00 18, 900. 00 252,775. 00 SS OD0K00)|Eeessss- seers 27, 060. 00 9,816. 00 124, 556. 61 827, 497. 61 8820376516) |bssss-se soc oe = d 382, 500. 00 Ab NISOU GO| Seas ate coos eee. coer 1, 410, 065. 76 471, 613. GO 42, 032. 47 37, 230. 00 48, 921. 83 1UTHOS5OT eee ee eee 1,698, 115. 29 1,300, 000. 60 120, 000. 00 90, 060. 00 OSS 000% 00) eaee eee oee 20, 000. 00 3, 545, 878. 97 364, 391. 00 23, 287. 22 120, 896. 37 22, 597. 17 24, 405. 00 72, 738. 64 931, 602. 95 155, 000. 00 TE ZO0NOO Wen Sessa. 4, 500. 00 4,000. 00 3, 000. 00 412, 571. 00 1,000, 000.00 | . 140,000. 00 26,000.60 | 130,000. 00 8, 000. 00 60,000. 00 2,928, 045. 42 125, 000. 00 1,000. 00 6, 000. 00 2; 500. 00 200. 00 100. 00 142, 800. 00 123, 500. 00 46, 800. 00 15, 500. 00 17, 400. 00 3,760. 00 21, 500. 00 598, 516. 41 670,000.00 | 7 125,000.00 |......-..-.--.- 150, 000. 00 18, 800. 00 120, 000. 00 2,002, 203. 61 174, 200. 50 21, 260. 10 15, 460. 74 20, 625. 20 2,187.95 42,000. 00 549, 646. 23 238, Wu0. 00 26,000. 00 6, 700. 00 15, 000. 00 3, 900. 00 16, 000. 00 476, 100. 60 488, 000. 00 BOs 00ONOO 8 Eee eee 515000) 00) |Reseo-s-eee eae 80, 000. 00 1, 462, 000. 00 53, 000. 00 19, 750. 00 28, 000. 00 17, 000. 00 2, 250. 00 8,000. 00 145, 500. 00 OTE (GisS3e| SS Oe oe lea a GS LOPIINGD) || Jee see. ee 957, 862. 41 12, 826, 043. 64 265, 050. 00 15, 400. 00 50, 000. 00 8,006. 89 1,500. 00 15, 000. 00 539, 956. 89 65,000. 00 9,000. 00 7, 247. 96 1,580. 85 2, 902. 50 2,676. 25 113, 607. 56 280, 393. 03 17, 802, 85 16, 262. 62 19, 297. 64 8,098. 56 6, 241. 07 1,916, 645. 77 1, 210, 600. 00 310, 000. 00 100, 000. 00 200, 000. 00 13500000) |S32n2ecces- sae 4,135, 042. 74 123, 074. 75 49,831.09 32,644. 67 23, 440. 3 12, 829. 00 22, 421.00 794, 240. 89 56, 100. 35 2; 200. 00 9, 969. 25 2,150. 00 1,135. 00 3,000. 00 84, 381. 78 160, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 ZIROOOS OOM t Meee esos ee | noses s ceceeeelEees aasscece ae 427,778. 00 212s OOOROOM Poe saetas ae ce al see ses Sram ets ss SDHOOOS OO! Sees ieee e 60,000. 00 1,834, 790. 50 TBO TELCO) asec ene yu, EG Seale 1 SAARC let Eee ea 106, 258. 57 319, 742. 18 418, 025. 87 22,003. 00 106, 661. 00 24, 832. 00 DIETPS OO} [Reet c seer eee 780, 554. 26 85, 000. 00 3,600. 00 7,150. 00 1,700. 00 2, 200. 00 2,300. 00 237, 850. 00 225,000. 00 17, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 5, 500. 00 10, 000. 00 3, 500. 00 1, 138, 464. 84 214, 072. 88 58, 058. 90 54, 481. 76 15, 707. 42 4,624. 50 15, 500. 07 1,047, 920. 53 500, 000. 00 17,000. 00 52, 000. 00 15, 242. 00 11, 000. 60 30, 000. 00 884, 242. 00 91, 000. 00 1,000. 00 3, 500. 00 1, 200. 00 2,000. 00 | 1,000. 00 114, 700. 00 280, 761. 83 27, 939. 82 23, 863. 50 12,074. 35 6,502.37 | 28, 952. 89 580, 937. 53 810, 000. 00 43, 000. 00 21, 500. 00 103, 000. 00 3,750. 00 167, 500. 00 1, 903, 201. 87 S007 065 00N eee ns! -<%.-< @ 166, 827.00 D587 00) |. ee eee ES kos ese 938, 081. 00 Go0S 00000 R22 ees 2 ne fhe ce ek See 8, 500. 00 15, 862.00 | 170,000.00 2, 506, 276. 00 265, 000. 00 335, 000. 00 45, 500. 00 25, 000. 00 6, 000. 00 17, 500. 00 2,631, 000. 00 | 475, 000. 00 14,000. 00 32,000. 00 43, 500. 00 1,500. 00 | 50, 000. 00 956, 769. 00 93, 100. 00 2,949. 00 13, 200. 00 3, 800. 00 IE £0000) Sa anacisceeoes 126, 254. 00 109,000). 00))| ene e eee 587, 068. 48 224, 511. 60 PALE VEU) On Geers eeicee 4, 582, 590. 64 185, 000. 00 65, 890. 52 34, 638. 35 29, 478. 95 5, 575. 50 10, 000. 00 482, 033. 89 30,322, 457.04 | 2,432,339. 88 | 2,831,046.06 | 2,819,614. 26 369, 913.13 | 3,222, 469. 12 84, 195, 385. 88 194 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLE 5.—Revenue of land-grant colleges State or Territory. Federal aid. State aid. Interest on Interest on | Interest on | Appropria- | endowment land grant | other land | tion act of or regular of 1862. grants. 1890. appropria- tion. JN EV Oese (GMb opty) ean Seegogscrorostesseenor 320; 280° 00) |e eee $13, 725.00 iN ingame (UNC) Sa oes ese sone) psec oscar sooes|bosstqccacsvec 11, 275.00 JARVAUITE Pa Mae aioe Ee Sen AR ane Sooo Maricecaeesaen lesedeos teats 25, 000, 00 Arkansas (Fayetteville) -.-...-.-- rope cset aise 3900200 | eee a ae 18, 181. 82 YAR see Kh (alte yd ol bl) Seer apo eae e See asa hol banesoesabe ses Fadaaceannes er 6, 818. 18 @alifornidiseoassen wastes ce secs eee eee ee cee 43, 806. 40 $9, 267.26 25, 000. 00 COloragO erica sesins or eae en ee eee nee eens aL LOT. 00 |heees se eece see 25, 000. 00 @ounectl Citineressese arene eee eee GS TD0 1000 |e acre jetta 25, 000. 00 Delaware CONOWark) oes nce eee eee aoe 4 980500 (ieee cease 20, 000. 00 Delaware (DOVED) i: ae cctees sane ee eeceees ee sol eee eee One eee eee 5, 000. 00 Mloridal (Gainesville) =~ 22-2 3-sceee eee ee an a 7,710.00 2,981.25 12, 500. 00 MlOTIGa CLAUS ASSCE) pee e- noe ccc meen = Semele eet aa eee ener mieten ta 12, 500. 00 GEOreta CAT Rens) eee see sre eee eae oe AGJO545 14 Re eter eae 16, 666. 67 Georgia (Savannah) teeta cen. : seoco ater tee an eremtee et pera aaeemee sec 8, 333. 33 MAGHO SS eee A Boe BOS oo beee ec sein oe cine Salesian oeae 18, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 ihn hs eee nasenssoacec Sousseadsoossorseccoee Bo ;O012)0oMlemee eco eee 25, 000. 00 nadia Sake eee ee ne cee ace =a sem eee as 17000! 00 4|See oe seen eae 25, 000. 00 TON 2). Ga ae seaUad pecs Sea oa tac dasaaaaaoeoes BAST O40 See ene cca 25, 000. 00 1 L6P 0K a er ot heen re ae eee SIRAOLOl |peaseeeee nae 25, 000. 00 Ren guckcys ((QUuexa 2 tO) ote. eee ce ee aa 8, O44 50 le ese eee 21, 375.00 Kenttick:y, (hramnkt ont) one see ace ee ee =i 1, 255. 50 3, 625.00 Louisiana (Baton Rouge).-..-----.-.-- ae 9,115.69 13, 158.62 |. Mouisiana | (NEw Orleans)! 2 sf mies seine eee Se siee ieee ceeaal sane 11, 841.38 Marie Sata tee eee e hte oh JSR eee ee 5,915.00 25,000.00 |- Maryland (College Park) ---.---.--...----_--- 5, 817.18 20, 000. 00 Many land e(bciicesseA NN) er sece mcoden ces —H | eee ee eee eee ae 5, 000.00 Massachusetts (Amherst) ......-......---...- 73003007 |5 ose sane 16, 666. 66 MASssaACHIsetisi(B08tON))-- 28. ene eee nee = 43191596 | ese eee 8, 333. 34 MOG iehils <= 356 naonoes- code Sonosesecigcocbocoee 70286756 4lSaeeeee asec ee 25, 000. 00 IMInNIOSOLA a2:c 5... cieene cece eas eee eaeeenee ane 23/960 sp2) | nance ae cee 25, 000. 00 Mississippi (Agricultural College) ..........-- 5, 914. 50 8, 472.75 12, 339. 20 Mississippi (Lorman) .:..-...--..--..-.------- 6, 814.50 5,777.77 12, 660. 80 Missournia(Columpia) fe. e--) aso -ee i atee eee 17, 494. 06 12, 320.00 23, 437. 50 Missouri (Jefferson City) <2 = oe. 2a5 oo see msn me ceieee ocen| seen eases 1, 562.50 Mon tana aciicost ee sect het en cae seco nee ecee 7500000 )|S23-eeteee ee : INGDraSKa Sone ot eee ee atoms ae nee 30, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 INGVAGS As aco ee eres Bees eae sie cae ec meine 4: 60000 oe oe certees nce New ampshine sce mectce ee ere pease eae | A: S00\004\5 222s Beca | IN PUEHIEN Bin ata 6 SSO SOs CED SIONS De ODOnE 5 800001 Saseasacene cee New. Me@xXICO. 26 .cess case cee eee ace eee cuss cine eeepeeaece ees 1, 498. 02 ING Wier O nears se eich we nee ee eee eee eee D4 ADB ROC seco eee North) Carolina (Raleigh)=.- -2-22---- 2. cst 1S DOOLOON Beene ree ae oe North Carolina (Greensboro)i--220 = seem aoe |e eee eee onene | Geena anaes INorthY Dakota. oes. cee. 2. = se Sees SoD See OO TO LOS LOn EUs aaa oeaamel CRTC SER ee eb rete Ueno ahaa arene eens 4,195. 83 Oklahoma (Stillwater) 14, 303. 87 Oklahoma (Langston) OTOL ONS ee seo see soe IPENNBYLVAMUG - i anise wine e em nie semn PM OGGESIANG =). ote oct ses ease ce oreo ee oe South Carolina (Clemson College) .........-.- South Carolina (Orangeburg) ............--.- | South Dakotasc ai bike reek 00000 ‘Gp 0000S ‘T LL“O9T ‘L92 MRK Le ioe 00000‘ 60000 ‘% 00 008 ‘9% 00002 ‘8 (OTOP WPS ees 00 °000 ‘OL 00 000 ‘OF 00000 ‘08 00 °000 ‘ST 00°000 ‘O0T 0S °9TS ‘TT TL “Ter 00 “008 ‘% 00°062 ‘% 00 °002 ‘F 00 “000 ‘OF OL 06F ‘ES eee eee ee Oe O08 88s ‘Z Pee ee 007000 ‘8 00000‘ kag ice pas | cia cree Seeds 00°Z9% GL‘OIL 00000 ‘OT OOROOQUTRUE Sp 4| Saauaeeectr ican SS eee eee 00°000‘¢ 00 “O0F 00°0¢9 00 °006 00° pa G9 "ELS 60 °GP9 GI “#08 6LFZ8 “S9 GI SLS ‘T 00°00‘ 16 6FF ‘eS 00 °2OF 6 Prag aac peas 96 18h ‘FE FI G29 ‘89% 86 °Lb6 ‘98T 00 °000 ‘T 00000‘ 00000 ‘8 00.000 ‘66 LIFES ‘T 60° TS0 “F 00°00S ‘T 00 “008 ‘¢ Cd ed es 00008 ‘Z% 00000 ‘18 00 SFL ‘ZS OOOO iS rasta iceman eae Boat cas ee | *yooys oary | “AxouTyoRyy | ssngereddy | ‘seieiqrvy “sSurpying | quouvuned Peete tesa sesesereeeeerereeeees org, see eeseseseseeerersesesss=-paowEG YWON “-*"*(OL1OqSUd0IY)) GUITOIBD YON mete, ey (ys1eT8 4) BULLOIBD YILON "*""""""9IOX MON eeS3s “"""OOTXOWyY MON, ~- AOS10(° MON oe “oarysdure He MON gee “BPBAON “"*"BY¥SBIGON “77 ""*=BUB 00K, atte uosloya t} LInossiy “"* (BIqUINTOD) LInOssIPy >>> (avutso'y) 1ddississiq (aBa[OD yeangpuosy) 1ddississi II A I he a I A OT a Oa ae -* Bl OSoUUI, Se weeee uBSIQoI, Beas dato ea aaa ame eee --=(u0jsog) syqasnyouUssEyy Se na ta den pea ia ra gC (qs1equLy) sijesnqoussB yy (ouny ssoouLtg) puwlAiByy “(ye g 9897109) puvyAisyy fe at ioe paar Cie iii tate Sr aa a COS “* "=" QUIBL “-""-=(suBoyIQ MON) BUBISMO'T Be Pe ee ie Some re Pe sec ar ol *(asnoy uo Rg) BUBISINOT ee Se aC ee a ee --"-= (quoyyuBsg) AYonQUOy CSI Skat at Acuanicael ok salad aT aad ACNE GO sae aia (uojsuIxeT) AyonjQuey Mati svonetler = thee ccenacs ee ee aadenne= cee eanusiee eee “+= “SBSUBy ve eeeee sess BM Oy See haee tice dns Se Rates a dare Sees ease eee -+++-+-guerpuy sige Ont Scans = ei FOS eos as see Senne or = oa ane eSTOUnT Siaae eres Re ee cnet Sas cinerea ate Rela Ase ee siete wera ste -++2***oyupy --* ((BUUBABS) BI8L005) Rinmibec ci caitiar se ar cg aan Cael none Serna s “(suayty) BIs1004 (QeSSBYBTTRL) BPMOTL (O[[TASOUTBH) BPIIOPT Ba aa Ra ui’ lindane acy ch ei el (1940(]) 9IBVAMBPG “""* Q(IBMON) OIBARBTC els ie ice: Scie Se eich it aa bin toe ae St er “=== "an gtyooUUO,) OpB10jOD “70 5" ** BIULIONTBD (gn ould) sesuByIy (oyftaoqqoARy) SusuByIy Sane ass Boon aoe aos ae ee ee EES sees = += =gu0ZIy (GULION) BUIBqBTY (uinqny) BaeqsTy *AIOPIIIAL, 10 3981S "9061 ‘sabajj09 yunib-pun) fo yuaudinha 07 suoyppy—9 AAV, LOW OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. STATISTICS #8 “GPT ‘G96 ‘E OF 686 ‘9 GE OLL ‘SIT 00° F26 ‘91 0G “LES ‘8a 00088 ‘ET 00 °SZ8 ‘O9T 00°926 ‘GL 00 096 ‘Ze Ge "S16 ‘61 0002 ‘ 00 “OOF ‘9T £2 °896 ‘LT 00000 ‘F 0S *Z6 FE ‘OFS ‘6% 00 “088 ‘9 96 LZ ‘OT 96 OF6 ‘2 00 096 ‘ST 6 6SL ‘ESS 61 “16S ‘E8T. G6 866 ‘G 00 °0ST 09 180 ‘F 00°08 00°00 00 "899 ‘ZL 2 poe “GST ‘¢ 00 ‘00g 00°000 £9 00°000 ‘T 18 FFG ‘9S 02 008 ‘FET 0S ‘0&2 OT OTF ‘T (OORCOP ieee Ulisse ae ae ome ee See da | BOOROOT 00 °000 ‘&r 06 TRF 00 ‘OSF 00 001 “g 00 08% 0G “E98 ‘8 00°00¢ 00 °000 “IT¢ 00000 ‘9 *y00}S8 OATT puv ‘ArouTyORuUI ‘snyRivdde Surpnypouy a ssngeredde Ssulpnypouy q “AIOUTYOVUL SUIPNIU] v £9 OE ‘2% & E96 ‘TSF 66 SIT ‘SFL ‘T | €2°F80'SIS‘T 69089 ‘T GOTECOTIS © lt uaa emetrnec elfen Re aay LZ-98S ‘ZED | LF'OLE “OE CORGHON SE) = 1 lige sel nae 00 FG 00 002 OORDOOKOT) Nala ess ares 00°008 ‘T 00 ‘00 *e OOKOSL Es Waals ary ee arene 00 °000 ‘2 » 00008 00 ‘000 ‘¢ ane Dery > AG eh a eae 00 008 ‘T 00°000 ‘2S ZE ‘86 ON aka a 00 086 00 E98 ‘6¢ fey eee pe anes 00°009 00009 ‘ ZS 686 ‘ST 9z “608 *¢ 00°000 ‘T OS00L 0 ttt ttte ccf 68 8 ‘T 00 629 ‘T 18°998 ‘2% 00 0¢e 00 “OSF ‘T 00°000 ‘¢ Bee ay a 00008 96 "CLP ‘ST 19°S¢E GO8060hes ) |liGgam aes 00 0Se 00 “OST 00000 ‘ST 00°O0T ‘¢ 69 620 ‘T 00°00¢ ‘21 00 “000 ‘00¢ spots Gare ge fo) oie) sacs 2/2/P < Croreraralehe)e! sreraraneioverniarinre este winiokoieieisieke UISUODST A eataa atk Raga, oct) = (nie) ™ aeahate’szejerevermisiSsnicvets (eINWYSUY) BIULSITA 4SO MA. (UMOJURSLOW) BIULSITA 989A. eee TS RMT ae eee ee Fee ae eer aioe UODSULYSB AA “>= = (moydure yy) BIUTBIT A BO Oe oe eae ena --> (Smmqsyovre,) BIULSILA, PROS IOLOBINEY A, OS Ark ge ad ere yen ““(MOTA OMICI) SBXOT, (WO1IG BIN OsoT[0)) SBxXAT, --- = 90ssouuay, Be Ceo eS COLOR OA Eat eee ie ByLOAVC yANog (Binqasurig) BulporBg YN, “** (Q59T]OH UOSMDT,)) BUTFOIBD YYNOY ee ema tenia ei om aaah Soc ee ne et ie PURIST 9poyy ~~ BrBATAsuUed SORA BR EHO OR! -" "TO S01Q) (UoJssuByT) VUTOYRTAO (207 BMT) BULOYBLAO REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 198 000 ‘ez 000 ‘6% 000 ‘ez 000‘ 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘21 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST | woos eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseseeeeesenaa 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000° 000 °2% 0001 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘21 000 ‘91 UU) an tigi eca ss ig Wer Res ag ass nae SBXOL 000 ‘Sz 000 "FZ 000 °&% 000 ‘2% 000 “Iz 000 °0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 °21 000 ‘91 OUD ODF oe an Cnn eae * “Oossouudy, 000 ‘Sa 000 °F 000 °&% 000 °Ge 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST “BIOHB YINOS 000 ‘Sz 000 'F% 000 °&% 000 °3a 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 °L1 000 ‘9T DOOR Toa. n aaa a ne “7 BulyoreD yynog 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘FZ 000‘ 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘21 000 ‘91 000 ‘ST “7 "*"** pusys— epoyy 000 ‘6 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘82 000 °2% 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘21 000 ‘91 OS ae alate leNe ri 5 aay "** BrluBaATAsuUedg 000 ‘Sz 000 °F 000 °&% 000 'Zz 000 ‘Tz 000 '0z 000 °61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000° [tak ) wey a ne ae a WwosaAO 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8 000 ‘2% 000‘T% 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 1.1) a | aoa eek imagenes A [ist 5° *or eee eee "77 BUIOYeTAO 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000°8% 000 ‘2 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 °ZT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST eee, pa (0) 000 ‘Sz 000 '¥% 000 ‘8 000 °2% 000 ‘1G 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘ST "7" Bj0ABC UWON 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘6% 000 ‘8% 000 '2% 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘C1 "7" BUT[OIB) YON 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘FG 000 ‘8% 000 2% 000 ‘1% 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000'ST Ekta cn ts ON ee Ue Ris YIOX MON 000 ‘sz | 000 “FS 000 ‘8% 000 '2% 000 '1Z 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘21 000 ‘91 OUT, Mend |ede sone te aac ee "77777 ORO, MONT 000 ‘Sz 000 'F% 000 °&% 000 °%% 000 ‘Iz 000 (0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 00021 000 ‘91 O00; Seas areata kes “"** AOSLOL MON, 000 ‘Sz 000 'F% 000 8% 000 ‘2% 000 ‘12 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9L 000 ‘ST “oarysdueH MON 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fé 000 ‘&% 000 ‘2% 000 °1z 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘21 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST "77" BPBAON 000 ‘Sz 000 “Fz 000 ‘8% 000 ‘2% 000 °1% 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000°21 00091 000 ‘ST "* BYSBIGON 000 ‘62 000 ‘Fz 000 '&% 000 °2z 000 TZ 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 OOO;ST Jal-set Aenean jf is i aaa NMI (Pie ig AES Ss loa Ae “BuBjUOW 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fé 000 ‘8% 000° 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘0z 000 “61 000 ‘81 00021 000 ‘91 O00 'ST caer aes erence ee "ToT TT" *pMnossTAyl 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fé 000 ‘8% 000 '2% 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘¢t “77 1ddississtq 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘Ez 000 ‘2% 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘8T 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘ET "77>" > BJOSOUUTA 000 ‘Sz 000 'F@ 000 '&z 000 '2z 000 ‘Iz 000 “0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000‘L1 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST | oar URSIqOUN 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8% 000 °2z 000 ‘1 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘ST “77 Ts}qosnyousse AL 000 ‘62 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘8% 000 °2z 000 °1z 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘21 000 ‘9T 000 ‘¢1 “ puByAleyy 000 ‘sz 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘8 000 °% 000 ‘12 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000° LT 000 ‘9T 11 el ARR RRR BREE hr 8. 7 “oul BL 000 ‘sz 000 ‘FZ 000 '€% 000 ‘2z 000 ‘1% 000 ‘0z 000 “61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 OOO) ESR Pas Sa Pe a cee ae "7777 *BUBISINOT 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘€z 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T ODO) Tre. Oe | ese eee oe ne ae “77+ Ayonquey 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 *€2 000 °2z 000 ‘12 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘ST | Sie) 0 ee 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘€z 000 ‘2a 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST 000 ‘sz 000 ‘6% 000 ‘8% 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 00021 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 '&z 000 ‘2a 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘0z 000 “61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000‘ST 000 ‘sz 000 "FZ 000 ‘€ 000 ‘zz 000 ‘1 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 QOU RSI tale aah Wear lies Aeael(pt recon ete meal te y otanay. oe ok sen eae "**oqBpl 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8 000 °2% 000 ‘IZ 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST "* 7" BESIOD) 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 '2z 000 '2z 000 ‘Tz 000 '0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST ~~" BpHold 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 °&z 000 °2z 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST “IBM BLOC 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 '&% 000 °2z 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘0 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘ST ynooou0) 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8% 000 ‘zz 000 ‘Tz 000 °0z 000 “61 000 ‘81 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T OD0ET = OneStat ere ane eee “OpB10]O) 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘Ez 000 ‘zz 000 ‘Tz 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘8T 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 000 ‘eT "77° BIULOTITBO 000 ‘sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8% 000 °2z 000 ‘12 000 ‘02 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘91 O00 Ses SR Ses ae cee ie SUsUByIV 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘8z 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘Iz 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘2T 000 ‘9T 000 ‘eT ee Sole be MUOZILY’ 000 ‘sz$ 000 ‘F2$ 000 ‘Ez$ 000 ‘228 000 ‘12s 000 ‘ozs 000 “6T$ 000 ‘STs 000 ‘LIS 000 ‘91S 000 “STS Toe Saeco Wace ** BUIBQBIV ‘0061 4 ‘6681 “S681 “LOST ‘9681 GOST “POST “S681 ‘GOST T68T | “06ST “AIOYLUIAT, 10 931B1g —o¢ ounr Surpue iva x (v) 0681 ‘0g isnbnpy parouddn ssaibuoy fo ov ay} sapun suv ovUDYyooUL ay} pun sunynaubo fo sabxj09 fo pw ur suoynridosddn 94) fo sasopuiay, pud sainig ay} 0} hunspasy, saynjigy payugQ ay) wor syuawmasingsig—' L ATAV, 199 COLLEGES AND STATIONS. STATISTICS OF THE ‘000‘00z'T$ Sureq sIv9d pres JO YoRe OJ posInqgstp JUNOULE 18409 OY} “YMOUTO} BIS JEMNGeI STU) UT popnfour seuoOyTIET, PUR soARIg gF OUI Jo YOR 04 pred seA 0OO'SZS JO TNS 4} L061 PUB ‘9OET ‘GOET 'FOET “EOE “ZOBT ‘TOBT ‘OE EUNS Popud sav OU JO YOu JOd a ‘QCGT ‘LOMOJUT OY} JO AIBJOLO0g OY} OF UOTZBONPA JO LOUO[ssTUTULOD JO JUOUIOZ BIS [BNUUL OY} WO D 020‘00z‘T | 000‘ZST‘T | 000‘FOT‘T | 000‘9¢0'T | 000'800'T | 000096 000 ‘216 000 ‘698 000 ‘Z8L 000 ‘FOL QO0)000)4 lie aaensarenemet 75 Siena: “" "78101 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘€z 000 ‘22 000 ‘IZ 000 “0z 000 “61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000'¢ Sama see a2 es cate ce surutod 900 ‘Sz 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘8% 000 ‘2 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘0z 000 ‘61 000 ‘ST 000 ‘LT 000 ‘9T 000 ‘ST PR GEM a ak wT UISUOOST MA 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘Fz 000 ‘€z 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘TZ 000 ‘02 000 “61 000‘8t —.| 000°2T 000 ‘9T OOO: ST eteresn |iteeanercehtnes A. M. 1875 | Mar. —,1888 | Coloradoseeesess asco | HorntiCollinss=sessese. -GaGarpenter Macc cssereeeeeee Feb. 29,1888 Connecticut (State). .... New Haven.......-.- E. H. Jenkins, Ph. D.| Oct. 1,1875 | May 18,1887 Connecticut (Storrs)...-| Storrs................ i. Avy Clinton; Mai Seec|peesseee eee ese aoe doers | | Delaware. .5-%.:-Seceee ENV Oy cin case see | Hlarnys eyed. Mi S.0l= os seneneee seas Feb. 21,1888 | Agr. Rlonid al. ee a eeeeee Gainesville........... | PEL SRolis) sViniSeeee< | see ees 1888 | Georeta a s28--2 ae Experiment. sees sess. MSV. Calivinger sesso Feb. 18,1888 | July 1,1889 VdaboRt es. wae eee MOSCOW cee Eee eee EL. Ereneb, - MeiS ese pase eeeeeee ee Feb. 26,1892 INwVh 0} (2) 58 eee i Wir bamticced = seer aoe Eugene Davenport, |-..-..-.-.-.--- Mar. 21,1888 | ) M. Agr. | | Indiana. 2228-2... alsyettes: esse ce Arthur Goss, M. §., 1885 | Jan. —,1888 AC IGS IPG § 352 Yeas ee ne aia SE IAINGNS Race tee ee mere Co Curtiss Miss Ac sae eee eee Feb. 17,1888 | Meaeaa: See cs ees Manhattan........... | C. W. Burkett, M. 8. A See Cee Feb. 8, 1888 Kentucky............... Lexington............ | M. A. Scovell, M. S...| Sept. —,1885 | Apr. —,1888 Louisiana (Sugar) ...... New Orleans......... W.R. Dodson, A. B., | Sept. —, 1885 eB Louisiana (State)....... Baton Iiouge-.-.....<|.-.-« dO s..:2 eee Apr. —, 1886 | Louisiana (North)...... OCalnounieey ct se | during fiscal | 7 a | 3 Ras | year 1905-6. | o ; Si || Gag || Reiss) ||) = Pe Raa a mS | eis F tp =| ry 2 wo By (| Sel sale One w]e |] wee u Hoo o|/o9!1o, 9 3) os 2) |\2 aH¢ 2 a 2s eis BS = 3 m | & 5 | 5 5ad S a 5 A204 Z 4 mY Z 17 | 13 8 4 106 | 14,000 | | ee et aoe 1 29 | 2,000 1G) 9 9 3 37 1.500 10| 2 3 7 87 | 6,000 12 it i a) 274 | 14, 150 | 40|_ 10 Gil) 724 708 | 8,000 21 14 15 18 438 8, 000 tion. ee eee 6 3 400 8, 906 13 6 5 6 324 | 9,500 U 6 4 5 133 6, 854 horticu 11 TOM Beet coe 6 181 4,500 mology. 12 1 4 6 168 | 15,424 8 4 6 7 116 6, 000 | 38 20 22 19 440 | 23,000 24 11 15 8 334 | 15, 192 25 17 17 5 174 | 20,000 20 16 14 8 206 | 22,600 Mel Sall te. oe 3 11 1,606 | 10,500 26 2 8 4 95 | 13,000 ture; animal husbandry; diseases of animals; entomology. Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul- ture; feeding experiments; stock raising; poultry experi- ments; dairying. 202 Station. Location. Maine ss. ct eco eee eee \WOTONO j= oss eee sees Maryland 22 ses--5c-ee College Park.. ..---- Massachusetts.-.......-.- Amherstes sen sssnease Michigan 2322 555) 252 Agricultural College - - Minnesotar. sa. ------2-= St. Anthony Park...- MISSISSIPPI ==. -tee paces Agricultural College. . Missouri (College) Missouri (Fruit) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire.......-. New Jersey (State) ....-. New Jersey (College)... .| New Mexico New York (State)...... New York (Cornel]).... North Carolina Columbia Mountain Grove. ....-. Bozeman Lincoln Agricultural College. - Geneva Director. C. D. Woods, Se. D... H. J. Patterson, B.S. W. P. Brooks, Ph. D. C. D. Smith, M.S.-.... W.M. Liggett W. L. Hutchinson, M.S. H. J. Waters, B. S.A. Paul Evans F. B. Linfield, B.S. A-~ E. A. Burnett, B. S..- J. E. Stubbs, M. A., D. D., LL. D. W, D:-Gibbs) M.S-2=. E. B. Voorhees, D.Se. do Luther Foster, M.S. A W.H. Jordan, D.Sc... L. H. Bailey, M.S.... B. W. Kilgore, M. S... TABLE 8.—General Dec. 16,1884 | June 1886 Mar. 10,1880 Mar. —, 1882 1879 Mar. 12, 1877 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Date of original organization. Mar. —, 1885 1888 a 1882 Mar. 7, 1885 Feb. 1,1900 Date of organization under Hatch Act. Oct. Apr. Mar. Feb. 26, 1888 1888 Dec. —, 1887 Aug. 4,1887 “Apr. 26, 1888 Dec. 14,1889 Apr. —, 1888 Mar. 7, 1887 1, 1887 | @ In 1882 the State organized a station here and maintained it until June 18, 1895, when it was com- bined with the Hatch Station at the same place. statistics, 1906—Continued. STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 203 | 2 #4 | Publications| ¢ | 3 | 2,8 | during fiscal| [| | 8 5-25 | year 1905-6. | 9g; SOs |) 2S =a | ~9| 33g a5 8 | Sa | 325 Sa wH | Ha HEE ay | OP | DUO? of ppt 3) os 2/2 e2eHe| 2 a 2g §/¢ BSs 5 & 3 5 = Baw a 24|24 A Z AY A 15 7S ere 15 574 | 10,000 23 6 8 vi 135 | 20, 500 23 10 6 18 248 | 37,000 15 8 9 10 820 | 43,000 20 Ciltenetae: 7 638 | 13,000 19 7 Sib ad 332 | 21,000 31 15 7 7 159 | 10,000 sel em ae 2 30 | 4,500 13 12 9 8 308 | 5,000 25 17 12 5 242 | 15, 860 9 4 6 6 253 | 3,500 14 9 8 8 132 | 13,000 14 5 6 6 878 fone 24 Pl atl (ees \ cae 3 10 6 6 90 3, 200 Ziale be 12 21 1,002 | 43,000 23 16 16 11 841 | 15,890 17 8 7 3 142 | 32,000 Principal lines of work. Chemistry; botany; analysis and inspection of foods, fer- tilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and agri- cultural seeds; inspection of creamery glassware; mycol- ogy; pomology; nutrition investigations; poultry raising; entomology. Chemistry; fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; feeding experiments; animal breeding; poultry raising; entomol- ogy; dairying. Chemistry; meteorology; analysis and inspection of ferti- lizers and concentrated commercial feeding stuffs; in- spection of creamery glassware and nurseries; field ex- periments; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; digestion and feeding experiments; entomology; dairy- ing; effect of electricity on plant growth. Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; bacteriology; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; feeding and breeding experiments; entomology; stable hygiene. Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul- ture; forestry; diseases of plants and animals; food and nutrition of man; plant and animal breeding; feeding ex- periments; entomology; dairying; farm management; farm statistics. Fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture; biology; plant breeding; animal husbandry; diseases of animals; poultry culture; entomology; dairying; agricultural engineering. Chemistry; soil survey; botany; field experiments; horti- culture; diseases of plants and animals; feeding experi- ments; animal and plant breeding; entomology; dairying. Horticulture; entomology; inspection of orchards and nurseries. Chemistry; meteorology; botany; field experiments; dry farming; horticulture; feeding and breeding experiments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairying; irrigation and drainage. Chemistry; botany; meteorology; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and ani- mals; forestry; feeding and breeding experiments; ento- mology; dairying; irrigation. Chemistry; meteorology; botany; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; animal feeding and breeding; plant and animal diseases; entomology; irrigation. : Chemistry; botany; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; feeding and breeding experiments; entomology; dairying; poultry experiments. Chemistry; oyster culture; botany; analysis of fertilizers, foods, and commercial feeding stuffs; pot, cylinder, and field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; entomology; dairy husbandry; soil bacteriology; irrigation. Chemistry; botany; soils; field experiments; dry farming; horticulture; feeding experiments; entomology; dairy- ing; irrigation. Chemistry; bacteriology; meteorology; fertilizers; analysis and control of fertilizers; inspection of feeding stuffs, Paris green, and creamery glassware; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairy- ing; irrigation. Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding experi- ments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; animalhusbandry; poultry experi- ments; dairying; tests of farm machinery. 204 Station. Location. North Dakota........-- Agricultural College -. Ohiose testes meee eee ce Wioosteris24s.-2522 Oklahomeaneeseseee eee Stillwatersoeseeee-e.- Onegonmice-e acess aeee Corvallisi2-22 222-2 Pennsylvania......----- | State College........- Rhode Island2s2 2 5s2-25- Kingstons22s: 2522. - | South Carolina...-...-- Clemson College... ... South Dakota.....---.-- Brookings. fee acess Mennessee: Aseseaseet see Knoxvillesee senor Texashe sa: ceoreaieetese College Station..-....- Utaln:. 2823556 eS: Wogan’ Peseite es cote Vermont 5. = sesh. | Burlingtons.se. - = - Mirginia = sacot ti aeseees Bisckshurgeee sess Washingtou= sce. ---ee- (Palen sere soceers | West: Virginia. -. 22. 27-2 | Morgantown......... Wisconsintseoo2esoo. .25 \WMadison#...222224. .2-2 Wyoming) ith eee cas. haramioevst 3220 5s Motalt 2 ocesece.- = REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TABLE 8.—General Director. Date of original organization. J. H. Worst, LL. D ---| C. E. Thorne, M.S. A.. W.L. English, B.S... James Withycombe, M. Agr. H. P. Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D. J. N. Harper, B. S., M. Agr. J. W. Wilson, M.S. A.. H. A. Morgan, B.S. A- J. W. Carson, B.S.@... A.M. Soule, B.S. A... H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D..| py ASsvoder, bh-Di fe. | | BE. A. Bryan, M. A., } eG EDS J. H. Stewart, M.A... W. A. Henry, D. Agr., D. Se. B.C. Buffum, M.S..-. June 8,1882 Nov. 24,1886 1888 1883 1887 a Vice-director. Date of organization under Hatch Act. Mar. —, 1890 Apr. Dee. 25,1890 July June July Jan. Mar. 13,1887 Aug. 4,1887 Apr. 3,1889 1890 Feb. 28,1888 | 1891 1891 June 11,1888 1887 Mar. 1,1891 statistics, 1906—Continued. ~ STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 205 Z §8¢ | Publications| ¢ & a> | during fiscal| 7 eq | 3 8.28 | year 1905-6. @ 4s SB Se; | BS eee we a.8 [=| a0 g ° cea Pa ae as io) orci) on s|s8|gFs| g 53 2/2 |Sen| 2 of r= alge |mskl a] 8 | s|s sas| s E 5 42|A4 Z Z AY Z 17 11 5 12 264 | 10,891 S0/ Pesece = ili 31 549 | 45,000 12 10 8 vi 140 | 22,575 13 By 4 5 154 | 6,000 20 6 2 14 308 | 17, 100 16 4 An 137 | 9,600 20 12 12 9 217 | 12,500 13 8 7 a 150 | 11,000 15 9 10 4 52 | 8,500 19 8 6 i 146 | 30,000 21 12 9 4 82 | 5,600 13 5 5 8 426 | 13,000 23 il 6 8 192 | 13,000 16 12 12 5 230 | 6,000 13 3 4 12 316 | 8,000 Biel 23 5| 12| 834 | 20,000 10 8 5 5 231 4,000 950 | 434 389 | 463 | 17,501 |758, 842 Principal lines of work. Chemistry; soils; botany; field experiments; plant breeding; horticulture; forestry; diseases of plants and animals; analysis of foods and spraying materials; inspection and analysis of paints, drugs, and proprietary products; feed- ing and breeding experiments; poultry experiments; drainage. Chemistry; soils; field experiments; botany; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; feeding experi- ments; entomology. Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; botany; bacteriology; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; entomology. Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; fertilizers; field crops; horti- culture; plant breeding and selection; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairying; irrigation. Chemistry; meteorology; fertilizers; horticulture; plant diseases; field experiments; animal nutrition; feeding experiments; dairying; poultry experiments. Chemistry; meteorology; soils; analysis and inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs; field and pot experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; poultry experiments. Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; soils; botany; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding experiments; veterinary science; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; botany; horticulture; field experiments; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal hus- bandry; entomology. Chemistry; soil investigations; inspection of fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; seeds; weeds; diseases of plants and animals; feeding experi- ments; entomology; dairying; poultry investigations; apiculture. Chemistry; seed testing and feed inspection; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; feeding ex- eriments; diseases of plants and animals; entomology; irrigation. . Chemistry of soils; alkali soil investigations; field experi- ments; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; breeding and feeding experiments; dairying; poultry experiments; entomology; irrigation; arid farming. Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; analysis and control of fertilizers and feeding stuffs; inspection of creamery glassware; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding experiments; dairying. Chemistry; geology; biology; field experiments; horticul- ture; plant breeding; bacteriology; mycology; analysis of foods and soils; inspection of orchards; breeding and feed- ing experiments; veterinary science; entomology; cider and vinéSar making; ferments; dairying. Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding experiments; veterinary science; entomol- ogy; dairying; irrigation. Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; soils; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; inspection of orchards and nurseries; feeding and breeding experiments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; horti- culture; plant breeding; breeding and feeding experi- ments; dairying; irrigation and drainage; agricultural engineering. Chemistry; mycology; botany; meteorology; soils; range improvement; fertilizers; field experiments; plant selec- tion; food analysis; breeding and feeding experiments; irrigation. 206 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TABLE 9.—Revenue and Federal appropria- tions. Individuals 5 Farm Station. State. and com- Fees. Hatch | Adams munities. products. | fund. fund. Alabama (College) ......----- $15,000.00 | $5,000.00 | $10, 488.33 |...........-|.......-..-- $696. 44 Alabama (Canebrake) .......|.--..-- SSS Vaieecssiot conus 2; SOOT 0G! ||P Bore soo Re Saas 900. 00 MA bpamia CDUSKeEC6)) 2 sce hier beso ee ncnese eee n eee 1 SOON OO Nee ees ee io tole Se ee PANIZ, OMA eee hee eee emaae 15, 000.00 §, 000.00: | 210,396.16 }.-.-..--... - $57.00 1,041.56 INT RANSAS 92 oc a2 aie cvestaciises 15, 000. 00 5,000: 003)|:34° 98479205 sear ee eee 1, 472.95 California <2 25: -s52 see ae 15, 000.00 5,000.00 | ¢ 27,277.04 $232. 42 6,571.77 1, 440.77 Colorado eee 15, 000. 00 5;'000::00''|'21'4000;'00),|224- 525.0) = ee eee Connecticut (State) .......-- 7,500.00 2,500.00 | € 15, 950.00 7,949.30 | a 20, 491.92 356. 49 Connecticut (Storrs). 7, 500.00 2,500.00 1800.00) chet see oe en ee Se Malawareec ss scene see 15, 000. 00 5; 000500) Sees eo. ce joes, beet es 286: 00'\|- ee INTOTIGS so So iccs oe aeons cine 15, 000.00 DB; OOOK0ON| 2 ee 8 eS oS ee ea ee eee 853.04 GROTEIAS 5s - eee oe eee 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 pot Eee DA ee eee abe Roe Pr adil sili 116 (2) 5 Vo) eg PS eS aes 15,000.00 5000200!) sane a Rs |S re ee a ee ee 1, 460.71 TU bra Vay tte ete eee heehee ea 15,000. 00 5,000.00 | 95,000.00 |...........- 890.00 708. 84 Mndisins 22.25. ~=c64 sac seeeee 15,000. 00 3 000500) (972550005 00) 52= 52a ee sees @ 17,963.57 owas: 5. 6i Sete eee 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 | 31, 509.36 100: 00) 2229 ae } 9,821.82 KMansaseaca. cee wate eter 15, 000. 00 570005007|15;,000:.00)|-— - cas sen es ee eee Kentuckyic. nes eece ee eee ae 15, 000.00 5,000.00 |'@ 13,977.08 |_-.....-.-.- 24, 462.73 | 26,965.58 THouisianas esses -2 5 ese 15, 000. 00 550005007) 9e152 000500! Sie ee eee eee 3,385.33 | Maine: soca eee 15, 000.00 DS 000;000) ea Ace = Jct ek rch a = See eel ee ee Marylandss-c-2e- oes eos eee 15, 000. 00 Dy OO000 8) S10} 000! O08 | eae aoe see = Se eee 5, 182. 63 | Massachusetts..........-..-- j 15, 000.00 5H000300 9/91 S 5003 00)iie area 4,745.00 2, 836. 02 | Michigans ss00 22! ss5 5 LIU 15,000. 00 5, 600200) 15, 530217) 2225 22222 2,860.00 | ¢2,610.10 Minnesotaris sscs 2 a2s2 cclenes © 15, 000. 00 5000700] [e'S7, 18918) | Pe as ae ea on eee ¢ 11, 188.21 Mississippila-o oo >see eee 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 : 3 Missouri (College) ......--..- 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 Missouri GE xult)io22 5-2 as | ee acces eceeeceress Montand een. eee eee anes 5,000.00 Webraska: = 32222) 5-s2 5-2-2 Jae 5,000.00 INGVada! Sec ss Lee eee 5,000.00 New Hampshire.........-.-.- 5,000. 00 New: Jersey: (State) ic se scenc sal beste: coer laeetoaeenee New Jersey (College) .......- 15,000.00 500000 Nps en Fe ee eek ee | j INeweMexicOses pene ns eee 15, 000.00 9; 000001 PS ees ee aes Eee eines New York (State)----..----- 1,500. 00 500500) 17279:,500! 90128 eee ee eee New York (Cornell) .......-.. 13, 500. 00 AS 5005004147105 000/000) Shs See eae ce INOrph Carolingae.-peseesce see 15, 000.00 0,000; OO) | auil7e/2845 OD | mae eatee ee oe ee cee eee North Dakota --=------------ 15, 000. 00 9300050077 | 250200) |e ee ek ay ee ere ee OHIO Se See 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 | @ 80,010.86 |............ 140.75 Oklghomar ec ceceeose see ee 15, 000. 00 5,000. 00 25 500.00: | sae eee ee a eee OTGZOH Ee ene ee eee ee 15, 000. 00 6; 000: 00. Jes. 25.222 | oes | @ 2,586. 42 | Pennsylvanigesso- so-< oss 15,000. 00 5, 000. 00 $30.05 saan eee 13,049. 55 Rhode island 4223222 e55 sees 15, 000. 00 RUT TAC, Obl ok 2 ae a eA pee SAP bm South! Carolina =~. <-=--2----- 15, 000. 00 5000: COR 2 25635555 15a n ne Seren = eee South Dakota--ce-e---- 2.) 15, 000. 00 55, 000300 fi] ail O00: 00 8 | Eee tate eae ae renee MONWESSCS Sect =e coe socom 15, 000. 00 5,000. 00 1,000.00 MOxas ees see ne ee eee ease 15, 000. 00 5,000. 00 77.00 | Utahes oe --2e 5 eee 15, 000. 00 00005 O02 1376. 844] hae nee = ema see oe eeeeie es Wermontia ces. cecrseceweacee 15, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 2,805.00 WATEIEIGS eae seen wees 15, 000. 00 5s OOOS00N |S ee. i hare | Se ee een econ Wiashinetonceccsccs st cose 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 |. 757.95 | WiestiVareinia=s>-. os. - cee 15, 000. 00 5,000. 00 9, 066. 94 WHSCONKIIet oe eee eae ae eee 15, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 2, 600. 00 Wyoming forsee eeeoeeeces 15, 000. 00 DL 000300) [FU ii72 26u nex Soak eee eee eoanee 2, 608.30 | Totvalyorecsse ec eeese eee 720,000.00 | 240,000.00 | 709,902.05 8,304.37 | 100,186.57 | 135,526.96 a Including balance from previous year. > For biennium ending June 30, 1907. ¢ Including substations. d Special aldiael gee lo for biennial period ended November 30, 1906. e Includin / Balance from previous year. alance of $450 from previous year. 9 For fiscal year ended October 31, 1906. h For substations. STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES additions to equipment, 1906. AND STATIONS. 207 Miscellane- ous. $1,927.21 f 2,566. 41 F 458. 41 F1, 418.91 1,515.76 a2,760.35 13.62 719, 494. 59 a9, 516.16 #1, 208.21 4,993.76 f 1,259.27 € 15,094.57 f 492.87 71,818.76 2793.06 2, 127.39 a 4,261.60 a2, 425.27 -00 21,919.12 118, 017. 75 62,963. 57 62,946.94 37, 760.35 65, 419.31 57, 879.92 29, 516.16 36, 390.84 46,074.78 42, 259.54 68, 377.39 46,613.77 36, 240.01 22) 785.56 Additions to equipment in 1906. 5, 194.35 15, 763.60 2,105.12 2,333.56 22,000.00 103,572.17 | 2,017, 492.12 169, 875.50 A Appara-|Farmim-| Live | Miscella- Library. ae plements.| stock. | neous. Total $425.00 $2,089.00 $438.00 | $200.00 $110.00 $4, 112.00 500300) S222 sek ce 200.00 500.00 | 1,000.00 6, 200.00 Pena on wellos aoe oon 200.00 | NA el eee eee ae 375.00 1.16 118.32 587.32 270.00 193.07 6, 364.22 87.60 215.00 172.50 366.24 99.98 16, 704.92 400.00 | 1,500.00 1,000.00 300.00 250.00 8, 450.00 195.27 551.69 57.45.) 1,789.63 662.82 9, 425.54 664.92 UAT Oil eee Gaeeed cae eae al ere eae 16, 265.92 139.29 616.42 iV Perl 190.17 | 1,752.72 3, 648.67 575.35 195.16 74.29 1.20 33.00 1,376.51 687.16 | 2,737.83 196.98 | 2,016.00 550. 56 6, 188.53 549.88 | 2,829.75 NUS Y fete haces sete eae | Merete 3, 536.99 136.60 38.20 329.45 431.71 203.45 41,139.41 78.50 403.78 1,272.48 | 2,208.00 938.99 9, 007.58 150.84 788.80 2,221.96 | 2,565.33 | 1,272.10 8,983.12 Boe eet 1,381.40 592.26 | 4,147.01 409.80 6, 963.07 215.00 525.00 150.00 | 3,040.00 475.00 4,855.00 286.08 121.90 462.02 730.00 755.93 4,873.62 973.60 697.82 618261 labs teoo) eae eee ae 10, 404.94 1,735.66 | 1,381.29 TIA EP -BORW Ie ten mcrae lances ae 6, 275.00 280.98 58.00 365.65 247.00 600.00 3, 885.19 TGS= (ON es 4387045 serena eee 200.00 300.00 2,102.24 603.93 280.14 LQ 5oUlwasO0 Malar laa seers 5, 767.77 1,000.00 200.53 578284 | 45409570) 5 25. 2 ee 28,189.07 eee 500.00 350.00 275.00 50.00 1,175.00 600.00 | 1,000.00 150.00 | 2,000.00 500.00 9, 250.00 150.00 990.87 800.00 375.00 500.00 3, 465.87 50.00 | 3,378.00 452.00 183.00 249.00 4,312.00 558.52 435.69 346.59 525.00 321.66 2,801.07 402.58 | 2,298.70 263.45 396.45 108.35 3,716.27 211.28 FA OE le ee See) ep eet 1, 224.94 2,207.87 1,389.45 | 3,678.18 91.93 690.00 81.50 6, 477.43 eRe Sa 102.75 744.00 284.50 25.00 1, 856.25 1,092.50 35.58 606.14 332.00 | 1,224.21 3, 290.43 129.54 126.43 5.45 201 QI. 2 ae eee 794.71 352.56 845.08 1,108.17 228): 0: [Secs sae 3,113.85 41.41 | 2,101.75 347.24 | 1, 486.24 101.80 6, 382.84 § : ; , \aeeey oes 13, 998.79 : - | 76.80 75.41 5 : 2 | 6,000.00 7,940.96 i 631.40 | 205.24] 2,420.88 : : 23. ‘ 306.63 3,298.76 5 é > 56.11 11,245.15 : 3 F : 98.00 2,935.82 ; ; 4 NOG: |i seeseome a | 7,234.73 "98 | "102.23 823.31 s : ; is | 694.13 7,714.07 : é 2 R [Ree Seow 7,885.88 c : ‘ Peale oso 3,968.95 ‘ ; ; :05 | 606.85 3,004.03 ‘: i A Y | 15.00 3, 862.03 "8! : 24.42 | 416.58 | 4,995.08 12.05 87.35 476.40 I/D sce coseoae 750.97 22,080.29 |57, 439.98 | 22,706.52 |51,977.68 |22,812.75 346, 892.72 i Including balance of $15,612.33 from previous year and a refund of $550. j Including balance of $382.30 from previous year. k For fiscal year ended October 31, 1906. 1 For fiscal year ended October 1, 1906. m Estimated amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes. .n Estimated amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes during fiscal year ended December 1, 1906. 208° REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLeE 10.—Expenditures from United States appropriation of March 2, 1887, Classified expenditures. Amount | Post- - f ap- P Heat, Station. crap ‘ age and| Freight 1; Chemi- propria~ | Salaries. | Labor. Publica- sta- | and ex- light, cal sup- tion. tions. ti and : ion- | press. | oter, | Plies ery. | NTS DAMNIO seer eee $15,000.00) $7,703.00) $1,384.19} $769.94) $107.00) $357.46 $387.31) $863. 50 ATIZONG «oe Se esaeian =e 15,000.00) 6,823.54) 4,332. 41).......... 408.64) = 275.14) 70.08) 637.90 ATKANSOS 2455 :ceee Se eee 15,000.00) 7,724.92) 2,152.24) 1,119.35 249.85 435. 87 161.75, 481. 63 Californias ee-eeee ease 15,000.00, 7,702.66) 3,704. 61 373.01) 595. 51 84.96) 142.50) 182.51 Colorado....-. Sei 13,000. 0 10, 234. 50 446.70} 1,677.52) 379.42) 129. 41 4:35)" S22. eee Connecticut (State)....| 7,500. ey OOO: O02 SR 5. S88 eee SE oe ee |e ee Connecticut (Storrs)...| 7,500.00) 3,545.81) 1,451.74 56.50) 183. 54 75.72} 116.63) 402.62 DEA WATe sao oe sccce sees 15,000.00) 9,545.78) 1,021. 03) 756.14) 134.23) 119.43) 301.16) 265.19 OTIS Ee Santee eee ya 15,000.00} 8,853.75) 1,345.31 925.70) 242.24) 209.48) 417.65) 157.85 GeOreia:.2Secden ees 15,000.00} 6,815.00) 3,235.44) 1,673.06) 234.28} 204.89) 170.26)......... Ie bNsYes Gaaee cease aeaeee 15,000.00} 8,298.30) 2,164. 87 748.98) 173.42} 181.00) 525.85} 202.78 Ulimoise. == 22 s-sc—- >. 28 15,000.00} 8,003.19) 3,227.16 1,353.63) 762.51) 271.81) 120.00)......... Indiana eset. 4-0 15,000.00} 8,357.04) 2,152.08| 1,877.22) 554.05) 79.90} 156.88) 148.92 TOW a8 sts Pe cetec sees 15,000.00} 9,324.94).......... 1,718.'83}' 428.35| 45122)... .. 2222 437. 08 ams ashi csaceceeeerre 15,000.00) 7,963.49) 4,038.37. 458.91) 114.67) 276.79|.....--.- 130. 32 Kentuekyzre esses 153000; 00 ULE oxS0|Eeees eee 866.26 171.01 62.72) 480.14 48.83 Mowisiana ss see seen ee 15; 000! 00) ppl 451 05716] Bement S87: 34|L ae Me | de. RO os ee Maineyeeses2cee 2 a8 15,000.00) 7,704. 80) 1,561. 47) 242.67) 337.77) 236.64 592. 56 135.70 Mamvilain ie: a ceeryeecni 15,000.00) 7,757.36) 3,010.37 452. 01 329.30} 260.01 380.22} 261.69 Massachusetts......... 15,000.00) 6,539.52) 3,003. 07 719. 01 438. 09 168. O1 245. 42 406. 54 Michizans=:s2-2---. 6 15,000.00) 7,150.37) 3,944.16 210.65) 451.07; 139.82) 161.47) 152.36 Munmnesotay-i se. == 2-= 155000::00)) “WiGO83!3i|ze-e-4- 4-5 624.33) 217.96 2.00) 1,332. 20 43.19 Mississippi--<---.c-.- 2 15,000.00; 7,042.93) 1,602.63) 1,888.36 133.58) 316. 85 106) 05/E2 seen IMISSOUDIS ones aaeene see 15,000.00} 5,617.66) 2,013.90 521.61} 283.31 63. 50 26. 55) 4.85 Montana =. 25) Sees aee 15,000.00} 9,464.72) 2,462.05) 1,062.31) 329.78) 473.28] 67.76) 280.15 Nebrasika..4-05./ 545.204 15,000.00) 9,148.06) 2,048.95 875.40) 562.37 AQ) ADE Sco ee 116. 62 INGVadalen dts: donne 15,000.00; 8, 536.93) 3,160. 83 197.60 165. 40 90.77; 592.57; 199.37 New Hampshire......-. 15,000.00) 8,415.47 2,415.11) 1,146. 47 72. 09 183.19) 645. 26 22. 40 INGWJiCISCY)-22<5-- 2-5 15,000.00) 10,250. 00 797. 56 188.70} 769. 82! 72.27) 333.70 82. 50: New Mexico...-..--.-: 15,000.00; 7,229.75) 2,425.04 299.56} 437.32} 687.88) 373.55) 206.18 New York (State)...-.| 1,500.00 939) 49 Senses cee 205. 40. 64. 54) COGS eee ane 12.75 New York (Cornell)..-..| 13,500.00) 10,108.12) 1,118.24 770.58) = 214. 76 56. 14 4.14) 102.37 North Carolina........ 15,000.00) 9,766.69) 1,778.35 553.92) 434.90 71.06 91. 10) 82. 25 North Dakota.......-- 15,000.00) 6,597.92) 3,861.71) 1,817.64 290.31 39.68 376.16 42. 46 ONIOs se: phascees teen e 15,000. OO 1S, 910.(00 oe seas ene oe eye eae | ee | eee leaner Oklahoma cereeess ee 15,000.00) 6,243.74) 3,057.38) 1,788.31) 264.47; 196.37; 310.50) 115.35 Oregon. senses ssn ee 15,000.00, 9,671.65) 2,851.74 203. 70 60:96)" 136205)2- = 2-22. 459. 52 Pennsylvania.......... 15,000.00} 9,576.43) 1,137.74 749. 79 All. Ol|Bseeaes 179. 48) 749.84 Rhode Island.......... 15,000.00; 8,738.82) 2,132.92 53.01) 206.34) 177.06) 478. 51 40. 58 South Carolina........-. 15,000.00) 10,821.38) 1,448. 56) 630. 00 94. 54 87. 56 83.73} 400. 22 South Dakota.....:... 15,000.00) 7,445.44) 4,046. 54| 1,097. 43 210. 49 196, 41 2. 85 122. 83) Moennessee= =. ---- 2 129.54 5.45] 201.21] 126.43/......... | 135.15 301.61] 211.73) 619.77| 39.41] 206.94| 128.82) 17.27) 53.00, 223.30 950.42]... ..... 611.91| 11.41) 342.48) 59.40] 209.94|......... 176. 16| a A 8 | AREA RE OE OS | a rl (TRO RIES © a 50. 00 497. 82|........| 625.94) 13.95] 361.16] 76.80| 11.00] 376.00| 296. 21) 216.68} 36.00} 395.21] 258.40|........ 101.35] 165.62) 261.90) 167. 22| 22.60! 153.53) 944.76) 233.13) 98.30 286.71) 276.20) 538.69) 439.75) 485.13 357.03} 264.48} 48.22) 105.80) 172.47} 11.50)........ 16. 00, 309: 03): 20. 539.57} 6.06; 145.98] 86.06} 212.78] 323.19] 126. 10| 286.97| 178.30} 162.07) 192.79] 19. 30)........| QS5NI Din saeee oe 324. 32 422.67} 142.16) 1,507.56} 67.77; 118.96) 102.23) 30.65 96.28, 332.08 393. 53] 127.75! 1,063.07] 29.92) 282.73) 177.66) 567.05) 865. 87, 481. 16 75.33) 201.48) 955.75) 239.44) 149. 99) DSONIA TT OV sees ee 409. 46 845. 70 G585lloes eee, 35.42) 47.13) 151.30) 16.00; 200.00 168.40 GISsTA soe iia OOD. ai aces ee OZR OOI Sentra) eeeese 314.05, 475.18 206.99) 53.00} 622.84) 410.10) 73.00} 69.00) 253.97)........- | 428.19 1,179.12) 80.00; 544.50) 425.57) 244.25) 285.92) 621. 45) 53.00 308. 43 ot BBM GlEeenbee 976.63} 12.05) 476.40) 139.23) 87.35 = Daa. 175.17} 365.58 | — 19, 602.06 4, 849. 16 24, 542. 80'8, 698.71 10,145.48 5, 227. 50 8, 436, 81 10, 434.90 14, 214. 40 2, 025. 73 12,572. 75| 141.21 | 2948B—07——14 210 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBie 11.—Expenditures from United States appropriation of March 16, 1906, seeheiand . of ap- Station. propria- tion. ANA DARIN Asean anss) = $5, IATIZONB seep e sere eee = ; Arkansas.............- - Califormia-s------------ 7 C@oloradopees---.------ - f d ’ Connecticut (State)...-) Connecticut (Storrs)... Delaware Maryland Massachusetts........- MiChiP aise enseccre ane Minnesota...-.---->.-.-- MISSISSIDDI.- =. 225-<2-'- IMSSSOUTT Sop ee ccecinec-c Montana INGVSda echoes cs seis’ New Hampshire....... New Jersey-.---------- New Mexicossoses-.s-. New York (State) New York (Cornell)... - North Carolina North Dakota... Ohighee sees. = es Pennsylvania..--.....- Rhode Island South Carolina......-.. South Dakota......... Warginigs ers Soc ceee oe Washington....--....- West Virginia WiHiscOnsinieee ocr cee. Wy OIUINe eo ese nsec. «es Sos Ser AS Ne) Ser Ner Net Nor Nor UNS Nery Nesp Ner Na Sey Sa SESSESESSSZSSISSESSESSSESSESSESSSESSESESESSESSEE=TE sesssssesesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssesssssessss Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Ot Ot Ot Or Ot Ot Or Or Ort Or Classified expenditures. Salaries. Post- Publica- | #86204 | tions ti ion- | ery. STA CLO 1) ea OF B00) ees eee erin Nae. x2 2. G65.00|" VOG:34 cc owe ass| saseeae Sell eee |” "213. 07]. Tear Dai os Waa al pare ree kee a Ne ia Sse rie [eee eros 5.80| 390.79) 1,196.57, 501.73 12, 262. 65 27,810.01) 8,722.86 | STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 211 for the agricultural experiment stations for year ended June 30, 1906. Classified expenditures—Continued. | Tools Seeds | Triale: i ; ple- | Furni- pea Con- d- Plana’ | Fertit-| Feed-| y,- |ments,| ture | PERO | rive | Travel-| tin. | Hoes | pal sundry | izers. mg | brary. and and appa- | stock. ale Gas Sa and ance. ’ stuffs. ma- fix- ATE penses.| ex raanire Sree | chin- | tures. ; penses. | '°P21TS- | plies. | ery $1,627. 10 $2, 980. 11 1,984. 10 00) Sees TNGAG: 11\ ($017: OBl ec asteeelk sab Bodle 1935 Galan anes 49. 6 73. 16 25456) 19lod S25 0.\) » DACOM dessa ec od os 55 ew eae Ga sosazceg|| BBE cococincd|lbs conpazallersconee | AV7S11|~ -BD4D) — 1 7BNSoleasie toil) o 1210 70] pene ae | 1,813. 03 2, 949. 66 | 2) 174.71 1.39 15066. 20). <2) s|cane tl Uee eneon ign) seen 1; 228, 23 1,817.96 Rioras, “5,000. 00 622. 68/2, 671. 05) Bee Bs tase oe es 56.'5715/005:00| - 12:40hsaesti panes | eae MRSS OBI ia tal oe: ae pe eas eR Ae SE 80: 22|.......- 304.66 1.10] 168.79|.......- ” 387. 82| 696.00 9.40] $7.50] 206. 79|........- 154.56] 38.68| 217.14! 427.21) 775.27|.......- 870.49} 31.00|........- Viel 250. 00|....---.- ANON 2.8 alles 116.20] 271.75] 445.20) 1, 159. 761,732.00, 233. 21).... 2. 250.00, 236.11 229, 26 9.00 16.35) 81.33) 842.89|. 22222. 9505 Sa SAFI G6), O56 |sceas. 5 baa sane Oe ee vtocs....| 24.80| 143.01|.....-.| 287.82] 205.99] 2,654. 67| 606.68|....-...-|.--..-..| 14,09] 117.15 (iees4%03), ana! Br). 8.22. 313. 15/1, 484. 02|........ 964. 41 175.00 ELA GTO 239,150\5 an SAOTOD 2 eal eee ES Hc a IPR TOtOO a eter |eseae oe Se 500. 00|:2.: 2. oko oe [bee ae eR 1 Se a as Gen eRe IE Lee 2, 689. 79|....-.--- A eam aie we SE 1, 485.98 s2ocnecas||:oescase|basceodellscoaqeaoscctosd laaacosce| poe cascos [Poooesed|sepcegsos|cocesses|=scecoce- 50 TN ENC ARNE Su EI ((n_ TPE ey GRISEA ise Gare (LORY See Solace Sols ga 5,000. 1 Bg a (EZR OCA Sil Rees eee Rea Soy ee Rees Cee (Pn ae ROSNER) YL 1s Boto7 |) S100] 4 ke: 922. 91| 31. 20|_......- 835. 95|-.-.. CRE | eile (eo wane 2, 535. 80 rok Meee 154.90|....... 132° 50)- che 498. 70\2,295.00| 2.90|......-- 250.00' 1,439. 88 scosenysiesl ke ebaae cl Desks Be MBS lf Oc oie Wa ape (Me VaR (UR sara Vn A parmg 5,000. 00 Rar eae) ene eee POS) a ey Ena ME PAG SAIS be) Be os IUGR EM CR I EG ADEs ae Syl ei | a e he ED3NG IG OSIAG laa IS ORs asl oe Beebe [oa ae 6.15) 2, 123.09 Set67|0 0.0 99. 07|1,477.34 72.08] 144.68] 1,172.07; 8.80| 209.08|........| 15.36, 178.06 Bip meme Dee ea 464. 50| 147.43|....._.. Sebo oti eG Ss umes | 25 | eR ere aie 37/0) ee es ee PN = (es 508. 38 ose) 19.00) 25.00). 2-2... 50. 00 POE ee SAO UMe 1s eee 6 geralte Med eM eee 140. 66 392.16| 255.75|....-..- 148.11} 42.30] 49.18] 91.29|..._.... 385. 06 ee Poe eine |S 8 |Meanesda|a 28 52h Ta01, 80lgs700; 00)! 120: 00 | | | 6,898.09 1, 702. 73 5,825.94 10,704.50 14,447.04 1, 886.43 63, 627. 17 20,567.75 3,287.13] 49.50 2,988.63 48, 124.59 212 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TaBLE 12.—Dishursements from the United States Treasury to the States and Territories for agricultural experiment stations under the acts of Congress approved March 2, 1887, and March 16, 1906.4 State or Territory. @alifonntseraetcnee = 302 S55 ok. ee ee eee ColOvTad Ore eee een cock aceon ees eesesasee ee cute sce aeicemes Connecticut ........-.. 2 Dakota (Territory) - Delaware .s- s<,=\00155-- Plorida....--.--------------+- +--+ +--+ +--+ 2+ +22 22-2222 eee IS GINiTU GS (peop ape Soan cH Ons Besa asc no nese one seeoSANoeee NG OTITSI SIS) 8 2) ao ees Sie eiatwieietern ome ae ee eee Oe Se MMIAING 2s = So ccs aces snmcie ieee eae Seen oe noone clase Mibmay ihe Gla Sa eee ee Somacebboh: tpaesdeucseese+ sonacbeaqasaae Massachusetts. --.-----.-.----2----- = 22-222 - 222-2 een IMISSISSUD DM Seen ome mele meee ear ane aera IMSS QUI ee te ne cee eae e te nei Sete ene eto OR San Setroee MONG seen ey Sec oc ee cece eww a 5 Cote eae cetne eine seis ING VCS ect e sores tee oe eee ee eee eee eet e Sve New Hampshire New Jersey....------- ING We GXICOn o 2)... 2288 Ste ope seine cia c's cence ee INO WelOl kee: Sabie. oak aot acer) gen | tee eee SB ee IRennsVlV ANI = .— cade se ero ce cee ee See we coo aaeee eee IRnodexleland!s: 27 /c202 tk 22 3 RE os steerer ee BonmpniCarounace) oe 2s oo Roan An Ber ee es aaa HOMGE MD EIKO UR = 8s shee a eee cee es nis Bae ee oe eee ATO Info) €: Bos Sa SERRE Re et ea eee ar oe A hae a iy pee IWeshinpton ws. ost 2 ne een cone coe eee eee eee te coe nee West Virginia. -.. - Pa mo anne a aes CoRR EOS AVVIISCODSLO pa cee s, oe ere ire cars ieee ele ai ee se aera DWV AV ONLI Nese Soa one o = en ee eee sins oe SU eee oe Hatch Act. 1888-1905. 1906. $269,999.34} $15,000.00 234, 803. 15 15,000. 00 268, 163. 12 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 269, 963. 24 15, 000. 00 270, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 56; OOD. eo gee 269, 438. 84 15, 000. 00 269, 966. 11 15,000. 00 269, 983. 55 15,000. 00 195, 000. 00 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 901. 19 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 996. 57 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 999. 62 15,000. 00 269, 967. 40 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 14,617.70 270,000. 00 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000.00. 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 265,097. 24 15,000. 00 180, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 932. 16 15,000. 00 269, 939. 32 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 961. 97 15,000. 00 234, 998. 90 15, 000. 00 269, 945. 27 15,000. 00 270,000. 00 15,000. 00 227, 330. 62 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 209, 270. 80 15,000. 00 256, 631. 82 15,000. 00 269, 967. 95 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 542. 15 15,000. 00 213,250. 00 15,000. 00 270,000. 00 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 235,000. 00 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 992. 57 15,000. 00 210, 000. 00 15,000. 00 269, 969. 22 15,000. 00 270, 000. 00 15,000. 00 255,000. 00 15, 000. 00 12, 489, 262. 12 ~ = wa) BS a nA ~ 5 ~I So Adams Act. 1906. Cen on cnienee eee a) EEEEEE 333832 Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Ory Or Gr Gt Or Or Ot Gt Oo Ce Sr St Ot Ot Ot Ot Ot Ot St Oy Ot rt Ot Ot Or Or Cr 1 Ot ee ee a a ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a a) S| SSSSSSSSS5S5SS5SSSSSSSS5ESS55S555ES555S555 g| Sssssssesssssssssssssessssssssssssssssasss to o— = a The panda in Date table were furnished by the ere reasury on ‘the use of this Department by the cour- tesy of the honorable Secretary of the Treasury. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 1906. By Dick J. Crossy, Expert in Agricultural Education, Office of Experiment Stations. INTRODUCTION. The attitude of the thinking public toward industrial education in’ general and agricultural education in particular is rapidly assuming a decidedly friendly aspect. There are many indications of this. The President of the United States in his message at the beginning of the second session of the Fifty-ninth Congress said: There is no longer any failure to realize that farming, at least in certain branches, must become a technical and scientific profession. This means that there must be open to farmers the chance for technical and scientific training, not theoretical merely, but of the most severely practical type. The farmer represents a peculiarly high type of American citizenship, and he must have the same chance to rise and develop as other American citizens have. Moreover, it is exactly as true of the farmer, as it is of the business man and the wage worker, that the ultimate success of the nation of which he forms a part must be founded not alone on material prosperity but upon high moral, mental, and physical development. This education of the farmer—self-education by preference, but also education from the outside, as with all other men—is peculiarly necessary here in the United States, where the frontier conditions even in the newest States have now nearly vanished, where there must be a substitution of a more inten- sive system of cultivation for the old wasteful farm management, and where there must be a better business organization among the farmers themselves. Several factors must cooperate in the improvement of the farmer’s condition. He must have the chance to be educated in the widest pcssible sense—in the sense that keeps ever in view the intimate relationship between the theory of education and the facts of life. In all education we should widen our aims. It is a good thing to produce a certain number of trained scholars and students; but the education superintended by the State must seek rather to produce a hundred good citizens than merely one scholar, and it must be turned now and then from the class book to the study of the great book of nature itself. This is especially true of the farmer, as has been pointed out again and again by all observers most competent to pass practical judgment on the problems of our country life. All students now realize that education must seek to train the executive powers of young people and to confer more real significance upon the phrase ‘dignity of labor,’”’ and to prepare the pupils so that in addition to each developing in the highest degree his individual capacity for work, they may together help create a right public opinion, and show in many ways social and cooperative Spirit, | ha While the farmers must primarily do most for themselves, yet the Government can also do much. The Department of Agriculture has broken new ground in many direc- tions, and year by year it finds how it can improve its methods and develop fresh use- fulness. Its constant effort is to give the governmental assistance in the most effective way; that is, through associations of farmers rather than to or through individual 213 214 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STAT:ONS. farmers. It is also striving to coordinate its work with the agricultural departments of the several States, and so far as its own work is educational, to coordinate it with the work of other educational authorities. Agicultural education is necessarily based upon general education, but our agricultural educational institutions are wisely special- izing themselves, making their courses relate to the actual teaching of the agricultural and kindred sciences to young country people or young city people who wish to live in the country. Great progress has already been made among farmers by the creation of farmers’ institutes, of dairy associations, of breeders’ associations, horticultural associations, and the like. * * * The Department can and will cooperate with all such asso- ciations, and it must have their help if its own work is to be done in the most efficient style. Other striking indications of this friendly attitude toward agri- cultural education are found in the numerous bills introduced into the Senate and the House of Representatives at the second session of the Fifty-ninth Congress providing for additional aid to agricultural colleges, for agricultural schools of secondary grade, for Federal aid for secondary courses in agriculture, home economics and mechanic arts, and for branch experiment stations in connection with agricul- tural schools. The State legislatures also are responding to the demand for more liberal funds for agricultural and mechanical col- leges as well as for aid to technical instruction of lower grade in pub- lic schools. Furthermore, the programme of nearly every meeting of farmers, teachers, and school officers in the United States during 1906 has included some consideration of the subject of agricultural education. A public sentiment thus aroused to the point of admitting defects in the scheme for educating our industrial youth and giving liberally of the public funds to remedy these defects will accomplish results as rapidly as the available experts can overhaul and improve the machin- ery of education. EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The United States Department of Agriculture through its different Bureaus has responded to many and varied requests for aid in pro- moting agricultural education in the colleges, the secondary schools, and the elementary schools. The attitude of the Secretary of Agri- culture with reference to the educational work of this Department is shown by the following statements from his report for 1906: With the development of the Department’s work along educational lines it has become clear that it may accomplish important and valuable service as a central agency for the promotion of agricultural education in cooperation with the State departments of agriculture and education, the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the State and national agricultural organizations. The most important lines of educational effort in which the Department should engage may be briefly outlined as follows: PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 215 (1) To aid the agricultural colleges to reduce the results of the investigations made by this Department and the experiment stations to pedagogical form for use in agri- cultural colleges and schools of different grades. This work is now proceeding too slowly to keep pace with the accumulation of material, and the lack of well-ordered manuals and illustrative materials is a great hindrance to the effective organization of agricultural instruction. (2) To promote the efficiency of agricultural instruction in the negro land-grant colleges, in order that the funds granted for negro education by the Federal Govern- ment may contribute toward keeping the negro on the farm and making him a more efficient factor in agricultural production for his own good and that of the nation rather than, as is largely the case at present, drawing him away from the farm into the uncertainties and dangers of city life. (3) To aid the agricultural organizations in the several States in promoting an effi- cient organization of agricultural high schools, consolidated common schools, and other educational agencies best adapted to secure a high state of prosperity and con- tentment in rural life. It is along these lines that the great educational effort of the immediate future is to be made. The forces behind the movement for industrial education have hitherto devoted themselves very largely to the promotion of instruc- tion in the city industries. It is now apparent that a similar work needs to be done for the great fundamental industries grouped under agriculture. Much work will be required to bring the masses of our agricultural population into sympathetic touch with the progressive movement in education and to secure for them a school system in harmony with their environment and their relations to the world’s work and civili- zation. As the nation’s representative of agricultural enlightenment and progress, this Department should be in a position to render effective aid in this enterprise, on the success of which depends so largely the permanent prosperity and contentment of our agricultural people. (4) Since the success of agricultural instruction in the public schools will depend very largely on the teachers, this Department should aid the agricultural colleges and other State educational institutions in preparing and inaugurating training courses for teachers of agriculture in secondary and elementary schools. (5) Since agriculture as a fundamental industry is of vital importance to all our people, this Department should present such results of its work and that of the experi- ment stations at home and abroad as are adapted to instructional purposes in connec- tion with nature study and elementary agriculture in a form available to teachers and pupils in both country and city, the object being to impress our youth with the dignity, value, and attractiveness of country life and pursuits. The Chief of the Weather Bureau reports as follows concerning the teaching of meteorology: The officials of the Weather Bureau have had their attention forcibly drawn to the teaching of meteorology by the increased recognition of that science as a branch of study appropriate to high schools, normal schools, colleges, and universities. * * * Elementary climatology considered as a part of geography is taught in about 1,000 graded schools. Elementary climatology and meteorology are taught in connection with geology in about 7,000 high schools, or seven-eighths of the whole number that are catalogued by the Bureau of Education. Specific courses in meteorology or climatology are given in about 140 out of 177 public normal schools, although in some of these the subject is taught in connection with physical geography. Out of 311 colleges and universities from which direct replies have been received 59 state that they have specific courses in meteorology, 133 teach this in connection with some other subject, and 119 pay no attention to it. The corresponding percentages are 19, 43, and 38, and probably the replies from other colleges will not alter these ratios very much. In fully one-half of these institutions, 216 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. from the lower schools to the higher universities, some form of laboratory method is pursued—that is to say, students are required to make personal observations, experi- ments, and deductions. They study the daily weather map and develop habits of individual thought. Ina matter so complex as the weather no text-books can replace the daily map, personal observations, and independent study. In addition to the popular work of the high schools and colleges, a higher class of work has been carried out by the scientific schools and universities. This special technical instruction is divided into two parts—that which is done by the scientific faculty as such and that which is done, by Weather Bureau officials temporarily appointed as instructors, who sometimes do this educational work without extra com- pensation from the colleges. There are 19 of the latter and about 50 of the former. Effort is being made to correlate and reduce to a uniform system the standard of instruction to be given at these institutions, so that, at least in some cases, these scientific schools may prepare men for the highest work that is required of a Weather Bureau official. The school garden work of the Bureau of Plant Industry is sum- marized by the Chief of that Bureau as follows: Public interest in the school garden movement has not waned during the year. In fact the distribution of special collections of flower and vegetable seeds for individual school gardens, as well as of a collection of seeds for decorating school grounds, has been more general than was the case the preceding year. Every State and Territory, except Nevada and Wyoming, are represented upon the mailing list of the Bureau in its school garden work. The distribution of seeds for this purpose during the past year amounted to 155,870 packets of flower seeds, 150,520 packets of vegetable seeds, and 71,150 packets of decorative flower seeds, making a total of 377,540 packets. It is safe to say that about 75,500 school gardens have been provided for in the last year’s distribution, or about twice as many as were reached in the distribution of the pre- ceding year. The largest distribution of the past year was made to the State of Illi- nois, the second largest to New York, the third largest to Pennsylvania, with Massa- chusetts fourth upon the list. During the preceding year New York received the largest distribution, Ohio the second largest, and New Jersey third largest. It is evident that the school garden movement is westward bound. It can safely be said that more than a thousand teachers of schools in various parts of the country are interested in this work. The gratifying reports which are received from this distribution make it evident that it is meeting with good results and is fill- ing a very useful place in the school work of our country. It is certain that hundreds of children who knew little or nothing of the manner of growth and methods of culti- vation of the various garden crops and flowers have been given the rudiments of agri- culture through the distribution of seeds to the schools, and that many minds which were never before interested in agriculture have a live interest in the subject at the present time. The work in cooperation with the normal schools of Washington, D. C., has been continued on a plat of about 3 acres in the northeast corner of the Department grounds. This is the most extensive work of this kind yet undertaken on the grounds, and has been very successful. The work, as in preceding years, has been in charge of Miss Susan B. Sipe, of Normal School No. 1, and has been continued throughout the sum- | mer as a vacation garden for the school children of the city. Great interest has been manifested in this work. The Forester reports that ‘‘educational work through addresses was greatly extended during the year, both in the number of meet- ings held and in the territory covered. Systematic work was carried PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. OG on in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Alabama, and twenty-three individual meetings. were addressed upon special request in fourteen States and one Territory. Many of these addresses were illustrated by lantern slides. On several occasions a representative of the Service accom- panied the ‘corn specials,’ which were run to carry exhibits of pro- gressive farm methods.” The total number of publications issued by the Department in 1906 was 1,171. Of these, 513 were original, comprising 22,444 pages. The number of copies of publications issued during the year aggre- gated 13,488,021. The requests from educational institutions for these publications are constantly increasing in number. It is not an unusual thing to send out several thousand publications in a single day for use in public school classes. The Farmers’ Bulletins espe- cially are coming to be used extensively in college and school classes, eranges, farmers’ clubs, and reading circles. EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The work of the Office of Experiment Stations in relation to educa- tional institutions engaged in promoting the.teaching of agriculture has become so broad and the demands on this Office for services in aid of this movement have become so varied that it has been deemed best to divide the educational work of the Office into two sections. One of these deals with the agricultural colleges and schools; the other promotes the interests of the farmers’ institutes and other forms of extension work in agriculture. The work of the Office relating to the agricultural colleges and schools during the past year has included (1) the collection and pub- lication of information regarding the progress of agricultural education at home and abroad; (2) studies of different grades of American and foreign schools in which agriculture is taught; (3) work in cooperation with the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations and other important associations dealing with educa- tional matters; and (4) the giving of aid to agricultural colleges and schools and to State and local school authorities along lines of agri- cultural education. RELATION TO AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS. The department of agricultural education maintained in Volume XVII of the Experiment Station Record has contained 125 abstracts of important text-books, manuals, and other publications relating to this subject, besides numerous notes concerning agricultural colleges and schools. There have also been prepared and published the annual statistics and organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, a bulletin on School Gardens, a circular on A Four-Year 218 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Course in Agriculture, a review of progress in agricultural education in 1905, and a Yearbook article on ‘‘The use of illustrative material in teaching agriculture in rural schools.’’ A bulletin containing exercises and describing illustrative material for teaching agriculture in elementary schools has been prepared for the printer. The work of card indexing references to American and foreign schools in which agriculture is taught has been continued. The number of cards now completed is about 3,300, of which about 2,300 were added during the past year. The card directory of teachers and investigators in agricultural subjects has been revised and about 200 names added, making a total of about 1,400 cards now in the directory. The Director of this Office has continued to act as bibliographer of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and as chairman of the committee of that association on instruction in agriculture. Upon invitation of the committee the expert in agricultural education of this Office has acted as its secretary, conducting correspondence for the committee and assisting in the preparation of reports. The giving of aid to agricultural colleges and schools and to State and school authorities along lines of agricul- tural education is an item of work which has increased greatly in importance and has taken much time. The correspondence has been large; the applications for publications have been numerous, some- times involving the sending of several thousand publications for use in school classes in a single day, and the requests for addresses at large educational gatherings and for lecturers at teachers’ institutes have been far in excess of the ability of this Office to meet. The Director of the Office has addressed a number of important meetings. The expert in agricultural education has lectured at similar meetings, taken part in several important conferences, and helped to organize a number of agricultural schools and prepare courses of study for them. Through the courtesy of the Chief of the Bureau of Soils the Office was able to send Mr. H. O. Sampson, of that Bureau, to lecture for three weeks at teachers’ institutes in Wisconsin, one week at a teachers’ institute in Pennsylvania, and one week at a teachers’ insti- tute in Maryland on the teaching of agriculture in the public schools. Mr. Sampson’s experience as a teacher of elementary agriculture in a small high school in Pennsylvania has given him good preparation for this work, and his services in the teachers’ institutes were highly appreciated. He has since been transferred to this Office, and is now on furlough to engage in the experiment of starting an agricultural high school in a rural community in Maryland. It is hoped that as the educational work of the Office develops, the services of Mr. Samp- son and other experts in agricultural education may be made avail- able to assist in organizing different phases of agricultural education work in the United States, and in conducting agricultural features of instruction in summer schools and institutes for teachers, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 219 RELATION TO FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The proceedings of the Second International Congress of Agricul- tural Education have been published in two volumes. In the first volume there are reports and preliminary documents relating to the work of the four sections: (1) Higher agricultural education, (2) sec- ondary agricultural education, (3) popular agricultural education, and (4) various means of disseminating information concerning agricul- tural science. In the first and third sections are given reports, opinions, and resolutions presented or adopted at seven preceding international congresses of agriculture and at the First International Congress of Agricultural Education, held at Paris in 1904. In the section on higher agricultural education thirty-five papers were presented by delegates representing fourteen countries of Europe, the United States, Japan, andthe German colonies. In these papers are discussed systems of agricultural education, the work of particular agricultural insti- tutions, agricultural courses in general, and particular phases of instruction in agriculture, such as agricultural mechanics, economic entomology, zootechny, tropical agriculture, rural economy, zoology as applied to agriculture, ete. The papers presented at the section on secondary agricultural education differ materially from those presented at the first section, in that only one of the eleven papers discusses the work of a particular institution (the Provincial School of Agriculture, Barcelona, Spain). The other papers are taken up with discussions of the educational value of secondary courses in agriculture, desirable features of such courses, qualifications of teachers, agricultural schools for women, etc. At the section on popular education twenty papers were presented. These discuss such topics as traveling schools, agricultural instruction in primary schools, courses for farmers, courses in agriculture for soldiers, and the service of agronomes. The papers presented at the fourth section are devoted to such subjects as reading circles, agricul- tural libraries, agricultural journals, lantern slides, lectures, and other means of disseminating information. Volume 2 of the report is taken up with the proceedings of the congress. INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE. Concerning the establishment of the International Agricultural Institute at Rome a recent number of Revue Scientifique states that in spite of pessimistic predictions the future of this institute is assured, since the following countries have signified their intention to cooperate in its establishment: Italy, France, England, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, United States, Japan, Belgium, Holland, Switzer- land, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Greece, Luxemburg, Servie, 220 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Bulgaria, Egypt, Persia, Mexico, Equador, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Cuba, and San Salvador. It is expected that, in accordance with the wish of King Victor Emanuel, the new palace in Rome will be com- pleted in 1907, and the following year the work of the institute will commence. INDIA In India the work of instruction and research in agriculture is in a formative condition, but there is evidence that the government of that country is thoroughly aroused to the desirability and importance of aiding its basic industry by means of research, education of different grades, demonstration, and close contact with the farmers. At the head of the institutions for agricultural education and research will stand the Imperial Agricultural,College at Pusa (to be opened in 1907), where also are located the imperial agricultural research station, an experimental farm, and a cattle breeding farm. The college is located on a government estate of 1,358 acres, and the buildings now in prog- ress will cost considerably over a half million dollars, toward which has been applied a portion of the donation of $150,000 made by Mr. Henry Phipps, of this country, to which reference has previously been made. The organization of a staff composed of European specialists with native assistants has now been completed. The college will provide specialized post-graduate courses in the hope that the best of the native students will ultimately be fitted for the higher appoint- ments in the imperial department. It will also provide men with a good agricultural education for employment in the regular government service, and as agents and managers for owners of estates and the like. The institutions for agricultural education include, besides the agricultural college at Pusa, a college of agriculture in Madras, a col- lege of science at Poona, the Imperial Foresty Research Institute and College at Dehra Dun, and agricultural schools at Sibpur (Calcutta), Cawnpur, and Nagpur. The agricultural college and research institute for Madras is now in course of erection at Coimbatore. In 1905a grant to the presidency by the government of India of $50,000 per annum, which was subsequently increased to $100,000, added to the allotment made by the government of Madras removed all financial difficulty experienced by the Madras agricultural department. The result of this improved financial condition was the decision of the government to close the agricultural college at Saidapet and establish anew college and research institute, adequately equipped with laboratories and class rooms and with a suitable farm near Coimbatore. The staff will consist of an expert agriculturist as the principal of the college, a superintendent of the central farm, a government botanist, and an agricultural chemist. Ultimately an entomologist and mycologist may be added. The staff will combine teaching with PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. yah research work. Problems connected with the agriculture of the Presi- dency will be studied in the laboratory and the field, while the students will be given a general education in all branches of agricultural science. In order to make better provision for research work in forestry, and to secure a permanent staff of forest experts for scientific research, as well as for training candidates for the Government and State for- estry service, the Imperial Forestry School at Dehra Dun, India, has been enlarged and hereafter will be known as the Imperial Forestry Research Institute and College. The college staff will include officers of the imperial service, holding the following positions: (1) Sylvi- culturist, who will make sylviculture his special duty; (2) superin- tendent of forest working plans, who will collect and collate statistics of the results of forestry management throughout India; (3) forest zoologist, who will investigate the damages caused by insects and other pests; (4) forest botanist, who will study the botany of forest plants, distribution of species, diseases of forest trees, etc.; (5) forest chem- ist, who will investigate the chemical properties of soils and forest produce; and (6) forest economist, who will study economic methods of commercial timber production and marketing. These officers, while engaged primarily in research work, will each deliver a course of lectures on his special subject in the college, and take part in the training of the students. The work of instruction, however, will for the most part be carried on by four assistant instructors. It is further proposed to locate an agricultural college in each impor- tant province, with a course of technical training extending over three years. In the past the personnel of the agricultural colleges has been inadequate, so that their influence on agricultural improvement has been small. The main result of the colleges has been to turn out stu- dents with some knowledge of agriculture, who have been largely absorbed into the several branches of government revenue adminis- tration. It is believed now that the demand for graduates will be sufficient to induce a larger number of students to attend, as the field for the trained agriculturist is said to be broadening. The course in the provincial agricultural colleges will lead up to the specialized post- graduate course at Pusa. Considerable attention will also be given to the dissemination of information, especially the results of agricultural investigation and their application in practice.. Temporary demonstration plats will be started, district agricultural associations will be organized, agri- cultural shows will be subsidized; the distribution of improved seed, implements, and manures will be extended, and popular publications in the vernacular will be issued. It is pointed out that there are many difficulties in the way of agricultural improvement in a country like India, where most of the land is divided into small holdings and cul- tivated by men with no capital and little education; but by the means I22 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. enumerated it is hoped to bring the work into closer touch with the actual farmers, and make it of more immediate use to them. ENGLAND AND WALES. The annual report of the board of agriculture and fisheries of Great Britain contains much interesting material concerning agricultural education in that country. It consists of a general report on the work of the year, a list of grants awarded in 1904—5, and four appen- dixes: (1) Reports on institutions receiving grants; (2) education in rural districts—school gardens; (8) summary of the agricultural instruction provided by county councils in England and Wales in the year 1904-5; and (4) statement showing the expenditure of county councils in England and Wales upon agricultural instruction in the years 1903-4 and 1904-5. In the general report attention is called to an increase of $4,856 in the amount given to local institutions in aid of agricultural education. One-half of this sum was awarded in two equal grants for lectureships in forestry at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, and Armstrong College, Newcastle on Tyne. The sum of $971.20 was given to aid ‘‘the excellent scheme of instruction provided by the county council of Essex at their technical laboratories in Chelms- ford; and $971.20 and $485.60, respectively, to the agricultural departments of the university colleges of Reading and Aberystwyth on account of the establishment of farms in connection with these institutions. The statement is made that the principal reason for giving financial assistance to educational institutions was to provide facilities for training young men for the practice of agriculture, but it is considered noteworthy that a large percentage of ‘‘the best students have been attracted from the practice of agriculture by the offer of research and teaching appointments, and are now filling many of the more impor- tant chairs and lectureships” in England, as well as important posi- tions requiring trained specialists in the colonies of Great Britain and in other parts of the world. It is recognized th&t “agricultural science offers to our best students a career which is certainly not less attractive than that presented by the older and more conventional professions.”’ A feature of the work of the different colleges, aided by the board during the past year, has been the attention given to the training of teachers for the elementary schools. Short courses, usually extending over two weeks, have been given for teachers at many of these insti- tutions. In this work the county councils have frequently cooperated. The courses have included instruction in nature study, horticulture, economic entomology, dairying, school gardening, and other subjects of this nature. The attendance of teachers at Reading University College was 25; at Wye College, 67; at the University College of PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 3 Wales, 42; at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy Institute, 61; at Harper-Adams College, 13; and at the Essex County Technical Laboratories, 30. In the appendix on ‘‘Education in Rural Districts—School Gar- dens,” detailed information is compiled from replies to thirty-three questions sent by the board of agriculture and fisheries to the different county councils. These questions and answers relate to gardens con- nected with both day and evening schools and to the sources from which land, funds, seeds, and tools are supplied; the total area in gar- dens and the size of each plat; the instructors, their training and com- pensation; the number and ages of children doing garden work; the time devoted to this work; systems of cropping; supervision; sys- tems of prize giving; and disposal of products. From the replies received, it appears that at least 32 counties have gardens connected with day schools, and 22 counties maintain other gardens either con- nected with evening schools or worked independently by boys and young men. In the case of the day-school gardens, it appears that in most coun- ties land and tools, and in a few counties seeds, are provided either directly or indirectly by the county councils. The seeds are usually provided by the local school authorities. The size of the gardens ranges from one-eighth to one-fourth of an acre, and the size of the individual plats from 1 to 3 square rods. Custom varies as to whether each pupil shall have a separate plat or whether the land shall be worked in common. The teachers of gardening are usually the head teachers in the schools, who in many counties are required to have cre- dentials of qualification for this work. Sometimes gardeners are employed as instructors, though this arrangement is not very satis- factory. The ages of the pupils in gardening range from 9 to 15 years, with comparatively few less than 11 years. Two hours a week is given as the general average of time devoted to gardening. There is no general system of cropping or prize giving, and only a few counties in which the work is under the supervision of a county instructor in horticulture, though this last is considered highly desir- able. The produce in some cases becomes the property of the boys, in others it is disposed of by the school and the proceeds used for the purchase of seeds or for the benefit of the class, and in others it is taken by the teacher, though the latter practice is not commended. The agricultural instruction provided by the different county coun- cils is quite varied in nature. It includes aid to the agricultural departments of colleges; employment of instructors in agriculture, dairying, poultry keeping, bee keeping, and farm hygiene; the man- agement of field experiments, experimental farms, and fruit-growing stations; and the support of classes in horseshoeing, manual training, horticulture, and school gardens, as well as the partial support of 224 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. training classes for elementary teachers. Not all of the councils carry on work in all of these subjects, but each subject receives some atten- tion in many different counties of England and Wales. The receipts of the county councils from the customs and excise act of 1890, as shown by this report, have decreased considerably in recent years, but notwithstanding this fact the county councils were able up to last year to increase the amounts devoted to agricultural education. The total amount received in 1903-4 was $3,369,340, and of this amount $424,764 was devoted to agricultural education in 1904—5, as follows: General expenditures, $47,997; dairy instruc- tion, $63,512; agricultural lectures, $22,940; poultry keeping, $15,272; horseshoeing and veterinary science, $13,296; bee keeping, $5,677; horticulture, $50,818; manual processes, $6,264; miscella- neous, $19,633; scholarships, $51,240, and grants to colleges and schools, $128,597. From other sources it is learned that a deputation recently waited upon the board of agriculture in London to urge the necessity of proper provision being made throughout the country for research and higher education in agricultural science. The deputation con- sisted of representatives of the universities of Cambridge, Leeds, Wales, and North Wales, Armstrong College, University College of Reading, Midland Agricultural and Dairy Institute, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Southeastern Agricultural College, Carnarvon- shire and Derbyshire County councils, and other local authorities. It was urged that if English agriculture is to hold its own in the face of increasing foreign competition English agriculturists should be enabled to bring to their work a scientific knowledge and training in scientific methods such as are placed at the disposal of foreign rivals. Representatives of the board of agriculture expressed the fullest sym- pathy with the work which the colleges had done and with the object of the deputation, and indicated their readiness to lend the move- ment such aid as was in the power of the board. Forestry is now coming in for considerable attention at colleges in England. At Oxford a three-year forestry course is now provided. Two years of the course are spent at the university and the third year on the Continent. Candidates for the Indian forest service are selected partly by examination held by the civil service commission- ers and partly by nomination. Candidates who have taken the full course and secure appointments receive about $1,500 the first year, and the grading is such that the final salary may reach $10,000 a year. At the end of twenty-two years Indian forest officers can retire on a full pension, the maximum being about $2,500 per year. The forestry branch of Armstrong College, Newcastle on Tyne, has been given charge of the local management of Chopwell Woods in the county of Durham. These woods are within a few miles of the col- = ' PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 225 lege, and contain nearly 900 acres of larch, spruce, Scotch pine, oak, ash, and other trees, most of which were planted about fifty years ago. A house is being built in the woods for the college lecturer in forestry, and arrangements made for the holding of short courses for practical foresters. It is believed that this addition to the college will make it one of the most favorable centers for forestry instruc- tion in the United Kingdom. The Royal Agricultural College of Cirencester has instituted for its forestry students a series of annual vacation excursions to the Ger- man forests. The initial excursion included visits to the Oberfér- sterei of Darmstadt, the oak and pine woods of Viernheim, the large coppice in the Oldenwald now under conversion to high forests, and some of the Heidelberg woods. Shorter excursions to forest areas in England and Wales are frequent during the college year. The board of agricultural studies at Cambridge University reports that the Worshipful Company of Drapers, to whom it is already indebted for the endowment of the chair of agriculture, has offered $25,000 toward the buildings required by the agricultural depart- ment on condition that an equal sum be raised by the end of the year. Pledges of $5,000 each have already been received from four persons. The University College of Reading maintains a poultry farm at Theale. The farm consists of nearly 50 acres of land, and is pro- vided with an excellent equipment, which is assembled ‘in an incu- bator house, a brooder house, scratching sheds, a cramming shed, portable poultry houses, and a plucking and trussing shed. Six breeds of chickens and one of ducks are raised. A recent description of agricultural education in Lancashire indi- cates that this work is well organized in nearly all its different phases. These include agricultural instruction at the Agricultural College of the Harris Institute, Preston; instruction in dairying, both at the permanent dairy school on the county council farm, Hutton, near Preston, and also by means of migratory teachers; instruction in poultry work at the poultry school on the county council farm and by means of migratory teachers; lectures on agriculture, dairying, poultry keeping, horticulture, veterinary science, and bee keeping at various centers in the county; advisory agricultural work in the county, and experimental work at the farm and elsewhere in the county. All of the agricultural work is under the control of an agricultural subcommittee, consisting of representatives elected by the education committee of the Lancashire County council, by the council of the Harris Institute, and by the council of the Royal Lancashire Agri- cultural Society. The agricultural course at Harris Institute is intended to prepare young men and women for the practical work of 2948n—07——15 226 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the farm, and extends over four years, each session beginning in Sep- tember and ending about the 1st of May. Each student is not only given free instruction, but if not a holder of a junior or senior agri- cultural scholarship is allowed a sum not exceeding $2.40 per week by the county council. Tuition fees are required of nonresident students. The instruction given at the dairy school, the poultry school, and by means of lectures in different parts of the county is confined to the single branch of agriculture under consideration, while the agri- cultural work in Harris Institute includes also instruction in chem- istry, zoology, mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical engi- neering, drawing, natural science, physics, surveying, and woodwork. SCOTLAND. In Scotland the new buildings for the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture were formally opened February 28 by Lord Balfour, of Burleigh. These buildings, according to Nature, are in Green Square, Edinburgh, and consist of well-equipped chem- ical, botanical, and bacteriological laboratories and lecture rooms, and class rooms for the various other subjects taught in the college. Their cost has amounted to more than $45,000. IRELAND. According to the annual report of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, 1904-5, agricultural instruction was continued at the Royal College of Science, Dublin; the Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin; and at Munster Institute, Cork. At the Royal College of Science 38 students were in attendance, at the Albert Agricultural College 68, and at Munster Institute 50, the latter all young women. The courses in dairying, calf rearing, poultry keeping, gardening, sewing, cooking, and laundry work at the Mun- ster Institute are so highly appreciated that although only 50 stu- dents can be admitted, there were at the time of this report nearly 250 applicants on the waiting list of the department. Winter agricultural schools, running from six to twenty-six weeks, were held at sixteen centers and 317 students were enrolled. Twenty itinerant instructors were at work during the year and attended a total of 1,054 meetings of farmers. A larger number would have been employed but for the difficulty of securing men of adequate training and experience. To overcome this difficulty somewhat the depart- ment held a forestry school for instructors in agriculture at Avondale Forestry Station, a poultry-fattening school at Avondale Poultry Sta- tion, and a bee-keeping school at Albert Agricultural College. The department also offers scholarships at the Royal College of Science in Dublin and the Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. PRA each scholarship to include free tuition for one year, a third-class rail- way fare to and from college, and either a maintenance allowance of $5 a week if in attendance at the Royal College of Science or free board and lodging at the Albert Agricultural College. These scholar- ships are good for one year, but may be renewed for two or three years to enable students to complete the agricultural course. In order to assist domestic-economy students the department offers ten open scholarships and ten limited scholarships at the Irish Training School of Domestic Economy, Dublin. These scholarships will entitle the holders to free admission to the full course of training for teachers of subjects in domestic economy. Arrangements have also been made by the department for the reception of a small number of students at St. Mary’s Convent of Mercy, Portumna, to pursue studies in dairying, poultry keeping, horticulture, household management, cookery, laun- dering, ete. The department further announces that it is prepared to assist county committees in securing instructors in agriculture, poultry keeping, horticulture, and the management of bees, and butter mak- ing, one instructor in each subject for each county. The duties of these instructors will be to deliver courses of lectures, visit farms, conduct experiments and demonstrations; assist in teaching agricul- tural classes provided for by the department: correspond with farm- ers, and otherwise advise them. BELGIUM. The system of agricultural education in Belgium is described in an official document prepared by the Belgium department of agriculture for distribution at the Universal Exposition in Liége in 1905. This description includes the following classes of institutions: (1) Colleges—the State School of Veterinary Medicine at Brussels, -the Agricultural Institute at Gembloux, and the Agronomic Institute of the University of Louvain. (2) Secondary schools, of which there are three separate agricul- tural schools located at Carlsbourg, La Louviére, and Huy, and six- teen agricultural schools conducted as departments of other educa- tional institutions; courses of agronomy in royal atheneums; State schools of horticulture at Ghent and Vilvorde, and private subsidized schools of horticulture at Mons, Tournai, Liége, and Carlsbourg, and a school of practical horseshoeing at Molenbeek-St.-Jean. (3) Agricultural schools for women, including one higher agricul- tural school in connection with the Institute of the Sacred Heart and Immaculate Conception at Héverlé; and ten secondary schools, located, respectively, at Bastogne, Bouchout, Brugelette, Herve, Gooreind, Gyseghem, Oosterloo, Overyssche, ’S Gravenwezel, and Virton; besides three schools having departments for women located, 228 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. respectively, at Cortemarck, Heule, and Waremme. ‘There are also traveling dairy schools for women; and in connection with the schools at Héverlé and Overyssche, schools of cheese making. (4) Popular instruction, including primary agricultural and horti- cultural trade schools (ten of which are agricultural and nine horti- cultural departments of other schools), and popular instruction for adults (itinerant instruction consisting of from fifteen to thirty lec- tures on agriculture, horseshoeing, apiculture, and other special sub- jects). There are also presented the statistics of agricultural education, the service of agronomes (graduates of agricultural colleges engaged in extension work for the State), and accounts of institutions con- nected with agricultural educational institutions, such as botanic gardens, chemical and bacteriological institutes, analytical laborato- ries, experiment stations, and reading circles. A professional sugar school was opened at St. Ghislain, Belgium, May 1, 1906, with 12 students in attendance. The course of study includes the following subjects: Physics and general chemistry; ana- lytical and applied chemistry; sugar technology, sugar chemistry, and sugar legislation; general mechanics and industrial electricity; mathematics; sugar accounts; geometrical drawing, industrial draw- ing, and industrial economy. The course covers two years and leads to a diploma. DENMARK. The Danish school for the training and instructing of renters and laborers of both sexes, established near Ringsted in 1903, has been attended by 375 pupils in long courses and 800 pupils in short courses. The pupils are chiefly girls and farm hands from 20 to 25 years of age, who attend from five months to a year, and older persons who attend the short courses of eleven days. The land for the school (544 acres) was donated by the town of Ringsted. The department of agricul- ture granted a loan of $16,170 to aid in starting the school. The report of the trip of the Scottish commission on agriculture to Denmark, June 19-30, 1904, devotes about 14 pages to education, including a brief description of the following features of the Danish system of schools: (1) The common school system; and (2) the people’s high schools, private institutions, some of which were established as early as 1845, now number 78, and are attended by about 6,000 young people of both sexes between 18 and 25 years of age. From the first these schools gave instruction in land surveying, agricultural chem- istry, and other sciences underlying the practice of agriculture; but when agriculture developed and increased in importance this provi- sion proved inadequate, and hence arose a necessity for the establish- ment of purely agricultural schools, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 229 (3) The agricultural schools, which are branches from the high schools, having agriculture and the natural sciences for the principal subjects of instruction. There are now 44 of these schools, 14 main- tained entirely separate from the high schools, 1 a separate dairy school, and 29 associated with high schools. Admission to these schools is limited to persons from 18 to 25 years of age who have had at least one year’s experience in practical farming. A demonstration station is connected with the agricultural school at Dalum and experi- ment stations with those at Ascov and Lyngby. (4) The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural Institute at Copenhagen, which enrolled during the year preceding the visit of the commission about 300 students, 130 of whom were students in agriculture proper, while the remainder were studénts of forestry, horticulture, land sur- veying, and veterinary science. State aid to the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College amounted in 1904 to $71,780, and to experi- ment stations and demonstration fields to $14,550. The people’s hign schools and agricultural schools were also aided by the Govern- ment to the extent of $37,345. FRANCE. The French ministry of agriculture issued a decree December 20, 1905, establishing a professional dairy school at Surgeres (Charente- Inférieure), under the direction of M. Dornic, director of the dairy station at that place. A winter school of agriculture has been established at Troyes (Aube). The course of study is to extend over two winter terms running from November to March. This year, however, the school did not open until January 3. A poultry husbandry school has been established at Gambais (Seine-et-Oise), and opened its doors for the first practical course of three months February 1. A school of agriculture has been established at Hennebont (Mor- bihan), which is well equipped with land for demonstration purposes, orchards, domestic animals, and other agricultural material. GERMANY. The enrollment of students for 1905 in a number of German insti- tutions showed a large increase over the enrollment for 1904. At the Agricultural High School in Berlin there were enrolled for the winter term 893 as compared with 865 in 1904; at the Agricultural Academy at Bonn 501 as compared with 422 in 1904, and at the University of Breslau the agricultural students number 140 as compared with 129 in 1904. ‘ A chair of fishery and fish breeding has been established at the Agricultural High School of Berlin and will be occupied by Dr. P. 230 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Schiemenz, director of the Miiggelsee Biological Station, which now becomes a department of the Agricultural High School. An agricultural winter school was opened December 1, 1905, at Seelow, under the direction of Doctor Weiss. The first agricultural continuation school in the Province of Bran- denburg, Germany, was opened at Jessern November, 1905, and continued until the end of March. Fourteen students were in attendance, and the high grades which they maintained in the examinations at the close of the term indicated that the experiment was entirely successful. The subjects taught were chemistry, soils, fertilizers, and feeding. It is planned to supplement the winter courses by Sunday afternoon lectures during the summer months, and to keep some oversight of the students in their practical work at home. The school was opened at the request of sons of property owners in Jessern and Goyatz, who also bore the cost of instruction. AUSTRIA. In Austria a people’s high school, similar to the people’s high schools in Denmark, is maintained at Otterbach, near Schirding, by George Wieninger, president of the local agricultural society, who meets all expenses of the institution except the salaries of nonresident lecturers, which are paid by the State. The equipment of the school includes a model farm, museum of agricultural, natural science, and ethnographic specimens, a large auditorium, and a library. Free lectures and demonstrations have been given since 1845, and since 1890 thirty-two of these have been given each year. These lectures and demonstrations are given on Sunday and are attended annually by from 3,000 to 4,000 farmers and farmers’ sons who can not attend school. The object of the lectures is to assist in the general instruc- tion of the rural population and to diffuse special knowledge concern- ing modern agricultural methods. Those who attend 100 lectures receive a diploma; those who attend 200, a silver medal, and those who attend 300, a gold medal. Lectures are given on potatoes, fertilizers, forestry, science, and agriculture, diseases of digestive organs, the herd book in animal husbandry, sugar as food, ete. In addition to these Sunday lectures short courses of from one to two weeks are offered in feeding, distilling, bookkeeping, poultry culture, dairying, and in normal work for teachers. A meadow culture school was opened at Eger November 1, 1906, which is temporarily in charge of Franz Lindner, director of the agricultural school at Eger. HUNGARY. New regulations for the Royal Hungarian Horticultural School at Budapest provide that only applicants 20 years old or more, who have PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Fal: finished the sixth grade in public schools and have had one year of practical experience in gardening, can be admitted. Among the technical subjects taught in the course are garden architecture, machines and implements, landscape gardening, garden management, agriculture, farm economics, and farm law. The Agricultural Academy at Magyar-Ovar is so crowded that it is recommending students to go to other agricultural academies in Hungary where the qualifications for admission to the Magyar-Ovar Academy will admit them to the second year. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. The Queensland, Australia, department of agriculture has inaugu- rated a system whereby young men who find it impracticable to attend the Agricultural College at Gatton are given the opportunity of gaining an insight into farming at the Hermitage State Farm, Warwick. The New Zealand department of agriculture is encouraging the introduction of agriculture into the primary schools of that country. The biologist of the department has been conducting experiments for several years in connection with the Mauriceville West Primary School in teaching the elements of agricultural science and school gardening. In his report on the school-garden work, he says: “The time allotted to this work is two hours per week, and it has been found that not only does it not interfere with the effective teaching of other subjects, but it is actually an assistance, providing, as it does, addi- tional subjects for composition exercises, increasing the pupil’s powers of observation and inculcating habits of neatness and methodi- cal arrangement.” SOUTH AFRICA. In Natal, South Africa, the Cedara School of Agriculture, which was opened to students in the spring of 1906, provides a two-year practical course in which students spend about four days a week in practical work in the field and workshop, and the remainder of the time in the study of such subjects as forestry, horticulture, dairying, veterinary science, entomology, agricultural chemistry, mathematics, bookkeep- ing, and surveying. The school is provided with a new building con- taining two stories and a basement, the latter devoted to laboratories, kitchen, etc., the first floor to dining hall, library, and offices, and the second floor to dormitories and a large lecture hall. A farmers’ reading course in practical agriculture for the farmers of South Africa is to be given under the supervision of Wilham P. Brooks, director of the Massachusetts Station. The course will be covered in Brooks’ Agriculture, Volumes I and II, and the student will be guided in his studies by a large syllabus of over 60 pages, con- taining lesson assignments, helpful suggestions, directions for experi- ments, and over 2,000 questions on the lessons. Far REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The government of Cape Colony is establishing the South African School of Forestry at Tokai, to provide a course of instruction for training young men for practical and scientific work in South African forestry. Provision is being made for ten resident students at Tokai, who will be received from the South African College and other similarly equipped institutions in the colony after havmg completed the theoretical work in forestry. The Botanical and Agricultural Department of the Gold Coast provides annually an elementary course in theoretical and practical agriculture at the Aburi Garden to train teachers in agriculture for the public schools. The department also maintains apprenticeships to prepare young men for subordinate positions in the department or for overseers of farms and plantations. BOLIVIA. The Bolivian ministry of colonies and agriculture has issued an elementary text-book of agriculture for the primary schools of that country. It contains chapters on the nature of soils, preparation of soils, tillage experiments, influence of climate, irrigation and fertilizers, seed time and harvest, cereals, legumes, root crops, forage plants, textile plants, sugar plants, dye plants, oil-producing and aromatic plants, arboriculture, zootechny and breeding, and agricultural machinery. The last two subjects are treated with great brevity, occupying only two and one-half pages of the pamphlet. BRITISH WEST INDIES. Instruction in agriculture in Antigua, British West Indies, includes lessons at the grammar school in agricultural science and practical work in the school garden. It is claimed that pupils pursuing such a course are able upon leaving school to deal much more intelligently and successfully with agricultural problems than those who have no such training. Attention is also given at the grammar school to the training of teachers for giving some instruction in agricultural subjects in the elementary schools. With this object in view courses of lectures on the elements of plant physiology and on tropical hygiene have been given to the teachers of the elementary schools of the island and to the students of a female training college in Antigua. The importance of school garden work is also emphasized. At the present time 72 boys are taking the work in agricultural science and 40 teachers are pursuing the training courses. CANADA. Sir William Macdonald, who established Macdonald College at St. Anne de Bellevue, near Montreal, has deeded the property to McGill University and provided an endowment of $2,000,000, besides PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 2338 the plant. A main building, buildings for agriculture and horticulture, for chemistry and physics, for biology and bacteriology, are in process of construction, together with a boys’ and a girls’ building, a horti- cultural barn, and a power house. All of the buildings are substantially built of brick, iron, and con- crete, with partitions of fireproof hollow tile and floors of concrete with wood laid on top in certain of the rooms. The walls are lined inside with hollow tiles, so as to give a dead air space. The construction is very thorough im every respect. The buildings are to be heated from a central heating plant, with a comprehensive ventilating system. Several of them are connected by underground passages, to be used in bad weather. It is expected that the buildings will be ready for occupancy in the fall of 1907. They will provide accommodations for about 400 pupils—175 men and 225 women. The school has a farm of about 560 acres, a part of which is in cultivation. One of the farms purchased was provided with large barns for cattle, and con- siderable stock is being kept there. The college will have a large poultry plant and extensive rooms for showing agricultural machinery. In addition to training boys and girls for farm life, a regular normal department will be conducted for the training of teachers, with a special view to providing persons suited to teaching elementary agriculture, nature study, and the like. Although affiliated with McGill University, the faculty of the college will dictate as to the courses except such as lead to degrees. EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRI- CULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The twentieth annual convention of this association was held at Baton Rouge, La., November 14-16, 1906. President M. H. Buck- ham in his annual presidential address made a plea for placing greater emphasis upon the liberal and “humanistic” culture studies in the curriculum, as a means of preventing narrowness and crude- ness of thought and character. Such training, it was believed, should take the form of instruction in foreign languages, literature, history, economics, philosophy, and especially ethics and religion. Even though the function of the land-grant colleges is to produce industrial experts, the speaker held that they should graduate liber- ally educated experts, men who know one subject thoroughly and many fundamentally. ‘The great problem of the higher education now before us is how to integrate specialism with the totality of which it is a part;’’ and each college was urged to see that its strongest emphasis is put ‘upon what in any and every educational institution is its main object and should be its highest ambition and satisfaction and glory—its human output.” 234 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The report of the bibliographer, Dr. A. C. True, consisted of a list of books written by agricultural college and experiment station officers. The list included 385 titles of books, the work of 195 men and women now or at one time connected with agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Books on practically all phases of agri- culture and allied gciences were represented in the list, showing the large and creditable contributions of the colleges and stations of this country to the literature of scientific agriculture in its more finished and permanent form. The committee on instruction in agriculture presented a short report through its chairman, Dr. A. C. True. A series of illustra- tive exercises, covering the general principles of the subject of agron- omy, is being published by the Office of Experiment Stations, and will be followed by similar publications covering other branches of agriculture. The committee has organized subcommittees on secondary courses, on courses in home economics, and on courses in rural engineering. The subcommittee on secondary courses has in preparation a syllabus of a course for use in the regular public high schools, and a series of lessons aad practicums showing more fully the character and scope of this course, which it is expected will be published through the Office of Experiment Stations. The subcommittees on courses in rural engineering and on home economics have been engaged in studying the existing status of such courses in the land-grant colleges as a preliminary. The report of this committee was followed by a lengthy discussion in which the interest of the association in this work was brought out, and its desire for the early publication of the results of the committee’s studies for use in connection with various grades of agricultural instruction was expressed. The report of the committee on graduate study was presented by Director L. H. Bailey (see Graduate School of Agriculture, p. 236). The report of the committee on extension work was presented by President K. L. Butterfield. This report defined extension teaching in agriculture, and grouped the various forms of extension work under six heads. The main part of the report consisted of a sum- mary of the present status of agricultural extension teaching in this country, on the basis of a circular letter which was widely sent out. The committee recommended that each college establish as soon as practicable a department of extension teaching in agriculture, coordi- nate with other divisions of the agricultural work and in charge of a competent director, and that pending such action a faculty committee be maintained to study the problem. A more extended account of the work of this committee is given in the report of the Farmers’ Institute Specialist of this Office (p. 314), PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 935 who at the request of the chairman of the committee was designated to act as secretary of the committec. Mr. L. A. Kalbach, representing the Commissioner of Education, gave a paper showing the relation of the Bureau of Education to the land-grant colleges and the growth of these institutions during the past ten years. The association placed itself on record as strongly in favor of adequate appropriations to the Office of Experiment Stations to enable it to enlarge its work upon agricultural education, the details of the various forms of agricultural extension teaching, and to assist the different institutions to organize this form of work; and of increased Federal appropriation for education in agriculture and mechanic arts along the lines of the appropriation under the second Morrill Act. The executive committee was instructed to consider the advisability of the association meeting at least once in four years in connection with the National Educational Association. The section on college work and administration considered three main topics: (1) Administration of the land-grant colleges—organiza- tion and classification of the instructional force, control of student activities, and student labor; (2) relation of the land-grant college to the public school system, to the agricultural industries, and to the mechanical industries, and (3) curriculum of the land-grant col- lege—study of home economics in the land-grant college, the short practical course, its place and importance, and agricultural extension. J. L. Snyder, of Michigan, discussed the organization and classi- fication of the instruction force, and E. B. Andrews, of Nebraska, the control of student activities, including such matters as students’ finances, athletics, and social functions. R.W. Stimson, of Connec- ticut, read a paper on student labor, in which he reviewed the history of this phase of college work and noted an unmistakable tendency toward labor for educational exercise rather than for the production of a finished product. D. B. Purinton, of West Virginia, B. O. Aylesworth, of Colorado, and others, discussed the relation of the land-grant college to the public school system, the discussion bringing out the fact that the colleges generally are confronted with demands for assistance from the public schools, and owe a duty to these schools largely in the direction of helping them to develop courses related to the occupations of the people in rural communities. W. A. Henry, of Wisconsin, discussed the relation of the land-grant college to the agricultural industries, and developed a strong argument for the definite organization of extension departments in these colleges. This was further emphasized by J. C. Hardy, of Mississippi. The relation of the land-grant college to the mechanical industries was treated by A. B. Storms, of Iowa, in a paper dealing largely with the work begun and proposed by the engineering experiment station of 236 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Iowa College. Miss Isabel Bevier, of Illinois, talked on the subject of home economics in the land-grant college, approaching the subject from the standpoint of the home and its needs. She stated that the development of suitable courses of home economics is limited at the present time only by the resources of the institution, the ability, tact, skill, and wisdom of the people in charge of the work, and the attitude of mind of colaborers in the institution. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. The second session of the Graduate School of Agriculture was held at the college of agriculture of the University of Illinois, July 2-28, 1906. Dr. A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agriculture, was again selected as dean of the school, and Prof. Eugene Davenport, dean of the college of agriculture of the University of Illinois, acted as registrar. The opening exercises of the school were held on the evening of July 4, when the school was welcomed to the university by Dr. T. J. Burrill, vice-president of the university. Prof. L. H. Bailey presided and made an address in which he pointed out the need of a compre- hensive system of agricultural education comprising institutions or departments for research, graduate study, college courses, extension work, and secondary and elementary courses. The graduate school is needed to aid in the more complete establishment of such a system and to stimulate workers in our agricultural institutions to more thorough study and research. A paper by Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture, was also presented, in which the meager opportunities for study along agricultural lines in preparation for the doctor’s degree at our leading universities were shown. These were contrasted with the wider opportunities for such work offered in the German universities and the greater extent to which advanced study in agricultural lines is encouraged. Doctor Wiley declared that ‘‘there are no problems of a strictly scientific character which at the present time have more intimate relations to the welfare of the people than those which are connected with agriculture. The field of research also in this region is more fruitful, the number of problems greater, and the opportunities for discovery wider than in almost any other field of scientific investigation. The establishment of agricultural colleges and experiment stations is giving proper train- ing to a vast body of young men, many of whom ought to enter the university and continue the studies of their college days. * * * What the friends of agriculture should ask is that in the future our great universities should recognize agricultural science as one of the leading branches to which attention should be paid in graduate studies.” PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 237 Dr. A. C. True gave a short history of the graduate school and pointed out the great development of agricultural education and research in this country since the first session of the school was held four years ago. The following statements are taken from his address: THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE—PAST AND PRESENT. The Graduate School of Agriculture originated in the mind of Prof. Thomas F. Hunt, then dean of the college of agriculture of the Ohio State University. His plan for such a school received the cordial approval of the president of the university, Dr. W. O. Thompson, and on the recommendation of these two men the board of trustees of the university took action in April, 1900, in favor of the establish- ment of the school and generously made provision for its financial support. The plan for this school was presented by the president of the university to the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at its annual convention in November, 1900, when the matter was referred to its executive committee. At the convention of 1901 this committee reported favorably on the plan and recommended that if the success of the session seemed to justify the continuance of the school, it be made a cooperative enterprise under the control of the association. This action of the executive committee was indorsed by the association. The Secretary of Agri- culture, Hon. James Wilson, also expressed his cordial approval of the movement for the establishment of this school, and, acting on his advice, the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations consented to act as dean, and other officers of the Department became mem- bers of its faculty. The first session of the school was held during the month of July, 1902, in Townshend Hall, the substantial and well-equipped agricul- tural building of the Ohio State University, where were illustrated the most improved apparatus for instruction in soil physics, dairying, and other agricultural subjects. Besides the live stock of the uni- versity farm, leading breeders of Ohio furnished choice animals for the stock-judging exercises. Courses were offered in agronomy, zootechny, dairying, and breed- ing of plants and animals. General problems of agricultural science and pedagogy were discussed at the inaugural exercises and at Sat- urday morning conferences. Among the topics thus treated were the history of agricultural education and research in the United States, the organization of agricultural education in colleges, secondary schools, nature-study courses, correspondence courses, farmers’ insti- tutes, and various forms of university extension, what constitutes a science of agriculture, methods and value of cooperative experiments. Through social assemblies, visits to typical Ohio farms, and much 238 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. informal discussion wherever the students met together, the educa- tional influences of the school were greatly extended. The faculty consisted of 35 men, of whom 26 were professors in agricultural colleges, 7 were leading officers and experts of the United States Department of Agriculture, and 2 were officers of the New York State Experiment Station. Seventy-five students were in attendance. These were drawn from 28 States and Territories, including such widely separated regions as Maine, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and Alabama. There was one student from Canada and one from Argentina. There was also one woman, and the colored race was represented by teachers from the Tuskegee Institute and the agricultural college at Greens- boro, N. C. Twenty-seven of the students were professors or assist- ant professors in the agricultural colleges, 31 were assistants in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, 9 were recent college graduates, and 8 were engaged in farming. The success of this first session was so marked that the continuance of the school was deemed advisable, but various causes have pre- vented the holding of the second session until the present year. At the convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations held at Washington, D. C., in November, 1905, the association voted to assume responsibility for the graduate school and committed its management to the standing committee on graduate study. This committee promptly accepted the invitation of the trustees and president of the University of Illinois to hold the second session here and took measures for the organization of a faculty and programme. The honorable Secretary of Agriculture again expressed his inten- tion to cooperate cordially in furthering the interests of the school. Acting on his advice and at the invitation of the committee on gradu- ate study, the Director of the Office of /xperiment Stations con- sented to act again as its dean, and to assemble a faculty. The dean of the college of agriculture at the University of Illinois consented to act as registrar, and as the representative of the university has attended to all the local arrangements for the school, its advertising, and the registration of students. Under present conditions, therefore, the Graduate School of Agri- culture is truly a national institution conducted by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, but with the cooperation for this second session of the Department of Agriculture and the University of Illinois. Its board of management is the committee on graduate study of the association, consisting of Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, New York, chairman; Dr. H. P. Armsby, of State College, Pennsylvania; President M. H. Buckham, of the University of Vermont; President R. H. Jesse, of the PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 239 University of Missouri; President W. O. Thompson, of Ohio State University, and President Brown Ayres, of the University of Tennessee. The school is supported by the voluntary contributions of some thirty of the colleges included in the association, by matriculation fees, and by funds granted for this session by the board of trustees of the University of Illinois. The university also freely gives the school the use of its buildings and equipment, and the services of its officers, including especially members of the staff of the agricultural college and experiment station. The faculty has been gathered from the United States Department of Agriculture, the University of Illinois, and other universities and colleges in some twenty States. Since the duration of the session is short and the funds of the school are limited, no attempt has been made at either session to offer courses in all branches of agriculture. The plan on which the school is organized contemplates the holding of different sessions at different institutions. It has heretofore been thought well to take advantage at each session of the special facilities afforded by the institution at which that session is held. At Ohio State University courses were therefore given, as stated above, in agronomy, plant and animal breeding, zootechny, and dairying. At the present session courses will be given in agronomy, horticulture, plant and animal breeding, and zootechny. Special stress will be laid here on matters relating to the culture of plants adapted to the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains, and the production of animals for beef. Whatever the agricultural college and experiment station of the University of Illinois has to offer to advanced students along these lines will, it is hoped, be utilized to its fullest extent by the members of this school. And we shall hope also to derive much of inspiration and profit from the environment of this university and the great agricultural State in which it is located. As stated in its prospectus, ‘‘the purpose of the Graduate School of Agriculture is to give advanced instruction in the science of agri- culture, with special reference to the methods of investigating agricultural problems and teaching agricultural subjects.” It is expected that the grade of instruction will be thoroughly postgrad- uate, and no attempt will be made to meet the needs of undergrad- uates or popular audiences. As a rule it is expected, therefore, that the students will have at least completed a college course and taken a bachelor’s degree, but all persons will be admitted to the privileges of the school who bring convincing evidence of their fitness to engage in its work. Meeting in the halls of this great university, we expect to conform to the professional and ethical code, which, though unwritten, is binding on all teachers and students in a graduate school in any 240 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. branch of human learning. This code, we take it, is briefly compre- hended in a few principles, among which are absolute adherence to truth as each man sees it, perfect freedom of opinion and utterance within the bounds of decency and common sense, and individual responsibility and credit for whatever of new thought each man can justly claim as his own. Within these limits we care not how manrz different or apparently conflicting theories or interpretations of fact may be offered here. In the arena of debate there is to be a free field and no favor. We hope the intellectual tilting here will be as serious and earnest as were the combats of mailed horsemen in the days when ‘dmighthood was in flower’ and men’s lives were at hazard in the tournaments. But afterwards may there be a real truce of God, with Truth in full possession of the field. The time is too short to expect systematic courses of instruction, but there should be opportunity for the discussion of many points along advanced lines where there is yet room for more than one con- clusion, the suggestion of new problems for investigation, the reveal- ing of better methods of research and instruction. We shall hope to consider also to a certain extent some of the broader problems con- nected with the.more definite formulation of a science of agriculture and the more effective organization of an American system of agri- cultural education and research. In taking up the work of this session of the Graduate School of Agriculture it is well for us briefly to review the past and to consider the present status of the movement for agricultural education in this country. Our agricultural colleges have already begun to celebrate their semicentennials, though it will not be until next year that the first one actually to open its doors to students—the Michigan Agri- cultural College—will have rounded out a full fifty years of operation. Much time was spent in getting these institutions into effective run- ning order, and for many years agricultural instruction went little further than the teaching of the sciences related to agriculture. Then came the establishment of the agricultural experiment stations as departments of these colleges, and for more than a decade the chief emphasis was laid on the work of the stations as discoverers of new knowledge and purveyors of information to the farmers. Thus it came about that the twentieth century opened before the agricultural colleges realized in any broad way that there was a real science of agriculture on which could be based a comprehensive system of agricultural education and research. Only a few of our colleges had opened their eyes to the fact that largely through the work of the experiment stations and the Department of Agriculture a new science had been created when the first session of the graduate school was opened in 1902. The movement for the reorganization of these col- leges on the basis of agriculture itself had only begun. The professor PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 241 of agriculture was in many institutions still the lone representative of the great science and industry, which as a subject of college istruc- tion should be divided into many branches, each worthy of the undi- vided attention and best energies of first-class specialists. The equip- ment of these colleges in agricultural lines was equally meager, and it was thought a remarkable thing at that time that the universities of Ohio and Illinois had just erected agricultural buildings which in size and architecture compared well with those devoted to natural science, engineering, and the so-called humanities. It was natural, therefore, that at the first session of the graduate school much stress should be laid on the formulation of a science of agriculture, on specialization in teaching and research in agricultural lines, and on the need of adequate equipment in the way of buildings, apparatus, illustrative material, ete. It is of course impracticable to measure the influence of this school on the progress of the movement for the betterment of agricultural education in this country, but it is believed that it has been an influential factor in promoting this cause. Statistics showing the development of our agricultural colleges during the past five vears are necessarily incomplete, and may in some respects be misleading, but some of them are interesting and significant. In 1901 it was reported that the number of agronomists in these colleges was 3; in 1905 there were 42; in 1901 there were 21 animal husbandmen, and in 1905 there were 62; in 1901 there were 2 poultry husbandmen, and in 1905 there were 9; in 1901 there were 57 dairymen, and in 1905 there were 58; in 1901 there were 3 rural engineers, and in 1905 there were 15; in 1901 there were 8 for- esters, and in 1905 there were 18; in 1901 there were 71 horticultur- ists, and in 1905 there were 83. In the field of rural economics in 1901 there was a lecturer in farm law at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and an instructor in farm accounts and business methods at the Connecticut Agricultural College; in 1905 there were, in addition to these, an instructor in accounts and a professor of farm mathematics at the Minnesota Agricultural College; professors of rural economics at the Nebraska, New York, and Ohio colleges of Agriculture, a professor of rural sociology at the Rhode Island Agricultural College, and a professor of irrigation law at the Colorado Agricultural College. In 1901 extension work was recognized in five institutions by seven officers who gave a portion or in some cases all of their time to this work; in 1905 nine institutions had definitely organized extension departments manned by nineteen officers. In material equipment the agricultural colleges and experiment stations have made remarkable gains since the first session of this 2948B—07——16 942 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. graduate school in 1902. Progress in this direction has affected the institutions in all parts of the country Only a few of the more notable buildings recently erected will b. entioned here. Wisconsin has completed an agricultural building costing $175,000; South Carolina one costing $50,000; North Carolina one costing $100,000; Nebraska one costing $65,000; Kansas and Mississippi have put up large science buildings corresponding in general uses to agricultural buildings. New York is now putting $250,000 into an agricultural building at Cornell University, and Pennsylvania has erected a splen- did dairy building which is to form one wing of a large agricultural building, the completion of which will involve the expenditure of $150,000 more; Virginia is constructing agricultural buildings costing $165,000; Idaho, $60,000. Many special laboratory buildings have been erected. For example, at the Iowa State College a farm me- chanics building, a two-story judging pavilion for agronomy and animal husbandry, and a $60,000 dairy building; in Kansas a dairy building; in Massachusetts a $40,000 horticultural building; in Michigan a $30,000 bacteriological laboratory; in Minnesota a live- stock building combining judging pavilion, offices, class rooms, and stables; in Nebraska a farm engineering building and a creamery building. Here in Illinois the great agricultural building completed six years ago is now being remodeled to provide larger class rooms and laboratories to accommodate the increased number of students; special buildings for work in agronomy, horticulture, and animal hus- bandry have been erected and a farm mechanics’ building is being constructed. In Arkansas where the State University fee eee slow to recognize the claims of agriculture a college of agriculture has been organized this year and substantial buildings for general agriculture and dairying have been erected on the university campus. Seven- teen years ago Oklahoma was opened to settlement and is now admitted to Statehood. In that period a strong agricultural college and experiment station has been built up and, in addition to other good buildings, a special agricultural building costing $65,000 is near- ing completion. In order to have the head of the institution in the right environment, the president’s offices have been located in this building. Since coming here I have received a note from President Wheeler, of the University of California, in which he says: ‘‘We have received a bequest of 5,500 acres of superb land near Fresno from Theodore Kearney, altogether worth, deducting all encumbrances, not less than $750,000. This is for agricultural experimentation. The field is a great one and worthy the best talent.” I know some institutions that would take their chances with an earthquake if a thing like this would follow in its wake, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 243 The courses of instruction in agriculture in many institutions have been greatly broadened and strengthened. The requirements for admission and graduation in four-year courses have been raised; more ample provision for short courses has been made and _ these courses in a number of States have been surprisingly popular; grad- uate courses in agriculture leading to a master’s degree are now offered in thirty-five States and agricultural studies are recognized as appropriate for candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy in seven States. During the past four years research work in agriculture has also made great advances. The funds available for this work have been greatly augmented. In the United States Department of Agriculture the funds devoted to research have more than doubled; the States have greatly increased their appropriations to the experiment stations, so that last year the income of the stations from sources within the States was greater than that derived from the Federal Government under the Hatch Act, and on March 16 of the present year (1906) Congress passed the Adams Act, which immediately adds $240,000 to the income of the stations, an amount to be increased by $96,000 each year for five years, after which it will continue annually to the aggre- gate amount of $720,000. The stations have greatly extended their work and their influences in many directions. On one side they are touching more closely and fully than ever before the varied practical interests of the farmers through their publications and through cooperative and demonstration experiments in numerous localities; on the other side they are increasing ‘and strengthening their more elaborate scientific and original researches into the real nature and causes of agricultural problems. And it is a notable indication of the wide public appreciation of the importance of thoroughly scientific investigations in behalf of agriculture that Congress has limited work under the Adams Act to’ original research in agriculture. Meanwhile the movement for popular agricultural education has made rapid strides. The farmers’ institutes have spread out to every State and Territory and even to our possessions beyond the seas, and the attendance was increased last year by over 150,000 persons. Secondary schools of agriculture have been organized in a number of States. The teaching of elementary agriculture in the public schools is now authorized by law in over thirty States. Teachers in large numbers are studying agriculture in agricultural colleges and normal schools. The problems of agricultural education are now seriously discussed in the National Educational Association, and in State, county, and local teachers’ associations and institutes throughout the land. 3 This second session of the Graduate School of Agriculture is, there- fore, held at a very interesting and important juncture in the history 944 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of agricultural education in the United States. The long struggle for the adequate recognition of agriculture in colleges and universities is essentially won. The influence of our leading agricultural insti- tutions is now being felt in every quarter of our land. A healthful competition to secure the best men and facilities for agricultural instruction and research is rapidly spreading among the States. A narrow and illiberal policy toward agriculture on the part of college authorities is now possible only where college trustees and presidents do not often get beyond their own dooryard. College professors who do not recognize the validity of the claims of agriculture to good stand- ing in college and university programmes thereby proclaim themselves mossbacks. The effort for the introduction of agriculture into the public schools has reached the point where educators generally admit the importance and desirability of such an enrichment of school pro- grammes. The great body of school officers and teachers is rapidly awakening to the fact that the ideals of education have actually so far changed that studies in nature and the industries are now to be considered essential parts of primary and secondary education, and that if this is so agriculture in some form must be brought into the public schools in both rural and urban communities. The questions which remain to be answered relate to the details of carrying out the conceded principles, including such matters as the extent of agricul- tural imstruction in secondary and primary schools, methods of teaching, preparation of teachers, etc. + — The rapid growth of popular appreciation of the value and impor- tance of agricultural education and research is putting a heavy responsibility on the leaders of agricultural progress in this coun- try. It is no longer so much a question of stimulating public interest in agricultural education as of guiding a rapidly accumulating public opinion along the safest and most beneficial lines. The friends of agricultural education and research have aroused popular expectations to a high pitch. The most important question now is, Can they meet these expectations? Will it be possible to secure and maintain an adequate supply of well-trained and efficient leaders and workers in this great cause? Some recent events have reminded us painfully that the older generation of leaders, the men who in large measure have made the science of agriculture, and given agricultural institutions their present form, is even now begin- ning to pass away. Can we be assured that their equals or superiors will be found to lead the divisions of the much greater army of agricultural progress in the days to come? With the development of the science of agriculture and its practical applications, leadership in agriculture is a much more specialized pursuit than it has been in PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION 945 the past. These are some of the classes of agricultural leaders which our age demands: (1) Men capable of organizing and managing large and complex agricultural institutions, such as the National and State departments of agriculture, agricultural colleges, and experiment stations. (2) Agricultural scientists capable of inaugurating and conduct- ing the higher research. (3) Men combining scientific accuracy with practical judgment and thus able to conduct experiments of a more practical character. (4) Men and women combining scientific and practical knowledge of agriculture with pedagogical knowledge and aptitude to formu- late and conduct agricultural courses in colleges and schools. (5) Men combining scientific and practical knowledge of agri- culture with ability to attract and instruct adult farmers and others in popular assemblies. (6) Men combining scientific and practical knowledge of agricul- ture with business ability which will enable them to achieve success as progressive farmers and farm managers. Turning from the workers to the subject-matter on which they work, we find a host of general and special problems pressing for solution. Leaving to specialists in the graduate school and else- where the consideration of particular topics, we may appropriately call attention to a few of the general matters in regard to which this school should have somewhat to say. In agricultural research, for example, there is just now urgent need of a clear definition of the problems requiring investigation. This has been brought out ina striking way in the correspondence which the Office of Experiment Stations has recently had regarding lines of work which may be appropriately conducted under the Adams Act. In many instances the plans of work presented not only fail to make any clear distinc- tion between original research and verification or demonstration, but also do not set forth in a definite way the nature and scope of the problems, the solution of which is projected. This is not strange. The science of agriculture is new and President Woodward of the Carnegie Institution, who is having much experience in such mat- ters, tells us that the newer the science the less sharply defined are its problems. For this reason while the Carnegie Institution has had little difficulty in securing definite proposals for work in old sciences, such as astronomy and physics, it has had much trouble in determin- ing what ought to be done in new sciences, such as anthropology. But if this is so, it does not relieve the workers in the newer sciences from the obligation to study deeply the nature of the subjects on which they are working and to make serious efforts to define the problems which they propose to investigate. Unless the work of research has a definite aim it is most likely to miss the mark. 246 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. There is also great need of the institution of more studies which will seek to determine causes and general principles or which will have for their aim the improvement of methods and apparatus. In agricultural education much remains to be done to perfect the pedagogic form of courses of instruction, to devise better methods of instruction, and to prepare suitable apparatus, text-books, manuals, and illustrative material. In such subjects as rural engineering and rural economics and sociology almost the whole pedagogic system remains to be worked out. This graduate school seeks to impart a helpful stimulus to the whole movement for agricultural education and research. While systematic courses of instruction can not be given, the meeting together for a month of a considerable number of our leading and mature agricultural investigators, teachers, and experts with the most active college and station workers of the rising generation gives an unequaled opportunity for the formal and informal discus- sion of the principles and methods of work in agricultural science, as well as of the ways and means for promoting the general cause of agricultural education. Our experience at Columbus shows that the waves of thought and action set in motion at the graduate school go out in ever widening circles and usefully agitate even the outer- most boundaries of our great and growing system of agricultural bureaus, experiment stations, colleges, and schools. The second session of this school is held under most auspicious circumstances. Not only is the local environment delightful and inspiring but the conditions prevailing in the great industry on whose behalf our efforts are made are also very encouraging. Ameri- can agriculture is enjoying unprecedented prosperity, and under com- petent leadership this prosperity bids fair to be permanent. Bright and capable men are awakening to the fact that in agriculture is to be found (1) the best chance for individual initiative in business and (2) a good opportunity for the profitable use of capital on a rea- sonably large scale. High land values require better business methods and more intelligent and scientific practice. The relative scarcity of farm labor is compelling landowners to study more carefully the best methods of utilizing their land. Increase in farm values is producing great interest in the reclamation of land by irrigation, drainage, and better tillage. Public interest is more widespread than ever before in plans for the betterment of agricultural conditions, the proper adjustment of population to the land, and hygienic methods of pre- paring food supplies for consumption. There is on all sides a growing sense of the importance to the public health and welfare of the preservation of our forests, the utilization of our deserts, the drainage of our swamps, the maintaining of high productiveness of our arable lands, the cleaning and adornment of PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCA'TION, 247 our villages and cities, the beautification of our homes. Good farming, horticulture, landscape gardening, and forestry, i. e., agri- culture in some of its various branches, is more and more attracting the attention of dwellers in both country and city and becoming in some measure the pursuit or the desire of all our people. Our agri- cultural institutions are therefore justly regarded as the helpful agents of our whole nation and not merely as the promoters of the interests of a special class. The influences that proceed from this graduate school may well then be of interest to all classes of our people, and we who work here may well congratulate ourselves because we are dealing with matters now generally recognized as of fundamental importance to this great country, the anniversary of whose birth we are celebrating to-day. WORK OF THE SECOND SESSION OF THE SCHOOL. The faculty of the second session of the Graduate School of Agri- culture consisted of 35 of our leading agricultural teachers and investigators, including five officers of the United States Department of Agriculture, twelve members of the faculty of the college of agri- culture of the University of Illinois, and eighteen professors and experts from sixteen other agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Aside from these, there were several outside men who lectured at the school, among whom were the statistician of the Union Stock Yards at Chicago, representatives of a large commission house in Chicago and of Swift & Co., Maj. David Castleman, who spoke on the breeding of saddle horses, and Mr. N. H. Gentry, the famous breeder of Berkshire pigs. The total enrollment of the school was 131, of whom 91 were classed as students. These came from thirty-four States and Terri- tories. Hungary was represented by a professor from the Uni- versity of Budapest, and there were three students from India. In addition, there were a considerable number of persons who came as visitors, to attend the exercises for a few days, who were not regis- tered. The attendance, therefore, considerably exceeded that of the previous session, at Ohio State University, at which 75 students were registered. The total expense of holding the session was $3,168.15. Toward this the colleges contributed $950, less $127.48 for traveling expenses of the graduate committee, and the university collected $710 in fees. This left a net balance standing against the University of Illinois of $1,635.63 as its contribution to the undertaking. Courses were given in agronomy, horticulture, plant physiology and pathology, zootechny, and plant and animal breeding, with spe- cial reference to the production of plants and animals suited to the 248 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. conditions in the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. These included lectures and seminars, but no laboratory exercises. Several conferences and informal meetings were held during the session of the school, and a National Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators was formed. A conference for the discussion of general questions relating to the organization of agricultural educa- tion and research was held July 7. Dean Davenport outlined the organization of the college of agriculture of the University of Illinois. The system followed there involves the division of authority and work in such a manner that definite responsibility is laid on officers in the several departments and full credit is given for each man’s share in the work. Questions involving “team work’’ are discussed at meetings of the workers, and every effort is made to secure full agreement on plans before their execution is attempted. In order to secure financial and moral support for the college and station the farmers’ organizations throughout the State are taken into confidence, and the responsibility for the proper maintenance of the institution is laid on their shoulders. Professor Bailey argued in favor of the establishment of regular provision for agricultural studies leading to the doctor’s degree in our universities and would make this a matter to be controlled by the university rather than by the college of agriculture. He also favored the simplification of degrees and would have Ph. D., M.S., and B.S. (or M. A. and B. A.) the only degrees to be conferred in course. This suggestion met with much approval from members of the graduate school. ‘ Dr. W. H. Jordan, director of the New York State Experiment Station, spoke very earnestly of the need of more thorough scientific research along agricultural lines, and impressed his hearers with the great importance of maintaining the strictest integrity in making and recording agricultural investigations. Dr. W. O. Thompson, president of Ohio State University and one of the founders of the graduate school, gave a brief account of the origin of the school, and expressed his strong belief in its value as an aid to broadening and strengthening our system of agricultural educa- tion. He predicted that it would have a career of increasing success and usefulness. Dr. Brown Ayres, president of the University of Tennessee, spoke from the standpoint of one interested in general educational advancement, and emphasized the importance of the movement for the development of a thorough system of agricultural education. A conference on extension work in agriculture was held July 21, at which great interest in this feature was developed. Resolutions favoring the aid of the Office of Experiment Stations in this direction were adopted. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION 949 A meeting of dairy instructors and investigators July 17-19 resulted in the formation of a national organization, as mentioned above. At this meeting a regular programme was presented, covering the whole range of dairy teaching and experimentation. The papers and dis- cussion brought out the urgent need of scientific investigation to solve many practical problems in dairying and in the feeding of dairy cattle. Emphasis was placed on the demand for more and better trained men in dairy work, and on raising the standard of dairy instruction. Prof. R. A. Pearson, of Cornell University, was elected president of the association; C. B. Lane, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, secretary-treasurer, and committees were appointed upon various topics. Informal meetings were held several evenings at which questions relating to various phases of agricultural education were discussed. Among these were the methods of teaching agronomy, the organiza- tion of secondary and elementary courses in agriculture, and the science of agriculture as a basis for the organization of a system of agricultural education. These meetings were to some extent a con- tinuation of the daily sessions and seminars. This atmosphere of discussion of matters of fundamental importance in agricultural education and research was probably one of the most beneficial fea- tures of the school. On Saturday, July 14, about 70 members of the school visited the estate of the Funk Brothers, near Bloomington, Ill., comprising about 25,000 acres, where crop and animal production on a large scale was seen under the best conditions, as well as considerable experimental work in breeding oats and corn. When news came of the death of Hon. H. C. Adams, the school adopted resolutions expressing their appreciation of the services ren- dered to the cause of agricultural education and research by Mr. Adams, in securing the passage of the ‘‘act which will forever bear his name and associate him in the minds of our people with Senator Mor- rill, of Vermont, and Representative Hatch, of Missouri, through whose wise statesmanship our agricultural colleges and experiment stations have been established and maintained.” The interest in the work of the school was well sustained throughout the session. Theré was considerable going and coming of students, a few even registering during the last week. Even those who stayed only a few days seemed to feel that they had received inspiration and information which made their coming to the school worth while. The students were unanimous in their expressions of the benefits and the broadening influence of the school, and in the general hope that another session might be held two years hence. 250 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. The fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the act incorporating the Maryland Agricultural College was celebrated with appropriate exer- cises March 6, 1906. Addresses were given by President R. W. Silvester; President Ira Remsen, of Johns Hopkins University; Dean L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University College of Agriculture; Secretary ‘of Agriculture James Wilson; and Prof. F. A. Soper, an alumnus of the college. The act of incorporation of the Maryland Agricultural College was dated March 6, 1856, the corner stone of the main college building was laid August 24, 1858, and the institution was opened for students in September, 1859. The Michigan Agricultural College was pro- vided for in the State constitution of 1850, created by act of the State legislature in 1855, and opened to students May 13, 1857. ‘To Michigan, therefore, belongs the honor of having been the first of the States to put in actual operation an educational institution for the direct promotion of technical training in agriculture.’”’* The Michi- gan Agricultural College will celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of its opening by appropriate exercises May 28-31, 1907. In 1906 agricultural colleges were in operation in all the States and Territories, except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. In the Southern States separate colleges are maintained for negroes, and in this way the total number of agricultural colleges in the United States is 63. The number of white students in four-year agricultural courses in 1906 was 2,911, and in shorter courses, 4,764; of negro students, 1,798 were enrolled in agricultural courses. APPROPRIATIONS. Several large State appropriations for buildings and current expenses of the colleges were granted during the year. The Univer- sity of Georgia was given $100,000 for the purpose of erecting and equipping buildings for the agricultural college, and through the efforts of the alumni of the institution a farm of about 800 acres, valued at about $100,000, has been acquired adjacent to the campus. In Ohio the legislature appropriated a total of $135,000 for the college of agriculture—$45,000 for land, $80,000 for buildings, and $10,000 for the purchase of live stock. The $80,000 for buildings will be used for a judging pavilion, a cattle barn, and a horse barn, all as separate structures. In Iowa the legislature extended for a period of five years the one- fifth mill tax levied in favor of the college of agriculture. This will provide about $125,000 a year for buildings. About $175,000 remains from the present millage tax, which will be applied on the aU.S8. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1894, p. 91. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 251 new agricultural building, to cost $275,000. The building will be completed from the new millage tax. An appropriation of $5,000 annually was made for good roads instruction and investigation, $3,500 annually for an engineering experiment station, and $2,400 for library. The legislature also appropriated $11,000 for the pur- chase of 135 acres of additional land, 80 acres of which will be used for grazing purposes and experimental work in animal husbandry, and 55 acres for orchard instruction and experimental work in forestry. An appropriation of $5,000 was made for buildings on the dairy farm and an equal amount for the poultry plant; and $15,000 was provided for agricultural extension work, for the conduct of which an extension department has been established. The State legislature of Virginia appropriated $86,000 for the col- lege of agriculture and the experiment station for the biennial period. Of this amount $60,000 is to complete and equip the agricultural building, $5,000 a year for the experiment station, $6,000 a year for the crop pest commission, and $2,000 a year for furthering the cattle tick work. The Massachusetts Agricultural College, in addition to its regular permanent appropriations, received $75,300, apportioned as foliows: For erecting, heating, and equipping a building for the botanical department, $45,000; for a new barn and a new wagon house, $21,300; for a dairy building to be used simply for the handling of the farm product, $3,000; for a new piggery, $1,000; for repairs to buildings, $3,000; and for the further maintenance of the college, $2,000. The new buildings provided for, except that for the botanical department, are to replace those lost by fire. For the new barn an unexpended bal- ance of insurance money amounting to $12,000 is also available. . The permanent appropriation of the State to the college now amounts to about $57,000 annually. The New Jersey College of Agriculture has an appropriation of $24,000 for the establishment of short courses in agriculture, and $6,500 for the maintenance of the same. The college also received $27,000 due on scholarships for 1902-1905, and $12,000 on scholar- ships for the present year. The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts has received a number of gifts, among which were $20,000 given by Andrew Carnegie, and $10,000 by the Hamilton Smith estate, of Durham, for a new library. The Durham Library Association will turn over to the college library its collection of books, valued at $10,000, and also the income from its invested funds of $11,000 for the purchase of books. In exchange for this the college will extend the privileges of the consolidated library to all citizens of the town. The town of Durham will make a small appropriation annually toward the support of the library. Mrs. Hamilton Smith, of Durham, has 952 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. recently given the sum of $10,000 for a new women’s hall, which is much needed. The Florida State Normal and Industrial School has received from Andrew Carnegie $10,000 for a new library. To the University of California has been bequeathed the estate of the late M. Theodore Kearney, near Fresno, comprising about 5,000 acres of land, valued at about $1,000,000 and yielding an annual income of some $50,000, preferably for the endowment of agricultural education and research. BUILDINGS. While there are many important college buildings for agriculture in process of construction, few of these buildings have been com- pleted during the past year. The University of Arkansas, however, has completed six buildings, including two dormitories, a $15,600 chemistry building, a $12,000 agricultural building, a $6,000 dairy building, and a hospital. The new administrative building of the University of California has been completed at a cost of about $267,000, with an additional expenditure of $26,000 for equipment. A new entomological laboratory has been dedicated for the use of both col- lege and station. It occupies a new building consisting of three stories and a basement. The central building of the Iowa State Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has also been completed, the total expense for building and furniture amounting to $410,000. The University of Florida was removed during the summer of 1906 from Lake City to its new location at Gainesville. At the latter place it has now only three buildings, but is planning an elaborate and costly modern plant. The agricultural building at the University of Illinois is undergoing an overhauling as the result of the removal of the household science department to the new women’s building and the erection of a farm mechanics building on the back part of the cam- pus. These changes have been necessitated by the rapid growth of the college of agriculture, which at the time of the erection of the acricultural building consisted of 7 instructors and 19 students. Now, six years later, there are 44 employees in the college and station and 430 students. At the Michigan Agricultural College the campus has been extended by removing all of the older barns back 200 or 300 yards, thus providing room for a new agricultural building which it is proposed to erect in the near future. Among the new buildings which are in process of erection are the $250,000 college of agriculture buildings at Cornell University, a new $45,000 botanical building at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, a new main building at the college of agriculture of the University of Minnesota, and a new agricultural-horticultural building at the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. IS WORK OF THE COLLEGES. Much progress has been made during the year in the organization of the agricultural courses of the land-grant colleges along broader lines, in the specialization of courses, and in organizing extension work. At the Maryland Agricultural College the general agricultural course has been subdivided, and separate courses are now offered in agronomy, animal industry, horticulture, and chemistry. Likewise at the Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts the general agricultural course has been expanded into separate courses in agronomy, animal husbandry, dairying, and horticulture; and a three-year elementary course in agriculture continuing for six months of the year has been offered in the newly created school of agriculture. A school of agriculture has also been established in connection with the University of Idaho, providing a four-year course preparatory to the regular college work. The university also announces a four-year course in domestic economy. A four-year course in household eco- nomics is now offered by Purdue University, the course leading to the degree of bachelor of science. Farm mechanics has been added to the curriculum of the school of agriculture of Purdue University and to that of the Michigan Agricultural College. Cornell University Col- lege of Agriculture offers two new short courses for women, one in horticulture and the other in home economics. Simmons College, of Boston, has recently taken over the property and management of the Boston Cooking School and established a regular four-year course in domestic science and a one-year course for those who do not wish to devote more time to this study. The two-year horticultural course formerly offered by the Massachusetts Agricultural College for women students of Simmons College has been discontinued. A four-year course in forestry, leading to the degree of bachelor of science, is now offered by the Oregon State Agricultural College. A school of forestry has also been started in connection with Colorado College, at Colorado Springs, which has recently acquired by gift 15,000 acres of forest land. An endowment of $150,000 is being raised for a chair of practical forestry and lumbering at the Yale Forest School. This chair has already been established and the work is now being organized. A department of agricultural extension has been organized at the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, with P. G. Hol- den as superintendent; M. L. Mosher, in charge of farm crops; P. K. Bliss, in charge of animal husbandry; A. H. Snyder, in charge of soils; J. C. Guthrie, in charge of dairying; J. W. Jones, in charge of horti- culture; Miss Mary F. Rausch, in charge of household economics, and G. E. Stayner, secretary. One of the features of extension work in Iowa during the past year was a short course in corn and live stock 254 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. judging and domestic science, held under the management of the Young Men’s Christian Association of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, December 17-2 Departments of education have heen established during the year at the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, and at the University of Maine. The Massachusetts Agri- cultural College also has an appropriation of $5,000 for normal work and is planning to promote agricultural instruction in the elementary erades. Departments of education, in which attention is given to training teachers of agriculture are now maintained in connection with the University of Illinois, University of Missouri, and the Wash- ington State College. There are also departments of education in connection with the State universities in California, Georgia, Minne- sota, Nebraska, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Normal courses in which agriculture is a feature have been definitely outlined and announced in the catalogues of the University of Arkansas, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Kansas Agricultural College, and the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College. Two-year nor- mal courses are offered by the Colorado and Connecticut agricultural colleges, Cornell University, the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, North Dakota Agricultural College, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, and a three-year normal course is provided by the South Dakota Agricultural College. Summer schools for teachers have been maintained during the vear in connec- tion with the universities or agricultural colleges in California, Con- necticut, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin. A correspond- ence course for teachers is offered by the North Dakota Agricultural College. Among the eminent educators who have been honored by pensions from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching during the year are Prof. J. S. Newman, recently connected with Clemson Agricultural College, of North Carolina; and Dr. J. M. McBryde, president of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. It is understood that the latter will retire from active college work at the close of the college year 1907. J. Ogden Armour has offered to the president of the International Live Stock Exposition the sum of $5,000 to be distributed annually at the exposition in twenty agricultural scholarships to be competed for by the State agricultural colleges at the exposition. In a letter to the president of the exposition he states that these scholarships ao given in recognition of the work done by the agricultural colleges ‘in advancing the cause of agricultural education in this country through the character and extent of their exhibits of live stock and field products at the international show.”’ PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 255 The competition is to be based upon the animal and grain exhibits from the several colleges and such other forms of agr polar al student competition as may be recognized or established ie the exposition, The details are to be deter aise by the management, and the scholar- ships are to be known as the J. Ogden Armour scholarships. A meeting of representatives of many of the agricultural colleges and the managers of the International Live Stock Exposition fas since been held, and plans for the distribution of these scholarships have been decided upon. One scholarship will be given to each col- lege leading at the exposition in judging horses, ove swine, sheep, od corn; one to the college making the best exhibit of feedsanie: and one a the college veces the ene average. The remaining thirteen will be oppre eed sera to the winnings of the colleges at the show, except that no college may receive more than 40 per cent of the total number. The awarding of the scholarships to students will be done by the respective colleges. THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS. The need of secondary courses in agriculture is coming to be more definitely recognized. As noted above, secondary courses have been organized this year in the Montana and Idaho colleges. An agri- cultural course has been conducted during the year in the public high school at St. Louis, Mich., and the class in agriculture is the largest class in the school. It is reported by the State superintendents of public instruction that agriculture is taught in 200 high schools in Missouri, 30 in Ohio, and one or more in Alabama, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New York, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Louisiana, Indi- ana, Maine, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Caro- lina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. In New Hampshire, beginning with 1906, high schools and acade- mies may be approved by the State superintendent of education if they are prepared to teach agriculture. Recent legislation in Virginia provides for the establishment of public high schools under the author- ity of the State superintendent of education. Arrangements are being made to open about 150 such schools, and it is intended to make instruction in agriculture a feature of the course in such of these schools as are located in the country. A new high school has been opened at Petersham, Mass., with a course in agriculture. Edwin H. Scott, a graduate of the Massa- chusetts Agricultural College, is instructor in that department. Much interest has been exhibited in the provision of this new course, which was equipped in advance of any other department in the school. At the California Polytechnic School a new two-story domestic science building, 42 by 103 feet, is just being completed. It contains on the first floor an office and reception room, two sewing rooms, with 256 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. adjoining cloakroom, closets, and fitting room, a lecture room and a class room for classes in botany, with adjoining office and herbarium. On the second floor are the kitchen, laboratory, pantry, butler’s pantry, lockers, dining room, office, two class rooms (one for book- keeping), and rest room. At the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute a special three- year course has been inaugurated for those who wish to take agri- culture as their main work, and each boy who undertakes the course will put in seven hours of every school day in actual field work under the direction of an instructor, and will also receive two hours of theo- retical agriculture and occasionally some night work. The Shell- banks Farm, which has hitherto been conducted almost entirely on a commercial basis, has recently been turned over to the agricultural department, under the direction of Prof. E. C. Bishop, and will hence- forth be utilized largely for the instruction of agricultural students. Marinette County, Wis., is erecting a building for a new agricultural high school, patterned after those already in operation in Dunn and Marathon counties. A bill appropriating $80,000 to St. Lawrence University for the establishment of an agricultural course and $12,000 for maintenance has been passed by the New York legislature and signed by the governor. New agricultural high schools have been established at Crookston, Minn., and Calvert, Md. CECIL COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, CALVERT, MD. (Pl. IX.) Upon request of the patrons in the northern part of Cecil County, Md., for the establishment of a high school at Calvert, the Cecil County school board decided, in the summer of 1906, to establish such a school and give the course of study an agricultural trend. The school board applied to R. W. Silvester, of the Maryland Agricultural College, and to the United States Department of Agriculture for aid in organizing the school. Mr. H. O. Sampson, a graduate of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, who had had experi- ence in teaching elementary agriculture in a high school in Pennsyl- vania, was furloughed from this Office to take charge of the school as principal and teacher of agriculture. The school was opened Novem- ber 5, 1906, in a small two-room school building rented from the Soci- ety of Friends, and having an available area of about 9 acres of land adjacent to it. Thirty-eight pupils were enrolled on the first day, and the number has since grown to 51. A small recitation room has been converted into a laboratory and meagerly equipped with simple appa- ratus, mostly the handiwork of the principal and pupils. Here experiments in which the pupils take part are performed daily. The agricultural work is popular among the pupils and is also An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE IX. FiG. 2.—LECTURE ON THE HORSE, CECIL COUNTY SCHOOL. 7 PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 257 arousing much interest among the farmers of the county. Some of the county papers are devoting part of a column each week to the Calvert school. The principal visits other schools in the vicinity for the purpose of getting their teachers and pupils interested in agri- cultural subjects. The regular work of the school begins with the seventh year, but at the present time some sixth-grade work is being done in order to allow the other schools to bring their work up to a point where it will articulate with the Calvert course. Following is the course of study as prepared by the principal of the school and the expert in agri- cultural education of this Office and revised by the Cecil County school board: Course of study for Cecil County Agricultural School, Calvert, Md. Grade. Language. | Mathematics. | First year Spelling; Gram- mar; Composi- tion. Science. History. General exercises. =i a | = Arithmetic, | Agriculture, | UnitedStates| Free-hand draw- Algebra. plants and soils; and Mary- ing; Writing; Physical geogra- land _ histo- Agricultural phy. ry; Civics. practice. Second Grammar; Liter- Farmandbusi-) Agriculture, Englishhisto- Mechanical draw- year. ature; Compo- ness arithme- farm crops; ry; Civics. ing; Agricultur- sition. - tic; Algebra. Botany. | al practice. Third) Literature; Rhet- Farm book-| Agriculture, do- Ancient his- Mechanical draw- year. orice; Composi- keeping; mestic animals; tory. ing; Farm me- tion; Latin. Plane and} _ Physics. chanics; Agri- solid geome- cultural prac- try. tice. Fourth) Literature; Rhet- Geometry; Agriculture, | Medieval and | Farm mechanics; year. oric; Composi-| Trigonome-| farm manage- modern his- Field surveying tion; Latin; tryandfarm | ment; Chenus-| tory; Re- and mapping; surveying. try, general view of Agricultural and agricul- United| practice. tural. States his- | tory. AGRICULTURE. I. Class-room exercises. FIRST YEAR. The structure and physiology of plants.—How plants feed, grow, and reproduce, and their relation to light, heat, moisture, air, and soil. Soils.—Their nature, functions, origin, properties, classes; relation to temperature, air, and moisture, and their management, including tillage, drainage, the use of manures, and the effect of cropping. SECOND YEAR. Farm crops.—Study of the principal field, orchard, and garden crops of the region, with reference to culture, protection from insect pests and diseases, and methods of harvesting and marketing. THIRD YEAR. Domestic animals.—Classes, types, breeds, care, and management of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. Score card and judging practice. Study of dairy ani- mals—their feeding, care, and management. Milk—its composition, handling, and uses. 2948—07——_l17 258 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. FOURTH YEAR. Farm management.—Comparison of different systems of cropping and tillage; dif- ferent types of farming—such as grain farming, stock farming, and dairy farming. Farm plans, including size and location of fields, location of buildings, fences, drains, and roads. Construction of buildings, water and sewage systems, and roads. Use, care, and management of farm machinery. Farm accounts, including feed, milk, crop, and breeding records. Il. Practice work. FIRST YEAR. Laboratory exercises.—Seed testing, experiments with plants and soils. Field exercises.—Studies of plants and soils and farm operations. Plat work. SECOND YEAR. Laboratory exercises.—Selecting and scoring farm crops, study of injurious insects. Field exercises.—Plat work, spraying and pruning, field excursions, and corn and grain judging. THIRD YEAR. Laboratory exercises.—Studies of milk, butier, and other dairy products. Field exercises.—Plat work and stock judging. FOURTH YEAR. Laboratory exercises.—Chemistry of soils and plant and animal life. Field exercises. —Plat work, stock judging, study of farm machinery, buildings, roads, drainage systems, etc. DISTRICT INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS IN GEORGIA. By legislative enactment in the summer of 1906, the general assembly of Georgia authorized the governor of that State to establish and cause to be maintained in each of the eleven Congressional districts of that State an industrial and agricultural school, said schools to be branches of the State College of Agriculture and under the general supervision of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia, of which the college of agriculture is a department. Each school will receive for maintenance an equal share approximately of the inspection fees collected by the State department of agriculture not otherwise appropriated, amounting as now estimated to about $6,000 a year, but the different localities in which the schools are located must furnish not less than 200 acres of land and the necessary equipment in the way of buildings, live stock, machinery, farm implements, etc. Soon after the enactment of this law the governor of Georgia applied to the Secretary of Agriculture for the assistance of experts from this Department to aid in selecting suitable farms for the schools and preparing a course of study for them. The Secretary of Agri- culture detailed W. G. Smith of the Bureau of Soils and the expert in agricultural education of the Office of Experiment Stations for this PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 259 service. Mr. Smith has been in Georgia on this detail most of the time since October 1. From his preliminary report of December 24, 1906, to the Chief of the Bureau of Soils, who transmitted the same to the Director of this Office, the following statements concerning the loca- tion of the schools and the donations for their equipment are taken. The movement seems to have met with much popular favor on all sides, resulting in gifts to the State from private sources of about 3,044 acres of land, valued at about $137,500, and cash donations amounting to $470,000, a total of $607,500. “Including the electric light, water, and telephone privileges, and sewerage work, the aggre- gate value of gifts so far made the State from private sources will amount to over $800,000. The cash donations are intended to be used only for the erection of buildings and other fixed improve- ments on the various school grounds. Each school has a local board of trustees appointed by the governor and consisting of one member from each county in the district. Each board is to cooperate with the governor and the faculty of the State College of Agriculture at Athens in deciding upon courses of study and lines of farm work to be carried on. The board of trustees of the University of Georgia, which has general supervision of the schools, has decided that the schools shall be coeducational; that the course of study shall extend over four years, including one year of common or elementary school work and preparing graduates for entrance at the State College of Agriculture; that the minimum age for entrance into the schools be 14 years for boys and 13 years for girls; that the scholastic year extend over forty weeks; that the programme be so arranged that each student shall devote at least three hours of each day to class-room work and three hours to farm, home, shop, or laboratory work; that the girls be provided with suitable training in cooking, sewing, home economics and kindred subjects, and that short courses for adult farmers be provided in so far as the same may not conflict with the other work of the schools. In order to keep the work moving smoothly on the school farm, it is proposed to arrange the classes into sections, so that while two sections are engaged in class-room work, the other two will be employed in home, laboratory, plat, and field work. The sections will probably have half-day shifts, which means, for example, that a given student will have all his studies in the forenoon and all his shop and field work in the afternoon, while another student will have the reverse order. The only expense to the students will be the cost of board, which it is estimated will come to about $10 a month. The proposed course of study provides for manual labor on the farm, for which the student is to receive pay that may amount to $5 or more a month, thus making 260 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the net cost to the student for the school year (eight months) not more than $45 or $50. It has also been decided that about one- fourth of the students shall be required to remain on the farm during eer RIWE THERA 0 ORV F1G. 1.—Map showing industrial and agricultural school districts of Georgia. the summer vacation and that they may be paid for this work, thus reducing somewhat their school expenses. Five or more teachers are contemplated for each fully organized school. These will include the principal, who is to be versed in prac- PEATE XS =nt Stations, 1905. An. Rpt. Office of Experim 5. Main building. 6. Power house and shops. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 261 tical farming, as well as in the sciences underlying agricultural practice, a teacher of science, a teacher of domestic science and other special work for girls, a teacher of shop work and mathematics, and a teacher of English, history, and languages. Plans and specifications for the principal schcol buildings have been prepared by a competent architect. Nine separate buildings are contemplated, to be arranged on three sides of a quadrangle as shown in Plate X, with barns and other farm buildings in the back- ground. The buildings for each school will cost $70,000 or more. The main academic building, built of brick, will cost about. $15,000, while the boys’ and girls’ dormitories, if built of brick, will each cost a like amount. These three buildings are regarded as the first that should be erected. Some of the districts contributed so liberally that nearly the whole set of buildings can be erected at once, but many will have to rely on future State aid or further private gifts to enable the completion of the full complement of buildings. The following statement gives the main facts as to locations (as also fig. 1), gifts of land, and cash donations, as well as something of the soil conditions for each Congressional district: FIRST DISTRICT. School to be located adjacent to Statesboro, and not far from railroad. Gifts of about 300 acres of land, valued at about $50 an acre; cash, $60,000; electric light, water, and telephone free for ten years. The farm lies well within the limits of the “‘wire-grass belt” of the Coastal Plain. The three principal grades of land occurring in this belt are found on the school farm, namely: (1) The deep sands, (2) the gently rolling upland locally known as “‘ pebble land,”’ and (3) the low, flat, swampy lands. The ‘‘pebble land” is noted for productiveness. The low, flat, swampy lands often support a natural growth of pine and an underbrush of gallberry bushes and coarse grass. Much ditching will have to be done before general field crops can be grown, the soil evidently being ‘‘sour” as well as too wet. Sea-island cotton, bringing 25 to 35 cents a pound, is the great money crop of this part of the State. The natural forest growth of the district consists mainly of the long- leaf pine, with an undergrowth of tufts of wire grass. SECOND DISTRICT. School to be located on a railroad, about 3 miles north of Tifton. Gifts include 327 acres of land, valued at about $30 an acre; cash, $60,000; electric light, water, and telephone free for ten years. Independent sewerage is to be installed free of cost to the State, which may represent an outlay on the part of the donors of something like $10,000. This farm also lies within the wire-grass belt of the Coastal Plain region, and the soil conditions are much the same as those of the first district. It contains, however, but very little flat, poorly drained land. Most of the tract is covered with a natural growth of long leaf pine, which will be a source of valuable timber to be used in the several school buildings. 262 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. THIRD DISTRICT. School to be located near Americus. Gifts include 300 acres of land, valued at $50 an acre; cash, $40,000; electric light and water free for ten years. This tract lies toward the upper edge of the “‘ wire-grass belt”? of the Coastal Plain. The soils comprise what is locally known as “gray land,’’ ‘“‘mulatto land,’’ and ‘‘red land.’’ This farm includes some of the most productive upland of the Coastal Plain region. FOURTH DISTRICT. School to be located near Carrollton. Gifts include 250 acres of land, valued at about $50 an acre; cash, $30,000; electric light, water, and telephone free for ten years. While geographically the school is located near one side of the district, it is nearly in the center of the white school population. Most of the farms are small (100 to 200 acres in size), and owned and operated by prosperous white farmers, while the remainder of the district contains large farms operated by many negro tenants. This school farm lies within the old metamorphic (Piedmont) region of Georgia, the soils being derived from the granites, gneisses, and hornblende schists. The soils are locally known as ‘‘gray land,’’ ‘‘mulatto land,’’ and ‘‘red land.’’ The school farm includes hilly and gently rolling areas of the soils mentioned, and doubtless will represent very well the average soil and surface conditions of this Congressional district. FIFTH DISTRICT. School to be located on a railroad, 3 miles north of Monroe. Gift of 250 acres of land, valued at about $30 an acre, and almost all cleared and ready for cultivation; cash donation, $31,000; electric light, water, and telephone service free for ten years. Grading of the grounds is to be done with county convict labor free of charge to the school. The district as a whole includes many small farms, with white owners and operators. Some important cities are included in this district, among them Atlanta. The farm has the same geological (Piedmont) and soil conditions as that in the fourth district. SIXTH DISTRICT. School to be located near Barnesville, with good railroad facilities. Gift of 250 acres of land, mostly all cleared and ready for cultivation. The land is valued at about $50 an acre. Cash donation, $51,000. Electric light, water, and telephone free for ten years; also sewerage to be installed. The district includes many small farms owned and operated by prosperous white farmers. The geological and soil conditions noted for the fourth district apply here also. 2 SEVENTH DISTRICT. School to be located 3 miles north of Powder Springs. Gift of 240 acres of good land, valued at about $35 an acre, nearly all of which is cleared and ready for cultivation. The donors have agreed to put up free to the State the maia building and the boys’ dormitory, which, it is estimated, will cost them about $25,000. The farm lies in the same geological province (Piedmont) and has the same soil conditions as the fourth district. These conditions apply, however, only to about the southern one-third or one-half of the seventh district. EIGHTH DISTRICT. School to be located near Madison and near railroad. Gifts include 257 acres of good land, valued at about $90 an acre; cash, $40,000; electric light and water free for ten years, and telephone service free for three years. The district includes many small PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 263 farms owned and operated by prosperous white farmers. The geological (Piedmont) and soil conditions indicated for the fourth district apply here also. NINTH DISTRICT. School to be located near Clarksville and about 3 miles from railroad. The same geological province (Piedmont) and the same conditions of soil as found in the fourth district occur in the ninth district, but the interests here differ consider- ably from those that surround the farms of the other districts. In the ninth district cotton is not so much in the ascendancy, while orchard fruits, poultry, and live stock are more important, the rather frequent hilly and rugged features of north Georgia being peculiarly well adapted to produce apples and peaches, the developments along these lines having been quite marked during the last few years. TENTH DISTRICT. School to be located on railroad, 3 miles east of Sparta, at a station called Granite Hill. Gift of 270 acres of land, valued at about $30 an acre. Land nearly all cleared and ready for plow. Cash donation, $48,000. The district includes many small farms owned and operated by prosperous white farmers. There are a few large holdings. The geological province (Coastal Plain) and the soil conditions of the third district are in a large measure found here. The farm, however, lies near the line between the region of Coastal Plain sediments and that of the weathered granite rocks of the Piedmont. ELEVENTH DISTRICT. School to be located near Douglas, on line of railroad. Gifts include 300 acres of good land, valued at about $50 an acre; cash, $55,000; electric lights and water free for ten years; sewerage to be installed free. The same geological province (Coastal Plain) and the same soil (wire-grass belt) conditions as found in the first district obtain here. This school is located in a section which at one time had extensive lumber and tur- pentine interests, but where now there is progressing a considerable development of small farms operated by whites. The donations made by the citizens of the different Congressional districts are summarized in the following table: Donations for Georgia agricultural schools. V C ue | Years’ | voors’ Seated Acres of | Value of ash -. | tele- cantar | Dewerage to Rese ened icertek: land. land. donation. Be | phone | ater | he installed. | light | ‘tree free. free, f TiS a5 5 eS Oe eee Bs Berea Cope Ee ete 300 | $15,000 | $60,000 10 10 10 Seconda 2 eee eee = abe aa eeaese 327 15, 000 60, 600 10 10 10 | Sewerage. Ge ee te ete os pe emer ee 350 15, 000 40, 000 10 10 10 LNG 1 eee ee eee 250 13, 000 30, 000 10 10 10 Mifthbe se co aetet eco: eects ase 250 8, 000 31, 000 10 10 10 Sith: sere =o ses een ates 250 13, 000 51, 000 10 10 10 Do. Seventh 22 2) Aces a ase ee 240 8, 400 PAR NIM | Paseran | Seeeresal mea oacoe i ghthen seca. sees ck 257 | 22,000 40, 000 10 3 10 INGINGD Ses 4 ee ccm eee eRee a= 300 D OOO! |= 3730000) | Ee eaem-mlsaaeeees|eeas eae Menthe. cccs cee cans oe ee eee 270 8, 100 ASW OOOH Bean aes | re sane eee ore Mle venth:= teres — ee ec e eee 300 15, 000 55, 000 TON |S2sces 10 Do. Mopalenosees sos eter ee a 3044) |1375500) |) 7470s 000k peste eee eee ee SUMMARY. SVG gan Ce ih LES pm ne $137, 500 (GH Foo iies Coyne: ALO) 0h: eee eee Be ee eons aco base eon caoae se Sonono ace qo ae eee 470, 000 Approximate value of electric light, water, and sewerage, gift---........---------- 200, 000 Bio eM esti RN O Seen peer soca nos see seers o escmarsacascaqas SSesescessmoe 807, 500 264 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. COURSE OF STUDY FOR GEORGIA SCHOOLS. Upon invitation of Governor J. M. Terrell, the expert in agricul- tural education of the Office of Experiment Stations, and Joseph S. Stewart, professor of secondary education in the University of Georgia, met at the governor’s office and, after conference with the governor and others, prepared the following tentative course of study for boys, which has since been submitted to the board of trustees of . the University of Georgia as the basis of the courses to be pursued in the different schools. A similar four-year course for girls will be arranged in home economics, including the study of food, cooking, dining service, laundering, dairying, sewing, dressmaking, millinery, home ornamentation, and household science. These are to be studied and practiced in three-hour practicum periods (mentioned below in the course of study for boys) under the direction of a domes- tic science teacher. The suggestive schedule of daily recitations (Pl. XI) shows the proposed arrangement of student sections for class-room and practice work. TENTATIVE COURSE OF STUDY. FIRST YEAR. Hours per week. English grammar and American authors...........--.--.--- 5 periods of 40 minutes. Mathematics: Arithmetic: J: 27 awe eek fees Sa ee 5 periods of 40 minutes. Winsted) States history -.<8: | 2225. a ei ee ee eee 3 periods of 40 minutes. Penmanship andspelling io a4. Yves satae pee eee es 2 periods of 40 minutes. Georraplince:: 3c eek lk ee eee ee 4 periods of 40 minutes. Motels +b ahs Sa ee eee eS 8 Loa eee 19 periods or 122 hours. isssvactiCUlitine. ~..4. c=, 4106,52 aoa e sibs aes ee 3 periods or 2 hours. IPPACIIGESWONis< = 20 Oo ee Kee BOC ce Lee 18 periods or 18 hours. otal 2. 57. Ce rid aera y 21 periods or 20 hours. SECOND YEAR, English grammar, composition, selected literature.......... 5 periods of 40 minutes. Mathematics: Algebra... o 20s" oo. asn2 eb in nee eee 5 periods of 40 minutes. Horiienliure and Downy 25 2. ccs ssa Seknds eee eee 3 periods of 40 minutes. Bistory: Snecient. 225: . 6123s... .0 See) ee ee 3 periods of 40 minutes. Penmanship and spelling, or option.....................-- 2 periods of 40 minutes. Otel ote ad ee ae ee EN Me ee or 18 periods or 12 hours. IME ORTICUIUIG <2 fai2 siete o~ = Ske OEE Sore oe 3 periods or 2 hours. PCC WORK us: coe ee kde se ee ae tread ee ae ee 18 periods or 18 hours. Otel se 2s fe ees ere ee ea ne ee 21 periods or 20 hours. Ropudhecontinued..:....:.2...ccc 2. cee seers See eee 5 periods of 40 minutes. Matieteciice | RIDCDIA. 2... lnaccg ct net eos ae eee ennee 3 periods of 40 minutes. ural wane. tarm SCCOUDtG, .:..<..< case oR ee nee ae 2 periods of 40 minutes. PLATE XI. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. 6.3O— = A. 5 7 vow. | wea ENGL/SH aarHMETIC| US HISTORY PRACTICUM (CR) IMO) PLANT LABORATORY xh \y Sy AB) iS TUES. yes Pees eee PEMANSHUE FAN WOR (Bors) HOME WORK (6/15) RAN S N WED. | & R R fae USMSTORY| «<< lasmeuTunE PRACTICUM pes pee eS RS aN nN xt 0) =N pea eR | [a wer or — rower wore om] re ~ . sh US HWSTORY AGRICULTURE) || PRACTICUM { EIRES COOKING IND Dirt NS ‘ 7a | (ce | MON.| \5 | FARM WORK (60K5) = HOME WORK (G/F Ls) ENGLISH” | ALGEBRA \ ANC HISTORY PEM SPELL. nN 0 kK N GIFS AIVD, Re Ny g S & (OREN ERLE OS ONY PLANT AND SOM. LABORATORY Sy “ ar a EEA eee YO ~ S u) fe t Q |weo : t 8 FARM WORK (BOYS) HOME WORK (é/RLS) NS ee Say AUCTHISTORY| =| PEM SPELL] | ) Q [7a 88s | Aaacricun7 (ERE SEWING, x 8S ; HORT. AND we iN x S SER B01" FRUIT, CARDEN, PLAT WORK | BER ; BOTANY. | AGRICULTURE] NEG |S 8 FRI Sok rR WORK (BOX) FLOWERS, VEGETABLE GARDEN. | RSS t « paar ante |avcrusroRy HORT NO || alleen pS 7 NINES N GURLS COOKING x » 77-| S| PRACTICUM (fons CON aMIOS- OG eee ieee Ves & 70% : 0 | Ege wor (0%5) HOME WORK (@RIS) Su r « az Pe fewer] | | perce EP eres srcomrrome | NG > z —_—_—___— NAS Ree] emer 8 are war ot none worries) | 8 8 aA wy 5 | B48 ese rc] | 8 aoerecnr SS ETP ear IN| S = 5 3 2 SSR & FF. iS PAKSICST oe FAM WOK (B0x%5) QANPY (61.5) eS Ee S : SEQ g SAT. (VAC TICUM feos EARN WIECHANICS- est mM - « | 29077 CLS ANO) aye by ed FOR, LANG.,SC/, B FACULTY & ow] p Q GC TIC OMT b0K5 f CHEAMCAL LAEOMATOR EF ~ R k CHEMISTRY OR OTHER OPTION | EOVETIY | PRINCIEAL AND DIRECT N UES NG § 7 wor (Bors) HOME WOFK (GIRLS) 8 fF « ABRICULTURE C5 SAS] pes cee tea Be ~ ; = = : WRN) z Ce S/— : weo.|s NW | AUCTION BONS FELD CXR OO OME. |S NN CHEMISTRY ye 4. TEACHER OF ENGLISH, § [rx] 88 NY Za 3 ees eee & | 77 Ni ® FARM WORK (603) HOME WOPA (617L5) NS e AGRICUL TUR ees ©. TEACHER OF MATHE— S ——— aN - MATICS, CARPENTRY, 7 GIL S HOME MANAGEMENT RSS ; % . Gaal R Sk PRET IGUNA | Sie mm ES MANAGE OTEN S&S CHEMISTRY ete 0. TEIHER OF DOMESTIC s S : NN RS SCIENCE AND SPECIAL LATS _& | AM WORK (80K) BEES, PoULTIPY, ETE, (69) | SRS ees | COCO CUES: SUGGESTED SCHEDULE OF DAILY RECITATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT SCHOOLS OF GEORGIA. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 265 Hours per week. Elementary and agricultural physics................------- 3 periods of 40 minutes. Mistory : .Hnelish iss 5th) oye ee eee = 2 periods of 40 minutes. Optional study (foreign language, commercial geography, or BEIENCE)... coh cd ska oes ee ee a 5 periods of 40 minutes. Totalis.25 2) 5 ee ee ee Oe 20 periods or 131 hours. Glass apeiomiiqners. © 65 752 a ieee ee ib ee tncg tA Servet 2 periods or 14 hours. TACTIC OVOP: «5 22 5-52 el © eR eee pee, AA eT NE ee 18 periods or 18 hours. la) #2 MAR Ss ac he, Vee i eae a 20 periods or 194 hours. FOURTH YEAR. iphishs comipnmuedys = fie = See De eee Akela soul Ae wie 2 4 periods of 40 minutes. Rere GUA C HEN eee nTS A ben? re. ie hed ES ssh are 5 periods of 40 minutes. Srimien, fami COnOMmics...--. 2 fu. > Uae aes Hed eS ad ke 2 periods of 40 minutes. Elementary and agricultural chemistry.................... 3 periods of 40 minutes. Optional study (foreign language, modern history, or sci- EDGE) Sc Sse SAE CSI et ee 5 periods of 40 minutes. TECUE baeeyeBeS s i Bea ONe iattr R eae e 19 periods or 122 hours. AE ree tT RC MAID eee ee See re eee he tes ae SS 3 = G periods or 2 hours. PIPE PICO EKee naar ees 4) a pa ehh Se a hha 9s A 18 periods or 18 hours. sj UOLIEN 2 2 So a Ret pS Sieg ae ao ee eS 21 periods or 20 hours. TOTALS FOR FOUR YEARS. Class room other than agriculture. | Class room and practice work in agriculture in all its forms. Periods or hours a week: - Hours a week: MIESESVERT: 3252-38525 19 periods, 12% hours. | HIESGPY CATS. ov oc. eee eee _. 20 hours. Second year.........---- 18 periods, 12 hours. | Second year.) 2 Soe ee ees 20 hours. Rhirdiyear 2.5--* 522: 20 periods, 134 hours. Thirdtyear-e) +t) eee ee eee 194 hours. Hourth years = 2.5 45-5 19 periods, 12% hours. Mourth years. sass) tee See 20 hours. Rotaleeees rs ere ce 76 periods, 504 hours. FRO tally = hehe ce) pe ee aes oe 2 794 hours, AGRICULTURE. FIRST YEAR—FALL TERM. Class room.—Three recitations a week. The plant, its composition, structure, and physiology. How plants feed, grow, and reproduce. Plant laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Study a number of plants with reference to their composition and structure, their methods of reproduction, the uses of leaf, stem, root, flower, and fruit, and such proc- esses as pollination, crossing, and hybridizing. Plat work.—One period a week, three hours. Each pupil will have a small garden in which the vegetables of the region can be grown. Care must be taken that all work in this garden be done in season and that such a rotation of crops be followed as will best utilize the space at all times. The pupil will be held responsible for the care of the garden, will be taught the best meth- ods of preparing the ground and planting, cultivating, harvesting, and marketing the crop, and will be required to keep an accurate account of all labor and expense, and profit or loss. He will enjoy his profits or bear his losses, as the case may be. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. 266 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Free-hand and mechanical drawing: Lines and geometrical figures, using as models the garden stakes, boxes, dishes, etc., used in plat work, also the apparatus and plants used in the plant laboratory. Draw plans for all bench work. Bench work: Exercises to develop skill in handling tools; make all stakes, yard- sticks, boxes, etc., used in plat work and plant laboratory. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. Pupils will be detailed, under competent superintendence, to attend to all the various operations of the farm, changing the details from time to time so that each pupil may become familiar with all the operations of the farm. Those detailed to feed and care for the live stock and do other farm chores, morning, noon, and night, will be excused for the time being from other farm work. During each vacation one-fourth of the students, or such number as the principal may consider necessary, will be required to remain at the school to carry on the opera- tions of the farm and shops without interruption, and for work required during this time the students may be given fair compensation. FIRST YEAR—WINTER TERM. Class room.—Three recitations a week. The plant, reproduction: Study various methods of reproduction, e. g., by spores, bulbs, cuttings, grafts, and buds; germination and plant food in seeds of different kinds, bulbs, and tubers. Plant laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Exercises in germinating seed, making hard and soft cuttings, grafting and budding. The practical work of budding would better be deferred until summer or early autumn. Start seed in boxes and hotheds for spring planting out of doors. Explain the physical and chemical principles involved in germination and hotbed work. Plat work.—One period a week, three hours. Continue garden work with special reference to winter operations, such as the preparation of soil, destruction of weed seeds and rubbish; and making plans for spring work. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Mechanical drawing: Standard exercises and making plans for bench work. Occasional practice in free-hand drawing. Bench work: Continue work of fall term with exercises gradually becoming more complex, such as the making of joints, splices, dovetails, etc. Students will be required to sharpen and care for all tools used by them Farm work.—One period a week, nine hours. (See Farm work under fall term.) FIRST YEAR—SPRING TERM. Class room.—Three recitations a week. The plant, its environment: Study the influence of light, air, heat, and moisture upon plant growth. Plant laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Continue plant work of preceding term and study United States Weather Bureau daily charts; trace movement of storms and learn to use the barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer and other weather instruments. Experiment with plants in pots and boxes to determine the effect of light, heat, and moisture upon their development. Plat work.—One period a week, three hours. Prepare ground and plant seed in season in individual gardens; continue all neces- sary operations of cultivating, weeding, harvesting, and marketing early vegetables. Plan to have a succession of vegetables throughout the season. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 267 Mechanical drawing and bench work as in winter term. Begin practical farm car- pentry, such as the making of benches, ladders, gates, and barn doors. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (See Farm work under fall term.) SECOND YEAR—FALL TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. : Soils: Nature, function, origin, and properties of the principal soil types of the region. Root systems of farm crops. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Collect samples of the leading types of soil in the region and bring them to the lab- oratory for study. Learn to distinguish and name different soils according to the clas- sification by the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture. Study root system of the leading farm crops, noting their general characteristics and how these are modified by different soils. Plat work.—One period a week, three hours. A series of demonstration plats will be laid out and put in charge of second-year pupils to show the effects of cropping, rotations and use of commercial fertilizers, barnyard manure and green manures on the fertility and physical condition of the soils, as well as upon the quality of crops produced. A part of the field work of this term will be devoted to the collection of seeds, cot- ton, forage crops, roots, and other material for study in plant laboratory. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Drawing: Make plans of buildings and other structures needed in the school, home, and farm. Farm carpentry: Make models of farm buildings, and where practicable engage in the construction of real buildings. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) SECOND YEAR—WINTER TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Soils, classification, temperature, aeration, moisture, and management. Princi- ples governing tillage, drainage, terracing, uses of fertilizers and cropping. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Pupils will conduct experiments with soils to illustrate their physical properties, such as porosity, capillarity, and effect of puddling, mulching, etc., using simple apparatus which can be made in the laboratory. Toward the close of the term exercises in seed testing will be taken up to prepare for spring planting. Plat work.—One exercise a week, three hours. Field study of different types of soil as affected by different methods of treatment; influence of frost on fall-plowed soil as compared with soil not plowed; experiments in the handling and care of barnyard manure; study of the influence of winter catch crops. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Drawing: Plans of farm buildings and fixtures. Farm carpentry: Make models of buildings and plans and construct cupboards, mangers, stanchions and other fixtures, poultry buildings and yards, brooder houses and other minor farm buildings. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) Attend also to pruning and spraying orchards. 268 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. SECOND YEAR—SPRING TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Farm crops: Study leading field, garden, and orchard crops of region, laying par- ticular stress on those of greatest local importance. Take up such matters as prepara- tion of soil, selection of seed as determined by germination and purity tests, plant- ing, cultivating, protection from insects and other pests, harvesting, and marketing. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. The botany of farm crops and crop judging with score card. In horticultural regions this period will be devoted to work with fruits and vegetables. Plat work.—One period a week, three hours. Give necessary care to demonstration plats, planting crops on them and cultivating them. Study field, garden, and orchard crops on the school farm and on neighboring farms, and attend to spraying, and other orchard and garden work. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Tron work: Learn to make from stock iron various articles used on the farm, such as tongs, cold chisels, punches, rings, chain links and hooks, clevises, brackets, har- row teeth, etc.; how to use and take care of files; how to construct a serviceable forge and otherwise equip a shop for farm blacksmithing. Give special attention to welding iron and steel, and to tempering tools. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. The work of this term in horticultural regions should be devoted largely to garden- ing, orcharding, or forestry. THIRD YEAR—FALL TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Animals: Study the leading breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry, and learn to distinguish the characteristics of different types, such as draft and trotting horses, roadsters and saddle horses, dairy and beef cattle, wool and mutton sheep. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Agricultural physics: Experiments with soils, farm machinery, dairy apparatus, and other farm equipment to illustrate the laws of physics. Plat and field work.—One period a week, three hours. Carry to completion through one growing season the plat experiments begun in sec- ond year. Study and judge with the score card breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Plumbing and steam fitting: Exercises which will prepare pupils to lay and fit the necessary pipes and fixtures for water, sewage, and heating systems in home and farm buildings, dairy, and cane mill. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. Students of the third and fourth years may be given acre ere for individual culti- vation, or smail farms for supervision, the profits to be theirown; the same, however, to be applied first to the payment of their school expenses. THIRD YEAR—WINTER TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Animals, their care and management: Study food requirements of different animals and the importance of pure water supply, exercise and shade, comfortable, clean, and well ventilated buildings and inclosures, giving attention also to the preparation and marketing of animal produc ts. Laboratory.—One exercise a week, piss hours. Agricultural physics as in previous term, giving special attention to farm and dairy equipment. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 269 Field exercises.—One exercise a week, three hours. Continue judging exercises and study breeds of domestic animals. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Farm machinery: Practice in assembling and setting up machines of the farm, dairy, and cane mill, and in placing lines of shafting, sewing belts, etc. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) THIRD YEAR—SPRING TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Dairying: Make a more detailed study of the dairy type of cow, her feed, care, and management, and take up the subject of milk; study its composition, handling with reference to the relation of cleanliness, straining, aerating, and cooling on the souring or tainting of milk; use of milk for consumption as milk and cream, for condensing, for cheese making and butter making. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. The laboratory work of this term should be devoted to the dairy. Learn to use the Babcock test and centrifugal separator, different types of churns and workers, and take up practical work in salting, coloring, working, and packing butter for marketing. Field work. Visit some of the best farms in the region for the purpose of studying buildings and other inclosures for farm animals and poultry, taking note of all provisions for light and ventilation, cleanliness of buildings and surroundings, convenience of arrange- ment and other factors entering into the construction of suitable and serviceable farm buildings. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Design farm houses, barns, dairy buildings, cane mills, and other buildings, making provision for water, sewage, and heating systems. Carry out these plans whenever possible in the construction of buildings on the school farm. Practice in laying concrete floors, walks, etc. : Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) FOURTH YEAR—FALL TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Rural engineering: Study farm plans with reference to the size and location of fields; continue the study of farm buildings and begin the study of the construction of roads and the ornamentation of home grounds by the planting of trees and shrubs. Chemical laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Chemical manipulations with elements and compounds which are of most importance in agriculture. Field exercises.—One period a week, three hours. Practical exercises in surveying and laying out ornamental grounds and fields, locating buildings and roads, drains, terraces, water systems, and sewage system. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Draw farm plans and locate on them the necessary buildings, roads, orchards, and ornamental plantations. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) FOURTH YEAR—WINTER TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Rural economics: Study systems of farming, transportation and other factors relating to markets, and farm records, including feed and milk records, crop records, breeding records, and inventories. 270 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Chemical laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Agricultural chemistry, with special attention to the chemistry of foods, feeding stuffs, fertilizers, and animal products. Field exercises.—One period a week, three hours. Continue work of preceding term and practice work of keeping farm records. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Topographical drawing and use of plane table. Construction of roads and walks, grading, use of different road materials. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) FOURTH YEAR—SPRING TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Rural economics: History of agriculture and agriculture in its relation to other pro- ductive industries, and the literature of agriculture, including publications of State agricultural experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture, and statistical and consular reports. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. Study of harmful and beneficial birds and insects in laboratory and field. Library reading.—One period a week, three hours. While the study of agricultural literature is an important part of the whole course, it is thought wise to devote considerable time in the last term to systematic library read- ing in order that the graduates may be familiar with the sources of the best works on agriculture. Farm mechanics.—One period a week, three hours. Practical work in planning and constructing farm and home structures, and in planting trees and shrubs for ornamental purposes. Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (As before.) HortTIcULTURE AND FORESTRY. SECOND YEAR—SPRING TERM. Class room.—Two recitations a week. Study of the principles of vegetable gardening, orcharding, and forestry. This study will include such matters as selection of varieties, planting, cultivating, protecting from insects and diseases by spraying and by other methods, propagation, nursery work, pruning, harvesting, storing, preparing for market, and marketing. Atten- tion will also be given to the utilization of waste lands by making forest plantations, care of forests, including protection from fires, thinning forests, and cutting and replanting. Laboratory.—One period a week, three hours. (See Agriculture, second year, spring term.) Farm work.—Three periods a week, nine hours. (See Agriculture, second year, spring term.) THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. There is a growing sentiment in favor of teaching the underlying principles of agriculture in the schools attended by 94 per cent of the children of our country. This fact is indicated by the recent declara- tion of numerous men high in the official and educational councils of this country, by the progress made in many localities in the intro- duction of nature study, school gardening, and elementary agriculture into the public schools, by the widespread discussion of this subject PROGRESS IN “AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 271 in educational gatherings and in newspapers and magazines, and by the number of text-books, bulletins, and other helps for teachers published recently. The laws of over thirty States now permit or require the teaching of agriculture in the public schools. Among the States which require the teaching of agriculture in all elementary schools are Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Ohio reports that elementary agriculture is taught in approximately 500. township schools, and this subject is regularly taught in rural schools numbering about 4,500 in Wisconsin, 3,000 in Missouri, 300 in North Dakota, and a considerable number of schools in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, and Washington. Permissive or mandatory legislation concerning the teaching of agriculture in the public schools is commonly accompanied with provisions making agriculture one of the subjects on which teachers may or must be examined. In Nebraska, for example, candidates for first and second grade county certificates must pass an examination in the elements of agriculture. In Wisconsin, since 1901, teachers have been required to pass an examination in elementary agriculture in order to secure any grade of teachers’ certificate. In New Hamp- shire teachers in secondary schools are required to have training in agriculture. In Virginia teachers securing first-grade certificates must pass an examination on either physical geography, elementary physics, or elementary agriculture. In Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, and South Dakota all teachers must pass examination on this subject. In New York the new syllabus for elementary schools contains nature study and agriculture and teachers in training classes are required to cover all subjects in the syllabus. In Ohio the Teachers’ Reading Circle requires the study of one text- book on elementary agriculture each year. The work of the agriculture colleges in providing normal training in elementary agriculture has been referred to (p. 254). The colleges in Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, New York, Mississippi, and Rhode Island also have so-called extension departments which are seeking to come into close touch with teachers as well as with country boys and girls, and thus promote the wider diffusion of agricultural education. These colleges are also using their influence to turn students in their regular courses to the career of teaching. The agricultural high schools, whether attached to the agricultural colleges or independent of them, are also training teachers. Some of the normal schools in Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, Ilinois, Iowa, California, Louisiana, Maine, Massa- chusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 272 REPORT JF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin are giving regular instructions in nature study and elementary agriculture. Not content to wait for the formulation of definite courses of instruction in agriculture for the rural schools and the training of teachers in this subject, there is in many places an effort to do some- thing tangible to arouse the interest of farmers’ boys in the study of agriculture. Through the agency of farmers’ organizations coopera- ting with the State agricultural colleges and State and county depart- ments of education, boys’ agricultural clubs have been organized, largely in connection with the schools, in Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Wisconsin, and probably other States. The members of these clubs have regular institute meetings and lecture courses, go on excursions to educational institutions and large farms, conduct variety tests with corn, cotton, sugar beets, and other crops, and exhibit their products at school, county, and State fairs. A remarkable change has taken place in the attitude of school officers and teachers regarding nature study and elementary agri- culture as school subjects. A few years ago it was unusual to find any subject relating to agriculture in public schools in the programmes of the teachers’ meetings. Now scarcely an educational meeting of importance is held anywhere in the United States without at least one paper on some phase of this subject, and in many cases whole sessions are devoted to the discussion of various topics relating to it, from nature study and school gardening to the more formal courses in agriculture. A few examples will serve to show how widespread is this interest. At the sixty-seventh annual convention of the American Institute of Instruction at New Haven, Conn., in July, 1906, which is largely attended by school officers and teachers from different parts of New England, the teaching of elementary agriculture was largely discussed in the department of rural education, formal papers on this subject being presented by the superintendent of education of Vermont and the professor of agriculture of the Massachusetts Agriculture College. New England has also been aroused to a serious and thorough dis- cussion of this matter by the report of a Commission on Industrial and Technical Education presented to the legislature of Massachusetts in April, 1906. The chairman of this commission was Hon. Carroll D. Wright, for many years United States Commissioner of Labor and now president of Clark College at Worcester, Mass. This commis- sion was appointed by the governor of Massachusetts in accordance with an act of the legislature, and spent nearly a year in a study of the relation of children to our industries and the condition of industrial education at home and abroad, The commission found that ‘‘there PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. OTe is a widespread interest in the general subject of industrial education, or special training for vocations,”’ but that our people generally, and even those who are most interested in the subject, have no definite idea as to its proper scope or method. ‘Compared with the opportuni- ties afforded in Europe for acquiring knowledge and skill in productive industry, the work now being done in Massachusetts is strikingly and painfully inadequate,” and while in this country ‘‘the general public has been strangely blind to the narrowness of the public school educa- tion,” in Europe there is ‘‘the universal recognition of the necessity of special education for every form of industrial life.’ One of the conclusions of the commission was that ‘‘the State needs a wider diffusion of industrial intelligence as a foundation for the highest technical success, and this can only be acquired in connection with the general system of education into which it should enter as an integral part from the beginning. The latest philosophy of education reenforces the demands of productive industry by showing that that which fits a child best for his place in the world as a producer tends to his own highest development physically, intellectually, and morally.” There seem to be two lines in which industrial education may be developed— through the existing public school system and through independent industrial schools. In regard to the former, the commission recommends that cities and towns so modify the work in the elementary schools as to include for boys and girls instruction and practice in the elements of productive industry, including agriculture and the mechanic and domestic arts, and that this instruction be of such a character as to secure from it the highest cultural as well as the highest industrial value; and that the work in the high schools be modified so that the instruction in mathematics, the sci- ences, and drawing shall show the application and use of these subjects in industrial life, with especial reference to local industries, so that the students may see that these subjects are not designed primarily and solely for academic purposes, but that they may be utilized for the purposes of practical life. That is, algebra and geometry should be so taught in the public schools as to show their relations to construction; botany to horticulture and agriculture; chemistry to agriculture, manufactures and domestic sciences; and drawing to every form of industry. The commission would also recommend that all towns and cities provide by new elective industrial courses in high schools instruction in the principles of agriculture and the domestic and mechanic arts. * * * The commission recognizes that there should be no interference with the public school system as it exists by a separate authority having coordinate powers with those of the board of education, yet it believes that the elements of industrial training, agriculture, domestic and mechanical sciences should be taught in the public schools, and, as already stated, that there should be, in addition to this elementary teaching, distinctive industrial schools separated entirely from the public school system. The foregoing recommendations, together with the bill embodying the views of the com- mission as to separate industrial schools, solves this problem. Instruction in public elementary and high schools would naturally and logically lead to the entrance of students on the work of the independent industrial schools, and the Commission on Industrial Education, as recommended, would deal solely and entirely with such schools, leaving the school authorities on their own initiative to introduce new industrial courses in the public schools, * * «* 294B—07 18 274 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In order to secure proper instruction for teachers in the elements of agriculture, there seems to be a necessity for some normal department or separate normal school. The commission has considered two propositions: One to establish a normal school in the agricultural college, and another to establish a separate normal school. The agricultural college has the plant and all the facilities for giving instruction in the elements of agriculture to those desiring to become instructors in such elements. It has therefore been considered the wiser plan to recommend a normal department in the existing agricultural college, thus saving expense and avoiding the necessity of duplicating plants. It is undoubtedly a fact that some of the seniors in the agricul- tural college are qualified to give instruction, thus utilizing the facilities of the college. The latter recommendation of the commission has been approved by the general assembly of Massachusetts and an appropriation of $5,000 given to the Massachusetts Agricultural College to initiate its normal work. A further recommendation that a commission on industrial education be appointed to serve five years has been approved and Prof. Paul Hanus, professor of the history and art of teaching in Harvard University, has been appointed chairman. In New York at the annual meeting of the State Association of School Commissioners and Superintendents, held at Cornell Univer- sity in October, 1906, the best means of adapting rural schools to their environment was discussed, and it was generally agreed that agriculture should be taught as a part of the general scheme of ped- agogy, of which it should be the basic factor. In Indiana the county superintendents in twelve counties have organized clubs for the study of crops, and the Association of County Superintendents has asked Purdue University to organize a training school for teachers in agriculture and nature study. At the annual meeting of the department of superintendence of the National Educational Association held in Louisville, Ky., in Febru- ary, 1906, O. J. Kern, superintendent of schools of Winnebago County, Ill., presented a paper upon The Form of Industrial Training Most Practical and Best Suited to the Country Child. A round-table discussion on agricultural education was held during one afternoon and evening, at which there was general agreement as to the necessity for introducing agricultural study in some form into the public schools, and that this may be efficiently done opportunity must be afforded teachers to receive instruction in agriculture in the normal schools. The committee of the round-table appointed to draft resolutions summed up the points agreed upon in the following declarations, which were afterwards adopted by the department of superintendence: Resolved, That the department of superintendence of the National Educational Association is in hearty accord with that part of the report of the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture of the Untied States, in which he encourages the teaching of elementary agriculture in the public schools, and respectfully requests Congress to grant the appropriation of $13,620 which he has asked for to enable him to investigate and report upon the progress and present condition of agricultural instruction and institutions in this and foreign countries. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 275 Resolved, Second. That since it is essential to the successful teaching of industrial subjects in the public schools that the teachers shall first be trained for this work, we urge the State- normal schools to give special attention to instruction in elementary agriculture, manual training, and domestic science. Resolved, Third. That in order to meet the extraordinary expenses of properly equipping these schools for giving this instruction we urge the adoption of the Burkett- Pollard bill now before Congress making appropriation to the States for this purpose. In California at a joint meeting of the State Teachers’ Association and the State Farmers’ Institute, held at the University of California in December, 1905, and attended by some 7,000 persons, the subject of agricultural education was discussed from various points of view, and as a result of this meeting a committee was organized to promote the interests of such education in the public schools of the State. At a conference for education in the South, held at Lexington, Ky., in May, 1906, and attended by leading educators from a number of States, much attention was given to the claims of agriculture to a place in the school curriculum. .. ~ Salary of directors and college and station speakers not included. Ul FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 355 Comparative statement of farmers’ institutes—appropriations, number, attendance. ae Number of | Number of insti- aeAtA oF Teen” Appropriations. aocaionnl FRYER Attendance. tory. Zia 5 aa . ; 1903-4 1904-5 | 1905-6 1305-311905°6 1903-4) 1904-5, 1905-6) 1903-4 1904-5 1905-6 | aa eee $600.00 $600. 0 $600. 00 oS 85 24 24 35) 3,639 3, 820) 8, 590 RUE) 2 iC: See ee bey oer tel ee Pe ase sist isac ces) oHecue| eae aed CSerosc Beesecee pace csees TIONS cer ese 50. 00 50. 00) 608. 85 12) 21 1 1 21 600 250, 1, 307 AT KANSAS S282 S-alceeiceae 400. 00, 400.00 60 COD Ie eas 30 Obese 7, 650) 7, 150 Californige sa... 7,234.00, 8,934.00) 9,000.00} 429) 272] 113) 110 83) 43,680 43,494) 22, 861 Colorado......-- Gs trE(0 0) es cee oe | 4,000.00 52) 123 15 20 40} 1,660 2,700; 16,675 Connecticut. --- 200: 00 428.00 1,825.00 28 83 18 14 24| 2,500) 1,200 4, 895 Delaware. .-.---- 750. 00 750. 00 725.00 23 40, 18 18 18) 3,436 4,199 7, 200 Grid ae Aan [ee eae Les coe eee esters en [eee [i eete see clea ee | are Pee AEM Se alt! Georpiae. 32s. 1,000.00 3,500.00 2,500.00 108) 42 | 34 44 21, 7,000 18,000 4, 500 Fis waill 255225 = 30.00 35. 00 33. 45 } 8 4 4 4 200, 350 300 TMAH Ors os S542 252 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 113; 105] 17) 25 21) 3,100 4,000 7, 875 VA yire 05 v= seep ees 18,173.00, 20,960.39 30,281.55) 635) 667; 105) 100) 108/ 84,681 69,759) 79, 428 idianids-2 == | 10,000.00, 10,000.00) 12,500.00) 883) 918} 175, 250) 250) 59,189 79,964) 129,894 HOWE eee eee 7, 425.00) 7,425.00) 8,096.06) 207) 402! 70 60 69| 17,750; 18,000) 66,959 Raises ose | 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00) 144) 522 58 55} 155] 14, 432) 11,455) 27,300 Kentucky ...---- | 500.00, 1,206.16 1,750.00 73} 122) 4 17 25|teel; 200|e Siso0l eee Louisiana......- 2,000.00) 2,500.00 2,000.00} - 208 44) 39) 67 22) 12,000) 14, 541 2, 657 iMainiew eo 55 seco 2,500.00) 5,000.00 5,000.00 93) 102 37 44 50} 5,473) 5,731 6, 967 Maryland. .._--.- | 4,000.00, 6,000.00 6,000.00 73) 125) 23 26 49] 3,250) 5, 741|....-..-- Massachusetts. -) 1,530.00) 2,700.00 3,000.00 167} 153) 104) 115) 125) 11,039) 12,372) 19,125 Michigan. _.....- 9,825.00) 9,300.00! 15,000.00) 827} 934) 292} 270) 335) 52,236) 55,004; 122,573 Minnesota... --- 18,000.00} 18,000.00) 20,238.40} 227) 238) 154/ 105) 105) 46,210) 52,125) 51,211 Mississippi... __- 1,725.00) 3,000.00; 3,000.00} 311) 220) 107) 153; 110} 11,326) 30,000) 10,000 Missouri. ...-.-.- 5,000.00} 3,100.00 5,000.00) 256 410. 147; 104; = 156) 30,220) 2,560 36, 900 Montana...._..- 4,000.00 2,500.00 5,000.00) 100; 133, 44 47 71); 4,500) 6,946 7, 890 Nebraska... ...- 6,000.00) 6,000.00, 8,607.00) 480| 515 96; 150} 160) 25,097) 67,241] 72,894 Nevadas. >t. 25: 83. 00) 379. 00 (a) 20ers 4 10 |e 453 665/22 Sea ee New Hampshire.| 1,588.00) 1,600.00 2, 100.00 28 34 18 13, 16 3,400) 2,900 3, 000 New Jersey... -. 1,800.00) 1,838.15) 3,000.00) 111) 116) 30 30 40, 4,500) 5,538) 11,611 New Mexico. .... 28. 00 28.00 (@) plea ze S| 4 ls aeeos 150, 1.50 | wees New York...---) 20,000.00) 20,000.00, 20,000.00; 967 1,062) 267| 261) 259) 64,347) 87,439) 134,989 North Carolina..- 850.00} 2,150.00 5,500.00; 226 195| 35 61 96) 8,411) 11,168) 25,950 North Dakota --., 4,000.00) 4,171.94) 6,379.07 140-162) 46 61 43, 13,567| 12,838) 20,310 OHios tea. hee | 16,747.00) 19,598.68) 17,629.89 1,399) 1,225) 245) 281| 245) 75,360) 92,593) 81, 816 Oklahoma...... 1 00000| Beene ee 660.00; 156 149| 52) 58] 31] 5,200] 5,500| 7, Oregont! =252) >. 350. 00 620.00, 2, 500. 00 54-109 14 18 44, 4,500) 5,500! 16, 350 Pennsylvania... 20,500.00) 20,500.00) 20,500.00, 862 987 204 196) 226 70,380)150,932| 165, 553 ROT UORESICO tae a aa Bane ee ei ce al tenner cen lee eetes gl ete yore [is 2 a ES Esser e 50 Rhode Island-. -| 600. 00 100.00 100. 00 6 2 12 1 1} 1,260 400 300 South Carolina. - 600.00 1,194.56) 4,524. 40 56 74 33 33 54, 8,690 7,460 11,149 South Dakota. -. (a) (a) 6,500.00; (2) | 119) (a) (a) 59) (@) (a2) 10,000 Tennessee..___.- 5,000.00) 5,000.00; 2,500.00 200, 68 72 72 35, 8,300) 8,300 6, 000 SROXAIS a Stoke os 3,950.00) 3,850. 00) 540.00, 146 35| 1441 110 27) 15,130) 8,500 4, 500 SAAT 1,500.00} 1,500.00) 2,000. 00) 40) 73 59 15 45) 12,000) 1,500, 6, 680 Vermont 52 =. 2: 5,000.00) 5,000.00) 5,000.00 80 76) 48 40 38) 10,000) 7,500 7,962 Wirginiaens 2 5 3,500.00) 5,500.00) 5,000.00) 70) 65) 50 2 a ee 10,000) 8,000 19,500 Washington... -| 2,500.00; 3,000.00; (2) | 150) (@) 57 46/5 oe. 15,922) 7,282)......... West Virginia...| 4,556.00} 2,455.26) 3,966.12) 199} 224 97 63 81) 12,095) 9, 450; 4, 480 Wisconsin... -- - | 12,000.00) 14,942.75) 12,000.00, 270! 243) 101 82 81) 52,000) 43,000 32,200 WayOIlingree maa eo re so Soe aos 1, 107. 59) 7 (Hiocecc: 1 Ue cesee 75, 3, 401 Total 210, 211. 00/225, 738. 89 260, 672. 38 10, 556/11, 409 3, 306] 3,271) 3,521 erhiedien Gte 172 | | a No institutes held. 356 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Number of lecturers employed by the State directors of farmers’ institutes during the year ended June 30, 1906. State or Territory. Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delawaresc--.- 22 .-- << Florida @ Georgia Idaho INAMSASE ae, =o cee Se Kentucky Louisiana MaING 22 sscesec a 22 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi MiSSOUT S25 sone eecen- Montana Nevada a New Hampshire-.--.-... New Jersey New Mexico a New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon ee cn cee Se Pennsylvania Porto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Virginia Washingtona........ West Virginia Wisconsin W yoming Number of | Number of | Reports of proceedings. members of cays contrib- _ | agricultural juted to insti-| Total num- pola college and |tute work by ber of days foro Vayal ABE experiment | the agricul- | of institutes ‘ State force, Station staffs| tural college | held during | pyplishea. | Number of ‘| engaged in | and experi- the year. copies. institute |ment station work. staffs. 13 8 150 43 ONO See ae eee 3 3 21 21 | No.2 5--2|2e22. oe 6 6 31 341) INO2 oan eesa eee 37 10 100 112 12, 500 23 12 295 53 10. 000 60 11 40 24. NO. 2>--\--|2=-- eee | 11 1 12 18 5, 000 34 6 106 20,4) INO!.2:= =<. =|. 5- ee i) 4 8 | 4 1,000 13 9 20 BS SNOn. =. =|: 22. eee 109 30 239 | 259 20, 000 4G 5 27 SoZ a NO} soa |= 255 eee bY ee en ee eerie [eens sae ete VINO eset eB ioe | oie eee 21 ZAG |e see se | 1840) INO ssi 2.52.3| 45... 4oeeee | oer lere cia merges =) | aan octet) asia eae oer eee AQ) | ace ee =| oe eee | 20 Zh lbs chee beat Soe 227) Ewes =e aeeee 2, 500 27 2 20 50 nck aso sete eeeeee ee co eee so 5 eel Pee eer i a ES BA Sa 69 13 | 13 120) ||) Wess =2a5- 15, 000 42 13 100 AI5.|/ Wiese. a2 4 9, 500 105 4 18 | 14 || Wesic=2--= 3, 500 21 18 | 360 | L124) INO Aces] oe 28 1 Lee me ee 213) In part.2-|s--ssseesee= 25 8 110 | 78:| Wesis2.2co= 5, 000 38 15 150 252),| INO. 52-5 —<|tec see 12 8 8 | 174 es oaoeeee 2,000 14 4 | 66 AT || NO. -22d2s\scceceee eee | 64 22 230 | AQTAl Wiesseenee= 15, 000 21 12 109 O74] Ses = eee 30, 000 7 4 35 V4: Mi@Sssicc ot 10, 000 DT Nie es. beeen ee ache ae ate 490.| Yes-.2---- 15, 000 ) 8 63 | 60) | ONO: . 25.2) 2 e eee 8 4 220 | 48) NOEs see cee eee 56 2 62 393") Wes2.s-2-- 50, 000 3 1 i) il EIN eee | S82 5oo Sere Allee os Meta Pealee eepeee ance 2\| WieS = ase 2,000 15 15 108 94) INO: a2 2e - \Bemesece sche 14 14 120 103.| Mes. ..0c0 | 600 i Lantos ae G8) | tes sc ea 5,000 39 2 2 29) INOss-5-<- |. toes eee eee 17 17 55 50)! Mess .225-- 7,000 26 Sut ete cee cee Sil POS coast 3,000 iti Paw eee an eS [i See Semen | wee techn cite sl Sons wane | =noeeat eee 29 1 220 112 |) Yes. .3|Ree eae | 24 Ui eee eran, Sets 81.) ‘West s25 60, 000 1 Lo eteae see eee 26) || NOE =. 52 ssc Rees | 1,225 342 3,119 | DY006 hon et aceon 315, 100 a No institutes held. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 357 Population of the several States and Territories in 1900, the total number of homes, the number and per cent of farm homes, and the approximate population in farm homes. | Approxi- | Total Number | Percent | mate pop- State or Territory. Population.| number of | of farm offarm | ulation in homes. homes. homes. farm homes. VAN SU) SVN ec Sweat eee a epee re 1, 828, 697 374, 765 217, 461 58 1, 060, 644 JAVED TRIE oe Mie To eee A ie ae ee 63, 592 13, 459 27 0.2 127 IATIZ OMG: hone oe tee nee a eee eee 122,931 29, 875 7,391 24.7 30, 362 ATK ATISa Ga eess Me see Seen Naa 1,311, 564 265, 238 176,017 66. 4 870, 878 Calitormnigmee ts yeep me are ce eee eee 1, 485, 053 341, 781 71,119 20.8 308, 891 Coloradoms teasers ace ae coe eee 539, 700 127, 459 24,745 19.4 104, 701 COnnechicutin yiteees- ieee ee ee eee 908, 420 2038, 424 26, 609 13.1 119, 003 Delawareys nee. Slee ee eee 184, 735 39, 446 9, 677 24.5 45, 260 UL OTL See See ba ee Ss eee oe ee 528, 542 117, 001 40, 965 35 184, 989 GeOL POSS. 4a 522 Re se 2st cesses veetecee 2,216, 331 455, 557 221,395 48.6 1,077, 138 EIA Walia ee sees Soot 5 ts 7 SU eee 154, 001 36, 922 1,409 3.8 5, 852 ADH ORS: oe wees eae ee eb Sacer 161, 772 37,491 17, 153 45.8 74, 091 TUDO ICE A Bes Base aoe see Ceee ces Seer Sere 4,821,550 | 1,036, 158 262, 388 25.3 1, 219, 852 hadigng Sees sae ce eee Lee eee 2, 516, 462 571, 513 221, 451 38.7 973, 870 Liege han Wiersma eee aaokneossesenos- 392, 060 76, 701 47,594 62.1 187,579 NG Phe i 3 NS See Ae OE Ee Oe OE Be eee 2,231, 853 480, 878 223, 525 46.5 1,037,811 Ica sas Sees = 2 Be ee ee Te ae ce eee 1,470, 495 321, 947 167, 006 51.9 | 763, 186 ent Gky sas na fae oa era Oke mae oe See 2,147, 174 437,054 234, 821 53.7 | 1,153,032 ING WYSTAN aes eee Seem ea ees oe cee 1, 381, 625 284, 875 114,214 40.1 554,031 IMictin Geer nae th EE od eee 694, 466 163, 344 57, 153 35 243, 063 Mission diss tan ne 2 he fase ee woe ame 1, 188, 044 242,331 47,089 19.4 230, 480 MGSSHCHUSeGIS Hees. - 3-0 merece se seo ee ee 2,805, 346 613, 659 36, 510 5.9 165, 515 Michi eraniees See Oe ke 2 ee i ee | 2,420, 982 548, 094 202, 457 36.9 893, 342 WMinMeSOtae a. 5-o-- =~ 2 Bee Wane Noe eee | 1,751,394 342, 658 152, 393 44.5 779, 470 IMISSISSI pple meee ae eee eee 1,551,270 318, 948 221,110 69.3 1,075, 030 IMISSO Urine tee ye) Ech te 5 IS ee ee 3, 106, 665 654, 333 282,840 43.2 1,340,079 Moniianaee ta ent hea a ok eee eee 243, 329 55, 889 13, 909 24.9 60, 588 Neb nals ie eer cee eats = BN NS CE eee 1, 066, 300 220, 947 116, 854 52.9 564, 072 IRIGKVENGIENE 3 Oy eae, 3 ele eet ey ele te 42, 335 11, 190 2,164 19.3 8,170 INGwr Evan pShinestr- sees aces soca acer 411, 588 97, 902 28,271 28.9 118, 948 ING WHUIELSCVs.< 2c wee scjc2 Sess see ee eens 1, 883, 669 415, 222 35, 337 8.5 160, 111 New Mexico......-- AUS BERT OG eA Sear 195, 310 46, 355 13, 102 28.3 55, 272 INGWRVIOR Catan ek ce seer Som anaeee aera 7, 268, 894 | 1,634, 523 227, 822 13:9 1,010,376 INOrbhi Carolinas] as oe eee scene cesar ee 1,893, 810 370, 072 223, 831 60.5 1, 145, 755 INOrthe DakObS ss fae re Sas cess eee oe ene 319, 146 64, 690 44,112 68.2 217, 657 OO Ry e e ee eee Egos 4, 157, 545 944, 433 280, 068 29.7 1, 237, 790 Oklahoman rec: 55-82 snot tecaeiss 398, 331 86, 908 63, 094 72.6 289, 188 ORECON Ee ee ee eee oe ome eee 413, 536 91, 214 36, 156 39.6 163, 761 Pennsylvania... .-.-.-- age O oe ote 6, 302, 115 1,320,025 225, 565 iyi 1, 077, 660 OVC OMERIC OS sores cineca ea a a mea a re a ec ee | eee Rin od ewislan dss. crs seers eee 428, 556 94,179 5, 638 6 AS TAB} BOUL OMLONMNA= 5 -sas-es eee soso = eee. 1,340, 316 269, 864 152, 993 56.7 759, 959 SoutheDakotaes.-.25-¢s-56 2255252 o2.5- 2 S50 401, 570 83, 536 51, 937 62.2 249, 776 PRENTIESSCO Wee? Mey ners ae See eee ae 2,020, 616 402, 636 226, 027 56. 2 1, 135, 585 THOSE ELSES | ee ele See dee lem See ee 3,048, 710 589, 291 341, 889 58 1, 768, 251 italien see acer ee oe eer eeeae: 276,749 56, 196 19, 529 34.8 96, 308 VWainenojslli. Be Se re eesta seer oot eenasanse 343, 641 81, 462 32, 871 40.4 138, 830 Wibiyeq bol toe Spee ee a eee See chee eee 1, 854, 184 364, 517 170, 412 46.8 867, 758 WiaShinpbonees. 9. tects = eee eee a= 518, 103 113, 086 33, 931 30 155, 430 \WiiGait NAiealelth eo 6 pone seenaeeeeeeasers- 958, 800 186, 291 94, 566 50.8 487,070 WISCONSIN: Ae op Astec sre see eos. 2, 069, 042 436, 063 169, 531 39.8 823, 478 \yAyOv0 ayy Beer oer aon S ase BmeO Erase 92, 531 20, 116 5, 939 29.5 27, 296 TOGA aera footie ase emis cee 75, 933,450 | 16,191,418 | 5,700,067 1,908.4 | 26,143,078 INS OENSOS oe aaa Soba a See Rae soo posad| eeeeosaacorad lsacoscnasnec|sssostccsho¢ BY (ar a erane See ce eee Bs rR eee | so al (Ree i Pra aM he ‘as ait ; y THE NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERI- MENT STATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS. By C. F. Lanewortny, In charge of Nutrition Investigations. In recent years the experimental study of various problems con- nected with food and nutrition of man and domestic animals has been actively followed in the United States. Some of the work has been of a very practical nature and some has been highly technical. Though they are not commonly considered together, the studies of the food of man and animals have much in common, for of course the physiological laws which underlie the nutrition of the animal body are essentially the same for all warm-blooded animals. Then, too, many experimental methods are common to both classes of inves- tigation, at least as regards the principles on which they are based, though it is needless to say that the details and the manner of using the methods are varied. A considerable part of this inquiry into the various food problems has been carried on in connection with the agricultural experiment stations which have been established in the United States during the last thirty years and are now in operation in all the States and Territories of the Union with the exception of the Philippines. In the earlier years of the experiment station movement in this country investigations which had to do with food in a broad sense were quite largely confined to work with domestic animals. However, early in their history many of the experiment stations studied the nutritive value of grains and other foods used by man as well as various problems connected with the storage, handling, and transportation of food products and related questions, and after a time a number of them included studies of the food of man in their regular work. Studies of the nutritive ral of different foods have been conducted in the United States for a great many years, but the first systematic attempt to investigate such problems dates from the investigations carried on by Prof. W. O. Atwater for the Smithsonian Institution and for the Massachusetts bureau of labor and statistics, and the nutri- tion investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations are a natural outgrowth of this enterprise, as Professor Atwater, who was the first director of the Office of Experiment Stations, early sought to include this work with the other lines followed. In 1894-5 Congress provided a special appropriation which enabled the Secretary of Agriculture to prosecute inquiries in this direction and 359 360 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the work was later assigned to the Office of Experiment Stations. From the first the plan of cooperation with experiment stations, agricultural colleges, and other educational institutions and with philanthropic associations was followed in the belief that such a course, in which each party was a contributor, would yield the most satis- factory returns for a given investment. The sums which have been appropriated by Congress for the nutrition investigations of the Department of Agriculture have been since the beginning as follows: Appropriations for nutrition investigations. Fiscal year. | Amount. | Fiscal year. , Amount. | | ee ee sae ee Ae en a a ae ee mS ae } S1O/(000U)|| 100-2). Sse eeeee ase ee knee eee $20,000 USO5 = OB 2 22 Soe incaeie seas a cceece see ee ie 15 1000)9||"1 902-3 5 So eee seers ere Se oe ee ed ae 20, 000 TSB6=0 7: ES ed assesses aes. 8 ee Oe ote Ke 159 OOOH], 1903-42 5 23 SEES eee eres ee eC Cos Oe ied 20, 000 LOOT OS ee aim tA fen ne ee ee ia oe Soe eee 5 0001) | 1904 a2 2 se ee. See ee ee ee ee 20, 000 WSOS O00 a Ss Seer ee tae ce BR sok 155000) || 2905-62-52 S2 SESS ee meee ee eee ele 20, 000 SOO TODD ER kee tis Soe eee es noe bee 15;(000:||| 1906-75225. serene oe oe ee ee cee ae 20, 000 Tepgetony Bassi teh ee GILT ey, Gai teed 17,500 | These amounts have been increased by contributions from other sources, some of which are not easily estimated in terms of money, since they consist in large part of the use of laboratories, apparatus, chemicals, and other facilities for research, the counsel and help of experts, and similar services. Some of the States, notably Connecticut and Illinois, have made special appropriations for the study of prob- lems relating to the food and nutrition of man, and a considerable number of the experiment stations, educational institutions, philan- thropic associations, and private individuals have donated sums of money to promote cooperative research. Until ill health prevented, Prof. W. O. Atwater was the chief of the nutrition investigations and was responsible for the plans and general oversight of the work. A large amount of experimental work was also carried on under his immediate supervision in Professor Atwater’s laboratory in the chemical department of Wesleyan University, the Connecticut (Storrs) Experiment Station being a generous contributor to the enterprise. As time progressed and the correspondence and other business arrangements connected with the nutrition investiga- tions developed, it became evident that the enterprise as a whole should be centered in Washington, and at the beginning of the fiscal year 1906-7 a division of nutrition investigations was established in the Office of Experiment Stations. SCOPE OF THE WORK. In the earlier years of the nutrition investigations many analyses of American food materials were made, as the data regarding the chem- ical composition of such food materials were comparatively limited. Information along this line has, however, accumulated very rapidly NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS. 361 as a result of studies carried on by different investigators, and data are now so abundant that studies of proximate composition of food materials no longer constitute one of the lines of work followed in the cooperative nutrition investigations of the Office. Dietary studies— that is, studies of the kinds and amount of food purchased, eaten, and wasted—were early recognized as of great importance, and a large number have been made in private families, schools, colleges, public institutions, and elsewhere under a variety of conditions and in widely separated regions. No matter what its composition, food is of no use to the body unless it is digested, and it is natural that experiments should have been undertaken with a variety of food materials to learn how thoroughly they were assimilated by the body and to ascertain the effect of various methods of preparation and combination upon thoroughness of digestion. Furthermore, it is supposable that the occupation in which the subject is engaged, whether active or seden- tary, may have an influence upon the work of the digestive tract, and this question has also been studied. Many questions regarding the thoroughness of assimilation may be investigated with the aid of ferments under conditions which approximate those in the body, and a large number of such artificial digestion experiments have been carried on, particularly in studying ease and rapidity of digestion, a question which is very different from thoroughness of digestion, though the two are often confused in popular discussions of the subject. Variations in the excretion of nitrogen have long been regarded as indications of changes taking place in the body, and it has been a general custom of physiologists to study the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen. Such studies have formed a part of the nutrition investigations of the Department. Much more useful as a means of studying the food requirements of the body and other questions are determinations of the balance of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, as well as nitrogen, and determinations of the balance of income and outgo of energy. Such studies necessitate special apparatus, and a respiration calorimeter has been devised which is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is designed and which, it seems fair to say, is so far the most perfect instrument of its type. .The respiration calorimeter is of such a size that a man may remain in comparative comfort in the respiration chamber for a number of hours or days, and the measurements of income and outgo of matter and energy may be made with great accuracy. The determination of energy values of food and excretory products necessitates some special apparatus for measuring the heat of combustion of these materials, and in connection with the nutrition investigations a bomb calorimeter has been perfected which has proved very satisfactory. 362 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Numerous studies have been undertaken of the changes brought about and losses sustained when foods of different sorts are cooked in different ways, the principal food materials included in this work being bread, vegetables, and meat. Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables may be regarded as special applications of cooking processes and much experimental work has been done along these lines with a view to the elaboration of satisfactory household methods. In general, it may be said that in connection with the different lines of work mentioned it has been necessary to devise and perfect experi- mental methods, as at the time the investigations were first under- taken the amount of work which had been done in the United States and elsewhere along similar lines was not very considerable. The same period which has witnessed the development of the nutrition enterprise has seen a great interest aroused in the teaching of home economics in schools and colleges, and nutrition is one of the main divisions included in this subject. As the nutrition investiga- tions have supplied a great deal of data which the teachers of home economics must use and as the Office was already closely identified with other educational enterprises, it was almost inevitable that the pedagogics of nutrition should receive attention and become an increasingly important part of the nutrition enterprise. The preparation of reports of investigations and popular summaries has also constituted an important feature of the work. The following table shows in graphic form the character and extent of the investigations which have been undertaken up to July 1, 1906: : Cooperative nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations. Number | Number Line of work. | of inves- | of publi- tigations. cations. IEHATYVSTUIGICS eo cee e tc cate tesh e MC Sc eI aie hen ee RY Ra a 485 20 Digestion(experiments. 2 se25 2 Lee eh be ee wee eh ee eed eae eae eee 675 18 Experiments on the effect of different circumstances on the income and outgo of MUL TOSEN Ys tse gt... 23 eres BE ee Pee Ie ery ee ee eA 55 eee 500 (@) Respiration calorimeter Oxperiumentss 5-05 aoe cee see oe eee eee ee eee 88 6 Experiments on effects of cooking on meats.................-2-2.-.2--20--- eee eee 157 3 Experiments on lossesiin cooking: vepetables. 9... 2) os cence e Ul eedeeeeeeeeeee 12 1 Investigations on changes and losses in bread making............................- 3 2 Specialiinvestivations: « -...2. she s0< = abe ssaansane asp nape ges Coban wean eee ee 5 2 Compilationrol data s-23 2 slec pee ee ae ee eee eee 4 Preparabion-of popular: summaries, 5-22 0 Spee ee cee ean oe pee ee ee 30 a These investigations are included in the publications reporting digestion experinients. In addition to the popular summaries and the technical bulletins included in the above table, a large number of briefer summaries have been prepared which have appeared in the series of farmers’ bulletins entitled ‘‘ Experiment Station Work,’ and for the last ten years the subject of food and nutrition has constituted one of the divisions of the Experiment Station Record, and abstracts of the current literature of the subject have appeared regularly. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS. 363 DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORK. The cooperative investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations have been carried on in a considerable number of institutions in 21 States and Territories. The following brief summary arranged alpha- betically by States shows the localities in which the investigations have been prosecuted and the names of the cooperating institutions: Alabama.—Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. California.—University of California and California Agricultural Experiment Station. Connecticut.—Wesleyan University, Storrs Experiment Station, and Connecticut Bible Normal College. Georgia.—University of Georgia. Hawaii.—Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Iilinois.—Hull House, Chicago; Lewis Institute, Chicago; University of Illinois and University of Chicago. Indiana.—Purdue University. Maine.—University of Maine and Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Maryland.—Baltimore Board of Charities and several public institutions in Balti- more. Massachusetts.—Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston; School of House- keeping, Boston; Wellesley College, Harvard University, and Bible Normal College, Springfield. Minnesota.—University of Minnesota and Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Missourt.—University of Missouri. New Jersey.—New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. New Mexico.—New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. New York.—Cornell University, Ithaca; Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the: Poor, New York; New York Christian Alliance, New York, and Columbia University, New York. North Dakota.—North Dakota Agricultural College. Ohio.—Lake Erie College. — Pennsylvania.—Philanthropic institutions, Philadelphia; Drexel Institute, Phila- delphia, and Pennsylvania College for Women, Pittsburg. Tennessee.—University of Tennessee. Vermont.—Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. Virginia.—Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Mention should also be made here of other investigations, which though not strictly a part of the cooperative inquiry yet are so closely related to it that they may be included in the summary. On behalf of the New York State Commission in Lurs-—— | tion are tonne of S| eDice ot E _ | Die | of Gee ess eon ee | total gest- | | To gest- total | gest-| To gest- | total gest-| To gest-| total in ite fall aple;| gin | 4DE| PAE le | dea) OU) CAR pte ae mix-| 1Y- | tie nu- | mix-| 1Y- a8 nu- | mix-| !*Y- rank nu- |tually ed | ents.| tie | ed ents. ttn |\ ed ents.| tti- javail diet. | ‘| ents. diet "| ents. | diet. "| ents. | able. P.ct.| P.ct.| Cals.| Cals.| P.ct.| P.ct.| Cals.| Cals.| P.ct.| P. ct.| Cals.| Cals.| P. ct. Meat and fish....... So Ur 27 | AON Gallo 09 | a en { 87 Hirose. meee kage 9 nt AS 07057453 7 A950) | Nias ca Be alc 4] 98 | 3.82 | 3.90 89 Dairy products... --- 10 97 | 4.27 | 4.40 26 95 | 8.79 | 9.25 | 93 Annual food (of | | | : mixed diet) ---..- 47 97 | 4.27 | 4.40 | 89] 95 8.93 | 9.40 | 4 98 | 3.82 | 3.90 89 Cenealste 342-25 2 = 43 85 | 3.87 | 4.55 62 98 | 4.11 | 4.20 91 Legumes (dried) - -- -| 3 78 | 3.47 | 4.45 2| 97 | 4.07 | 4.20 83 BUPATS ae fea sas6 bao S 18 98 | 3.87 | 3.95 98 Starches... BEY 8 ESSN See ees 98 | 411/420] 98 Vegetables | 10 95 | 3.99 | 4.20 91 uit eee eens | 4} 90 | 3.60! 4.00 88 Vegetable food (of | mixed diet) ....- , 53 85 | 3.74 | 4.40 | Total food (of | mixed diet). | 103 92 | 4.05 | 4.40 | 100 95 8.93 | 9.40 | 100 97 | 4.03 | 4.15 | 91 The table shows that the different food materials and groups of food materials vary greatly in the thoroughness with which they are assim- ilated. Meats of different sorts, as ordinarily prepared for the table, and indeed animal foods as a whole, are more completely digested than the common vegetable foods. Considering foods as a whole, 96 per cent of the total organic material is digested and 91 per cent of the energy is available. In other words, on an average the body rejects only about 4 per cent of the nutrients and about 9 per cent of the energy supplied by the food. RESPIRATION CALORIMETER EXPERIMENTS. In conducting experiments of various kinds it is often very desirable to know every requirement of a subject engaged in muscular work. The exact measurement of energy expenditure is time consuming and requires special apparatus, but with the aid of the factors deduced from the large number of experiments which have been made with NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS. 369 the respiration calorimeter the desired data may be calculated approx- imately. In the experiments referred to all grades of muscular activity have been tested, from the quiet of a fasting subject in deep sleep to the excessive muscular work of a professional bicycle rider whose powers were taxed to the utmost. When muscular work was performed other than that involved in the ordinary motions essential to eating and drinking and moving about in the respiration chamber, the muscular exercise consisted in operating a bicycle-like apparatus. The ease with which the wheel turned, and hence the severity of the work could be regulated, and the total amount of work performed could be accurately measured. It will be remembered that in discussions of body energy the amount of work is measured in terms of heat, the calorie being the commonly accepted heat unit. It should also be said that under usual conditions the total heat output during a given period affords an indication of the muscular activity of the body. When the body is quiet the heat output is small and when it is active the heat output is correspond- ingly larger, and the same is true of the carbon dioxid output. The average results of the experiments showing the output of carbon dioxid and heat for the body under the different conditions indicated are summarized in the table following, and with the aid of such data the total carbon dioxid and heat output, and hence the total energy output of the body, may be calculated. Average normal output of carbon dioxid and heat from the body. | Average quantities per hour. Conditions of muscular activity. Carbon Heat dioxid. r Grams. | Calories. IMaratsrest sleepin syi-e 2h. as ae ae lerateata ee aterreeatenes aeene araeeeaee etee ateleae 25 65 Manat rest, awake, slitting upc) 322cee anasto eae e eels esta sateen aetae } 35 100 Mantatilightmuscularexercise-esacen- a qee see nee ee ee ee ene = Seen eae 55 170 Manat moderately active muscular exercises] -s.sss see) ~ assis ene ose ener 100 290 Manat severe muscular. 6xerclsO=s t= -caseck em ee one rite aee ae es oe oe ete tee 150 450 Manat very severe muscular exercises sate cena = ellen sero saat ete eee 210 600 It will be seen that the output not only of heat but also of carbon dioxid is very nearly proportional to the amount of muscular work. As an example of the way in which the data included in the table may be used for calculating the carbon dioxid and heat output under varying degrees of muscular activity the following may be cited: If a man sleeps eight hours per day, we may say that the carbon dioxid output during this period is approximately eight times the hourly amount eliminated during sleep by the average subject, or 8 by 25=200. If he is at very severe muscular labor for eight hours, the carbon dioxid output would correspond to eight times the hourly amount for very severe work, that is, 8 by 210=1,680. And if the 294B—07——24 370 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. remaining eight hours of the day were devoted to going to and from work, eating, sitting, etc., corresponding, say, to six hours of rest and two hours at light muscular exercise, the carbon dioxid output will be six times the average amount eliminated per hour at rest, that is, 6 by 35=210 grams, and two times the amount given off at light work, 2 by 55=110 grams. The total for the twenty-four hours would obviously be the sum of the quantities mentioned above, or 2,200 grams. The heat eliminated in the twenty-four hours by men at very severe work may be likewise calculated by multiplying the time devoted to sleep, work, etc., by the average hourly output. In eight hours at sleep he would eliminate 520 calories (8 by 65=520); in eight hours at work, 4,800 calories (8 by 600= 4,800); in six hours of rest, 600 calories (6 by 100=600); and in two hours at light exer- cise, 340 calories (2 by 170= 340); making a total for the twenty-four hours of 6,260 calories. The investigations made in connection with the respiration calorim- eter have furnished the most accurate records yet available of the normal diurnal variations in body temperature. A summary of this work and a discussion of the results which apply to problems of ventilation and other topics have been included in a recent publica- tion of the Department.@ SPECIAL STUDIES OF CEREALS, LEGUMES, MEAT, FRUIT, AND NUTS. ' As regards the results of special investigations, particular interest attaches to the studies of the digestibility and nutritive value of cereal products. The extensive investigations which have been made with different grades of flour have shown that when ground from the same lot of wheat the standard patent flour furnishes slightly less protem and mineral matter than the coarser flours but surpasses them in digestibility, and so may be fairly said to have a somewhat higher nutritive value pound for pound. The coarser flours have a somewhat laxative effect, which is commonly attributed to their bran content, and are useful in the diet in this way and for the vseriety which they give. In general, it may be said that flours of all sorts are nutritious and wholesome and among the most important constituents of the diet. The investigations with cereal breakfast foods have shown that this class of goods so much used at the present time may constitute an important source of nutritive material, and that although the individual products differ less among themselves in nutritive material than is commonly supposed, as a whole they are nutritious and directly comparable with flours of various types. The breakfast foods in which the coarser part of the grain has been removed have aU.§8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 1904, p. 205. Ee NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS. (li much the same digestibility and total nutritive value pound for pound as the finer flours, while those which retain the outer portions of the grain are more directly comparable with whole wheat and graham flours. Studies of the nutritive value of dried legumes have formed an important part of the nutrition investigations and have shown that in general these foods are well assimilated and may be made very important and economical sources of protein in the diet. Particular interest attaches to the results obtained with cowpeas, an important crop in the Southern States but little known in other regions. This legume, which possesses a distinctive and palatable flavor and may be cooked in a variety of ways, has been shown to closely resemble the more common beans and peas in digestibility and nutritive mate- rial, and is well worthy of general use. The investigations with fruits and nuts have demonstrated that these materials may be fairly regarded as economical sources of nutri- ents and energy, even when used in fairly large amounts, and indicate that an appreciation of their real food value will greatly increase the amounts consumed. The extended investigations which have to do with the losses sustained when meat is cooked in various ways have shown that the loss is smaller in boiling than in roasting or frying. In general, the principal constituent lost in cooking is water, though when meat is boiled the amount of total substance which is removed may be as great as 20 per cent. Generally speaking, the smaller the cut the greater the percentage loss in cooking. The investigations have also shown that it is possible to control temperature and other factors so that uniform results may be obtained in the preparation of meat in the household or where it is cooked in larger quantities. PEDAGOGICS OF NUTRITION. An examination in detail of the courses in home economics given at the fifty or more agricultural colleges and other institutions receiv- ing Government aid will show that the instruction in nutrition is very largely based on the results of the food investigations which have been carried on under the auspices of this Department. The same is true of the courses of instruction along this line given in high schools, universities, medical colleges, and other American educational insti- tutions. The number of text-books on food and nutrition has been comparatively limited, and at present a large proportion of teachers giving instruction in these subjects depend on Department. publica- tions to supply this need. It is worthy of note that the newer text- books and handbooks of nutrition and physiological chemistry draw very largely upon the data furnished by these nutrition investigations, and that the authors almost uniformly acknowledge their indebted- ness to the Department work and their appreciation of it. A similar 372 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. use is made in other countries of the results of the nutrition investi- gations, and as an instance may be cited the translation into French of a considerable proportion of the nutrition publications in connection with the general movement for the dissemination of information regarding food and nutrition in that country. — As a part of the nutrition enterprise special attention is being paid to the collection of data of use to teachers and its arrangement in peda- gogical form, the work being carried on along the lines which have proved so successful in formulating courses in other branches of agri-_ cultural education. CONCLUSION. Attention has been directed in the foregoing pages to the lines which have been especially followed in carrying on the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations, and some of the results of this important agricultural enterprise have been pointed out. As regards their origin, all foods, both animal and vegetable, are agricultural products. In the past the farmer was very commonly the distributor of his products, and the foods passed directly from the farm to the consumer. At the present day this is much less common, and most of the foodstuffs become articles of commerce before they reach the housewife, and in many cases are manufactured products, as they must pass through the mill, the dairy, the packing house, or other manufacturing institution before they are ready for use. Briefly stated, the chief object of the nutrition investigations is to secure the better utilization of these varied food products, and it seems fair to say that much has already been accomplished along this line. The housewife in the farm home or in the town has at her disposal a large amount of data regarding the composition, digesti- bility, and nutritive value of foods and their relative economy as sources of nutrients and energy, which will aid her in making a good use of her available food supply, and will help her to prepare for her family a diet which is rational and suited to their physical needs. At the same time, the investigations have demonstrated the importance of having the daily fare palatable, well cooked, and attractive, and have shown how such requirements may be met without undue cost. The manufacturer and the distributer of food products are likewise helped by the dissemination of knowledge concerning food materials and their preparation, for such knowledge means a greater develop- ment of the important commercial enterprises in which they are interested. And finally, the farmer, the cattle raiser, the dairyman, the market gardener, and all who are direct producers of food supplies are benefited, as a knowledge of the important facts regarding the comparative value of different foods can not fail to bring about improved standards of living, and hence a greater demand for the foodstuffs which they alone can supply. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. By J. O. Wrieut, Supervising Drainage Engineer, Irrigation and Drainage Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. During the past thiee or four years there has been a rapid and con- tinuous increase of interest in the reclamation of the tide marsh lands along the Atlantic coast, and enough has been done to encourage the belief that it will be possible under proper methods to reclaim a great portion of this now almost worthless land and make it valuable for agricultural purposes. All the lands along the coast which are cov- ered or practically covered with salt water at high tide are classed as salt marsh. They extend from the eastern point of Maine to the peninsula of Florida, being broken in places and with irregular boundaries, and vary in width from a few hundred feet to several miles. CHARACTER OF SOIL. The soil of these marshes is composed of sediment or silt, mingled with the remains of animal and vegetable life. There is a variety of opinions as to the: fertility of this soil, but the chemical analyses of numerous samples, together with the crops produced where tracts have been reclaimed, show that they are extremely productive, and with proper treatment, including the leaching out of the excess of salt, can be made a valuable addition to our agricultural possessions. The soil varies in depth from a few inches to 10 or 15 feet, and usually rests on a bed of sand or clay. In some places, however, the vegetable matter so predominates that the soil is so light that when saturated with water it has a tendency to float. Such lands are called “floating marshes.’ They are difficult to reclaim, and are not so valuable as others for agriculture, but even these when drained become more firm and make good pasture and meadow. The value of these marshes depends largely upon their elevation above sea level. Large tracts below sea level have been reclaimed by means of costly dikes and expensive machinery for pumping the water, as in the Nether- lands, but land always submerged is not strictly tide marsh, and will not be considered in this discussion. The fluctuation of the tide along the coast varies from 2 to 11 feet, the average being about 4 feet. Where the fluctuation is above this average, drainage without resort to pumping is usually feasible. Dikes serve to keep out the sea at high tide and automatic gates permit the escape of the water through the dikes at low tide. 373 374 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. INDUCEMENTS FOR RECLAIMING. While the country adjacent to these tide lands was sparsely settled and there was plenty of high land for cultivation, there was neither incentive nor necessity for reclaiming them, but during the last decade these conditions have radically changed. The eastern portion of the United States has become densely populated. Numerous towns and cities have grown up along the coast, creating a great demand for the products of the farm and garden. To make room for this rapidly increasing population and provide a suitable place possessing proper sanitary conditions for residences, and to satisfy the demands for fruit, vegetables, and dairy products, it is necessary to reclaim some of these marsh lands. Within the last ten years the scientists of the country have proved conclusively that certain species of the mosquito are the most com- mon, if not the only, means of disseminating the germs of malaria and introducing them into the human system. In places where the mosquito has been exterminated malarial diseases have greatly decreased or entirely disappeared. It is a well-established fact that the tide marshes are a serious menace to the health of the people in ~ their vicinity and a great hindrance to the settlement and develop- ment of the country in that locality. They breed mosquitoes by the million, which destroy the comfort and enjoyment of the people and greatly annoy the domestic animals. These waste places, rich in fertility and having an ample supply of moisture for plant growth, only need draining to enable heat and air to penetrate the ground to make them ideal locations for truck garden- ing on a large scale. Many of these are so situated as to offer econ- omy in transportation which furnishes another important reason for their early reclamation. Either by rail or boat products can be landed cheaply and quickly in the market places of large cities or thriving towns at very little cost. This adds greatly to the com-- mercial value of the land and allows for a much more liberal expendi- ture for its reclamation than could be borne if there had to be added to the cost of production the cost of a long-distance haul to market. The desire to reclaim these marshes is evidenced by the many attempts that have been made to do so. That some skill and knowl- edge in this work are required is also shown by the numerous failures. (Pl. XII.) Works to keep out the sea on one side and prevent rains and storm water on the other from flooding or injuring crops, must be wisely planned and carefully executed. Nothing is so insidious in its attacks as water; and the dikes and drains which form a part of reclamation work on tide marshes have to contend with burrowing animals, with a foundation at first extremely unstable, and must An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE XII. FIG. 1.—GREAT ST. GEORGE’S MEADOW, NEAR DELAWARE CITY, DEL., SHOWING EARTH EMBANKMENT AND RECLAIMED MARSH. FIG. 2.—PORTION OF THE CLARK MEADOW, NEAR DELAWARE CITY, DEL., SHOWING RUINED EMBANKMENT IN THE DISTANCE. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 375 anticipate the changes which will be brought about by the drying of the land on one side and withstanding the attacks of the sea on the other. If the plans are inadequate or the work poorly done, failure will surely follow. These difficulties are understood now better than formerly and the owners of these lands or the communities interested in their recla- mation are seeking to avail themselves of all the experience and infor- mation both in engineering and agriculture which can be gathered, and they are making many inquiries of the Department of Agriculture as to how particular projects should be carried out, how dikes and ditches should be planned and built, and the land be made ready for the planting of crops. Some of these inquiries are for information and advice about the organization of communities for the carrying out of large projects; others have to do with methods for removing the water and the subsequent treatment of small areas. As these lands, taken together, have an aggregate productive area equal to that of agricultural States like Illinois or Missouri, it follows that their successful reclamation and cultivation means an important addition to the national wealth. Many of the attempts to carry out these works have been delayed or have been prevented for the time by a lack of information and lack of confidence on the part of the landowners directly interested. These landowners are unwilling to sanction the improvement or contribute to its expense until they can be assured through some authoritative or disinterested source that the reclamation of tide marshes is feasible; that the land when drained will be productive; and that this drainage will not interfere with other industries such as the fisheries along the seacoast bordering the marsh lands. They wish to have some knowledge regarding the ‘kind of dikes needed for protection from the sea and the kind of drains and pumps needed to put the land in proper condition for cultivation after the inflowing tides have been cut off. In order to answer these questions definitely and properly the Office of Experiment Stations commenced during the last year an extensive investigation to deter- mine the areas of tide marsh land capable of being drained, the meth- ods to be followed to insure success, and the relative measures of the cost and the benefits to come from this work. This paper is in the nature of a preliminary report on this investigation. Later on it is intended to prepare for publication a report giving more definitely the area susceptible of such reclamation, the measure of the benefits to agriculture which will come from their improvement, and more definite and detailed instruction regarding the methods which should be follewed in carrying out this work. 376 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. SOME OF THE RESULTS OF DRAINAGE. About the only agricultural product grown on these lands in their native condition is marsh hay. This hay sells at present in the vicinity of Boston at $8 a ton. On areas which have been drained the hay sells for $25 a ton, and the yield per acre is larger than on the undrained tracts. The simplest form of improvement possible, therefore, increases the productive value of these lands threefold, but the greater part of the lands which have been reclaimed are too valuable for the growing of hay, and have been brought immediately into intensive cultivation. (Pl. XIII.) Cranberries are probably the most important crop at present grown on tide marshes. The area of cranberry bogs is being constantly extended and the trade in this fruit has assumed large proportions. Cranberry growing during the past two or three years has been quite profitable, and this has resulted in a marked activity in the extension of the area devoted to the crop and to the value of the lands reclaimed. Good bogs along the North Atlantic coast now sell for $1,000 an acre and pay a large return on this investment. The need of these marshes for truck farming is more apparent now than formerly because of the great increase in the number and population of some seaside resorts. Along Cape Cod and much of the Massachusetts coast the uplands have not the fertility needed for successful gardening. Much better results can be had from these marshes when drained than from the higher lands. In many places the growing of fresh vegetables in the immediate vicinity of town, requires the reclamation of marshes, and they are proving well adapted to this use. Asparagus grows with unusual vigor in such soil, and in places near Boston excellent crops are being produced where the marshes are occasionally flooded with sea water. Celery does excellently in some localities, but has failed, for reasons not well understood, in others. Cauliflower, cabbage, . onions, muskmelons and watermelons, cucumbers, lettuce, sweet corn, field corn, potatoes, oats, redtop, timothy, and alsike clover are all crops being successfully grown on reclaimed marsh lands along the North Atlantic coast; onions, celery, asparagus, cucumbers, and mel- ons being the most profitable crops. For many years the tide marshes of the South Atlantic coast were largely devoted to rice growing, and this is still the most important use of these areas, but changes in the flow of the rivers, which have taken place as the result of the removal of the forests and from other causes not so well understood, are bringing about a change in these lands, under which they are being more and more converted into truck farms. Asparagus, peas, potatoes, lettuce, beans, and cabbage are being raised in large quantities and shipped to the northern An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLATE XIII. Be ae % ie : PAGER Fic. 1.—CROP OF ONIONS ON RECLAIMED SALT MARSH, REVERE, MASS. Fic. 2.—CropP OF HAY ON DIKED MEADOW, MARSHFIELD, MASS. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. BE markets for sale early in the season. The products are of good quality, the business is proving profitable, and the area is being con- tinually extended. There are, however, as yet many unsettled questions connected with this kind of agriculture. The best methods of growing crops, and the varieties of crops best suited to these con- ditions are not as yet determined, but this is being systematically investigated by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The requirements of drainage, the depth to which the water level must be lowered and kept, and the kind of devices or machines needed for this work are being studied by the Office of Experiment Stations as a part of its drainage investigation. DRAINAGE IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. The most notable example of the reclamation of salt marshes is furnished by the Netherlands. Here the work has been carried on for centuries, during which a large part of Holland has been wrested from the sea. Lands no more fertile than the marshes of this country now support a population of 450 to the square mile, while the density of population in New Jersey is but 250 and that of New York 153. These figures show the possibilities of salt marshes in the climate of the North Atlantic States. Equally encouraging evidence of the value of the marsh lands of the South Atlantic seaboard is furnished by the results of draining the low lands of Italy along the Adriatic Sea. This work was begun in a systematic way in 1882. Before that time the cost of constructing efficient drainage works was beyond the unaided financial resources of individuals or communities. Agricultural progress was practically at a standstill; the health of the population was menaced by malarial conditions and depopula- tion of some districts was threatened. Foreseeing this danger the Italian Government, after a thorough, detailed study, passed a com- prehensive drainage law providing for the organization of districts and for financial aid from the General Government and from the provinces. As a result of this work many thousand acres of land have been reclaimed and is now growing high-priced crops. Land values have been largely increased, and some of the drained districts now have a population of between 400 and 500 to the square mile. INFLUENCE OF DRAINING TIDE MARSHES ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Along some parts of the coast of Long Island and New Jersey efforts have been made to drain the marsh lands as a means of ridding neigh- borhoods of mosquitoes, and have been partially successful; but with- out a general effort and the drainage of all the marshes in a certain locality the best results can not be secured. A most successful example of the effect of drainage on health conditions is to be seen 378 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. in the drainage of the neck at Charleston, S.C. The city of Charles- ton is located on a tongue of land between the Ashley and Cooper rivers. This land was formerly infested with mosquitoes and was extremely malarious. During the last four years the land has been thoroughly drained. The report of the sanitary and drainage com- mission of Charleston County, S. C., for 1905, speaking of the results, Says: When we took charge of this territory, ponds and morasses were everywhere. The Anapholes mosquito, the disseminator of malarial poison, was present by the millions. The public road was almost impassable in places, and the public ditches choked up and more or less filled with a stagnant water, and the whole country had the appear- ance of the utmost neglect, and there were but very few businesgenterprises with the exception of the fertilizer factories. To-day there are no ponds, no morasses, the Anapholes has been banished, and an avenue 40 feet wide, with ditches on each side, has been built to Tenmile Hill. A new town has been laid out and 100 homes are being erected in this town. New dwellings and new stores are to be seen on all sides. William Reybold, writing from Newcastle County, Del., says: If, after reclaimed, marshes are kept well drained, there is less of malarial diseases than when not reclaimed, and the pest of mosquitoes is almost driven away. A writer from Fairfax County, Va., says: The marshes are very little utilized, but some have been diked successfully and produce good crops of hay. This matter is of such importance, and the health of the tide-water region, m conjunction with its agricultural advantages, would justify the Government in inaugurating some system of improvement. John L. Grubbs, of Henrico County, Va., says: There is a decided improvement in the health of the neighborhood where marshes are diked and drained. BEST METHODS OF RECLAMATION. There are three things in the reclamation of salt marsh that re- quire special attention and treatment. These are: (1) The method of protecting the land from overflow by tide waters. (2) The plan of internal drainage. (3) The treatment of the soil to rid it of the excess of salt. The usual, and probably the best means, of protecting a marsh from the overflow of the tide is an earthen embankment constructed of the material found along the line of the work. The location, size, and character of this embankment are of the utmost importance, as upon its efficiency and stability depend the success of the reclama- tion. Practically all the failures in reclaiming marshes in both this country and Europe have been due to the lack of proper precautions in the construction of embankments. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 379 LOCATION OF DIKES. In locating a dike there are many things to be considered: First. The direction must be such that with the shortest line of dike the greatest possible area may be inclosed. An examination of this principle shows that the larger the area to be inclosed the less it will cost per acre to do the work. The following diagram illustrates this fact: - L1S0irods: - S0-tods: Eaieds: In case of a level tract to be | | inclosed on all sides: pe | 40 acres would require 320 | rods of embankment, or 8 rods per acre of area. 80 'A. | 80 acres would require 480 rods of embankment, or es am Pe 6 rods per acre of area. 160 acres would require 640 rods of embankment, or 4 rods per acre of area. 640 acres would require 1,280 rods of embankment, or 2 rods per acre of area. 320 rods. Marsh lands are frequently so situated that they do not require embankments on all sides; yet this general rule holds good—the larger the area the less the cost per acre to inclose it. This shows the importance of cooperation in this work. Where the marsh is held in small tracts, as is the case in many of the New England and Middle Atlantic States, it can be embanked at a much less cost per acre if the owners organize into districts as they do in some parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. There they have dike laws for reclaiming and protecting tide marshes. The principle of these laws is very much like those of the drainage laws in some of our States, and under their operation much work has been done that could net have been accomplished by individual effort. Under the dike laws whole townships of the best agricultural lands have been created from worthless bogs and morasses. Second. The dikes should run parallel with the coast or stream, or else at right angles to it, and should have a wide berm or foreshore between the toe of the slope and the water’s edge. The action of the waves is less destructive when they strike the bank at right angles than when they strike it obliquely, and they also do less dam- age where there is a wide berm in front of the dike. Experience shows that dikes which lie directly on the brink of the shore are much more liable to injury than those which lie farther in and have 380 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. some land before them. In no case should the width of the berm be less than that of the base of the dike, and when the embankment is exposed to the action of the wind or waves it should be 100 feet or more in width. The distance from the shore must be determined in a great measure by the quality of the ground. It should be located far enough away from the stream or shore to be secure against under- mining by caving. HEIGHT OF EMBANKMENT. After locating the dike the height is the next important element to be considered. No one can tell with certainty to what point a storm tide at any point will rise, but when observations extend over a long term of years the greatest height reached may be safely taken as the maximum that is likely to occur in the future. The height of the embankment should be at least 18 inches above this mark. This may seem excessive, but nothing less is absolutely safe. When the waves reach near to the top of the embankment and a strong wind prevails, much damage is likely to occur, and in case they overtop the embankment the entire work may be greatly impaired or even destroyed. CROSS SECTION OF EMBANKMENT. The form of dike best suited to turn water and its proper dimen- sions are matters of the greatest importance. In nearly every case of failure the cause has been found to be that the em- bankment was not high enough and was overtopped by the waves, or the cross section was too light to with- stand the pressure. For the cross sec- tion of the dike it is not enough to obtain ample Form of Dike made of muck soil st rength to resist Fic. 2.—Forms of dike made from different materials. the force of the water on the dike but this strength must be obtained at the lowest possible cost. The form and area of the cross section of the embankment depend largely upon the character of the material out of which the embank- ment is made and the length of time the water will remain against RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 381 it. Where the material contains a large percentage of clay, a smaller cross section may be safely used than where the material contains a large amount of sand and vegetable matter (fig. 2). Experience has shown that the top width should be two times the square root of the height, with bank slopes on the water side of not less than 3 horizontal to 1 perpendicular and on the land side as steep as the material will stand without sloughing, which is usually 1 or 14 hori- zontal to 1 perpendicular. This has proved to be the most econom- ical cross section that can be constructed to safely withstand the water that may come against it. When the material is more or less sand or sandy loam, to insure safety it is necessary to increase the slope on the coast side from 3 to 1 to 4 to 1, and where exposed to the influence of the wind it ought to be 5 horizontal to 1 perpen- dicular in order to break the force of the waves and prevent washing. Where the material is of a peaty nature with a mass of fibrous roots, a better practice seems to be to increase the top width to that of the height and make the slopes on either side 2 to 1. This form seems to withstand the seepage better than a narrow top and a slight slope when the material is of a fibrous nature. The Mississippi River from Cairo to New Orleans is restrained by levees built of sandy loam. Large areas of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have been protected for centuries by dikes built of marshy soil, and the dikes that protect Holland from the sea are in most part made of sand. There is no occasion for failure on the Atlantic coast if the embankments are properly located and carefully con- structed, but great care must be given to the details of the work to insure success. SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUIIDING EMBANKMENTS. The ground should be cleared of all coarse vegetable matter and a strip in the center one-half as wide as the base should be broken up with a plow or spade (fig. 3). Where the ground is very wet or covered with water, , a successful method SET TRO Sd is to excavate a ditch Peo: ? in 5 feet wide and about 18inches deep along each side of the base of the embankment 6 feet inside the toe and parallel therewith, placing the earth excavated on the outside of the ditches so as to form the toes of the slopes, the trenches being refilled with new material as the bank is made. This preparation will disclose any underground timbers and channels and prepare for a proper union between the base and the new material. All stumps and logs should be removed from the base and should there be any old trenches they should be MUCK.DITCH MU TCH Fia. 3.—Method of preparing base in marsh lands. 382 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. cleaned of all silt and vegetable matter and filled with fresh earth. Neglect of any of these small precautions may lead to a break in the levee causing great damage. The bulk of the material for building the embankment should be taken from outside, leaving a berm as wide as the base of the levee, from which no material is taken, and the borrow pit should be broad and shallow next to the berm and increasing in depth as it recedes from the embankment. It is permissible, and often advisable, toe take sufficient earth from the land side of the levee to form a drainage ditch. This cuts off the seepage and protects the land inclosed, and also strengthens the levee by keeping it well drained. Where the line of levee crosses low places it is a good plan to build up the berm to the general level. This strengthens the embankment by reducing its height on the water side. In constructing a levee proper allowance should be made for shrinkage. Material such as is usually found shrinks when dry from one-fifth to one-eighth owing to the method in which it is placed in the embankment. To be on the safe side, it is well, therefore, to increase the height of the levee one-fifth, leaving the width of the base and width of top the same as specified for the finished work. This will allow the necessary settling to take place and still leave the levee as high as the established grade. METHOD OF DOING THE WORK. In building embankments the earth is usually handled in one of three ways: (1) By spade and wheelbarrow; (2) team and scraper, or team and dump cart; and (3) some form of dredge. Where the embankment is small the earth can be dug with a spade and thrown into place at a cost of 8 to 12 cents per cubic yard, accord- ing to the price of labor and the stickiness of the soil. Where the embankment is larger and it is necessary to leave a wide berm the earth can be dug and transported in wheelbarrows at a cost ranging from 12 to 20 cents, according to the price of labor and the distance the material has to be conveyed. This method is expensive and should be used only in places where the quantity to be handled is too small to justify the outlay for some modern plant. Where the ground is firm enough to permit the use of teams and wheel scrapers the earth can be handled quite rapidly at about one- half the cost of wheelbarrow work, but where the ground is soft and boggy, as is the case in most places along the Atlantic coast, it is impracticable to use teams and scrapers. Where the yardage is large enough to justify the outlay, the cheapest and most satisfactory way of building an embankment is by means of a dredge of some type. The improvement in excavating machinery during the past ten years has developed some very good dredges for this class of work. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 383 By selecting a machine adapted to the conditions, excellent work can be done at a very low price. FLOATING DREDGE. Where the ground 1s very soft a floating dipper or clam-shell dredge boat, as shown in the accompanying drawings, can be used to good advantage. The machinery (engine and boiler) is mounted on a barge that floats in the excavation and the material dug with the dipper is placed in the embankment by means of a swinging boom. A clam- — — —EEEEEESE \\ one) ee Fic. 4.—Outline of dipper dredge suitable for ditching and for building small dikes. shell is better than a dipper dredge (fig. 4) for this kind of work, as it is possible to use a much longer boom, thereby leaving a wide berm between the pit and the toe of the embankment. Machines of this type have been successfully operated with a boom 120 feet long carrying a bucket holding 2 cubic yards, but the dredge best suited Fic. 5.—Long boom dredge with orange-peel bucket, suitable for building large embankments. to the conditions along the coast is one having a boom 80 to 90 feet long and a bucket holding 1 to 14 cubic yards (fig. 5). The advan- tage of this method of construction is that the levee is built in layers of wet material and is very compact and firm and permits little or no seepage during times of high water. 384 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TRACTION DREDGE. Where the ground is firm enough for a man to walk, a more satisfac- tory way is to use a traction dredge with a swinging boom and a clam- shell bucket (fig. 6). In this case the machinery is mounted on a platform that moves on rollers or is self-propelling on a temporary track. It digs in front and backs away from the work (fig. 6). With a machine of this kind very large embankments may be built, leaving a wide berm and a shallow pit. Traction dredges of this type with a boom 100 feet long and carrying a 23-yard bucket, are successfully used for levee building along the Mississippi River. Where there are no stumps or logs an embankment can be built with any type of dredge as above stated, at a cost ranging from 34 to 6 cents per cubic yard. Although this method of constructing embankments is very cheap it is only practicable where there is a large quantity of material to be handled, as it is very expensive installing a dredge suitable to do the 5 __#¢€ | ial Le ee yi He Se 2S a ea ES PC I ETS | | Se a 9 eee 2 SS, ] 9 ee | CRE Ee BS Se A STE EE EP ee TSS ied Ea AS se 2 3 YG es EB BS Sane ee 3 a) w ae: tt, “a em us a en w ZI] Fic. 6.—Type of traction dredge suitable for building dikes. work. This is one great reason why cooperation is necessary to suc- cessfully reclaim the greater part of the salt marsh under consideration. In building levees with a dredge the different layers of material are more thoroughly mixed than when put up with hand labor and make a much more compact and impervious embankment. ELEVATOR AND SUCTION DREDGES. Elevator and suction dredges discharge so much water with the material they excavate that they are not well adapted to building levees. They have, however, been used quite successfully in some places by building parallel walls of turf and sod to hold the material until the water drains out. The great difficulty in building a levee with a dredge is to get one with a boom or carrier long enough to place the material in the embankment without digging a deep pit too near RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 385 the toe of the levee. Where the ground is firm enough to use a trac- tion machine this difficulty is overcome as the machine can be run on the berm between the toe of the levee and the pit, as shown in the an- BERM nexed cut (fig. 7). . ! BASE OF LEVEE When a sufficient amount of material has been placed in the embankment to secure the proper width and cross sec- tion it should be dressed to a smooth surface and planted in some species of grass that will form a tough sod. South of Virginia the Ber- muda grass is the best for this purpose, while along the north coast red top or herd’s grass seems to be best suited. SEEPAGE DITCH MEADOW POSITION. OF TRACTION DREDGE y F1G. 7.—Relative position of borrow pit, dredge, and levee. WAVE PROTECTION. Where a levee is exposed to high winds it should be protected from wave wash when first put up until the sod is formed and the material thoroughly settled. This can be done as follows: Plant a row of 6 by 6 posts along the berm about 3 feet from the toe of the levee and bolt a stringpiece 4 by 8 to the front of these posts at about the elevation of high tide. If the posts are more than 6 feet ouv of ground, another piece should be bolted on about 1 foot above the ground. Drive a double row of sheet piling 2 by 6 or 2 by 8 on the front side of this stringer, inclining about 1 foot horizontal to 6 feet vertical toward the levee. The pieces should be driven so as to break joints with each other and penetrate the ground 3 feet. The planking should be further secured by placing a waling piece 2 by 6 or 2 by 8 on the front side opposite the stringer and securing it by screw bolts passing through the waling strip, sheet piling, and string- piece at intervals of 6 feet. At each post the barrier should be braced by a strut of 3 by 8 secured at one end to the top of the posts by means of screw bolts or spikes and extending back almost horizontal to the surface of the levee, where it should be securely spiked to a stake 2 by 6 driven firmly into the ground. A barrier thus constructed breaks the action of the waves and at the same 2948B—07——_25 386 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. time does not injure the levee, but leaves it so that it can be mowed and kept clear of noxious weeds. Protections placed directly against the slope form a refuge for muskrats and other pests that destroy the levee. If made of creosoted lumber, it will not be attacked by toredo and will last a great many years. The surface of the embank- ment should be kept in grass and be carefully mowed at least twice each year. This will destroy the refuge for burrowing animals; improve the sod, and become a source of revenue. TIDE GATES. When embanking a piece of marsh, provision must be made for discharging the water that accumulates within the embankment. Where the land is sufficiently above low tide, this can be most easily accomplished by means of a sluice or tide gate. This provision for the escape of the water is an essential feature of the reclamation, and, like the embankment, must be properly designed and well built. The ultimate success to be achieved in reclaiming salt marsh and rendering it fit for meadow or cultivation depends almost wholly on the character and efficiency of the tide gates devised and erected to keep out the salt water. They must be of a permanent character, substantially built, and so constructed as to open and close promptly with a minimum amount of pressure. Care should be taken in plac- ing the abutments that carry the gate to see that they have a firm foundation and that the flow line of the chamber is slightly above mean low tide. What is known as the tankard gate, suspended by a double hinge so as to readily close against the face on all sides, is recommended. The seat is lined with rubber so as to form a tight joint with the abutment, and if carefully constructed will not allow any water to pass when closed. As the gate is necessarily heavy, an adjustable counterweight is attached so that it may be nicely balanced in order to open with a small head against the upper side. The position in which it is hung will cause it to close by gravity as soon as the pressure on the inside is exhausted or overcome by an equal pressure on the other side. In designing the gates to accom- modate a large volume of water, it is deemed better practice to make a series of smaller ones having the required opening, as they can be much lighter and are less liable to warp and spring, causing leaks when closed. The relative merits of steel and wooden gates have been considered, but owing to the difficulty in building and holding strue- tural work in a true plane and the deleterious effects of salt water on steel and iron, it is thought that gates of creosoted timber are better suited for the purpose. The treatment of any porous wood, preferably white or yellow pine, free from heart, with 14 pounds of creosote oil per cubic foot, will insure the material against decay, prevent it from swelling and shrinking, and protect it against the RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS, 387 ravages of the toredo. Such gates are no more expensive than steel and are far more desirable. The gates here recommended are so planned that they can be readily detached from the framework with- out injury to it, if at any time repairs should be necessary. Plans and complete drawings for a cheap wooden abutment, with one or more gates, as required, and also plans and drawings for a concrete abutment with creosoted wooden gates are given on page 396. This is the most desirable gate that can be constructed, and where sand or shells can be readily procured its cost will be but little more than a wooden abutment serving the same purpose. The following general directions for constructing either of these gates will serve as a guide for any locality: EXCAVATION. The foundation for the abutment should be prepared by excavat- ing the muck and soft material to a firm clay or sand bottom. In order to do this successfully it will be necessary in nearly all cases to drive some form of tongue-and-groove sheet piling, so as to form a tight cofferdam around the proposed pit. A pumping plant of suf- ficient capacity to keep the pit dry at all times must be provided. The abutment may be of timber, as shown on the first set of plans, or it may be of stone, brick, or concrete, as shown on the second set. In case timber is used, the foundation should be brought up to the proper grade by filling in with good clay or a grouting of broken stone and cement mortar. Great precaution must be taken to make the foundation such that water can not find its way under the tim- bers, in which case the earth would be washed out and the value of the structure destroyed. In case a firm foundation can not be secured otherwise, round piling, on which to rest the abutment, should be driven in the pit. In the wooden structure the bottom sills can be secured to the piling by means of drift bolts. This will support the structure so as to prevent settling and the water can be shut off by the sheet piling above and below the abutment. Where broken stone or suitable sand can be readily procured, concrete will be found the most desirable material, and we recommend its use. The desired shape for the masonry may be secured: by making forms of lumber which can be removed after the mortar has set. The proper pro- portion of cement and sand to form concrete depends in a measure on the strength of the cement and the quality of the sand used. With any good natural cement and clean, sharp sand a proportion of 1 to 5 or even 1 to 7 would make very substantial work. Methods of mixing and tempering mortar for concrete are so well known that it is hardly necessary to explain them here. The things to be insisted upon in any concrete work are fresh cement, clean, sharp sand, plenty of water, thorough mixing, and immediate use. If these are 388 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. observed with due care, good results may be expected. It is quite important to have the face of the abutment both true and smooth in order that the gates may set properly. This can be secured by having the forms in perfect alignment and plastering the face with a fine mortar. The abutment should be level on top when completed, so it may be floored over and used as a bridge for crossing the channel. HEAD BEAM. Tn case of the wooden abutment, the head beam to which the gates are hung is formed by bolting a piece of timber to the cap of the bent, but on the stone or concrete abutment a head beam of 10-inch steel channel weighing 20 pounds per linear foot, from which the gates are hung, should be secured to the face of the abutment, as shown on the drawing. Cast-iron fillers of a suitable pattern may be used at the points of attachment to hold the channel out from the face of the wall the thickness of the gates. SWINGING GATES. The essential features of a good tide gate are durability, tight closing, and easy movement. They are made, as shown on the draw- ing, of two thicknesses of material, the pieces of each layer being at right angles to those of the other. Between the two is placed a sheet of 8-ounce cotton duck, painted on each side with a heavy coat of white lead and oil. The boards in each layer should be drawn up tight with a clamp and securely bolted at each intersection with two machine bolts with wrought washer under both head and nut. To resist the action of the salt water, the bolts and washers should be galvanized. If the workmanship is not of a high class so as to form tight joints, the vertical seams, being the outside of the gate, may be calked with three threads of cotton to prevent leaking. In case creosoted lumber can not be obtained, other lumber may be used, but it should be thoroughly soaked by immersing it in water several days before using. A suitable seat is formed by fitting to the inner side near the edge a piece of 6-ply rubber belting 2} inches wide. This can be secured to the wood with brass screws 1} inches long, with heads sunk well below the surface of the rubber. The gates should be hung to the head piece by a double joint or link hinge, as shown on the drawing. Such a hinge allows the gate to adjust itself to the face of the abutment in closing, so as to form a tight joint on all sides, per- mitting the water to rise above the top of the gate without leaking. A suitable hinge probably can not be purchased in stock, but can be made in any machine shop from the detail drawing furnished herewith. The holes should be true and accurately bored and the bolts turned and neatly fitted, so as to insure free movement. ‘To withstand the action of the salt water, it is desirable to make the hinges of hard brass, or if iron is used it should be kept well painted and the bolts RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 389 should be made of hard brass. For the purpose of balancing the gate so it will open and close with a minimum pressure, a projecting arm with an adjustable weight is attached to the inside, as shown on the drawing. When the gate is hung, this weight can be shifted in or out until the position is found where the gate opens with least pressure and then fixed by means of the set screw in this position. A gate constructed as above specified possesses all the essential requisites of a good tight gate. The creosoted material gives it the qualities of durability; the link hinge and rubber cushion allow it to firmly seat itself on all sides and form-a tight joint; while a counterweight renders it sensitive to the least pressure. A cheap structure might be erected, but there would be constant danger of its giving way at a critical time, - and it would have to be replaced at frequent intervals, so that a permanent structure, even at an increased cost, is more economical. A bill of material required to construct either the wooden or stone abutment with the necessary gates is given on page 397. PUMPING PLANT. Where the fluctuation between high and low tide is not sufficient to afford natural drainage, some kind of pumping plant must be pro- vided to discharge the water. The pump should be placed within the inclosure at the lowest point adjacent to the embankment and should be used to lift only such water as will not flow out during low tide. This water can be discharged through a sluice and need not be lifted over the embankment. A centrifugal pump operated by a steam or gasoline engine is probably the best for this class of work. The size of pump and engine depends upon the area to be drained. From experience in numerous places it seems that where such land is in cultivation the pump should be able to discharge 1,000 gallons per acre per hour to properly protect the crops in times of heavy rains. But where the land is used for pasture or meadow the removal of one-half of this amount is sufficient. The pump and engine should be placed on a solid foundation and carefully housed against damage from the weather. The additional expense incurred in providing substantial foundations for the pump and engine and making an ample sump for the suction pipe will be more than repaid in economy of operation and efficiency of plant. Many crops have been destroyed and much damage occasioned because of the inadequacy of the pump- ing plant or its failure, owing to faulty construction, at a critical time. The cost of installing and operating a pumping plant depends largely upon the extent of the tract to be drained. As a rule, the larger the volume of water to be handled the less the cost per acre or per gallon for domg it. Even where the water is ordinarily dis- charged through a tide gate, it is wise to have an emergency pump to take care of the seepage and rainfall, during periods of high tide when the gate does not open. 390 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. INTERNAL DRAINAGE. After the embankment is completed a system of internal drainage must be constructed to collect the water and lead it to the tide gate or pumping plant. On most tracts there are old channels that can be used to advantage in planning a system of internal drainage that will lessen the cost of excavation. Since the natural drainage is intermittent, effective only at low tide, it must be supplemented by a large storage capacity. Hence the ditches should be made wider than would otherwise be necessary. The removal of one-half inch of rainfall in twenty-four hours from a comparatively level tract of land, when the rainfall does not exceed 60 inches per annum, has -proved to be adequate for the successful culture of field crops. If the tide gates are made of ample capacity to discharge all the water from the storage basin at each low tide (twice in twenty-four hours), ditches having a capacity for storing 0.25 inch of rainfall from the entire watershed without raising the water in the ditches more than 1 foot will be sufficient to properly drain the land for either meadow or cultivation. Since most of the salt marshes are practically level, the ditches will have but little grade and will depend upon the hydrau- lic head to induce a current. As the water nearest the gate will be discharged in the shortest time, it is expedient that the greater part of the storage capacity be as near the outlet as practicable. When the gate opens, this portion will be discharged at once, and should it close before the ditches are entirely empty the water in the more remote laterals will flow into the basin just formed, thus holding the water down to the lowest level to be obtained without pumping. In planning a system of ditches it should be the aim to locate them in such a way as to leave the land in the best possible shape for culti- vation. Where there is high land that drains into the marsh, an intercepting ditch should be cut along the foot of the slope to lead the water into the storage basin without overflowing the low land. The depth of the ditches required and their distance apart depend largely upon the character of the soil. The main ditch should be as deep as the sill of the tide gate, while the laterals should range from 24 feet deep at the upper end to 3 or 34 feet at the lower end, according to the depth of the outlet channel. In most places ditches in marsh soil will stand with almost perpendicular banks, owing to the fibrous roots in the material, so to increase the storage capacity they should have wide bottoms, with bank slopes one-half horizontal to 1 perpen- dicular, unless places should be found where the material requires a greater slope. It is not practicable to give specific directions for laying out a system of internal drainage, as each marsh must be viewed and treated according to its shape and peculiar location. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 391 METHOD OF DOING THE WORK. Where the work is of sufficient magnitude and the ditches are large enough, the use of a dredge of some type is the most economical way of excavating them; but where the ditches are small, hand labor will be found the most feasible. There are on the market some machines for cutting small ditches, but they can not be successfully operated on a soft marsh. SUBDRAINAGE. If it were practicable, tile drainage would be by far the best method to use in the reclamation of salt marsh; but the soil conditions are generally such that tile can not be used. The depth of the outlet in most places is not sufficient to permit them to be laid on the solid ground, and if laid in the muck above the sand and clay they would settle out of alignment and fill with silt. It is highly probable that after a term of years the marsh will settle and become sufficiently firm to permit the use of tile in some of the ditches. TREATMENT OF SOIL. After the dikes or embankments have been completed so as to exclude the tide and the drains constructed so as to collect the rain- fall and seepage, and some reliable method provided for discharging the water from within the inclosure, the soil must be prepared for cultivation. The marine marshes are not all fertile. Some are bare mud flats without vegetation, while others are covered with a heavy growth of grass and reeds. Such differences are due mainly to the age of the marsh and do not indicate its fertility. The tides deposit such materials as they get, and if the materials are fertile so are the marshes. As a rule those marshes that receive the wash from the hillsides build up faster and are more fertile than those formed by the slow action of the tides alone. If these mud flats were embanked and the tide gates left open, so that the tide would enter, it would greatly accelerate the deposit, and eel grass would soon spring up and spread so as to cover the entire area. This growing grass would retard the coming in and receding of the tide, hastening the deposi- tion of the sediment, and the marsh would soon be built to the eleva- tion of the high tide. Laboratory examinations show these marshes to be exceedingly rich in the elements of fertility, but possessing from 1 to 5 per cent of soluble matter, mostly salt left by the sea, which must be re- moved before the land is fit for agriculture. The usual way is to allow the rain to wash out the salt. This is a slow process, but is the one generally followed. The length of time required to complete this treatment depends upon the frequency and amount of rainfall 392 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. and the system of internal drainage. The salt must be dissolved in water and that water drained away. This process can be accelerated by judicious irrigation if fresh water is at hand; but flooding, unless the water can be promptly removed, would be of but little use. Where urigation is practiced, small amounts of water applied at frequent intervals will be found most efficient. While this process of sweet- ening is going on the salt grass should be frequently cut and removed, as its growth takes up a large amount of saline matter. As fast as the salt is removed, if the land is desired for meadow or pasturage, it should be seeded with tame grass, either herd’s grass, red top, or timothy. It improves the meadow to have it closely pastured with sheep or cattle, as it compacts the soil and hastens the destruction of the coarse grass and weeds; but stock has a tendency to fill the ditches, making frequent cleanings necessary, as they must be kept open so as to allow the free flow of water. If it is desired to put the land in cultivation certain crops that withstand a large amount of salt, as onions, sorghum, and beets, may be cultivated and yield a good revenue. Where a forage crop for cattle is required, sorghum, sowed broadcast and cut just at the time the seed ripens, will be found very profitable. Salt marsh soils are often well supplhed with lime in the form of shells, but when these are not present and the soil is acid, or becomes so through the decomposition of the grass roots, lime must be added to correct this acidity. In all cases it would be wise to send samples of the soil to the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, and have an analysis made to determine the proper treatment. The best method of subduing a rank marsh soil is not fully deter- mined. In Europe and some parts of America it has been the custom to burn the sod to a depth of 10 or 12 inches. This practice is a great waste of organic matter and is not to be recommended. Clearing the land of all vegetation and giving it a chance to become thoroughly aerated is the first step to be taken. At present the judgment of the farmer must be his guide as to the best method of bringing these marshes into good tilth. In some localities where the practice has been tried it is claimed that the turning under of a heavy green crop in June or July will hasten the rotting of the sod. Others claim that late fall plowing is best and that all vegetation should be removed before turning the land over. In other places it is claimed that better results may be secured by scarring the land with a disk harrow and not turning it over. All, however, are agreed that shallow plowing is more efficient in reducing the sod to a workable state. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 393 CAUSES OF FAILURE. From a personal inspection in a number of places and the testimony of trustworthy people along the coast where the reclamation of salt marsh has been carried on, the following are noted as the chief causes of failure: (1) The inefficiency of the dikes because of poor construction from a lack of knowledge as to how to do the work or a false economy practiced in the construction of the same. (2) The failure of the tide gates to keep out salt water and their lack of capacity to vent the accumulation of fresh water at low tide. (3) The lack of proper care of the dikes after they are constructed. In nearly 100 cases of failure investigated the reason assigned was that the ‘‘dike went out.” Upon a further examination in most cases it was easy to see why the dike went out. It was located too near the shore and was cut away by the action of the water; was too low and was overtopped by the waves; did not have sufficient cross section to withstand the pressure; was built on a poorly prepared base, or was destroyed by muskrats. While the embankment stood, the reclamation was a success and disaster only followed its giving way. (See Pl. XII.) It has been thoroughly demonstrated in many places that an earth embankment will stand if properly constructed, and there is little excuse for failure. Nowhere is the old maxim ‘“whatever is worth doing is worth doing well” more forcibly illus- trated than in the building of a dike. Many persons have under- taken this work without knowledge as to how it should be done and have persisted in carrying on a practice that was radically wrong, while others have had but little confidence in the ultimate success of their undertaking and have not been willing to put in sufficient funds to properly do the work. It has been their aim, if after a time the work proved profitable, to enlarge and strengthen the embank- ment, but this method can not be successfully carried out, because the earth while it is yet fresh, to withstand the action of the water, must be put up in the proper manner and of sufficient quantity. If the embankment is too low and is once overtopped by the waves it will practically be destroyed. If the cross section is too small or has steep slopes it will not withstand the action of the waves and will give way when most needed. Another reason for insufficient embankments having been con- structed is the lack of proper appliances for domg the work. It is only within recent years that dredges have been constructed suitable for this work and where it was put up by hand labor it was difficult, because of the water, to secure the necessary material near the work, and the cost of handling earth in that way made large and substantial 394 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. embankments prohibitive in many places, but with the introduction of modern machinery this difficulty is removed and large embankments can now be built at a less price per cubic yard than smaller ones. Another source of trouble has been the sluices. These have rarely ever been large enough to serve their purpose, and have been put in in such a way that many of them have failed at a critical time, flooding the meadows and thus destroying the work of many years. With the cheapness of concrete construction, permanent structures can now be made at a reasonable cost, and such structures of unquestioned capacity should be constructed in all embankments made. If care is taken to secure a proper foundation such tide gates will be perma- nent and efficient. In many places complaints are made of the ravages of muskrats. It is stated that they burrow in the embankment and cause it to give way during periods of high tide. This trouble can be greatly lessened, if not entirely avoided, by keeping the embankment free from a rank growth of vegetation. It should be mowed at least twice a year and the material cut at once removed. This will destroy the harbor for these animals, and the damage they do can be more readily detected and repaired. Where an embankment is constructed by a number of landowners there seems to be a division of responsibility, and no one looks after it and it does not receive the care necessary for its protection and security. If instructions given in this report are closely followed as to the location, construction, and care of the embankments there should be fewer failures in the future. WHY SO LITTLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE. It has been fully demonstrated by the work done in Nova Scotia and along the Atlantic coast that many of our marine marshes can be reclaimed and made profitable for agriculture. Such being the fact, it is natural to inquire why so little progress has been made in this work. There are many reasons why more work of this kind has not been done, among which are: (1) To do such work economically it must be carried on upon a large scale. This requires a considerable outlay of money or labor, or both, and the individual ownership of large areas of marsh land or cooperation among several small owners. This outlay must all be made and two or more years elapse before the marsh will yield any returns. American farmers and capitalists prefer, as a rule, to work for results that come more quickly or to invest in securities that are convertible into cash on short notice. This lack of means has held back many persons who are fully aware of the fertility of the land RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 3895 and convinced of the great profit that would result from its reclama- tion, but the lack of sufficient funds, together with the knowledge of certain failures that have been made, has perhaps more than any other consideration held back the reclamation of large areas of recog- nized fertile lands. (2) In the New England and North Atlantic States nearly all the marsh is owned in small tracts in connection with the highlarids, and it is extremely difficult to get the proprietors interested to unite in carrying out any comprehensive plan of improvement. No one holds enough land or has sufficient interest to take the time and spend the money necessary to work up an organization for joint effort. This want of united action among the many owners of small tracts has been a great drawback to the improvement of the marshes along our coast. (3) Another serious hindrance has been the lack of proper tools with which to do the work. Because of the swampy conditions where the work is to be done and the amount of water encountered, it is both difficult and expensive to construct a large embankment by hand labor. In many localities where the marsh is favorably located and could be reclaimed by a small amount of labor, the lack of information as to how banks should be built and experience in doing the work have held back many owners from reclaiming small tracts of very valuable land. Education along this line of work, the improvement and development of machinery suitable for carrying it on, and the accumulation of capital available for projects of this kind will no doubt remove many of these hindrances and bring about improvement in this work. RECOMMENDATIONS. In order to encourage the development of these marine marshes, the Federal Government should be induced to cause a survey to be made to determine their area, character, and fitness for reclamation and the probable cost of domg the work. Such an examination would have a tendency to establish their commercial value and would be of inestimable benefit to both the owners and the Government. Simple but equitable drainage laws should be enacted by each State having within its borders any considerable amount of salt marsh. Without such a law the progress of reclamation would be slow. It is not right that a few men, owning but a small portion of the marsh, should prevent its improvement and development by refus- ing to sell or aid in the cost of the work and yet reap the benefits when made by others. Such will, however, always be the case in the absence of just and equitable drainage laws. The drainage of the farms in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa would never have reached such a degree of perfection as they have had it not been for the efficient 396 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. drainage laws enacted by the several States. In both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where diking is so extensively employed, they have complete statutes providing for their construction and main- tenance, and no material progress need be expected in this country until we have such laws enacted. Since our eastern coast has become so thickly populated, any State has, under its police regulations, the power to declare this mosquito- breeding marsh a nuisance and a menace to the public health and compel their abatement, thereby bestowing upon the owners a bless- ing that they have so long and so persistently refused to accept. Any State law that would provide for the formation of a district comprising a marsh or series of marshes that could be reclaimed under one plan of improvement and trust the management of its affairs to a board of interested landowners, would be a step in the right diree- tion. Such a law should clearly define the riparian rights of the owners and show the status of such improvement in its relation to the navigation of streams on which such lands are located. It should also make provision for doing the reclamation work as a whole and provide for the issuance of bonds, to be a lien on the lands benefited, to raise money for paying for the work as it is done. These bonds should run for a long term of years at a low rate of interest and be paid in annual installments by a tax on the land reclaimed in the ratio that such lands are benefited by the improvement. Such a law would not work a hardship on the landowners and would enable anyone having unimproved marsh to reclaim the same and pay the cost out of crops to be produced after the work is completed. To further encourage this work the several States should remit the State and county tax on lands thus reclaimed until the cost of improvement has been paid, as the benefit to the State from the increased popula- tion and products raised on the marshes will be of more value than the land in its present condition. APPENDIX. Bill of material for a three-chamber concrete sluice gate as shown in Plates XIV and XV. 86 cubic yards concrete. 20 pieces creosoted lumber, 3 by 12, 12 feet long, 720 feet B. M. 60 feet 6-ply rubber belting, 24 inches wide. 750 wood screws 1} inches long. 255 machine bolts, $ by 5 inches. 600 wrought washers for 2 bolts. 45 machine bolts, by 54 inches. 8 T-head anchor bolts } by 16 inches 3 counterbalances, as shown on drawing. 6 link hinges, as shown on drawing. 10 square yards cotton duck. White lead and oakum as required PLATE XIV. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. PLAN Note Batcer off Wing Walls (£04 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS: OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS U3 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PLANS FOR CONCRETE AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE MARCH "1907 Deags by 40. WRIGHT Drawn by HAKIPP ISOMETRIC VIEW —— ej" i FRONT ELEVATION PLANS FOR CONCRETE AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE. SECTION --------— PLATE XV. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. i107 —— — RUBBER 5 Holes - Countersunk i: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DETAILS OF CONCRETE AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE MARCH - 1907 Dowign by JOWRIGNT Drown vy HA KIPP FILLER BLOCK (Roura Steet -@Q) COUNTERBALANCE oO | Oo 30 7% Holes “ Stondord Cambria 20° 10"Channe! DETAILS OF CONCRETE AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE. ‘ - . i a J : : ; We —— ile A pe ee a Be See Bie PLATE XVI. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906. TRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS US DEPARTMENT OF A@RICULTURE HLANS FOR WOODEN AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE MARCH:|907 Design by 40 Wright Drawn by MA Kipp EE eee NE Hpi ae ~ Seer Pring “ar 5 Heo 8-40 —_-f- 0 FRONT ELEVATION PLANS FOR WOODEN Ee se 5 + = OM | SECTION AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATE. RECLAMATION OF TIDE LANDS. 397 For each additional gate: 17 cubic yards concrete. 7 pieces creosoted lumber, 3 by 12, 12 feet long, 250 B. M. 20 feet 6-ply rubber belting, 25 inches wide. 250 wood screws, 14 inches long. 85 machine bolts, 4 by 5 inches. 200 wrought washers for 3 bolts. 15 machine bolts, $ by 53 inches. 2 T-head anchor bolts, } by 16 inches. 34 square yards cotton duck. 1 counterbalance. 2 link hinges. Bill of material for a three-chamber. wooden sluice gate as shown in Plate XVI. Lumber for frame work: 1 cap, 10 by 12, 20 feet long. 1 sill, 10 by 12, 20 feet long. 2 sills, 10 by 10, 22 feet long. 2 caps, 6 by 10, 20 feet long. 6 posts, 10 by 10, 6 feet long. 6 posts, 8 by 10, 6 feet long. 1 gate beam, 4 by 6, 16 feet long. 1 floor beam, 6 by 6, 16 feet long. 33 pieces sheet piling, 3 by 12, 14 feet long. 25 pieces of flooring, 2 by 10, 12 feet long. 17, pieces siding, 2 by 10, 14 feet long. 2 caps for sheet piling, 3 by 6, 14 feet long. Total, 3,930 feet, B. M. Hardware: 28 machine bolts, 4 by 74 inches for wings. 56 wrought washers for 4-inch bolts. 9 machine bolts, 3 by 17 for floor beams. 9 machine bolts, § by 15 for gate beams. 12 machine bolts, § by 11 for bent joints. 12 machine bolts, by 10 for bent joints. 84 wrought washers for % bolts. 1 keg boat spikes, $ by 6. Material for three swinging gates: 6 pieces, 3 by 12, 14 feet Ha 576 feet B. M 9 pieces, 3 by 12, 12 feet long 54 feet 6-ply rubber belting, 24 inches wide. 8 yards heavy cotton duck. 180 machine bolts, 4 by 5 inches. 360 wrought washers for }-inch bolts. 45 machine bolts, $ by 55 inches. 90 wrought washers for $-inch bolts. 600 wood screws, 1} inches long. 3 complete counterbalances, as shown on drawing. 6 link hinges, as shown on drawing. White lead and oakum as required. hee Tate ay a ee antl sgn ee Be uci UL 3! - oat ‘pnee Hewes Reh eieely Re me F eee ae Aa Fs et ‘eee ae tl chia ae a edie need ‘aha ots Baroy e ed a 00k (ol Lee eae Suen tne (25 ee Same . ~ Toth eee Hein Be 2 aetet OF ee ak gs Se tod! ree BE you? dog ke al MG Seed Oe eek Bele ard Diet A fect eae 5) pa SE vei anion ete hat sth La ¥d i) ae ant ded aa Te Qh Bes “oo E feat DE ae ek BS benpitey ators i _ nA ir % dnt Pies i ‘ S90) «ti bis Fone Z at at Sorte hey indtfiorn: ere ~ Ie ; A vi 41-4 alievd + a ea bel eke ioe ago 4 é “ aN Pot ty Pagan ; “haylleeat nt Geile sealers S Bs “ete sot fGen eae e iss Re Ade in OY Oe oad SA gk one ont BE oe ae Rec re eu, ae aa a: age 0) + wrtelig im)! | ye : 5 saree of (SHARE Aen hey ee sin paraa ee ce : tea gee Si aaa fy ; ; h Bye! Pa" Poss ; tie 3) cl a ll " hi .s ‘ a3 i “4. : ing a % f ; ~/ \ oo >) ia { - al a ee ° “ > 7 Sd a hfe ie * F +f - Md EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. By ©. B. Smrru, Office of Experiment Stations. Of the deciduous fruits in the United States peaches stand second in importance only to apples. According to the United States Census of 1900, apples constitute 55 per cent of the fruit trees grown in the United States, peaches and nectarines following with 27.2 per cent. Nectarines are so closely related to the peach, and are of compara- tively such minor importance that the two are classified together in the Census report. The peach, like the apple, is grown in every State and Territory of the Union except Alaska. The States in which peach growing is an important commercial industry are Michigan, with over eight million trees, Georgia, California, and Texas, with over seven million trees, followed by Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Maryland, New York, Dela- ware, etc., in the order named. The tree itself is quite hardy, being capable, when in a well-ripened condition, of withstanding a tempera- ture of —20° F. or more, while it succeeds in the South much better than the apple. A peculiarity which limits the area of its successful culture for fruit is its early blooming habit. A week or two of warm weather in winter or early spring is often sufficient to swell the blos- som buds so that they are easily killed by subsequent freezes, thus putting an end to the crop of fruit for that season. The successful culture of the peach in any locality largely centers around this prob- lem of delaying the swelling of the blossom buds and blooming period until danger from late spring frosts is past. The fruit of the peach is so delicious that its successful culture excites interest and trial in every locality. Nearly all of the experi- ment stations have made some investigations regarding this fruit, the results of which have appeared in nearly one hundred separate bulle- tins and reports scattered over a period of twenty years. This account aims to bring together in brief digested form all the more important data secured in this work along cultural lines, as well as of similar work reported by investigators in other countries. Work with insects and diseases of peaches and the results of tests of varie- ties are not considered in this review. peaches grown in a stiff, heavy clay over light-colored, sticky, and poorly drained subsoil made a rather unhealthy growth. Delaware Sta. Bul. 11; Rpt. 1893, p. 13. ¢ Maryland Sta. Bul. 82. ¢ West Virginia Sta. Bul., 82. / Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 94. 424 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. thinned also produced as much fruit as those that were unthinned and more than those thinned to 4 inches apart. The Michigan Station concludes, as the result of experimental work,* that the possibility of overthinning peaches is practically nil. A distance of 10 inches apart for fruit on peach trees appeared to be none too great in the station’s experiments. Data were secured at the New Jersey stations’ which indicated that nearly twice as many fruit buds matured on peach trees that had been severely thinned as on trees left unthinned. In one instance 70 per cent of the peaches was removed from the trees at thinning time, and on another lot of trees 32 per cent was removed. On the heavily-thinned tree 2.8 baskets of fruit were obtained, each fruit averaging 4.48 ounces in weight, and selling for $1 per basket. On the tree less severely thinned 3.9 baskets of fruit were obtained, each fruit averaging 2.8 ounces, for which 45 cents per basket was obtained. It is esti- mated that on an acre of 160 trees there was an advantage by thin- ning of $171.20. As a result of work at the Canada Central Experimental Farm, it is concluded that when a big crop of peaches has set, thinning is highly remunerative. S. A. Beach states as a result of a number of years’ experiments in thinning peaches’ that thinning considerably increases the size of the fruit and that early thinning is more effective for this purpose than late thinning. The effect of thinning the first year was not as marked in increasing the yield on the same tree the following year as was anticipated. Professor Beach believes that pruning is the most economical method of thinning the crop whenever this appears nec- essary, and that thinning fruits in commercial. orchards with the expectation of inducing regular bearing and increased yields in suc- ceeding years is of doubtful value. Systematic thinning of the fruit, however, combined with skillful care in other directions, may mate- rially strengthen the tendency of the tree to bear annually. Peach trees may be severely impaired in vigor by maturing too heavy loads of fruit, but thinning should be the last resort after all the details of fertilizing, cultivating, spraying, pruning, etc., have been attended to. A grower in California states,’ as the result of a comparison between spring-pruned peaches after the fruit had set with winter pruning and thinning the fruit by hand, that the spring-pruned peaches were larger than the winter pruned and that spring pruning can replace winter pruning and thus save the cost of hand thinning. @ Michigan Sta. Buls. 187, 205. b New Jersey Stas. Rpts. 1900, p. 250; 1901, p. 253; American Agriculturist, 69 (1902), No. 21. ¢ California Fruit Grower, 29 (1902), Nos. 727, 728, 729. @ Pacific Rural Press, 61 (1901), No. 9. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. 495 PRUNING PEACHES. At the Massachusetts Station* a row of peach trees was left nine years without pruning. As a result the trees grew open headed and generally assumed a vase form, the lower part of the main branches: being bare and the fruiting wood sparse, weak, and high up in the trees. The trees were less thrifty and vigorous than pruned trees of the same variety. Other experiments at the same station indicate that heading back peach trees in early spring is good practice and in all cases advisable. From one-third to two-thirds of the length of the new branch growth of the previous year should be removed, depending upon the number of living fruit buds on the branch. When fruit buds are killed advantage should be taken to cut back with comparative severity. Only in extraordinary cases, however, should cutting extend back to 2 or 3 year old branches. As the result of three years’ experiments in pruning peach trees both in fall and in spring at the Michigan Station® it would seem that the best time to prune is early in the spring before or at the time the sap begins to circulate. It was noticed that when the trees were fall pruned some of the branches killed back instead of healing over, as they do when spring pruned. The yield of fruits proved to be practically the same on the fall-pruned and spring-pruned trees. “The practice of heading-in the peach trees in the fall or early winter, or at any time in the winter when the wood is frozen, if continued would seriously injure the trees.” In a bulletin devoted to pruning and training peach orchards by the Texas Station® a low-headed form of tree is advocated as a pro- tection against sun scald and greater advantage in harvesting the fruit. At the California Station the fruit was larger when the trees were pruned after the fruit had set and the additional expense of thinning was avoided. The Delaware,’ Missouri,’ and Tennessee 9 stations have published popular bulletins devoted to the subject of pruning. RENEWING BY PRUNING. Peach orchards are often rejuvenated by pruning back when the trees begin to show signs of lack of vigor. The old limbs are severely pruned back, as the result of which many new branches push out and these are thinned out sufficiently to make a good top. The New Jersey stations” consider this method of removing the orchard entirely practicable as a means of prolonging the life of the orchard. If, however, the trees are dying because of the ravages of disease or a Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1904, p. 162. e Delaware Sta. Bul. 62. b Michigan Sta. Buls. 194, 205; Special Bul. 30. / Missouri Sta. Bul. 55. c Texas Sta. Bul. 58. g Tennessee Sta. Bul. Vol. 17, No. 3. @ California Sta. Rpt. 1898, p. 314. h New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1900, p. 255. 426 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. insects, or of proper fertilization and cultivation, it will not be prac- ticable. If there is a marked lack of vigor in the tree cutting off one or two of the main branches a year will be a safer method, thus reju- venating the tree gradually. At the New Mexico Station® three methods of cutting back old peach trees were tried. In the first place branches 5 or 6 years old were cut back to stubs 4 or 5 feet high, in the second only wood 3 to 4 years old was taken off, and in the third only 2-year old wood removed. A good growth was secured in all cases, but on the trees which were pruned back most severely the bearing wood was brought nearer to the ground, which, of course, was an advantage in harvest- ing. It is urged that this vigorous pruning be not put off until the tree is in a rapid decline. : HARVESTING AND SHIPPING PEACHES. RIPENING. The chemical changes which occur in the ripening of peaches were studied by W. D. Bigelow and H. C. Gore, of this Department.? The work of analysis began immediately after the June drop. The fruit was examined again when the stone began to ripen, when the fruit was market ripe, and when fully ripe. The data secured showed that the peach contained no starch at any stage of its growth. Between the time of the June drop and market ripeness the peach increased in size about eight times. The weight of the sugar in the pulp increased nearly eight times, and the sucrose and acids increased con- siderably more than this. The various forms of nitrogenous sub- stances all increased in weight from the beginning to the end of the . period of observation. Between market ripeness and full ripeness considerable growth took place, there being an increase in both water and solid content and in reducing sugars and sucrose. SHIPPING PEACHES. As a result of experiments in shipping fruits to Winnipeg, J. B. Reynolds states‘ that the best possible results were secured when the fruit for shipping had been left on the tree until it had attained its full size. It was picked while still firm, but before the yellow tints, sig- nificant of ripeness, began to appear. H. M. Stringfellow calls attention? to the specially good keeping quality of peaches grown in sod orchards. He sent peaches from Texas to Richmond, Va., Rochester, N. Y., and Harrisburg, Pa., a New Mexico Sta. Bul. 39. 6U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Bul. 97. ¢ Ontario Agr. Rev., 17 (1904), No. 3. @ Texas Farm and Ranch, 24 (1905), No. 38. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. 427 where they arrived in perfect condition, without refrigeration. One shipment to Rochester, N. Y., was returned to Texas without ice, reaching there in good condition. Powell and Fulton, of this Depart- ment, as a result of their investigations,? state that in shipping peaches picking must be done carefully to prevent all bruising. The fruit should be fully grown and well colored, but firm when picked. It should be transferred from the orchard to the cars or the storage room as soon as possible after removal from the trees. If picked in the morning it may be 20° F. cooler than if picked later in the day, and unless artificially cooled should be placed on the cars before losing this cool temperature. It was found that if peaches are cooled quickly to about 40° F. before being loaded into refrigerator cars they will carry to the most distant northern markets without loss, while if the peaches are picked and sent from the orchard to cars cooled in the ordinary way with ice, as much as 30 per cent of the layers in the upper part of the car may be spoiled. Much of the losses in transportation of peaches can be over- come if the temperature of the fruit is reduced quickly after picking. In shipping peaches to Paris, Mr. Wright, of Delaware,’ was most successful when the peaches were picked green, then wrapped in tissue, then cotton, and finally in blotting paper, and shipped in 6-basket carriers. Peaches shipped by West Virginia growers* to England gave much larger net returns than when shipped to New York. COLD STORAGE OF PEACHES. The freezing of the juices of different varieties of peaches was found by the Ontario Agricultural College ¢ to vary between 29.3° and 30° F., from which it is calculated that the freezing point of the fruits them- selves would be if anything lower than this. - Peaches are not usually stored for any length of time. Storing may be of use as a.temporary measure to prevent or avoid a glut in the market, or to fill in the gaps between the crops of different regions. The investigations of Powell and Fulton¢ show clearly that it is not profitable to put peaches into cold storage for any length of time under any circumstances, unless the condition of the fruit and the storage conditions are most favorable. ‘‘In normal ripening the peach passes from maturity to decay in a few hours in hot, humid weather. The aroma and flavor are most delicate in character and are easily injured or lost.” aU.8. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 40. b Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 12 (1904), No. 1. ¢ West Virginia Sta. Bul. 82. ¢d Ontario Agr. College and Experimental Farm Rpt. 1903, p. 13. €U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 40. 498 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In storage experiments fruit that was highly colored and firm when picked and placed in the storage house kept in prime commercial condition from two to three weeks at a temperature of 32° F. For this length of time the quality of the fruit was retained, and it stood up well for two or three days after removal from storage, depending upon weather conditions. After three weeks in storage, however, the quality of the fruit deteriorated, though the peaches in appearance were firm and bright. When the fruit was mellow when placed in storage it deteriorated more quickly both during storage and after withdrawal. If unripe, it shriveled considerably. Much less favor- able results were secured in storing at a temperature of 36° and 40°, respectively. The best packages for long storage periods seemed to be 20-pound boxes in which the circulation of air was restricted. Wrapping the fruit proved a great protection against bruising in transit. Bigelow and Gore made a special study of the effect of storage on the composition of market ripe peaches.“ One lot was kept in ordi- nary room temperature (77° to 86°), another in a temperature of 32°F ., and a third lot in a common refrigerator (54° to 59° F.). By storing at ordinary room temperature marked changes occurred within two or three days. Those stored at 32° F. changed much more slowly. At the end of three or four weeks, however, the flesh began to discolor and lose flavor. The changes in the composition of the peaches stored in the common refrigerator were intermediate between those stored at summer temperature and those in cold storage. In other experiments the rate of ripening of green peaches was not markedly more rapid than that of more matured fruit. From experiments reported by A. H. Benson,? he concluded that only solid flesh clingstones can be kept in a salable condition for more than a month. French experiments also indicate that from thirty- five to forty days represents the life of the peach in cold storage.* COMPOSITION OF PEACHES. The composition of the twigs, buds, and blossoms of peaches and of the entire green fruit at two different stages of growth and at maturity was determined by the Delaware Station.? At the time of taking the first sample of green fruits, 100 fruits on the average weighed 2.2 pounds. At the next sampling 6 pounds and at maturity 28.6 pounds., The following table shows the sugar, starch, and fertilizing constituents of the different parts on the different dates of examination: a@U.S8. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Bul. 97. b Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 4 (1893), No. 11. ¢ De la conservation des fruits par les procédés basés sur l'emploi du froid. Paris: Librairie et Imprimerie Horticoles, 1903. ¢ Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 87. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. 429 Analyses of twigs, buds, blossoms, and fruit of peaches. Natural state. Part and date of cutting, 1902. | Phos- ey hie Moisture.| Potash. | phoric |Nitrogen. Sugar. Starch. acid. : Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. Per cent.| Per cent. Twirs: ‘Maren 2522522 20. 3b sees eee 52. 87 0.29 | 0.11 0.50 | 2. 88 16. 55 Buds March 2652. as ee ere = 55. 61 .74 | . 38 | 123 | - 93 5.10 Blossoms; April! 24-255. 0-2 ee eee 81. 41 oT | 16 - 69 | 2. 86 | 2. 06 Entire peach; June 65-2225 enes eee 87. 97 ~29 | - 02 - 16 | 2. 95 | 2.31 Entire peach, Junie 28s. 7 a ee ae ee 82.76 nary || 05 .18 | 1. 98 | 3. 64 Entire peach) Augusta ses eee eee | ~ 83.24. . 29 | -03 . 10 7. 42 1.98 Unlike the results reported by Bigelow and Gore, starch was found at all stages of growth not only in the green but also in the ripe fruit. The composition of the flesh, pits, and kernels of mature peaches in the absolute dry state was also determined by the station and is shown in the following table: Analyses of different parts of the peach. Absolutely dry state. Part. | Phos- Potash. | phoric Nitrogen. Sugar. Starch. acid. Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent. Mléshot peach, AveHstcp ae ees ee eee ae 2.32 0. 24 0.63 | 61. 94 7.31 Shells‘of pits; Aptis) 20a ae ene ae ne 33 -08 | alls) 3. 21 | 25. 10 Kermelsiot pits, Awoust, 25man= o> sear eee 1.02 64 | 4°08 #22 = 2222 2e- aeceeeee | | | At the Connecticut Station“ green peaches removed at the time of thinning were found to contain the following amounts of different elements in a ton of peaches: Potash 7.3 pounds, sodium 0.16 pound, lime 0.56 pound, magnesia 0.59 pound, oxid of iron and alumina 0.16 pound, phosphoric acid 1.8 pounds, sulphuric acid 0.38 pound, chlorid 0.5 pound, sand and silicate 0.47 pound, and nitrogen 6.4 pounds. “It appears that a ton of this fruit contained about as much nitrogen and potash as 200 pounds of nitrogenous superphosphate of average quality but much less phosphoric acid.”’ The California Station? reports physical analyses of the: varieties Orange Cling and Lemon Cling. The flesh constituted a little more than 93 per cent of each of these varieties and the pits a little more than 6 per cent. Orange Cling contained 78.5 per cent water, 20.88 per cent of organic matter, and 0.62 per cent of ash, while Lemon Cling contained 86.5 per cent water, 13.06 per cent organic matter, and 0.44 per cent ash. On the average the whole ripe fruit contained 12.5 per cent of sugar, flesh 13.4 per cent, juice 17 per cent, and 0.24 per cent of acid. « Connecticut Sta. Rpt. 1893, p. 60. 6 California Sta. Bul. 97. 430 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. _ According to investigations of the Montana Station® salicylic acid is normally present in fresh peaches as well as in many other fruits in very small quantities. The exact amount in the case of peaches was not determined. JUDGING PEACHES. The following scale of points for judging peaches is suggested by F. A. Waugh:° Form 15, size 10, color 20, uniformity 20, quality 15, freedom from blemishes 20. Total 100. CANNING. Some data have been accumulated at the stations on the canning of peaches. At the southern California Culture Substation © a test was made of canning peaches. Six boxes of Yellow Tuscany Cling, Cali- fornia Cling, McDevitt Cling, Runyon Orange Cling, Sellers Cling, and Nichol Orange Cling were assorted and sent to a cannery and put through the process with the regular pack of other fruits supplied by local growers. At the end of the season the cans were opened and the fruit examined with reference to the appearance of the fruit as to color, absence of red at the pit, firmness of flesh, and clearness of juice. The results, as determined by the best local experts, were as follows: Sellers Cling and Yellow Tuscany stood first in firmness, absence of red at the pit, and color. Yellow Tuscany stood first in clearness of juice; McDevitt Cling stood second in this respect, and the other clings were considered decidedly inferior to the above as canning peaches, not only in quality, but in firmness and appearance. California Cling had the greatest number of split pits; Nichol Cling and McDevett came next in this regard. Sellers Cling was entirely, and Yellow Tuscany was, practically, free from split pits. Yellow Tuscany is considered a very productive variety. Lovell is regarded as the most promising of the yellow freestones for canning or drying. At the Canada Experimental Farms‘ the varieties of peaches in order of preference for canning purposes were, late Crawford, followed by Smock, Longherst, Wager, and Early Crawford. At the Louisiana stations * when high-grade peaches or pears were put in 3-pound cans and about 14 pounds of sugar used for the sirup in each dozen cans the cost of labor and material with a cheap can- ning outfit for a day’s labor was as follows: Labor $5.40, 400 3-pound cans at 3 cents each $12, 50 pounds sugar $3, total, $20.40. The output was 400 3-pound cans. This grade of goods sold for $1.75 per dozen cans. When peaches were put up without sugar, using simply 4 Montana Sta. Bul. 38. b Western Fruit Grower, 14 (1903), No. 5, p. 1. ¢ California Sta. Rpt. 1898. @ Canada Experimental Farms Rpt. 1896, p. 164. e Louisiana Stas. Bul. 81. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. 431 clear water, the same grade sold as pie peaches and brought $1 per dozen cans. One bushel of peaches on the average filled only 16 3-pound cans, while a bushel of pears filled on the average 24 3-pound cans. It cost as much to put up one as the other and they sold at about the same price, grade for grade. PROFITS. The costs and profits from each culture were studied at the Missis- sippi Station “ in a 6-acre orchard made up of 94 per cent of Elbertas. The cost of the trees and the expense of preparing the land and plant- ing was $66.75, and the care of the orchard up to the time the trees came in bearing $270, making a total expense of $336.75, up to the bearing period. The culture of sweet potatoes and peas between the rows during this period brought in a total of $390, thus paying the entire cost of the orchard and leaving a profit of $53.25, which may be regarded as good rental value of the land for three years, at the end of which time the orchard was ready for fruit bearing. For the next rour years the average returns from the orchard were $104.16 per acre and the annual expense of caring for the orchard $30 per acre, leaving a clear gain of $74.16 for each acre during four years. A New Jersey peach g crower, 5S. B. Voorhees, states,’ as a result of fifteen years’ experience, that in an orchard of 2 25 acres containing 3,000 bearing trees the number of baskets marketed has averaged 5,160 eoiene) > the gross receipts for the same $2,800, the average cost oF baskets, picking, carting, and marketing 25 cents, and the average net receipts 294 cents per esha LITERATURE. A large number of the experiment stations have published practical treatises on peach culture with reference to local conditions. These treat as a general thing very fully of the details of peach culture, including control of insect and fungus diseases and descriptions of the varieties best suited for different purposes. Among the more impor- tant of these are: Canada Central Experimental Farm, Bulletin 1, new series; Georgia Station Bulletin 42; Maryland Station Bulletin 72; Michigan Station Bulletin 103; Missouri Station Bulletin 38; Missouri State Fruit Station Bulletin 12; New Jersey Stations Bulle- tins 133 and 197; New Mexico Station Bulletin 30; New York Cor- nell Station Bulletin 74; North Carolina Station Bulletin 120; Ohio Station Bulletin 170; Pennsylvania Station Bulletin 37; Texas Station Bulletins 39 and 80; West Virginia Station Bulletin 82; U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 33; separate from the Yearbook for 1902, entitled Cultivation and Fertilization of Peach @ Mississippi Sta. Bul. 93. 6 Proc. New Jersey Hort. Soc. 25, 1900. 432 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Trees; Division of Pomology Circular 3, entitled Notes on Fruit Culture. A practical handbook on the cultivation in Great Britain of peaches under glass and out of doors against walls has also recently appeared. The work is entitled ‘*The Book of the Peach,’ by H. W. Ward, London; Walter Scott Pub. Co., Ltd., 1903, pp. 113, pls. 1, figs. 28. CONCLUSIONS. Among the more important facts which seem to have been brought out in the experiments herein reported may be mentioned the following: The peach normally makes about four-fifths of its wood growth by midsummer. Cultivation for the sake of the tree should, there- fore, be done early in the season. By the end of July the flower buds begin to form in the South, and in the North by September. Dormant, well-ripened flower buds will stand a temperature many degrees below zero, when less mature buds may be killed by even zero weather. There is a marked difference in the hardiness of dif- ferent varieties, those of the Peen-to race being the tenderest and those of the Persian race the hardiest. The pistil of a flower bud is the first to show injury from freezing, taking on a brownish or blackened appearance. The buds swell and blossom when conditions above the ground are favorable. Bloom- ing is in a large measure independent of root action. Early varieties generally bloom later than late varieties. Peaches appear to be quite generally self-fertile. In localities where flower buds are normally killed by cold a crop can generally be secured by laying down the trees on the approach of winter and protecting with a light covering until danger from frost is past in spring. Whitewashing is a cheap method of retarding the swelling of fruit buds in the winter and delaying blooming in the spring. Winter injury is most severe in orchards or individual trees of low vitality induced either by lack of cultivation or fertilizers, the attacks of insects or diseases, overbearing, poor physical condition of the soil, drought, excessive moisture, ete. A mulch of weeds, grass, cover crops, manure, etc., greatly lessens the winter injury over that in orchards on bare ground. To avoid winter injury to the greatest extent such thorough cultural practices must be maintained as will keep the trees in a vigorous, thrifty con- dition all the time. The fertility and vegetable matter of the soil must be maintained by the addition of manure or the growing of cover crops, and spraying to control insect pests and fungus dishages must be thorough and unremittent. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH PEACHES. 433 It is difficult to tell by the examination of fruit trees the extent of any winter injury. Trees which, examined in the winter, seem to be dead beyond doubt frequently recover. The best treatment for old trees appears to be medium pruning—cutting back the limbs into 2 or 3 year-old wood. Much more severe pruning may be practiced with young trees than with old ones. Good cultivation and light fertilizing ‘should follow to help the trees overcome the injury. The peach normally should be pruned back each spring from one- half to two-thirds of the previous season’s growth, otherwise trees with bearing wood far out on the ends of the branches and naked trunks below will be produced. When the fruit buds are winter- killed, advantage should be taken to prune more severely in order to keep the tree in a compact form, with the fruiting wood near the ground. Old trees may be rejuvenated by severely pruning back part of the limbs each year. Seedling peach trees are best for nursery stock. Sand cherry (Prunus besseyi) is a good dwarfing stock. On alkali soils plum stocks appear to give better results than peach stock. In transplanting nursery stock to the orchard the roots may be profitably pruned back from 5 to 8 inches in length and the trunks left from 16 to 24 inches long. The peach orchard should be so treated that the wood and buds will be thoroughly dormant when winter sets in. Cover crops other than the legumes planted in midsummer seemed to favor early ripen- ing of the wood. In dry regions the cover crop should be one that will stand up during the winter, catch and hold the snow, and also be killed by the first fall frosts so that all the moisture of the soil may be left for the use of the tree during the winter. Trees on high land appear to ripen up earlier than those on low ground. Winter irrigation seems to be a desirable practice in some of the more arid Western States. Peaches require as heavy fertilizing as wheat. They may be prof- itably fertilized when planted on land that would normally yield 40 bushels of corn per acre. The profitable bearing age of the orchard may be prolonged several years by the use of fertilizers. Peaches draw specially heavy on the nitrogen and potash of the soil. Thinning peaches is a desirable commercial practice in seasons of great abundance. It should follow thorough cultivation, manur- ing, and spraying. The benefits arise primarily from the larger amount of fancy and first-class fruit. Thinned trees appear also to develop more fruit buds than unthinned. Much of the thinning can be done by spring pruning, either before or after the fruit is set. 294B—07 28 434 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Six to 10 inches apart is close enough for the fruits to remain on the branches. Peaches for market should be left on the tree until they have attained full size and are well colored but still firm. They ship best if cooled before putting on the cars. Thus harvested, carefully handled, and placed in cold storage at 32° F. in small packages they may be safely kept for three weeks, after which the quality rapidly deteriorates. A bushel of peaches will fill on the average 16 3-pound cans. 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