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1281 Issued October 10, 1910.

U.S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ANNUAL REPORT sew ves
Be rae@ab

GARDEM
OF THE

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,

1909.

'
<Ssss>

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1910.

JOINT RESOLUTION Providing for printing annually the Report of the Director of the
Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agriculture.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representative of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That there be printed eight thousand copies of
the Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, prepared under
the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, on the work and expenditures
of that Office and of the agricultural experiment stations established in the
several States and Territories under the act of Congress of March second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, for nineteen hundred and three, of which
one thousand copies shall be for the use of the Senate, two thousand copies for
the use of the House of Representatives, and five thousand copies for the use of
the Department of Agriculture; and that annually hereafter a similar report
shall be prepared and printed, the edition to be the same as for the report
herein provided.

Approved, April 27, 1904.

2

THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A. C. TruE, Ph. D., Se. D., Director.

E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record.
W. H. BreAL, A. B., M. E., Chief of Editorial Division.

Mrs. C. E. JOHNSTON, Chief Clerk.

SaraH L. SOMMERS, Record Clerk.

E. Lucy OGDEN, Librarian.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., Agricultural chemistry and agrotechny.

W. H. BEAL, Meteorology, soils, and fertilizers.

W. H. Evans, Ph. D., and W. H. Lone, A. M., Agricultural botany and vegetable
pathology.

J. I. SCHULTE, B. S., and J. O. RANKIN, A. B., B. S. A., Field crops.

E. J. Guasson, B. S. A., Horticulture and forestry.

W. A. Hooker, B. S., Economic zoology, entomology, and veterinary medicine.

Cc. F. LANGwortry, Ph. D., Foods and human nutrition.

E. W. Morse, B. 8. A., Zootechny, dairying, and dairy farming.

D. J. Crossy, M. S., Agricultural education.

J. B. Morman, A. M., Rural economics.

H. L. Knicut, B. §S., Editorial assistant.

T. K. Burrows, B. A., Editorial assistant.

WILLIAM Henry, Indexing and proof reading.

INSULAR STATIONS.
W. H. Evans, Ph. D., Chief.

ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

C. C. Grorceson, M. S., Special agent in charge, Sitka.
A. J. Wivtxkus, Assistant at Sitka.

G. W. Gasser, B. S8S., Assistant at Rampart.

M. D. Snoperass, B. S., Assistant at Kodiak.
LAURENCE KewLty, Assistant dairyman at Kodiak.

J. W. Neat, Assistant at Fairbanks.

GUAM EXPERIMENT STATION,

J. B. THompson, B. S., Special agent in charge, Island of Guam.
H. L. V. CosSTENOBLE, Assistant.

HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION,

E. V. Witcox, Ph. D., Special agent in charge, Honolulu.
J. E. Hiaerns, B. A., M. S. A., Horticulturist.

F. G. Krauss, Agronomist.

W. P. Kewttey, M. S., Chemist.

D. T. Futvaway, A. B., Entomologist.

ALICE R. THOMPSON, B. S., Assistant chemist.

Cc. J. Hunn, B. S. A., Assistant horticulturist.

Q. Q. Braprorp, Assistant in rubber investigations.
VALENTINE HO t, Assistant agronomist.

4 THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION,

D. W. May, M. Agr., Special agent in charge, Mayaguez.
J. W. VAN LEENHOFF, Coffee expert.

Ww. V. Tower, B. S8., Entomologist.

P. L. Giun, A. B., Chemist.

Cc. F. KinMan, B. 8., Horticulturist.

BE. G. RirzMAN, Assistant animal husbandman.

G. L. Fawcerr, Assistant plant pathologist.

W. Cc. Taywor, B. S., Assistant chemist.

T. B. MCCLELLAND, Assistant horticulturist.

W. E. Huss, Expert gardener.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

D. J. Crossy, M. S., Specialist in agricultural education.

F. W. Howse, A. B. M. S., Assistant in agricultural education.
JOHN HAMILTON, B. S., M. S. A., Farmers’ institute specialist.
J. M. SrepMAN, B. S., Assistant farmers’ institute specialist.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

Cc. F. LANGwortTHY, Ph. D., Expert in nutrition investigations.
R. D. MILNER, Ph. B., Assistant in nutrition investigations.
W. P. Garrety, B. S., M. A., Laboratory assistant.

S. C. CLarK, B. S., M. A., Laboratory assistant.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS.

SAMUEL Fortier, D. Sce., Chief of irrigation investigations.
R. P. TEELH, M. A., Assistant chief.

Irrigation engineers and irrigation managers.—A. P. STovER, in charge of work in
Oregon; C. E. Tart, in charge of work in Imperial Valley and Arizona; 8. O. JAYN®, in
charge of work in Washington; W. W. MCLAUGHLIN, in charge of work in Utah; P. E.
FULLmr, in charge of power investigations ; W. L. RocCKWELL, in charge of work in Texas;
M. B. WILLIAMS, in charge of work in humid sections; D. H. Barx, in charge of work in
Idaho; J. W. LONGSTRETH, in charge of work in Kansas; V. M. Cone and C. G. HASKELL,
engineers; F. G. HARDEN and R. D. ROBERTSON, scientific assistants.

Expert mechanician.—k. J. HOFF.

Irrigation farmers.—J. H. Gorpon, R. G. HeMpPHILL, W. H. Laucx, R. E. MAHONDY,
JOHN KRALL, Jr.

COLLABORATORS.

O. V. P. Strout, in charge of work in Nebraska, University of Nebraska.
G. H. Trug, in charge of work in Nevada, University of Nevada.
F. L. Brxpy, in charge of work in New Mexico, New Mexico College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts.
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

Cc. G. Evuiott, C. E., Chief drainage engineer and chief of drainage investigations.

Supervising drainage engineers.—W. J. McHATHRON, S. M. WooDWwArD (special work),
A. E. MorGan (special work).

Drainage engineers —C. F. Brown, L. L. Hipincer, 8S. H. McCrory, H. A. Kipp,
D. G. MILuerrR, F. F. SHAFER, J. T. STEWART (special work).

Assistant drainage engineers.—W. W. Wore, O. G. BAXTER, H. R. ELLioTT, G. R. Boyp,
R. A. Hart, G. M. WaRREN, D. L. YARNBLL, J. V. PHILLIPS, L, A. JONES, F. G. EASON,
A. M. SHAW, C. W. OKEY.

Office engineer.—A. D. MOREHOUSE.

Assistant office engineers.—R. D. MARSDEN, N. B. WADE.

Draftsman.—G. F. POHLERS,

COLLABORATOR,

W. B. Grecory, Tulane University of Louisiana.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Orrice or ExPpERIMENT STATIONS,
Washington, D. C., April 30, 1910.

Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of
the Office of Experiment Stations, the publication of which is au-
thorized by joint resolution of the Fifty-eighth Congress, second
session. This includes a report on the work and expenditures of the
agricultural experiment stations established under the act of Con-
gress of March 2, 1887, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, in
compliance with the following provision of the act making appro-
priations for this Department for the said fiscal year:

The Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial
statement required by section three of the said act of March second, eighteen
hundred and eighty-seven, shall ascertain whether the expenditures under the
appropriation hereby made are in accordance with the provisions of said act,
and shall make report thereon to Congress.

There is also a report for the same year on the receipts and expendi-
tures and work of the stations under the act of Congress of March 16,
1906, in accordance with section 5 of that act.

Very respectfully,
A. C. True,
Director.
Hon. James Witson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

i

7 —
gia hi

CONTENTS.

Work of the Office of Experiment Stations: :..-.... 20202 2c oe eee penne
Relations with the agricultural experiment stations..................-----
Insular experiment stations.......... SCR IGS SE oe etre emt

PRN MaL Hentletner ne te 82 2:Gi ot SECS eI SS, Se eS rr eer er a
Een tctiagate co Se 4 Chae OS ct Bee Ee eae cee as aoe
Peeeieg Simtion 252 2252s 0552 5 22545092" Se ee ee
PERE PORNO aes Secu cae Be ee ee ERre eines 2g maeh, lanterns &
GE ann ventions: = 28/50 2 2S Psa h es Sree ee a. oe sees aetna eee
ETE NCE PEON "S29 op mh he Seyret eee a woe er Sateen
SREMNERMe TITY URINE AUIONE «2 £22 22S ore Sl eae teats aa a neater ate eere
Prproyventort or tarnt lands.2227227..222022 2 ot eee oe ore a ae
Drainage of swamp lands................ Set AT eae os Sea
Moclaniacor of evertiowed landsrss2--4 2c s2ett a Soe ee
Drainage or wripated tandee 22 ssn o2t on re pee ee ae rcie te e
Collortiba of-data-on- drainage... << os os... os PII Ces.
Dissemnbtion of miormation:: . oo. .220 5565.2 SS ee
Promotion of apricultural-education:...<2220.22220 0) 2S A
Farmers’ institutes and extension work. ...............-.--202 2002-20 ees
PubHeations-.: ...... 2... Seer yee et UMS OR ioe Sete ees tae

Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations................
SRUNCIGE ONO SCARS, - oe 2 Sori. sits Cor att oe ESSER eee eee ee ae
Substations and local test farms: =>! 2...er22 2s PS A AY.
‘Phe special field of station work. ids: 2.2.4.4 227s Are.
Inierease in funds and equipment. +../::2200.02c 03 AGIA s..
Investigations under the Adams Act.2i.05: 22.02.2255 2292.27 AL is. -
Statistics-of the-stations: --.....~..-. 222.222 ewes Uo
Progress in foreign countries: (=... 06. 2d essen DOSE RA.
Two notable agricultural investigators...................0.0 2c eee eee eee
Tospection ‘of the stations... ..222.00 .es eee AL.
Aigbamia College Station. «6 ..sv ewe wwe rorse ed VIS RURAL.
Alabama Canobrake Stations si... 00sccciwewreta swear dt eile.
Alabartie) Tuskeroo Stations .6iass .:cecssis wwe sdewe ore Uieee JURA o-
PRR A RORGIOIES 5 atm tics ees wow ens OIE SRO GTER 6.5
PEON OL, 6 avin io nig eee Sere ron ee es SL en

RS ARROE BUGIOR a's 6 oi cioererrtre cere OCU AEA AOI
California Station. «0250... s.ws ow ona renin oneal: SSR OS Fh x
COLOR CORHRIOIS oo tive ae ciieniwiroriwre wom wrtere oo MORLENS SS IMU JOO FL.
Connecticut State Station...< 2.0.0. ..-n6so~ enc wae di Ole Aue Tl.
Consiecticut Storrs Station... ~~... vow ennnwew nn CUR Bin Jk.
Deliwhkte Pintiontjzic.iean Jeowlaotey. iva sensitive dcetadiaal Jeu
IGTIGR ORs wine entone ys Das DS Sa ei tee Yaesu
Cleere GRR as 6 isos cin erin on MIS Oa! wabeb bite weet
Guam Giation.. ces wetinesdsut hac tooonbxs dora boas sulk su ood saise

8 CONTENTS.

Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Continued.

Inspection of the stations—Continued.,

Riawaeil Station. ....-.....asnseeneeee pee
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Station...........
Iidaho'Statlon. i... .c<-2nke te ee ee eee

Kentucky Statton.....-. ..30-5. 2. ebay aes
LOQUISIANS BIRTONS. 2ec cic aoa areata es

ee a ay

Maine Station. <.c ccc cnedicee «ce niene. «Se 0ie)* oy ee ee
Maryland Station... 02 n'c00senennic= oat cba en <n epee
Massachusetts Station: 256.222 Stnc=\2 sai = seine bro ee
Michigan Station.......-<->.- welt sg 4 sen bea sine 5 Seite en
Minnesota Station... 22.4 ss S52 ice HS oe hoes beeen eee
Mississippi Station. n.0-- .- = -.2eccs a 25 5c~ es 3 2 geen ae

Missoun College Stations. -3--0.22025—. 5 ee
Missouri State Fruit Station................-

Nevada Station... 00 =. <.- 22.2. atom = <= 8 paid hoteles teehee
New Hampshire Station: -.....::.-...-- Steet fey eee
New Jersey stations................-.<seemiew i, dee 5 ie ae re
New Mexico Station....:....2....-.+- stgdeuvenssae aaah eee

North Carolina College Station.............
North Carolina State Station.........5.....-

North Dakota Station. 12.22.2354... Seas aaoten ote eee

Oregon Station..... 02... 22... 2... - eee-pablessde- Bie eee
Pennsylvania Station... ..- .- .-./4ea764iyaer Hace berg oe
Pennsylvania State College Institute of Animal Nutrition............
Porto Rico Station......-......25:.---g-s-+--.--2ee Bee eee

Tennessee Station... -....--------+.+2- 2.56 8sasehs Sele ant ee
Texas Station. «.. . .saececnc - ans aican ee ee
Utah; Station...) -- ss dais cee ¢ Bee w'ni2 » openly apie
Vermont Station... --2--25--4-0-- 26sec dan - once ee
Virginia Station..-.- - 02-2 sien onan Fe oe ae 2
Virginia, Truck Station. =......-22..22---2h-o- =. ae eee
Washington Station... ..2.../...----+--s:e-0-- > SSR: See
West, Virginia Station... - 2.56 s-2ece = - Sec oe eee eee
Wisconsin Station: .... 222... sn.26~ c2=5 2S ee oe ee ee
Wyoming Station... ........ 0232 Senaos2 25 ee ie eR Oae. tee ee
Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1909... -

Summary of statistics of land-grant colleges.....

Summary of statistica of the stations..........2.-...-.. oe sip
Statistics of the land-grant colleges and universities..........-...--.-.----

Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations

Page.

CONTENTS. g

Page

Progress in agricultural education, 1909.............-.-----+-+-+--+-+--++--+--- 251

Summary for the year... ......-----2-04 edge netic sheee orients dete ce eeee- 251

Educational work of the Department of Agriculture...........----. si gtt 252

Educational work of the Office of Experiment Stations...-.............-. 256

Relation. to American: institiiOmBs« -- -- = oan wane on ae eed Steep 256

eeomte coreion Inntituhions=. o- o fs 5 ea oan ee ones = RAR 258

Mewttans Tela: 2s. Soe ott aa Me bee pee ee Ss nan ae 258

CPR AG an 5 iis wna ses ln es ee ee 2 pA See Se RIE 263

a ee eee SPREE remem rr ye 265

Other European counsyiety.ss40-so04sieaasc- ink auethre iesgahsee 266

OS Sis et ot oe re aS Sim’ oth, i in Se a eee 267

I art MORIA ie cies poe sn oo oes 2 SS Ieee 267

South Ammouens 29.6 .- 2.2 4-0 BW. sae esa trent 267
Educational work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and

Perpernunent, Stations 30555-5555 erd- tree dhe nae: TESA 268

Work of the National Education Association..............--.-.--.-+------- 272

Agricultural education at the Second National Corn Exposition. ........- 277

Sie aterliato. Schuel of Apriculture:.. . 0.52.2 255253-- 5) ae an op tet 280

me aememiiural eollegen. 2... ae lan cs a aig hae ce an Dane eS oph® teats 287

a ONG 8. eo oS ne esis me he ae et oe ao 288

Bupropriawons. .-.2' 5.65262... 22h eet eee sens ~“ere pores py webs’ 292

Buildings....... ab antk 24 -sarrte ag bats A-E Ree ae aod caer USES 293

ROUEN esses cna ahs on clen 3 bam ee ee rea ae toe ee ite eae 293

WR Pre ect ais Se Ree a SS te setae wis oes Cen oe roe 294

Go So or See a a ES oe ee eee ie ee ee 295

MEMOIR 5 ot oO lass ae Se OE ai cee ae ee See ee See a, 296

IMGWBAN AS cae Oe et ae Se ee eS eee eh 296

RURGGC AIA 2 5 8 eke pe 2 ee ne ee ora oe eee Ble 297

| ea eRe Rai: BSE ee Mee. CME Perea 297

TY OI OF ED CON i nt niet nk AE bial: Su is peer 298

Qourdes for teachers son oe Bae ee tae a 300

College extension and short courses.............-----------+------ 302

The colleges at the International Live Stock Exposition. ........ 304

National Association of State Universities...........-..-.----.... 307

Morkenulture.at Sauth Collere:: . 222.25 .chs -. 2h es. atte iee a 308

BURR CCP SUNRURCAT ST CERO oO Sk es ee eg 309

Recent mrovtess DY DStalen os jaca. dances ta nehis- bane beebaeie —eee 310

fe Se a ene ee Teenie Wie hy ee re eee 310

SE ES a a SO Seek een Te SR Pe eA nets Peet 310

Lo OES 2 ae eee eile aie SENET en 2 eg. Oe FO 312

eS are ee ey eae eae ae eee rR wey kG oe oe ae 312

Ue DE ee ae EN. te eee ee eee ae me, emer ae ee 313

RMI as Sade Bie Oe i echt ie ots ae 5d DO Ra ee 313

TORRE os Sho phe al Gin Sash rei oe Belek aa ea aa 313

AORN a ity aries wet orsa RR A ik oH mie aioe eid Od = math aera 313

MONI SCS a eel bs ats bee na eho ns oe oon eh as ie eee 314

RR OE ER Es Spee he ee Pere eee ee ee ey Pe 315

be 7 a eee SRN hee mr Cell PRON PNA Rs Pe Sen Pew 315

IRM slp tg St tia Prinses tilda Wain HOMEY SS ale ner ne os ean ard 316

BRUNO Shs cha Sivittas 2iin pial & SE Ula oo tabi dint Sed adra tinier’ 317

TU oot a ai einem tenes tak wthcas bs tue btaaiiee tite baths 317

gE a SE ee eae a a See ace ay er: Ye my eRe 318

Le EE pee SE Ra eines er eee 318

10 CONTENTS.

Progress in agricultural education, 1909—Continued.
The elementary schools....::..iccosicnsanstseJeescceces cadet ses enna
Boye’ and girls’ agricultural clubs................cccceescecscees
Nature study course. 3.020. ais eek tee ce ssn. os 700
Farmers’ Institutes in the United States, 1909..................-..--ceceecee
Institutes held . «.2<. 20225 22 c355 25s SSS oe ep een ee ee a ae ee
Sessi0ns: <. ssccsc. s3 us ei es FesSs as Ss teen ee ne ae eee
Attendance. «2 2 s.c.25% croeeetoe: 2225252 Se ce eens nee ee eer
Appropriations for institutes.s......252.2525552 52222 ieebseee ees eee
Cost-of Institutes: (25-020 2655082 sods eae er eee eee
Agricultural college and experiment station aid............--..-----+-+-+++
Special institutes....: 65202560 dots s Pe ee Ss Sa Se oe ee
Evidences of progress... ....502...05i02 22602 soe. Sea eee
Improved ‘methods... 2/2022 e222 ise 222 eee oe ae a
Agricultural college extension work: 2+). a cee eee eee
The American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers.........-.-.-.--
Instifrtes for womlen. : 22122224. 0S eee ne = peo ee ee
The annual report of the state directors... 2.027... Son oe noe see eee
Monthly meetings: . 2.26.2. 222.2 5 tae oi ae eee octew en <a
Work ‘of the- Office: «521 5.0.02 22 225 222) Laas SSS eee oe
State reports. . 2565/2022 b Shs sch Seth cee ees Sete. < oe
Statistics of farmers’ institutes, 1909: 2: 22-..0 5228 ss ee eee
Progress report of investigations in human nutrition in the United States, 1905-

Introductton=--<5 25) 2 22262 2295s 2s eee oe oe
Contributors to the subject of nutrition. (2.222222 32 2 5é22 2 tee eee eee
Studies of foods’and food products. 2-22: : 0. 2.5230 5c 22s 2 ee
Cooking and its relation to nutritive value: 22-2... 222... a eee ee
Cannin> anid ‘preserving. 22.02 [2252.22 Stel eeh oes a ee eee
Labor-saving devices and home conveniences. ..-......-.----------------
The storage of food and its relation to quality and nutritive value..........
Foods and their relation to problems of hygiene..........-.--------------
Dietary studies! 2 ~ <2 5c0 2202 as aoe cee oa een ===
The diet of children and'school Tunches---- 2.2.2. oe ae one eee
Cost: of living and other sociological’data.-.-.-.-.-- 2... 220-4. eee
Digestibility of food. 0. tee ee in = ee eo oh oe a
Special studies of protein and other food constituents...............--.-- Zs
Dietary standards and physiological requirements..............----------
Studies of the pirysiology of growth..--:: 2202252272... 225... =.
Experiments with the respiration calorimeter and other technical studies. .
Text-books and handbooks on nutrition... 22.2. --. ©. -.--- 2222-2 eee
Recent irrigation legislation 222-2 222-225 222 522222 252 222 oe
Administrative Taw 2.02. 2212-20 229 Se a eee
Acquitement of rights: 22222220523 Tati st Soo eee eee
Distribution of water: 2: S2sc2vsio2 See Se eae
Transters® 222 SUS ee Cures Sete eke ioe oe ee ee ee
Irrigation: dintricts 22. 22-252 25 sess penne 2 hee
General tesislation {222.22 22 82222 ose eee eee ee
Reclamation of the southern Louisiana wet prairie lands............-.....----
Introduchtone: <2 2222 etch 2 sarees toe ee ee eee ee
Formation of the lands! 3! 7+ 2isoic ieee coe acme ee a2 ee oe eee
Natural‘levees:-* <>: does ses ee a et eee boca. . se ee

Purpose‘ of investipations. 222-2222 Stasc.2else eae eee nae ee

CONTENTS. 1S |

Reclamation of the southern Louisiana wet prairie lands—Continued. Page.
Peeeeupton of experimontal tacts: >.1- 2 = 2.22 2.5 lice we lle do aeae eevee 420
ERD ESLER.) Sk eee ee ek od keke bce ten 420
Susthport Pisniine Company Tract... 5... 22s. s ens eck ove Sat, 421
PNR RS econ ann hoe Ss ES ORAS en A peas ae ue ede ulate 422
maw Oricans mand Company Tract... so. eccdewnw eos wes Seen ce tene 422
(TE ae 2 ae liable lanes ages Re. one, Sag Tos, J Det IR ae St RED 422
Pncrncnin or rminiall @nd TUN-Of....-..-.--0+—4- -on---.-08.<-cann= «se 426
MH Sie MERSEINAOE PS oo os ne ae tates Ue ee ol eae eae 431
EE Ce ie tae Ringe lest: gt bain Sb bares ol ate l RAR = PE , egee 431
PP ATHOCUORH: 2 own ton eee ws Serb cl hee Saha wee nee eet oe 432
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ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

SE ecmemmar, William JONUSON:.~ oat ae 2 eee ees oa os ocean oo 28
. Fig. 1.—Irrigation engineering building, Colorado College and Sta-

tion. Fig. 2.—Highmoor Farm buildings at Monmouth, Me.... ..
Fig. 1—Spraying a white-fly infested orange grove with spores of a
fungus injurious to the fly, Florida Station. Fig. 2.—Japanese
sugarcane at the Florida Station :. 2... 22... 10226 -<2.- dake aan

. Fig. 1.—New administration and laboratory building at the Indiana

Station. Fig. 2.—New administration and laboratory building at
PG ROR IGN o's as ees Wa eS Swi eae ene oh ioe eG

. Fig. 1.—Dairy barn of the Iowa Station. Fig. 2.—New greenhouse

at the Louisiana University and Station................-.--.....

. Fig. 1.—Field laboratory of Nevada Station for studying equine

anemia. Fig. 2.—New hog barn at the Oklahoma Station........

. Method devised at New Jersey Station for studying appropriation of

nitrogen by cereals grown in conjunction with legumes. Fig. 1.—
Pens.and oats, Wig. 2:—Vetch and rye... 6 a2. 6c wa2<s-a'n ansndss

. Fig. 1.—Truck garden—intercropping experiment, Pennsylvania

Station. Fig. 2.—Grass garden at Pennsylvania Station.........

. Fig. 1.—New building of Georgia State Agricultural College. Fig.

2.—Agricultural building of the Maine College of Agriculture... ..

. New agricultural building at Iowa State College ..................
. Fig. 1.—Agricultural building of the University of Missouri. Fig. 2.—

New agricultural building, Montana Agricultural College.........

. Fig. 1.—New dormitory of the Rhode Island College. Fig. 2.—Live-

stock pavilion of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture............

. Fig. 1.—Consolidated School, Lewiston, Minn., and school vans on

runners. Fig. 2.—Class testing seeds for purity at Lewiston (Minn. )
CMON, PORN ss ha Sian oss Be ie ain oe Sere a ae ela oe

. Fig. 1—A farmers’ institute at the new building of the Manassas

Agricultural School. Fig. 2.—Military Tract Normal School,
MBCOMID LLL. 2. Gtacs tp aor apie eee te sae tee ae aoe ee

. Fig. 1.—Willswood plantation, St. Charles Parish, La., showing

pumping plant. Fig. 2.—Interior view of pumping plant........

. Fig. 1.—Typical wet prairie scene showing wild grasses, District

No. 2, near Raceland, La Fourche Parish, La. Fig. 2.—District
One PROGINS OU oat < 22s care e seems xb eae eet wocenet ween

. Fig. 1.—Modern pumping plant at La Branch, St. Charles Parish, La.

Fig. 2.—Outlet canal completely filled with water hyacinths... ..

. Fig. 1.—Constructed canal serving as outlet for two districts. Fig. 2.—

Same view as Fig. 1, but showing pumping plant being erected...

. Open traction ditcher for digging lateral ditches in wet prairie lands.

TEXT FIGURES.

. Typical examples of Louisiana marsh land formation...................
- Map of Willswood plantation, Waggaman, St. Charles Parish, La......
. Map of Smithport plantation, Lockport, La Fourche Parish, La.......
. Map of Drainage District No. 2, near Raceland, La Fourche Parish, La. .
. Sketch map of New Orleans Land Company Tract, New Orleans, La... .
. Map of Drainage District No. 3, near Raceland, La Fourche Parish, La..

138

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108

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150

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294

296

296

314

318

420

422

422

434
436

417
420
421
423
424
425

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_

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT
STATIONS, 1909.

WORK OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The work of the Office of Experiment Stations during the last year
has included, as heretofore, the supervision of the expenditures of
federal funds by the agricultural experiment stations in the several
States; conferences and correspondence with station officers regarding
the management, equipment, and work of the stations} the collection
and dissemination of information regarding the progress of agri-
cultural education and research throughout the world by means of
technical and popular bulletins; the management of the agricultural
experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam; the
promotion of the interests of agricultural colleges and schools and
farmers’ institutes throughout the United States; special investiga-
tions on irrigation and drainage, conducted largely in cooperation
with experiment stations, educational institutions, and other agencies
in different States and Territories; and the investigation of problems
relating to the food and nutrition of man.

RELATIONS WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The administration of the Adams Act and the closer restriction of
the funds appropriated under the Hatch Act, in order to confine them
to actual experimental work and investigation, have commanded
much attention during the year.

Many questions of detail continue to arise regarding the projects
as submitted or as the work under them is developed. There is still
too much latitude, in many instances, in the submission of projects.
Projects are frequently proposed by station workers, and referred
by the directors to the Office for a decision, which from their character
should never have gone beyond the director’s office. This is sometimes
due to carelessness, and sometimes, it is feared, to a failure to dis-
criminate critically between undertakings which possess merit as
investigations and those which are more economic and superficial and
do not embrace research features. This has added materially to the

15

16 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

work of the Office, and has thrown the burden too largely upon it of
eliminating undertakings which do not properly belong under a
research fund. The difficulty of explaining the distinctions of re-
search through correspondence makes necessary a careful scrutiny of
the projects and their discussion at the station before they are sub-
mitted. It is also found necessary to follow the work under the
various projects in considerable detail, and to insist on its being
developed along research lines and held to specific studies. This
has added materially to the duties of the inspection. It is still too
much the practice to permit men whose training and experience do
not fit them for good research work to participate in it.

The increasing importance and prominence which various forms
of extension work are assuming, and the rapid developments along
that line, have raised many questions as to the use of the federal
funds, and have made a more strict differentiation necessary between
station work proper and the popular demonstration and extension
features. This is one of the most conspicuous developments of the
year as affecting the supervision of the station funds, and is discussed
at some length in the report on work and expenditures (p. 55).

The need of a better system of publication of station work is grow-
ing more urgent. The present mixture of scientific and popular
material, compilations, inspection tests, and analyses becomes more
and more confusing and unsatisfactory to farmers and scientists
alike. It is hoped that as the extension departments are organized
they will take from the stations the great burden of compiling bul-
letins and of miscellaneous routine correspondence.

A way should also be found to publish separately the detailed rec-
ords and results of the scientific work of the stations. In many places
valuable data are being accumulated and stored up because no feasi-
ble method of publication has been found. The practice is rapidly
growing of publishing brief accounts of the scientific work of the
stations in a great variety of scientific journals at home and abroad.
As one means of disseminating information regarding this work such
publication is a good thing. It can not, however, take the place of a
full publication of the scientific work of the stations.

Such scrappy and scattered publication gives a very inadequate
record of what the stations are doing in advancing knowledge, and
produces very little impression of the real services of the stations as
public scientific institutions. The whole tendency of such a system
is to build up the scientific reputation of the individual officer at the
expense of the institution which he serves. A method of publica-
tion is needed which will bring together the scientific work of the
American stations, so that the world may know what these institu-
tions endowed with federal and state funds are really doing to ad-

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Lg

vance the science of agriculture. A great national system of re-
search along agricultural lines is actually established, but at present
this is almost wholly obscured by the confused and inadequate method
of publication of the scientific work of the stations. The need of a
better system grows more urgent with every year’s advance of re-
search under the Adams Act. It is therefore earnestly hoped that
this matter will receive serious consideration at an early day, and
that active measures will be undertaken to remedy this glaring defect
in the system of scientific inquiry on behalf of agriculture.

The work which is being done by the experiment stations abroad
is not only of general interest to similar workers in this country, but
much of it is applicable to American conditions, either directly or
with modification. Through its relations with the foreign stations
the Office is in position to follow this work with increasing complete-
ness and to keep informed upon the progress of other matters relat-
ing to these institutions. A quite large number of periodicals and
documents describing their investigations are now received in ex-
change for Experiment Station Record, and this has enabled the
office to become a clearing-house for the foreign work as well as that
of the American stations.

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A prosperous year is reported from each of the insular stations,
and the work of all is developing as rapidly as the resources will
allow. As a result of increased appropriations, new lines of work
have been taken up by the Hawaii and Porto Rico stations, and in
Alaska an effort is being put forth to develop the Fairbanks Station
on a sufficient scale to demonstrate the possibility of farming as a
vocation in that country.

The work of the insular stations has been continued along the lines
described in previous reports. The policy of conducting investiga-
tions to bring about diversification of agriculture has been continued
as the most profitable one to pursue where agriculture is only
slightly developed, as in Alaska, specialized as in Hawaii and Porto
Rico, or primitive as in Guam. This policy requires much at-
tention to the introduction of new crops and the demonstration
of their adaptability and profitableness in the new regions. While
much of the work at each of the insular stations is of an elemen-
tary nature and is conducted with the idea of visual demonstrations,
yet at the same time fundamental problems are being given attention
and some of the work is of high scientific value.

The various bureaus of the Department have been quite generous
in their assistance to the insular stations and it is desired to acknowl-
edge their cordial cooperation at this time.

46045°—-10—-—2

18 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The administrative business of this Office in its relations with the
insular stations has as hitherto been in charge of Dr. Walter H.
Evans, chief of the division of insular stations. The character and
scope of the work carried on by the different stations may be seen
from the summaries presented below.

ALASKA STATIONS.

The climatic conditions in Alaska during 1909 were not so favor-
able for agriculture as in some previous years. Along the coast
region the rainfall was heavy, cloudy days numerous, and the tem-
perature rather lower than normal. The same conditions to a less
extent were noted in the interior, where the actual rainfall was not
large but the proportion of cloudy days was unusual.

The work at these stations continues along the lines described in
previous reports, horticultural investigations being given promi-
nence at the Sitka Station, grain growing at Rampart and Fairbanks
in the interior, and stock raising on Kodiak Island.

The most important change in the affairs of the Alaska stations
has been the temporary closing of the Copper Center Station. This
was decided upon for several reasons, among them the isolation,
which made transportation of supplies very expensive; insufficient
rainfall, only 0.5 inch during April, May, and June of 1908; early
frosts, due to the proximity of the high mountains; and the desire to
develop the Fairbanks Station, where conditions are belived to be
more favorable and where a larger population has already become
established. The Copper River Valley has not become settled or de-
veloped as rapidly as was expected when the station was opened
there in 1902. The station, which was then located at Copper Center,
has been maintained for six years, and about 40 acres of land were
brought under cultivation and some success was attained in growing
cereals—crops of wheat, oats, and barley maturing in favorable
seasons, while in other years practically all grains were lost, due
to early frosts. The possibility of growing hardy vegetables in the
Copper River Valley was fully demonstrated by the experiments
carried on at this point, and it seemed necessary to close this station
in order to open one in the rapidly settling region of the Tanana
Valley. The appropriations would not permit of maintaining two
stations, and as a consequence the greater part of the implements
and movable equipment was transferred to Fairbanks and the lands
and buildings temporarily turned over to the Bureau of Education
of the Department of the Interior. It is expected that some simple
demonstration work will be conducted by the Bureau of Education,
and experimental work can be resumed whenever it is believed wise
to take up work again in that locality,

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 19

At Sitka the test orchard now contains 46 varieties of apples. A
few of these have bloomed during the past two or three years, but
have set no fruit. It appears doubtful if apples of any of the existing
varieties can be brought to maturity in Alaska. Attempts have been
begun to develop hybrids of the native Alaska crab apple, and a
number of crosses have been made between this and some of the
cultivated varieties of apples, but it will require several years to ob-
tain definite results from this hybridization work. The experiments
with bush fruits were continued and show that currants, gooseberries,
and raspberries do exceedingly well along the coast region. The
hybrids made between the salmon berry and the cultivated raspberry
have grown, but so far have not borne any fruit. The strawberry
hybrids produced by using the native wild strawberry as the stam-
inate parent and a cultivated variety that was found growing at
Hollis, Alaska, have borne fruit, some of which is of most excellent
character. Of the 2,000 hybrid plants produced, 1,288 have bloomed
and notes have been taken upon their character. The fruit produced
in many instances had the size and other desirable qualities of the
cultivated variety, while they also were characterized by the fine
flavor and aroma and firmness of the native berry. The experiments
with potatoes and other vegetables were only a moderate success, due
to too much rain and a lack of sunshine. Partial crops, however, of
potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, turnips, and beets were
produced.

The work at the Rampart Station has given the usual satisfaction.
Out of something over 60 varieties of cereals, 1 variety of winter
wheat, 1 of spring wheat, 7 varieties of winter rye, 29 of spring
barley, 15 of spring oats, and 1 variety each of spring emmer and
spring rye matured their entire crop. Some other varieties of cereals
matured a portion of their seed, which was saved for future planting.
Two varieties of buckwheat were considerably injured by frost, but a
small percentage of the seed ripened. This season’s results are in
line with those of the past eight years and show that grain can be
brought to maturity in the Yukon Valley without serious liability to
failure. Sixteen acres of land are under cultivation at the Rampart
Station, and this area has been increased by clearing and preparation
so that there will be 22 acres under crop next season. The investiga-
tions at Rampart as well as in other parts of Alaska have shown the
necessity for properly preparing the soil and the thorough removal
of moss, otherwise the first crops will be very poor. Wherever the
moss is burned off the ground, or where fertilizers, particularly
potash fertilizers, are added, abundant crops have been produced.
In addition to the cereal growing at the Rampart Station, all of the
leading vegetables-are being experimented with.

20 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

At the Fairbanks Station the work is yet in a pioneer stage. The
development of this station was begun in the spring of 1908, and dur-
ing the past season 30 acres were in crops, mostly planted to oats for
oat hay, although there were some experimental plats and about 3
acres in potatoes. In the experimental plats 2 varieties of winter
wheat, 1 of winter rye, 12 of spring-sown oats, and 6 of barley ma-
tured. As indicated above, the principal area for cultivation was
sown to oats for seed and for hay, and while both crops were light
the grain was well matured where it was allowed to stand until the
end of the season. A few of the very necessary buildings have been
erected, and a portion of the reservation is fenced. Additional build-
ings and fences are needed, and also some additions to the equip-
ment of implements and tools. It is intended to develop the Fair-
banks Station on a considerable scale to demonstrate the practica-
bility of farming in the Tanana Valley. After the pioneer work
has been completed, it is expected that the cost of cultivation and re-
ceipts from the sales of crops will be accurately determined so that
the data will be available for settlers in the future.

The animal-breeding work on the Kodiak Island has continued
along the lines previously described. The portion of the herd which
gives promise of being of value for dairy purposes is kept near the
village of Kodiak, where a reservation of about 300 acres has been
placed under fence. The other cattle of the beef type have been
taken some 15 miles from Kodiak, to a tract of land on Calsinsky
Bay, which has been fenced. Several head of cattle were lost from
the herd at Calsinsky Bay in March, due to impaction of the third
stomach, as a result of eating beach grass found along the beach after
the snow had melted. As the cattle had been taken to this place
late in the season, there was not enough forage on hand, and many
of them fed upon this dry beach grass, with the result that their
stomachs became impacted and in a number of instances death fol-
lowed. Precautions have been taken against the recurrence of these
conditions by fencing the tract and providing silage and hay in
quantity that should be ample to carry the herd of 50 head through
the winter. The summer conditions for the herd have been exceed-—
ingly favorable. There has been no sickness among the cattle during
the past year, and the young stock have grown well, and all were in
fine condition at the close of the pasture season. The experiments
have thus far demonstrated the value of the Galloway breed for
Alaskan conditions. These cattle have been fed in the last year
exclusively on native grasses, either in pasture or with silage or
hay made from them. A successful attempt was made in growing
spurry at Kodiak, and a pasture of this plant was produced which
was much relished by the cattle. It is probable that the winter feed
of silage and hay made from native grasses could readily be sup-

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 21

plemented by oat hay and such root crops as turnips and ruta-bagas,
if it were practicable to grow them at this time, but the resources of
the station do not permit the necessary equipment of implements and
labor for growing these crops.

The stations continue to cooperate quite extensively with farmers
and others throughout the Territory, and successful reports have
been received from a large number who have taken up agricultural
pursuits as a result of the reports previously published by the stations.

HAWAII STATION.

The heads of the different departments of the Hawaii Station
report considerable progress with their investigations and a gratify-
ing appreciation of the efforts of the station.

The agronomist has continued to make rice and cotton investiga-
tions the main lines of work in his division. The cultural and fer-
tilizer work with rice is giving results of great value, and some of the
ordinary varieties of rice introduced by the station have been widely
planted with gratifying results. The variety referred to in previous
reports as No. 19 has been firmly established, and over 700 pounds of
seed rice of this variety was distributed to growers in 1909. This
variety is a pure strain developed from seed obtained through the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department from Ceylon stock
grown at Georgetown, British Guiana. As this rice has some very
superior qualities and the difficulties attending its economical milling
have been overcome, its wide cultivation is soon to be expected. The
experiments with fertilizers are being continued at the station and
also in cooperation with some of the largest rice growers to determine
the effect of certain fertilizing elements and the most advantageous
times for their application. The methods of fertilizing the rice crop
described in previous reports have been put in application and have
resulted in more than doubling the yield of ordinary rice lands. A
study is being made in cooperation with the chemist on the constitu-
ents removed from the soil by the rice plant at different stages of its
growth and the effect of the removal of the fertilizing elements on
the physical character of the soil. Cooperative experiments with
upland rice have shown that this crop can be depended upon for an
excellent quality of grain hay, thus furnishing a much-needed local
supply of forage.

An unusual interest has been suisiteotdas in the cotton experiments
of the station. These were begun in the spring of 1908 and are being
carried on with a considerable number of varieties representing Up-
land, Chinese, Egyptian, Sea-island, and Caravonica cottons. All
these varieties have been found to grow as perennials, and experi-
ments have shown that by pruning the fruiting season may be con-
trolled and that through the removal of the old wood considerable

22 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

advantage in the control of insects is obtained. In the progress of
these experiments efforts were made to obtain pure strains of the
cotton, and it was found possible to grow cotton by cutting, budding,
or grafting. This is of especial ralue for the ‘apid production of
desirable strains and the elimination of the possibilities of cross-
fertilization. The area planted to cotton in Hawaii during 1909 was
about 100 acres, and as a result of the past year ’s work there will
probably be several thousand acres planted in 1910. All of the com-
mercial ventures thus far undertaken in planting cotton have proved
very encouraging. The yield and quality of the lint have been
remarkable, and it seems probable that a new industry for Hawaii
is assured, which is adapted to regions where either by reason of
elevation or lack of rainfall there is not sufficient moisture for cane
growing.

The work with forage crops has assumed considerable importance,
and these crops are being recognized in systems of rotation. The
acreage of alfalfa, sorghum, Para grass, and other forage crops is
increasing rapidly. .

The work with the Chinese and Japanese matting rushes has been
continued and a number of cooperative plantings made that show the
economic possibilities of growing these plants. It is apparent that
they can be readily produced in Hawaii, the only drawback being the
problems relating to their manufacture.

The horticultural investigations have been largely confined to
methods of propagating citrus fruits and mangoes, although other
tropical fruits are receiving attention. The horticulturist has found
that the mango can be successfully and rapidly propagated by means
of budding. This is best secured by the application of the shield
method of budding in the form of an inverted T, using only well-
matured wood and cutting the T and the shield very long, the former
6 or 7 inches and the latter 3 or 4 inches in length. These quickly
form a union, and the method is believed to be less troublesome and
more rapid than inarching. In connection with the budding ex-
periments it was found necessary to give attention to some of the
insect pests, such as scale insects and aphids, and in cooperation with
the entomologist, fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid gas was found
satisfactory. The use of cover crops in orchards is being given at-
tention, as during the winter season on the hillsides there is excessive
washing of the soil. To prevent this erosion cowpeas and jack beans
have given the best results. A series of experiments with a number of
vegetables is in progress and considerable work is being done to
secure better and more resistant varieties of horticultural crops.

The chemical department has given most attention to a study of
pineapple soils, although in cooperation with the agronomist some
experiments on the fertilization of rice and cotton are being carried

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 23

on. In studying the pineapple soils, particularly those on the island
of Oahu, where pineapple planting is being rapidly extended, two
types of soil were recognized, red and black. In general the former
seems better adapted to the crop. <A study of the black soils showed
in some instances as much as 10 per cent manganese. This is quite
soluble and when absorbed by the plants causes them to turn yellow.
In the red soils a large amount of ferric hydrate is present and this
causes the soils to have a high water-holding power. During periods
of heavy rainfall the red soils become saturated with water, result-
ing in imperfect aeration. Means are being investigated to overcome
the injurious effect of manganese in the black soils and to provide
against the water-logged condition of the red soils, so that the culti-
vation of pineapples will be placed on a more secure basis.

The entomological work has consisted quite largely of a study of
the cotton and pineapple insects and working out methods for their
control. Leaf-eating caterpillars were particularly injurious during
the year and it was necessary to devote some attention to these pests.
Cutworms and army worms attacked a variety of crops, including
rice and alfalfa, causing a good deal of damage, but fairly satis-
factory methods of controlling these pests have been applied. The
army worm appeared in the rice fields in one of the districts of Oahu,
causing the destruction of nearly half the crop. This is believed to
be without precedent in the history of the rice industry in Hawaii.
A systematic study has been begun on the plant lice of the islands,
and a number of new species have been found and many important
facts regarding their life histories have been worked out. Arrange-
ments have been made for cooperation with the Bureau of Ento-
mology of this Department in the introduction of parasites of the
algaroba bean weevil, plant lice, ete.

A number of miscellaneous investigations were carried on by dif-
ferent members of the station staff, among them tapping experi-
ments, in which about 500 rubber trees were experimented with to
determine the best method of tapping, the possibility of economically
using Japanese labor, the time of day at which tapping should be
made, the effect of tapping upon rubber trees, methods of coagulating
latex, and the stimulating effect of fertilizers upon the flow of latex.
It was demonstrated that trees could be tapped any time from 5 a. m.
until noon, and a sufficient flow of latex was secured to indicate that
the Ceara rubber tree may be planted in Hawaii on a commercial
scale with reasonable assurance of profit. Vertical cuts were found
to give better results on Ceara trees than any other form of tapping
tried. Samples of rubber collected by the station were submitted
to experts and were valued at $1 to $1.30 per pound, a price almost
equaling that of Para rubber at the same date.

24 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Some attention has been given to methods of grinding algaroba
pods in order that the hard seeds should be crushed and their protein
not lost in feeding. Through the cooperation of a skilled mechanie
a machine has been devised that grinds these pods, and it is probable
that its use will greatly add to the available nutritive value of the
algaroba beans, which are used as stock feed in large amount.

On account of the presence of perennial weeds, various means for
their control have been investigated, and the use of carbon bisulphid
was found to successfully destroy herbaceous and shrubby weeds.
The application of a small portion of the chemical to the stems
results in the death of the plant within a period varying from a
few hours to several weeks.

In addition to these investigations, the station has in progress
rotation and cultural experiments with a large number of tropical
crops.

PORTO RICO STATION.

The experiment station in Porto Rico has made substantial prog-
ress with its work and investigations during the past year. While
the opportunity for work at a tropical experiment station is very
great, nearly every line of agriculture requiring investigation, the
Porto Rico Station has very properly concentrated its efforts on a
few definite lines. The agricultural conditions of Porto Rico are im-
proving, and as more modern methods are being adopted the planters
of the island are calling upon the station for more and more assist-
ance. These are responded to as far as possible, and the station seeks
by every means to bring the results of its investigations before the
people. When the proposed agricultural college is established and
equipped much of this work will be turned over to the new institu-
tion, relieving the station of a great deul of the elementary and
demonstration work and permitting more time to be devoted to in-
vestigations. Considerable cooperative work is being carried on
with various planters in testing new varieties of economic plants,
fertilizer tests with various crops and soils, shipping experiments
with tropical fruits, and similar work. Some of the leading results
of the past year’s work are presented below.

The physiologist has made an especial study of the so-called tired
or sick soils. These soils while apparently fertile, so far as chemical
analysis will show, do not produce profitable crops. Studies were
made of a considerable number of coffee, pineapple, and cane soils,
and in all cases where there was trouble the soils were found to
contain a great excess of butyric acid. Associated with this acid
were a number of bacteria, which develop rapidly in soils when roots
or other organic matter containing sugar and starch are present.
Through the fermentative activity of these organisms butyric acid

.

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 25

is formed. In general no essential difference appears between
healthy and sick soils in regard to the number of aerobic bacteria,
but a difference is found in the number of anaerobic organisms pres-
ent. The investigations thus far carried on have shown that the
butyric acid is a product of several kinds of bacteria, the varieties
thus far observed in Porto Rico appearing to be facultatively
anaerobic. Disinfecting experiments have shown the possibility of
correcting the injurious properties of the soil through the destruction
of the bacteria, and the application of lime and gypsum to such soils
has proved beneficial in some instances.

The orchards of citrus fruits are coming into bearing, and it will
soon be possible to report definitely upon the value of certain varie-
ties for Porto Rican conditions. Out of 50 varieties of oranges 30
fruited this year, of 16 varieties of grapefruit 6 fruited, and 8
varieties out of 13 of lemons bore fruit this year. The varieties on
the station grounds represent all the leading commercial forms, as
far as they could be obtained, as well as a number that are less known
and a few promising local seedlings that appear of value. Experi-
ments are being carried on to determine the best kind of stock for
citrus trees in the different types of soils of Porto Rico. The ferti-
lizer experiments with citrus trees have been in progress for four
years, and it is hoped that with one more year’s work it will be pos-
sible to formulate some definite conclusions regarding their use.
Plantings of mangoes, avocados, and other tropical fruits have been
made and attempts are being put forth to propagate the best varieties
as rapidly as possible. Some important data regarding the inarch-
ing of mangoes have been secured and the horticulturist has been
able to produce inarched trees ready for setting in the orchard
within three months of the time when the seed for the stock was
planted in pots. The attempts being made to reforest the bare hills
and wet grounds of the station are progressing favorably. Various
species of Eucalyptus have been introduced and appear promising
for future planting. Considerable time and attention is being paid
to the introduction of desirable horticultural species, many varieties
being received through the cooperation of the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry of this Department. A tract of land has been set aside for
the reception of these plants, and the introduction work will be made
a definite feature of the horticultural investigations.

The entomologist has devoted considerable time to studies of the
insects affecting citrus trees, and has prepared a bulletin regarding
these pests, with suggested means for their control. It has been
found practicable to fumigate orange and grape-fruit trees in Porto
Rico as a means of controlling the scale insects. Some work is also
in progress with fungi that are parasitic on scale and other insects.
The value of sulphur sprays and oil emulsions has been tested, and

26 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

they have been found very efficient for the control of the rust mite,
purple scale, and other pests. Some modifications had to be worked
out in the prescribed formulas to adapt them to Porto Rican condi-
tions. Experiments have been taken up in cooperation with several
planters for the control of the larve of one of the Lachnosterna
beetles. These larvee are very destructive to the roots of sugar cane,
and it was found that lime applied about the stools of cane seemed
to reduce the number of grubs, the female beetles apparently being
repelled by the conditions where lime was applied. The life history
of this insect as it occurs in Porto Rico is being studied. The ento-
mologist carried on some experiments on the fumigation of tobacco
in the warehouse to prevent injury by beetles, and has devised a
method of fumigation with potassium eyanid by which large amounts
of tobacco can be treated. Breeding work with Zelenomus monili-
cornis, the parasite of the eggs of the tobacco hornworm, has been
continued, and large numbers of the parasites were distributed not
only in Porto Rico, but were sent to the Bureau of Entomology of
this Department for distribution. Other miscellaneous entomological
experiments are in progress.

Much of the time of the chemist was taken up in the installation
of the laboratory and in miscellaneous analytical work on guanos
and other fertilizers, soils, waters, and other material. The princi-
pal investigations of this department have been on soil disinfection
and plant nutrition. The injection of carbon bisulphid was found
very efficient for the control of abnormal soil conditions which result
in the so-called sick soils, but the cost of the treatment proved pro-
hibitive. Experiments are in progress with some of the cheaper
germicides to see whether they will not prove equally valuable in
correcting the soil conditions. A study was begun of pineapple
soils to determine the cause of failure on the part of plants when set
in certain types of soil. This is closely connected with the studies
in plant nutrition in which an excess of lime was found to result in
a chlorotic condition of the plants. To overcome some of these
troubles the lime and magnesium ratio for various crops and soils
is being studied.

The experiments at the coffee substation are progressing. Some
of the varieties of coffee introduced from Java, Arabia, and elsewhere
have come into bearing and their characteristic qualities are found
unimpaired when grown under Porto Rican conditions. All the
seed produced by these plants have been distributed, and the requests
for seeds of the better varieties far exceeded the supply. In several
instances the coffee expert has aided planters in the construction and
planting of seed beds. Experiments with windbreaks about and
through coffee plantations have demonstrated their value, and trials
have been begun of two native species of plants for this purpose.

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 27

The experiments with the old and new plantings of coffee have been
continued, and in the old plantation the cost of production last year
was $5.18 per 100 pounds of coffee, which was sold for $11.98. In
the new plantation the cost for the five years since this experiment
was begun has been $101.56 per acre. A small crop was gathered
last year, the net value of which was $8.85, making the net cost of
planting, culture, and other factors, for the first five years, $92.71
per acre.

The plant pathologist is continuing his investigations along the
lines described in the previous report. The diseases of citrus fruits
have received but little attention, no new problems having appeared.
A disease of mangoes similar to the wither tip is receiving attention.
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture was found to give good results
at the station, the sprayed trees bearing heavily while the unsprayed
ones yielded little or no fruit. Some studies on the diseases of pine-
apples and cacao are in progress and various treatments are being
tested. The coffee trees have been found subject to a number of
fungus diseases. The leaf blight (Pellicularia koleroga) was quite
destructive during the wet season. A second leaf blight (Stilbum
flavidum) is of comparatively little importance, as the conditions for
its best development are present only at elevations of 2,000 feet or
more and relatively little coffee is produced in Porto Rico at this
elevation. A new disease of coffee in which the tree trunks are
girdled at or near the ground is being investigated. Some attention
is being given to the diseases of sugar cane and their control, and
the methods recommended as effective in other countries are being
tested. Some progress is reported on studies of the fungus parasites
of aphids and scale insects.

The station has added to the equipment of live stock and has a
number of head of horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry, all of
which are being used in breeding experiments. These experiments
have been in progress long enough to warrant some possible con-
clusions. With cattle the prepotency of Shorthorn and Hereford
sires is very apparent. Four young crossbred Indian bulls of the
race Hissar were obtained during the past year. They were secured
to renew the vigor of an introduction made some sixty years ago, the
presence of which blood is still apparent in the size and conforma-
tion of many of the work animals. The Berkshire breed of hogs
has proved well adapted to Porto Rico, and 21 head were sold at a
nominal price for breeding purposes. The experiments with African
woolless sheep have proved successful, the flock being increased
during the year from 6 to 20 head. Great interest is taken in the
poultry work, and during the year the station sold 14 cockerels and
pullets and 142 settings of eggs. The nonsitting breeds seem most
suited to Porto Rican conditions, although the intermediate ones,

28 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

like Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes, seem to do very well. On
account of the scarcity of the usual feeds for stock, experiments are
being conducted on the cost and efficiency of a large range of ma-
terials. It has been demonstrated that silage can readily be produced
from malojilla grass, cane tops, and corn. The study of concentrates
is being continued and will be reported upon as the work proceeds.

GUAM STATION.

Following the appropriation by Congress of $5,000 for the estab-
lishment and maintenance of an agricultural experiment station on
the island of Guam, negotiations were begun to secure a suitable
site for the station. As stated in the previous report, no accessible
public land of the character desired was available, and it became
necessary to secure a tract from some private owner. It was con-
sidered inadvisable to purchase the tract originally selected, as the
price asked was believed to be exorbitant, and another tract near by
was selected. This belonged to Juan Torres, a resident of the island,
and in December, 1908, it was leased with the privilege of purchase.
This area consists of about 27 acres, located along the road from
Piti to Agafa, and is so situated that it can be irrigated from the
Maso River without great expense. This stream forms the western
boundary of the land. The main portion of the tract is flat, of
good character of soil, and it extends into the low hills on the
south, where opportunity will be offered for experiments in such
cultures as are adapted to the lighter hill soils.

Work was begun at once in clearing and fencing the land, and
preparations were made for some experimental investigations. The
fencing material was shipped from San Francisco, and in erecting
the fence an experiment was undertaken in which temporary posts
were planted, and alternating with them young silk cotton trees
were placed for permanent posts. The clearing of the land proved
a difficult matter on account of the dense tropical growth and the
character of the plants found in the situation chosen for the station.
A considerable portion of the tract was cleared and fenced, and with
the first rains seeding was begun.

A period of unusual drought was experienced in Guam early
in 1909, and as a result it was impossible to make much headway
with the planting. A number of investigations with forage and
other plants have been begun with seeds sent from this Department,
as well as some furnished through the Hawaii Experiment Station.
The investigations during the past year were largely confined to
the growing of Guinea grass, Bermuda grass, and three varieties
of sorghum. In addition the growing of leguminous plants between
the rows of forage crops is being tried. The forage plants thus far
tested have proved very satisfactory in spite of the prolonged

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 29

drought, and as soon as other areas are available the forage-crop
plantings will be extended. The recent drought has emphasized the
necessity for the introduction of forage plants, as cattle and other
stock were forced for several weeks to live on the leaves and twigs
of trees. The drought also called attention to the urgent necessity
of extending agricultural production, as special importations of rice
and other foodstuffs were required to relieve the suffering of the
people.

Immediately following the decision relating to the establishment
of the station in Guam, a considerable number of economic plants
were sent from Hawaii, and these have been planted and are re-
ported as growing vigorously. Among these are varieties of pine-
apples and avocados, the pineapples being of much better quality
than those already growing in Guam. The first avocados on the
island were a few trees that were sent to the governor of Guam some
five years ago. These flowered this year and the fruit produced is
said to have been of a very excellent character. The introduction
of this fruit and the improved varieties of pineapples will undoubt-
edly be of great benefit to the people of Guam.

An experiment was begun to test the possibility of converting
some of the savanna lands into arable tracts. These lands are quite
extensive and at present are covered with a coarse grass that has
no value except when very young. At that time it is eaten to some
extent by stock but does not seem to be greatly relished. The experi-
ment consisted of planting leguminous trees (Leucena glauca), with
the hope that they will either increase the fertility of the soil through
the well-known power of leguminous plants to collect nitrogen or
that through the shade produced by the trees it will be possible to
protect seedlings of more valuable species. If this experiment should
succeed, it will be possible to considerably extend the area under
cultivation or at least the wooded area of the island.

Experiments have been begun with several varieties of American
field corn, comparing them with the variety commonly grown upon
the island. One of the most serious drawbacks to agriculture in
Guam is the difficulty of storing seeds. In the case of corn and
similar plants weevils are very abundant, and some experiments are
contemplated on the storage of grain.

The coconut disease that threatened to be so destructive to the
leading industry of Guam is being given attention. It is found that
this trouble is due to mealy bugs, and there have been introduced
from Hawaii a number of ladybirds, which, it is hoped, will mate-
rially aid in combating this disease. Some experiments have been
begun in the planting of coconut trees with the hope that means will
be found to hasten their development, so that the trees will begin
bearing several years earlier than is the case under the usual methods

30 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pursued in Guam. As opportunity offers some attention is being
paid to the fungus diseases and insect pests of other crops on the
island. A number of these are known, and some experiments have
been begun for their control.

At the end of the fiscal year Mr. J. B. Thompson, a graduate of
the Kansas Agricultural College, who had had several years’ expe-
rience with the Bureau of Agriculture in the Philippine Islands,
was placed in charge of the station, with Mr. H. L. V. Costenoble
as assistant. This arrangement will not in any way change the policy
of the station, but will bring it more under the influence of American
experiment stations.

At present the station has a site partially cleared and completely
fenced, and a number of the more urgent buildings are erected.
These will have to be supplemented by other buildings in the near
future, as the station is situated at a distance of several miles from
Agana, the principal town of the island, and a house for the super-
intendent will be required. Some provision should be made for the
erection of stables, implement shelters, and similar buildings, all of
which can be provided from the resources of the island at no very
great expense.

A number of carabao have been purchased as work animals, and
as soon as a permanent source of forage is provided, so that it will
not be necessary to ship hay and grain from San Francisco, an effort
will be made to introduce some better classes of live stock. Under
ihe conditions now existing in Guam the introduction of live stock
is not considered advisable. as those now at the naval station are
fed almost exclusively on hay and grain shipped from San Fran-
cisco or Seattle.

The work of this station for some time will consist principally of
demonstrations in methods of agriculture and the introduction and
testing of field and horticultural crops. Already the people are
beginning to exhibit an interest in the work, and requests for advice
have been received in considerable numbers. In a limited way coop-
erative experiments have been undertaken with farmers, and the
station has distributed field and garden seeds. These have been
gladly accepted for trial plantings by quite a number of actual
farmers. It is hoped that some arrangement can be effected whereby
regular supplies of seeds can be obtained, as the vitality of all kinds
of seeds, unless especially protected, diminishes rapidly in the moist
tropical climate of Guam. A considerable number of improved agri-
cultural implements have been introduced, and as they are found
adapted their use by the farmers of the island will be recommended.
It is quite probable that some modification of the types usually
supplied by implement dealers in the States will be required to make
them adapted to the conditions in this island.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 31

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

The object and aim of the nutrition investigations as a whole is to
collect and spread information regarding the value as food of agri-
cultural products, both animal and vegetable, in such a way that the
producer, distributer, and consumer may be benefited.

For experimental work in this subject special apparatus and
methods are required and these have been developed as the enterprise
has progressed. Of particular importance is the respiration calo-
rimeter, an instrument of precision for use in experiments with men.
It is possible with the aid of this apparatus to study with an accuracy
not otherwise attainable the effects of various foods and other factors,
as shown by changes in the income and outgo of matter and energy in
the body.

The respiration calorimeter, which was brought to Washington
from Middletown, Conn., where it had originally been built, has been
reconstructed in quarters assigned to nutrition investigations on the
ground floor of the east wing of the new Department of Agriculture
building. It was not found necessary or desirable to modify the
general lines on which the calorimeter was originally built, but in the
reconstruction many improvements in details were introduced which
make for simplicity, economy, and convenience of operation and for
accuracy in the results obtained. The accessory laboratory appliances
and equipment necessary for use in connection with the respiration
calorimeter experiments have also been installed, and the equipment
as a whole is being used in studies of the nutritive value of agricul-
tural products along lines in harmony with the general work of the
department.

As a whole the enterprise involves cooperation with other bureaus
and the supplementing, and not the duplication, of their work where
it concerns the utilization as food for man of dairy products, cereal
products, and other foodstuffs.

Most families use cheese to a greater or less extent, but in the United
States it is the custom to use it in rather small quantities and more as
a condiment than as a staple article of diet, perhaps owing to a belief
that cheese in quantity disturbs digestion. This question has for
some time constituted an important feature of the nutrition investi-
gations, and it has been found that cheese is thoroughly digested when
eaten in quantity as a chief source of protein and fat in the diet and
that it does not produce physiological disturbances. To round out this
_work information is needed regarding the ease of digestion of cheese
as compared with other staple foods, and this question is being studied
with the respiration calorimeter. As was the case in earlier work,
cheese made and cured in different ways will be used and the different
varieties will be compared with each other and with meat, bread, and
other standard food products.

32 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

It is also proposed to study the relative value as sources of energy
in the body of butter, lard, beef fat, olive oil, and other edible or
culinary fats, a matter on which data are much needed in considering
problems of special interest to the Department of Agriculture at the
present time.

Studies already made and in part reported have shown the value
as an integral part of the diet of fruits and of preserves, jams, jellies,
dried and evaporated fruits, etc., and of nuts and nut products, a
matter which is of importance to all who are interested in growing
fruits and nuts and the manufacture of food products from them.
The additional studies of such materials which are needed involve
the use of the respiration calorimeter for the measurement of factors
which have not as yet been determined.

It should also be said that no other means of experimenting offers
so much hope of ultimate success as the respiration calorimeter in the
study of the relative energy expenditure required of the body for per-
forming different kinds of farm and household work and in studies
of the relation of physical work of this and other sorts to food sup-
ply, a question of special value at a time when high cost of living
makes reasonable economy desirable in a large number of families.

Investigations of the food value of meat of different kinds and cuts
prepared for the table in a variety of ways have been carried on for
several years as a part of the nutrition investigations. As the result
of this work, and some special tests which have been undertaken, a
summary of data has been prepared for publication regarding the
use in the home of the cheaper cuts of meat in palatable ways, a
question which is of much importance in economical household man-
agement.

The question of supplying food under municipal or philanthropic
auspices to needy school children is one which is assuming great im-
portance, and data regarding many phases of this question are fre-
quently requested from the Department of Agriculture and can be
supplied from the accumulated results of past experiments. How-
ever, some additional information should be sought by the improved
methods of experimenting now available.

Many requests are also made by institution managers for advice
and suggestions regarding food problems presented by the feeding
of a large number of persons under more or less uniform conditions.
In this case also it is possible to supply a large amount of informa-
tion on the basis of facts accumulated from past experiments, though
additional data are needed.

The work of the Department in nutrition investigations and kindred
lines has a vital relation to the work of the agricultural colleges. In
response to a widespread demand among farmers and other people,
these colleges are conducting courses in home economics in which

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 33

instruction regarding the nutritive value of different foods and ways
of handling and cooking them is an important feature. These col-
leges have for years looked to the Department for aid in this line
and are now doing so more than ever. The agricultural colleges have
been stimulated by a recent act of Congress to organize courses for
teachers along this line, as well as other branches of agricultural and
mechanical arts. Secondary and primary schools all over the coun-
try are taking up this work, and the demand for teachers and for
information outruns the supply.

Recognizing the importance of the nutrition investigations of the
Department in this connection, students, teachers, investigators, and
individuals interested in the problems are turning to the Depart-
ment in increasing numbers for information and suggestions. This
is one phase of the great movement for the improvement of life in
both country and city through education directly relating to home
interests and the vocations of the people and the dissemination of
information along such lines. It has long been understood that work
of this character has been undertaken by the Department, and the
demand for information continues to increase.

In accordance with the usual policy of the Department, the results
of the nutrition investigations have been published as technical bul-
letins in limited editions, while the general deductions of popular
interest which have been drawn from the investigations have been
summarized in Farmers’ Bulletins and other popular publications
designed for general circulation.

Up to the present time 59 technical bulletins and 43 Farmers’ Bul-
letins and other popular summaries have been published as a result
of the nutrition investigations, as well as numerous reports of prog-
ress and similar articles. The nutrition publications issued during
the past year have included three technical bulletins, one Farmers’
Bulletin, and one circular. The subjects treated in these publica-
tions are as follows: The influence of muscular and mental work on
metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a machine; diet-
ary studies in rural regions in Vermont, Tennessee, and Georgia; and
dietary studies in public institutions in Philadelphia and Baltimore;
all three of these publications being technical bulletins. The Farm-
ers’ Bulletins have to do with the use of milk as food and the care of
food in the home. The circular briefly describes the organization of
the nutrition investigations and lists and describes the publications
issued in connection with the enterprise.

In addition to the above, a new Farmers’ Bulletin has been prepared
for publication, and one of the earlier issues has been rewritten and
brought up to date, while three special articles have also been pre-
pared for publication and two technical bulletins are approaching
completion.

46045°—10 —3

34 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

As a part of the regular work in nutrition, abstracts of the cur-
rent literature on the general subjects of physiological chemistry and
nutrition have been prepared for the Experiment Station Record,
as well as popular summaries, particularly of work carried on at the
American experiment stations, for publication in the series of Farm-
ers’ Bulletins entitled “ Experiment Station Work.”

As has been the case for many years, many requests for information
along nutrition lines have been received from Members of Congress,
teachers, institution managers, home makers, and others. The work
connected with nutrition investigations, as heretofore, has been in
charge of Dr. C. F. Langworthy.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS.

The irrigation investigations of this Office continued during the
year 1909 along the same general lines as before, under the direction
of Samuel Fortier as chief.

The great activity in the extension of irrigation works, noted in
previous reports, has continued in full force, if it has not increased.
During the last two years this Office has been preparing and publish-
ing a series of reports on irrigation in the several arid States and
Territories, these reports being prepared by the state and territorial
engineers where there are such officials, and by other local men where
there are no engineers. Most of these reports contain statements of
the areas under ditch, but not irrigated, although some do not. The
following table, showing the areas under ditch, but not irrigated, is
compiled from those reports and from correspondence with well-
informed persons in the several States. The names of all the arid
States and Territories are included in the table in order to call atten-
tion to the area not covered by the total.

Areas under ditch, but not irrigated, 1908.

Acres
ATriZONG@ 0:2 Sees a ee ee I
Caliiormia.. =- = Se = ee 1, 375, 000
Coloradota.2 -.a he ten Wh 2 Se oe 880, 000
Idaho = 2k Aes eae ee ee ee 1, 336, 600
Kansagtis. 21) see seid hls las eel sive Ne ee 50, 000
Montana 3.0222) let oe eee ee ee eee
Nebraska). Ac520- 2.2 87 2< & os de ee 500, 000
NEVA OS 2) epee. ee ee ee ee "23 sd
New (Mexi00 22 8 5.2 te Se A ee ee eee 100, 000
North* Dakota = 22252502223 a eee eee
Oklahoma .2. . 22 2 eZee ER ee eee
recone? 2:0 sey clot tied. sep eg) ee eee eee ee 380, 000
South: Dakota...) 22222224 je Sb SS be ee
Weert sg too ke ee ee ee 861, 000
0) oc ea A ee he to Ce RA OP 100, 000
WVaUSNON STG 22 2225 Prk Ne SE ee ee eee eee 200, 000
WYOMiIn? 22 225-2 ete hol ee ee eee

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 35

The table gives areas for 10 States and none is given for 7 States,
but the 10 States for which areas are given contain much more unir-
rigated lands under ditch than the others. However, Arizona, Mon-
tana, Nevada, and Wyoming contain large areas of such land, the
report on irrigation in Wyoming containing an estimate of 800,000
acres now in process of reclamation, while the Dakotas and Oklahoma
do not contain large areas under ditch. We have not sufficient basis
for an estimate of the area in the States for which no figures are
given, and it is quite probable that the estimates for the other States
include land under existing ditches which do not supply enough
water for all the lands under them, but the areas in the States not
reported will considerably more than offset the excess areas in the
other States, so that the figures seem to justify an estimate of a
total area now under ditch and awaiting settlement somewhat in
excess of 6,000,000 acres.

Some of the reports cited above contain estimates of the areas
under projects now in course of construction, without stating how
much is now irrigated. The table which follows is compiled from
these statements and from the reports of the Secretary of the In-
terior. The areas given under the States are exclusive of the United
States Reclamation Service and Carey Act projects:

Areas in the process of reclamation.

United States Reclamation Service: Acres. Acres.
Total area now under projects_________ 3, 037, 961
Area TOWiinrimateGd ve) 8! beg Tae 424, 549
Avea peme Tecgimed=-—- 22 oe eee 2, 613, 412
Carey Act:
A PCNRSCLTeOnted {= be Be 21 ie) ee 2, 766, 600
Aron patented = 1 i= ite 3522 314, 564
2, 452, 036
PTO eye eee ye aso Sash Pa ee pee yi ee A Sine he se 4
re MOO TIO bees wl lk kd bh ie eg Bae A 400, 000
RRM tre) Fyre Hs Ss wt a 8 Sk ee Te Le A IE 400, 000
ECR SUAY Che eS cra hs pe gn cn ht ae gg > ee Lee 50, 000
| SU (teed 4 inde atc a ony oleel, BU deat Abe A ltete tine Bert Sk DN ed | 50, 000
POONTHNE See eae Eee ho 92 ed PE AW SII eA ose aes
ING IH Sivas 22545 es ees a Se i ae er 85, 000
Vay {6 EE eae CD a ee SAN Eee oe ee LD Cee Ne Peas! gprs eb ee
ENC MUO SACOE LS trd cig eek Lh Fis ot Se SA 150, 000
Ifo A Utg Of hj 7: Se ar ee See eee eee ee See eee eS eee lo vA BP PAE SLS
GLEN a Copa) pele ES all he ENE abe Bilge ects Allens d lay gol MEM wet dE Ly sae
Cree fo leet be Bw coe tO Se) Ee 80, 000
Rupee PamOtR He eat A: oes ST sistn dos) bo dete wn eS
SCONE epee Oe eee 2 Me ae 900, 000
(Oye. |: kee te TESS TEP cen Of Soe. Oe OF ie Cee ep SOLES the reer weet | EL
A Ya a PE ED EY EE Sees ey ae ee er Pe 134, 000
Watt apn nn oe eo a: eee | Fe 3875, 000

fo Ly nee <a SER RE 2 ey Le ee 8, 689, 448

36

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

There is undoubtedly some duplication in the two tables given
above, so that the sum of the two totals could not be taken as the area
which will be available for settlement within the next few years.
On the other hand, many large projects which are in a more or less
complete state of organization are not included in the tables. How-
ever, the tables seem to justify the statement that there is now avail-
able for settlement an area of 6,000,000 acres, with as much more
under ditches now under construction, which will be available within
a few years. This Office has estimated the area now irrigated at
13,000,000 acres, and therefore the works now under construction
will provide for the approximate doubling of the area.

This large increase in the area irrigated will be made at a great
increase in cost per acre irrigated. The United States Census re-
ports give the average cost of irrigation works in the United States
up to 1900 as $8.85 per acre irrigated, and up to 1902 at $9.14 per acre
irrigated.* Data for an average up to the present time are not avail-
able, but the reports of the Secretary of the Interior show that the
average cost of the works built under the Reclamation Law has been
as follows:

Estimated average cost of irrigation works as shown by statements of areas to
be reclaimed and estimated cost of works, published in annual reports of the
Secretary of the Interior, 1904 to 1908, and table supplied by the United States
Reclamation Servee, 1909.

Average Average
Year. Total area.| Total cost. cost Year. Total area.| Total cost. cost.
per acre. per acre.
Acres. Acres.
1904: tee- 5... 1, 332, 000 $26, 970, 429 B20SZ5 4 ASD Tee. sate 1,910, 000 $70, 000, 000 $36. 65
AGUHE SUC pe 1, 028, 600 27, 930, 000 Zils || VOUS Sesser 2, 292, 346 89, 431, 500 39.00
ROUGS eee 1, 263, 600 39, 155, 161 31.00

The averages given above are based on total acreages and total
cost. The cost under the different projects varies from $25 to $65
per acre. That the cost of other works is not far different from that
of the government works is shown by the data on irrigation contained
in the Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1908 (Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor). As stated there, the cost of irriga-
tion works in the United States in 1902 was $77,430,212, and the area
irrigated 8,471,641 acres; the cost in 1907 was $125,000,000, and the
area 9,700,000 acres. The increase in the area from 1902 to 1907 was
1,228,459 acres, while the increased cost was $47,569,788, or an aver-
age of $38.72 per acre. The table for the government works includes
the year 1908, while the other does not, which would account for the
slight difference between the average cost found in the two ways.

@U. 8. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bur. Census Bul. 16, p.11.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS, 5 4

The high cost is further shown by the following table, showing the
cost of water rights under Carey Act projects in Idaho:

Table of Idaho Carey-Act projects, with cost per acre and date of opening.

Date of
Name of company. open- Peake
ing. acre.

Marysville. Canal Company... .....-.....<22.. eee eesccenseces 1898 $6-20
American Falls Canal and Power Company.............-- 1900 15-25
Canyon Canal Company. . -.. Uence Roti: Be Seasons 1901 25
Twin Falls Land and Water Company...............---.- 1901 25
Twin Falls North Side Land and Water*Company 1907 30
RTCA ON ACD ID DON a aio 5 pont ata ethnt toes an ao ses cb oo Peles nauk oebicee wee 1907 28
Portueul Marsh Valley Irrigation Company ..:-..-:......2.0. 25.020 cow e cece cc ececsece 1907 35
Twin Falls North Side Land and Water Company (second segregation)............... 1908 35
RERISEOREEEPILGE COLD DOIG 1152. se coche. ES ko caroe no toes Cae rag eke OER eee a one cee Oe eee Pee 1908 25-35
PN OM PAT OMOOM DANY «2 oclc 5-0-1. c+ «= seid s Face no ea pane cane acs Sans ada todesaaess 1908 35
Twin Falls Salmon River Irrigation Company. ...............--- Ae ee ee ee 1908 40
iw Pals Clover Creek irrigation Company . 3-...2.5- 5. Jenene Gaewemwen ee osneceees 1908 45
MP RNEEVGR ATEICALION COMPAN ss... 228 2 UL odode scene votes cos webue nee ee ae ed ties 1909 40
Pena MnOs win NaNs rr cation COMPANY s. 2.5 << se a -iciav ce ewlalguein seine doers anoe seem | 1909 40
Idaho Irrigation Company (second segregation). ...........-.2..-.--2.0- eee eee ee eee eee | 1909 50
ince ulirrigation.and ower, Company <i 2: 2a. swiss cS ae vee acne eek ocade swan cn’ | 1909 65
iwi kas Oakley irrigation Compatty 222.2222 8 Noob ek | 1909 65
eIROMAT NICATION COMPANY <0 - 54 je oar hierat oh as Ses kes sso ce ae one anette eel~ceSs oo | 1910 60
Twin. Falls Land and Water Company Extension. ....-..2....-.-..---- 202-202 s202-- es 1910 65
Owyhesilrrigation Company ca. - 01. = 22-6%,- .ee0 eh. Jee emee eases pide he) cmtechs tee sac Oa See | 1910 65
Seuchern idaho’ Reclamation Company. - 2222.55 13. ss. eines Re cc boc Se cncnewtew teases | 1910 7

Assuming then that the cost of the reclamation works represents
an average for all the works now under construction, there is an
increase of 327 per cent over the average cost of works built prior
to 1902,

The great increase in the area under ditch and the enormously
increased cost at which the land is being brought under ditch are the
dominant factors of the irrigation situation at the present time. The
high cost limits settlement to persons with considerable capital, and
at the same time limits the crops which may be grown to those giving
large returns per acre. During the first few years after works are
built maintenance charges are large, and if the lands are not settled
at once these must be added to the purchase price, making the situa-
tion more and more acute. The situation is this: A large area of land
under expensive works, requiring immediate settlement by persons
with considerable capital who must at once bring the land into a high
state of productiveness. To offset this, there is undoubtedly an un- ‘
usually strong desire on the part of a great many people to go from
the cities onto the land, to leave the life of the factory, the store,
and the office for that of the independent producer. The intensive
cultivation of a small area, with an assured water supply and a large
and assured return appeals to them. Great numbers of such people
are buying the high-priced irrigated lands. They are a high class
of citizens and, as a rule, they have some little capital, but generally
they are ignorant of agriculture in any form, and almost universally
they are totally ignorant of irrigation. They are abandoning the
occupations of a lifetime for a new one of which they know nothing,

38 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in which the expenses are so large that a few mistakes mean failure
for the settlers, and the failure of the settlers means the failure of
the enterprises.

The Office has realized fully the gravity of the situation and there-
fore has devoted the greater part of its attention for the last few
years to collecting information as to the best methods of performing
all the agricultural operations peculiar to farming under irrigation,
and placing this information within the reach of the new settlers in
the arid region. This has been done by publishing in popular form
bulletins on the preparation of land for irrigation, the building of
ditches and ditch structures, and applying water to the principal
crops of the irrigated farms; by lectures; by personal advice when-
ever possible; and by cooperating with the state experiment stations
and with private parties in the maintenance and operation of experi-
mental and demonstration farms. Such farms have been maintained
during the past year in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho,
Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, and North Dakota.

While the leading feature of the work has been the aiding of settlers
in the newer regions, none of the other lines of work carried on in the
past has been abandoned.

Tank experiments to determine the quantities of water lost by
evaporation under different methods of applying water to crops and
different systems of cultivation were continued, and tanks put in at
several additional points.

The work of demonstrating the advantages of irrigation in sections
where crops can be grown without it has been continued and ex-
tended. In the Willamette Valley, Oregon, which has a very heavy
annual rainfall, the practicability of irrigating through the summer
drought has been thoroughly demonstrated and the practice of irri-
gation is being extended rapidly in that valley.

At Cheyenne and Newcastle, Wyo., and Eads, Colo., in the so-
called “ dry-farming ” region, the last few years have been seasons
of much more than normal precipitation, yet the farms maintained
at those points have demonstrated beyond doubt the practicability of
irrigating small areas with pumped water. In years of unfavorable
precipitation the value of the small irrigated areas will stand out
much more clearly.

While the semiarid region has been enjoying an abnormally heavy
precipitation the Atlantic States have been suffering from annual
droughts which have created a great interest in irrigation, this interest
extending from the Lakes and the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of
Mexico. From this section there has been a strong demand for
advice as to methods of using water, and for the last two seasons
an expert has devoted his entire time to this section, giving advice
to farmers and conducting demonstrations in cooperation with farm-

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 39

ers at points scattered throughout the whole humid section of the
country. Here, as in the newer sections of the West, the present
demand is for practical directions for performing the agricultural
operations connected with irrigation.

In both the humid and arid sections, as irrigation becomes more
generally practiced, there will be more demand for the study of the
scientific questions connected with securing the largest use of the
available water supply and the best development of the crops grown.
Such work is now being carried on in the sections where irrigation
has been practiced for a long time and the available water supply
has been put to use, making extension of the irrigated area dependent
upon stopping waste and more economical use. This work includes
the measurement of losses of water from canals in conveying it to
the place of use and the means of checking them, including the use
of canal linings of various kinds; the cleaning of canals; the use of
flumes and pipes for distributing water; adaptation of methods of
applying water to the character of the water supply and of the soil
and subsoil in order to attain and keep up the best moisture condi-
tions in the soil; the effect upon the crop of applying water in dif-
ferent volumes and at different stages of the crops’ development ; and
the effect of laws and regulations upon the use of water.

The rice districts of the South have irrigation problems peculiar
to themselves, which are being studied. These include pumping, con-
struction of field levees, depths at which water should be maintained
on fields, systems of controlling the distribution of water.

Investigations of pumping are carried on throughout the United
States, and an expert in that line devotes his time to giving advice
on the installation and operation of pumping plants and the prepara-
tion of bulletins on the subject. The construction of reservoirs for
the impounding of storm and flood waters is also being studied.

The authority for the irrigation investigations carried on by this
Office is broad in its terms, and the purpose always in mind is to
render the greatest service possible with the available funds. At
present the greatest opportunity is in the section being brought under
irrigation. As time passes this work will become less important, and
the more scientific work will be expanded.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

The drainage of agricultural] lands involves the consideration of
such a number and variety of factors that to design drainage systems
properly requires a knowledge of land and soil conditions obtained
only by careful observation and no little experience. Every farmer
who has desired to improve lands too wet for easy cultivation, as well
as every engineer who is called upon to plan the reclamation of
swamp lands or those periodically inundated by overflow from

40 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

streams, has experienced the need of definite knowledge upon this
subject.

Drainage investigations of this Office undertake to collect the avail-
able information relating to agricultural drainage; to study the
practice of this and other countries, learning the causes of success and
of failure; to investigate the conditions affecting the design of drain-
age systems; and to use the information gained in this manner for en-
couraging the reclamation and improvement of wet lands. The Office
also disseminates information regarding the methods and benefits of
drainage, and assists landowners in devising plans for draining cer-
tain areas in order to test the value of such undertakings. The need
for such studies is emphasized by the increasing number of inquiries
received from every part of the United States and even from other
countries. Information is asked regarding the proper depth and
arrangement of underdrains, and open ditches, the efficiency of drains
in certain described soils, the effect of drainage upon the soil and
upon crop production, and the methods and costs of construction.
Other inquiries relate to the computation of flow in natural water
courses and in artificial channels, the coefficients to be used in the
hydraulic formule, and the effect of bends, obstructions, and non-
uniform cross sections; also to the maintenance of ditches, the pre-
vention of silting and of erosion. There is much need of reliable
data concerning the amount of water that should be removed from
drainage areas, how this depth is related to rainfall and size of area,
and how it is affected by climate, soil, and topography. Many re-
quests are made for personal examinations and for surveys, with defi-
nite plans for the work that may be found practicable. Assistance
is desired in the organization of drainage districts where the cooper-
ation of many landowners is necessary, in assessing the costs against
property benefited, and in appraising damages, as well as in drafting
general drainage laws.

Much information is given by correspondence, in reply to specific
inquiries. Sketches and maps are received, with descriptions of soil
and topography, from which drainage plans are outlined more or
less definitely by the Office engineers. Frequently from personal in-
spection of the lands the engineers are able to recommend the plans
to be followed and to make approximate estimates of the cost.
Where necessary, drainage surveys are made by field parties, and the
best plans of improvement worked out in detail. Plans prepared by
local engineers are frequently submitted for the criticism or ap-
proval of the Office. The exceptional experience of the department
engineers enables them many times to suggest changes that will make
the work planned more effective or more economical.

The collection of data upon matters related to drainage is consid-
ered very important. A study is made of current drainage practice

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 41

in the United States and abroad. Special examinations are made of
the soils that are most difficult to reclaim, such as peat and turf lands,
tidal marshes, and the heavy alluvial soils, and of the effect of drain-
age upon the texture of soil. Investigations are made to determine
the value of cement drain tile. Various types of excavating ma-
chinery are observed, and their fitness for the different kinds of drain-
age construction noted. Pumping plants are examined, and tests of
their efficiency under different conditions have been made.

A large part of the work of drainage investigations is making sur-
veys and preparing plans for draining lands permanently wet or
periodically inundated. These surveys are undertaken in response
to requests received from individuals and from organizations for
assistance in initiating or perfecting drainage improvements. A
preliminary investigation is first made by one of the drainage engi-
neers, who ascertains approximately the extent and nature of the
survey, the manner of conducting the field work, the probable benefit
to property from drainage, as well as the interest shown by those
who propose to carry out the project. When it is expedient for the
Office to lend further assistance, a surveying party is organized. This
party obtains accurate information regarding the existing water-
courses, the area to be benefited, the slope and elevations of the
ground surface, the proper location of new channels and levees, with
any special data that may be helpful in designing the most practi-
cable method of improvement. A report and maps are then pre-
pared, setting forth the conditions existing, showing the proposed
plan of drainage, and giving an estimate of the cost of construction.
To determine the proper plan for a district, the field data should be
collected with care, and good judgment must be exercised in the use
of all information bearing upon the project. It is necessary to study
carefully the amount and distribution of rainfall, the readiness with
which water percolates through the soil, and the most practical meth-
ods of excavating ditches and building levees. All the details are
fully considered and so explained that the plans can be followed with
confidence. The report and maps, with such profiles and other draw-
ings as are required, are transmitted to the local parties interested.
Owing to the increasing interest in land drainage, the number of
requests for personal examinations and surveys is greater than can
be met by the drainage staff, so it is necessary to select with care those
projects which are most representative, and in localities where land-
owners are most willing to cooperate and to carry out the work that
may be found practicable.

The work is done under the immediate direction of C. G. Elliott,
chief of drainage investigations of this Office, and may be classi-
fied as follows: (1) The improvement of farm lands already under
cultivation, which is considered of equal importance with the recla-

49 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

mation of uncultivated areas; (2) the drainage of swamp lands
permanently too wet for agriculture; (8) the protection of land peri-
odically overflowed, the cultivation of which is thereby rendered
uncertain; (4) the drainage of irrigated lands once profitable, but
which have been injured by seepage or by the accumulation of alkali;
(5) the collection of data of service to engineers and others in plan-
ning the improvement of lands for agriculture; and (6) the dis-
semination of the information secured.

A summary of the principal projects carried on during the past
fiscal year under each of these divisions is given herewith.

IMPROVEMENT OF FARM LANDS.

A survey and plans were made by L. L. Hidinger for underdrain-
ing the wet lands on the Berry School farm near Rome, Ga. Pupils
of the school, boys from the mountain districts, assisted in the survey,
and, with the superintendent of the school, were instructed regarding
drainage and the methods of laying tile. Fora part of the lines loca-
tion and grade stakes were set. The drains have been installed by the
students according to the plans.

Attempts to drain farm lands in the vicinity of Chadbourn, N. C.,
have heretofore met with but partial success. A survey was made
by S. H. McCrory, and plans were prepared for improving the nat-
ural watercourses and constructing new ditches to provide outlets
for about 3,200 acres of cultivated land.

H. M. Lynde surveyed tracts on the plantations of S. G. Stoney
and J. P..Clark, in Berkeley County, S. C., and prepared plans for
the channels necessary to drain about 7,000 acres of wet lands. The
improvements will be made by the owners of the property, and will
serve as an example to other owners of similar lands in that part of
the State.

The farm of L. S. Rogers, near West, Miss., was surveyed. For
the wet area there was planned a complete system of underdrainage,
supplemented by levees to prevent overflow by water from adjoining
lands.

An experimental system of tile drainage was planned for 26 acres
on the farm of H. K. Knox, near Baton Rouge, La. The drains will
be installed by the landowner, to determine the feasibility of tile
drainage in the heavy alluvial soil of that vicinity.

DRAINAGE OF SWAMP LANDS.

During the winter a survey was made under the supervision of
A. E. Morgan to secure data for preparing a comprehensive scheme
to drain about 1,000,000 acres in the St. Francis Valley, in Arkansas.
The area includes about the eastern half of Craighead and Poinsett

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 43

counties and the whole of Mississippi County. As the merchantable
timber is removed, there develops a desire to fit the land for agri-
culture. Plans for the drainage of some parts of this area have been
made, but the low elevation of the land and small slope of the sur-
face make necessary the treatment of the whole as one district. The
complete plan is now being prepared.

G. A. Griffin made a survey of Cedar Swamp, in southern Delaware,
planned the necessary drainage ditches to reclaim 6,000 acres, and
reported a plan and estimate of cost for reclaiming the lands for
cultivation. Examination was made of the feasibility of improving
the Pocomoke River, in Maryland, as an outlet for this swamp and
for the 1,300 acres of wet lands along the stream.

Lake Mattamuskeet and adjacent lands, in Hyde County, N. C.,
were surveyed by S. H. McCrory under the supervision of J. O.
Wright. The area of the lake is 50,000 acres, it is about 5 feet deep,
and the mean elevation of its surface is approximately 2 feet above
sea level. Plans have been made for ditches. and a large pumping
plant to drain the lake and 70,000 acres of the surrounding land.
Steps are being taken to organize the district and carry out the plan.

A survey was made by H. M. Lynde, and plans have been prepared
for draining 14,400 acres lying south of Moyock, N. C. The dis-
trict includes some lands that have been cultivated and swamp lands
on the edge of the Great Dismal Swamp that are being cleared of
timber. Water from the swamp overflows the land, the ditches
already constructed being insufficient to remove it promptly. The
plans prepared recommend the improvement of the old channels
and the construction of new ones that will intercept this overflow
and provide adequate drainage outlets for the district.

Under the supervision of J. O. Wright, surveys and examinations
were made of 15,000 acres drained by Pantego Creek, in Beaufort
County, N. C. The ditches as planned are now being constructed.

RECLAMATION OF OVERFLOWED LANDS.

The survey begun by L. L. Hidinger in 1907 in the Little Wabash
Valley, in Illinois, was extended to include the overflowed lands on
the Skillet Fork, and the field work has been completed. Levees
and ditches have been planned to protect from overflow 53,000 acres
on the Little Wabash River and 75,000 acres on the Skillet Fork,
and to provide drainage channels for the protected lands.

A survey of Logan Creek in six counties of Nebraska, from Wake-
field to the Elkhorn River, was made by Lawrence Brett; the bottom
lands to be drained are about 53,000 acres. New channels have been
designed for 1 considerable part of the distance to relieve the main
channel and to provide drainage for the lowlands back from the

44 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

creek. The report has been transmitted to the boards of county com-
missioners and to the officers of the provisional drainage organization.

Under the supervision of W. J. McEathron, 8S. H. McCrory made
a survey of the flooded lands along the Vermilion River in Turner
and Clay counties, S. Dak., obtained gagings of the flow during a
period of very high water, and prepared plans for the levees and
ditches that will be required to protect and drain 18,000 acres.

The Mulberry River, in Jackson County, Ga., is typical of the
smaller streams in the South, which are crooked and obstructed and
therefore do not remove the excess rainfall quickly enough to pre-
vent injury to crops. L. L. Hidinger made a survey to determine
the feasibility of improving this stream, and planned the work
necessary to give the channel sufficient capacity to prevent overflow
and to drain the fertile bottom lands.

Under W. J. McEathron’s supervision, H. A. Kipp conducted a
survey of lands drained by Silver Creek, in Merrick County, Nebr.,
which are typical of the bottom lands of the Platte River. The old
channels are so tortuous and obstructed that entirely new straight
channels have been designed which will drain the 50,000 acres now
subject to overflow.

<xaminations were made of the lands inundated by flood waters
from White River, in Jackson County, Ark. Lines for proposed
levees were located along this river and along Village Creek, and
ditches were planned to protect and drain 26,000 acres now largely
unproductive.

Under the supervision of A. E. Morgan, F. F. Shafer examined
some 270,000 acres in Lawrence, Randolph, and Jackson counties,
Ark., drained by Village Creek and Running Water Creek. Surveys
were made and plans and estimates were prepared for reclaiming
56,000 acres by ditches, new channels, and some short levees along
Black River.

This Office directed the survey of about 180,000 acres in Jefferson
and Arkansas counties, Ark., for the reclamation of the wet and
overflowed land along Plum Bayou and Bayou Meto. The plans
have been prepared by local engineers and submitted to this Office for
examination and approval.

S. H. McCrory has made a survey of Salt Creek, in Nebraska,
from above Lincoln to the Platte River, near Ashland. The conges-
tion of flood waters at Lincoln, and the necessity of including valu-
able city property in the district, make the problem one of unusual
difficulty, requiring the greatest care in determining the most prac-
ticable design. The plans will outline the work necessary to contrel
the floods and protect about 26,000 acres of agricultural land.

J. V. Phillips has made a survey and located the line for a short
levee along Cape Fear River, in Bladen County, N. C., to prevent

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 45

the inundation of Lyon Swamp. He also prepared a plan for the
drainage of the swamp comprising 6,000 acres.

A survey has been made by H. A. Kipp to determine the work
necessary for protecting against annual overflow and draining the
bottom lands of the Tuscumbia River, in Prentiss and Alcorn coun-
ties, Miss., amounting to 23,000 acres.

The report of D. G. Miller, giving plans for levees to protect from
overflow lands in Richland County, 8. C., on the Congaree River,
below Columbia, has been revised to provide against floods equal
to that of 1908, and has been transmitted to the landowners most
interested.

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

The work of drainage investigations in the irrigated lands of Utah
and Colorado has been done under the supervision of C. F. Brown,
who has been assisted by R. A. Hart, D. G. Miller, and H. R. Ellictt.
Many localities have been examined and drainage plans outlined.
Surveys have been made, and the construction of the drains watched
and directed, in order to study the movement of the water in the soil
and to learn how it can best be intercepted or removed. Such surveys
have been made of several new tracts in Utah. Plans were prepared
for a district of 1,000 acres near Venice, and examinations were made
of injured fruit lands in the Green River Valley near Vernal. On
the tracts in Emery and Washington counties, where previous efforts
of this Office have been but partially successful, further studies are
being conducted.

Plans have been made for the drainage of a number of tracts in
western Colorado in the vicinity of Grand Junction, Delta, and
Montrose. The drains are installed by the landowners, and the
injured areas are being reclaimed in almost every instance. A drain-
age survey. was made of the California Mesa, near Delta, showing
the areas needing drainage, and general plans will be made for
improving these lands and preventing further injury. The investi-
gations in the San Luis Valley have been continued, where the interest
in drainage is rapidly increasing.

C. G. Elliott visited Yakima County, Wash., to examine the
Wapato irrigation project in company with the Reclamation Service
engineers. A drainage plan was submitted to the Department of the
Interior for reclaiming the 43,000 acres of this project now injured
by seepage and alkali, and for keeping other lands from being
affected.

L. L.. Hidinger has made investigations of conditions in the Rio
Grande Valley in Texas, where the need of drainage is being forced
upon the attention of all people interested in agriculture. Low areas
have become saturated with water from higher irrigated land, and in

46 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

many places the accumulation of alkali is destroying the useful plants.
To remove the alkali and the excess water thorough drainage is
necessary. General reports of the conditions have been made to the
Office, and surveys of some of the tracts most injured have been made,
from which have been prepared drainage plans to be submitted to the
owners.

COLLECTION OF DATA ON DRAINAGE.

C. G. Elliott spent two months investigating drainage practice in
northern Europe. He visited the fen lands of England, examining
soil conditions, pumping plants, and the arrangement of ditches.
Data were also gathered relating to the depth of water removed, the
methods of treating peaty lands, costs of construction and mainte-
nance, and the terms upon which government loans for drainage
improvements are made to. landowners. Drainage works in northern
France were inspected, and interviews were obtained with officials of
the boards of agriculture of France and of Belgium. In Holland
investigation was made of the drainage of Haarlem Lake and of the
cultivation of the lake bed. Moorlands and other drained areas were
visited in north, west, and south Germany, and in the vicinity of
Salsburg, Austria. Although both climatic and industrial conditions
in Europe are different from those in the United States, the long
experience of these older countries is of much value in planning
drainage improvements here.

Further investigations have been made of drained peat and turf
lands in the upper Mississippi Valley, regarding the methods of
drainage employed, the treatment required to fit such lands for culti-
vation, and the kind and value of crops obtained. Similar investi-
gations have been begun in southern Louisiana by A. M. Shaw, spe-
cial attention to be given to finding the amount of water such soils
will absorb, the proper moisture content, and the run-off that must
be removed by pumping plants. Observations are also being made
of the flow of water in drainage ditches.

Geo. M. Warren has made investigations of the drained tidal
marshes along the Delaware River. Information as to the amount of
drainage works constructed and of their efficiency is being compiled.
The action of sluice gates has been studied, the treatment and value
of the reclaimed lands, and the crops produced. Some very complete
records of costs have been secured.

An examination of drained areas of the Dismal Swamp, in Virginia
and North Carolina, was made by H. R. Elliott, who prepared a
report showing the extent of the work which has been done by the
owners, the results accomplished, and the value of the lands that have
been cultivated.

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 47

R. A. Hart has made investigations of the effect of alkaline waters
upon the setting, strength, and durability of Portland cement, with
special reference to the use of cement tile in the irrigated lands where
certain salts are present in the soil. The cost of clay tile in many lo-
calities is almost prohibitive, and cement tile is much less expensive-

DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION.

Besides much information of general and specific nature given out
by correspondence from the Office, and in the typewritten reports
upon the various projects, members of the staff deliver addresses to
meetings of farmers, engineers, and others interested in problems of
agricultural drainage. C. G. Elliott addressed a meeting at Tallu-
lah, La., called by the levee board to consider the drainage of lands
in the fifth Louisiana levee district. S. M. Woodward delivered a
series of three lectures before the Graduate School of Agriculture,
Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y. Meetings of farmers and other
landowners were addressed by the supervising drainage engineers at.
Princess Anne, Md.; Georgetown, Del.; Osceola and Lake City, Ark.;
Fremont, Nebr.; and several towns in North Carolina. The super-
vising engineers assisted in drafting the new general drainage laws
passed by the legislatures of Arkansas and North Carolina.

THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

In 1909, as in years closely preceding it, much attention was given
by college and school authorities in this country and abroad to the
promotion of agricultural education. At the first convention of the
Pan-American Scientific Congress in Chile the programme of the
section on agronomy and zootechnics was largely taken up with dis-
cussions on agricultural education. In Canada much attention was
given to the establishment and building up of institutions for agri-
cultural education, including an agricultural college in Saskatchewan,
and particularly to the development of courses for the training of
teachers of agriculture and home economics. Teacher training was
also actively promoted in Ireland, where efforts have been made for
a number of years, through fixed agricultural schools and various
forms of itinerant instruction in agriculture, to reach the people in
all parts of the island. In England the University of Manchester
established a three-year course !n agriculture, leading to a degree in
science.

In the United States the country life commission appointed by
President Roosevelt collected a large amount of valuable data con-
cerning the status of education for rural people and recommended
the general development and extension of facilities for the teaching
of agriculture. home economics. and other country-life subjects. The

AS8 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

third session of the Graduate School of Agriculture at Cornell Uni-
versity was the most successful yet held. Plans have been made for
the fourth session at the lowa Agricultural College, and the director
of this Office has accepted an invitation to act as dean of this session.
Graduate schools offering courses in agriculture were established in
connection with the agricultural colleges in Illinois and Massachusetts.

During the year the agricultural colleges have given instruction in
agriculture to more students than in any previous year and have also
done more effective work along other lines. Several of the biennial
state appropriations for these institutions have approached or passed
the half-million mark, notably in Washington ($487,000), Pennsyl-
vania ($526,000), and Kansas ($671,000). The growth of the agri-
cultural colleges is also indicated by the number and character of
college buildings completed during the year. Among the more im-
portant of these were the following agricultural buildings: Georgia,
$100,000; Iowa, $400,000; Maine, $50,000; Michigan, $175,000; Mis-
sourl, $100,000; and Montana, $80,000. Wisconsin has completed a
$75,000 live-stock pavilion, and California has started work on a
$200,000 agricultural building. Faculties and courses of study were
reorganized on broader lines in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Loui-
siana, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and
Wisconsin; definite provision for training public-school teachers of
agriculture or for aiding them through extension departments or
special publications is now made by agricultural colleges in twenty-
seven States, and fully as many of these institutions are engaging
actively in other forms of agricultural extension work.’ New agricul-
tural colleges have been established in Hawaii and Porto Rico and
the former was opened early in 1909.

Secondary courses in agriculture have been established in connec-
tion with the agricultural colleges in Montana, Oregon, South Dakota,
Texas, and Virginia, two district agricultural high schools have
been provided for in Idaho, likewise four in Arkansas with a total
appropriation of $160,000, two more in New York with a total appro-
priation of $100,000, and five in Oklahoma, two of which have been
located and have received $20,000 each for buildings and $12,000 each
for maintenance. Subsidies have been voted to encourage the teach-
ing of agricultural and domestic science in public high schools as
follows: In Texas, $32,000; in Minnesota, $25,000 for ten schools; in
Virginia, $20,000 for ten schools; in Mississippi, $1,000 for one school
in each county; and in Louisiana, $500 to each school approved by the
state board of education. In Massachusetts the Smith Agricultural
School and Northampton School of Technology has been opened at
Northampton and smaller apt? high satis at Petersham and
Montague, . ;

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 49

The introduction of agriculture into the elementary schools has also
been promoted actively. In this work the colleges have been par-
ticularly active through their summer schools and other teachers’
courses and through the preparation of courses of study and school
leaflets and the encouragement of boys’ and girls’ clubs. These clubs
are coming to be very effective agencies for interesting young people
in agriculture and home making and are now reported from 29
States, with a total membership of upward of 150,000. Agricultural
college men have also been active in the preparation of text-books
and manuals for secondary and elementary schools. One secondary
and 6 elementary texts were published during the year.

In all this work of providing facilities for graduate study in agri-
culture, reorganizing and strengthening college courses, and multi-
plying opportunities for acquiring secondary and elementary instruc-
tion in this subject, the Office of Experiment Stations has continued
to act as the general agency of the Department. The director, as
chairman of the committee on instruction in agriculture of the
Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions, has aided in the work now being done to prepare a four-year
college course in home economics and a one-year secondary course in
animal husbandry. He also aided in preparing courses for agri-
cultural high schools and has taken part in a number of important
educational conferences and spoken at several large meetings of
educators.

The agricultural education service of the Office has continued to be
under the immediate direction of Mr. D. J. Crosby, who has been
aided throughout the year by three clerical assistants and during the
last four months of the year by Mr. F’. W. Howe, assistant in agri-
cultural education. The demands upon this branch of the Office for
assistance to colleges and schools of different grades, and to teachers
and other school officers interested in the promotion of agricultural
education have continued to grow more rapidly than the funds for
this work have increased, and consequently the better facilities of the
Office for assistance to these educational agencies have not enabled it
to keep up with the demands. There have been numerous requests to
attend conferences and conventions, to outline courses of study for
new schools, and to give lectures at summer schools for teachers, but
with the pressing current work, the preparation of educational publi-
vations, the reviewing and abstracting of the literature of agricultural
education, and the management of a large correspondence it has been
necessary to refuse many worthy appeals for assistance which would
otherwise have received careful attention.

46045°—10——4,

50 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES AND EXTENSION WORK.

The work of the Office in promoting the interests of farmers’ insti-
tutes has proceeded along the same general lines as in previous years
and has continued under the direction of Prof. John Hamilton,
farmers’ institute specialist.

The growing interest in farmers’ institutes and in extension work
has greatly increased the work of the Office and has made necessary
the appointment of an assistant to the institute specialist; Mr. John
M. Stedman, of the University of Missouri, was appointed to the
position in May, 1909.

In all of the States, except Louisiana and Nevada, institutes were
conducted during the past year, and in all the Territories, except
Alaska and Hawaii. In the 47 States and Territories for which
reports were received 5,014 regular institutes, with a total of 15,535
sessions were held, with a total attendance of 2,240,925. This is an
increase in attendance of about 150,000 over the figures of 1908.

In addition to regular institutes, special institutes were held in a
number of States, with an aggregate attendance of over 600,000,
making a grand total attendance at all forms of institutes of over
2,850,000. The special institutes included no less than 12 different
forms of institute activity, among which were women’s institutes,
round-up institutes, railroad specials, movable schools, and various
other forms.

Among the more marked developments along institute lines are the
railroad specials, which are now conducted in 15 States. These spe-
cials are equipped with illustrative material and provided with a corps
of lecturers who address audiences of farmers at the local stations on
the lines of the road. One hundred and fifty-five thousand persons
were reported in attendance upon these trains during the past year
and had opportunity to hear the lectures and examine the exhibits
illustrating the practical value of the instruction given.

Normal institutes for the instruction of institute lecturers have be-
come common and are now regarded as necessary adjuncts to every
well-organized institute system.

Movable schools, continuing from one to two weeks in a locality,
seem destined to become leading features in future institute devel-
opment. This Office has aided in this movement by preparing courses
of study suitable for use by such schools and by publishing a cireu-
lar giving specific directions for their organization.

Institutes specially for women are rapidly being organized and
in all probability will soon equal in number of members and in
effectiveness those established for men. In their development this
Office has endeavored to assist through a circular calling attention to

PUBLICATIONS. 51

their importance. This circular also outlines methods by which such
institutes may be organized and successfully conducted.

The state appropriations for farmers’ institutes were about $20,000
greater than for 1908, making a total of $345,600.

For the past four years the Office has been cooperating with the
standing committee of the Association of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations on extension work by assigning the
institute specialist to act as secretary of the committee. The work
of this committee has been very effective and was recognized by the
association at its recent meeting in Portland by adopting at the sug-
gestion of the committee a change in the constitution of the associa-
tion, whereby a third section, to be known as the section on extension
work, was created. The association, therefore, now consists of three
sections—the college section, the experiment station section, and the
section on extension work, thus recognizing extension work in edu-
cation as coordinate with that of the college in its interior work, and
the station in its work of investigation and research. This is a most
important step in advance in agricultural education, and in securing
its recognition this Office has to some extent shared. Agricultural
extension now has, therefore, a recognized place in the educational
system of instruction by the land-grant colleges and will undoubtedly
offer a field for investigation along agricultural education lines that
can properly be undertaken by this Office. The field is new and con-
sequently undeveloped. There is need, therefore, for securing and
disseminating information in this direction. The Office can mate-
rially aid this movement by organizing a clearing house in agricultural
education extension, to which questions of administration and organ-
ization in extension work may be referred and where researches and
demonstrations in agricultural education extension may be conducted.

The detailed report of the farmers’ institute specialist will be found
on pages 327-359.

PUBLICATIONS.

As in previous years, the publications of the Office during 1909
may be grouped under five main heads, as follows: (1) Annual re-
ports, including the administrative report of the Director and the
larger annual report of the Office. (2) Experiment Station Record,
which gives a technical review of the current literature of agricul-
tural investigation throughout the world, and Experiment Station
Work, which is published periodically in the Farmers’ Bulletin series
of the Department and gives a popular summary of some of the more
salient practical results of the work of the experiment stations. (3)
Publications relating to the food and nutrition of man, consisting of
technical and popular bulletins, circulars, ete., reporting or based
upon the results of nutrition investigations conducted under the

52 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

auspices of the Office. (4) Publications relating to irrigation and
drainage, which include reports, technical and popular bulletins,
circulars, ete., giving the results of the irrigation and drainage in-
vestigations of “the Office. (5) Educational and other publication,
including those relating to agricultural education in general, farm-
ers’ institutes, proceedings of the Association of American Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations, and of the Association of
Farmers’ Institute Workers and similar publications, and the card
index of experiment station literature, besides miscellaneous docu-
ments of various kinds, The editorial management of the publica-
tions of the Office, with the exception of the Experiment Station
Record, is in charge of Mr. W. H. Beal.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, the Department pub-
lished 57 documents prepared by this Office, not including revised
reprints, separates, etc., aggregating 3,412 pages, as compared with
68 documents aggregating 3,839 pages the previous year. These
documents included 16 paabers of the Experiment Station Record,
14 technical bulletins, a bulletin of the Porto Rico Experiment Sta-
tion, 2 reports of the Office, 6 Farmers’ Bulletins (including 5 num-
bers of Experiment Station Work), 5 circulars, 12 monthly lists of
experiment station publications, and a farmers’ institute lecture. Two
other numbers of the Experiment Station Record, 4 technical bulle-
tins, 1 annual report of the Office, 3 Farmers’ Bulletins, 1 article for
the Yearbook of the department, and several miscellaneous docu-
ments, containing about 1,150 pages, were prepared and submitted
for publication before the close of the fiscal year. Thirteen separates
of individual articles contained in larger reports aggregating 463
pages, were reprinted in editions of varying size to supply requests
for the articles.

Several of the earlier technical and Farmers’ Bulletins prepared in
this Office were exhausted during the year and were reprinted, with
more or less important additions and corrections.

It will be noted that there was a considerable reduction in the
number and volume of the publications issued by the Office during
1909 as compared with the previous year, and this was brought about
in the face of a steady growth in the work of the Office and in the
demand for its publications by an earnest effort to reduce the publica-
tion work just as much as eflicient performance of the functions of
the Office would permit.

Experiment Station Record was issued as oechatiaas under the
editorial management of Dr. E. W. Allen.

The plan of publishing the Record was, however, changed so that
hereafter two volumes of smaller size will be issued in place of the
single annual volume. Each volume will include six regular num-
bers, two abstract numbers, and an index number, and this arrange-

PUBLICATIONS. 5G

ment will provide considerably more space for the publication of
reviews of work in agricultural science. The amount of this material
is increasing, and in the space formerly available it was found
impossible to keep the reviews published up to date. The editorial
staff was reorganized and strengthened during the year.

The requests for the Record from private individuals have greatly
increased in recent years, and, as might be expected, an increased
demand has resulted from the opening of new agricultural schools
and courses. <A larger call has likewise come from department men
and from branches of the Department located away from Washing-
ton. This gain has made it necessary to scrutinize very carefully
the requests which have come, especially those from individuals, and
to adhere strictly to the limitations of the free distribution of this
journal. All requests from individuals not directly connected with
agricultural investigation in this country or collaborating with the
Department are referred to the Superintendent of Documents, through
whom subscription may be arranged for.

A large call for back numbers of the Record has come from
libraries and station workers who are attempting to complete their
files for binding. The supply of these earlier issues is very limited
and quite fragmentary, but it has been materially increased by dupli-
cates returned by libraries and individuals who appreciate their
scarcity and value. In this way the numbers have been put into the
hands of persons who especially prize them, and who could not
procure them otherwise. The Record is yearly increasing in popu-
larity and in value as a source of information on the progress of
agricultural experiment and research, and its files now furnish a
record of such work not to be found elsewhere, which is of great
importance to investigators who are looking up a subject and plan-
ning their work.

The demand for the Record from abroad increases steadily, and
many warm expressions of appreciation of it come from that quarter.
Request has come from the Annales de l'Institut National Agro-
nomique, the organ of the French experiment stations and laborato-
ries, for permission to translate from the Record articles of special in-
terest to that country. This request was granted, and the journal has
reprinted large portions of the Record entire. By reason of this
new source of material, as the editor of the Annales explains, it is now
being issued monthly instead of bimonthly. Its comments on the
character of the Record have been most appreciative. <A scientific
society in Hungary has lately requested an exchange of the Record
with its journal, and has offered to translate for the Record articles
on agricultural chemistry and similar matters. The Department now
receives over 130 periodicals in exchange for the Record, many of
which are foreign. These exchanges aid materially in keeping the

54 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

review comprehensive, and represent a considerable saving in expense
to the department library.

<xperiment Station Work was issued as usual under the editorial
direction of Mr. W. H. Beal. This series of publications in a measure
supplements Experiment Station Record by presenting the more
practical results of the experiment-station work. There has been a
large popular demand for these bulletins. During the past year most
of the earlier numbers of the series were reprinted.

The report of the Editor and Chief of the Division of Publications
shows that about 2,550,000 copies of publications presented by this
Office, of which 2,180,000 copies were Farmers’ Bulletins, were issued
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909.

INCOME.

The income of the Office during the past fiscal year, derived wholly
from appropriations by Congress, was as follows:

For the general business of the Office_____-___--__-_---__~- $64, 620
For the Alaska experiment Brations.!-.°-) (£ ee See 26, 000
For the Hawaii Experiment Station---_-----------___---- 26, 000
For the Porto Rico Experiment Station_____--__--____-~- 26, 000
For the-Guam Experiment ‘Station’ — 9 —----- = ee 5, 000
For investigations on agricultural schools and farmers’

inSbitu tes sae ese eee ee te _ = se eee 10, 000
Hor nutrition imvesticasons= = Lo Se 7, 000
For irrigation and drainage investigations_____----___-_- 150, 000

WORK AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERI-
MENT STATIONS.
By Is. W. ALLEN.
REVIEW OF THE YEAR.

Interest in various forms of agricultural experimentation and the
diffusion of results arising from it becomes more active and wide-
spread each year. This is noticeable in the attention which agricul-
tural experimentation attracts in the public press and popular maga-
zines, in the popularity of demonstration trains, in the establishment
of local experimental agencies, cooperative experimentation, and the
like, as well as in the larger appropriations which are being freely
granted for suitable buildings for the stations, for maintenance, and
for special lines of work.

A feature of the popular interest in this movement is furnished by
the attitude of the railroads. Their interest in the promotion of
agriculture has been exemplified in various ways in the past by the
operation of trains over their lines for demonstration and institute
work, the giving of prizes and scholarships in agricultural colleges,
and in some cases in cooperation with the station authorities. Re-
cently one of the large railroads operating in the East has purchased
a farm in the State of Delaware, to be used for demonstration pur-
poses to illustrate the renovation and utilization of farm land. In
addition, the experts in charge of the farm will take part in institute
work, furnish exhibits, and in other ways assist in the promotion of
better farming. The same road arranged a special trip for 24 of its
local station agents to the Pennsylvania College and Station, where
they spent a day in the study of agricultural matters of benefit to
the farmers in the districts tributary to their stations, and were
brought into closer touch with the work of the institution and the
means by which farmers may take advantage of it.

The president of another large railroad system in the East has
announced the policy of establishing several demonstration farms to
indicate what can be done with reasonable expenditure and intelligent
management on farms now largely out of commission. The road has
purchased one run-down farm for that purpose and plans to buy
others in the near future. As these farms are brought up they will
be offered for sale and others purchased. <A similar plan has been

55

56 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

proposed by still another railroad, which offers to buy one or more
abandoned or run-down farms in New York State to be turned over
to the State Board of Agriculture or the New York college or station
for operation as demonstration farms, in order to carry the results of
their work and experience into practice. In neither case have these
railroads large areas of land to dispose of, as some of the western
roads have, but the movement is promoted by a faith in agriculture
and a realization of the necessity for introducing better and more
intelligent methods of farming.

In Arizona a railroad has made an initial contribution to the sta-
tion of $2,000 for studies in dry farming. A location has been
selected on a tract representative of a large section which it is thought
may be utilized for dry farming. The work is to be done under the
supervision of the station agriculturist. A large railroad in the
Northwest is instituting a series of cooperative farm experiments in
conjunction with various development and commercial clubs along its
line. <A farmer is to be selected. near each town, who will be paid at
the rate of $10 per acre annually for cultivating and cropping at least
6 acres of land under the direction of an expert of the road.

The popularity of demonstration trains has not waned, and the
character of such trains has become more comprehensive year by
year. The practice has extended to every part of the country. As
an example of the scope and character of these trains, a demonstra-
tion train operated in Oregon may be cited. This train consisted of
seven cars, equipped with a large amount of illustrative material,
and was manned by a corps of experts from the college and station
staff. Demonstrations were given of the milking machine and other
dairy appliances, using pure-bred cows from the college herd; and
also of pruning, grafting, and packing apples; talks and exhibits on
farm crops, insects, and fungus diseases, and other phases of agricul-
tural work. Much interest was aroused among the merchants, com-
mercial organizations, and the general public, as well as among
farmers, and in many towns the stores were closed during the time the
train was at the depot. During the trip of about a week over 20,000
people visited the train.

In another trip of four days, in which the special features empha-
sized were horticulture and poultry raising, fully 30,000 people were
reached. A fruit-demonstration train operated in the Yakima Val-
ley in Washington included a fiat car equipped with a model orchard
in tubs and a power sprayer, by means of which complete demon-
strations of spraying and pruning were given. Another train in
that State included specially equipped cars for dairy stock, with a
milking machine in operation; a dairy car containing bottling appli-
ances, milk coolers, separators, and similar devices; a horticultural
car; and a poultry car.

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 57

While these means of popular demonstration work have reached
their height in the Western States, they have also been very success-
ful in the East, where the steamboat has been pressed into service to
reach farmers not located on the railroads, and in several instances
special electric cars have been equipped to run over a network of
electric lines reaching into the rural districts. The railroads have
continued to run excursions to carry farmers and their families to the
institution. An illustration of this was an excursion run in New
Hampshire in the summer of 1909 through the agency of the station,
which brought about 3,000 people to the institution in a single day.
This is stated to be the largest agricultural gathering ever held in
that State.

In Minnesota the legislature has appropriated $50,000 for the
biennium for extension work, which is to embrace, among other
things, popular bulletins giving the results of work at the station and
its branch stations. A novel form of extending information to dairy-
men has been put into effect by the Wisconsin University and Station
under the name of the “ postal dairy library.” <A topical list of
bulletins and articles on dairying has been made up, which is circu-
lated among dairymen, who may make selections from it to be loaned
for reading.

“ Farmers’ week” has become an established feature at several
institutions, and is increasingly popular and largely attended. This
is partly educational, but from its nature the station has quite a
prominent part in it, and the farmers, young and old, are brought
into direct contact with its work. Through this means they come to
know the station better, to appreciate its objects and methods, and
have an interest aroused which makes its work and its publications
far more valuable to them. The attendance on “ farmers’ week ”
has reached up into the thousands in several cases.

SUBSTATIONS AND LOCAL TEST FARMS.

Increased activity is shown in the States in making provision for
permanent substations, or for temporary branches to serve in the
investigation of special problems. The last legislature in California
provided $6,000 for the biennium for a substation in the Imperial
Valley, which has been located at El Centro. It will study especially
the problems of irrigation in that region. In Colorado the substation
at Cheyenne Wells has been revived with a state appropriation. In
Tdaho the State has provided for three substations, one for dry farm-
ing, another for irrigation, and a third for the cut-over regions. A
special station for rice culture has been started in Louisiana through
cooperation of the central station and the United States Department.
of Agriculture with local agencies,

58 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

In Minnesota 12 demonstration farms of 80 acres each have been
established, and plans are being made for 7 additional farms. The
State Federation of Commercial Clubs is actively cooperating in this
enterprise, and a special feature of this is to be the foundation of a
farmers’ club in each locality adjacent to the farms, to hold meetings
for the general discussion of agricultural problems. In Nebraska a
successful substation has been in operation for some time at North
Platte, and a second station has now been authorized, $15,000 being
appropriated for the purchase of land and maintenance for two years.
The State of Nevada has appropriated $10,000 for a farm in the
northeastern part of the State for dry-farming experiments, to be
conducted under the supervision of the station, and in North Dakota
9 additional demonstration farms were opened the past year with
funds received from the State. Field work was instituted upon the
substation at Langdon, and the station for the Hettinger district was
definitely located. The substation provided for in west Tennessee
by the legislature of 1907 has been located near Jackson, a farm of
about 175 acres having been donated by the county. Buildings have
been erected, an orchard set out, and field work started. An appro-
priation of $10,000 has been made for this substation, and $5,000 for
conducting experiments in middle Tennessee; and in Texas, where
the last legislature appropriated $50,000 for the establishment and
equipment of substations, 7 have been located, 2 of which will give
considerable attention to rice culture. The localities assisted liberally
in providing these stations with the necessary lands and buildings,
in some instances donating the land outright and erecting the neces-
sary buildings and improvements.

In Maine a farm for investigations in orcharding and field crops,
authorized by the last legislature, has been purchased. This farm
is located some distance from the central station, and although di-
rected from it will be analogous to a branch station. It contains
225 acres of land, of which 100 acres are well adapted to tillage and
60 acres are already set to orchards. It is equipped with modern
buildings. In Oregon a dry farm of 220 acres was established at
Moro, Sherman County, with a state appropriation of $5,000 for
the biennium, supplemented by an equal amount by the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this Department. Horticultural work on the
Umatilla project experimental farm, at Hermiston, was begun with
an appropriation of $6,000 for the biennium, supplemented by an
equal amount by the Bureau of Plant Industry.

The first county demonstration farm in Missouri to be undertaken
under the act of 1907 has been established in Jasper County. The
station and the county court exercise joint supervision of such farms.
A tract of 20 acres has been leased, and demonstrations are in prog-
ress, with crop rotations and the use of fertilizers and green manures.

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 59

Temporary field trials are also under way at about 20 other branches
in the county, in tests of the adaptability of different varieties of
grasses and cereals to the various soil types. An expert from the
station is in charge of this work, and devotes his remaining time
to assisting the farmers of the locality in applying improved methods
of agricultural practice. Plans are on foot for the establishment of
similar demonstration farms in two other counties, in one of which
special prominence will be given to fruit and vegetable growing.
There are now 92 cooperative experimental fields in 114 counties of
the State.

The Ohio Station has accepted an offer made by the vestry of a
church in Mahoning County of the use of a tract of 10 acres for field
trials, and a similar offer from the county commissioners and the
agricultural society of Hancock County, where 20 acres have been
provided. Work in both places is already under way.

The Wisconsin Station has made arrangements to conduct sys-
tematic demonstration experiments at the farm of the state insane
asylum at Viroqua. It is planned to extend the work to the farms
of other state institutions, with a view to providing object lessons
for near-by farmers, as well as establishing distributing centers for
improved seeds and other material sent out from the college and
station. The past year 13 county poor farms cooperated with the
department of agronomy of the station in growing and testing pure-
bred seeds for demonstration purposes. The Minnesota Station has
leased a farm for five years for the purpose of carrying on experi-
ments in quack-grass eradication.

The above shows the extent and variety of form which these popu-
lar efforts are now taking. They indicate the attempt made to reach
and assist the farmers, and the interest the latter take in agricultural
experimentation.

Experimental unions, composed in some cases of the graduates of
an agricultural college and in others of any farmers interested in
the subject, are doing effective work in some half dozen States.
Such work is conducted in cooperation with the station, which acts
as the leader and often exercises supervision -over it. Frequently
an annual meeting of the experimenters is planned to discuss the
results of the work. Such experiments and trials are in part a
demonstration of facts already ascertained, but in some cases have
real experimental features and serve the double purpose of securing
experimental results and of teaching the farmers how to experiment
for themselves. The scope of such work and its experimental value
are, of course, limited, but in instances where the station exercises a
supervision over the trials through an assistant who goes about among
the experimenters results of considerable value may be secured, and
the findings of the station on its own plats are given a wide test under
quite a variety of conditions.

60 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In Rhode Island, where an experimental union was formed by the
station a year ago, over 100 cooperators conducted experiments the
past season under the general oversight of the station. Im Wisconsin
this enterprise has assumed such proportions that the organization of
county branches of the State Experiment Association is being un-
dertaken with a view to close supervision of the experiments and
greater specialization in planning tests to meet local conditions.

THE SPECIAL FIELD OF STATION WORK.

While the various popular features mentioned above broaden the
field of usefulness of the experiment stations, they often make new
demands upon them which it is difficult to meet, and they inerease
the danger of scattering the energies of the station staff. It is now
generally recognized that the members of the staff should be left to
give their time primarily to experimenting and research; and the
extension and demonstration features have reached a point where
special provision needs to be made for them. The interest and
thought which the subject is receiving from college and station men
was evidenced by the attention given to it at the convention of the
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at Wash-
ington in the fall of 1908 and at Portland in the summer of 1909.
The evident conviction in the minds of many members was that such
work should be more definitely provided for and should be separately
organized.

The growing importance of this matter has made it necessary for
the Office to give much attention to it during the past year in the
administration of the station funds. The increased activity of the
stations in that direction has brought with it new problems relating
to the organization of the work and the relation of the station force
and funds to these enterprises. <A clear differentiation of extension
work from the accepted forms of station activities is not always a
simple matter, and it is often difficult to determine what publications
should be issued by the extension department as distinguished from
the stations. The fact that the stations have the franking privilege
while the extension departments do not has easily led to the inclusion
in the list of station publications of many which are not in any true
sense reports of experimental work.

The confusion has been increased by the fact that legislatures
granting funds for extension work have in many cases so worded the
appropriation acts as to put the money under the control of the sta-
tions. This has led to a feeling in some quarters that such work is
appropriate for the stations, and that they ought to retain and
develop it. The federal funds given to the stations are very apt to
become involved in extension work when it is done under such cir-
cumstances. The services of station officers paid from the federal

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 61

funds are often desired for extension work. Printing of what are
really extension documents is paid for from the Hatch fund, and
miscellaneous expenses are laid upon these funds which would not
have been incurred but for the pressure for extension work.

It has therefore been necessary to make a closer scrutiny of the
station accounts with reference to this matter and to insist that full
provision be made to charge all extension expenses to other funds.
This matter has been made the subject of a circular letter to the
stations, issued in February, 1909, in which the position of the Office
with reference to the expenditure of the Hatch fund was defined.
Notice was given that expenses for extension work should not be
charged against the Hatch fund, and that only such printing should
be done with that fund as will record the experimental work of the
stations established under the Hatch Act. This rules out compila-
tions, bulletins of substations, and a variety of publications which are
useful in extension work but are not included within the terms of
the Hatch Act. The stations were urged as far as was necessary to
change their policy of expenditure of the Hatch fund so as to devote
a large share of that fund to definite experimental work, restrict the
expenditures for printing as indicated above, and put miscellaneous
and administrative expenses as far as possible on other funds.

The public and their representatives in legislatures and adminis-
tration offices do not yet fully understand the magnitude of the enter-
prise involved in bringing home to the millions of men and women
on the farms the results of the work of scientists and practical men
for the improvement of agriculture and the general conditions of
country life. The officers now employed in the agricultural colleges
and experiment stations can not do this work in any large way. It
is true that they have in the past done much to show the desirability
of extension work in agriculture and to develop the lines for such
work. But now that the movement is under way they are over-
whelmed if they attempt to carry it.

It has sometimes been felt that the extension departments if sepa-
rated from the station and organized with a distinct corps of workers
would tend to separate the station workers from close touch with the
farmers and obscure the importance and value of station work as
related to the agricultural industry. This, however, need not be the
case if the extension departments are properly organized and manned.
The scheme of organization should include the giving of opportunities
to station men to attend meetings of farmers from time to time to
present the results of station work, and the giving of credit to the
stations for whatever information received from them is incorporated
in extension publications. The station should not in any case be de-
prived of the privilege of issuing popular accounts of the results of
its experimental work as station publications, The college authori-

62 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ties should take special pains to explain and reiterate to the public
that the station is the source of new knowledge, while the extension
department is an agency for disseminating information. By main-—
taining this distinction the position of the stations as research insti-
tutions will be made stronger and more satisfactory than at present,
or than it can ever be while they are performing such miscellaneous
functions as they now do in most cases.

The extension work increases the demand for experimental work,
which is now growing apace. Every reasonable provision should be
made to push the experimental work to meet the demand for new
information which is arising on every hand. The station and college
inen have more than enough to do in experimenting and in regular
teaching. The extension work should be done without injury to
either function, and to meet this provision of funds is necessary
wherewith to equip and man the extension departments and meet
their expenses for printing, traveling, and other legitimate purposes.
The Office has maintained that the federal funds granted to the agri-
cultural experiment stations can not legally or wisely be used for the
maintenance of extension enterprises, and is guarding against such
use.

INCREASE IN FUNDS AND EQUIPMENT.

Notable additions to the building and equipment of the stations
have been made in the past year. The additions to equipment aggre-
gate $744,561.93, and have been provided quite largely from the
federal funds to meet the need of the more exact experiments and
researches.

New buildings to be used exclusively for the stations have been
provided for and completed in Indiana, Porto Rico, and Texas. The
high character of these buildings shows the extent to which the needs
of the stations are recognized.

A station building is now under way in Florida, supplied by an
appropriation of $40,000 for that purpose, and in Hawaii the federal
station has been allotted funds from the territorial income tax to
erect a new office building. This will provide offices for five or six
members of the staff, rooms for the library, and storage for the bulle-
tins. The general assembly of Connecticut at its last session appro-
priated $30,000 for the building and equipment of a fireproof addi-
tion to the station laboratory. This laboratory has since been de-
stroyed by fire, but will be rebuilt with the insurance. —

In Alabama, Iowa, Missouri, and New Mexico large, well-appointed
agricultural buildings have been completed, which will be used by
both the college and the station officers and will provide improved
facilities for the latter. An appropriation has been made of $10,000
for furnishing the new Missouri building, and an equal amount for

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 63.

a heating plant. The sum of $10,000 has also been provided for a
veterinary hospital at the Missouri Station. In Massachusetts an
appropriation of $80,000 was made for an entomological building,
to be used jointly by the college and station. This building is well
under way, and promises to be one of the finest buildings yet provided
by any of the colleges for a special department of work. A new
$40,000 building for civil and irrigation engineering, to be used by the
college and station jointly, was nearly completed in Colorado. The
legislature of Delaware appropriated $10,000 for new buildings on
the farm. In Montana $10,000 was used for constructing a sheep and
steer barn, an addition to the poultry plant, and sheds for young
stock. The Kentucky Station has purchased a farm costing $7,000
out of the fees from the fertilizer and feeding stuffs control, and has
provided a new piggery with numerous feeding Jots. Many other
small buildings have been provided at other stations.

A large majority of the States now make special appropriations
for the maintenance of the stations or for the prosecution of special
features of investigation. Among the new appropriations or those
under which the stations worked during the year, the following may
be cited as showing the increasing liberality of the States. These
amounts are in addition to those given for buildings, some of which
are mentioned above:

The territorial legislature of Arizona appropriated $4,500 for the
ensuing two years for the date orchards at Tempe and Yuma, and
$3,000 for dry-farming investigations. The territorial legislature of
Hawaii has provided $10,000 a year for the biennial period, to be
used in part to increase the scope of experiments in forage produc-
tion, crop rotation, soil studies, and plant diseases, and in part for
general maintenance, thus liberally supplementing the funds given
by the Federal Government. In Illinois the annual appropriation
for soil investigations was increased for the biennium from $25,000
to $60,000. The increase is to be devoted in part to the extension of
the soil survey conducted by the station, which has already been
completed in twenty-eight counties of the State. In Indiana the
station is working under an appropriation of $75,000 per year, made
a year ago, which is an increase of $50,000 over the previous appro-
priation of $25,000; and in Kansas the present appropriation is
$30,000. The Montana Station was given $12,500 per year for main-
tenance, an increase of $5,000; $9,000 for dry-farming investigations ;
and $8,000 for the substations, which is also an increase of $5,000 per
year.

The Ohio Station received a year ago an aggregate appropriation
of $118,990, an increase of $25,000, besides an unrestricted amount.
for paper for publications. That station has for many years main-
tained its own plant for printing its bulletins and other publications.

64 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Utah Station received an appropriation, under which it has
worked the past year, of $5,000 for publications, $10,000 for dry-
farming investigations, $11,000 for fruit investigations, and $7,500
for irrigation and drainage investigations. Wyoming appropriated
$7,500 for experiments in dry farming.

Special appropriations were also made to the Minnesota Station of
$1,000 each for soil, horticultural, noxious weed, and entomological
investigations, $6,000 for hog cholera work, $6,000 for a denatured
alcohol plant, $3,500 for the breeding of field crops, $2,000 for drain-
age studies, $2,000 for tobacco experiments, $400 for plant diseases,
$3,500 for the distribution of entomological charts in public schools,
and $10,000 for the establishment and maintenance of a poultry
department. The two substations are given $11,500 and $14,000,
respectively. A tract of 2,200 acres of land in Carlton County, Minn.,
has been given by private interests for experimental work in forestry,
and the State has appropriated $2,500 a year for maintenance of a
forestry station, together with $1,500 for experiments in the use of
preservatives for timber.

In New York the last legislature appropriated $10,000 to study the
grape industry in Chautauqua County and determine what is needed
for its improvement. A tract has been leased for ten years in the
expectation that the appropriation will be renewed. Horticultural,
plant disease, and insect surveys are being made as a preliminary
step. The work is under the state station at Geneva.

The milling and grain interests in Kansas have pledged $5,000,
to which the college will add an equal amount, to be used in the
maintenance of a new division of milling industry. This division
will investigate the condition of wheat in the fields, insect pests at
all stages, damage due to weather, and similar problems. An experi-
mental baking plant will be operated for testing the bread making
capacity of flours from different kinds of wheat and for conducting
technical experiments in bread making.

The North Dakota legislature appropriated $5,000 for the study
of milling properties of wheat and flour, and the United States Paint
Manufacturers’ Association donated $1,500 for a study of paints,
particularly their wearing quality on various types of lumber, the
influence of inert material or extenders, the effect of diluents in oil,
and the use of water. Other state appropriations were as follows:
$30,000 for a veterinary building, $3,000 for a state serum institute,
$2,500 for seed inspection, $2,400 for the biennial period of demon-
stration farm work, $10,000 for the biennial period for instituting
the Hettinger substation, and $3,000 for walks.

The interest and cooperation of the Pennsylvania Millers’ State
Association has enabled the station in that State to begin investi-
gations on the milling and baking properties of Pennsylvania grown

INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS ACT. 65

wheat. The Washington Station received biennial appropriations
of $4,000 and $2,500 for cereal investigations and cooperative investi-
gations in irrigation and dry farming, respectively. In Missouri
$15,000 was provided for the soil survey of the State, which has been
in progress for several years.

Among the special appropriations for making and distributing
hog-cholera serum was $1,500 in Michigan, $10,000 in Minnesota,
$10,000 in Missouri, $6,000 in Nebraska, and $2,500 in Oklahoma.

In several instances gifts have been made by individuals, localities,
or special interests for experimental work. The establishment of
fellowships by business firms for the investigation of specific prob-
lems is another new evidence of the interest in agricultural investi-
gation. Such a fellowship has been temporarily established at the
Cornell Station for investigating the value of commercial lime-
sulphur mixtures as fungicides, provided by a firm manufacturing
spraying apparatus, which donates $1,500 a year for two years for
that purpose. Another industrial fellowship has been provided for
in that institution, limited to two vears, and has for its purpose
the investigation of the diseases of nursery stock, especially fire
blight. Care will necessarily need to be exercised in the conduct
and publication of such work, to relieve it of any appearance of
commercialism, for the stations can not afford to lend themselves
to that purpose even with contributed funds.

Provision for printing the station bulletins and reports at state
expense is now quite common. This has become an important item
with the stations, in the growth of their work, and without other
fhan the Hatch fund for printing the stations are greatly restricted
in giving the publicity desirable to their work. Already the burden
for printing is heavy on the Hatch fund, and the Office is restricting
the use of that fund more closely by ruling out popular bulletins
and those reporting the results of branch and substation work. It is
felt that the States should at least do their share in providing for
printing, and where they take over that expense entirely the funds
for experimentation are conserved to that extent.

INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS ACT.

The amount of high-grade investigation under this fund is now
large, and the spirit of the act in providing for original research in
agriculture is receiving hearty support. Studies upon about 383
projects have been under way during the past year, an average of
8 projects per State, the fund being divided in two States. Several
projects have been completed, or have been transferred to other
funds, often at the suggestion of this Office, as not being appropriate
to the Adams fund in the form which their development was taking.

46045° —10——_5

66 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A considerable number of the old projects have been enlarged in seope
so as to involve the cooperation of several departments and thus
make the study more comprehensive and thorough. Many of the
newer projects are large and expensive, and could only have been
undertaken with such a special fund. The simpler problems in
agriculture have many of them been worked out, so that the field of
investigation now leads into a more intricate and difficult line of in-
vestigation. The successful development of these projects requires
research ability of a high degree, and calls for considerable amounts
of money to give the work the necessary scope and to provide the
special apparatus and other facilities which are needed.

Everything considered, the research work under the Adams fund
is in a gratifying condition, and has already become a factor of the
greatest importance in the usefulness of the experiment stations. As
this research is extended to every State and Territory in the Union,
great scope is given to the problems under investigation, representing
various phases of agriculture the country over.

Efforts in the direction of a concentration of the fund on a small
number of projects or independent researches have been continued
without abatement. The desirability of such concentration has im-
pressed itself quite generally upon the stations, in some cases as a
result of actual experience in which it has been found necessary to
drop from that fund some of the projects originally assigned to it.
But a tendency still exists among a few stations to overload that fund
with an unreasonable and impossible number of projects. Either one
of two results must follow such a course—the projects must receive
considerable support from other funds, or no real active investiga-
tion will result but instead a little work along the borders of the sub-
ject, conducted on a seale unsatisfying to the investigator and yield-
ing little of real scientific value. The encouragement by station au-
thorities of such a splitting up of the fund seems to indicate a lack
of definite plan for its use, and does not fully take account of the
needs of agricultural investigation. The subsidizing of various small
undertakings by professors in the college, some of whom have an in-
definite status m the station, has little to recommend it, and real agri-
cultural investigation will not be developed in this way. It has
already been demonstrated that for productive investigation it is
desirable to have a few persons who give their time primarily to it,
and with whom investigation is a primary and not a secondary effort.

An important result of the Adams Act has been the remarkable
stimulating effect it has had on research in agriculture outside of that
carried on under the funds appropriated by the act. It has been the
means of building up a strong sentiment for efforts of a research
character which are fundamental and scientific in character, and it
has developed an interest and belief in agricultural investigation which

STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS. 67

has enlarged the opportunity for it and lent stability to the various
undertakings. People understand better than formerly that short-
cut experiments are often unreliable, and are more patient to await
the results of more thorough work.

Everywhere pride in this feature of the stations’ work is mani-
fested, and enthusiasm for it among the staff of workers and of
teachers. The field is encouraging more men to prepare adequately
to enter it, and the standard which it has set is reflected in the re-
quirements for men in other branches of the station work. A con-
siderable number of thoroughly trained men have already been
brought into the service, whose work has a clear aim and purpose and
who are resourceful in investigating problems requiring high scien-
tifie ability. But the supply of such men is still too limited, and
not as much progress is being made in the direction of increasing
the available supply as the case seems to warrant. Apart from this,
boards of control and executive officers have not yet fully understood
the requirements of research work, so as to be willing in all cases to
call in competent investigators when such men are not already on
the station force, or to give them such salary and support and oppor-
tunity as makes positions attractive. As one of the station directors
recently said in a public address, “If the research and teaching
agencies would adopt the policy of employing one three-thousand-
dollar man in place of two fifteen-hundred-dollar men, results would
be more effective.”

STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS.

Agricultural experiment stations maintained in whole or in part
by federal funds now exist in every State and Territory, including
Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam. The total amount ex-
pended for stations maintained under the acts of 1887 and 1906 dur-
ing the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, was $3,053,446.90, of which
$1,248,000 was received from the National Government. The re-
mainder, $1.805,446.90, came from the following sources: State gov-
ernments, $1,034,803.75; individuals and communities, $13,199.93 ;
fees for analyses of fertilizers, $144,326.52; sales of farm products,
$220,001.76; miscellaneous, $393,114.94. In addition to this, the
Office of Experiment Stations had an appropriation of $314,620
for the past fiscal year, including $26,000 each for the Alaska, Hawaii,
and Porto Rico experiment stations, $5,000 for the Guam Experi-
ment Station, $7,000 for nutrition investigations, $150,000 for irri-
gation and drainage investigations, and $10,000 for farmers’ insti-
tutes and agricultural schools.

In Alabama, Connecticut, Hawaii, Louisiana, Missouri, New Jer-
sey, New York, North Carolina, and Virginia separate stations are

68 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

maintained wholly or in part by state funds, and in a number of
States substations are maintained. Excluding substations, the total
number of stations in the United States is 62, of which 55 receive
federal funds.

PROGRESS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

The year has not been especially notable for any important changes
or developments in connection with agricultural experimentation
abroad. However, several additions to the number of agencies for
experimental work and other interesting movements in that direction
have been made.

The government of the Province of Tucuman, Argentina, estab-
lished an experiment station near the city of Tucuman, and secured
for director R. E. Blouin, formerly assistant director of the Louisi-
ana Sugar Station.

A scientific committee of 20 on African entomological research has
been appointed in England, the object of which will be to further the
study of economic entomology with special reference to Africa.

The Government of Brazil is making special effort to develop wheat
growing in that country, where it is said to have once been so suc-
cessful that wheat was exported. Under authority granted by the
last Congress, subsidies for a period of five years are being offered
for wheat growing, the crop to be planted and cultivated under the
direction of government experts, and similar subsidies are offered
for the establishment of flour mills for milling wheat grown locally.
A bounty of $6,000 a year for five years is offered to syndicates which
combine to establish experiment stations for the study of wheat
growing, the control of enemies, and related questions. Considerable
interest has lately been displayed by cattle breeders in Brazil in the
improvement of their stock. Shows have been held in agricultural
centers, and the importation of good animals for breeding purposes
is being encouraged by the Government through the remission of the
import duty.

Following the change in administration in Cuba, the experiment
station was reorganized, the resignations of practically all the foreign
members of the station staff being called for and local men appointed.

Experiments in dry farming on the American plan are to be under-
taken in Australia. Considerable quantities of grains which have
proved adapted to dry lands in the United States have beeen secured
for experimental planting and distribution, and information in re-
gard to American methods has been collected. The South Australian
government has purchased 1,600 acres of land for the establishment
of a government dairy farm, the object being chiefly to encourage the
keeping of improved breeds of milch cows and to demonstrate im-

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations

DR. SAMUEL WILLIAM JOHNSON, JULY 3, 1830-JULY 21, 1909.

Director Connecticut State Experiment Station, 1877-1900.

TWO NOTABLE AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATORS. 69

proved methods of dairy practice. The farm is to be in charge of
the government dairy expert.

A new government agricultural station has been established near
the city of Oaxaca, Mexico. A large estate is being adapted to its
needs and suitable buildings erected.

The government of Madras has opened a new agricultural college
and research institution at Coimbatur.

Meat has been added to the diet of the Japanese army, and a
commission has been appointed by the Japanese department of agri-
culture to visit foreign countries to gather information to serve as a
basis for the promotion of stock raising in Japan.

Prof. Julius Kiihn, a Nestor of agricultural science in Germany,
and prominent writer on the nutrition of farm animals, has retired
from the directorship of the agricultural institute at the University
of Halle, at an advanced age.‘

TWO NOTABLE AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATORS.

Dr. Samuel W. Johnson, director of the Connecticut State Experi-
ment Station from its organization at New Haven in 1877 until
January 1, 1900 (Pl. I), died July 21, after a brief illness, at the
age of 79 years.

The name of Doctor Johnson will always be intimately linked
with the early history and the development of agricultural science
in this country, as it will be with the establishment of the agricul-
tural experiment-station system as an American institution. He was
a pioneer of pioneers, a leader of thought, a disciple of a new idea
in science. As teacher, writer, investigator, and guiding hand in the
administration of the first experiment station, Doctor Johnson exer-
cised a most important influence in developing thought and under-
standing along the line of the relations of science to agriculture.
His greatest work was done before the experiment-station movement
became national, and before popular sentiment had embraced the
idea of a system of institutions devoted to scientific work in the
interest of practical agriculture. But his labors, his studies, and his
public utterances prepared the way for the reception of this idea;
and the example of usefulness furnished by the station under his
direction was a powerful stimulus in propagating this idea and bring-
ing it to fruition in other States. As a teacher of teachers, as a
leader in agricultural science, and as a father and promoter of the
movement to bring the sciences to the aid of the farmer through the
experiment stations, Doctor Johnson rendered signal service to the
‘ause of agricultural advancement, and has left a name to be remem-
bered with great honor.

4 Professor Kiihn died April 14, 1910, aged 54 years.

70 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Dr. E. W. Hilgard, professor emeritus in the University of Cali-
fornia and director of the experiment station from its establishment
in 1875 up to a few years ago, retired from active services in the
summer of 1909, under the provisions of the Carnegie Foundation.
Doctor Hilgard was another of the foremost pioneers in agricultural
science and in the experiment-station movement. Among the very
first of the station directors in this country, his writings and influence
were potent factors in the extension of these institutions to other
States and in the ultimate establishment of a national system of
stations under federal aid. The high quality of his work has given
it very great value in constructing a science of agriculture. The
standards he set for thoroughness, accuracy, and scientific deduction
are among the greatest assets of his life work. The tangible product
of his labors is shown by the long list of his investigations and their
important applications, but the influence of such a man on an embryo
science and on the development of investigation is not easily measured.

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS.

In accordance with the fixed practice of the Office, a personal
inspection was made during the year of the work and expenditures
at all of the experiment stations receiving government funds. This
inspection furnishes first-hand information regarding the progress
of these institutions, and affords opportunity for conference with the
local station officers, which is exceedingly helpful. Four members of
the Office force took part in this inspection; that is, the Director
(A. C. True), Assistant Director (E. W. Allen), W. H. Beal, and
Walter H. Evans.

The following reports upon the individual stations are based on
the results of this inspection, together with the annual financial state-
ments of the stations, rendered on the schedules prescribed by the
Secretary of Agriculture, and the printed and other reports received
from the station officers.

ALABAMA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Auburn. :

Department of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute.

J. F.. Duccar, M. S., Director.

No particular change in the policy of management of the station
was made during the past year. In general, the lines of work pur-
sued previously were continued. F. E. Lloyd was appointed botanist .
of the station and M. J. Funchess, assistant in agronomy. The new
agricultural building, which will accommodate the station as well as

ALABAMA. 71

the college work in agriculture, was about completed at the close of
the fiscal year.

Progress in all Adams fund projects is reported. In the determina-
tion of the fertilizer requirements of a soil for cotton, the plants grown
in the field and by the wire-basket method were sampled and ana-
lyzed at four different stages of growth. The work for the past two
years was confined to potash, and the results showing the difference
in composition of the crop when grown with and without potash
indicate the need of this element.

A study of the effect of different foods on the quality of pork,
especially its solidity, was continued and the data secured were
recorded. The studies of the toxic properties of cotton-seed meal
were continued by extracting the meal with gasoline and feeding the
mare, which proved injurious. Alcohol and aqueous extracts were
also made, but no particularly new point was developed. The inju-
rious effects were not produced when materials equally rich in protein
were fed.

The entomologist gave most of his time to the project on the fac-
tors governing the production, diffusion, and insecticidal efficiency
of hydrocyanic-acid gas and carbon bisulphid. During the past year
the effects of carbon bisulphid on the germination and viability of
grains and the minimum quantity required for killing grain insects
were given particular attention. The effect of temperature, moisture,
and other factors bearing on the problem were also taken into consid-
eration. Owing to lack of material, little work was done on the life
history and economic relations of the fire ant.

In the breeding work with corn and cotton considerable attention
was given to the correlation of qualities with each other and with
yield. The corn breeding was confined to two varieties, using the
ear-to-row method. With cotton the relation between the percent-
age of lint and the yield of seed cotton was studied. Among other
problems considered were the constancy of inheritance by percentage
of lint, the influence of the size of seed and the correlation of size or
individuality to oil content, and the relation of type of cluster and
form of plant to productiveness. Correlations in oats were also
studied, and some progress was made in securing hardiness and
greater rust resistance. For this work about 10,000 seedlings were
grown. Extensive records of all plant-breeding work were kept.

With the Hatch fund the Alabama Station pursued work on sirups,
cooperative experiments with fertilizers for cotton, variety and ferti-
lizer tests with cotton and corn, experiments on the time of seeding
oats, rotation tests, improvement of sweet corn, and the. extermina-
tion of the cattle tick. In the rotation experiments the results of
thirteen years are on hand. Work in animal husbandry included
experiments in feeding for beef in cooperation with this Department,

WZ REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

testing the best feeds for wintering 2 and 3 year-olds, and the study
of the economy of finishing cattle on southern pastures, supplemented
by cotton-seed cake. Pig-feeding experiments were carried on to
compare finishing with grain versus grain and green crops, such as
soy beans and peanuts. With sheep some feeding experiments to
test the effects of cotton-seed meal were made.

In addition to the cooperative work mentioned, the station con-
ducted soil tests with cotton, corn, alfalfa, and other crops in coopera-
tion with farmers, and studied dairy conditions in the State in con-
junction with the Dairy Division of this Department.

The following publications of the station were received during the
year: Bulletins 143, Feeds supplementary to corn for southern pork
production ; 144, The San José scale and lime-sulphur wash; and 145,
Loeal fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898;
Index to Vol. XIV, Bulletins 135-138, and Annual Report, 1906; and
Index to Vol. XV, Bulletins 139-141, and Annual Report, 1907.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United? States appropriation, Hatch Act_ _-*2" "es $15, 000 ©
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______--__---_-- 11, 000
TO GB @ oe he Te aA a es ee 26, 000

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department; the salary roll required readjustment before the
account could be approved, which left an unexpended balance of $800
on the Hatch fund and of $400 on the Adams fund.

The Alabama Station has in hand lines of work which are of great
importance to the agriculture of the State, and is making progress;
but its general effect is weakened by a lack of unity of action and of
directness in the supervision of its affairs. A further differentiation
of its work and funds from those of instruction, inspection, and ex-
tension is desirable, and a stronger central organization would make
the station a more effective agent in the interest of Alabama agri-
culture.

Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, Uniontown.

I’. D. STEVENS, B. S., Director.

The Canebrake Station continued its work along the same general
lines as in the previous year. No changes were made in the station
staff, nor in the management of the station in general.

The principal activities during the year were confined to fertilizer
tests with cotton, cover crops, and culture trials with alfalfa. The
work on the cotton lands showed that the poor, red, prairie upland
soils can be maintained or improved by the use of crops for green
manuring at short intervals. The profitableness of growing alfalfa

ALABAMA. 73

in the Canebrake region has also been demonstrated, and the culture
of the crop is being taken up more extensively by the farmers. The
results of the soil-improvement work indicate the need of nitrogen
and of humus-forming material as well.

Bulletin 26, Fertilizer tests with cotton—Cover crops—Alfalfa
yields, was received by this Office during the year.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

Pala nce tron previous years iS. 2 eee ee ee $1, OST. 56
State appropriation________ ee ae ee Se) eee Ee Se 2,500. 00
SUP TIT e PTS EIC US a Se nt 5h eg Se ed oe 1, 550. 45

WO) Ro AES MR a en a 8 hae 8 aA ae Bets & is PA ee Skee CE Ee 5, 13801

The station receives no federal funds. ;

The principal objects of the Canebrake Station are to demonstrate
the value and profitableness of practical and rational methods of
farming, and through these endeavors the institution is growing in
popularity and appreciation.

Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee Institute.

Department of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

G. W. Carver, M. Agr., Director.

The principal experiments conducted during the year included
cotton breeding, variety tests with sweet potatoes, soil improvement,
fertilizer tests, and trials with forage crops. The cotton-breeding
work has given four new promising types. One of these is a long-
stapled, upland cotton, and the other three including a wilt-resisting
type, are very prolific and suited to certain grades of upland soil.
Cultural tests with cotton have shown that deeper plowing than is
usually practiced for this crop is desirable, but that on thin soils the
depth of plowing must be increased gradually if adequate applica-
tions of barnyard manure or of other vegetable matter can not be
made along with the proper commercial fertilizers. The station also
devoted considerable time to increasing the yield of corn through
proper soil management and the selection of seed.

The officers of the station are engaged to some extent in agri-
cultural extension work among the rural people of several counties,
but more particularly of the counties near the station.

No bulletins were received from the station during the year.

The income of the station is limited to a state appropriation of
$1,500.

The Tuskegee Station works for the betterment of agriculture in
a special field, and the results it secures are appreciated as being of
great benefit to farmers in touch with the institution.

74 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

ALASKA.

Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, Sitka, Kodiak, Rampart, and
Fairbanks.

Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

C. C. GrorGESON, M. 8., Special Agent in Charge, Sitka.

The general policy of the Alaska stations as outlined in previous
reports was continued. The most important change was the tem-
porary closing of the Copper Center Station. This was done for
several reasons, among them its isolation, which made the trans-
portation of supphes very expensive; insufficient rainfall during the
growing season ; early frosts, due to the proximity of high mountains;
and the desire to develop the Fairbanks Station, where a larger
population had already become established.

The station at Copper Center had been maintained for six years,
und while some success had been met with in growing cereals in
favorable seasons, in other years all grains were destroyed by early
frosts. The practicability of growing hardy vegetables in the Cop-
per River Valley was fully demonstrated, and with the rapid settling
of the Tanana Valley it was thought desirable to close the Copper
Center Station and transfer the implements and movable equipment
to Fairbanks, where work was actively begun during the summer of
1909. Sixty acres were cleared and brought under cultivation at this
station, a number of buildings were erected, and a portion of the
reservation is now fenced. A fairly good equipment of implements
and tools has been provided for this station, and it is intended to
prove or disprove the possibility of profitable farming in that por-
tion of Alaska.

At the Rampart Station 16 acres are under cultivation, and the past
season was a favorable one to all crops. Out of 65 varieties of grain
seeded, 57 matured their entire crop, and a portion of the crop of
others was ripened sufficiently for seed purposes. The results ob-
tained at Rampart are in line with those of the past eight years, and
show that grain can be brought to maturity in the Yukon Valley
without serious liability to failure.

The live-stock work is centered at Kodiak, where the Galloway
herd has been kept. A portion of the herd is kept near the village
of Kodiak and is used for experiments in dairying, while the larger
number of animals have been transferred to Calsinsky Bay, where a
large tract has been fenced, buildings erected, and the work of cattle
breeding installed on a considerable scale. The cattle wintered satis-
factorily without any shelter other than that afforded by an open shed.
During the summer they grazed on native grasses and were fed during
ihe winter exclusively on hay and silage made from native grasses.
Some difficulty has been experienced from an epidemic of contagious

ARIZONA. 15

abortion, and a number of cattle died from impaction of the third
stomach, although they were fed silage and hay in about equal quan-
tities and were given all the water they would drink.

The horticultural investigations continued to be the chief lines of
work at the Sitka Station. Considerable attention is being given to
introductions, but the most promising investigations are along the
lines of plant breeding. <A large number of hybrid strawberries
have been produced by crossing a cutivated variety with pollen from
the wild species. These plants have been under observation for some
time, and some very excellent fruits have been obtained in the first
generation. Crosses have also been made between the cultivated
‘aspberry and the native salmon berry, the wild plant being used as
the staminate parent. The station is devoting considerable attention
to the propagation and distribution of small fruits and is making
attempts to secure varieties of apples, cherries, and plums adapted to
Alaskan conditions.

But a few changes were made in the personnel of the Alaska stations
during the year. Herman G. Zoellner was transferred from the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department as propagator and
gardener, with headquarters at Sitka, and Laurence Kelly was
appointed assistant at the stock breeding station at Kodiak. As a
result of the closing of the Copper Center Station, C. W. H. Heideman
was furloughed at his own request and C. W. Heideman, jr., resigned.

The only publication of the station for 1909 was the Annual Report.

The income of the station during the fiscal year was as follows:

MHICCO STOR ADDLODMIAbIONK. - = 82 3s. ee 526, 000. OO
HSS OO UC LS sae Se © ha ek ee ee ee ee, 3, 612. 23
PRGERIME Gee fh greece ss ed es 2 Serie ee ee 29, 612. 23

The work of the Alaska stations is of great importance in attempt-
ing to develop the agriculture of that region. Through their investi-
gations, demonstration work, and distribution of seeds and plants they
are performing an important function in determining agricultural
possibilities, in aiding settlers,.and in determining what plants and
what varieties will succeed best in that Territory.

ARIZONA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona, J'ucson.
Department of the University of Arizona.
R. H. Forses, M. 8., Director.

Several changes in the staff of the Arizona Station took place dur-
ing the year ending June 30, 1909. F. C. Kelton was appointed
assistant engineer in underground water supply investigations, A.
W. Morrill, of this Department, was appointed entomologist, pro-

76 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

viding a new active department, and G. F. Freeman, of the Kansas
College and Station, as agronomist. J. E. Coit resigned to accept
the position of assistant professor in pomology in the California
University and Station, connected with the studies of citrus fruit.
The principal investigations carried on during the year were gener-
ally along the same lines as those of the year before. Definite prog-
ress is reported along several important lines of work.

Investigations under the Adams Act are generally well under
way and in some instances are either wholly or nearly completed.
The project of growing saltbush without irrigation was completed
and the results were discussed in the last annual report of the sta-
tion. The underflow studies have resulted in the demonstration of
the amount, availability, and value of an irrigating water supply in
a typical desert valley, and in the elaboration of a plan for its
beneficial use.

The work on the date-ripening project has not only led to a better
understanding of the ripening processes of this fruit, but has also
given an economic and commercial method of handling the crop.
In addition to indicating the action of enzyms in the ripening process,
the resuits have shown that cutting off the water supply at the right
time will cause the dates to ripen, and, in case this factor is not under
control, that partial cutting of the fruit stems accomplishes the same
result. In the study of the most promising cacti, considered economi-
cally and ecologically, particular attention is given to their feeding
value in replacing other forage plants in periods of drought, and to
the physiological effect these cacti have on animals when fed in quan-
tity on account of their relatively high ash content. Physiological
studies with potatoes have shown that by greening and indoor germi-
nation of the seed stout shoots are produced, and that by planting
this sprouted seed tubers of good size may be obtained before the
heat of summer comes on.

The work relating to toxicity of copper upon ‘crops has thus far
indicated that the amount of soluble copper in smelter waters used
for irrigation is not injurious to plants, but that the detrimental
effects popularly ascribed to the presence of mine tailings in irriga-
tion streams, as set forth in Bulletin 53 of the station, are due to
sediment. Methods for detecting minute quantities of copper have
been worked out by which the presence of 0.01 milligram of copper
can be ascertained.

Other principal lines of investigation are sheep breeding, citrus
and other fruit work, intensive agriculture, range studies, miscel-
laneous studies on plant diseases, and analytical work. The breed-
ing experiments with Tunis and range sheep are progressing very
favorably toward the creation of a hardy cross-bred animal, re-
sistant to the botfly, producing excellent mutton with a fair yield

ARKANSAS. fin

of coarse wool, and breeding to advantage under valley conditions
in the Southwest. The object of this work is to secure two types
of sheep, one for the ranges and the other for the valleys. Dry-
farming investigations were inaugurated in Sulphur Springs Valley
in January, 1909, under an endowment granted by the El Paso and
Southwestern Railway Company. In the northeastern part of the
Territory the same kind of work, but carried on with other funds, is
being taken up.

The cooperative work in which the station is engaged is limited to
investigations relating to the culture of the date palm and to the
maintenance and improvement of the range, carried on jointly with
the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Extension work
in charge of the station is entirely in the nature of farmers’ institutes
and short courses of study.

In March, 1909, the territorial legislature appropriated for the
ensuing two years $4,500 for the Tempe and Yuma date orchards,
$2.500 for farmers’ institutes, $3,100 for the printing of publications,
and $3,000 for dry farming investigations, making a total of $13,100.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 57, Timely hints for farmers; and 58, Citrus
fruits in the arid Southwest; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation; Hatch Act_L_-=_-_ ~-___- $15, 090. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act ___---_-_-_~_ 11, 000. 00

Territorial appropriation, including balance from pre-
CALS MY) ee Se LE ee eee ot ae a ee ie eee 14, 455. S4

Southern Pacific and El Paso and Southwestern rail-
eC CSees Ae ens wee SEAR AE Pee et ew eee 3, 410. 47
Farm products and Alive stock2a =. se we ese 2. S06. 21
Wtiversity, Apportionment at) )_ sees. Peep eres leh eS 400. 00
oh R57 7) ee a oe A Re ig Ri 47, 050. 52

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
finds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Arizona Station is making the most of its opportunities and
funds, and is showing good progress in both practical and scientific
lines. Its work and its earnest efforts for the agriculture of the
Territory find much appreciation, and deserve commendation.

ARKANSAS.
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, layeticrille.
Department of the University of Arkansas.
Cc. F, ApAMs, B. Agr., A. M., M. D., Director.
The principal changes in the organization of the Arkansas Station

during the past fiscal year were brought about by the resignation of
W. G. Vincenheller as director, on November 1, and of R. R. Din-

78 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

widdie as pathologist and bacteriologist, at the close of the year.
C. I. Adams, the entomologist, who had been acting director, was
elected to the directorship at the close of the year. The newly ap-
pointed agronomist, Martin Nelson, took up his work at the station
in October. A differentiation of the college and station has been
made, and the State has provided more definitely for extension and
farmers’ institute work.

Work on the Adams fund projects outlined in previous reports,
excepting the one relating to anthrax and anthrax vaccines which
was completed last year, was carried forward and generally satis-
factory progress was made. The study of the cattle tick with refer-
ence to its life history and its relation to the germ of Texas fever
has been sufficiently pursued to observe to a considerable degree the
route followed by the fever germ in passing from the adult to the
young tick. Data in connection with the investigations on the loss
of soil fertility in fruit growing and on the toxicity of cotton-seed
meal are increasing. The results thus far secured in the apple-twig
blight project point to a possible relation between the amount of
starch in twigs and the blight. In the hog-cholera project, data
with reference to the age of the bacilli as related to their virulence,
duration, and means of infection, etc., are accumulating, and the use
of serum from hyperimmunized cattle as a curative and preventive
of Texas fever is receiving continued attention.

The work carried on by the station with other funds includes soil,
fertilizer, rotation, and culture tests with different crops, plant breed-
ing with wheat, oats, barley, rice, and corn, tile draining, cooperative
orchard spraying, and forage-crop investigations. The results of
the tile-drainage tests show the benefits of tile at certain depths and
distances, and the experiments on the effectiveness of sprays have
led to the determination of the minimum strength of Bordeaux mix-
ture and arsenate of lead and of the proper strength of boiled and
self-boiled sulphur and lime solutions.

The department of entomology studied certain details in the life
history of the San José scale with reference to summer treatment
and made observations on plant lice to determine their relation to
blight and other diseases. A bulletin of information on the San
José scale in Arkansas was published during the year. The en-
tomologist acted as state inspector, the expenses being paid by the
nurserymen.

The veterinarian of the station devoted much of his time to co-
operation with the Bureau of Animal Industry in the eradication
of the cattle tick and in examining diseases about the State.

In animal husbandry the department of pathology and bacteriology
continued the experiments with wide and narrow rations for pigs,
and found that better results than from the exclusive use of corn

ARKANSAS. 79

are obtained by alternating corn with blood-meal, tankage, and bran.
One pound of cotton-seed meal fed in a ration for brood sows re-
mained without fatal results. A bulletin published during the year
gives an account of feeding experiments with pigs and compares the
capability of the lard and bacon breeds in utilizing wild and narrow
rations.

The horticultural department continued experiments with chemicals
for the destruction of injurious sprouts, investigated the effectiveness
of different substances for spraying, tested methods of cultivating
strawberries, conducted experiments with potatoes, including spray-
ing, fertilizers, and cultural methods, and made a study of diseases
of tomatoes and apples.

The agronomist has started work on the physical character of the
cotton plant, especially the fruiting portion, in relation to the yield
and quality, the methods of seeding and cultivating forage crops,
and the inoculation of the soil for clovers and alfalfa. Rice experi-
ments will be carried on at Lonoke, and will include studies of plant
improvement by selection, varieties, fertilizers, rotations, drainage,
and conditions favoring blight. The field-crop work will be con-
ducted at Fayetteville and at the six substations. At each of five
substations 20 acres are devoted to field experiments and at Lonoke
190 acres. Four of the substations were opened last year.

The dairy department has made a comparison of corn silage and
clover with alfalfa hay, and alfalfa meal and bran as feeds for dairy
cows. In butter making the moisture content of butter was studied,
and an experiment was made with sweet pasteurized cream with a
culture added versus the same kind of cream churned immediately
after separation. That department of the station was practically
self-sustaining during the year.

Cooperative work with this Department was carried on as in the
previous year and consisted of studies on hog cholera, the Texas cat-
tle tick and its eradication, and variety tests of Hungarian apples.
Cooperative work was also conducted with farmers of the State and
was limited mainly to the growing of crops.

Under extension work the members of the station staff are mostly
engaged in institute work as far as their time permits. Some of the
departments did inspection work in connection with tick eradication,
outbreaks of glanders and hog cholera, fertilizer and feeding stuffs
control, and nursery inspection.

The following publications were received from the station during
the past year: Bulletins 101, Notes on the cattle tick and tick fever
of cattle. The tick eradication in Arkansas in 1907; 102, The San
José scale in Arkansas; and 103, The deposition of fat and lean in
hogs; and the Annual Report for 1908.

-80 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was.as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_-______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-_________ 11, 000, 00
State appropriation, including balance from previous .
Fear —!4 223 Re ee fee a ee ee ee 14, 566. 64
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 3, 200. 3
Dairy sales, including balance from previous year______ 9, 137. 60
otal joafeus4 en ee eee ee eee 52, 904. 54

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

With the solution of many of the problems regarding its organiza-
tion, the Arkansas Station is ready to proceed with these various lines
of work, and the results secured will no doubt be of assistance and
value to the agricultural progress of the State.

CALIFORNTA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, Berkeley.

a

Kk. J. WicKSON, A. M., Director.

As in previous years, the work of the California Station included a
large number of different lines as called for by the varied agricultural
interests of the State and provided for by special state appropria-
tions. These special appropriations aggregate a large sum and
include for the biennial period beginning July 1, 1909, $130,000 for
buildings and equipment at the university farm at Davis, $88,500 for
the operating expenses of the farm, $20,000 for farmers’ institutes,
$15,000 for viticultural investigations, $12,000 for cereal investiga-
tions, and $40,000 for the southern California pathological station.
The last legislature increased the rate of taxation for the benefit of
the university to 3 cents upon every $100 assessed valuation, making
the income for the current year about $600,000.

F. T. Bioletti was reappointed on the station staff diving the year
and viticultural investigations were resumed. A nu.uber of assist-_
ants were added to the station staff, including W. T. Horne, assist-
ant plant pathologist; and J. E. Coit, assistant pomologist. Soil
bacteriological investigations were extended, with C. B. Lipman as
assistant in charge.

The school of agriculture on the university farm at Davis opened
in January, 1909. Various divisions of the college of agriculture
and agricultural experiment station are using portions of the farm
for experimental purposes and to grow feed for stock. The divisions
of horticulture and viticulture have 50 acres planted or to be planted
to trees and vines; the division of animal industry has 80 acres seeded
to alfalfa and 20 acres more under preparation, also several acres in

CALIFORNIA. 81

maize and stock beets. Under a special state appropriation, cereal
investigations are conducted upon about 50 acres. The United States
Department of Agriculture is conducting irrigation investigations
upon 30 acres in methods of applying water. On several smaller
areas eucalyptus trees are planted, variety tests of maize are under
way, and Egyptian corn and other summer crops grown. The larger
part of the farm is in hay and grain and is used experimentally as
the needs require. The Davis farm contains 780 acres of land, a
large part of which is well suited to experimental work.

The station carried on work on a large number of projects sup-
ported wholly or in part by the Adams fund. Some new projects
were undertaken during the year and some of the older projects were
completed or discontinued. Investigations on the vitality and repro-
ductive power of trees were completed and reported upon. The
study of ornamental and economic plants in the Santa Barbara dis-
trict was completed and the results are ready for publication. The
investigations on the life history of the Argentine ant were prac-
tically completed during the year and a report on the work is in
course of preparation. Investigations on the communicability of
.California vine disease were abandoned. Experiments with ditch
linings, one report on which has already been published, were con-
tinued with other funds. Studies of the effect of arsenical poisons
on insects were discontinued, but a report on the subject has been
prepared. The nutrition experiments begun in cooperation with this
Office have been discontinued.

Work on the following projects was continued: Relation of marly
soils and of lime to chlorosis of citrus fruits; tolerance of plants for
alkali in soils; California peach blight; pear blight; artificial im-
munization of cattle against tuberculosis;* metabolism in poultry,
and availability of highly nitrogenous feeds; influence of environ-
ment on gluten content of grains; and red and yellow scales of citrus
trees. At the close of the year several other projects growing out of
previous work of the station were proposed. These include bacteria
in soils under arid conditions; the nature of physiological plant
diseases, like gum disease of citrus trees; causes of sterility of almond
trees; and nature and origin of walnut-oak hybrids.

In addition to the Adams fund projects, investigations were made
on a variety of problems relating to the chemical, physical, and
bacteriological properties of soils as related to productiveness; vari-
ous diseases of plants, particularly of tomatoes, celery, onions, citrus
fruits, apples, peaches, apricots, pears, grapes, olives, nuts, and sugar
beets; improvement of wheat, alfalfa, and beans; crop rotations;

. “See California Sta. Bul. 199.
46045 °—10——6

82 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

injurious to crops and their remedies; the relative value of different
ditch linings and other irrigation problems; tests of eucalyptus and
other forestry problems; and fertilizers and culture for citrus fruits.
Extensive plantings of type varieties of various orchard fruits were
made at Davis. Inspection of foods, feeding stuffs, and fertilizers
was carried on as usual.

Agricultural and horticultural demonstration trains have been op-
erated, manned by a corps of lecturers and demonstrators from the
university and station staff. The trains met with an enthusiastic
reception, the lecture cars frequently proving inadequate to accom-
modate those in attendance.

The following publications of the station were received during
the year: Bulletins 195, The California grape root-worm; 196, Euca-
lyptus in California; 197, Grape culture in California.—Improved
methods of wine making.—Yeasts from California grapes; 198, The
grape leaf-hopper; 199, Bovine tuberculosis; 200, Gum disease of
citrus trees in California; and 201, Commercial fertilizers; and Cir-
culars 35, Southern California pathological laboratory and citrus
experiment station; 38, The Argentine ant in California; and 39,
Instruction in practical agriculture at the university farm, Davis,.
Cal.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-_--------~-- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-_--_--__~ 11, 600. 00
State appropriation 2 —.22-= =>. --- 3. eee 99, 067. 90
Fees, including balance from previous year__—-----_-_- 19, 200. 48
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 28, 853. 24
Miscellancous=2- 2 ee ee eee 37, TTT. 24

Notailies! Siig: pots Se ees ee ee 210, S98. 86

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the California Station was developed in many im-
portant lines during the year. It was greatly strengthened by added
facilities offered by the farm at Davis, and is now being largely
focused around three centers, Berkeley, Davis, and Whittier, in
southern California.

COLORADO.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Mort Collins.
Department of the State Agricultural College of Colorado.

L. G. CARPENTER, M. S., Director.

The work of this station during the year was along the same general
lines as in previous years, but a number of changes In personnel and
some improvement in equipment were made, Wendell Paddock, hor-

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE Il.

Fic. 1.—NEW IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BUILDING, COLORADO COLLEGE AND STATION.

Contains office of director of the station.

Fic. 2.—HIGHMOOR FARM BUILDINGS AT MONMOUTH, ME.

Purchased by the State for the use of the Maine Station,

COLORADO. 83

ticulturist, resigned to become professor of horticulture in Ohio State
University, and B. O. Longyear, botanist, was made also acting horti-
culturist. A successor to W. L. Carlyle, animal husbandman, was
not chosen during the year, but the work in horse breeding, in co-
operation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, to
which he had given special attention, was carried on by J. O. Wil-
liams, the department representative, pending the reorganization of
the animal husbandry department of the station. [Fritz Knorr, as-
sistant agronomist, resigned to go into private business.

Agronomy, with Alvin Keyser in charge, bacteriology, with W. G.
Sackett in charge, and animal husbandry, were organized as inde-
pendent departments of the station during the year. Since the close
of the year, E. R. Bennett, formerly in charge of potato investiga-
tions, has been made professor of horticulture in the college. A poul-
tryman, W. E. Vaplon, was added to the station staff. C. A. Lory,
professor of physics and electrical engineering in the college, was
made president of the college, and A. M. Hawley was succeeded by
L. M. Taylor as secretary of the state board of agriculture (the gov-
erning board of the college and station), and disbursing officer of the
college and the station.

The federal funds were supplemented by a state appropriation of
$53,000 for the biennial period ending December 1, 1910, including
$8,000 for investigations in plant industry, $10,000 for horticultural
investigations, $10,000 for investigations in animal husbandry, $5,000
for horse breeding, $5,000 for poultry investigations, $10,000 for
potato investigations, and $5,000 for investigations in farm mechanics.
The last legislature also passed an act establishing a substation at
Cheyenne Wells. A new building (PI. I, fig. 1) to cost $40,000 and
to be used for instruction in civil and irrigation engineering and for
station and farmers’ institute work, was nearly completed, and an
agronomy building (seed and crop house) was completed during the
year. A project system for recording lines of work of station investi-
gation was inaugurated.

Work was done during the year on five Adams fund projects be-
gun in previous years, but no new projects were undertaken. Inves-
tigations on the composition and digestibility of hays (especially
saltbush) were practically completed and a bulletin on the subject
was published. The study of the relation of bees to transmission
of blight was temporarily suspended. Work on the wheat project
was temporarily suspended except for some preliminary investiga-
tions bearing upon the development of a spring milling wheat.
Studies in connection with the project relating to water of the San
Luis Valley in relation to soluble salts (alkali in the soil) gave some

“Colorado Sta. Bul. 135.

84 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

interesting results during the year with reference to accumulation of
large amounts of nitrate in the soil and to bacteriological conditions
in the soil. Work was continuecLas in previous years on plant lice,
alfalfa blight, seepage, and evaporation.

Aside from these Adams fund projects, the station conducted ex-
periments, mainly in continuation of previous work, on a large num-
ber of subjects, including irrigation and evaporation ; arsenic poison-
ing of fruit trees; plant diseases; potato and fruit culture, particu-
larly on the western slope of the State; breeding of grains, alfalfa,
and cantaloups; investigations on the potato flea beetle, the codling
moth, brown mites, and red spiders; spraying for insect pests and
plant diseases; methods of making concrete fence posts; and feeding
experiments with cattle, sheep, and swine.

Among the more important recent: practical results of the work of
the station are the discoveries of the cause and efficient means of
treating a destructive bacterial disease of alfalfa, the nature and
danger of arsenical poisoning of fruit trees, the occurrence of rapid
nitrification in certain soils, and the efficiency of one spray as com-
pared with two or more.

The outside work of the station, supported largely by state funds,
consists of potato experiments near Greeley and on the western slope;
various horticultural investigations on the western slope; experi-
ments mainly with cantaloups and alfalfa at Rockyford; and dry
land experiments at Cheyenne Wells.

The last legislature appropriated $10,000 for farmers’ institutes
for the biennium ending December 1, 1910, and most of the mem-
bers of the station staff have taken part in this work. The railroads
of the State have cooperated by furnishing special trains. A special
series of farmers’ institutes was conducted during the year on the
plains of eastern Colorado, in cooperation with a representative of
this Department.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 131, Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees; 132, De-
struction of concrete by alkali; 133, A few orchard plant lice; 134,
Orchard plant lice and their remedies; 135, The Australian saltbush
(Atriplex semibaccata) : Its composition and digestibility; 186, Dew-
berry growing; 137, Some animal diseases; 138, Some bacterial dis-
eases of plants; 139, Pruning mature fruit trees; 140, Strawberry
growing in Colorado; 141, Grape growing; 142, Tillage, fertilizers,
and shade crops for orchards; 143, Cabbage growing on the irri-
gated lands of Colorado; and 144, Celery growing in Colorado;
Circulars 1, Potato notes; and 2, Hog raising in Colorado; and the
Annual Reports for 1907 and 1908.

4 See Colorado Sta. Buls. 133 and 184.

CONNECTICUT. 85

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-----___~_ ____ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___--------__~ 11, 000, 00
SrA Leta propria tions: 2 os ze 2) eae et A 2, 500. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 13,027. 39
WEISCEIDCOUS at. oe ele 19, 349. 50

POtH ye te ig De ee ee Oe eee aS + 60, 876. 89

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Colorado Station has been well maintained during
the year notwithstanding numerous changes in personnel and organi-
zation. That its work is appreciated is shown by the fact that it is
well supported by state appropriation. The conditions and agri-
cultural interests of the State are, however, extremely varied, and
the station has a very wide field to cover.

CONNECTICUT.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.
EK. H. JENKINS, Ph. D., Director.

The year was marked by many changes in the station staff. H. R.
Stevens resigned as.chemist and was succeeded by C. W. Rodman, who
also resigned during the year and was succeeded by R. B. Roe. A. F.
Hawes, station and state forester, accepted a similar position in Ver-
mont. E. M. East, in charge of plant-breeding work, accepted an as-
sistant professorship at Harvard University. C. E. Shepard was
appointed chemist, vice C. A. Brautlecht, resigned, and S. N. Spring
and W. O. Filley were appointed forester and assistant forester, re-
spectively. The botanist of the station was detailed to go to Japan
for the purpose of securing a fungus parasitic on the gipsy moth,
which he was successful in introducing.

The State made an appropriation of $30,000 for the building and
equipment of a fire-proof addition to the station laboratory to pro-
vide especially for the accommodation of the chemical work. An
appropriation of $500 was also made for apiary inspection. This
work, relating especially to foul brood, was placed in charge of the
station entomologist in his capacity as state entomologist.

The work under the Adams fund, as heretofore, was limited to
investigations on vegetable proteids and to work in plant breeding.
The projects on the vegetable proteids have progressed and prelimi-
nary steps were taken to evolve suitable methods for studying the
metabolic balance when these proteids are used in feeding experi-
ments, together with fats and carbohydrates. The Carnegie Institu-

86 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tion continued its grant to the station for this research work. Four
papers, including a reference to everything that has been done in the
examination of the vegetable proteids, a critical review of the work,
and an orderly statement of the results were prepared for publication.

The plant breeding investigations included work with the potato,
corn, and tobacco. The potato project is nearing completion. It was
found that the characters so variable after sexual reproduction were
not too complex for analysis, but were merely obscured by the great
reaction of the plant to its environment. Ordinary asexual vari-
ations were not inherited, but in case of inherited bud variations the
change was observed to be due to the loss of a character. From the
work on inheritance on seed characters and plant characters in maize,
which was in part carried on in cooperation with farmers, interesting
results were obtained, but the work of several seasons is required to
complete the observations. Cross-bred strains of corn were found to
be more vigorous than pure-bred strains owing to the tendency of
these to become homozygous in all Mendelian characters.

Progress is also reported in the experimental work supported by
the Hatch fund. The entomologist made a study of plant lice, con-
ducted work in combating the gipsy moth which was nearly stamped
out in a known infected area, and prepared extensive papers on the
Connecticut Orthoptera and Hymenoptera to be published by the
state natural history survey.

The department of botany conducted spraying experiments against
potato blight and worked on the problem of finding the other rest-
ing-spore stage of Phytophthora. Disease resistance in melons, peach
yellows, tobacco diseases, and white-pine rust were also given atten-
tion. The botanist brought home from Japan a fungus which attacks
the gipsy moth and which may prove of value in combating this pest.
The forester completed and published a forest survey of two counties
as the first installment of the complete forest survey of the State.
Much work was done in planting the state forest, in improving the
forest fire service, and in encouraging planting by private owners of
woodland.

The station is cooperating with the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department in the study of the improvement of tobacco and of
the loss by heredity. A few cooperative experiments with farmers
were also made in the State. No extension work was undertaken by
the station.

During the year the following publications were received by this
office: Bulletins 161, Feeds, seeds, and weeds; 162, Forest survey of
Litchfield and New Haven counties, Conn.; 163, Agricultural lime:
Its sources, composition, and prices, with notes on its action in the
soil; and the Annual Report for 1907-8, parts 8, Report on com-
mercial fertilizers, 1908; 9, Food products, 1908; 10,.Commercial

CONNECTICUT. 87

feeding stuffs, 1908; and 11, Eighth report of the state entomologist,
1908.
The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____-_________- $7, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 5, 500. 00
Sint appropriation -)_ _%:- 2.20) e pee peed re is 17, 500. 00
Merieerssr hypo | Bow te * yl a ee ee a ed 5, 895. 88
soe ert se ee aaa ee 8, 970. 02
BETH OT OUUGLS = 2 ee ee ee ee 205. 13
BSCE TTIICOUS =~ 2. ee ee ee ee 740. 63

POCA, 22k 2 so ale we 46, 311. 66

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The results of the work pursued at the Connecticut State Station
are of much scientific interest and of considerable economic value to
the agriculture of the State. The station is making good use of the
funds at its disposal.

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs.
Department of the Connecticut Agricultural College.

L. A. CLINTON, M. S., Director.

The lines of work for the past fiscal year were essentially the same
as those previously reported, only one new project having been inau-
gurated. A greenhouse was added to the equipment for work in
plant breeding.

Encouraging progress was made in the Adams fund projects al-
ready under way, and as a new project the study of the white diar-
rhea of chicks was taken up. The object of this new work, which is
carried on in cooperation with Dr. L. F. Rettger, of Yale University,
is to determine the source of infection, to ascertain the organism
producing the disease and its method of propagation, and to discover
means of prevention and treatment. The experiments in manufac-
turing foreign types of cheese carried on in cooperation with the
Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture have been continued
with interesting and valuable results, and a bulletin recording in
part the data thus far secured was issued near the close of the year.

The sources of Bacterium lactis acidi in milk were definitely de-
termined in the year’s work, and this result is considered as being of
much practical as well as of scientific importance. A bulletin recently
published describes the work in detail and points out that the source
of the organism is animal secretion and excretion. The mangers
of the cows as well as the cows themselves were found to be the most
abundant source. In the line of plant breeding, problems of heredity

88 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

as exemplified by muskmelons and beans and the technique of the
transmission of characters are being- studied. The relation of bae-
teria to the hen’s egg was studied by the zoologist, and the conelu-
sions reached with reference to infection and preservation of eggs
have recently been published in bulletin form.

With other funds a feeding experiment has been begun with 2
groups of cows to determine the effect of high and low protein ra-
tions on the milk production, on the individual animal, and on the pro-
geny, and as far as possible on the possibility of transmitting these
effects. During the summer, the horticulturist carried on experi-
ments in the spraying of melons and cucumbers for the control of
blight and with beans for the control of anthracnose. Variety test-
ing was also carried on to a considerable extent. A bulletin on the
control of the San José scale was issued during the year.

The only extension work in which the station is engaged is the
lecture work done in connection with the farmers’ institutes through-
out the State.

The following publications were received from this station during
the fiscal year: Bulletins 52, Poultry culture; 53, Improving dairy
conditions; 54, Proprietary and homemade miscible oils for the con-
trol of the San José scale; and 55, Infection and preservation of eggs;
and the Annual Report for 1907.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____.._________ $7, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 5, 500. 00
State apgropriation 2.22 3 a ae eee 1, 800. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation _______ 1.18
Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year___ 648. 06

ZT OG ee ee ee et ee ee 15, 449. 24

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The policy of the Storrs Station in concentrating its efforts along a
few important lines is proving valuable in the character of the work
done and the importance of the results obtained.

DELAWARE.
The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark,
Department of Delaware College.
H. Haywarp, M. §S. Agr., Director.

Much progress was made at this station during the year in per-
fecting organization, improving equipment, and developing lines of
work. C. O. Houghton, formerly entomologist of the station, was

DELAWARE. 89

transferred entirely to college work, while M. T. Cook, plant patholo-
gist, and Firman Thompson, chemist, were relieved of all college
work. H. D. Eggers, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
was appointed assistant chemist, and Jacob Taubenhaus, a graduate
of Cornell University, assistant plant pathologist. C. L. Penny,
formerly chemist of the station, but recently professor of chemistry
at Pennsylvania State College, returned to the Delaware College at
the close of the year as professor of chemistry, succeeding T. R.
Wolff, deceased.

A state appropriation of $10,000 for new farm buildings became
available during the year, and the much-needed improvements of this
kind have been begun. Progress was also made especially in estab-
lishing orchards on the farm, extending the field experimental work,
constructing tanks for studying the fertilizer requirements of orchard
fruits, improving facilities for veterinary investigations, and in pro-
viding better laboratory rooms for the chemist.

The work prosecuted during the year with the funds provided by
the Adams Act included a continuation of investigations on functions
of tannin in plants, double blossom disease of the genus Rubus,
anthrax, and glanders. Several new projects were planned which
were not actively entered upon during the year. Certain phases of
the investigations on tannin and double blossom are approaching
completion. In the investigations on anthrax the station cooperated
with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department.

In addition to the Adams fund projects named, the station con-
ducted variety tests of wheat, corn, oats, soy beans, and cowpeas; and
experiments with fertilizers and lime and with crops in a four-year
rotation; on the relation of typical corn kernels to chemical composi-
tion and vigor of the corn plant; on the stooling habit of different
varieties of winter wheat; on various lime-bearing materials and
their efficiency in overcoming soil acidity and increasing the yields
of field crops; on the effect of different forms of lime on the de-
composition of the organic matter of the soil and the consequent
liberation of nitrogen; the best date for planting late potatoes in
northern Delaware and the effect of various fertilizers on potatoes
and tomatoes; the effect of various cover crops on peaches; Bordeaux
injury to apples; and rotation systems with potatoes and tomatoes.
Experiments on the effect of close breeding on swine have been
started.

The extension work of the station was limited entirely to occasional
lectures and some farmers’ institute work. A very successful “ farm-
ers’ day” was held at the college and station during the summer of
1909, about 150 persons attending and inspecting the work of the
station.

90 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The publications of the station during the year included Bulletins
82, Report on forest conditions in Delaware and a forest policy for
the State; 83, Diseases of field crops in Delaware in 1907; 84, Annual
report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908; and
85, Spraying for brown-rot of the peach, 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-__._-____- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
Warm NVOonetsh 223 We yp ee meer seae cee 1, 984. 63
Miscellaneous) 5: -te 1 a i eee 228. 90

MOtHIMI Ss) be D. fost AE, Sor OC oe eee 28, 213. 53

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Delaware Station was greatly strengthened during the year
for both scientific and practical work of great importance to the
State. This was due to improvement of both farm and laboratory
equipment, enlargement of the staff, and clearer differentiation of
college and station duties. The equipment of the former with suit-
able buildings will greatly enlarge the scope and increase the efficiency
of the experimental work of the station.

FLORIDA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, Gainesville,
Department of the University of the State of Florida,

P. H. Rotrs, M. S., Director.

The Florida Station made further progress during the year in
establishing itself in its new location. Greenhouses, stables for the
horticultural department, and barns for the agricultural department
were constructed and much of the land was put into shape. The sta-
tion farm is entirely separated from that of the college and has its
own animals, pastures, fields, and equipment.

A number of changes occurred on the station staff. H. S. Fawcett,
the assistant plant pathologist, was made plant pathologist. <A.
Dickinson, who succeeded W. Hess as gardener on July 7, resigned
October 1. E. P. Green worked as assistant in entomology and
Thomas Hamilton as assistant in plant pathology for a number of
months during the year. At the close of the fiscal year O. F. Burger
commenced work as assistant in plant pathology, B. B. Ezell as as-
sistant in plant physiology. and §. E. Collison as assistant in
chemistry. The members of the station staff devote themselves almost
exclusively to station work, having but little connection with teach-

FLORIDA. 91

ing or other work. The $40,000 appropriated by the last legislature
for a new station building did not become available until some time
after the close of the fiscal year, when work on the new structure
was begun.

The Adams fund projects of the station were all carried forward
during the year. Results obtained in connection with studies of
diseases of citrus fruits indicate that the scaly-bark disease is due
to a fungus and that the malady is aggravated by the wither-tip
fungus which attacks the diseased portions. Means of control were
studied in a private orchard. By producing the disease through
inoculation it was shown that the scab attacking the fruit and leaves
of sour orange, satsumas, and grape fruit is due to a fungus. A
bacterium accompanying the gumming of citrus trees was studied as a
possible cause of the malady.

In following up the project on parasites of the white fly as a
means of control, it was found that 2 species of the insect occur and
that one of them (Aleyrodes nubifera) is readily attacked by the
yellow fungus. Spraying trees with spores of the yellow and red
fungus was found effective in destroying the larve, and the method
has already been taken up commercially (PI. III, fig. 1). The spores
for the sprays were drawn from the laboratory or obtained from
affected leaves.

The studies in plant nutrition with reference to physiological dis-
eases, carried on with cassava and citrus fruits, showed that such citrus
diseases as die-back, yellow spot, melanose, and frenching are not
caused by an organism, but are due to malnutrition. A deep russet-
ing of the orange was found due to fertilizers and especially to
those furnishing ammonia.

The pineapple work in connection with the study of soils and
fertilizers in relation to plant growth and development was con-
tinued, and a report on the results of analysis of the fruit is about
ready for printing. No special effect of any particular fertilizer
was observed, but different amounts seemed to affect the composition.
Steps have been taken to study the effect of fertilizer ingredients
on citrus fruits.

The station also has in progress a number of lines of work sup-
ported by the Hatch fund. The horticultural department studied
and largely worked out the embryology of the mango and also made
some studies on the preparation of guava jelly. The botanical
department gave attention to the improvement and selection of let-
tuce and celery for disease resistance, and also conducted breeding
work with the velvet bean to produce a bush form. Other lines of
plant improvement carried on by the station are cotton breeding for
length of staple, silkiness, and nap; breeding a type of corn adapted
to the State; introducing and acclimatizing the Lyon bean brought

-

92 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

from the Philippines; and field experiments with sorghums and other
grasses and forage crops (PI. II], fig. 2). The animal husbandman
devoted his attention largely to comparing Florida-grown with pur-
chased feeds for milch cows and steers and to the improvement of
the native cattle.

The station is carrying on cooperative work with farmers in
connection with various problems, with the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try of this Department in testing cowpeas and other leguminous
crops and grasses, and with the Bureau of Chemistry in studying
the sugar content of sugar corn in Florida. The director, as super-
intendent of farmers’ institutes, spoke at nearly all of the 55 insti-
tutes held during the year, while other members of the station staff
addressed comparatively few of these gatherings.

The publications received from the station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins, 94, Fungus diseases of scale insects and white
fly; 95, Dwarf Essex rape for winter forage; 96, Steer feeding; 97,
White fly studies in 1908; 98, Scaly bark of citrus; and the Annual
Report for 1908.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act _=------__-__ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__------------ 11, 000. 00
Balance: from. incidental {und_=_ === 16. 50
Karni-products, including, tees: — 2 a eee 913. 91

Total vos be eS ee ee eee 26, 930. 41

A report for the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Florida Station in general is well organized and equipped and
shows the effect of efficient management, left mainly to the station
experts. It has a loyal following, and since it removed to the new
location its mailing list has grown frem 2,500 to 11,000 names.

GEORGIA.
Georgia Experiment Station, Hxperiment.*
Department of Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
M. V. CALvIN, Director.

The lines of work at the Georgia Station were not materially
changed during the year. The only change in the station staff re-
sulted from the resignation of the dairyman and animal pathologist,
C. L. Willoughby.

Most of the Adams fund projects were continued, but one or two
were discontinued or held in abeyance through lack of material. The

ye fi eee eee eee
“Telegraph, freight, and express address, Griffin.

PLATE III.

&,
\

Bi - St
= aes

Fic. 1.—SPRAYING A WHITE-FLY INFESTED ORANGE GROVE WITH SPORES OF A FUNGUS
INJURIOUS TO THE FLY, FLORIDA STATION.

oe.
Se.
Ss

Aes

Fia. 2.—JAPANESE SUGAR CANE AT THE FLORIDA STATION.

One of the best forage crops tor the State,

GEORGIA. 93

botanical department continued the studies on cotton anthracnose
and the investigations on Mendelian and De Vriesian laws in appli-
cation to the cotton plant. Attention was mainly given to determin-
ing how the organism causing anthracnose lives over winter, and to
the growing of cotton plants for the selection and breeding of re-
sistant strains or varieties. The particular features to which
resistance may be due were also studied.

The bacteriological department took up the study of the effect of
stable manure on the bacterial flora of soils. The number of bacteria
in treated and untreated soils was determined, the changes in the
predominance of species noted, and the ability of the treated and
untreated soils to nitrify cotton-seed meal and sulphate of ammonia
was compared.

Work on the Texas fever project was begun in December. The
cows under observation had had Texas fever and the work was under-
taken merely to determine the effect of the ticks on the blood and the
general condition of the animal due to their presence.

The horticulturist took up the project on the application of Men-
del’s law in hybridizing black and white varieties of Muscadine grape.
The work on the wilt of the Japanese plum, which was under way,
was again taken up.

The inquiry into a new feeding standard for cattle by means of the
nitrogen balance was repeated with eight calves. This work consisted
of frequent digestion experiments and of tests of the metabolized
nitrogen.

Under the Hatch fund, the animal husbandman conducted feeding
experiments with milch cows for the purpose of comparing a ration
made up of cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, and oat straw with
one consisting of corn silage, cotton-seed meal, and oat straw. The
results of this test were not very decisive, but taking into consider-
ation the cost of the rations and the health of the cows, the use of
silage was found preferable. A test was also made of silage as a
summer feed, and a comparison of rations with and without corn
meal. At the present high prices, corn meal was not found to be an
economical summer feed. In a feeding experiment with hogs, special
attention was given to testing the value of soy beans in the ration.

The dairy department studied the conditions required for making
fermented beverages with starters furnished by the manufacturers.
A study of buttermilk showed that the buttermilk made by churning
whole milk contained much more fat than that obtained from churn-
ing cream. It was concluded that this difference accounted for the
difference in palatability.

The horticultural department recorded the time of blossoming of
eighty or more varieties of peaches and also made records of various
other kinds of fruit. Culture, fertilizer, and variety tests were con-

94 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

ducted with cabbage, tomatoes, strawberries, melons, and sweet
potatoes.

Field experiments were carried on along former lines. Culture,
fertilizer, and variety tests were made with cotton, corn, wheat, and
oats. The department of agronomy has about 60 acres at its disposal
for experimental purposes.

In January, 1909, a dairy extension department was organized, the
dairy division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, of this Department,
cooperating with the station in this work. Observations were made
on the milk production of different cows and other dairy matters.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 80, Cooperative dairy investigations; 81, The
effect of carbonates upon nitrification; 82, Sugar corn and tomatoes;
and 83, The Mendelian and De Vriesian laws applied to cotton breed-
ing; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 11, 000. 00
Sinterappropriation 2 ice yrt spe ssect sk. seh Sey ee ae 710. 10
Rarm products, including live: stoek_—.-_ == eae 4, 612. 47
Balance from previous year, farm products___________ 1, 341. 09

MOtHIEe £° - 2a Lae ee eet aay 32, 663. 66

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Georgia Station is conducted in an orderly way and is follow-
ing a number of lines of work of both practical and theoretical

importance.
GUAM.

Guam Agricultural Experiment Station.

Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

JOHN B. THompson, B. 8., Special Agent in Charge.

The work of the Guam Station during 1909 was largely that of a
pioneer nature. Toward the end of the fiscal year John B. Thomp-
son, a graduate of the Kansas Agricultural College, who had had
several years’ experience with the Bureau of Agriculture in the
Philippine Islands, was placed in charge of the station and made its
temporary disbursing officer.

Under the direction of H. L. V. Costenoble a tract of land contain-
ing about 27 acres was leased and fenced, and considerable effort made
toward bringing it into cultivation. This land had formerly been
cultivated but had not been so used for several years and had reverted

HAWAII. 95

to almost a tropical jungle. A considerable portion of the time
during the fiscal year was spent in clearing this land and getting it
again into cultivation.

The experimental work thus far begun has consisted largely of the
introduction of forage plants. Guinea grass and Bermuda grass have
been introduced through the Hawaii Experiment Station, and the
plants appear to do well, considering the exceptionally dry season.
Three varieties of sorghum were tested for their adaptability for
forage, and they are reported as having grown exceedingly well and
produced an excellent crop. Some attempts have been made to carry
on experiments in restoring the fertility of the soil, and numerous
leguminous plants have been introduced to grow in rotations between
the rows of sorghum.

A considerable number of pineapple plants, several varieties of
bananas, and a number of avocados from Hawaii were planted and
are reported as growing vigorously. Other economic plants have
been introduced from Java and elsewhere, and as rapidly as supplies
are on hand they will be distributed to the people for cultivation.
Tests are being made of the different varieties of corn, comparing
them with the form generally grown in Guam. Breeding experi-
ments have been begun with corn and other plants, and attempts are
being made to introduce and test varieties of vegetables and other
plants. A coconut disease which threatened that industry has been
found to be due to a species of mealy bug, and an introduction of
ladybirds from Hawaii has been successfully made and it is hoped

that they will reduce the number of destructive insects.
_ The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as foll~ws:

Emited* States appropriation. v2 Ae eee $5, 000. 00
Pre STees PEOGUGES 23s e422 oes So Sop ee 8 oe ee ee 6. 00
UT esa as PE i eee Ba es ea aE 5, 006. 00

The work of the Guam Station for some time will consist princi-
pally of demonstrations in methods of agriculture and the introduc-
tion and testing of field and horticultural crops. From reports that
have been received the people of the island seem to be taking an
active interest in the work thus far conducted, and it is hoped that
through this agency it will be possible to restore and develop the
agriculture of this island.

HAWAII.

Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu.

Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

FE. V. Witcox, Ph. D., Special Agent in Charge.

A few changes were made in the staff of the Hawaii Station during
the fiscal year. Walter P. Kelley, of the Indiana Experiment Sta-

96 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

tion, was appointed chemist; D. L. Van Dine, for six years entomolo-
gist of the station, was transferred to the Bureau of Entomology of
this Department; D. T, Fullaway, formerly assistant entomologist,
was promoted to the head of that department; and Valentine Holt
was appointed assistant in plant propagation.

The work of the different departments made marked progress dur-
ing the year. In the department of agronomy particular attention
was given to forage crops, rice, and cotton. The experiments with
forage plants attracted the attention of ranchmen and planters, who
are learning the economic value of producing forage, especially from
leguminous plants grown in crop rotations. The cultural and fertil-
izer work with rice is giving valuable results, and some of the better
varieties of rice introduced by the station have been widely planted
with gratifying results. Methods of fertilizing the rice crop were
devised at the station that more than doubled the yield of rice on
ordinary rice lands. The breeding experiments with rice are being
continued and some very promising varieties were secured. The
work with cotton attracted much attention. The station has a num-
ber of varieties of Upland, Chinese, Egyptian, Sea Island, and
Caravonica cottons under observation, and a number of promising
strains of Sea Island and Caravonica have been developed. In
propagating cotton it has been found possible to grow the plants,
particularly Sea Island and Caravonica, as perennials, and to propa-
gate them from cuttings, by grafting and budding. This is of espe-
cial value for the rapid production of desirable strains where the
elimination of cross fertilization is desired. By growing the plants
as perennials and pruning at the proper seasons it has been found °
possible to control the time of maturity of the bolls so as not to inter-
fere with the activity of plantations during the cane-grinding
season.

The horticulturist’s investigations on the shipment of fruits re-
sulted in a large and growing business in the shipping of fresh fruits,
particularly pineapples. The studies were continued on the methods
of propagation of tropical fruits, such as citrus trees, avocados, man-
goes, papayas, and other fruits, and some improvements were made
in methods of prepagation, especially of the mango. Studies are
being made in the care of orchards, and demonstration experiments
were conducted on the eradication of scale insects and mealy bugs
by fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas.

An important line of work taken up by the chemist was a study of
soils, especially on the island of Oahu, where pineapple plantings are
being rapidly extended. The soils where pineapples are planted are
usually of two types—red and black, the former being better adapted
to the crop. The black soils were found to contain a high per-
centage of manganese, and studies show that this accumulates on the

HAWAII. 97

roots and root hairs of the plants, interfering with their absorptive
powers.

The entomological work consisted principally of a study of cotton
insects, together with methods for their control. Cooperative ex-
periments are being carried on in the introduction of parasites of the
algaroba bean weevil, plant lice, ete.

A number of miscellaneous investigations were carried on during
the year, and as a result of cooperative experiments a method of
grinding the algaroba bean was devised by which a large proportion
of the feeding value of the beans is saved. The rubber investigations
received considerable attention, and tapping experiments with 500
trees were conducted to determine the commercial aspects of this
industry.

The publications of the Hawaii Station during the past year were
the Annual Report for 1908; Bulletin 18, Insects of Cotton in
Hawaii; and Press Bulletins 21, Fruit Marketing Investigations
in 1907; 22, Pineapple Shipping Experiments in 1908; 23, The
Influence of Manganese on the Growth of Pineapples; and 24, A
Preliminary Report on Cotton Experiments.

The revenues of the station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909,
were as follows:

RIMITCd: SENTCS: ANOFODEIA LION = S22 ee eee $26, 000. 00
eiri DROGUCES =. 22 eae = eee en ae eee eee 605. 89
SUG SS Se eS See Ae eee tet See ak Bee 26, 605. 89

The work of the Hawaii Station in diversifying agriculture and
developing new industries is being steadily pushed, and the results
obtained show evidence of the development of some important indus-
tries in the near future.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu.
C. F. Ecxart, M. S., Director of Division of Agriculture and Chemistry.

The work of the division of agriculture and chemistry, as in pre-
vious years, was largely devoted to the propagation and selection of
varieties of seedling canes. Of over 300 of these new varieties tested
on a small scale, those designated as Hawaii Nos. 20, 24, 70, 224,
227, 270, and 309 proved of conspicuous merit. At the station a
number of inferior varieties were weeded out, thus reducing the
number of promising sorts to 136 out of 5,000 originally obtained.
During the year experiments dealing with fertilizers and with the
effect of “stripping” on canes were conducted on plantations co-
operating with the station. Eighty-three seedling canes of known
parentage, grown to maturity, showed no evidence of merit and all
were destroyed.

46045°—10——7

98 REPOR’? OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The division of entomology continued its routine work of breed-
ing and distributing parasites as a means of combating insect pests
and of inspecting the plantations periodically. Efforts are being
put forth to introduce a tachinid fly from Larat, which destroys cane-
borer larve. Some difficulty has been encountered in this undertak-
ing, as the scheme for forwarding material to a half way station at
Hongkong was not successful.

The division of plant pathology, in addition to the inspection of
all plantations, devoted its attention to a diseased forest area in Maui
and to diseases of pineapples. The forest disease was not found due
to a fungus, but the cause was attributed to chemical changes in the
soil, probably under the influence of bacteria. The officers of this
division now act as inspectors of imported plant material in con-
junction with the territorial officials.

The following bulletins of the station were received during the
year: Division of agriculture and chemistry, Bulletins 27, Total
solids in mill products by the refractometer; 28, Fermentation’ of
Hawaiian molasses; 29, The action of soluble fertilizers on cane soils;
division of pathology and physiology, Bulletin 9, Bacterial flora of
Hawaiian sugars.

This station receives no direct aid from the federal appropriations.

C. F. Eckart, director of the division of agriculture and chemistry,
returned from a leave of absence in February. R. C. L. Perkins,
director of the division of entomology, and Lewton-Brain, director
of the division of pathology and physiology, were absent on leave in
Europe. F. T. Dillingham, assistant chemist, resigned during the
year to accept the position of professor of chemistry at the college
of Hawaii.

IDAHO.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, Moscow.
Department of the University of Idaho.
W. L. CARLYLE, M. S., Dérector.

A number of very important changes were made at this station
during the year. The director, H. T. French, resigned to take effect
June 1, 1909, and E. E. Elliott, formerly of the Washington college
and station, was made acting director. Since the close of the year
covered by this report, W. H. Wicks has been appointed horticul-
turist, vice J. R. Shinn, and L. F. Childers, agronomist, vice R. E.
Hyslop. John F. Nicholson, formerly connected with the Oklahoma
College and Station, has been appointed bacteriologist, H. P. Fish-
burn and C. W. Colver assistant chemists, and G. E. Trevert assist-
ant in dairying.

A well-equipped dairy laboratory was established during the year
and a greenhouse and an outdoor plant breeding house were built.

IDAHO. 99

The last legislature appropriated $8,000 for substations, and such
stations are now established at Caldwell, Gooding, and Clagstone,
and it is proposed to establish a fourth at Idaho Falls. The legis-
lature also appropriated $4,000 for new barns, $2,000 for improving
the herd, and $2,500 for laboratory equipment.

The following Adams fund projects were actively prosecuted dur-
ing the year: Causes of deterioration and improvement of wheat,
duty of water (at Caldwell), and apple breeding, and eonsiiarsble
progress was made in the investigation of these subjects. Investiga-
tions on the utilization of orchard by-products were suspended for
a large part of the year. A beginning was made upon a new project,
viz, the relation of salt and acidity to the keeping quality of butter.

In addition to these Adams fund inv estigations the station has
carried on important work on the improvement of varieties and
methods of culture of cereals and strawberries; the farmer’s vege- |
table garden and methods of culture of various truck crops, particu-
larly tomatoes, onions (in orchards), and cantaloups; fertility and
rotation tests with wheat, oats, and potatoes; development of a
shorthorn dairy herd; the determination of moisture in butter and
the shrinkage of butter in shipping; the chemical composition of |
fruits, feeding stuffs, and soils; comparison of liquid and dust sprays
and different strengths of lime-sulphur wash for apple scale; selee-
tion of corn for early maturity; thinning and girdling apples; and
control of cabbage insects. Extensive irrigation experiments were
carried on as in previous years at Caldwell in cooperation with the
irrigation investigations of this Office. Cooperative experiments with
farmers in the improvement of wheat were also made.

Station men participated to some extent in farmers’ institutes and
extension work during the year, and in February, 1909, a demon-
stration train similar to that sent out in northern Idaho the previous
summer was run for about a month with great success through
southern Idaho.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 60, Conditions affecting the production of de-
natured alcohol in the Northwest; 61, Spraying experiments for
1907; 62, Dry farming in Idaho; 63, Babcock test for butter fat; 64,
Planting apple orchards in Idaho; and 65, Alaska wheat investiga-
tion; and the Annual Report for 1907.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act-_-----------~- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_------------- 11, GOO. 00
Wari) Prigucws te ee ee ee ee 2, 052. 17

AO) 1 7 Dahan Whe <x 2a Merc eate cy Ro iD Sat etd Oe OBE 28, 052. 17

100 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules preseribed
by this Department and has been approved.

While, as the above report shows, the Idaho Station has done
some creditable work and made a number of important improve-
ments during the past year, the conditions at the station for a large
part of the time have not been such as could be expected to develop
its highest usefulness and efficiency.

The director of the station was forced to resign near the close of
the year, after several years of faithful and conscientious service
which in view of the somewhat adverse conditions had been ecredit-
able to himself and to the institution. This act of the board and
the events leading up to it were resented by several members of the
staff, who considered it unjust and an unwarranted blow at the
stability of station positions. The spirit of the staff was broken,
and two of its members were led to action which resulted in their
removal during the fall. Although the change in director was con-
templated for some time a successor was not chosen for nearly nine
months, and in the meantime the station affairs were left to an
acting director.

No station can escape the effects of such a course. Its work was
interrupted and seriously interfered with, the confidence of the
staff was shaken, and the station was given an undesirable reputation.
It is sometimes necessary to make changes in the personnel of an
experiment station, but when this is done it should be done in a
manner that will leave no question that the action is prompted by
the best interests of the institution, and that the position of its
personnel as workers in a scientific institution is fully recognized.

The Department’s disapproval of the course pursued was clearly
set forth, and the course of action necessary to restore the station
to a proper working basis was pointed out. Pending the settle-
ment of affairs the payment of the federal funds was withheld from
the institution.

The station has now been reorganized, with a new director and
several new members on its staff, and it is hoped that stable con-
ditions have been established which will enable it to continue its
work effectively, and will guard it against future attack or
interference.

ILLINOIS.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana.
Department of the University of Illinois.

EUGENE DAVENPoRT, M. Agr., Director.

The large amount of work of a scientific and practical nature con-
ducted by the Illinois Station is facilitated and well supported by

ILLINOIS. 101

an extensive equipment and generous resources. The resignations
during the year affected the membership of the staff but little. J.T.
Barrett resigned as assistant in botany and C. E. Lee, assistant chief
in dairy manufactures in the station, accepted a position as assistant
in dairy husbandry in the University of Wisconsin. The following
appointments of assistants were made: D. L. James and L. R. Lang,
dairy husbandry; C. E. Durst, olericulture; H. W. Stewart, soil sur-
vey; E. W. Bailey, plant breeding; A. H. Nehrling, floriculture; and
W. A. Ruth, horticultural chemistry. The experimental greenhouse
of the department of floriculture was enlarged by an addititon, 28
feet by 222 feet, which exactly doubled its capacity. No increase m
appropriations was granted the station by the legislature except that
the soil funds were raised from $25,000 to $60,000 a year. This
increase is to be devoted to an extension of the soil survey and the
publication of the results of investigation.

Progress is reported in all of the Adams fund projects under way.
Studies of heredity by the statistical method are made from herd
books for animals and from data on corn and other plant breeding
at the station. Sufficient data, especially on correlation of characters
in corn, have accumulated to warrant their publication, and a bulletin
is under preparation. An extensive study of heredity in milk pro-
duction developed a good case of false correlation, which is about
to be presented by means of an article to appear in an impor-
tant scientific journal. The investigation of the effects of inbreeding
has made headway, but the results are not ready for discussion at
present.

Plant-breeding studies were conducted with apples, peaches,
strawberries, and sweet peas. The station has 700 trees from apple-
bud selections made in the spring of 1908 and 400 trees grown from
selections in 1909. Of apple pollinations, 124 per cent, and of peach
pollinations, 22.36 per cent, matured fruit. The most significant
result in the work with the strawberry was vigor of growth and
remarkable productiveness in many of the seedlings as compared
with the parent plants. Of sweet-pea pollinations 18.7 per cent were
successful. The seedlings of all these different plants are under
observation for the purpose of determining their value. In connee-
tion with the project on the chemical and physiological changes re-
sulting from varying rations, 20 steers were fed for thirty-four
weeks, and the data secured are being prepared for publication. A
bulletin of progress has been issued on the investigation of Bordeaux
mixture in its relation to orchard trees and principally to the foli-
age. The use of impure or improper materials, carelessness in mak-
ing the mixtures, and improper or ineffective application were ob-
served as the principal sources of injury. It was further found that

102 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the injuries apparently not under control are associated with unfor-
tunate weather conditions, and particularly with the action of rain
and dew.

The investigations carried on with the Hatch and other funds are
numerous and extensive. The work on soils, including fertility
studies, soil analysis, soil surveys, and similar work, was continued
and is being enlarged. The extension of the soil survey covered the
resurveying of three counties and the completion of four counties,
which practically finishes the work in twenty-eight counties of the
State. The object of the experiments in soil fertility is the estab-
lishment of a permanent system of agriculture on the different types
of Illinois land. The results give increased evidence that in con-
nection with profitable farming operations the actual fertility of the
land may be improved, provided the fertilizers purchased are re-
stricted to phosphorus on certain lands of the State and to potas-
sium on others, with an occasional application of lime to correct
acidity. It is reported that land is coming to be valued in the State
according to its location, type, and fertility, as determined by the
soil survey. Analyses confirmed previous results by showing that
large sections of the State are exceedingly deficient in potassium
und that the typical prairie soils are principally deficient in phos-
phorus.

The dairy department has pursued investigations on the compo-
sition and quality of butter, which involved the handling of 10,000
pounds of butter for storage, 1,000 chemical analyses of cream, and
14,000 fat determinations. The object of the work is the adoption of
more profitable methods by the creamery industry. This depart-
ment is also managing a 20-acre dairy farm with a view to determin-
ing the highest possible production of milk per acre from feed raised
upon the 20 acres. The past year each 1.43 acres maintained a cow.
The feed consisted largely of corn silage and alfalfa, and the average
production per acre was 3,660 pounds of milk and 141 pounds of
butter. Strict accounts are kept in order to determine the possibility
of successful dairying on small farms.
~The department of horticulture had considerable work in progress
throughout the State with fertilizers, drainage, spraying, and other
factors in connection with orcharding. Vegetable growing, particu-
larly the culture of melons, tomatoes, onions, and lettuce, is being
studied, and extensive experiments with carnations to test the value
of commercial fertilizers and methods of application are in progress.
- In agronomy the plant breeding work with corn and clover was
continued, and breeding experiments with wheat, oats, and other
crops were begun.

ILLINOIS. 103

The corn-breeding work during the past ten years was summarized
in a bulletin during the year. Starting with a single variety it has
been possible in ten generations to increase the protein content from
10.92 per cent to 14.26 per cent, and by breeding in the opposite
direction the protein content was reduced from 10.92 to 8.64 per cent.
Similarly, the oil content was increased in one strain of the original
variety from 4.70 to 7.30 per cent, and decreased in another strain
to 2.66 per cent.

Particular attention was given during the year to a study of the
molds or ear rots of corn. Two species of fungi were found asso-
ciated with this disease and they appear to winter over in the old
cornstalks. A new fungus disease of wheat is under observation
and some diseases of apple trees are also receiving attention.

Work is in progress on about twenty-five experiment fields in dif-
ferent parts of the State. About one-half of this number of fields
is at present under permanent lease and two or three have been deeded
to the institution free of cost. The policy of the station to have
at least two representatives at each farmers’ institute held in the
State is upheld, and is proving a very efficient means of bringing
the results of research to the people. Only the results of station
investigations are discussed by the station officers.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 126, Distance between hills for corn in the
Illinois corn belt; 127, A study of the factors influencing the im-
provement of the potato; 128, Ten generations of corn breeding;
129, Market classes and grades of sheep; 130, Experiments with
repellents against the corn root aphis, 1905-6; 131, Habits and be-
havior of the corn field ant (Lasius niger americanus) ; 132, The
effect of selection upon certain physical characters in the corn plant;
133, Ear rots of corn; and 134, The insect pests of clover and alfalfa ;
Circulars 118, Cows versus cows; 119, Washing of soils and methods
of prevention; 120, Spraying apple orchards for insects and fungi;
121, Lighting country homes by private electric plants; 122, Seven
years’ soil investigation in southern Illinois; 123, The status of soil
fertility investigations; 124, Chemical principles of soil fertility ; 125,
The sheep industry from the market standpoint; 126, Food require-
ments of growing and fattening swine; 127, Shall we use natural
rock phosphate or manufactured acid phosphate for the permanent
improvement of Illinois soils; 128, Abstract of the proceedings of
the conference on animal tuberculosis at the University of Illinois,
October 15, 1908; 129, The use of commercial fertilizers; and 130,
A phosphate problem for Illinois landowners; and the Annual Report
for 1908,

104 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act ______-________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___--_--_____ 11, 000. 00
Stste anpropriation= seme. of =. pos a a _. 102, 500. 00
State appropriation, balance from previous year_______ 9, OS2. 00
Farm products___--~_ a a en hee as Oe 14, 576. 05
Farm products, balance from previous year_________~_ 11, 407. 08

Dota: gee eee eee 163, 565. 13

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Illinois Station continues to develop along both
practical and scientific lines, and a large amount of investigation
is in progress. The extensive equipment and ample resources are
powerful factors in promoting the efficiency, and are at the same
time evidence of how the efforts of the station are appreciated by
the public.

INDIANA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, Lafayette.
Department of Purdue University.

ARTHUR Goss, M. S., A. C., Director.

The year at the Indiana Experiment Station was marked by exten-
sive additions to the equipment of the institution and by the advent
of greater assistance in the form of increased appropriations by the
State. The new station building (PI. IV, fig. 1) was equipped, dedi-
cated, and occupied during the year, and the last legislature increased
the appropriations for the institution from $25,000 to $75,000 an-
nually. Of this amount $15,000 is to be used for soil and crop
improvement, $10,000 for dairying, $5,000 for poultry work, $10,000
for other live-stock interests, $5,000 for the investigation of hog
cholera and other animal diseases, and $10,000 for horticultural
experiments. Of the remainder of the appropriation, $10,000 is to
be available for general expenses and $10,000 for extension work.
Part of the appropriation will be taken for the purchase of some land
for the exclusive use of the station, and from the state fund for
crop and soil investigations a new building for seed and fertilizer
work is being provided.

Few changes took place in the station staff. P. H. Crane was
appointed assistant in dairy field work at the station, and C. Cutler,
of the Vermont Station, as assistant state chemist in the feeding-
stuffs control work.

The Adams fund projects of the station were carried on system-
atically, and a new one on the factors influencing condensed milk was

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE IV.

i.

Fic. 1.—NEW ADMINISTRATION AND LABORATORY BUILDING AT THE INDIANA STATION.

Fic. 2.—New ADMINISTRATION AND LABORATORY BUILDING AT THE TEXAS STATION.

INDIANA, 105

added during the year. Another, relating to a phase of butter mak-
ing, was added at the close of the year. The investigations on rusts
were carried forward along the original lines, special studies being
made during the year on the rusts attacking timothy. By means of
culture and other experiments, the life histories of a considerable
number of rusts have been worked out. Results from the hog-cholera
investigation indicated that dieting is very desirable in connection
with serum treatment. The manufacture and standardization of
serum is provided for by state funds. No work was done in 1909 on
the cornstalk-disease project.

Among the lines of experimentation carried on under the Hatch
and other funds, the agriculturist reports breeding experiments by
hybridization and selection with cereals, alfalfa, soy beans, and cow-
peas, tests of various cropping systems, cooperative work with about
1,000 farmers in testing improved varieties of grain, experiments in the
introduction of forage crops, and tests of implements for corn culture.
The different experiments with corn in progress involved the type
of ear for seed corn, effect of detasseling, relative value of seed corn,
harvesting at different stages of maturity, and similar questions.
The results of cooperative tests of varieties of corn, wheat, oats, soy
beans, and cowpeas in 1908 were published during the year. The
object of this work is to compare the several varieties in each test
under the same conditions without any special effort to secure large
yields.

In animal husbandry the studies of beef and pork production and
the maintenance of breeding ewes and brood sows were continued.
The results of three experiments indicated that corn silage may profit-
ably be used as a portion of the ration in finishing steers. The addi-
tion of corn silage to a ration of shelled corn and clover hay resulted
in a more rapid and a cheaper gain, although a larger gain was se-
cured when no corn silage was fed. A comparison of short and long
feeding periods is also in progress.

The horticultural work of the station was largely confined to
experiments in spraying for insect pests and fungus diseases and to
studies of certain problems in orchard management. Some coopera-
tive work with melons, especially cantaloups, was carried on, and
experiments with onions, tomatoes, and other special crops, and with
growing catalpa and locust trees for fence posts, were made. The
chemical department cooperated with the other departments in ex-
periments on the fertilizer requirements of crops, soil-improvement
work, studies on soil acidity, and the effect of methods of application
of fertilizers on the composition of potatoes and the protein content
of corn. In the state chemical laboratory, investigations were made
on feeding stuffs and fertilizers, and 2 bulletins on these subjects
were issued during the year.

106 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The dairy department, in addition to the research work under the
Adams fund, is endeavoring to devise satisfactory methods of testing
cream for butter fat and to determine their accuracy. Generally ae-
cepted methods for the estimation of fat in unsweetened evaporated
milk were so modified as to give results more nearly correct, and a
bulletin on the subject was issued. Experiments by this department
also indicated that the official standard calling for 28 per cent solids
in unsweetened evaporated milk is too high and not practical.

The extension work is organized as a department of the station, but
is wholly supported by state funds. The different lines of work with
which the agricultural extension department is connected are short
courses in congressional districts of the State, educational trains, ex-
cursions to the university and the station, exhibits at state and county
fairs, young people’s clubs and contests, public school agriculture,
county farms, and agricultural meetings. During the year one soil
and two corn specials were run over three different railroad lines.
Short courses were held in two congressional districts, five county
excursions to the station were conducted, a variety test of corn was
made on two county farms, and assistance in various ways was given
public-school teachers in teaching agriculture.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 126, Supplements to corn for fattening hogs in
dry lot; 127, Records from Indiana dairy herds; 128, The small
fruits; information concerning their culture; 129, Winter steer feed-
ing; 130, Results of short versus long feeding periods; 131, Concen-
trated commercial feeding stuffs; 132, Results of cooperative tests of
varieties of corn, wheat, oats, soy beans, cowpeas, 1908; 133, Com-
mercial fertilizers; 134, The estimation of fat in unsweetened evap-
orated milk by modified methods; and 135, Growing better gems; Cir-
eulars 11, Milk production. I, Herd improvement; 12, Beef produc-
tion. II, Methods of beef production in Indiana; 13, Milk production.
II, Feeding; 14, Beef production. III, Factors influencing the value
and cost of feeders; and 15, Growing onions from seed.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hateh act________ === == $15,000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams act_______________ 11, 000. 00

State appropriation for the fiscal year ended Septem-
ber; 30; 909 tee: _ eters! ee pele Cee 53, 194. 44
Miscellaneouss. 222 - te 6 eee 33, 255. 64
Balance from previous year, miscellaneous_____-_-__-__ 12, 239. 86
Nota. Viehib 2 Pe! OU Se ee eee ee 124, 689. 94

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The excellent equipment, effective organization, and generous sup-
port from the State add to the prosperity of the Indiana Station and

IOWA. 107

enable it to extend and enlarge the already numerous and useful
lines of work conducted on its own premises as well as throughout
the State. The cooperative support of the farmers and their interest
in the station’s work continue to increase and bring about a wider
and more general consideration of the results secured and the advice
given.

IOWA.

Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames.

Department of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
C. F. Curtiss, M. S. A., Director.

Little change was made in the lines of work of the Iowa Station,
which covers a wide range, but important addition was made to its
equipment, and a number of changes in the personnel took place.

The new agricultural building was formally dedicated June 9, 1909.
In this new four-story structure is located most of the agricultural
work of the college and the station, including the departments of
animal husbandry, soils, farm crops, horticulture and_ forestry,
agricultural extension, agricultural chemistry, and agricultural
journalism.

The following changes occurred on the station staff: E. T. Rob-
bins, assistant animal husbandman, who resigned to take up edi-
torial work on a well-known agricultural journal, was succeeded by
H. H. Kildee. I. O. Schaub, of the soils section, accepted a position
at the North Carolina Station and was succeeded by S. L. Jodidi,
of the Michigan Station, and A. A. Wells. M. Mortensen was ap-
pointed acting head of the dairy department, vice G. L. McKay,
resigned. J. Bower, assistant dairyman of the station, resigned to
engage in commercial work. L. G. Michael resigned as chemist to
accept a position with the Russian Government as special expert in
connection with corn-breeding work in Bessarabia. H. G. Van Pelt,
assistant animal husbandman, was succeeded by A. Leitch.

The Adams fund projects previously outlined were further de-
veloped, but otherwise remained unchanged. In most of the work
very complete photographic records were made in addition to the
general records ordinarily kept. In the apple-breeding project,
chemical analyses of the crossbred apples and their parents were
made to determine unit characters. The beef cattle breeding work
has resulted in a considerable number of offspring through mating
Polled Blue Gray heifers, White Shorthorn, Red Shorthorn, and
Galloway cows, with Blue Gray bulls of the first cross. These crosses
have already brought out some interesting points regarding the trans-
mission of various characters, especially color and polled character-
istics. The young animals secured in connection with the project on
the improvement of native unimproved cows by means of feed, en-
vironment, and breeding are already showing marked progress. The

108 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

capacity of these animals to digest and assimilate feeding stuffs will
be compared with the same character in good representatives of the
best beef and dairy breeds. A method of investigation was worked
out for the project on the relation of humus to crop production under
different systems of soil management.

A considerable number of experiments were carried on by the
various departments of the station with the Hatch fund. The de-
partment of horticulture continued its experiments with apples
and plums in cooperation with individuals, the state horticultural
society, and this Department. Observations on cold storage for Iowa-
grown apples were brought to a close and the results prepared for
publication. Other lines of work still in progress included experi-
ments with apple stocks for orchard top working in Iowa, with
the sand cherry as a stock for the plum and cherry, and with
other stocks for use in orchard and nursery. A study was also made
of orchard varieties and of trees and shrubs for ornamental plant-
ing and for groves and windbreaks. The work in forestry was
continued as previously planned.

The chemist, who is cooperating with the animal husbandry de-
partment, continued the study of the cause of calculi in sheep, -to-
gether with digestion experiments with pigs to determine the effect
of stock foods combined with corn. Observations on the sugar
content of pumpkins of different generations were also made. The
investigations on the corrosion of fence wire in cooperation with
the department of agricultural engineering were completed, and the
results are soon to be published.

The department of soils and farm crops was consolidated into a
department of agronomy. The work in soils and farm crops during
the past year was along the same lines as heretofore. ‘The invyesti-
gations on the peaty swamp soils of Iowa were completed.

The department of animal husbandry brought to a close the experi-
ments with corn silage for fattening steers, and an investigation to
determine the value of succulent feed for lambs was made. Among
other studies made by this department may be mentioned sheep feed-
ing, milk production of sheep, and feeding experiments with work
horses and with hogs. In dairy husbandry the individuality of cows
of different breeds was studied, and feeding experiments with calves
to determine methods for rearing them without milk were conducted.
(Pl. V, fig. 1.)

The poultry work was principally along the line of breeding for
increased egg production. Work was also done on feeding and man-
agement of poultry for meat production, the determination of sex of
the chick before hatching by examination of the air cell during
incubation, and on methods of caring for chicks in the brooder.

The botanist continued the testing of seeds and the studies of
fungus diseases and of weed eradication.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE V.

Fic. 1.—DAIRY BARN OF THE IOWA STATION.

UTED! peeererar ry ne
' Hj" ee ee ee, FOS pO

Fic. 2.—NEWw GREENHOUSE AT THE LOUISIANA UNIVERSITY AND STATION.

IOWA. 109

The experimental work of the dairy department dealt with mois-
ture in butter, use of starters in butter making, and general errors
in sampling and testing. Bulletins on moisture content of butter
and the use of starters in butter making were published during the
year.

The entomologist completed the study of the life history and treat-
ment of the lesser apple leaf folder (Peronea minuta), and published
a bulletin on the subject. Work was continued on the oyster-shell
scale and the apple leaf hopper, and attention was also given to the
methods of spraying for the codling moth.

In agricultural engineering studies relating to the construction of
concrete silos were continued. Engine tests with denatured alcohol
were made and trials of grain grading and cleaning machinery,
windmills, and other machinery were conducted. A bulletin on mod-
ern silo construction was published during the year. The experi-
ments in sewage irrigation in cooperation with this Office underwent
further development.

As already mentioned, the Iowa Station cooperates with this De-
partment in work on sewage irrigation, plant breeding, preservation
and treatment of farm timber supplies, and with county farms and
prominent farmers in studying the soil types of the State, together
with methods of maintaining their fertility. The extension depart-
ment of the college was maintained by a state appropriation of
$32,000. This work is carried on by a corps of 21 instructors, 14
devoting their entire time and the rest five or six months during the
winter season to this distribution of practical information to the
farmers. The members of the experiment station staff do not devote
any time to extension work.

The pubiications received from the station during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 97, Methods of determining the moisture content
of butter; 98, Clover growing in the loess and till soils of southern
Iowa; 99, Results of seed investigation for 1907 (with popular edi-
tion): 100, Modern silo construction; 101, A study of moisture in
butter; 102, The lesser apple leaf-folder; 103, The use of starters
in butter making; Biennial Reports for 1902-3 and 1904-5; and the
Annual Report for 1906,

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 11, 000, 00
Pee CO DEODE LA LOD. as e 25, 000. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 2, 421. 91
WGriae Dreuterte nce Se aS Cy TEE ea 10, 224. 56
MISCElIAMCO He) tes: sh ei eee en ae 511. 60

get] Reems ne, A a Sd ates 2 a a Pd 64, 158, 07

110 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules preseribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The lowa Station continues to be in a prosperous condition, and to
do a large amount of useful work for the benefit of the agriculture
of the Siate.

KANSAS.

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan.
Department of Kansas State Agricultural College,
EK. H. Weester, M. S., Director.

A number of changes occurred in the station staff, the principal
one being in the directorship, E. H. Webster, formerly chief of the
Dairy Division of this Department, taking charge as director January
1, 1909. O. A. Stevens, who was appointed assistant botanist, but
resigned later in the year to become assistant in charge of the newly
established seed inspection laboratory at the North Dakota Station,
was succeeded by W. E. Davis. J. C. Cunningham was appointed
assistant horticulturists, J. B. Parker, assistant entomologist, T. R. H.
Wright, assistant in animal nutrition, and A. Miyawaki, assistant in
dairying. C. K. McClelland, superintendent of the Fort Hays sub-
station, resigned to take effect January 1, 1910, and the station is
to be placed in charge of A. M. Ten Eyck. The work at this sub-
station is to be raaterially enlarged.

The State made an appropriation for the station of $30,000 for the
biennium 1910-11, which is the first state appropriation to be received
by it.

Work on the different Adams fund projects was conducted during
the year, and varying progress was reported. No new projects were
undertaken. The study of cerebritis in horses received but little
attention. Much of the time of the veterinary department was taken
up with the construction and equipment of the new veterinary build-
ing. The better facilities available for the following year give
promise of greater progress. The hog-cholera work was carried
forward but no definite results have as yet been obtained. The
results of observations with reference largely to the use of horse
serum in the treatment of hog cholera were published as a report of
progress.

The entomologist continued his investigations of the Hessian fly
and of plant lice injuries to wheat and corn. A special study was
made of the green bug and of methods of controlling the pest by
means of a parasite. Special laboratory appliances were devised
for this work and field experiments paid for from other funds were
conducted as supplementary to this project.

KANSAS. 111

Further work was done by the department of chemistry on the
digestibility and nutritive value of Kansas feeds. Digestion experi-
ments were conducted with 4 sheep fed alfalfa and prairie hay in
various combinations and a report on the work was prepared. The
nitrogen balance was determined in addition to other data collected
in a digestion experiment with two steers.

The wheat-breeding work was carried forward as previously
planned. More ground was allotted for the work, and laboratory ap-
paratus was designed for special color tests and for testing the hard-
ness of grain. A special system of treatment was devised and atten-
tion was given in particular to the inheritance of characters. The
yellow berry of wheat was studied in this connection to determine its
true character and the extent to which it is hereditary. The possi-
bility of breeding pure strains of wheat free from the yellow berry
under all conditions was discussed in a bulletin.

In a number of other lines supported by Hatch and state funds
substantial progress was made. The veterinary department in addi-
tion to regular work carried on some experiments relating to opsonic
index and contagious abortion in cattle. The new veterinary build-
ing furnishes better facilities than heretofore for that department’s
work.

The department of entomology and zoology paid special attention
to the corn earworm. An effort was made to determine the most
injurious broods, and trials were made of methods of repression.
The damage done by moles and mice, particulaly in cornfields, was
considered together with means for reducing or preventing injuries
of this kind. Certain phases of the Hessian-fly work were con-
ducted in cooperation with this Department, and a station was main-
tained for the purpose at Wilson. The mound-building prairie ant,
which is troublesome mainly in alfalfa fields, was studied, and a
description of its habits, together with directions for its destruction,
published in bulletin form.

The department of agronomy conducted fertilizer experiments
with corn, wheat, oats, and alfalfa, together with work on the prepa-
ration of the seed bed and the cultivation of wheat and corn. Other
activities of this department included variety tests, selection, grading,
and distribution of seed and rotation experiments.

A feeding experiment by the dairy husbandry department pointed
out the efficiency and low cost of feeding alfalfa hay and corn silage
as compared with mill feeds. Studies were also made relative to
the cause of irregularities in results secured with the Babcock test
and to the moisture content of creamery butter. The animal hus-
bandry department conducted feeding experiments with cattle, hogs,
and sheep to determine the relative values of alfalfa hay and meal,

ide REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

with the result that apparently the meal has no advantage for the
Kansas farmer. Dry and wet feed for hogs were compared and so
far in the course of the experiment wet feed has been most advan-
tageous. For three years the birth weight of pigs from sows of
different ages has been recorded.

The horticultural department pursued experiments in spraying
for San José scale, summer pruning, and fertilizers for sweet pota-
toes. Observations on the development of fruit buds, distance of
planting, and pollination were also made.

The bacteriologist studied the effect of the depth of cultivation on
the number of soil bacteria in upland and lowland soils cultivated
from 2 to 12 inches deep. Samples were obtained each week and
temperature and moisture determinations were also made.

The cooperative work of the station is limited to certain experi-
ments with farmers on hog cholera and with this Department in
dry-farming studies at the Fort Hays and Garden City substations.
The extension work is conducted by an extension department, and the
station officials act only in advisory capacity.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 153, Deterioration of Red Texas oats in Kansas;
154, The mound-building prairie ant; 155, Alfalfa; 156, The yellow
berry problem in Kansas hard winter wheats; 157, Studies on hog
cholera and preventive treatment; and Circular 1, Treating seed corn
to protect it from burrowing animals.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__-------__--~- 11, 000. 00
State appropriation for substation® = ae 25, 000. 00
Meesy sti tips SSF ee Ee eee ee eee 8, 306. 15
Harm, produetst so -2235 2 = ee ee ee ieee 7, 234. 47
Miscellaneots.22_ =. - = = a ee eee 644, 54
Balance from previous year, other than federal funds__ 6, 672. 06

opal eae sbis So 8 2 4? See ee 73, 857. 22

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

A recent reorganization of the Kansas Station has resulted in
material improvement from the standpoint of administration and
supervision of the work. The station is broadening its sphere, and is
making its activities along established lines more systematic and
eflicient,

KENTUCKY. 113

KENTUCKY.
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Levrington.
Department of the State University.
M. A. ScoveE.tL, M. S., Ph. D., Director.

The work of this station was in general along the lines followed in
1908. Out of the fees arising from the fertilizer and feeding stuffs
control a farm costing $7,000 was purchased and a new piggery with
numerous feeding lots was provided. Other general and minor im-
provements were made during the year in the experimental fields and
about the station buildings. Facilities for examining drugs under
the state law were provided in the food laboratory of the station.
W. H. Scherffius, head of the agricultural division, resigned to take
up work in South Africa, and L. A. Browne, of the North Dakota
Station, was added to the staff as chemist in the drug division.

The Adams fund projects were continued as originally planned.
The number of broods and some other facts in the life history of
the corn earworm have been worked out, and the results are nearly
ready for publication. Additional data were obtained in support
of the conclusions as to the identity of the organisms causing nodules
on alfalfa and sweet clover and the identity of the organisms on red
and white clover. Satisfactory proof was also secured of the iden-
tity of the organism causing nodules on alsike clover with that on
red and white clover. The forms of organisms on cowpeas and soy
beans were found distinct from those on the clovers. Some pre-
liminary work was begun on the study of milk fever in dairy cows,
and this is to be carried forward as circumstances permit. Some
progress in soil studies is reported, much of the time having been
given to the study of methods of determining potash.

Tae activities under the Hatch and other funds included experi-
ments with breeding, growing, and curing tobacco; tests with forage
plants of various kinds; special studies on alfalfa and soy beans;
crop-rotation trials; breeding and culture experiments with wheat;
corn, barley, oats, and potatoes; soil studies; studies of insect and
fungus pests; pig breeding and feeding; hog-cholera immunization,
and related lines of work. Tests of various sheep dips against scab
were reported in a bulletin published during the year, in which the
use of dips made of lime and sulphur, tobacco and sulphur, or one of
the coal-tar dips was recommended. Tobacco or coal-tar prepara-
tions were found to be more effective than the lime and sulphur
dip in destroying the sheep tick or louse, in addition to being a
satisfactory treatment for sheep scab. In tobacco experiments it was
found that phosphates gave appreciably better gains that potash salts
on soil typical of much of the tobacco soil of western Kentucky, and
that nitrates tended to reduce the crop by causing a less perfect
stand.

46045°—10—_8

114 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A large amount of cooperative work was carried on with farmers
of the State, with other stations, and with this Department. The
work throughout the State comprised experiments with tobacco
fertilizers and with grasses and other forage plants, while in con-
junction with this Department studies of systems of rotation, tests
of varieties of corn, barley, and hybrid oats, culture experiments
and breeding work with tobacco, and the treatment of hogs with
serum against hog cholera were carried on. Soil and fertilizer work
was also conducted in connection with the state geological survey.

A small amount of institute work is done by the younger men of
the station staff, under the auspices of the state board of agriculture.

The publications received from the station during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 132, Commercial fertilizers; 133, Spraying apple
trees. Apple-orchard pests in Kentucky; 135, Wheat: Test of varie-
ties. Chemical study of varieties; 136, Commercial fertilizers; 137,
The army worm; 138, Commercial fertilizers; 139, Tobacco cultiva-
tion, curing, and marketing; 140, Fertilizers; 141, Concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuffs; 142, Carnation root knot; and 143, Sheep scab;
and the Annual Reports for 1906 and 1907.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
State appropriation, tood: controle2 2222 eae eee 22, 784. 32
Fees, including balance from previous year___________ 33, 281. 39
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 11,458.18
Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year__ 174. 33

Mo fale es 2 bee cape te oh a ee epee «ee ee 93, 698. 22

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The numerous practical lines of work of the Kentucky Station are
having their beneficial effect on the agriculture of the State. The
inspection and control work are separated from experimentation and
research, but contribute considerable revenue to the station.

LOUISIANA.

Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, New Orleans.
State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge.

North Louisiana Experiment Station, Calhoun.

Rice Experiment Station, Crowley.

Z
er eas
PON pe

No.

Department of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical
College.

W. R. Dopson, A. B., B. S., Director, Baton Rouge.

The Louisiana stations pursued work along lines previously laid
down and no new investigations were inaugurated during the year.

LOUISIANA. ) 115

The following changes in the staff took place: J. G. Lee, sr., resigned
as assistant director of the North Louisiana Experiment Station at
Calhoun, and J. B. Garrett, formerly assistant entomologist of the
stations, was appointed to the vacancy. R. E. Graham, W. D. Reid,
and S. W. Plauche were appointed assistants in chemistry, G. Tie-
bout, assistant in horticulture, and E. M. Percy, assistant in mechan-
ical engineering in connection with work on sugar-house machinery.
B. F. Hochenedel resigned as assistant chemist to engage in com-
mercial work. Since the close of the fiscal year, P. A. Yoder resigned
as research chemist and W. Newell as entomologist, the latter to
accept a similar position at the Texas Station. A new greenhouse
(Pl. V, fig. 2), costing about $6,000, was constructed at the State Sta-
tion at Baton Rouge, and a residence for the farm manager, at an
expense of about $1,500, was built at the Calhoun Station.

A substation for rice culture was established at Crowley and work
was begun during the spring of 1909. This station is conducted in
cooperation with this Department. Local parties gave 60 acres of
land for the use of the station and subscribed $3,500 for buildings.
The legislature authorized its establishment by an act passed July 1,
1908, but no appropriation for the purpose was made at that time.
F. C. Quereau was called from the University of Tennessee to the
position of assistant director in charge of this station.

The research work carried on with the Adams fund included,
among other lines, investigations on a number of plant diseases.
Some work was done on rice smut and rice blast, and material for
study was secured. The wilt disease of pepper was given a good
deal of attention and the life history of the soft rot of cotton was
studied. Work on cotton wilt included breeding for resistance,
better lint, and earlier and more dwarfed types. Efforts were also
put forth to determine why alfalfa is difficult to grow at the station.
Liming was tried and 42 varieties obtained from this Department
were put under test to ascertain their resistance to the unfavorable
conditions. |

Observations made on cerebro-spinal meningitis in horses were
summarized and published as a preliminary report. Work on anthrax
was concentrated on the production of superimmunized animals for’
the purpose of obtaining serum that can be used in hastening the
development of immunity from the disease.

Progress was made in the study of the nonsugars of sugar cane,
and new methods considered thoroughly accurate were worked out
for determining the amount of certain organic acids in the cane.
More reliable methods than those previously in use were also devised
for determining formaldehyde in sugar products. The results se-
cured pointed to the possibility of formaldehyde being a normal con-
stituent of cane juice, and it was observed that at the temperature
of evaporation of the juice formaldehyde is formed.

116 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The bacteriological work on the inversion of sugars consisted of
studies of organisms and the changes they caused in sugars secured
from various sources. Collections of sugar-inverting micro-organisms
were made, and data regarding the conditions under which they
were most active were secured. The influence of some of the products
of decomposition on the polarization of fluids containing them was
studied with a view to finding means for rendering sugar products
less subject to deterioration from these causes.

During the year Prof. E. W. Kerr, head of the department of me-
chanical engineering in the university, entered upon a series of inves-
tigations on the conditions most conducive to complete combustion of
bagasse in sugar-house furnaces.

Work with Hatch and other funds was conducted at the different
stations. At the sugar experiment station, as heretofore, attention
was devoted primarily to work with sugar cane, which included
physiological experiments, fertilizer, culture, variety, irrigation, and
rotation tests, and the production of seedlings. The sugar-house
work had reference mainly to clarification, use of formaldehyde in
the factory, and to other similar lines. In addition to this work,
tests of forage crops, fiber plants, and semitropical fruits were
continued.

At Baton Rouge experiments were made with steers to test the
digestibility of lespedeza, molasses, Bermuda grass, low-grade cotton-
seed meal, corn chops, mangels, and carrots. In dairy husbandry
experiments were conducted to determine the milk-producing value
of different rations, consisting in part of potatoes, beets, and car-
rots. In agronomy, fertilizer, culture, and variety tests were con-
ducted with cotton, corn, oats, and forage crops. Considerable
attention was given to the profitable production of beef and pork
from local crops and feeds. The horticultural work consisted mainly
of testing varieties of comparatively new plants, among them vege-
table pears and bur artichokes. Experiments were also made to
determine the influence of variety, fertilization, cultivation, and
handling on canned tomatoes.

At Calhoun principal attention was given to fertilizer, culture,
and variety tests with cotton and with cereals and leguminous crops.
The grazing value of peanuts, soy beans, cowpeas, and Bermuda
grass was compared, and methods of applying manure were tested.

The stations conducted fertilizer experiments in cooperation with
planters in the State on different types of soil and cooperated with
this Department in testing 300 Japanese oil plants, together with
varieties of soy beans, fiber plants, vegetables, and peanuts. The new
rice culture station also cooperates with this Department in certain
lines of work.

MAINE. 117

The following publications of the stations were received by the
Office during the year: Bulletins 106, A preliminary report on the so-
called cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses; 107, Preliminary tests of
sugar-house machinery; 108, A preliminary report on some diseases
of chickens; 109, Experiments with Bacterium anthracis, anthrax
vaccines, and hyperimmunization; 110, Comparison of cotton-seed
meal and hulls with cold pressed cake as a dairy feed; 111, Rotation
experiments with cotton, corn, cowpeas, and oats; 112, Orchard re-
port of Baton Rouge Station; 113, Analyses of commercial ferti-
lizers and Paris green; and 114, Analyses of commercial feeding
stuffs; Geological Survey Bulletins 6, Cartography of southwestern
Louisiana with special reference to the Jennings sheet; 7, Rock salt:
Its origin, geological occurrences, and economic importance in the
State of Began: ; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___-___-______ 11, 000. 00
DEECRaD PLODEIS (OMe .= = = = Bae gee ee ek 9, 166. 65
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 5, 576. 05
EC eee ee ae et fe ee ee Mt eee 11, 846. 65
MATIN MROGUCES: 22's Fee eles eA Ret Sheed ee 4, 360. 65
PEIRCE HAN GOS). oe ahi) sede tee anne tee By Rey 600. 00

Wott se set erie ae gee an ie Nae hed Yee 57, 550. 00

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Louisiana stations touches the principal agri-
cultural industries of the State and is being highly appreciated.
This work is being more carefully systematized, the researches under
the Adams fund are being well supported, and the funds of the insti-
tution are carefully administered.

MAINE.
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono.
Department of the University of Maine.
C. D. Woops, Se. D., Director.

As in previous years the Maine Station devoted its efforts princi-
pally to a few subjects—studies on the potato, corn, the apple, and
poultry constituting the principal lines of work. Only a few changes
in the organization took place. At the close of the year the entomo-
logical daparimannt was strengthened by the appointment of O. A.
Johannsen as associate entomologist, and A. G. Durgin was ap-
pointed assistant chemist to fill the vacancy made by the resignation
of Miss J. C. Colcord. Since the close of the fiscal, year W. W.

Bonns was appointed assistant horticulturist.

118 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The state legislature of 1909 passed an act appropriating $10,000
for the purchase and equipment of a farm, and requiring the station
to conduct there experiments in orcharding and on the culture of corn
and other farm crops. The Highmoor farm at Monmouth (PI. II,
fig. 2), about 100 miles southwest of Bangor, was purchased for the
purpose, and it is planned to begin work in 1910. The farm con-
sists of 225 acres, of which 60 acres are now in apple orchards,
7 acres additional under tillage, and the balance in pasture and
woods. The station work in orchard management, owing to lack of
facilities, has been interrupted for three years, but will now be taken
up again on this farm by the newly appointed associate horticulturist.
The State has also provided for printing the bulletins and reports
of the station, an appropriation of $4,500 per annum having been
made for this purpose.

In its Adams fund work the Maine Station has made good prog-
ress. The poultry investigations have pointed out that egg pro-
ductivity is inherited in a manner not hitherto recognized for sex-
ually reproducing animals. Breeding work based on the knowledge
gained has been inaugurated. A thorough study has also been made
of a series of factors which influenced the fertility of eggs, and it
has been demonstrated that the hatching quality of fertile eggs is a
character which is definitely inherited. Progress in a physiological
study of the oviduct in a laying hen is reported and the data col-
lected will soon be published as a monographic account of the correla-
tion and development of the hen’s egg, such as size, bulk, color, and
fertility. A study of the Mendelian principles of transmission is
being made in crosses between Indian Game and Barred Plymouth
Rock fowls, about 100 fowls being under observation.

The results of breeding work with sweet, dent, and flint corn seem
to indicate that environment is a more potent factor than heredity,
and that local adjustment is necessary in corn improvement. Ad-
vance in time of maturity secured through selection was not held
when the corn was grown in other localities. The work of the ento-
mologist on the plant lice of Maine, especially the pea aphis (J/acro-
siphum pisi), the potato aphis (Jf. solanifolii), and Pemphigus
tesscllata, has been continued as a project under the Adams fund.
The investigation of fungus gnats, Mycetophilid, with reference
to their life history, economic relationships, morphology, and ecology
was also taken up as an Adams project.

In studying the blackleg disease of potatoes, the organism which
also causes a soft rot of the tubers has been isolated and a typical
form of the disease produced by inoculations with pure cultures.
The vegetable pathologist in his investigations on the interrelation
of leaf spots, fruit rots, and canker of apple trees has made a dis-
tinct contribution to the life history of Coryneum foliicolum and

MAINE. 119

Phoma mali, and has completed an extended study of the cultural
characters of these two fungi on different culture media. In addi-
tion to these fungi, others associated with these plant diseases are
studied to determine their relationships and to work out the life
history of each. In connection with this work it has been found
that certain fungi, either not described or hitherto not considered,
are of economic importance.

The Hatch work of the station included a careful study by the
entomologist of a remarkable outbreak of the saddled prominent
(Heterocampa guttivitta) and the results of this work are fully re-
corded in a bulletin published during the year. The true sexes of
Pemphigus tessellata were discovered for the first time, the alternate
host for the species ascertained, and the identity of P. acerifolii
as the same species established. These results have been partly pub-
lished in other than station publications.

The vegetable pathologist found it inadvisable to apply even small
quantities of lime to Aroostook potato soils on account of the result-
ing increase in potato scab. He made the observation that the
crotch injury of apple trees in Maine is a form of winter injury and
is not caused by Bacillus amylovorus; and further it was ascertained
that self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture is of value as a preventive of
apple scab, but is not as efficient as Bordeaux mixture. These results
have all been published in bulletin form. Weather records with refer-
ence to winter injury of fruit trees show as a general rule for that sec-
tion a fairly well-defined minimum temperature below which certain
varieties of apples can not endure. Less danger is found to result
from continued low temperature than from abrupt changes from
mild to low temperatures.

The inspection work of the station is kept quite distinct from in-
vestigational duties.

The following publications have been received during the year:
Bulletins 158, Food of man studies; 159, Appliances and methods for
pedigree poultry breeding; 160, Fertilizer inspection; 161, The sad-
dled prominent; 162, Insect notes; 163, Finances, meteorology, in-
dex; 164, Notes on plant diseases, 1908; 165, Poultry notes; 166,
Inheritance of fecundity; and 167, Field experiments, 1906-1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___________~_ 11, 000. 00
ans DCOGUGERS Obes 2 © a) n Seeh ta res! Serres oh etl pe 1, 902. 00
For cooperative poultry investigations with the U. S.
Department on Acricultre. 2. 2 ee 1, 000. 00
TTAB DOCU ON SiS ieee ere aie ras ee aa a ee eee 9, 500. 00
Balance from previous year, other than federal funds. —_—1, 830. 41

SPOT oe oa at See tcrees ait Be gee ee Se cite mien 40, 232. 41

120 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Maine Station is prosecuting scientific and practical lines of
work in an effective manner, and with the gratifying aid of the
State is prepared to enter upon even broader fields of usefulness.

MARYLAND.
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park.
Department of Maryland Agricultural College.
H. J. Patrerson, B. S., Director.

The Maryland Station made steady progress during the year in
broadening and strengthening its work mainly along the lines pur-
sued in previous years. Some additions to equipment and some
changes in the staff were made. N. Schmitz, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry of this Department, was appointed agronomist. G. E. Gage,
of Yale University, was appointed associate biologist to investigate
poultry diseases, and a well-equipped laboratory was fitted up for
this purpose. C. W. Melick resigned as dairyman, and P. M. Novik,
assistant horticulturist, was killed December 9 in a railroad accident.
A. L. Stabler, a graduate of the college, was appointed assistant in
animal husbandry in connection with investigations with hogs and
sheep. R. B. Mayo, assistant pathologist, resigned to engage in
private work. Frank Kent succeeded the late J. R. Owens as treas-
urer of the college and station. Shortly after the close of the year
L. W. Fetzer, assistant chemist, resigned to accept a position in this
Office. Considerable improvement was made in the equipment for
the poultry investigations.

The Adams fund projects of the station were increased by the
addition of a study of the rate of diffusion of different lime com-
pounds in the soil and of the effect of the internal application of
different substances on the structure and physiology of plants. Work’
cn the older projects, namely, those relating to city milk supplies,
parasitic hymenoptera with special reference to the Braconide, effects
of fertilizers on cell structure of plants, and embryology of chickens,
was actively carried on during the year. The investigations on poul-
try diseases were materially modified and now include, instead of
studies of specific diseases, a fundamental inquiry into the bacterial
flora of chickens in health and disease, beginning with observations
on the bacterial and animal parasites in the intestinal contents of
healthy fowls from incubation to maturity. As in previous years,
much the larger proportion of the Adams fund was devoted to the
investigations relating to milk supply and embryology and diseases
of chickens.

MARYLAND. 191

In addition to the Adams fund projects, the station conducted
invesigations and experiments on a wide range of subjects, including
breeding alfalfa for seed production; tests of alfalfa seed from dif-
ferent sources; fertilizer and culture tests with alfalfa; breeding
and tests of seed from different sources with red, mammoth, alsike,
and white clovers; breeding, variety tests, harvesting, and thrashing
cowpeas, and the culture of cowpeas with corn.

The new lines of work in agronomy taken up during the year
included breeding of sweet corn, study of the cause of dying out of
alfalfa fields, and growing hairy vetch for seed. The variety tests
with corn were made at the station farm and in cooperation with 12
farmers in different parts of the State. Experiments with alfalfa
were made in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this
Department. Tests of varieties, improvement by selection and breed-
ing, and fertilizer and rotation experiments with tobacco were also
made in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry.

In the horticultural department experiments were made on the
breeding, fertilizing, and spraying of apples, with tests of cover
crops for apple orchards; on varieties of peaches, breeding of pears,
tests of seedling papaws, and pruning and training raspberries;
variety tests, seed selection, mulching, spring cultivation, and preser-
vation (for exhibit purposes) of strawberries; adaptability and prun-
ing of pecans; varieties and grafting and budding of Persian walnuts;
fertilizers for asparagus; variety tests, fertilizing, and breeding for
disease and weather resistance with cabbage; comparison of Cali-
fornia and home-grown seed of celery; seed selection, fertilizing, cold
storage, and varieties of potatoes; rust-proof Rockyford muskmelons;
poultry manure supplemented with phosphoric acid and potash for
onions and tomatoes; variety tests of tomatoes and effect of copper
solutions and other substances on disease resistance in tomatoes;
and improvement and culture of various flowers, including carna-
tions, geraniums, roses, and violets.

The work in the botanical and pathological department of the
station included tests of the effect of various lime and sulphur sprays
on different crops, especially the peach and plum, and of methods of
preparing the sprays; tests of iron sulphate and other chemicals for
killing weeds; classification of a collection of Maryland grasses;
and collection of information on cause, prevalence, amount of injury,
and treatment of economic plant diseases in Maryland. The chem-
ical department carried on studies of the chemical and physical
properties of unproductive soils.

In the dairy department experiments were completed and compiled
for publication on the manufacture of sweet-cream butter, butter
making in Maryland, and methods of whipping cream. Work was
also undertaken on the sources of contamination of milk in the

122 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

barn as related to velocity and direction of the wind and humidity
of the atmosphere.

The poultry work included tests of poultry houses to ascertain the
type best adapted to the climate of Maryland and breeding of
Barred Plymouth Rocks for egg production. Eggs from improved
stock were distributed to a limited extent in the State, and an inves-
tigation of the poultry industry in Maryland was made during the
year.*

The activities of the veterinary department were confined princi-
pally to a study of the cow’s udder with reference to milk produc-
tion. Investigations on tuberculosis and bovovaccination were con-
tinued during the year, and a report on these subjects is being pre-
pared. A study of the properties of fat cells in milk of different
breeds was begun, and investigations on the relation of bacteria,
leucocytes, and chemical changes in milk as affected by inflammation
were continued.

In the entomological department experiments were made with
spray mixtures and on the treatment of the codling moth, woolly
aphis, green aphis, asparagus beetles, flea beetles, plum curculio, and
peach-tree borer. Further experiments were made in the dipping of
fruit trees, and in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of
this Department an investigation of the bee-keeping industry of the
State was begun. The state horticultural and nursery inspection
work was done by the botanist and entomologist of the station, as in
previous years. The members of the station staff also participated
to some extent in farmers’ institutes and other farmers’ meetings.

The last legislature passed an act constituting the board of trus-
tees of the college the state board of agriculture and making the
director of the station the secretary of the board.

The following publications of the station were received during the
year: Bulletins 126, Manuring and fertilizing truck crops; 127, Mis-
cellaneous greenhouse notes; 128, The effect of animal digestion and
fermentation of manures on the vitality of seeds; 129, Silos and
silage in Maryland; 130, Nurseries and nursery inspection; 131, Mis-
cellaneous treatment for San José scale; and 132, Irish potato in-
vestigations; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____----__---- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_-----------~ 11, 000. 00
State: appropriation 222222) + + ee eee 7, 500. 90
Balance from previous year, state appropriation____-_~~_ 3, 396. 24
Farm products, including balance from previous year_ 4, 745. 86

Total (2-2. 2eS Se A ERR ae eee ee emer 41, 642. 10

UNS eet Bk ee kg
@Maryland Sta. Bul. 138.

MASSACHUSETTS. 138

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

With the aid of substantial support from the State, steady progress
was made during the year at the Maryland Station in developing
experimental work and in disseminating the practical results of the
work among the farmers of the State.

MASSACHUSETTS.
Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.
Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
W. P. Brooks, Ph. D., Director,

But little change was made in the lines of work of the Massa-
chusetts Station during this year and no new members were added
to tlre station staff. C.S. Pomeroy, assistant horticulturist, resigned
in October, and R. D. McLaurin at the close of the college year.
The State made an appropriation of $80,000 for a building for the
departments of entomology and zoology, which is now in process of
construction and is to be completed in 1910.

In all the various lines of investigation under the Adams fund
satisfactory progress was made. The inquiry into the relation of
plant-food elements to the characteristics and growth of asparagus
was carried on cooperatively by the agricultural and chemical de-
partments. Breeding asparagus for rust resistance is carried on
in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department.
The investigation upon the principles underlying the fertilizing of
the cranberry has made progress and a chemical study of the soils
has also been undertaken. The department of botany is investigat-
ing the effects of meteorological conditions on plant growth and
plant diseases. In the greenhouse these investigations concern the
influence of light, moisture, heat, and ventilation on the growth of
crops and their susceptibility to disease. In the outdoor work records
are made of the time of blossoming, prevalence of diseases, earliness
or lateness of crops, and the influence of climatic conditions on the
plants during winter and summer.

The department of chemistry made successful progress in working
out a method for the quantitative analysis of the different insoluble
fatty acids of butter fat. Results secured with reference to the con-
stitution of fats, and the effect of molasses on the digestibility of
hay and other feeding stuffs, are being prepared for publication.
Analyses of asparagus roots and of cranberry soils were made, and
insecticides were studied in cooperation with the department of
entomology. In addition to the latter, the department of entomology
is pursuing work on the project relating to the digger wasps for

124 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the purpose of learning the distribution, abundance, and individual
work of these insects, and to determine their true economic value.
Considerable advance has also been made in the study relative to
the groups Pyralide and Tortricide, and the amount of damage
caused by these little-known insects has been determined to some
extent.

In addition to Adams fund work various lines of investigation
were pursued by the different departments of the station. The
agriculturist is carrying on extensive fertilizer experiments with
field, orchard, and garden crops in order to determine their nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, and potash requirements. The relative value of
different substances as sources of the various fertilizing ingredients
of various crops has been reported upon in part in the publications
of the station.

The chemist cooperated with the agriculturist in the study of
clover sickness and in addition conducted experiments for the, pur-
pose of noting the effect of different amounts of protein for profit-
able milk production, determining the best varieties of silage corn,
and preparing a satisfactory grain ration suitable as a partial milk
substitute for young calves.

The department of botany continued its studies of the diseases of
a large number of plants, and made observations on the effect of
spraying with different mixtures on the plants themselves as well
as on the diseases to be combated. A bulletin on shade trees pre-
pared in cooperation with the department of entomology’ and the
Massachusetts Forestry Association was published during the year.

Among other work of the department of entomology, studies on
wireworms in connection with seed corn were carried on, methods
of controlling cabbage maggots and onion thrips were tested, the
dates of hatching scale insects were observed, the importance of
the second brood of the codling moth in Massachusetts was investi-
gated, and efforts were made to discover and to work out the life
history of an egg parasite of the asparagus beetle.

In horticulture the work was mainly along the line of plant breed-
ing, but in addition variety tests, pruning experiments, and com-
parisons of orchard cover crops were carried on.

The veterinarian has been investigating the transmission of tuber-
culosis to calves by means of separator skim milk. He completed
a study on the effect of arsenate of lead on stock allowed to graze
under trees sprayed with this substance. The usual meteorological
observations and records were continued. ’

The following publications were received from this station during
the fiscal year: Bulletins 124, Bee diseases in Massachusetts; 125,
Shade trees; 126, How to fight cranberry insects; 127, Inspection of
commercial fertilizers; and 128, Inspection of commercial feeding

MICHIGAN. 125

stuffs; Circulars 15, Cost of testing pure-bred cows; and 16, Seeding
mowings; and Meteorological Bulletins 234-246.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____________ 11, 000. 00
SiaTec appropriation = 27 6.) At a Lees aul asl 13, 500. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 7, 529. 52
OS Se er este ne ee tee, eer 2 5, 210. 00
OREN TIT OO UCAS 28 heen ee a ee 2, 081. Ot
RPIRCCMI AT COUS 26, fone net See ee ee ee ee 4, 825. 17

SR GES ged ee er Ne eh) ee ees oe 59, 452. 26

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

This station continues to cover a wide field of effort, which in-
cludes many subjects of special importance to the agriculture of the
State. The growth of the college work will soon make additional
provision necessary in some departments if the station work is to
continue to develop.

MICHIGAN.

Experiment Station of Michigan State Agricultural College, Hast Lansing.
Department of Michigan State Agricultural College.

R. S. SHaw, B. S. A., Director.

During the year a number of changes were made in membership
of the station staff and in the organization of the work at the
Michigan Experiment Station. As a part of the extension reorgani-
zation of the agricultural work, divisions of animal husbandry, dairy
husbandry, soils, and farm crops were established with H. W. Nor-
ton, A. C. Anderson, J. A. Jeffery, and the director in charge of
these respective divisions. H. J. Eustace, expert in fruit storage in
the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, was appointed
horticulturist, L. R. Taft, consulting horticulturist, and Dr. W. J.
Beal was reappointed botanist. Other recent appointments include
the following assistants: M. A. Yothers, entomology; F. A. Spragg,
farm crops: C. B. Collingwood, who resigned later in the year,
chemistry; G. B. Schafer and Misses Z. Northrop and L. M. Smith,
bacteriology; and J. B. Dandeno, botany. Other appointments were
O. K. White as field agent in horticultural extension work, and A. R.
Potts for similar work with soils and field crops; and C. 8. Robinson
as research chemist in place of S. L. Jodidi, who resigned to accept
a similar position in the department of soils at the Iowa Station.

The construction of the new agricultural building, to be occupied
by the station and the college, made good progress and when com-

126 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pleted will afford better and more nearly adequate quarters for a
number of the station departments.

The state legislature during this year enacted a law relative to
seed inspection and the organization and conduct of this work was
placed under the supervision of the director of the station.

The four Adams fund projects studied are each subdivided and
assigned to certain investigators. Progress was reported on prac-
tically all the projects. Investigations on the bacterial factors de-
termining the qualities of milk and butter were continued, and a
second report on the keeping quality of butter was prepared. It was
found that salted butter through leakage loses more water when
stored than does unsalted butter, and the results further indicated
that the quality decreases as the content of amid nitrogen increases.
Some of the micro-organisms found in butter were observed to mul-
tiply slowly at —6° C. in salted butter.

The study of agents rendering available the insoluble elements of
the soil is a cooperative undertaking. The soil physicist is studying
the temperature relations and is attempting to perfect a new soil
thermometer. The chemist is studying the soluble and insoluble
phosphates of the soil, the assistant chemist the availability of the
nitrogenous compounds in the soil, the assistant botanist the physio-
logical effect of root excretions on plant growth, and studies are also
in progress on the bacterial factors, with special reference to render-
ing soluble the insoluble phosphates. The results secured in study-
ing the availability of the nitrogenous soil compounds were pre-
pared for publication, and the results of the preliminary study of the
agents rendering soluble the insoluble phosphates have appeared in
bulletin form.

According to a preliminary report on the investigation of swine
epidemics, it was demonstrated that the Dorset-Niles hyperimmuniza-
tion process results in the production of agglutinins and immune
bodies for Bacillus cholerw suis, but the nature of these immune
bodies nor the constancy with which they occur has not as yet been
determined. In connection with the hog-cholera investigations, the
State has provided $1,500 for the manufacture of serum, which is sold
at the rate of 2 cents per cubic centimeter, 22 to 25 cubic centimeters
being required for 100 pounds live weight of a hog.

The fourth project involves extensive investigations of the respira-
tory systems of insects, in a study of the method by which contact
insecticides are effective. This project, which is pursued by the
entomologist and a research assistant, also includes studies on fungus
parasites of sawflies and other insects.

In addition to the Adams fund investigations, a large amount of
work is carried on under the Hatch and other funds. In the depart-
ment of animal husbandry, experiments with horses, cattle, and

MICHIGAN. 127

sheep are in progress. The work with hogs was discontinued on
account of disease. The third year’s work on the production of baby
beef was completed and the results are soon to be published. Two
years’ experiments in the economical wintering of work horses were
finished, and a preliminary report suggests the use of a variety of
cheap yet efficient feeds in place of oats and timothy hay. The
third year’s work with feeding succulents to sheep showed no
particular advantage over feeding roots when the extra expense is
considered. Breeding experiments with sheep and cattle were also
carried on.

In the dairy department demonstration experiments were made of
the value of well-bred dairy cows, the care of milk on the farm, and
the production of sanitary milk. The third year’s performance of
the grade dairy herd was recorded. The poultryman completed the
second year’s trial of three types of poultry houses designed as models
for farm use, and studied in addition the relative value of various
feeds for young chicks and the relation of age and breeding of pullets
to egg production.

The horticulturist conducted experiments in potato spraying, test-
ing fertilizers for apple, peach, and grape growing, comparing
sucker and pruning wood of apples for propagation, soil sterilization
of greenhouses, peach pits as a means of disseminating disease, lime
and sulphur as a summer spray, and cover crops for vineyards in
conjunction with commercial fertilizers.

Plant breeding and culture experiments were in progress with
practically all the important crops. The improved strains developed
in this work were tested throughout the State in cooperation with the
recently established Experimental Union.

The extension work is organized and managed under state appro-
priations and during the year 3 men were constantly maintained by
the college for giving instruction and demonstrations in live-stock
management, horticulture, and field crops. The Experimental
Union, comprising over 200 members, engaged in cooperative work
in crop testing and soil studies. During the year, 872 bacterial cul-
tures for leguminous crops were sent out to farmers from the bacteri-
ological department, which also furnished virus and serum for
immunizing over 2,000 hogs. In the extension work in animal
husbandry efforts were directed mainly toward the organization of
cooperative breeders’ associations, and during the first six months of
the year ten associations were formed representing 2,100 cows, and 51
registered sires were purchased.

The publications of the station received during the year were as,
follows: Bulletins 251, Insects of 1907; 252, Fertilizer analyses;
253, Can the general farmer afford to grow apples; and suggestions
on improving and spraying apple orchards; Special Bulletins 42,

128 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Bacterial associations in the souring of milk; 43, The solvent action
of soil bacteria upon the soluble phosphates of raw bone meal and
natural raw rock phosphate; 45, Spraying calendar; 46, Report of
the South Haven Substation for 1907; 47, Corn improvement; and
48, Report of the South Haven Substation for 1908; Circulars 1,
Alfalfa; 2, The Babcock test; 3, Corn: Selection, storing, curing,
and testing for seed; 4, Methods of breeding for the improvement of
Michigan cattle. Organization of cooperative cattle breeders’ asso-
ciations in Michigan: and 5, Inoculation with nodule-forming
bacteria; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act----_________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_._._________ 11, 000. 00
State appropriation’ os ee ee ee ee 14, 148. 10
Hertilizer, Jicenses;) Teesast ean so ots ie eee 5, S02. 50
Farm products, including substations, ete_____________ 1, 266. 76

WO Ua)! 225 * Se 2 Ae ee 2 le ee 45, 217. 36

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

With the aid of the state funds, which are appropriated in part
for the maintenance of substations and in part for experiments along
special lines, and with the further assistance of a well organized
extension department in the college, the Michigan Station is placed
in favorable circumstances for accomplishing much of fundamental
importance and practical value to the different agricultural pursuits
of the State.

MINNESOTA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota,
University Farm, St. Paul.
Department of the University of Minnesota.
A. F. Woops, M. A., Director.

A number of changes took place in the station staff during the year,
the principal one being the appointment of J. W. Olsen, state super-
intendent of public instruction as dean and director, following the
resignation of E. W. Randall, who entered commercial life. Since the
close of the fiscal year J. W. Olsen also resigned and has been suc-
ceeded by A. F. Woods, assistant chief of the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try of this Department. During the year numerous : also
occurred in the corps of assistants.

State appropriations of interest to the station were made by the
last legislature as follows: $15,000 for the completion and equipment

MINNESOTA. 129

of the dairy pavilion, $15,000 for remodeling and equipping the dairy
hall, $10,000 for hog-cholera work, $6,000 for a denatured alcohol
plant, $1,000 for soil inspection, $4,000 for live stock, $6,000 for horti-
cultural investigations, $1,000 for entomological investigations, $3,500
for the breeding of field crops, $1,500 a year for two years for experi-
ments in the use of preservatives for timber, $5,000 for the purchase
of lands for forestry experiments at Cloquet, $2,500 per year for
maintenance of a forestry experiment station at Cloquet, $2,000 for
drainage studies, $400 for work on plant diseases, $1,000 for the study
of noxious weeds, $1,000 for alterations in the veterinary building,
$10,000 for the establishment and maintenance of a poultry depart-
ment, and $100,000 for an engineering building for the department of
agriculture. ;

A. farm has been leased for five years to carry on experiments in
quack grass eradication. Twelve demonstration farms of 80 acres
each have been established throughout the State and more recently
plans were made for seven similar farms in addition. Since the close
of the fiscal year the post-office address of the college and station has
been changed to University Farm, St. Paul.

Marked progress attended the work of the year on all the Adams
fund projects. The investigations of the horticultural department
were along the line of plant breeding and were carried on in connec-
tion with the general plant breeding work largely followed at the
state fruit-breeding farm. In connection with this work, plantings
of orchard and small fruits are becoming well established and con-
siderable work is carried on in the greenhouses. The entomologist, in
addition to the life history studies of Hmpoasca mali, Macrosiphum
granaria, and Brucophagus funebris, continued the investigation of
the cabbage maggot. This work has been reported upon in part in
a bulletin of the station.* In the beef production project, calves of
different types and breeds are grown from birth to maturity for com-
parative slaughter tests and chemical analyses of the carcasses. The
cereal breeding project is essentially a study of rust resistance in
wheat, oats, and other small grains, carried on by the botanist and
plant pathologist in the field and in the greenhouse. The problems
included are the wintering of rust, the effects of red rust, and some
anatomical features such as the correlation between the structure of
the leaf and stem of plants and rust. <A field laboratory method has
been developed to induce a local and controllable rust epidemic. In
connection with this investigation many selections and crosses of
wheat have been made. In the work on the food requirements for
milk and meat production, particular stress is now laid on meat pro-
duction and records are made for beef animals as were made for dairy

@ Minnesota Sta. Bul. 112,
46045°—10——9

130 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

animals heretofore. The investigation of stable ventilation was con-
tinued with improved equipment.

In addition to the Adams fund work, numerous other investiga-
tions were carried on by the different departments of the station..
The agriculturist worked on the origination of varieties of cereals
and forage plants by selection and hybridization and of disease-
resistant strains by selection from disease infected plants. Obser-
vations were made to determine the time required for varieties to
come true to type. The study of the effect of rotations and of single
crops on the fertility of soil started in 1894 was continued as was
also the work on the cost of crop production begun in 1902.

The division of chemistry studied the manufacture of denatured
alcohol and of the economy of the use of heat in the preparation of
foods.

The division of agricultural engineering and physics, officially
organized August 1, 1908, planned and supervised the construction
of underdrains at the state fruit farm, made plans for the drainage
of the Northeast Experiment Farm at Grand Rapids, conducted an
irrigation experiment in cooperation with this Office, and gave assist-
ance to drainage improvements throughout the State. The grati-
fying support given this new division by the State will soon enable
it to broaden the scope of its work.

The work in animal husbandry consisted of feeding trials of sheep
and swine and investigations in beef production. The dairy division
completed experiments in feeding for milk production, in which
gravimetric analyses of milkings and periodical analyses of all feed-
ing stuffs consumed were made. The entomologist conducted experi-
ments to determine the least number of sprayings with arsenate of
lead upon plums to control the ravages of the plum curculio and to
determine the possibility of poisoning fruit trees by the usual proc-
ess of arsenical sprayings used by orchardists. Among other work
scientific and economic studies were made of the genus Papaipema,
or stalk borer.

The division of horticulture and forestry carried on variety, fer-
tilizer, spraying, and breeding experiments with potatoes in addi-
tion to crossing experiments with plums, strawberries, raspberries,
blackberries, and the treatment of conifer seed for the prevention of
the damping off disease. Little advantage was derived from the
use of fungicides for the prevention of late blight in potatoes at the
station. The fruit breeding work of the station has aroused great
interest. Private parties have taken up the work and a number of
promising new varieties of fruits have been originated. While there
has been no increase in the funds available for horticultural work,
the State made a larger appropriation for experimental work in
connection with forestry and it is now planned to establish an experi-

MINNESOTA. 131

mental forest of 2,700 acres in the vicinity of Cloquet, Minn. Dif-
ferent rotation periods will be tried and an arboretum and forest
garden established.

The soil work of the station was continued along the lines previ-
ously outlined. The chemical and physical properties of the various
soil areas of the State were studied and fertilizer tests were made in
different sections to study the relation between laboratory and field
methods of determining the deficiency of fertilizing elements.

The division of vegetable pathology and botany occupied itself
chiefly with diseases of plants, botanical features of weeds, and the
study of weed seeds and seed mixtures. In addition to studying
rusts and smuts of cereals, spikelet blights of oats, aster blight,
damping off of greenhouse plants and coniferous seedlings, diseases
-of apples and plums, and bean anthracnose were given attention.
Collections of various weed seeds growing in the State were made
and the equipment of an up-to-date seed laboratory was about com-
pleted.

In the veterinary division the principal lines of work were with
hog-cholera vaccine, swamp fever, and antituberculosis vaccine. In
connection with the vaccine work results valuable from a scientific
and practical standpoint were secured, and much information was
gained on the nature of swamp fever. The latter was studied in
cooperation with the pathological division of the Bureau of Animal
Industry of this Department, under a special contract and a special
appropriation of $5,000. The work in this department has been
considerably strengthened since the completion of the new veterinary
building, providing much better facilities than were enjoyed pre-
viously. Cement cremation pits were constructed for the destruc-
tion of manure from diseased animals.

Among other work the substation at Grand Rapids cooperated
with the Wisconsin Station in experiments as to the methods and cost
of stump removal on cut-over lands.

The cooperative work of the station was carried on with farmers
in corn-breeding investigations, studies of clover-seed culture, animal
breeding, particularly with Shorthorn cattle, spraying trials, and
preservation of fence posts; while with this Department this work
was carried on along the lines of plant and animal breeding, preserv-
ative wood treatment, cereal diseases, particularly the rusts and
smuts, and the swamp fever work already mentioned.

At the school of agriculture at Crookston, the experimental field
work has thus far been preliminary. The farm was drained and put
in much better condition than formerly. The live stock includes a
number of Shorthorn and Holstein cattle, and a good poultry plant
has been established with a large flock of Leghorns and Plymouth
Rock fowls, of which egg records are kept. Much attention was

132 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

given to experiments with tile and open drains, and the effect of this
work on the drainage of the region in the vicinity has already become
marked,

The following publications of the station were received by the
Office during the year: Bulletins 109, The rotation of crops; 110,
Installation of an experimental drainage system; 111, Flour bleach-
ing; 112, The apple leaf hopper and other injurious insects of
1907-8; 118, Hog cholera and hog-cholera vaccine; 114, Potato ex-
periments and studies at University Farm. Potato growing in
Minnesota; and 115, Seed grain.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__~___________ $15, 000. 0G
United States appropriation, Adams Act _____________ 10, 980. 09
Balance from previous year, Adams Act_________-____ 69. 91
State appropriation, including substations____________ 59, 194. 12
Farm products, including substations_________________ 13, 380. 28

Total = <1) se eee ee ee ee 98, 574. 40

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Minnesota Station has continued to broaden in
scope, to be strengthened by improvements in equipment, and to re-
ceive recognition of its merit by the gratifying and liberal support
given the institution by the farmers and the State.

MISSISSIPPI. =
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College.%
Department of Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College.
W. L. HutcHInson, M. S., Director.

Several changes in the personnel of the station occurred during
the year, and an effort was made to separate the station from the
teaching force, or at least to require less teaching of station men.
J. Lewis was appointed veterinarian and A. B. McKay was reelected
horticulturist. W. R. Perkins was relieved of all college work in
order that he might give his time to the station. R. W. Harned
was elected entomologist and S. F. Blumenfeld his assistant. On
July 1, 1908, the college turned over to the station the entire farm
except the part used by the dairy. A new administration building
has been completed by the college at a cost of $100,000 in which the
administrative offices of the station will be accommodated.

@ Telegraph address, Starkville; express and post-office address, Agricultural
College; freight address, A. and M. College Station.

MISSISSIPPI. 133

In the Adams fund work, the mule breeding project was the larg-
est undertaking, and this made quite satisfactory progress. A con-
siderable number of mule colts are on hand, and records including
measurements and photographs at different stages of growth are
made. With the land at the disposal of the station at present it is
planned to grow practically all the feed required in connection with
this project.

The investigation of the physiological effects of cotton-seed meal
included studies with cattle and hogs. Observations were made on
the milk and blood of cows, their physical condition, fertility, condi-
tion of offspring, etc., and also on the blood of calves, hogs, and beef
cattle. In some of these tests as high as 5 pounds of cotton-seed meal
a day are being fed.

Several entomological projects were also continued, although some-
what interrupted by a change of leader.

The Hatch fund work included principally feeding experiments
with pigs and steers, fertilizer and culture tests, and breeding inves-
tigations with field crops and insect studies. Experiments were con-
ducted to test the effect on the progeny of wide, medium, and narrow
rations fed to sows. Comparisons were made of yearling and
2-year-old steers fed on cotton-seed meal and hulls.

In agronomy the crops given most attention were corn and cotton,
but soy beans and other forage crops were also studied. In view of
the coming of the boll weevil the work with field crops is pursued
with the purpose of being able to discount the ravages of this pest to
the best advantage.

In dairy husbandry, comparison of various home-grown and pur-
chased feeds was made and a record of the herd was kept.

The entomologist pursued work on the pine twig borer and the
pine sawfly.

In forestry some work was done with galled land in growing fence
posts.

In the poultry department the work was much as in previous
years—mainly commercial and educational and for the encourage-
ment of poultry raising in the State. There was very little work of
an experimental nature.

The affairs at the branch stations progressed in a satisfactory man-
ner. Dairy barns with a capacity of about 30 cows were built at the
MeNeill and Holly Springs stations. The Delta Station, in addi-
tion to its work with farm crops, gave attention to hog raising and
published its results.* Two institute trains were run over a very
large part of the railroad mileage in the State, and station men and
station results were the principal factors in making this feature
successful.

“Mississippi Sta. Bul. 107.

134 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 110, Report of the work at the Holly Springs
Station for 1907; 111, Experiments in feeding dairy cows; 112, Silage
v. hulls and meal; 118, Cotton experiments, 1907; 114, Inspection
and analyses of cotton-seed meal on sale in Mississippi; 115, Inspec-
tion and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State; 116,
Varieties of cotton, 1908; 117, Cotton culture in Mississippi; 118,
Clearing pine lands; 119, Report of the work at the Delta Station
for 1907-8; 120, Farmers’ institute bulletin 1907-8; 107 (rev.), Pork
production at the Delta Station; Circulars, June, 1908, The insect
pest law; 25, Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on
sale in the State; 26, Inspection and analyses of commercial ferti-
lizers on sale in the State; 27, Inspection and analyses of commercial
fertilizers on sale in the State; 28, Inspection and analyses of com-
mercial fertilizers on sale in the State; 29, Inspection and analyses
of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State; and Annual Reports
for 1906, 1907, and 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
State appropriation for substations___________________ 19, 150. 00
Farm products, including substations_________________ 138, 907. 90
WGCS ea ey = 2k od aed ee eee 130. 00
Miscellaneous, including substations.._________-_______ 4, 398. 49

Mota boas. ate AG a tee bs oa id a 63, 586. 39

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Mississippi Station has been affected by changes
in personnel and by the transfer to it of responsibility for the college.
farm of about two thousand acres. <A result has been the carrying
on of large commercial operations which have been a drain on the
time of the station men. There should be a more definite segregation
of the farm operations, even when they are connected with the grow-
ing of feed for station animals, and an arrangement for the manage-
ment of such operations which will relieve the men in charge of
experimental work. In some lines, notably the poultry department,
the condition as to experimental work has been unsatisfactory, and
in other directions the experimental work needs to be strengthened
and put upon a more active and efficient basis.

The extension work in the State is organized as a separate branch,
the three substations are doing an important work for their respective
localities, and the opportunity for aggressive and high-class work at
the main station along a number of advanced lines should be excellent.

MISSOURI. 135

MISSOURI.
Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Columbia.

Department of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University
of Missouri.

F. B. MumrorpD, B. S., Director.

Numerous important changes occurred in the personnel of the
station during the year, the’ principal one being a change of director.
Director H. J. Waters resigned to accept the presidency of the
Kansas Agricultural College, and F. B. Mumford was elected dean
of the college of agriculture and director of the experiment station.
E. A. Trowbridge was promoted to be assistant in animal husbandry,
and J. M. Stedman, the entomologist, resigned to become assistant
farmers’ institute specialist in this Office. J. R. Keithley, assistant
in dairy husbandry, who accepted a position in the dairy division of
this Department, was succeeded by R. E. Hundertmark. O. E. Reed,
assistant in dairy husbandry, resigned to become instructor in milk
production at Purdue University, and H. E. McNatt was appointed
to fill the vacancy. The position of animal husbandman, which be-
came vacant by the resignation of C. W. Rine, was filled by the ap-
pointment of R. J. Carr. D. H. Doane, as special agent, was placed
in charge of the Missouri district of the farm management investi-
gations under this Department, in cooperation with the station.
L. Haseman, assistant entomologist, resigned to take up graduate
work at Cornell University. Other appointments included the fol-
lowing assistants: C. T. Dearing, horticulture; C. A. Schwartz,
botany; J. B. Latshawe, veterinary science; A. A. Jones, agricultural
chemistry; E. W. Rusk, animal husbandry; F. W. Woodman, re-
search chemistry; and C. K. Francis, research agricultural chemistry.
F. S. Putney was appointed assistant to the dean and director, vice
J. M. Evvard, who was appointed assistant in animal husbandry,
vice H. P. Rusk, resigned.

The new agricultural building was occupied about September 1.
This affords adequate quarters for the administrative offices and the
library of the station, and provides laboratcry room for a number of
the departments. The cold-storage and ice-making plant has been
installed and has already been used extensively in the experimental
work with meats and dairy products.

The Adams fund work under way remained unchanged so far as
the projects are concerned. The dormant period of trees in a large
number of species has been found to vary greatly in length, some
Japanese varieties hardly resting at all. In this connection the
amount of moisture and the individuality seemed to be important
factors. The study of the relation of nourishment of fruit trees to

136 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

their resistance to disease was carried on in eight apple and five
peach orchards in different’ places, and is resulting in a large amount
of data. The breeding of peaches to eliminate the purple coloring
matter in the twigs was actively pursued, with interesting results.

In the study of the possibility of immunizing hogs against cholera
and swine plague, special attention was given to improvement in the
preparation and the utilization of serum. The strictly Adams fund
work was combined with practical attempts to control hog cholera,
in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture, and recent
efforts to inoculate hogs with serum on a large scale have met with
good success.

The work on the nutrition of heifers during their growing period
in relation to their subsequent functional activities, size, vigor, and
general usefulness, carried on by the department of dairy husbandry,
is an extensive and thorough investigation in which a very large
amount of data is accumulating. The study of the factors affecting
the chemical and physical properties of milk, carried on by the same
department, has been in progress for nearly three years and involves
a large amount of chemical and physical examination.

The programme of work conducted with Hatch funds is also quite
heavy, and a large amount of data is on hand awaiting publication.
Feeding experiments carried on by the department of animal hus-
bandry appeared to point out that the condition of the animal when
feeding begins is more important than its age as far as economic
gains are concerned. The cost of feeding stuffs used supplementary
to corn was greater than the cost of corn with only one exception in
seven years, during which time 500 animals were under experiment.
Feeding tests with hogs and horses followed in addition to the
experiments mentioned. Several lines of breeding work are pursued
with different kinds of farm animals. Observations made in connec-
tion with mule breeding show that telegony is not so prevalent as has
been supposed. The effects of breeding immature parents in hogs
and inbreeding of hogs and sheep were also studied.

The department of agronomy is pursuing rotation experiments
which have gone on for twenty years, in which the effect of the differ-
ent rotations on the humus content of the soil is being observed. Cul-
ture tests and plant-breeding experiments are followed with a num-
ber of crops, but mainly with wheat, oats, and corn. In the work
with corn, attention is being paid to the relation of leaf surface to
yield and to the cause of barrenness. Field experiments are made in
different parts of the State in cooperation with the soil survey. The
outcome of about 50 cooperative experiments on alfalfa is that in
about two-thirds of the cases inoculation was found beneficial. There
are now, 92 cooperative experimental fields in 114 counties of the
State. Under the state law, county farms may be used for experi-

MISSOURI. 13%

mental purposes with the arrangement that the county is to bear
the expense and the station to furnish the supervision and to publish
the results. So far only the farm in Jasper County is being used.

The horticultural department is pursuing apple breeding with
special reference to the use of self-fertilized versus cross-fertilized
seedlings. Apples were also grown on different stocks and, among
other work, experiments were carried on with asparagus, tomatoes,
and strawberries. The spraying work of the department included
demonstration and local tests in addition to spraying cherries in
combating leaf spot.

The dairy department is doing preliminary work in the determina-
tion of the effect of feed on the composition of milk, and has in
progress an experiment to ascertain the causes of wide variations in
economy of milk production by different cows. A comparison of the
nutrients required for the production of butter fat and body fat in
the same animal and a study of the factors regarding development
of dairy cattle are also under way.

A soil survey of the State based on geological strata and including
chemical and physical examinations of the different types of soil is
being conducted, partly in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of
this Department. For this work the State has appropriated $15,000
of which $4,000 became available this year.

The members of the station staff did considerable extension work
and frequently officiated as judges of corn and live stock at county
and state fairs. The State appropriated $10,000 each for the erection
of a veterinary hospital, the manufacture of hog-cholera serum, fur-
nishing of the new agricultural building, and for the heating plant
for the agricultural building.

The following publications of the station were received during
the year: Bulletins 80 and 82, Inspection of commercial fertilizers;
Circulars of information 22, Feeding the orchard; 23, Fungicides,
insecticides, and spray calendar; 24, Beef production on high-priced
land; 25, Rational sheep feeding; 26, Feeding the dairy cow; 27,
Eisding and care of horses; 28, Sone foediiie 29, Immunization of
swine against hog cholera; and 30, Missouri housekeepers’ conference
association.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___--_____-___- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__-__-____-___~- 11, 000. 00
Die. SDDTODria tion - 2S. ga eee oat os 1, 473. ST
Balance from previous year, state appropriation —_-~__ 2, 974. 37
RR eee ee oe ee ne eo ee 7, 643.17
Sales, including balance from previous year______--~~~_ 4, 457. 90

dt) oini pte as 5 8 ae ee ee eee ee 42, 549. 31

138 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Missouri Station is doing an important work for the agricul-
ture of the State. The latter has contributed generously to its sup-
port, and this has enabled it to conduct lines of investigation which
are fundamental and of much scientific and practical interest.

Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove.
PAuL Evans, Director.

As in previous years, the attention of this station was mainly
devoted to studying the insects and plant diseases affecting fruit.
Considerable work was done in the line of spraying apples for cur-
culio and codling moth, and different kinds of sprays were compared
in this connection. Attention was also given to other methods of
control. ‘The station owns a very complete line of spraying machin-
ery and has made it a point to assist fruit growers and orchardists
with advice regarding the use of such machines and the construction
of devices to facilitate spraying work in general.

In cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Depart-
ment, the comparative efficiency of spraying and dusting was stud-
ied. The results of one year’s test conducted under adverse condi-
tions did not seem to warrant the use of dust in apple orchards.
Studies were also made of the scale insects of Missouri orchard fruits
and particular attention was given to the San José scale.

The plant pathologist made progress in his studies of the various
fungus diseases common to the cultivated fruits of the Ozark region.
A descriptive list of the principal fruit diseases with directions for
their control has been published by the station.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 16, Fruit tree diseases and fungicides; 18, Scale
insects of the orchards of Missouri; 19, Spraying v. dusting; 20,
Spraying machinery; and 21, Spraying apples for curculio and the
codling moth.

The station is maintained by a state appropriation of $33,600 for
the biennium ending December 1, 1910.

MONTANA.
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman.
Department of the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
I. B. LInFIELp, B. 8. A., Director.

The Montana Station and College continued to develop along the
different lines of their activities and to be favored by state assistance.

MONTANA. 139

For the current biennium the station was given a state appropria-
tion of $12,500 per year for maintenance, an increase of $5,000 per
year, in addition to a like amount for the maintenance of the sub-
stations. For improvements $10,000 was granted for a sheep and
steer barn in addition to the poultry plant and sheds for young
stock, together with $8,000 for the substations. E. L. Tannatt,
engineer in the station, and W. R. Fisher, horticulturist, resigned
to engage in commercial work, the resignations taking effect at the
close of the year. E. Burke, assistant chemist and meteorologist,
was appointed chemist and R. M. Pinckney was appointed assistant
chemist.

Good progress was made on all the Adams fund projects in hand.
Thus far the results secured in the project on the formation of
nitrates seem to show that no relation exists between nitrate content
and cultivation on irrigated land, while under dry-farming condi-
tions cultivation does affect the nitrate content of the soil. Data
in the soil moisture project seemed to indicate definite effects of
fallow, cultivation, and cropping on the depth of the moisture area
and the movement of moisture in the soil. The investigation on
the incubation of eggs has shown that no material increase in the
temperature of the top of the egg takes place as incubation pro-
ceeds, while the temperature of the bottom increases a number of
degrees. It also has been definitely determined that the hen gives
off considerable moisture and carbon dioxid when hatching.

Considerable work was done on the disintegration of Portland
cement, and a bulletin reporting this work has been issued.* The
chemical changes taking place when cement is acted on by alkali
were determined as the cause of disintegration, and the work has now
been extended to the protection of cement structures from this
action. Results secured in connection with the wool project indicate
that great differences are found in the strength of the fiber from
different parts of the animal. The work on the arsenical compound
project was essentially a physiological study of the character and
amount of injury to trees.

Definite progress on the project relating to the diseases affecting
the wood or bark of orchard trees is also reported. The entomologist
worked out species and determined life histories and other data
of sugar-beet insects. Work was also begun on a new project regard-
ing the control of the oyster-shell scale. Experiments thus far made
show that where sulphur remains on the trees the insects are
destroyed.

The experiments under the Hatch Act are also put upon a project
basis. The work in agricultural engineering was transferred to the

@Montana Sta. Bul. 69.

140 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

department of agronomy, which is also carrying on variety, culture,
rotation, and irrigation tests with various crops, making plant
hybrid and individual plant selections, and testing the moisture
conserving efficiency of mulches. Several lines of investigation are
carried on in cooperation with this Department.

A 3-year test and record of the milking machine made by the dairy
department indicated that under certain conditions the machine
may be economically and successfully operated. This Department
also studies the effect on calves fed on milk treated with formalde-
hyde, the effect of acidity on character and content of germs in
milk and on digestibility, and the effect of age of cream on the
melting point of butter as related to the use of the hand separator.

The department of chemistry made experiments with reference to
the treatment of alkali soils, buffalo wallows, and gumbo soils, to-
gether with pot experiments on the use of gypsum either alone or
with manure and lime.

In animal husbandry the experiments in beef production were con-
tinued, different amounts of corn being fed with reference to the
profitable length of the feeding period, the degree of ripeness in
relation to shipping, the finish obtained with different feeds as
related to percentage of dressed meat, and like factors. The data on
some 20 experiments with pigs fed on grain and forage were ready
for publication, as was also a bulletin on the feeding of different
amounts of grain to steers. ;

The work of the botanist included studies on plum pocket, poplar
canker, poplar blight, and potato dry rot. The station entomologist
acts as state entomologist and in this connection secures much ma-
terjal for miscellaneous studies under this fund.

The horticulturist at the time of his resignation had prepared a
bulletin on apple growing in Montana and on experiments with orna-
mentals, and had on hand material for a bulletin on vegetables. The
horticultural work is largely carried on at the substation in the Bitter
Root Valley.

W. J. Taylor was placed in charge of the department of veterinary
medicine, but his work will be largely for the college.

The station is carrying on cooperative work with this Department
along the line of crop rotations, varietal tests of grains and forage
crops, and methods of crop management for dry farming conditions,
the water losses from irrigated land with various depths of mulches
or without mulch, the life history of the tick and its relation to
spotted fever, and with the principal railroads of the State in con-
nection with 11 substations, essentially demonstration farms, for the
study of dry farming conditions.

The farmers’ institute work of the station consists in work con-
nected with meetings on the demonstration farms to call attention

NEBRASKA. 141

to the results of the various methods of soil and crop management,
and in attendance on farmers’ institutes for about 2 or 3 weeks dur-
ing the year.

Nine bulletins and the Annual Reports for 1907 and 1908 have
been received from this station during the past year. The bulletins
were as follows: Bulletins 68, Canadian field peas; 69, The effect of
alkali on Portland cement; 70, The Douglas spruce cone moth; 71,
Fifth annual report of the state entomologist of Montana; 72, Meas-
urement of water; 73, Pig feeding experiments; 74, Dry farming
investigations in Montana; 75, Sixth annual report of the state ento-
mologist of Montana; and 76, Seepage and drainage.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______-_--__~_ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 10, 999. 96
Balance from previous year, Adams Act__-------_____ . 04
Mette ea DOLOLMlatOle= oe ae ee ee 10, 712. 99
GO Wp GG FO es DE SE ee ne a Eee Be oe | a 4, 561. 49
Harmproducig7 ce yee are ee eee 5, 090. 27

LN05 971 eee seeped ee le a tt ee MN ct i MAPA ae 46, 364. 75

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Montana Station gives evidences of substantial progress, and
the work which the station is doing in dry farming has greatly
increased its influence in the State.

NEBRASKA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Department of the University of Nebraska.
EB. A. Burnett, B. S., Director.

The past year at the Nebraska Station was again marked by exten-
sive improvements made possible through state aid. The veterinary
clinic building was erected at a cost of $12,500, and $8,000 was
expended on road construction and the improvement of the farm
campus. Since the close of the fiscal year an independent water plant
has been established at a cost of $5,100. The state legislature made an
appropriation of $4,500 for substations, and $100,000 for permanent
improvements, the purchase of additional land, and other purposes.
For the suppression of plant diseases $6,000 per year was allowed for
the current biennium, and for the same period $12,500 annually was
granted for the substation at North Platte. Fifteen thousand dollars
was given for the purchase and the maintenance for 1909-1911 of a
second substation in the north and northwest portion of the State.
Five thousand dollars was appropriated to supplement work of the

142 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

United States Department of Agriculture for irrigation and dry
farming under the North Platte reclamation project. The supple-
mental report shows that at the Central Station $29,000 was expended
outside of Hatch and Adams funds.

The principal change in the personnel of the station was caused by
the resignation of Dr. A. T. Peters, who is now in charge of the
Illinois State Biological Laboratory. J. H. Gain was promoted to
the head of the department of pathology and veterinary science.
EK. A. Burnett, associate dean in the industrial college, was made dean
of the college of agriculture, a position established under a recent
reorganization of the university. A number of changes also took
place in the corps of assistants.

The work on the Adams fund projects during the year was pro-
gressive and productive of results. A large amount of data were
secured in studying the problem whether corn uses up the soil mois-
ture according to the weight or leaf area of the plant. The results
for the year are of speci ial interest on account of the injury to the
corn crop in that region by drought. In observing the effect of thick-
ness of stand, it was found that in thickly planted wheat and oats
about 50 per cent of the young plants are eliminated. In the case
of corn the greatest average yield has so far been from the thick .
planting.

A study on the close breeding of maize to determine whether it is
advantageous to increase corn indefinitely from the single ear was
systematically pursued and a considerable amount of data obtained.
Observations in regard to the effect of soil moisture on the winter
injury of fruit trees indicated a definite relation between these two
factors. A temperature of —9° C. killed all the seedlings regardless
of moisture. The study of heredity in plants has brought out many
points of interest and of value. Work was also continued on the
project of tuberculosis in swine, and in an effort to find a practical
test for the disease, the precipitate method was tried. Progress in
the study of plant diseases is reported in the twenty-second annual
report.

The study of laboratory methods for determining humus was
completed, and the investigations on the strength of bone as affected
by feeds were continued. Results recently reported * seem to indicate
that foods rich in phosphates and mineral matter strengthen the bones.
An investigation of swamp fever is also in progress, and efforts were
made to determine the role of flies in spreading this disease.

Progress is further reported in numerous lines of work carried on
under the Hatch Act. The work of the horticultural department
included a study of different methods of culture on orchard plats, a

@Nebraska Sta. Bul. 107.

NEBRASKA. 143

comparison of mulching and cultivation in potato culture, and
breeding work with the apple and peach. Considerable demonstra-
tion work in orchard spraying was done with state funds. The
department of soil agronomy made moisture determinations in the
station fields and tested the growth and use of sweet clover in corn
fields.

The department of agronomy continued its work on wheat im-
provement. Thus far the data secured seem to show that protein
content is not inherited, but some families were found to have a
higher average of protein, and some selected strains showed a higher
protein content. This work also includes an effort to improve the
methods of breeding.

The department of entomology built a new insectary, which makes
a larger amount of winter work possible, and pursued special studies
on the melon aphis, strawberry leaf-roller, squash-vine borer, and a
grass scale injuring hay fields.

Fhe work in animal husbandry is very largely a continuation of
previous enterprises. Results seem to show that at present prices,
linseed meal and cotton-seed meal for fattening cattle are of about
equal value,’ and that cotton-seed meal made by a new process is
quite satisfactory. Good results were also obtained by making a
ration of half roughage and alfalfa without a concentrate for 2-year-
old steers.

Experimental work in forestry is carried on at Lincoln and other
places and has reference mainly to varieties, rate of growth, soil con-
ditions, effect of different spacing, fertilizers, and similar problems.

The general plan of work at the North Platte substation was about
the same as heretofore, including tests of varieties, crop rotations,
soil moisture studies, experiments in forestry, orchard, and orna-
mental plants, the wintering of cattle on different kinds of rough-
age, feeding hogs on different grains, and the use of alfalfa for
pasturage or hay.

The station cooperates with this Department in seed testing, wheat
breeding, and hog cholera investigations, in observations on rota-
tions and tillage on the crop production, and in forest planting
at the substation at North Platte. With farmers, cooperation is
carried on with orchard spraying demonstrations, testing varieties
of corn and small grains, determining the effect of different fer-
tilizers on grain production on impoverished land, and in studying
farm management. Station workers cooperate with the farmers’
institute department, which is supported by an annual state appro-
priation of $10,000.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 107, Foods supplementary to corn in fattening
pigs. The effect of food on breaking strength of bones; 108, Mill:

144 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ing machines; and 109, Corn production in western Nebraska.
Principles of cultivation; and the Annual Report for 1907.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-----_____-~- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__----_---__~ 11, 000, 00
Farm products” ~22 = 2242 * oo ee 23, 831. 54
Balance from previous year, farm products____---_-~_ 6, S58. 58

Tota) ) 23s ee ee 56, 690. 12

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

As in previous years, the Nebraska Station advanced in improve-
ment of facilities and equipment and broadened the field of its
work. The station continues to increase in popular appreciation
and to receive gratifying financial assistance from the State.

NEVADA.
Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno.
Department of Nevada State University.
J. EB: Stusss, D: D:, LL. D., Director,

Progress was made during the year in differentiating college and
station work, relieving station men of college duties, and providing
improved quarters and equipment for the station. An insectary was
completed during the year, and a small building was constructed on a
ranch about 20 miles south of Elko and equipped for laboratory work
on animal diseases (PI. VI, fig. 1). Shortly after the close of the
year C. A. Jacobson, of the Rockefeller Institute, was added to the
station staff as research chemist, and A. A. Heller was appointed
assistant botanist and horticulturist during the year.

The last legislature appropriated $10,000 for the purchase of a farm
in the northeastern part of the State for dry-farming experiments,
and during the year a tract of 160 acres was selected in the northern
part of Elko County. The management of this farm was intrusted
to the board of control of the experiment station. The station con-
tinues to participate in the management of the Lincoln County Ex-
periment Farm in southern Nevada, being represented on the board
of control of this farm by P. B. Kennedy of the station staff.

In accordance with the terms of a state pure food and drugs act,
approved March 13, 1909, the work of inspection is placed in the
hands of the director and chemist of the station. S. C. Dinsmore,
junior chemist of the station, will have immediate charge of the
work, for which an appropriation of $6,000 for two years is provided.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE VI.

Fic. 1.—FIELD LABORATORY OF NEVADA STATION FOR STUDYING EQUINE ANEMIA.

Fic. 2,.—NE&w HoG BARN AT THE OKLAHOMA STATION.

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NEVADA. 145

Another act of the last legislature provided for the establishment of a
state hygienic laboratory to be located at the university. W. B. Mack,
veterinarian and bacteriologist of the station, was placed in charge of
this work, for which an appropriation of $8,000 for two years was
made.

Investigations were actively prosecuted during the year with the
Adams fund on breeding of alfalfa, monographing the genus Tri-
folium, equine anemia, and meteorological and climatological studies
on Mount Rose, and marked progress was made in all of these
projects. Preliminary reports on equine anemia and on progress in
the observations on Mount Rose, 1906-7, have been published.2 In
connection with the project relating to the influence of soluble salts
in the soil in relation to native plant growth, a large number of sam-
ples of soil taken from the Carson Valley were examined with special
reference to water-soluble constituents, and transpiration experiments
were made with wheat plants grown in water extracts of various
types of the soil. The investigations on the digestibility of native
grasses and forage plants were completed and have been partially
reported upon.” Investigations on poisonous plants were temporarily
discontinued during the year, pending the appointment of a research
chemist. The studies of parasitism of the codling moth and of the
food habits of Aphidia and Inocellia were interrupted during the
year by severe spring frosts, which destroyed the apple crop and so
nearly exterminated the codling moth that there was little or no
material for study.

In addition to the above Adams fund projects, experiments were
continued with apples and ornamental trees and shrubs, including
tests of varieties, methods of culture, and adaptability. <A study of
the flora of the State was also continued by the botanist.

In animal husbandry and agronomy, investigations and experi-
ments were made on duty of water in the growing of wheat, oats,
alfalfa, and roots; time of irrigation as related to yield and composi-
tion of grain in the case of wheat and oats, in cooperation with the
chemist; breeding of drought-resistant varieties of wheat, oats, and
alfalfa; the growing of grain and alfalfa without irrigation; diges-
tion experiments with alfalfa hay and silage, in cooperation with
the chemist ; cost of milk and butter production and tests of the value
of dairy breeding in milch cows; production of winter lambs for the
San Francisco market; and production of high-class breeding stock
with Percheron horses, Berkshire swine, and Shropshire, Hampshire,
and Dorset Horn sheep. The irrigation experiments were carried
on as in previous years in cooperation with this Office.

eS

4 Nevada Sta. Buls. 67 and 68. b Nevada Sta. Bul. 64.
46045°—10—10

146 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Cooperative experiments on the Truckee-Carson reclamation proj-
ect near Fallon, in cooperation with the Bureau-of Plant Industry of
this Department, were closed out during the year.

The entomologist carried on tests of various oil emulsions for seale
insects; observations on the spread of scale insects; and studies of the
‘sabbage louse and butterfly, and of ant infestation of houses, as well
as of methods of photographing insects.

The investigations of the station in general during the year yielded
valuable information as to seed production in alfalfa; ornamental
shrubs suited to the climatic conditions of Nevada; the maintenance
of apple orchards without irrigation and areas specially suited to
apple culture; the relative value of various native and introduced
species of Trifolium; the possibilities ef economy in the use of irri-
gation water in growing grain; the effect of irrigation on the growth
and quality of grain; the profitable production of spring lambs; im-
provement of breeding stock; the nature and treatment of equine
anemia; the construction of a long-period meteorograph and of a
snow sampler and weigher; and the action and value of forests in
conserving snow as a source of supply for irrigation water.

The station began during the year the publication of a series of
circulars of information, of which the first dealt with glanders. The
following bulletins of the station were received during the year:
Bulletins 63, Annual report of the board of control, the director, and
the members of the station staff for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1907; 64, Digestion experiments with the native hay of the Truckee
meadows; 65, the European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria) ; and 67,
the Mount Rose Weather Observatory, 1906-7.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_________-____ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
arm: progucts + t+) 2 eee eee 1, 355. 40
Miscellaneous... —— = ee ee eee 25. 00
Balance from previous year, farm products_-___-______ 648. 48

Total 24422 5i—. -2) 4 a ee a ee 28, 028. 88

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Nevada Station made notable progress during the year in
perfecting its organization, improving equipment, and developing
important lines of work.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 147

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham.
Department of New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
W. D. Gispgs, D. Se., Acting Director.

Among the changes during the year at the New Hampshire Station
were the resignation of W. H. Pew, as animal husbandman, F. W.
Morse, as chemist, and of several assistants. Since the close of the
year K. D. Sanderson has resigned as director, taking effect January
1, 1910. In April, 1909, C. W. Stone was placed in charge of the col-
lege farm and herd previously managed by the agronomist and ani-
mal husbandman. <A new insectary of original design was constructed
for entomological work. This consists of a permanent wooden work
room and a rearing room with cement floor and pits, screen sides, and
a double canvas roof. This arrangement secures more nearly natural]
conditions for life history studies than in the usual glass house. The
work of the station was along the same lines as indicated in the last
report.

The Adams fund projects were carried forward during the year.
The department of chemistry made a study of soil potash and its
behavior toward growing crops, which indicated that for heavy clay
loams application of potash fertilizers are unnecessary for grass
culture. The composition of the crop was not affected by the potas-
sium supplied. The same facts appeared to hold for the lighter loam
soils overlying clay or hardpan. The action of soils, and particularly
of clay, on lime and chemical fertilizers appeared to be a reduction
of their solubilities. The action of the organic matter toward the
soluble mineral salts was found to be like that of clay except in a
less degree.

In the horticultural department the studies of heredity in vegetables,
especially squashes and tomatoes, progressed actively in accordance
with the outline. The work on the cause and means of control of
fruit bud formation on the apple was carried on systematically in an
orchard of 84 acres. So far the work has been preparatory and in-
cludes the effects of different kinds of culture and cover crops and
the use of fertilizers in different combinations.

The entomologist continued his investigations upon the relation
of temperature to the transformations and mortality of insects. The
project on the codling moth was completed and the published report ¢
gives for the first time a detailed account of the life history of the
pest in New England and establishes definitely such vital points as
the place of oviposition and the time of hatching eggs.

“New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8,

148 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The sheep breeding project was thoroughly organized and an ar-
rangement made for cooperation with the Carnegie Institution, Sta-
tion for Experimental Evolution.

The botanist practically completed his project on the fruit spot of
apples. ‘The disease was definitely shown to be due to a fungus
which was studied, and methods of control by spraying were demon-
strated.

Results are also reported from the activities of the station sup-
ported by the Hatch fund. The horticultural department made con-
siderable progress in work on varieties of lettuce, with strawberries
on the correlation of leaf and stem characteristics with character-
istics of the fruit, carnation breeding, and some vegetables. In a
new plum orchard varieties and commercial possibilities of plum
culture are being tested.

The agronomist continued work in corn breeding and tested field
and ensilage corn and small grains; the fertilizer work on the grass
plats was also continued. Cooperative tests of alfalfa carried on
with farmers gave some indications that this crop may be success-
fully grown under favorable conditions. Considerable attention was
given to the testing of seeds for purity. A pure-seed law was passed
by the legislature and placed in charge of the state board of agri-
culture for execution. The tests for the board will be made by the
station. Work on the renovation of worn pastures was also followed.

The dairyman collected data on farm butter making and made
some tests of cows for farmers.

The botanist cooperated with this Department in spraying work on
leaf spot, scab, and other diseases of fruit. Lime-sulphur and Bor-
deaux mixtures were compared. A study was also made of the tomato
point rot which is troublesome in the greenhouse. Results thus far
indicate that it is not due to the presence of a fungus or enzym. The
station also cooperated with this Department in farm management
studies, :

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 137, Strawberries for New Hampshire; 138,
Humus in New Hampshire soils; 139, Caterpillars injuring apple
foliage in late summer; and 140, Analyses of feeding stuffs and ferti-
lizers; Circulars 1, Mixing chemical fertilizers on the farm; 2, Test-
ing soils for fertilizer needs; 3, The apple leaf aphis; 4, The oyster-
shell scale; 5, The San José scale; and 6, A circular of information
concerning the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment, Station;
and Scientific Contributions 1, The influence of minimum tempera-
tures in limiting the northern distribution of insects; and 2, The
fruit spot of apples.

NEW JERSEY. 149

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-__________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-____-____ 11, 000. 00
WWERRCRTPONICO Iie 22S FS es ns oe ee ee | 4, O78. 44

PRES IE SRAAP OES £1 S703) 3 ER IR ee Oe ee A es 30, O78. 44

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

Much progress was made in organizing the business and various
activities of the New Hampshire Station, and at the close of the year
it was regarded as in a prosperous condition and doing more effective
work than at any previous period in its history. Difficulty between
the director and the board, arising largely out of the disposition of
members to take the direction of the station into their own hands,
led to the enforced resignation of the director in the early fall. This
action was taken in the face of the improved administrative condi-
tions, the interest the station was arousing in its work in the State,
and the protest of the president of the college. It was a distinct
blow to station administration through the director, and the result
of a wrong conception of the duties and functions of board members.
So long as conditions continue in the board which make such an act
possible the future of the station will remain uncertain, and it can
not attain its highest efficiency.

NEW JERSEY.

New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick.
At Rutgers College.
E. B. VoorHEES, D. Sc., Director. |
New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, New Brunswick.
Department of Rutgers College.
E. B. VoorHeses, D. Sce., Director.

No new experiments were planned or carried out during the year,
the lines of work being practically identical with those heretofore
reported. The State Station is in charge of inspection work and the
analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, insecticides, and similar mate-
rials. On April 1, 1909, B. H. A. Groth was appointed plant physi-
ologist of the station and has, since the close of the fiscal year, entered
upon his duties. With full facilities for work both in the field and
the laboratory, he is devoting his entire time to research. In order to
enlarge the facilities of the department of soil chemistry and bacteri-
ology a new greenhouse was added to its equipment.

150 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Much progress was made during the year in the investigations
under the Adams Act which, as in previous years, are confined to
plant breeding and the chemistry and bacteriology of soils. The
plant-breeding work is largely being conducted with sweet corn,
beans, eggplants, tomatoes, peas, peppers, and squashes. With each
crop a special problem is being studied, and the underlying principles
influencing the form and chuvarter of the different fruits are con-
sidered. The tendency to sterility due to inbreeding and to weakness
resulting from crossing plants normally close fertilized is also studied.
A large : number of hybrids and crosses has been obtained and obser-
vations on their differences are made.

The department of soil chemistry and bacteriology, in charge of
the other Adams project, is working on the principles affecting the
production of plant food, with special attention to soil fertility in
relation to the bacterial flora. Denitrification and the relative avail-
ability of different forms of nitrogenous material, as well as the
soil nitrogen balance are studied. The diffusibility of nitrogen taken
up by leguminous plants to nonleguminous ones growing in the
immediate proximity is made the object of one experiment (PI. VII),
and the study of the pure cultures sold for inoculating leguminous
crops is the object of another. Several experiments are in progress
to determine the bacterial changes going on in the soil and how these,
as well as the growing crop, are influenced by different methods of
treatment.

The horticultural department is continuing its cooperative work
with peaches at Highbridge and Vineland with excellent results,
although the orchards are not in full bearing as yet. These investiga-
tions are conducted upon a commercial basis with a view to solving
the most important problems of peach culture within the State, and
thereby encouraging the fruit growers and placing the industry, if
possible, upon a firmer footing. A bulletin was published during the
year giving directions and advice with reference to setting out peach
orchards and caring for them during their early growth, based upon
the work in this line. At Vineland, field experiments with grapes
are also carried on, conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of
Plant Industry. Both lines of work at this point were inspected the
past summer by members of the State Horticultural Society.

In the entomological work special attention was given to the im-
portation of the brown-tail moth and its possible spread in the State.

The mosquito work, for which $15,000 was allowed, and the study
of Paris green and other insecticides carried on under state appro-
priations, have been temporarily suspended, owing to the failure of
the legislature to make further provision for these investigations.
The mosquito work is now pursued only locally under the advice of
the station entomologist. A bulletin reporting in part the observa-

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE VII.

Fia. 1.—PEAS IN OUTER POTS; OATS IN INNER Pots. POROUS INNER POT ON
LEFT GLAZED INNER POT ON RIGHT.

FiG. 2.—VETCH IN OUTER Pots; RYE IN INNER PoTs. Porous INNER POT ON
LEFT; GLAZED INNER POT ON RIGHT.

Method devised at New Jersey Station for studying appropriation of nitrogen by cereals
grown in conjunction with legumes.

NEW JERSEY. 151

tions made and the results obtained in the mosquito work was issued
during the year. Studies of insects affecting sweet potatoes, straw-
berries, and cranberries, as well as a study of fruit maggots, cabbage
’ maggots, flea beetles, and plant lice, are also in progress. Consider-
able attention was given to the study of insecticides, which is carried
on in cooperation with the department of chemistry of the station.
The value of miscible oils in combating insect pests was made a sub-
ject of inquiry in this connection. During the year a bulletin on the
application of insecticide materials and one on the composition of
Paris green and lead arsenate were published.

The work on oysters by the department of biology, which has been
in progress for a series of years, is now largely confined to determin-
ing the relation between the temperature of the water and the time
of setting spawn. Different methods of setting spawn are also re-
ceiving attention. This work was conducted under state aid, but
provision for its continuance was not made by the legislature.

Demonstration work and cooperative experiments continued to be
a prominent feature of the stations’ activities. The field day for
farmers at the station, established by the State Board of Agriculture,
was largely attended this year and was an excellent means of ac-
quainting farmers with the station work.

The publications received from the stations during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 213, Insecticide materials and their application,
with suggestions for practice; 214, Analyses of Paris green and lead
arsenate; 215, Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers.
Analyses of fertilizer supplies, home mixtures, and special com-
pounds; 216, The house mosquito—a city, town, and village problem ;
217, Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground
bone; 218, Vegetable-fruit seed distribution for 1909; and 219, The
first season with the peach orchard.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

State Station: State appropriation (fiscal year ended

Detonowern.4 1909 bs oo = steko sete So ES $38, 806.18

College Station :
United States appropriation, Hatch Act_--------~- 15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_-------~-_ 11, 000. 00
NO) 0 2h Pepa ee ee Se a ee a ee ee See See eae ae 64, S06. 18

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The valve and the appreciation of the work of the stations is
manifested by the close touch of the agricultural population of the
State with the institutions.

152 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In addition to their inspection and special work, the stations are
exerting a strong influence in the State, which is reflected in im-
proved methods of farm practice and larger returns.

NEW MEXICO.
Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico, Agricultural College.
Department of New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
LUTHER Foster, M. S. A., Director.

Numerous changes on the staff of the agricultural experiment sta-
tion occurred during the year and at its close. L. A. Pringle, assist-
ant in chemistry, was succeeded by A. P. Bjerregaard, and E.
Heringa, assistant in the soil physics department, was succeeded by
W. L. Powers. J. B. Stoneking was employed as an assistant in the
irrigation department. At the close of the year, P. C. Standley,
assistant in botany, accepted a position with the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, and was succeeded by E. I. Werber. W. G. Hummel resigned
his position as assistant in agronomy and his place was filled by the
appointment of J. H. Squires. Since the close of the fiscal year,
B. P. Fleming, in charge of the irrigation work, has accepted a
position in the University of Iowa and has been succeeded by F. L.
Bixby, of this Office.

Wilson Hall, the new agricultural building, was completed and
ready for occupancy about the middle of the year. This building
furnishes offices and laboratories for the departments of agronomy,
animal husbandry, horticulture, and irrigation engineering, in addi-
tion to an office for the director and room for the station library.
Other minor buildings were constructed in different departments for
the protection of machinery and for storage purposes. The legis-
lature gave no direct assistance to the station at its last session, and
failed to make the usual appropriation for farmers’ institutes.

The Adams fund projects under way were carried forward during
the year and in some of them material progress was made. In the
cactus studies, additional data were obtained this season from the
older bearing plants in regard to the quantity of fruit which will
probably be produced by these plants when they reach bearing size.
The results have also pointed out the necessity of spines as a protec-
tion against rabbit depredations and the sensitiveness of the plants
to change of soil and altitude and to the diminution of the water
supply. Culture tests with spineless cacti are in progress and prep-
arations for breeding work are being made. A bulletin reporting the
results of experiments on the digestibility of prickly pear by cattle
was issued during the year. The results thus far secured in the
rubber-plant investigations with the guayule have all been negative.

NEW MEXICO. 153

Experiments in connection with the irrigation project indicate a
- loss of water by percolation below 6 feet when the land is irrigated to
a depth of 6 inches. Four 3-inch irrigations where a soil mulch
was maintained produced the largest yield. Pot experiments in this
connection showed that apparently a 3-inch mulch, the cost of main-
tenance considered, is more economical and effective than either a
6-inch or 9-inch mulch on a sandy loam soil, under the climatic con-
ditions of the locality.

In the improvement work on chillies, the horticulturist has under
observation 15 strains of these plants secured by selection. In the
crown-gall work, 100 varieties of grapes are being studied to deter-
mine their relative resistance to the disease and other points of value.
A severe freeze in 1907 destroyed the apple crop and interfered with
the progress of the codling-moth project. It was found impossible,
however, to starve out this insect, and it was observed that the moth
flies longer distances than is usually supposed.

Under the Hatch fund studies were made on the adaptability of
small fruits to Mesilla Valley conditions, resistance of peach buds to
cold, low pruning of peach trees to prevent sun scald, tests of varieties
of grapes and apples for sandy soils, summer, fall, and spring prun-
ing, and of sweet potatoes, celery, onions, cantaloups, and other
vegetables, as well as some ornamentals. The study of range prob-
lems was continued, and a bulletin on the grasses is ready. On the
station farm, variety tests of cereals, studies of cost of production,
distance experiments, fertilizer trials, and rotation experiments were
made. Cattle, lamb, and pig feeding experiments were conducted
with success, the object being to test the value of alfalfa and various
supplementary feeds.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 66, The range problem in New Mexico; 67, Chili
culture; 68, Injurious insects; and 69, Experiments on the digesti-
bility of prickly pear by cattle; numerous press bulletins; and the
Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____-_------~_ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
(22s Pe erent Fie Ae ed oe 8 Sie re ek See See Serre oe 100. 15
LEY Sg OE» (ol 0 = in ee I TT a SS Ei eta lS 4, 213. 22
Miscellaneous (including cooperative receipts) ~___-__~- 1, 800. 00

SAAD ROE andl Spee ene es SN oy = ee ee 31, 613. 37

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

154 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Good progress was made by this station in the study of problems
of the greatest importance to the agriculture of the Territory, and
the results are contributing in an important way to the advancement
of the farming interests of the entire southern plateau region.

NEW YORK.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

W. H. JorpDANn, D. Sc., Director.

The principal investigations of the New York Station during the
year differed very little from those outlined in the last report. The
State granted an appropriation of $10,000 for a study of grape
production in Chautauqua County, including methods of culture and
the ravages of insect pests and fungi. No material change was made
in the equipment of the station nor in its staff of workers.

The Adams fund of the station was appled entirely to studies on
the function of phytin in animal nutrition and to investigations on
cheese bacteria and the changes they induce. Progress was made
in both of these lines of work. In the work on phytin, an endeavor
was made to determine whether the acid radical or the base end is
responsible for the physiological effects observed when it is fed to
animals. Calcium salt of phytin tried on a cow had no effect, and
the studies were extended to other farm animals. The bacteriological
changes occurring in the process of cheese curing, and the changes
in the chemical composition which take place during the entire
period of the ripening process, were studied a second time in the
past year. The chemist, who cooperates with the bacteriologist in
this project, gave special attention to casein salts. :

The greater number of investigations at this station were conducted
with the Hatch and state funds. The horticultural department con-
dinued its work on fruit as a main feature. Considerable attention
was given to the preparation of a monographic work on plums in
New York. The station maintains a collection of 15,000 varieties of
fruit, which is held to be of the greatest value in making accurate
descriptions of varieties in issuing these monographs. In addition
to these lines of work, forcing house studies in plant nutrition, fer-
tilizer experimerits with apples, tests of tillage and sod mulch in
apple orchards, observations on the growth of dwarf apple trees
and of grapevines on resistant stocks, cultural and fertilizer experi-
ments with grapes, extensive studies in plant breeding and green-
house studies with tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and muskmelons
were pursued.

The chemist studied the soluble constituents of milk by filtering
milk with the Briggs apparatus and determining the constituents

NEW YORK. 155

in the serum. A chemical study was also made of the lime-sulphur
mixture used for sprays. The effect of different kinds of lime was
investigated, and it was found that lime containing magnesia does
not give as concentrated a solution for spraying as lime containing
no magnesia.

The entomologist also worked with lime-sulphur sprays to deter-
mine whether they are as recommended, whether they can be used
in gas-spraying machines, and whether arsenicals can be applied
with them. The extent of dilution has received attention, and it is
urged that the sprays should be standardized as they are now on
the market in commercial form. Studies were further made of cab-
bage root maggots, maple Eriophyide, apple and pear leaf hoppers,
clover mite, lesser tarnished plant bug, and the cherry ermine moth.
The brown-tail moth, the snowy tree cricket, the leaf blister mite,
and the leaf hoppers and their secondary hosts, were also studied.

The bacteriological department, in addition to its Adams fund
work, also studied the milking machine with reference to the germ
content of the milk. It was found that cleaner milk can be obtained
with the machine than by hand milking, provided care is exercised.

In agronomy some of the pot experiments with fertilizers were con-
tinued, and a variety of field experiments were carried on.

The cooperative work of the station with farmers included experi-
ments in potato spraying and controlling currant cane blight, cabbage
black rot, and the cabbage maggot. The cooperative work with this
Department consisted in growing sugar beets and studying the control
of the Hessian fly. The station did no extension work, but took part
in farmers’ institute work to some extent.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 299, popular edition, May weather and fruit
harvests; 302, popular edition, Is it wise to dip nursery stock? 303,
Inspection of feeding stuffs; 304, Report of analysis of samples of
fertilizers collected by the commissioner of agriculture during 1908;
305, Troubles of alfalfa in New York (with popular edition) ; 306,
Control of leaf blister mite in apple orchards (with popular edition) ;
307, Potato spraying experiments in 1907 (with popular edition) ; 308,
Methods of paying for milk at cheese factories (with popular
edition); 309, Variety test of strawberries and cultural directions
(with popular edition) ; 310, Director’s report for 1908; 311, Potato
spraying experiments in 1908 (with popular edition) ; 312, The tus-
sock moth in orchards (with popular edition) ; 313, Inoculation and
lime as factors in growing alfalfa (with popular edition) ; 314, A
comparison of tillage and sod mulch in an apple orchard (with
popular edition); and 315, The grape districts of New York and
table of varieties; Technical Bulletins 7, The Sporotrichum bud rot

156 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of carnations and the silver top of June grass; 8, The bacterial flora
of Cheddar cheese ; and 9, A Mycospherella wilt of melons; Cireulars
8, Dodder in alfalfa seed; 9, Remedies for the San José seale and
directions for their use; and 10, Lime and liming; and the Annual
Report for 1907, pts. 1, 2, and 3.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____.__--______ $1, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___.-_________ 1, 100. 00
State. appropriation, 2+... o2t. Oe eee eee 122, 328, 09
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 7, 230. 78

Motak yet gees ck _ca ts ee oeng Page Sr egepey es Laie epesees reas 132, 158: 87

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The New York Experiment Station is in a very prosperous condi-
tion and enjoys the generosity of the State and the support of the
state commissioner of agriculture, who works hand in hand with the
institution. The members of the staff devote themselves entirely to
station work and enjoy the advantage of having no college duties.
The station is strongly organized and equipped in a number of de-
partments, and is prosecuting its work in an active and efficient
manner.

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Jthaca.
Department of New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University.

H. J. WEBBER, Ph. D., Acting Director.

The Cornell College and Station during the year continued to
advance their educational and research work in agriculture, and to
increase materially the experimental equipment in several depart-
ments. The new greenhouses for the college, for which the last
legislature appropriated $30,000, were under construction during the
year and when completed two of them, each 23 feet by 50 feet, will
be used by the station. The plans of these greenhouses provide for a
building with about 10,000 square feet of glass, in addition to labora-
tories and potting sheds with about 6,800 square feet of floor space.
A new barn for which $25,000 had been appropriated was under con-
struction during the year. This barn will be for station use in so
far as experiments are conducted by the dairyman. The concrete
tanks for soil investigation, described in the last annual report of
this Office, were completed during the year and partially brought
into use.

M. V. Slingerland, for many years connected with the station as
entomologist, died March 10, 1909, He had been an energetic and

NEW YORK. 157

efficient investigator in his field. A number of assistants were em-
ployed during the year; otherwise no changes on the station staff
occurred. At the close of the fiscal year L. H. Bailey was given
leave of absence for the ensuing academic year, during which time
H. J. Webber serves as acting dean and director.

The facilities as well as the personnel for Adams fund work were
increased during the year. In connection with these projects a large
amount of breeding work was done principally with phlox, tomato,
pepper, verbena, and certain other plants, for the purpose of study-
ing heredity and segregation of hybrids. Studies of mutations and
their influence in the production of varieties included an extensive
examination of chemical injections on a pure line of wild Silene. An
investigation of the causes and range of variations, including studies
of variation in wild and cultivated plants under varying conditions,
was conducted with timothy, peas, buckwheat, wheat, oats, and other
crops under different soil and fertilizer conditions. With potatoes a
study was made of bud variation and of the possibility of fixing and
transmitting certain types by selection.

The soil fertility project included pot culture experiments with
wheat and oats, and a study of poor spots in soils to determine the
reason of their existence. Bacteriological studies of the flora of these
soils were also carried on. Lime and inoculation experiments with
alfalfa were conducted as part of this project to determine whether
the plant gives up nitrogen to the soil while it is growing. Timothy
grown with alfalfa contained a higher nitrogen content than that
grown alone, and the difference was greater on a soil well supplied
with lime than with one deficient in that constituent.

The entomological work under the Adams Act was confined to a
study of the joint-worm flies infesting grains and grasses. It was
considered necessary to extend this project to include certain closely
allied insects infesting various seeds. Two species of these seed-
infesting chalcis flies were found to be of considerable economic
importance, and the result of the study of this phase of the subject
was published in bulletin form.*

The Hatch fund work included fertilizer experiments with tim-
othy in rotation with corn, oats and wheat, observations on the effect
of weeds on corn, experiments with lime and inoculation for alfalfa,
and breeding work with timothy, corn, oats, wheat, and cowpeas.

It was found that the growth of alfalfa increased the nitrifying
power of the soil, and that this was more marked on a soil well
supplied with lime than one deficient in the latter. Certain non-
leguminous crops exhibited definite relations to the formation of
nitrates in the soil, but this property differed with different crops.

“2New York Cornell Sta. Bul. 265.

158 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

The absorption of nitrate nitrogen by wheat plants grown on a rich
soil was not proportional to the growth of the plants but inereased
with a decrease in the soil moisture content and consequently with a
decrease in the crop.

The extensive studies of timothy brought out the existence of a
large number of very distinct biotypes which probably originated
as mutations. It was found that by self-fertilizing these types they
reproduced true and that such self-fertilized plants lost but little if
any in vigor as the result of self-fertilization. Observations on the
correlation of characters in corn have brought out a considerable
degree of correlation of characters determinable at the time of.blos-
soming with high yield, and some of these characters are considered
as possibly serviceable in selecting individuals to breed together at
time of flowering. The range of variation in yield, height, time of
flowering, and duration of flowering of timothy as affected by sea-
sonal changes was also determined.

Along entomological lines it was determined that the knottiness
of apples caused by the punctures of the red bug has heretofore been
confused with a similar injury caused by plant lice and the plum
curculio. A study of the life history showed that treatment directed
against either of these insects would not control the red bug, and
a promising treatment has been suggested.

A number of lines of work representing a very- large portion of
the experimental work of the college were inaugurated and con-
ducted with state funds. The department of soil technology carried
on its investigation on soil granulation. The department of farm
practice installed an experimental drainage system on the upland
fields of the university farm, and continued its work on fertilizers
for mangels, the results of which were published during the year.*
The horticultural department continued its work on orchard sur-
veys and also began a survey of the strawberry regions of the State
during the year. Other work of this department included experi-
ments with various sprays in the control of black rot of grapes,
experiments in orchard management, the effects of fumes of ether
and chloroform in hastening the flowering of bulbs, experiments with
cucumber hybrids, the effect of cloth shade in growing vegetables,
and fertilizer tests in growing tomatoes. In addition a systematic
study of varieties of the peony and sweet pea was made for the pur-
pose of securing authentic descriptions of the various forms under
cultivation.

The department of plant pathology investigated grape diseases,
bean diseases, pear blight, and ginseng diseases, and tested in this
connection the value of commercial lime-sulphur as a fungicide.

@New York Cornell Sta. Bul. 276.

NEW YORK. 159

It was clearly demonstrated that bean anthracnose can be controlled
by selecting clean pods for seed. The injury from fire blight on
nursery stock from large orchards was effectively controlled by the
prompt removal of infected blossoms and twigs from the trees,
together with disinfection of the cuts. The test of lime-sulphur as
a summer spray showed clearly that this spray gave fruit entirely
free from injury and at the same time as free of scab as apples
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Arsenate of lead was used with
lime-sulphur with perfect safety to fruit and foliage and was just
as effective for the control of the codling moth as with Bordeaux
mixture.

The individual records of the production of different cows in about
20 herds were collected, and studies made of sanitary and market
milk problems, the operation of cream separators upon the com-
pleteness of skimming, the moisture content of butter, Camembert
cheese making, and the leucocyte content of milk from different cows.

The poultry department worked on numerous projects with refer-
reace to breeding, feeding, incubation, and brooding. A vast dif-
ference in the hatching quality of eggs as due to the method of
keeping was observed. Eggs kept at 45 or 50° gave much better
results than those kept at a temperature of 70° or higher. It was
also learned that eggs lose fertility in hatching power rapidly unless
kept under favorable conditions after the third week.

The department of animal husbandry continued experiments on
feeds for dairy cattle, and the conduct of the advanced registry for
dairy cattle based on actual production of butter fat.

In connection with the extension work of the college a considerable
number of cooperative experiments are being conducted with farmers
throughout the State. The station cooperates with this Department
in the plant-disease survey work and the breeding of cereals. No
extension work is conducted by the experiment station staff other
than to give occasional lectures in state fair exhibitions.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 254, Drainage in New York; 255, Bean anthrac-
nose; 256, Street trees, their care and preservation; 257, Defects in
American Cheddar cheese; 258, The molting of fowls; 259, The
peony; 260, American varieties of beans; 261, Third report on the
influence of manures on the yield of timothy hay; 263, Necrosis of
the grapevine; 264, Experiments in the growth of clover on farms
where it once grew but now fails; 265, On certain seed-infesting
chalcis flies; 266, The black rot of the grape and its control. Second
report; and 267, Fertilizer and seeding experiments with root crops;
Circulars 1, Testing the germination of seed corn; 2, Fungicides; 3,
Some essentials in cheese making; 4, Soil drainage and fertility; 5,
Suggestions from a survey of the trucking region of eastern Long

160 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Island; 6, Suggestions concerning treatment of seed corn with de-
terrents against crows; and 7, An apparatus for measuring acidity in
cheese making and butter making; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $13, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 9, 900. 00
TOUR a ee ee ee 28, 400. 00

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The State appropriated $175,000 for the maintenance of the col-
lege of agriculture, an increase over last year of $25,000. A new
law provides for the appointment by the governor of five members
on the Cornell board of trustees, to include the commissioner of
agriculture and the state superintendent of education. The station
is doing valuable work along a variety of lines.

NORTH CAROLINA.
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, West Raleigh.
Department of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

C. B. WILLIAMS, M. S.,; Director.

The North Carolina Station followed the same lines of inyestiga-
tion pursued the year before, when the station was brought under the
management of a distinct board of control and its connection with
the state board of agriculture terminated. The different lines of work
were developed during the year and the station proceeded on a more
settled and efficient basis. In March, 1909, the legislature passed a
bill providing for paying for the printing of the bulletins and reports
of the station. A new barn, costing $2,500, was built on the station
farm to replace the one destroyed by fire.

During the year Tait Butler, veterinarian and animal husbandman,
resigned to take up editorial work. J. L. Burgess, formerly of this
Department, was appointed to conduct work in the study of leading
southern crops, their improvement, and their adaptation to type soils.
I. O. Schaub, assistant in soils at the Iowa Station, was appointed
to carry on similar work at this station, but was later put in charge
of extension work.

The Adams fund projects were materially strengthened during the
year by extra equipment and more workers. The work on apple and
lettuce diseases was actively prosecuted, and a large collection of
apple-leaf spot made for preliminary study; the life history of the
lettuce drop disease, and a bacterial disease of lettuce were worked

NORTH CAROLINA. 161

out. The studies in nitrification have shown the old solution method
to be unreliable and work on devising new methods was instituted.
Seventy-one per cent of the Raleigh soils failed to nitrify. State-
ments concerning this part of the work were recently published in
Science. .

In studying the relation of the geology and chemistry of soils to
productivity and fertilizer requirements, data have been collected for
44 plats on the station farm where different fertilizers have been
applied to corn and cotton. Chemical and bacteriological studies of
the soils are made in this connection. The object of one phase of the
work is to determine how far plants can use ammonia. Investigations
on “ double flower ” and sterility in blackberries and dewberries were
pursued. Many varieties planted at the station are observed to deter-
mine the cause of sterility and how it may be overcome.

Investigations on the toxicity of cotton-seed meal were essentially
experiments with pigs first fed whole meal and afterwards various
extracts carefully prepared. Superficial observations and examina-
tions of the blood and urine as well as post-mortem examinations were
made. Some of the extracts appeared more harmful than others.

Under the Hatch Act the new fig anthracnose was studied, investi-
gation of cabbage diseases was undertaken, feeding experiments with
live stock and poultry were conducted, and studies of some insects
were made.

The poultryman compared meat meal, cotton-seed meal, and bone
meal with corn and bran in different combinations as feed for poultry,
and made breeding experiments with reference to egg production and
Vitality.

In feeding experiments with pigs a corn ration was compared with
rations containing 7 parts of corn to 1 of cotton-seed meal, 4 of corn
to 1 of cotton-seed meal, and 1 of linseed meal to 4 of corn. Feeding
experiments with cotton-seed meal were also made with horses and
mules. The data thus far collected in this work are regarded as pre-
liminary. Apparently by using a large cotton-seed meal ration in
feeding dairy cows more butter was produced and a saving effected
of 20 cents per hundred pounds of feed, together with the production
of more manure.

The entomologist made experiments in fumigation to find a sub-
stitute for carbon bisulphid in destroying the corn weevil. Studies
on the verification of the life history of the plum curculio were made
and the harlequin cabbage bug was also studied.

The following publications were received by the Office during the
year: Bulletins 197, Some insect enemies of garden crops; 198, Han-
dling and marketing of milk and cream; and 199, Feeding experi-
ments with cows and calves; and the Annual Report for 1908.

46045°—10——11

162 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______-________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__-__-________ 11, 000. 00
arm produtts.222. 22 ee eee 2, 903. 88
Miscellaneous: 2 Se ee eee 1, 840. 30

'Totd ls he ee eee, ee 30, 744. 18

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The affairs in general of the station appear in good condition, and
the funds which are derived from federal apropriations are econom-
ically used.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the North Carolina State Department of
Agriculture, Raleigh.

B. W. Kixcore, M. S., Director.

The principal lines of work at this station and its organization
during the past year were practically the same as heretofore. The
experimental work included soil investigations to determine the
plant food requirements of crops grown on different soil types, the
improvement of crops through breeding and selection, the introduc-
tion of new varieties of orchard fruits, trucking crop and nut culture
experiments, feeding tests with beef cattle, and the study of the
insect enemies of the various crops.

The field work was conducted mainly ‘on the 4 branch substations
of the department in Iredell, Buncombe, Edgecombe, and Pender
counties. Considerable demonstration work is done to carry the
results of these branch stations and of the laboratory direct to the
farmer. In addition to this considerable farmers’ institute work is
performed. It is planned to have the demonstration work gradually
cover the State. Bulletins and circulars are freely sent out. The
range of the horticultural work in the State is unusually wide, and
much interest on account of the great possibilities is exhibited along
this line.

The station carried on cooperative work with the Bureau of Plant
Industry of this Department in the study of the Scuppernong grape
at the Pender substation. Cooperative work with tobacco was also
followed.

The income of this station from the department of agriculture is
about $120,000 and about $60,000 is devoted to experimental work in
the field and laboratory and in popularizing the results.

Bulletins presenting the results of the work of the station were
issued during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, on the following
subjects: Reports on fertilizers and fertilizer inspection; commer-

NORTH DAKOTA. 163

cial apple culture in mountain regions; varieties of fruit for grow-
ing in North Carolina; annual report of farmers’ institutes, 1908;
stock feeds; report on food adulteration for 1908; variety, distance,
and fertilizer tests with corn and cotton; peanut culture; the prepa-
ration of fruit and vegetables for market; and orchard spraying.

NORTH DAKOTA.
North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College.
Department of North Dakota Agricultural College.
J. H. Worst, LL. D., Director.

The North Dakota Station continued its work largely along lines
previously taken up, and was favored by state aid in the development
of its equipment and its experimental activities. G. L. Martin was
appointed dairyman in the station, and a number of assistants were
added to the staff. The erection of new buildings has allowed the
agricultural department laboratory space for its soil work and for
rural engineering, the botanist additional space for seed analysis,
and has also improved the facilities of the veterinarian and domestic
science workers. A poultry house was constructed and other minor
improvements were made from general funds. An extension at the
expense of $1,500 was made to the experimental mill building. The
last state legislature appropriated, among other items, $30,000 for a
veterinary building, $3,000 for a state serum institute, $2,500 for seed
inspection, $24,000 for the biennial period for demonstration farm
work, $10,000 for the biennial period for establishing the Hettinger
substation, and $5,000 for wheat and flour investigations.

A substation was established at Langdon on a quarter section of
land donated by the citizens of Cavalier County. Work on the sub-
station was begun during the year. A pure-seed law was enacted
by the legislature under which a seed inspection laboratory will be
established at the station. The chemcial laboratory building was
destroyed by fire December 24, 1909, at a loss on the building and
equipment of $63,000.

Work on Adams projects is mainly in the departments of chem-
istry, veterinary medicine, and botany. In the project on soil fer-
tility in relation to the wheat plant, chemical examinations were made
of soils from the demonstration farms and special attention given to
their humus content. In following a chemical study of the nitrogen
of wheat, samples of different kinds of wheat from different parts of
the United States were examined. The Adams fund work of the
botanist was centered mainly on rust resistance and yielding capacity
of cereals as possibly connected with soil organisms. Four distinct
seedling parasites of the wheat plant which persist in the soil were
discovered, and it is believed that these may largely account for the

164 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

deterioration in yields. The work on swamp fever was actively
prosecuted with 6 horses and an attempt was made to produce im-
munity by inoculation with equine blood.

Under the Hatch Act, the chemist gave considerable attention to
the storing and milling of wheat, the sweating of grains in bins and
stacks, the study of yeasts, and an investigation of paints, oils, and
varnishes. The work on paints was supported by a fund of $4,000,
contributed by parties interested in the manufacture of paints. The
inspection service of this department is quite extensive, including
foods, drugs, and waters. A new law provides for sanitary examina-
tion of the buildings used for slaughterhouses, food factories,
bakeries, fruit stands, hotels, and other business establishments.

Hog-cholera studies were taken up owing to an outbreak of the
disease at the station, and the preparation and distribution of hog-
cholera serum was followed actively. The poultry work included
especially the keeping of records of egg production and the breeding
up of grade fowls. Breeding experiments with reference to local
conditions were also made, and efforts put forth to devise a poultry
house suited to the local climatic and farm conditions. The breeding
and feeding experiments were continued along the lines reported
heretofore, and experiments upon exercise versus confinement were
instituted.

The agricultural department made a study of barley and corn
for pig feeding in continuation of the work already under way.
Work on the cost of production with dairy cows was carried on and
field crop breeding trials with wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, alfalfa,
and clover at the station and the 4 substations were continued with
a view to improving the crops for the different districts of the State.
Cultural methods also constituted a feature of the work. Much
attention has recently been given to demonstration farms and sub-
stations. Nine additional demonstration farms were opened this year
with funds received from the State, and field work was instituted at
the substation of Langdon and the substation for the Hettinger
district was located and a farm selected. The substations at Dickin-
son and Edgeley are well equipped and did useful work. The soil
work of this department includes determinations of nitrogen and
moisture for the farms at Fargo and elsewhere in the State, with
special reference to the effects of rotation. Continuous grain crop-
ping about Fargo is being given up, and the effects of corn and
legumes were studied more fully during the past year. Special at-
tention is also given to corn breeding, the introduction of corn culture,
clover growing, and to winter wheat.

In animal husbandry, experiments with pigs have special reference
to the economy of grain feeding, the utilization of waste products of

NORTH DAKOTA. 165

the farm, and to the use of pasture. The bacon type of pigs seems
especially well adapted to the region. A study was also made of the
cost of milk production in North Dakota and feeding experiments
were conducted with sheep and steers.

The botanist continued the investigations on smuts and certain
other plant diseases and tested wheat, oats, potatoes, and flax for
disease resistance. The effect of hybridization of cereals upon disease
resistance was investigated and the effect of the disease-resistant
qualities upon the yields of standard strains was given attention.
Spraying experiments for the extermination of weeds were continued.

The horticulturist planted about 8,000 forest trees, largely conifers,
to determine their value for posts, fuel, and timber. The cost of
production of strawberries as well as variety trials with apples,
plums, and strawberries received his attention.

Cooperative grain breeding trials carried on with several hundred
farmers have shown the value of particular strains and varieties of
flax, oats, corn, barley, wheat, and potatoes. The station cooperates
with this Department in alfalfa breeding trials, farm management
studies, the study of wheats and their milling products, the study of
bread and baking trials, the planting of forest plats, breeding of
Holstein dairy cattle, and in making a plant disease survey. The
veterinary department of the station cooperates with the Live Stock
Sanitary Board of the State, and the animal husbandry department
was charged with the execution of a stallion law passed by the last
legislature. ;

The station staff did some farmers’ institute work and acted in an
advisory capacity in this connection. The station sent out properly
labeled collections of weed seeds and of plant-disease specimens to
the schools of the State. An extension department was organized in
the college.

The following publications have been received from this station
during the year: Bulletins 81, Practical paint tests in 1907; 82, Mill-
ing and baking test. Tests of flour sold in North Dakota; and 83,
Pork production under North Dakota conditions; Special Bulletins
7, Labels and rulings; 8, Labels and rulings; 9, Chemically treated
flours; and 10, Model food law bill; the Annual Report for 1907,
pts. 1 and 2; and the Annual Report for 1908, pt. 1.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-___---=---~-- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__-_----_----~- 11, 000. 00
Gite appropriation 22... 1c2h ses eS see 12, 386. 25
Balance from previous year, state appropriation__~-__-~ 5, 564. 14

be ET 1 eh OP, ES oe Ree ee ee ee 5, 254. 43

166 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The North Dakota Station continues to be administered efficiently,
and to be a highly important factor in the development of the agri-
culture of the State. It enjoys the confidence and support of the
farmers, and the improved facilities and the greater state aid it has
received have enabled a steady extension and broadening of its influ-
ence and usefulness.

OHIO.

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster.
C. E. THorne, M. S. A., Director.

A steady and logical development of the work of this station was
made during the year. No changes took place in heads of depart-
ments, and such changes as occurred in organization were mainly the
addition of assistants to the staff.

The state appropriations available for the year amounted to $118,990
as against $84,000 the previous year. In addition the State furnished
the paper required for the station’s printing and correspondence,
amounting in value to several thousand dollars annually. The state
appropriations provided for the purchase of the Strongsville experi-
mental farm of 125 acres. Some minor additions to equipment were
made during the year, including a piggery, with yards, and improve-
ments in the water system.

Steps were taken to develop the work in animal husbandry and
milling and baking tests of cereals. An expert miller was employed
to aid in the latter work. Special attention was also given to the
development of cooperative and extension work. Several demonstra-
tion farms were established during the year.

A large amount of work centered around the three Adams fund
projects of the station, viz, the increase and fixation of desirable
properties in plants, the rdles of phosphorus and other mineral
elements in animal nutrition, and the roles of lime and phosphorus
in the maintenance of soil fertility. The present outcome of these
investigations is that the hope is being realized that the long-
continued experiments of this station will throw light upon the
relation of soil fertilization to plant composition and upon animal
nutrition.

In addition to the Adams fund projects the following subjects
received attention during the year: Methods of culture, comparison
of varieties, and production of new varieties of the cereal crops,
clovers, and other forage plants; the feeding of horses, cattle, sheep,
and swine for the production of work, meat, and wool; the examina-
tion of seeds for purity and germination; the identification of weeds

OHIO. 167

and weed seeds; the control of weeds by spraying; the study of the
diseases of farm crops; analytical work required in the various lines
of work elsewhere enumerated, and the pursuit of special studies on
the composition of soils and the effect of variations in such com-
position upon that of the produce of the soil; special studies on the
catalpa midge, the raspberry Byturus, and the codling worm, to-
gether with general studies on numerous other insect pests; propa-
gation of forest trees and the continuance of a forest survey of the
State; further comparisons between the mulch and clover crop sys-
tems of orchard culture; demonstration work in orchard manage-
ment, conducted in various sections of the State, and the beginning
of an orchard survey of the State; and the continuance of the
station’s work on the maintenance of soil fertility.

The above work is supplemented by a department of cooperative
experiments, which conducted dairy, variety, and cultural tests cover-
ing fourteen lines of work, in cooperation with more than 2,000
persons, located in 59 of the 88 counties of the State. The State
is now divided into four districts, with a field assistant in each
district, who visits as many of these cooperators as possible each year.
This department is also conducting investigations in farm manage-
ment, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this De-
partment, and the station department of agronomy is cooperating
with the same bureau in the study of varieties of barley, oats,
timothy, and soy beans. The department of forestry is conducting
work in forest tree planting in cooperation with several hundred
farmers, and also with several public institutions. The depart-
ments of horticulture, entomology, and botany are united in a series
of tests, conducted in cooperation with the owners of orchards in
different sections of the State, the object of which is to demonstrate
the possibility of profitable apple culture in the State. The depart-
ment of entomology has investigated the apple-root louse in coopera-
tion with the division of orchard and nursery inspection of the state
department of agriculture.

The following publications of the station were received during
the past year: Bulletins 184, The maintenance of fertility—statistics
of production in field experiments with fertilizers and manures from
1894 to 1906, inclusive; 185, Meteorological summary—Press bulle-
tins—Index; 193, Silage for fattening cattle; 194, The more im-
portant insects affecting Ohio shade trees; 195, Feeding work horses;
196, Meteorological summary—Press bulletins—Index; 197, The
catalpa midge (Cecidomyia catalpe) ; 198, Spring practice in eco-
nomic zoology; 199, Calendar for the treatment of plant diseases
and insect pests; 200, Second annual report on forest conditions in
Ohio; 201, The mineral elements in animal nutrition; and 202, The
raspberry Byturus (Byturus unicolor); Circulars 77, Cooperative

168 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

potato experiments for 1908; 81, Millet; 82, Cooperative forestry
work; 83, Plans and summary tables of the experiments at the central
farm, Wooster, on the maintenance of soil fertility, arranged for
reference in the field; 84, Cooperative wheat variety work; 85, A
visitor’s guide to the more important features of the station’s work;
86, Score cards for dent corn; 87, Papers read at the summer meeting
of the Ohio State Horticultural Society held at Gypsum, Ohio,
August 12, 1908, in the orchards of Mr. William Miller; 88, Recent
experiments with oats; 89, Meetings of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society ; 90, Seasonal report of potatoes, 1908; 91, Alfalfa culture; 92,
Plans and summary tables of the experiments at the central farm,
Wooster, on the maintenance of soil fertility, arranged for reference
in the field; 93, Carriers of phosphorus in fertilizers; and 95, Apple
spraying in 1908; Reprints of Circulars 1-50; and the Annual Re-
ports for 1907 and 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
ite AU DEFOPMIAavlON Sooo oe SE SS ee ee eee 118, 990. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 61, 628. 28
Warm iproducisasy ees bes _ Sess eres 3 ee ee ee 12, 047. 04
Miseellaneous: acter wate Sve hs tn lS ek eee 8, 414. 81

otal) se kia tb A LU) ek, + RE Ae 227, 080. 13

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

This station is using the liberal funds with which it is provided
in the systematic and logical scientific development of its well estab-
lished lines of work, and in disseminating the practical results of
this work throughout the State.

OKLAHOMA.
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater.
Department of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College.
J. A. Craic, B. S. A., Director.

The Oklahoma Station concentrated its efforts in 1909 on the lines
of work followed during the previous year. Changes on the staff
were made by the appointment of C. E. Sanborn as entomologist in
place of J. F. Nicholson, who entered commercial work, of A. L.
Lovett as assistant in entomology, of G. M. Lambert as assistant
dairyman, and by the resignation of C. Beatty as station chemist.
A new hog barn was built during the year at a cost of about $1,200
(Pl. VI, fig. 2). A sheep barn is under way and also a large farm

OKLAHOMA. 169

barn, which will be used partly for station purposes. The State
now appropriates $2,500 annually for investigations in the use of
vaccine for blackleg and serum for hog cholera.

Seven Adams fund projects are being studied, but so far no reports
on the work have been published. A new project recently begun
consists of breeding studies for the purpose of establishing a breed
of sheep combining mutton, wool, and early breeding qualities. An-
other project just begun includes a study of bud development of
peach and apple trees as affected by soil fertility and moisture con-
tent and of the influence of the starch stored in twigs on cold resist-
ance during winter and early spring. Promising headway was made
by the veterinary department in its work on artificial impregnation
and the effect of cotton seed when fed to breeding stock. ‘The results
of some of this work are ready for the press.

Progress was also made in the study of soil moisture, air and soil
temperatures, humidity, receptivity of pistils, viability of pollen,
and other factors in their relation to the setting of fruit on the
tomato, and definite results will be arrived at in the near future.
The breeding of drought-resistant corn and sorghums was continued,
together with the study of the morphological characters of the plants
to determine their influence on drought resistance. The crosses and
selections made in connection with this work were tested under con-
ditions of low rainfall.

The investigations carried on under the Hatch Act were quite
numerous. The veterinarian experimented with serum to prevent
hog cholera, and this work has been of genuine service to the hog
raisers of the State. The prevention of blackleg by means of black-
leg vaccine was also given attention. Since July 1, 1908, 46 black-
leg vaccinating outfits have been sent to stockmen, and the depart-
ment has distributed up to the present time 768,370 doses of vaccine.
Bulletins on the bacterial content of butter and the bacterial analysis
of water are in preparation.

The horticultural department was engaged in weed studies, plant-
ing and testing forest and orchard trees, comparing methods of
orchard cultivation and cover crops, and experimenting with garden
crops.

The department of agronomy continued its work in establishing
Bermuda-grass pastures, grass roots having been sent to 62 farmers
of the State in the spring, and in distributing improved seed, of
which samples were sent for trial to 80 farmers since March, 1908.
In continuous grain culture tests the plat growing wheat continu-
ously without manure has yielded a 6-year average of 14 bushels,
while the adjoining plat treated with barnyard manure for a similar
period has yielded an average of 25 bushels per acre. Plant breed-
ing and culture tests were conducted with different field crops, spe-

170 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cial attention being given to corn and alfalfa, which are preemi-
nently adapted to the bottom lands of the State.

The dairy department continued experiments relating to the cost
of a pound of butter and to the influence bearing on the incorpora-
tion of moisture in this product.

The animal husbandry department devoted its attention largely to
feeding experiments with hogs and sheep, and worked in cooper-
ation with the veterinary department and the department of chem-
istry in determining the influence of feeding cotton-seed meal to
hogs. The station recognizes that stock farming must necessarily
keep a leading position in the agriculture of Oklahoma, and for
that reason the foundation for some work in feeding and breeding
is being prepared on an extensive scale.

The department of entomology is in charge of the nursery in-
spection of the State, having inspected 97 nurseries since July, 1908,
and is studying the hibernation of the chinch bug and methods of
spraying for the destruction of orchard insects. The nursery in-
spection has brought this department into close touch with the nur-
serymen throughout the State.

Since July, 1908, the chemical department has made 314 analyses
of feeds, dairy products, and miscellaneous materials. The work for
the feed-inspection service was also done in this laboratory.

The following publications were received from this station dur-
ing the year: Bulletins 81, Texas fever; 82, Alfalfa in Oklahoma;
and 83, Alfalfa seed in Oklahoma; Circulars 11, The cattle tick;
and 12, Summary of experiment station work; a press bulletin; and
the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act--__-_________- $15, 009. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___-_--_-_____ 11, 000. 00
State ApPProvlriauon —— on ee eee ee 2, 500. 00
Miscellaneous (including receipts from dairy) -—------~ 33, 402. 07
Balance from previous year, miscellaneous________~~ 58. 37

TPOtH Bae es ee ea 61, 960. 44

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The affairs at the Oklahoma Station are apparently tending to-
ward a better and more permanent organization, and the work of
the institution is undoubtedly far-reaching in its effect upon the
farming industry of the State,

OREGON. ye |

OREGON.
Oregon Experiment Station, Corvallis.
Department of Oregon State Agricultural College.
JAMES WITHYCOMBE, M. Agr., Director.

Practically no change was made in the organization and policy of
this station during the year. Previously well-established lines of work
were developed and a number of changes and new appointments of
assistants were made. H.S. Jackson succeeded C. C. Cate as assistant
plant pathologist, and H. V. Tartar, B. Pilkington, and Lyman
Bundy were appointed assistant chemists, the first giving his whole
time to a chemical study of the lime-sulphur spray. E. J. Kraus
was made assistant horticulturist vice R. W. Allen, who was ap-
pointed superintendent of the Umatilla substation. A. G. Lunn was
added to the staff as assistant poultryman, and James Koeber and
W. L. Powers as assistant agronomists. P. H. Spillman succeeded
C. C. Clark as horticulturist at the Eastern Oregon substation, and
Robert Withycombe was made superintendent of this station.

A dry farm of 220 acres, under station direction, was established
at Moro, Sherman County, during the year, with a state appropria-
tion of $5,000 for the biennium, supplemented by an equal amount
from the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department in coopera-
tion. Horticultural work was also begun on the Umatilla project
experimental farm at Hermiston with a state appropriation of
$6,000 for the biennium, supplemented with an equal amount by the
Bureau of Plant Industry. The construction of the main section
of the large agricultural building was begun. This building com-
pleted, with greenhouse, is to cost $60,000.

Eight Adams fund projects received more or less attention during
the year. Investigations on pollination and irrigation of the apple,
apple anthracnose, gummosis of the cherry, lime-sulphur sprays, and
incubation of hens’ eggs were actively prosecuted. Preliminary re-
ports on the latter and on pollination of apples have been published.*
Studies on active principles of hops were temporarily suspended
during the year. The soil leaching studies were continued.

In addition to these Adams fund projects, the following subjects
received attention during the year: Long and short rotation systems
for increasing soil fertility; alfalfa for hay and pasture; kale as a
winter dairy feed and soiling crop; varieties of vetches adapted to
the climatic and soil conditions of the Willamette Valley; breeding
vetches for higher protein content; breeding kale to increase its
yield and quality; cultivation versus no cultivation without weeds
(in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart-

“Oregon Sta. Buls. 100, 103, 104.

172 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ment) ; irrigation on the station farm for vetches, clover, and alfalfa
(in cooperation with this Office) ; smudging and frost protection of
orchards; fertilization and culture of the loganberry; varieties of
raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, grapes, and filberts;
varieties, breeding, irrigation, and cultivation of strawberries; varie-
ties, culture, and pruning of peaches; standard and dwarf varieties
of pears; varieties and pruning of apples; cover crops versus culture
for orchards; grafting walnuts; peach spot and celery leaf blight;
spraying potatoes; chemical composition of types of Oregon soils;
composition of the ground waters of the Klamath Basin and of
Willamette and Columbia River waters throughout the year; com-
position of insecticides; mortality of incubator chicks; bacterial con-
tent of machine and hand-drawn milk; cheese curing in sausage
casings; production of potato tubers by inoculation; methods of
brooding chicks; tests of milking machines; variation in the fat
content of hand separator cream; intensive dairying with the station
herd; solids-not-fat in milk; manufacture of soft cheeses; methods
of operation of cream separators; feeding skim milk to dairy calves;
and feeding experiments with swine.

The college and station sent out two large demonstration trains
during the year which were well received. One traversed the Willa-
mette Valley and the other was operated in southern Oregon.

A seed-testing laboratory was established at the college in coopera-
tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 97, Comments upon the state fertilizer law; 98,
Preserving wild mushrooms; 99, Orchard survey of Wasco County;
100, Incubation experiments; 101, Orchard survey of Jackson
County; and 102, Digestibility of kale, vetch hay, steamed and un-
steamed silage; and Circulars 2, Hints for eastern Oregon farmers;
3, Notes on nut culture; and 4, A colony house; A trapnest.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-_____________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______--_____ 11, 000. 00
State appropriations: toils stb iees lives eee 1, 566. 84
Miscellaneous? i228 sSibese dee ee See 3, 041. 44

Total. LAVAS. NAIA AU 1 Alte LIAS ead ee AAS ee 30, 608. 28

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Oregon Station continues to do much work of great value, and
to improve the means of making the results available for the prac-
tical use of the farmer of the State.

PENNSYLVANIA. 173

PENNSYLVANIA,

The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, State
College,

T. F. Hunt, D. Agr., D. Se., Director.

The principal changes on the staff of the Pennsylvania Experi-
ment Station resulted from the resignation of J. W. Gilmore, agron-
omist, and the appointment of F. D. Gardner to the same position ;
several changes were made in the force of assistants during the year.
Since the close of the fiscal year, C. L. Penny has resigned to return
to the Delaware Station. The state appropriations for the current
biennium for the college and station aggregate $525,999.76. Among
the items of expenditure authorized are $176,086 for the school of
agriculture and the station, $169,050 for the school of engineering,
$9,368 for the maintenance of the department of home economics,
and $4,000 for the institute of animal nutrition.

Under the Adams Act, work on the three projects previously laid
down was systematically pursued. The horticulturist continued his
investigations on the causes affecting the yield and quantity of
apples. In this connection a new orchard was planted on the farm
recently acquired, and experiments were also in progress on private
farms in about 10 different localities in the State. Some results of
this study were recently published in a bulletin.*

In the agronomy investigations, samples of the soils of the rota-
tion plats were taken weekly for making culture experiments, and
complete analyses of the soils were also made and distillates from the
various soils were collected and used for watering culture pots.
The distillate from soil on which a heavy crop of wheat had been
grown did not have as high an effect as one from a plat producing a
low yield of wheat. The degree of evenness in fertility of the
experimental area was determined, and results indicated that phos-
phoric acid is apparently correlated with the yields.

The other line of work under this fund is conducted by the Insti-
tute of Animal Nutrition, described on page 175. Under the Hatch Act,
field experiments were conducted on liming old land on which corn,
oats, wheat, and a mixture of timothy and clover are grown in rota-
tion. Tests were also made of liming soil preparatory to seeding
alfalfa, and the effects of different amounts of lime were studied.
The results of rotation experiments in progress for 28 years were
studied and soil temperatures taken on many of the plats. The
lower extremes of temperature were met with on the plats giving
good yields. Cultural experiments with alfalfa mainly to deter-
mine the method of getting a stand and maintaining it were also
conducted.

4Pennsylvania Sta. Bul. 91.

174 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Tobacco experiments were carried on as previously, supported by
a state appropriation of $5,000. A large number of cooperative experi-
ments throughout the State to test the fertilizer needs of the soil
for tobacco were in progress.

The botanist worked on clover diseases, especially an anthracnose
caused by Gloeosporium. In studies of apple canker, it was found
that the disease follows insect puncture, and work on the organism
and time of infection was instituted.

The dairyman conducted feeding experiments with cows and steers
for the purpose of determining the effect of rations of different bulk,
but all containing the same amount of digestible nutrients. With
cows the results for 2 years have shown no differences. The milking
machine was tested but no bacteriological work was done in this
connection.

The horticulturist worked especially on tomatoes, cabbage, and
asparagus. Great differences were found in the same variety of cab-
bage grown from seed furnished by different seedsmen. This irregu-
larity is a serious matter to commercial growers, and the seedsmen
recognizing this have taken much interest in the trials. Similar work
was done with tomatoes, and tests of varieties were made including
some of Halsted’s originations at the New Jersey Stations. With
asparagus the work was especially on the effect of subsoiling and
applying fertilizers at the time of setting. Variety and fertilizer
experiments were also conducted with asparagus, and variety, dis-
tance, and culture tests with other vegetables. (Pl. VIII.)

The forestry work of the station was mostly connected with the
growing of seedlings and creoscting of posts.

Members of the station staff gave lectures in connection with a
farm special train sent out by two railroads of the State. Later
agents from 12 stations on one of the prominent railroads were sent
to the experiment station to inspect the work and to have the sig-
nificance of it explained to them, in order that they might be influ-
ential in bringing farmers in touch with the station work.

The following publications have been received from the station
during the year: Bulletins 87, Some poultry experiments; 88, Steer
feeding experiments; 89, Shelter tent experiment with Sumatra-type
tobacco; 90, Soil fertility; and 91, Orchard fertilization; and the
Annual Reports for 1907 and 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $14, 999. 74
Balance from previous year, Hatch Act_______________ . 26
United States appropriation, Adams Act______-_______ 11, 000. 00
Balance from previous year, state appropriation_______ 2, 828. 00
Fees, including balance from previous year___________ 20, 336. 03
Harm, products: *S 2 S eee eee 10, 681. 85
Miscellaneous. <.-2 es beet bie: 3h a ee 1, 622. 03

Totals... 2 oes ee ee ee eee 61, 467. 91

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE Vili.

Uae ses 7 ewer
mee TS Sah sects 3

FiG. 1.—TRUCK GARDEN—INTERCROPPING EXPERIMENT, PENNSYLVANIA STATION.

Cauliflower, early cabbages, radishes, and onions.

FiG. 2.—GRASS GARDEN AT PENNSYLVANIA STATION.

PENNSYLVANIA. 175

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Pennsylvania Station is broadening its work and facilities
and strengthening its organization. This has been made possible by
the increased appropriations from the State for the college of agri-
culture which the station has shared. The present organization of
the teaching, investigation, and institute work allows freedom for
the station investigations and experiments in a number of depart-
ments and affords opportunity for effectively placing the results
before the public.

The Pennsylvania State College Institute of Animal Nutrition, State College.
H. P. Agmssy, Ph. D., LL. D., Director.

As in previous years, the Institute of Animal Nutrition was con-
ducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this
Department, a portion of the Adams fund of the station entering into
the cooperation.

The principal part of the year’s work was a continuation of the
experiments on the utilization of food by growing and fattening
steers, which was begun in cooperation with the Missouri Experi-
ment Station during the preceding year. Calorimeter experiments
were made with a steer representing a certain group, to make deter-
minations of availability of energy and to compare the results
obtained at the Missouri Station from analyses of the carcasses of the
steers. In addition three respiration calorimeter experiments upon
another steer were made to determine the energy value of corn stover.

The institute has nearly ready for publication the results of an
investigation extending over three years upon the influence of age
and type on the utilization of energy by cattle. Experiments were
made on two animals, one a full-bred Aberdeen Angus, and the other
a scrub. These animals were purchased as yearlings and were under
nearly continuous observation for two and one-half years. The ex-
periments failed to show any material influence of the type of animal
or its age upon the actual physiological process of nutrition. The
principal difference between the two animals lay in their maintenance
requirements. For the pure-bred animal this averaged 5.1 therms of
available energy per 500 kilograms live weight, which is the smallest
amount thus far reported in any of the experiments. The mainte-
nance requirement of the scrub in proportion to the surface of the
animal was 7 therms, a figure approaching the maximum thus far
observed.

A study of the feeding records of the animals in the periods inter-
vening between the respiration calorimeter experiments, including

176 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

four digestion and metabolism periods, seems to show quite clearly
that the amount of potential energy stored up in a pound of gain
of live weight was materially greater in the case of the pure-bred
animal. It is concluded that a pound of increase in the pure-bred
animal, therefore, had a higher value as human food than an equal
increase in the scrub,

The institute is conducting investigations on the frontier of animal
nutrition. It is equipped as no other station in this country is for
this special study; and its work while very technical has already
proved highly practical. It is fortunate for our knowledge of the
underlying principles of animal nutrition that the State and the
General Government have united in promoting advanced investiga-
tion in this field.

PORTO RICO.

Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez.

Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

D. W. May, M. Agr., Special Agent in Charge.

The office and laboratory building provided for by the insular
government has been completed, and the station for the first time is
now adequately housed. Some changes were made during the fiscal
year in the personnel of the station. M. J. Iorns, horticulturist of
the station for three years, died May 17, and was succeeded by C. F.
Kinman, formerly assistant horticulturist at the Cuban Experiment
Station, with T. B. McClelland as assistant. G. L. Fawcett, formerly
connected with the subtropical laboratory of the Bureau of Plant
Industry of this Department, was transferred to the Porto Rico
Station as plant pathologist, and William Hess, of the same labora-
tory, was transferred as expert gardener. Dr. William C. Taylor,
of Harvard University, was appointed assistant chemist, and Dr.
Oscar Loew returned to the station for a few months to carry on
some investigations relating to soil problems.

The chemical work of the station has been largely a study of soils,
tropical soils presenting problems totally distinct from those in the
temperate regions. The investigations now in progress principally
relate to nitrogen, the activity of enzyms, and drainage waters. The
practical side of these investigations looks toward the renovation of
those soils that are worn out from continuous cropping.

The work of the horticultural department is largely devoted to
plant breeding and acclimatization, and besides the very extensive
work at the station cooperative experiments are in progress with
representative planters in different sections of the island.

The work of the division of plant physiology and pathology has
largely been confined to diseases of citrus fruits and pineapples, and,

PORTO RICO. 177

as time permitted, studies were made of the diseases of other fruits,
sugar cane, and coffee. These investigations were carried on with
the idea of determining the cause of the disease and methods of
control.

In entomology special studies are being conducted on the insects
injurious to citrus fruits, and the efficiency of sprays is being tested
for their control. It has been found necessary to make certain modi-
fications in the formulas recommended for insecticides and the
methods of their application. An effort is being made to interest
the people of Porto Rico in apiculture, and a number of hives have
been sold to planters in different sections of the island. It is believed
that this industry will be of considerable importance, as it will not
only directly yield an added income, but will assist materially in the
pollination of coffee during its short blooming periods.

The coffee work of the station has been continued at the substation
at Carmelita, and arrangements have been made for experiments on
a considerable scale in the renovation of an old coffee plantation.
In addition to the experiments on the cost of renovating an old
plantation and of establishing a new plantation, considerable work is
being carried on in the introduction of coffees from different parts
of the world, and during the past year a number of the highly
prized Java and Mocha coffees fruited in considerable abundance.
Practically all the seed of these varieties has been saved for planting,
and the trees will be distributed from the nursery as rapidly as they
can be grown. Tests of the new coffees have shown that they retain
their characteristic flavors when grown under Porto Rican conditions.

The live-stock equipment of the station has been increased by the
purchase of a number of cattle, some African woolless sheep, fowls,
and other animals. The demand for these animals and their prod-
ucts is far beyond the station’s ability to supply.

A silo was constructed at the station for the purpose of testing the
advisability of storing certain crops, such as Para grass and cane
tops, which are abundant at certain seasons. It was found that these
make good silage for use when the supply of forage is low.

The publications of the station for 1909 consisted of the Annual
Report; Bulletin 8, Pineapple growing in Porto Rico; and Circulars
8, Picking and packing citrus fruits; 9, The catalase of soils; and 10,
Some principles in manuring with lime and magnesia.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation 22 se $26, 000. 00
BOUL SSC a ee ee ee 4, 608. 87
Insular appropriation for office and laboratory building 20, 000. 00

ee) | ae ale. eS hee ee ee 50, 608. 387
46045°—10-——12

178 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The work of the Porto Rico Station is being well received by the
people, as is shown by the appropriation for the new building men-
tioned above. While not overlooking the scientific aspect of the
different problems, particular attempts are being made to bring out
the economic possibility of the results obtained.

RHODE ISLAND.
Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston.
Department of Rhode Island College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts.

H. J. WHEELER, Ph. D., Director.

Very little change was made in the affairs of the Rhode Island
Station during the year. Several changes in the corps of station
assistants took place but otherwise the personnel remained the same
as the year before. The State made no appropriation for buildings
or for general maintenance.

The work on practically all Adams fund projects progressed satis-
factorily. In the potash versus soda investigations, carried on with
beets, onions, and potatoes, it was found that with potatoes the yield
was smaller where soda had been applied, but that the tubers were
richer in nitrogen, containing up to 2 per cent or more in the dry
matter. Using like weights of tubers grown with soda and with
potash fertilizers, about double the yield of potatoes was secured
from the soda-grown seed. A study was made of the nitrogen con-
tent of the seed on the influence of the yield, but the results so far
do not seem to indicate that the application of nitrogen to the soil
counterbalances the extra amount of nitrogen in the tubers.

The work on the residual effects of the different crops is bringing
to light some interesting results. Where mangels and beets had
been grown onions were injuriously affected. Pot-culture tests indi-
cated that phosphoric acid was lacking where beets and mangels
had been grown and where onions were poor. Striking results were
also arrived at in the investigations on turnips as an indicator of
the fertilizer needs of the soil, and a large amount of data was se-
cured in this connection. The project on the influence of physical
soil factors and the various chemicals upon the growth of vegetables
and flowering plants under glass was continued with roses and
carnations.

The studies on the blackhead disease of turkeys and its communica-
bility to other fowls and birds were essentially studies of the biology
and life history of the coccidium, which was found very resistant to
heat, cold, and various chemicals. The organism seemed most sus-
ceptible to potassium permanganate. In connection with the project
on the loss of incubator chicks, coccidia were also studied, as well as

RHODE ISLAND. 179

the bacterial flora and molds to determine the cause. The study of
the laws governing the breeding of pigeons was actively prosecuted.
A cross of the ring-necked pheasant on the bantam hen has given an
interesting progeny.

The Hatch fund work of the station was conducted along the lines
previously laid down. The field experiments, as heretofore, included
fertilizer tests, rotation experiments, work with lime in connection |
with nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, growing corn with
crimson clover sown in the last cultivation, studies of different lawn-
grass mixtures, tests with basic, neutral, and acetic fertilizers, as to
their influence on weeds and permanency, comparisons of market
garden rotations, and tests of fruits originated by the station.

Different forms of limestone were tested, including magnesian
limestone, pure limestone, and slaked lime. The residual effects of
different phosphates on potatoes were observed.

The plat work at the station is extensive and of high quality. It
is supplemented to some extent in the greenhouse. The latter relates
mainly to tests of different nitrogenous materials in pots, cyanamid
among others, the nitrogen gathering power of crimson clover, soy
beans and adzuki beans, and the residual effect of these legumes on
the subsequent growth and nitrogen assimilation of vetch. In water
solutions an attempt was made to grow barley to maturity and to
determine the amounts of potash given back to the solution after
the plants ripened. Experiments were also made to determine the
stage at which cereal crops need phosphoric acid.

More than 100 cooperative experiments well distributed in every
township. of the State were in progress. This work had reference
largely to testing alfalfa, using phosphoric acid and potash, the
utilization of sandy soils, and top dressing grass lands. The station
is cooperating with the Sheffield Scientific School, of Yale Uni-
versity, in studying the laws of inheritance as applied to pigeons,
and with this Department in experiments with different varieties of
Indian corn. The station is not engaged in extension work.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 126, Feeding experiments with chickens, cockerels,
and turkeys; 127, Some recent feeding experiments; 128, A further
study of soil treatment in greenhouse culture; 129, Experiments with
feldspathic rock as a source of potassium; 130, Analyses of com-
mercial fertilizers; 131, Further soil tests in paraffined wire baskets;
and 132, Analyses of commercial fertilizers; and the Annual Report
for 1908.

180 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___.--_--_--_- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act. ___---_~-~_ 11, 000. 00
TGV IGE | ee 3. 50
Balance from previous year, miscellaneous__________ 5, 016. 02
WI TSC OLIA TCU or ea ae ee fer ee 1, 430. 21

TNT as a a 32, 449. 73

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

This station lacks state funds, which are much needed for the
development of its work. It is doing thorough and high-grade work
in a number of lines, and is in close touch with the problems of
agricultural practice. Its extensive cooperative trials with farmers
serve to extend the experiments made at the station to various
localities and conditions throughout the State, and call wider atten-
tion to the results.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College.
Department of Clemson Agricultural College.
J. N. Harper, B. S., M. Agr., Director.

The definite separation of the station from the agricultural de-
partment of the college, which was put into effect at the beginning
of the fiscal year, involved the equipment of some new laboratories
and the laying out of new horticultural and agricultural grounds.
The time required for this work interfered in a measure with experi-
mental work during the season, but the new arrangement gave good
promise of working out satisfactorily, and it is the intention to make
it permanent. The new fields for the agricultural and horticultural
departments are for the exclusive use of the station, and 30 acres of
the area have been terraced and prepared for permanent plat work.
A house for the horticulturist and a field laboratory building for the
different departments have been erected on the new horticultural
grounds.

The farm of the substation at Jadburg was drained according to
plans made by this Office. The clearing of the land and other general
preparations to get the station in readiness for work were continued,
Experimental work has been planned and will be taken up as soon
as conditions permit. The annual income of the substation is $10,000,
which is derived from the fertilizer tax and covers buildings, equip-
ment, and general maintenance.

Progress was made in all Adams fund projects. The study of the
effect of pollen from barren corn plants was continued, and a large

SOUTH CAROLINA. 181

number of crosses and selections obtained in this work were tested
under field conditions.

In pursuing the work on the relation of soil to length and quality
of staple in cotton, samples of several varieties of seed were sent out
and grown in different sections of the State where pronounced soil
types were represented. Samples of the cotton produced were graded
and judged at the station, and samples of the different soils on which
the cotton was grown were sent in for examination. The project
with reference to anthracnose in cotton was carried forward. It was
determined that this fungus lives during the winter in a conidial
stage, being found alive in that form as late as May 26. It was fur-
ther found that seed from infested fields, upon germination, is capa-
ble of conveying the disease to the seedlings. It was demonstrated
that the mycelium of the fungus occurs within the seed coats of the
cotton seed from which the young plants are attacked.

The study of the effect of foreign pollen on the productivity of Ro-
tundifolia grapes was hindered to some extent by the change of the
horticultural grounds, but some experiments were continued on the
old plantings.

The entomologist devoted all his time to the study of the life
history and action of the stomach worm, which is carried on in
cooperation with the station veterinarian and the state entomologist.
On account of the close relationship of the stomach worm to other
parasites of the intestinal tract of ruminants, this project has been
extended to include an investigation of the strongyloid parasites.
Several post-mortem examinations revealed the presence in the intes-
tines of the hookworm of cattle (Jfonodontus phlebotomus) , stomach
worm (Hemonchus contortus), a strongyloid worm, named hair
worm (Cooperia punctata), and the inflated bowel worm ('sopha-
gostoma inflatum). In connection with this study daily examina-
tions were made of the feces of calves and the egg record of the
parasites noted. With reference to combating the stomach-worm
disease, it was concluded that medicinal treatment is not successful
and that changing or rotating pasture lands is the most effective
method to eradicate the pest. The entomologist also began work on
the temperature relations of insects for the purpose of determining
the total temperature required for the passage from one stage to
another in the life cycle of a number of species, the studies being
principally with Hippodamia convergens, Conotrachelus nenuphar,
Sanninoidea exitiosa, and Aphis brassica.

During the past year every department of the station carried on
work under the Hatch fund. The subjects studied were as follows:
Economical use of fertilizers for various crops, systems of rotation,
plant breeding, sources of nitrogen in fertilizers, the chemical com-
position of different substances, starch production, sweet-potato rots,

182 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pecan diseases, animal feeding, entomological problems, and other
minor subjects.

The station was also active during the year in pursuing cooper-
ative work with this Department, which included a study of certain
insect pests of cereal and forage crops, tests of newly introduced
forage plants, sweet-corn breeding, making a plant disease survey
of the State, the trial of methods of preserving timber with creosote,
the use of hog-cholera serum, and the promotion of the dairy industry
of the State.

The following publications of the station were received during the
year: Bulletins 137, Hookworm disease of cattle; 138, Analyses of
commercial fertilizers; 139, Milk fever (parturient paresis), its pre-
vention and successful treatment; 140, Some conditions influencing
eotton production; 141, Treatment of plant diseases and injurious
insects in South Carolina; 142, Stomach-worm disease of sheep and
young cattle; 143, Some injurious orchard insects; 144, Celery; 145,
Fertilizer experiments with cotton; and 146, Sweet-potato work in
1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ _ 5, O77. 18

Total 2222018 - OFF fe EE a TSE eee 31, 077.18

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The separation of the station work from that of the college and
the change in the equipment incident thereto is working out satis-
factorily, and will facilitate to a great degree the progress of the
many different lines of work upon which the station is engaged.

SOUTH DAKOTA.
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings.
South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
J. W. Witson, M. S. A., Director.

The work of the South Dakota Station during the year did not
indicate any important changes, and the personnel of the staff, with
the exception of several new assistants, remained the same as the
year before. The state appropriation for substations during the past
year was $4,500. A dairy barn with two silos attached was in process
of construction.

Satisfactory progress was made in the various Adams fund proj-
ects. In the work on rotations as related to soil fertility, the rota-

SOUTH DAKOTA. 183

tions previously used were continued and a new long time rotation to
run for twenty-four years, with alfalfa, corn, peas and oats, was
introduced. Chemical and physical analyses in the samples of soil
were made and a special laboratory was fitted up for the work. The
work in fruit breeding was conducted on an extensive scale. New
crosses were made of the sand cherry with plums, apricots, and
peaches. Two promising varieties for the north central region have
resulted from crossing the sand cherry with plums. Investigations
were also carried on with apples, grapes, peaches, and roses. The
work on roses has resulted in doubling the wild rose.

The digestion experiments with sheep were discontinued and a re-
port was made on the work.* Digestion coefficients for Dakota-grown
grains and forage plants were determined, and this same line of work
is now continued with horses. The study of lumpy jaw included
histological and bacteriological studies of the disease to determine its
cause. Preliminary work was done on the project relating to the
effect of alkali waters in dairying.

With Hatch funds, the agronomy department of the station tested
systems of farming, bred corn for protein and oil content, and carried
on similar work at the substations. The variety tests of corn con-
ducted in cooperation with this Department were completed, a 5-year
period being closed. At the Highmore substation, the soil fertility
work included systems of farming and rotations of three or more years
containing one leguminous crop, cultivated versus uncultivated crops,
fallow, different methods of plowing, and variety tests with barley,
oats, and durum and spring wheats. The clovers and alfalfas col-
lected abroad by the horticulturist, after their culture in the greeu-
house, were transferred to the field. Preparations were also made to
begin work at the Eureka and Cottonwood substations.

The horticultural department continued its work with a large col-
lection of alfalfa from Siberia and other countries, with a view to
securing a strain or variety erect in habit and with abundant seed not
easily shaken off the plant. The chemist in cooperation with this De-
partment worked with sugar beets to produce a high percentage of
sugar by selection of mother beets and to find hardy strains adapted
to South Dakota.

The botanist of the station did considerable work in weed spraying,
giving special attention to mustard, and published a bulletin on this
subject. An investigation of the cytology of rusts was made, and in
this connection the botanist worked during the summer in the labora-
tory at Madison, Wis.

In animal husbandry, steers of different ages were fed on the same
grain ration to determine the most profitable age of feeding, and a

“South Dakota Sta. Bul. 114.

184 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

record was made of the gains of hogs following these steers. The ex-
periment in breeding and feeding sheep, planned for six years, was
continued. Western ewes were bred to Cotswold, Hampden, Oxford,
Shropshire, Southdown, and Rambouillet rams. The wool of the
lambs was graded each year and an exact record of crosses and results
in the wool and lambs was kept. Tests in feeding lambs with differ-
ent kinds of grain and rape versus no grain in the ration were also
followed.

The station cooperates with this Department in growing sugar
beets, dipping cattle affected with mange, in testing varieties of
corn, in introducing grasses and forage plants suitable for the
Northwest, distributing blackleg vaccine, daily weather forecasts,
and in growing different varieties of alfalfa to determine their
hardiness and habits of growth. With the exception of lectures at
farmers’ institutes no extension work was carried on by the station
officials.

The publications received from this station during the past year
were as follows: Bulletins 105, Stock food for pigs; 106, Sugar
beets in South Dakota; 107, Sheep scab; 108, New hybrid fruits;
109, Rusts of cereals and other plants; 110, Progress in variety test
of oats; 111, A study of South Dakota butter with suggestions for
improvements; and 112, The killing of mustard and other noxious
weeds in grain fields by the use of iron sulphate; and the Annual
Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act-----~--~-__-_ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-__--_-__ 11, 000. 00
State approprigtion,, 2... es ee ee 2, 000. 00
Raent PROUUCESi == see ee eee 3, 169. 36
RMAC ELIANTOO US om 6 2d DN Nee eth, eee ental ee 2, 948. 91

Motal 222 es 2) ee ee eee 34, 118. 27

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work at the South Dakota Station is evidently growing
rapidly in appreciation and in demands upon it. The station is in
need of increased funds to carry on its work to best advantage. It
is making good and economical use of the funds it now has, and has
demonstrated its usefulness.

TENNESSEE. 185

TENNESSEE.
Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Knovrville.

Department of the University of Tennessee.

H. A. MoreGan, B. S. A., Director.

Steady progress marked the course of the Tennessee Station during
the year. The resignations and new appointments did not interfere
to any great extent with the organization of the staff or the efficiency
of the station in general. J. N. Price resigned as dairyman, and his
work was combined with that of the animal husbandman, F. C.
Quereau, and F. H. Denniss was appointed assistant dairyman.
W. E. Grainger, fertilizer and food chemist, and H. H. Hampton,
soil chemist, resigned and W. K. Hunter and W. H. Maynard were
appointed assistant chemists and S. Levitt, of the Bureau of Chem-
istry of this Department, soil chemist. Near the close of the year
F. C. Quereau resigned to become assistant director of the rice sub-
station at Crowley, La. According to an appropriation bill passed
by the legislature, $10,000 is set aside for maintaining the substation
at Jackson, $5,000 for crop experiments in middle Tennessee, and

7,500 for the station at Knoxville.

The West Tennessee substation, for which provision was made in
1907, was definitely located during the year near Jackson, in Madison
County, about 175 acres of land having been donated by the county.
Substantial frame buildings have been erected, and experiments have
been begun in the feeding of beef animals and in the cultivation of
various field, fruit, and garden crops. The station farm contains
3 types of soil—bottom land, white clay, and sandy soil. The land
is admirably suited for experimental and demonstration work, and
some of the fields present the opportunity of studying the problem of
economical soil improvement. An orchard has been set out, and it
is planned to maintain a dairy herd and to carry on feeding experi-
ments with steers.

Progress was reported in a number of Adams fund projects on
which the station is at work. The study of soil biology included a
study of the soy-bean bacterium, with special reference to discovering
the reason why wheat after soy beans is not productive, and an in-
vestigation of methods of studying the germination and growth of
seeds in soil with bacterial control. The anthracnose project was
continued, and a new resistant strain of alfalfa secured in connection
with this work is now to be tested in a practical way in different
localities. In the humus project different types of soil are being used
in experiments conducted in a series of about 100 cylinders 4 feet deep,
and sets of cans from 1 to 6 feet deep. Pot experiments are also being
arranged to determine the rate of decay and formation of humus.

186 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A special refrigerating plant was installed in the basement of the
new agricultural building for the purpose of temperature control in
different kinds of entomological and bacteriological work. Two
species of ticks other than cattle ticks are being studied to determine
whether or not they transmit Texas fever. This work is partly in co-
operation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. The
study of the peach borer was continued, and a special orchard has been
set out for use in further studies.

The work conducted with the Hatch fund included several im-
portant lines. The division of botany has developed a new early
variety of cotton which is now being distributed. Attention was also
given to Rhizoctonia on crimson clover and alfalfa, which is giving
trouble in the State.

<xperiments with soils, fertilizers, and farm crops were carried on
by the departments of chemistry and agronomy in various parts of
the State, and a bulletin on this work was issued during the year.
Cropping systems are being worked out and the field work with
leguminous and other crops was followed up by laboratory studies.
It has been shown that leguminous crops may be profitably substi-
tuted in the rotation for corn. Special emphasis is laid upon the cul-
ture of soy beans, and a bulletin comparing the soy bean and the cow-
pea was published during the year. Chemical studies of manures
and rock phosphate were made, with accompanying field tests. Thus
far no beneficial action of the phosphate from combination with
manures has been discovered.

The work of the dairy department consisted of feeding experiments
to determine the most satisfactory and economical rations for dairy
cows under local conditions. The results of part of this work were
published in bulletin form, with the general statement that a well-
balanced ration can be produced on the farm at much less cost than
it can be purchased. This department cooperated with the Bureau of
Animal Industry.

Recent work in animal husbandry has included feeding experiments
on the use of soy beans, alfalfa, and cowpeas, instead of cotton-seed
meal. Emphasis is further laid upon studies with barley and soy
beans as substitutes, at least to a certain extent, for corn. This work
is carried on to find means of meeting the increased prices in some of
the more common feeding stuffs. These investigations are coordi-
nated with work in agronomy.

The station is extensively engaged in cooperative work. A report
of the cooperative work with farmers carried on under a state ap-
propriation in middle Tennessee for 1907-8 was recently issued. The
principal lines of investigation are in connection with field crops and
the production and use of hog-cholera serum. Cotton and cereal
studies are pursued in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry,

TEXAS. 187

and field work in dairying with the Bureau of Animal Industry of
this Department.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 79, The relation of steer feeding to farm economics ;
80, Home-grown rations in economical production of milk and butter ;
81, Tick eradication, the life history and habits of the North Ameri-
can fever tick, with special reference to eradication; 82, The soy
bean, a comparison with the cowpea; 83, Comparison and improve-
ment of dairy herds in Tennessee; 84, Sheep and lambs in Tennessee ;
85, Prevention of hog cholera; 86, Experiments with soils, fertilizers,
and farm crops; two press bulletins; and the Annual Report for 1906.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____-_-~---_~- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____----_-_~_~~- 11, 000. 00
LIVERS a a ee ae eee eens ee ee 1, 000. 00
IPD ERESENIMETYTSOE UGS os os ees eee ee 8, 058. 55

Yo) sc EES Se See ee 2 ees 35, 058. 55

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Tennessee Station has been materially strength-
ened in recent years, and is evidently making a distinct impression
on the farmers of the State. The conditions in different parts of the
State are studied carefully and an effort is made to meet the needs of
the State’s agriculture in a practical way. With increased resources
in sight the station has a quite promising outlook.

TEXAS.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station.
Department of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.

H. H. Hagrineton, LL. D., Director.

The personnel of the Texas Station underwent few changes dur-
ing the year, and the work of the various departments was carried
on without the interruptions generally incident to resignations and
new appointments. Since the close of the fiscal year, however, two
new appointments have been made: R. H. Pond as plant pathologist,
and W. Newell, recently state entomologist of Louisiana, as entomolo-
gist of the station. C. E. Sanborn, who was entomologist for a short
time during the early part of the fiscal year, was succeeded by G. W.
Herrick, who left the station near the end of the fiscal year to take
up work at the New York Cornell Station,

The State made an appropriation of $50,000 for the establishment
and maintenance for two years of four or more branch stations, Sev-

188 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

eral such institutions have already been established in different sec-
tions of the State and liberal donations in the way of lands and build-
ings were made to each of them. The State also appropriated $7,000
for the maintenance and support of the Beeville and Troupe sub-
stations. The new agricultural building (Pl. IV, fig. 2), costing
about $45,000, will be completed January 1, 1910, and will afford
ample working space for the several departments of the station.

The Adams fund investigations, described in previous reports,
have nearly all made progress during the year and some of them
have reached a stage justifying a partial or a preliminary report of
the data obtained. In the breeding work with dewberries, rasp-
berries, and other species of Rubus, from 400 to 500 crosses and selec-
tions are under observation. The object of the work in general is
the elimination of spines and the improvement of vigor, growth, and
quality. The project on the digestibility of some Texas feeding stuffs
was partly reported upon in a bulletin issued during the year, and a
preliminary report on nitrification was also issued, in which the
conditions influencing the production of available nitrogen as
observed are set forth. In the soil studies up to this time, attention
was chiefly given to phosphoric acid, humus, and nitrogen, but
studies on potash and soil acidity have now been taken up in addi-
tion. The data thus far secured in the investigation of swamp fever
in horses and mules were also published. It was found that the
infection which occurs in the blood can be conveyed by subcutaneous
or intravenous injection, and that the specific germ seems to be ultra-
microscopic. Attempts to convey the disease to cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, or dogs were unsuccessful. The project on the nitrogen-fixing
bacteria of leguminous plants has progressed, and a preliminary
report upon it has been made.

The more important of the extensive and varied lines of work fol-
lowed in addition to the Adams fund investigations are here briefly
outlined. The horticulturist is carrying on work in forestry by
studying the planting of pines and the value of wind-breaks. Among
horticultural lines, crossing experiments with tomatoes are in
progress.

The department of animal husbandry is making a comparison of
the cost of pork production in well-bred or improved types of hogs
and in scrubs or razorback hogs. Experiments are also being con-
ducted to determine the comparative feeding values of corn, rice
bran, and Spanish peanuts in pork production.

The chemist is carrying on 65 cooperative fertilizer experiments,
making analyses of feeding stuffs and miscellaneous materials, and is
studying pecan oil, paints, the effect of heating on cotton-seed meal,
and the composition of some typical Texas soils.

TEXAS. 189

The agriculturist was engaged in testing varieties of southern field
crops and studying methods of soil preparation and tillage, rotations,
drought-resistance crops, alfalfa culture, and ways and means of com-
bating the boll weevil. In addition to these lines of work the agri-
culturist carried on a large correspondence about agricultural matters
with farmers of the State and was engaged in extension work consist-
ing of lectures to farmers and before schools.

The department of botany and mycology had under investigation a
disease of the onion, known as pink root, a disease of cactus, and sey-
eral diseases of citrus plants.

The veterinarian did work on Texas fever and hog cholera. The
Texas-fever work is resulting in the saving of a large proportion of
the cattle inoculated against the disease. In the hog-cholera work
serum treatment was tested and means were sought for reducing the
cost of this treatment.

The publications received from the Texas Station during the year
were as follows: Bulletins 104, Digestion experiments; 105, Notes on
forest and ornamental trees; 106, The production of active nitrogen
in the soil; 107, Commercial fertilizers and poisonous insecticides in
1907-8; 108, Winter bur clover; 109, The estimation of cotton-seed
hulls in cotton-seed meal; 110, Steer-feeding experiments; 111, Texas
fever; 112, Nature and use of commercial fertilizers; 113, Spray cal-
endar; 114, Composition of white lead and paints; 115, Fertilizer tests
with onions; 116, The foul brood of bees and the foul-brood law; 117,
Commercial feeding stuffs in 1907-8; 118, Report of progress with
citrus fruits; 119, Infectious anemia of the horse; and 120; Corn and
cotton experiments for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____---~-_~-~_- $15, 000. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act___-_------_-__ 11, 000. 00

State appropriation for substations___________________ 7, 000. 00

PREECE PRETENCE ish tet nn ae eB ee mr ee, ee ee 1, O86. 47
Sa |

CE Ne a 34, O86. 47

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

With the many and varied lines of investigation in progress and
with an improvement affecting its organization, the Texas Station
has before it the prospects and possibilities of accomplishing much of
importance and value to the agriculture of the State and of the entire
Southwest.

190 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

UTAH.
Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan.
Department of the Agricultural College of Utah.

E. D. Batt, Ph. D., Director.

There was no great change in organization or policy at this sta-
tion during the year. For the first time in a number of years there
were no changes in heads of departments. Robert Stewart, chemist
of the station, was granted leave during the year for graduate study,
and at the end of the year R. S. Northrop, horticulturist, resigned to
go into private business. J. R. Horton, assistant entomologist, ac-
cepted a position in the Bureau of Entomology of this Department,
and was succeeded by E. P. Hoff. E. H. Walters was made assistant
chemist and P. V. Cardon assistant agronomist. R. A. Hart was
transferred from drainage investigations of this Office to the station
staff to assist in field work in drainage.

Appropriations to the college and station aggregating $202,100
were made by the last legislature. This is nearly double the total
amount granted two years before, and represents the full amount re-
quested. The college received $132,000 for maintenance, $20,000 for
remodeling the women’s building, $3,500 for a veterinary hospital,
$2,500 for a stock-judging pavilion, and $600 for an incubator cellar,
the last two of which were built during the year. The grant for
farmers’ institutes was increased from $3,000 to $10,000. The sta-
tion was given $5,000 for publications, $10,000 for dry-farming in-
vestigations, $11,000 for fruit investigations, and $7,500 for irrigation
and drainage investigations.

The Adams fund projects were carried on without material change
during the year. The poultry investigations were extended and con-
siderable additions made to equipment for the work, consisting of
additional colony houses and brooders, egg-turning tables, and pedi-
gree breeding apparatus. The construction of an additional incu-
bator cellar for experimental purposes was begun. The results of the
poultry investigations have brought out a number of important facts
regarding the management of incubators (especially carbon dioxid
and water supply), methods of feeding, and transmission of egg-
laying qualities. The chemical study of the formation and movement
of nitrates in the soil was continued, and a cooperative arrangement
was made with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department for
bacteriological investigation of the subject. The investigations on
grasshoppers have been practically completed and a report on the
subject is in preparation. Some further work on leaf hopper, con-
firming previous conclusions that this insect is responsible for the so-
ealled blight of sugar beets, was carried on. Owing to unfavorable

UTAH. 191

weather conditions little work was done on the codling moth. Inves-
tigations on the life history of the alfalfa leaf weevil and means of
control, and studies of the amount of arsenic necessary to kill orchard
trees, were begun.

In addition to the Adams fund investigations, the horse-breeding
work has been continued with gratifying results. The stallion regis-
tration law passed at the previous session of the legislature has been
enforced and the standard of the horses of the State is rapidly
advancing.

The experimental work in dairy lines was limited, owing to the
proposed change from grade to pure-bred stock. Cooperative work
in testing dairy herds was carried on with the farmers and creamery
men in a number of localities, and is resulting in a gradual betterment
of dairy herds. Two more breeds of sheep were added to the live-
stock equipment and the sheep-feeding experiments were continued.

Investigations in arid farming were continued, and extended to in-
clude more cooperative work with different divisions of the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this Department. Scientific work was discontinued
at all of the substations except the one at Nephi. Forty acres more
of land have been secured adjoining the original plat and all of the
work in plant breeding transferred to this place. A large number of
varieties of wheat and other farm crops are being tested and pedigree
breeding methods employed on the most valuable varieties. Im-
proved strains of winter oats and barley have been developed and are
now being distributed, and considerable improvement has been made
over the wheats formerly used in arid farming. The arid farming
interests of the State continue to develop with wonderful rapidity.
Thousands of acres are being taken up annually, and in some of the
more fertile locations homes are being established on the farms.

The station took over the work in sugar-beet breeding and testing
formerly carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, and more thorough methods of pedigree breeding are being
employed,

Irrigation experiments were continued in modified form on the
Greenville farm in cooperation with this Office. The larger part of
the work was, however, transferred to cooperative experiments with
farmers in different sections of the State in order to test the water
requirements of different soils. Orchard irrigation was also taken
up in cooperation with private orchardists, and an extended investi-
gation is planned to ascertain the effect of different amounts of water
on fruit produced, quality, size, color, size of pit, keeping quality,
and other factors of successful fruit production. -

The drainage investigations, also in cooperation with this Office,
were continued, several of the projects having been closed up and
turned over to the communities in satisfactory condition, One or two

192 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

new projects were started and much assistance was given to private
individuals and communities in ascertaining the feasibility of estab-
lishing drainage systems.

Investigations on the “big head ” of sheep were continued in coop-
eration with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department.

The following publications were received from this station dur-
ing the fiscal year: Bulletins 103, Milling qualities of wheat, and 104,
The storage of winter precipitations in soils, and the Annual Report
for 1906.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-__________- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___-__________ 11, 000. 00
Statecappropriation 2222282) 222 awe eee 9, 024. 92
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 4,681.48
Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year__ 987. 50

Notal.i23 Js ee ee ee ee 40, 648. 90

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The more settled condition of affairs which prevailed at this station
during the year was evident in the increased efficiency of both the
scientific and the practical work. While making valuable contribu-
tions to many of the great practical problems of Utah agriculture,
the station is not neglecting the fundamental scientific inquiries neces-
sary to establish sound practice.

VERMONT. —
Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington.
Department of University of Vermont and State Agricultural College.

J. L. Mrs, Se. D., Director.

The lines of work of the Vermont Station have not changed mate-
rially during the year, neither have there been any changes in build-
ings nor striking additions to the equipment. On the station staff,
however, many changes have occurred. C. R. Pettis, consulting
forester, was succeeded by A. F. Hawes as forester of the station on
April 1. The place of N. J. Giddings, assistant botanist, who
became plant pathologist at the West Virginia Station, was filled by
B. F. Lutman. R. E. Vaughan, assistant horticulturist, was called
to the chair of agronomy in the Mount Hermon School, Mount Her-
mon, Mass., and was succeeded at the station by J. W. Wellington.
H. A. Edson was advanced from assistant botanist to bacteriologist.
Since the close of the fiscal year several other resignations have taken.
place. L. R. Jones, botanist of the station for twenty years, has
resigned to take effect February 1, 1910, to accept the position of

VERMONT. 193

plant pathologist at the Wisconsin Station. <A. P. Bigelow, assistant
in dairying, has gone into commercial work, and P. A. Benedict was
appointed assistant chemist. S. Hargreaves was appointed station
gardener, vice H. V. F. de Thestrup, and E. H. Powell, treasurer of
the station for seventeen years, was succeeded by C. P. Smith. The
State has definitely provided for the printing of publications, which
will be a material assistance.

The projects carried on under the Adams Act have progressed satis-
factorily during the year. The work on the bacterial rot of musk-
melons and the anesthesia of dormant plants for forcing purposes
is about ready for the final report. The study of potato diseases has
resulted in gaining important knowledge regarding the resting-spore
stage of Phytophthora. A large amount of data has been collected
on the effect of feeding different amounts of digestible protein to
cows fora long period. Other investigations recently taken up under
this fund are a study of the causes, conditions, and prevention of the
damping off of coniferous seedlings; an investigation of the funda-
mental processes relative to the storage of sugars and other carbo-
hydrates in the wood and inner bark of the maple, the forcing of
plants with carbon dioxid, and a study of the relation of size of seed
to the character of the offspring.

The lines of work supported with other funds are also progressing
and results are accumulating. The data secured in the cooperative
investigation with the New York Experiment Station on the soft rot
of vegetables are now being published. The forestry department
is studying the rate of growth of timber under different conditions,
methods for the prevention and control of forest fires, and related
questions. This department will distribute in the spring of 1910
through the station 200,000 white-pine seedlings, and has on hand
about 1,000,000 younger seedlings for later distributions.

The dairy husbandman, among other lines of work, is making tests
of dairy cows in cooperation with three associations in the State, but
the station devotes little time and money to this work, the expense
being borne by the owners.

The station is cooperating with this Department in breeding Mor-
gan horses and in studying, since 1904, disease resistance in potatoes.
Cooperative work was also carried on with farmers in the eradica-
tion of quack or witch grass and in potato disease resistance.

Some extension work was carried on by the director. Exhibits
were made at fairs during the year, some members of the staff
addressed farmers’ institutes, and a successful farmers’ week was held
in the late winter.

The following publications were received from the station during
the fiscal year: Bulletins 135, Commercial fertilizers; a quarter
century of fertilizer inspection, soil deterioration, and soil humus;

46045° —10——13

194 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

136, Abstract twentieth report, 1906-7—plant disease, horticulture,
weeds, insects; 137, Abstract twentieth report, 1906-7—crops, forestry,
stock feeding, dairy husbandry; 138, Commercial feeding stuffs; the
viability of weed seeds in feeding stuffs; 139, Preliminary statement
regarding the forestry problems of Vermont; 140, Commercial fer-
tilizers; and 141, Apple culture in Vermont; Circulars 1, The bul-
letins of the fertilizer control; and 2, The gipsy and brown-tail moths.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
Plate -ADPrOPMaAVOn . >. re eee 1, 000. 00
|b 2} pe CO a tb ge REN EAS ht Ae So HEME eet PA se 3, O84. 06
MISCO AMCOUS = 2 ee se core sate ee oe ee 100. 00

Totalos bei ee eee eee ee 30, 184. 06

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Vermont Experiment Station with its practical and scientific
lines of work, pursued either alone or in cooperation, is solving
problems of importance to the agriculture of the State, and is yearly
becoming a more efficient and valuable aid to the farmer.

VIRGINIA.
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg.

Department of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic
Institute.

S. W. FLETCHER, Ph. D., Director.

At the close of the year, N. S. Mayo, recently of the Cuban
Station, was appointed animal husbandman, vice W. J. Quick, and
H. E. Allen was appointed to succeed A. P. Spencer as assistant
in the same department. E. B. Fred, of the staff, is on leave taking
advanced work in soil bacteriology in Germany. W. L. Mallory was
appointed assistant in animal husbandry and agronomy for work
on Adams fund projects. The dairy division was installed during
the year in its quarters in the basement of the new agricultural
building. The equipment of this division is now very much better
than formerly, and its efficiency in experimental lines is consequently
in position to increase.

Satisfactory progress was made in a number of the Adams fund
projects. The horticulturist has under way a large breeding study
for the purpose of determining how late blooming varieties of apples
may be obtained for use in Virginia, where late frosts often injure
the apple crop. A study of the history of fruit bud formation in

VIRGINIA. 195

the common orchard fruits has been made, preliminary to an investi-
gation relating to the effect of soil environment on fruit bud forma-
tion. The fermentation studies, showing the possibility of control-
ling cider. fermentation by means of selected yeasts, have been in
part reported upon, and the final results will appear in the report
for 1909. The study of problems in the biology of canning, pertain-
ing mainly to apples, potatoes, beans, and corn, has been begun. The
study of the cause of self-sterility in fruits was continued, principally
with pears. This work has been transferred from the field to the
greenhouse, and the accumulated data are being summarized for
publication.

The study of the fixation of phosphoric acid in the soil, by the
department of chemistry, has now been carried on for four years
in the laboratory, the greenhouse, and the field, and a progress report
will soon be published.

The project on the effect of different methods of treatment and of
grazing on pasture grasses is being studied on 20 acres of plats at
the station and at a number of different places in the State. In
connection with this work an effort is made to determine means for
the eradication of “ broom sedge ” from pastures.

In the study of soil bacteria good progress was made. At the
station, inoculated soy beans yielded an increase of 1 ton of hay and
10 bushels of seed per acre, as compared with a similar plat of-unin-
oculated soy beans. Other results gave a reasonable basis for the
estimation that the inoculation of soils from legume nodules will
increase the nitrogen content of the soil without the presence of the
host plant. By means of pot experiments it was found that the
presence of denitrifying organisms in the soil decreased plant growth,
and that denitrification was more common in open loam than in clay
soils. The application of fresh manure increased the denitrifying
activity to a greater extent than did the use of new straw.

The department of animal husbandry made a systematic study of
the curative effect of good feeding and care in the eradication of
tuberculosis from dairy and breeding herds. Careful records were
kept of all the animals and they were examined and tested by the
veterinarian from time to time. Some of the animals will be
slaughtered soon and post-mortem examinations will be made.

Work carried on with other funds included a study of the lime
resources of the State and of the comparative value of ground lime-
stone and burned lime by the department of chemistry. Studies of
inheritance in garden vegetables with particular reference to Mendel’s
law, varietal studies of orchard fruits, fertilizer experiments with
apples, and a culture test of basket willows in cooperation with the
forest service were conducted by the department of horticulture, and
continued efforts to improve the crops most commonly grown in

196 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Virginia, and experiments with grasses, forage, fertilizer, and crop
rotations were made by the department of agronomy. The dairy
department studied the production of sanitary milk and the efficiency
of farm separators, while the department of animal husbandry gave
special attention to feeding tests in order to determine the most eco-
nomical use of silage in feeding steers and the comparative value of
various substitutes for milk in feeding calves.

The station cooperates freely with other agencies conducting agri-
cultural work in the State. Three projects are carried on in coopera-
tion with the United States Department of Agriculture, two with
the Virginia Truck Experiment Station, and plans are being made
to cooperate with the state department of agriculture. During the
year all station field work and equipment was segregated from that
of the college, which is resulting in a more effective and more eco-
nomical management for both.

The six local experiment stations established by the State are under
the joint control of the station and the Bureau of Plant Industry
of this Department. These stations, located in the several tobacco
districts of the State, were originally established solely for experi-
ments with tobacco, but their scope has now been extended to include
crops grown in rotation with tobacco. KE. H. Mathewson, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, is in immediate charge at these local
stations, which are maintained by an appropriation of $5,000 each
from the State and from the Bureau of Plant Industry. Efforts are
being made to arrange cooperative experiments with farmers and
to encourage the establishment of more local stations by the State.
Most of the members of the station staff have assisted at from 4 to
15 farmers’ institutes during the year, and in addition the college
and the station jointly conducted two institute trains.

The plan has been adopted: of making the bulletins short and non-
technical, and of reserving the details and technical matter for the
annual report.

The following publications were received during the year: Bulle-
tins 174, The cultivation of potatoes; 175, Cooperative tobacco in-
vestigations; 176, Hog feeding; 177, Inheritance in tomato hybrids;
178, Causes of the heavy loss of lambs in 1908; 179, Homemade
soluble oils for use against the San José scale; 180, The blue grass
of southwest Virginia; and 181, Wormy apples and how to prevent
them—Results of spraying for codling moth in 1908; Circulars 1,
Sugar beets in Virginia; 2, How the experiment station can be of
service to the farmers of Virginia; 3, Dates of seeding winter grains;
4, Selecting seed corn; 5, Sugar beets in 1908; 6, Improving the corn
crop; and 7, Fighting insect pests and diseases of orchard, field, and
garden crops; and the Annual Report for 1908.

VIRGINIA. 197

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act--_--------~--- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act___-___-_-----_ 11, 000. 00
Sisre appropriation 3.025 See Ss 3 5, 000. 00
iain 00 ee ee 694. 10
MIR CCLIATIGOUS. = 4. 8: fy eee mew eee Eee ee oT ee 5d6. 54
Balance, state appropriation and miscellaneous____~~_ 5, 155518

410) 1: (eee wt CA LAAN ie ee See 37, 405. 82

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The work of the Virginia Station, under its more stable organiza-
tion, continues to grow in popular favor. The mailing list has in-
creased from 13,000 in 1907 to 23,000 in 1909, and the correspondence
with farmers in 1909 was nearly twice as extensive as in the previous
year. Interest in the station and its work is steadily increasing.

Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Norfolk.

Cooperating with the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the United
States Department of Agriculture.

T. C. JOHNSON, B. S. Agr., M. A., Director.

At the Virginia Truck Station a laboratory building and barn
and a residence for the director were completed during the year.
_C. S. Heller was appointed to the station staff as assistant horticul-
turist, and C. H. Popenoe, of the Bureau of Entomology of this De-
partment, was detailed for certain cooperative work.

The work of this station, as its name implies, relates to truck crops
and includes fertilizer experiments, plant breeding work, seed tests,
studies of insects and plant diseases, the comparison of different in-
secticides and fungicides, end seit lines of work.

Cooperative work was carried on with the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry in the study of malnutrition of truck crops, the sweet potato,
and the peanut; with the Bureau of Entomology in the study of
cabbage and spinach insects; and with the Virginia Station on cer-
tain fungus diseases of spinach.

The director of the station cooperated with the state department
of agriculture in conducting farmers’ institutes in the truck-growing
portions of the State.

Two circulars were received during the year: Circulars 1, Treat-
ment for scab and early blight on potatoes. Mildew on cucumbers
and cantaloups; and 2, Preliminary report on potato germination
troubles in 1909,

198 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

Stateappropriation ..-=--=- =. 2-6 4 ee eee $5, 000
State board of agriculture and immigration__-_____-___--_- 5, 000
Total. 22 ne a eee ee 10, 000

The location of the Virginia Truck Station is most favorable to
the establishment of many lines of work with all kinds of vegetable
and garden crops, and careful investigation can not fail to lead to
valuable results.

WASHINGTON.
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman,
Department of the State College of Washington.

R. W. THATCHER, B. S., M. A., Director.

Reorganization, with a view to the more complete differentiation
of college and station work, was perfected during the year, and the
activities of the station were considerably enlarged, with consequent
changes in personnel. H. B. Humphrey, formerly of Leland Stan-
ford Junior University, was appointed plant pathologist during the
year; ©. C. Thom, of Guelph, soil physicist, with E. L. Peterson as
assistant; W. T. McDonald, formerly of the Oklahoma Station, ani-
mal husbandman; G. A. Olson, of the Wisconsin Station, and W. L.
Hadlock, assistant chemists; A. Carlyle, assistant cerealist; Rex N.
Hunt, assistant botanist; and W. H. Hein, assistant horticulturist.
W. H. Lawrence, superintendent of the Puyallup substation, was
appointed plant pathologist to study plant diseases in western Wash-
ington. A library assistant for the station was provided. The di-
rector of the station was made superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
with O. M. Olson as deputy.

Extension work has largely been turned over to a new department
for this purpose and is participated in only incidentally by station
men. New lines of extension work during the past year were farming
demonstration trains, which were very largely attended and enthu-
siastically received, and demonstration farms which are being estab-
lished at representative points throughout the State, under the direc-
tion of a supervisor of demonstration farms (H. W. Sparks) ap-
pointed for this purpose. This work is supported by a biennial state
appropriation of $17,500. Biennial appropriations of $4,000 and
$2.500 were made by the last state legislature for cereal investigations
and cooperative experiments in dry farming and irrigation, respec-
tively.

A new barn was built, the greenhouse was enlarged, the additional
farm land recently acquired was brought under cultivation, and a
considerable amount of live stock was added to the station equipment

WASHINGTON. 199

‘during the year. The last legislature made liberal appropriations to
the college for building purposes and a number of new buildings are
being erected. This legislature also appropriated $29,600 for the
maintenance of the Puyallup substation for the current biennium.

Substantial progress was made in several of the Adams fund
projects. The investigations on improvement of cereals and _ soil
moisture were extended in scope during the year with state aid, and
a progress report on the first is ready for publication. Investigations
on extermination of spermophiles were practically completed and a
report is being prepared. Studies of blackberry and raspberry
hybrids were prosecuted with good results. Some work was also done
on a number of other projects, including nutrition and prolificacy of
swine, tomato blight, soil toxicity, starch production by potatoes,
hemaglobinemia in cattle, and effect of parasitism on the host insect.
A new project—the function of sulphur as a plant food—has been
taken up, and the study of bacterial diseases of the blackberry and
raspberry has been transferred to state funds. The hybrid wheats
which have been developed at the station have been given large field
trials and have proved remarkably successful, farmers’ reports show-
ing an average of 15 per cent increase in yield over other varieties.
An important relation of soluble and insoluble phosphates of the
wheat kernel to the baking strength of the flour and physical quality
of the grain from it has been discovered and is being further studied.

Adams fund projects received additional support during the year
as follows: The cereal work was supplemented by a state appropria-
tion of $2,000, which was expended largely in the purchase of im-
proved machinery for planting and threshing the grain, and an
assistant cerealist was added to give his entire time to these investi-
gations. For the soil moisture work special equipment was installed
at the irrigation station at Sunnyside, and measurements of absorp-
tion and evaporation of soil moisture were inaugurated and an
assistant soil physicist was appointed during the last part of the
year ; special chemicals and equipment for the soil toxicity work were
added; and the swine breeding work was aided by the purchase of
two litters of young sows of uniform breeding which are to serve as
a basis of future study.

Among the more important lines of investigation aside from the
Adams fund projects enumerated above, were the following: Crop
rotations and methods of culture to replace summer fallow, variety
tests and improvement by selection of corn, tests of Canada field peas,
methods of applying manure, variety tests and improvement of
forage crops, a succession of forage crops for pigs, soy beans and
cowpeas for summer pasture, lime-sulphur wash as a fungicide and
insecticide, bitter rot of apples, grain smut, plant disease survey of
the State, winter injury to fruits, tests of varieties of grapes, summer

2°00 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pruning of orchards, apple leaf mining insects, arsenate of lead and
other insecticides for codling moth, flies and other insects affecting
health, and zoography of Washington. The work of the station has
shown that lime-sulphur wash may replace Bordeaux mixture as a
practical means of combating many plant diseases.

A fruit demonstration train was operated in the Yakima Valley
March 10-12, 1909. Demonstrations were given at 11 stops, with a
total attendance of 4,215. A new feature of this train was a flat car
equipped with a model orchard in tubs, a large apple tree, and a
power sprayer by means of which complete demonstrations of spray-
ing and pruning were given. <A “ better-farming” special train,
sent out March 22-27 through 5 counties in the eastern part of the
State, was visited by nearly 10,000 persons on its trip.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 87, Raspberries, blackberries, and loganberries in
Washington; and 88, Lime as a fertilizer; Farm practices in apply-
ing land plaster in western Oregon and western Washington; Popu-
lar Bulletins 6, The milling quality of Washington wheat, 1; 7, Sum-
mary of the soil survey of the State; 8, Orchard cover crops; 9, Some
new hybrid wheats; 10, The construction and filling of silos; 11,
Commercial potato growing; 12, The care of milk on the farm; 13,
Washington State College spraying calendar for 1909; 14, The plant-
ing of the apple orchard; 15, Methods of tillage for dry farming;
and 16, The sulphur-lime wash; and the Annual Reports for 1903,
1904, and 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 11, 000. 00
State: "ADPrOpriatlGn ss te 2 ae ee a eee @ 26, 500. 00
Harm > products! 4/20 Weer saves eae ei ee ee 1, 753. 70"
TOTS oe ee. soe ps ee ee a 54, 253. 70

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

As the above report shows, the Washington Station made decided
progress during the year in improving its organization and extend-
ing its work. It is now in position to render increasingly efficient.
service to the agriculture of the State.

“¥or two years ended March 31, 1909, and including $20,000 for the Puyallup
substation.

WEST VIRGINIA. 201

WEST VIRGINIA.
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown.
Department of West Virginia University.
J. H. Srewart, M. A., Director.

The general character of the work and the equipment of the West
Virginia Station were not materially changed during the past year.
The staff was increased by the appointment of Arthur L. Dacy as
assistant horticulturist and Nahum J. Giddings as bacteriologist.
The station funds were increased by state appropriations of $4,000
for truck and horticultural investigations and $6,000 for orchard
and nursery inspection and the control of orchard pests.

Of the nine Adams fund projects undertaken by this station, that
relating to variations in the apple and peach was not vigorously
prosecuted during the year on account of the continued ill health of
the horticulturist. Some orchard planting and other preliminary
work was, however, done. Improved laboratory equipment for the
study of apple leaf diseases and cucumber mildew was provided and
preliminary work on these projects was undertaken. Important addi-
tions were also made to the apparatus required in the investigations
on the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, including a motor generator
and high-tension transformers. The results of the past year’s work
on this project are considered fundamental in character and have
inspired confidence of ultimate success.

An important outcome of the investigations during the year on the
production of sanitary milk has been the perfecting of means of
sterilizing milk and cooling and bottling devices, so that a milk of
very low germ content and high keeping quality can be obtained.
The investigations on the effect of pressure on the preservation of
fruits, vegetables, and milk are approaching completion, and a re-
port upon the subject is being prepared. A report of progress in
the investigations on excess of mortality among brooder chicks is
also being prepared. This will deal more particularly with the
influence of methods of feeding and character of rations on the
vitality of chicks. The studies on nut insects were practically com-
pleted during the year and are ready for publication. Studies on
the woolly aphis of the apple are to be continued with a view to work-
ing out the complete life cycle of this insect. Important data were
collected during the year on the distribution and feeding habits of the
short-tail shrew. The studies were also extended to other members
of this family.

The principal lines of work aside from the Adams fund projects
named above were a study of the soil conditions of the State with
special reference to the extent and degree of acidity; tests of the

202 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

practicability of replanting to peach and apple trees land which had
previously been occupied by a peach orchard which had been de-
stroyed by old age and yellows; a continuation of the fertilizer
experiments which have been carried on for a number of years on
the station farm; tests of spraying materials for the control of potato
blight; tests of varieties and northern ». home-grown seed potatoes;
control of bitter rot and leaf spot of the apple; fertilizer experiments
on apple trees; a preliminary survey of the tomato-canning industry
of the State; cooperative fertilizer experiments with special refer-
ence to increasing production and ripening of fruit; experiments on
the control of brown rot of plums and apple scab; insecticides for
San José scale; comparative tests of eastern and western methods
for destroying the codling moth; experiments on the destruction of
the subterranean form of woolly aphis; tests of arsenical poisons for
the control of the cabbage worm, involving a study of the residual
poison remaining upon the matured crop; cooperative orchard ex-
periments with varieties, methods of culture, pruning, and grafting;
observations on the cost of establishing and bringing to a productive
age a commercial apple orchard; and a study of means of maintaining
vigor and productivity in chickens reared by purely artificial means.
This experiment has been under way without interruption for about
ten years. Recent additions to the poultry plant have contributed
materially not only to the poultry experiments in general, but has
made it possible to study the effect of different types of poultry
houses on the health and productivity of laying hens.

As in previous years, the station has carried on a large number of
cooperative experiments with farmers in different parts of the State.
These included a continuation of tests of methods of exterminating
stomach worms in sheep by treating the breeding stock with vermi-
fuges; tests of spraying for the destruction and control of fruit and
crop pests; variety tests, culture, and fertilizer experiments with truck
crops; demonstrations of the use of legumes and other cover crops
for orchards; tests of grasses and leguminous plants as mulch for
orchards; tests of varieties, time of planting, methods of culture,
and fertilization of tomatoes, with a view to obtaining the best type
of fruit for canning; and tests of dairy herds whose owners desire
registration in breeders’ associations of various kinds.

The soil investigations which have been made by the station show
that fully three-fourths of the infertile soils of the State are acid, a
condition which can be easily corrected and productiveness restored.
The station has also shown that the continued use of acid phosphates
does not render soils permanently sour. This is considered an im-
portant discovery in view of the extensive use of acid phosphates by
farmers and the widely accepted view of their tendency to increase
soil acidity.

WISCONSIN. 203

Fertilizer inspection was carried on as usual by the station. The
increased use of fertilizers in the State resulted in a material increase
in the income of the station from inspection fees.

Members of the station staff participated to a limited extent in
farmers’ institutes and other farmers’ meetings during the year. A
decidedly increased number of farmers sought information and ad-
vice along the lines of work carried on by the station.

The following publications were received from this station during,
the year: Bulletins 117, Tomato notes; and 118, Commercial fertil-
izers; and a Spray Calendar for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 11, 000. 00
RUG ean) ONO PIT GLO =e Ae ay ee er ey a 10, 000. 00
LI See T Ey i RN Fs a 2 EM i 2D Ve Os pe ok 11, 030. 81
PUPIL OOTICES, 262202 98, 20h ALLEY oF ee tkd SE Pe ee (SI CURSES

TRY 162 YE MP SE Nae I eg oe, Ca Se 54, 758. 13

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The West Virginia Station is carrying on work in a number of
important lines, and should have the cordial support of the agricul-
tural interests of the State in its efforts to strengthen its work and
make the results available for practical use.

WISCONSIN.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Department of the University of Wisconsin.
H. L. Russetzt, Ph. D., Director.

Through the efficient organization of the work at the Wisconsin
Station during the year a vigorous prosecution of the different experi-
ments was made possible. The personnel of the station changed but
little with the exception of the appointment of a number of assistants.
Since the close of the fiscal year the department of experimental
breeding, under the direction of L. J. Cole, has been established for
the purpose of carrying on investigations in experimental breeding
with special reference to the laws of heredity and the improvement
of animal life. The establishment of a department of plant pathol-
ogy has also been authorized since the close of the fiscal year and
L. R. Jones, botanist in the University of Vermont, has been ap-
pointed as its head. In addition to these divisions a department of
poultry husbandry in charge of J. G. Halpin, a department of agri-
cultural economics in charge of HI. C. Taylor, and a department of

204 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

economic entomology with J. G. Sanders at the head, have also been
organized, FE. P. Sandsten, hertionitnei resigned his position since
the close of the fiscal year to follow commercial lines of work.

The enlargement of facilities in which the station is partly inter-
ested consisted of the completion of a stock pavilion, costing equipped
something over $80,000, the erection of a commodious stock and
forage barn on the Hill Farm, 2 miles west of the university, and of
land purchased for the establishment of new horticultural grounds.

Among the projects carried on with the Adams fund a study of the
leucocytes in milk and their sanitary significance was completed and
a report on the work was made in bulletin form. It was found that
the same organisms may not only persist in the udder of the cow
for long periods but may be present constantly in large numbers.

A report was also made on the investigation of mineral constitu-
ents of feeding stuffs and the results thus far secured with inorganic
phosphorus, among other things, strongly point to a synthetic power
in the animal which enables it to convert inorganic forms of phos-
phorus into the organic forms required by the body. <A depleted
phosphorous ration reduced the percentage of ash in the skeleton of
pigs nearly one-half as compared with a normal ration. When the
low phosphorous rations were supplemented with calcium phosphates
no injurious effects resulted. The results have led to the belief that
in general grain rations usually fed to hogs are too low in lime for
the best development of the skeleton.

The project on the comparison of nutrients from single plant
sources and from different plants has shown thus far marked differ-
ences in the nutrition of young stock fed on wheat, oats, and corn,
singly and in combination. In general the corn-fed lot did better
than any of the other lots. A striking difference was observed in the
size and vitality of the young produced, the calves from the wheat-
fed lot being much lower in weight than those from the corn-fed lot.
The results are regarded as indicating that a chemical analysis by
itself is insufficient for balancing a nutrient ration properly.

The study of the role of acid in Cheddar cheese was carried on in
cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department. The re-
sults secured, permitting only a report of progress at the present
time, will be tried out on a large commercial scale before a definite
announcement is made. The results of analytical studies of some
factors aiding in the separation of whey from the curd in the vat
were carried on in connection with this work, and the data deter-
mined are being arranged for publication.

Work on the disposal of creamery sewage indicated that under
ordinary methods the curd and fat remain for 6 to 10 days but that
by a modification of the plan a more rapid decomposition is secured.

WISCONSIN. 205

The study of the influence of soil treatment on the phosphorus
content pointed out that the acid soils examined were deficient in
available forms of phosphorus. Analytical data showed fixation of
mineral phosphorus resulting from applications of phosphorus to
the soil, the absence of accumulations of this element under similar
conditions in tobacco plantations, and in some experiments a leaching
of phosphorus where barnyard manure had been used.

Work carried on with Hatch and miscellaneous funds was also
actively prosecuted. The department of agronomy continued its
improvement work with oats, barley, and corn. It is thought that
one-fourth of all the corn grown in the State is of the Silver King
variety which was produced by the station. A Yellow Dent variety,
called Golden Glow, has been produced for the more northern parts
of the State. The experiments on improved pedigreed strains of
barley, adapted to Wisconsin, were completed and the selected strains
which yield somewhat better than the Select Oderbruck and Mand-
scheuri barleys, and possess superior malting qualities and absolute
uniformity, will be distributed through the Agricultural Experiment
Association, representing the 1,500 or more graduates of the agri-
cultural courses of the university that cooperate with the station.
Experimental work in agronomy was conducted on the farms of 15
different public institutions throughout the State. Cooperative work
in the culture of hemp was done with this Department and attention
was further given to alfalfa growing and to the use of iron sulphate
and salt in the destruction of weeds by spraying.

The horticultural department continued its work with hybrid
plums, apples, tobacco, rhubarb, asparagus, and other crops. Through
selection in progress for 15 years a very promising strain has been
developed from the native plums. Good progress was also made in
the crossing of American and English forcing cucumbers. During
the season the station method of handling cranberry bogs, under test
at Cranmoor, which consists principally in maintaining clean culture,
proved to be a very strong factor in the protection of this crop against
early frost in the fall. Entomological investigations on cranberry
insects were continued in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology
of this Department, being principally directed toward a study of cer-
tain phases of the life history of the more important insects, especially
the vine and fruit worms.

The department of bacteriology cooperated with the department of
chemistry in studying the acid fermentations of milk and the bacteria
affecting the flavor of Cheddar cheeses. Milk of a relatively high
grade produced on Wisconsin farms examined bacteriologically
showed that milk may be kept clean and sanitary by comparatively
inexpensive methods. Other lines of work consisted in the study
of the bacterial soil flora on plats treated with various combinations

206 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of manure and commercial fertilizers and giving special attention
to the production of nitrogen-fixing organisms when plants are not
grown. Attention was also given to bacteria connected with animal
diseases, especially tuberculosis.

The dairy division in cooperation with this Department worked
on the moisture content of the curd during the process of manufac-
ture and also judged butter and cheese sent in from factories.

The department of chemistry in cooperation with the Dairy
Division of this Department, completed studies in the ripening of
cheese and the results are soon to be published. It was determined
that the flavor of the cheeses under examination was due to the pres-
ence of volatile esters produced, in part at least, by the decomposition
of the carbohydrates in the milk. The results of work on silica and
phosphorus in plants seemed to indicate that organic phosphorus
and silica differ in different kinds of plants and that the silica com-
pounds appear unstable. A study of the role of metabolic water in
nutrition was also followed.

In agricultural engineering, the erosion of Portland cement by
silage and the King system of ventilation were given attention. The
department of soils carried on experimental work on different types
of soil in the State with reference to fertilizer requirements and crop
adaptation. The liming of acid soils and drainage problems were
also considered.

In dairy chemistry, the study of the relation of food to production
in the dairy herd was continued and a study was also made of the
relation of body weight of the cow to the fat content of milk imme-
diately after calving.

The department of animal husbandry cooperated in the experi-
ments with the dairy herd and conducted investigations on feeding
and the cost of producing pigs. Sheep feeding tests and experiments
in the preservation and application of farm manures were also fol-
lowed. This department is charged with the enforcement of the
stallion law.

As already pointed out, the Wisconsin Station carried on coopera-
tive work along various lines with the Bureau of Animal Industry,
Bureau of Plant Industry, Bureau of Entomology, and the Bureau
of Soils of this Department, the Minnesota Experiment Station, and
with farmers of the State, especially those belonging to the Wisconsin
Agricultural Experiment Association. Among the different activities
in this connection may be mentioned cooperative fertilizer experi-
ments, drainage and reclamation work, spraying of orchard fruits,
potatoes, and cranberries, crop demonstration work on lands belong-
ing to the various state institutions, the county farms, and the sub-
stations in the northern part of the State, tuberculosis post-mortem

WISCONSIN. 207

demonstration in cooperation with the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, seed distribution, stock breeding, dairy tests, and weed eradi-
cation. The inspection and control work of the station includes the
licensing of stallions, and feed, fertilizer, nursery, and seed inspection.

The publications received from the station during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 159, The cranberry insects of Wisconsin; 164, The
King system of ventilation; 165, Vaccination against tuberculosis in
cattle with bovovaccine; 166, Disinfection and commercial disinfect-
ants; 167, The University herd, management and records, 1907-8;
168, Spraying potatoes against blight and the potato beetle; 169,
Progress in Wisconsin horse breeding, with lists of stallion licenses
and transfers for 1908; 170, Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, 1908 ;
171, Report of the director, 1908; 172, Tests of dairy cows, 1907-8;
173, Milking machine experiments; 174, The conservation of phos-
phates on Wisconsin farms; 175, A 3-year campaign against bovine
tuberculosis in Wisconsin; and 176, The improvement of Wisconsin
tobacco through seed selection.

Since the close of the fiscal year a new plan with reference to station
publications was put into effect. The results of experimental work
directly available for the use of farms will be presented in the regular
bulletin series of the station, while the more strictly scientific and
technical results will be published in a new series of bulletins entitled
Research Bulletins.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__._.._.-__--____ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__-__-_-__--____ 11, 000. 00
Mile eaDDTOpLiatiOn ss = 5-12 28 ee eee 18, 500. 00
LOATES RD elt > A ee aS op ee ee ee a TE 8, 469. 55

Perera te 8 st ah erly es Serperereraas) Ase 52, 969. 55

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The Wisconsin Station has now completed a quarter century of en-
deavor and progress, having been founded by the State in 1883. The
practical and scientific work accomplished by the institution during
this period is of incalculable value to the agricultural interests of
the Commonwealth and to regions beyond its borders. The record of
the station forms an excellent foundation for future achievements
and promises the continued support and appreciation of the people.

208 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

WYOMING.
Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie.
Department of the University of Wyoming.
J. D. Towar, M. 8., Director.

More settled conditions prevailed at this station during the past
year than for several years past, thus permitting more systematic de-
velopment of the work of the station. Progress was made in im-
proving the farm buildings, for which the last state legislature ap-
propriated $8,000, and in reclaiming the alkali soils on the station
farm by means of underdrains (in cooperation with this Office).
Asa result of the great increase in chemical work a research assistant
in chemistry (lL. C. Raiford) was appointed shortly after the close
of the fiscal year.

Active work was done during the year on four well-defined Adams
projects, viz, wool, soil, moisture, alkali, and plants poisonous to
sheep. Of these, the wool investigations constitute by far the largest
and most important project. Attention was given mainly to a study
of the variability of representative wool fibers, with a view to estab-
lishing a standard, and the effect of various washes and alkaline sub-
stances on the properties of the fiber. The alkali investigations were
enlarged in scope and more clearly defined, and now include studies
of certain fundamental problems of soil solutions, which will be a
part of the special work of the recently appointed research assistant
in chemistry. The studies of the distribution of moisture in the
soil as affected by varying conditions were continued in cooperation
with this Office on the experimental farm at Cheyenne. A reorgani-
zation of this project, locating certain phases of it at Laramie, has
been undertaken. A beginning was made in the study of plants
poisonous to sheep. Certain important preliminary field observa-
tions were made and plans for future scientific work were carefully
outlined.

In addition to this Adams fund work, the station continued co-
operation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department in
improvement of range sheep as well as experiments in breeding of
polled Hereford cattle; feeding experiments with cattle, sheep, and
pigs, mainly to test home-grown rations; composition and digestibility
of native forage plants, showing the great feeding value of high-
altitude plants; irrigation versus dry framing; tests of adaptability
of various crops to Wyoming conditions; and relation of the growth
of leguminous plants to the nitrogen of the soil. Various lines of
plant-breeding work were resumed following the destruction of the
experimental crop by hail the previous year, and preparations were
made for permanent plats for soil-fertility investigations,

WYOMING. 209

The station officers gave from one to four weeks of their time to
farmers’ institute work during the year. This work is maintained
with a biennial state appropriation of $2,000.

The publications of the station received by the Office during the year
were: Bulletins 77, Irrigation of barley; 78, Digestion experiments—
II; 79, Ration experiments with lambs, 1906-7; and 80, Dry farming
in Wyoming; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__--------_--~- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_-__--_----~-_ 11, 600. 00
JSST wY (870 We CG hs le pS Oe ee eee 2, 332. 40
Balance from previous year, farm products___-__---__ 320. 55

TO tala aes + se ee ee ee eee 28, 652. 95

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and has been approved.

The conditions at this station were materially improved during
the year, and as a result the work of the station was more efficiently
organized and prosecuted along several lines of special importance
to the agriculture of Wyoming.

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STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1909.
By Miss M. T. SPETHMANN.

The following statistical statements relate to the institutions es-
tablished under the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, and August 30,
1890, most of which maintain courses of instruction in agriculture,
and to the agricultural experiment stations, which, with few excep-
tions, are organized under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887,
and are conducted as departments of the institutions receiving the
benefits of the land-grant act of 1862. These statistics have been
compiled in part from the annual reports of the presidents of these
institutions made on the schedules prescribed by the Commissioner
of Education. Tables showing the annual disbursements on account
of the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, August 30, 1890, March 16,
1906, and March 4, 1907, prepared from figures furnished by the
Departments of the Treasury and the Interior, are also included.
Owing to the complex organization of many of the institutions, it is
impracticable to give exactly comparable statistics in all cases, and
in some instances the data furnished are incomplete.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES.

Educational institutions receiving the benefits of the acts of Con-
gress of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, are now
in operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska. The
total number of these institutions is 67, of which 65 maintain courses
of instruction in agriculture. The aggregate value of the permanent
funds and equipment of the land-grant colleges and universities
in 1909 is estimated to be as follows: Land-grant fund of 1862,
$13,236,303.95; other land-grant funds, $2,970,787.90; other perma-
nent funds, $18,078,039.86; land grant of 1862 still unsold, $8,378,-
907.27; farms and grounds owned by the institutions, $15,136,197.97 ;
buildings, $38,389,127.91; apparatus, $3,553,989.54; machinery, $2,-
803,629.76; libraries, $4,136,738.96; live stock, $542,246.03; miscel-
laneous equipment, $4,656,717.81; total, $111,882,686.96. The income
of these institutions in 1909, exclusive of the funds received from
the United States for agricultural experiment stations ($1,180,-
780.09), was as follows: Interest on land-grant funds of 1862,
$763,274.04; interest on other land-grant funds, $127,732.59; United
States appropriation under acts of 1890 and 1907, $1,750,000; interest
on endowment or regular appropriation, $257,295.20; state appropria-
tions for current expenses, $5,959,551.51; state appropriations for

211

212 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

buildings or for other special purposes, $3,955,712.77; income from
endowment, other than federal or state grants, $783,719.94; tuition
fees, $1,139,916.68; incidental fees, $1,020,052.49; miscellaneous,
$2.325,.598.33; total, $18,082.853.55. The value of the additions to
the permanent endowment and equipment of these institutions in
1909 is estimated as follows: Permanent endowment, $1,144,913.60;
buildings, $3,411,201.44; libraries, $307,807.46 ; apparatus, $303,238.64 ;
machinery, $163,013; live stock, $86,454.22; miscellaneous, $638,-
518.44; total, $6,055,146.80.

The number of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agriculture
and mechanic arts was as follows: For preparatory classes, 503; for
collegiate and special classes, 3,294; total, counting none twice, 3,664.
In the other departments the faculties aggregated 2,091, making a
grand total of 5,755 persons in the faculties of the land-grant institu-
tions.

The students in 1909 in the colleges for white persons were as fol-
lows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 6,909; collegiate, 27,579; short
course or special, 13,069; postgraduate, 1,107; other departments,
21,969; total, counting none twice, 67,227. (2) By courses: Four-
year—agriculture, 4,999; horticulture, 158; forestry, 223; veterinary
science, 215; household economy, 1,443; engineering, 17,892. Shorter
than four years—mechanic arts, 8415; agriculture, 6,135; horticulture,
233; forestry, 81; dairying, 610; veterinary science, 510; household
economy, 738; teachers’ courses in agriculture, 197 (four-year, 144;
three-year, 89; two-year, 14); summer schools of agriculture for
teachers, 1,905; military tactics, 20,477.

The students in colleges and schools for colored persons were as
follows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 5,109; collegiate, 951; short
or special, 229; other departments, 477; total, 6,586. (2) By courses—
agriculture, 1,442; industrial courses for boys, 2,331; industrial
courses for girls, 4,677; military tactics, 1,678.

The graduates in 1909 were 6,353, and since the organization of
these institutions, 84,749. The average age of graduates in 1909
was 22 years and 2 months. The total number of volumes in the
libraries was 2,327,773, and the total number of pamphlets, 650,255.
The total number of acres of land granted to the States under the
act of 1862 was 10,570,842, of which 1,026,847 are still unsold.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS.

Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the
acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, and March 16, 1906, in all the
States and Territories, and under special appropriation acts in Alaska,
Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam.

In Alabama, Connecticut, Hawaii, Louisiana, Missouri, New Jersey,
New York, North Carolina, and Virginia separate stations are main-
tained wholly or in part by state funds. A number of substations

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 213

are also maintained in different States. Excluding the substations,
the total number of stations in the United States is 62. Of these, 55
receive appropriations provided for by acts of Congress.

The total income of the stations maintained under the acts of 1887
and 1906 during 1909 was $3,053,446.90, of which $1,248,000 (Hatch
fund $720,000, Adams fund $528,000) was received from the National
Government, the remainder, $1,805,446.90, coming from the follow-
ing sources: State governments, $1,034,803.75; individuals and com-
munities, $13,199.93; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $144,326.52; sales
of farm products, $220,001.76; miscellaneous, $393,114.94. In addi-
tion to this, the Office of Experiment Stations had an appropriation
of $314,620 for the past fiscal year, including $26,000 each for the
Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico experiment stations, $5,000 for the
Guam Experiment Station, $7,000 for nutrition investigations, $150,-
000 for irrigation and drainage investigations, and $10,000 for
farmers’ institutes and agricultural schools. The value of the addi-
tions to the equipment of the stations in 1909 is estimated as follows:
Buildings, $466,747.93; libraries, $21,220.48; apparatus, $46,691.71;
farm implements, $28,723.56; live stock, $56,281.63; miscellaneous,
$194,896.62; total, $744,561.93.

The stations employ 1,242 persons in the work of administration
and inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines of
work is as follows: Directors, 57; assistant and vice-directors, 225
special agents in charge, 4; chemists, 240; agriculturists, 43; agrono-
mists, 188; plant breeders, 12; animal husbandmen, 88; animal nu-
trition, 14; poultrymen, 19; horticulturists, 180; floriculturists, 5;
pomologists, 5; farm and garden foremen, 31; dairymen, 71; botan-
ists, 71; plant pathologists, 41; plant physiologists, 5; entomologists,
102; zoologists, 6; veterinarians, 40; animal pathologists, 5; meteor-
ologists, 12; foresters, 18; mycologists, 3; biologists, 9; physicists,
11; geologists, 2; bacteriologists, 47; irrigation engineers, 12; agri-
cultural engineers, 10; extension workers and farmers’ institute
directors, 17; in charge of substations, 34; secretaries and treasurers,
34; and librarians, 15. There are also 61 persons classified under
the head “ Miscellaneous,” including superintendents of grounds and
buildings, gardeners, farm mechanics, laboratory and field assistants,
etc. Five hundred and two station officers do more or less teaching in
the colleges with which the stations are connected. During the year
the stations published 517 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars,
which were supplied to over 912,000 addresses on the regular mailing
lists. A larger number of stations than formerly supplemented their
regular publications with more or less frequent issues of press bul-
letins and other special publications, and most of the stations report
a large and constantly increasing correspondence with farmers on a
wide variety of topics.

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215

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

216

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217

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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“UW JO Aps19.AU OL |--**” “*s*RJOSOTUTT

asaT[OD
Teang[noys yy wesyyorY | ** "UBS GOPA

*£Zopouyoay, JO 93n} .
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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

218

“(qore syooM
ZI ‘doqUTA) ‘m0de “mop “uIsUe UIve4S
“3e ‘(sad ¢) siayoway [eins Joy Suture
Tenuevul pue “138 “jo ‘Apnys oingeu ‘(*s1A g)
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*(-s14 Z) *138 ‘(‘s14 f) ‘doig

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‘ssouisng “os ‘wop ‘*yoour ‘138 “snpuy

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pue ‘Surnois yma ‘salutes Alep ‘138

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escce aa eal (al = “q) *“qoour ‘C1dy *q) “By

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pue Zuryiom Avo “Torq ‘‘moyo ‘ulsue
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Jesoues ‘(Cg “49IT) “Jos “4eT “(a “¥) ‘Selo

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219

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

“qae ‘(syoom Z ‘10}UTM) SurArrep “138
‘(sqquout ¢) Asoureelo *(SsyyUOUT ¢) *uTsue
urnays ‘(yovo ‘sid g ‘sosinod Z) oISnuUL
‘(‘sad g) “u0d8 oMLOY ‘188 “JOS *[ULOD ‘dag

“qi ‘orsnur ‘*snp
-u ‘fooyos Jepour ‘(*s14 ¢) [euOU pue “doi

*(SyooM 9) Suppess 109900 ‘(-14
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*(syooM 9 ‘1o}UTM) Tooyos Arypnod ‘(*s14
Z) ‘Jos ‘mop ‘(sid Z) ‘ujsue ‘(SIA Z) “IDV

*(qovo “14 1) SulUepses

Jooyos “Tos *uop ‘(qove SsyoeM ST) “100%
“qoq ‘Surmos “198 “Jo ‘Apnjs o1njeu [BULION

: *yooM ,SoUIRy “138
ul Sosinod *dsal109 ZF ‘(SYaeA\ 9) SIBYOROY
JOY uoIsses JouIUINS ‘(syooM ZT) ““qsny
Ayjnod “yueur puw ‘qsny Arep ‘4104
“198 ‘(sid Z) SIOYORO} JOJ SJB “Yoou “IBV

“q1B
‘OISnuL ‘YOOA SOUR ‘(SYOOA\ 9) STATOR}
JO} JOOS JoUTUAINS ‘(YORE SyeeM 9 19] UTA)
sioduBi 4Se10y ‘410 ‘dupArrep “138 [e10ues
‘(sf z) ‘reyd ‘(sid Z) Sqae *qoour ‘AI4S0
-10J ‘9OIOUIUIOD “4.18 PUB “JOS “ULOp “138 "90S

*(‘s14 ¢) ‘doid agaq[oo ‘(*s14 F) ‘Jo [BULLION
“yoo |SioULIBy ‘(*SIA Z) SIO OBO
Joy “188 UT BSINOD SulpBer ‘(SyooM g) “dB
jo Soyore} Joy [RuLIOU JoUIUINS ‘(SyooM
¢) Surpeis uo0jjoo ‘(syoom pf) SupAryep
‘(syooM OT ‘dojuTM) Arep pue ‘ise ‘(14
T) “18e ‘ssouisnq ‘(‘si4Z) ‘Jos "Mop pue “dy

*(qjuOoUr 7) sI9yvUI-oUIOY
Joj JOoYOS JojJUTA ‘fooyos Auyep J9,UPA
‘(SYBOM §) UOISSAS JourUINS ‘(SsyooM CT)
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“reyd ‘Surat ‘sje “snpuy “po ‘qa0y “asy

‘quep|seid Juyjoy v

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‘Cg°q) reqd “ursuo [TA10 “usu “QdeTa “Us
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‘C'S a) [eursou ‘("g “q) “FS “( V “€) “sBIO

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~- APISIVATUL BIBIS OTUO

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

220

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“1k Z) ~reyd ‘(-g "Aa “sik €) “10S “JOA ‘CV
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pure ‘qsny jeurrue “WoIs®B “1002 “4oq “uy
“eyd ‘u0d8 oNseuOp ‘UIs *4de[9-01pAY
“skud pus “yyeur “Uulsue TIAIO pus “Wey

*(SYOOM 9) SIAaYORA} JOJ [OOYOs vole

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ZL) SurAesse ‘(syooa 0Z) “198 ‘(yoRe “SIA Z)

“uaqs ‘Surdeayyood ‘(14 T) suesiyre ‘(*s1é
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“V “q) uoNvonpe ‘(-q “W) “pow ‘(sg *q)

“weyo ‘reyd ‘ursue “moyo “‘;ejour ‘UsUe

sujurm ‘upsue “yoojo ‘-ulsue *yoour ‘Uys
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*(SY99M 9) SIOYOVA} 10J
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‘Zuldeey vaq ‘“qsny Aij[nod ‘-qsny Airep
“qsny yeurrue ‘“410y ‘uo ‘(yore “SIA Z)
“pout *daid ‘-198 ‘(-s14 §) sa0iZ0Uu IOJ “198 “1

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*ponuru0y—fpnys fo sasunoo way, puv ‘Zogr ‘e hing fo yov quvsb-pun) oy} sapun paysyjgnjsa suoynyysuy— | AIA,

221

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

*sasinoo *dsaliood ‘otsnur ‘(syooM
9) SlsTORa] IOJ JOOS JouruINs ‘(Syoo Z)
Suispnfl pus yusutesvueUL YOo}S-dAl] “SII
-11 ‘10S oNseuop ‘(19}UIM) “qsny [eurTUe
‘(SYOOM 9) SAUTE JO JOOYS ‘(SYoOM ZT) “Ise
‘(sad Z 0} [) “138 ‘(‘s14 fF) BOIOUTUIOD ‘dag
*OIS
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1) Adourve19 pue sseayo ‘oeds ‘(syoom
9) Jooyos Jeurums ‘(syeeM Z) asin0d
SIOULIVY ‘(SyooM OT ‘JourumMs) AroUTReID
(SY9OM ZI ‘10jUIM) JOOYOS Alrep ‘(yove
SYOOM PT ‘SASIN0D 19, UIM Z) “dv ‘(SIA Z) “dW
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“OISNUE ‘(SyooM fF
“Ja, UIA) “198 ‘(SyoeA\ 9 ‘JOUUIUINS) SIayoRe}
10J Apnys ainjyeu puB “ise ‘ja ‘(SyooM
ZI) eingmmo Arjyynod ‘surAayep “qsny peur
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“eyo ureayoo1j 00/9 pat]dde ulsue [ereues
“use "jooje ‘“ulsuUe “qoour “Uulsue SUC UL
“argue [AIO ‘Cady *g “q) “ase “(Ud “q)

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“q) “Usue Suyayur ‘(gOS *g) “UIsue TLA10
‘CaaS a puv'g “W'S “d) ‘usu “yooIo
pus “yoour “("g “g “V “g) eANy[No [e1eUe_

“a "TT at
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222

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 2.—General statistics

Date of
lish-
State or Territory. Bread
cul-
tural
course
1 | Alabama (Auburn)..............
2} Alabama (Normal) .........-----
Dl fae tic (70s (i = ens
4 | Arkansas (Fayetteville)........-
5 | Arkansas (Pine Bluff)...........
6.| (Califormin= ss -2ee see cae oe
Z| COMOTMAO suas ec cs doic ce sceee eae
R.t-Connectlonte se. crc. cues s ckee
9 | Delaware (Newark).............-
10 | Delaware (Dover)........--.----
11 | Florida (Gainesville)...........-
12 | Florida (Tallahassee)...........-.
43: (Georgia (Athens) 2. 3. 2see cance
14 | Georgia (Savannah)............-
a5 | awallc. > 22. os ocesesancceeeee
a6 Tdahos-2s) 2 a eeee cena ese eee
27’ linolsS_ 22: ee ee aces
a8) | Indiana-2--5.4coss-<2 ene seoe cece.
19))|| Towa: 2652.0 ees eee es
OD! |) Eansage. Ae. ee 1 ee ei sees s
21 | Kentucky (Lexington)..........
22 | Kentucky (Frankfort)...........
23 | Louisiana (Baton Rouge).......-
24 | Louisiana (New Orleans)...
Oa Maine. ==. hose ee see eae a
26 | Maryland (College Park).........
27 | Maryland (Princess Anne).:...::|..---.--|2-----.-
28 | Massachusetts (Amherst)......--
29 | Massachusetts (Boston)......----
SO Mbichigant2 22. ase ss ae ee on
31°): Minnesota. >> ssc odes eects
32 | Mississippi (Agricultural College).
33 | Mississippi (Alcorn)..........---
34 | Missouri (Columbia)...........--
35 | Missouri (Jefferson City).........
36° | Montana. 2-2. 25 scs8 ooo ce eee
a7 i INebraskae 2: saece vacrdect ooenitnes
88) |) INGVAdRicc.5. ose cee o- cca eeeeccs
30: New ELampshire.:...5.26-2522-5-4
AQ'|| New JOIseYsq: osc ces sasgescnc- =o
Al | New Me@xXiIC0: .22s.06ccecss-e eee
Bs WOW COD Ks- Sascha nee ea een oe
43 | North Carolina (West Raleigh). -
44 | North Carolina (Greensboro). ---.
ABP North) Dakotas. o.. 22525 cnc. cee
AGM OhiOss 5.0 eb seat etien cones ase
47 | Oklahoma pened eae Cee
48 | Oklahoma (Langston).........--
ADF OYE ROD 5 <a: ss c sb cisle =a Sain ame eins
50 | Pennsylvania.......
1 PE OLtOsViCO -e.o ae eee oe nae noone
52)1' Rhodelsland.2.. .- <.-....--..2222-
53 | Sout ,Carolina(Clemson College).
54 | South Carolina (Orangeburg)... -
55. |) South Dakotas: Jo..2.5-2--225----
BB ||) Mennessees 5: sees occse ee sae ae
57 | Texas (College Station)........-.
Bei) Péexas (Prainiewiew)scss-so0---2|5-seee alee ese
pO! Utahe. occa: cee ee ener nese
6) Vermont... F528 sectors ees
61 | Virginia (Blacksburg)..-...------
62 | Virginia (Hampton)........--.--
Goa Washineton. .- 2.2 occ cesceees 2
64 | West Virginia (Morgantown). ...
65 | West Virginia (Institute)......-..
GGr| Wisconsin. *....< -.52-. ssn aera
OF: |) WOME... 5.2 sess secees-e ees
Motals 2.52552 f2o ack ee ee elton

estab- | College of agriculture and

Faculty.

mechanic arts. Experi-

Collegi-
ate and
special
courses.

Total.

eee

a Including schools of agriculture of high-school grade under the control of the institution.

6 Including all departments of the university.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. oo

of land-grant colleges, 1909.

Graduates. Library.
In 1908-9. py pal abe Number | Rate of
2 lotted of land | Of acres | interest on
Total allotte onan in farm | land-grant
number | Number | Number | to State grant of and fand’ot
since of vol- of pam- ae grounds 1862.
organi- umes phiets. ;
ying —— zation.
Per cent
325 1
tPA] jp ee See ae 2
AGS ee eee 3
160 8 4
PU eter, Sel 5
1,599 6| 6
1/818 6| 7
662 5| 8
227 6| 9
OTe eee 10
520 6} 11
ZOD) | Eo cous ee 12
830 7 | 13
SOI roo ectae ats 14
418 see eee 15
ZO | Sa ae ae eee 16
715 & | 47
241 yg | a bs
1,175 6,7,8 | 19
430 | 5,54,6,7 | 20
298 in ee |
S10) [sot ee oo 22
664 4,5 | 23
104s eae 24
473 5 | 25
250 5,6 | 26
198) [338 oo ee 27
401 5 | 28
1 Pape 29
684 7 | 30
1,351 3,4,5 | 31
2,000 6 | 32
800! | nsec ese 33
700 5 | 34
461255 22.22 35
3804} S10 Se ee 36
332 43,6 | 37
95 4 | 38
345 6 | 39
142 5 40
480 | -f.2cess4n5s 41
1,042 5 | 42
685 6 43
128i Wess eee 44
640 BOR 45
439 6 46
4, OOOH het. Ges 47
160; | -2oo7ette 48
224 6 49
400 6 50
210) | a2tsceueee 51
178 3 52
1, 136 6 153
ye ae a ee 54
560: | Sse 55
272 6 56
2,416 6.7 | 57
1, 40p ateet2 22 58
ps eS 59
146 6 60
408 6 61
(1 Aa hee 62
AAC Le ee 63
130 6 64
a leh ee 65
467 22 67,126 144, 980 46, 000 240, 000 312 622 4 66
Ly 170 26, 000 12,000 90, 000 90, 000 DIM le kdedwst. ca 67
6,353| 22 2| 84,749| 2,327,773| 650,255 | 10,570,842 | 1,026,847| 34,227 |............

¢ Total, counting none twice.
d Including all land grants.

924 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 3.—Students, by classes and
Part 1.—WHITE STUDENTS.

State or Territory.

By classes.

Short Post

x Other
Prepara-| Col-
; or spe-| grad- | depart- | Total.
tory. |legiate. | Cabs ote. “| stern Agri- | Hor-
cul- | ticul-
ture. | ture.
1: eAlahampars 2c ce et SAS | 96 580) (aa ee | 1 ae 8 4 701 Bt lezexes
Jha Nuts: es) Read ae Bee aha nee 100 82 9 Ci eee 201 6 ee
S| PAvicansna ss Slee 5 te We a 428 740 45 6 470 1, 689 a75
A Canvornia 2 cy, <2. esse 18 | 1,007 100 43 2,385 3,553 155
Bri ColgradGe. sco ee eme es eee 259 111 5 138 513 38
Gconnectiont: 2642. )2 6 s27i52 70 97 193) |i: ayes |ee se ee 1 288 53
TAIRLLTIEN G9 ee ees Se SEE] LA ae 175 9 | ochibee le ee ee 184 2 tse.
RAIROKUHY seer ea 28 68 | 9 438 iat Se ape 541 4
SUODR eta eon 2 eet Ota IRA eee 301 85 A a ae pi 388 29 |.
10 | Hawaii rs il meee Teel MAE Saee See 102 A
11 | Idaho a | Pee 134 1543 28
12 | Illinois 664 89 2,428 | 74,972 | %483
13 | Indiana 132 Ci Pee 1,936 156
Tal Bipwaes Siren rs, eee. 865 Aline sce aon f 2,631 515
15 | Kansas 425 09 ee a: ae 72,308 264
abs |pcnntuickycs ees). Cio. 0222. 188 419 216 ch iy (ae ae D 834 oe
i |GOUISialiAesc1a-<.- ecole 2: 147 S00! lnk 2-1 8 112 657 22 ben
C21 ANCES Ga ae a ial 21 620 148 16 115 f 884 AD Pee woes
AUN Marviands 7052-52528 cc 31 164 19 cy eee 220 16
a0) | Massachusetts... ...:..-2-s2 1c. o---seee 267 232 CR ees ee 508 266 ts ace
21 | Massachusetts (Boston).....}-..-.....-. 15436: eye. 2 -! 1 (ol NS 1, 462 |--------f.. 52.
oy We iGhipan. soos rs ae 214 918 233 i eee 1,370 329 |. oae
23, || Minnesota. 2: oe. = 2 723! 641 650 384 8 2, 883 4, 566 Ly Gee es
24 Mississippi. f Se Setar 08 OER ae 258 553 396 eee es: 1,213 | 4258 |.__2..
Dea ISSONEl os: S2e ph cone eel wo ee 274 148 24] 2,409 2,855 289 ey Se
OF eMantana ss ss55e 2c tee 168 35 6 57 436 25 gate &:
Dd; | PNG DEASES <2 peecsee ce or kee 687 266 156 2,319 | £3,611 ra Eta, 908
oy Novation: © sehen tock ek cce 201 3 26 325 Lee

New Hampshire............
New: J O6SCYt Ane. techie ses
New; Mexico <6. --2.. S63
Wewist 00k tee .- 3. 2 eee no eee
North Carolina 3

North Dakota........... ae

WING Seno. BMb osc -senccn ceo -S-- ee

Oregon....- ee eee ae
Pennsylvania.........-..-..
Porta Rites Ai ss cece ont

Washinton sb) 2 eg bo:
West. Wirtinisiet ---.6 2232...
WISCONSIN oer noe one See rein 25s kee
Wyoming: Soe |

Total. eee ee ote 6,909 | 27,579

13, 069

1,107

21,969

a Including schools of agriculture of high-school grade under the control of the institution.

bIncluding summer schools.
¢ Three-year and less.

d Including 12 students in four-year teachers’ course.

e Included under agriculture.
f Total, counting none twice.
g Correspondence course for teachers.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. © 225

courses, at land-grant colleges, in 1909.
Part 1.—WHITE STUDENTS.

By courses—Continued.
Four-year. ; Shorter.
Teachers’
ec naatid in
Ve Vet- agriculture. Bs
For- | eri- ie gl Engi-| Me- | Agri-| Hor- | por | pairy-| et ee ae
estry.| nary | coon. | neer--| chanic out ticul aey ‘nny nary | on. | m ate
sci- ing. arts. ure.@} ture i * | sci- ne i er
ence. | °™@Y- ence.c OMY: | to corres ties

CONOUPWNH

223 215 | 1,443 {17,892 841 | 6,135 233 81 610 | 510 738 53 | 1,905 |20, 477

h Including 18 students in four-year teachers’ course.

i Including 13 students in rural and highway engineering.
j Including 102 students in four-year teachers’ course.

* Including students in agriculture and horticulture in the School of Education.
‘Included under horticulture.

m Including correspondence courses. ,

n Including 12 students in four-year teachers’ course.

46045 ° —10——15

226 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 3.—Students, by classes and
Part 2.—NEGRO STUDENTS.

By classes. By courses.
ae o
State or Territory. bs 2 ae : ae
; s |s|e| ss B | 2 | fe
se # | 5 |e = gs |ee
a bo es we a 5 2 |3*
Q ) he o 3 a a a
a k= ee (6 = > | bb oe
Py 1S) n ° = < ola
7.) Alebamai(Normal).. 22% 820-6 25. 2 as SS, 1 BOY lee pagel 3 yar re
2: | Arkansas|(Pine Blum)... co cccce-oseseesae 174 4G) PACS SS ees
3) Delaware Cover)... 2.250 bn cee ~ocense oc 60 54 22
4°) Plorida (Tallahassee). < .s'00. 20. scee0- 202 261 IO ecto
& |. Georgia. (Savannah). 3.2.2. voces BIS sdoboklepe ces
6 | Kentucky (Frankfort).........-.- oe 131 | 157 39
7 | Louisiana (New Orleans).... 431 Silisscee
8 | Maryland (Princess Anne). 14605522 0R 1b...
9 | Mississippi (Alcorn)........ 388 90) |B ea
10 | Missouri (Jefferson City)..... 291 2 60
11 | North Carolina (Greensboro)... ‘ 73 | 100] 103
12 | Oklahoma (Langston).......-...-- Bee 269 64 ee 228
13 | South Carolina (Orangeburg)........-.-.-- 588 58 5
12) Texas (Prairie'\View))=25- 22. ssin2 240 S2ee<- 306)\): 206 |-5.2:
15s] ‘Virginia (Hampton). 2222.22.42. 2-.25252 =: Ee ee ee
16 | West Virginia (Institute). .....-/....-...: fon) Foe Es. ON) eee
Total®: Lees: she oe ere 5,109 | 951 | 229| 477 | 6,586] 1,442| 604] 186

2 Total, counting none twice. b Post graduate.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 927

courses, at land-grant colleges, in 1909—Continued.
Part 2—NEGRO STUDENTS.

By courses—Continued.
= no * .
f2}2les/ 2! , Alo | 3 £ AS lee
ee ies | a | 2 |e) ees jose be | Spek toe
24 o S S 5 s §& g DB & ©
s | 8 |s 5)” S| eee ie = 3 = a i fa al =
= 3 = — =
Spe le ijalalala leis |-a Gi. | sat Se bes ales
10 12 13 Gy eee i tal gees 1 oh 2k a 35 8 4 6 2 1H a eae
coe se tate] ea ER al |B eae Pees [Pie dane 2 (oo tere | eee LOG cae se oclote ses ee 150 | 2
aaa] i IS ae Maal eae al a) | 30 16 14 Se see 60 | 3
ess: eos eee dae CLONE ee ee Di eee 94 102 | 102 51 13 112] 4
27 24 12 50 50 = A eee eee (ht > dal ee 206 | 5
eee ew lS Sn ceton eee! | (OS lamece lls os souls aos en 82 22) \s2ec84) eee eeleote se 123 | 6
eer | eet soo LOS Soop fad oo|bee sce PAL aj pan th 25 1Op\ Seer ot
Co ae 2p beg Sot (UDA IN (sl Se a Coa tag A) | crete 84 62 2s ere eee 62| 8
60 37 10 Ga Wor eee ee ve Tule = = Se see ae 110 60 130" eee eee 9
ar 2A! SS 5.058 el SE) Smee! (ee oses (aeceamienll [eet |e 163 1632 7163 coe oe ee ee
Lia] Oss, 55) eee De Se oceans aatitee SS sales. € 12 1 al aeeesieaes Late Se (eles cay tang oP il
Bet 2 sae dp PB Ge Re aed Sl oe 0 eee eee 151 GU eee FH beep tee em 12
= ihy See 47 83 LO eee 24 90 83 300 GSh See aac een ee eee 250 | 13
41 12 5 Al beget aryl at ES ee ae, 58 ETC Gites 300 S00; 208 eee ar eee 14
46 13 23 | ¢73 34 a 30 Ok eer ee 250 BA EN abs 7d fs Ata [ne 510 | 15
i ee 5 11 4 Das are pee Shas 11 93 50 i a bee he 12 90 | 16
349 98 | 123 | 263} 123 140 91 | 210} 144] 2,169 | 1,290 |1,066 61 91 1, 678

c Including plastering.

228

BBS cms }86Hmenwe

14

BUSS

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 4.—Value of permanent funds and

Other
eye mead Land-grant | Other land-
State or Territory. fund of 1862. | grant funds. sa al
|

Alabama (Auburn)........ $253, 600.00 fc.0 <5 < 252.02) seraeseoeaee ee

Alabama (Normal) 222202 Si sc eccse nn sn sco] ecksens same nce|uies se! aeee ne alee ahs anne
Avivons$... 49.53 cakss ecards le eaceak eae ae oe ee $10, 500. 00

Arkansas (Fayetteville).... 130006; 00 1.34. 2 rs ct ae a eee

Arkansas (Pine Bluff) :-...|.-35-22---25---]5.2c- sp -ocu oc |conc cna eeeene-ieee== aea-aemee
Californian: 25... 505.5 2e~ -4 732, 233. 14

Cotsrado 22.t 42 esas 138, 315248) |... tc... Se eee deen
Connecticut... ...-.. 135, 000. 00

Delaware (Newark)....
Delaware ( Dover)
Florida (Gainesville)
Florida (Tallahassee)
Georgia (Athens)
Georgia (Savannah)

IESMSAS sete. sched ncecte o = = a8
Kentucky (Lexington)....
Kentucky (Frankfort).....
Louisiana (Baton Rouge)..
Louisiana (New Orleans)...
1.1 (i a a aa me Sea
Maryland (College Park) ..
Maryland (Princess Anne).
Massachusetts (Amherst). -
Massachusetts (Boston)...-.
Michipsn oe eo sce eee
Minnesota: Uo csse- ee to a
Mississippi (Agricultural
College).

Mississippi (Alcorn)
Missouri (Columbia)... -.--
Missouri (Jefferson City)...
Montanase. 5c ces se asco

New Hampshire..........-
ING@w Jersey: oc fceneseaecee
INGw Mexico. 32.2.5 55-5e-

North Carolina (West Ra-
leigh).

North Carolina (Greens-
boro).

North Dakota.....----.-.-

Ohio

Oklahoma (Stillwater)... ..

Oklahoma (Langston)

Oregon

Pennsylvania...........---

Porto Rico

Bhodewisland> 2. ose 4seeec

South Carolina (Clemson
College).

South Carolina (Orange-
burg).

South Dakota.....0+------

Tennessee

Texas (College Station)... -

83, 000.00 |..--

153, 800. 00

31, 950. 58
645, 171.53
340, 000. 00
686, 777.97
505, 048. 56
144,075. 00

20, 925. 00
182, 313. 03

118, 300. 00
118, 000. 00

219, 000. 00
(¢
981,576. 49
570, 747.59
98.575. 00

113, 575.
349, 881.

861, 543.
524, 176.

427, 290.

Texas (Prairie View)==-2-22|5---6-- ==. -=---

Mita. = 5 ae ee
Vermont: .2.25-6- seecee-=
Virginia (Blacksburg)...---
Virginia (Hampton)
Washington
West Virginia (Morgan-
town).
West Virginia (Institute)
WiAscOnsIN 5. .=..52-c05-eee=
WYOMING A cit oc eee ee

303, 359. 61
23,194. 02

“| 13, 236, 303. 95

PRA WAIL coc conc na cmm ele oe al ov coan sepb ea cccl oe attalecmcets «pss antiia on ral een eee

Co te Ta a pale nea ©
ASE MD0. OWL). 2 bene
(Ries Lee laa
Leonie yee din seme 142,000. 00°

1,871,564. 00
843. 060; 76sec
141,212. 55 250. 00
96; 206-001. 2: fasess ase
220,000.00 | 684, 958. 23
PB 02200 [cn aes ee
MATS. AA ia ee es
Re MS: 70, 000. 00
a, EY 679, 526. 20
OT) Gils 16 fot <coaeee
Bree eee * 8, 168, 182. 67
"140, 261.76 | 273, 523.30

83, 851. 46
400. 00

| 2,970, 787. 90 |18, 078, 039. 86

\

a Including farm buildings.
6 Including apparatus.

¢ Included under Massachusetts Agricultural College,
d Including other land-grant funds.

Farms and
Land grant
of 1862 still | Srounds
tunsold. owned by the
institution.
vt sma<spe ae $9, 000. 00
56, 014. 56
S ccw acteves nee 29, 140. 00
eee a - 15, 000. 00
60, 000. 00
$11,818. 27 |a1,592, 504. 00
125, 000. 00 225, 000. 00
35, 500. 00
45, 000. 00
6, 000. 00
51,000. 00
10, COO. 00
445, 000. 00
6,776. 25
60, 000. 00
815, 600. 00 55, 000. 00
400.00 | 410, 000. 00
. ea Se 110, 000. 00 |.
sails Mek tae hee 146, 872. 50
See oot soe 228,545.00 |.
Dees Cen See 465, 392. 00
es Se )- = 25, 100. 00
eee see 151,040. 00
| -chioes <> eae 50, 000. 00
aecoets urea 50, 000. 00
se eke Eee 30, 000. 00
te doSuesee seer 4, 000. 00
~ts See 44, 350. 00
aceite 5 ee 2,724, 200. 00
76, 000. 00 54, 107. 50
240.00 | 1,515,782. 00
ae Sata 60,040. 00
Sane eee 9,000. 00
60, 000. 00 523, 550. 00
eee ice 20, 000. 90
41, 229, 190. 00 63, 000. 00
118, 252. 00 327, 800. 00
15, 000. 00 73, 723.81
ac8ce Sete 30, 000. 00
tek eee 155, 000. 00
ae 37, 475.00
<vett occ 242, 855. 35
er Fs tt 60, 000. 00
24 ee 27,000. 00
500, 000. 00 38, 000. 00
‘2. See 1, 540, 000. 00
1, 250, 000. 00 50, 000. 00
Soa) See 8, 000. 00
5,000.00 | 336,000. 00
56, 000. 00
32,000. 00
14, 855. 00
53, 800. 00
40, 000. 00
65, 000. 00
285, 475. 00
120, 800. 00
17, 500. 00
24, 200. 00
76, 000. 00
61, 200. 00
75, 000. 00
32,000. 00
250, 000. 00
15, 600. 00
340.00 | 1,500,000. 00
900,000.00} 105,006. 00

8,378, 907. 27 |15, 136, 197. 97
1

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

equipment of land-grant colleges, 1909.

229

Buildings.

$318, 510. 26
59, 325. 00
197, 176. 89
350, 000. 00
28,000. Ou
3, 620, 076. 35
206,
257, 000. 00
130, 000. 00
26, 000.

®

Sees

ee we

Seesra8

.
Prats

BSase

rs
esi
—

Oe ee et ee)

bo
<

SSENEEN ESUREeS

— Or
38

&

Seae x 82

ee ee ee ee eee

-

-
<

a)

SSSSSS S SxSssesssss ssssssssuassasssssussss:

553, 399. 00
92, 500. 00

300, 000. 60
289, 346.59
778, 000. 00
150, 000. 00
305,578. 04
940, 000. 00
481, 100.00
700. 000. 00
607,000. 00
600, 000. 00

119, 600. 00
2, 283, 126. 08
270, 000. 00

Apparatus. | Machinery.

4)
se
~
4

SSSR
235

oS

Wwinthds >
~ r=?)
SSe88

FrSs
RSes:
£388

wo
Oe wetc
S3s

S S65

2

SIP no Oyo

SSES

i

235. 00
37, 657. 66
31, 000. CO

to
—)
on
—
S

seeseese

>
Nr bb

&eSSSsss

Boe

Bo VosesuPy

SERESARES5
SERSESNSSE

5 39.

OrCo & bo

wee

231, 095. 00
11, 500. 00
25,000. 00

20, 000. 00

Library.

$101, 216. 90
984. 00
27,042. 01

Ss
3

SEEEEEE

3

S85)

rope
=
ey

a8 8 8

~~
wun

& SSSShe8:

me
SRSntewhSS w
Nun

“10re

S S8S888SSSSS S SS

oo

38, 389, 127.91 | 3,553,989. 54

F _ | Miscellane-
Live stock. ans: Total.
MUL) OO bona ac. eee $758, 470. 03
500.00 | $12,337.05 132) 652. 74
1127, Va OG See See Se 323, 738. 02
3,000. 00 1, 500. 00 699, 500. 09
tees Cas 500. 00 107, 100. 00
pe Slee SEE 9, 536, 353. 96
11, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 $47, 716. 92
11, 000. 00 27,090. 00 566, 000. 00
4, 000. 05 1, 500. 00 368, 500. 00
1,100. 00 500. 00 35, 700. 09
1,000.00 | 1,000. 00 463, 800. 00
2, 700. 00 4, 700. 00 62, 000. 00
2,929. 53 19, 234. 10 1, 280, 806. 82
885. 00 | 100. 00 58, 649. 63
et ES LP neoe ne ee 99, 594. 93
4, 893. 00 41,994.82 | 1,750, 269. 37
19,308.70 | 175,000.00 | 3,546, 240. 23
10, 000. 00 30,000.00 | 1,625,000. 00
31,976. 86 166, 251. 44 2,979, 647. 30
24, 765. 50 187, 685. 07 1,816,980. 26
3 Se Ce 435,385.00 | 1,561, 669.99
ONE OO sono ety 94, 295. 00
620. 00 31,415.79 | 1,093, 122. 22
1, 365. 00 5, 000. 00 115, 473. 22
7,000. 00 20, 000. 00 915, 300. 09
600. 00 5, 000. 06 441, 100. 00
2, 200. 00 200. 00 , 900. 00
15, 626. 00 63, 332. 84 990, 345. 10
hae a er Ne eee a 5, 791, 564. 00
3B; OOOL08 |. - 22520285 2, 152, 683. 99
32, 037. 00 352, 777. 00 6, 416, 624. 35
33, 335. 00 57, 631. 32 1; 088) 044. 91
|
|
4: GO0.Q0) 1... 54396 Sede | 462,971.00
31, 268. 35 189,313.45 | 3,595, 802. 27
1, 000. 00 3, 000. 00 163, 000. 00
8, 000. 00 21,500.00 | 1,898,052. 21 |
30, 830. 00 259,900.00 | 2,640,075. 00
7, 150. 59 93, 509. 62 814, 209. 58 |
4, 400. 00 22,000. 00 606, 200. 00
es ee: 90,000.00 | 1,737,526. 20 |
4, 755. 00 7,969. 00 281, 243. 81
bib Sa Pee €1, 215, 457.84 | 15,095, 213.76
5, 857.00 44,965.13 639, 325. 13
3, 165.00 10,520. 61 137,506. 12
10,500. 00 10,500.00 | 1,864, 250. 42
TS; OOD GON ses ess 22 oe 4, 637, 961. 64
7,500.00 | £160,000.00 | 1,690, 210.00
1,750. 00 5, 000. 00 134, 000. 00
700200 bee eee te 1, 028, 379. 93
3,(070:00.1.. oe seee Ms 2, 163, 569. 00
5, 400. 00 5, 670.00 | 113, 449. 00
2 US J 77,809. 45 357, 810. 62
$98700:00 |. -2SSe ese Ss 1, 185,581. 00
3,000. 00 2,500. 00 254, 550. 00
10, 000. 00 3,750.00 | 2,128,836. 82
5, 241. 50 24,118.84 | 1,194, 443. 69
16, 138. 00 67,460.00 | 1,311,788. 47
3,500. 00 1, 200. 00 180, 200. 00
10,000. 00 33, 000. 00 699, 047. 81
5,500. 00 175,000.00 | 2,065, 811.00
pe es € 120,000.00 | 1,013,912. 00
14, 383.00 | 5 175,000. 00 2, 950, 391. 57
10, 200. 00 1,600.00 | 2,938,528. 00
5, 085. 00 10,000.00 | 1,128, 189. 17
1, 908. 00 11,746. 00 172, 878. 00
26, 763. 00 137, 182.43 | 5,341, 488.79
5,820. 00 12,000.00 | 1,506,781. 96
111, 882, 686. 96

2,803, 629.76 | 4, 136,738.96 | 542,246.03 | 4,656,717. 81

CONS Orie ON

¢ Including apparatus, machinery, and live stock.
/ Including apparatus and machinery.
9 Including machinery.

230

TABLE

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

5.—Revenue of land-grant cot

CMmNAa Piotr

Federal aid. State aid.
Interest on
State or Territory. Interest on| Interest on | Appropria- La Approgt 3 rie
land grant | other land tion acts of regular jem
52
of 1862. grants. 1890 and 1907. appropria-| expenses.
tion.
Alabama (Auburn)............- B2O/2R0 N00 = See oa $10,280.02 |. ...2.c.0cm8 $38, 700. 00
‘Alabama (Normal) ov. ....3- St stite ees oe oo a ecto ae Pate 15, 719.98: | $4,000. 004 DSc aes ge
IATIeONAE<. og Fos oak. os kee neeee as eae] watts anise 35,000:00"| 25 0... lea 33, 000. 00
Arkansas (Fayetteville) 3,900. 00 |. . 25, 454566 22 2 soe 75, 000. 00
iArkanshs (Pine sli) q. «<= eele slam anno eed aie no hee 9, G45:85'| 2: .).<nwsjn ged 11, 600. 00
California ss 5203 Mee wk e.0 2 36, 718. 56 35,000.00 | 37,609. 50 450, 362.14
SGlOTAGO 2. Sse ee cnc eee 11, 497. 40 35,000300' Ge 23 oe 72, 578. 34
COnNECH Ciena eso te sean eee 6, 750. 00 30, 000500"| 22 se samt 25, 000. 00
Delaware Sey Ns craint here 4,980. 00 28’ 000. 00 Vos... nice ta Sell ee
Malsware:(DOVEL) =o cen oecacteats | aa ee alert miwsereetsireiea 7, 000.'00')2..225..= ot
Florida (Gainesville)....--...-.- 4,994. 00 17, SOONOO | Wie eee ee 19, 844. 07
Mlorida:( Tallahassee) io. i <.s! oe clelieds + lekesc creme tara) stare 'm bie = pat rela 17, 500500). 0 ene ee , 000.
Georgia (Athens)............--- NOs Ob4SVS6 5 SAzoe otek 23, GoavOL ||ckakh eee , 000
Georeta\(Savannab)).02....(-- 204 Scene sep cer inattes eee mieie 11, 666. 66 8, 000.00") 2 See seperw a.
Eee eS PS OS Oe Eon cn Br tet Sam i ee ie 35, 0000012: 2%, ee (a)
LOGEN sta See ee SO So Se eee 4,772.94 25, 352. 67 35, OOONO0N Cea. oto 44,750. 00
MNIHOISes fo. be toset odes eo eee 82; 480180 Uliano cts 35, OOONO0NISs.. oe 450, 000. 00
Und faniae oe. ee eee ees - ee eee 17; 000300 0| Seema rc. ate 35, 000/00!) 2. 42— oar 171, 401.79
TOW SAS.5- Soe eencirs en etter 34, 2G SO1N See. os -- beee 35,000500 315. 0.5. ee 219, 784. 25
KANSANS). Wana nee wo acjaner 26, ODS Aiea esate ae cis siete 35000100) |'75.24...cc sae 155, 000. 00
Kentucky (Lexington).......-.- 8 G44 BOW RS oe won a ctectens 29,925.00! 235822 eee 101, 500. 00
Kentucky (Frankfort).........- EP GSE) | eee tacts 5; 0751005322 cc ee 8, 000.
Louisiana (Baton Rouge).......| 9,115. 69 5, 440. 00 19; 380/08i\2t ti. 40, 000. 00
houisiana| (New Orleans) 5 ..\00e6|e~--< 5 eeee a= tee 1'5;619::92 |. eee eee 10, 000. 00
IMINO MS. ceca cic inca ins ieee PAR; OU SI00N Ss Soe. 3 eee 35; 0002 00" 2a ae 2 ae 82, 500. 00
Maryland (College Park) Di VOveLO | peecwtac ce sete 28; 0005 00)|ss 5 ee 15, 000. 00
Maryland \(PrincessrAmnne) <- 22 s\m—cis= oe see e |e seen ce aa 7000: 000)’ 2... 22 UAH a eens
Massachusetts (Amherst)....... 7, 3005100: || nan -aeeitses 23, 333. 33 3,313. 32 62, 689. 17
Massachusetts (Boston)......-. §,,306.168"||Sseiaz ise nc ee 11666267 4) eee oe eae 25, 000. 00
Michisan'1. setae ein eet wei Soe GOR Safa Onl seer = ater= 355000500! yee eine 125, 000. 00
IMiningSOta ics Feels eosin set 23; O79NO0K ee en ee 35,000.00 | 34,060. 00 410, 157. 57
Mississippi (Agricultural Col-
lePe ce . tA ee we awcseue 5, 914. 50 8,472.75 17, 7645838 | been wiee eee 65, 946. 36
Mississippi (Alcorn)......-.----- 6,814. 50 5,777. 77 17 23507 ee eee ae 8, 000. 00
Missouri (Columbia)...-....--.-- 17, 494. 10 12,320. 00 32,812.50 | 33,097.86 390, 144. 83
Missounli (id Gf eErsOM CO lity) 2 iteic a siete aisles | erste tom ele eer ABT 50 2.6 ee 85, 000. 00
Montana a4. 5 $i ed. ee = QT 0935108 | Hana eens 35,,0002008| S25) se cee 38, 500. 00
Nebraska. 222. en Jane seine amie 29, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 35;000-(00' |. so 22. <eeees 391,735. 00
INGVAG Ahad loc: Shas n= Seer 4, 580. 20 3, 949. 23 35;.000/003| =e 22 cee ae , 550. 00
New Hampshire........--..-.-- CTU 0 Uh RES Senos doc 85; 00D! 000 5. eects 13, 000. 00
ING@wiJerseyeuces stereo <<eeeks 5, BOO NOONE. =. = 2. ee 35; 0005.00}! 22oeeaeee 28, 500. 00
INGWHMOGKICOS. 25 set an ckecchas- so) seenc ose eee 2,425. 29 35:000:00!|: 2. cece 16, 440. 63
ING MOL Koad ot oe oa ale eee BaF 428 580M Rese. wise sees 35, 000/00!) 22s 22sec 180, 000. 00
North Carolina (West Raleigh).-| 7,500.00 |.........----- 23,4505 00)|22 eae 37, 000. 00
North Carolina (Greensboro) se 4\he. + <= ceeee |e eee eine mel ars V1, 550:,00) Pecos seeeeran 10, 000. 00
INOrUMDAkOtatee 1 -2--baake DO; AOR Ae Ee been ie eee 30, OODO0! | 32-5 = = soccer 44, 564.74
Oni Se Lene eons sce See 31, 450. 59 6, 288. 50 35; 0005000 Sas e= seca 396, 314. 55
Oldahoma (Stillwater) is--).n seep see oes eee ee Eilon 31, 500/00(S2. 225 ee 41, 000. 00
Oklahoma (uangston)). --: 22 shc\Se ec. -beees| tener eee ere 3, 500.00) }/2 2-2 -----nbe 42, 500. 00
Orepone...24 Fee teed D7 237 (OLN Ee. eee eel erie 35;,000:.00)|. ---ceeeeeee 50, 000. 00
Pennsylvanian 3 scence -e eee ZO CSTEAS |e eee ee eee 35, 000. 00 5, 382. 57 114, 000. 00
IBGTEOSRACD ro) nas oe eae cee ee tal teas Aan eis easement = 35,000.00 | 16,350. 00 36, 500. 00
inhodeisland Owes ea. .-. oie 2ES00IOON Meek secs. ES 35; OOOFO0 Se eee 25, 000. 00
Balt Carolina (Clemson Col- 5) 404.00. :|. 2 eeeeneer ene 17,500.00 | 112,881 5950|2o seen eee
lege).
South Carolina (Orangeburg)...| 5,754.00 |.......------- 1:7; 500/00) |2o-eee2--ee 8, 000. 00
South *Dakota®e.tes. 25..25.seee 163035145 5\be Shee es 35) OOON0ON/E2-2e-eeeeae 41, 000. 00
TRETINCSSEO . 7) eaten bcc See 23, 960. 00 250. 00 35, 000;.00)' }ais So. <.ce Set te crete etic
Texas (College Station)......... PBS280700 "Es Es 5 eee 26, 250500)! | eee see 74, 000. 00
Moxas((PrairiGwy 1GW)) tea. ee se lpeoe Leet aloe cee. came 8}, 750500852 ee cee oe 32, 000. 00
With Sey se ot ae eee ees 3 S947 AON se ce ecko 35, 000..00))-).--- 2. te 45, 000. 00
WErmOnt 2 2.beeeee. se nse=e see 851301001 Ne Bt os Boe 35, 000. 00 2, 600. 00 6, 000. 00
Virginia (Blacksburg)...-....--- 207658.|00 je2k2 Bees 3 an 23; 380400 |52- 5522508 oe 60, 000. 00
Virginia (Hampton)...........- 105329:.36 1) 25 eee =~ os See 1166667" ||22.\32..22-- Se ee er
iWiashine ton!) soe ones eee at 10, 843. 83 17, 868. 38 35; 000005]. - 2222. sees (e)
West Virginia (Morgantown)...}| 6,485.00 |............-- 28, 000:'00"|:. -. .... 2 oe 116, 400. 00
West Virginia (Institite). 5 22st/52 229.2. | Seek eee ee es 7000.00: |52..2 22-286 ee 27, 850. 00
WWASCONSINS...... 2. 8see - owt See 16, 653. 63 13, 243. 32 35; 000.100)" | $2202 ee 750, 360. 70
WYOMING .wcscrccuce seesce eee 5, 156. 96 5,610. 98 35,000:.005|.ctaeceeeoee 26, 377. 37
LOU , esac vce e see 763, 274. 04 127,732. 59 | 1,750,000. 00 | 257, 295.20 | 5,959, 551. 51

@ Biennial appropriation of $25,000 for 1907-1909 for building and maintenance reported last year.

b Including tuition fees.
¢ Including incidental fees.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

leges for year ended June 30, 1909.

231

Fees and all other sources.

Incidental
fees.

Miscellane-
ous.

5.00

514. 00

24’ 296, 62

4,728. 64
74,551.71

32) 912. 00
33,715.49

36, 188. 84

2
Sis

130, 211. 59
886. 00

2, 681. 45
54, 858. 00
2) 980. 48
25,174. 40
31, 198. 84
6, 672.13
280, 970. 43
19,330. 50
4, 808. 00
6, 906. 31
64) 492. 66
61, 652. 91

3, 211.38

State aid.

Income from
Appropria- | endowment
# ons for oes rian

uildings or ederal or see

for other state grants. Tuition fees.
special

purposes.

Bp0-000! 00" |S = 3% os seeds. $1, 940. 00
39, 800. 00 $538. 65 590. 00
BUNOHD Us| ee me nen ce >. 2 ee

sack eee Eee eee 500. 00
205, 228. 76 129, 152. 73 26, 780. 44
24, 602. 61 460900: |5-.. tee ee ee
. (SESE Reed fees 60. 00
407000500 [s.- 04. coos 40. 00
16, 043. 44
(a)
PANT AG A eee ee Pee noe tae eee
Relea SEN terse oe oe lea. ae Seem ate ae
ASL ARS ee eee ee 10, 337.50

184,773.16 |... 6, 191. 67

cb 2/710 ee ee Le a

eM ice Galle coset ee sane 3,515. 80

SEPTIC AY SR Ses eared Sree mote Sere

REVAL Ve, om peo eee orice 3, 264. 00

50, 000. 00 4, 000. 00 36, 144. 00

BOSO00 00st. . 2s sts sa 22, 768. 42

VCH S Sy AL Pe eee eer 660. 00

4,000. 00 79, 855. 61 318, 394. 10

ee UOU: ON fe... a. Seon 1, 155. 00

eos Gg CO Se c 165, 735. 00

Be ee ae oto | Ses 2 te cee 610. 00
40, 216. 00

30, 121.95 OG NOONE ereicine ertteerciate

SA. ES QCE ES oS See 3, 035. 00

IGUAL Od See eee 13, 978. 00

34, 000. 00 6064.00) | -Se2s255 52255

SE eee 4, 048. 90 5, 124. 00

20, 000. 00 25, 926: A. se 5 Se os sss

CRUG. EE (eS Saceeeee 2,025. 50

13, 921. 63 394, 132. 80 352, 555. 08

iD; 09000 |: Shere es 16, 212.15

PET te ce cr oe 352. 00

Re OOD SOO) [et ao ee 4, 750. 00
158, 872. 78 15, 362. 38 64, 274.17
BT PPRRAOO hehe Re Scste [coaster es ssc
CURLERS P| tk ae opti (Ee a Sea ee

Fh ALY Ud nee en ee 1, 550. 00

2; GOO! 00" ee cee 2. 50

A Ee Bae tea ee 1, 225. 34

pieiet eae ai s' oo 3,512. 36 2, 212. 23
110) UBL 0 Mine pean aoees ©) |= te

Buse OU to. oe on cee 4, 239. 00

50, 000. 00 1,765. 43 18, 085. 63
LOPE i eee Bec) ee Bie a
CLL LAG) ie aaa SY Bless Se 8

Ryans OF ed creer os cele 3, 283. 50

rie eee BL, BOT 00 '| -c.atn ap wee eee
AU! UM 1 ae alee eas 2,525.00 |
peg CRSA EM 22: GOIEB2. |. Sesh ot ee
(7 j) need) en * Saito a es pee

45, 200. 00 85. 00 22,539. 15
SONI Pte te Reet |. caw dese e ene 2

397, 628. 03 4,383. 65 23, 262. 50
14,015. 59 CE ES ee ee

3, 955; 712. 77 783,719.94 | 1,139,916. 68

1,020, 052. 49 | 2,325, 598.33 |18, 082,853. 55 |

4 Including income from other land
¢ Appropriation of $217,000 for bien
f Appropriation of $370, 500 for biennium ended March 3i, 1909, reported last year.

Total.

$161, 023. 52
19,719. 98
123, 369. 10
168, 554. 55
21, 645. 45
1, 479, 663. 49
143, 302. 36

106, 330. 92
19, 666. 66
35, 000. 00

177, 104. 25

1, 667, 998. 91

361, 919. 00

536, 962. 89

323, 809. 72

149, 908. 92
61, 258. 59

133, 637. 32
25, 983. 42

218, 559. 00

115, 724. 06
10, 020. 00

249; 182. 36

521, 480. 98

448, 599. 46

1, 249, 278.71

141, 632. 82
78, 043. 44
599, 466. 42
87, 187.50
92, 430. 15
621, 830. 00
150, 257.91
91, 225.74
163, 361.71
118, 750. 80
1, 414, 854.15
108, 492. 65
31, 599. 00
271,714. 47
783, 725. 57
221,152. 91

326, 329. 84
159, 765. 36
96, 238. 97
145, 838. 76

35, 254. 00
133, 879. 24
148, 511. 65
288, 780. 00

92, 550. 00
126,794. 81
117, 043. 77
157, 460. 33
231, 192. 22

90, 805. 45
238, 204. 57

41, 368. 79

1, 531, 585. 74

90, 282. 28

United States
appropriations
or experi-
ment stations
(acts of 1887
and 1906).

26, 000. 00
25, 930. 09

1, 180, 780. 09

ionie ended March 31, 1909, reported last year.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

232

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STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

234

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235

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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236

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

TABLE 8.—General

Station. Location.
Alabama (College)...... AUDUT ssa encse at scne
Alabama (Canebrake)...| Uniontown..........:

IR DOTS in aon ae hoe ae

BISONS oie < site Soe he =e se

PEM RANSUG. 2.5 cen aeeers

SOIGIAOO «ae oe cricl ae = a

Connecticut (State).....-.

Tuskegee Institute....

New Haven...........

Date of
Date of
Director. original organiaaens
organization. u Bn

J. F. Duggar, M. S....| Feb. —, 1883 | Feb. 24, 1888

F. D. Stevens, B.S...| Jan. 1,1886| Apr. 1,1888

G. W. Carver, M. 8. |-Feb; 15, 1897422 2-20n see
Agr.

R..H.. Forbes; Mi S2- es eee 1889

C. F. Adams, B. Agr., |..........-.---| Mar. 7, 1889
cw. MoD.

E. J. Wickson, A. M.. 1873 | Mar. —,1888

L..G;. Carpenter, M.'S<|seo0-2 2 eons Feb. —,1888

E. H. Jenkins, Ph. D..| Oct. 1,1875 | May 18,1887

L.A. Clinton, M. 8. .2|2. 23-2 200 S-eeeeeaee do: atace.

Harry Hayward, M.S.|._.......-...-.- Feb. 21,1888
Agr.

Ps H.-Rolis;M.'S....,.4) sd 2 24eeeee 1888

M-V;.;\Calviny 22. = Feb. 18,1888 | July 1,1889

W:..U. Carlyle, M. Ss") 3-2 252 Feb. 26,1892

Eugene Davenport, M.|..........-...- Mar. 21,1888
Agr., opel 2B

Arthur Goss, -M: 8:42) 2. 222e-4ee—= Jan. 1,1888
A.C.

C.F. Curtiss, M: (8: ale & 2. 2-2-2 Feb. 17,1888
AND.'S.

E.. H. Webster,.- Bax aio 2escesee Feb. 8,1888

Agr.,M.S

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 237

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

statistics, 1909.

12

54

16

12

15

10

%

41

31

41

Num- | Publications

ber of during fis- |
Num- | persons} ¢al year
ber of jonstaff| 1909
teach- | who
ers on |assist in
staff. |farmers’ mall
insti- ae) Pages.
tutes 7
14 15 6 204
LE 4 on 2 1 20
19 21 1 ll
2 6 14 248
14 9 5 84
27 18 14 396
9 13 27 654
ee eee & 6 4 552
5 5 6 707
4 4 5 129
Sore 6 6 230
Se Sl ee 6 476
6 7 5 120
24 24 21 826
9 5 12 639
13 5 4 134
30 19 4 259

Num-
| ber of
names
on

list.

17,500

1,600

16,000

16,590

9,700

41,000

30, 442

21,500

28,000

mailing

Principal lines of work.

Field experiments; plant breeding; soil improvement;
feeding es yea entomology; diseases of plants
and animals; analyses of fertilizers.

Soil improvement; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; diseases of plants.

Field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; dis-
eases of plants; animal industry; poultry investiga-
tions; dairying.

Botany; field experiments; improvement of ranges;
horticulture, including date-palm culture; sheep-
breeding experiments; plant diseases; irrigation; dry
farming.

Chemistry; soil physics; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry
and pathology; feeding and breeding experiments;
entomology; nursery inspection; dairying; poultry
experiments.

Chemistry; soils; bacteriology: fertilizer control; field
experiments; horticulture, viticulture, and zymology;
botany; meteorology; animal husbandry; entomology;
dairying; poultry culture; drainage and irrigation;
silviculture; reclamation of alkali lands; animal an
plant pathology; nutrition investigations.

Chemistry; meteorology; field experiments; horticul-
ture; forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants; ani-
mal husbandry; veterinary investigations; entomol-
ogy; bacteriology; irrigation.

Chemistry: analysis and inspection of fertilizers, foods,
drugs, and feeding stuffs; inspection of Babcock-test
apparatus and nurseries; diseases of plants; plant
selection and breeding; seed testing; forestry; field
een: entomology; investigation of vegetable
proteids.

Bacteriology of dairy products; field experiments; hor-
ticulture; feeding and breeding experiments; poultry
experiments; dairying, including soft-cheese manu-
facture; embryology.

Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal
husbandry. ~

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant
physiology; diseases of plants; feeding experiments;
entomology.

Chemistry; field experiments; bacteriology; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; plant diseases; entomology;
feeding experiments; dairying.

Chemistry; physics; bacteriology; botany; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding and diseases;
entomology; animal husbandry; irrigation; dairying;
dry farming; wheat investigations; fruit by-products;
veterinary science.

Chemistry; soil physics; bacteriology; pot and field
experiments; horticulture; forestry; plant breeding;
animal husbandry; diseases of plants and animals;
dairying; entomology.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; breeding and feed-
ing experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; dis-
eases of plants and animals; ape A dairying;
feeding stuff and fertilizer control; agricultural exten-
sion work.

Chemistry; botany; soils; field experiments; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; ani-
mal husbandry; poultry investigations; entomology;
ne: rural engineering; good roads investigations.

Soils; inspection of feeding stuffs and fertilizer control;
horticulture; plant breeding; field experiments;
feeding and digestion experiments; milling and bak-
ing tests; correlation of characteristics of wheat;
poultry experiments; diseases of animals; hog-cholera
sernm; entomology; dairying; extermination of prairie
dogs and gophers; irrigation.

238 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 8.—General statis

| Date of
Date of
Station. Location. Director. original ee
organization. Hatch Act.

eentucky~nvsep ete see Lexinptonics.<je.5- 522. sai | M. S., | Sept. —,1885 | Apr. —, 1888
Louisiana (Sugar) ....... New Orleans. ......-.- ae Dodson, A. B., | Sept. —, 1885

Louisiana (State)........ Baton Rouge cose s neces MG kee ced Apr. —, 1886 1888
Louisiana (North).......| Calhoun’. o.\ 5 s2-sees=s|eare= co fe See May —,1887

Louisiana (Rice)......-.. Crowley. << 200 tae Ye cee GO ute abe) Shook in 8] Sok See July 1,1908
CEN Ce Ree pie ieee Sees pas @¥ono = 520-54 eee C. D. Woods, Sc. D...| Mar. —,1885 | Oct. 1,1887
Marviand oon .och ee College Park......-..- H. J. Patterson, B. S.-. 1888 | Mar. 9, 1888
Massachusetts. .......-.- ANQHEISE. <a eee ses W. P. Brooks, Ph. D.. 21882 | Mar. 2,1888
MCh seni So oe ta East Lansing. .....-..- R. SaShaw, B.S. A.21|) 2 eo ee ee Feb. 26,1888
MATITIPEOUR nhs mer sae ae ge Park, St. | A. F. Woods, M. A...) Mar. 7, 1885 1888

aul.
Missinsippi->-2-<..----= Agricultural College. .. ie i Hutchinson,\|- =-.25-:5-5sese Jan. 27,1888
Missouri (College). ...... Columbias:2=3------= RYB: Mumford, M.S 7) 5.2 eee Jan. —,1888
Missouri (Fruit)........- Mountain Grove. ....- Paul Evans. ..-2>---.-: Feb: 1, 1900)|5223saseeee Leo:
Mintana. 22 2 cote. va Bozeman: os) fone a if: Bs Linfield; B:iS.:A2|. -. 223.8 July 1,1893
Nebraska... ee aces Pancolieer aces ns ak E. A. Burnett, B.S...) Dec. 16,1884) June 14, 1887
I ek Ch app eaiges 5% ak BU Gres mera ae ae J.05.. Stubbs; M.A too cae eee Dec. —, 1887
DPD), 1.0. D:

New Hampshire. ........ Durham’ ss. ae S oy Sanderson, |...........-- “..| Aug. 4, 1887
New Jersey (State). ..... New Brunswick....... goes Voorhees, D.Se..| Mar. 10,1880 |.......-..--...
New Jersey (College) 222 c 2 Ores seen es alee GO.» ocainine ao oats Eee +e ae Apr. 26, 1888

aIn 1882 the State organized a station here and maintained it until June 18, 1895, when it was combined
with the Hatch Station at the same place.

-

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 239

tics, 1909—Continued.

Num- | Publications
ber of duming fis-
Num- | persons; C4! year
Num- | ber of |onstaff} 1909.

staff. farmers f

insti- — Pages.

tutes :
26 1 6 10 971
26 VS ee ll 655
2) oe See 26 842
18 6 8 Ht) 331
27 9 4 16 474
25 14 9 il 643
26 16 1 9 383
b19 6 12 13 344
38 27 20 1 30
OU er Se Be ae 7 290
19 9 8 6 185
13 14 16 5 368
14 6 10 4 183
12 10 12 9 544
14 3 4 9 309
10 5 3 5 439

12,900

14,000

17,700

23, 000

20, 000

50, 000

15,730

24, 000

10,000

6,000
7,500

20,500

4,000

13,000

Principal lines of work.

Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; inspection of fertilizers,
foods, feeding stuffs, seeds, orchards, and nurseries;
field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding;
animal husbandry; diseases of plants and animals;
entomology; apiculture; dairying.

Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; hor-
ticulture; sugar making; drainage; irrigation.

Geology; botany; bacteriology; soils; inspection of
fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and Paris green; field ex-
periments; horticulture; fertilizer and variety tests.
with rice; animal husbandry; diseases of animals;
entomology.

Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul-
ture; feeding experiments; stock raising; poultry
experiments; dairying.

Rice experiments. :

Chemistry; botany; analysis and inspection of foods,
fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs,
and agricultural seeds; calibration of creamery glass-
ware; horticulture; vegetable pathology; biology in-
cluding poultry breeding; plant breeding; entomology.

Chemistry; fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture;

lant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; feed-
ing experiments; animal breeding; poultry raising;
entomology; dairying.

Chemistry; meteorology; analysis and inspection of fer-
tilizers and concentrated commercial feeding stuffs;
inspection of creamery glassware and nurseries; pot,
cylinder, and field experiments; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and animals; digestion
and feeding experiments; entomology; dairying; ef-
fect of electricity on plant growth.

Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; bac*eri-
ology; field experiments; horticulture; forestry;

lant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; Scns
ing and breeding experiments; poultry culture; en-
tomology; stable hygiene.

Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul-
ture; oie Pe diseases of plants and animals; plant
and animal breeding; animal nutrition; entomology;
dairying; farm management; ventilation; farm sta-
tistics.

Fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture; biology;
plant breeding; animal husbandry; diseases of ani-
mals; poultry culture; entomology; dairying; agri-
cultural engineering. ~

Chemistry; soilsurvey; botany; field experiments; hor-
ticulture; diseases of plants and animals; feeding ex-
aaa animal and plant breeding; entomology;

airying.

Horticulture; vegetable pathology; entomology; in-
spection of orchards and nurseries.

Chemistry; meteorology; botany; field experiments;
dry farming; horticulture; feeding and breeding ex-
ecg ten bed poultry experiments; entomology; dairy-
ng; irrigation and drainage.

Chemistry; botany; meteorology; soils; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants
and animals; forestry; feeding and breeding experi-
ments; entomology; dairying; irrigation.

Chemistry; meteorology; tany; soils; field
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; animal
feeding and breeding; plant diseases; veterinary sci-
and bacteriology; zoology; entomology; irriga-

on.

Chemistry; botany; field experiments; horticulture;
brad breeding; breeding experiments; entomology;

rying.

Chemistry; oyster culture; botany; analysis of ferti-
lizers, foods, commerical feeding stuffs, and insecti-
cides; pot, cylinder, and field experiments; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals;
entomology; dairy husbandry; soil chemistry
bacteriology; irrigation.

bIncluding substations.

240

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

TABLE 8.—General statis.

Station.

WB. BEIOG ons nee eee

New York (State).-.....-

New York (Cornell). ....

North Carolina (College).

North Carolina (State)...

North Dakota..........-

Pennsylvania...........

RWiriodeIsiand:: .. 622-2 --

Date of
Date of :
Location. Director. original gr
organization. Hatch Act
Agricultural College...| Luther Foster, M.S.A.|............... Dec. 14, 1889
GRNG Vi. oo. son ese ane W..H. Jordan, D. Sc., | Mar. —, 18821. {2222 eee
LL. D.
TUBAC cnn cw eke sana tee H. J. Webber,@ Ph. D. 1879 | Apr. —, 1888
West Raleigh......... C. B. Williams, M.S...| Mar. 12,1877 | Mar. 7, 1887
Rialetpn oe ae ne B. W. Kilgore, M.§S...| July | 1,19074--222o cee cee
Agricultural College...) J. H. Worst, LL.D. ..}.......-......- Mar. —, 1890
WIOOSUED: 8 <e o ae a C. E. Thorne, M.S.A..| Apr. 25,1882 | Apr. 2, 1888
Stillwater, .-2------.-: JNA; Craig, B. 6.00. 22|--..02.bs see Dec. 25,1890
COnValin cer ce ce ee James Withycombe, |.-..........-.- July —, 1888
Agr.
State College.......... fT. . eont, Do ASrs ts 2. essen June 30,1887
D. Se.
Reto PStOW aceon ae EJ. Wheeler, Ph. Di). -.escceeee July 30,1888
Clemson College.....-.- JON. (Harper, B:. §.,))-2--.cseeeeee ee Jan. —,1888
M. Agr.
BLOUIInPS.. so. concenes J.. Ww. Wiison, M=8\ Aci o 2 2eeeeeeee Mar. 13,1887
RHOKVIC. 2 ass eee H. A. Morgan, B.S. A.|] June 8,1882 |} Aug. 4,1887
College Station........ Hi A. | arrmpton = S20 )pe eo eee een Jan. 25,1888
FO SOR sors ED: Ball, Phe De ah -:- 2+ ap eee 1890
Burlington........-..- Did. EUS BC. Doo. - Nov. 24,1886 | Feb. 28,1888

a Acting Director.

STATISTICS OF

tics, 1909—Continued.

Num-
ber on
staff.

l4

17

37

15

17

12

19

18

16

Num-
ber of
teach-

Num-
ber of
persons
on staff
who

ers on {assist in

16

16

19

10

16

19

I

ll

10

10

Publications
during fis-
cal year
1909.

Num-
See Pages.
=e
5 278
26 | 2,227

10

13

10

46045° —10——_16

117

614

39

THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 941

Num-

ber of

ee Principal lines of work.
mailing

list.

3,226 | Chemistry; botany; soils; field experiments; dry farm-
ing; horticulture; cactus and guayule plant investiga-
tions; feeding experiments; entomology; dairying; ir-
rigation.

43,000 | Chemistry; bacteriology; meterology; fertilizers; analy-

sis and control of fertilizers; inspection of feeding
stuffs, Paris green, and pa eg 4 glassware; field ex-
periments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of
plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments; en-
tomology; ema irrigation.

21,378 | Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding ex-
periments; poultry experiments; entomology; dairy-
in

g.

14,000 | Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; nitrifi-
cation experiments; diseases of plants and animals;
animal husbandry; poultry experiments; dairying;
tests of farm machinery.

35,000 | Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; dis-
eases of animals; feeding experiments; entomology;
fertilizer experiments and analyses; inspection of foo
and stock feeds; cooperative demonstration work with
farmers; farmers’ institutes.

15,000 | Chemistry; soils; botany; field experiments; plant breed-
ing; horticulture; forestry; diseases of plants and ani-
mals; analysis of foods and spraying materials; inspec-
tion and analysis of paints, drugs, proprietary prod-
ucts and feeding stuffs; feeding and breeding experi-
ments; poultry experiments; milling and chemical
tests of wheat; drainage; farm engineering.

38, 000 eee soils; field experiments; botany; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; feed-
ing experiments; entomology; nutrition; farm man-
agement.

24,000 | Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; forestry;
botany; bacteriology; animal husbandry; dairying;
veterinary science; entomology.

10,000 versal bacteriology; soils; fertilizers; field crops;
horticulture; plant breeding and selection; diseases of
plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments;
entomology; dairying: irrigation.

19,041 | Chemistry; meteorology; fertilizers; horticulture; for-
estry; plant diseases; field experiments; feeding experi-
ments; dairying; poultry experiments.

10,500 | Chemistry; meteorology; soils; analysis and inspection of
fertilizers and feeding stuffs; field and pot experi-
ments; horticulture; poultry and pigeon breeding;
poultry husbandry. :

13,400 | Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; soils;
botany; field experiments; horticulture; plant breed-
ing; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding experi-
ments: veterinary science; entomology; dairying.

15,000 | Chemistry; botany; horticulture; field experiments;
oar breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal

usbandry; dairying.

12,750 | Chemistry; soil investigations; inspection of fertilizers;
field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; seeds;
weeds; diseases of plants and animals; feeding experi-
ments; entomology; dairying; poultry investigations;
apiculture. é

30,000 | Chemistry; seed testing and feed inspection; botany and
mycology; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant
breeding; feeding experiments; diseases of plants and
animals; sr peerage irrigation.

8,200 | Chemistry of soils; field experiments; horticulture; dis-
eases of plants and animals;.breeding and feeding ex-
periments; dairying; poultry experiments; entomol-
ogy; irrigation; arid farming.

13,500 | Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; analysis and control of
fertilizers and feeding stuffs; inspection of creamer
glassware; state nursery for forest-tree seedlings; horti-
culture; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding ex-
periments; dairying.

5% othe pe
, , ' ; 4. - 7 oe
242 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
TABLE 8.—G@ one!

Station. Location. Director.
| A =
WILPIIDY aco aan eee Blacksburg... .....---- S. W. Fletcher, Ph. D.|...............] OGh.) *

’
>, fivt
Virginia (Truck) ........ Nortolk;;.2=<..-.c8es eat hig a B. 8. | Feb. —, 1907 |.22ogoeeees
ren SMG ee
Washington. ...20-. 2-23 Pullman. ..2.c22.-000- R ‘WV thateher, B.S, Rey ee « Ale

West Virginia. .......... Morgantown.........-. J. H. Stewart, M.A...) 5.242 o eee

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 243

tics, 1909—Continued.

Num- | Publications
ber of during fis-
Num- | persons}; ¢al year | Num-
Num- | ber of | onstaff 90

ber on | teach- | who ere Principal lines of work.
staff. | ers on assist in manila
staff. farmers’ | ym. Facer
insti- on Pages. | 5
tutes. 9

Ww) 7 5| 11; 328 | 23,000 ; Chemistry; biology; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; soil bacteriology; mycology; breeding
and feeding experiments; cider and vinegar making;
ferments; dairying.

My hee 1 2 16 | 5,500 | Field experiments; plant breeding; plant diseases; en-
tomology.

24 12 8 19 228 | 12,611 atrcriat b botany; bacteriology; soils; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants;
feeding and breeding experiments; veterinary science;
entomology; irrigation; dry farming.

15 1 3 7 183 | 6,664 | Chemistry; effect of pressure in the preservation of fruits,
vegetables, and miik; artificial fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen; analysis and control of fertilizers; soils; field
experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants and ani-
mals; inspection of orchards and nurseries; feeding
and breeding experiments; poultry experiments; ento-
mology; dairying.

10 17 426 | 30,000 | Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; agron-
omy; tobacco and cranberry culture; horticulture;
plant breeding; breeding and feeding experiments;
dairying; irrigation and drainage; agricultural engi-
neering.

12 8 8 5 177 | 5,000 | Chemistry; mycology; botany; meteorology; soils; range
improvement; fertilizers; field experiments; plant se-

I lection; food analysis; breeding and feeding experi-
ments; wool investigation; veterinary science; irriga-
tion.

445 | 517 | 21,678 on, 579

244

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

TABLE 9.—Revenue and addi

Federal.
Individuals |
; ~ Farm
Station. State. and com- Fees
Hatch Adams munities. | products
fund. fund. |
1} Alabama (C ile) eet $15, 000. 00 | $11,000. 00 |...2. on nec Soc] ee cn pitie ec en} eed eames ol ene
2), Alabama (Canebrake)<s--l-~ secs senes|p sean ee eeee $2, 500;00")- . <5 enn nano aeteeeneee $1, 550. 45
S| AlAbaMS (TOSKEREE) We ooo woe see ome ene ae 1500.00 |. o.oo ne 0 oe] ssa secon eal eee
4b ATIZOND 3 <csawenctaacmah ints 15, 000. 00 11,000.00 | &13,100.00 | $2,400.00 |............ 1, 821. 28
Yt a): ee es ee 15, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 Pn fl Re et yo 2, 648. 54
Gi) Calllgiminn sv enc2ose eas re 15, 000. 00 11/000. 00 99; 067!:60) | -xaceeraceee $11,732.28 | 24,907.14
7 | DIGIEGO So. cnn aeccee wees 15,000. 00}. 11,000.00 | ©2,500,00 }......5....2:]..-.. camel nate eee
8 | Connecticut (State)...... 7.500. 00 5,500.00 | 17, 500. 00 5, 895. 88 8, 970. 02 205. 13
9 | Connecticut (Storrs). .... 7, 500. 00 5, 500. 00 1,,800;:'00 |< 2 2 52a) 20 na on rege ee
1D il Dela waTe.s.cj5- 20% hse een 15,000.00: |- -11,}000..00)1'-<3 s-<%s elo Sb Ae ee | 1,984.
1 A Boy FP cp Ee go [FER a a aS 15,000,200), 9 15, 000200) |... ss20cc-| ec oee eeecees 80. 00 833. 91
» EN AT eo") 1 Ce eee ee 15, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 TA0 10s cco eae as ea nee eee 4,612. 47
13 15,000.00.) 21, 000.00) |\- a... 2.3.00's.00' ace coi om acc] oe Serenata 2,052. 17
14 15; 000.00: 22,000; 00:}) 102;500/ 004)... -0.5 coc Sc)e2 ees 14, 576. 05
15 15, 000. 00 11,000.00} 63,194: 44 |:...02....2.2).. 202: gene slaleeneee aan
16 15, 000:00.| 11,000.00) | .25, 000; 00's... 2-|ses5e eee 10, 224. 56
17 15,000.00 | 11,000.00 | 425,000.00 |.........--.- 8,306.15 7,234.47
18 15,000.00 | 11,000.00 | ¢22,784.32 |............ J 33,281.39 | 11,283.37
19 15,000.00 | 11,000. 00 9; 166:650| 5... ce ese 11, 846. 65 4,360. 65
20 15,000,000) oll) O00500n|: 5.522. se sclcee mere ee 9, 500. 00 2,902. 00
21 15,000.00 | 11,000. 00 7% BOO! 00 ih. <2. ee. 2 2]. 4,734. 47
22 15; 000.00: j4 33, 00000)|), 3135500: 00: ||... -2-- 2 5,210.00 | . 2,387.57
23) Michigan nce ocmep stam 15, 000:.00'} 11,,000:00)) 95,158.91 }....-...2222 3,802. 50 |-2 32 aeeeeee
24 Mintel ee eee 15;,00000';),.03, 000700:'|0'50.194: 12: |’... 422.32 |: nee eee 9 13,380. 28
20) | MISSISSID PI: «2 2s agose~ 5. = 15,000.00 | 11,000.00 |@19, 150.00 |............ 130.00 | 913,907.90
26 pare LColiege) oe 15,000.00 | 11,000. 00 PE pe al | eee eee 9,051. 27 3,071.75
Zi | MISSOULL GETUIE) <5 ciel Sete ah aie ale ote oe sence + 833, 600: 00 |...0:5-.-.04:|-+~0-s5s0ne6| See
PRE MORLAN SL. fate oman. cet 15,000.00 | 11,000.00 | 10,712.99 4561.49) |... oe 5, 090. 27
PO MINGDEASESS wm a)-\tere eras ania 15, 000. 00 \ 23, 831. 54
DOH) ANE VAULR 2c ons emote eciimais = 15, 000. 00 1, 355. 40
31 | New Hampshire........- 15, 000. 00
a2. | New sersey (Stave). 2.2555) ioe sect] panes:
33 | New Jersey (College)... .. 15, 000. 00
34 | New Mexico.........-... 15. 000. 00
35 | New York (State)........ 1, 500. 00
36 | New York (Cornell).....- 13, 500. 00
37 | North Carolina (College)-.| 15,000. 00
35: North Caroling (State). | as occ a-ncslosee eee ree
39 | North Dakota........... 15, 000. 00
AD ODIGoS 2.2 ao. eee 15, 000. 00
41) OKANO oo 2c sete 15, 000. 00
AD | \OVEGORs hovetes coe cen aha 15, 000. 00
43 | Pennsylvania.-........... 15, 000. 00
44 | Rhode Island..........:- 15, 000. 00
45 | South Carolina.-.:...-.-... 15, 000. 00
46 | South Dakota...........- 15, 000. 00
AT || “Tennessee. = 22. acne seme 15, 000. 00
ASW ORAS es cc tocacetieces cee | 15,v00. 00
O90 MUAN So wc ectes cass Soe oe 15,00. 00
Pel VieRMMONE tee Gennes ee 15,900. 00
51 | Virginia (College)........ 15, 000. 00
52 | Virginia (Norfolk).....-. Pape eterno a Pereorsotone
630) Washington:s: <0 <5... | 15,900.00 | 11,000.00 | 26, 500.00 |... 2.2. ,c..2| seen 1, 753.70
54 | West Virginia..........-- 15, 900. 00 iL, 000300" 71000000 oe oe ees 11, 030. 81 7, 727.32
DIV ASCONSIM sa. soba ncaes se. 15, 000. 00 11,000. 00)'|\- 385500! 00) ss oases 8, 469,55. 1 SSodoeaeeee
Dod) Wy OMine 2222 acer eens 1 253000.'00: ||" 3000100) | secs osen ee cloesee eee eee ee 2, 332. 40
POtAl a tewscooees 720,000. 00 | 528,000. GO |1,034,803.75 | 13,199.93 | 144,326.52 | 220,001.76

a Including all balances.

b For biennium 1909-1911.

¢ Part of 1909-10 appropriation.

d For substations.

e Appropriation of $23,285.05 less deficit of $500.73 from previous year.

J Including balance of "$2,214. 83 and minus deficit of $2,869.68 from previous year.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 245

tions lo equipment, 1909.

Additions to equipment.

ous.@ gull F
oat ; Appara-|Farmim-, Live Miscel-
| Buildings. | Library. tus. |plements. stock. | laneous. Total.
|
ae $26,000.00! $975.00 | $300.00 |$1,825.00 | $20.00 $75.00} $715.00 | $3,910.00] 1
$1, 087. 56 RoLSReOIA |, -. ooo 31a e eel eal 250 1 eee 650.00 | 1,000.00] 2
pee ae tes an DOU OU. Vacs senna WUsUO ee ecaee aac LTRS OOM eee eee 66. 00 234.00] 3
3, 729. 24 47, 050. 52 272.12 68. 26 386. 12 367.13 | 285.87 205.61 | 1,585.11 | 4
21, 667. 83 52, 904. 54 581. 86 47.14 886. 14 168. 42 193.34 | 1,032.51 | 2,909.41] 5
49,191.54 | 210,898.86 | 57,792.11 607.25 | 2,729.47 | 2,993.84 | 5,476.65 | 4,653.23 | 74,252.55 | 6
32, 376. 89 60, 876. 89 6, 096.13 241. 88 653. 25 81.30 | 1,067.03 810.71 | 8,950.30} 7
740. 63 46, 311. 66 1,100. 67 | 1,027.30 31.07 Ed) eed ae "| ye eee 2,207.25 | 8
649. 24 15, 449. 24 1,817. 41 83.10 171. 56 160.13 | 6S UY eetaee nee 2,266.70 | 9
228. 90 28,213.53 | 5, 000. 00 285. 43 349. 92 G0G09 |e Des sOa bea ea 6, 842. 87 | 10
16. 50 26, 930. 41 207.08 299.18 374. 51 403 BOM tape eee 797.49 | 2,082.64 | 11
1,341.09 32, 663. 66 4, 470. 22 310. 40 | 1,074.95 101. 08 636. 00 900.00 | 7,492.65 | 12
PRES Ee 28,052.17 | 1,587.29 74.40 | 1,255.15 650. 45 399-00 |. ......2..] 3, 922.2911 13
20,489.08 | 163,565.13 6, 000. 00 26. 99 (aia as Tg fg aS ea ht Be i A 9, 458.83 | 14
45,495.50 | 124,689.94 | 13,913. 04 724.68 } 1,982.75 | 1,411.55 | 8,953.48 |23,179.51 | 50,165.01 | 15
64, 158. 07 1 ae S| peer ee 491.76 O05%23 il de foU- Gaile encoons s 4,316.63 | 16
73, 857. 22 469. 51 2/30) Lydon. ee 661. 52 co TA ae Se 2, 693. 23 | 17
93, 698. 22 1,133. 90 799. 03 | 1,417.95 186. 00 176. 50 736.70 | 4,450.08 | 18
57,550.00 | 11,431.16 629. 78 | 1,678.55 |, 1,650.41 | 1,202.34 | 2... 22. 16, 592. 24 | 19
40, 232. 41 1, 200. 00 965. 00 | 1,085. 00 605. 00 DS0SO0 sane 4,395.00 | 20
41, 642.10 1, 082. 72 569. 05 551. 92 342. 75 420. 26 892.13 | 3,858.83 | 21
59, 452. 26 681. 39 486. 60 | 1,192. 68 10. 07 22. 25 110.00 | 2,502.99 | 22
44, 437. 28 1, 598. 34 Dons ceih le Ore 290 Its bose MUL CLOcas loceee totes 5, 932. 86 | 23
ee le 1M (es area ee) Meee Se 105.10 | 1,156. 36 528.97 |50, 870.94 | 52, €61.37 | 24
63, 586. 39 | 13,980. 00 ny San N00 eeaeeeeee ss 400.00 | 4,950.00 ! 2,370.00 | 22,000.00 | 25
42,549.31 | 110,000.00 | 1,000.00 | 2,500. 00 500. 00 | 2,500. 00 |...-.-.-.- 116, 500. 00 | 26
DOSNT SO) |S wa ste BOD OO Wf 2, OU0S0O ne Sacre or |e in | 1,000.00 | 3,500.00 27
46,364.75 | 80,000. 00 289. 40 805. 82 797.62 | 859.47 25,713.04 |108, 465.35 | 28
56,690.12 | 12,500.00 |.........- 1, 167. 74 Fsbo |G; OOD Omen sea 19, 943.29 | 29
28, 028. 88 429. 32 679. 03 | 1,707. 65 317. 80 910.91 | 2,165.91 | 6,210.62 | 30
30, 078. 44 793.95 505. 94 317.12 224. 47 102. 50 775.92 | 2,719.90 | 31
38,806.18 | 52 c-see~ 2 Q8505 lt SOs 4 bese neacecepaccen seed 59.75 | 1,071.64 | 32
26, 000. 00 1, 023. 02 864.18 157.71 YASS hl bee eee 354.23 | 2,873.67 | 33
31, 613.37 | 12,241.61 | 34
132,158.87 | 34,414.11 | 35
429. 21 36
2, 500. 47 37
2, 000. 00 h : ; : 38
27,350.31 | 1,707.00 | 1,374.74 | 2,273.20 | 1,138.54 | 1,907.19 | 35,750.98 | 39
964. 67 | 1,480. 24 | 1,345.29 | 1,216.91 | 2,601.75 |........-- 7,608. 86 | 40
665. 82 250. 80 152. 55 239.70 | 3,423. 47 |....--.--- 4,732. 34 | 41
12. 79 2.00 169. 00 324. 25 7 a ee oe 802.19 | 42
Soe Somes. 39. 36 | 1,107. 47 163. 02 210. 00 214.63 | 1,734.48 | 43
30. 88 | 593. 90 136. 09 135. 59 142.74 759.03 | 1,798.23 | 44
859. 44 129. 41 199. 01 309. 00 LTD OOM. sos 222s 1,676.46 | 45
E charcapa ec paaies Oe 169. 00 940. 00 50. 25 425.00 |.........-| 1,584.25 | 46
47
9
264. 34 168. 76 363. 94 125. 20 i (hs UN 1,100.74 | 50
582. 81 174. 97 144. 55 53 Uh a 415.23 | 1,647.88 a
5
PB OO Lenawee 1,007.12 177.35 195. O1 210.69 | 1,834.07 | 53
54
55
56

393, 114. 94 |3,053, 446.90 | 466,747.93 21, 220. 48 |46, 691. 71 |28, 723. 56 |56, 281. 63 (124,896.62 |744, 561.93

g Including substations.

h For biennium ending December 1, 1910

i For the fiscal year ended October 31, 1909.

jIncluding appropriation of $5,000 from the State Board of Agriculture.

k For the biennium ended March 31, 1909, and including $20,000 for the Puyallup substation.

946 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Taste 10.—Lerpenditures from United States appropriation of March 2,

Classified expenditures.

Amount |

| |
a Balance, $800. + Balance, $750. ¢ Balance, $1,550.00.

Station. of appro- | Paatn Heat
SSC rele stage | Freight mht. | Chem-
priatlon. Salaries. | Labor. | ! pn and sta-| and light » | fcal
tionery. |express.| \oror [Supplies
|
1} Alabamac.......... $15,000. 00! $7,932. 86) $1,361. 71| $1,229.48] $438.66) $435.09] $493.97) $150.34
St A ERDORCS. wan cote mo a 15,000.00} 8,352.85) 3,177.64 262. 56 667.34 370. 84 144. 62.31
S } AXERDSAS WW ceccas end 15,000.00) 7,009.42) 2,883.39 540.30) 565.98} 300.84) 343.99) 166.65
4} California... ~-.222.- 15,000.00! 7,529.50) 4,398. 22 354.03) 605. 86 181.90} 141.88) 400.82
5\} Golorado::*..> 2235-5 15,000.00) 8,352.74 788.68} 2,764. 59 693. 85 211: Sl secon pee 9. 80
6 | Connecticut (State).| . 7,500.00) 7,500. OO) oo. cfc ce oe elec n eee colon nace ae oleae ee
7 | Connecticut (Storrs) | 7,500.00) 5,275.87) 1,897.68 4. 30) 24. 35) ....< se.ru> -|se renee eel meee
8 | Delaware........--- 15,000.00) 7,150.82) 3,073.73 735.82} 170.70} 152.16) 282.74 27.74
Dl) UOMO. aero cwlom ane 15,000.00} 8,107.18) 2,627.10 639.75 471.35 199. 51 51. 58 55. 39
10 | Georgia.......-..... 15,000.00) 7,350.00) 3,119.52 695.25) 282.76) 134.46) 284.97].........
SE AGRON Sec c ewe meen ee 15,000.00} 5,688.55) 3,001.41) 1,004.25) 263.06) 396.33) 854.19) 158. 56
72h TON. 26 fae cence 15,000.00} 8,268.19} 3,026.00} 1,833.34] 331.08 106.88) 120.00) 172.63
02) SNOIRNG woos cece 15,000.00) 9,810.00) 1,843. 47 882. 64) 1,242. 21 S002 oe 15. 85
MA) | OWS oe levee cues wee 15,000. 00} 6,866.60) 1,830.16 915.25) 424.62 87.83] 975.89, 304.95)
15 |) Weanees 26 soc =~ -5>- 5 15,000.00} 9,002.83) 3,152.71 226.35} 430.23) 171.30 9.26} 120.71
16 | Kentucky.......--- 15,000. 00} 10,099.16} 1,618. 53 633.76) 358.68) 146.31 539. 42 83.75
17 | Louisiana.........-.- 15,000.00} 15,000.00) .-. 5. 2222] wen cae o's all que oes oe | <b nee ee | rae eee
CEB. UES (gn 15,000.00) 8,647.97 244.74 10. 35 367. 58 247.99 481.89 77
19] Maryland........-..-. 15, 000. 00! 10,831.63) 2,377. 56 188.66) 150.60, 198.99) 297.84 15. 65
20 | Massachusetts. ....- 15,000.00) 12,734.18 479. 84 6.50} 103.23 21.48) 103.88 91. 64)
21 | Michigan.........-. 15,000.00) 7,316.61! 4,050.80 272.75} 264.16) 102.78) 47.16) 354. 54
25°) Minnesota. oo 65 === 15,000.00} 8,466. 63).........- 1,052. 85 Bi. a0 las eee ee 2,548.55} 339.73
23 Mississippi Sones 2 15,000.00) 7,745.23) 2, 868. 33 207.00) 496.73 95. 71] |..205. 26) Sicaoeces
94 | Missonri::....: s=a-== 15,000.00) 7,041.76) 4,373.58 17.30} 349.39 1.00 16. 97 9. 80
5 | Montane. ...----2.6- 15,000.00) 7,050.00) 3,915.87) 1,179.87) 592.17) 188.86) 91.06} 189.29
26 | Nebraska....--....-- 15,000.00) 10,113. 68 198.51) 2,116.17} 761.51 142: 63| soccer 124. 23
O7 | INevaAds. ..2.- Secs coe 15,000.00! 7,033.02} 3,404. 58 760.97} 374.19} 267.67} 302.08 78. 24
28 | New Hampshire ?...| 15,000.00) 6,875.67) 2,602.73 481.97) 407.05) 285.65) 913.50 90. 21
29 | New Jersey....-.-.- 15,000.00! 8,025.00) 1,568.13 444.07) 901.91 79.39] 454.84) 221.29
30 | New Mexico.....--- 15,000.00 6,402.42) 2,762.24 925.65} 373.99) 478.58} 202.97 49. 49
31 | New York (State)...-| 1,500.00 222, 53} 1,145.33 132.14): 2.0000 0s |-5225e any Sees eee eee
32 | New York (Cornell).| 13,500.00) 7,316.84 901.70) 2,202.92; 274.85) 20 Bois eee 28.18
33 | North Carolina...... 15,000.00! 7,313.88) 2,203. 45 662.56} 294. 12| 84. 29 39; (Siva seers
34 North Dakota...... 15,000.00} 8,421.47} 2,920.99 916.26} 219.38 65. 07 28. 36 15. 65
a5 | Ohios. =f. ox oo: ce & 15,'000:'00) 14,898.34) 2. Set. | esos ee 47. 88) =~ 6 0.--0u| os oe ee
36 | Oklahoma.......... 15,000.00) 6,498.31) 4,125.15} 1,534.10) 697.49 191. 53 163. 78 82.15)
Br | MOTEPOM eso csc Sccc 4 15, 000. 00) 9,913. 83} 1,826. 46 754. 31 185.34] 148.53) 128.47) 148. 54
38 | Pennsylvania......-. 15,000.00! 6,926.52) 4,092.86) 1,612.29) 302.75! 162.08]......... 19.15
39 | Rhode Island....... 15,000.00) 8,756.73) 2,158. 42 38.29) 286. 51 149.19) 344. 46 59. 53
40 | South Carolina... ..-. 15,000.00) 7,356.25) 1,480.84) 1,210.20 173.99 251. 32) 80.05) 455.97
41 | South Dakota....... 15,000.00] 6,255.02] 2,590.08} 1,882.07) 302.17 99. 05) 9.75) 365.25
42 | Tennessee..........- 15,000.00) 8,364.99} 2,557.77; 1,143.64) 323.61 99.36} 300.12} 139. 50)
op Der a Che re 15,000.00) 7,878.85) 1,700.44) 1,730.38 504. 18 103. 41 30. 21 76. 28)
pea} MUL oes Sees 22 15,000.00) 8,656.85) 3,344.03 189.27| 379.60 1.45) oo ccpees 27.25
45 | Vermont............ 15,000.00} 9,241.16) 1,949.86 523.58} 642.11 70.72} 577.24) 226.06
TON tees Tet ee 15,000.00) 8,779.94) 2,686.50) 1,609.01 300:'04| 20736 U/ceeee eee 161. 49)
47 | Washington........ 15,000.00) 6,977.51} 3,345.66) 1,094. 02 550. 41 112. 53} 1,581. 65) 4. 50
48 | West Virginia....... 15,000. 00) 10, 589. 55) 820. 94 62.46} 463.48) 284.77)......... 202.
49 | Wisconsin.......... 15,000.00) 8,460.00) 1,462.70 22.75| 204.98 29. 84 57.80) 467.75
50) Wyoming. .2- 5.5: ..! 15,000.00} 6,190.00) 1,496. 35 912.76 295.11) . 408. 60 705. 78 170. 27
Wotale.s.2 3-8 [720s 000. 00) 406, 598. 94 109, 456. 39) 38, 618. 79,18, 648. 63 7, 578. 83/14, 045. 59) 6, 020. 49

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 247

1887, for the agricultural erperiment stations for year ended June 30, 1909.

Classified expenditures.

Seeds, Tools,

P - | Scien- ' : .
plants, Ferti- | Feeding imple- | Furni- iafie Totnes fravel- Contin-| Build-
gin, | Miners. | stuits |Ubrory-) ments, Jtareand) sopa- | stock. | Ine ox: |gentex inesand
epics chinery. I oat “4 aie ee

296. 86 10.80) 585.77) 304.17 9. 53 321, 25| ps Yd eee eee 257.94) 31.00) 675. 00} 32
565.33) 519.57) 901. 47 23.98) 373.65) 530. 40).....--.- 464.00) 258.52) 15.00) 750.00) 33
7G ees 630. 80|....-.-.- 375. 43) 185. 83} 192. 33]......... 179. 20) = 15. 00 68. 12) 34

ALLE, Beare ot Al ARE ad BE AS Re Piece | ane areal Pie Rectal MR eS Aline ee 10500) - mea aaee 35
436. 43 40. 95 58.25) 245.30) 195.70) 134.81) 16.34] 204.10) 100.51) 15.00) 260.10) 36
ten i) Be ae 980. 90}. .--...-- WIT {Rov Bes ee 22700), | 1OUIOO| MLLi. foleasen se acne 37
363.07) 201.71) 691.56 72.49) 250. 36 PLO ease 15. 49 82.28] 15.00) 170.89) 38

266.46) 262.82) 795.28) 334.12) 196.97) 562.85] 42.00 52.00) 356.10} = 15. 00 323. 27] 39
696.31) 450.18) 1,315.93) 117.41) 232.41) 403.70) 17.20 58.60) 217.76) 33.30) 448.58) 40

12 Sl et 379.61) 169. 50 74. 55 18.50) 871.84) 976.46) 258.39) 15. 00. 108. 64) 41
161.00} 180.68 664.10} 253.58 114.11) 236.24, 79.35)......... 129.30} 15.00; 237.65) 42
275.06) 146.35) 362.91 64.73) 197. 50 fies wy (4 ae =P Sf 612.50) 448.50} 65.00) 750.00) 43
344, 22 37.50) 652. 23 20. 13 81. 57 9.40} 24.40) 769.30} 330.18)........ 132. 62) 44
166.12} 215. 46) 2.80) 156.63 S211) 283.08) Ess. 10) 23 o te 516.89} 15.00) 195,52) 45
259. 55 28. 42) 7.99] 174.97 68.55) 235.50) 56. 90 8.67} 379.86) 35. 00|.....-..-- 46

ft bit ale Earp coh Ls) (Re aa 7. 40 76.09) 275.'95|.....---. 825. 46] 15.00)........-. 47

91. 28) 37.60) 342.01) 156. 65)......... 173. 61 6.30) 435.00) 937. 06)........ 397. 25) 48
364. 66) 41.21) 831.53) 464.63) 678.24) 161.00} 341.62) 564.00} 542.60} 15.00} 289.69) 49
448. 49)... 2222. 2, 082. 60 35.71} 485.95) 159.51] 196.75) 388.00) 866.41) 15.00) 142.71) 50

19,089. 15) 4, 866. 5025, 619. 81| 8,085. 87) 9, 285. sis 8, 339. 31/4, 611. 66) 8, 812. 68/15, 781. 19/1, 436, i hao 70

248

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 11.—Eapenditures from United States appropriation of March 16,

CoOnout- wwe

Station.

Colorado
Connecticut (State). .
Connecticut (Storrs). .
Delpware- o> << 2-s.6-
Plorida -.2.5..-----; -

Kentucky. . 3. --~5<-\-
Louisiana...........-

Maryland. -..-- 2.
Michigan......-..-..-

Mississippi....--..---
MHSSOGN Ae ee

New Hampshire
New Jersey...
New Mexico.....
New York (State)...
New York (Cornell). -
North Carolina. ......
North Dakota.......-

Oregons ss. seecse-
Pennsylvania. ...-.-.--
Rhode Island.......-
South Carolina. ..-..--
South Dakota.......-

Wirpamiaes. 5.2 oni sne -
Washington.........-
West Virginia........
Wisconsin: soso oan.
Way Ounnge. -ssee =

Totals. ses.

oe
Fh tek ek ek peek et pk et et pt et et et
Oe

&
&

Classified expenditures.

Amount
of appro- |

priation. | salaries.

sE5855 55852528

eee
-—

E

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

S Sie ec

_81 888888S8388SSSS5

ee Rt Pt Re Rt
jG Sg a a a a

Heat,

Postage | Freight
Labor. | and sta- can light,
tionery. expres: water.

408. 00)

< 650. 20
1) 233. 00

Give oe 16. 00

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 249

1906, for the agricultural experiment stations for year ended June 30, 1909.

Classified expenditures.

Scien- Live | Travel- Contin-| Build- | ,o)
ances.

_| tific ap- stock ing ex- | gentex- ings and

paratus. * | penses. | penses. | repairs.

62.25] 876.14] 158.34
96.05 419.93) 276.85,

41450). Hab Oy, es

ee ee! Ge SRE

28.06)" “S502. .3.. i208

pein 2 461.91) 108. 00

126. 481. B05. DU cs

ep ey ape RS 1,056.12, 103. 00)
ee 3 157.60, 716. 64

aoe 348! OG ant

5| 140.50} 1,020.07, 360. 68

ER iat (| ee

Ea Sees | ae (5s AT ee ae
ae | 889. 02 6.90

112.53} 551.92| 329.75

50.00] 513.08].....-.--

18. 25| 1,443.22} 883. 87

200.00] 649.53)..........

538.01} 924.23) 1,015. 00

aan eed 384.00) 241.15

5.50) 596. 01 75. 00

23.10} 1,096. 29|..........

156.05} . 614.99].........-

108.11] 228.72} 103. 40

156.70, (9:00 oo

98.00) 223: 85]......-...

504.46] 146. 63).........-

HR ad ED 171.75} 389.90
52.75] 695.67] 460. 80)

eo ake eee

217.69} 136.21) 3,219.37

=e 22.05] 260.50

36.00} 244.19]..........

30.42) 90.74 90. 40

pote 157.47; 115. 00

segs 8 99.78, 425. 00

259. 49| 2,445. 47|.........-
218.30 140.92) 302.00
25.00, 59.18 14. 50)

Se SE 2 ee

49.60) 731.17 195. 01

Bee elie eee 120, ON = 245 -e

bp LSPS (See aes eee vy eee ae
53.80) 856. 494. 70

2, 423, 94/20, 937. 63 3,498. 42) 5, 098. 72/4, 556. 85 25,276. 48, 10,618. 59 10,730.91) 332. 95/10,574.78| 625. 42

250 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 12.—Disbursements from the United States Treasury to the States and
Territories for agricultural experiment stations under the acts of Congress
approved March 2, 1887, and March 16, 1906.

Hatch Act. Adams Act.
State or Territory.
1888-1908. 1909. 1906-1908. 1909.

AlaGame sss sores Fs Cn eee ee eat cee eee $314, 999. 34 $15, 000. 00 $18,019. 89 $11, 000. 00
Ny) (1) Ce Bees 279, 803. 15 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
Arkansas 313, 163. 12 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
California 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 20, 926. 84 11, 000. 00
OIGTHO ONS be. an a es han eee Oe 314, 963. 24 15, 000. 00 20, 756. 22 11,000. 00
Oe 18 LCL aS RS eGR = BG Fed es 315, 900. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
TARO GC DEITILOLY,) 2 sha ov oe. cheep eas sae oe BB; 250.00 [oe on 5 < aie adn =| sisson eae
TR IPWENG Ss oso cs So eee een we 314, 382. 87 15, 000. 00 18, 050. 34 10, 999. 78
TO Fan Cot: ae ine i ek Seika A oe Ee 314, 966. 11 15, 000. 00 20, 996. 19 11, 000. 00
Gaara 28 cao trees cee ees 314, 981. 55 15, 009. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
(LOE Ti on ee ree monn eae ode eh 5 ett = SS 240, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 19, 182. 04 9,935. 89
TTA oe acre nea od oe eae ce 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 20, 864. 38 11, 000. 00
TiGIanReS. Mec an we olka coe oe atecme eee 314,901.19 15, 000. 00 16, 000. 00 11, 900. 00
arrears ce oan a occ ce nee ae ae oe 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
CENCE a el deal eee RR Be Scot aches SEE aes 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
FOOTINICIEY. << Sina nape co 5 cae em Cee eos = eee 314, 996. 57 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
ATNIMIETI SEC ee ss hee te eee see ee eee nee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
ME aING een oc eS ca wae Cheer rose ee 314, 999. 62 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
Marviand’. 20. actos 1 boswcce eens see eee 314, 967. 40 15, 000. 00 20. 763. 99 11, 000. 00
Mascachtisetts: ...2-...2-% 2-2 euch ae ae seen ce 314, 617.70 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
Aiichipane swe. fee eee ee 314, 676. 10 15, 000. 00 17, 341. 60 11, 000. 00
Minniesn tise 2... cae 0 oto ons Sear eases eee ee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 20, 643. 08 10, 930. 09
MISSISSI DOI ns eae oe a eo eee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
MISSOUDT. 0 ots o- vecte-- Se dns een we nate oe 310, 097. 24 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
Mnntann ole ceeds pene et eneen sere ee 225, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 18, 417. 08 10, 999. 96
Nebraska. . 314, 932. 16 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
Nevada.....-.-- : ie 314, 939. 32 15.000. 00 20,772. 94 11, 000. 00
New Hampshire ae 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 90
WeMPuCISEY noo 8 oso oc ae ae eee ae 314, 961. 97 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
Mew MOXICOM o.oo. ue ee eee een ems eens 279, 998. 90 15, 000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
ICM ERODE Nas. wala ss fae crise eee oe cece oe 314, 860. 54 15, 000. 00 20, 880. 85 11, 000. 00
INGrLHWCarGliniae fons. 2 on ose seen oak eee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
NorthiDakotan S368 7. eee chk eee 272, 330. 62 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
Ob pe eget ee eee Sop Na ed N= 2 Se pe 5 © 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 19, 514. 02 11, 000. 00
iblatomd Steno... ot ok weet eo ee 254, 270. 80 15, 000. 00 16,000 00 10, 685. 69
MORPORDT Te ose or tesa ce nbs coe nate eee eae 301, 631. 82 15, 000. 00 16, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
PENNSVIVANIR c+ 555-205 oc donce aeseec ey epee 314, 967. 69 14, 999. 74 20, 995. 41 11, 000. 00
HHGUeMSISNAU oo. ob css teen ete eee = = eee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 18, 464. 20 11, 000. 00
Bouth Garolina-. ..-..... 2.07 Ase sesso. stan ee 314, 542.15 15, 000. 00 19, 560. 12 11, 000. 00
South Wakotas...-... 22.12 l ses ease ee 258, 250. 00 15, 090. 00 16, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
TETIMIESS OG os wan = Scinn'b wasp omit tise see 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
i WC en ee aig 5 ee eae 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 18, 876. 91 11, 000. 00
RAL Ae Fe oo. oe se ck tise sme aneenee ek ee 280, 000. 00 15, 000. 09 20, 821. 94 11, 000. 00
WELIMNON bo o8 ccs cach s hn coos Se ener eee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 09 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00
ATTN IES... coo cae on a 2-5 oss yo wah domino ee 314, 992. 57 15, 000. 00 20, 997. 95 10, 954. 00
WHR HINP TONS cro. ou ksh sc tocs ees eee 255, 000. 00 14, 726.75 17, 080. 11 11, 000. 00
WOSt VILPIDIS.. cect. o5sssceeenace ere es 314, 968. 71 15, 000. 00 18, 859. 12 11, 000. 00
WISCONSIN 2 os. or on cin bom Joona eoeee pe ae 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00
WY VOInIN Goan oso. . ok cone ene cartes seme 300, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 21, 000. 00 11, 000. 00

otal es. c8 nf bk. aed cet eeete eee = bee 14, 648, 412. 45 719, 726. 49 958, 785. 22 526, 505. 41

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 1909.

By Dick J. CRosBy,

Specialist in Agricultural Education, Office of Experiment Stations.
SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR.

In many ways the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, has been one of
exceptional progress in the promotion of agricultural education.
Many foreign countries have extended their facilities for this work
in various ways. This was true particularly in the British Islands
and in Canada, where collegiate and secondary courses in agriculture
have become available in new localities and much has been done to
develop elementary courses and extension work in agriculture.

In this country every bureau and division of the United States
Department of Agriculture and nearly every educational institution
and association has felt the rapidly growing demand for agricultural
instruction. The Weather Bureau, the Forest Service, and the Office
of Public Roads have trained more young men for their work; the
Bureau of Animal Industry has found it necessary to make more
definite provisions for the training of veterinarians for its service;
the Bureau of Plant Industry has greatly extended its cooperative
educational work, particularly in connection with its farm demon-
stration work in the South; and the Office of Experiment Stations
has broadened the scope of its agricultural education service so as
better to meet the demands made upon it by all sorts of educational
institutions for advice and assistance in developing agricultural in-
struction. The session of the Graduate School of Agriculture, held
under the auspices of the Association of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations at Cornell University, brought to-
gether more investigators and advanced students in agriculture, and
was more generally successful than any previous session.

The agricultural colleges have added greatly to their equipment,
increased their teaching force, enrolled more students in agriculture
than ever before, established new extension departments, organized
departments of agricultural education, held summer schools and
longer courses for teachers of agriculture, and published considerable
literature for the use of teachers and pupils in public schools.

In the field of secondary education, special agricultural schools
have been started or provided for in Arkansas, Idaho, Maryland, and

251

252 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Oklahoma; state aid for agriculture in public high schools has been
granted in Alabama, Louisiana, and Minnesota; and many public
high schools have started work in agriculture without state aid.

In the elementary schools the principal development has been made
in the organization of boys’ and girls’ educational contests in growing
better corn, potatoes, cotton, and other staple products, and in cook-
ing and sewing. Reports from 3895 counties in the United States
show that in 1909 more than 150,000 boys and girls were members of
clubs engaged in such contests.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The educational work of the Department has been extended in
several directions. As heretofore the Office of Experiment Stations
has represented the Department in its relations with educational insti-
tutions, but the other bureaus and divisions have also done more than
in former years to extend the general development of facilities for
instruction in agriculture.

The Weather Bureau, at the request of the Mexican Government,
admitted four young men to its laboratories for instruction and prac-
tice in meteorology and Weather Bureau methods. It also maintained
a school of instruction to prepare young men for the position of
assistant observer in this country. Concerning this school the Chief
of the Weather Bureau reports as follows:

The work of instructing assistant observers at the central office was begun
the first of November with a class of 10 young men, all of whom had passed the
required civil-service examination and received probationary appointments.

The course of instruction includes the study of station regulations and the
weather cipher code; practicing typewriting and telegraphy; taking, recording,
and telegraphing observations; preparation of meteorological forms; charting
weather conditions as reported twice daily from all stations in the United States
and Canada; care of meteorological instruments; and the various other duties
performed at stations.

Of this class, one was transferred to another branch of the government service
and the others were all qualified for station assignment by the first of April.

A second class of 9 probationary appointees was formed in March. Four are
now ready for station assignment and the others will be ready within a few
weeks.

Three Mexican students took most of the course of instruction with the first
class.

At such times as it could be done without interfering with their regular work,
9 compositors of the Weather Bureau and 1 probationary appointee were in-
structed in translating cipher reports, casting chalk-plate weather maps, and
the necessary knowledge of presswork in connection therewith. These men are.
now all thoroughly competent to do station printing.

The Bureau of Animal Industry, in connection with its meat-
inspection service and the investigation and eradication of animal

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 253

diseases, has found it necessary to employ more than 800 veterinarians.
The need of securing men well educated for this work led the Secre-
tary of Agriculture in the spring of 1908 to appoint a committee of
five eminent veterinarians to investigate the courses of instruction at
the various veterinary colleges in the United States and to make rec-
ommendations as to the instruction necessary to qualify graduates for
admission to the civil-service examination for veterinary positions in
the Bureau. This committee consisted of Dr. Richard P. Lyman, sec-
retary of the American Veterinary Medical Association; Dr. Joseph
Hughes, president of the Chicago Veterinary College; Dr. Tait But-
ler, secretary of the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examin-
ing Boards of North America; Dr. Paul Fischer, state veterinarian
of Ohio; and Dr. A. M. Farrington, assistant chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry.

After visiting the various veterinary colleges in the United States and one
in Canada and collecting full information, the committee made a report with
certain recommendations for the classification of the colleges and requirements
for admission to the civil-service examinations. Following this report, another
committee of members of the bureau’s staff, with Doctor Farrington as chair-
man, was appointed to continue the consideration of the subject and to formu-
late regulations governing entrance to the civil-Service examination for veter-
inary positions in the Bureau. The latter committee recommended certain
regulations, which were approved by the Secretary of Agriculture and the
United States Civil Service Commission, under date of July 31, 1909, to take
effect September 1.

While the Department claims no authority to regulate the affairs of the
veterinary colleges, it is very much concerned in seeing that men are suitably
educated for its service, and in conjunction with the Civil Service Commission
it has a right to prescribe the requirements for admission to the civil-service
examinations for such positions. As a rule the colleges have been disposed to
meet the requirements of the regulations, and as a result it is believed that
the standard of veterinary education in the United States will be considerably
raised. In accordance with these regulations only persons who are graduates
of colleges having a satisfactory course of instruction will be permitted to take
the civil-service examination.

The regulations recommended by the Bureau committee have been
published as Circular 15 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, entitled:
“Regulations Governing Entrance to the Veterinary Inspector
Examination.”

The distribution of vegetable and flower seeds for school-garden
purposes has been continued by the Bureau of Plant Industry, which
has also begun to cooperate, through its farmers’ cooperative demon-
stration service, with agricultural colleges and schools in the South.
On this feature of work the Chief of the Bureau has this to say:

In a number of States a closer cooperation with the agricultural and mechan-
ical colleges has been effected by mutual agreement, to the great advantage of
all. Through this arrangement the increasing demand for demonstration work

254 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in connection with schools and colleges has been successfully met. This col-
lege cooperative plan also provides for managing the demonstration work among
schoolboys. This work among the schoolboys was started in a small way in
previous years, and during the past season there have been 12,500 boys enrolled,
who have conducted demonstrations in corn and cotton on their fathers’ farms.
The prizes for this work have been donated by the local people. This boys’
demonstration work has proved of great value.

The Forester, in his report for 1909, refers to the growing educa-
tional work of the Forest Service in the following paragraph:

In its cooperation with teachers and others connected with educational work
the Forest Service markedly enlarged its activity. A widespread desire now
exists among teachers and oflicers of public instruction to utilize in school
courses, usually in connection with nature study, geography, or agricultural
education, some of the material of forestry and information concerning our
forest resources. This opens an exceedingly valuable avenue for diffusing
useful knowledge about the best use of forests, but careful preparation of the
material is necessary in order to give it a form suited to educational use. In
the single State of Iowa, as a result of the work of the Forest Service, forestry
was introduced into 114 public schools. Four public schools in the city of
Washington cooperated with the Service to devise a good method of utilizing
forestry in the graded-school course. Similar work for high schools was car-
ried on in Philadelphia. Courses of study were prepared for other schools.
Many teachers and pupils elsewhere volunteered as observers for the collection
of phenological data. A circular letter to all school superintendents secured
the names of schools in which forestry is now taught. Many photographs and
some maps were supplied for school use, and three commercial firms were
supplied with prints from which to make lantern slides for the same purpose.

Instruction in highway engineering has been continued by the
Office of Public Roads. The Director of that Office describes the work
as follows:

Under this project graduate engineers are appointed after a competitive civil-
service examination to the position of civil-engineer student at a salary of $60
per month and field expenses. It is realized that the average graduate from an
engineering school does not possess the practical knowledge of road building
such as would enable him to take up this work immediately upon graduation.
It is therefore the policy of this Office to give the student during a period of one
year thorough training in all branches of highway work, both in the field and in
the laboratory, during which period his services are fully utilized by the Office
in furthering its general work. At the end of this time, if the student has
proved his worth to the Office and it is found that the needs of the service
justify it, he is retained as a junior highway engineer. At the end of the
second year he is eligible for further promotion to the grade of highway engi-
neer, and eventually to the position of senior highway engineer, although no
fixed practice has been adopted governing the length of time during which he
shall remain in each grade.

The practical instruction and experience which the student obtains in the
routine work of the Office is supplemented by a course of theoretical instruc-
tion covering a period of eight weeks given during the months of January
and February, when field work is at a minimum. This instruction covers the
preparation of themes and the study of problems in road construction and in

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 255

the testing laboratories, including microscopic work and chemical analysis, a
study of dust preventives, platting, field notes, estimates, study and research in
road legislation, administration and history, general geology, quarrying, selec-
tion of road materials, and special studies of clays, asphalts, bitumens, and
cements.

Six engineer students were appointed for service during the last fiscal year,
five of whom have remained in the service. This project has given excellent
results, and the engineers, after 1 few years’ training with this Office, are in
great demand for state and county work. It is a gratifying development that
state and county officials are turning more and more to the Office for engineers
to carry out their road work. ‘This practice is, of course, injurious in one
sense to the efficiency of the Office in that our best men are constantly leaving
us, but the result in gain through the distribution of trained men in all sec-
tions of the country is so great as to be a vindication of the wisdom of the
project.

The investigation with regard to the status of highway engineering in
schools and colleges has been supplemented by much cooperative work tend-
ing to the improvement of the courses of construction in highway engineering.
The Office has aided a number of schools in establishing first-class testing
laboratories and has given advice in connection with the course of study.

The Editor of the Department reports a larger volume of business
than ever before in the Division of Publications and calls attention
to the fact that many requests come from educational institutions
where the publications are desired for use as text-books or for refer-
ence purposes. He regrets that requests from these sources can not
be fully complied with and that applicants are of necessity referred
to Senators and Representatives in Congress and to the Superin-
tendent of Documents when large numbers are desired. The atti-
tude of the Department with reference to the use of its publications
by educators and schools is clearly set forth in the following para-
graph from the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1909:

The Department recognizes the fact that teachers and pupils in the public.
schools are most effective agencies in the rapid and widespread dissemination
of information and that the sending of suitable agricultural literature to the
public-school teachers who request it is likely to be productive of great good.
And while it is true that many of the department publications are suitable in
their present form for use in public schools and many thousands of them
annually go into the schools, it is also true that much needs to be done in the
way of preparing agricultural literature and compiling information with special
reference to the needs and limitations of pupils in the public schools. This
function the Department has begun to exercise and purposes to develop more
fully in future.

During the year 1909 there were issued 1,200 separate publications,
of which 715 were new or recently revised publications and 485 were
reissues of earlier publications. These publications contained a total
of 42,263 printed pages and a total of 17,190,345 copies of them were
printed.

256 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Office of Experiment Stations continued to act as the general
agency of the Department to deal with the various colleges, schools,
and extension departments in the United States, concerning matters
relating to the promotion of agricultural education. This educa-
tional work was carried on under the same general arrangement as
in the preceding year, one section dealing with agricultural colleges
and schools and the other with farmers’ institutes and other forms of
agricultural extension work. An addition of $5,000 to the appro-
priation for this work permitted some new developments, but the
delays incident to securing additional assistants for the work made
it nearly the end of the year before full advantage could be taken
of the increased funds.

The agricultural education service relating to colleges and schools
was continued under four general classes: (1) The collection and
publication of information regarding the progress of agricultural
education at home and abroad; (2) studies of different grades of
American and foreign schools in which agriculture is taught; (3)
cooperation with the Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations, and other important educational associ-
ations; and (4) aiding agricultural colleges and schools and state
and local school authorities along lines of agricultural education.

In this service the specialist in agricultural education was assisted
during July by Mr. H. O. Sampson, who spent that month teaching
agriculture in the summer school for teachers at Cape May, N. J.,
and then resigned. The vacancy thus caused was filled late in
February, 1909, by the appointment of Mr. F. W. Howe, of the
Michigan Agricultural College, as assistant in agricultural education.
Mr. Howe’s preparation for the educational work of the Office was
acquired not only through the study of agriculture, but also through
long experience as a seaden of pedagogy and teabher and adminis-
trative officer in different types of schools and colleges. He has
assisted in the general work of the agricultural education service,
lectured at a number of summer schools and conferences, and organ-
ized boys’ corn clubs in Michigan with a total membership of about
1,700 members.

RELATION TO AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.

(1) The department of agricultural education in the Experiment
Station Record has contained numerous abstracts and notes and
occasional editorials relating to this subject. The preparation of
these involved the examination regularly of many educational jour-
nals and other publications, both American and foreign. Annual
statistics of agricultural-colleges and experiment stations in the United

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 257

States, a list of institutions in the United States offering courses
in agriculture, and a card index of agricultural institutions have also
been prepared. A circular has also been published on The American
System of Agricultural Education and a bulletin entitled School
Gardening and Nature Study in English Rural Schools and in
London. A review of progress in agricultural education in 1908 was
submitted for publication, as were also a circular on Education for
Country Life and a bulletin on Secondary Agricultural Education
in Alabama.

(2) Studies of American and foreign schools in which agriculture
is taught have been carried on in connection with the editorial and
other work of the Office, and the number of cards in the index to
these institutions has been increased by 625, making a total of 5,800
such cards. The number of cards of foreign agricultural research
institutions is now 1,390. In connection with the annual inspection
of agricultural experiment stations and on occasions when members
of the staff have been called upon to attend important meetings in
the different States, the work of American colleges and schools of
agriculture and of normal schools offering courses in agriculture
has been studied. A special study of methods and equipment used
in teaching agriculture in the land-grant schools for negroes in Ala-
bama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, and Tennessee was made for this Office by J. O. Rankin, pro-
fessor of agriculture in Talladega College, Talladega, Ala.

(3) The educational work in cooperation with the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations has been
carried on as formerly. The Director of this Office has continued to
act as bibliographer of the association and as chairman of the com-
mittee of the association on instruction in agriculture, which sub-
mitted at the convention of the association in 1908 a course in agri-
cultural engineering, and is now engaged in studying courses in home
economics, animal husbandry for public schools, and courses in agri-
culture in state normal schools. These courses have been prepared
by specialists employed by this Office or by the committee. The
Director also acted as chairman of a committee of the association on
the history of agricultural education and as dean of the third ses-
sion of the Graduate School of Agriculture, held during July, 1908,
at Cornell University (pp. 280-287). He has accepted the deanship
of the fourth session of this school, to be held at Ames, Iowa, in 1910.

The specialist in agricultural education has continued to act as
secretary of the committee on instruction in agriculture of the Asso-
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations,
and in this capacity has directed the preparation of the manuscript
courses in animal husbandry and normal school agriculture men-
tioned above.

46045° —10——17

258 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

(4) The facilities of the Office for aiding agricultural colleges and
schools and state and local school authorities along lines of agricul-
tural education have been improved and the demands upon the Office
for work of this character have been greater than ever before. The
perfecting of card indexes of agricultural colleges and schools and
agricultural research institutions has facilitated the compilation of
data frequently called for by correspondents concerning courses of
study, appropriations, equipment, and foreign institutions.

The card directory of teachers and investigators in agriculture has
been revised and extended until it now includes about 1,800 names.

Requests for assistance in outlining and organizing agricultural
courses and for other information of this character are steadily in-
creasing in number.’ About 3,000 such requests were attended to dur-
ing the past year and in many cases the replies involved the compila-
tion of considerable data not available in published form. Requests
for public addresses, conferences, and other services involving travel
by members of the Office staff have been far in excess of the ability to
grant. The specialist in agricultural education was in the field on
such work over three and one-half months and his assistants two
months.

RELATION TO FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS.

BRITISH ISLANDS.

A report of considerable importance concerning agricultural edu-
cation in England and Wales was submitted in 1908 by a special
committee appointed by the president of the board of agriculture
and fisheries. The report comprises a brief history of agricultural
education in England and Wales up to the present time, a more
extended view of the progress and development of agricultural
education from 1888 to 1908, a description of existing facilities for
agricultural education, and recommendations concerning its further
development. The inquiry of the committee did not extend to rural
secondary and elementary schools, since these are under the control
of the board of education and are not within the province of the
board of agriculture and fisheries.

It seems that England and Wales have two main sources of finan-
cial support for technical and agricultural education. The first
includes funds derived from the excise act of 1890, which are turned
over to local boards known as county councils to be used for the
encouragement of agricultural education, experiments, and demon-
strations. These funds are largely used in the counties from which
they are derived or are devoted to the support of educational centers
which serve two or more counties. These centers may be univer-
sities, agricultural colleges, or special institutions deriving their main
support from these funds, or they may be special institutions estab-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 259

lished and maintained by the county councils. The second source
includes funds controlled by the board of agriculture and fisheries,
which are used for the encouragement of agricultural education by
making grants to a selected list of institutions giving instruction in
agriculture. In several instances the institutions aided by the board
of agriculture and fisheries also derive a part of their support from
county councils.

The committee in its investigations made a study of the work of
six universities and university colleges, five agricultural colleges, two
dairy institutes, one fruit and cider institute, one veterinary college,
and four agricultural or farm institutes, all of which receive grants
from the board. The committee also sought information from every
county council concerning its provisions for technical and practical
instruction in agriculture, from nine colleges and institutions which
give instruction in agriculture but are not aided by the board, from
two technical colleges for women, and from many agricultural so-
cieties, landowners, farmers, farm managers, and others who might
have opinions of value concerning the subject of their inquiry. In
this way a large mass of information was collected, which has been
published in Part II of the committee’s report, Part I being devoted
to its findings and recommendations. The committee also made a
considerable study of facilities and methods of teaching agriculture
in other countries with a view of recommending such features of
instruction as would be applicable to conditions in England and
Wales.

In general the committee found that satisfactory progress had been
made in practical and scientific instruction in agriculture during the
past twenty years, and that farmers now take a keen interest in the
work of agricultural institutions. It believes that the establishment
of a few more higher agricultural institutions, some of which are now
projected, would furnish the country with a sufficient number of col-
legiate centers; but it found that “the facilities for agricultural
instruction of a lower grade are unorganized, unsystematic, and
wholly inadequate.”

The committee is evidently convinced of the importance of pro-
viding a thoroughly equipped staff of specialists for the higher insti-
tutions, and well-trained teachers for those of lower grade. With
reference to the development of existing facilities the report states
that “attention should be given to securing a highly qualified staff.
Many institutions employ too few teachers or relegate the teaching of
important subjects to junior members of the staff. It is of special
importance that higher qualifications should be secured in the
teachers of such subjects as agriculture, agricultural chemistry, and
agricultural botany. * * * Further developments in agricultural
education will be difficult until a greater supply of well-qualified

260 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

teachers is available.” The committee also recommends the employ-
ment of itinerant instructors in agriculture, horticulture, farm hy-
giene, dairying, poultry keeping, and other subjects in every county,
and emphasizes the fact that these instructors should be selected from
those who have had practical experience. They should have their
headquarters at a centrally located agricultural institution, so that
arrangements for systematic demonstrations or improved practice
can be made. And finally, as regards the teaching force, it recom-
mends “ that universities and colleges in receipt of aid from the board
of agriculture should provide courses of instruction on subjects bear-
ing on agriculture and horticulture for elementary school teachers.”

Lack of attention to post-graduate work in agriculture in England
and Wales was alluded to by the committee in its recommendation
that “the board of agriculture provide or encourage the provision of
scholarships for post-graduate research, and also traveling fellow-
ships for teachers, enabling them to study foreign systems of agri-
culture.” It also believes that there should be increased provision for
original research, field experiments, fruit stations, and demonstra-
tion plats, and recommends that the board of agriculture collate the
results of experiments and publish those directly bearing on the im-
provement of agricultural practice.

As regards instruction in agriculture of a lower grade, which the
committee believes to be of vital importance, the winter agricultural
school “ appears to be especially adapted to the needs of this country.”
It is believed that within the next ten years from 50 to 60 of these
schools will be provided and that their course of study should be
especially adapted to boys from seventeen to twenty years old who
have already had some practical instruction in agriculture or horti-
culture. Short winter courses in colleges have been held with success
and should be continued, and this is true also of local winter courses,
“which should be encouraged until longer and more systematic
courses of instruction are available at winter agricultural schools.”

The committee calls attention to satisfactory instruction now being
given in a number of special subjects, such as forestry, dairying, and
veterinary science, and recommends that greater attention be given to
such instruction in future.

With regard to the organization of agricultural instruction the com-
mittee believes that—
agricultural instruction, when provided by universities, university colleges,
agricultural colleges, farm institutes, and winter schools, or by means of special
classes or courses of lectures in agriculture and kindred subjects (e. g., dairying,
horticulture), should be under the direction of the board of agriculture; while
all instruction in agricultural subjects forming part of courses in primary, sec-

ondary, or such evening schools as are in definite continuation of the education
given in primary schools should be under the board of education.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 261

Credit is given to national agricultural societies for good educa-
tional work; but it is stated that local societies have given little aid
to either agricultural education or research. Greatly increased funds
are needed for agricultural education, and these apparently must come
mainly from national sources. The committee believes that the board
of agriculture should first aid existing and projected institutions to
strengthen their staffs and improve their general equipment and then
assist local authorities to make provision for the agricultural work
conducted by them.

All members of the committee subscribed to the conclusions and
recommendations in this report ; but one member, J. C. Medd, believes
that certain points of vital importance to the effective organization
of a national system of agricultural education have been omitted.
One defect in the English system which he considers serious is the
lack of intermediate schools of agriculture corresponding to ecoles
pratiques d’agriculture de France and to some of the agricultural high
schools in this country. He believes that no system of instruction is
complete which does not provide for the continuous instruction of
boys from the age of 14 to 18. Winter schools will not entirely fill
this gap, and it can only be filled by the establishment of a few inter-
mediate schools with courses extending over two or three years. He
calls attention to the fact that the expense of equipping and conduct-
ing such schools is too great for their universal establishment, but
believes that they should be established where conditions are favor-
able and where there is likely to be a demand for them.

Mr. Medd further strongly recommends the holding of conferences
of representatives from affiliated or associated counties at their re-
spective university or college centers for the purpose of coordinating
and strengthening their work. With reference to the literature pub-
lished by the board of agriculture and fisheries, he points out that
many of the witnesses were unfamiliar with particular reports or
leaflets and recommends that all literature issued by the board be
distributed free of cost to all agricultural and horticultural colleges
and schools, farm institutes, chambers of agriculture, farmers’ clubs,
and agricultural or horticultural societies.

The report as a whole indicates that the committee has made an
exhaustive and careful study of all the facilities available in England
and Wales for promoting technical instruction for its youth along
agricultural lines, with the single exception of the public elementary
schools in rural districts which are under the administration of the
board of education. These latter schools are alluded to in Mr. Medd’s
supplementary statement in a paragraph calling attention to the pro-
visions made by the board of education to train teachers for them in
agricultural subjects. The conclusions of the committee show that
there is a strong growth of public sentiment in Great Britain in

262 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

favor of a complete national system of agricultural education to take
the place of the widely varied types of colleges and schools which now
afford instruction in agriculture. As an indication of the growth of
such sentiment, it is reported by the committee that agriculture now
receives recognition in all the universities in that country, and that
the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, and other agricultural
institutions which have hitherto been operated under private control,
are considering the advisability of taking, or have already taken,
steps to become public institutions.

According to a report issued in 1909 by the board of agriculture
and fisheries the total expenditures of this board for agricultural
education in England in 1908 was $58,685, an increase of $2,668 over
the previous year. One of the secretaries of the board pointed out
that the facilities for instruction in agriculture in England were
far from adequate, and called attention to the remarkable fact that
this condition was more pronounced in the agricultural counties than
in the manufacturing counties. For example, in four counties in
which more than 40 per cent of the whole male population over ten
years of age were engaged in agricultural pursuits less than 5 per cent
of the excise fund available for education was devoted to agricultural
education, while in contrast to these four other counties having less
than 7 per cent engaged in agriculture devoted 15 per cent of such
funds to agricultural education.

From another source, the Report of the Board of Education for
1906-7, it is learned that considerable progress is being made in the
teaching of gardening, fruit culture, and dairy work in the public
elementary schools of England. It is stated that gardening is taught
in every English county except two, and the number of schools that
applied for grants in 1906-7 was over 900 as compared with 371
earning grants in 1903-4. The increase is almost entirely confined
to counties in which a horticultural lecturer has been appointed
whose duties are to organize and supervise school gardening and to
train teachers to teach it. Fruit culture is coming to be one of the
important features of school gardening, and bee keeping is sometimes
associated with it. Dairying has been reintroduced into the code
as a special subject for which grants may be given and is looked upon
as a subject especially valuable for girls, not only as an important
branch of domestic work, but also as a means of education and as a
practical means of giving instruction in the principles of hygiene.

Studley College, Warwickshire, England, has added to its cur-
riculum a housewife’s course, which may be taken either separately
or in conjunction with dairying and poultry keeping, which go to
make up the “ colonial training course.” The instruction leads to a
certificate and will include training during three terms in cooking,
laundering, and housework, together with lectures on sick nursing,

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 263

first aid, theory of education, and household management. At Arle-
sey College, Bedfordshire, a home and colonial training course for
women was opened in 1908. The full course of training extends over
two years, and includes housework in all its branches, the care of
bees, pigs, and poultry, and simple gardening. Duriig the first six
months of the course students do the cooking the first week, the
housework the second, and the third they go into the garden. Then
they can go outside and specialize or work in the house entirely.
Not more than 8 students, between the ages of 18 and 30, are re-
ceived for training at one time.

The University of Manchester has established a three-year course
in agriculture leading to a degree in science.

In Scotland a lecturer on agriculture and rural economy has been
appointed in the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, of
St. Andrews University, the oldest university in Scotland. A course
of 50 lectures on the principles of agriculture was offered in 1908-9,
and this course was arranged to meet the requirements of candidates
for the national diploma in agriculture, including illustrated lec-
tures supplemented by demonstrations in the field, practical work in
the laboratory, and excursions to some of the best farms in the
neighborhood.

An encyclopedia of agriculture, published in Edinburgh in 1908,
contains a rather full and interesting discussion of agricultural edu-
cation in the British Islands, beginning with the first attempt to
institute systematic instruction in the theory and science of agriculture
in 1790, when a chair of agriculture was established in the University
of Edinburgh. In Ireland the first state-supported school of agri-
culture was established in 1838, and in England the first agricultural
college was founded at Cirencester in 1845. The development and
present status of agricultural education in England, Ireland, and
Scotland, and the part taken by state and local governments in this
educational work are described.

In Ireland the promotion of agricultural instruction was continued
under the auspices of the department of agriculture and technical
instruction and much attention was given not only to instruction in
the Royal College of Science, Dublin; Albert Agricultural College,
Glasnevin, and other agricultural stations and institutions, but also
to special instruction for the preparation of teachers, and to itinerant
instruction in all parts of the island.

CANADA.

In nearly all of the Canadian provinces there has been great ac-
tivity in promoting the different phases of agricultural education.
This was particularly true of the development of courses for the train-

264 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

ing of teachers of agriculture and home economics at Macdonald
College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue; at the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph; and at the Menitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg. The
law of Manitoba now requires that every teacher in the Province
taking normal work shall take the teachers’ course at the agricul-
tural college before receiving a certificate. The work includes field
husbandry—importance of field crops in western Canada, insect
economy, grain judging, and identifying foul weed seeds; animal
husbandry—lectures on the relation of live stock to modern agricul-
ture, principles of feeding, development, and characteristics of the
more important breeds of live stock, together with practical demon-
strations in the judging pavilion; dairying—milk testing, composi-
tion of milk, and its products, principles of cream separation, churn-
ing, and related questions; horticulture, forestry, and botany; and
some work in mechanics.

Teachers’ courses are also offered at the Nova Scotia Agricultural
College, Truro, with an instruction staff drawn from the agricultural
college and the normal school. The course is arranged so that the
work can be completed in three summer vacations, or if students have
had considerable science training, in less time. Following the lead
of the Ontario education department, Nova Scotia gives teachers
completing this course and receiving a rural science diploma an extra
grant of money.

Quebee reports rapid progress in the introduction of horticulture
into the primary schools of that Province. In 1906 there were 425
students in elementary horticulture, and in 1907 the number increased
to 1,258. The agricultural school at Oka is being converted into an
agricultural institute to be affiliated with Laval University, and the
government has considerably increased the grant to this school to
enable it to raise its teaching to a higher plane.

The Ontario Agricultural College, at Guelph, has erected a number
of new buildings, including a farm mechanics building. Prof. S. B.
McCready, of that college, has published an outline of a two-year
course in agriculture suitable for high schools and collegiate institu-
tions. It includes suggestions for instruction in agriculture, physics,
chemistry, botany, horticulture, agronomy, animal husbandry, dairy
husbandry, poultry keeping, farm carpentry, and farm economies,
items of equipment needed and their cost, and regulations to govern
agricultural departments in high schools and collegiate institutes.

A college of agriculture has been established in connection with the
University of Saskatchewan, at Saskatoon, with W. J. Rutherford,
formerly deputy commissioner of agriculture of the Province of
Saskatchewan, as dean of the college. The college is to include de-
partments of animal husbandry and veterinary science; field hus-
bandry and soils; farm mechanics, including carpentry, blacksmith-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 265

ing, and farm machinery; dairying; horticulture and tree planting;
nature study, including biology and geology; chemistry; physics;
mathematics; and English. There will also be an extension depart-
ment, which will take over the work now carried on by the agricul-
tural societies, under the direction of the superintendent of fairs and
institutes.

A department of forestry has been established in the University of
New Brunswick, at Ferdericton, with a four-year course leading to a
bachelor’s degree.

GERMANY.

A new horticultural winter school has been opened at Elmshorn,
under the direction of Dr. Ludwig Rabe. The school was founded
by the Association of Commercial Horticulturists of Germany, and
receives additional aid from the state, the District Pomological
Society of Pinneberg, and the Chamber of Agriculture of Schleswig-
Holstein. It is the first elementary horticultural school to be devoted
especially to commercial horticulture. The course will extend
through two winter terms, from December 1 to March 1, the first
year’s work including soils, drawing, surveying, horticultural plant
production with special attention to the nursery industry and po-
mology, forestry, and chemistry in its relation to fertilizers and plant
production, while the second year includes in addition fertilizers,
bookkeeping, and plant diseases.

The first trade high school for southern Germany was opened in
Mannheim, on May 1, 1908. It is under the direction of the minister
of justice and public instruction of the Duchy of Baden, and has
for its object the provision of instruction in political economy,
sociology, and agricultural science as they are related to trade and
manufacturing industries. The course consists of four semesters of
six months each, the hours of instruction being mostly in the evening,
as the school is intended to provide an education for those who can
not devote their whole time thereto. The subjects taught are as
follows: (1) Production and trade—hunting, hunting laws, and fur
trade, inland and sea fisheries and trade in fishery products, forestry
and lumber trade, stock raising, meat, dairy products, trade in stock,
wool, hides, leather, farm and grain production, grain trade, agri-
cultural by-products and distilling, plantations and sugar and cotton
trade; (2) mining and metal industries; (3) international economy
and colonial politics; (4) banks and banking; (5) science of finance;
(6) life insurance; (7) protection of laborers. Special lectures will
be given on state and private railway systems, the economic workings
of railways and railway traffic, fundamental principles of political
economy, securities, exchange and settlement of accounts, and similar
topics.

266 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Germany, following the lead of Italy, began giving instruction
in agriculture to subalterns and privates in the German army at
Augsburg in 1907, and by 1909 was giving such instruction in 14 other
places. The courses extend over twenty days and include instruction
on the origin, formation, and management of soils, the composition
and use of manures and fertilizers, plant life, farm crops, diseases
and insect pests of plants, grasses and forage crops, care of the
orchard, animal husbandry and nutrition, milk and its utilization,
farm management, and farm accounts. There are now upward of
3,000 students taking these courses.

OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.

Austria is well provided with agricultural and forestry schools.
In 1906-7 there were 195 such schools, including 3 high-school insti-
tutes, 3 agricultural academies, 9 agricultural high schools, 5 forestry
high schools, 2 high schools for viticulture, fruit culture, and horti-
culture, 1 high school for the brewing industry, 43 farm schools or
elementary agricultural schools with one-year courses, 75 agricul-
tural winter schools, 10 elementary forestry schools, 17 dairy and
housekeeping schools, 23 elementary special schools for horticulture,
fruit culture, viticulture, hop culture, alpine farming, and apicul-
ture, 2 brewing and 2 distillery schools. In 1907-8, according to the
financial reports, there was a net gain of 5 schools as compared with
the previous year. There were 2 less farm schools, but an increase
of 5 agricultural winter schools, 1 elementary forestry school, and 1
elementary special school for horticulture, fruit culture, viticulture,
hop culture, alpine farming, and apiculture.

The First International Domestic Science Congress was held at
Freiburg, Switzerland, September 29 to October 1, 1908. The at-
tendance reached nearly 700, and while the majority of those present
were interested in the organization and development of domestic
science instruction in city schools, agricultural instruction in the
rural domestic science schools was not overlooked, and at the second
session it was resolved that domestic science instruction in rural
schools should be given an agricultural trend.

In Hungary the state facilities for viticultural instruction included
8 secondary and elementary viticultural schools, 4 communal viti-
cultural schools, the Royal School for Cellar Masters at Budafok,
near Budapest, and the Royal Central Viticultural Institute at
Budapest, and a staff of 27 viticultural inspectors.

In France, through the efforts of a number of merchants and
members of the cotton association of Havre, a practical colonial
school has been established which is designed as a training school for
artisans and others in the agricultural, industrial, and commercial
exploitation of the French colonies.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 267
MEXICO.

The Mexican Herald reports that the results of the first year’s
work under the new régime in the National School of Agriculture
and Veterinary Surgery, at San Jacinto, as well as of the Central
Agricultural Station, were very satisfactory. At the school of agri-
culture the second scholastic year under this management opened
with a roster of 460 students, and it was necessary to restrict many
applications for scholarships.

NEW ZEALAND.

In New Zealand the government has begun to publish in its official
educational journal simple school experiments intended to aid teach-
ers in giving instruction in elementary agriculture. It is recom-
mended that one hour a week be devoted to this work, giving one-
third of the time to indoor experiments with plants, one-third to
outdoor experiments with plants, and one-third to experiments with
soils or milk or other phases of agriculture. Twelve exercises re-
lating to germination are given for indoor work during the first year,
and 12 exercises dealing with seedlings for the second year’s work.
The outdoor experiments are to be conducted in the school garden,
and relate to tillage, manures, commercial fertilizers, and the culti-
vation of particular crops, such as potatoes. Ten experiments with
soils are outlined, and 11 with milk. Lists of apparatus and ma-
terial necessary for these exercises are given. A large number of
simple experiments in nature study have also been published on such
topics as the composition of air and water, experiments with hydro-
gen, ammonia, starch and sugar, germinating seeds, roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, and fruits.

SOUTH AMERICA.

The Louis Queiros School of Agriculture, located at Piracicaba,
State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has been reorganized under the director-
ship of C. D. Smith, formerly director of the Michigan Station. Au-
thority is now concentrated almost entirely in the director, with the
general supervision of the secretary of agriculture. The regular
course of study is modeled in a general way after that at the Mich-
igan College. It covers three years, with a preparatory year of
arithmetic, Portuguese, French, geography, and history, and a subse-
quent year of special elective work in any of the sciences or in
practical agriculture. The three-year course includes three semesters
each of botany, chemistry, and biology, and one semester each of
stock judging, soils and plantations, harvest and seed selection,
veterinary clinics, and carpenter and blacksmith work. The equip-

268 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ment includes a farm of 800 acres of excellent land, large barns, and
botanical, chemical, physical, and zoological laboratories. In 1909
the school had $274,000 for maintenance, in addition to receipts from
farm products, amounting to about $15,000. There were about 10
members in the faculty, and the number of students was increasing
so rapidly as to give prospects of shortly reaching the limit that
could be accommodated in the school.

Early in 1909 the President of the State of Zulia, in Venezuela,
authorized the establishment of the first school of agriculture in that
State to be located at Maracaibo.

The Peruvian Government, in accordance with an act passed in
September, 1907, established a model poultry farm at the National
Agricultural and Veterinary School, Lima, for the purpose of giving
instruction in aviculture.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The twenty-second annual convention of the Association of Ameri-
can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, was held at Wash-
ington, D. C., November 18-20, 1908. The president of the associa-
tion, J. L. Snyder, in his annual address, discussed“ Agriculture and
democracy,” laying special emphasis upon the relation of agriculture
to other productive industries and the dependence of other industries
upon agriculture and the function of the agricultural college in pro-
moting democracy. He showed that the growing needs of the future
must be supplied by increased production from lands already under
cultivation rather than by increase of productive area. With the
present rate of increase of population every State in the Union must
practically double production within fifty years, and the security of
democracy in the contentment of all classes of people depends upon
thus increasing production proportionately with increase of popula-
tion. Provisions for promoting agricultural production are, there-
fore, direct contributions to the maintenance of democracy, concern-
ing not the farmer alone but every citizen of the Commonwealth. It
is consequently incumbent upon the agricultural college and its allied
agencies not only to enlarge its own courses in various ways, but
also to assume the leadership in promoting improved rural education
and better economic conditions in general. For example, inasmuch
as production is already outstripping transportation, the improve-
ment of the navigable waterways is of immediate importance; and
in this and in the conservation of all the natural resources, the agri-
cultural colleges may take an active part and must train more men
for the greater demands of the future.

The executive committee of the association reported conferences
with the president of the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 269

of teaching, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, concerning the admission of
the land-grant colleges to the benefits of the foundation. At the
invitation of the committee, Doctor Pritchett addressed the asso-
ciation, explaining frankly and fully the conditions under which the
benefits of the foundation may be secured, and by formal resolution
the association expressed its appreciation of the great value to higher
education of Mr. Carnegie’s act in admitting tax-supported, state-
controlled institutions to the benefits of the foundation, and its
sense of gratitude for the benefits thus conferred upon American
teachers. The resolution also conveyed to the trustees of the founda-
tion and to its president the grateful acknowledgment of the associa-
tion for their sympathetic and helpful consideration of the land-grant
colleges.

The report of the committee on graduate study dealt mainly with
the session of the Graduate School of Agriculture held at Cornell
University in July, 1908, and emphasized the need of still more gen-
eral support of this school on the part of the institutions represent-
ing the association. It was stated that—
it is evident that the meaning of the school is becoming better appreciated by the’
colleges of agriculture. While the registration in the three successive schools
has regularly increased, and there is every reason to expect this increase to
continue, yet it is the judgment of the committee that many of the institutions
owe it to the cause of education to take more active and appreciative interest
in the Graduate School of Agriculture. ‘This school is setting standards and
developing ideals. These standards should be propagated everywhere. They
are capable of greatly increasing the effectiveness of education by. means of
agriculture, and of extending its application. The committee thinks that every
land-grant institution must accept the responsibility of furthering this enter-
prise. Moreover, it is also convinced that no land-grant institution can now
expect to do the best work in education unless at least some of its staff actively
participate in these graduate schools; and the administration of the institution
must also officially recognize the type of work for which the graduate school
stands. If for no other reason, the colleges should feel the obligation of
cooperating in these schools for the purpose of increasing the supply of avail-
able teachers of agriculture. In short, the committee feels that the graduate-
school idea is now established, and far beyond the experimental stage. All the
land-grant colleges must now recognize it. (See Graduate School of Agricul-
ture, page 280).

Commissioner E. E. Brown, of the United States Bureau of Educa-
tion, addressed the convention briefly on the importance of enlarging
the scope of the activities of the National Government with relation
to agricultural education and of more perfect coordination of such
instruction with the general work of education. He emphasized the
importance of considering agricultural education as an essential part
ef the general educational system. The desirability of enlarging
the work of the Bureau of Education in its relation to the land-grant
colleges was urged and the need of a central office for the promotion
of various forms of vocational education was pointed out.

270 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A. C. True, of this Office, submitted a brief report for the special
committee on history of agriculture, reporting progress in collecting
data on this subject and asking the cooperation of the agricultural
colleges. The chief feature of his report as bibliographer of the
association was a statement made by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, W. L. Post, concerning government documents and their dis-
tribution, the lack of permanency as regards designated depositories
for such documents, and the desirability of selling these publications
instead of giving them away, except to libraries, institutions of learn-
ing, and collaborators. Doctor True’s report as chairman of the
committee on instruction in agriculture consisted of a statement con-
cerning the work of two subcommittees on college courses in domestic
economy and agricultural engineering.

The report of the standing committee on extension work made the
following recommendations, which were approved by the association :

(1) That each institution represented in this association organize as soon
as possible a definite scheme of extension work in agriculture; (2) that the
association favor increased appropriations for the United States Department of
Agriculture for the purpose of making investigations into all phases of the work
of disseminating agricultural information, and of assisting the States in every
practicable way to organize the work under the best auspices; (3) we strongly
urge that specific authority be granted by the association to this standing com-
mittee on extension work to make a study of this subject, and to report on it ata
future meeting of the association.

The recommendation that the association organize a section to be
known as the section on extension work was indefinitely postponed,
but C. F. Curtiss gave notice of a proposed amendment to the con-
stitution, to lie over and be discussed and acted upon at the next
convention, permitting the organization of such a section. The
recommendations of the committee “that the association place itself
on record in favor of a moderate federal appropriation to be made to
the land-grant colleges for the purpose of carrying on extension work
in agriculture, under a plan which required the States also to make
appropriations for the work,” and “that the association request
Congress to extend the franking privilege to bona fide extension pub-
lications issued by the land-grant colleges,” were referred to the sec-
tion on college work and administration for approval, as required
by the constitution, but no action was reported by that section at this
meeting.

In accordance with a suggestion contained in the report of the
chairman of the executive committee and a resolution introduced by
K. L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts, the executive committee was
instructed to take into consideration the matter of preparing for
proper commemoration in 1912 of the fiftieth anniversary of the
passage of the first Morrill Act and the fundamental law of the De-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. STI

partment of Agriculture and the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
passage of the Hatch Act.

In the section on college work and administration, four general
topics were considered, viz, Educational Policy, The Value of Gen-
eral Culture in Technical Courses, Administrative Methods, and
Military Discipline.

Under the first of these topics, President Andrew Sledd pre-
sented a paper on Rural versus Urban Conditions in the Determina-
tion of Educational Policy. He held that educational policy should
be adapted to the specialized needs of different communities and that
its first object should be to raise standards of living on a purely
physical basis. In addition to this, the farmer should also be given
training that will furnish him poise and contentment. He should be
a patriotic, high-thinking man, yet contented with life on the farm.
So he must have opportunity, not only for gaining a livelihood, but
also for society, recreation, and mental activity. Such opportunity
must come largely through a multiplication of educational centers
distributed over a State, rather than through one centralized college
or university.

President Sledd believes that a moderate degree of specialization
should begin early in any school system, but full specialization not
till the close of the college course. In the high schools the special-
ization curve for the student who does not go further should rise
sharply until it covers two-thirds of the course, but for the prospec-
tive college student it should rise more slowly and cover only about
the last third of the high-school course.

Speaking on the value of general culture in technical courses in
the land-grant colleges, President G. E. Fellows argued that culture
may be obtained from any subject which is so thoroughly taught as
to make students efficient. He would introduce into the college
course only so much of the so-called cultural studies as will fit
graduates to associate with others and present their ideas effectively.

Administrative Methods in American Colleges was the title of a
paper by President P. H. Mell, who outlined briefly four forms of
college administration: (1) That form in which the whole college
community takes part in government but which is applicable only
to conditions in Europe, (2) government by trustees, (3) govern-
ment by faculty, and (4) presidential government. He did not be-
lieve that the trustees should enter actively into the details of college
administration, but should manage the larger affairs of the college,
provide and look after its finances, and fill vacancies, subject to the
recommendation of the president. Government by faculty he con-
sidered too slow and cumbersome for modern educational institutions
and he therefore favored presidential government. The president
should be a good business man, but more than a money getter. He

272 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

should be a good man, strong intellectually, broad minded, able to
appear before men, patient and sympathetic, a ruler of men. The
college is a business corporation engaged in educational enterprises
and it should have at the head of it a single man of ability, who
should represent the trustees on the one hand, the faculty on the
other. He should have general supervision over discipline, but should
leave the details of it to others.

In the discussion W. E. Stone believed that college teachers should
be largely relieved of administrative affairs. M. H. Buckham be-
lieved that members of boards of trustees should be impressed with
the fact that they have no power except as members of the board, no
individual relations to the colleges. W. E. Garrison maintained that
the president should be held responsible for results, but that he
should have the advice of at least one man on his faculty occupying
such a position as dean which would bring him in view of the whole
field of college work. W. H. S. Demarest held that the discussion
thus far tended to put the board of trustees too far away from the
college and that the board should give some cognizance to detail; in
fact, should let it be known that on very rare occasions it would con-
sider grievances of students or faculties.

The last topic, Military Discipline in Agricultural Colleges, was
discussed informally by Presidents Kerr, Stone, Connell, Nichols,
Patterson, Edwards, and Prof. John Hamilton of this Office.

WORK OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION.

The programme of the forty-seventh annual convention of. the
National Education Association at Denver, July 3 to 9, 1909, was
remarkable for the attention given to topics dealing with industrial
education in general and agricultural education in particular.

Prior to the formal opening of the convention-the National Council
of Education considered at length three papers related to these topics,
viz, What Industrial Education Means to the Elementary Schools,
by A. S. Downing, first assistant commissioner of education in New
York; Rural School Supervision, by N. C. Schaeffer, state superin-
tendent of public instruction in Pennsylvania; and The Adjustment
of Our School System to the Changed Conditions of the Twentieth
Century, by E. G. Cooley, late superintendent of schools in Chicago.
Each of these papers dealt in part with agricultural education and
was followed by from five to ten three-minute papers and by informal
discussions.

At the formal opening of the convention on Monday evening, the
annual presidential address by L. D. Harvey dealt with The Need,
Scope, and Character of Industrial Education in the Public School
System. The principal address at the general session on Wednes-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 273

day afternoon was on Edueation for the Improvement of Rural Con-
ditions, by J. W. Robertson, president of Macdonald College.

Nearly one-half of all the papers, addresses, and reports presented
at the convention dealt in some direct way with one or more phases
of industrial education. So decidedly did this subject dominate all
others in the papers and discussions of the general sessions and the
different department meetings that it shows clearly the almost uni-
versal demand for the reorganization of public school curricula along
lines giving greater emphasis to local, industrial, and doriestic
affairs—agriculture, manual arts, and home economics. It could
almost be said that the desirability of introducing such work as
rapidly as possible into the regular work of the public schools was
taken for granted, and that the problems which concerned those who
attended the Denver convention related mainly to the methods,
administration, and the training of teachers for giving industrial
instruction in the schools.

There was also considerable discussion on the purpose and value
of industrial teaching. The purpose, it was quite generally agreed,
is not so much to uplift agriculture or manufacturing or business as
it is to raise the level and increase the efficiency and happiness of
those engaged in these pursuits. This was made clear by Doctor
Harvey in his presidential address, in which he maintained that
industrial education is much more than mere education for skill in
industrial processes. “ Industrial education,” he said, “has for its
purpose the acquiring of a body of usable knowledge of greater or
less extent related to industrial conditions, processes, organization,
and to the administration of industrial affairs, involving the gaining
of some skill in the use of such knowledge and the securing of mental,
zesthetic, and ethical Viigo = through the acquisition and use of the
knowledge indicated.’

This interpretation of the purpose of ean education was also
adopted by President Robertson, who maintained that the purpose
of education in rural schools is not primarly to make a bigger steer
or a bigger ear of corn, but to “ make a better home for a better child.”
“ The whole idea of education,” in his opinion, “ is to make the earth
an ideal home for the race,” and this will not be accomplished by
training for culture, the kind of culture popularly defined by the
words “ leisure, indolence, idleness,” but through the refining influ-
ence of labor, labor which gives the boy a thrill as he looks upon his
work, sees that it is well done, and realizes that he has done it. To
realize such an ideal in education, Doctor Robertson believes that we
must shift the emphasis from the “ three R’s ”—from letters to train-
ing for life in the locality.

Two papers read before the department of secondary education
dealt almost entirely with agricultural education. These were: Edu-

46045° —10——-18

O74 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cational Unity and Its Preservation while Meeting the Demands for
Industrial Training, by Eugene Davenport, of Illinois, and The
Ethical Value of the Vocational in Secondary Education, by F. H.
Hall, of Illinois. In the department of normal schools H. H. Seerley,
chairman of the special committee on agricultural and industrial
education, discussed the Davis bill in its relation to normal schools,
and in the department of manual training President W. J. Kerr, of
the Oregon College, discussed the question of trades school courses
as related to agricultural interests. In the department of science
instruction, a paper on progress in conservation, by H. A. Winken-
werder, professor of forestry in Colorado College, was devoted largely
to an appeal for instruction in forestry in the public schools.

The problem of relating the country schools more closely to the
life and needs of the people was discussed at length in the depart-
ment of rural and agricultural education, especially in a round-table
conference, which was attended by Doctor Robertson and other lead-
ing educators who have identified themselves with rural school inter-
ests. This problem, as stated by D. J. Crosby, leader of this con-
ference, involves both a fuller scheme of education and a new kind
of education adapted to the real needs of the farming people. In
his opinion—

Such a scheme of public education calls for larger school units, to the end
that the per capita cost of education may not be unduly increased when better
material equipment, better trained and better paid teachers are provided, and
higher grades of instruction are within daily reach of the homes of all rural
children. It calls for instruction in the principles and practice of agriculture
and home economics in the rural public schools, and for the establishment of a
limited number of new special schools of agriculture and home economies. It
demands a new point of view in teaching the subjects now generally included
in the public school curriculum, to the end that nonessentials shall be elimi-
nated and greater concreteness and effectiveness shall be acquired through
problems and illustrations drawn from the farm, the home, and the common
things in the natural environment of the children. And, finally, it must have
the united support of national, state, and county educational agencies, the
bureaus and departments of education, the departments of agriculture, the state
universities and colleges of agriculture, the state normal schools, and the vari-
ous associations of farmers and teachers, to study the pedagogical and prac-
tical problems involved in the redirection of country life education. That the
problems are vast and complex no one will deny; that they are worth the best
efforts of our most profound students of education is equally beyond question
of doubt.

It was along these lines mainly that the discussions proceeded
throughout the conference, which included short talks on the improve-
ment of the equipment of rural schools, consolidation, the teaching
of agriculture, the organization of boys’ agricultural clubs, and the
training of teachers to meet the new demands made upon them in
rural districts. Among those who took part in the conference were

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 275

Dr. J. W. Robertson, president of Macdonald College; E. T. Fair-
child, of Kansas; J. D. Towar, of Wyoming; and Mrs. Katherine M.
Cook, of Colorado,

The other sessions of the department of rural and agricultural
education were also well attended, and the discussions on the different
papers indicated a lively interest in all matters pertaining to agri-
culture in public schools. Dr. S. A. Knapp, of this Department,
discussed the rural education problem as it appeared to him in the
South, and dwelt especially upon the effectiveness of boys’ clubs and
the need of teaching the young the value and importance of the
garden, the poultry flock, and the cow, and how to care for them
and realize the most from them. Valuable suggestions concerning
the making of a high-school course in agriculture, and the correla-
tion of agriculture with other high-school science, were made by
Josiah Main, of the University of Tennessee, and suggestions for the
elementary course by R. O. Johnson, of the State Normal School at
Chico, Cal. There was also a suggestive paper on Some Means of
Awakening and Maintaining Interest in Agricultural and Other
Industrial Education, by E. E. Balcomb, of Oaklahoma; a compre-
hensive account of The Present Status of Agricultural Education in
the Public Schools, by E. C. Bishop, of Nebraska; and a paper by
H. H. Seerley, of Iowa, setting forth the need of national aid in the
preparation of teachers of agriculture for the public schools.

A committee appointed last year reported progress in the matter
of securing university credits for high-school agriculture to apply on
entrance requirements, and at its own request was continued for
another year. Another special committee, consisting of E. C. Bishop,
Josiah Main, and R. O. Johnson, was appointed to report next year
on a suitable high-school course which should include agriculture.
The officers elected by this department for the ensuing year were:
President, K. L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts; vice-president, C. A.
Lory, of Colorado; and secretary, E. E. Balcomb, of Oklahoma.

Another matter which was discussed pro and con at this convention
related to the establishment of special agricultural schools, but the
various papers were presented at such widely different times and
places as to render it difficult to get at the consensus of opinion. The
matter was considered first in the department of manual training,
where the question of establishing separate trade schools was under
discussion, and President Kerr, of the Oregon Agricultural College,
argued against separate trade schools for agriculture. Later, in the
department of secondary education, Dean Davenport, of the Univer-
sity of Illinois, read a paper in which he presented arguments against
the establishment of special agricultural high schools, on the ground
that instruction in agriculture should be given in the public high
schools, that courses in special schools must of necessity be narrow,

276 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and that the tendency of such schools would be to “ peasantize ” the
farmers as had been done by other agencies in Germany.

There was no opportunity at that time for the discussion of Dean
Davenport’s paper, but on the following day, in the department of
rural and agricultural education, some of his leading arguments were
discussed by those who believe in the establishment of a limited num-
ber of agricultural high schools to supplement the existing public-
school system. Briefly, the considerations advanced were that while
there is general agreement that agriculture should be taught in all
public high schools attended by rural pupils, there is also a pressing
demand and need for a limited number of special agricultural schools
for the accommodation of boys who have definitely made up their
minds that they want to follow the business of farming; and that
while it is true that some of the work in such schools must of neces-
sity be narrower than in the public schools, the instruction in agricul-
ture gains greatly in breadth and thoroughness as well as in the
superior laboratory equipment, animals, machinery, and other facili-
ties needed in the teaching of agriculture. There is also abundant
opportunity in such schools to provide for short special courses to
meet the needs of the boy of limited time and means.

Dean Davenport’s arguments that such schools would peasantize
farmers was answered by showing that the farmers in Germany, to
whom he referred, were peasants long before the establishment of
agricultural schools in that country, and that they were peasants not
because of the establishment of agricultural schools, but in spite of
the uplifting influence of such schools. It was also pointed out that
there is a difference between the influence of a school which pupils
are compelled to attend and those which they attend from choice. In
this country the greatest freedom of choice is given in the selection of
courses by pupils attending city schools; there should be similar free-
dom for the country boy. The influence of the special agricultural
school which the country boy may attend or not as he may choose,
must inevitably tend toward the uplift of those who profit by its
instruction and subsequently engage in the business of farming. It
would of course be a most serious mistake to limit secondary instruc-
tion in agriculture to schools of this type.

Domestic science instruction was also considered by several depart-
ments of the association, as well as by the American Home Economics
Association, which met at the same time in Denver. Mrs. E. H.
Richards read a paper before the department of elementary education
on The Application of the Household Arts and Sciences to the Work
of the Elementary School, and in the department of manual training
discussed the influence of domestic science on rural and city home life.
At the latter meeting the influence of domestic arts on rural and city
home life was also discussed by Miss Helen Schurz, of Kansas. The

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. C(t

importance of domestic science teaching was further emphasized by -
L. D. Harvey and J. W. Robertson in their addresses before the gen-
eral convention, as well as by others who spoke upon the general sub-
ject of industrial education.

The American Home Economics Association held three sessions,
the first devoted to the discussion of Domestic Science and Art in the
High School, Vocational General Training, and College Preparatory ;
the second to brief addresses on different phases of home economics
instruction; and the third to Teachers’ Problems in Domestic Art and
Science.

A movement which has been under way for a number of years for
the reorganization of the departments of the National Education
Association culminated at Denver in the adoption of the report of a
special committee on reorganization, which reduced the number of
departments from 21 to 10. In doing this three departments (physi-
eal education, Indian education, and the library) were eliminated
entirely. The national council and the departments of higher educa-
tion, music education, and special education remain as before, while
the department of women’s organizations becomes the department of
school patrons.

The remaining 13 departments will be combined as follows: The
department of superintendence and that of school administration into
a new department of superintendence; the department of child study
and that of normal schools into a department of professional prepara-
tion of teachers; the departments of elementary education and kinder-
garten education into a department of elementary education; the
departments of secondary education, business education, and science
instruction into a department of secondary education; and the depart-
ments of manual training, rural and agricultural education, and tech-
nical instruction into a department of industrial education. This
last department is also to include domestic science instruction.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AT THE SECOND NATIONAL CORN
EXPOSITION.

The growing sentiment in favor of better utilization of all available
- agencies for promoting agricultural education was strongly empha-
sized in the prominence given to strictly educational features at the
Second National Corn Exposition, held at Omaha, December 9-19,
which is enthusiastically declared by an agricultural journal to have
been “the most elaborate demonstration of farm products ever held
in this country.” Nearly 10,000 different exhibits, relating more par-
ticularly to the production and utilization of farm crops, and repre-
senting 28 States, scattered from Connecticut to Washington, and
from Minnesota to Texas, besides entries from Hawaii, Canada,
Mexico, England, and Argentina, filled to overflowing the 250,000

278 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

square feet of floor space of the large auditorium and the special
structures erected for the occasion. The prizes offered in the various
contests aggregated in value over $50,000. It is estimated that the
total attendance was 100,000, an average of 10,000 each day.

The magnitude of the exposition was alone such as to bring promi-
nently to public notice the important position of American agri-
culture, but, as expressed by another farm journal, the exposition
“was far more than a mere display of specimens. It was a short
course of study.” The more popular and spectacular features,
together with those more directly for business purposes, were by no
means disregarded, but a notable circumstance was the unusual
attention devoted to educational phases, thereby making the ex-
position an educational agency, especially in the realm of farm
crops, such as the International Live Stock Exposition has become
in the field of animal production.

Although in name this was the second national corn exposition,
the first having been held in Chicago in October, 1907, the Omaha
show was the first to be developed to so elaborate a degree. Like its
predecessor, it was in name an exposition of corn and maize, and
its products easily predominated, but the term was broadly inter-
preted to include other cereals, grasses, an alfalfa palace, special
exhibits of the work of the agricultural colleges and experiment
stations, a large exhibit of farm machinery, a model kitchen, a
students’ judging contest, and many other features of interest and
value. A complete distillery plant for the production of denatured
alcohol was in operation, under the auspices of the Bureau of
Chemistry in this Department.

Over half of the entries were in what was known as the junior in-
dustrial section. This consisted of exhibits from young people, and
included displays of articles made from corn and other grains by the
pupils of both rural and city schools, and samples of the corn grown
by boys’ corn clubs and similar organizations, as well as by indi-
viduals. Many of these entries were extremely suggestive as indica-
tive that appeal is being made with success to the farmer of the
future as well as of the present.

The educational value of the corn exhibit was much enhanced by an
ingenious arrangement through which the racks were so constructed
as to make it possible to see every ear entered. Significant, indeed,
was the very evident improvement in quality which has been brought
about during the past few years. Hundreds of entries of large, well-
matured, uniform samples, of rich color and high proportion of
kernel to cob, met the eyes in bewildering profusion and rendered
extremely difficult the rating of the samples by the judges. In the
wheat section there was not only an exhibit of improved types and
strains, but the judging of the various samples themselves was also

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 279

supplemented by milling and baking tests, thereby acquainting the
grower in a practical way with the requirements and point of view
of the miller and the consumer.

The object lessons from the exhibits were explained and emphasized
anew by a large corps of lecturers and demonstrators. The speakers
included men prominent in state and national affairs, a long list
of scientists from this Department and the agricultural colleges
and experiment stations, and many experts engaged in various com-
mercial phases of the industries. Not infrequently the audience
taxed the capacity of the two lecture halls which were available.
A special feature was a two-day session of the Commission on Country
Life, in which farmers, agricultural editors, professional and busi-
ness men, and many others participated.

The third day of the exposition was set aside by the management
as Agricultural College Day, and special trains brought several
hundreds of students from the near-by States for the occasion. But
to a large degree the name might well have been applied to each
and every day of the exposition, so prominent was the influence of
these institutions, and so apparent the confidence and esteem with
which their work was regarded. In the main auditorium a prom-
inent section was reserved for their special exhibits, 12 institutions
presenting illustrative material with reference to their work both
in general and with particular reference to those phases relating to
crop improvement. Thus, [Illinois showed that the protein content
of corn could be increased by selection; Ohio, that wheat must be
improved by selection, and not by the fanning mill; Indiana com-
pared the results of continuous cropping with rotation in wheat
growing; and Wisconsin showed how, through the State Experiment
Association, improved seed has been distributed in the State. The
Towa and Nebraska exhibits were especially elaborate, the former
giving prominence to cultural methods, and the latter to feeding
problems and cereal diseases and insect pests.

A novel and instructive feature for women was what was known
as the “model kitchen.” This was in reality a school of domestic
science, and was under the management of the head of the domestic
science department of the Iowa College, assisted by teachers of home
economics from the Illinois and Missouri universities and elsewhere.
Here a ten-day course was given to a class of young women number-
ing 60, with daily demonstrations and lectures which were open to
the general public.

For the farmers and experts in embryo—the students in the agri-
cultural colleges—a special incentive was offered in the form of a
judging contest. In this, teams from the Iowa and Kansas colleges
and the Missouri University struggled in a keen but good-natured
competition, finally won by the Iowa College, for the possession of

280 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

prizes, aggregating several thousand dollars in value. Among these
were the grand sweepstakes trophy—a silver cup valued at $1,500 and
presented under the auspices of the Mexican Government to stimu-
late interest in corn judging—and a thousand-dollar trophy offered
by the Western Grain Dealers’ Association for the judging of oats.
The contests involved the grading of selected and commercial samples
of the different grains, and also a statement of the reasons for the
judgments made; and there were public lectures by representatives of
boards of trade and grain exchanges as to the methods of grading,
buying, and selling. ‘Thus the opportunities open to the students
were much extended, and they gained both experience and training
of a sort to stimulate and develop subsequent work in the class
room.

A national exposition of this sort, if closely held to the educational
purpose, presents very considerable possibilities in that field. Like
most of the other forms of extension work, it is still in the experi-
mental stage and now possesses the temporary advantage of novelty,
which must soon to some extent be lost. Much of the instruction it
imparts is admittedly more or less superficial in degree and ephem-
eral in effect, needing subsequent and continued stimulation through
other channels to effect its greatest and most lasting value. As a
means of arousing interest, however, of pointing out in a practical
way the need of individual improvement, and in revealing the op-
portunities which scientific effort is developing, it may easily become
a factor well worthy of consideration in the work of popularizing
the results of agricultural research.

THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

The third session of the Graduate School of Agriculture, held at
Ithaca and Geneva, N. Y., July 6-31, 1908, continued and in many re-
spects surpassed the notable successes of the sessions of 1902 and 1906.
A combination of favorable circumstances, such as an extension of
the scope of the school to include additional courses and advanced
lines of work, the supplementing of the instruction corps as drawn
from the staffs of American agricultural institutions by the securing
of a number of lecturers of international reputation, and the increas-
ing realization by agricultural workers, through the practical opera-
tions of the Adams Act and other agencies of agricultural progress, of
the substantial benefits to be derived from such a school, resulted in a
record-breaking enrollment and a session of unusual interest and im-
portance.

The general plan of organization of the school was that followed
at the previous session, the Association of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, through its standing committee on

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 281

graduate study, standing sponsor for the school, and the colleges rep-
resented in the association contributing to its support. Following the
generous invitation of Cornell University and the New York Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, arrangements were made to hold the
school under their auspices. The lectures and seminars were held at
the splendid new buildings of the college of agriculture, with a day’s
excursion to the experiment station at Geneva. To the efforts of the
personnel of these institutions and the exceedingly well-adapted fa-
cilities which were put at the disposal of the school a large measure
of its success should be attributed. Dr. A. C. True, Director of the ,
Office of Experiment Stations, served as dean, as at the previous
sessions, and Prof. G. N. Lauman, of the college of agriculture, acted
as registrar. At the close of the session resolutions were adopted by
the students of the school expressing their appreciation and gratitude
to the officers of the school and the institutions represented by them
for their many attentions and courtesies.

The total enrollment of students at the close of the school was
164, of whom 15 were registered in the Graduate School of Home Kco-
nomics, which was in session at the college of agriculture July
13-24, and conducted in close affiliation with the Graduate School of
Agriculture. This enrollment was a material increase over the pre-
vious sessions, 75 students being registered in 1902 and 131 in 1906.
The school was an even more representative body, with students from
37 States and the District of Columbia, in addition to 9 students from
Canada, 2 from China, and 4 from India. The character of the
school as an institution for advanced study was also clearly ap-
parent, more than two-thirds of the students occupying positions in
the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, including at least
40 heads of departments. The membership was further augmented
by the instruction corps of 78 to a total of 242. If to this be added
the large number of visitors in attendance at the various conferences
held during the session, it may be safely estimated that at least 350
persons came into direct association with the school. In the words
of Dean True at the closing meeting, “ probably never before had
there been gathered together for so extended a period so large and
enthusiastic a body of scientific men interested in agriculture.”

The public opening exercises of the school were held on the evening
of July 8 in the auditorium of the college of agriculture, and were
largely attended by members of the university community, teachers
in attendance at the summer session of the university, and members
of the graduate school.

Addresses of welcome were made by President J. G. Schurman on
behalf of Cornell University and Director W. H. Jordan on behalf
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. In the opinion
of Director Jordan the third session of the graduate school was

282 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

especially important, because the agricultural colleges and experi-
ment stations, having passed through a period when their material
equipment and resources were greatly enlarged and strengthened,
were beginning to give much greater attention to the character of
their personnel. A great demand for better trained men had there-
fore arisen, and it was the province of the school to encourage and
stimulate the more thorough training of agricultural teachers and
investigators.

President J. L. Snyder, of the Michigan Agricultural College, as
president of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, responded to the address of weleome on behalf
of the association and spoke briefly of the relations of the association
to the graduate school. He also emphasized the importance of good
teaching in the agricultural colleges and the need that the agricul-
tural specialists employed as teachers should study pedagogy and
adapt their instruction to the requirements of different grades of
students. In a broader way he urged all teachers, whether in school
or college, to consider the fundamental importance of agriculture
as providing for the general welfare of the people.

Director L. H. Bailey, as chairman of the committee on graduate
study, spoke on the character of graduate study in agriculture and
the degrees to be given for agricultural courses. He attributed the
late development of graduate study to the fact that until recently
agricultural knowledge has not been well organized, and there have
been no recognized standards for postgraduate work as there have
been for undergraduate work. In his opinion, graduate work is the
normal and natural work of a university as distinguished from a
college, and needs to be definitely recognized as such and to be or-
ganized. It should tend to systematize all educational effort and to
establish relationships between the different phases of educational
work.

In regard to the character of post-graduate work, he placed the
first emphasis on its content. It should be personal work and must
be pursued largely alone with the minimum of the ordinary teachers’
helps. It should be really post graduate in its character and not
merely additional undergraduate work, as is often the case. It is
now becoming necessary to select the men who are worthy to under-
take it, as not every man who has the technical or formal baccalau-
reate requirements has a post-graduate mind. Most men would bet-
ter not ask for a master’s degree, and only now and then may one ~

‘apply for a doctorate.

He also said that in the agricultural colleges it is necessary to make
the post-graduate work dynamic. One may study so long as to get
out of touch with the activities of life, and a result of the general
educational systems is to make the students passive; they are not

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 283

trained for leadership. Students do not seem to have the power to
apply themselves to the problems of life when they go home. The
colleges of agriculture are trying to change all this, and it is quite as
necessary to carry this spirit through the post-graduate as through
the undergraduate work.

With reference to the specific degrees to be conferred, the speaker
reaffirmed his belief that simplification is needed and that it is un-
wise to make separate degrees for agriculture, preferring the earning
of the well-established degrees already recognized by the fellowship
of educated men. The only degrees in course in his opinion should
be the Ph. D., M. S., and B.S. (or M. A. and B. A.)

Dean True, of the graduate school, gave a brief history of the
enterprise and summarized some of the causes which are operating
to increase the desirability of graduate study in agriculture. He
called attention to the large increase in both national and state funds
for agricultural education, research, and inspection since the previ-
ous session of the graduate school and to the unprecedented demand
for trained men to fill positions as teachers and investigators. So
short is the supply that much competition for men with successful
experience has arisen. Salaries have generally risen—whereas
$1,800 to $2,000 was considered a good salary for a professor a few
years ago, from $2,500 to $3,000 is now quite common. The initial
salaries of 90 graduates of agricultural colleges in 1907, reported
from 33 States, ranged from $500 (a kind of fellowship) to $1,700,
and averaged $950. Those of 9 men with master’s degrees averaged
$1,200 and of 5 with doctor’s degrees $1,300.

He showed that the White House Conference on the Conservation
of our National Resources had brought out the need of a host of
agricultural experts to solve the problem of the soil and the crops
and to teach the results to the masses of the rural population.

In the opinion of Doctor True—

The paramount need of the time is an adequate supply of thoroughly trained
leaders in this cause. It is true we need well-equipped men all along the line.
But in the higher realms of research, college and university education, and
broad organization for the promotion of agriculture we need a large number
of men with much more training than is ordinarily given in the agricultural
college. Without these leaders the real advance of our agricultural interests
will be slow and halting.

We must develop a class of real agricultural scholars and thinkers—men who
will find the satisfaction of their lives in the discovery of new truth and in
pointing out the paths of real progress for their fellow-men—men who will
stick to their tasks and do good work in higher research and education regard-
less of commercial inducements or the applause given to more popular leaders.
It is to aid in the discovery and encouragement of such men that this graduate

school of agriculture has especially been established, and it is hoped that even
in the few days devoted to this present session much will be done to this end.

984 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The courses of study offered by the school embraced seven main
lines: Biochemistry, agronomy, horticulture, entomology, dairy hus-
bandry and dairying, poultry, and veterinary medicine. The instrue-
tion took the form of both lectures and seminars, the programme
being so arranged as to afford opportunity for attendance upon a
number of these lines, and thereby permitting of extensive correla-
tion of work. Special attention was given throughout to the meth-
ods of investigating agricultural problems and teaching agricultural
subjects. There were also a number of special sessions which were
utilized for conferences on general topics relating to agricultural
education.

The faculty numbered 60, in addition to 18 speakers at the special
sessions and conferences. It included 19 officers of the United States
Department of Agriculture, 25 members of the faculty of Cornell
University and 7 members of the staff of the New York Station, and
17 professors and experts from 10 other agricultural colleges and
experiment stations, besides the United States Commissioner of Edu-
cation, a representative of Teachers College of Columbia University,
and the New York state commissioner of agriculture and the state
entomologist.

In addition, lecture courses and seminars were offered by Dr. C. B.
Davenport, of the department of experimental evolution of the
Carnegie Institution; Director A. D. Hall, of the Rothamsted Ex-
perimental Station; Prof. L. B. Mendel, professor of physiological
chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University; and
Prof. Dr. N. Ziintz, professor of animal physiology in the Royal
Agricultural College of Berlin, which attracted particular attention.
So great was the interest manifested in these courses that not infre-
quently the rooms assigned proved inadequate. Doctor Davenport
gave 5 lectures and a seminar in the poultry husbandry course, the
subjects of the lectures being: Origin of Domestic Fowl, Character-
istics of Poultry, General Principles of Heredity, and Application of
Principles of Heredity to the Breeding of Poultry (2 lectures). Di-
rector Hall had the same number of lectures in the agronomy course,
his lectures taking up Special Effect of Fertilizers upon the Char-
acter and Composition of the Crop, Special Effect of Fertilizers upon
the Reaction and Texture of the Soil, and General Discussion of the
Theory of Fertilizers in Relation to the Soil and the Plant.

Unusual interest centered around the course in biochemistry. This
course was offered for the first time and proved exceedingly popular
and profitable, and may be summarized as an example of the ad-
vanced grade of work offered by the school. Following an intro-
ductory lecture by Dr. C. F. Langworthy, of this Office, on Physio-
logical Chemistry in Relation to Animal Nutrition, the remaining
four lectures of the first week were given by Dr. A. L. Winton, of

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 985

the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, who took up the
Microscopical Methods for Detecting Adulteration in Feeding Stuffs.
Doctor Winton outlined the technique of such microscopical work
and discussed methods, showing in detail how it is possible to identify
adulterants by differences in their structure as shown by the micro-
scope in comparison with the standard food materials. In the
weekly seminar opportunity was given for demonstrating in greater
detail his methods and their application.

Doctor Mendel gave five lectures and two seminars during the
following week. The first of the lectures discussed the Chemical
Processes of the Alimentary Tract, the second Recent Progress in
Chemistry of the Proteins and its Relation to the Problems of Nutri-
tion, and the remaining three Intermediary Metabolism, taking up
some aspects of the intermediary metabolism of nucleoproteins and
purins and of the carbohydrates and also discussing the biochemical
functions and protective mechanisms. The lectures well illustrated
the very marked progress in physiological chemistry within the last
few years, and directed attention to a very large amount of material
which is not readily accessible, but which is of the greatest impor-
tance to students of animal and human nutrition. The lectures were
also noteworthy in that they demonstrated clearly the possibility
of applying physiological methods to the study of practical problems
and to both the important relation of many researches along other
technical lines to nutrition and the important application of experi-
ment station problems to many investigations in medicine, pathology,
and other branches to which the attention of the experiment station
worker might not ordinarily be directed.

Director Armsby gave the five lectures of the third week, the main
topics being a general survey of the chemical constituents of plants
and animals, the physiology of nutrition, feeding stuffs, and feeding.

The fourth week of the course was occupied by Professor Ziintz,
who gave five lectures and held two seminars. In the lectures Pro-
fessor Ziintz discussed particularly Muscular Action, its Different
Forms and its Influences on the Quantity and Quality of Metabol-
ism; The Different Forms of Internal Labor Performed by the Rest-
ing Organism and their Influence on Metabolism; the Influence of
Internal and External Temperature on Metabolism; and Aims and
Methods of Research Regarding the Respiratory Process (2 lectures).
These lectures, which were of unusual interest, summarized and
discussed the results of his extended researches on metabolism in
men and animals, particularly the work with the respiratory quo-
‘tient carried on by means of the valuable apparatus which he has
devised. Professor Ziintz brought with him from Berlin the respir-
atory quotient apparatus, and in the seminars as well as in the lec-
tures demonstrated methods of using it and also special apparatus

286 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

for the analyzing of respiration and other gases. His visit also
afforded many opportunities of discussing nutrition problems and
related topics in a less formal way and was regarded as of the
greatest value, not only because of the material presented, but as an
inspiration for advanced research in nutrition.

The special sessions devoted to conferences on general topics
proved of extreme interest and value, especially to those actually
engaged in the work of the colleges and experiment stations. These
conferences included addresses as follows: The Pedagogies of Ag-
riculture, Dean T. F. Hunt of the Pennsylvania College and Prof.
D. S. Snedden of Teachers College, Columbia University; Defense
Work of Agricultural Experiment Stations, Director E. H. Jenkins
of the Connecticut State Station and Director W. H. Jordan of the
New York State Station; Extension Work in Agriculture, President
G. C. Creelman of the Ontario Agricultural College, Prof. John
Hamilton of this Office, and Director L. H. Bailey of Cornell Uni-
versity; Editing of Station Publications, Dr. E. W. Allen of this
Office and F. H. Hall of the New York State Station; Agriculture in
Secondary Schools, Dr. E. E. Brown, United States Commissioner of
Education, D. J. Crosby of this Office, and Dr. G. F. Warren of
Cornell University; Student Organizations, Director L. H. Bailey
and M. G. Kains, assistant editor of American Agriculturist; Ele-
mentary Instruction in Agriculture, Prof. William Lochhead of
Macdonald College, Canada, and D, J. Crosby; and Rural Economy,
Prof. H. C. Taylor of the University of Wisconsin, Prof. G. N.
Lauman, and Director L. H. Bailey. Considerable informal dis-
cussion followed the conferences and added much to their helpfulness.

Well-attended meetings were held during the session of the gradu-
ate school by the following organizations: American Society of
Agronomy, Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators, Inter-
national Conference of Poultry Instructors and Investigators (this
resulting in the formation of an association), and the general conven-
tion of the Alpha Zeta Fraternity. A number of persons interested
in the problems of animal nutrition also had a conference and took
preliminary steps toward the organization of an association devoted
to this subject. At these meetings subjects covering a wide range
were discussed and a large number of the college and station men
were brought into brief contact with the graduate school.

The Graduate School of Home Economics held its second session at
the college of agriculture, Cornell University, July 13-24, 1908, with
representatives from 11 States and Canada. The programme covered
a wide range of subjects, and the instruction corps included some of
the leading teachers and investigators in home economics and re-
lated lines. Practical demonstrations of household appliances were
given by the Misses Van Rensselaer and Rose, of the department of

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 287
home economics in Cornell University. Special lectures were de-
livered by Prof.’L. B. Mendel, of the Sheffield Scientific School of
Yale University, on Foods and Dietary Standards, and by Prof. Dr.
N. Ziintz, of the Royal Agricultural College of Berlin, on Food
Values. The profit and interest of the session were also much en-
hanced by the lecture of the Graduate School of Agriculture, notably
those of Doctors Mendel, Armsby, and Ziintz.

The fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture has been
announced for the summer of 1910 at Ames, Iowa, under the auspices
of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The school
will, as formerly, be under the general management of the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
through its committee on graduate study, of which Dr. H. P.
Armsby is chairman. Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, has again agreed
to serve as dean.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES.

In 1909 agricultural colleges receiving federal funds were in
operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska. Includ-
ing the separate colleges for negroes in the Southern States, there
were 67 such institutions. There was also established a college of
agriculture in the Philippines, in accordance with the provisions of
act 1870 of the Philippine legislature of June 18, 1908, which pro-
vided for the establishment of the College of Agriculture and the
College of Veterinary Science of the University of the Philippines,
the latter college to be located at Manila on the site of the animal
quarantine station at Pandacan. The college of agriculture was
opened at Las Banos with E. B. Copeland as dean and professor of
botany. Sixty students enrolled at the opening of the college.

The Rhode Island general assembly changed the name of the Rhode
Island College of Agriculture and Mechanics Arts to Rhode Island
State College, and increased the membership of the board of
managers of the college by the addition of the state commissioner
of education and a representative to be elected from the state board
of agriculture.

In Montana the executive board of the agricultural college has been
replaced by a new governing board consisting of the president of the
college and two members selected by the state board of education.
The powers of the new board are restricted, supervisory control of
the finances being vested in the state board of examiners. The change
became effective April 15.

Permanent legislation enacted at the last session of the Tennessee
legislature has greatly improved the status of the University of
Tennessee. It is now fully under the control of the State, and its
governing board has been reorganized so that different sections of
the State are represented on it. A general education law has been

288 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

passed, giving 25 per cent of the state revenues for education, and as
stated below, 7 per cent of this amount will go to thé university. The
law also provides that high schools and normal schools must teach
agriculture in order to receive state aid, and this provision has led
the university to make plans for aiding these schools along agricul-
tural lines. (See The Secondary Schools, p. 317.)

The agricultural colleges gave instruction in agriculture to more
students than in any previous year. The number of white students
in four-year agricultural courses was 5,380, a gain of 884 students, or
nearly 20 per cent over the attendance in 1908. There were also 9,017
white students in shorter courses in agriculture, and 1,442 negro
students in agricultural courses, making a total of 15,839 students
enrolled in agricultural courses in the colleges. This is 12 per cent
more students in agriculture than ever before enrolled in American
colleges.

HISTORICAL DATA.

Considerable progress has been made by the special committee ap-
pointed by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations to collect data for a history of agricultural edu-
cation in the United States. The assembling of data has been done
through the agricultural education service of this Office and plans are
now making to prepare an historical paper to be presented at the
proposed celebration in Washington in 1912 of the fiftieth anniversary
of the enactment of the land-grant act of 1862 and of the organic
act of this Department and the twenty-fifth anniversary of the en-
actment of the Hatch Act of 1887, establishing state agricultural
experiment stations. :

Acting for the committee, the Office of Experiment Stations sent
out a circular letter dated September 20, 1908, to presidents and other
members of agricultural college faculties, directors of agricultural
experiment stations, and other educators and investigators who might
be familiar with some facts concerning the history of agricultural
education in this country, asking them to aid the committee in one or
more of the following ways:

(1) By sending to the Office of Experiment Stations pamphlets, reports, letters,
and other original documents which can be spared, and which the owner wishes
to donate to the historical collection of the United States Department of Agri-
culture.

(2) By loaning the Office of Experiment Stations similar original documents
which the owner does not wish to part with, in order that notes or copies may
be made for the committee’s use.

(8) By sending the Office of Experiment Stations references to original docu-
ments which can not be donated or loaned, so that arrangements may be made
to examine the documents.

(4) By furnishing the committee with the names and addresses of men who
are familiar with some steps in the early history of the agricultural educa-
tion movement in this country and who can be consulted by the committee.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 289

As a result of sending out about 750 of these letters, the Office
received a considerable number of historical pamphlets or clippings,
early prospectuses and catalogues of existing agricultural institutions
as well as of some early schools of agriculture which have been dis-
continued, copies of legislative acts, reports of investigating com-
mittees, memorials to legislatures, first editions of text-books, ref-
erences to historical literature in various libraries, and some manu-
scripts.

At the request of the committee the specialist in agricultural educa-
tion of the Office of Experiment Stations visited Dr. W. H. Brewer
of New Haven, Conn., and secured from him copies of several early
lectures dealing with agricultural associations and containing numer-
ous references to literature concerning these organizations, some notes
concerning men who were prominent in the early development of
agricultural education in this country, and copies of letters compris-
ing about 100 pages of typewritten manuscript, written in 1894 to
Prof. W. T. Hewett of Cornell University, and dealing with the rise
of agricultural schools in the State of New York, the men who were
prominent in this movement, as well as in the movement for national
aid to agricultural education, and incidentally with the origin and
purpose of the land-grant act of 1862. This manuscript contains
many references to reports, acts of Congress, and acts of state legisla-
tures, which will be of great value to the committee.

Among the papers contributed by Professor Brewer was a copy of
the prospectus of Oakwood Institute, which was opened at Lancaster,
N. Y., in April, 1851, “for the reception of pupils of the age of
12 years and upward,” who “ will be carefully instructed in agricul-
tural chemistry, the analysis of soils, etc., by a pupil of Mr. Norton,
professor of scientific agriculture in Yale College.” The school also
announced a course of instruction especially designed for practical
farmers and young men from the country, to commence about the
1st of January and continue three months. This apparently was one
of the earliest announcements of a short winter course for farmers,
but the course was never given. A fire which destroyed the property
of two of the chief promotors of the school caused it to be closed
just before the short course was announced to begin. Professor
Brewer has also contributed a copy of a manuscript prepared by him
some time between 1888 and 1892 on “The Intent of the Morrill
Land Grant.”

A visit was also made to Mr. Bronson Murray, of New York City,
who was a farmer in central Illinois from 1843 to 1868 and was
closely associated with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Illinois College, Jack-
sonville, Il., with whom he became acquainted in 1852, and with
him was instrumental in organizing the Industrial League of TIli-
nois, the object of which was to influence legislation to aid instruction

46045° —10——_19

290 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in agriculture and mechanic arts. Mr. Murray, although now 92
years of age, has a remarkably clear memory for early dates and
facts in connection with the development of education in Illinois,
and his recollections, as related to the representative of the committee,
are of considerable interest. He had no way of knowing whether
Professor Turner ever met Senator Morrill or influenced him in any
way, either by correspondence or otherwise, but he believes that Pro-
fessor Turner was the first man to agitate and advocate government
aid for industrial education in the several States.

Through the kindness of F. W. Howe in preparing a manuscript
of 48 typewritten pages, the committee has been able to secure con-
siderable historical data from the earlier reports of the Michigan
State Agricultural Society and other publications concerning the
agitation for the establishment of the Michigan Agricultural Col-
lege as well as earlier movements for including instruction in agri-
culture in the courses of study offered by the Michigan Normal School
at Ypsilanti, and the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor.

It appears from this manuscript that as early as 1849 the state
legislature in Michigan instructed its “ delegation in Congress to
use all honorable means to procure a donation of 350,000 acres of
land for the establishment of agricultural schools in the State,” and
Mr. Howe raises the question whether this action does not take
priority over any other official action to secure a national land grant
for the purposes of agricultural education. It is also shown from
a letter written by the state superintendent of public instruction in
1852 to the secretary of the state agricultural society, that the State
Normal School at Ypsilanti, which was dedicated October 5, 1852,
offered courses of “ instruction in the mechanic arts, the arts of hus-
bandry, and in agricultural chemistry,” and from a letter written
by the chancellor of the state university to the secretary of the state
agricultural society, that the university had organized in 1852 “an
agricultural school as a part of the scientific course recently adopted
by the faculty and regents,” in which lectures were to be given during
the spring and summer terms (1853) on the following subjects:

(1) Daily lectures on chemistry (elementary and experimental), chemistry
applied to the arts, meteorology and climate.

(2) Geology and mineralogy, and the application of the same to mining,
drainage, construction of public works, etc., illustrated by specimens from
Michigan, the neighboring States, and foreign lands; also models and drawings.

(3) Animal and vegetable anatomy and physiology in general, the physiology
and diseases of domestic animals in particular, and the structure and habits
of insects in reference to grain, trees, and horticultural plants.

(4) Organic chemistry and the theory and practice of agriculture, the origin
and nature of the soils, the different varieties of manure, tillage, tools, etc.

The first professor of agriculture in the State University was the
Rey. Charles Fox, rector of the Episcopal Church at Grosse Isle, near

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 291

Detroit, who had been senior editor of the Farmer’s Companion and
Horticultural Gazette, and later, in 1854, published a “ Text-book of
Agriculture,” which was the first agricultural text published west of
the State of New York.

Mr. Howe’s manuscript goes somewhat into the details of the strug-
gles in Michigan for and against the establishment of the agricultural
college separate from the State University; calls attention to the
admission of young women students to the college in 1870, who “ pre-
pared seed for the ground, cut potatoes, transplanted tomatoes and
flowering plants, pruned shrubbery, gathered small fruit, did some
work in the greenhouse, and many other kinds of work;” and gives
references to records dealing with the early efforts of W. C. Flagg,
secretary of the board of trustees of the Illinois Industrial Univer-
sity, and Dr. Manly Miles, professor of agriculture in the Michigan
Agricultural College, for the establishment of a society which was the
forerunner of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations. Ninety-eight pages of the report of the
Michigan State Agricultural Society for 1871 are given to the dis-
cussions had in the first meeting of this society, held in Chicago,
August 24, 1871, which were participated in by such men as Doctor
Miles, Professor Swallow, Prof. John Hamilton, now farmers’ insti-
tute specialist of this Office, Professor Gilman (then of the Sheffield
Scientific School, later President of Johns Hopkins University),
President Welch, President Denison, Professor Hilgard, and others.

Among other valuable documents received are an article by Paul
Selby, of Chicago, on “ The Part of Illinois in the National Educa-
tional Movement, 1851-1862,” and a manuscript contributed by J. N.
Hook, of South Carolina, this being a statement dictated by Senator
Benjamin R. Tillman, setting forth his connection with the struggle
(1885-1890) to establish a separate agricultural and mechanical col-
lege at Clemson, S. C.

Interesting historical data on agricultural education are found in
a recently published address by M. F. Dickinson on “ The Beginnings
of College History,” which was delivered at the celebration of the
fortieth anniversary of the founding of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College. This address presented a very interesting review of
the movements which led to the establishment of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, the only one of its type in the United States.
In 1792 the Massachusetts legislature incorporated the Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture, an organization which still exists
and is fulfilling its mission. So far as known only two other agricul-
tural societies have so early an origin—one in Ireland and the other
in Scotland; the British board of agriculture was not created until
the next year. In 1813 the Massachusetts society began its semi-
annual publication of the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal, now

292 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

superseded by The New England Farmer. In 1824 it sought to
secure the assistance of the legislature in establishing an agricultural
department at Dummer Academy, but the plan failed of -support.
The death of Benjamin Bussey in 1842 laid the foundation for the
establishment of the Bussey Institute of Agriculture, and the death
of Oliver Smith in 1845 resulted eventually in the founding of
Smith’s Agricultural School in 1905. Chiefly through the agency
of Marshall P. Wilder the Massachusetts School of Agriculture was
incorporated in 1856, but the oncoming of the civil war precluded its
practical establishment until the first Morrill Act of 1862 provided
for the national system of land-grant colleges. Under this act the
state legislature set apart one-third of the annual income for the use
of the Institute of Technology as satisfying the requirements for in-
struction in the mechanic arts, thus leaving the agricultural college at
Amherst as the only one now devoted exclusively to agriculture.
William 8. Clark, who became the third president of the school within
two years after its establishment in 1865, is given the chief credit
for its location at Amherst.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The state appropriations for the maintenance of agricultural col-
leges, the construction of buildings, and the purchase of equipment are
growing larger year by year. Several of the biennial state appropria-
tions for these institutions have approached or passed the half-million
mark, notably in Washington, $487,256; Pennsylvania, $526,000, of
which $170,786 is specifically appropriated for the school of agricul-
ture and the station; and Kansas, $671,500, with over $12,000 addi-
tional to restore endowment. The Kansas appropriation includes
$375,000 for current expenses, $35,000 for the purchase of land,
$10,000 for a greenhouse, $52,500 for farmers’ institutes, and varying
sums for other purposes. There were also many other large biennial
appropriations for the colleges, among which may be mentioned
$64,900 for the Arkansas University and Station; $119,000 for the
Colorado College and Station; $105,000 for the Georgia college;
$165,300 for the Montana College and Station, including $78,500 for
maintenance, $50,000 for a women’s dormitory, $10,000 for a sheep
and steer barn, and $18,800 for the purchase of land to extend the
campus; $202,100 for the Utah College and Station, which is nearly
twice the amount given for the preceding biennium; and $175,000 for
the New York College of Agriculture for one year, which is $25,000
more than the appropriation for the previous year.

Among the specific appropriations for buildings were $80,000 a
the Florida University and Station for a biological building and a
new station building; $85,000 to the Massachusetts college for the
erection of fireproof buildings for the departments of entomology

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE IX.

Fic. 1.—NEW BUILDING OF GEORGIA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

FiG. 2.—AGRICULTURAL BUILDING OF THE MAINE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

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PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 293

and zoology ; $87,000 to the Oklahoma college, of which $62,000 is to
be used for a domestic science building and girls’ dormitory, and
$25,000 for a boys’ dormitory; and $50,000 to the Indiana college for
a $30,000 live-stock judging pavilion, and a $20,000 farm mechanics
building.

The legislature of Tennessee has passed a bill giving 25 per cent of
the State’s revenue for education. Of this amount 7 per cent will go
to the university and experiment station, $10,000 being set aside for
the support of the substation at Jackson, $5,000 for crop experiments
in middle Tennessee, $7,500 for the station at Knoxville, and the re-
mainder, at present about $40,000, for instruction at the university.
The University of Minnesota has received a gift from the Weyer-
hauser interests of St. Paul of 2,200 acres of land in Carlton County
for experimental work in forestry, and Yale University a gift of
$100,000, by Mrs. Morris K. Jessup, to establish the Morris K. Jessup
chair of agriculture in the forestry school.

BUILDINGS.

Some of the more liberal appropriations for new buildings have
been noted in a previous paragraph. Several important buildings
for the accommodation of agricultural work in the land-grant col-
leges are now in process of construction and several have recently
been completed and the more important of them dedicated with
appropriate ceremonies. Some of these are described in the follow-
ing paragraphs. |

GEORGIA.

A new home for the Georgia State College of Agriculture has been
completed at a cost of about $100,000, and is now occupied (Pl. IX,
fig. 1). The new building is located about half a mile from the
present center of the university campus, on Compton Hill, one of
the most commanding sites in the vicinity of Athens. From the
front of the building an excellent view is obtained of the city, while
the rear windows command a general view of the college farm. 2

The building is plainly but substantially built and is excellently
proportioned. It is 264 feet long by 72 to 84 feet wide. There
are two stories and a high basement. The foundation and window
lintels are of Bedford limestone with terra-cotta trimmings to define
the elevations of each story. Cream-colored brick has been used in
the construction and harmonizes well with the trimmings. Wide
projecting eaves overhang the building, which is surmounted by a
red tile roof. A broad flight of granite steps leads up to the main
entrance and gives a substantial and imposing appearance to the
entire structure. Each story is 16 feet high and the hallways are
10 feet wide, which insures room for the passage of large numbers

294 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of students and permits the free circulation of air so necessary in a
building of this character. Wide stairways have been provided, so
that the building can be quickly emptied in case of fire. One of the
most attractive features is the lighting, the windows being unusually
large so that every laboratory and office is well lighted, even on
dark, gloomy days. Cement floors are laid throughout the basement,
all other floors being hard maple. The interior walls are of plain
brick coated with cold water paint, a sage green color being used
to a height of 4 feet and light yellow from that point to the ceil-
ings, which are of wood and painted a French gray. As mill con-
struction has been followed, the building can not readily be destroyed
by fire.

Provision has been made in the building for the carrying on of
instruction and research at the same time. There are 10 scientific
laboratories in the building. About one-half of the basement floor
is devoted to dairy work. Laboratories are provided for milk test-
ing, cheese making, butter making, and pasteurizing. The laboratory
for butter making is the largest of the four. This has a tiled floor,
enameled brick wainscoting, and is finished in white. Three refrig-
erators are available for this work, both for storing the dairy prod-
ucts and for carrying on experimental investigations. The remainder
of the basement is occupied by the class room for the department of
dairying and farm mechanics, and a farm mechanics laboratory.
This laboratory is one of the largest in the building and is fitted with
forges and benches for the iron and wood work as well as being sup-
pled with a variety of farm machinery. The offices of the dairy-
man and professor of farm mechanics and the mailing room are
located on this floor.

On the second floor the executive offices, reading room, library,
and the offices, private laboratories, and class rooms for the work in
bacteriology, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agronomy
are located. On the third floor is located the auditorium, which has
a seating capacity of about 500. The walls of this room are tinted
a soft gray instead of the green and yellow. This makes the lighting
especially desirable for the purpose for which this room is intended.
On this floor are also found the offices, private and student labora-
tories, and class rooms for the departments of forestry, chemistry,
entomology, horticulture, and cotton industry. A room is also pro-
vided for photographic work, and one room is devoted to the interest
of the students’ magazine. Each floor is provided with vaults for
the storing of records.

IOWA.

The new agricultural building at Iowa State College is built in
the Roman renaissance style of architecture to harmonize with the

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PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 295

new central building. (Pl. X.) The building is 230 feet in length
by 78 feet in width. It has a semicircular wing with 90 feet front-
age, containing an assembly room and two floors devoted to labora-
tories. The building is fireproof throughout, of the best modern
construction, and the walls are of granite and Bedford stone.

The building will provide accommodations for instruction and
investigation in soils, farm crops, animal husbandry, horticulture,
forestry, agricultural chemistry, agricultural journalism, and agri-
cultural extension work. The agricultural assembly room has a seat-
ing capacity of 1,000.

The total cost of the building and furniture was about $375,000.
It is undoubtedly one of the best buildings devoted to agricultural
education in America.

MAINE.

The new agricultural building recently occupied by the College of
Agriculture is designed in the collegiate or Tudor style so much in
use at the present time in university buildings. (Pl. LX, fig. 2.) The
material used in the construction of the building is red brick, with
trimmings of artificial stone, gray in color, and a slate roof. The
furnishings and interior finish are in dark mission oak. The dimen-
sions of the building are 100 by 63 feet at grade.

The building is located on a slight elevation and has two entrances
to the first floor, the front or west entrance being from a vestibule
leading into wide and spacious corridors which run east and west,
north and south. ‘These corridors are amply lighted and so arranged
that access to them can be had from various rooms separately. Par-
ticular attention has been given to the separation of the various
departments and to the placing of laboratories, lecture rooms, and
other principal rooms, so as to insure economy in lighting and
heating.

The basement is well above grade, and contains well-lighted and
ventilated rooms for veterinary science, forestry, soil chemistry, soil
and physical laboratories, photography, spraying mixtures, appa-
ratus, tools, storage, and toilet. The toilet room is supplied with
shower baths, lavatories, and lockers. The basement also contains
an animal operating room, a dry kiln, and a fireproof storage vault,
and is connected with the other floors by means of an elevator.

The offices of the dean are on the first floor at the right of the
main entrance, and are connected with the library and a fireproof
vault. On this same floor are located the departments of animal
industry, college extension, and agricultural chemistry, with offices
and rooms for the storage of supplies,

296 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

On the second floor are located the departments of agronomy,
forestry, and bacteriology, and the museum, each department having
an instructor’s room or office, and plant and tool storage rooms.

On the third floor are rooms for the department of horticulture,
drafting rooms, a class room, and a large lecture hall. The rooms
adjoining the lecture hall on either side have movable partitions,
which when opened increase the seating capacity of this hall. The
horticulture department is supplied with a refrigerator and a storage
room. Various laboratories are equipped with water, gas, and live
steam.

About 50 feet to the rear of the agricultural building is a stock-
judging pavilion, octagonal in shape, 50 feet in diameter, built of
red brick, and of a style in keeping with the larger building. In this
pavilion the central ring, 25 feet in diameter, is surrounded by six
rows of seats, arranged in amphitheater style, and capable of seating
about 350 people.

MISSOURI.

The new $100,000 agricultural building at the University of Mis-
souri is the second largest and doubtless the most beautiful structure
on the campus (PI. XI, fig. 1). It is four stories in height, built of
native limestone, and has an aggregate floor space of about one acre.

It contains the administrative offices of the college of agriculture,
the state board of agriculture, and the state dairy and food commis-
sion, and class rooms for the departments of animal husbandry,
agronomy, and agricultural chemistry. There are also laboratories
for students in agricultural chemistry and agronomy.

A spacious, well-lighted, well-ventilated, and well-arranged audi-
torium is located in a wing of the building. This auditorium seats
about 1,000 people and will be used for a lecture hall during the
regular college sessions and as a meeting place for large gatherings
and conventions devoted to farming interests.

MONTANA.

The completion of a new agricultural building, for which the
legislature of Montana appropriated $80,000, has provided greatly
improved facilities for the agricultural work, both for the station
and the college (Pl. XI, fig. 2). This building is 150 feet long and
68 feet in width, with a high basement (the floor of which is on a
level with the ground) and two stories above. The construction is
of pressed brick with sandstone trimmings and a tile roof. The in-
side finish is oak, with maple floors. The floor in the main entrance
and in the basement hall is of terrazzo or reinforced concrete. AIl
the heating, water, and drainage pipes are in a subbasement, which

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE XI.

Fic. 1.—AGRICULTURAL BUILDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MissouRI.

FIG.

ue)

.—NEwW AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 Pate XII

Fic. 1.—NEW DORMITORY OF THE RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE.

Fic. 2.—LIVE-STOCK PAVILION OF THE WISCONSIN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 297

makes the basement floor fully as desirable for class rooms or office
as any other part of the building. The building is so arranged that
greenhouses may be constructed against the south end of the building.

The main entrance faces the east. The south end of the basement
is occupied by the horticultural department and the north end by
the dairy department. The first floor affords space for the offices
of the director, and the superintendent of farmers’ institutes, library
and reading room, and the offices, class rooms, and laboratories of the
departments of agronomy and animal industry.

The second floor of the building is used by the domestic science
department of the college, and is fully fitted up for this work.

RHODE ISLAND.

The new $50,000 dormitory recently occupied at the Rhode Island
college is unique among agricultural college dormitories, in that pro-
vision is made in it for society rooms, a bowling alley, and a room for
billiards and other games (Pl. XII, fig. 1). The building is three
stories high above the basement, and the two upper floors contain 48
rooms for students, all of which are well lighted by electricity and
heated by steam from the central plant. There are also bath and
toilet rooms on each floor sufficient to meet all needs, including enough
shower baths for all athletic purposes. On the first floor there is a
large reception or social room, an assembly room, which will also
serve as a chapel, and an attractive dining room to seat 150 people, and
connected with it pantries, a kitchen, and other service rooms. The
building is constructed of native granite and covered with a slate
roof.

WISCONSIN.

The new animal husbandry pavilion recently completed at the Wis-
consin College of Agriculture at a cost of $75,000 marks a step in
advance in the agricultural college structures in this country, since
it provides facilities not only for classes, officers, and the housing of
animals, but also for large gatherings of farmers, stock sales and
shows, and demonstrations (Pl. XII, fig. 2). The building fills a
space of 207 by 114 feet, with a stock-judging tanbark arena, 164 by 66
feet, occupying the central space. Around this arena are seven con-
crete ledges upon which are grass-cloth mats providing comfortable
seats for over 3,000 persons. The entire structure is of reinforced
concrete with brick exterior and a green glazed tile roof.

In the basement, which extends along one side and the two ends of
the building, are provisions for housing live stock, including 14 large
box stalls, 22 hitching stalls, and a large foaling stall for brood mares.

298 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

One end of the basement is separated from the rest by tight doors, so
that it may be isolated in case of an outbreak of disease among the
animals, In this part of the building is a large veterinary operating
room with a dispensary on the floor above. This basement is well
provided with windows, and the King system of ventilation assures
fresh air throughout the structure.

The floors are all of concrete overlaid with wooden pallets except
in the arena, which is covered with tanbark. There are two exits for
animals and five exits for the audience. Skylights and windows in the
gables of the auditorium provide light by day, and numerous are
lights provide illumination at night. The building is heated by
steam, has forced ventilation, and is fully equipped with dressing
rooms for the use of classes of students.

In the front wings of the building are offices for the farm superin-

tendent and animal husbandman, levis quarters for the attendant
in charge of live stock, offices for the veterinarian and the department
of horse breeding, and a large demonstration room for class purposes.

The storage facilities for feed are especially convenient, including
seven large concrete feed bins to hold grains and mixed feeds, a root
cellar w bith will hold several tons of roots, and hay bays which will
shelter over 60 tons of hay and bedding.

The auditorium is to be provided with two large drop curtains
which may be used to divide it into three class rooms for students’
work in stock judging. This will provide much needed facilities for
this purpose for the college during the sessions of the short course
when the classes in stock judging frequently include hundreds of
students.

WORK OF THE COLLEGES.

The California superior court at Fresno has granted the petition
of the state university for a partial distribution of the estate of the
late M. Theodore Kearney. It is expected that this will terminate the
protracted litigation over this matter, and that the university will
thereby come into possession of property valued at over $1,000,000,
the income of which is to be applied to agricultural instruction and
research in the San Joaquin Valley.

The Colorado Agricultural College and the University of Idaho
have established four-year courses in forestry. The former also
offers a course in practical and theoretical library science and library
economy, while Idaho has added a department of veterinary science.

Louisiana University has been organized into six colleges, among
which are a college of agriculture and the Audubon Sugar School.
The agricultural courses have been rearranged to provide additional
electives and greater opportunity for specialization. A two-year pre-
paratory school of agriculture has also been added.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 299

The charter of Nebraska University has been amended by the
legislature to allow a reorganization into seven colleges, namely:
The graduate college, the college of arts and sciences, the college of
agriculture, the college of engineering, the teachers’ college, the col-
lege of law, and the college of medicine. Of these, the graduate col-
lege has hitherto been known as the graduate school, and the colleges
of agriculture and engineering have constituted what was known as
the industrial college. The new college of agriculture is to include
the university work in general and technical agriculture, forestry,
and domestic science. The departments of soils and farm crops
have been reorganized into a department of instructional agronomy
and farm management and a department of experimental agronomy.

The work of the New York State College of Agriculture in rural
economy, hitherto under the immediate direction of the dean as
professor of rural economics, has been formally organized as a sepa-
rate department. A further differentiation of the horticultural de-
partment has also been made through the appointment of an assistant
professor of pomology.

At Ohio State University the department of horticulture and
forestry has been divided, W. R. Lazenby retaining charge of the
work in forestry, which has been extended to include a four-year
course. Wendell Paddock has been called from the Colorado Agri-
cultural College to take charge of the department of horticulture.

The North Dakota Agricultural College has established a four-
year collegiate course in veterinary science. A veterinary depart-
ment has also been established at the Montana college.

The board of regents of the University of Wisconsin has estab-
-lished two fellowships at $400 a year and two scholarships at $225
a year for graduate students in agriculture. These are to be open
to graduates of colleges of recognized standing and other students
with equivalent education, and both men and women are to be
eligible. An experimental forestry laboratory is to be established at
the university by the Forest Service of this Department in a $30,000
building, to be erected by the university on a site adjacent to the
college of agriculture. The Forest Service is to supply equipment
and maintain a corps of investigators. .It is expected that the
laboratory will be available to the faculty and students of the uni-
versity for research work, and that members of the staff will deliver
lectures on forestry and related topics in the university courses as
well as in a course for forest rangers to be established by the univer-
sity. Among the lines of experimental work to be taken up in the
laboratory are tests of various woods for paper pulp and for building
materials, and the distillation of turpentine, alcohol, and resin from
wood waste.

800 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
COURSES FOR TEACHERS,

The development of courses in agriculture for public-school teach-
ers, in harmony with the provisions of the “ Nelson amendment,”
progressed to a considerable extent in different States. The Uni-
versity of Maine announced a one-year course to train teachers of
agriculture for secondary schools. The course is open to college
graduates, to high-school teachers with at least two years’ experience,
and to normal-school graduates who have had three years’ experience
in teaching.

The University of Minnesota established in the college of agri-
culture a two-year course in industrial and agricultural education
for the preparation of teachers in the agricultural high schools pro-
vided for in the Putnam Act, the provisions of which are described
under Secondary Schools, page 314. A summer school for teachers
was held for three weeks beginning June 21.

At the North Dakota Agricultural College a department of educa-
tion was established in accordance with the Nelson amendment,
with Arland D. Weeks as professor in charge. In addition to gen-
eral courses in the history of education, psychology, adolescence,
school observation, and administration, it provides a special course
in agricultural and industrial education, supplemented with occa-
sional lectures by specialists in these subjects. The new department
has announced an industrial summer school for teachers during
August, 1909. Instruction will be given in the regular public-school
subjects and also in elementary agriculture, manual training, nature
study, domestic science, agricultural botany, and agricultural and
industrial education. In addition to the class-room instruction many
special lectures have been announced, among which are one by
Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, on The Point of View and Atmosphere
in the Rural Schools; one by Dean L. H. Bailey, of Cornell Univer-
sity, on The Outlook for Country Life; and seven by F. W. Howe,
of this Office, on different phases of public-school agriculture and
country-life problems.

The University of Vermont has established a department of teach-
ing, the work of recent years in the form of educational conferences
and a summer school in elementary agriculture having prepared the
way for this larger development. A course of lectures coupled with
practical work was given during the year with an enrollment of over
100 students; and a summer school for teachers has been announced
for the summer of 1910 to include courses in domestic science, manual
training, and elementary agriculture.

Summer schools for teachers were also held in a number of institu-
tions not mentioned above. At Storrs, Conn., there was a four weeks’
course in June and July, with work in nature study, domestic science,

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 301

agriculture and methods of teaching it, and special practical courses
in poultry husbandry and fruit growing.

At the Kansas Agricultural College domestic science and agricul-
tural courses for teachers were given in May and June. The Massa-
chusetts and Michigan agricultural colleges held summer schools
similar to those of the previous year. The Tennessee college again
offered scholarships at the summer school for the South to teachers
desiring to take four or more hours a week of work in agriculture,
and many took advantage of this offer.

In Virginia the State University at Charlottesville gave courses in
educational psychology, rural school problems, history of education,
agriculture, domestic science, manual training, nature study, school
gardening, and teachers’ training work for white teachers; and
Hampton Institute continued its practice of conducting four weeks’
courses in cooking, dressmaking, manual training, nature study,
poultry keeping, and principles of teaching for negro and Indian
teachers.

At the Iowa college evening seminars were held to aid in training
teachers of agriculture and domestic science for high schools.

Oberlin College, which was the first college in Ohio to offer lectures
in agriculture many years ago under Professor Townshend, but which
has not given such courses in recent years, held its first summer school
of methods during the six weeks ending August 6. Instruction was
offered in various subjects of interest to elementary and high-school
teachers, including manual training, agriculture, forestry, agricul-
tural education, domestic science and art, nature study, and human
physiology and hygiene.

The Oklahoma state department of education has established an
agricultural division under the direction of the deputy state superin-
tendent of public instruction, for the assistance of public-school teach-
ers in agriculture, domestic science, and manual training. It plans
first to promote the organization of boys’ and girls’ home-culture
clubs.

The agricultural colleges were also unusually active in preparing
courses in agriculture for public schools and other helpful literature
for teachers. The Michigan Agricultural College published a brief
outline for a course in agriculture for the elementary schools of Michi-
gan, together with a similar outline for high schools, supplemented by
more detailed directions for carrying on botanical work, lessons on
farm crops, farm management, farm mechanics, horticulture, animal
husbandry, and soils. Lists of books and bulletins suitable for the
agricultural library of high schools were suggested.

The Massachusetts Agricultural College published a pamphlet en-
titled “ Public School Agriculture,” which was the work of a com-
mittee appointed at the close of a conference on agricultural science

302 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

at Amherst, Mass., in 1908, to prepare a series of teachable exercises
on elementary agriculture. The exercises published number 54, dis-
tributed over the study of soils, capillarity, drainage, evaporation,
earthworms, plant transpiration, fertilizers, leguminous forage plants,
seed selection, corn germination, plant variation, propagation, graft-
ing, pruning, Bordeaux mixture, milk bacteria, milk testing, and
similar subjects. Twenty-four additional exercises are suggested,
with a list of helpful bulletins and books.

The official journal of the Kansas Agricultural College, The Indus-
trialist, has been running two special series, one a farmers’ institute
series, with practical suggestions for adult farmers, the other an agri-
cultural education series, with lessons for teachers and pupils on such
subjects as how plants feed and grow, plant breeding, a corn primer,
tree culture, the soil, an elementary study of insects, and insects inju-
rious to farm crops.

The extension bulletins of the Ohio College of Agriculture have
appeared at frequent intervals with special school articles on such
interesting and instructive topics as the horse, our useful birds, the
preparation of the seed bed, propagation of plants, tillage and culti-
vation, what trees do, the story of the life of a moth, sheep, and what
makes the wind blow.

From the agricultural department of Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio, have come two useful school bulletins: The Soil and Its Rela-
tion to Plants, and Experimental Studies of Pfant Growth.

The New Hampshire college has started a series of school bulletins
with suggestions for teachers of elementary agriculture.

The New York State College of Agriculture has continued its
Home Nature Study Course circulars for teachers and its Rural
School Leaflet for teachers and pupils. The latter is said to have
reached 75,000 pupils in 1909, with helpful lessons on plant food, the
horse, poultry, dairying, and other related topics.

The Hampton leaflets have appeared as usual, with occasional num-
bers dealing with special elementary lessons in agriculture. Three
such lessons appeared during the year: The story of corn, plowing
and harrowing, and. culture and marketing of tobacco.

COLLEGE EXTENSION AND SHORT COURSES.

All forms of agricultural extension work have developed rapidly
during the year, and as a result of increasing demands upon the
agricultural colleges for itinerant instruction and demonstration,
many of these institutions have organized and manned extension
departments. Some of the features of school extension work are
described briefly in this report (pp. 317, 322), but a more extended
account of them is given in the report of the farmers’ institute spe-
cialist, on page 327.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 303

The number and variety of short courses held at the agricultural
colleges in 1909 were greater than in any previous year, and there
were nearly 2,000 more students enrolled in these courses than in 1908,
Massachusetts appointed a director of short courses, Oregon inaugu-
rated short reading courses in poultry husbandry, Oklahoma held a
cotton-grading school, Missouri gave two short courses for boys, and
Vermont held its first annual farmers’ week, with 160 enrolled.

Farmers’ weeks have grown in favor and effectiveness as means of
instruction for the more adult people in rural districts. They as-
sume many different forms, but the general scope of the larger meet-
ings of this class is indicated by the following account of farmers’
weeks in Missouri, Nebraska, New York, and Oklahoma:

The “ farmers’ week,” held at Columbia, Mo., under the auspices
of the state board of agriculture, during the week of January 4, was
extremely successful, attracting an attendance of over 1,000. <A large
number of organizations participated in the meetings, including, in
addition to the college of agriculture and the state board of agri-
culture, the state board of horticulture, Improved Live Stock Breed-
ers’ Association, Dairy Association, Butter Makers’ Association, Corn
Growers’ Association, Sheep Breeders’ Association, Swine Growers’
and Breeders’ Association, Highway Engineers’ Association, Jersey
Cattle Breeders’ Association, Bee Keepers’ Association, Home Makers’
Conference, and the American Breeders’ Association.

The general exercises were opened by President A. Ross Hill of
the university, former Secretary of Agriculture Norman J. Colman,
and Dean Waters. Illustrated lectures were given by H. W. Mum-
ford on Live Stock and Agricultural Conditions in Argentina and
How They Affect the American Live Stock Industry, and by W. J.
Spillman on Mendel’s Law. C. A. Zavitz discussed the work of the
Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, and Assistant Secre-
tary of Agriculture W. M. Hays gave an address urging the better-
ment of general farm conditions and especially of rural schools.
During the week practical demonstrations were given in soil, seed,
and dairy work, stock and grain judging, and there were corn,
fruit, and dairy products shows. In the “ home makers’ conference ”
a model kitchen was on exhibition and an address was given by Miss
Martha Van Rensselaer, of Cornell University, on What the State
May Do for Farmers’ Wives.

The eighth annual joint meeting of the various state agricultural
associations in Nebraska was held at the university farm January
18-22, the different organizations holding meetings including the
board of agriculture, the Horticultural Society, the Veterinary
Medical Association, the Dairymen’s Association, Poultry Associa-
tion, the Improved Live Stock Association, the Swine Breeders’ As-
sociation, the Association of Breeders of Poland China and Duroc

804 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Jersey Swine and Red Polled, Aberdeen-Angus, and Shorthorn
Cattle, the Bee Keepers’ Association, the Corn Improvers’ Associa-
tion, the Farmers’ Institute Conference, and the Home Economics
Association. A large number of experts from several agricultural
colleges and experiment stations and from the United States De-
partment of Agriculture participated in the various programmes.
A special feature of the meetings was the dedication on January 19
of Home Economics Hall—a three-story structure of gray pressed
brick, costing about $70,000.

The exercises of “ farmers’ week,” held at Cornell University
February 22-27, were very largely attended, the registration reach-
ing 1,275. The programme included a general reunion of agricul-
tural students resulting in the formation of a permanent association,
meetings of the State Experimenters’ League, Plant Breeders’ Asso-
ciation, Poultry Association, the Cornell Horticultural Union, the
Dairy Students’ Association, the newly formed State Drainage Asso-
ciation, and other organizations, together with a corn congress, horse
show, poultry institute, housekeepers’ conference, the second annual
agricultural stage, and a large number of lectures and demonstrations.

A very successful week’s short course was held at the Oklahoma,
college in January. About 400 farmers were in attendance, and 50
women attended the course in domestic economy. The subjects pre-
sented included Cotton, Corn, and Alfalfa Growing, Seed Selection,
Road Building, Farm Management, Horse and Swine Judging,
Dairying, Tuberculosis, Texas Fever and Its Eradication, the Silo
and Its Uses, Care of Farm Horses, Orchard Pests and Spraying,
Fruit Growing and Storage, and Tree Planting. A special feature
of the week was a meat-cutting demonstration, conducted under a
large tent in which all the retail cuts of beef, pork, and mutton were
shown and their relative value explained. The State Dairymen’s
Association held its annual meeting during the week, and a corn
growers’ association was organized with over a hundred charter
members. .

THE COLLEGES AT THE INTERNATIONAL LIVE STOCK EXPOSITION.

The ninth exposition of the International Live Stock Association,
held in Chicago, November 28—December 10, was again a notable
success. In spite of the quarantine of several States on account of.
the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, 20 States, together with
Canada, Mexico, England, and Belgium, were represented by entries
ingluding over 3,000 animals, and in most of the classes the quality
showed continued improvement over previous years.

The influence of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations:
was quite as strongly in evidence as ever. Their staffs furnished six

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 805

members of the corps of judges, their students were again a promi-
nent and distinctive feature, and their exhibits were distributed
through nearly every class of entry, figuring even more largely than
in former years in the prize winnings, easily predominating in the
fat-stock classes and achieving several grand championships, among
them the highly coveted championship of the single steers.

In the fat-barrow class the grand championships both for single
barrows and pens of 3 were won by Berkshires from the Iowa college,
which also furnished the champion Poland China and large York-
shire single barrows, the champion Duroc Jersey pen of 3, and the
champion carload of from 150 to 200 pounds in weight, besides a
large number of class prizes. The champion pen of Chester Whites
and the champion Duroc Jersey single barrow were from the Wis-
consin University, which also won a long list of class prizes. The
Ohio University showed the champion pen of large Yorkshires and
won several prizes in other classes, as did also Purdue University.

The exhibit of fat wethers from the Wisconsin University was
especially noteworthy and won a large number of prizes, among them
the championships for pens of Shropshires and Cheviots, for single
wethers in Hampshires, and for the champion dressed carcass of the
show. Iowa received a second prize for a pen of Southdowns.

For fat cattle the Nebraska University won, in the Shorthorn
classes, first on senior yearlings, and Ohio first on junior yearlings,
and other prizes went to Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, and Ohio. On
Aberdeen Angus herds, the Kansas college won first, with Minnesota
second, Nebraska third, and Iowa fifth. On two-year-olds the Kan-
sas college was first, Purdue second, and Nebraska third; on year-
lings, Minnesota first, Purdue fourth, and Kansas fifth; and on calves,
Kansas first, Nebraska second, Iowa fourth, and Missouri fifth. The
breed championship for single steers was again won by the Minnesota
University. On Hereford two-year-olds the Nebraska University
won third place and Purdue fourth.

The Missouri and Nebraska universities were strongly in evidence
in the Galloway classes, the former winning the herd championship,
first on yearlings, and second on two-year-olds and calves, and the
latter receiving second on herd, first on calves, second on yearlings,
and fourth on two-year-olds. Purdue won third and Ohio fourth on
yearlings, and Kansas third on calves.

In the grades and cross breds the Iowa college won first on herd,
second on two-year-olds, second and fourth on senior yearlings, third
and fourth on junior yearlings, third and fifth on senior calves, and
second on junior calves. Nebraska received thirds on herd, two-
year-olds, and senior yearlings, and Missouri fourth on two-year-olds
and second on junior yearlings.

46045°—10——20

806 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Upon the final assembling of the winners from all breeds, cham-
pions were as usual chosen for the groups by ages, and two of the
three selected were from the college entries. For the two-year-olds
the Angus Fyvie Knight from Purdue was selected, thereby reversing
an earlier decision in which first place for Angus two-year-olds had
been given to Ideal from the Kansas college. Symboleer, also an
Angus from the Kansas college, received the calf championship. The
grand championship for all breeds and ages fell to Purdue on Fyvie
Knight. The Iowa college won the herd championship with Kansas
third.

In the cattle slaughter tests an innovation was the ante-mortem
rating of the animals from the killing standpoint. In this first place
in the two-year-old class went to an entry from the Minnesota Uni-
versity, with Iowa third, and Missouri fourth, and in the yearling
class Iowa received second and fourth place. Upon a regrading of
the carcasses after slaughter, with the criterion largely the require-
ment of the general trade, the ratings were very much altered,
Nebraska receiving first and Missouri second on two-year-olds, and
Towa fifth on yearlings.

In the carload-lot competition a load of “short fed” Angus year-
lings fed by the Purdue Station under known conditions attracted
much attention, and was regarded as a valuable demonstration.

The entries of horses from the colleges were much less numerous
than those of fat stock. With Clydesdales Iowa received fifth prize
for aged stallions and third for yearlings.

In the special class for college and station stock the competition —
was, as usual, exceedingly close. With cattle, Purdue won first for
two-year-olds, and the championship for single steers with Fyvie
Knight. Kansas won second place on two-year-olds, with Nebraska
third, and Iowa fourth. For cattle one to two years old, the winner
was Minnesota, followed by Iowa, Nebraska, and Missouri. For
calves, Kansas won first, Minnesota second and fourth, and Iowa
third. The herd championship was won by Iowa. Wisconsin took
all the prizes for sheep except third on wether lambs, which went
to Iowa. Purdue received second and Iowa third for barrows under
12 months, and the remaining prizes for hogs went to Iowa.

The usual large attendance of students led to the remark from
The Breeders’ Gazette that “more and more the International is
becoming an elective course in the curriculum of agricultural col-
leges.” The judging contests were participated in by teams from
eight institutions, and several others were represented in the crowd
of spectators, and at the annual meeting of the American Federation
of Agricultural Students, which was held December 1. In the con-
test for the trophy offered for the highest total scores in judging
horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, first place was awarded to the Iowa

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 307

college, the remaining competitors in order being Nebraska, Texas,
Missouri, Kansas, Ohio, Ontario, and Minnesota.

The Armour scholarships contingent upon these contests and upon
the prize winnings of the colleges and stations have been awarded,
Iowa receiving 7, Nebraska and Wisconsin 3 each, Purdue 2, and
Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Texas 1 each.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE UNIVERSITIES.

At the convention held at Washington, D. C., November 16 and 17,
the committee reports and papers considered were chiefly concerned
with administrative matters in connection with state universities.
Of these two dealt with problems having an important bearing on
institutions for agricultural education, viz, the report of the com-
mittee on standards, and a paper on university extension in state
universities. The report of the committee on standards, which was
preliminary in nature, defined the standard American university as
an institution: (1) Requiring for admission the completion of a
standard American high-school course of four years (not less than
14 units of 5 periods each); (2) offering in the College of Liberal
Arts and Sciences two years of general work completing or supple-
menting the high-school course; (3) offering further two years of
university work leading to the bachelor’s degree, and “ reaching for-
ward to the continuation of this work in the graduate school or the
professional school;” (4) offering professional courses in law, or
medicine, or engineering, based upon the completion of two years
of college work, and (5) offering in the graduate school an adequate
course leading to the degree of doctor of philosophy. The com-
mittee recommended further that not less than 60 units of college
work be required for the bachelor’s degree; that the qualifications of
teachers in the high school should be not less than the bachelor’s de-
gree and ought to be the master’s degree; that as a rule professors of
all grades of college work should have the degree of doctor of philos-
ophy or its equivalent; that professors giving instruction in gradu-
ate work should further show their scholastic ability by successful
research and publication and by demonstration of their ability as
teachers; that adequate libraries, laboratories, and other equipment
should be provided; that three years or 45 units from the beginning
of the junior year be required for the degree of master of arts, and
five years or 75 units for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and
with work in residence, and that to be a standard university an insti-
tution shall be equipped to give instruction leading to the degree of
doctor of philosophy in at least five departments and shall have at
least one university professional school requiring two years of college
training for admission.

808 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The paper on University Extension in State Universities was pre-
sented by L. E. Reber, director of extension work in the University
of Wisconsin. This dealt largely with the extension work conducted
by that university, which is planned to reach ultimately all classes
of people in the State. There will be a central organization reach-
ing out to all parts of the State through lectures, publications,
demonstrations, correspondence, various traveling equipments, the
services of specialists and traveling teachers, study outlines, and
reading and correspondence courses. The State will also be divided
into districts in each of which there will be a university repre-
sentative with assistants. The plan is a very elaborate one and seems
to be well designed to extend greatly the influence of the university.
Some of its features as applied to agricuitural extension work were
described in Progress in Agricultural Education, 1908.

HORTICULTURE AT SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASS.

In 1900 horticulture was first offered at Smith College as an elective
in the department of botany, with Dr. W. F. Ganong, head of the
botanical department, and Edward J. Canning, head gardener of the
botanic garden, as teachers. At this time the only equipment for the
work in horticulture was one small room and a portion of a small
greenhouse. However, the course soon became so popular that in
1904 the college built a laboratory to accommodate 28 students and
turned over the whole of one greenhouse to the work in horticulture.
Each year since that time more students have elected horticulture
than could be accommodated, and on this account the 28 students
admitted to the course have been selected largely from the junior
and senior classes,

The course extends over one year, the first two terms of which are
devoted to plant manipulation, propagation, and improvement, and
the third term to landscape gardening, trees, and shrubs.

The course in plant manipulation includes the study of soils, mix-
ing soils for different purposes, every method of potting, staking,
and tying plants, together with the study of insect pests and fungus
diseases and materials and methods for controlling the same.

In the course in plant propagation, attention is given to propa-
gating by green cuttings, hardwood cuttings, seeds, layering, budding,
and grafting, and to the study of propagating houses and greenhouse
construction generally.

In plant improvement, the students take up crossing, pollinating,
hybridizing, and plant breeding generally, together with the effects
of stimulants upon plants. Under this heading the subject of water-
ing and the effects of different temperatures in their relation to plant
growth is also taken up. Attention is also given to the study of the

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 809

important groups of plants, such as palms, ferns, orchids, cacti,
aquatics, and miscellaneous greenhouse plants.

The course in landscape gardening includes not only a thorough
study of trees and shrubs suitable in landscape work and of the land-
scape use of lawns and vistas in relation to surrounding objects, but
also the drawing of plans, a study of types of landscape gardening in
relation to the natural scenery, vegetation, climate, and other factors,
and a study of the interrelations of the accessories in landscape gar-
dening.

In addition to the special equipment for work in horticulture, the
students have access to the excellent botanical equipment of Smith
College, which includes separate laboratories for the study of plant
physiology, elementary botany, cryptogamic botany, and other divi-
sions of the subject, a botanic garden with over one thousand species
of hardy plants and a collection of about five hundred species of
trees and shrubs arranged on the campus in botanical sequence.

THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

From a recent compilation of data concerning the status of sec-
ondary agricultural instruction in the United States at the close
of the year ended June 30, 1909, it appears that there were 60 agri-
cultural high schools or definitely secondary agricultural courses in
colleges, between 300 and 400 public high schools and academies
teaching agriculture, 109 state or county normal schools, and 16
agricultural colleges training young men and women to teach the
more elementary phases of agriculture, and quite a number of private
colleges and schools giving instruction in agriculture of secondary
grade or correspondence courses which are approximately of second-
ary grade, making in all about 500 institutions giving secondary
instruction in agriculture. There are probably more than 400 public
high schools giving instruction in agriculture, but the figures given
are based upon definite returns from schools on the mailing lists of
this Office.

From these returns it appeared that out of 335 high schools send-
in data, 309 were teaching agriculture as a separate and distinct
subject in the course, while 26 were teaching it incidentally in con-
nection with other science work. Disregarding for the purposes of
this inquiry the schools teaching the subject incidentally, it was
found that 47 public high schools were giving four-year courses in
agriculture; 11, three-year courses; 38, two-year courses; 90, one-year
courses; and 123, courses representing various fractions of a year.
~The average length of time devoted to agriculture was a little less
than 1.5 years These schools represented a total enrollment of 54,700
pupils, with an average of 177 to each school; and a total enrollment

810 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in agricultural classes of 9,500, with an average of 31 pupils in
agriculture to each school.

It is apparent, therefore, that the number of schools offering sec-
ondary courses in agriculture is rapidly increasing, that the public
high schools are taking hold of the work with commendable zeal and
that the movement is widespread, 34 States being represented in the
above compilation.

RECENT PROGRESS BY STATES.

ARKANSAS.

An appropriation of $160,000 has been made by the Arkansas leg-
islature for four secondary agricultural schools. The State has been
divided into four districts and governing boards have been appointed
to locate the schools and manage them.

GEORGIA.

All of the schools provided for by the act of the general assembly
of Georgia of 1906, creating a school of agriculture and mechanical
arts in each congressional district of the State, were in operation in
1909. With the inauguration of these 11 schools, Georgia has in op-
eration a definite system of agricultural education beginning with
the common schools and extending through a four-year college
course.

Instruction in agriculture in the common schools is under the gen-
eral supervision of the state school commissioner and more directly
under county school commissioners. The State College of Agricul-
ture cooperates with these officers through one man, who gives all of
his time to the organization of boys’ and girls’ industrial clubs, for
the growing and studying of corn, cotton, and garden products and
the raising of farm animals. These clubs have been in operation
since 1906.

Having finished the common school course, pupils may enter one
of the district agricultural high schools for a four-year course, which
will fit them for life on the farm and at the same time prepare them
to enter the State Agricultural College at Athens, where they may
specialize along several different lines in agriculture to prepare more
fully for the vocation of farming or for scientific work in the agri-
cultural colleges and experiment stations. Young women graduat-
ing from the district schools may continue their industrial studies in
one of the two normal schools located, respectively, at Athens and
Milledgeville. The State is also provided with an agricultural col-
lege for white boys at Dahlonega, a college for negroes at Savannah,
and several private schools giving instruction in agriculture.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 311

During the year ending June 30, 1909, 1,001 students were enrolled
in the district agricultural schools. These students were charged
from $6 to $10 a month for board and the actual cost of board
averaged $6.30. The students were paid about 10 cents an hour for
productive labor and with the allowance thus made were able to
attend one of these institutions for nine months at a net cost of from
$50 to $60.

The total number of acres in school farms was 3,083, an average of
280 acres in each farm. The students cultivated 738 acres of this
land, 100 acres were rented, 170 acres in cotton, 415 acres in grain,
543 acres in pasturage and other crops, and the remainder in wood
lots and waste land. The total value of farm products in 1909 was
$16,050.

The equipment of these schools includes from one to four brick
buildings, all of which were designed by the state architect and are
similar in plan and materials. The principal building in each case
is the academic building with four large class rooms, chemical, agri-
cultural, and biological laboratories, an office, and cloak room on the
first floor, and an auditorium, with a seating capacity of 600, and two
class rooms connecting with the auditorium on the second floor.
Each school is also provided with a boys’ dormitory and several of
the schools have also a girls’ dormitory. The former is a two-story
building with 42 bedrooms, 8 bath tubs, 8 toilets, 4 linen closets, and
a large reception hall. Each bedroom has two windows and one
closet and is designed for two students. The girls’ dormitory is
similar, except that each room has two closets, and the domestic sci-
ence department occupies one section on the ground floor, including a
kitchen, model bedroom, model dining room,a class room,a storeroom,
pantries, and sinks with hot and cold water. Other buildings, such
as barns, stables, dairies, and laundries, have been erected by student
labor at several of the schools. In all but two of the schools electric
lights are supplied either by the neighboring town free of charge or
from the school plant. Each school has its own system of water-
works and sewerage and in eight of the districts these systems were
given by the neighboring towns. The total value of the school plant
in the 11 districts is estimated at $732,000. This includes, in addi-
tion to the farms and buildings, agricultural laboratory equipment,
$275; chemical laboratory equipment, $505; physical laboratory
equipment, $385; other science and engineering equipment, $400;
library (1,920 volumes) , $975; dairy equipment, $935; laundry equip-
ment, $4,090; shop equipment, $2,900; domestic science equipment,
$1,715; and tools and implements, $3,550.

The income of the schools for 1909 was $120,800, which included
$101,750 from the State, a gift of $3,000 to one school, and farm re-
ceipts amounting to $16,050. The income from the State for each

312 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

school included $7,250, arising from the fertilizer fees, and $2,000
appropriated by the general assembly.

The president of the state agricultural college in his annual report
on the work of the district agricultural and mechanical schools points
out that the most urgent need of the schools at the present time is
the equipment and organization of laboratory work and the adoption
of good business system to cover the.receipts and expenditures of the
state appropriations. He believes that the bond of union and sym-
pathy existing between the schools and the state college of agricul-
ture should be strengthened, and to this end recommends that an
annual conference of the principals at Athens be authorized for the
purpose of considering all fundamental problems and encouraging
cooperative activities. He is also of the opinion that the efficiency
of the schools will be largely determined by the observation of a
uniform course of study.

IDAHO.

A law was passed by the !ast legislature of Idaho dividing the State
into two educational districts. In each of these a secondary agri-
cultural school is to be established by the regents of the university
and at their discretion a branch experiment station. The course of
study for the schools is to have for its major function “ vocational
education in agriculture and in farm home making, not neglecting
subjects of broadly educational value, and shall articulate such studies
with agriculture and home economics courses of the State College of
Agriculture above and the consolidated rural schools below.” The
work of the branch stations “ shall be especially directed to the solu-
tion and demonstration of the agricultural problems of the respective
districts in which the stations are respectively located.”

INDIANA.

The name of Winona Agricultural Institute has been changed to
Winona College of Agriculture. It now offers a two-year “ practical ”
course with fall, winter, and spring terms, a two-year “special ”
course running six months each year, and “advanced work in agri-
culture, or college work in the sciences, English, languages, literature,
mathematics, history, education, or philosophy.”

A good example of public school work in agriculture is found in
Thorntown, Ind., a village of 2,000 inhabitants, having a high-school
enrollment of 85 pupils. Nearly 60 per cent of these come from the
surrounding farms and about 60 per cent are boys. All third-year
pupils take agriculture as a required subject, five hours a week for
text-book work and about two periods a week for laboratory work
and field exercises.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 313
LOUISIANA.

The legislature of Louisiana passed a law for the encouragement
of agricultural teaching in high schools and voted $500 to each school
maintaining a course approved by the state board of education.

MARYLAND.

An agricultural and industrial school for negroes has been estab-
lished at Sandy Spring, Montgomery County, Md. The purpose of
the institution is to give instruction in agriculture, mechanics, and
household arts, and to prepare teachers to teach agriculture in the
rural schools. George H. C. Williams, former instructor in biology
at Armstrong Manual Training School, Washington, D. C., is the
principal.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Smith’s Agricultural School and Northampton School of Tech-
nology was opened to students, and at the close of the first week the
enrollment was 114, of whom 30 were girls in the household economics
course, 30 boys in the agricultural course, and 54 boys in the mechanic
arts course. The agricultural course for the first year includes soils
and plant life, physical geography, elementary science, practical
arithmetic, bookkeeping, free-hand drawing, English, algebra, Amer-
ican history, civil government, and mechanical work; for the second
year, animal husbandry, botany, farm chemistry, farm physics, plane
geometry, English, general history, and mechanical work. The course
in mechanic arts during the first two years is the same as that of the
agricultural course except that chemistry, mechanical drawing, and
shop practice take the place of soils, plant life, and animal hus-
bandry, and the household economics course differs from the agri-
cultural course only in offering sewing or cookery in place of soils,

plant life, and animal husbandry. Applicants for adm:--‘on to this

school who are graduates of rural schools, or who have passed the
ninth grade in other schools, and are 14 years of age or older, may
be admitted without examination.

A new agricultural high school has been established at Montague
with a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College as teacher
of agriculture.

; MICHIGAN.

The North Adams high school added an agricultural course to its
curriculum, in charge of R. C. Carr, a graduate of the Michigan
Agricultural College. The course was conducted under the direction
of W. H. French, professor of agricultural education at the college,

314 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

who has published a bulletin concerning it, from which the following
‘data are taken:

In a school population of 121 there is an attendance of 42 non-
resident students. Forty of the 43 high-school boys are now studying
agriculture, and 4 of these had previously graduated or had left
the high school.

The agricultural course is arranged as follows: Ninth grade—
general and agricultural botany, a half year each; tenth grade—
horticulture and field crops, half year each; eleventh grade—live
stock, dairying, and poultry, entire year; twelfth grade—soils, one-
half year, and farm management and farm mechanics, half year.
In response to a strong demand from the surrounding country the
school also gave a farmers’ short course of one evening lecture each
week for ten weeks to an average attendance of 25. .

Some conclusions drawn from the year’s observations are that the
practical applications of the agricultural instruction have greatly
increased the interest in the high school and have “steadied ” the
work of the entire school; that agricultural instruction gives point
and value to all other high-school work in science, arithmetic, and
language; that it can be successfully given under ordinary high-
school conditions; and that it has furnished at least as much training
in thought and judgment as any of the traditional studies in the
curriculum.

MINNESOTA.

Stephens Hall, the three-story dormitory recently erected at the
Crookston Agricultural School at a cost of about $43,000, was dedi-
cated September 17, 1908. The speakers included Hon. J. J. Hill,
who was the orator of the day; Congressman C. R. Davis; Prof.
William Robertson, of the school; P. M. Ringdahl, president of the
board of control; state superintendent of public instruction, John
Olson, and Director Randall, of the Minnesota University and Sta--
tion. An industrial building, costing about $15,000, and containing
a lecture room, creamery, and blacksmith and carpenter shops, is
nearing completion.

The legislature of Minnesota passed what is known as the Putnam
Act, providing state aid for 10 high schools or consolidated rural
schools which maintain agricultural and industrial departments.
The State will pay two-thirds of the expense to maintain these de-
partments, provided that each school employs trained instructors
in agriculture, manual training, and domestic science, possesses not
less than 5 acres of land, suitable for school gardens, and experi-
mental and demonstration purposes, and that the total state ex-
penditure for each school does not exceed $2,500. .

The 10 schools selected are the high schools at Albert Lea,
Alexandria, Canby, Glencoe, Hinckley, Red Wing, and Wells, the

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE XIII.

Fia. 1.—CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL, LEWISTON, MINN., AND SCHOOL VANS ON RUNNERS.

Fic. 2.—CLASS TESTING SEEDS FOR PuRITY AT LEWISTON (MINN.) CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 815

high schools and associated rural schools at Cokato and McIntosh,
and the consolidated school at Lewiston (Pl. XIII). The act also
provides that not to exceed 10 schools may be added to the list during
each succeeding biennium. In addition to the 10 schools operating
under the Putnam Act, seven schools have organized departments of
agriculture, domestic science, and manual training under special
teachers. These schools are located at Argyle, Arlington, Dennison,
Eagle Bend, Fergus Falls, Morris, and Warren.

MISSISSIPPI.

Fifteen counties in Mississippi located schools under the act of
1908, which authorized boards of supervisors to vote a tax levy of
not to exceed 2 mills for the support of county agricultural schools
and provided state aid to the extent of $1,000 for each school. The
first of these was Noxubee County, which voted a tax levy of 1 mill
upon the taxable property of the county for the support of its
county agricultural high school at Mashulaville, an inland village
12 miles west of Macon. This school will have an income of $1,000
from the State, $1,000 from the public schools merged into it. and
$5,000 from the county, making an annual income of $7,000.

NEW YORK.

A considerable number of the public high schools and some of the
older academies and seminaries have provided for instruction in
agriculture. At Albion, in Orleans County, agriculture was taught
during the year to 12 students who elected this course in the high
school. This work was in charge of the instructor in science, and
the nature of the course is indicated by the following outline:

AGRICULTURE IN THE HIGH SCHOOL AT ALBION, N. Y.
A. Soil:

1, Definition. 2, Origin. 3, Function. 4, Kinds. 5, Physical com-
position. 6, Physical structure. 7, Chemical composition. 8, Drain-
age. 9, Enriching.

B. Plants:

1, Structure. 2, Physiology. 38, Propagation and breeding. 4, Food.

5, Proper environment. 6, Use.
Cc. Animals:
1. Classification. 2. History of domestication. 38. Physiology. 4. Foods
and rations. 5, Products. 6, Breeding. 7, Management.
D. Farm mechanics.
1, Farm architecture. 2, Road construction. 8, Use and care of farm
. machinery. 4, Ventilation and sanitation. 5, Weather forecasting.
E. Fruit growing.

1, Soil. 2, Tillage. 3, Fertilizing. 4, Plant. 5, Pruning, grafting, and
budding. 6, Diseases and insects. 7, Spraying and spraying mixtures,
8, Harvesting and marketing.

316

apparatus, specimens, and other items:

REPORT OF OFFICE OF

EXPERIMENT

STATIONS.

Each student is required to perform the following exercises in the laboratory
or elsewhere and to keep a written record of the results, with drawings of the

. Soil formation.

. Types of soil and subsoil.

2. Study of plant foods.
25. Study of corn.

3. Relative productivity of soil and | 24. Study of potato.
subsoil. 25. Study of legumes.
4. Separation of soil particles. 26. Determination of the depth for
5. Microscopical examination of soil planting seeds.
particles. 27. Determination of purity of seeds.
6. Effect of humus and lime on clay | 28. Study of grafting and budding.
soil. 29. Pruning.
7. Quantitative determination of wa- | 30. Diseases of fruit trees and fruit.
ter and organic matter in soils. | 31. Fruit-tree insect pests.
8. Air in soils. 352. Fruit-tree fungi.
9. Acid effect of carbon dioxid on | 35. Preparation of spraying mixtures
water. and their use.
10. Effect of lime on acid soils. 34. Methods of sorting and packing
11. Soil solutions. fruit.
12. Soil temperature. 35. Study of bacteria and molds.
138. Soil capillarity. 36. Fruit storage.
14. Soil evaporation. 37. Balanced rations.
15. Effects of tillage. 38. Care and management of horses.
16. Surface drainage vs. tile drainage. | 39. Care and management of cows.
17. Determination of lime in soil. 40. Care and management of sheep.
18. Tests for starch, sugar, and albu- | 41. Judging stock.
men. 42. Poultry raising.
19. Osmotic pressure. 43. Study of farm buildings.
20. Study of transpiration. 44. Farm machinery.

. Study of germination.

5. Study of weather maps.

Three forty-five minute periods and two ninety minute periods

each week for forty weeks are devoted to the subject. Bailey’s “ Prin-
ciples of Agriculture ” is used as a text, supplemented by bulletins
obtained from the New York state experiment stations and Farmers’
Bulletins from the United States Department of Agriculture, and by
other literature upon the subject written by Osterhout, King, Bailey,
Wing, Roberts, Voorhees, Brooks, and others.

OKLAHOMA.

In accordance with the law passed by the first state legislature of
Oklahoma providing for the establishment and maintenance of agri-
cultural schools of secondary grade in each supreme court district of
the State, five schools were located as follows, the numbers in paren-
theses corresponding to the numbers of the judicial districts: (1)
Conners State School of Agriculture, Warner; (2) Murray State
School of Agriculture, Tishomingo; (3) Haskell State School of
Agriculture, Broken Arrow; (4) Cameron State School of Agricul-
ture, Lawton; and (5) Fifth District State School of Agriculture,

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 317

Helena. A sixth school, known as the Panhandle Agricultural Insti-
tute, was established and located at Goodwell. Each of the first five
schools has an appropriation for the first year of $20,000 for build-
ings and $12,000 for maintenance. The sixth school is designed to
serve only part of a district and begins its work with a building
fund of $12,000 and a maintenance fund of $5,000 the first year and
$7,000 for the second year. One-fourth of the maintenance fund for
each school must be expended in developing agricultural experiments
in the field, barn, orchard, shop, and garden.

PENNSYLVANIA.

In addition to the very large appropriations for the Pennsylvania
College and Station, noted elsewhere in this review, the legislature
appropriated $40,000 for the State Forest Academy at Mount Alto
and $25,000 for the National Farm School at Doylestown.

TEN NESSEE.

The University of Tennessee conducted for a part of the year a
unique plan of agricultural extension work in 11 high schools of
that State. The plan was designed to illustrate in its practical re-
sults the cultural value of instruction in agriculture to the students
of secondary schools as well as its usefulness to those who may some
time follow the business of farming.

Briefly described, this plan provided for the monthly visitation
of these schools by the head of the university department of agri-
cultural education who gave at each visit a lesson and a demonstra-
tion, accompanied by an outline of work to be done the next month,
together with suggested readings and reviews. He also gave occa-
sional popular lectures on education in connection with these visits.
All of the expenses of this supervision and visitation were borne
by the university except in cases where the local community provided
entertainment, but each school was required to assume responsibilty
for the success of the work by giving it a regular place in the school
programme, providing for a regular teacher in the classes between
visits, and making arrangements to continue the work from year to
year, so long as the university offers cooperation, and: ultimately to
maintain the work independently as soon as financial support and_
other conditions justify. The expenses for material equipment for
the work was estimated from a minimum of $10 to whatever the school
chose to provide annually.

Each lesson given by the visitor presupposes the mastery of all
former lessons, thus making the work cumulative and capable of in-
creasing technicality. Plans were made to collect a series of lessons

818 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

into a printed and illustrated form which would be available to sue-
ceeding beginners’ classes in each school without the necessity of much
supervision. In this way the list of schools and trained teachers
would be developed together, and schools that drop out of the list
would be succeeded by new ones from the waiting list.

Several important advantages at once suggest themselves in this
plan, considered as a whole, and the legislature indicated its approval
of the experiment by passing an act granting financial aid to high
schools introducing agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts.
Such a plan makes effective use of existing secondary schools. It
takes these schools and teachers as they are, and develops the new
work without displacing their present mechanism or personnel. It
gives opportunity for the demonstration of valuable results before

calling for anything but nominal local expenditures in support of

the w one installed. In short, it seems perfectly adapted to existing
conditions while affording the means of constantly improving them
through the new impulse which must come with the wise introduction
of agricultural instruction as a subject of general cultural value in
secondary schools.

TEXAS.

The legislature of Texas at its last session appropriated $32,000
to provide a fund from which the state board of education is to
duplicate amounts, not less than $500 nor more than $2,000, that
shall have been appropriated by the trustees of any common school
district or independent school district to the establishing, equipping,
and maintaining of departments of instruction in agriculture, in-.
cluding courses in manual training and domestic economy “ sub-
sidiary to agriculture.” State aid shall not, however, be given more
than twice to the same school, and the geographical location of the
school shall be considered with a view of locating such a school, if
possible, in each of the senatorial districts of the State. Unlike many
of the acts intended to promote instruction in agriculture, this one
makes it obligatory on the part of the school board to provide labora-
tories for instruction in botany, zoology, and other elementary
sciences related to agriculture, and land for the production of farm
and garden plants, and to employ a teacher who has received special
training in agriculture and allied branches.

VIRGINIA.

As noted in Progress in Agricultural Education, 1908, the legisla-
ture of Virginia appropriated $20,000 to be used in maintaining
courses in agriculture, domestic science, and manual training in at
least one high school in each of the ten congressional districts in the
State. The first high school to take advantage of this legislation was

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE XIV.

—_

12
€
E
Be
6

Fic. 1.—A FARMERS’ INSTITUTE AT THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MANASSAS AGRICULTURAL
SCHOOL.

Fic. 2.—MILITARY TRACT NORMAL SCHOOL, MACOMB, ILL.

+

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 319

the one at Manassas, Va., which began work in the subjects provided
for in the act of the legislature in the fall of 1908. On November 14,
1908, this school, with appropriate ceremonies, laid the corner stone
for a new agricultural high-school building, which has since been
completed and occupied (PI. XIV, fig. 1).

Eight other schools introduced courses in agriculture during the
year and received the benefits of the legislative appropriation. These
schools were located respectively at Appomattox, Burkeville, Chester,
Cortland, Elk Creek, Hampton, Lebanon, and Middletown.

AGRICULTURE IN NORMAL SCHOOLS.

The normal schools all over the country are responding as rapidly
as their resources will permit to the demands made upon them for
teachers having some knowledge of the principles of agriculture. As
indicated in previous reports several of the States have made definite
provisions for the teaching of agriculture in normal schools. Among
the more recent legislative acts bearing on this phase of the educa-
tional movement is that of the legislature of Texas, which at its last
session appropriated $2,000 a year for two years to each of its state
normal schools, which are located respectively at Huntsville, Denton,
and San Marcos, for the purpose of installing, equipping, and main-
taining departments of agriculture, manual training, and domestic
science, in which subjects instruction shall begin not later than the
autumn of 1909. The act also made provision for the introduction of
teachers’ courses in elementary agriculture in the summer sessions of
these three normal schools—the College of Industrial Arts for Girls,
at Denton, and in summer sessions at the Agricultural and Mechanical
College and the State University. For the support of this work
$3,000 annually was appropriated to be divided equally among the
six Institutions.

The normal and industrial schools for girls at Rock Hill, S. C.;
Milledgeville, Ga.; Montevallo, Ala.; Columbus, Miss.; and Denton,
Tex., are among the institutions which now have definite departments
of agriculture and provide courses of instruction in this subject for
the young women who attend their classes.

The normal schools of Illinois during the past year have come into
closer touch with the interests of their farming constituency by hold-
ing a number of farmers’ institutes at the schools. An association of
country teachers was formed at a meeting held at the Macomb Normal
School (Pl. XIV, fig. 2), July 22-23, to be known as the Country
Teachers’ Association of Tllinois, and having as its main purpose to
increase the usefulness of the country school by improving its physical
and social environment and enriching its course of study in such a
manner as will bring the child into sympathetic and vital relationship
with his environment, by country school extension work through the

320 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

different educational institutions, offices, and agricultural associations,
by consolidating weak country schools, by encouraging more thorough
preparation, larger salaries, and longer tenure of positions for teach-
ers, and by the further development in state normal schools of facili-
ties for training country school-teachers.

A similar association of agricultural school-teachers has been
formed in Wisconsin, and another in Nebraska.

The teachers of New Jersey were fortunate in being able to attend
a very successful summer school of agriculture and industrial arts
at Cape May, from August 6-31, 1908. The work in agriculture
was in charge of Mr. H. O. Sampson, of this Office, who was assisted
by Miss Laura E. Woodward, nature-study teacher in Trenton city
schools, and Mr, Earle Anderson, a pupil of the Calvert Agricultural
High School. The instruction was carried on by lectures, laboratory
demonstrations, and field trips, no text-book being used. The aim
of the instructors in the agricultural classes was to give the student
teachers work that could be taken up in the schools of the State
where no special equipment, as expensive laboratory apparatus, is
placed at their disposal. For example, they were taught how to
use tin cans, plates, bottles, and similar articles in the working of
experiments. One of the experiments was the testing of small seed
for germinating power by the use of an old plate, a handful of sand,
anda piece of muslin as the materials needed to make the tester.
Another experiment was the testing of seed corn for germination
by using a yeast box, some sawdust, and a square of cloth. A fur-
ther demonstration to show why clay is stickier than sand was made
by using two glass lamp chimneys, some sand and water as the
material needed, the aim in the experiments being to use materials
that can be easily procured by any teacher.

All of the agricultural work was made as practical as possible.
Thus, when a lecture on grafting was given, the students were required
to bring models of their own construction that illustrated the prin-
ciples given in the lecture; when they were taught that water passes
out of small holes in the leaves of plants they proved the statement
by placing a tumbler over a small growing plant and watching the
moisture collect on the inside of the tumbler, this moisture coming
from the leaves of the plant in the form of an invisible vapor and
being condensed by the coolness of the glass.

Domestic animals were studied by having representatives of the
different classes of live stock before the students while stock lectures
were given. At one of these lectures two Jersey cows were brought
before the class. One was somewhat beefy, had a short, thick neck,
and departed somewhat from the ideal wedge shape desired in a
dairy animal, while the other one was lean, with bones protruding,
and possessed the wedge shape desired. These two were compared

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 83a

in detail and reasons given why the one that approached more nearly
the dairy standard was probably the better animal.

One of the features of the course was a model school garden
planted on the school yard at Cape May, to show the students how to
arrange a garden on their own school yards. This garden was
planted to varieties of vegetables grown in New Jersey and the in-
struction given regarding such work was made to fit conditions
found in New Jersey schools.

THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

There are now 14 States that require the teaching of agriculture
in the elementary schools, Arkansas having passed a law to this effect
in 1909. While the number of States making such requirements is
increasing from year to year, and the number of individual teachers
making a success of such work is also growing, the main effort now
seems to be to reach first the high schools and the normal schools and
thus prepare teachers and subject-matter for successful work in the
elementary schools. As noted elsewhere in this review, the agricul-
tural colleges and the state and county normal schools are actively
engaged in developing facilities for the training of teachers, and
both the colleges and the state departments of education are aiding
the movement by preparing and publishing leaflets and other litera-
ture for use in the elementary schools.

On the other hand, less formal instruction in agriculture than was
at first attempted in the elementary schools, such as boys’ and girls’
agricultural club work, judging contests, domestic science contests,
excursions, and boys’ encampments, is rapidly extending to all parts
of the country. A description of such work, by Mr. F. W. Howe,
of this Office, is given below.

School-garden work in cities and towns has continued with en-
couraging results. The most recent available report of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society (1907) showed 49 entries for children’s
garden prizes offered by that society.

In Porto Rico an act of the legislative assembly approved March
11, 1909, appropriated $3,000 “to assist the Agricultural Institute
of Arts and Trades at Lajas in its work of affording an education
to students of agriculture and other subjects studied in the same,”
provided the department of education organizes and supervises in-
struction in the subjects included in the common-school course.
This instruction is to be free to students regularly enrolled in the
institute and also to other children residing in the vicinity who may
be legally enrolled in the public schools of Porto Rico. Of the ap-
propriation, $2,000 is to be expended for improvements in the shops
and for agricultural implements and $1,000 for the maintenance of
poor children dwelling in the buildings of the institute.

46045 ° —10——21

322 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ AGRICULTURAL CLUBS.

The interest in this form of school-extension work continues to
grow throughout the country. Corn growing for boys and bread-
making and sewing for girls are the basis for most of the competitive
contests, but in some States other lines of effort are specially encour-
aged, such as cotton growing, potato growing, fruit growing, and
poultry and live-stock study. The annual reports of superintendents
of education, notably those of O. J. Kern, Winnebago County, IL,
and of State Superintendent E. C. Bishop, of Nebraska, give special
attention to this work. Page County, Iowa, and Berks County, Pa.,
may also be mentioned as typical of the interest this form of school-
extension work is receiving. As one result of the work of Superin-
tendent V. L. Roy in promoting club organization in Avoyelles Par-
ish, La., he was appointed to the chair of agricultural education in
the State agricultural college, and such work is now to be generally
organized throughout the State.

Another indication of such interest is found in the issue of bulle-
tins of information on the subject from state superintendents and
agricultural extension departments, such as the one entitled “A Corn
Primer,” by C. S. Knight, issued in the Teachers’ and Pupils’ Series
of the Kansas Agricultural College, and the “ Boys’ Corn-Growing
Contest,” by S. M. Jordan, published by the Missouri board of ag-
riculture. These contests frequently culminate in a “ farmers’ week ”
gathering, at the State agricultural college, such as that held at Cor-
nell University, February 22-97, 1909, in which exhibits from 28
boys’ and girls’ clubs were shown, accompanied by 150 drawings,
150 essays on “ How to grow corn,” and 200 letters on “‘ How we cele-
brated corn day in our school.”

These state contests are sometimes concentrated at the annual state
fair, and include not only awards for club exhibits by school pupils,
but also for contests in the judging of such exhibits. The last Iowa
state fair offered prizes ranging from $25 to $200 for boys in com-
petitive corn judging and from $25 to $100 to girls offering the best
prepared food products, with reasons for the work done. A varia-
tion from this plan is followed by the Colorado state fair authorities
in offering a scholarship worth $125 in any of the regular courses at
the state agricultural college to the boy doing the best work in judg-
ing live stock and corn and a scholarship worth $100 in any college
or university in Colorado to the girl showing the best work in the
preparation of certain foods and giving reasons for the methods
used.

Still another outgrowth of this interest is the organization of sum-
mer encampments combined with a “ corn show,” and careful instruc-
tion in the breeding and cultivation of corn. Such a “ farm boys’
encampment ” at Glenview farm, Mo., is described by S. M. Jordan

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 323

in a bulletin of the Missouri board of agriculture. The “ vacation
farm school” proposed by Principal B. J. Horchem, of the Audubon
School, Dubuque, Iowa, is a modification of this plan providing for
the educational employment of town boys based on agricultural work
and study.

The general extent of this interest in junior agricultural club work
is indicated by the fact that it is thoroughly organized in at least
395 counties in the United States, with a membership of more than
150,000. In the Southern States alone more than 10,000 boys were
enrolled in competitive club corn contests in connection with what is
known as the boys’ demonstration work of this department, and an
aggregate of $10,000 was contributed as prizes to be awarded in club
contests in these States.

A COURSE IN NATURE STUDY AND AGRICULTURE FOR
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
The New York State Education Department has recently published
a course in nature study and agriculture for the elementary schools
of that State in 1909-10, which combines in such an admirable way
the various features of plant and animal work for the different grades
that it is given herewith in full:

BrirbDs.
Bird for detailed study: English sparrow.

Directions.—Begin the work late in the fall after the birds have molted,
base it upon actual observations of live birds. These observations form the
material for a comparative study of the winter birds and of the spring migrants
as they arrive.

Grades 1-3.

I. Study: Size, color, shape.

1. Parts of body: Head, back,
tail, breast, belly, wings; and
the color and markings of
feathers on these several

rts.

2. Flight.

3. Song or calls.

4. Nests and care of young.

Grades 4-6.

Grades 7-8.

I. Study: The work given for
grades 1-3; and also—

5. More detailed study of parts
and markings; add wing
coverts and tail coverts,
names of common bird col-
ors and uses of colors.

Review these topics, basing ob-

servations on the hen. Add
such as are necessary to com-
plete the life history.

6. Structure and use of feathers.

7. Adaptation of bill and feet.

8. Kinds of food.

Il. Birds to be recognized: Any
two kinds of winter birds
and any five of the following:
Canary, song sparrow, robin,
bluebird, duck, goose, heron.

‘Tell how these birds resemble and

how they differ from the English
sparrow.

Bird calendars—memorandum of

date of arrival, nesting, and other
facts of interest.

II. Study: The work given for
grades 1-3; and also—
Classify according to habitat, as
birds of the dooryard, orchard,
field, thicket, forest, or swamp.

I. Study: The work of all preced-
ing grades; and also—
9. Value of English sparrow as
(a) a destroyer of weeds;
(b) a scavenger in towns
and cities.
10. Damage done by this bird.
Review the hen, distinguish
meat and egg breeds; and
add—
(1) Care of hen (a) food; (0)
housing; (c) incubation.
(2) Value of hen (a) as food; (b)
eggs as a crop; (c) market,

II. Study: The work of all preced-

ing grades; and also—

Food of birds to determine their
economic value to farmer, fruit
grower, and residents of towns
and cities.

Lee ee EEE

III. Poems, stories, and pictures: Bryant’s The Song Sparrow; Longfellow’s Birds of Killingworth.

a —e@=

324

ANIMALS,

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

Animal for detailed study: The dog.

Drrections.—This work on animals can be taken up at any season, but gen-
erally it will be found more satisfactory to begin it early in the year and carry
it along with the study of birds. \

Grades 1-3.

I. Study: Color, size, shape.
1. Parts of body and covering.
2. Food.
3. Uses.
4. Care of young.

II. Animals to be recognized: Cat,
mouse, horse, rabbit, squirrel.

‘Tell how these animals resemble
and how they differ from the

dog.

III. Poems

Grades 4-6.

I. Study: The work given for
grades 1-3; and also—

5. Study of (a) the teeth and (b)
the feet, with special em-
phasis on adaptation to
needs of the animal.

6. The dog as a companion of
man.

Review these topics, basing ob-
servation on the cow, and
add—

(1) How the cow bites, chews,

and digests food.

II. Study: The work given for
grades 1-3; and also—
1. Adaptation to different sea-
sons.
2. Classification as useful or
harmful to man.

Grades 7-8.

I. Study: The work of all preced-

ing grades; and also—

7. Value of dog as (a) protector;
(b) destroyer of vermin; (c)
special use in north lands.

8. Losses from dogs.

Review thecow,d tiapuieh teat

and dairy types; and add—

(2) Care of cow (a) food, bal-
anced ration, (b) eae
need of sanitary condi-
tions.

(3) Beef products.

(4) Dairy products: (a) milk,
clean, certified, a Le
ized; (b) butter and cheese,
Babcock test.

(The Babcock test is op-
tional, but it is recom-
mended when the appara-
tus can be secured.)

(5) Geography—where beef and
dairy products are pro-
duced and where mar-
keted.

II. Study: The work of all pre-

ceding grades; and also—

3. More detailed study of eco-

nomic values.

4. Eradication of such as are

pests.

stories, and pictures: Emerson’s Mountain and Squirrel, Phoebe Cary’s That Calf, Scott’s

Helvellyn, Brown’s Raband his Friends, Ouida’s Dog of Flanders; picture—Douglas’s Mother and

Daughter.

NotTE.—Owing to the economic value of the cow, this animal is introduced in the fourth grade, as the hen

is in the study of birds.

PROGRESS IN

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

PLANTS,

325

Plant for detailed study : The pea.

DrreEctTions.—About March 15 plant in pots of loam, sand, and sawdust; also
in lantern chimney lined with blotters to show germination.

Grades 1-3.

I. Study:

1. Parts of seed, storage of food
for the little plants.

2. The plant (a) color, size,
shape; (b) parts—root, stem,
leaf, flower; (c) where it
lives.

Grades 4-6.

Grades 7-8.

I. Study: The work given for

oe wo

~]

des 1-3; and also—

. Parts of flowers and their

uses.

. The fruit—peas in the pod.
. Review life history of pea;

seed, seedling, root, stem,
leaves, flower, fruit.

. More careful study of method

of growth, roots, and root
hairs.

. How the plant gets up to the

sunlight—use of tendrils.

II. Plants tobe recognized: One of oe Study: The work given for

the clovers, one of the grasses,
one of the grains, and any six
of the following—geranium,
hepatica, strawberry, apple,
golden rod, bluet, columbine,
lettuce, onion, bloodroot.

Tell how these resemble the

lant—pea.

Plant calendars—memorandum of
date when the plants are first
seen in blossom and other facts
of interest.

grades 1-3; and also—

Weeds: 1. When is a plant a

2.

weed?

Identification of five plants
that are commonly weeds:
Canada thistle, wild mus-
tard, orange, hawkweed
(“paint brush’), wild
carrot, long-leaved plan-
tain.

I. Study: The work of all pre-
ceding grades; and also—

8. Needs of the plant in grow-
ing—moisture,warmth, and
air, sunlight, soil. Here
study texture of thesoiland
its relation to plant growth.

9. Value of the pea (a) as food for
man, for stock; (6) market
for food, canning; (c) as a
fertilizer, a legume.

II. Study: The work ofall the pre-

ceding grades; and also—
3. Life history of the weeds—
root structure and seed dis-
rsal with a view to learn-
g how to destroy them.

III. Poems, stories,and pictures suggested: Bryant’s Gladness of Nature, The Planting of the Apple Tree.

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THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1909.

By JoHN HAMILTON, Specialist,
and
J. M. STEDMAN, Assistant,

Farmers’ Institutes, Office of Experiment Stations.

During the past year farmers’ institutes were conducted in all of
the States excepting Louisiana and Nevada and in all of the Terri-
tories excepting Alaska and Hawaii, where, although an attempt
has been made to inaugurate this movement, no regularly organized
farmers’ institutes were held.

INSTITUTES HELD.

Reports have been received from 49 States and Territories, and
in 47 of these institutes were held. Marked progress has been made
this year in institute activity in all directions over any previous year;
more money has been appropriated for farmers’ institute work,
more sessions have been held, and the total attendance has been larger
than at any time since this means of carrying agricultural informa-
tion to the actual farmers themselves has been in vogue.

The number of institutes held during 1909 as reported by 47 States
and Territories is 5,014, while in 1908 the reports from 45 States and
Territories gave the number as 4,643. In 1909 the reports from 43
States and Territories gave the total number of institutes as 4,714,
and in 1908 these same States and Territories reported 4,517 insti-
tutes, which was a larger number than in any previous year. The
year 1909, therefore, shows an increase of 197 over the highest
previous record.

In 1908, 43 States and Territories gave the number of one-day
institutes held at 2,704, two-day institutes at 1,753, and three-day
institutes at 96, while in 1909 these same States and Territories re-
port 2,844 one-day institutes, 1,726 two-day institutes, and 144 three-
day institutes. This shows an increase in 1909 of 140 one-day insti-
tutes and 48 three-day institutes, and a decrease of 27 two-day in-
stitutes. The total number of days of institutes held in 1909 is re-
ported by 47 States and Territories at 7,134 and in 1908 by 45 States
and Territories at 6,647. In 43 States and Territories the number of
days of institutes held during 1909 is reported at 6,728, and in 1908
these same States and Territories reported 6,498 days of institutes.

327

328 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SESSIONS.

The number of sessions held during 1909 is reported by 47 States
and Territories at 15,535, and in 1908 it was reported by 45 States
and Territories at 14,934. In the 43 States and Territories report-
ing both years the number of sessions held in 1909 is given at 14,732,
and in 1908 at 14,640, thus showing an increase of 92 sessions held
duing 1909 over the past or any previous year. Since the session is
regarded as the unit for estimating institute work and progress, the
increase of 92 sessions held during 1909 over that of any previous
year is indicative of substantial growth and progress.

ATTENDANCE.

The 47 States and Territories reporting give the total attendance
in 1909 at 2,240,925. In 1908 the number reported by 45 States and
Territories was 2,098,268, an increase in 1909 over the previous year
of 142,657. A comparison of the same 48 States and Territories that
reported both last year and this year shows ‘a total attendance in
1909 of 2,158,915 and in 1908 of 1,693,043, thus making an increase of
465,872 in the total attendance at farmers’ institutes in 1909 over last
year or any previous year. An increase is also shown in the average
number in attendance at a session. The average number of persons
attending a session in 1908 was 115, while in 1909 it was 146, an
increase of 31 persons at each of the 14,732 sessions.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR INSTITUTES.

Forty-seven States and Territories reporting gave the appropria-
tions for 1909 from all sources at $345,666.49, while in 1908, 47 States
and Territories reported $325,569.54, an increase of $20,096.95 for
1909. The 43 States and Territories reporting in both 1909 and 1908
gave the appropriations for 1909 at $331,466.49, and for 1908 at
$315,209.76, an increase in 1909 over the previous year of $16,256.73.

COST OF INSTITUTES.

Forty-three States and Territories in 1909 report the total cost of
their institutes at $316,765.86, and these same States and Territories
in 1908 reported the total cost at $289,593.29, an increase in 1909 of
$27,172.57. According to these same reports the average cost per
session increased from $19.77 in 1908 to $21.51 in 1909. °

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENT STATION AID.

The number of agricultural college and experiment station people
engaged in lecturing at farmers’ institutes during 1909 was 20 less
than in 1908, according to the reports from the same 43 States and

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 329

Territories which gave the number as 404 in 1909 and 424 in 1908.
This is not as great a reduction as one would expect when increased
demand on the time and energy of these people from their own insti-
tutions is considered. The total number of days of institutes at-
tended by these college and station staffs in 1909 was 3,041, while
in 1908 it was 3,586, according to the same reports. This likewise in-
dicates a further reduction in the help derived from the agricultural
college and experiment station staffs as regards lectures by these
people before farmers’ institutes, and this reduction is still further
emphasized when the increase of one hundred and sixty-nine days of
institutes held in 1909 over those held in 1908 is considered. It indi-
cates clearly that the demand upon the staffs of the agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations for increased duties within these insti-
tutions themselves is preventing them from devoting as much time to
farmers’ institute work as its increased demand warrants, but it is
hoped that with the establishment of departments of extension work
within the agricultural colleges this condition may be remedied to a
certain extent. It is evident, however, that the managers of farmers’
institutes must in the future look to other sources than the staffs of
the agricultural colleges and experiment stations for the increase in
their lecture force. Each year adds to the necessity for a more per-
manent and independent lecture force—a corps of educated, scientific,
experienced, and practical farmers, scientists, and other competent
speakers and demonstrators whose entire time shall be devoted to
institute work .as lecturers, demonstrators, itinerant instructors,
inspectors, district managers, or to other duties which legitimately
come within the scope of farmers’ institute work. This plan would
not only relieve the colleges, but it would also render the institutes
more independent and ultimately give them entire control of the
services of a competent body of farmers’ institute workers.

SPECIAL INSTITUTES.

A considerable amount of instruction in various agricultural sub-
jects is given to rural people through meetings conducted primarily
by the farmers’ institute organization and yet not classified as regu-
lar farmers’ institutes. Such miscellaneous meetings are in many
instances doing as much for the improvement of agricultural condi-
tions and rural life as are the regular farmers’ institutes, and they
form a prominent feature of the institute work in some States.

An idea of the extent and scope of this work may be obtained by
the following summary of the reports for the year 1909:

Four States held special-subject institutes; two of them did not
give the number, but the other two report a combined number of
36 such meetings. The total attendance in the four States upon these

330 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

special-subject institutes was 17,268. Independent institutes were
held in 10 States, the total number of meetings being 196 with an
attendance of 381,412. Thirteen States report 156 round-up institutes
with 39,199 in attendance. Railroad specials were run in 15 States;
in 8 of these 594 stops were made, and in the other 7 the number of
stops was not reported, but the total attendance as given for the 15
States was 167,387. While in several States women’s institutes were
held in connection with the regular institutes for men, in 4 States
separate and independent women’s institutes were conducted with a
total of 145 sessions. In 25 sessions the attendance was 4,300, while
no report was given of the number in attendance at the other 120
sessions. These separate women’s institutes offer a fertile field for
future development in the United States where they can searcely be
said to have begun, and yet in Ontario they have already over-
shadowed the regular men’s institutes. While it is known that
some 16 States have been conducting boys’ and girls’ meetings of
various kinds, although not usually classed as institutes, neverthe-
less only one State reported having held regular boys’ and girls’
institutes during 1909, and the attendance was not given. Here
again is another field for fruitful work lying within the scope of
the farmers’ institutes, and yet one that has not been developed to
any considerable extent, although its importance warrants attention.
Three States held 8 normal institutes with an attendance of 1,000
in 2 of the States, the other one not reporting the attendance. One
farmers’ picnic was held in each of 2 States with a total attendance
of 2,350. Demonstration meetings were reported from only 1 State
which held 2 with an aggregate attendance of 400. Farmers’ insti-
tute schools were held in 2 States, one holding 3 with 530 in attend-
ance, and the other holding 12 schools but not reporting the number
in attendance. One State held an annual convention consisting of 5
sessions and a total attendance of 2,500. One State held movable
schools at 13 places lasting six days at which there were 1,415 in
attendance.

The total attendance at all of the above 12 forms of special institute
activity was 617,954, which added to 2,240,925, the attendance at
the regular institutes reported, makes a grand total of 2,858,879 in
attendance at all forms of farmers’ institutes during 1909. In
addition no record has been given of the attendance upon the follow-
ing forms of institutes: Women’s institutes, 117 sessions; boys’ and
girls’ institutes in one State with 14 meetings; and 12 farmers’ insti-
tute schools. And to all this should also be added the attendance
at the regular farmers’ institutes in two of the three organizations
holding farmers’ institutes in Connecticut for which no reports
have been received.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 331

EVIDENCES OF PROGRESS.

In Arizona the institute force lectured at the local schools to the
children and others, and also gave instruction in agricultural sub-
jects to regular classes for as long a time as possible, thus helping
to pave the way for the introduction of agriculture in the public
schools.

California last year introduced demonstration train work, covering
2,608 miles during the sixty-four days it was in use. The trains
stopped at 197 places, spending from one to five hours at each, and
the total attendance is reported to have been 37,270. Three coaches
were used exclusively for exhibits illustrating cereal production,
soils of the State and fertilizers for the same, creamery and dairy
work, economic plants especially adapted to the region such as the
eucalyptus, various plant diseases, insect pests, and diseases of ani-
mals. The farmers’ institute superintendent reports:

We consider that this train service was of great value from an educational
point of view. Through this instrumentality we were able to bring directly
to the men most interested tangible illustrations of the results obtained through
eareful and scientific farming. The exhibits carried in the cars were entirely |
either the product of the university farm and various substations or materials
obtained in our experimental work upon different farms through the State.
Its educational value can not be overestimated.

In Indiana the farmers’ institute is working in close cooperation
with the women’s auxiliaries through the State with a view to the
betterment of the conditions of life of rural women and the elevation
of the country home. While very few separate women’s institutes
and comparatively few separate women’s sessions are held, neverthe-
less the work is assuming good proportions through the women’s
auxiliaries holding joint sessions with the regular farmers’ institutes.
Women’s auxiliaries are organized in 41 of the 92 counties in the
State, and last year 48 women’s sessions were held in connection with
farmers’ institutes in 27 counties, and all of these sessions were under
the immediate charge of the women’s auxiliaries. Within the past
five years 87 of the 92 counties of the State have thus been visited
at least once by a trained instructor in domestic science covering
the subject relative to foods and the home. Many of these women’s
auxiliaries are thus doing a vast amount of good among rural women
by interesting them in labor-saving devices, conveniences, and better
sanitary conditions, as well as in better methods of preparing and
preserving foods, caring for the sick, and beautifying the home.
They have in some cases offered prizes for culinary exhibits at the
farmers’ institute, and have in this way aroused the interest of the
girls.

Maryland has conducted institute schools and short courses of six
lectures each in various parts of the State, using an especially con-

332 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

structed and equipped car owned privately by the institute. This is
the first instance where a car has been planned, built, and owned by
an institute for the sole purpose of giving itinerant instruction and
demonstrations. It is in reality a small but completely equipped
school capable of being taken to the people, and in which the instrue-
tors live, eat, and sleep, but from which they may go within driving
distances for the purpose of holding meetings or giving lectures
whenever advisable. Many cars and even trains have been used
temporarily in various States for institute work, but they have been
owned and controlled by the railroads and were not especially con-
structed for this purpose, ordinary coaches being temporarily fitted
up with the necessary illustrative and demonstrative material.

Michigan held 40 women’s institutes last year, and the superin-
tendent reports: “ The attendance and interest often were better than
at the general session.” They are also making a special effort to
arouse the interest of the young people.

In Minnesota the boys’ and girls’ industrial contests, which have
just finished their second year’s work, were so successful that the
superintendent of institutes for the State reports: “ We have done
no work that we feel will result in more good to the agriculture of
this State than will this work done with the boys and girls.” Excel-
jent results are also reported from the organization of district or
township clubs, most of which become active and productive of much
good to the members.

The Mississippi farmers’ institute gets in touch with the county
high schools as fast as they are established, and through cooperation
conducts short courses in agriculture.

IMPROVED METHODS.

In Arkansas the farmers’ institute work has been placed entirely
in the hands of the agricultural college, which has established a de-
partment of farmers’ institutes with a superintendent in charge.

California has developed the special or single-purpose institute
idea, an entire meeting being devoted to the discussion of a single
topic in all its phases and from all points of view, thus approaching
the plan of some of the movable schools which are devoted to a single
subject, such as dairying, poultry raising, and the like, but being from
necessity more intensive since the duration of the institute is not as
long as that of the movable school. In reporting upon this work the
superintendent says: “ We find that the attendance and interest at
these meetings is as great or greater than when the institutes are
very general in their character.” These special-purpose institutes
should prove of great value in those States where the regular general
institutes have been in progress for some time, and where many of

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 333

the farmers feel that they have graduated, so to speak, from the
necessarily elementary character of the instruction given in them.
These special-purpose institutes can, by devoting the entire meeting
to a single subject, go deeper into the matter and present the whys
and wherefores and the scientific principles underlying them which
are of vast interest to the farmer, but which can not be gone into in
the short time devoted to a single subject in the regular general
institutes. They give an insight into the theories and a better under-
standing and appreciation of the work under discussion, and thus
arouse an enthusiasm and love for agricultural work which helps to
elevate this vocation to that of a profession and an art, and to build
up a higher plane of rural life. The regular general institutes should
not be relinquished, for they will always have their field of useful-
ness, but the special or single-purpose institutes should be developed
and extended in those States where institute work has been in active
and extensive progress for a number of years, and especially in
those locations where there is a pronounced tendency toward special-
ization of production.

Colorado has developed its short-course institute work to the
extent of producing what might be termed movable schools. The
success attending this work can be judged from the report of the
superintendent of farmers’ institutes, who says: * The most valuable
and the best appreciated work that we have done is in holding six-
day farmers’ short courses and five-day housekeepers’ short courses
in various parts of the State.”

The Georgia farmers’ institute held last year teachers’ institutes
in cooperation with the county school commissioners. The director
of farmers’ institutes says of this work:

The teachers’ institute movement has been an unqualified success and prom-
ises to grow rapidly in the future with benign results to both adults and the
boys and girls. We are more than gratified at the reception given our lecturers,
and have been unable to meet the demand made upon us for assistance. We
hope to stress this work more than ever another year, as it seems to us to
promise as large dividends as any feature of the institute work we have had
experience with. We have made a start on itinerant schools in connection
with our institute service, which promises well.

Indiana holds each year in October, just before the opening of the
institute season, a normal institute and also a conference of institute
workers. All the farmers’ institute speakers assigned for work that
year are required to attend both these meetings. The county chair-
men are expected to attend in person or to send substitutes to the
conference, and the presidents of women’s auxiliaries are invited to
the conference.

In Minnesota one twelve and one eight weeks agricultural lecture
course was held at the high school in each of two towns. The lectures
and discussions lasting for two hours were given Monday afternoons,

334 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

at which time the school was dismissed for the purpose, and the boys
and frem 30 to 50 farmers assembled in ene room, and the girls and
women in another room for instruction in home economies. The
lectures and discussions lasted two hours. Each farmer paid a small
tee to defray traveling expenses of lecturers. These two courses
proved to be very successful.

West Virginia: An approach to the county itinerant instructor
found in several foreign countries, and which for many years has
proven of such value to the agricultural interests, among the small
holders especially, has been inaugurated in West Virginia, where
a special field man was last season employed by the year whose duty
it was to go over the State among the farmers and hold special
institute meetings wherever and whenever he could get a few of them
together. This method of reaching certain farmers should prove of
value in the more thickly settled regions, especially where small farms
are the rule.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXTENSION WORK.

The establishment of colleges of agriculture and more especially the
creation later of experiment stations in connection with them stim-
ulated the demand for the acquisition of new, accurate, and specific
information regarding all classes of agricultural subjects and opera-
tions based on a scientific study of the principles underlying the
various sciences bearing on agriculture. This search after new
truth was not only productive of much good to agriculture in all
its phases, but also many new sciences such as mycology, entomology,
vegetable pathology and the like were largely developed out of the
divisions of older ones through their immediate application to agri-
culture. Every science and art having directly or indirectly an
economic bearing on agriculture received an impulse and a stimulus,
accurate scientific experiments were carried on in many lines, great
and rapid strides were made in all directions, exceeding the most san-
guine expectations. The great demand was for “research ”—the
acquisition of more truth and information regarding all agricultural
subjects.

But the time has now arrived when it is apparent that the vast store
of agricultural information thus accumulated and rapidly being
added to is not fully reaching the people for whom it is intended—
the actual farmers. The colleges of agriculture, through the students
who enter their doors, are imparting this information to but a very
small percentage of the agricultural people. The vast army of actual
farmers for whom this information is intended can not attend college
at all—not even for a few weeks short course in the winter.

The publishing and distributing of circulars, bulletins, reports,
and the like, dealing with agricultural subjects and giving the latest

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 335

results of research helps greatly in disseminating this information,
but it does not reach the larger percentage of those actually engaged
in agriculture. As a rule, it helps only those educated, well-in-
formed, and progressive farmers and does not reach the ones most
needing it. In order therefore to carry the vast store of accumulated
agricultural information to the majority of farmers it is necessary
to resort to some form of educational extension work.

The actual farmers can not go to the colleges of agriculture, but
the colleges of agriculture must be taken to the farmers. When
‘this is accomplished the result will be a complete agricultural educa-
tion, but one which could not have been possible without research
first. Agriculture will then become a profession.

Agricultural education extension work has been carried on for a
number of years in a small way, usually independent of the colleges
of agriculture or at most cooperating with them, yet a sufficient
amount of this work has been done to pave the way and to demon-
strate the methods to be pursued in a complete agricultural educa-
tion extension system. The Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations at its meeting held in Portland,
Oreg., August 18 to 20, 1909, changed its constitution and created a
section on agricultural education extension work so that the asso-
ciation now consists of three sections—a section on colleges, a section
on experiment stations, and a section on agricultural education ex-
tension. Thus the work under discussion has been officially recog-
nized as on a par with the other two forces at work for the agricul-
tural interests of the United States.

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTE
WORKERS.

The Fourteenth Annual Convention of the American Association
of Farmers’ Institute Workers, held in Portland, Oreg., August 16
and 17, 1909, was attended by 99 delegates from the United States
and 4 from the Canadian Provinces.

The usual standing committees made their reports, showing the
condition and progress of the several branches of the work, and
made suggestions and recommendations for their betterment. The
papers read and discussed dealt with the general policy of the insti-
tute movement, the character, scope, and status of its various rami-
fications and relations, the progress made, and the methods and
means used in the several States, Territories, and Provinces for
accomplishing the desired results. Methods of work for the im-
provement, development, and expansion of the institute movement
were ably presented,

336 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Some of the points brought out were: That while the institutes
should continue to give general elementary instruction, they should
also develop to an increasing extent the movable school idea of giv-
ing more definite, specific, and extended instruction along certain
lines; that the woman’s institute should receive vastly more atten-
tion; that the boys’ and girls’ institutes or sessions should be started
in all the more thickly populated States if only in the form of com-
petitions; that local people should be more freely consulted and
should bear a share in the expense; and that demonstration work
should be encouraged.

Reports from the Canadian Provinces of Alberta, British Colum-
bia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan were
presented showing that they held 7,154 sessions of institutes last
year with an attendance of 300,888.

INSTITUTES FOR WOMEN.

Institute directors are coming to appreciate the fact that if insti-
tutes for men have been valuable through the dissemination among
them of information adapted to their special needs there is no reason
why they should not be equally successful if their efforts were
directed particularly to the improvement of women’s life and work.
According to the census there were in all 37,244,145 women and girls
in this country in 1900. About 35 per cent of these, or over 13,000,-
000, live in rural districts.

As yet no comprehensive system has been put in operation by which
the State shall be responsible for supplying educational facilities
specially designed for reaching country women at their homes.
While the farmers’ institute has done something in this respect, yet
until quite recently its efforts have been chiefly in the direction of
assisting men, leaving the women to depend upon themselves, or at
most to gather what they can from the teaching which the men re-
ceive. It manifestly is not meeting country needs when the educa-
tion furnished is adapted to the needs of the male population only,
for that assumes that the problems of country living all lie outside
of the walls of the house in which the family dwells. Instruction
helpful and adapted to the needs of country women should be pro-
vided as well, in order that their influence, whether exerted in school
or church, the social circle, or in domestic life, shall be most bene-
ficial to the family and the State.

It is certainly worth while to make an effort to reach country
women with helpful information, and a proper proportion of the
money appropriated for institute purposes by the State should be
devoted to this purpose. This Department has recently published a

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 337

circular * upon this subject in which there are outlined some methods
that might be employed in organizing women’s institutes and in
providing for their support.

THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE DIRECTORS.

As the institute work develops the annual reports of the state
directors become more important. When the work began there was
but a single form of institute activity, consequently a simple state-
ment of the number of meetings held, the attendance, and the speak-
ers present was all that seemed to be required. Later poultry, dairy,
fruit, market gardening, and similar forms of special institutes were
held; the women’s institute has been introduced; boys’ and girls’
contests, the movable school, the demonstration plat, the railroad
special, and other features have been added until there are now in
use numerous branches of institute activity each rapidly expanding
to include a larger field and many more persons within its influence.

As the work progresses the importance of having exact informa-
tion respecting it is correspondingly increased. Each state director
in order that he may intelligently direct its operations is interested
first of all in securing accurate data respecting the progress of the
work in his own State, and second he is interested in knowing what
is being done by institute directors in other States that he may
profit by their experience. These data in order to be serviceable
must be accurate. To secure such information and to get it
promptly, each director is under the necessity of thoroughly or-
ganizing his work and of preparing and issuing blanks to be filled in
with the proper data. This requires that he shall have one or more
capable persons present at each institute meeting to obtain the in-
formation and forward it to the central office.

Most of the institute directors appreciate the importance of full
and accurate information and have organizations of more or less
efficiency for securing it. A few, however, are still neglectful in this
respect, and consequently are in comparative ignorance of the details
of their work, so that when called upon for information respecting
it they are compelled to resort to estimates with but little that is
reliable upon which to base their judgment.

An inspection also of the annual reports published in the several
States shows that quite a number are chiefly made up of papers by
institute lecturers and lists of questions and answers, and of the
names and subjects of discussion. In a few instances only a para-
graph or two in relation to the institute work is published, and in
others the report consists of a bare recital of statistical facts, with

“U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 85.
46045°—10 22

338 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

no discussion of the work or statement of projects for its develop-
ment. While these are all valuable in their place, their value would
be greatly increased if the items referred to were accompanied by a
thoughtful discussion of their principal features by the director,
followed by a general summary of the progress of the institute work
as a whole.

The state director, if interested in his work, is constantly studying
to improve his methods. A complete statement, therefore, each year
of his views as they are enlarged or modified by his study and ex-
perience, accompanied with the reasons for his present attitude, would
often be of great service to directors in charge of institutes in other
States, as well as to lecturers and local managers generally through-
out the country.

MONTHLY MEETINGS.

A feature of the institute work most open to criticism is the short
period that is given to instruction in a locality in any single year.
One or two days is the usual allotment, and in this period a topic may
be presented by only a single speaker, to be frequently passed without
further discussion. It is manifest that by this method the institute
will be many years in educating the farmers in a community in the
principles of agricultural science and practice. Under the present
method of institute management the individual in a State is apt to
be lost sight of in the general mass or volume of work accomplished.
Institute directors and lecturers are liable to be misled into thinking
that they are doing a great deal for the individual man when they are
busy for several months teaching in institute meetings. The work in
the aggregate is very considerable, and is of good quality, but it
ordinarily touches a single individual for only a day or two at most
and comparatively few are reached at all.

The institute lecturer after three or five months’ campaign may
profitably inquire what he has done in this time in educating any
single individual. The state director also at the close of the institute
season might inquire to what extent any one individual has been
benefited by the expenditure of ten, twenty, or thirty thousand dollars
appropriated by the State. Instruction has been furnished for him
for two days, possibly for only one. How long will it take by this
method to reach, even with a day’s instruction, all of the agricultural
people of the State? These queries will necessarily develop the fact
that the institute can never as at present organized accomplish that
which manifestly is its chief purpose, namely, reaching every indi-
vidual farmer with information sufficient to render him proficient in
his business. This requires that the individual must be instructed
through a longer period each year than the institute provides, and

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 339

that the instruction shall be so directly related to his occupation as to
be of positive aid in increasing his productive power.

An experiment in this direction has been under way in Kansas
under the direction of the superintendent of institutes of that State
which appears, partially at least, to have solved the problem of more
and better instruction every year. The plan consists in holding each
month in the year and upon the same day of the month one institute
in each county, with the same topic for discussion, the places to be
selected by the local committee in the county. At the beginning of
the year a list of 12 topics, one for each month, is forwarded by the
state director to the local managers to be discussed the same day in
every county throughout the State.

If the time were fixed for the fourth Friday in each month, and
the month were January, and the topic the rearing of poultry, this
subject would be discussed all over the State on the fourth Friday of
that month. Similar topics suited to the agricultural operations of
the season would be assigned for every other month, and thus the
institute would be active in aid of agriculture in every county in
the State during the entire year. By publishing the list of topics
in advance full opportunity would be given to prepare for the dis-
cussion of the subjects to be taken up each month.

This does not supplant the present form of institute, but supple-
ments it and extends its influence by taking advantage of the impulse
which the regular institutes with their corps of state speakers furnish
to keep the others active through the season.

In making up a list of subjects state directors should consult the
county managers, and suitable topics be agreed upon for the suc-
ceeding year. The monthly institutes would be managed and car-
ried on by local people, and if found advantageous and sufficiently
popular could be held more frequently than once a month. *

By this means important subjects may be brought to the attention
of all of the farmers of a State upon a given date, the subject would
be thoroughly discussed both in the institutes and in the homes of the
people, and the enthusiasm occasioned by its universal discussion
would tend to stimulate many to put the recommendations into
practice.

This plan has many advantages. It will organize institute work
throughout the State, and extend its benefits to small outlying locali-
ties where the regular meetings are rarely held. It will develop
local men and women who without it have little opportunity to serve
their neighbors by relating their experience obtained after many
years of successful farming. It will encourage and stimulate the
reading habit among the members of the institute, and enable the
national and state departments of agriculture and the experiment
stations to send bulletins where they will be of direct benefit in in-
creasing production and in improving rural life.

840 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

WORK OF THE OFFICE.

The work of the office of the institute specialist during the year
has been chiefly in the direction of endeavoring through correspond-
ence and personal visitation to secure the introduction of the methods
for institute improvement and of other forms of extension work that
have been recommended in previous years. In pursuance of this
effort, visits were made to institute officials in the following States and
Territories: Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsyl-
rania, South Carolina, and Washington.

An exhibit composed of statistical charts giving information re-
specting the farmers’ institute work of the United States was pre-
pared for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. The office has
edited and published the annual report of the American Association
of Farmers’ Institute Workers; has revised the list of Farmers’ In-
stitute Directors and Lecturers; and has collected and published data
showing the condition of the farmers’ institute work in the several
States and Territories for the annual report of the Office of Experi-
ment Stations. A circular on Farmers’ Institutes for Women has
also been published ; the manuscript copy and photographs of an illus-
trated lecture upon wheat culture have been sent in for publication,
and other lectures of similar character are in preparation.

Statistics and other informational data have been gathered for the
use of the standing committee of the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations on extension work.

STATE REPORTS.

Numerous items of interest in the reports of the state directors are
incapable of tabulation or are peculiar to a particular State, and at
the same time are important to a complete record and understanding
of the progress of the institute work as it develops each year. In
order that the great body of institute workers may be familiar with
this progress, the principal points are incorporated in the following
accounts under the respective names of the States and Territories.

ALABAMA.

Institute director.—C. A. Cary, professor of veterinary science, Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, Auburn. 4

The State did not make a direct appropriation for institute work,
but the Alabama Polytechnic Institute appropriated $600 for the
work, besides giving the time of the director and twelve members of
the college and experiment station staff, which it is reported would
add $800 to the amount of money appropriated. “Get ready for the
coming of the boll weevil” was one of the subjects discussed at every

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 341

meeting. The director arranges for the places, dates, and pro-
grammes of the institutes. There were held during the year 42 ses-
sions of institutes, with 4,240 in attendance.

ALASKA.

Institute director.—C. C. Georgeson, special agent in charge of agricultural
experiment station, Sitka.

No report was received from the agent in charge, but it has been
learned from other sources that one institute was held with satis-
factory results.

ARIZONA.

Institute director.—R. W. Clothier, professor of agriculture, College of Agri-
culture, Tucson.

During the year 34 sessions of institutes were held, at which 1,862
were in attendance. The State appropriated $123.95 for the work,
and the college and experiment station furnished the speakers, four
in number. The Mormon Church took charge of the institutes in
the Gila Valley, where most of them were held, and the speakers lec-
tured at the schools to the children and others who came in. The
State has recently made a more liberal appropriation for institutes,
so that better and more work will be accomplished next year, and the
short-course feature again resumed. The superintendent consults
with local authorities regarding the dates and programmes for the
meetings.

ARKANSAS.

Institute director.—Geo. A. Cole, superintendent of farmers’ institutes, Col-
lege of Agriculture, Fayetteville.

The State has recently placed the farmers’ institute work in the
hands of the college of agriculture, which has organized a depart-
ment for this purpose and appointed a superintendent.

The number of sessions of regular institutes held the past year was
150 and the total attendance 2,101. In addition there were 3 insti-
tutes held at fairs at which the total attendance of 42,060 is reported.
The State appropriated $2,135.60 for institutes, and the college and
experiment station contributed the time of the director and 12
lecturers, which is estimated to have been worth $2,500 additional.
The director arranges the programmes, dates, and location of the
institutes.

CALIFORNIA.

Institute director —W. T. Clarke, professor of horticulture, College of Agri-
culture, Berkeley.

There were 250 sessions of institutes held during the year, with an
attendance of 28,294, at a cost of $6,000 to the State and $1,000 to

342 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the college. An appropriation of $10,000 per annum for the next
two years will enable the institutes to be held in some of the counties
of the State not yet receiving such attention. Ten members of the
agricultural college and experiment station staff attended in all one
hundred and eight days of institutes. Eight sessions of special insti-
tutes were held, with a total attendance of 2,928. <A fully equipped
demonstration train was run a total of sixty-four days, covering
2,608 miles and making 197 stops, with an aggregate attendance of
37,270. Institutes were held throughout the entire year in order to
accommodate those living in regions which differ from one another in
regard to the time of the leisure and busy seasons, due to local climatic
conditions.
COLORADO.

Institute director.—H. M. Cottrell, superintendent of farmers’ institutes and
college extension work, College of Agriculture, Fort Collins.

The superintendent of institutes fixes the dates and places of the
meetings and arranges the programme. During the year 130 regular
sessions were held and the attendance was 22,560. In addition, a
potato special train was run, with an attendance of 1,925. The ex-
pense of the institutes amounted to $9,242.42, of which $5,000 was
state appropriation and $4,242.42 fees derived from short courses.
The agricultural college and experiment station furnished 22 lec-
turers. Attention has already been called to the success attending the
six-day farmers’ short courses and the five-day housekeepers’ short
courses which were conducted last season. ;

CONNECTICUT.

Institute director.—J. G. Schwink, jr., secretary Dairymen’s Association,
Meriden.

A new feature of the work this year was the offer of $100 in prizes
to those starting to keep individual milk records of their herds for
one year.

During the past year the state dairymen’s association conducted
53 sessions of farmers’ institutes, with an attendance of 4,600, at a
cost of $631.97, nearly all of which was appropriated by the State,
the remainder coming from membership fees and other sources. Be-
sides the above the association gave $594 in premiums at the annual
convention for butter, cheese, milk, and cream. In addition there
were 2,500 in attendance at the annual convention of 5 sessions.
Eight members of the agricultural college and experiment station
lectured at the meetings and institutes. The secretary of the associa-
tion arranges the programmes and fixes the dates and places of the
meetings.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 343

DELAWARE.
Institute director.—Wesley Webb, secretary state board of agriculture, Dover.

Agricultural education was a subject discussed at all the meetings
during the past season, and lectures on the home were given at most
of the meetings. The grange, as well as the experiment station, is
actively cooperating in the institute movement, and as a result the
interest in the work is reported as becoming more intense and deep-
ening very rapidly.

Seventy sessions of institutes were held during the past year, with
a total attendance of 9.210 and at a cost of $900, all of which was
appropriated by the State, but $300 of which was accumulated
money. The above amount, however, does not include the salary and
expenses of the director. Four members of the agricultural experi-
ment station staff devoted twenty-three days’ service to the institute
work. A farmers’ day was held at the agricultural college on June
14. The county institutes are consulted in regard to the programmes,
dates, and places of the meetings.

FLORIDA.

Institute director.—P. H. Rolfs, director of the experiment station, Gainesville.

During the past year there were held 56 sessions of institutes with
a total attendance of 5,576. The State appropriated $2,500 for
this work, but the cost of the institutes held is reported at $2,000.
An appropriation of $7,500 has been made by the State for farmers’
institute work for 1910. The college of agriculture furnished 1
speaker and the experiment station 6 speakers, while 10 state lec-
turers were employed, and 23 local speakers addressed the meetings.

GEORGIA.

Institute director—A. M. Soule, president of the agricultural college, Athens.

Agricultural education was a topic discussed in all the institutes.
A new feature of the work in Georgia was the holding of joint
farmers’ institutes and teachers’ institutes in cooperation with the
county school commissioners.

Fifty-six sessions of regular institutes were held the past year
with an attendance of 4,480. There were also held 16 independent
institutes with 2,400 in attendance, 15 sessions of round-up institutes
at which 600 were reported, and 60 teachers’ institutes and 44 mis-
cellaneous meetings, with a total attendance of 9,850. All this is
reported to have added greatly to the general interest in agricul-
tural education in the rural schools. The State appropriated $2,500
for institutes, but the work cost $7,000, the college and station con-
tributing the difference in time and service of lecturers and the
director. The local authorities are consulted regarding the pro-

844 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

grammes, dates, and places of the meetings. There are state sena-
torial organizations with officers in each county. Ten members of
the agricultural college and two of the experiment station staff
lectured at these institutes.

HAWAII.

Institute director.—William Weinrich, jr., secretary and treasurer farmers’
institutes, Honolulu.

No report was received.

IDAHO.

Institute director—E. FE. Elliott, acting dean of the college and acting
director of the agricultural experiment station, Moscow.

The number of sessions of institutes held the past year was 90 and
the total attendance was 8,560. A railroad special also made 30 points
at which institutes were held, with 5,590 in attendance. The subject
of dairying was discussed at all the meetings. The State made an
appropriation of $1,000 for the institute work last year, all of which
was used for paying traveling expenses, the other expenses being
met out of the general maintenance fund of the college of agricul-
ture, which, together with the experiment station, furnished 7
lecturers for the meetings.

ILLINOIS.

Institute director.—F. H. Hall, superintendent of farmers’ institutes, Aurora.

The county farmers’ institutes in Illinois are semi-independent
organizations, but are in close touch with the state organization.
The law requires each county institute organization to hold at least
one meeting of two days’ duration each year in order to receive the
annual state appropriation of $75, which is audited and in charge
of the state organization. The state organization is now going to put
a special man in the field whose duty it will be to assist the county
farmers’ institute officers in every way.

Farmers’ institutes were held last year in every county in the State
except one. There were in all 659 sessions and the attendance was
82,855. Nine sessions of round-up institutes drew an attendance of
approximately 5,000. The State appropriated $15,000 for institute
work. Of this amount $8,500 was used for the expenses of the state
institute and $75, or so much thereof as necessary, was given to each
county. The superintendent and the county officers in conference
make all arrangements regarding the institutes,

INDIANA.

Institute director.—W. C. Latta, professor of agriculture, Coliege of Agricul-
ture, Lafayette.

A normal institute and a conference of institute workers at which
all assigned speakers are required to attend is held before the opening

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 345

of the institute season, and county chairmen are expected to attend
the conference, or at least to send a delegate.

There were held last year 1,162 sessions of farmers’ institutes, and
the total attendance was 215,211. The approximate cost was $20,000,
of which $10,000 was direct state appropriation, and the remainder
made up from private donations and membership dues from the
county organizations, amounting to $6,800, and that received from the
county treasurer, amounting to $3,200. Each county contributes $100
for institutes, provided an equal amount is raised from membership
dues. The college of agriculture provided six and the experiment sta-
tion five lecturers for the institutes.

IOWA.

Institute director.—J. C. Simpson, secretary state board of agriculture, Des
Moines.

The extension department of the college of agriculture cooperates
with the state board of agriculture and furnishes lecturers.

Four hundred and fifteen sessions of institutes were held during
the year, with 103,750 as the total attendance. The total cost of these
meetings was $10,050.58. The State appropriated $6,030.51, and the
donations and membership fees amounted to $4,020.07 more.

KANSAS.

Institute director.—J. H. Miller, superintendent of farmers’ institutes and
agricultural extension, college of agriculture, Manhattan.

The farmers’ institutes are entirely in the hands of a department of
the college of agriculture, the superintendent of which arranges the
programmes and fixes all dates and places of meetings. While the
Experiment Station furnished 16 lecturers last year, more than 1,000
local speakers were also used. There were 576 sessions of regular
institutes held with an attendance of 37,191, besides 30 summer meet-
ings and a wheat train which ran six days, making 72 stops, with an
additional 6,768 in attendance. The total cost of the institutes was
$8.200, the State making a special appropriation of $6,000.

County institute organizations are now found in 103 of the 105
counties in the State. In the eastern portion of the State the
subject of roads was discussed at all meetings, and in the western
portion of the State forestry and tree planting were substituted. The
department now has charge also of the demonstration work on county
and private farms, including road making, and of the demonstration
classes in stock and corn judging, cooking, spraying, and dairying.

KENTUCKY.
Institute director.—M. C. Rankin, commissioner of agriculture, Frankfort.

Ten thousand six hundred and seven dollars and forty-four cents
was expended on institute work last season. This made it possible to

346 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

hold 464 sessions at which 21,538 were in attendance. The college of
agriculture and the experiment station furnished five lecturers, and
subjects in veterinary science and in domestic science were introduced.
State fairs and organization of farmers were discussed at all the
meetings.

LOUISIANA.

Institute director.—Charles Schuler, commissioner of agriculture, Baton
Rouge.

No farmers’ institutes were held by the state department, but the
college of agriculture conducted a number of farmers’ conferences
at which professors from the college and experiment station delivered

addresses.
MAINE.

Institute director.—A. W. Gilman, commissioner of agriculture, Augusta.

During the year 79 sessions of regular institutes were held with an
attendance of 8,267, while 5 independent institutes had 640 in attend-
ance. The total cost was $2,500, all paid for out of state funds. The
college of agriculture furnished 2 speakers. The dates and the
programmes are arranged by the commissioner, while the places of
the meetings are selected by the county organizations.

MARYLAND.

Institute director—Wm. L. Amoss, director of farmers’ institutes, Benson.

Ninety-seven regular farmers’ institutes were held during the year,
at which 9,345 were in attendance. There were also institute schools
with an attendance of 576 and a special corn train that attracted
1,085 people. The faculty of the college of agriculture and the ex-
periment station staff lectured at as many institutes as their other
duties would permit.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Institute director—J. L. Ellsworth, secretary state board of agriculture,
Boston.

Last year $2,187.69 was used in institute work, 187 sessions being
held with 20,756 in attendance, and two demonstration meetings
which 400 attended. Twelve lecturers from the college of agricul-
ture and the experiment station addressed meetings during the year.

MICHIGAN.

Institute director.—L. R. Taft, superintendent of farmers’ institutes, East
Lansing. a

Institutes were held in the lower peninsula in all the counties
except one. Altogether in both peninsulas there were 1,163 sessions
of regular institutes with a total attendance of 147,438. Round-up

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 347

institutes were also held covering 12 sessions and with 10,125 as
the attendance, and one normal institute lasting three days with 500
in attendance. One railroad special ran eleven days with 65 stops
and had 7,485 visitors. Included in the regular institutes above
given were 40 women’s institutes which often showed a better interest
and attendance than the general sessions. The superintendent con-
sults with the officers of the local associations regarding the pro-
grammes, dates, and locations of the meetings. The State appro-
priated $8,500 for this work, but the actual cost the past year was
$323.62 additional, which was provided for from a balance left over
from the year previous. The above includes the salary and expenses
of the state superintendent. The college of agriculture and the ex-
periment station cooperated in the work by giving the services of 18
lecturers, and it is estimated that 1,200 local speakers addressed the
meetings.
MINNESOTA.

Institute director.—A. D. Wilson, assistant in agriculture and director of
farmers’ institutes, college of agriculture, St. Paul.

The State appropriated $18,000 for institute work during the past
year which was all expended, and in addition about $5,000 more was
expended which was derived from advertisements in the annual and
from a surplus left over from the year previous. This sum includes
the salary and expenses of the state director. Twenty-seven state lec-
turers were employed and the college of agriculture contributed 9
lecturers. :

There were held during the year 684 sessions of regular institutes
with a total attendance of 109,625. A new feature was the holding
of 81 one-session institutes in district schoolhouses which were very
satisfactory and at which the attendance was 3,970. Women’s insti-
tutes were held in five towns, one lady and part of the time two
ladies holding one afternoon session each week for four weeks,
with good appreciation and attendance. The attendance at a twelve
weeks’ course of agricultural lectures by members of the college of
agriculture at a high school on Monday afternoons was 1,987, and at
an eight weeks’ course at another high school it was 1,525.

During the past year the institute management has assisted in the -
organization of 70 farmers’ clubs, mostly representing school dis-
tricts, but in some cases townships. They hold frequent meetings
and study and discuss the various problems of importance in that
region, such as seed and corn testing, selecting and breeding, co-
operative buying and selling, good roads and the like, and they are
proving to be of great value to the members. Twelve of the 16
clubs organized in one county a year ago held that year 94 meetings
with a total attendance of 4,420, using home talent almost exclusively.

848 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Industrial contests for boys and girls under 18 have been promoted
and prizes awarded through the county superintendent of schools
for production of corn, wheat, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, and in
sewing and cooking. Those winning any of the first six prizes in any
class in any county may compete at the state contest. The institute
board employed a special man the past year to go from county to
county and visit the schools in order to assist the school superintend-
ent in starting this work. He spoke at the schools, and attended
teachers’ and school officers’ meetings, and in ten weeks held 148
meetings with a total attendance of 12,393, mostly boys and girls.

MISSISSIPPI.

Institute director.—E. R. Lloyd, professor of agriculture, college of agricul-
ture, Agricultural College.

The institutes which are under the charge of a department of the
college of agriculture are cooperating with the county agricultural
high schools as fast as they are established, and are developing short
courses in agriculture and dairying.

One hundred and sixty-six sessions of regular institutes were held
during the year with an attendance of 25,229, while 17 independent
institutes with 5,580 in attendance, 8 sessions ef round-up institutes
with 1,000 in attendance, and 6 special trains with a total attendance
of 12,846 were also held, making a grand total at all the special in-
stitutes of 19,426.

The total cost of the institutes #vas $3,000, appropriated by the
State, but not including the salary of the director.

MISSOURI.
Institute director.—G. B. Ellis, secretary state board of agriculture, Columbia.

During the year there were held 705 sessions of regular institutes
with an attendance of 64,800, and 26 sessions of round-up institutes
with 7,250 in attendance, besides a number of other special institutes
of which no record was kept.

The expense of holding these meetings was $5,000, all of which the
State appropriated, but this does not include the salary of the director
and his assistants. A new feature of the work was the conducting of
extension short courses.

MONTANA.

Institute director.—F. S. Cooley, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
College of Agriculture, Bozeman. '

An annual report of the institutes is published and is a departure
from the beaten track in that it treats of but one subject each year,
thus giving an exhaustive supply of information regarding that par-
ticular phase of agriculture. As a different subject is dealt with

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 349

each year, in a few years there will be available a valuable and con-
cise library of information on the agriculture of the State.

The state appropriation of $7,500 was expended for institute work,
including the salary and expenses of the director. There were held
126 sessions of regular institutes with an attendance of 10,831, and
52 lectures in high schools to 9,185 pupils and friends, besides a
dairy train with 1,000 in attendance. The college of agriculture and
the experiment station furnished 14 lecturers, while 8 state lecturers
and 9 local speakers were used. Dry-land farming was discussed
at nearly all meetings, and dry-farming demonstrations are being
introduced, as well as movable schools of home making and _ high-
school lecture courses.

NEBRASKA.

Institute director.—Val MKeyser, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
College of Agriculture, Lincoln. j

A conference of local institute managers was held at one of the
meetings of organized agriculture, at which questions pertaining to
methods of conducting institutes were discussed. During the past
year 500 sessions of regular institutes were held with a total attend-
ance of 86,623, and two institute schools in agriculture and domestic
science with 530, besides 6 special institutes, the attendance at which
was not reported, and organized agriculture, which takes the place -
of a round-up institute, the attendance of which was also not re-
ported. Five boys’ and girls’ sessions were held, and women’s aux-
iliaries were held in connection with nearly all regular institutes.
The institutes cost $14,795.84, of which amount the State appropri-
ated $10,000, the university $652.98, and counties and local institutes
$4,142.86.

NEVADA.

Institute director.—J. E. Stubbs, president of the university of Nevada, and
director of the experiment station, Reno.

No farmers’ institutes were held.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Institute, director.—N. J. Bachelder, secretary state board of agriculture,
Concord.

Twenty-four sessions of regular institutes with an attendance of
1,800 and 3 round-up sessions with 500 in attendance were held dur-
ing the past year. There were also several field meetings with an
attendance of 4,500. The college of agriculture provided 6 lecturers,
while 6 state lecturers and 12 local speakers were employed. The
State appropriated $1,200 for institute work, but only half of this
amount was expended,

850 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
NEW JERSEY.

Institute director.—Franklin Dye, secretary state board of agriculture,
Trenton.

Approximately $3,000 was expended for institute work last season.
This enabled the holding of 128 sessions of regular institutes, at
which 10,425 attended, and 7 sessions of round-up institutes, at which
the attendance was 2,200. A railroad instruction train was run three
days, stopping at 19 places, with 1,500 in attendance. Five members
of the faculty of the college of agriculture and 2 of the staff of the
experiment station lectured before some of the meetings.

NEW MEXICO.

Institute director.—J. D. Tinsley, professor of physics, college of agricul-
ture, Agricultural College.

The Territory made no appropriation for farmers’ institute work,
but the college of agriculture, through its superintendent of insti-
tutes and with the help of two members of the experiment-station
staff, held 50 sessions with an attendance of 1,696, at a cost of $1,700,
including salaries and expenses.

NEW YORK.

Institute director.—R. A. Pearson, commissioner of agriculture, Albany.

The institutes the past year covered all but 5 counties, which were
either in the Adirondack Mountains or occupied by New York City
and its environs. The college of agriculture and experiment station
provided about 15 lecturers, one man being out all the time and giv-
ing two lectures each day. There were some 45 state lecturers in
addition and about 150 local speakers were used. At most institutes
the subject of rural schools was discussed.

The State appropriated $25,000 for farmers’ institute work during
the year just closed, but the actual cost of the institutes was about
$28,000, not including the salary and expenses of the director. Dur-
ing the year 1,054 sessions of regular institutes were held, with an at-
tendance of 155,602, besides 11 cooperative institutes which were
held under the auspices of granges, poultry shows, agricultural
schools, and the like, and at which the attendance was 16,517. One
normal institute was held at which the lecturers were given the
results of the latest information gathered by the college and experi-

ment station.
NORTH CAROLINA.

Institute director.—T. B. Parker, director of farmers’ institutes, department
of agriculture, Raleigh.

During the year 514 sesssions of regular institutes were held with
46,500 in attendance, and 18 sessions of round-up institutes with an

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 351

attendance of 1,000. The college of agriculture and the experiment
station supplied 7 lecturers, and the total cost of the institutes was
$6,400, paid from the treasury of the state board of agriculture.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Institute director.—T. A. Hoverstad, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Fargo.

The institutes held during the year cost $9,835.22, which repre-
sents the $6,000 annually appropriated for this work and a surplus
left over from the year previous. There were held 281 sessions of
regular institutes with an attendance of 46,538, and a number of
special institutes of which no record was kept. Leguminous crops
were discussed at all the meetings. The college of agriculture and
the experiment station each kept one speaker in the field all the time,
and 3 state speakers were employed.

OHIO.

Institute director—A. P. Sandles, secretary department of agriculture,
Columbus.

No lecturers were used from the faculty of the college of agricul-
ture nor from the staff of the experiment station, but the state lec-
turers numbered 52 and about 2,000 local speakers were used. Dur-
ing the year 4 regular institutes were held in every county in the
State, making in all 1,760 sessions, and the interest was so intense
that 400,000 people attended these meetings. There were also held
100 independent institutes with an attendance of 300,000, and 5 ses-
sions of round-up institutes with 500 in attendance. No record was
kept of the corn specials, fruit trains, corn schools, and orchard
schools.

The State appropriated $22,000 for the institute work, all of which
was expended but did not include the salary and expenses of the
director.

OKLAHOMA.

Institute director.—T. M. Jeffords, conductor of institutes, Elgin.

Corn growing was discussed at all the institutes. The college of
agriculture furnished 8 lecturers; there were 10 on the state force
and about 50 local speakers used. The total cost of the institutes
for the year was $4,500, which enabled the holding of 206 sessions of
regular institutes with an attendance of 11,953, and 5 independent
institutes with 672 in attendance.

OREGON.

Institute director.—James Withycombe, director of the experiment station,
Corvallis.

The State appropriated $2,500 for the institute work, and $2,946.65
was expended, which included the salary and expenses of the director.

852 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The experiment station supplied 4 lecturers and the State 2, while
usually 2 local speakers were obtained at each meeting. There were
in all 79 sessions of regular institutes with an attendance of 16,930,
and 2 demonstration train institutes with a total of 40,730 people in
attendance. The demonstration trains were reported to have been
remarkably successful in point of interest and attendance. They
were really traveling schools of agriculture, consisting of 4 coaches
filled with demonstration material from the departments of agron-
omy, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairying, entomology, and
poultry.
PENNSYLVANIA.

Institute director.—A. L. Martin, deputy secretary of agriculture, Harrisburg.

All the state institutes last year discussed ‘horticulture, poultry,
dairying, and the betterment of country home conditions. The mov-
able institute school work was made more perfect. While no regular
women’s institutes were held, a session for women was held at each
of the 172 two-day institutes which constituted the majority of the
institutes, for only 24 one-day and 7 three-day institutes were held.
In all there were 982 sessions of regular institutes, and the attend-
ance was 156,652. There were also 10 independent institutes with
29,160 in attendance, and 9 sessions of round-up institutes with an
attendance of 1,980. The college of agriculture and the experiment
station helped in the work by sending in all 9 lecturers. The total
cost of the institute work during the year was $20,000, all appro-
priated by the State. The places at which institutes are to be held
and the programmes are arranged by the local committee, while the
state director arranges the dates.

PORTO RICO.

Institute director.—D. W. May, special agent in charge of Porto Rico Experi-
ment Station, Mayaguez.

There is no special appropriation for institute work in Porto Rico,
but the director of the agricultural experiment station and 6 members
of his staff spent ten days in institute work the past year, holding
12 sessions with a total attendance of 700, and at an expense of $400,
which was divided equally between the experiment station and some
planters. A planters’ picnic was held, which 350 people attended,
but it was largely social.

RHODE ISLAND.

Institute director—J. J. Dunn, secretary state board of agriculture,
Providence.

During the past year there were held 12 sessions of regular in-
stitutes with an attendance of 1,400, and also 6 lectures on horti-
culture in cooperation with the college of agriculture, at which there
were 1,000 in attendance. The regular institutes cost $187.29, and the
horticultural lectures cost the college $150 and the state board $150.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 853

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Institute director.—D. N. Barrow, professor of agriculture, Clemson College.

With an appropriation of $755 from the State for institute work,
but with an expenditure of only $516.26, the director of the experi-
ment station, with the assistance of 2 members of his staff and 2
lecturers from the college of agriculture, succeeded in holding 20
sessions of farmers’ institutes during the year with a total attendance
of 5,848.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Institute director.—A. E. Chamberlain, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Brookings.

Seed grain, dairying, and beef production were subjects discussed
at all the institutes the past year. The college of agriculture fur-
nished 2 and the experiment station 10 lecturers, while 9 state
lecturers were employed. The state appropriation of $7,000 was
all expended with the exception of $5. There were held 325 sessions
of regular institutes, which 44,357 people attended, besides 15 inde-
pendent institutes with an attendance of 900, and seed trains running
thirteen days and stopping at 92 towns which attracted 7,823 people.

TENNESSEE.

Institute director.— John Thompson, commissioner of agriculture, Nashville.

Growing live stock was a subject discussed at all regular farmers’
institute meetings last year, of which there were 64 sessions with an
attendance of 55,300. There were also 18 independent institutes, the
attendance at which was not recorded, and 33 sessions of round-up
institutes with 6,000 in attendance. A railroad special which ran 100
miles stopping at 13 towns was visited by 2,000 people. The total
cost of the institutes was $3,264, not including the salary and ex-
penses of the director, which would add $600 to the cost. The state
appropriation for the work was $5,000. Six members of the agri-
cultural experiment station staff lectured, and 6 state lecturers were
employed.

TEXAS.

Institute director.—B. R. Kone, commissioner of agriculture, Austin.

The law of 1907 creating the state department of agriculture made
it the duty of the commissioner to organize farmers’ institutes, but
made no special appropriation for their maintenance. The legislature
of 1909 appropriated $5,000 annually for the fiscal years ending
September 1, 1910 and 1911. This is the first appropriation for
institute work in Texas, and a director of farmers’ institutes will be
appointed with headquarters at Austin, and precinct, county, and
state organization will be undertaken.

The commissioner of agriculture has, however, done considerable

farmers’ institute work, using $2,116 from some of the funds not
46045°—10 —23

854 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

needed for other purposes, and as a result held 199 sessions of regular
institutes last year with a total attendance of 11,049. Besides this,
6 institute picnics were held, attended by 10,000 people, some
demonstration work was done, and exhibits made of farm products.

UTAH.

Institute director.—L. A. Merrill, superintendent of agricultural extension
work of the college of agriculture and director of Utah state farmers’ insti-
tutes, Salt Lake City.

Dairying and horticulture were discussed at all regular farmers’
institute meetings held during the year, of which there were 217
sessions, with a total attendance of 18,089. Five local speakers ad-
dressed meetings, but, aside from this assistance, the work was all
done by the director of institutes and the faculty of the college of
agriculture and the members of the experiment station staff, at a
cost of $2,825.11, the state appropriation being $1,500, the college
supplying the deficiency.

VERMONT.
Institute director.—O. L. Martin, commissioner of agriculture, Plainfield.

With two state speakers and one lecturer from the experiment sta-
tion for only one day the commissioner of agriculture held 12 sessions
of regular institutes, with approximately 600 in attendance, and
cooperated with the college of agriculture in conducting the farmers’
week, at which 168 were registered, the total expenses being pas

mately $350.
VIRGINIA.

Institute director.—G. W. Koiner, commissioner of agriculture, Richmond,

About $2,000 was used in institute work during the year, enabling
the holding of about one hundred and thirty days of institutes, with
an attendance of 25,000. A steamboat was equipped, and with it a
series of institutes were conducted along the Rappahannock River
among the truck gardeners and other agricultural people in the
vicinity.

The Virginia State Farmers’ Institute is an organization estab-
lished five years ago. It meets once each year for a three days’ con-
ference, with an elaborate programme, and has approximately 1,300
members. The proceedings of the fifth annual session, held at Rich-
mond, August 4, 5, and 6, 1908, has been published and contains 282
pages. The organization is now to be incorporated.

WASHINGTON.
Institute director.—R. W. Thatcher, director agricultural experiment station,
Pullman.
The farmers’ institute work is in charge of the extension depart-
ment of the college of agriculture, and practically all its appropria-

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 355

tion of $5,000 was expended for institute work. There were 238 ses-
sions of regular institutes held, with an attendance of 15,465. Three
sessions of round-up institutes had an attendance of 116, and the 6
railroad specials made 103 stops, with a total of 28,990 in attendance.
The grange is cooperated with and 4 sessions were addressed by the
institute speakers, at which the attendance was 591. The college of
agriculture and the experiment station contributed 11 lecturers, and
there were 23 state lecturers and numerous local speakers to help
in the work.
WEST VIRGINIA.

Institute director—J. B. Garvin, secretary board of agriculture, Charleston.

With an expenditure of $9,249.29 the board of agriculture held 356
sessions of regular institutes during the year, at which the attendance
was 19,424, and 28 independent institutes, the attendance of which was
not recorded. A special field man was employed by the year whose
duty it was to go among the farmers and hold special meetings wher-
ever and whenever he could get a few of them together. This must
have resulted in a vast amount of good for the agricultural interests
of the State, and it is along a line of work which has been in success-
ful operation in many foreign countries for a number of years, and
which can profitably be developed in this country.

WISCONSIN.

Institute director.—G. B. McKerrow, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Madison.

Bovine tuberculosis was discussed at all the general institutes dur-
ing the year. About 50 state lecturers were in the employ of the in-
- stitute besides some 20 local speakers and 7 or 8 lecturers from the
college of agriculture and the experiment station at odd times. Seven
hundred and five regular institute sessions were held and the total
attendance was 93,090, and the cost nearly $20,000, including the
printing of bulletins.

WYOMING.

Institute director.—J. D. Towar, director of the experiment station, Laramie.

In spite of the fact that the grazing of cattle and sheep is still the
predominant form of agriculture in Wyoming and small farms are
relatively few, the institutes are doing good work and are developing
from year to year. The local officers are always consulted regarding
the arrangement of the meetings, and in some counties they pay
the local expenses of holding the institutes. Seventy-one sessions of
regular institutes were held, with 4,403 in attendance, and 5 women’s
institutes were also held. The expenditure from the state appropria-
tion was $933.18, and the college of agriculture and the experiment
station furnished the director and 8 lecturers, while 12 were employed
from the State at large.

356 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

STATISTICS OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES, 1909.

Number of institutes held and the approximate attendance during the year ended
June 30, 1909.

“ Number
fone] Art | a | | tbe | ata. Avene
State or Territory. day in- | day in- | °F more | Total. attendance per
stitutes. | stitutes. Sardb sessions, | ¢ Sessions. | session.

AIBDAIN GSA. 3: Jcctries Pate oe 23
AIGSRAG. ls eee nee ae ld. eee
Arvisonn east Ses areees . Pye

Califouniin ae. . ee egi see! 2c
RHULMUO soon eee renee. oe

Mary lari. 22: PRPS BORE RAE OS Me
Massachusetts. oo< eh ucs of. 2,
PCI ean! fe She oy BS RY ee
Minnesota... $2 Bc inereegt
Mississippl oad: 22 2538426 ese
MIGSOMT Ser get ee ee eres

INGVadaibs cs 9222. wa aetna cee att Bae
New Hampshire: ooo ose ce.
INOW: Fersey sac 58 Noe ee. aa
New, Mexico.............5-

North Dakota
Ohio: weet sree see epee yee Eee
SUMABNDING <2 co sonst oe cee ee
Mreron sc, ther Ley-cgas eee
PeNVSVIVaNIdee | woe ee cee
BortomRicor ceckese eee oe! es

Bouth Dakotas. 2. occ. secon =e
Wennessee=y -lsceeciodslccits-cetal dt AOL lees ees 864

Mingus. ts). Ss. Lo et Sl ee Oy ee eee eee 96

3,046 1, 822 146 | 5,014 15,535 | 2,240,925

aNo report. > No institutes held.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 357

Financial statistics of the farmers’ institutes for the year ended June 30, 1909.

Funds appropriated. Cost. I
rial tga’
yj = = tion for the
State or Territory-
College and Cost per season of
State. siehrertoonda te BOL SOS: ok setae 1909-10.
Ce ee ae $600. 00 $800. 00 $1, 400. 00 $33. 33 $600. 00
LUE Be EE ae ee he nando FR Sas Saas HERA SA Re eee ore e Sees
J ee ee 18S OD RE ee 2 123. 95 3.65 1, 100. 00
(SS eS Se ee eee 2,135. 60 2,500. 00 4, 635. 60 30. 90 4,000. 00
ores eee Se pee ee 6,000. 00 1,000. 00 7,000. 00 28.00 10, 000. 00
OC ee eS ee eee 5, 000. 00 4, 242. 42 9, 242. 42 71.10 5,000. 00
(iio af |) LO a: Ses 257. 67 374. 30 6 631.97 11. 92 (a)
Uy yee ie Se ee 600. 00 450. 00 1,050. 00 15.00 750. 00
to) Ege Js ee ee ee 2, (O00: 00 Ie... 02... 5 2,000. 00 35. 71 7, 500. 00
Bn ees ee Re eee 2, 500. 00 4, 500. 00 7,000. 00 125. 00 2, 500. 00
Dio LA SRR 3 Se 63). Se Se |e eee, eee ey mee See ee) ey ee | ee pee
2 SAR Sess ORE ee T7000: 00 eR. |. 8852-28 (2) (@) 2,000. 00
1) a a ee 15, 000. 00 4,043.75 19,043.75 28. 90 20, 000. 00
ROMANIA eee ss wa catansds canes os 10, 000. 00 10,000. 00 19, 000. 00 16. 34 10, 000. 00
Cyt REE TS Ss 6,030. 51 4,020. 07 10,050. 58 24.21 (2)
NERENG Ste bae 5 3 Wak Gale. os sae a 6, 000. 00 2,200. 00 8, 200. 00 14. 24 25, 000. 00
MRO R iota 5 wtocwtece egekens 10; GBF. 44 tes. te. 10,607. 44 22. 86 (2)
2,500. 00 2,000. 00 4, 500. 00 56. 96 5, 000. 00
6,000: OO} 78; =. Ret 6, 000. 00 61.85 6,000. 00
4,000: ODF}... - 2208.2 ee b 2,187. 69 . 11.70 4,000. 00
8, 500. 00 323. 62 8,823. 62 7.58 8, 500. 00
18, 000. 00 5, 560. 23 22, 800. 00 33. 33 18, 000. 00
3,000. 00 2,000. 00 5,000. 00 30.12 3,000. 00
5, 000. 00 3, 500. 00 (a) (a) 5,000. 00
7 000; OOPS £-. 2. Mekh ee 7, 500. 00 42.13 8,000. 00
10, 000. 00 4,795. 84 14,795. 84 29. 59 10,000. 00
New Hampshire..............-..- 1200..00)45 22.222... 208 b 600. 00 25.00 1, 500. 00
MEW PCISCW so)... et sc cn eck ene oe 3000: O0eh42 2-224 2 soe 3,000. 00 23. 43 (a)
ie egal fa 0 eR ee a ee 1,800. 00 1,700. 00 34. 00 (2)
SGA get d =p d eee ee 25, 000. 00 3,000. 00 5 28, 000. 00 26. 56 31,000. 00
qeneor Carourng-. .. -202225...225.... 63400: O0N|2¢. Foe. 22 20 b 6, 400. 00 12.45 (2)
North Dakota=2... 2252) ...0200.-. 6, 000. 00 3,835. 22 9,835. 22 35. 00 6, 000. 00
RPE oe econ Soe eahs a -cioeee =e 223000. O08 est A605. 2ce b 23,000. 00 13.07 23,000. 00
CDT SS, 5a ee ea 3,000. 00 1,800. 00 4, 500. 00 21. 84 6,000. 00
Grepns sess 5 Se ie! 2, 500. 00 500. 00 2,946. 65 37.30 2,500. 00
ermevivarin es. Ser ok oS. 20, 000. 00 3,000. 00 23,000. 00 23. 42 25, 500. 00
Le TUL Cs ee EE Se ee 2 ee er Sere ee eas 400. 00 b 400. 00 33. 33
BPITREES HISONES Bios 2 Se Se So cate t a 243. 64 243. 65 487.29 40. 61 (a
20 CHLOE) 01 1 a ey er Too. ONES << ee . 0. aoe 516. 26 25. 81 1,000. 00
SO DE Ce een T2000. OOGES . os. wc tee 6,995. 00 21. 52 10, 000. 00
ieermraiocers 8 2 Sheet A. 7000. 0000... -225...282 3,864. 00 60. 37 5,000. 00
ton oe, SE ee eee eee 2 VIGOUR: |. 52s. sa7 58" 2,116. 00 10. 63 5,000.00 °
(yy ee ee 1, 500. 00 1,325.11 2,825.11 13. 01 5,000. 00
I ae ee ee 1000. OOM: =. ao e~-, oes 1,000. 00 83. 33 1,000. 00
0 SR RE a a 25000. OO}... ch. Ae (a) (a) (a)
Aa) a ees ce 5,000: O00 fe. . PS... ae 6 5,000. 00 21.00 5.000. 00
NG, Waraiiritee = 5 < See te. ei O/24D. 20M oe. See... cute 9, 249. 29 25. 98 (a)
(2 TE ale 8 Sea pt 20; 000: OOERe. .o205_. 2 20, 000. 00 28. 36 20, 000. 00
\ eM LLL i ee es SS a ene 1,000. 00 633.18 1, 633. 18 23.00 1,000. 00
Motares 20) 2 APR 2. 276,819. 10 68,847.39 | 328, 660. 86 | 21.15 304, 450. 00

@ No report. > Not including the salary of the director. ¢ No institutes held.

358 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Comparative statement of farmers’ institutes.

Appropriations. Number of | Number of insti-

i i ,
State or Ter- sessions tutes
ritory. = —

1906-7 1907-8 1908-9 |1907-8|1908-9|1906-7)1907-8 1908-9
Alabama... .. $600. 00) $1,000. 00! $1, 400. 00 73 42 24 40 24
Alaskae: ; 2-2) 525.52 2524) ssssectoeeinseeeaeset looney d|Ccwth eeeckalsadwes
Arizona : 300. 00) 1,745. 00 123. 95 56 34 20 56, 34
Arkansag:. <2. 5 2238: « 1,500.00) 4, 635. 60 64 150) 40 56) 70
California....| 6,000.00) 8,000.00} 7,000.00) 294 250) 84 88} 93
Colorado.....| 5,003.19) 7,724.46) 9,242.42) 240 130 62 126 70)
Connecticut .| 2,435.57) 1,700.00 631. 97 53) 53 38 25 25
Delaware 700. 00 725.00} 1,050. 00) 52 70 12 19 23
Florida...... 7.00) 2,500.00) 2,500. 00 29 56 1 26 29
Georgia...... 2,500.00} 4,000.00} 7,000.00} 84} 56] (a) 40| 26
Hawaii...... 62. 05 74.49| (a) 4) (a) 3 4) (a)
Idaho.... 142.08} 1,000.00} 1,000.00 66 90 1 12 43
Illinois. ....-. 28,978.96) 29,540.00) 19,043.75} 627) 659) 111 108} 111
Indiana. .... 12,700. 00} 18, 000. 00} 20,000. 00) 1,112) 1,162} 281 321 351
TOWAR oct oee = 7,425.00) 7,954.98] 10,050.58} 400) 415 85 75 83
Kansas...... 4,064.00} 6,495.51} 8,200.00) 473) 576) 135 176} 212
Kentucky ...| 13,000.00} 8,982. 85} 10,607.44) 514) 464) 123) 132) 119
Louisiana....} 2,000.00} 2,000.00/ () (b) | (0) (i ee (b)
Manes : .: 5,000.00} 3,000.00} 4,500.00 97 79 33 50
Maryland....| 6,000.00} 6,000.00} 6,000.00} 117) 97] 23) 41; 56
Massach’ tts. 2,750.00} 4,000.00) 4,000.00} 156) 187} 126) 127) 136
Michigan... .} 15,500.00) 8,500.00) 8,823.62) 969) 1,163] 329) 326) 404
Minnesota. ..| 20,665. 00) 20, 454. 50) 23,560.23) 547 139} 272) 332
Mississippi -| 3,000.00} 5,000.00) 5,000.00} 274) 166) 148) 129] 118
Missourl..... 5,000.00} 5,000.00) 8,500.00) 875) 705) 212) 250) 260
Montana..... 5,000.00) 7,500.00) 7,500.00) 156} 178 70 72 72
Nebraska....} 8,684.04! 13, 617. 68) 14,795.84] 602} 500) 136) 175) 144
Nevada fen. 2| 25. none s salbeowe ta <inclsse ccinne aiclinandos|eeetcelexecacltaqeceleeenae Eo
N.Hampsh’e| 1,600.00} 1,000.00) 1,200.00 32 24 15 16 12
New Jersey..| 3,060.98} 2,500.00) 3,000.00) 120) 128 44 37 38
New Mexico.| 1,900.00) 1,425.00, 1,800.00 68) 50) 24 50 37
New York. ..| 20,000. 00) 25, 000. 00) 28, 000. 00) 1,471) 1,054) 211 307} 276
N. Carolina..| 6,500.00) 7,500.00) 6,400.00} 423) 514) 124) 194) 234
N. Dakota...} 6,000.00) 6,721.65} 9,835.22) 233} 281 25 90| 107
Ohio........-.| 22,000. 00) 23,986.15) 22,000. 00) 1,490) 1,760) 299) 298) 352
Oklahoma... 550.00} 1,285.29) 4,800. 00).....- 206 40} (>) 72
Oregon...... 3,000.00) 2,500.00! 3,000.00 79 79 58 32 35
Pennsylv’a..| 20,500. 00) 23, 000. 00} 23,000.00) 989) 982) 394) 217) 203
Porto Rico... (b) (b) 400. 00) (0) 12} (6) | (6) 10
Rhode Isl’d.. 75. 00) 125. 00) 487. 29 16 12 7 15 10
S. Carolina..} 3,000.00) 2,000.00 755. 00 41 20 73 40 10
S. Dakota...} 5,000.00) 7,000.00} 7,000.00} 290) 325 71 86 88
Tennessee...} 5,000.00) 5,000.00} 5,000.00) 186 64 48 84 40
TNERAS 0. <0 5 382.25} 2,116. 00).....-. 199 a) 36 87
UNEHS: 2a. a) 3, 485.32} 2,825.11 288} 217] (@ 25 53
Vermont....| 5,000.00) 5,000.00) 1,000.00 56 12 34 28 5
Virginia... .- ©2,500.00} (a) 2,000.00) (a) 260] 7} (a) 130
Washington. (a) 5,000.00} 5,000. 00 238 24 78 84
W. Virginia.| 7,476.71) 5,644.41] 9,249.29) 365) 356) 110) 112 98
Wisconsin. ..| 12,771.09) 20,000. 00) 20,000.00) 567) 705 61 141 140
Wyoming...| 1,000.00} 1,000.00) 1,633.18) 46, 71) 12) 11} 20

Total. .|284, 450. 67 325, 569. 54/345, 666. 49

Attendance.

1906-7 | 1907-8 | 1908-9

1,800) 1,400
13,219) 13,392 5, 848
26, 000 , 560) 44, 357
10,400) 18,915} 55,300
(b) (>) 11, 049
(2) 26,926} 18,089
, 288) 5, 160
¢310} (a) 25, 000
5,250) 15,346) 15, 465

14, 934.15, 535) 3,927) 4,643) 5, 014/1, 596, 877\2, 098, 268/2, 240, 925

2 No report. > No institutes. ¢ Report for two districts only.

THE FARMERS” INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 859

Number of lecturers employed by the state directors of farmers’ institutes during
the year ended June 80, 1909.

Number of | Number of Reports of proceedings.
members of | days contrib-

agricultural | uted to insti- |Total number

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PROGRESS REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN
NUTRITION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1905-1909.

By C. F. Lanawortuy, In Charge of Nutrition Investigations.
INTRODUCTION.

For many years progress in the study of various phases of nutrition
has been continuous in the United States. The articles which are
included in this summary of work reported during the years 1905-
1909, inclusive, have appeared in the reports and bulletins of
the United States Government and of the agricultural experiment
stations, scientific journals, reports of institutions, and similar
publications.

It is recognized that the list of investigations cited is by no means
complete, but it is believed that enough has been brought together
to show that the work has grown and that important contributions
have been made, not only to the fund of available data of interest
to students of nutrition and to practical workers, but also to the
subject or methods of investigation and to the more important ques-
tion of the fundamental theories of nutrition. A similar summary
has appeared in an earlier publication® of this Office, and it is believed
that such surveys are timely and useful as a means of showing the
progress which is being made in America in the study of food and
nutrition.

It is characteristic of the situation that as heretofore a large number
of the investigations which have been reported were carried out
under governmental or institutional auspices, and it may make the
summary of the investigations themselves simpler if a brief statement
concerning the relation of the more important of these agencies to
nutrition work is given.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SUBJECT OF NUTRITION.

The War and the Navy departments, the Department of Commerce
and Labor, and the Department of Agriculture are the branches of
the Federal Government in which naturally most attention is directed
to topics which are related to the problems of nutrition. In the
offices of the Commissary-General of the War Department, the

a2U.S8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1905, p. 225.
361

862 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

question of the food supply of troops and of camp cookery has always
been one calling for careful study, and the results of such investiga-
tions are frequently of value to the students of general nutrition, as
are similar ones conducted by the Navy Department.

The more strictly economic phases of the question, such as the rela-
tion of the cost of food to the other items of expenditure, and the
statistics of the production and consumption of food products, fall
within the province of the Department of Commerce and Labor, which
now includes the Bureau of of the Census. The Bureau of Fisheries
of the same department also furnishes valuable data regarding Ameri-
can food fishes.

In the Department of Agriculture various features of the subject
are naturally investigated, as the utilization of agricultural products
as food for man is a very important part of the general subject of
agriculture. The Bureau of Chemistry is charged with the chemical
examination not only of agricultural products, but under the Food
and Drugs Act, with the inspection of all materials coming within
the scope of that law.

Similarly, the Bureau of Plant Industry, though it works primarily
to improve crop production, nevertheless, by its studies of new
varieties of food plants and of old varieties grown under special con-
ditions, contributes to the knowledge of the nutritive values of these
products. In like manner, the Bureau of Animal Industry, in con-
ducting studies of meat, poultry, and dairy products, and also in
investigating the problems of animal metabolism, has added much of
value to the science of human nutrition. Such features of the work
of these bureaus bring out the fact that very many food questionsare
in the last analysis agricultural questions.

During the last fifteen or twenty years special nutrition investiga-
tions have been carried on by congressional appropriations, placed
under the direction of the Office of Experiment Stations of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, which serves as a sort of national clearing-
house for the agricultural experiment stations now existing in all the
States and Territories of the Union, and which, therefore, is in an
unusually good position not only to coordinate and assist the work
being done by individual investigators at the stations and elsewhere,
but also to disseminate the results of such work. In the past little
actual research was done in the central office in Washington, the work
of which consisted rather in planning and publishing the results of
research carried out by the cooperating investigators or institutions
elsewhere; but since the completion of the new laboratories of the
Department of Agriculture, the work formerly carried on in Middle-
town, Conn., with the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter and other
lines of investigations, has been moved to Washington. Among the

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 363

problems which are being studied or which it is proposed to take up
shortly are the relative value as sources of nutrients and energy of
the various fats of animal and vegetable origin, the digestibility of va-
rious kinds of cheese and other dairy products, and the measurement
of the muscular work involved in performing various household tasks
and common body activities with a view to determining the energy
requirements of persons in various situations in life. Much atten-
tion is also being given to problems concerned with the economical
use of foods in the home.

Among the most important features of these nutrition investiga-
tions of the Office of Experiment Stations is the opportunity afforded
for publishing the results of such work. Besides the technical bulle-
tins reporting new investigations, which are sold at low prices
(usually from 5 to 50 cents a bulletin), there is a series of popular
articles known as Farmers’ Bulletins and intended for free distribu-
tion in the United States. These are popular but accurate sum-
maries of the results of technical inquiries along various lines. The
series also contains occasional numbers known as Experiment Station
Work and giving brief accounts of recent special investigations at the
various agricultural experiment stations, and thus keeping readers
in touch with the work actually in progress. The Experiment Sta-
tion Record, a monthly review of American and foreign publications
of interest to students of agriculture and other sciences, contains a
section devoted to human food and nutrition, in which the more
important current contributions to the subject are abstracted.

Aside from the work which the agricultural experiment stations of
various States have done in cooperation with the nutrition investiga-
tions of the Office of Experiment Stations, a considerable number of
them have made independent and extensive contributions to the sub-
ject. Frequently a station works on problems of especial interest in
its locality; for example, the California Station has investigated the
food value of fruit and nuts, and the Minnesota Station the baking
qualities and digestibility of wheat products. Others, however, con-
duct experiments of general character, such as the studies of dietaries
and digestion experiments of the Connecticut Storrs Station, and the
studies of the structure of proteids of the Connecticut State Station,
and many cooperate with the States in the analysis of food materials
onsale in local markets and other work pertaining to state pure food
laws and their enforcement.

The state boards of health and similar offices occasionally investi-
gate questions bearing upon nutrition. The work of these state
institutions is usually published in special reports and is often rather
difficult of access, though more important features generally find their
way into the scientific journals,

364 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Many hospitals, both public and private, maintain well equipped
laboratories in which excellent work is done, much of which is of
interest to students of nutrition.

A few privately endowed institutions also do research work along
medical and physiological lines. Of unusual importance in this con-
nection is the nutrition laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington which has been erected near the new buildings of the
Harvard Medical School in Boston, Mass. This laboratory, which
is under the direction of Dr. F. G. Benedict, formerly associated
with Professor Atwater at Wesleyan University, is one of the most
completely equipped of its kind in the world, and elaborate investi-
gations with respiration calorimeters and other special apparatus are
being carried on in which studies of nutrition under pathological
conditions will be an important feature.

Besides the various classes of institutions already enumerated,
there is a constantly increasing number of individuals, especially in
university and medical school laboratories, who are doing work of
high grade along the lines of nutrition and whose reports appear in
university publications and in scientific journals, both American and
foreign.

The practical application of the results of scientific nutrition inves-
tigation to the improvement of living conditions which is being made
by leading students, by individuals, by institutions and organizations
is a very gratifying feature of the work in the United States. The
home economics movement, which is making rapid headway in the
United States, is doing much to spread accurate knowledge of food
and nutrition. Such subjects are being introduced into many schools
and into an increasing number of agricultural and other colleges.
They are also becoming prominent in the programmes of women’s
clubs and in the courses in correspondence schools. The Federal
Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Education cooperate

in such movements, by their literature and their aid in formulating
~ general plans.

A school of household science has been held in connection with the
last two sessions of the Graduate Summer School of Agricultural
Science organized by the Office of Experiment Stations, and it is
expected will be continued in coming years. At the previous meet-
ings courses have been presented on nutrition and allied topics, which
have proved of great benefit and a stimulus to the many teachers in
attendance.

In this connection mention should also be made of the newly formed
American Home Economics Association, which aims to encourage
and coordinate efforts for ‘the improvement of living conditions in
the home, the institutional household, and the community.”

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 865

Finally, mention should be made of the increasing attention paid
to the task of bringing institution dietaries into accord with the sug-
gestions of the best authorities on nutrition; this may be seen both in
the emphasis laid on such questions in institutional reports and in the
demand for thoroughly trained dietitians.

Such are, in general terms, the agencies by which work in problems
of nutrition is being carried on in the United States. In the second
and more specific part of this résumé it is proposed to enumerate the
more important of the many investigations made during the last four
or five years. Not afew embrace more than one phase of the subject,
and thus put a strict classification out of the question. As far as pos-
sible, however, they will be grouped according to their subject-matter.

STUDIES OF FOODS AND FOOD PRODUCTS.

No new food products of special importance have appeared during
the period under consideration in this summary, though some of minor
importance have been studied. Nutrition studies of the nutritive
value of well-known food materials have appeared, including dairy
products, fruits, meats, and other materials.

Methods of analysis have, as usual, received a great deal of atten-
tion. The bulk of the work has to do with the inspection of foods
under pure-food laws. No attempt can be made to summarize this
work here, as taken in connection with other pure-food work it con-
stitutes a subject in itself.

For its general interest mention should be made of the work of
Howard? of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department on the use
of the microscope for the detection of food adulteration.

Briggs,® of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, has
reported a method for determining the moisture content of grain,
which depends upon variations in electrical resistance. It was found
that this factor was fifty times greater in wheat containing 13 per cent
of moisture than in wheat containing 15 per cent. An advantage
claimed for this method is its rapidity, the individual determinations
requiring only two or three minutes.

From numerous experiments Fries* reaches the conclusion that
carbon dioxid may be determined with great accuracy in connection
with determinations of heat of combustion by a modification of the
Atwater-Berthelot bomb. He also reports data which indicate that
the bomb may be equally well used for the determination of hydrogen.

- For some time confusion has existed as to the terminology of nitrog-
enous constituents of foodstuffs, so particular interest attaches to the

2U.8. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1907, p. 379.
bU.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Cire. 20.
¢ Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 31 (1909), No. 2, p. 272.

866 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

report? on this matter of the joint committee of American physiolo-
gists and biochemists. Their principal recommendation is that the
word ‘‘proteid”’ be abandoned and that the word “protein” be used
to designate substances which essentially consist, in so far as known
at present, of combinations of a-amino acids and their derivatives.

Many analyses of food materials have accumulated in connection
with studies of various nutrition problems, but no attempt is made
here to summarize such incidental analytical work.

The subject of milk, butter, cream, and dairy products in general
is so large that it deserves an independent summary. Much of the
work has to do with the factors which affect purity, keeping quality,
and similar questions.

Students of nutrition will perhaps be particularly interested in
tests of milking machines, as it is believed that the use of such devices
may result in a cleaner milk supply. The problem has been studied
by Hecker and Little of the Nebraska Experiment Station, and Woll
and Humphrey of the Wisconsin Experiment Station.?

Doane and Lawson ¢ have made a useful summary of the charac-
ter, methods of manufacture, and composition of the various kinds
of cheese commonly found in American markets.

The factors which influence the whipping of cream have been
studied by Melick @ of the Maryland Experiment Station, and Michels¢
of the North Carolina Experiment Station summarizes a large amount
of data regarding the manufacture of cottage cheese and skim-milk
buttermilk, a product sold in large quantities at the present time
under the title of ‘‘buttermilk,” but which it is said is made by
churning sour skim milk so that the curd is finely broken and evenly
distributed throughout the whey. The butter-fat content may be
readily made to correspond to that of natural buttermilk by using a
mixture of skim milk and whole milk.

In a farmers’ bulletin entitled ‘‘The Use of Milk as Food,” R. D.
Milner’ summarizes and discusses data on the composition, digesti-
bility, and food value of milk and milk products, the use of these
materials in the home, and other related topics.

Various investigations have been made in sugar-growing States
regarding the value of molasses prepared in different ways. Consid-
erable quantities of sulphured molasses were included in the diet of
healthy Louisiana negroes? in studies by Blouin, Archinard, and

a Science, n. ser., 27 (1908), p. 554.

b Nebraska Sta. Bul. 108, Wisconsin Sta. Bul. 173, and Research Bul. 3.
cU.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bul. 105.

d Maryland Sta. Bul. 136.

€ North Carolina Sta. Bul. 202.

fU.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 363.

g Louisiana Sta. Bul. 94.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 367

Hall of the dietetic use of such material. Extended studies? of com-
mercial table sirups made by the Bureau of Chemistry, while they
belong primarily to the section on pure foods, should at least be
mentioned here.

Sy ® has summarized a large amount of historical, botanical, and
chemical data regarding the history, manufacture, and analyses of
maple products, and reports experimental studies carried on with a
view to isolating the flavoring substances present in maple sap.

C. A. Brown® has reported results of extensive study of Ameri-
can honeys with a view to their classification and the identification
of different sorts. His bulletin contains also results of microscopic
studies of pollen and other substances which are found in honey.
This work is designed to facilitate the judging of honey in pure-
food work.

Van Dine and Miss Alice R. Thompson? have reported studies of
Hawaiian honeys, a number of which consist chiefly or entirely of
honeydew which the bees collect after it has been exuded by certain
insects instead of plant nectar.

The Bureau of Plant Industry has cooperated with the New Mexico
Experiment Station in a study of the use of tuna and other sorts of
cactus fruit as food. A report by Griffiths and Hareé describes the
manufacture of cactus jam, cactus cheese (a thick paste like old-
fashioned apple marmalade), and other products, reports analytical
data and discusses other questions of interest in connection with
the use of this fruit, which is of much importance in the southwestern
United States and other warm regions and is not infrequently found
under the name of Indian fig or prickly pear in fruit shops at least
in large cities.

Gore’ of the Bureau of Chemistry has studied the composition of
different sorts of grape juice and reports interesting and valuable
results.

L. H. Merrill? has recently published a summary of miscellaneous
work on nutrition carried on at the Maine Experiment Station,
which includes studies of the composition of tropical fruits and
vegetables and a variety of other foods, studies of the chemical
changes brought about by popping corn, determination of the
digestibility of hulled corn, and a study of the quality and character
of so-called Graham flour.

@U.S8. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1905, p. 241.

> Jour. Franklin Inst., 166 (1908), p. 249; Chem. Abs., 2 (1908), No 24, p. 3376.

¢U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul. 110.

d Hawaii Sta. Bul. 17.

e¢U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 116, p. 73; see also New Mexico Sta,
Bul. 64.

J Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 7, p. 436.

9 Maine Sta. Bul. 158.

868 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

At the Arizona Experiment Station, Vinson ¢ has continued his
important studies of the ripening of fruits, particularly dates, and
finds that ripening may be stimulated in this fruit by a large number
of substances, particularly those which are readily volatile; among
the more important was acetic acid. He concludes that dates may
be shipped green and then ripened where sold, by exposure to acetic
acid fumes, a matter of much importance commercially, since the
ripe date is so soft that it will not bear shipment. An extended
study of date constituents and the chemistry of the date fruit is
involved in his work.

As part of the pure-food work of the Connecticut State Experiment
Station, A. L. Winton ° reports an interesting study of nut butters,
gluten goods, and other diabetic foods, and discusses their nutritive
value and use in invalid dietetics.

Fetterolf © analyzed a number of sorts of gluten flour manufac-
tured in the United States and also diabetic products of foreign
origin. In both classes of food the amount of carbohydrates varied
within rather wide limits, being sometimes notably high. An anal-
ysis of peanuts was also reported; also of so-called raspberry jelly,
marketed for diabetics, which proved to be a wholly artificial product
made of apple juice, glycerol, anilin coloring, and artificial raspberry
flavoring.

As part of a study of breakfast foods, Frear ¢ examined, with nega-
tive results, a number of samples of these goods with respect to the
alleged occasional presence of material such as morphin and strych-
nin. This is a matter of interest in view of the persistence of popular
statements to the effect that cereal breakfast foodssometimescontain
such materials, a statement which is apparently without any founda-
tion of fact.

The marine alge most used for food by the natives of Hawaii have
been classified and analyzed by Minnie Reed,¢ who has also made
interesting notes regarding the food habits of the islanders.

For some time past efforts have been made to utilize cotton-seed
meal, a cheap product rich in protein, but sometimes at least poisonous
to certain animals, notably pigs, when eaten continuously, though
harmless to others, and so a material demanding careful study.
Wait’ has recently proposed a new method of preparing it by which
it is claimed that the toxic quality is removed and by which it can
be satisfactorily mixed with corn meal (maize meal) or wheat for

a Science, n. ser., 30 (1909), No. 774, p. 604. .

> Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1906, pt. 2, p. 153.

¢ University of Pennsylvania Medical Bul. 22 (1909), No. 7, p. 217.
@ Penn. Dept. Agr. Bul. 162.

¢ Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1906, p. 61.

f Oper. Miller, 13 (1908), No. 6, p. 280.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 369

making bread or tea biscuit, but as yet the matter is hardly beyond
the experimental stage.

Cooking oils, which are usually highly refined cotton-seed oil and
olive oils, are discussed by Allen and Hill? of the North Carolina
department of agriculture. Apparently, they conclude, olive oil is
not adulterated at the present time. They conclude further ‘that
some of the cooking oils are very desirable for culinary purposes and
that cotton-seed oils used for cookery are seldom adulterated.”’

In a paper on the detection of sulphites in food, J. T. Willard ®
gives data on the liberation of sulphur in the cooking of green vege-
tables, a fact which earlier observers have shown to be due to protein
cleavage.

Several American investigators have given attention to composition
of eggs and related subjects. For instance, the infection and preser-
vation of eggs was studied by Lamson * at the Connecticut Storrs
Experiment Station.

J.T. Willard and R. H. Shaw ¢ report analyses of a large number of
eggs, with special reference to the proximate composition, thickness
of the shell, and the percentage of phosphoric acid in the ash of the
yolk. According to their results the ash consists quite largely of
phosphoric acid, derived almost wholly from the egg yolk lecithin.

In “The Egg Trade of the United States” Hastings ¢ discusses eggs
from the standpoint of the dealer as well as the consumer, and such
questions as quality, grade, and detrimental changes in eggs, and
methods of marketing, storing, and preserving eggs.

The collection, use, and characteristics of penguin eggs, which are
used to a considerable extent in South Africa, have been described in
a popular article./

The studies of meat products which have been reported are fairly
extensive as well as important. At the University of Missouri,
Trowbridge and his associates have studied the determination of
phosphorus in flesh,’ changes in the composition of the skeleton of
beef animals,” and the composition of the fat of beef animals on
different planes of nutrition.’

Grindley and his associates/ at the University of Illinois have car-
ried on a long series of studies on the chemistry of raw and cooked

a Bul. N. C. Dept. Agr., 29 (1908), No. 12, p. 26.

» Bul. Kansas State Bd. Health, 4 (1908), No. 9, p. 216.

¢ Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bul. 55.

d Kansas Sta. Bul. 159.

¢ U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus, Cire. 140.

J Sci. Amer. Sup., 66 (1908), No. 1716, p. 330.

9 Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 9, p. 675.
h Ibid. No. 10, p. 725.

é Ibid. No. 11, p. 761.

jJour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 7, p. 413.

46045°—10——24

3870 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

flesh, with reference to the effects of cold storage, both beef and
poultry being used. The results are reported in detail and it is diffi-
cult to summarize them briefly. However, it may be noted that
during storage an increase was observed in the soluble dry matter,
nitrogenous, nonnitrogenous, and total organic extractives, and in the
total soluble nitrogen and the soluble inorganic phosphorus, the differ-
ences being greater with long than with short periods of storage. (See
also p. 375.)

The problem of the effects of storage on the character and quality
of beef was also studied by Richardson.

W. Koch® has studied the composition of normal and diseased
brains and discusses his work with reference to the value of phosphorus
compounds as brain foods. His conclusion is that sufficient phos-
phorus for the growth of the brain is supplied by the ordinary daily
foods. If larger amounts are desired they may readily be secured
by the use of such materials as eggs, sweetbread, liver and some
meats. He does not recommend the use of commercial phosphorus
preparations.

Considerable work has also been carried on with meat extracts.
Bigelow and Cook? report the result of analyses of a large number of
samples of commercial goods of this character, discusses the composi-
tion, food value, and uses of such materials, methods of manufacture,
and other related questions. In addition to the experimental work
reported, their bulletin is a digest of useful data regarding this class
of food products.

At the Connecticut State Station, Street and his associates* carried
on an exhaustive study of meat extracts and similar goods, which is
of the same general character as the work of the Bureau of Chemistry,
and like it constitutes an important and useful summary of data in
addition to the results of a large amount of analytical work. Yeast
extracts, a class of goods sometimes referred to as ‘‘ vegetable” meat
extracts, were also included in the investigation, as well as meat
extracts.

E. T. Williams? has investigated the value of animal spleens as
food for man, and concludes that while, owing to their soft texture, -
they will not keep for any length of time, these usually discarded
organs furnish in their fresh state a nutritious and digestible food.

Dogfish and other hitherto unutilized fishes have also been tested
and found suitable for human consumption. I. A. Field¢ reports
data on the utilization of such fishes—fresh, canned, and dried.

aJour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 52 (1909), No. 18, p. 1881.

bU.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem., Bul. 114. ;

¢ Connecticut State Sta. Bien. Rpt. 1907-8, pt. 9, p. 606.

d Amer. Med., 11 (1906), No. 6, p. 215, n. ser., 2 (1907), No. 9, p. 522.
€U.S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bur. Fisheries Doc. 622.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 371

Of special studies of food composition with reference to nutritive
value may be mentioned the following, which are also noteworthy
for the contribution they make to the subject of experimental
methods.

Grindley and Woods® have developed methods for determining
creatin and creatinin in meats and their products. They used the
colorimetric method described by Folin and found it applicable to
cooked and uncooked meats as well as such products as meat extract.

Osborne and Heyl]? studied the hydrolysis of fish muscle and deter-
mined the amounts of nitrogen present in different forms. The
nitrogen contained in the histidin, arginin, and lysin was 4.16 per
cent, 0.79 per cent less than the basic nitrogen precipitated by
phosphotungstic acid, a difference believed to be due to the presence
in the muscle of basic substances of nonprotein origin.

During the last few years numerous papers by T. B. Osborne
have appeared in various scientific journals regarding proteids of
maize, of wheat, and of other seeds and grains. The report of his
investigation on the proteids of the wheat kernel, recently published
by the Carnegie Institution of Washington,° is one of the most
exhaustive and valuable discussions of the nitrogenous constituents
of wheat which has appeared and summarizes a large amount of the
author’s experimental work.

Other contributions by Osborne and his associates to this impor-
tant series of investigations carried on at the Connecticut State
Experiment Station are studies of the hydrolysis of vicilin? and of the
legumelin of peas;¢ the viginin of the cowpea (Vigna sinensis) ;/ the
hydrolysis of vitellin from the hen’s egg ;9 the hydrolysis of the muscle
of scallop;” the hydrolysis of crystallized albumen from hen’s egg;
and the hydrolysis of ox muscle.

In a summary of the work with reference to the different forms of
nitrogen, in proteins,‘ some important deductions are included on
determinations of the actual quantities of histidin, arginin, and lysin
obtained in the cleavage products of protein which show that they
vary markedly, particularly as to the yield of arginin and lysin and
that proteids, ‘“when arranged in the order of their yield of arginin,

aJour. Biol. Chem., 2 (1907), No. 4, p. 309.

b Amer. Jour. Physiol., 23 (1908), No. 2, p. 81.
¢ Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 84.
@ Jour. Biol. Chem., 5 (1908), Nos. 2-3, p. 187.
¢ Jour. Biol. Chem., 5 (1908), Nos. 2-3, p. 197.
/ Amer. Jour. Physiol., 22 (1908), No. 3, p. 362.
9 Ibid., 24 (1909), No. 1, p. 153.

hIbid., p. 161.

tIbid., No. 2, p. 252.

i Ibid., 24 (1909), No. 5, p. 437.

k Ibid., 23 (1908), No. 3, p. 180.

372 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

fall into three groups. First the oil seeds, then the leguminous seeds,
and finally the cereal grains, the only exception being the glutelin of
maize, which is one of the least well characterized and studied of all
the proteins in the list, and may be a mixture of several different
proteins.

We have in the chemical constitution of these seed proteins [Professor Osborne
states] an apparent relationship not only to the biological relations of the plants which
produce them, but also to the chemical constitution of the seeds themselves.

Chamberlain’s * work on wheat proteids should also be mentioned
in this connection. In collaboration with Saiki,’ he has also made
interesting studies of the proteids of marine alge, from which the -
practical conclusion is drawn that Irish moss in invalid diet is useful
as a convenient vehicle for other materials rather than as having of
itself great food value.

Jordan, Hart, and Patten,© and Mendel and Underhill,? have
studied the occurrence of phytin in bran and its effects upon the
animal organism. From its laxative and other physiological effects
this substance is of importance in considering the value of the coarser
milling products of wheat and other grains.

Hart and his associates ¢ at the Wisconsin Station have continued
‘the studies of the réle of inorganic phosphorus in the nutrition of
animals which was begun at the New York State Experiment Station,
pigs being used as subjects. The results obtained as is the case with
so many lines of experiment station investigations in which farm
animals serve as subjects, are general in their purpose, and the results
are applicable to physiological problems with human beings as well
as with animals. It is pointed out in a discussion of the results
obtained that—

The marked reduction on the quantity of ash of the bones of the animal receiving
an insufficient supply of calcium phosphates, together with the ability of the animal
to build up a skeleton very rich in calcium phosphate when an abundance of the latter
is supplied in inorganic forms, strongly points to the possession of a synthetic power
by the animal which enables it to convert inorganic forms of phosphorus into the
organic forms demanded by its body.

Hart and his associates’ have also reported data concerning the
ash constituents of wheat bran in the metabolism of herbivora, and
Hart and Tottingham 9 on the nature of the acid soluble phosphorus
compounds of a number of important feeding stuffs.

a Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 28 (1906), No. 11, p. 1657.

b Jour. Biol. Chem., 2 (1906), No. 3, p. 251.

c New York State Sta. Tech. Bul. 1; also Amer. Jour. Physiol., 16 (1906), No. 2,
p. 268.

d Amer. Jour. Physiol., 17 (1906), No. 1, p. 75.

e Ibid., 23 (1909), No. 4, p. 246.

t Ibid., 24 (1909), No. 1, p. 86.

g Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), No. 5, p. 431.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 373

Forbes,* of the Ohio Experiment Station, has published two
bulletins which have to do with ash constituents and their importance
in the diet, namely, ““The Mineral Elements in Animal Nutrition,” |
and “‘The Balance Between Inorganic Acids and Bases in Animal
Nutrition.’”’ These publications discuss the data from the stand-
point of human nutrition as well as animal feeding.

Cook? of the Bureau of Chemistry has also studied the metabolism
of organic and inorganic phosphorus, and the work of Goodall and
Joslin*® on ash-free diet is of interest and value in this connection.

The study of the respiration of apples and the relation to keeping
quality reported by F. W. Morse ¢ of the New Hampshire Station
may be mentioned as an example of experiment station work under-
taken for a specific purpose, which is of interest also to students of
nutrition. Other instances might be cited of similar work, notably
studies of cereals, potatoes, and other crops, in relation to quality.

Though primarily undertaken from the standpoint of animal nutri-
tion, Chamberlain’s ¢ work at the Bureau of Chemistry on the feeding
value of cereals furnishes data regarding composition of cereal grains,
which is also interesting from the standpoint of human nutrition.

Milling and baking tests have been reported by a large number of
investigators in the United States and Canadainconnection with studies
of different varieties of wheat, including durum wheats, Russian
wheats, and other foreign varieties, as well as the kinds which have
been more generally grown in the United States. In this connection
mention should be made of the work of Waldron’ of the North
Dakota Experiment Station, with a number of varieties, including
Russian wheats; Stewart and Greaves?’ studies with Utah wheats
grown on irrigated and unirrigated lands, Thatcher’s” studies of
the milling qualities of wheats, the work of Ladd and other inves-
tigators* at the North Dakota Experiment Station, which had to
do especially with durum wheats in comparison with other North
Dakota wheats, and the work of Saunders and Shutt/ at the Cana-
dian Experimental Farms with Manitoba wheats and with other
varieties. In connection with the work at the North Dakota Station,
samples of durum flour were sent out to a number of housewives in
order that the bread-making qualities of this flour might be tested

@ Ohio Sta. Buls. 201 and 207.

6 U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul. 123.

¢ Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians, 23 (1908), p. 92.

@ New Hampshire Sta. Bul. 135.

¢U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul. 120.

/ North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Substa. 1908, p. 24.

9 Utah Sta. Bul. 103.

hk Washington Sta. Popular Bul. 6.

* North Dakota Sta. Bul. 82.

j/ Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Buls. 57, 60; Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1907, p. 219.

374 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in the home.* In general, the results were favorable to durum flour,
the consensus of opinion, according to the published report, being
that: ‘‘The flavor of the bread is equal, if not superior, to that pro-
duced from the commercial flours, being slightly sweeter and having
a more nutty flavor;’” ‘‘The bread is not so white as that made from
the average Fife or Bluestem flour, having more of a creamy appear-
ance; ‘‘The bread from durum flour holds the moisture better
than that produced from the commercial flours;’’ [and] ‘‘The general
consensus of opinion in testing the durum flour in bread making is
that the bread is equal to that of other flours.”

Several investigators have studied the changes which take place in
wheat and in flour when it is stored. The investigations of Leavitt
and LeClere® of the Bureau of Chemistry have to do with changes in
the composition of ground and unground cereals during storage,
and Bell* has contributed interesting data on the changes which
take place in stored flour. Investigations which have to do with this
question, and particularly with the effects of storing moist wheat,
have been reported by Saunders.¢

Few subjects connected with the chemistry of a staple article of
diet have been more extensively studied than the character of wheat
gluten, the estimation of gluten and its constituents, glutenin and
gliadin, the relation of gluten constituents to bread making, the pro-
portion of water which flour will absorb, and related topics. Men-
tion should be made in this connection of Shaw’s¢ tests of a polari-
scopic method of determining gliadin, and Mathewson’s / studies of the
estimation of gliadin. The very extended and important work of
Osborne on the general subject of wheat gluten has been cited
above. (See page 371).

COOKING AND ITS RELATION TO NUTRITIVE VALUE.

Considerable work has been done regarding the changes produced
in foods by cooking, a subject which is of great importance in the
consideration of nutrition problems and the practical application to
everyday problems of the results of experimental investigations.

Grindley and his associates have continued their elaborate experi-
ments on the cooking of meat. In collaboration with Miss Sprague
he has published ‘‘A Precise Method of Roasting Meat,”’9 in which

@ North Dakota Special Bul. 19.

b Jour Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 5, p. 299.

¢ Oper. Miller, 13 (1908), No. 12, p. 591; Bakers’ Helper, 22 (1908), No. 260, p. 1132;
Amer. Miller, 37 (1909), No. 4, p. 280.

@ Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909, p. 206.

¢ Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 29 (1907), No. 12, p. 1747.

/ Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 30 (1908), No. 1, p. 74.

.g Univ. Ill. Univ. Studies, 2 (1907), No. 4.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 375

the insertion of thermometers into the interior parts of the meat is
shown to be the only accurate method of controlling the extent of
cooking, because the appearance and temperature of the outside are
not reliable evidence, even to the experienced observer, of the tem-
perature within. The data reported show that it is possible to
obtain uniform results in the cooking of meats. As a whole, the
investigations summarized are of great interest and value to the
student as well as to the housekeeper.

Experiments were also made by Grindley and his associates as part
of the extended investigations of the comparative composition and
quality of fresh and cold-storage beef and fresh and cold-storage
chicken, both drawn and undrawn. This work, which is extended
and valuable, is referred to elsewhere. (See p. 369.)

Changes brought about by the action of heat on individual muscle
fibers are of importance in discussing cooking problems, as it is the
sum of these changes which in a large measure is accountable for the
differences in texture between raw and cooked meat. A paper of
interest in connection with studies of cooking meat was published by
Meigs“ under the title ‘‘Concerning the Supposed Connection Between
Protein Coagulation and the Heat Shortening of Animal Tissues.”’

Many cooking tests, which in some cases include records of cost and
quantities, have been made by Miss Caroline Hunt at the Office of
Experiment Stations in connection with studies of the economical
use of meat in the home. The data obtained have been reported as
part of an extended discussion of the problem recently published by

this Office as a Farmers’ Bulletin.”

Various investigators have studied changes produced in starches
during cooking, and a report on this subject by Prof. Edna D. Day*
has been published. Careful tests were made of the different forms
of amylose and other constituents of various starch grains, and the
amount of heat required to reduce them to a paste; their digestibility
in different conditions was also tested artificially. The following
practical conclusion is quoted here:

Increasing the proportion of diastase to starch in artificial digestion experiments
markedly hastens the digestion of both blue and red amylose. It would appear,
therefore, that eating starchy foods slowly, which would of course increase the
proportion of saliva and ptyalin to a given quantity of starch, would be of more value

from the standpoint of digestion than would any cooking of starch beyond the stage
‘of paste formation.

_ A summary of much work with starches is found in a bulletin by
Margaret J. Mitchell, entitled ‘“‘Course in Cereal Foods and Their
Preparation,’ ¢ intended for class-room use, especially in the mova-

a Amer. Jour. Physiol., 24 (1909), No. 1, p. 178.
6 U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 391.

c¢U.S8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 202.
2U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 200.

376 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ble schools of agriculture, and interesting not only in itself but also
as showing the high character of the work in nutrition done in such
schools.

A paper by Crocker,* of interest in connection with bread-making
investigations, had to do with the cracking or checking of biscuits
and crackers and its prevention. The subject was considered espe-
cially from the bakers’ or manufacturers’ standpoint.

Cooking tests should also be mentioned which were made under
Miss Watson's” direction at the Ontario Agricultural College to deter-
mine whether strong wheat or soft wheat is best suited for making
baking-powder-milk biscuits. The effect on quality of mixing fat
into dough in different ways was also studied.°

In a report of the examination of baking powders on sale in Can-
ada, McGill? discusses the keeping quality of baking powder, the
efficiency of different types as gas producers and related questions,
and also reports determinations of the total, available, and residual
gas, and of the excess of bicarbonate of soda in a number of different
brands of baking powders.

Careful baking tests have been made at Teachers’ College, New
York, in cooperation with the Office of Experiment Stations, with
different kinds of corn meal and different methods of preparation, the
general conclusion being that corn ground by modern methods of
grinding, which remove the germ and its abundant fat, must be
mixed with different proportions of the other ingredients in making
bread and be cooked under different conditions from those which
have proved successful with old-fashioned meals. Brief summaries.
of this work have been published,’ but the data have not yet been
reported in full.

The report of the Wisconsin Bakers’ Institute’ should be noted,
as it shows an intelligent desire on the part of bakers to cooperate in
efforts which are being made under Wisconsin law to insure clean
bakeries. The report discusses a variety of baking problems and
contains a number of papers of general interest, among which may
be mentioned The Inner Structure of the Grain as Related to Flour
and Bread, by N. A. Cobb; Fermentation in Bread Making, by W. D.
Frost, in which the question of malt extracts in conjunction with
yeasts to improve fermentation, and similar problems are discussed;
Bake Shop Hygiene and Sanitation, by M. P. Ravenel; and a similar
paper by C. B. Ball.

2 Kpt. Ann. Meeting Biscuit and Cracker Manfrs. Assoc., 1908, p. 16.
> Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1908, p. 242.

¢Ibid., 1907, p. 244.

@ Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bul. 174.

¢U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpts. 1906, p. 33; 1907, p. 32.
/ Bien. Rpt. Bur. Labor and Indus. Stat. [Wis.] 1906-7, pt. 5.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 377

In a study of the chemical nature of corn oil, by W. McPherson
and W. A. Ruth,? its possible use as an adulterant in lard, its de-
tection, and culinary tests with corn oil and leaf lard mixtures are
included.

CANNING AND PRESERVING.

Canning and preserving form a question which has interested a
number of investigators. The Wisconsin Experiment Station has
published a bulletin giving directions for canning and preserving
fruits and vegetables, prepared by Mrs. Adams and E. B. Sandsten,?
and containing the results of experimental work with wild native
fruits, and the North Carolina department of agriculture has issued
a bulletin summarizing data on canning and preserving by McCarthy.¢
Tonney and Gooken? have studied the gases contained in so-called
swollen canned goods.

Pernot*’ at the Oregon Station studied the problem of canning
mushrooms by domestic methods, and according to the results
obtained they may be readily canned in their own liquor either in
glass or tin by the methods commonly followed in canning fruits, the
young mushrooms being best suited for the purpose. Sterilizing the
cans at intervals for several days is recommended, a procedure which
is in accordance with the general observation that fractional sterili-
zation is a matter of great importance in successful canning.

At the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, Bitting /
studied the canning of peas and Breazeale of the same bureau has
published a Farmers’ Bulletin? on canning vegetables in the home,
which summarizes a large amount of useful information based on his
own experiments.

At the University of Chicago, Mrs. Alice P. Norton and Miss Snow,*
cooperating with the Office of Experiment Stations, have studied the
effect of different quantities of sugar and different methods of manipu-
lation on the yield and quality of jelly and the effects of temperature
on the sugar and acid contents of fruits. The data have recently
been reported by Miss Snow. In general, Miss Snow found that the
yield of jelly was directly proportional to the amount of sugar used,
though jelly made with sugar and fruit juices in the proportion of one

@ Ohio Dairy and Food Com. Rpt., 1906, p. 18; Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 29 (1907),
No. 6, p. 921.

b Wisconsin Sta. Bul. 136.

¢North Carolina Dept. Agr., Biol. Div , 1907.

@ Amer. Food Jour., 3 (1908), No. 6, p. 20.

¢ Oregon Sta. Bul. 98.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul. 125.

9U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 359.

hU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1907, p. 29; Jour. Home Econ., 1 (1909),
p. 261.

378 REPORT OF CFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

to two seems to keep as well as that made with sugar and juices one
to one. With the smaller amount of sugar the fruit flavor was more
pronounced. In the tests undertaken to determine the effects of sugar
added before and after the cooking period, it was found that cane
sugar cooked with apples was largely inverted; when added at the
close of the cooking period, it was slightly inverted; and although the
invert sugar is less sweet than cane sugar, yet the difference in sweet-
ness between stewed apples when the sugar has been added before and
after cooking, respectively, is so slight as to be of little practical conse-
quence. Edna D. Day“ has also reported results of tests which have
to do with these questions and confirm Miss Snow’s results.

Nellie E. Goldthwaite, of the University of Illinois,’ has reported
results of an extended study of the chemistry and physics of jelly
making. According to Miss Goldthwaite, the essential things in fruit
juice are, first, pectin and, second, acid, a desirable constituent being
cane sugar, though jelly can be made without it. Too much sugar,
she concludes, is likely to cause a deterioration in the quality of jelly.

The physical constants of hot juice ready to jelly on cooling are, substantially,
boiling point 103° C., and specific gravity 1.28.

Jelly making seems to consist in so controlling conditions by means of acid and
sugar and boiling as to cause the pectin to be precipitated in a continuous mass through-
out the volume allotted to it.

With respect to the necessity of the presence of acid in jelly making
a number of tests were carried on in which citric acid or tartaric acid,
organic acids which normally occur in fruit juices, were used in differ-
ent proportions. The results showed that with added acids it is
possible to make jellies of good texture from such fruits as peaches
and pears, though in the case of peaches the characteristic peach
flavor was not retained.

At the Florida Experiment Station, Belling’ studied guava jelly
making under a variety of conditions. According to his results, a
preliminary heating of the fruit is essential, as juice expressed from
the raw fruit did not flow readily, and though it gave a light, amber-
colored jelly with the proper proportion of sugar, with or without
citric acid, yet the characteristic guava flavor was entirely lacking.
The juices from heated fruit pass through the filtering cloth more
readily than that from raw fruit, and the heating also seems to help
in extracting the fruit flavor.

The flavoring quality does not appear to reside in the oil glands of therind. * * *

In the boiling of guava jelly some acid (the natural acid of the ripe fruit) is abso-

lutely necessary to change much of the sucrose into invert sugar, and if this does not
take place then the sucrose crystallizes out. Too much acid (and probably too pro-

4 Jour. Home Econ., 2 (1910), p. 94.
» Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), p. 333.
¢ Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, p. CV.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 879

longed boiling) seems to make the jelly sticky from the excess of invert sugar, and
also to alter the pectin so that it will not gelatinize.

The pink color of guava jelly does not seem to depend on any pink color in the flesh
of the fruit, though the white guavas yield a lighter jelly. The depth of color seems
to be increased by additional amount of acid, prolonged boiling, and higher tempera-
ture at which the boiling is stopped.

G. W. Shaw, of the California Experiment Station,? has studied the
comparative value of beet sugar and cane sugar for canning and jelly
making, and finds there is no difference when sugars are of the same
grade. The same publication reports studies of the possibility of
marketing prunes in cans, which led to the conclusion that when thus
packed they would keep indefinitely without sugaring.

The general subject of handling and caring for food in the home has
been discussed in a Farmers’ Bulletin by Mrs. Mary Hinman Abel,?
and the subject of caring for canned goods of domestic and commercial
manufacture is discussed together with other related topics.

Dehydration or evaporation has long been followed as a method of
preserving fruits, meat, and vegetables, and in recent years the
process has been greatly improved and applied to other materials.
Dent,° of the Navy Department, reports the results of a test of such
goods in the United States Navy. He found that dehydrated eggs
and a majority of the dehydrated fruits and vegetables studied gave
good results, but the powdered milk was not so satisfactory. Some
information is also given by Dent regarding the quantity of dehydrated
material required in comparison with fresh goods.

Booth,’ in a paper on desiccated milk, describes the process of manu-
facture of such goods and gives analyses for a number of commercial
products containing varying amounts of fat, corresponding to the
use of skimmed or partially skimmed milk for evaporating.

LABOR-SAVING DEVICES AND HOME CONVENIENCES.

Much interest has been shown in fireless cookers and the question
of their practicability. The report of severe tests made by the
Commissary-General’s Office of the War Department ¢ describes the
special form developed for army use as a simple and durable means
of furnishing hot, well-cooked meals to troops under adverse con-
ditions. A number of experimental studies with the fireless cooker
have been reported from the University of Wisconsin by Ellen A.
Huntington, which had to do with the relative merits of materials

@ California Sta. Cire. 33.

6 U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 375.

¢ Navy Department, Bur. Supplies and Accts., Mem. Inform. Off. Pay Corps [etc.],
No. 85, p. 626.

4 Spice Mill, 31 (1908), No. 10, p. 620.

¢ War Dept. [U.8.], Rpts. Commis. Gen., 1906-1909.

J Bul. Univ. Wis., No. 217.

880 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and methods of construction and with the efficiency of the fireless
cooker for the preparation of food. At least two books have been
published devoted to the use of the fireless cooker, both of which are
based on the experience of the writers—namely, the books by Caroline
B. Lovewell, Francis D. Whittemore, and Hannah W. Lyon,’ and by
Margaret J. Mitchell.’

In a discussion of cooking the cheaper cuts of meat by C. Barnard,°
the subject is considered particularly with reference to the use of the
fireless cooker, which, in the author’s opinion, is efficient, economical,
and convenient.

Popular articles? with practical descriptions of inexpensive home
cookers are also numerous and are important as pointing out means
of simplifying household work.

The question of labor-saving devices has been discussed by Le
Bosquet,¢ who summarizes a great deal of valuable data regarding
kitchen appliances, laundry appliances, alcohol and electricity for
cooking, and other topics. The bulletin as a whole is a summary of
information based on careful tests and other data.

Barnard, at his experimental housekeeping station, has studied
the use of alcohol as a source of light and as a fuel for household pur-
poses, the use of the fireless cooker and of various household conyen-
iences and labor-saving devices.

The convenient equipment of rural schoolhouses for teaching
cookery is also considered by Barnard.9

THE STORAGE OF FOOD AND ITS RELATION TO QUALITY AND
NUTRITIVE VALUE.

Changes in the character of food materials during storage have
been the subject of much discussion recently, but mainly in connec-
tion with pure-food work.

Studies of the chemical changes taking place in the ripening of
fruits, such as oranges and persimmons, and also during storage,
have been conducted by W. D. Bigelow and his collaborators of the
Bureau of Chemistry,” and have much interest and value in discus-
sions of nutrition problems from the relation of such changes to
table quality.

a The Fireless Cooker. Topeka, 1908.

> The Fireless Cookbook. New York, 1909.

¢ Housekeeping Experiment Station (Conn.) Bul. 6.

d The Hay-box Cookbook. Chicago, 1906. The Hay-box Cooker. Cornell Read-
ing Course for Farmers’ Wives, 5. ser., No. 23, p. 446. Amer. Agr., 79 (1907), No. 1,
p. 27. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 296, p. 16.

€ Bul. Amer. School Home Econ., ser. 1, 1908, No. 11.

f Housekeeping Expt. Sta. (Conn.) Buls. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.

9 Ibid., Bul. 5.

h Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 28 (1906), No. 6, p. 688, and 29 (1907), No. 5, p. 767.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 381

Various writers have reported experiments with refrigerated beef,
and some of the data are of special interest to students of nutrition.
From their studies of frozen beef Richardson and Scherubel? con-
cluded that decomposition did not take place in meat thus stored for
six hundred and ten days, and that in flavor it did not differ from
that of fresh beef. A general conclusion reached is that cold storage
below —9° C. is an adequate and satisfactory method for the pres-
ervation of beef for at least five hundred and fifty-four days. They
further concluded that freezing meats from —9° to —12° C. arrests
bacterial decomposition, though naturally freezing can not restore
tainted meat to its original condition.

Grindley and his associates ® have studied the affects of cold stor-
age on composition and quality of raw and cooked beef and chicken;
they concluded that fresh and frozen drawn and undrawn fowls oink
fered little in composition and nutritive value when considered on
the basis of a uniform fat and water content. As regards the juici-
ness and flavor of the cooked beef the evidences of the experimental
data, they concluded, are in favor of the cold-storage product. (See
also p. 369.)

The question of drawn and undrawn poultry kept in cold storage
was also studied by Boos* in connection with the Massachusetts
State Board of Health. From his experimental studies Boos con-
cludes that—
it is best to draw fowl in a different manner from that usually followed, before they
are placed in cold storage. After removal from cold storage the fowl should never be
contaminated by soaking in water, but should thaw in the air. Ordinary drawing is
worse by far than no drawing at all.

According to Brown’s? investigations—

decomposition depends largely upon the presence of moisture in the tissues, for
moisture is absolutely essential to bacterial growth. In freshly killed birds, ordinarily
or properly drawn, the surfaces quickly become dry. In cold-storage birds, no matter
how they are drawn, the tissues will be moist, because of the melting of the crystals
ofice. If properly drawn, there would be but few bacteria present capable of causing
decomposition.

Similar investigations were carried on by Bissell¢ under the aus-
pices of the Buffalo department of health, and the effects of cold
storage studied with drawn and undrawn turkeys. He concluded
that when stored for a year no change had taken place which made
the food detrimental to health, provided it was in proper condition

@ Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 30 (1908), No. 10, p. 1515; Jour. Indus. and Engin.
Chem., 1 (1909), No. 2, p. 95.

b Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 7, p. 413; No. 8, p. 580.

¢ Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 1907, p. 263.

@ Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 1907, p. 285.

¢ Buffalo [Dept. Health], 1909; Ann. Rpt. Dept. Health Buffalo, 1908, p. 34; Buffalo
[Dept. Health] Sanit. Bul., n. ser., 2 (1909), No. 3.

382 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

when placed in storage. He also notes that when turkeys are stored
undrawn there is a tendency for the odor, and undoubtedly the taste,
of the material contained in the intestines to permeate the adjacent
tissues at the time of the thawing-out process. There is also the
possibility of the bacteria contained in the intestinal contents migrat-
ing through the abdominal tissues at the same time. He believes,
therefore, that the poultry should be properly drawn before storage.

The extended investigations on cold storage of poultry and other
foods carried on by the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of
Agriculture have contributed much of the value to the subject of the
quality and nutritive value of such goods.

In a report on the effects of cold storage on eggs, quail, and chick-
ens, which was made by Wiley and his associates,“ losses in weight
during storage, changes in chemical character, and related topics
were considered. The general conclusion reached is that in the case
of frozen birds—
there is no indication of any improvement in quality—that is, in taste, odor, or flavor,
during cold storage. There is a deterioration, which is noticeable, even at the end of
three months, and becomes more marked as the time of storage grows longer. Hence,
without any reference whatever to the question of wholesomeness, cold storage pro-
longed for six months or more appears to be distinctly detrimental as far as taste,
flavor, and palatability are concerned.

The intestines which are left in situ in storage birds show a very marked degenera-
tion. Their muscular walls grow thinner in cold storage until they are the merest
remnants, which threaten to disappear altogether and which even very careful han-
dling may easily rupture. This degeneration is noticeably active in the muscular
rather than in the cellular tissues of the intestines. This is important when it is con-
sidered that the bacterial flora of the intestinal contents will, of course, contain any
pathogenic germs which usually accompany the colon bacillus. Hence the perforation
of the walls of the intestines, which apparently takes place by continued digestive
processes even in cold storage, would open the way for a rapid migration of such bac- |
teria on thawing and previous to cooking. Thus it is quite possible that dangerous
bacterial organisms might be translated to the edible portions of the fowl through the
perforations of the intestines in the period between thawing and cooking. This
degeneration of the walls of the intestines must therefore be regarded as highly
significant.

Of studies of the changes which take place during cold storage,
mention should be made of the work of Miss Pennington® of the
Bureau of Chemistry, of which a portion has been summarized in an
article on the changes taking place in chickens in cold storage in the
Yearbook noted above. In the light of her investigations she writes:

The dictum of the warehouseman that there is no change in cold-storage poultry,
and that it may be kept for an indefinite period, can not be accepted in its entirety. \ _

a2U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul, 115.
6U.S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1907, p. 197.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 383
FOODS AND THEIR RELATION TO PROBLEMS OF HYGIENE.

The investigations on cold storage summarized in the preceding
section have an important bearing on hygiene, as is evidenced from
the data to which reference has been made. That the whole ques-
tion of food in relation to hygiene is a subject of much interest at the
present time is shown by the extent of the published w ons which
bears upon the subject.

Two widespread diseases are commonly said to have some connec-
tion with cereal grains—namely, beriberi, which is a very common
occurrence in Java and other eastern countries, and which is com-
monly associated with rice, and pellagra, which is by many investi-
gators believed to have some connection with the use of Indian corn,
Both diseases are well characterized and have been the subject of a
large amount of investigation, yet in neither case is the problem
solved. Both pellagra and beriberi have been attributed to specific
micro-organisms accidentally conveyed, respectively, by corn and by
rice; to some characteristic of the proteids present in these cereals,
to a deficiency in ash, or some specific characteristic of the ash
constituents of the grain. Undernutrition has likewise been held by
many to be an important contributing cause. A theory which finds
much to support it attributes pellagra to a parasite conveyed by the
agency of an insect bite.

As yet it has not been necessary for American investigators to take
up the question of beriberi; but, on the other hand, the reporting of
cases of pellagra in different parts of the United States has led a num-
ber of American investigators to study this disease with special ref-
erence to the theory often advanced that it is in some way con-
nected with the use as food of spoiled Indian corn. This subject is
being investigated by the United States Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, and among other papers, mention should be made
of the extended summary of Lavinder.¢ It seems apparent from
this and other work that pellagra is most usually found among per-
sons who are or have been poorly nourished and among those who
are, for this or some other reason, thought to be less resistant to
diseases than persons in better physical condition. Perhaps, for this
reason, pellagra has been particularly noticeable in asylums for the
insane and similar institutions. One of Lavinder’s general deduc-
tions was that under the circumstances Indian corn should be omitted
from the dietary of such institutions, and until its cause has been
definitely ascertained he considers that the use of corn in the home
is to be regarded as an open question which each individual must
settle for himself.

a Pub. Health and Marine-Hosp. Serv. U.S., 1908; N. Y. Med. Jour. and Phila. Med.
Jour., 90 (1909), p. 54.

384 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In a discussion of the subject Alsberg,* of the Bureau of Plant
Industry of the Department of Agriculture, considers the possible
connection between pellagra and the marketing of immature or
imperfectly cured corn, believing that such corn would be especially
favorable for the growth of micro-organisms. He also believes that
varieties of corn with a small proportion of germ should be cultivated,
as the high proportion of fat in the germ is also regarded as a favor-
able condition for the growth of certain types of micro-organisms.

Pellagra, with special reference to dietetics in public institutions,
has been studied by Buhlig,® Siler, and Nichols® at a state hospital
for the insane in Illinois, but final conclusions have not as yet been
reached. In the report of this work it is pointed out that the corn
used in the institution diet was of good quality, and, moreover, that
it did not constitute any large proportion of the institution diet. In
connection with studies of moldy corn, cooked as well as raw corn
was included, since some molds are known to be very resistant to
heat and the idea has been advanced that molds or other micro-
organisms might survive the heat of cooking and be the cause of
disease. According to the report, a few experiments were made with
corn-meal mush and hominy made in the usual way at the institution
by boiling about two hours. ‘We can not see how anything living
can withstand such treatment and our two cultures of corn meal and
two of hominy on gelatin bore us out by being sterile after several
weeks.”

Various questions which have to do with sanitation of food manu-
factories, bake shops, and markets, and with the general subject of
food adulteration or use of preservatives and related questions, may
also be appropriately mentioned in this connection. The national
pure-food work is centered in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, while that carried on in individual States is
very generally assigned to the agricultural experiment stations or to
state boards of health. The subject is so large and the work reported
is so extended that any adequate consideration of it would require
a special summary. A matter of great importance in connection
with the hygiene of foods is meat inspection. The Bureau of Animal
Industry of the Department of Agriculture is charged with the carry-
ing on of the federal meat-inspection service, and the subject is con-
sidered in publications of the Bureau. In an article by Farrington 4
it is urged that such inspection should be extended to include the
meat slaughtered for local consumption and therefore not subject to
federal inspection, since it is not designed for interstate commerce.

aN. Y. Med. Jour. and Phila. Med. Jour., 90 (1909), p. 50.
b Mo. Bul. Ill. Bd. Health, 5 (1909), No. 7, p. 417.

¢ Mo. Bul. Ill. Bd. Health, 5 (1909), No. 7, p. 437.

@U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1909, p. 82.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 385

Those who are interested at all in the meat inspection in general
and the discussion of what may be classed as diseased meat from the
standpoint of hygiene and dietetics will find a large amount of valuable
data in recent papers by Theobald Smith.*

Much interest has been aroused by the publication of Metchnikofl’s
data on special lactic acid-forming ferments as an intestinal disin-
fectant, and on the relation of intestinal fermentation and the general
subject of health. Mention may be made in this connection of the
published summary by Metchnikoff which has appeared in the Century
Magazine for November, 1909. The questionis being studied by many
investigators, and it is worthy of note that the results obtained are
not uniformly in accord with Metchnikofi’s conclusions. From the
interest which the subject has aroused, it seems probable that before
many years have passed so much experimental evidence will be
available that the whole subject will be thoroughly understood.

Of recent American studies which have to do with intestinal putre-
faction may be mentioned Herter’s paper on The Therapeutic Action
of Fermented Milk,’ The Fecal Bacteria of Healthy Men, by MacNeal,
Latzer, and Kerr, which formed a part of extensive studies of meat
carried on at the University of Illinois,* and Some Observations on
the Study of the Intestinal Bacteria, by Kendall.?

DIETARY STUDIES.

During the period included in this summary a considerable number
of dietary studies have been carried on by the Office of Experiment
Stations,’ of which the bulk have been published, though a number
made in schools still await publication. In a bulletin reporting the
results of dietary studies in rural regions, J. L. Hills, Charles E. Wait,
and H. C. White’ reported, respectively, 4 studies with farmers’
families in Vermont, 64 in the mountains of Tennessee, and 14 in
Georgia, together with a few others made for purposes of comparison.
As a whole, the bulletin supplies a large amount of statistical and
other data regarding living conditions in rural regions, particularly
those remote from large centers of population, where conditions are
very different from those prevailing in towns, cities, and farms
which are otherwise situated. A bulletin has also been published
reporting investigations in public institutions by Miss Emma Smed-

a Amer. Jour. Pub. Hygiene, 19 (1909), No. 2, p. 397. Mo. Bul. Mass. State Bd.
Health, n. ser., 4 (1909), No. 10, p. 220.

b Pop. Sci. Mo., 74 (1909), No. 1, p. 31.

¢ Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6 (1909), No. 2, p. 123.

d Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), No. 6, p. 499.

€U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. of Director, 1906, p. 37; 1908, p. 28.
J U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 221.

46045°—10

on

“aw

386 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ley, R. D. Milner, H. L. Knight, H. A. Pratt, and C. F. Langworthy,*
in Baltimore and Philadelphia, namely, in homes for the aged and
orphan asylums, including institutions under municipal and private
management. The studies were undertaken with a view to securing
additional data regarding food requirements of the aged and of
young children, and also to demonstrate the desirability of using’
nutrition methods in the study of institution problems from the
standpoint of institution interests. Mention may also be made of
the publication of ‘Food and Diet in the United States,’ which
gives a general summary of data with recommendations for dietary
standards in terms of food purchased, food eaten, and food digested,
and which also includes estimates of the amounts of the principal
mineral constituents of the diet required per man per day.

The reports of the President’s Homes Commission,® which was
appointed to study conditions of the District of Columbia, contains
several papers on food for wage-earners’ families and related topics.

Dietary studies made during a four weeks’ walking trip were
reported by H. L. Knight,? which are of interest, as the majority of
the foods selected were of the type which supply nutritive material
in small bulk.

W. M. Hays and E. C. Parker? in a study of the cost of producing
farm crops include interesting data regarding the kind and cost of
food in Minnesota farm homes, accumulated with a view to deter-
mining the cost of farm board. Additional data on the subject
are reported and discussed in a paper on the factors and cost of
board on Minnesota farms by T. P. Cooper.’ These reports furnish
much information regarding dietary conditions in farm homes in
the regions selected for study.

The reports of the Commissary-General of the U. S. Army contain
data regarding rations for different purposes, and various other pub-
lications which have appeared, contain data of interest regarding
diet and dietary conditions in the United States, which it does not
seem essential to summarize here.

In this connection mention may however be made of information
summarized by Clark,’ Department of Commerce and Labor, regarding
the food habits of Mexican laborers in the United States; the data
reported by Miss Agnes Hunt” of the University of Llinois, regarding

aU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 223.

bU.S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1907, p. 361.

¢ 60th Cong., 2d sess., Sen. Doc. No. 644; also included in Reports of the Presi-
dent’s Homes Commission, Washington, D. C., 1908, pt. 5.

@ Connecticut Storrs Sta. Rpt. 1905, p. 143.

é Minnesota Sta. Bul. 97; U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stat. Bul. 48.

J Jour. Home Econom., 1 (1909), p. 43.

9 Bur. Labor [U. 8.] Bul. 78, p. 466.

hIll. Agr., 12 (1908), No. 5, p. 146.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 387

the food served in a students’ boarding club, and a summary of data
regarding food conditions and diet in the Philippines.¢ The ques-
tion of Filipino diet has been much more adequately discussed by
H. Aron? on the basis of personal observations and investigations,
The general conclusion which he reached was that per kilogram of
body weight, or better, per square meter of body surface, the Filipino
obtains from his diet, which is composed largely of fish, beans, rice,
and fruits, and some vegetables, very much the same quantity of
protein and energy as the average American or European from his
ordinary diet.

A dietary study of a students’ boarding club, which covered
one month, was carried on at the Institute for Colored Youth and
Teachers’ Training School at Cheyney, Pa.,° a school under the
management of the Society of Friends. The results show that the
food supply was adequate, reasonable in cost, and that improvement
in weight, capacity for work, and in general conditions was noticeable
in the pupils, which was ascribed by those reporting the work to the
generous diet which the school provides. The report also gives the
menus for a school year.

THE DIET OF CHILDREN AND SCHOOL LUNCHES.

The question of school lunches has often been discussed during the
last few years, and many contributions have been made to the sub-
ject, particularly those offering the suggestions as to the kind and
character of food which should be provided and also regarding the
possible danger of undernourishment of children in thickly con-
gested districts and the desirability of organized attempts to meet the
situation by supplying lunches. The dietary studies made under the
auspices of this Office of orphan asylums have been already referred
to. Of work which has to do particularly with the school lunch
problem may be mentioned an account of cooking and serving a
5-cent lunch in the Honolulu Normal School by Marion Bell,¢ and: an
account of serving hot lunches in 12 schools reported i in the Annual
Report of the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union. ¢

Caroline L. Hunt has published through the United States Bureau
of Education’ an important monograph on the subject of diet for
school children, which summarizes the bulk of the work hitherto
published and makes a number of rec ommendations and deductions.

4 Jour. Home Econom., 1 (1909), p. 171.

6 Philippine Jour. Sci., B. Med. Sci., 4 (1909), pp. 195, 225.

¢ Daily Menus for the School Year acid a Dietary Study for October, Cheyney, Pa.,
1909.

@ Boston Cooking School Mag., 12 (1908), No. 6, p. 292.

¢Ann. Rpt. Women’s Ed. and Indus. Union, 29 (1909).

/ Bur. of Ed. [U. 8.] Bul. 3, 1909.

388 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Sill’s* experimental study of malnutrition in the school child in
New York City deserves special mention, as it records experimental
data. An improvement in health and general condition, it is stated,
was observed when living conditions were made more hygienic and
the children were given a generous diet.

The Starr Center Association’ in Philadelphia has published
reports describing the movement which has resulted in supplying
penny lunches to children in a number of schools in thickly congested
districts.

COST OF LIVING AND OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL DATA.

Doubtless owing to the increased cost of food and other necessities,
not only in the United States but in most countries, more attention
than usual has been paid during the last year and a half to the cost
of living and reports on this subject have been quite numerous.
Among other papers may be mentioned a study of the cost of living
in New Jersey.°

Data on these topics are also included in a report on retail prices
of food, 1890 to 1907, published by the United States Bureau of
Labor.? As the subject is one which is so extended that it requires.
independent treatment, no attempt will be made here to summarize
the numerous similar articles which have appeared in bulletins,
periodicals, and other publications.

A number of sociological studies of workingmen’s families which
include food and nutrition topics and other data have appeared,
including Chapin’s¢ study of living conditions in wage-earners’
families in New York City. Similar work with farmers’ families,
carried on by the Minnesota Experiment Station in cooperation with
the Department of Agriculture, has been referred to elsewhere. (See
p. 386.)

DIGESTIBILITY OF FOOD.

During the period included in this summary numerous studies
have been made of the thoroughness of digestion of foods under a
variety of conditions.

Many of the experiments made to determine the digestibility of
food materials were carried out as special investigations, while some
were made in connection with studies of other problems. Thus,
Grindley’s/ important work on the digestibility of meats of different

aJour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 52 (1909), No. 25, p. 1981.
6 Starr Center Assoc. [Rpt.], 1909, p. 18.
ce Ann. Rpt. Bur. Statis. Labor and Indus. N. J., 30 (1907), p. 141.
-@ Bur. of Labor [U. 8.], Bul. 77, p. 181.
eThe Standard of Living among Workingmen’s Families in New York City, New
York, 1909.
7U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. bul. 193.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 389

kinds and cooked in different ways was done along with the cooking
experiments already referred to. A total of 99 artificial digestion
experiments and 67 natural digestion experiments was made, and
the general conclusions drawn were that the differences in digestibility
between different kinds and cuts of meat or the same cuts cooked in
different ways are much smaller than is commonly supposed, all
showing high percentages of digestibility.

In 16 experiments with healthy men R. D. Milner® tested the
digestibility of fish and poultry, finding that the proportions of
nutrients and energy assimilated were much the same as with other
animal foods.

Experiments with healthy men to determine the digestibility of
cheese prepared with different amounts of rennet and cured for differ-
ent lengths of time were made by F. G. Benedict, and with Swiss,
Camembert and Roquefort cheeses by H. Snyder, at the Minnesota
Agricultural Experiment Station, in cooperation with the Bureau of
Animal Industry and the Office of Experiment Stations, but the
results still await publication in full. A brief summary ° of the work
states that in general the results show that the different kinds of
cheese vary but slightly in nutritive value and that all are thoroughly
digested, even when eaten in considerable quantities.

Of investigations undertaken in connection with medical work,
but of interest to students of nutrition, H.C. Carpenter’s® studies of
the nutritive value of buttermilk, particularly for infants, and
Walls’s? studies of the digestibility of the proteids of cows’ milk in
infancy, and similar papers, may be cited.

The digestibility of corn (maize) products prepared in different
ways has been studied by C. D. Woods and his associates.¢

The differences in the coeflicients of digestibility of corn products
when eaten by healthy men in simple but appetizing diets were found
to be only a fraction of a per cent less than those obtained for wheat
bread, variations too slight to be of practical importance. The experi-
ments on the digestibility of hulled corn by Merrill, of the Maine
Station, have already been referred to (page 367).

Merrill¢ also reports studies of the digestibility of chestnut flour.
At the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, Saiki’ studied the
digestibility of raw chestnuts, particularly raw chestnut starch. His
results showed that this material is relatively indigestible. This work
of Saiki was undertaken in connection with an investigation of some

@ Connecticut Storrs Station Rpt. 1905, pp. 116-142.

bU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas., Rpt. of Director, 1906, p. 44.
¢ Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 48 (1907), No. 19, p. 1576.

@Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 48 (1907), No. 17, p. 1389.

¢ Maine Sta. Bul. 131; U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 298.

/ Jour. Biol., 2 (1906), No. 3, p. 251.

390 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

polysaccharid carbohydrates derived from lichens and marine alge,
including among others Iceland moss (Cetraria islandiea), Irish moss
(Chondrus crispus), and agar-agar. THis data indicate that these sub-
stances which have been considered important food products are
assimilated only to a limited extent. On the other hand, the alge
may be a valuable addition to the diet as they induce copious feces.

A painstaking study of the digestibility of legumes has been made
by C. E. Wait.¢ Healthy men were fed with mixed diets, including
cooked dried legumes in common use in the Southern States, and the
coeflicients of digestibility for the legumes alone was calculated. The
average results for protein ran from 70 to 83 per cent, and for carbo-
hydrates from 87 to 96 percent. The legumes seemed also to decrease
slightly the digestibility of the total ration.

The food value of fruit and nuts has been studied by M. E. Jaffa in
California, and their digestibility determined when eaten by healthy
persons in a mixed diet. In 25 digestion experiments both classes of
food appear to be thoroughly digested. In California, at least, they
appear to be reasonably economical constituents of the diet, even in
large amounts. The results of earlier experiments” and later data
not yet reported in full have been summarized in popular bulletins. ¢

Numerous studies of the digestibility and other matters concerning
the nutritive value of bleached flour have been studied at the Min-
nesota, North Dakota, and Nebraska experiment stations,’ and else-
where. This work was undertaken in connection with the general
subject of pure food legislation, a topic which should receive inde-
pendent treatment in order to summarize it at all adequately, and so
further reference will not be made to it here.

SPECIAL STUDIES OF PROTEIN AND OTHER FOOD CONSTITUENTS.

Among investigations along the lines of protein metabolism may
be mentioned those of P. A. Schaffer,¢ who studied the protein
metabolism of healthy men in connection with diminished muscular
activity and reports that
with sufficient food either an increase or a decrease of muscular activity within
physiological limits has per se no effect upon the protein metabolism as indicated by
the nitrogen and sulphur partitions in the urine.

In studying the nutritive value of gelatin, J. R. Murlin/ found that
“the lower the general proteid condition of the body becomes the

aU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 187.

bU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Buls. 107, 132.

cU.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Buls. 293, 332.

d Report on Bleaching of Flour, H. Snyder, St. Anthony Park, Minn., 1906; Minne-
sota Sta. Bul. 111; North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bul. 9; Nebraska Sta. Bul. 102.

e Amer. Jour. Physiol., 22 (1908), No. 4, p. 445.

/ Amer. Jour. Physiol., 19 (1907), No. 3, p. 285; 20 (1907), No. 1, p. 234.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 391

more strongly does the organism lay claim to gelatin as a means of
protecting its living substance,” and that when taken with abundant
carbohydrates glycocoll appears to be retained temporarily, if not
permanently, by the body.

Folin? has continued his work with the products of proteid cleay-
age, especially with the metabolism of creatin and creatinin. He
summarizes his conclusions as follows:

There is no experimental evidence showing that creatin is the immediate precursor
of the creatinin appearing in the urine. Biologically, there seems to be a fundamental
_ difference between creatin and creatinin. * * * In the author’s opinion it is
not yet clear whether creatin is a waste product or a food.

F. G. Benedict and V. C. Myers® also studied the elimination
of creatin and creatinin with women in an insane asylum; they
conclude that the creatinin output is less in women than in men,
increases with age, and is probably proportional to body weight
rather than to the active mass of protoplasmic tissue.

Lusk’s © paper on the specific dynamic effect of protein is of decided
interest. On theoretical grounds he believes—
that the specific dynamic effect. of protein is due to cleavage which involves the
breaking down of the amid radical. If protein is resorbed rather than broken down,
such cleavage does not take place and no specific dynamic effect is noted.

H. C. Sherman,? who has conducted a series of studies which con-
tribute much to the knowledge of the réle of iron in food and in the
human body, investigated the amount of iron in the body, its occur-
rence in ordinary mixed diet, and in two special dietary studies,
besides conducting three metabolism experiments to determine the
income and outgo of nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, calcium, and mag-
nesium. It was found that the iron of the diet could be easily in-
creased without increase of protein by the use of vegetables, fruits,
and the coarser mill products of cereals, especially when accom-
panied by milk.

In cooperation with J. E. Sinclair¢ he has further studied the bal-
ance of acid-forming and base-forming elements in food, calculating
the amount of each element found to the corresponding number of
cubic centimeters of the normal solution of acid or base.

By then adding together the results obtained it is easy to compare the totals, and
the result obtained shows the excess of acid-forming or of base-forming elements in

(1906), Sup. III.

b Amer. Jour. Physiol., 18 (1907), No. 4, p. 377.

eZentbl. Physiol., 21 (1907), No. 26, p. 861.

4U.8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 185; Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med., 4
(1906), 2, p. 21; Chem. Abs., 1 (1907), No. 5, p. 582.

eJour. Biol. Chem., 3 (1907), No. 4, p. 307.

392 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT SFATIONS.

The value of such a method in questions connected with acidosis
is obvious.

In a paper entitled “The mineral matter required by the human
body,” Sherman?’ summarizes the results of his investigations with
iron referred to above and of similar studies with calcium and phos-
phorus carried on in cooperation with the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions, which are not yet reported in full. The data are summarized
and discussed with special reference to the kinds and amounts of
mineral matter required by the human body. From a comparison
of the computed amounts of ash constituents supplied by 20 American
dietaries selected as typical with the results of available metabolism
experiments it appears, according to the author, that the amount of
iron in the diet runs approximately parallel to the amount of protein,
and that there is usually neither greater nor less likelihood of deficiency
of the one than of the other. In the case of lime, however, the vari-
ations in the individual dietaries were much greater, and in nearly
half the cases selected for comparison the diet appeared to furnish less
lime than was required for the maintenance of equilibrium in many
of the metabolism experiments carried on by the author. In the
case of phosphorus nearly one-third of the dietaries summarized ap-
peared to be deficient when judged by the results of the metabolism
experiments.

From this it would appear that in the selection of food and in the planning of diet-
aries at least as much attention should be paid to the amount of calcium, phosphorus,
and iron as to the amounts of protein. In many cases the dietary may be readily
improved with respect to the ash constituents by the substitution of milk or cheese
for a part of the meat and a freer use of fruits and vegetables in place of a part of the
sugar and starch.

In experiments by H. W. Goodall and E. P. Joslin® an ash-free diet
of specially prepared egg albumen, olive oil, and sugar was fed to
two healthy men for thirteen and nine days, respectively. The
results are said to give no support to the view that ‘‘the withdrawal
of salts from the diet will cause an acidosis of the acetone variety.”

Reference might be made to numerous physiological chemical
studies, but the character and extent of the work is such that it de-
serves independent treatment.

DIETARY STANDARDS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS.

Considerable discussion has followed the publication of the results
of the elaborate work of Chittenden * and his conclusions that the
best bodily condition is obtained by the use of a diet containing
hardly more than one-half the protein calied for by the commonly

@ Lake Placid Conf. Home Econ. Proc., 9 (1907), p. 114.
6 Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians, 23 (1908), p. 92.
¢ Physiol Econ. in Nutrition: New York, 1904; Nutrition of Man: New York, 1907.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 893

accepted standards. In his later volume the author upholds the
position advanced in his earlier writings that the protein intake
may be materially less than the usual dietary standard requires, and
in his discussion of the question quotes the results of a number of
experiments with dogs on what he considers a low proteid diet, in
which the subjects maintained nitrogen equilibrium and_ body
weight, or in some cases made slight gains. The author has incor-
porated in this volume the results of observations and experiments
carried on during recent years, by himself and his associates, and
discussed and summarized this work and other data with special
reference to theories of nutrition. The subjects treated include
foods and their digestion, absorption, assimilation, and the processes
of metabolism, the balance of nutrition, the source of energy, of
muscular work, with some theories of proteid metabolism, dietary
habits, and true food requirements, as well as additional experiments
and observations bearing on the subject of food requirements, and
the effects of a low proteid diet on high proteid animals. Sugges-
tions for the application of the author’s theories and deductions
are presented.

Extending the work carried on by Chittenden, Fisher “ has made
studies of low proteid rations with Yale students from which he has
drawn similar deductions and interesting sociological conclusions.

F. G. Benedict’ has also discussed the nutritive requirements of
the body. Basing his deductions on the results obtained by the
respiration calorimeter, he points out that the energy intake can be
diminished safely only as the energy output, or the muscular activity,
is lowered. He further cites facts from animal physiology and dietary
conditions among different races of the world as indications that the
protein standards can not with safety be greatly lowered.

S. C. Meltzer* has made another interesting and valuable contribu-
tion to this question. Starting with a comparison drawn from
engineering that structures and machines are built to possess a
strength or capacity beyond ae usual demand upon them, he shows
how—
all organs of the body are built on the plan of superabundance of structures and energy,
{and denies that the single instance of food requirements] the minimum is meant by
nature to be the optimum, [but maintains that] with regard to the function of supply
of tissue and energy by means of proteid food, nature meant it should be governed by

the same principle of affluence which governs the entire construction of the animal
‘for the safety of its life and the perpabiowon of its Specie

a Lake Placid Conf. Home Econ. Proc., 8 (1906), p. 76; Science, n. ser. 24 (1906),
No. 620, p. 631; Yale Med. Jour., 1907, ren Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Ki Sci., 13
(1907), p. 1.

b Amer. Jour. Physiol., 16 (1906), No. 4, p. 409; Lake Placid Conf. Home Econ.
Proc., 8 (1906), p. 64.

edoux. Amer. Med. Assoc., 48 (1907), No. 8, p. 655; Science, n. ser. 25 (1907), No.
639, p. 481.

394 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A summary of data regarding dietary conditions in the United
States published by the Department of Agriculture has been referred
to elsewhere (see p. 386). The dietary standard suggested in this
summary calls for 100 grams of protein and 3,500 calories of energy
in the food eaten per man per day. Attention is especially directed
in this report to the difference between dietary standards and
physiological requirements, the former being simply guides for home
and institution management.

STUDIES OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH.

__ Fundamental in their importance and in their relation to questions
of nutrition are the extremely valuable series of investigations on
the chemistry of growth reported from the laboratory of the Sheffield
Scientific School of Yale University, by Mendel and his associates.*
The papers which have already appeared deal very largely with the
enzyms of different tissues in embryonic life. The investigations
have been summarized by Mendel ® and some general deductions
have been drawn.

Many studies of growth have also been reported by Waters,* then
of the Missouri Experiment Station, and by S. H. Gage and Miss
Susanna Gage, of Cornell University,’ while recent contributions to
the subject have been discussed and data summarized by Pearl, of
the Maine Experiment Station. ¢

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER AND
OTHER TECHNICAL STUDIES.

On the more technical side of nutrition work much has been
accomplished. The report of experiments made by F. G. Benedict
and R.D. Milner’ with their respiration calorimeter in 1903 and
1904, as part of nutrition investigations of this Office, was published
about the beginning of the period included in this summary. Like
the reports of previous investigations with the respiration calori-
meter, this bulletin furnishes important data regarding the trans-
formations of matter and energy in the body, the demands of the
body for nutriment, the effects of muscular work upon such demands,
and the actual nutritive value of different kinds of food materials
and their ingredients. The results of eleven experiments, with five
different men as subjects, are reported in which the balance of income

@ Amer. Jour. Physiol., 20 (1908), No. 1, pp. 81, 97, 117; 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 64,
69, 77, 85, 95, 99.

b Bio. Chem. Ztschr., 11 (1908), No. 4, p. 281.

¢ Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 29 (1908), p. 71.

@ Science, n. ser., 28 (1908), No. 719, p. 494.

€ Amer. Nat., 43 (1909), No. 509, p. 302.

7U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 175.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 395

and outgo of matter and energy were determined. The experiments
differ materially from earlier work reported in bulletins of the Office
of Experiment Stations in that the respiration calorimeter with which
they were made had been modified in important ways, so that the
direct measurement of the oxygen consumed by the subject was
possible. Preceding the account of the experiments is a description
of the respiration calorimeter in its modified form, which it seems fair
to say permits of a more complete determination of the balance of
income and outgo of matter and energy in the human body than has
hitherto been possible.

The improved form of the respiration calorimeter with special
devices for the determination of oxygen was shortly thereafter
described by Atwater and Benedict? in a bulletin of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. A later bulletin from the same source
described an extensive series of experiments made by Benedict ”
with the apparatus on the metabolism of fasting men. The primary
object of this report is to present an accurate statement of the results
of an extended series of experiments with men on the effects of
inanition, and detailed statistics are given of eighteen general metab-
olism experiments of one to seven days’ duration and of two nitrogen
metabolism experiments lasting, respectively, twenty-five and fourteen
days. The measurements in most cases contained complete data as
to the income and outgo of matter and energy measured with the
respiration calorimeter and accessory appliances, together with obser-
vations of body weight, body temperature, pulse and respiration rate,
strength tests, and blood examinations. The respiratory exchange
and the heat output were subjects of special study. Experiments
during prolonged fasting were included to note fluctuations from day
to day and a series of two-day fasts with a uumber of men to elimi-
nate the influence of individuality. In the longer experiments the
subject was a young man who claimed some previous experience in
fasting and in the remainder the subjects were university students.

The body excretions were the subject of special study. In the case
of feces it was found practically impossible to isolate, with any degree
of accuracy, material which could be properly designated “fasting
feces.’ The urine was excreted regularly. The volumes were in
general normal, though in many cases where the subject consumed
large volumes of water the amounts excreted were likewise great.
Considerable variation in the amount of total urinary nitrogen was
noted, but even in the longer experiments the daily output seldom

aA Respiration Calorimeter with Appliances for the Direct Determination of
Oxygen: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905.

» The Influence of Inanition on Metabolism: Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Pub. 77; for a summary see N. Y. Med. Jour. and Phila. Med. Jour., 86 (1907), No.
12, p. 527.

396 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

fell below 10.5 grams. Detailed data are also given regarding the
variations in excretion of other urinary constituents.

Marked variations in the amount of water vapor given off by the
skin and lungs were observed in experiments with different subjects
and smaller variations in experiments with the same subject. On an
average, the results show that a fasting man gives off in this way not
far from 600 to 800 grams of water per day.

As the fasting period progressed a rather persistent decrease in the
carbon-dioxid output was noted. In the two-day fasting experi-
ments wide variations in the carbon-dioxid output were observed
with different subjects, though considering the period as a whole the
agreement was reasonably uniform. Much wider differences were
noted between the oxygen intake on the different days than was the
case with the carbon-dioxid output.

The recorded data furnish information regarding the amounts of
protein, fat, and glycogen katabolized in the body. The results show
that the greatest draft on body glycogen occurred on the first day of
fasting. After this a marked decrease in carbohydrate metabolism
was noted, and on the second, third, and subsequent days not far from
20 grams of glycogen per day was lost on an average.

The average heat production in the fasting experiments was found
to be not far from 2,000 calories per day on the first two days of the
fasting period. When the experiments were continued longer the
heat production diminished, and the author believes that 1,500 to
1,600 calories per day may be considered as approximately the mini-
mum heat production of a man at rest without food. During sleep
the heat production of such a man falls to 56 calories per hour, or at
the rate of about 1,350 calories per day.

The recovery from fasting was rapid, and the author is of the
opinion that there is a marked tendency on the part of the body to
accumulate fat after short periods of fasting.

An interesting bulletin on the influence of muscular and mental
work on metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a
machine by Benedict and Carpenter? has been published. Briefly,
mental work was not found to exercise any appreciable effect on the
factors of metabolism which were measured with the respiration
calorimeter. As regards the effectiveness of the body as a machine,
the authors calculate that it shows an efliciency of 20 per cent; that
is, for every calorie of muscular work produced by the body a total
of 5 calories is expended.

The reports of the Carnegie Institution for the last two years contain
very interesting and valuable data regarding the installation and
equipment of the Nutrition Research Laboratory, at Boston, and
briefly report some of the work which has been accomplished.?

aU.S. Dept. Aer., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 208. |
b Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 6 (1907), pp. 130, 200; 7 (1908), pp. 158, 209.

INVESTIGATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. 397

Benedict and Carpenter* have reported studies of metabolism
during fever, studies of the energy involved in typewriting ’ and
some other experiments, in all of which the respiration calorimeter
wasused.° Benedict @ has also devised and described a small portable
apparatus for use in respiration experiments.

Previous reports of this Office have briefly described the construction
of the improved respiration calorimeter at the Department of Agri-
culture and outlined the plans for experiments with it.

This work is well under way and the special object of study is the
ease of digestion of cheese of different sorts as compared with other
foods. The scope and extent of the nutrition investigations of the
Office of Experiment Stations has been outlined, the plans for the
work discussed, and the publications listed and described in a recent
circular. ¢

TEXT-BOOKS AND HANDBOOKS ON NUTRITION.

No report of the progress of food and nutrition investigations in the
United States would be adequate without at least a mention of some
of the numerous text-books and other volumes on these subjects
which have appeared during the period under review, notably Lusk’s
Science of Nutrition, Bevier and Usher’s Food and Nutrition, Hawk’s
Practical Physiological Chemistry, the valuable series included in the
Library of Home Economics, Snyder’s Human Foods and Their
Nutritive Value, the new and enlarged edition by W. Gilman Thomp-
son, of Practical Dietetics, Mohler and Eichhorn’s translation of
Edelman’s Text-Book of Meat Hygiene, and others, too many to
enumerate.

In the foregoing summary of work in human nutrition which has
appeared in the United States during the last four or five years the
attempt has been made to outline the principal agencies which con-
tribute to the subject to give some idea of the general condition of
nutrition investigations and to cite examples of investigations along
the principal lines of work into which the subject naturally divides
itself. It is recognized that the list is by no means complete, but it
is believed that enough has been brought together to show that
progress has been continuous and that important contributions have
been made not only to the fund of available data of interest to students

of nutrition and to practical workers, but also to the subject of
methods of investigation and to the more important question of
fundamental theories of nutrition.

a Amer. Jour. Physiol., 24 (1909), No. 2, p. 208.
b Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), No. 3, p. 271.

¢ Amer. Jour. Physiol., 24 (1909), No. 2, p. 187.
@ Amer. Jour. Physiol., 24 (1909), No. 3, p. 345.
€U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 89.

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RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION.

By R. P. TEexe, Assistant Chief, Irrigation Investigations.

During the summer of 1905 a study was made of the laws of the
arid States relating to the use of water in irrigation, the results of
which were published in a bulletin of this Office. Since that time
there has been considerable legislation affecting irrigation, and it is
the purpose of this article to discuss the legislation since 1905, with
such references to previous legislation as are necessary to make plain
the discussion of the later laws.

The legislation of the Western States relating to irrigation is of two
classes, that which deals with the acquirement and protection of rights
to water, or administrative law, and that which deals with promotion
or organization of irrigation enterprises, which has for its purpose the
promoting of irrigation development.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

The greater part of the irrigation legislation of these States is of this
class. In 1905 the States which had provided by law for fairly com-
plete systems of public control of the acquirement of rights to water
and of the diversion of water from streams were Colorado, Wyoming,
Nebraska, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
The most marked difference in the laws of these States are in the pro-
visions for defining existing rights. These rights were acquired with-
out public supervision, and while certain general principles as to the
nature and limitations of water rights were generally recognized in
all the States, there was no means of determining the application of
these principles to any particular right until it had come into contro-
versy and. been passed upon by the court. The defining of such
indefinite rights is a necessary preliminary to any orderly public con-
trol of diversions from streams since new rights are subordinate to
these earlier rights, and no matter how accurately the new rights are
defined as they are acquired they remain indefinite so long as prior
rights are indefinite. Hence all the laws adopted both before and
after 1905 attempt to bring about a speedy adjudication of existing
rights.

The first step in this direction was taken by Colorado, which pro-
vided that when any suit involving the right to water was brought,

‘@U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 168.
399

400 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

all parties claiming rights to water from the same source should be
made parties to the suit, and established a special procedure for such
suits. But this would not necessarily bring about a speedy adjudica-
tion because such a suit might not arise for years.

Wyoming made the next step, which was to provide for the collec-
tion of the information necessary for defining all rights to water by
state officials, and the defining of the rights by an administrative
board created by the state constitution for that purpose. This system
differs from the other in two essential particulars—it takes adjudica-
tion of water rights out of the courts and it makes it unnecessary to
wait until rights come into controversy before they can be defined.
It changes the point of view entirely. Under the Colorado system the
defining of rights to water from a public stream is considered purely
a controversy between individuals, which must be adjudicated by a
court, and which may be settled by agreement between these indi-
viduals, as many such cases were. Under the Wyoming system, on
the other hand, the defining of rights is not considered a contest
between individuals, or a judicial matter, but an action by the State
to determine what rights have been established to the use of a part
of a public property.

These two systems are the prototypes of those adopted by all the
arid States and Territories, some following one and some the other.
The advantages of the Wyoming system are generally admitted, but
under the theory of the Colorado system that adjudications are con-
troversies between individuals, they are held to be judicial matters
which can not be taken from the courts. The States which have
adopted the Wyoming systems are Nebraska, Nevada, and Oregon.
New Mexico adopted this system in 1905, but abandoned it in 1907
for the Colorado system.

The States which have adopted the Colorado system have tried
to secure the principal advantage of the Wyoming system—speedy
adjudication, and the collection of data on which to base adjudica-
tions by public officials—but without great success. The state engi-
neers or other officials were to bring actions for the adjudication of
water rights after the engineers had made surveys and collected all
the information necessary for such adjudications, making the process
similar to that in Wyoming, except that the decree was entered by
the court rather than by the board of control. This provision has
been adopted in several States and Territories, notably Utah, Idaho,
the Dakotas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, but without much success.
It was declared unconstitutional in Idaho (Bear Lake v. Budge, 75
Pac., 615), on the ground that the water commissioner who was to
bring such action in Idaho was not a party in interest and could not
bring such an action. The law is still in force in Utah, where the
state engineer is to make surveys and collect information and

ed ie. ae

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION. 401

submit this to the court, which is to define rights, and in North
Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and South Dakota, where the engineer
is to make surveys and collect data, and submit the results to the
attorney-general, who is to bring actions for adjudications.

The States of California, Montana, Washington, Kansas, and Texas,
and the Territory of Arizona have not yet adopted laws under which
they try to force adjudication or secure disinterested testimony on
which to base decrees. With these exceptions all the States and Ter-
ritories provide for the making of surveys and the collection of data
on which to base adjudications by public officials, thus doing away
with one of the worst evils of early adjudications, the basing of decrees
defining rights on interested testimony alone, and often on stipula-
tions between the parties to a suit, dividing up among themselves a
public property to which they may or may not have acquired rights.

Since 1905 three new laws covering adjudications have been passed,
each a different type, and, with the Wyoming law, presenting the
four types which may be taken to represent present ideas on this
subject.

The New Mexico law, adopted in 1907, provides that the territo-
rial engineer shall make surveys and collect all available data, and
file the results with the attorney-general of the Territory, who
shall, at the request of the territorial engineer, enter into suit on behalf of the Terri-
tory for the determining of all rights to the use of such water, in order that the amount
of unappropriated water subject to disposition by the Territory under this act may
become known.

The South Dakota law, adopted in 1907, provides that the state
engineer shall make surveys,
obtaining and recording all available data for the detérmination, development, and
adjudication of the water supply of the State, and upon the completion of the surveys
shall file the results in his office, to be used as evidence in adjudications. Whenever
a suit for adjudication is brought by any party a copy of the complaint must be mailed
to the state engineer, and if in the judgment of the engineer the public interest
requires action adverse to any part thereof, then he may call upon the attorney-
general of the State to intervene in such action,
and the attorney-general shall do so. When a suit is brought on a
stream for which surveys have not already been made, the court
‘shall by its order duly entered’”’ direct the state engineer to make
surveys and obtain data. In addition, the attorney-general is still
to bring action when called upon by the State engineer to do so.

The Oregon law of 1909, the latest one passed, combines features
of the Wyoming and Colorado systems in an interesting way. The
adjudication is to be made by a board consisting of the state engineer
_ and the superintendents of the two water divisions into which the
46405—10——26

402 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

State is divided, but only on petition of one or more water users.
The board makes its determination of the existing rights on the
basis of surveys made by one of the superintendents and testimony
collected by him, and files a copy in each county concerned, and within
thirty days after this filing the order of the board and all the evidence
on which it is based is filed with the clerk of the circuit court of the
district. Any party interested may file exception to the order
within thirty days after it is filed with the court. If no such excep-
tions are filed within this time the court is to enter a decree affirming
the order of the board. If exceptions are filed the court is to hold
hearings and may change the order of the board. Appeal may be
taken to the supreme court of the State. Any person claiming a
right to water from a stream under adjudication, who does not set
up his claim, is barred from ever doing so.

Summarizing what has been said: Eight States and Territories—
Wyoming, Nebraska, Utah, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, New
Mexico, and South Dakota—have provisions for forcing adjudica-
tions. In three of these States—Wyoming, Nebraska, and Nevada—
the adjudications are made by boards or officials, while in the
others they are made by the courts in actions initiated by publie
officials. Three States—Idaho, South Dakota, and Oregon—pro-
vide for surveys and the collection of data by public officials for use
in adjudications when these are initiated by parties claiming water
rights. In Idaho and South Dakota these adjudications are made
by the courts, and in Oregon by an administrative board. In the
other seven arid and semiarid States adjudications are made by
the courts on the testimony presented by the contending parties.

The Oregon law, referred to above, contains a provision relating to
adjudications which isnew. The superintendent, at the time of tak-
ing testimony, is to collect fees from claimants for recording certificates
which vary with the quantity of water claimed. These fees are $1 and
15 cents additional per acre up to 100 acres; 5 cents per acre above
100 acres and up to 1,000; and 1 cent per acre above 1,000 acres;
for power rights, 25 cents for each theoretical horsepower up to 100;
15 cents above 100 and up to 1,000; 5 cents above 1,000 and up to
2,000, and 2 cents for each horsepower in excess of 2,000.

ACQUIREMENT OF RIGHTS.

The original method of acquiring a right to divert water from
streams in the arid region was to post a notice at the point of intended
diversion, stating the quantity claimed, and some other things, file a
copy of this notice in the county records, build the necessary works,
and put the water to a beneficial use. This was intended not as a
limitation on the acquirement of rights, but as notice to subsequent
appropriators of the existence of rights prior to their own. This

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION. 403

provision has been practically universal throughout the arid region.
It had two great defects which made it a practical failure: (1) The
actual diversion and use of water was necessary to the perfecting of a
right, and this system provided no means of determining and record-
ing whether the posting and filing of a notice was followed by con-
struction of works and use of water. (2) The records of claims to a
single stream might be scattered through a number of counties,
making it difficult for anyone to determine what claims had been
filed. The failure of this system necessitated the more or less elabo-
rate provisions for adjudications just described. The present laws
on this subject, where the old system has been abolished, have for
their purpose the correction of the defects just mentioned—such
supervision of the acquirement of rights as will define them as they
are acquired, and the recording of all rights in one place.

In this field, as in that of adjudication, Wyoming was the pioneer,
and the laws of the other States which have provided for supervision
of the acquirement of rights follow the Wyoming law in its principal
features. This law provides that any party wishing to acquire the
right to divert water from any stream of the State must apply to the
state engineer and secure a permit before beginning work, and pro-
vides for the submisston of proof of having carried out the plans
contained in the application and for the issuance of a certificate of
right by the engineer. Up to 1907 similar laws had been adopted in
Nebraska, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, and
Oklahoma, while Colorado provided for the filing of plans with the
state engineer and for their approval by the engineer, but had not
provided for any proof of the plans having been carried out. Since
1905 laws similar to that of Wyoming have been adopted in New
Mexico and Oregon, making ten of the seventeen States and Territo-
ries containing arid lands which have a complete supervision of the
acquirement of rights.

Of the others, Montana (laws of 1907) has provided for supervision
of the acquirement of rights from streams the rights to water from
which have been adjudicated, but leaves rights from unadjudicated
streams to be acquired by posting and filing notices and construction
of works and use of water. Any party wishing to appropriate water
from an adjudicated stream is to post and file a notice giving the
volume of water to be taken, the purpose for which it is to be used,
the place of use, the name of the stream, the name of the appropriator,
and the date. No rights can be acquired in excess of the carrying
capacity of the works built or the needs for some useful or beneficial
purpose. Within forty days after the works are completed the owner
must file with the clerk of the district court in the county where the
appropriation is to be made an application to have the ditch measured
and its capacity determined. This application is to contain a sworn

404 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

statement showing the name of the stream, the volume of water to be
diverted, the point of diversion, the proposed use and the place of
use, and the name of the appropriator. On receipt of this application
the clerk is to record it and employ some competent civil engineer to
measure the ditch and locate the exact point of diversion and report
these within thirty days with a plat on which shall be shown the point
of diversion, the date of the notice of appropriation, the date of the
survey, the name of the stream, the name of the appropriator, the
purpose and place of intended use, and if for irrigation, the location
and area of land to be irrigated. On receipt of this report, the clerk
is to publish notice once a week for three weeks in some newspaper,
giving the facts. Any party interested may file objections. After
publication, the clerk is to file the report and all objections raised,
and on the first day of the next session of the court present them to
the court. If no objections have been filed, the court shall enter an
order allowing the appropriation. If objections are filed, the court
is to fix a date for a hearing, and, after the hearing, the court is to
make whatever order seems proper. Under this law, when a stream
has once been adjudicated, rights to water from it will be defined as
acquired, maintaining the list of rights complete.

The principal point of difference in the laws requiring the securing
of permits from the state engineers is in the degree of discretion
allowed the engineer in approving applications. The state engineer
of Wyoming is required to reject an application ‘‘where there is no
unappropriated water in the proposed source of supply, or where the
proposed use conflicts with existing rights, or threatens to prove
detrimental to the public interests.’”’? Some of the other States have
followed this, while others allow the engineer to reject applications
where there is no unappropriated water or the proposed use would
conflict with existing rights, while others—notably Idaho—provide
that ‘‘it shall be the duty of the state engineer to approve all appli-
cations made in proper form which contemplate the application of
the water to beneficial use.’ (Laws of 1903, p. 226.)

Utah included the Wyoming provision in its law of 1903 but
amended it in 1905, taking away from the engineer the power to
reject applications because of hostility to the public interests. Of
the new laws enacted since 1905 all provide for the rejection of
applications the approval of which would be detrimental to the

public interests. New Mexico and South Dakota place this power —

in the engineer, while in Oregon the engineer is to report such cases
to the board of control, which is to decide therein. The only instance
coming to the writer’s notice in which an application was refused by
a state engineer on the ground of conflict with the public interests
was in Utah. That case was appealed to the court, where the engi-
neer was overruled and this power denied to him, although the law

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION. 405

granted it specifically. The case was not taken to the state supreme
court and the law was repealed. This Utah case was interesting
because the right applied for contemplated an entirely proper use of
the water, but a use which, in the opinion of the engineer, was not
the best use which might be made of the water in question. In the
other States this issue has not been raised, the engineers not con-
sidering it wise to reject an application for a present use in favor of
a possible better use in the future, although this would seem to be
the field for which such a law is especially adapted.

The Idaho law above referred to, requiring the engineer to approve
any application which is in proper form, has been criticised because
under it the engineer is compelled to approve plans for schemes which
he may know to be fraudulent, because there is no unappropriated
water in the source of supply filed on, thus enabling the promoters
to go before the public selling rights on the basis of an approved
application, the approval of which signifies only that the application
is in proper form. To remedy this a law was passed in 1909 requiring
parties proposing to sell rights to file plans and proposed contracts
with the state engineer and state land board and petition the board
for the right to sell rights. The engineer is to examine the plans,
determine the capacity of the works, the sufficiency of the water
supply and the duty of water, and report to the land board, after
which the board is to issue a certificate showing the number of rights
which may be sold, the number of acres which can be irrigated, and
the form of contract which shall be used. This certificate is to be
recorded in the office of the county recorder. All contracts for
rights are to be of the form specified, and are to be recorded in the
office of the county recorder as soon as sold. Any contract or deed
issued before the recording of the certificate or in excess of the amount
authorized is null and void, and the seller is liable to the purchaser
for damages and to a fine of $100 to $300 or to imprisonment not
exceeding six months. This law does not apply to Carey Act or
reclamation projects, since Carey Act projects are approved by the
engineer and land board under other laws. This law is very much
needed in Idaho as well as in other States, because of the fact that
purchasers of water rights are more at the mercy of promoters than
the purchasers of almost any other form of property, since water
rights are difficult to understand and there is no way in which the
uninitiated can determine the value of the rights of the company
selling rights. While the examination by the state engineer and the
issuing of a certificate by the state land board does not guarantee the
value of the rights, it is good evidence of their value.

The general irrigation laws of Utah were amended in several details.
One important change was made in the fees to be collected by the
state engineer for examining and filing papers. The old law provided

406 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

a flat rate for all applications (1905, ch. 108), and under the decision
of the Utah courts the engineer has no authority to reject applica-
tions. There was, therefore, no limitations on the quantity of water
which might be filed on by an applicant for permit to appropriate
water. This was changed in 1907 (ch. 156) by making the filing fee
depend upon the quantity of water applied for, the fee being $2.50
for any quantity up to 10 eubie feet per second, and $1 for each cubic
foot per second above 10. One dollar per cubic foot per second is not
a burdensome fee for a legitimate enterprise, but it will be a check
upon extravagant claims, such as were sometimes filed under the old
law.

While the laws of the States mentioned provide a procedure for
acquiring rights, they do not all provide penalties for diverting
water without following this procedure. In 1907 Wyoming and
South Dakota enacted laws making diversion before securing a per-
mit a misdemeanor.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER.

New Mexico and Oregon included in their laws enacted in 1907 and
1909, respectively, the provisions common to most of the arid States,
for the division of their territory into districts and the appointment
of commissioners within those districts charged with the distribution
of water from streams to the canals entitled to receive it.

In New Mexico the territorial engineer is to make these appoint-
ments, either on the application of a majority of the water users of the
districts or on his own motion. These commissioners are to receive
$4 per day for the time actually employed. Ditch owners are required —
to put in head gates and measuring devices, and in case of refusal the
engineer may refuse to deliver water to them. No commissioners are
to be appointed until streams are adjudicated.

The Oregon law of 1909 provides that the board of control shall

divide the State into districts and appoint water masters, who are to
distribute water. They are to receive $4 per day for the time actu-
ally employed, or $100 per month, to be paid by the counties in which
the work is done. Under the law—
said water master shall as near as may be regulate and control the use of the water —
of all streams within his district by such closing or partial closing of head gates as will
prevent the waste of water, or its use in excess of the volume to which the owner of the
rights is lawfully entitled.
The provision quoted is different from the laws of the other States,
which direct the commissioners to distribute the water in accordance
with the decreed or other defined rights. It is not likely that this
will make the administration of the Oregon law different from that of
any of the others.

|

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION, 407

Some of the States having older laws covering the distribution of
water have amended these recently. A law adopted in 1909 in Idaho
provides for the division of the State into districts on drainage lines,
and for an election in each of these districts on the first Monday in
March of each year, at which the holders of adjudicated rights to
water are to elect water masters and fix their pay, not to exceed $4
per day. If water masters are not elected the water commissioners
may appoint them. Water masters are to distribute water in accord-
ance with adjudicated rights, and unadjudicated rights are to be
considered subsequent to all adjudicated rights. Water masters
are not to begin work until called upon by two or more persons having
rights to water. The owner of stored water may use the public
streams to deliver this water. He shall notify the state engineer
of the date and amount of water to be run, and the parties to whom
it is to be delivered. The engineer is to appoint one or more deputies
to attend to this delivery, and set the head gates of all ditches so as
to allow the water to go to the parties entitled to it. Anyone chang-
ing a head gate fixed by such deputy is guilty of a misdemeanor and
is liable to a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $250, or imprison-
ment for thirty days to six months. Washington, in 1907, adopted a
similar provision, except that in that State, in which there is no state
engineer, notice of the intention to run stored water in a stream is to
be sent to the superior court of the county in which water is “‘stored,
carried, or used,’ and the court is to appoint a commissioner to
attend to delivery, to be paid not exceeding $7 per day, by the county
in which the work is done.

In 1907 Wyoming amended its law and gave water commissioners
authority to regulate the distribution of water from partnership
ditches for which rights have been adjudicated. Whenever a head
gate or controlling work has been set by a water commissioner he is
to put a notice of that fact on the gate. Ditch owners are required
to putin head gates and measuring devices under penalty of having
the water shut off. Reservoir owners are to put in measuring
devices above and below reservoirs, and in case of refusal the water
commissioner is to open the outlet of the reservoir and leave it open
until the devices are put in.

TRANSFERS.

Until the last few years the prevailing rule regarding water rights in
the arid States has been that rights might be transferred from one
tract of land to another if holders of other rights were not injured
by the transfers.* Until the rendering of the decision just cited the

a See Johnston v. Little Horse Creek Irrigation Company (Wyo.), 79 Pac., 22, in
- which the supreme court of Wyoming cites the authorities on this subject.

408 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Wyoming board of control had held that rights could not be trans-
ferred from the lands in connection with which they were acquired,
and in 1909 this was enacted into law in that State. Since 1895
rights in Nebraska have been inseparably attached to definite tracts
of land. With these two exceptions water rights may still be trans-
ferred, but in the years from 1903 to 1909 there has been much
legislation on this subject, the general purpose of which has been
to bring such transfers under the control of the state officials charged
with the supervision of the use of public water supplies. Prior to 1903
the general practice was for parties wishing to do so to make transfers,
putting on those considering themselves injured the burden of bringing
actions to prevent the transfers. The laws enacted since that time
require the party wishing to make a transfer to secure permission in
some form before making it, thus giving parties who might be injured
notice and an opportunity to protest. In all of the States and Ter-
ritories which have enacted laws prescribing the procedure for making
transfers, except Colorado, they must be referred to the state engineer.
In Colorado application is made to the court which issued the original
decree covering the right to be transferred, and the proceedings are
the same as for an original adjudication (Laws 1903, p. 278; 1905, p.
244), and include notice to parties interested, a hearing before the
court, and the issuing of a decree either allowing or disallowing the
transfer. In the other States application must be made to the state
engineer, notice of the proposed transfer must be published, a hearing
is held, and the transfer allowed or disallowed by the engineer, with
appeal to the courts.

The argument in favor of transfers is that they are essential to the
economical use of water. If rights may be transferred the tendency
will be for the water to gravitate to the land where it will bring the
largest return, while if they are inseparably attached to particular
tracts of land the holders of rights will continue to use water on inferior
lands rather than forfeit their rights by discontinuing the use of water

Over against this economic advantage has been set the fear that if a
water right may be transferred apart from the land on which the
water is used, it will become the subject of separate ownership, and,
since arid land is almost valueless without water, the landowner
will be at the mercy of the water owner. American experience thus
far has not shown this danger to be a real one, but the laws regarding
transfers passed in recent years, guard against it by providing that ¢
the right may only be transferred to and immediately become appur-
tenant to other land. In other words, a water right can not be held

a “Tf for any reason it should at any time become impracticable to beneficially or
economically use water for the irrigation of any land to which the right of use of the
same is appurtenant, said right may be severed from said land and simultaneously
transferred and become appurtenant to other land.’’ (North Dak. Laws 1905, sec. 50.)

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION, 409

independently of some definitely described tract of land. This
provision would seem to guard effectively against any exploitation
of the landowner by the water owner, since they can not be separate.

However, the strongest objection to transfers of water rights in the
State of Wyoming, which is the only State recently enacting legisla-
tion against them, is administrative rather than economic. The
laws of that State and of most of the other arid States provide for
the adjudication of existing water rights and for the acquirement of
new rights in such a way that there will eventually be a complete list
of rights to water in each State, which will serve as a basis for dis-
tributing water from streams. It is contended that if rights can be
transferred without formalities these records of rights become value-
less immediately, since they may or may not represent the status of
rights at any time. It will be observed that this is not an argument
against transfers in themselves, but against unrecorded transfers. If
the transfers must be recorded in the same place where the records
of rights are kept, the records will remain complete. This has been
provided for in the laws on this subject.

An important point of difference in the laws relating to transfers
is in the provisions covering the transfer of rights in their entirety
or in part. <A group of States—North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah,
Nevada, and Oregon—require the total severance of the right from
the original tract of land and its immediate transfer to another tract
(see footnote p.408). Idaho, South Dakota, and New Mexico, on the
other hand, allow a transfer of a part of a right. The Idaho law
allows the water-right holder to ‘‘voluntarily abandon the use of
water in whole or in part on the land which is receiving the benefit
of the same, and transfer the same to other land.” (Laws 1903, p.
234; 1905, p. 28; 1907, p. 508.) The New Mexico law of 1907 (sec.
44) provides that—

by and with the consent of the owner of the land, all or any part of said right may be
severed from said land and simultaneously transferred and become appurtenant to
other land, or may be transferred for other purposes, without losing priority of right
theretofore established.

The two laws just quoted are not altogether clear as to whether the
holder of a right might continue to irrigate the entire area for which
he had a water right, and, by using less than the volume of water
decreed to him, secure a surplus which may be transferred to other
lands. The South Dakota law, however, seems to be clear on this
point. The South Dakota law of 1905 provided that the transfer
might be made if it became impracticable to ‘‘use water” on the
land, while the 1907 law provides that— °

iffor any reason it shall at any time become impracticable to use all or any part of said
water beneficially or economically for the irrigation of any land to which the right

of use of the same is appurtenant, all or any part of said right may be severed from said
land and simultaneously transferred to other land.

410 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Under the new law, if the water user can by economy and care mature
his crops on the land in connection with which the right was acquired,
with one-half the water allotted to him, he may transfer the water
saved to other land, in that way benefiting himself and at the same
time benefiting the public, since the water supply, which is limited,
will have been made to serve double the area which would otherwise
have been served. Under the old law, on the other hand, there is no
incentive to economical use, since the use of water on the old land
must be abandoned, and the right transferred entire to an equal area
of new land. The procedure for securing a permit to transfer a right
was not changed. Although Wyoming has prohibited transfers of
rights it does not insist on an absolute enforcement of that restriction.
Along with its law of 1909 prohibiting transfers it enacted a law
allowing rotation in use, which is as follows:

To bring about a more economical use of the available water supply it shall be
lawful for water users owning lands to which are attached water rights to rotate in the
use of the supply to which they may be collectively entitled; or a single water user,
having lands to which water rights of a different priority attach, may in like manner
rotate in use, when such rotation can be made without injury to lands enjoying an
earlier priority. (Act Feb. 27, 1909.)

IRRIGATION DISTRICTS.

Colorado amended its irrigation district law in a number of details,
the only change of general interest being one relating to the quali-
fications of electors of a district. Under the law of 1905 (ch. 13)
nonresident property owners were entirely excluded from voting on
district affairs, while under the law of 1907 (ch. 194) the franchise is
extended to parties who
are the owners of lands to the extent of 40 acres or more within said district and reside
within any county into which any part of said district shall cxtend, and who are
qualified electors under the general laws of the State therein, and who shall have
paid property taxes upon property located within said district during the year pre-
vious to any such election.

Idaho revised its irngation district law in 1907 (ch., 140), but no
important changes were made in the general plan of the law, except
that entrymen on public or state lands are made eligible to sign
petitions for the formation of districts and to vote on their
organization.

Montana adopted a new irrigation district law in 1907 (ch., 70).
The distinctive features of this law, when compared with others, is
the fact that the nonresident property owner is given as much voice
in district affairs as the resident. In some States one of the principal
reasons for the creation of irrigation districts is to compel the non-
resident to improve his property, or at least contribute to the cost of

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION, 411

building irrigation works which will make his property valuable.
The Montana law gives the nonresident full protection as follows:

Any taxpayer holding title or evidence of title, or any duly authorized and qualified
guardian, executor, or administrator of an estate, or the duly authorized agent of any
corporation or company owning land within any irrigation district, shall be deemed
qualified to sign any document or petition, or to vote at any election authorized
under this act, if not otherwise disqualified under the laws or constitution of the State.

The petition for the organization of an irrigation district must be
signed by a “majority in number of the holders of titles, or evidence
of title,’’ and must represent ‘‘a majority in acreage of said lands.”’
In all elections and votes on bond issues ‘each elector shall be per-
mitted to cast one vote for each 40 acres of irrigable land or major
fraction thereof owned by such elector in the division where his
ballot is cast, but any elector owning less than 20 acres shall be
entitled to cast one vote.”’ The organization of a district requires
a two-thirds favorable vote, while the issue of bonds requires a
majority vote. The bonds and annual charges are apportioned on
the lands

according to the value of such traet for irrigation, irrespective of improvements,
and such valuation for irrigation shall be fixed according to the increased value of
such tract by reason of such irrigation as compared with other irrigated lands in the
district.

Wyoming also adopted an irrigation district law in 1907 (ch., 72).
This law is along the general lines of the district laws of the other
States. Like the Montana law, it allows nonresident property
owners to vote on district matters, the provisions covering that
matter being as follows: .

At said election and all elections held under the provisions of this act, all persons
who are both freeholders and also qualified electors within said proposed district and
who have paid a property tax in said proposed district during the year next preceding
such election shall be entitled to vote, and none others.

“Qualified electors’’ are defined as follows:

For the purpose of this act the words ‘‘qualified elector or electors” shall be
understood to be a citizen of the United States, or who may have declared his or her
intention to become such, and that any person so qualified shall have power to do and
perform any and all things requisite and necessary for the purpose of this act, the same
as if he or she were a bona fide resident of said district.

The petition for the creation of a district must be signed by a major-
ity of the freeholders owning land in the proposed district, who must
also be owners of a majority of the whole number of acres of land.
A majority vote will carry the organization of the district and bond
issues. Bonds may not be sold for less than 95 per cent of their face
value, but if no satisfactory bids are received for bonds they may
be issued in payment for works. For payment of bonds and interest
the lands are taxed at a flat rate per acre, but the cost of maintenance

412 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

and operation may be met by charging tolls for water used, by
assessments on the land, or both. The county treasurer is ex-officio
treasurer of districts.

The provision in the Montana and Wyoming laws for the representa-
tion of nonresident property owners is an advance over other laws,
as it has been stated often that the district law is designed especially
to exploit the nonresident. This has led to attacks upon the legality
of the organization of districts and to opposition at every possible
point by property owners who were opposed to the organization of
districts which included their property, and in the past this has done
much to detract from the salability of district bonds. The allowing
of votes to nonresident property owners may make it more difficult
to secure the organization of districts, but it will make the sale of
their bonds when organized much easier.

New Mexico enacted an irrigation district law in 1909 (Laws of
1909, ch. 109). The petition for organization must be signed by a
majority of the resident freeholders owning more than half the lands,
must be presented to the county commissioners, and must have been
published two weeks before being presented. The qualified electors
are resident freeholders who have paid a property tax in the district
within a year preceding the election at which they are to vote. A
two-thirds vote is necessary to carry the organization of a district,
but a majority vote will carry a bond issue. Bonds may not be sold
for less than 95 per cent of their face value, but may be issued in
payment for works or materials. Taxes for the payment of interest
and sinking fund are levied at a flat rate per acre, but maintenance
and operation costs may be raised by either tolls or assessments, or
both.

In all of the States the limitation on the price at which bonds may
be sold is a dead letter, because of the fact that they may be issued
in payment for works. It is customary to arrange with some con-
tractor for the building of the proposed works or for the purchase of
works already built on the basis of payment in bonds, and the price
is fixed accordingly. A recent newspaper report states that the bonds
of a certain district in a State where bonds may not be sold below 95
were taken by the contractor at 37 cents. In other words, the people
of that district are paying nearly three prices for their work.

GENERAL LEGISLATION.

The water laws of many of the arid States contain statements of
principles and definitions which show the attitude of the legislators,
although they may not affect the administration of the laws. Most of
them have declarations as to the ownership of the waters of the
streams and other sources of water supply, some declaring that such
waters are the property of the State and some that it belongs to the
public, the difference in theory being that if the water belongs to the

RECENT IRRIGATION LEGISLATION, 4138

State it can administer it as proprietor, while if it belongs to the public
the State administers it as sovereign, under its police powers. This
seems to be largely an academic question, and the new laws passed
since 1905 in New Mexico and South Dakota declare water to belong
to the public, while Nevada repealed a similar declaration and in 1907
declared it to be the property of the State. The Oregon law adopted
in 1909 makes no declaration on this point, providing that ‘subject
to existing rights, all waters within the State may be appropriated
for beneficial use.”’

Wyoming in 1909 incorporated in its laws a definition of a water
right which is interesting. It is as follows:

A water right is a right to use the water of the State, when such right has been
acquired by beneficial application of water under the laws of the State relating thereto,
and in conformity with the rules and regulations dependent thereon. Beneficial use
shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of right to use water at all times, not ex-
ceeding in any case the statutory limit of volume.

This is followed by a clause giving the relation of rights to water for
different uses, as follows:

Preferred uses.—Water may be condemned for preferred uses, as follows: First:
Drinking by man or beast. Second: Water for municipal purposes. Third: Water for
steam engines and for general railway use. Fourth: Water for culinary, laundry,
bathing, refrigerating (including manufacture of ice), and for steam and hot-water
heating plants. The use of water for irrigation shall be superior and preferred to any
use where turbine or impulse water wheels are installed for power purposes.

The procedure embraces a public notice, an inspection and hearing if necessary,
and an order by the board of control.

Oregon is one of the few States containing arid lands in which
riparian rights are recognized, and for many years this has stood in
the way of the adoption of laws providing for the diversion and use
of water on nonriparian lands. The 1909 law recognizes riparian
rights made use of in the past but abrogates them for the future,
the clause covering that point being as follows (Laws 1909, ch. 216,
sec. 70):

Nothing in this act shall impair any vested right. Use of water by riparian owners
prior to this act confers a right to the extent of use. If riparian owner has in good faith
begun works at time of this act, the right to take and use such water is deemed vested,
but board of control may fix date for completion.

The people of Colorado seem to be apprehensive of the encroach-
ments of the Federal Government on the State’s control of both lands
and waters within the State, and in 1909 the legislature authorized the
attorney-general to—
investigate acts of the Federal Government in regard to public lands in the State of
Colorado, and in regard to the waters of the State; and to institute such suits as he may
deem necessary in the name of the State to determine whether or not the Federal
Government is encroaching upon or usurping the rights and powers of the State to the
detriment of the interests of the people, or in any way in Colorado violating the lawe
or the Constitution of the United States,

414 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

Twenty thousand dollars was appropriated to cover the expenses
incurred.

Rapid development along irrigation lines has taken place in Texas
during the last few years, and the State has no adequate system of
laws for controlling or supervising this development. To meet this
condition the legislature in 1909 authorized the commissioner of
agriculture to investigate and report upon the present system of irri-
gation within the State, including—

The cost of maintenance and operation of the same, the character and kind of irriga-
tion plants which result in the greater saving to the users of water, the class and charac-
ter of water contracts entered into by the various canal companies; he shall also inquire
into the reasonableness and fairness of rates being charged for water by the various
canal companies in the State, and from time to time shall make public the result of
the inquiries; he shall collect and publish statistics and other information regarding the
irrigation of rice and other crops as may be of benefit in developing and collecting a
more efficient system of laws, safeguarding and defining the rights of users and sellers
of water for irrigation purposes; and he shall make up and file an annual report on the
same with such recommendations as he may deem beneficial to the industry, which
report shall be filed with the governor and transmitted to the legislature, and he is to
employ an engineer and expert.

Taken as a whole, the legislation in the years since 1905 has marked
quite an advance in the adequate public control of the diversion of
water from public streams. New Mexico and Oregon have adopted
codes in general similar to those of the other States. Montana has
provided for maintaining complete lists of rights on streams already
adjudicated, while most of the States have amended their laws to
strengthen the weak places which have developed.

The amendments to irrigation district laws have been in the direc-
tion of equity in allowing a voice to nonresident property owners,
which must prove of advantage in lessening attacks upon the validity
of the organization of districts.

That there is a considerable interest in the adoption of adequate
laws in the States which have not such laws at present is evidenced
by the provision for investigations in Texas, by the appointment of a
commission to draft laws by the governor of the State of Washington,
and the agitation for similar action in some of the other States.

RECLAMATION OF THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA
WET PRAIRIE LANDS.

By A. D. Morenouse,®@ Office Engineer, Drainaze Investigations.
INTRODUCTION.

In the conquest of the country the heavily timbered areas of the
East have been subdued, the vast prairie lands of the Middle West
have been settled, the riches of the west coast have yielded of their
stores, the waterless regions of the Great American Desert have
broken into verdure under the magic of irrigation, and ‘‘dry farming”
has brought into productiveness immense sections of land once con-
sidered worthless. However, throughout the space of the several
centuries which have witnessed this wonderful development, one of the
richest sections of the country’s great domain has lain unused and
unproductive; first, clothed in the mystery cast upon it by its Spanish
ownership, and later, since its acquisition by the United States, asso-
ciated in the minds of men with visions of pestilential swamps, deemed
worthy only of neglect owing to the supposed difficulties of its recla-
mation, and never thought to be a region whose wonderful agricultural
possibilities would test the credulity of men.

Within the last few years all this has changed and the alluvial prai-
rie lands of southern Louisiana are coming into their own. Formed
by the richest soils of the whole Mississippi Valley, brought down for
centuries by that river and its tributaries and deposited here by every
recurring flood, they form now ‘‘the most fertile agricultural lands of
the State, equaled by few and surpassed by none in the world in pro-
ductive capacity,’ as described by Doctor Hilgard in writing of this
region.

FORMATION OF THE LANDS.

Recent borings to a depth of 3,170 feet in the vicinity of Houma
have failed to penetrate this layer of sediment, and at a depth of 2,400
feet pieces of fairly preserved wood have been encountered. Owing

@ This article is based on reports to the chief of drainage investigations, by A. M.
Shaw, ©. E., New Orleans, La., and Prof. W. B. Gregory, M. E., Tulane University,
of their investigations made during 1909, and also upon data furnished by C. W. Okey,
assistant drainage engineer, who is continuing the work of this Office during 1910 in
southern Louisiana, All quotations not otherwise credited are from the above-men-
tioned reports, the portions referring to pumping equipment being by Professor Gregory

and the rest by Mr. Shaw.
415

416 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

to the fact that the soil is water-laid material, nothing coarser than
river sand is encountered except the overlying layer of humus formed
by the decaying vegetation. A typical section of these lands would
show a layer of humus or muck 2 or 3 feet thick overlying a grayish
or drab clay subsoil composed of very fine particles, which when sat-
urated form a tough, impervious mass. Layers of sand of varying
thickness are encountered in this clay subsoil, and occasionally no
clay stratum intervenes between the humus and sand. The surface
soil is from a few inches to 5 feet or more in thickness. #

NATURAL LEVEES.

The embankments or natural levees along all the bayous and
streams with which this region abounds, and those along the Missis-
sippi, are formed by the constant overflows. They are composed of
coarser sand than the clay subsoil of the prairies, as this latter was
deposited in the more slowly moving waters away from the main cur-
rents of the streams. This point, as well as the fact that the natural
drainage is away from the river, is well brought out by the following
from A Preliminary Report upon the Bluff and Mississippi Alluvial
Lands of Louisiana, by W. W. Clendenin,” written a few years since:

With every flood the river now overflows its flood plain and deposits rauch of the
sediment from its headwaters. As with a slight increase in velocity the transporting
power is vastly increased, so with a slight checking of velocity, as occurs over the flood
plain outside of the channel, deposit takes place. As the greatest decrease in velocity
takes place near the channel, there the heaviest and coarsest sediment is deposited,
and in greatest quantity. The river banks are thus built higher by each flood and a
system of natural levees is produced. There is thus a marked difference in the “‘front
lands”’ and the ‘‘back lands”’ along the river. The former are higher and coarser tex-
tured than the latter, and therefore much more easily cultivated and drained.

Drainage from the very channel margin is away from the river, and, unless forced by
the topography of the land, will not reach the river proper, but unite with some outlet
of the river produced during some extraordinary flood period and kept open by the
escape of water during ordinary periodic flood stages. As the feeders of the river are
called tributaries, these outlets have not inaptly been styled distributaries.

The water in breaking over the banks and spreading over the
marshes in sheets was gradually lessened in velocity, thus gradually
dropping its load of sand and silt and causing a delicate gradation
of soil texture to the finest river silt far out in the marshes. These
natural levees and those that have been constructed, and the
improved methods of closing crevasses in the levees, have reduced
the danger from general overflows to a minimum; and whereas this
has prevented much damage which would be caused by the cutting
out of new channels and the destruction of much valuable property,
it has also checked the building up of the lowlands and their natural

4 For a discussion of these soils, see U.S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations of the Bureau
of Soils, 1903, p. 439.
> Louisiana Stas. Rpt. Geology and Agriculture, Pt. LV, p. 263.

410d x90] avau NosBq

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RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 417

sae ihe FEET

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418 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

conversion from marshes to well-drained fields. Thus it is that
nature has forced upon man the necessity of exercising his ingenuity
and labor in wresting these productive lands from their water-ridden
state, even as centuries ago the brave and industrious Hollanders
wrested their empire from the sea.

Many of the streams and bayous now isolated have served in times
past as mouths of the Mississippi or as overflow outlets in times of
flood, and they have been instrumental in the distribution of the rich
silt-laden waters and in the gradual advance of the coast line.

Even before the construction of the artificial levee system, there was no raising
ef the general level of the marshes during periods of normal flow and probably little
sedimentation of the river bed excepting at its mouth, the most of the material which
was carried in suspension to the lower portion of the river being carried out and
deposited in the Gulf. As the river rose, however, the waters constantly sought
additional outlets through the various bayous of the delta country. At times of
extreme high water there was a general breaking over the banks of the river and
its outlets. It is probable that the most of the building up of the lands above sea
I¢vel has been done at such times.

The fact of the silt-bearing capacity of water being directly
dependent upon the velocity is clearly demonstrated by observing
the natural embankments formed by streams of various sizes. In
the case of smaller streams when the water overflows, its force is soon
spent and the silt is quickly deposited near the stream, forming
narrow ridges with steep side slopes, while those formed by large
streams are broad with slight slopes. Three typical examples, show-
ing this difference and the manner in which the land surface has
been raised on the marshes, are given in figure 1, A, B, and C.

The sections were taken as follows:

A—From the right bank of the Mississippi River across the Willswood plantation,
about 10 miles above New Orleans. This section is about 2 miles long and a part
of the lands crossed have been under cultivation for a great many years, while these
farthest from the river were reclaimed only twelve or fifteen years ago. The lower-
ing of the surface of the cultivated and drained fields due to the shrinkage of humus
soils is here well illustrated. There are many examples of highlands having been
built up for much greater distances from the river than this, but as such accretions
are indirect, on account of being formed by a number of small bayous or temporarily
contracted areas of overflow which assisted in maintaining the velocity, these have
not been considered as being typical.

B—The right bank of Bayou La Fourche at Lockport, extending back through the
village of Lockport and the lands of the Smithport Planting Company to Lake Fields.
Until 1903, Bayou La Fourche served as an overflow outlet for the Mississippi River,
the opening at Donaldsonville not having been permanently closed until that year.

‘\—This is a very small bayou running through the lands of Dr. I. D. Fay, about
4 miles west of Lockport. The abrupt rise of the ridge from the surrounding marshes
is especially noticeable and is characteristic of smaller bayous.

Important exceptions to the foregoing general statement as to the relation between
the size of bayous and the ridges built by them are frequently found. Prominent

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 419

among those are the Bayou L’Ourse, in the southeastern part of La Fourche Parish,
and the Wax and Little Wax bayous, in St. Mary Parish. Bayou L’Ourse is an insig-
nificant stream, occupying the center of a long and important ridge. It is probable
that at one time this bayou served as an outlet for the La Fourche or possibly of some
predecessor of the latter bayou, draining in a more easterly direction through Bayou
P'ne Take Fields, and Long Lake. Wax and Little Wax bayous are streams of erosion
rather than of sedimentation and have been formed wholly or in part by the action
of storms and the tidal flow which is quite strong along this portion of the coast. Asa
result, the bayous are bordered by the marsh or by very low ridges. Both streams are
from 10 to 50 feet in depth and 100 to 200 feet in width.

From the foregoing discussion it is seen that these lands may not
in general be drained through gravity outlets in the ordinary way,
but that it is necessary to surround them by levees or embankments
and then, by the construction of an interior drainage system of ditches,
lead the drainage water to some convenient point from which it is
pumped over the embankment into the adjacent stream or bayou.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATIONS.

The development of these lands is now progressing with such
rapidity that the United States Department of Agriculture, through
Drainage Investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations, decided
in the spring of 1909 to make a study of the various conditions
entering into the reclamation of these most valuable lands.

The engineers making the investigation were charged to deter-
mine the volume of water, or percentage of the rainfall, which it is
necessary to pump from the fields in order to secure adequate drain-
age of these soils; the area of the field surface occupied by ditches,
and the depth, width, and arrangement of the ditches and the levees
required in a drainage system; the influence of bad physical condi-
tion of ditches upon the efficiency of the system; the distance from
the ground surface at which the water table should be maintained;
the difference in the level of the water in the ditches while the pumps
were in operation; the percentage of saturation or the quantity of
water which the soil should contain when in the best condition for
growing crops.

Accordingly, four reclaimed tracts of land were chosen in the
vicinity of New Orleans, which were regarded as having good ditch
systems, coupled with ample pumping capacities, and, as practically
no information was extant as to the relation of rainfall to the result-
ing run-off from these lands, rain gauges were established on each
tract and continuous rainfall records kept, in order to compare them
with the pumping records for the same period.

The following gives a brief description of the tracts in question,
including their pumping machinery equipment, and also describes
a new tract, District No. 3, which is being reclaimed in the spring
of 1910.

420 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACTS.
WILLSWOOD PLANTATION—2,400 ACRES.

The plantation as shown by figure 2 fronts on the Mississippi about
10 miles above New Orleans and is crossed by the Southern Pacific
Railway. The tract was enlarged twelve years ago, necessitating the
digging of new canals and the replacing of the old wheel pump by
an up-to-date pumping plant. Sugar cane is grown principally, but

LEGEND

Levee.

Heaaane ano Roane
Restavown CANA =
Cocerne Oicus, Tae
Paorcarr Lines —->
fieco Larena.s. ———

Of

ETURTINC

Le AAV UTA

Va.

NG. a
One ae
MATS

Z

FAUCHAUX

ANT 4
FR

Lf SOL ASON Aa

Fic. 2.—Map of Willswood plantation, Waggaman, Jefferson Parish, La., showing ditch and
levee system.

some corn and cowpeas are also raised, cultivation having taken place
for a number of years.

Steam for the three following pumping units is furnished by two
water-tube boilers and one return tubular boiler, crude oil for fuel
and a feed water heater being used.

(1) One 40,000 gallons per minute maximum capacity rotary
chamber-wheel pump, rope driven from a 16 by 24 automatic, non-
condensing engine.

(2) One 42-inch by 16-inch Menge pump, connected by a rope drive
and a bevel gear to a 16 by 24 automatic, noncondensing engine.

An. Rpt. Office ot Experiment Stations, 1909. ; PLATE XV.

FIG. 1.—WILLSWOOD PLANTATION, ST. CHARLES PARISH, LA., SHOWING PUMPING PLANT
AND MAIN RESERVOIR, WITH LEVEE ON RIGHT BANK.

Fia. 2.—INTERIOR VIEW OF PUMPING PLANT, WILLSWOOD PLANTATION, ST. CHARLES
PARISH, LA., SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINERY.

i i
- bd , *
A
- f j a p
” ’ bd ‘
\ 4 {
Pal
.
* °
f, >| > i) a
> a as
. F, *

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 421

(3) One centrifugal pump with 36-inch diameter discharge pipe,
direct-connected to a double vertical engine.

Pumps 1 and 2 discharge into open flumes at an average head on pump of about 10
feet, which is about 5 feet greater than is necessary. Pump 3 has a siphon on the dis-
charge pipe, but the end is not always submerged.

The pumping plant, with the main reservoir leading to it, is illus-
trated in Plate XV, figure 1, while Plate XV, figure 2, gives an

LEGEND
Levee VvVTYTTT"
Field Laterats ————
Collecting ond £qvalizing Canal me
@eservor Cara =————

SCALE 'N FECT
1000 1300 2000 2500 3000

Fic. 3.—Map of Smithport plantation, Lockport, La Fourche Parish, La., showing arrangement of
ditches and levees.

interior view of the pumping plant. The direct-connected centrifugal
pump appears in the background.

SMITHPORT PLANTING COMPANY TRACT—647 ACRES.

This tract adjoining the village of Lockport, La Fourche Parish,
has been recently reclaimed, a large portion of it from Fields Lake.
Although it is all drained by well-made lateral ditches placed 200 feet
apart, but a small part was put under cultivation previous to 1909.
As will be seen from the map (fig. 3), the tract is well shaped and

499 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

one well adapted to a regular layout of ditches. In this respect it has
the advantage of either of the other two plantations.

The pumping plant consists of two Menge pumps with impellers of
32 inches by 12 inches and 24 inches by 8 inches, running, respectively,
at 230 and 330 revolutions per minute. Each pump is rope driven
by a slide-valve noncondensing engine, while steam is supplied by a
100-horsepower return tubular boiler, no feed water heater being used.

DISTRICT No. 2—940 ACRES.

Located 5 miles west of the village of Raceland, La Fourche Parish,
this plantation is as yet only partly under cultivation and the system
of ditches is not complete. On account of a very thick top layer of
humus of only partly decayed vegetation, good drainage is secured
with lateral drains spaced several hundred feet apart instead of at
distances as shown on the map (fig. 4).

Two 32-inch by 12-inch Menge pumps are used, one belt-driven,
and the other rope-driven by two 12 by 16 slide-valve noncondensing
engines. Two 60-horsepower locomotive-type boilers furnish the
steam.

Plate XVI, figure 1, a typical marsh scene, shows the wild grasses
common to this section. It is a view of a portion of District No. 2
before reclamation. Plate XVI, figure 2, gives a view of the same
district after reclamation, showing the levee as constructed and also
Bayou False, which serves as an outlet for these lands as well as for
the new tract adjoining them, which is described later.

Plate XVII, figure 1, is an excellent view of a modern Menge pump-
ing installation at La Branch, La. It is very similar to that instailed
for District No. 2 near Raceland.

NEW ORLEANS LAND COMPANY TRACT—1,380 ACRES.

Although inside the city limits of New Orleans, this tract has but
recently been inclosed by protection levees. Originally heavily
timbered with cypress and gum, there are still many of the small trees
standing, and thus far only a few main canals have been dug, as is
shown by figure 5. These canals vary in width from 14 to 40 feet,
and interior lateral ditches will be constructed later. Drainage is
secured by gravity into the city sewer system, and thus this tract
differs from the other three in requiring no pumping installation.

DISTRICT No. 3—2,400 ACRES.

This is a new project lying between Raceland and Lake Fields, in
La Fourche Parish, and it embraces the latest practices as to ditch
arrangement and modern pumping equipment. The soil is typical
turf land and the surface elevation is 3 to 6 feet above mean tide.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909. PLATE XVI.

FiG. 1.—TYPICAL WET PRAIRIE SCENE, SHOWING WILD Grasses. District No. 2, NEAR
RACELAND, LA FOURCHE PARISH, LA.

Fic. 2.—DistrictT No. 2, NEAR RACELAND, LA FOURCHE PaRriSH, LA., AFTER RECLAMATION,
SHOWING BAYOU FALSE, USED AS AN OUTLET FOR THESE LANDS, WITH LEVEE ON RIGHT
BANK.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations. 1909 PLATE XVII.

FiG. 1.—MODERN PUMPING PLANT AT LA BRANCH, ST. CHARLES PARISH, LA., SHOWING
OUTLET CANAL AND DISCHARGE FROM PUMPS.

Fic. 2.—OUTLET CANAL ON A LARGE SUGAR PLAN-
TATION IN SOUTHERN LOUISIANA, SHOWING IT COM-
PLETELY FILLED WITH WATER HYACINTHS.

‘
c

42

OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS.

RECLAMATION

= — —— ~
SSS ee ees ees
——_.——* 24,

ond,

er aeep
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Je

Resience Of J B.Hits ana location

or Raiw GAavce

|
=
F

ce em ee ee es ce ces i es ee ee oes

lh

LEGEND

sConitcrine Direnes
darcna Direnes

Aerenvon CANA‘

heves
Rosot

poy Surtuiny =

1200

SCALE IN FCET

Fig. 4.—Map of Drainage District No. 2, near Raceland, La Fourche Parish, La., showing ditch and

levee system.

New GAsin CANAL.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

40 foot Cara.

40 foot Canal

/4 foot Carnal

AO foot Cana/. ,
£9 foot Cana/

Water Register

This Corner arains
rect into city Arains
and rot over Weir.

Main Outtall Canal Crty Drainage System.

LEGEND.
Levee.
CANALS.
PAILROAODS.

SCALE IN
° 600 1000 1800

City Pumping Station,
NP?

if;

FEET
2000 2500

Fic. 5.—Sketch map of New Orleans Land Company tract, New Orleans, La., showing arrangement of

ditches and levees.

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 425

The map (fig. 6), shows the reservoir canals which are 40 feet wide
and 6 to 8 feet deep, and the collecting ditches, which have a bottom
width of 24 to 3 feet and a depth of 4 feet. The laterals are spaced
210 feet apart, and are made 3 feet deep with bottom widths of 14
to 2 feet. The pumping equipment consists of two 30-inch Law-

2

Laterals

M79 CN ELL

DISTRICT NO.

Purnping Plann

LEGEND
Livee voeew
Roaas od
CANALES =_—_IEE
Coseccrime Direnes ===
F1ti OO LATERALE -_—--

SCALE IN FEET
° 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
—————

Fic. 6.—Map of Drainage District No. 3, near Raceland, La Fourche Parish, La., outlining arrangement
of ditches and levees.

rence centrifugal pumps discharging under water, so that the lift
varies between 24 and 5 feet, according to the stage of water in
Bayou False, which takes the discharge. Direct-connected to the
pumps are two 100-horsepower vertical engines, steam being supplied
by two locomotive-type boilers.

426 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

MEASUREMENTS OF RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF.

The calculations of run-off were made from the logs kept at the various pumping
plants, each pump having previously been rated. Most of the discharge flumes are
rectangular in section and open at the top, permitting the use of weirs for making
measurements of the water pumped. These measurements were simplified by the
fact that each pumping unit was equipped with a separate discharge flume. Pumps
discharging through pipes were rated by means of a Pitot tube.

The run-off from the New Orleans Land Company tract was obtained by means of
weir measurements. A 4-foot weir is placed in the main ditch and discharges into a
flume, which in turn empties into the drainage canal leading to city drainage station
No. 7. The weir and flume are covered by a small tent house in which is located a
recording gauge or water register. The cross section of the canal is large back of the
weir, insuring complete contraction, so that the measurements are unusually accurate,
and the Francis weir formula applies. Two rain gauges are now located on different
sides of the tract and the mean of the records is used in calculations of rainfall.

Records were kept continuously from June 1, 1909, to January 1,
1910, with the exception of those of the New Orleans Land Company
tract. These latter started June 16, but were interrupted on Sep-
tember 20, 1909, by a breaking of the city levees and the consequent
shutting down of the city’s pumping plants, due to the severest hur-
ricane known to this section sweeping in from the Gulf of Mexico.
Backwater from Lake Pontchartrain and the accumulation of the
city drainage water prevented normal conditions from being estab-
lished till October 9, when the records were continued. In the fol-
lowing tabulation of raimfall and run-off data the records of this
storm are not included in those of the last-named tract:

Comparative rainfall and run-off data for four experimental tracts.

: serge Save New Orleans
Smithport. Willswood. District No. 2. Land Ca
|

Month Inch Sa |S2| ines, | 2a |pe| tone. (Ba (oop PE

Month. nches. Ag | Eg nches. a EA ches. AS eg ches. ar

_— we | Be eo | Be | He 28 es

- : | eo | 38 | | , a6 es 4 96/3 ‘ \o90

S|) ee fee (Ce BS lee | as [EP] 8 ee) as l(t?! Ss | ae legs

6/59/58 icyu| @ | 388/88 /os| @ 83] S98 los] a Sola

ele {ball | a |a° | a8 l2°| & |e? les (oo) ao lee les
ere ng aa
Jnune..2--sc8 10.63 | 4.20 | 39.5 | 12 |10.42 | 5.18 | 49.6 9 | 9.62 | 2.26 | 23.5 | 14] 2.15 | 0.62 | 28.8
Jaiyes: 26 2.19} .44/20.1| 2] 5.64] .67 } 11.9] 3| 5.87] .63|10.7| 7/672] .84| 12.5
August..... 8.62 | 3:42 | 39.7 6 | 7.62 | 2.97 | 39.0 9 | 6.68 | 1.24 | 18.6 | 10] 5.34 | 1.22 | 22.7
September..| 5.61 | 2.69 | 47.8) 7 | 6.42 | 2.44 | 38.0 5 | 6.12} 2.42 | 39.7) 7] 1-41] .24) 17.0
October. ...| 2.90 | 1.62 | 55.8) 4| 4.23] .84/ 19.9] 511.98] .52/26.2) 3/ 3.45] 1.43 / 41.5
November. .] 2.00 |...... ee ae | 1.46] .50| 34.2} 4] .90] .08/ 88 1 | 1.26] .67 | 53.6
December. .| 5.26 | 3.44 | 65.4 | 10! 6.79 | 3.39 49.9 | 10 | 6.05 | 1.35 | 22.3 6 | 7.43 | 4.97 | 66.9
Total. .|36.21 |15.81 | 43.7 | 41 /42.58 |15.99 | 37.6 | 45 37.22 8.50 | 22.8 | 48 27.76 | 9.99 36.0

|

Average percentage of run-off to rainfall for the four tracts, 35.

As the investigations cover such a short period of time, care must
be exercised in making deductions from the results as shown. The
records are still being continued, however, so that more reliable con-
clusions can be made at some later time.

It will be seen that during August the pumps in District No. 2
were operated on ten days, although the actual amount of run-off
was small. This was due to the fact that it was desired to maintain

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 427

a certain stage of water to insure the successful operation of an
hydraulic dredge which was engaged in clearing and deepening the
reservoir canal.

The data which have been collected would indicate that a much greater run-off
may be expected from the better ditched and fully cultivated lands than from those
that are more nearly in a natural state. While this may be true, it is probable that a
long series of uninterrupted records will show a less striking variation. It will be
noted that the records on the New Orleans Land Company tract did not begin until
the effects of the 5-inch rainfall of the first part of June had passed and that they
were suspended during and after the severe storm of September 20, thus not includ-
ing the heaviest storms of the season, with the exception of that of December, when
the rainfall was heavy and mostly fell in a few hours’ time, thus giving the largest
percentage of run-off of any recorded. The decreased evaporation of December no
doubt also increased the run-off.

Owing to the fact that at times of extreme high water a few acres
are drained by gravity on the Willswood plantation, it is probable
that the run-off records for that tract show a slightly less quantity
than they should.

The fact is well known that very heavy storms cause a larger per-
centage of run-off than smaller ones, but for storms of all magnitudes
there is a variation in the ratio of run-off to rainfall, due to the
varying conditions of the soil and to its character and state of mois-
ture, the duration of the storm, amount of evaporation and seepage,
slope of ditches and fields, and arrangement and capacity of reser-
voirs, manner of pumping, and probably to other causes not yet
determined. In the table below, the records of a few typical heavy
storms are presented for the Smithport and Willswood plantations,
as they more nearly represent normal agricultural conditions than
the two other experimental tracts and -they also were under the
closest observation. On account of the effects of preceding and
succeeding storms it is difficult always to determine the effect of a
single storm, eonsequentiy errors are liable to arise. It will be seen
that the percentages for the two tracts are very nearly equal and that
the combined percentage of 50.8 for the three storms recorded
is much higher than the combined percentage of 35 for the four
tracts for the six-months period shown in the table on page 426. |

Precipitation and run-off from heavy storms, Smithport and Willswood plantations.

Smithport. | Willswood,
|
| Precipi- Precipi- | 4
tation, | R¥D-off- | ‘tation. | Run-off.

Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
Son 1a DR pe bie p32 gl Sete. oh edit Aa 2! 4g ot «ome i 5. 34 2.33 5. 25 3. 29
petemner dD £020). 2. s6 2. .bo5ch operands des Ha ew ew cwne.c8 ae 3.95 2.70 4.44 2.29
SRI AUF GL on watan force meat kako eadde IE Te eae 2.23 1.00 3.00 . 8
26

ee PN Aes A SY 2583) 11. 52 6.03 | 12. 69 6.2

fotal for both stations: Precipitation, 24.21; run-off, 12.29. Ratio of run-off to precipitation, 50.8 per
gent.

428 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A comparison of the effect of heavy and light storms, respectively,
may be made from the following table, which gives the daily rainfall
and run-off record from June to October, inclusive, for the Wills-
wood plantation, as well as the corresponding heights of water in
the reservoir canal.

Excepting as affected for short periods by rains and by pumping, the height of
water in the reservoir canals represents fairly accurately the height of ground water
of the lower lands. This is notably true of the Willswood tract, where the lowlands
are porous and allow a quick adjustment of water level following a change in level
in the canals. As an indication of the effect of evaporation, including the transpira-
tion of the vegetation, the record for the month of July, as shown in the table below,
is especially interesting. The month was begun with the soil well moistened by
showers late in June, yet, with a precipitation of 1.17 inches from July 1 to 19 there
was a rise of only 24 inches in the reservoir, while from July 5 to 19, with a precipita-
tion of 0.99 inch, there was an actual lowering of the water level in the canal.

Daily rainfall and run-off, Willswood plantation .2

June. July. August. September. October.

Day ; & : ir hans = - S
: 2/3 /2)8 |§&8|3a)%3 | 5a| a) 3 | Sa) aes
Bl) es iee Pes, s | a pes | Se gol) Sach Se ee ae
a 3 a 3 © & Shs © &o a) @ to BI 3} & bo
fa iso a | & & Go | & fon] i.) | FA foe] foe] io)
In. In In. |) Ink) Rivin| In. in. \Feias ia} Wn.
j ee ae Oe GY eee 0:22 | se ace Be N05|0, 66k 4 lek pxiete
yeh ae |} 4.10 | 0.88 ma Uy Shee 4 8 .48/ 0.20) 5 1 ese ee
) Renee | 1.00} 1.42 O28). 2322 Ue el er ee Oo esses
At eee ee S76 ees), OF PUR a saak it. Bae A won
eee nea BAT Pe eee eee ASAD G Osos el eee A Tia ares
Boo SS ARS ESS Nes Poel Da OS! [bart Pal tee UM Boece Ron eee o ides
eee ps ee Pes ieee oles ci eee aed Were +5! eee ees 5 eae

a Taken from report by A. M. Shaw.

A few records of pumping operations are available, covering a
greater length of time than those given above, but the lack of essen-
tial details makes them of little value for the purpose of the calcula-
tion of run-off. An approximate idea can be gained, however, as to
the amount of pumping necessary in order to maintain the water

429

table at the proper height for profitable cultivation. The table be-
low gives the daily pumping record of the Willswood plantation for
1907 and 1908 and was compiled by Mr. Shaw from the diary of
the engineer in charge of the pumping plant. In the last column is
given the corresponding monthly rainfall for the entire period. Com-
paring the two years, it is seen that during 1907 it took 14.8 hours’
pumping for each inch of the 66.32 inches of rainfall, whereas in 1908
the pumps ran 12.9 hours per inch for the 51.06 inches of rainfall in
that year. This on its face would seem to indicate that the uneven
distribution of the rainfall throughout the year, as well as the fact
that one part of the plantation may receive a very heavy precipita-
tion during certain storms while only a small shower may affect the
rest of the land, has but slight effect on the general yearly average,
and that year by year the ratio of the necessary pumping to the
rainfall will be fairly constant.

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS.

Daily pumping record for 1907 and 1908, Willswood plantation.

Day of month.

9. 30. | 11. | 12.{13.|34. | 15. { 16. a7. |18.| 19. | 20.
es a eee) ee ee lad Og meses Prey eed to nd ai
a aed PE eee is Bie EL ee See ea hae
A rege ph 1 Pe Syl De | ch ph AE | ll p(t | eM age
oy ern Pe ae itl ee ere Nekoi oateella mie al a Pod MeO S tious
PEL Or ene elo eal eel ollie |---- 9
AYER: Cex al Laas cE PaaS | I= TRY ee (Sa (a es Pa

Be re Ree eed ee ee ee abe
EAS a eee ede ARO Fi ol ee AS (gl ea Na
Se. mie Wi etd a DI oe
Seal FB ae oie i 4 be EN Decale [ool ge 12:
12 |. aE EA ok
caf del dae este Pea Ee
18 | 24 rg ae Pes
Se) A) eS PS se) te oy ee A ee ee | Bee re] ae | FS Ree
bo 8 ae peal (os Piha, alee J Sot Me oeche.. Pi be
Le oni Seal ge, | 12 Pr We a Fat 8 he:

i cl oe ee Jae

Day of month.
Total |
Month. —— aah SS days | Total
i ron rainfall.
a1.|22.| 23,|24.| 25. | 26. | 27 |
. 1907. |

BIDET as adicd dlés dels wel aeselice » 6 CR Pa OPS oe ee | Se 4 2.14
vl ee S| ae ee Ses ae 12 Te lee ty eae oe, ee | ee 4 4. 47
EE leg EES ECS Sel en ers leer) Se) LN AE age 3 2.30
D1 | Ee ee ee 18 | 18 | 12 12 24| 24 10 13.18
pee Sas} SD 12). 52.3310 Bae 16 14.74
JUNC. ccs ee ace... tbat. Be Pe fer d| Seen ee 6 98
2 PSS ee | oe) Ge | Re (ee ee er! ee eg 0 4.47
NT | CaS | ae ee ere Pea pe ene if 5. 28
Depcerm bere behs: 5. lot vc|- alee. Aine sc-.|.s..0- t ae 2 5.31
SES Ge Ce ey ee eas ee Breer Re Es GRE “ogee 2 1.61
November...../.... 18| 12) 6 af D231 .2.| cae culecee ee 9 4.96
meaehelieas 18 | 24 | 24 24 24 ES i 2. ote 15 6. 88
ROME Te ocle nt led achh aeite Geel eons atawess clvdesaclweacoalen sees laa 72 66. 32

430 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Daily pumping record for 1907 and 1908, Willswood plantation—Continued.

Day of month. | Total | Total T
Month. RCI BEA hours | days nit
21. | 22. | 23. | 24.| 265. 26. 27. | 28. 29. 30. 3i. run. run,
1908. | mee | | | |
JGNUGIY.... cota « ee ge ARO Pee Bd A ees Mak 1D" }.. ana lec csp viereee 151 ll 4.50
February...... Ey] Pee Dee ON) es ape ee pera LACS | eee Be 111 8 4.14
Marais.) fetes. 43/2 o2 1 ET MOUS. oe 1 ae ee eles aga) Paes ee [ee 27 3 3. 28
re | ee ae locrtechitvne lates! teen Geis Se Prem oe mee ie Ts 42 4 1.34
ES ale a ey Se eo ee Be Bay be eee Pear oan meee Pony fer ol, ie a 1 ELA. 54 5 4.77
DI so oat i ee a | ~ Spe he cate as 0 ie 68 | Se | 5 5 2.39
eae ed oral Lae PORES Web PRS Rs a eI ab ea ae 12; 1} 11.03
pT eee’ eee ee se ee eee eg Ree ree |e seo epee ee (sR 72 7 5. 65
September. ....|...- er ces ees VEN ed a 105 8} 10.70
October. ....... eS S| ee pe eee enema br ae ne neon a awe 2 APA Fess 0 0 -78
INOVemibens .- sth else sl--e- ee as be A eps [ARs (eta re, yi 18 2 - 69
December...... nb Ba EE | BEE aS ED ee een omelet] ee ee aly Sed Sf 12 1 1.79
Rote At ie ee ig Psat a i dl FRR rate Ba. | 658 55 | 51.06

The mean annual rainfall at New Orleans amounts to 57 inches. There is a slight
increase in precipitation in the extreme southeastern part of the State, while it drops
off to about 50 inches at Cameron, which is in the western part near the Gulf coast.
At Shreveport, about 200 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, the average precipitation is
46 inches. The table below gives the rainfall by months for the past thirty-eight years
as recorded by the United States Weather Bureau Office in New Orleans.

Monthly rainfall record, United States Weather Bureau Station, New Orleans.

| Monthly and annual precipitation.

Wear. Til a — J aw sea
|
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.| Dee. | Year.
| | '
In. | In. | In. | In: | In. | In. | Ie. | In. | In| ope

i keyg Ue sas 6.75 1.59] 4.47) 2.29] 5.08| 8.61 4.34 | 7.21 6.59 | 9.09 | 7.14] 1.46 | 64.62
1 Ly eee Siege 5.10 | 4.77) 9.18 | 5.01 3.14| 5.34] 6.43 | 3.75 | 2.10) 3.18 | 7.43] 5.25 | 60.68
LK eee 5. 06 1.93 5.10 1.74 @18.68 6. 68 5.22 | 8.30 3.21 | 1.89 | 5.95 1.79 | 65.55
7, See | 1.68 | 3.68] 5.37 | 13.62 | 22) 9.62 |e12.93 | 4.82] 4.21 6 T.| 1.12] 3.27) 62.74
ty sie oaee 8.44 |@13. 85 10.84} 8.05| 2.53] 4.92] 6.57] 8.61] 7.89 | 2.09 | 6.79 | 5.15 |¢85.73
beg Bete teed | 4.43 8.20 | 11.32 6.41 7.10} 6.20 4.73 4.44 26 | .24) 4.385 | 9.57 | 67.25
NY fic. o ash 'a | 5.30} .98| 4.94] 4.79 1.48 | 2.75| 6.41 2.54 | 13.21 |@9.15 ae 4.96 | 63.09
L878: -cewaa 5. 36 3.50 | 4.63 1.51 8.11 7.35 6. 21 5.31 2.64 | 5.07 \@7.78 | 8.69 | 66.16
ATU crates ae 2.34 2.13 1.36 9.17 | 4.638 2.96 7.04 | 10.44 3.15 | 1.36 | 3.79 | 2.90 | 51.27
i. | 1.02 4.62 6. 66 6.88 6.55 6.43 | 11.22 4. 60 7.48 | 1.88 | 6.04 6.45 | 69.83
1 Fas Es SR a11.15 5. 80 2.75 3.92 3.20 2. 84 6.97 | 4.21 | 4.47 | 4.84 | 7.24 6.62 | 64.01
IRSZ 5-2. e 4.54 4.04 -92 4.83 6.83 | 2.71 6.84 | 9.47 1.59 | 2.16! 1.98 | 4.27 | 50.18
IBBS os asec: | 10.63 | 1.59 5.01 j@14. 20 5.41 (212.05 3.33 4.12 | b .25 | 3.43 | 6.36 3.47 | 69.85
1 ho ae 4.35 3.16 8. 24 6.48 4.33 8.60 4.12 | > .87 3.12 | 5.60 | 3.13 8.01 | 60.01
BBA SS e322 | 9.70 2.39 6.99 3.67 | 5.77 3.30 6.15 4.25 | 13.55 -56 | 3.47 4.38 | 64.18
FORO: = o.5.3+'- 7.53 1.96 8.41 5. 60 3.07 9.30 4.35 | 2.40} 4.09 -22 | 5.33 2.57 | 54.83
( e | 4.26 5.58 3.37 1.87 | 3.99 | 11.33 7.85 | 7.42 6.51 | 4.71 -52 7.56 | 64.97
ih a |} 3.29 | 11.21 6.45 1.89 9.75 9.09 | 62.02 |@22. 74 4.15 | 7.36 | 1.50 | 3.68 | 83.13
IBSO: 2 Loe: 6.51 2.7 3. 86 2.28 1.17 7.62 9.13 5.59 6. 40 .26 | 2.18 | 6 .67 | 48.45
TRO) ec 666). 2.27 1.45.) 3.46.]) 5.32)| ZZ 6.59 | 3.62] 2.85 | 5.24] .42]| 2.58 | 42.17
5 fo) I ersese 3.75 | 7.42 2.67 | > .26 - 76 4.45 4.57 1.69 3.43 | 2.38 | 3.31 3.93 | 38.
pt Paar | 5.87 | 6 .04 2.82 | 10.44 2.62 5. 46 7.46 6.96 6.33 | 2.14 | 3.55 3.22 | 56.
if. 1 ee 2.50} 4.92] 3.49] 3.70] 2.66| 5.30] 3.72] 4.56] 4.38 | 4.24 | 6.24] 2.31) 48.
{S04 32-52 1.76 | 11.06 5.94 4.71 1.79 5.19 | 11.51 7.32 -92 -89 | 1.34) 2.01 | 54.
[8952522553 7.19 3. 92 3.81 2. 58 7.95 9.74 6.07 6.79 1.97 | 1.21 -69 | 4.52] 56.
1806 228s | 2.33 2.78 5.29 4. 84 2. 80 8.23 2.92 | 3.31 5.26 | 5.33 | 2.82 | (3.77 | 49.
BBO acs one 1.92 4. 82 4.82 5.75 25 4.82 4.70 3.12 3.19 | 2.70 | 3.38 | 4.00] 43.
BSOS 3k te 1.71 | 6.20] 0.80] 2.80} 5.02) 3.79| 4.57] 6.24 |213.90 | 1.77 | 5.17 | 2.03 | 49.
See | 2.44] 2.93) 2.71 1.56 -14/ 7.80} 5.45) 231 -35 | .89|1.70| 2.79 |631.07
BORMD . ooe 3.69 | 5.46} 4.00] 10.69] 2.91 5.10 | 6.06} 4.19] 3.76 | 3.55 | 1.29] 5.61 | 56.
POON. =5- 2 4.24) 5.78) 4.26] 7.79| 1.08] 4.46| 10.71] 5.80} 3.30] 2.67] 2.78| 4.87 | 57.73
HOOD. Soc | 97 | 3.83 | 4.07] 3.71 1.56} 1.46| 4.24] 2.93/| 6.68 | 2.42 | 3.65] 6.09] 41.
Os ee | 4.01 | 10.20 |@14.61 -97| 1.11] 3.61] 7.17] 7.48| 3.32] .81 |5 .18] 3.71] 57.18
1904. 5.2.2 | 3.58] 1.52] 4.12] 1.94] 4.31] 5.59| 8.49] 5.83] 2.84] 1.20] 1.90] 2.37 | 43.69
A905... oe 6.31 | 5.32] 7.80] 5.89] 4.23] 7.55 | 3.93 | 3.95 | 11.09 | 5.95 | 3.62 |214.43 | 80.07
HONG: == 2: 2.57 | 2.254 5.538] 1.08 -70 | 4.39| 7.32] 4.88] 7.40] 1.08] 1.03] 3.36) 41.59
vet | ee 4 2.14} 4.47 | 2.30] 13.18 | 14.74 | 5.98) 4.47] 5.28] 5.31 | 1.61 | 4.96] 6.88 | 66.32 —
PODS 2 owes 4.50} 4.14) 3.28] 1.34] 4.77] 2.39) 11.03] 5.65] 10.70) .78| .69| 1.79) 51.06
Mean...... 4.46 | 4.56] 5.10] 5.02] 4.23 | 5.94) 6.39] 5.61| 5.05 | 2.89 | 3.62] 4.50 | 57.42 —

@ Highest monthly and annual. b Lowest monthly and annual.

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 431

METHODS OF RECLAMATION.
EARLY METHODS.

Some years ago systematic efforts looking toward the reclamation
of these fertile marsh lands began, and it is interesting to note that as
early as 1883-84, 1,300 acres were reclaimed by one company. Dur-
ing the great flood of 1884, however, the levees were broken and
further work ceased for the time. Later, Mr. J. B. Watkins reclaimed
a large area in southwestern Louisiana, and in ‘‘Tide Marshes of the
United States’’” he gives the following description of his methods:

Our plan of reclamation is to build dikes along the Gulf, rivers, lakes, and bayous of
sufficient height and strength to prevent overflow of each in the event of floods from
rain and storm tides, and in this we will be assisted by the natural levees found in many
places along these waters. We cut, parallel to each other, and one-half mile apart,
canals 18 feet wide and 6 feet deep. At right angles with these, at intervals of 24 miles,
we cut larger canals, thus forming the land into oblong blocks one-half mile by 24 miles,
each containing 800 acres. Across these blocks at proper intervals we cut lateral
ditches 30 inches deep by 8 inches wide at the bottom, flared to 30 inches wide at the
top.

The canals are cut, the levees formed, and the dikes are, to a considerable extent,
built by the use of powerful floating steam dredges. Smaller ditches are cut by ditchers
propelled by steam power, passing through but once, at the rate of 14 miles per hour.

At proper localities we erect automatic flood gates, by means of which we control the
stage of water in the canals, and the necessary volume of water is regulated to some
extent by the ebb and flow of the tide. This is supplemented by the use of powerful
wind pumps, and when the natural elements will not accomplish the work we readily
move upon the canals to the spot our ditching, plowing, and cultivating engines and
attach them topumps. Thus arranged, with control of the water, these blocks of land
are in condition for the most successful rice culture.

In the rice and sugar belt, in the southern part of the State, the land
ranges from 2 to 8 feet or more above mean gulf level, and the swamps,
bayous, bays, and rivers with which the section is interspersed furnish
the outlet system by which the drainage water may be carried to the
Gulf. In a majority of cases it is necessary to levee a partor all of a
plantation in order to protect it from the overflows in times of flood,
and, also, in regions near the gulf coast, to protect it from backwater
and high tides, especially at times when the prevailing southeast
winds are blowing. At such times the waters along inland streams
near the coast may be raised as much as from 3 to 5 feet from this
cause. In this connection might be mentioned the fact that on the
Matthews plantation in La Fourche Parish it was considered that
usually the pumps had to operate only after a rainfall of 4 inches or
more in twenty-four hours, but when the southern winds made high
tides in the bayou they were started for as small as a 2-inch rainfall.

Until very recent years the ditch systems for the reclamation of
sugar lands were nearly identical. Often it seemed that the chief

aU.S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Spec. Rpt. 7.

432 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

effort was simply to rid the land of the rainfall without much regard
as to whether or not the drainage of the soil was secured. As most
of the plantations ran from the bayous or streams back into the
swamp, there was usually at least a slight fall away from the streams,
and a series of parallel ‘‘leading’’ ditches from 6 to 10 feet wide and
2 to 4 feet deep, spaced from 800 to 1,200 feet apart, ran the
length of the plantation. These were intersected at right angles,

usually by ditches of similar size, at distances of 800 to 1,200 feet ©

apart. These latter ditches were laid with no fall, so that the water
would flow either way, dependent upon the height of the water surface
in the ‘‘leading”’ ditches. Smaller ‘‘panel’’ ditches, 2 to 6 feet wide,
14 to 3 feet deep, and placed every 90 to 120 feet, ran parallel to the
leading ditches, thus dividing the land into blocks, locally known as
‘cuts.’ The cultivation of the crop was in rows parallel to these
panel ditches and every 300 to 400 feet the furrows were crossed by
shallow shovel ditches, known as ‘‘quarter drains,” which caught the
run-off from the furrows and led it into the panel ditches. After each
cultivation it was necessary to go over these shallow drains with a
shovel, in order to clear them out and make them effective. Large
rainfalls were quickly disposed of by such a ditch system, but, owing
to the shallow depth of the ditches, the drainage of the soil was not
as effective as under more modern systems, and from 10 to 20 per cent
of the cultivable area was taken up by the ditches, besides the mcon-
venience caused by the smallness of the plats to be cultivated. The
cost of such a ditch system, not including levees or pumping equip-
ment, would amount to over $2,000 for 80 acres, or an average of
over $25 per acre.

PRESENT METHODS.

It is apparent from the experiences of the past that in the recla-
mation of small areas of land the cost might often be prohibitive,
but as the size of the plantation increases, the cost per acre rapidly
diminishes and probably approaches a minimum price when the plat.
of ground amounts to eight sections (5,120 acres) of land or more.
Under ordinary circumstances, however, it would be difficult to
find such a tract of land lying in regular shape and available for recla-
mation, hence there are few single projects thus far which have
attained this size, although the impetus recently received in the
matter of reclamation of these lands indicates that the undertakings
will become larger and larger. The various main elements which
enter into these projects are the levee system, seepage, outlet canal
system, interior ditch system, and, lastly, the pumping plant. |

|
)
|
|

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 433
LEVEES AND SEEPAGE.

Sometimes the natural embankment or high ground adjacent to
the bayou or river makes a levee unnecessary along the stream side
of the plantation, but ordinarily the other three sides need such pro-
tection, wholly or in part, the height of the levees depending in large
measure upon the proximity to the Gulf and upon the elevation of
the land surface respective to the high water in times of flood. Ordi-
narily the levees do not require such careful construction as those
along streams subject to frequent and prolonged floods where the
water often stands against the embankment for long periods, nor is
it always so necessary to clean the entire levee site as in this latter
case. It is always well, however, to remove all coarse vegetable
matter, and a plowing up of the site is very desirable, in order to
insure a good bond. The general specifications for levee construction
and maintenance have been given in a previous publication of this
Office. A muck ditch 2 or 3 feet in width and about 2 feet in depth,
and approximately on the center line of the proposed levee, should be
constructed, in order to insure against excessive seepage. Such
seepage is liable to be the minimum in the fine close-textured silt soil
back in the marshes. In the case of the Gheens plantation, La
Fourche Parish, 2 parallel muck ditches spaced 25 feet apart are used
under the levee.

Shrinkage of the levee should also be taken into account, and expe-
rience would indicate that levees in these soils built by means of
shovels or wheelbarrows shrink about one-fifth of their gross height,
while those constructed by wheel scrapers shrink one-eighth in height.
Where an excavating machine is used in dry material the shrinkage
is approximately one-sixth and where excavated material is wet it is
probably not more than one-tenth. In the latter case the spoil gen-
erally being from a greater depth and being well compacted during
the construction usually insures less seepage than where hand work
is performed and where the levee is constructed from the looser,
coarser material nearer the surface. In order to prevent excessive
seepage, it is preferable in constructing the levees to excavate the
canals on the outside, leaving a sufficiently wide berm to prevent the
spoil from sloughing back into the ditches. Unless care is exercised
this is especially liable to occur in the soft prairie lands. The levees
require for the first few years frequent additions in order to keep
them to the required height, unless, when first constructed, shrink~
age has been allowed for. In order to maintain them with as little
care as possible, it is well to have them sodded to Bermuda or some
native grass, which not only prevents them from washing, but also

2U.S8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bul. 158, Sep. 9.
46045°—10——28

434 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

prevents the growth of weeds, brush, and other vegetation that
would furnish shelter to the many burrowing animals which, ordi-
narily, occasion much annoyance and also damage to the levees.
The sudden rise of outside waters often endangers levees on account of
the increased seepage at such times, which is probably often due rather
to the more porous nature of the soil above the ordinary water level
than to the increased head. Such floods, however, develop all weak
spots caused by muskrat holes and the like. When a failure occurs
from this cause the outer end of the break should be immediately
closed by a few shovelfuls of clay, planks, or sacks of earth, and a
trench then dug across the levee. The tunnel made by the animal
can then be filled with puddled clay and the damage thus remedied.

CANAL SYSTEMS.

Where a plantation does not adjoin a bayou or other good outlet, it
is often necessary to construct outfall canals for some distance, often
through heavy timber, which, of course, greatly increases the cost
of the reclamation work and calls for the cooperation of a number
of landowners in order to make the plan feasible. These outfall
canals, as well as those surrounding the levees, furnish good means
of transportation by boat, and often the flow of water from the
drainage plant will be sufficient to keep them scoured out, so that they
require little attention. Such transportation routes, connecting, as
they do, with a series of lakes, bayous, and streams, place the various
plantations in a comparatively independent attitude, so, even though
not furnished with convenient railroad facilities, they are still within
easy and convenient reach of good markets. Plate XVIII, figure 1,
shows such a canal constructed as an outlet for two drainage dis-
tricts. The small canal shown forms the reservoir of one of these
districts and, as shown by Plate XVIII, figure 2, it has been cut off
from the outfall canal by an earth dam and the pumping plant, as
appears, is in process of erection. Along the banks of these canals
willows and cottonwoods, brush and weeds often grow, but as they
are above water level they do not, as a rule, offer much interference
to the flow of the stream. Another growth, however, that causes a
great amount of annoyance and in some cases practically stops the
flow of the water in the ditches is the water hyacinth, which is known
locally asalily. It is practically impossible to navigate through these
obstructions, when once well established, except by the use of stern-
wheel power boats. These plants, introduced from abroad, have
rapidly spread through many of the southern streams, so that means
for checking their growth or eradicating them entirely are eagerly
sought. Plate XVII, figure 2, page 422, shows a canal filled with
these water hyacinths which have grown to about 18 inches above
the water surface. The view shows the main discharge canal of a

An, Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 PLATE XVIII

Fic. 1.—CONSTRUCTED CANAL SERVING AS OUTLET FOR TWO DISTRICTS AND AFFORDING
GOOD TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.

Fic. 2.—SAME VIEW AS FIG. 1, BUT SHOWING RESERVOIR CANAL OF DRAINAGE DISTRICT
DAMMED ACROSS AND PUMPING PLANT BEING ERECTED.

*
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.
.
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;
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RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 435

large plantation, and it can readily be understood how its efficiency
is impaired by this pest. The following description of the plant is
taken from a report by F. F. Shafer, drainage engineer:

The plant when young has a bulbous stem, but as this grows upward the enlarge-
ment disappears, apparently being absorbed by the stem, which is cylindrical and
hollow. The plant multiplies rapidly by sending out shoots or suckers from the base
of the bulb, the shoots and roots seeming to start from the same place. The latter
grow in feather-shaped tufts, presenting a large surface to the water. They are
tender and break off readily, but, if not disturbed, grow downward 4 or 5 feet. In
the latter part of May a flowering stem appears which bears a spike of odorless flowers,
pale lavender in color, resembling the ordinary cultivated hyacinth. The stems
reach a diameter of one-half to three-fourths of an inch and in this vicinity frequently
extend 3 feet above the water surface. Crowding does not seem to hinder the
growth of the plant, and since it floats upon the surface of the water, wind, tide, and
currents tend to produce closely packed masses. When a ditch becomes filled with
these plants, the floating stems and roots offer a very serious obstruction to the flow
of water. Two or three years of undisturbed growth in a ditch will greatly reduce
its usefulness as a drainage channel. Booms are placed at the outlets of the drainage
canals to prevent the plants from floating into the ditches, but it is difficult to pre-
vent these booms being left open by people passing through in boats.

The attempt has been made to use poisonous chemicals for the
eradication of these plants; this not only proved more or less ineflec-
tive, but the expense was far too great. On the Matthews planta-
tion, before mentioned, an attachment in the shape of a gridiron
some 7 by 8 feet in size was fastened to the dredge dipper and the
plants dipped up and dumped on the banks in a similar manner to
the operation of a dipper. The plants, when exposed to the hot sun,
soon die. The cost of removal by this method amounts to about
0.4 cent per square yard for the area cleaned. On other plantations,
during the rainy periods the laborers use pitchforks to remove the
water hyacinths from the ditches. It is often necessary to repeat
the operation once or twice a month. The cost in this case is practi-
cally the same as by the use of the machine. In localities close to the
Gulf, where salt water prevails, the plants do not thrive.

INTERIOR DITCH SYSTEMS.

Although somewhat dependent upon the size and shape of the area
inclosed within the levees, the present general scheme of drainage
is more or less the same throughout this region. This system usually
includes a main ‘‘reservoir”’ canal, or canals, upon which, at some
convenient place, a pumping plant is installed. Leading into these
reservoirs are ‘‘collecting’”’ ditches of somewhat smaller size, and at
right angles to these latter are ‘‘lateral’’ ditches which are still
smaller, and which usually feed into the collecting ditches, as illus-
trated by the Willswood plantation shown in figure 2 (p. 420). In
certain cases, as is shown by the plan of the Smithport plantation in.
figure 3 (p. 421), the collecting ditches are practically dispensed with

436 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

and the lateral ditches discharge directly into the reservoirs. In addi-
tion to the laterals, shallow shovel ditches, corresponding to the old
‘quarter drains,” are maintained at right angles to the furrows, and
thus collect the water rapidly from the fields and discharge it into
the ditch system. These latter are made new each year and they
vary in arrangement and size to meet the individual requirements.

Although subject to variation, the main reservoir canals range in
width from 30 to 60 feet and usually have a depth of from 5 to 8
feet. The deeper the canal the greater storage capacity it possesses
and the better outlet it furnishes for the collecting ditches or laterals,
as the case may be, and it is also less liable to water-growth obstruc-
tions. As shown in the following table, the reservoirs of the three
plantations under investigation have varying capacities, equivalent
to a rainfall on the tributary lands of from 0.1 inch to 0.4 inch.
It would seem preferable to construct reservoirs having even greater
capacity than the larger amount mentioned, as, by so doing, the
size of the pumping plant can be decreased. This table from Mr.
Shaw’s report, besides showing the reservoir capacity, also gives the
length of the various ditches and area occupied by them and gives,
as well, the normal capacity of the pumping plant in inches of water
depth per twenty-four hours. It will be noticed that the ditch
systems of these three plantations only occupy from 3 to 6 per cent of
the area, which is a decided decrease from the 10 and 20 per cent
under the old ditching system, as previously mentioned.

Data of ditch systems.

Smithport. Willswood. District No. 2.
Description. an a. oe
| Length. | Area. | Length.| Area. | Length.| Area.

—_——

Miles. Acres. Miles. Acres. Miles. Acres.
oI 6. 4. 2 1.00 4.9

RERCR WES ere ete atin oc Retop nae cies 6 98 24.
Collecting canals: - .secscae52 5. eect eee 2 1. 38 2.0 17.16 24.9 Zeal 10.0
VREUHIS Seman cee Socnin= ccs cee ee ease eee 29. 57 21.5 125.19 91.1 18. 55 | 13.5
LPs Nae ge ae RR aioe EO | 32.18 30.1| 147.33] 140.2| 26.86 28.4

Proportion occupied by ditches. .per cent.. 4.65 5. 84 3. 02
Capacity of reservoir at flood stage in

inches of rainfall over entire area........ 0. 34 0. 37 - 09
Approximate normal capacity of pumping i

plant in inches per 24 hours............- 1.11 1.45 1.23

The arrangement of the collecting ditches largely depends upon the
shape of the fields and the natural topography of the land, and also
upon the method and kind of cultivation that is desired. The endeavor
is to arrange them, however, so that they may get the water from the
fields into the reservoir canals as promptly as possible. They vary
from 4 to 10 feet in width and are usually maintained at a depth of
from 4 to 5 feet.

PLATE XIX.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1909.

(hint.

-

4 Dan Mate Wes ae
~ at al A <2 -

OPEN TRACTION DITCHER USED FOR DIGGING LATERAL DITCHES IN WET PRAIRIE LANDS. SOIL 1s DEPOSITED AT ONE SIDE OF DITCH, LEAVING
Goop BERM.

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS. 437

Ordinarily, the lateral ditches in heavy soils are placed 100 feet
apart and are dug some 3 feet deep, with bottom width of about 2 feet
and a top width of about 4 feet. Formerly these laterals were dug
entirely by hand, but a ditcher machine has been developed which
now digs them with great rapidity as well aseconomy. A view of this
machine may be seen in Plate XIX. All the larger ditches are con-
structed usually by floating dipper dredges having 1 or 14 yard dippers,
and the present contract price is about 7 cents per cubic yard.‘

Thus far drain tile has not been extensively used in this locality,
as the nature of the soil and the slopes found are likely to introduce
difficulties which will have to be overcome before underdrainage is
universally adopted. It is probable that in the coarser, looser soils
near the bayous and streams tile would be more effective than in
the more impervious silt farther out in the swamps. If it can be
successfully introduced so as to supersede in part the use of the smaller
ditches, a gain in land area and in convenience of cultivation and in
the effective draining and aeration of the soil would be the result. By
proper care in protecting the joints, it is improbable that silting of the
tile would give much trouble.

As a general thing, the water table of the plantations in southern
Louisiana is carried at from 14 to 3 feet beneath the surface, and it is
well known that the greater depth is preferable, as, besides furnishing
a greater depth for the roots of the growing crop, it also furnishes
greater reservoir capacity in the soil to provide against excessive
rainfall. It likewise makes possible a smaller pumping equipment.
By keeping the pumps running during the winter season, when neces-
sary, the water table is kept as low as possible, aeration of the soil
takes place, and the soil is thus put in good physical condition.

PUMPING PLANTS.

Some plantations are so situated that fairly satisfactory drainage
can be secured by the installation of outlet gates through the levees,
either automatic or hand reguiated. These drain the system of
reservoirs and ditches in times of sufficiently low water, but when the
water outside the levees is higher than the outlet, of course the gates
must be closed and the reservoirs depended upon to hold all the inte-
rior drainage water. A great majority, however, of the plantations
which are reclaimed require the installation of a pumping plant in
order to make the drainage system effective at all times and make the
leveed area independent, with the possible exception of seepage, of
everything except the rainfall. These pumping equipments vary
greatly according to individual opinions and means, but each partic-
ular location should be studied carefully in connection with all its
surrounding conditions in order to choose an installation whose first

aU. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 74.

438 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cost will be warranted by the benefits received, and also one the
operating expense of which will be reasonable. A balance should
also be struck between the economical reservoir capacity and the size
of the pumping plant.

In years past a machine that has been greatly in favor, especially
upon the sugar plantations, is the drainage wheel. This is made of
any desired capacity and may vary in diameter up to perhaps 30 feet,
with a width of from 5 to 7 feet. By proper gearing, usually a double
reduction, the speed can be regulated to suit the case, but usually a
peripheral velocity of 3 to 4 feet per second is maintained. It is
probable that a speed of 5 feet is desirable, for, revolving at a greater
velocity, the water is liable to be carried over, while with a slower one
a portion of the water may flow back into the pit. These wheels are
placed at the end of the main ditch, and when not in operation the
flood gate in the levee is closed. When the circumference of the
wheel fits closely in a smooth pit, with the lift not exceeding one-
third the diameter of the wheel, and when running at the proper
speed, such a wheel will handle a large quantity of water at a small
cost. Although they have been made, ordinarily, by the individual
plantation owners and the actual expense of the material and labor
of the wheel itself is not excessive, still the large foundations required
make them probably more expensive than some of the more modern
installations.

Another machine sometimes used is the rotary or chamber-wheel
pump. One objection to this form is that for the larger sizes the
construction necessitates that the water be lifted about 10 feet, and
in case the necessary lift is less than this there is lost work. They
are also somewhat expensive and are limited to their normal rated
capacities.

The centrifugal pump is especially adapted to varying lifts, for by the
use of a discharge pipe whose end is submerged in the out-fall canal
or bayou a siphon effect is produced so that the actual head against
which the pump is working is simply the difference in elevation
between the waters in the reservoir and in the outlet canal. These
pumps, on account of the varying speed at which they can be oper-
ated, have discharges, for short periods of time, far in excess of their
rated capacities, which is especially desirable in cases of excessive
rainfalls of short duration. The ordinary type of centrifugal pump,
made principally of cast iron, is somewhat used and can be installed
with either vertical or horizontal shafts. In the latter case it can be
direct-connected with the steam engine.

There is a special form of centrifugal pump particularly adapted
to low lifts, that has been in use for a number of years and is doing
most satisfactory work on a great many plantations, including three
of the experimental tracts. It consists of a wide, submerged im-

RECLAMATION OF LOUISIANA WET PRAIRIE LANDS, 439

peller wheel on a vertical shaft driven by belt or rope from the
engine. The water rises through the large wooden body of the
pump, flowing away through a wide discharge trough. Except the
impeller, shaft, bearings, and pulley, the entire machine is of wood.
This pump is of large capacity and is perhaps especially adapted to
lifts up to 10 feet, although it is claimed that by the use of two or
more wheels, set one above the other, water can be pumped against
ahead of 40 feet. The discharge trough or platform can be placed
at any height required. If it is set at high-water mark, however,
there would always be some waste of power when the water in the
bayou or out-fall canal is less than this height.

As the necessary water lift in the plantations of this section varies

from 3 to 10 feet, it is a matter of economy that the pump be chosen
which will only raise the water the height that may be necessary at
any particular time. This will avoid the necessity of purchasing an
engine and boiler of too great capacity. In some plantations that
have been visited it has been found that the effective lift was only
one-half of the actual lift, which, it will be readily seen, is a great waste
of fuel and plant capacity. When open flumes are used, which are
placed at the ordinary water level, the water in flood times can be
prevented from flowing back by means of flood gates placed in the
flume.
As may be noted above in the description of the pumping equip-
ments of the various plantations, the engines and boilers selected vary
greatly. They should, however, be chosen with due regard to first
cost, capacity, reliability, and economy of operation. On some of
the old sugar plantations the condemned boilers from the sugar houses
are used, and runat alowpressure. In cases where the plant is only
operated a few days in each year the cost of operation is not such a
determining feature as when the plants are called on for regular work
during each month of the year. In this latter case it will probably
pay to put more money into a better plant, including automatic,
high-speed engines, feed-water heaters, and other fuel-saving devices.
In the former case simple slide-valve engines with any suitable boiler
are about all that will be required. A point to be kept in mind is
that these plants are usually run by more or less inexperienced labor,
and therefore complicated machinery should be avoided. Economy
in plant capacity should not, however, prevent the selection of
' machinery of sufficient size to take care in as short a time as possible
of the probable run-off from excessive storms, as upon such drainage
depends the success of the plantation.

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