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Foarth Annaal Report

of the
(Commissioners of [isheries,

(jame and forests

of the

Sraico7 New “lock.

capian ‘aati
ES Vitis
( FEB 18 1909
Xi LO48 VE,

National Muses
ational Ruse

—5e@— os
WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO.,
PRINTERS,
NEW YORK AND ALBANY.

1899
ae —@OS—

9IPW (SVHDOSO gd
AS APG Glee ve 13

Foarth Annaal Keport

of the
Commissioners of Fisheries, Game
and Forests.

dtbany, N. U., Janeary 20, 13899.

Hon. Samaet F. Nixon,

Speaker of the Assembly, Albany, N. U.:

Sir:—We have the honor to sabmit herewith, as
reqaired by law, the offictal Report of this Board for the
year ending September 30, 1898.

We are, Sir,
Very, traly yoars,
Barnet H. Davis,

President.
Witiam R. Weed,
Charles H. Babcock,
Edward Thompson,
Hendrick S. Holden,

Commissioners of Fishericy, Game and Forests.

3

State of New York.

Commissioners of Fisneries, Game and Forests.

Barnet H. Davis, President, . : : : : ; : . Palmyra, N. Y.
Hendrick S. Holden, Commissioner, : 5 é : ! 5 Syaieuise, ING WW
William R. Weed, ce Bie er, ‘ ; : . Potsdam, N.Y.
Charles H. Babcock, a : ; ; i : 5 INoelovese, IN Wo
Edward Thompson, a : ; < : : om Northport, Icy 15 Neo.
Charles A. Taylor, Assistant Secretary, . : : : 5 Vlog, ING We

Standing Committegs.

Executive, . ; é : j : . Messrs. Holden, Babcock, Davis.
Forest Preserve and State Lands, . : . Messrs. Weed, Holden, Davis.
Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game, . . Messrs. Babcock, Thompson, Davis.
Shellfish, Licenses and Permits, . : . Messrs. Thompson, Holden, Davis.
Legislation, . Stayt ee E : : . Messrs. Davis, Weed, Babcock.

State Fish Caltarist.
A. Nelson Cheney, : : : 2 3 : ‘ Glense HallssaiNe ve

Superintendent of Hatcheries.

James Annin, Jr., . : ‘ é Bind ext : : . Caledonia, N. Y.

Saperintendent of Forests.

William F. Fox, . : ; ; : : : : Albania Ne: AY:

Chief Game Protector and Forester.

eWereondien ; 3 : : : : : 6 5 NOE, INI We
William Wolf, Clerk, : ; : : ; : : . Waterford, N. Y-.

Assistant Chief Game Protectors and Foresters.

John E. Leavitt, . : : : : ; : : . Johnstown, N. Y.
Mannister C. Worts, : : : : : : é me Osweco, Neve
A. J. Mulligan, Audit and Pay Clerk, . ‘ : : ca AlbamysueNevave
A. B. Strough, Special Agent, : : , : é . Albany, N. Y.
M. C. Finley, Special Agent, ‘ 5 : : ; ) Ralmiyray Nar Ye

J. J. Fourqurean, Stenographer, . : : : : Albany, Nees

oO) eWiot (SViias © =Sv Ny)
QING Gikehy te IN

ibseanehe

Table of Contents.

‘ PAGE

PREFACE, : : : : : 5 : ; : : ; é : : 13
REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS, . : Rs : ; : : : 6 : 15
FINANCIAL STATEMENT, . 5 : : : F : 5 : ‘ 19
GENERAL MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT, é : ; : F : 19
HaTCHERY ACCOUNTS, .- : ‘ : j : 5 é : , 20
SHELLFISH DEPARTMENT ACCOUNT, : : : : : : : 59
ForEsT PRESERVE ACCOUNT, ; : : : : ; 3 : : 62

Sr. LAWRENCE PARK RESERVATION, . ; : : F : : 63

\

New York StaTe Fair EXHIBIT, : : : : : 4 : ; 63
INVESTIGATION AND EXAMINATION OF FOREST LANDS IN ULSTER County, 5 64
ERECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EEL WEIRS AND TRAPS AT CayuGA LAKE, . 64
Ciaims ARISING UNDER FORMER COMMISSION, : we 98 ; ‘ ; 64
FIREWARDEN CLAIMS AND REBATE PaID Towns, . _ . : : . 65
EXTERMINATION OF BILLFISH IN BLACK LAKE, : : , : 2 4 66
CONSTRUCTION OF Fish HaTCHERY AT CONSTANTIA, . : : : ; 67
AcguirRING Lanp AND WATER RIGHTS AT CALEDONIA HATCHERY, : . JO
SERVICES OF COUNSEL IN PROCEEDINGS, : : ; i ; E : =O

FINES AND PENALTIES ACCOUNT, . : : : . ; 5 ; : 71
ACCOUNT OF TRESPASS ON STATE LANDs, . ; : : . 3 ; 84
RENTALS OF SHELLFISH LANDS, . 5 : : 3 F ; : : 87
RENTALS OF STATE LANDs, : : i j : : : : $ 88
MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS, . : 3 : : : ; A : é 88
Account OF NET FisH LICENSEs, : : . ; ‘ 3 : 5 89
REPORT OF CHIEF PROTECTOR, ; : : ; 3 : : : 2 ‘ III
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE HATCHERIES, ‘ : : : ‘ : 113
REPORT OF SHELLFISH COMMISSIONER, . : : : : : : : 123
THe St. LAWRENCE RIVER PARK, . : : : : : é : ‘ : 124

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, . : 2 : : : : 5 : 125
7

Rg TABLE OF CONTENTS.

DIsTRIBUTION OF FIsH,

Report Upon THE RECENT EpipEmMic AMONG BRooK TRouT on Lone IsLanp,
By Gary WV. Calkins.

REMOVAL OF LAMPREYS FROM THE INTERIOR WATERS OF NEW YORK,
By Prof. H. A. Surface, M. Sc.

On THE DocrisH, Irs HABITS AND BREEDING,
Ly Bashford Dean.

PROSECUTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF FIsH, GAME AND Forest Laws,
ILLEGAL DeEvIcES SEIZED AND DESTROYED,

THE Common EEL, : ;
By A. Nelson Cheney.

FIGURES OF FISHES IN COLORs,
By A, Nelson Cheney.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE FORESTS,

ANNUAL TIMBER PRODUCT oF NORTHERN NEW YORK, . :
By Wilham F. Fox.

Forest FIREs IN 1808,
By Witham F. fox.

SANITARY BENEFITS OF THE ADIRONDACK FOREST,

‘THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM,
By a Falinuacaume ie:

ADIRONDACK FORESTRY PROBLEMS, . : , ; : ? ‘
Ly B. E. Fernow.

Insects INjJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES,
Bie) HELE LO SG:

FORESTRY ON SANDY SOILS, , ; F
By Prof. John Gifford, D. @. C.

WorKING PLANS FOR THE STATE PRESERVE, . 4 ; ; Q . .
By Overton W. Price.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ADIRONDACKS, : ee 6 : 6 . ;
By Cecelia Adelaide Sherrill.

IgI

246

257
268

2719)

289

1) i/

325

328

346

348

354

367

396

418

423

EVANS SS GUIEISy WY Slelioy | Gilera Sah

is of) Mlastrations.

PAGE
Matiarp DuckK—MateE, : : j : : 5 ; : . Lacing 2
Matztarp DuckK—FEMALE, . : : : : d , : : ae 6
TE SHAD oe
A Sap SIGHT, : , : : ; ; ; : : : i 5 a Te)
“‘JiGGING” MACKEREL, . : : : : : , ; : : ai 13
How Is THIS FOR A PAIR? . : : : , : ; 2 ; 15
WEAKFISH, OR SQUETEAGUE, . ? : : : : : ; : : a 18
A Day For BLINDs, : : ; : : : : : : : : us 110
THE ALARM, . : ; : ; : : : é ; : ‘ : a 110
AN EXPERT, . : : i ; : ; : y 5 P : ‘ TAIZ,
RING-NECKED PHEASANT, ; : : : : : : ‘ : ; a I12
Larce MoutH BLack Bass, . : ‘ : 4 ; ‘ : , F Ge 116
UPLAND PLOVER, . : j : : : ; : . : : : io 124
Common MACKEREL, : : 5 : : : : : : : : Ke 126
Houpinc Harp, . S : : ‘ ; : : ; , ; : 175
Younc Brook Trout, DISEASED, . : : ; 5 : : : ut 176
DIsEASED FISH wiTH ULCERS, ° 5 : : ‘ ; ; : a 178
SPORES OF LYMPHOSPORIDIUM TRUTT& IN THE INTESTINE, . 4 ; : iH 180
SECTION THROUGH THE TESTIS OF A DISEASED FIsH, . : : ; : cs 180
SPORES IN THE LYMPH SURROUNDING THE LIVER, . j ; i P ee 182
SPORES IN THE LYMPH SURROUNDING THE KIDNEY, : : : ; HY 184
Mass OF SPORES ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE INTESTINE, . : j : ; <e 186
SECTION. OF MuscLE BUNDLES OF THE Bopy WALL, ; : : ; 5 ue 188
A POOL IN THE RaAQUuETTE RIVER, : 6 : : : : 5 Ig!
ADULT SPAWNING MALE AND FEMALE LAKE LAMPREYS, : : ; 5 194
MaLE AND FEMALE BRooK LAMpREYS, ON SPAWNING BED, . : ; : 196
HEAD AND MoutH or Laker LampREY, . : F b ‘ ! : : 202
Heaps OF Brook LAMPREY, . 5 5 : 205,
WHERE THE BROOK LAMPREYS SPAWN, . : : : : ‘ ‘ ‘ ee 210
WHERE THE BROOK LAMPREYS SPAWN, . ; : : : 3 : : os 214
WHERE THE LAKE LAMPREYS SPAWN, . ; : : . 5 . : “ 218
WHERE THE YOUNG LAMPREYS LIVE AND THE OLD Lampreys Dig, . : os 222
WHERE THE YOUNG LAMPREYS LIVE AND THE OLD LamprReys DIE, & : ob 226
Lire AnD DeatTH, . : z 6 6 6 . : : ¢ . ¢ 227

Tracks oF BirDS AND MAMMALS WHERE LARVAL LAmpREYS LIVE, : : 229
9

10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
LAMPREYS CLIMBING FALLS, . : F : : ; F ; ; ; 239
TwELVE BuULLHEADS, HoRNED Pout, oR “CATFISH,” FATALLY INJURED BY
LAMPREYS, . : : : : . ; : : 3 : . Facing 242
EricHt BuLLHEADS FATALLY INJURED BY LAMPREYS, : ; : : : GG 242
IN THE SHADOW OF THE PINES, . 3 4 ; : : j 4 ; 246
DocrisH, MupFisH, BOWFIN OR GRINDLE, . : : : ‘ : : ‘ 248
NESTS OF THE DOGFISH, : : : ; ; : ; : ; : s 250
Mace Amita GuaRDING NEST, ; : : : ‘ : : af ; 251
NESTS OF THE DOGFISH, ; : f , : : : : : : de 254
TEMPTATION, . . ‘ : : ; . : : : : 5 4 256
THE EEL SPEARERS, : 6 : : : 5 ; : : sas 279
Common EEL, F 5 : ; : : : 8 : ; 5 ; ob 280
Tomcop OR FROSTFISH, . : : P : : : : : : : MG 288
A Goop STRING, . : 3 3 5 : : : 6 : ; : 289
AMERICAN LOBSTER—MALE, . : : : : : : : 3 é es 290
A SPECIAL PERFORMANCE, , : d : é : ; : : : 291
AMERICAN LOBSTER—FEMALE, : : : 6 : 2 . : : s 292
YELLOW PERCH, . : . . . ‘ : 5 5 : : . 293
FISHING FOR WEAKFISH, ; : : : . 3 : : j ; 294
ROUNDING A SCHOOL, . : : . : : ; : : : ; 294
YELLOW OR BARRED PERCH, . ; ; : ; F F ‘ : , ce 296
SPRUCE GROUSE, . : : : : ‘ : F : ; 5 : os 298
PARTRIDGE COVER, . : : : : : 0 : F : S 302
ASL Tee RSEADIY: ee. : ; : : . : : é : : 305
In Quiet Cover, . : : : 5 d ‘ : ; : : 6 306
IN THE FOREST, . . . ° ; : ; 6 : ° : : 307
IN THE SPRING, : : : 5 9 : : : : : b : 328
WoopLanD TRouT Poot, : : 6 : . 4 . : : : ce 330
MorNING IN THE Camp, é 5 : 5 6 6 5 : ; : 345
Main BUILDING OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE. SANITARIUM, . 3 i : cs 348
LIBRARY OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM, . . - A : ih 350
SANITARIUM COTTAGE OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM, 0 5 a 350
CHAPEL OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM, . : : : 5 a 352
Group oF CoTTaGES OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM, : : gs 352
AN EARLy START, . : : : . : 0 3 : : : : 353
An IDEAL BATTLE GROUND, . : 6 . ; 5 ; : ; : 354
How A PROPERLY LUMBERED ForEsT LOOKS, : : : : 6 é ss 354
BURNING BRUSH IN THE COLLEGE FOREST, . : . ° 3 : : et 354
FurL Woop and Harpwoop Locs, ; : F j : 5 ; : ss 356

A Be_t or TimBeR Is Lerr ALONG THE HIGHWAY FOR ESTHETIC REASONS, § 356

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

STUDENTS AND LOGGERS IN CAMP ON THE CORNELL FOREST KESERVE, é
Boarpinc House at Axvron, : : : : : : : E ;
NuRSERY AT AXTON, ; : : S : ‘ ; : : : :
THE OFFICE aT AXTON,

AXTON IN EARLy SPRING,

SURVEYORS’ CAMP IN COLLEGE FOREST, .

GROUP OF VIEWS OF WAWBEEK NURSERY,

POWER-SPRAYING OUTFIT IN OPERATION, : :

SUGAR ORCHARD DEFOLIATED BY FOREST TENT CATERPILLARS, . :
WHITE MARKED TussocK MOTH AND FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR: MAPLE WorM,
LEoparD Motu anp MaApLe Borer, ; ‘ 6 : ‘ é 5 :

SucGAR MapLeE Borer, Marre TREE PRUNER AND CotTtoNny MapLE TREE
ScALE INSECT, : , ; ; : : : : :

TIME AND PLACE FOR PLOVER, : ; : ; : : ;
RESTING, i : P é é : ; ; : ; ;

A DUNE IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION THROUGH THE ACTION OF BEACH-
GRASS, ON THE JERSEY COAST, . " : : i 5 3

THE Top ofr A DUNE ON THE JERSEY Coast, HELD By A PaTCH OF BAYBERRY,
Sanp BLUuFF, . : : ; : 3 F . : :

Sanp DuNE, . k ; : 5 : : F ; ; : 6
Lakewoop (N. J.) DRIVEWAY THROUGH THE PINES,

ARCACHON, FRANCE, H ‘ , : : ;

WatTTLE Work, To HoLD up AN EMBANKMENT, IN GERMANY,

A PLANTATION OF BEACH-GRASS ON THE DutTcH DUNEs,

A Break Bit or Coast, ; F ; ‘ ‘

AN AVENUE ON THE CREST OF A SAND-DUNE IN HOLLAND, .

A PINERY ON THE DUNES NEAR ARCACHON, FRANCE,

PLANTATION OF BEACH-GRASS AND PITCH PINE ON CAPE CoD, FOR THE
FIXATION OF THE SOIL, : , : ; : : ; 3 p

PLANTATION IN FOREGROUND, Movinc DUNE IN BACKGROUND, ON CaPE Cop,
A SCENE ON THE DuTcH DUNEs,

A FORESTER’S MAKESHIFT, . : ;

CHRISTINE FALLS, . : ‘

Lower CHRISTINE FALLs,

Just FIsHING, 6 é : 3 : s : : : ‘ : A

II

PAGE

Facing 358

ee

ee

358
360
360
362
362
364
Si
374
376
382

338

395
396

398
398
400
400
402
404
406
408
408
410

412

416
416
417
418
418
420

442

—OQeo—

THE PRINTING OF THIS ENTIRE BOOK, INCLUDING THE
COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS, HALFTONES AND
TEXT, WAS EXECUTED BY
WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO.
ART PRINTING WORKS,

NEW YORK AND ALBANY.

—oo—-

SIGHT.

SAD

&

Biv A.Gik.

O those who are familiar with depart-
ment work no explanation is neces-
sary for the delay in the appearance

of this publication. For the information of
others it seems proper to say that the State
printer takes up the report of each depart-
ment in the order in which it was received;
and that the preparation of a volume like
the one here offered to the public requires
so much time and care that it is apt to be
among the last to reach the printing office.
The Commissioners desire to acknowledge
here their indebtedness to Prof. E. P. Felt,
State Entomologist, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Di-
rector State College of Forestry, Dr. E. L.

Trudeau, of the Adirondack Sanitarium,
Mr. Overton W. Price, of the United States
Forestry Division, at Washington, D. C., and
Prof. John Gifford, of Cornell University,

for the valuable, instructive articles which these eminent specialists kindly contributed.

'' JIGGING’’ MACKEREL.

While it is readily conceded that, as a general rule, a department report should be
confined strictly to statements relating to work actually performed or contemplated, it
has seemed advisable to include, also, some articles from well-known authorities con-
veying information on forestry matters of a special nature. The people of our State
are already so well informed as to forestry in general that there is no further need of
any propaganda for that purpose. It is the details of forest administration that are
now under discussion. The annual reports of this department seem to furnish a good
medium for imparting knowledge in relation to these topics; and, for ascertaining in
reply, through the comments of the public press, the opinion of the people as to the
particular subjects under discussion. It has long since become evident that the forestry
movement in this country is dependent wholly on public sentiment; and, that the
State can go only so far in these matters as it has the people behind it.

The Commissioners further desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to Dr. Bash-

ford Dean, of Columbia University, New York, for the exhaustive article on the dog-
13

14 PREFACE,

fish, with colored drawings prepared for it under the author’s personal supervision; to
Prof. H. A. Surface, of the Pennsylvania State College, for the article on the lake
lamprey ; to the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries of the United States for fish
eggs, fry and older fish furnished to this Commission for planting in State waters, and
to the railroads of the State and also to lake transportation companies for the free
transportation of the State fish car, messengers from the hatcheries, fish cans and egg
crates. Not only do the railroads of the State furnish free transportation in fish dis-
tribution, but the employees of the transportation companies render every possible
assistance to hatchery messengers when they are moving fish.

The trout in the ponds mentioned by Dr. Calkins all died, practically of the par-
asite disease he investigated, but the ponds were deepened, cleaned and generally
purified, and new stock fish introduced which are now in a healthy condition, as we
are informed. The fish affected did not belong to the State, but the ponds were in
the vicinity of some of the State breeding and stock ponds, and it was deemed best

to investigate the trouble as a precautionary measure.

THE COMMISSIONERS.

RT POR

of the

Commissioners of Fisheries, Game

and: I OReSts.

To the Honorable, the Legistatare of the State of New Gork :

N accordance with section 8 of
\ : chapter 395 of the Laws of 1895,

we have the honor to submit

herewith a report of the official opera-
tions of this department for the fiscal
year ending September 30, 1898.

The following rules and regulations,
which were adopted by the Commis-
sion May 29, 1895, have been observed
in the transaction of the business of
the department during the year:

1. Regular meetings of the Board
shall be held on the second Tuesday of
January, April, July and October, at

the office of the Commission, in

Albany, and at such other times and
places as the same may be called.

2. Special meetings of the Board
may be called at any time by the Presi-

dent, or, in case of his disability, by

the Executive Committee, or upon the
HOW 1S THIS FOR A PAIR? written request of any three Commis-
sioners. Written notice of all special

meetings must be given at least twenty-four hours previous thereto.
3. A majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business,

and all questions shall be determined by a majority of those present, a quorum voting.
15

16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

4. The presiding officer and all other members present sha!! vote upon all questions
unless excused by the Board.

5. The presiding officer shall determine all questions of order; and, in case of
an appeal, a majority present may overrule his decision. .

6. The President shall preside at all meetings when present. In the absence of the
President, the Board shall elect one of their number to preside.

7. The order of business of the Board shall be:

(1) Roll-call.
2) Reading and correction of minutes of last meeting.
) Report of Shellfish Commissioner.
) Report of State Fish Culturist.
) Report of Engineer (Superintendent of Forests).
6) Report of Chief Protector.
) Secretary’s report.
) Report of Auditing and Pay Clerk.
) Reports of Standing Committees.
(10) Reports of Special Committees.

(11) Miscellaneous and unfinished business.

8. The following standing committees of three each, of which the President shall

be one, shall be appointed by the President:

Committee on Forest Preserve and State Lands.
Committee on Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game.
Committee on Licenses, Permits and Shellfishery.
Executive Committee.

Committee on Legislation.

g. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Forest Preservation and State Lands
to consider and report upon all matters of land purchase and business incidental
thereto, including the examination of offers which may be submitted, questions of land
value, the extent and nature of timber-thieving and measures which should be adopted
to suppress it; also, to consider and suggest plans for the better organization of the
Firewarden system, and other matter arising out of the business connected with the
forest and State lands in the care and custody of the Commission.

10. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game
to have charge of all matters pertaining to the hatching, culture and distribution of
fish; repairs and improvements to hatcheries; also, to look after the business and
interests of the Commission in reference to the protection and preservation of fish

and game.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Ff

11. The Committee on Licenses, Permits and Shellfish shall formulate and submit
the rules for licensing net-fishing, as provided by law, and also for granting permits;
and shall from time to time examine all licenses and permits granted, and ascertain
whether the terms and conditions of the same have been abused or violated. They
shall also have general charge of matters pertaining to the shellfish department not
specially delegated to the Shellfish Commissioner by law.

12. The Executive Committee shall examine and audit all accounts, bills and pay-
rolls, and endorse the same with their approval when passed; and no bills or accounts
shall be paid until so approved; examine and check all books and accounts; examine
and check all regular and special reports of employees as often as once in each month
and report the result of such examination to the Commission at its first meeting there-
after. They shall also have a general supervision of the business of the Commission
and care and control of its interests when the Board is not in session.

13. The Committee on Legislation shall look after the necessary legislation of the
Commission; shall examine and consider all proposed amendments or changes in the
fish, game and forestry laws or new laws affecting these interests, and shall submit to
this Board their opinion upon matters which, in their judgment, require legislative
action.

14. The foregoing rules may be altered or amended by vote of a majority of the
Commission, upon ten days’ notice being given, which notice may be in open meeting

and entered on the minutes or by serving written notice.
STANDING COMMITTEES.

Forest Preserve and State Lands.—William R. Weed, Hendrick S. Holden, Barnet
H. Davis.

Executive.—Hendrick S. Holden, Charles H. Babcock, Barnet H. Davis.

Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game.—Charles H. Babcock, Edward Thompson,
Barnet H. Davis.

Legislation.—Barnet H. Davis, William R. Weed, Charles H. Babcock.

The following is a statement of the financial transactions of the Commission for the

fiscal year:

2

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS, Ig

Financial Statement
For the Fiscal Gear Ending September 30, 1898.

GENERAL MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT.

RECEIPTS.

Balance October 1, 1897, . : : : : :
Appropriation, Chapter 306, Laws of 1897:
For maintenance of hatcheries and hatching stations and the col-
lection and distribution of fish and fry, .
Salaries and expenses of Fish and Game Protectors and
Foresters,
Salaries and expenses of officials, .
Clerical Force,
Stationery, printing and office expenses,
Shellfish Department, .

DISBURSEMENTS.

For maintenance of hatcheries and hatching stations and the col-
lection and distribution of fish and fry, Schedule “A,”

Fish and Game Protectors and Foresters, . Oe COB aw

Official salaries and expenses, : : - ee Se (C27

Clerical Force, . ; : 3 " i se GoD)

Stationery, printing and office expenses, : as Dat

Shellfish Department, . x A ; ce SS
Lapsed to State Treasury, . : : : : cS

Balance September 30, 1898,

$22,807

61,500

40,300
24,000
6,000
5,000

6,750

$55,01 2
38,733
21,259

6,099
2,874
3,878

0O

(exe)
0O0
oOo
(ote)

oo

15
81
42
84
21

73

$127,858 16
650 29
37,849 25

$166,357 70

20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Schedule “A.”

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF HATCHERIES AND HATCHING
STATIONS, COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS

AND FRY, FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPT. 30TH, 1898:

Adirondack Hatchery, Saranac Lake, Franklin Co., . 5 : . $7,668 53
Beaverkill cs Rockland, Sullivan Co., . ; . 5 Bua Se
Caledonia if Caledonia, Livingston Co., : : : a LUG yaL
Cold Spring cs Cold Spring Harbor, Suffolk Co., : : 2 Shr4izNog
Fulton Chain & Old Forge, Herkimer Co., . oH ; - 4,493 40
Pleasant Valley © Taggart, Steuben Co., , : : . 4,240 46
Sacanadaga f Speculator, Hamilton Co., . ‘ : 3 5 ApRQ2 AB
Oneida is Constantia, Oswego Co., . ; : : 5 My AMLe OO)
Clayton Station, Clayton, Jefferson Co., : : : : . 1,607 44
Canandaigua “ Canandaigua Lake, 3 : j : 5 gs Ox
Chautauqua‘ Chautauqua Lake, : : é : ; 878 65
Catskill « Catskill, Greene Co., : : ; 5 5 GG) @2
Collecting lake trout eggs, Lake Michigan, : : : 338 02
Construction of house for fish-car ‘“‘ Adirondack,” Caledonia, . . : i 5 382 45
Improvement to water supply, McKay Pond, at Caledonia, : ; ; 5 Hpi) 42
Legal expenses, : : : : : : . : ; : 3 ; 853 67
James Annin, Jr., Supt., salary. ; : : ; ; : : : . 2,499 96
oe ‘“ traveling expenses, ; 582 83
Expenses of Superintendent’s office, Caledonia, N.Y... : ; : : 980 77
Kendrick Brown & Co., fish cans, : ; : : : ; 9g 81
James H. Lamphere, removing fish from Erie Canal, . : : ; : : 89 oo
E. I. Brooks, - a oy ; : : 96 oo
States Prison Agent, merchandise, : A ‘ : : ; j ‘ : 45 00
F. D. Devine, one boat and oars, ; ? : : : : ; : 35 00
Motalyy ee : ; : , ; Pins, 2mm

HATCHERY ACCOUNTS.

1897. Adirondack Hatchery :

Oct. Charles Millar & Son, iron pipe, : ; $76 64
Milo Otis, labor; , : . BA SO
M. A. Roberts, ae ; : ; : ; 57 00
A. W. Marks, oars and repairing fireplace, . 6 50
John G. Roberts, freight, postage, salary, etc., . Tat eS

Forward, $310 36

1897.
Nov.

Dec:

1898.

Feb.

Mch.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
Walton Stark & Co.,
Armour & Co.,

Joseph Otis, Jr..

A. W. Marks,

M. A. Roberts,

Milo Otis,

John G. Roberts,

Upper Saranac Association,
American Net & Twine Co.,

M. A. Roberts,
A. W. Marks,
Milo Otis,
Joseph Otis, Jr.,
Henry Snyder,
John G. Roberts,

American Net & Twine Co.,
A. H. Collins,

O. S. Lawrence,

M. A. Roberts,

William Ames,

A. W. Marks,
L. W. Noble,
Milo Otis,

Henry A. Snyder,
John G. Roberts,

Walton Starks & Co.,
William Ames,

Henry A. Swinyer,

Milo Otis,

M. A. Roberts,

John G. Roberts,

Upper Saranac Association,

J. C. Annin,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
M. A. Roberts,

Milo Otis,

Henry A. Swinyer,

~ John G. Roberts,

liver, 5 00
hardware, etc., BS 2k
liver, 18 00
labor, TOMO
(73 24 70

eS 58 go

ns c c 0 . 5 58 go
expenses, belts, postage, salary, 108 oo
sand, lumber, etc., 48 36
pound net, 4 103 24
labor, $57 00
ot 57 00

* Hf 22

ye 24 00

MN : c : c : 13 50
expenses, freight, salary, etc., . 112 65
netting, etc., $30 92
tags, 3 50
oats, 36 00
labor, 38 00
labor and expenses, 18 25
: a 60 15

hay, 42 12
labor, 59 I5
We : ; 3 : 46 75
expenses, freight, salary, etc., . 100 75
rope, hardware, etc., $9 12
labor and notary fee, ) 2e
labor, 58 go
58 90
io . : - 20 go
expenses and salary, ON a7
sand, lumber, etc., 2 GG
brown trout eggs, $25 00
liver, 9 38
labor, 53 20
i 33) 4e
t c é . . . 53 20
expenses, freight, salary, etc., . 94 64
Forward,

Brought forward,

A\t

$310 36

490 85

Bit 1s

435 59

276 59

288 62

$2,123 16

1898.
April

REPORT

Scheeler’s Sons,
W. D. Austin,

L. Dukett,

Paul LaClare,
Joseph Jafoy,
Charles Otis,

A. W. Marks,
Charles Millar & Son,
William Ball,

Milo Otis,

Henry A. Swinyer,
M. A. Roberts,
John G. Roberts,

F. and C. Crittenden,
Mrs. Charles McCaffrey,
F. and C. Crittenden,
Walton Stark & Co.,
Joseph Lajoy,

W. D. Austin,

William Ball,

George Otis,

Charles Otis,

Israel Dukett,

_ Charles McCaffrey,

June

Lewis Parrott,
Milo Otis,

L. Dukett,

Paul LaClare,
Henry A. Swinyer,
M. A. Roberts,
John G. Roberts,

Walter N. Thayer,
Charles Miilar & Son,
Henry A. Swinyer,
William Ball,

L. Dukett,

Israel Dukett,

L. H. Austin,

W. D. Austin,

R. Swinyer,
Paulmita Clare
Milo Otis,

Lewis Parrott,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

copper screen,

labor, :
team, hire and labor,
labor,

iron pipe and valve,
expenses and labor,
labor,

oe

oe

freight, expenses, labor, salary,

liver,

meals,

liver, ;
rope, tools, etc.,
labor,

(a3

labor and expenses,

labor and expenses,
expenses, freight, salary, etc.,

wheelbarrows,

pipe valve and auger,
labor and expenses,
labor,

labor and expenses,
labor,

oe

Forward,

$36

40

[oye

Ryayiseh 16)

1,374 40

456 30

$3,953 86

18098.
June

July

Aug.

Sept.

M. A. Roberts,
John G. Roberts,
Upper Saranac Association,

Scheeler’s Sons,
Charles W. Blackman,
Charles C. Kellogg & Sons,
Walton Stark & Co.,
Henry A. Swinyer,
Milo Otis,

M. A. Roberts,

Paul LaClare,

Lewis Parrott,

W. D. Austin,

R. Swinyer,

Eben Blakeman,

F. and C. Crittenden,
John G. Roberts,
William Ball,

Charles Millar & Son,

Job Malone,

Charles C. Kellogg & Son,
Joseph Otis,

Richard Reid,

R. Swinyer,

William Ball,

H. A. Swinyer,

Eben C. Blakeman,

M. A. Roberts,

Milo Otis,

L. Parrott,

Paul LaClare,

W. D. Austin,

Thompson Bros.,

John G. Roberts,

Upper Saranac Association,
F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

H. H. Lounsley,

American Net & Twine Co.,
I. Dukett;

Charles Millar & Son,
Joseph Otis,

William Ball,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 23
Brought forward, $460 12 $3,953 86

labor and expenses, : : 68 40

freight, expenses, salary, etc., 108 29

sand, lumber, etc., : bi: 99 34
736 15

prassewikes ae ye f : : $22 50

meat cutter, . ; 5 . Te 25

lumber, Z : ; 124 06

paint and hardware, ‘ : De AG)

la Oraalee i ; 5 : 49 40

a 57 00

57 00

ie 39 00

is 39 00

(73 39 lefe)

7 IZ ©O

: : 45 00

liver, : ; ; é ‘ 19 86

expenses, freight, salary, etc., 107 79

labor and expenses, : : 88 45
i 3g 3)

tar and pipe, . j , a base) 62

pipe valves and angles, . } 97 17

laying stone, : : : iG) - SO)

lumber, : . ; 200 I5

team work, . : ‘ I7 50

wagon, : 6 : é 36 50

lal OTnmae ; j : : 46 00

labor and expenses, : A 78 70

lal OTe ; ; ‘ 6 57 00

ce 46 50

: 58 go

“ 58 go

5 Ht Be

cS Bh 3o

: : 36 00

cement, : : ; : 14 00

expenses, freight, salary, etc., . 150 65

lumber, : : : : 153 59

liver, : : : : 14 89
1,488 57

cement and paper, . : : $20 80

nets, 4 : : : : 22 00

team work, . : : 750

pipe, 3 5 : : : 17 Os

team work, . : : ; 14 00

- labor and expenses, 85 32
Forward, $161 67 $6,913 68

24

18a8.
Sept.

Dec.

REPORT OF THE

Felix Fleury,

Richard Roberts,

Lewis Parrott,

Milo Otis,

Eben Blakeman,

Henry A. Swinyer,

M. A. Roberts,

W. D. Austin,

Charles Otis,

Paut LaClare,

R. Swinyer,

John G. Roberts,

Upper Saranac Association,
Thompson Bros.,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,
labor,

team work,
labor,
cc . . .
expenses, salary, etc.,
lumber, etc., : 3 ;
cement and paper,
liver,

Total Adirondack Hatchery,

Beaverkill Hatchery :

30 days’ labor at $1.75 per day, .

25 two cent stamps,

James F. Wood,

M. R. Dodge,
Johnston & Albee,
E. A. Dodge,
George H. Lawson,
Ahira Green,
Charles B. Laraway,
A. E. Shaver,

Willis Twiss,

W. D. Marks,
American Net & Twine Co.,

Charles B. Laraway,
W. D. Marks,
William White,
George H. Lawson,
E. A Dodge,

M. R. Dodge,

S. Hammond,

A. E. Shaver,

Willis Twiss,

tubs,

livery

hardware,

labor,

labor and expenses,
board and cartage, .
labor and expenses,

netyetes

labor and expenses,
labor,

“cc
be

ia

livery,. :
trout eggs and board,
board of men, etc.,
labor,

$161
8

22
27
58

Forward,

17
75
50
1S
go
50
go
10

75

oo

75
(exe)
30
09
75
14

25
50

45

foXe)
go
50
60
80
iS
94
50
35
89

80
00
00
00
fee)
00
65
47
00

$6,913 68

es 8
$7,668 53

$52 75

255 66

623 92
$932 33

1898.
Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

April

June

Russell K. Gage,
Wilham Ball,
Charles Millar & Son,
James Fitzgerald,
Albert Hallenbeck,
Willis Twiss,

John Hallenbeck,

S. Hammond,
William White,
George Lawson,

J. T. Watson,
Gilbert Kinch,

W. D. Marks,

A. EK. Shaver,

M. R. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,
BE. A. Dodge;

Oliver Greene,
Scheeler’s Sons,

M. R. Dodge,
Isaac T. Watson,
James Fitzgerald,
George Weiss,

H. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

J. C. Annin,
E. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

James Fitzgerald,
M. R. Dodge,
Johnston & Albee,
EK. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

M. R. Dodge,
E. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

Alvira Green,
M. R. Dodge,
E. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

labore

labor and expenses,
pipe and fittings,
coal,

labor,

oe

3

trout eggs and board,
labor,

5
lumber,
team work
labor and expenses,
trout eggs and board,
labor,
labor and expenses,
labor,

board and cartage, .
fine wire,

livery,

lumber, .

coal, 3
spikes and net frames,
labor,

labor and expenses,

brown trout eggs,
labor,
labor and expenses,

coal,

carting and sawdust,
hardware,

labor,

labor and expenses,

cartage, .
labor and expenses,

ee of

cartage, .

a

labor,

o>

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,
$12 00

Sd 29

184 67

ro 88

g 00

12 00

9g 00

266 go

g 00

Forward,

25

$932 33

1,194 19

149 74

II1g 40

138 64

134 50

1§2 8&5

$2,821 65

26

1898.
July

Aug.

Sept.

1897.
Oci.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

C. W. Blackman,
Py). Wienges;

J. W. Wood,

E. A. Dodge,
Charles B. Laraway,

E. A. Stewart,
Johnston & Albee,
Isaac T. Watson,
Frederick Sheeley,

E. A. Dodge,

M. R. Dodge,

125 Jo Miler,

Charles B. Laraway,
James Field Company,

James Field Company,
Charles B. Laraway,

Total Beaverkill

Caledonia Hatchery :

Frank Redband,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,
John A. Upton,
William Johnson,
Sylvester Selleck,

Fie yReiCotchefer

M. G. Craft,
Addison Kingsbury,
Charles Boehm,
Cornelius Cooper,
William Mastin,
Alexander Amond,
Grant Christie,

W. Palmer Babcock,
William McNaughton,
Wiliam Ball,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
C. Klinck,

J. E. Harvey, Agent,
A. P. Campbell,

meat chopper,
liver,
oe
labor,
labor and expenses,

flag pole,
hardware,

lumber, .

labor,

livery,

liver, :
labor and expenses,
American flag,

flag pole and fixtures,
labor and expenses,

Hatchery,

salary and expenses,
labor and expenses,
labor,

labor and expenses,
labor,

labor and expenses,
labor,
carpenter,

(73

fish food,

oe

repairs fish cans,
sundries,

Forward,

Brought forward,

$7
8

$o14

25
64

80
40
00
95
50
50
50
50
00
75
38
(ele)
25
55
50
00
75

53
20

80
49

39

$2,821 65

132 92

142 62

69 40

$3,166 59

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

DeLancey A. Cameron,

Brought forward,

lumber and cement,

Charles C. Kellogg & Sons Co., “

(UFiSeEexpressiCo;,
Jamie C. Annin,
R. Pullybank, Sr.,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,

John A. Upton,

William Johnson,

Epp Ren C otchefer

M. G. ‘Craft,

Addison Kingsbury,
Charles Boehm,

Peter P. Campbell,
Cornelius Cooper,
William Mastin,
Alexander Amond,
Grant Christie,

W. Palmer Babcock,
William McNaughton,
George Johnson,
William Champ,
James Gill,

Robert McArthur,

P. Kiinck,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
McCabe Bros.,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

W. F. Lawson,

J. M. Matteson & Co.,
A. Beekman,

James Field Company,
Silver Lake Ice Co.,
American Express Co.,
Wits Express) Co,
Sylvester Selleck,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,

John A. Upton,

William Johnson,

ER. Cotcheter,

Me Gay Crate

express, .
carting, .
(9

labor and expenses,

“cc x3

labor,

sand, etc.,

' fish food,

“ec

“ee
carting,

oe
hardware,
lumber, .
twine,
1Gé,
expressum.

oe

labor,

salary and expenses
labor,
labor and expenses,

labor,
“6

6c

Forward,

27

1,466 49

1,236 85

$2,703 34

28

1897.
Dec:

1808.
Jan.

REPORT

Addison Kingsbury,
Charles Boehm,
Alexander Amond,
Grant Christie,

W. Palmer Babcock,
William McNaughton,
William Ball,
Sylvester Selleck,
Jamie C. Annin,

W. F. Lawson,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

C. Klinck,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
William Nicholls,

J. E. Harvey, agent,
Us S: Express Co.,
American Express Co.,
Henry Boehm,

Robert McArthur,
Salter Bros.,

C. Dorflinger & Sons,
Ross McKay,
DeLancey A. Cameron,
Wilson & Moore,

John A. Upton,
Grant Christie,
Sylvester Selleck,
Herbert R. Cotchefer,
William Johnson,

M. C. Craft,

George H. Lawson,
George Stewart,
Addison Kingsbury,
Jamie C. Annin,
William McNaughton,
Alexander Amond,
Charles Boehm,
James D. Christie,
Henry Thurlow,
Charles Roberts,
Richard Reid,

United States Express Co.,
Ae Collins:

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

labor,

ce

labor and expenses,

oe oe
ee “ec
carpenter,
cc
labor,
carting, .
of
ce

fish food,

oe

repairing tools,

repairing fish cans, .
’

express, .

(a3 é =
one load fertilizer,
dirt and fertilizer,
florists,

Chase hatching jars,

13 cords of stone,
lumber,
paints, etc.,

labor and expenses .

ve “ee

labor and material, .

EXPRESS ane
tags,

Forward,

39 09

$2,703 34

1,105 37

$3,808 71

1898.

Feb.

Mch.

Scheelers’ Sons,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
C. Klinck,

Burt Pullybank,

Frank Redband, foreman,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,

Addison Kingsbury,
Sylvester Selleck,
Grant Christie,
William McNaughton,
Alexander Mullin, Jr.,
C. Klinck,

. and’ €. Crittenden & Co:,
McCabe Bros.,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

W. F. Lawson,

J. E. Harvey, agent,
Blackford’s,

Scheeler’s Sons,

J. M. Matteson & Co,
Wiens Express! Cos,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,
Addison Kingsbury,
Sylvester Selleck,
Grant Christie,
Grant E. Winchester,
Randall R. Brown,
A. P. Campbell,

Ja Co Arran,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

B. Pullybank,

W. F. Lawson,

C. Kiinck,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 29
Brought forward, $569 56 $3,808 71
wire screens, . : ; : D WB
fish food, : 6 c : BYES
a : : . 5 65 00
cartage, . : 6 6 . 8 00
salary and expenses, : ; 93 46
175 79
salary and expenses, : : $94 35
labor ‘“ es : é : 46 80
e 62 00
is 54 25
= 54 25
" 54 25
“ce 39 oo
es 45 50
i 22 75
= 14 00
ef : : ¢ é ¢ 4 80
fish food, : : : F 62 50
" : . c : . 34 53
a 7 08
carting, . : 6 : : 4.50
Bs 2 50
repairing cans, 5 5 : 48 55
20 new cans, . : ; : 42 00
WikenClothyi : ; : 28 48
hardware, : : : . i 1G
EXPRESS : : : ‘ 24 59
841 83
salary and expenses, : : $94 30
labor, . ; 3 é : 49 00
and expenses, ; : 63 85
49 00
and expenses, 52 50
; 49 00
36 oo
. : 35 00
“and expenses, : : 69 18
SU ask 55 47
of : ; : 76 82
sundries, : : z : 6 50
trout eggs and carting, . . 27 00
carting, . : : 3 : 14 00
ve . : : : : 27 50
iy : : 5 9 0 g oOo
fish food, j : L ; 60 00
Forward, $774 12 $5,426 24

30

1808.

Mch. F. and C. Crittenden & Co..

April

REPORT..OF THE. COMMISSIONERS OF

(WSs xpressiCo.,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,
EeeRe. Cotchefer;

M. G. Craft,
Addison Kingsbury,
Sylvester Selleck,
Grant Christie,
Grant E. Winchester,
Randall R. Brown,
Alexander Amond,
F. E. Daley,

J. C. Annin,

W. F. Lawson,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,
B. Pullybank,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
C. Klinck,

McCabe Bros.,
Scheeler’s Sons,
W195. Hxpressi€os,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,

George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,

Sylvester Selleck,
Addison Kingsbury,

P. D. Campbell,

Frank Kingsbury,
Andrew Guthrie,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

W. F. Lawson,

B. Pullybank,

C. Klinck,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
U.S. Express Co..

Brought forward,
fish food,
express, .

salary and expenses,
labor and expenses,

66
(73
(73 d 2
and expenses,
66 73 “c

ce ce oe

«* and expenses,
ce ce 3
ce ce “ec

(a5 ce ve

board of two men, .
carting, .

fish food,

ce

(73

wire cloth,
express,

salary and expenses,

labore: eC ; 4
“ ae ce

6 yards muck, :
rent of brook, land, etc., 1897,

carting, .
ce

(73
e e

fish food, b co

“cc

express, . :

$774 12

Forward,

$5,426 24

S16 21

962 41

174 7%

$7,979 57

1808.
June

July

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS:

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,
George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,

Sylvester Selleck,
Addison Kingsbury,
Peter P. Campbell,
John D. Campbell,
Grant Christie,
Alexander Amond,

J. C. Annin,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

B. Pullybank,

W. F. Lawson,

(Weiss Express: Cor,
Scheeler’s Sons,

J. M. Matteson & Co.,
Joseph D. Donohue,
F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
C. Klinck,

McCabe Bros.,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,

George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,

Sylvester Selleck,
Addison Kingsbury,

W. Palmer Babcock,
John D. Campbell,
Alexander Amond,

J. F. Ward,

Robert McArthur,
Cornelius Cooper,

J. C. Annin,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

B. Pullybank,

C. Klinck,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
U.S. Express Co.,

salary and expenses,
labor and expenses,

«« and expenses,
«« and expenses,

Geaeancdkexpenses,
ce ce es
carting,

EC
oe

ce

express,
wire cloth,
hardware,
bbls. of salt,
fish food,

ce

oe

salary and expenses, -

[aly Ore ‘“

«¢ and expenses,

“ and expenses,
florist,
dirt, sod, etc.,
drawing flint, etc.,

carting, labor, etc., .

ce

«6

fish food,

“cc

express, .

Brought forward,

16

$811

Forward,

56
3D
(oXo)
25
75
25
25
70
25
50

42

Sil

$7,979 57

809 94

$8,789 51

32

1898.
July

Aug.

Sept.

REPORT

Silver Lake Ice Co.,
James Field Co.,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,

George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,

M. G. Craft,

Sylvester Selleck,
Addison Kingsbury,
Alexander Amond,

W. Palmer Babcock,
McCabe Bros.,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
C. Klinck,

R. Pullybank, Jr.,

P. R. McKay,

U.S: Express Co.,

J. M. Matteson & Co.,
A. P. Campbell,

Salter Bros.,

Chamberlin’s rubber store,
Scheeler’s Sons,

Richard Reid,

Holden & Sons,

Frank Redband, foreman,
George Stewart,

George H. Lawson,
William Johnson,

H. R. Cotchefer,
Sylvester Selleck,
Addison Kingsbury,
Grant Christie,

W. Palmer Babcock,
William Sickles,

T. B. Tuttle,

Silver Lake Ice Co.,

C. Klinck,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.
R. Pullybank, Jr.,

W. F. Lawson,

B. Pullybank,

o(Os Ayavanor

p)

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,
ice, ; ;
American flag,

salary and expenses,
labor,

“and expenses,

fish food,

‘
“

carting, :

repairing fish car,

express,

hardware,

sundries,

flower seeds,

rubber hose,

wire cloth,

repairs for fish car, .

coal,

salary and expenses,
labor,

e

oe

“and expenses,

“e EB
loads of flint. .
car of ice,
fish food,

6
carting,
oe
66

ce

Forward,

|

$8xr1x

29
12

Ht
4
[e)
fe}

wm
ies

34

OL

or un
aS +S
Oo
ie)

40 5

on

38

3}
00

vnamwuoFwAtMMndbsbds COMMMmN WYNN DN OO WW
(Gat (o) (oy (ony (SY nl nt (Say al (©) 1S). Ce) (O) <0) On rt ny Sa Gm =) Gn Ce)

aS
aI

(nt ASY 1S) 1S) (oy Se ent
(0) Cay Cnt {o) Gy We)

Os
1)

$8,789 51

852 41

851 28

$10,493 20

1898.
Sept.

1897.
Oct.

Novy.

Dec.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

United States Express Co.,
De Lancey A. Cameron,
M. G. Craft,

O’Neil & Hale,

Brought forward,

SxPLESSyi
lumber, .

labor, :
insurance on hatchery,

Total Caledonia Hatchery,

Fulton Chain Hatchery:

Americam Net & Twine Co.,
Matthews & Boucher,

Field & Co.,

Wiliam Ball,

T. C. Pullman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
N. Ginther,

Adam Teunis,

Ik. White,

William H. Burke,

F. C. Mark,

Hi. J. Kendall,

H. E. Annin,

Armour & Co.,

American Net & Twine Co.,
Charles Kellogg & Sons,

N. Ginther,

J. C. Pullman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
William V. Smith,

Adam Tennis,

IL. White,

F. C. Marks,

William H. Burke,

H. B: Kendall,

H. E. Annin,

Dodge & Snyder,

J. E. Harvey,
Sabine & Harvey,
George Deis & Son,
James C. Pullman,

twine and corks,

locks,

rope,

carpenter expense,

lime, cement, etc.,

liver, : ; F
teaming, express and freight,
dynamite and labor,

labor,

hatchery work,

(75 (13

ce 3

salary and expenses,

liver,

small seine,

lumber, etc.,

cartage and express,
lime, cement, etc.,
liver, : ‘ ;
stone and brick laying,
labor, etc.,

salary and expenses,

turpentine, etc.,
nails, etc.,

level nails,

lumber, .

labor, lumber, etc.,

Forward,

$765
17
37
45
15

r2
25
04
50

[oXe)

45
50
80
37
719
28
59
42
20
50
25
50
50

14
29
22
50
27
51
75
50°
50
[oxe)
15
25
go

52
go
06
81

72

$10,493 20

879 91
$11,373 11

496 95

681 98

Or

$1,178 93

34

1897.
Dec.

1898.
Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

April

May

REPORT

N. Ginther,

Mrs. Frederick Hess,
George Goodsell,
William H. Burke,
H. B. Kendall,

F. C. Marks,

H. E. Annin,

Milo E. Bull,

N. Ginther,

H. B. Kendall,
William H. Burke,

F. C. Marks,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

F. and C. Cnittenden & Co.,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

N. Ginther,

J. E. Harvey,

H. B. Kendall,
William H.. Burke,
F. C. Marks,

H FE. Annin foreman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

Milo E. Bull,

Adam Tennis,

N. Ginther.

F. C. Marks,

William H. Burke,

H B. Kendall,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

N. Ginther,

William Ball,

William H. Burke,

H. B. Kendall,

F. C. Marks,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

Richard E. Tollett,
Dodge & Snyder,
George Deis & Son,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

express and cartage,
board,

extra labor,

labor and expenses,

«e ce

oe (73

salary and expenses,

teaming, 5
and express,

labor,
a4

(73

. salary and expenses,

liver,

liver,

express and cartage,
kerosene, etc.,
labor at hatchery,

6

oe 73

salary and expenses,

liver,

teaming,

labor and wood,
express and delivery,
labor at hatchery,

“c oe

“ce “ce

salary and expenses,

liver, : :
express and cartage,
labor and expenses,

(13 ce
oe oe

ce ce

salary and expenses,

expenses,
white lead, oil, etc.,
lumber,

$76 o1

WO) 7/3}

Singmen2
16 25
15. ou

$1,178 93

419 89

Sek) 76)

290 80

281 44

301 04

Forward, $44 68

$2,777 83

1898.
May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Sabine & Harvey,

Charles Millar & Son,

N. Ginther,

F. and €. Crittenden & Co.,
Scheeler’s Sors,

William Ball,

F. C. Marks,

H. B. Kendall,

William H. Burke,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

To & Pullman,

L. White,

N. Ginther,

William H. Burke,

F C. Marks,

H. B. Kendall,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co,
N. Ginther,

J. E. Harvey,

E. F. Abbott,

William H. Burke,

F. C. Marks,

H. B. Kendall,

L. White,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
N. Ginther,

William H. Burke,

F. C. Marks,

H. B. Kendall,

H. E. Annin, foreman,
James C. Bigelow,

George Deis & Sons,

N. Ginther,

H. B. Kendall,

William H. Burke,

F. C. Marks,

H. E. Annin, foreman,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

Brought forward,
hardware,
1ron, pipe, etc.,
cartage, express, etc.
liver,
wire, é
labor and expenses,

oe ce
ee oe

oe “e

salary and expenses,

lumber, .
labor,
cartage, etc.,
labor and expenses,
‘** at hatchery,
‘ and expenses,
salary ‘“ uf

liver bill, May, :
teaming and express, June,
mdse,
labor,

ce

labor,
salary and expenses,

liver, :
cartage and express,
labor,

ce

ce

salary and expenses,

flowers,

lumber, ;
express and teaming,
labor,

“and expenses,
“

salary, etc.,
liver,

Total Fulton Chain Hatchery,

bors
SH & OG
OW

coal

on

bh On
On SS te = 7) Go

No)

#4493 4

401 82

324 40

319 7%

36

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Cold Spring Hatchery:

M. Abrams,

JAC Potten,

E. B. Dusenbury, Jr.,
James T. DeMuilt,
John A. Bersenger,
Awe Dodge;

E. Abrams,

William R. Bingham,
James Wheeler,
Shepard Keene,
Richard Cronin,
Peter Gorman,

E. A. Cooper,

John T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,

O. V. Rogers,

C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,
jC. Lotten;

W. Wilton Wood,
William R. Bingham,
James Wheeler,
Richard Cronin,
Shepard Keene,
O. V. Rogers,

RE AcaCoopen,
Peter Gorman,
F. Van Ausdall,
John T. Mahan,
C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

jen @=wlottens
American Net & Twine Co.,
Je ber OuNeil:
Bingham & Brush,
Andrus ‘Titus,

j. L. DeMiult,
William H. Stayle,
Peter Gorman,

E. A. Cooper,

F. Van Ausdall,

fish food,
freight,
supplies for horse,

“ec oe
braces for new ponds,
sundries, °

ce

cartage, .

oe

labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food,

express cn fish food,
steps and screens,
cartage, .

oe

labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food,

freight,

nets,
coal for hatchery.
bedding for horse,
hay for horse,
oats,

sundries,

labor and travel,

Forward,

P113

54

$769 38

668 68

$1,438 06

1897.
Dec.

1398.
Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

J. T. Mahan,
O. V. Rogers,
C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

Jn Co Wowie,

W. Peper & Bro.,
William T. Lockwood,
J. M. Matteson & Co.,
Frederick E. Gardiner,
Peter Gorman,

E. A. Cooper,

F. Van Ausdall,

J. T. Mahan,

O. V. Rogers,

C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

ee Caehottens

J. T. DeMilt,

W. Wilton Wood,
Peter Gorman,
E. A. Cooper,
Frederick E. Gardiner,
J. T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,
O. V. Rogers,

C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

If. Ce Wowtian,

© elottens

William Bingham,
William T. Lockwood,
ie, W, OPNeul,
Frederick Brown,
Frederick E. Gardiner,
Peter Gorman,

Bape Coopen

J. T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,

OF Ve Rogers,

C. H. Walters,

Brought forward,

labor,

ce

salary and expenses,

fish food,
freight,

use in hatchery,
sundries,

new cans,

labor, :
travel and labor,
labor,

' salary and expenses,

fish food,

freight,

horse feed,

screens and doors, .
travel and labor,

(7 «6

labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food,
expressage,
cartage, .
filling ice house,
sundries, ;
heating hatchery room,
labor,

Gu . .
travel and labor,

ce ce

“ &

labor,

(73

salary and expenses,

Forward,

$439

$1,438 06

638 07

705 38

588 47

$3,369 98

38

1898.
Mch.

April

May

June

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Sylvester Selleck,
Grant Christie,

M. Abrams,
JaG=s lotten,
W. L. Gilbert,
Samuel J. Smith,
S. D. Tillotson,
L. I. Publishing Co.,
Peter Gorman,
E. A. Cooper,

J. T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,
O. V. Rogers,
C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,
jp@e@otten:

J. T. DeMilt,
William R. Bingham,
William R. Bingham,
E. A. Cooper,

Peter Gorman,

J. T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,

O. V. Rogers,

C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,
eC Miotten:

American Net & Twine Co.,

W. Peper & Bro.,
W. H. Stayle,
William T. Lockwood,
T. Nostrand & Sons,
J. T. DeMilt,

David Baldwin,

Hi An Coopers

Peter Gorman,

O. V. Rogers,

F. Van Ausdall,

J. T. Mahan,

C. H. Walters,

Brought forward,

labor and expenses,

be 4

fish food,

express on fish food,
spawn, ;
coliecting spawn,
sundries,

shipping tags,

travel and labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food,
freight,

horse food,
cartage, .
sundries,

travel and labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food,

freight, :
collecting shad eggs,
collecting lobster eggs,
hatching lobster eggs,
cleaning ponds,

horse feed,
improving grounds,
labor,
travel and labor,
labor,

oe

66

salary and expenses,

54
114
14
54
54
96

00
215
25
25

Forward,

$3,369 98

782 84

872 59

664 42

592 49

$6,281 32

1898.
July

Aug.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

M. Abrams,
je Caotten,

Gas, Power & Engine Co.,

Thompson & Tyler,
W. Milton Wood,
Joseph S. Doty,
William R. Bingham,
Steamer Port Chester,
J. T. Mahan,

Peter Gorman,

E. A. Cooper,

O. V. Rogers,

F, Vam Ausdall,
Daniel J. Gardiner,
C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

ei Caslotien:

Elwood Abrams,

A. D. Dodge,
William R. Bingham,
Adolphus L. Ford,
William T. Lockwood,
Peter Gorman,

J. T. Mahan,

O. V. Rogers,

Sept.

B.A: Cooper,
F. Van Ausdall,
C. H. Walters,

M. Abrams,

aC rlottens
Captain Elias Beeler,
Captain Peter Morton,
F. Nichols,

William H. Stayle,
AU Dodge:

Joseph Doty,
William R. Bingham,
O. V. Rogers,

EK. A. Cooper,

J. T. Mahan,

F. Van Ausdall,
Daniel J. Gardiner,
C. H. Walters,

fish food,
freight, s
collecting lobsters, .

hatching and shad spawn,

repairs,

improving grounds,
ce ce

towing, . :

travel and labor,

_labor,

salary and expenses,

fish food, .

freight,

painting launch,
freight,

hatching lobsters,
lobster spawn,
sundries, ; :

collecting lobster spawn, .

hatching lobsters,

(73 “sé
travel and labor,
feeding fish, 3
salary and expenses,

fish food,
freight,
hatching lobsters,

(6 ce

(14 c. A
repairing fish cans, .
sundries,
improving grounds,
cartage, .
labor eos

feeding fish,
labor, :
salary and expenses,

Total Cold Spring Hatchery,

$81

, 22

6
94

Brought forward,

go
25
35
oo
24
50
(exe)
(eye)

o3

39

$6,281 32

761 80

484 43

40 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Pleasant Valley Hatchery :

1897.

Oct. Grant Christie, labor and expenses, ; : $35 75
Thomas Toogood, pheasants’ eggs, ; ‘ } 8 00
Frederick C. Hunniston, labors ay ae. : ‘ é : 2 BO.
Herbert Hunniston, ee ; : ; : : 30 00
Brownell & Co., hardware, etc., 4 ; ; 6 10
O. S. Johnson, labore ; ‘ : : 42 00
F. and C. Crittenden & Co., fish food, : ‘ : : 58 81
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, . 3 L700

ee kyo
Noy. Herbert Hunniston, laborer. ‘ ; ; ; $31 00
F. and C. Crittenden & Co., fish food, : ; : : 48 95
Frederick C. Hunniston, labor, . : : : : 54 25
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, 6 : WED Be

; oe 246 73 .

Dec. R.R. Flynn & Co., salt and glass, : : ; $9 93
Frederick C. Hunniston, labor, . : ; : : 52 50
Herbert Hunniston, : : : ; : 30 00
O. S. Johnson, “ 3 , é : 2 Ig 50
F. and C. Crittenden & Co., fish food, : 5 : : A4I 10
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, ; ‘ 115 60

268 63

1898.

Jan. Brownell & Co., hardware, : : : : $6 65
Frederick C. Hunniston, labore ; t : ; 54 25
Herbert Hunniston, i : ; 5 : ; 31 00
Alonzo Adams, cartage, . : : g : SO
R. R. Flynn & Co., salt, é : : ; : Ig 20
F. and C. Crittenden & Co., fish food, : ; : P 35 88
Grant Christie, labor and expenses, : : RO) OS
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, 4 ; IlO Q7

oe TAD Re 325 40°
Feb. Grant Christie, labor and expenses, : $41 75
Brownell & Co., hardware, etc., ; : : 14 82
Frederick C. Hunniston, labore . 4 ; 54 25
Herbert Hunniston, ee : 3 ; : ; 31 00
John W. Kirkham, lumber and labor, . : : 7 60
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, 5 6 IIO 15

; = caren qamae 239 moni
Mch. Frederick C. Hunniston, Kloyoye, —g : j : ‘ $49 00
Herbert Hunniston, BG : ; ‘4 3 : 28 00
O. S. Johnson, Cs : 6 : : ; 2 00
F. and C. Crittenden & Co., fish food, : : 5 ; 59 79
Simon W. Dixon, furnishing ice, : : ; 62 00
R. Cotchefer, salary and expenses, é : 99 90

<a oer 340 69

Forward, $x1,79r 24

1898.
April

June

July

Aug.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,

O. S. Johnson,

Grant Christie,

F, and C. Crittenden & Co.,
Alonzo Adams,

R. Cotchefer,

Grant Christie,

Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,

Alonzo Adams,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
R. Cotchefer,

Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,

O. S. Johnson,

Clarence Rosenbauer,
Verner de Guise,

C. W. Blackman,
Eugene F. Parker,
Grant Christie,
Alexander Arnold,

R. Cotchefer,

Grant Christie,

Alexander Amond,

Van Scoter,

R. R. Flynn & Co.,
Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,
Alonzo Adams,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
R. Cotchefer,

Professor Tarlton H. Beab,

R. R. Flynn & Co.,
James Field Co.,
Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,
Alonzo Adams,

Grant Christie,

. F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

R. Cotchefer,

labor and expenses,
fish food,
cartage, .
salary and expenses,

labor and expenses,
labor,

cartage, .

fish food,

salary and expenses,

labor,

pheasants,

meat cutter,
insurance,

labor and expenses,

cc 6é

salary ie

labor and expenses,
ce a6
flowers, plants,
salt and dishes,
labor,
66
cartage, .
fish food,
salary and expenses,
expert, services,

salt and dishes,
American flag,
labor,

ce
cartage, .
labor and expenses,
fish food,
salary and expenses,

$54
31
40
27
45
14
T1g

127
I1g
go

$37

12
58
31
4
72
65
118

Brought forward,

25
[oxe)
50
10
23
[oxe)
87

50
50
fofo)
fofo)
82
22

25
[oxe)
5°
50°
[oye)
25
oo
85
71
84

40
75

02
40

Forward,

41

$1,791 24

332295

348 04

452 90

400 03

$3,897 27

42

1898.
Sept.

Nov.

Dec.

1898.

REPORT

Frederick C. Hunniston,
Herbert Hunniston,

O. S. Johnson,

R. R. Flynn & Co.,

F. and C. Crittenden &.Co.,
R. Cotchefer,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

salt,
fish food,
salary and expenses,

Total Pleasant Valley Hatchery,

Sacandaga Hatchery :

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
William A. Foote,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
Ostrander & Cofine,

John F. Boyce,

M. B. Hosley & Sons,
William Ball,

Lewis Wilbur,

George H. Fister,

E. F. Boehm,

Ostrander & Cofine,
Leman Slack,
Lewis Wilbur,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,
M. B. Hosley & Sons,
Lewis Wilbur,

George H. Fister,

E. F. Boehm,

John F. Boyce,
Isaac Brasser,
Lewis Wilbur,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

liver,

steel roofing,

liver,

hardware,
blacksmith work,
grain, ;
labor and expenses,

3

3

salary and expenses,

hardware,
mason work,
labor,

oe

salary and expenses,

liver,
cc

grain,

labor,

ce

salary and expenses,

sleigh and shoeing, .

cartage, .
labor,

oe

salary and expenses,

$58
31
46
1A)
68
125

Brought forward,

go

(oye)
85

Forward,

$3,897 27

Sr UY)

$4,240 46

SS SSS

177 98

213 02

252 05

$967 32

1808.
Feb.

Mch.

April

May

June

July

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

Scheeler’s Sons,
William Holleran,
Ostrander & Cofine,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

C. A.-Healy,

J. M. Matteson,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

Wilbur Brothers,
George'H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

M. B. Hosley,

FE. and ©. Crittenden & Co.,

John F. Boyce,

C. Dorflinger & Sons,
George H. Fister,

E. F. Boehm,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

M. B. Hosley & Sons,

James Boyce,
John L. Boyce,
Addison McIntyre,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

Ostrander & Cofine,

M. B. Hosley & Sons,
F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

Asa Aird,

F. and C. Crittenden & Co.,

John F. Boyce,
Addison McIntyre,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

liver,

wire cloth,

grain,

hardware,

labor,

salary and expenses,
insurance,

fish cans,

liver,

cutting wood,

labor,

salary and expenses,

grain,

liver, ; F
blacksmith work,
Chase hatching jars,
labor,

salary and expenses,

liver,
labor,

salary and expenses,

grain,

horse hire,
blacksmith,

labor,

labor and expenses,
salary and expenses,

hardware,
grain,
liver,
labor,

salary and expenses,

lumber, .
liver,
blacksmith,
labor,

‘.

salary and expenses,

HISHBERIBS, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,
$2 o1
nin Be
oe

2028
62 00
98 92

15 foye)

$30 40
1 88

Forward,

3967 32

207 It

205 78

184 25

161 88

240 73

193 35

$2,355 79

44

1898.
Sept.

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

1898.
Mch.

April

REPORT

Hugh Campbell,
M. B. Hosley,
John F. Boyce,
George H. Fister,
E. F. Boehm,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

harness,

grain, . ‘ ; 5
buckboard wagon and repairs, .
labor, :

salary and expenses,

Total Sacandaga Hatchery,

Oneida Hatchery:
Edgar Johnston,

Daniel C. King,

F. C. Howlett,
American Net & Twine Co.,
Smith, Van Horne & Co.,

Jonathan Mason,
William Marcellus,
Charles Marcellus,
Daniel King,
Sanford Woodward,
William B. Dobson,
John D. Black,

(a3 oe
J. E. Marsh,
ES: Beede;
E. F. Whiting,
Willis Wright,
W. H. Richards,
James Coey,
Sanford Woodward,
William B. Dobson,
William Marcellus,
Charles Marcellus,
Daniel King,
W. J. Jones,
J. E. Marsh,
J. & M. O’Connor,

3 net poles, 6 net blocks, etc., .

labor and expenses,
bass,

catching

2 pairs of rubber gloves, .
nets,
hardware,

labor and express,
labor,

“ce

“ce

Cantinge ny:
labor with teams,
labor and expenses,
oils and paints,
labor and expenses,
hardware, :
hardware, coal, etc.,
labor,

labor with team,
labor and expenses,
carting, .

labor,

«and expenses,

“ec oe

66 iG

crushed stone,

$20 00

7 94
50 85

62 00
95 85

Brix 75

$11 go

4 tp
W Ur Ww
os fe)
Na) 3

Roce
-» oo
Wat
ow OF
(©) (0)

He ON

Conk naw YW AOoOFFW wOAW F
~I
oO

Forward,

$2,355 79

236 64

$2,592 43

Saas

II 40

21 $3

407 67

$452 35

1898.
May

June

July

George F. Scriba,
Frank Dobson,
Frank Rode,
Edward Seifert,
Arthur Brown,
Charles Penoyer,
Frank McCann,
Walter McCann,
Darius Getman, -
John Williams,
David Wines,
John Hendricks,
Ben Phillips,
Homer York,
Nelson Van Antwerp,
Lewis Johnston,
Daniel M. Sullivan,
Henry Marcellus,
Samuel Stratton,
Charles Whipple,
J. Annin, Jr.,

M. B. Hill,
James Penoyer,

George F. Scriba,
Grant Christie,
Alexander Amond,
Jonathan Mason,
James Penoyer,
George F. Scriba,
Frank McCann,

J. Annin, Jr.,

George F. Scriba,
Frank McCann,
Je Anning jx.
Charles Boehm,

Total

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,

labor and expenses,
(73 6c

disbursements,
labor and expenses, .

3 oe

labor and expenses,

(3 “cc

disbursements,

labor and expenses,
66

disbursements, : :
3,050 brook trout, yearlings,

Oneida Hatchery,

$70
6

13}

20
20
go
foo)
40
20
60
25
20
20

45

$452 35

414 09

Pi ay

46

1897.
Nov.

Dec.

1898.
Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

April

July

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Clayton Hatchery:

M. B. Hill,
William A. Hill,

M. B. Hill,

Norman B. Hill,

Captain James H. Hanes,
ce “ee ce

Lester Nugent,

Frank Horton,

William Graves,

Simon Failing,

Schuyler Collins,

John C. Barber,

W. E. Hall,

J. Grant Miller,

George C. Putnam,

Maher & Fitzgerald,

M. B. Hill,
Lyn Bass,
Norman B. Hill,

M. B. Hill,
Maher & Fitzgerald,

M. B. Hill,
Norman B. Hill,

M. B. Hill,
Norman B. Hill,
Alton Wright,

J. Grant Miller,

M. B. Hill,

Norman B. Hill,
Watson D. Hill,
Grant Christie,
Alexander Amond,
Grant E. Winchester,

M. B. Hill,
Norman B. Hill,

labor and expenses,
team,

labor and expenses,

ee “ce F
trips with sailboat, .
14 qts. of spawn, .
white fish and ciscoe eggs,
labor with boat,
ciscoe eggs,

oe

“ce

white fish eggs, etc.,
board of men,
carting,

carting, etc.,

. coal,

labor,

ce

carting, .

“cc

labor and expenses,

(73 ce

Forward,

$238 75

395

122

gli

gi

284

06

5°

92:

oOo

20

86

$1,413

27

1898.
Aug.

| Expenses incurred collecting fish eggs at Canandaigua Lake:

1897.
Nov.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Watson D. Hill,
Alexander Amond,
Grant E. Winchester,
Grant Christie,

Brought forwasd,

labor,
«« and expenses,

is its

ce “ee

Total Clayton Hatchery,

Randall R. Brown,
E. Monroe Arnold,
Wayne Brown,

Grant E. Winchester,
C. D. Miles,

Mrs. Ida Brown,
Albert E. Fletcher,
Murray Bros.,

John Gartland,

E. Saxton,

A. S. Cooley & Co.,
Alexander Davidson,
Parrish & Van Norman,

-J. M. Matteson & Co.,

Dec.

1898.
ejan.

James Field Company,
American Net & Twine Co.,

Randall R. Brown,
C. D. Miles,

Frank L. Hubbard,
Grant E. Winchester,
Jay Brown,

George W. Brown,
Mrs. Ida Brown,

A. E. Cooley & Co.,
Alexander Davidson,
John Gartland,
Murray Bros.,

E. Monrce Arnold,

Randall R. Brown,
Jonathan Mason,

labor and expenses,

ee oe
ce oe

oe iz3

labor,
expenses,
carting,
provisions,
«“
hardware,
‘“
paint, etc.,
plumbing,
pipe and labor,
oars, etc.,
pound net,

labor and expenses,

e

‘« and expenses,

“ec oe

‘« with horse,

hardware,
coal,
provisions,

“ec

labor and expenses,

labor, expenses, etc.,

73 “cc

Forward,

$90
33

$1,413

194

$1,607

$506

492

$124

$999

47

ZH

Dy
44

80

Or

48

1808.
Jan.

REPORT

C. D. Miles,

Jay Brown,

Frank L. Hubbard,
G. W. Brown,

Grant E. Winchester,
Mrs. Ida Brown,
John Gartland,
Murray Brothers,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward, $124

labor, . : : : : 36
labor with horse, . : 5 27
labor and expenses, : : 32
be oe 46
(73 (13 46

Pe a 2 c ; 13
beef, pork, ham, etc., ; ’ 6
groceries, : : : 5 19

Total Canandaigua Lake,

Expenses incurred collecting fish eggs at Chautauqua Lake:

1898.
April

June

Randall R. Brown,
E. Monroe Arnold,
G. W. Brown,

Grant E. Winchester,
Cr Cekisher,

L. B. Warner,
Scheeler’s Sons,

Randall R. Brown,
Grant E. Winchester
G. W. Brown,

FE. Monroe Arnold,
Elmer Brown,

M. J. Daniels,
Wei@s Haskins:
James Seymour, ,
W. H. Sprague,

o)

Randall R. Brown,
Grant E. Winchester
E. Monroe Arnold,
G. W. Brown,

W. C. Haskin,

M. J. Daniels,
Elmer Brown,
Jotham Bemus,

’

labor and expenses, $32
labor : : : ; 12
oe 3 ‘ ‘ ; : 26
rs : é é . : 10
POLES a f : : : 19
lumber, . : : ; 27
wire cloth, Z : ‘ ‘ 45
labor and expenses, ‘ ; $87
labore. i ; : ; 60
* 60
es 60
60
(<3 7 7
ui : : 40
hardware, ' 5 ; : 26
oars and rowlocks, . 5 ; 4
labor and expenses, : : $55
a sf Q : : 65
ie ¥ 47
laborwnr ; ; ; : 42
66 I 9
iy 5
Se 5 : . 0 z 42
rent of hatchery site and pond, 13

Total Chautauqua Lake,

$999 01

353 60

$1,352 61

$172 98

416 42

289 25

$878 65

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Expenses incurred at Catskill Shad Hatchery:

1898.

June

July

Jonathan Mason, labor and expenses,
O. V. Rogers, oh me
AN. Jelevii, = es
E. H. Hallenbeck, a , ‘
John J. Pindar, 13 nights’ fishing,
_ Lincoln S. Hart, board of men,
Vernon E. Ford, provisions,
W. Kortz, cot bed, mattress, etc.,
Day & Holt, hardware, i
Catskill & Hudson Steam Ferry Co., delivering eekases etc
\ to Catskill hatchery,
Jonathan Mason, labor and expenses,
E. H. Hallenbeck, use of boat and labor,
A. Hart, labor, i 3
O. V. Rogers, ‘* and expenses,
Captain John J. Pindar, 18 nights’ fishing,
Catskill & Hudson Steam Ferry Co., limited, delivering mail, etc.,
V. E. Ford, provisions for men,

Board of Water Commissioners, water supply,

Total Catskill Hatchery,

Expenses incurred collecting lake trout eggs at Lake Michigan :

1897.

Oct.

Paid S. M. Rose, Charlevoix, Michigan:
Steamboat fare to St. James,
6 cc ‘Charlevoix,
iy Cm Sten ames:
Freight and dockage on boxes,
Steamboat fare to Charlevoix,
To 11 days’ labor at $2.50 per day, :
Cook & Cook, for counsel and copy of Act No. CHI
regarding fish laws of ere
Notary fees,
To 20 yds. of cotton at .o5 per vad,
Board of James Gibson, 2 weeks at $4.00 per Heck.
Board of Daniel Galligher, 10 days at $4.00 per week,
Boats taking spawn, 5 days at $2.00 per day,
Board for Thomas Boyle, 6 days at $4.00 per week,

Forward,

32
26
fofe)
(oXe)
fofe)
10
16
(ofo)

30

21)

oe

00
00
88
00
40
47
00

49

694 53

$1,169 92

50 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

1897. Brought forward, $62 30
Noy. Board for Thomas Boyle, ro days at $4.00 per week, . : 3 We
« «Philip Beaudeain, 2 weeks and 2 days at $4.00 per week, 9 14
“<3 weeks for S.-M. Rose, at $500 per week, - : 15 00
Freight on boxes from Charlevoix to St. James, . : : 2 00
Dockage on fish eggs from Charlevoix, ; 3 ’ : I 00
Charlevoix Hardware Co., bolts, tacks, 5 Are t 80
Lake freight and dockage from St. James to Gharlenone, : 4 50
Charlevoix Lumber Co., making spawn boxes and furnishing
material forsame, : : : : : : i 82
Steamboat fare to St. James, ; : 3 : : ; I 00
6 “Charlevoix, : ; : Q ; : I 00
Pan, 15c.; dipper, 25¢., : : ; j : : : 40
Steamboat fare to St. James, ‘ 3 : : : : I 00
6 ‘ce (Charlevon: , : I 00
Notary fees for acknowledging the men’s papers at t St. lanes I 00
Cartage on eggs, boxes, : : : 6 : 75
Railroad to Grand Rapids from Chanlevonn : : 4 ; ae
Supper at White Cloud, : 3 3 : 50
Railroad Grand Rapids to Decor, : : ; : : 4 58
Lunch at Grand Rapids, ° : : : : : 25
Breakfast at Jackson, Mich, : : 3 : : i 50
Railroad Detroit to Buffalo, : F : : : : 7 00
Supper and lodging at Buffalo, . ; : 5 : : ees
Railroad Buffalo to Batavia, : : : : : : 72
Railroad Batavia to Caledonia, . : : 50
4 days’ board at Spring Creek Hotel, fealedontas : : 2 50
aC anond Caledonia to Buffalo, . ; ; . : : “y 22

Dinner at Buffalo, ;
Railroad Buffalo to Detroit, a|
Supper, lodging and breakfast, Dera ‘ I
Railroad Detroit to Grand Rapids, : : : 4 58
Dinner, supper. lodging and breakfast, rand Rapids 2

5

Railroad Grand Rapids to Charlevoix, 72
Sixteen days’ labor at $2.50 per day, . : ; ; 40 00
James Gibson, labor taking spawn, : 6 : : : 28 25
Phillip Beaudeain, labor taking spawn, : 6 , : 32 00
Thomas Boyle, labor taking spawn, 5 : : é : 32 00
John A. Dahlmer, men and use of tug, . : : : ; IO 00
Willie Gibson, labor, . : : : : j ; ; 14 00

Daniel T. Galligher, . : : : : : : 20 00

Total Lake Michigan, : : : . : . $338 02

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Expenditures for construction of house for fish car ‘ Adirondack,”

IN, MOE
1898.

Jan.

N. Y. C. & H. R. R.R. Co., labor and material,

Delancey Cameron, lumber
William McNaughton, labor
Alexander Amond, at
Alexander Mullin, Jr., oe

F. D. Woolett, sheilac, etc.,

John E. Harvey, labor,
J. M. Matteson, material,

Total Caledonia,

Expenses of Superintendent’s office at Caledonia, N. Y.:

1897.
Oct.

Noy.

Dec.

Delivery of telegrams,

Jonathan Mason, expenses from ahencetport to Galedonta

and return, in consultation,
R. M. Myers & Co., application books,
Telephone to Rochester:
Office supplies, Scranton, nycinore & Co,
Western Union Telegraph Co., for Sept.,
F. W. Blakeslee, services,
J. M. Skinner,

P. O. Box rent to Jan. 1, 1898,
Office supplies,

Registered letter to Lake Bieaeane.
Messenger boy,

250 two cent postage stamps,
Delivery of two messages,
Telephone to Rochester,
Messenger boy, :
Express on package from Reneneete?
‘Telephone to Rochester,

Street car in Lochester,

Office supplies,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,
Telephone to, Rochester,

J. M. Skinner, services,

Western Union Telegraph account,

Delivery of telegram, ;
Express on package to Rochester,
Delivery of package,

Forward,

$g1
189

35
14
6

3

$1

51

at Caledonia,

$382 45

$80 28

66 12

$0

$146 40

52

1897.
Dec.

1808.

Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

Delivery of telegrams,

Scranton, Wetmore & Co., copy ook etc,

200 two cent and 25 four cent stamps,

Bothule red ink,

Small receipt pole

Wyckhoff, Seaman & Bencdice ‘ymewiter Abner,
Photograph Constantia Hatchery,

Western Union Telegraph account,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, cc

R. M. Myers, stationery,

Delivery of telegrams,

250 two cent postage stamps, ’,
Scranton, Wetmore & Co., office supplies,

Six photographs of Fulton Chain Hatchery, new wonds

250 two cent postage stamps, . : ..
Western Union Telegraph Co.,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, ag

P. O. Box, three months’ rent to April rst,
Scranton, Wetmore & Co., letter files,
Telegrams, : 6
One year’s ETUScHIOnOn to R. IR Guides
Delivery of telegrams,

Postage stamps,

One lamp for office, : 3
R. M. Myers & Co., 500 blank sHeets: 6
Scranton, Wetmore & Co., ;
H. L. Carpenter, photographs,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, gs

Telegrams,

Delivery of telegrams,
Matches, .
Telephone to Rochester,
Postage stamps,

Ball linen twine, .

Messenger delivering specimens to “Rochester University,

Western Union Telegraph account,

Forward,

fo 45

25
25
5 78

$146 4o

U4: O7

100 36

84 gI

$14 81

$405 74

1898.

Mch.

April

June

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,
J. M. Skinner, ot

500 two cent postage stamps,
Bottle red ink,

Delivery of telegrams, .

Paper boxes, :
Telephone message to Rochester
A. H. Collins, 1,000 circulars,
Telephone to Buffalo,

Scranton, Wetmore & Co., office supplies
Postage stamps,

Telephone to Rochester

Express to Rochester, .

Telephone to Rochester, §
Scranton, Wetmore & Co., office supplies,
& as blank book,

Framing photographs of new ponds,
Western Union Telegraph account,
C. E. Deichman, coal for office,
F. W. Blakeslee, services,
J. M. Skinner, services,

P. O. box rent for quarter,

Delivery of telegrams,

Scranton, Wetmore & Co., letter copying hook
Postage stamps,

Telegram to Bath, via Erie Reilrond wire,
Telephone to Rochester,

Railroad Guide, :
Western Union Telegraph account ee Avail
C. E. Deichman, coal for office,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, es

Delivery of telegrams,

Express on package to Catskill,

Scranton, Wetmore & Co., office supplies,
Wyckoff, Seaman & Benedict, typewriter ribbons, .
Postage stamps,

Three pen holders,

Pads,

Western Union Tele eran Co. ;

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner,

$14
34
32

81

Forward,

on
WwW

$405 74

81 31

128 23

87 98

68 52

$771 78

54

1898.

July

Sept.

1808.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEKS OF

Brought forward,

Delivery of telegrams,
Postage stamps,
Scranton, Wetmore & or nayber bende
Express on package to Cie
as jars from Catskill,
es package from Catskill,
f box and keg (plants and water),
Western Union Telegraph Co., for June,
F. W. Blakeslee, services,
J. M. Skinner, 6b

Postage stamps,

P. O. Box rent,

Telegram to Clayton, : ,

Express on package from Clayton and’ t revenue stamp,
Revenue stamps,

Delivery of telegram, .

Supper for two mechanics from ROCHCatE raeneoune fish car,
F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, &

Delivery of telegrams and messenger service,
Basket,

Expressage, :

Two cent revenue stamps,

Telephone to Rochester,

Dinner for inspectcr of fish car EN cronace. i
Western Union Telegraph Co., for August,

F. W. Blakeslee, services,

J. M. Skinner, sf

Total Caledonia office expenses,

Legal services:

M. E. Lewis, legal services and expenses,
Hubbeli & McGuire, “ F ss
Otto Kelsey,

W. F. Rathbone,

$1
5

Wy

$166
165
222
300

se)
oo

20

215
00
25)
10
30
50
00

97
35
50
26
44
10
oo
50

oo

go
08
56
QP
75
50
16
fofe)
foYo)

$771 78

78 70

65 12

67 a

$980 77

$853 67

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 55

Expenditures for improvement of water supply, McKay Pond, Caledonia Hatchery:

1898.

Sept. R. W. Matteson, overseer services, . : $48 00
Alexander Amond, labora : 3 ; : 43 50
John Hackett, ‘6 : : : : 16 47
John Lee, Sr., ub : : : ; : 14 37
A. C. Bryant, ve : : é : ™3 88
Alfred Gordon, “ . é : 5 9 38
James Ezard, oe : : ; : TG 7/2
William Curphy, ¢ : : : Sie ie W572
J. M. Smith, sé : ; : : : 14 29
William Buckley, 5 a6 5 : : : : 17 97
James Melbourne, ag . 5 : ; : 23 07
Charles Espie, 4 : 5 5 ; : 9 34
James Tygart, ss ; ; ‘ : : 18 23
John Lee, Jr., ee y : : F : 14 44
Robert Laidlaw, ef 0 5 : : é We Fe
John Buckley, ef ; , : : : 8 44
William Austin, ‘i : . ; : ; 23 07
George Henderson, us : 5 , ; 3 26 82
Patrick Kerwick, ss : : : : : 32 48
Joseph Bartlett, ee . : 6 : : 26 29
George Bradburn, < 3 . : : ys 29 03
Samuel Bellew, “s : : : : : 8 15
Patrick Bellew, ie ; 5 : : 4 50
George Davis, is : : . : . B2Nor
Warner Sutherland, 3 : : - "29 07
Daniel Mullin, c é F : : ; 27 42
Howard Laidlaw, 6 . 5 : , 4 50
William McCombs, se , . : : : Dah (oy
A. Kallmiere, se : : : ; : 24 49
Roy McWilliams, 3 : : : : : 27 79
Lester Brownell, i : F : : 26 82
Harlan Woodruff, a 3 ; : : ; 29 82
Edward Johnston, ss : : : : : 30 49
EK. H. Smith, i : : 6 : : Ben or
William Hogg, ‘ : 6 . : 2 I2 00
George Johnson, ag : : i ; : Bi Ag
a-amimins. ine, freight on lumber, . : : 5 60
Thomas Reed, loads of sand, : : ; 18 00
Ross McKay, team work, posts, stone, . : 47 89
Buffalo Hardwarde Lumber Co., lumber, —. : 3 i 22 43
W. B. Morse & Sons, lumber, . : 5 : é Be 5
Delancey Cameron, 6 : : : : 174 40
J. M. Matteson & Co., hardware, 0 ‘ , a‘ 57 00

Total, : ; 3 ; : ; : : : ‘ $1,169 42

56 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Schedate “B.”

SUMMARY OF SALARIES AND EXPENSES PAID FISH, GAME, AND OYSTER PRO-

TECTORS FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1898.

PROTECTORS AND FORESTERS. SALARY. EXPENSES. TOTAL.
J. W. Pond, Chief Protector, . ; : $2,000 00 $999 92 $2,999 92
John E. Leavitt, Assistant Chief, 5 ; 1,200 00 682 34 1,882 34
M. C. Worts, ce “ it alias 1,200 00 750 00 1,950 00
William Wolf, Clerk to Chief, . ; : 1,200 00 Pieal2 1,22 42
M. C. Finley, Special Agent, . > 5 999 96 163 O1 1,162 97
John L. Ackley, s 5 ; : ; 332 91 316 46 649 37
Vivo Vewubasal 6 5 6 ; 60 39 2verOlL 81 40
ES eb cedesuane : : : : : 500 00 442 93 942 93
B. I. Brooks, . ; : 6 : . 426 08 384 75 810 83
George Carver, : : : : ; 500 00 LVilis) 237) -§ 948 22
Thomas Carter, : 4 ‘ ‘ : 249 96 225 00 474 96
Thomas H. Donnelly, s : 6 : BeREco 301 84 635 20
L. S. Emmons, é F : : 5 500 00 442 go 942 go
Spencer Hawn, : 0 é : : 500 00 450 00 950 00
George W. Harmony, 0 3 5 : 249 96 225 00 474 96
N. A. Hazen, . 5 : : : 4 500 00 389 80 889 80
James Holmes, 5 5 : ; : 500 00 AS 7 g0un® 957 36
Carlos Hutchins, . : : 5 : 500 00 437 45 937 45
Robert S. Jones, 6 : : 4 : 390 89g 358 82 749 71
Willett Kidd, . 3 : . : : 370 79 Age 2O 722 99
James H. Lamphere, : 3 : F 500 00 449 66 949 66
J. D. Lawrence, : : : 6 125 06 TOM 195 59
Harry Lippman, : : : 5 : PC O21 Mae eee 156 21
J. W. Littlejohn, : ; : 6 116 73 104 29 22L 02
Ey Lobdelly - : . 5 5 j 500 00 450 00 950° 00
Bevel) Mc Collumiay y- : ; 9 : 500 00 450 00 950 00
D. H. McKinnon, . ; ; . ‘ 158 48 124 24 282 72
Joseph Northup, ; : : : 500 00 438 67 938 67
BoeME ROtter,eu. ; : : : ‘ 500 00 423 39 923 39
Samuel Piersall, : : : ; 194 42 nai pit 366 13
Daniel Pomeroy, : : : . 208 38 186 62 395 00
Wallacemit sReed a. j : : : 500 00 439 07 93") 07
Ry Me Rush: 0 : : : 3 138 49 ROO 77 22cu20
Barnard Salisbury, . ; 6 5 : 500 00 285 41 785 41
Nev As Scott at. : : ; Z 83 32 41 86 T2GuS
Nicholas Shaul, : ; : j : 97 28 87 50 184 78
J. F. Shedden, 5 : 3 5 ; 500 00 450 00 95° 00
George B. Smith, . ; : : ; SES OOnCO 450 00 950 00

Forward, $18,292 67 $12,590 15 $30,882 82

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 57

PROTECTORS AND FORESTERS. SALARY. EXPENSES. TOTAL.
Brought forward, $18,292 67 f12,590 15 $30,882 82
Sb lJ. Lear, : 3 : : é : Bie Vit 256 43 573 64
Albert Warren, ; : : 5 3 500 00 450 00 950 00
Egle. Watts ir. : ; i : g 388 45 321 8&1 710 26
Alvin Winslow, : : : ; 3 500 00 460 74 g60 74
A. A. Wyckoff, : . 3 ; : 332 91 341 96 674 87

OYSTER PROTECTORS.

Edgar Hicks, . 6 : : ; ; 1,000 00 750 00 1,750 00
Selah T. Clock, é : : 4 : 1,200 00 343 52 Je ISyehgh 1572
John Ferguson, Assistant, : ‘ , 485 00 202 96 687 96
Total, ; k : $23,016 24 Sre7a7 57 $38,733 81

Schedale “Cc.”

OFFICIAL SALARIES AND EXPENSES.

SALARY. EXPENSES. TOTAL,

Barnet H. Davis, President, : : : $3,000 00 $800 00 $3,800 00
William R. Weed, Commissioner, . ; 2,500 00 800 00 3,300 00
Charles H. Babcock, oe seein 2,500 00 800 00 35300 OO
Edward Thompson, : , 2,500 00 938 35 3438 35
H. S. Holden, uh : ie 2,500 00 800 00 3,300 00
A. N. Cheney, State Fish Culturist, . : 3,000 00 863 44 3,863 44
Wilham F. Fox, Supt. State Forests, . : 208 34 49 29 257 63

Total, : : ; $16,208 34 $5,051 08 $21,259 42

Scnedale Dey

SALARIES AND EXPENSES.—CLERICAL FORCE.

SALARY. EXPENSES. TOTAL.
Charles A. Taylor, Assistant Secretary, . $1,800 00 $199 92 $1,999 92
A. J. Mulligan, Auditor and Pay Clerk, . TrSOO OOM mane Wink bus yo: 1,500 00
A. B. Strough, Special Agent, . : : TZOOMOZE Pees elec cs 1,399 92
J. J. Fourqurean, Stenographer, : ; 162.0 O50 Of SIND ein hee 1,200 00

Total, eet: $5,899 92 $199 92 $6,099 84

58

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS

Brandow Printing Co.,
Hudson Valley Paper Co.,
A. H. Clapp,

James B. Lyon,

C. M. Ward,

George E. McClellon,
Thomas J. Cowell,
Meyrowitz Bros.,

Smith Premier Co.,

Sa Ge Spells

Albany News Co.,

Charles A. Taylor.
Western Union Telegraph Co
Postal Telegraph Co.,

M. Knapp,

JR. Weston,

A. E. Morgan,

Hudson Valley Telephone,
American Express Co.,

- National Express Co.,

A. E. Morgan,

R. K. Palmer,

Frazer & Kelly,

C. A. Hotailing,
Albany Hardware Co,
Hi. D. Keefer,

Joseph McDonough,
Irene A. Liston,
Charles A. Taylor,

R. B. Hough,

ohedilems7
OFFICE EXPENSES.

stationery and printing,

file cases,
stationery,

postage,

., telegrams,

6c

rental, etc.,

expressage,
painting sign, .
freight and cartage,
books, etc.,
locks, etc.,
books, etc.,

“ce
typewriting,
spring water, etc.,
books,

Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford Co., freight and packing-

A AViMraine.s

“The Argus,”

“ Forest and Stream,”
Lang Stamp Works,

M. J. Carley,

W. H. Semple,
Sampson, Murdock Co.,
William F. Rathbone,
James B. Lyon,

A. B. Strough,

boxes, cartage 1895 reports,

mounting fish,
subscription,

‘<
rubber stamps,
services,
sundries,
directory,
legal services,
game law,
expenses,

Total office expenses,

OF

$2,874 21

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Schedale “TF.”

EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF SHELLFISH DEPARTMENT.—NEW YORK OFFICE.

F. B. Mitchell, confidential clerk,
CAB:

Kansier, cashier,
C. A. Taylor,
Brandow Printing Co.,
Star Publishing Co.,
Henry A. Reeves,
Metropolitan Insurance Co.,

Western Union Telegraph Co.,

i. @: Ikeman,

O. B. Booth,

James Mahony,
American Express Co.,

American District Telegraph Co.,

New York Telephone Co.,
United States Express Co.,
Long Island Express Co.,
John Moriarity & Co.,
Kolish Pharmacy,

New York Transfer Co.,
Griffith Sons,

A. M. Donaldson,

Walter Marshall,

J. H. Heatherington,

J. A. Cady,

E. B. Meyrowitz,

J. H. Elsworth,

Jel, (C, lueianein,

Weed, Parsons Printing Co.,
Gray & Powell,

W. J. Sloan,

Edward Thompson,

J. W. Mead, Prison Agent,
Edward Thompson,

Smith Premier Co.,

J. A. Mayes,

Edward Thompson,

salary 6 months,

postage, .
printing,
advertising,

ce
ReMi sence,
telegrams,
stationery,
typewriting,
washing towels,
expressage,
services,
rent and tolls, .
expressage,
services,
furniture,
brushes, etc.,
services,
insurance, ;
posting lease notices,

thermometer,
posting lease notices,
cabinet, etc.,

one book,

service,

carpets,

one key,

one map,

freight on furniture,
one dozen hooks,
furniture, ;
freight on furniture,
typewriter,

services,

notary public, .
money order,

two cumblers, .

$900
635

00
71
fof)
O9
00
(eke)
53
76
go
39
fofe)
31
75
95
30
A)
20
30
20
oo
oo
00

04

3 00

I oOo

140

Forward, $3,431

fofe)
29
[exe)
fete}
SI

v

35
50
41
15
[efe)
55
[oxe)
50°
25
15
15

1@)

60 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

County Clerk,
New York Directory Co.,

Brought forward, $3,431

filing notary certificate,

repairing chairs,

Total New York office,

NAPHTHA LAUNCH EXPENSES.

A. H. Gusman,
1897.
Oct. -W: De Hart,

Standard Oil Co.,

Nov. Edgar Seaton,
1898.

Mich li Conroy

April D. F. Simonson,
John Neill,
M. E. Wygant,

May Standard Oil Co.,
Gas Engine and Power Co.,
E. Hicks,
Propeller ‘ Vigilant,”

June E. Hicks,

Lawson Hardware Co.,
Charles McKay,
Delancy & Colvin,

R. B. Wing & Co.,
Standard Oil Co.,

F. C. Howlett,
Standard Oil Co.,

naphtha,

“ec

services on launch, .

revolver and club for launch,

blankets for launch,
storage, .
paints, varnish, etc.,

naphtha,

repairs,

one large sponge,
one bucket,
towing,

expressage,

brushes, .

grapnell, APeren
repairing brush hook,
naphtha and rope,

naphtha,

Pilot Syracuse to Three Rivers,
“Three Rivers to Oak Orchard,
“Oak Orchard to South Bay,

Buelly & Settle,

E. Milton,
Standard Oil Co.,
R. B. Wing & Son,
James Flannigan,

naphtha, ; :
pilot Brewerton to Syracuse,
naphtha,

(73

services as pilot.

Assistance through sixteen locks,

UG at Catskill,
E. Hicks,

one gallon machine oil,

Forward,

se)

3
5

$10

10

1me)

$o

WY)
oo
00
00

76
84

oo

$3,449 19

$21 60

IO OO

12 we

B# OS

22 41

gi

$99 11

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

1898.
June Assistant at Hudson,

Gas Engine and Power Co., repairs to engine,

Watchman at Albany,

July Charles McKay,
James H. Flannigan,

Standard Oil Co.., naphtha,
George Koehler, Services,
A. E. Doeble, ue
4

Aug. A. E. Doeble, services,
Standard Oil Co., naphtha,
Long Island Railroad, freight,
John H. Ferris, naphtha,
John Johnson, GSeGVICEs*
J. D. Cannon, fs

Frank Reilly, uC :
Long Island Express Co., expressage,
Willett Kidd, naphtha,

Total launch expenses,

Total Shellfish Department,

painting and repairs,
services as pilot,

Brougnt forward,

61

$99 II

168 82

gI 10

79 51
$429 54
$3,878 73

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES FROM SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS DURING FISCAL

YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30,

Forest Preserve Account,

State Reservation on the St. Lawrence 1h er;

New York State Fair Exhibit, ;

“Examination of Ulster county lands, prelenaty
to transfer to the State,

Construction of weirs and traps at Cakes lane

Payment of claims arising under former Com-
missions, : 5

Payments of Riveweaden lane and rebates ae
towns on account of forest fires,

Extermination of billfish in Black Lake,

Construction of fish hatchery at Inland Lake,

Acquiring land and water rights at Caledonia
Hatchery, : 5 : ;

Services and disbursements of counsel in proceed-
ings brought under chapter.392, Laws of 1898,

Schedule ‘“ G,”

¢ ”
Sel,

¢ ”
‘ 1,

1898.

$1,942
15,273
391

361
215

710
55346

120

5;749

4,980

15,000

[oye)

[oXe)

$50,091 88

62

1897.

Nov.

Dec.

1898.
Jan.

April

May

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Schedale “G@.”

FOREST PRESERVE ACCOUNT.

DISBURSEMENTS.
G. H. West, special agent, salary,
s a oy expenses, :
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses, .

F. R. Smith, custodian Lake George Islands, salary and
expenses,

William F. Fox, traveling expenses, .

William F. Fox, traveling expenses, .

John A. Cole, advertising,

J. T. Cosgrave, map,

Reuben Lawrence, repairs to John Brown Home-
stead,

F. M. Swift, surveying,

G. A. McCoy, oi

Silas Page, us

Dah aCalll 6

Isaiah Perkins, 3

Davis Sturges.

Albert McCoy, OG

A. Wilbur, e

Clarence McCoy, “

W. C. Brown, s

N. A. Page,

C. R. Maynard, =

A. B. Strough,

E. W. Robbins, printing law case, 5

J. Greene, custodian Lake George Islands, one year’s salary,

traveling expenses, .

G. W. F. Smith, map, z :
W...F. Fox, traveling expenses, .
“ce 6c a3
W. F. Fox, traveling expenses, .

E. M. Merrill, surveying,
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses, .

M. A. Hall, maps,

201
250

$10
84
29

$27
49
24

$36

oo

89
76

15
18

48
75

fete)

93
29
50
50
50
50
75)
00
00
oo
00
50
50
uo
50

oOo

[oxe)

59
OY

85
70°
29

oOo

Forward,

$263

39

1,066

IOI

98

23)

16

66

1898.
June

July

Aug.

1897.
Dec.

1898.
Jan.
April

May

July
Aug.

1898.
Aug.
Sept.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,

W. F. Fox, traveling expenses, .
E. Hathway, repairs John Brown house,
Walton & Stark, bricks meters ee
George A. McCoy, surveying,
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses,
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses, .
W. F. Fox, oF =
4 Total,
Schedale “i.”
ST. LAWRENCE PARK RESERVATION.
DISBURSEMENTS.
Westminster Park Association, land on Mary’s Island,
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses, .
J. J. Delaney, land on Grandstone Island,
M. J. Phillips, land on Cedar Island,
C. A. Taylor, expenses recording papers,
George Kring, land on Goose Bay,
C. A. Taylor, expenses examining lands,
C. A. Taylor, es gf &G
Rathcelder Sons, sign boards,
Lewis Wnight, painting signs, ‘
Joseph Northup, placing signs in position,
Total,

Schedale “1.”

NEw YORK STATE FAIR EXHIBIT.

DISBURSEMENTS.
A. B. Strough, traveling expenses,
ING Moe, Cg We TELS IRS TRIS freight, :
Strough & Brooks, labor and material, .
Bale Scotts Services,
H. H. Judd & Son, cartage, .
Western Union Telegraph Co., : : :
P. R. Quinlan, decorating exhibit, .
M. C. Craft, labor and expenses,
A. N. Keech, GG Ge :

A. B. Strough, traveling and hotel expenses collecting and
supervising exhibit,
Total,

$38

12
6
$146
33

$31
41

92
50
95

50°
86

28
92

oo

15
fete)
fofe)
34
(eke)
86
06
00
oo

43

5 fa

28
80

foXe)

45
54
00

60

45

52

63

$1,630 87

58 37

180 36

73 20

$1,942 80

$15,273 84

$391 78

64 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Schedles yne

INVESTIGATION AND EXAMINATION OF FOREST LANDS IN ULSTER COUNTY,
PRELIMINARY TO PURCHASE BY THE STATE, AS PER
CHAPTER 791, LAWS OF 1897.

1898. DISBURSEMENTs.
Sept. William F. Fox, traveling, livery and hotel expenses, $216 21
Charles A. Taylor, a i fe : 145 70
Total, : : : : : ; ; : 0 5 $361 ot

Schedate “K.”

ERECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EEL WEIRS AND TRAPS AT CAYUGA LAKE,
AS PER CHAPTER 790, LAWS OF 1897.

1897. DISBURSEMENTS.
Nov. Prof. H. A. Surface, rent of house, : : : : $15 00
io ‘s és assistant collecting fishes, : : 10 00
1898
April g6 s #6 wire material and expenses con-
structing weirs, : : : 75 00
Az Bs Spicer, watching weirs, . . : : 25 00
H. A: Surface, one minnow net, . : F ; 7 WS
June, “eA. Ne Cheney, traveling expenses, . : : : 32 39
July A. B. Spicer, watching and caring for traps, : 5° 00
Total, 5 : : : ; : : ; : : P2r5 14

Schedate ord eae

CLAIMS ARISING UNDER FORMER COMMISSION.

1897. DISBURSEMENTS.
Oct. Edgar T. Brackett, legal services, G. C. Sherman vs.
The State, ; : : . $500 00
Dec. D. H. Stanton, surveying, . 5 : ; 5 37 76
1898.
April Thomas Humphrey, printing and stationery, . : 5 5B) OO

Total, ; s ; : : . ‘ : , $710 76

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Schedate “AM.
FIREWARDEN CLAIMS AND REBATES PAID TOWNS.

DISBURSEMENTS.
Brandow Printing Co., printing notices, “‘ Look Out for Fire,” .

American Express Co., expressage on fire notices,
National Express Co.,
Town of Black Brook,

Dannemora,
Andes,
Colchester,
Davenport,
Hancock,
Harpersfield,
Roxbury,
Jay,

Keene,
Minerva,
Willsborough,
Lewis,
Chesterfield,
Wilmington,
Caroga,
Mayfield,
Ephratah,
Altamont,
Dickinson,
Malone,
Moira,
Harrietstown,
Hunter,
Cairo,
Hamilton,
Lake Pleasant,
Morehouse,
Wells,

Indian Lake,
Long Lake,
Webb,
German Flats,
Ohio,

- Salisbury,

Ballston,
Day,
Hadley,
Malta,

66

(73

(73

Clinton Co.,

(3

Delaware Co.,

Fulton Co.,

oe

(x3

Franklin Co., .

Greene Co.,

ce

“ec

Hamilton Co.,

Saratoga Co., .

ce
66

6

$172
34
3i
218

25

Forward, $2,242

65

66

Town of Providence,

ot Wilton,

a Clare;

a Fine,

GG Louisville,

ee Pitcairn,

ae Chester,

és Johnsburgh,

os Stony Creek,
te Thurman,

ef Luzerne,

« Queensbury,
& Cambridge,

ee Fort Ann,

i White Hall; .

G6 Bethel,

ce Forestburg,

a Freemont,

ee Rockland,

ee Thompson,

cc Highlands,

Gb Denning,

w Gardiner,

& Shawangunk,
ef Wawarsing,
ce Shandaken,
ae Woodstock,
4 Wolton,

os Tompkins,

a Black Brook,
ut Russia,

«6 Greig,

“ Pitcairn,

a Clare,

gs Lumberland,
se Shawangunk,
« Olive,

ce Benson.

i Davenport,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward, $2,242

Saratoga Co., .

“6

St. Lawrence Co.,

Washington Co.,

ce

o¢

Sullivan Co.,

UilstersCor;

(a3

Warren Co.,
Delaware Co.,
Clinton Co.,
Herkimer Co.,
Lewis Co.,

St. Lawrence Co.,
Sullivan Co.,
Ulster Co.,
Hamilton Co.,
Delaware Co.,

Total,

Schedate oN

20
47
12
21

4
19

257

20

EXTERMINATION OF BILLFISH IN BLACK LAKE.

1897.
Nov. George Monk,

Frederick Apple,

services,

(3

$60

0O

87
25
25
90
oo

37
75
50
75
x)
SY
2)
75
vs
55)
32
50
50
70
50
25
00
25
94
50
00
00

US
oo
25
62
75
fee)
00
00
00

25
[exe)
50
3°

[oXe)
(exe)

$5,346 18

$120 00

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Schedale “O.”

67

EXPENSES INCURRED IN CONSTRUCTION OF FISH HATCHERY AT CONSTANTIA,

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

J. Annin, Jr.,
William Ball,

P. W. Leete,
William Ball,
George F. Scriba,
J. Annin, Jr., Supt.,
Len Gardanier,
George Lord,
Henry Marcellus,
Benjamin Phillips,
Joseph Getman,
William Marcellus,
D. L. Sweet,
Edward Siefert,
Samuel Stratton,
Charles Whipple,
Seymour Phillips,
Peter Venderworker,
John B. Black,
Arthur Getman,
John Hedrick,
Charles Blowers,
Charles Farnett,
William Morrison,
D. G. Ingersoll,
Charles Nichols,
W. Henry Richards,
Carey Hess,

J. E. Marsh,

A. A. Beardsley,
J. W. Callicott,

ON ONEIDA LAKE.

J. M. Matteson & Co.,
Post & Henderson,
C. C. Kellogg & Sons Co.,

George F. Scriba,

William Ball,
j. Annin, Jr.,
John Carter,
George Lord,

DISBURSEMENTS.
preliminary expenses, $28 00
labor and expenses, 2 eens
surveying and expenses, ng} ui
labor and expenses, 73 60
a - 45 50
expenses, 13 89
labor, B285
‘ 37 80
i 34 35
e 36 60
“cc 34 87
2 B72
= 1D) O02
cc 32 g2
< 25 35
My 29 10
-s 33 60
= : 25 27
hardware, 48 10
labor, 22a
a 14 85
* 22 35
a 5» 2s
“S 14 29
teamster, 20 10
oe 41 10
es 28 65
of : ° 13} 26)
labor and expenses, 39 89
labor, 3 10
blacksmith, ‘ : 3 00
Spikessa. ; : : 6 30
lumber, 786 16
shingles, 157 50

$1,786 99
labor, $42 29
“« and expenses, 84 27
expenses, 9 90
labor, 20 37
. 31 97
Forward, $188 80 $1,786 99

68 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

1897. Brought forward, $188 80 $1,786 99
Nov. Nelson Van Antwerp, labor, . 3 ; : ‘ 18 21
Edward Siefert, e . : : : ; 2ST
Benjamin Phillips, a : ; . : : Bos
Seymour Phillips, « : 3 : 5 : Bu 339
Henry Marcellus, s d : 5 0 : 29 88
William Marcellus, as : : 6 6 ‘ 26 02
Hiram Dudgeon, 6 : 5 ; ‘ ; 33 20
Julian Carter, Jr., : : . : : 35 60
Girl sleale; blacksmith, . . 5 : 10 33
John D. Black, hardware, : A 6 : Onss
Joseph Getman, labore e : ; : J 2a
George Getman, Us : ; C : : WA Oi
Samuel Stratton, Ke , : : : : 27 O04
W. H. Richards, es : i 3 : ; 59 85
D. K. Winn, tinsmith, j ‘ : , oy 7S
William Morrison, labor >. : : ‘ : 33 80
Ezra Babcock, 36 : : : 5 H 20 40
Carey Hess, * 6 . 6 0 : Bass
Thomas Sullivan, ef : : : 5 : 35 97
Charles Whipple, ae : 4 : ' 3 30 83
Daniel Sullivan, Ss ; : : : ; ip BG
J. Carter’s Sons, Se lumiber. ; : x : Bay Gh
Daniel L. Sweet, abort eas ii 2 6 37
Peter Vanderworker, i ; . . : j Ll 77
Len Gardanier, a ‘ 3 : : ; 29 95
Lewis Johnston, fe 5 j 5 : ; 24 40
Charles Marcellus, “ : : i ; : 27-00
W. B. Baker, attorney, services, ; : ; : 40 25
The Oswego Hardware Co., hardware, : : ; : 24 24
Charles Millar & Son, labor and pipe, F . : 306 17
Frederick R. Gerry, door and window frames, 108 00
Post & Henderson, lumber, . : ; 4 : 24 83
——__—_—_——. 1,387 02
Dec. George’F. Scriba, labor: = : : : 3 Nagy Oe
fic ANiatoviet, Ire freight, labor, etc.,. . : ‘ I4 40
J. E. Marsh, Steellbeams;setcs) ar ‘ : 78 80
Julen Carter, Jr., carpenter and labor, : : 2. 60
Lewis Johnston, labor, eG
Edward Siefert, « Bis
Seymour Phillips, ae : sag : Bese
Hiram Pudgeon, 2 2 A : 5 : 4 30
W. H. Richards, team, 6 70
Frank McCann, painter, . 3 3 50
E. F. Whiting, coal, hardware, etc., . : 59 80

Forward, $193 79 $3,174 of

1897.
Dec.

1898.
Jan.

Feb.

Mch.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

C. Dorflinger & Son,
J. M. Matteson & Co.,

George F. Scriba,
William Ball,
Hiram Dudgeon,
Frank McCann,
Lewis Johnston,

W. H. Richards,

ID), IK Winn,

E. F. Whiting,

C. C. Kellogg & Sons Co.,
Post & Henderson,
C. Dorflinger & Son,

George F. Scriba,
William Ball,

Edgar Johnston,
Andrew Daffler,

W. H. Richards,
Lewis Johnston,
Hiram Dudgeon,
Frank McCann,
Benjamin Phillips,
GwEaeales

E. F. Whiting,
Charles Millar & Sen,
J. M. Matteson & Co.,
Post & Henderson,
Frederick R. Gerry,
Scheeler’s Sons,

George F. Scriba,

J. Annin, Jr.,

Hiram Dudgeon,
William Ball,

Charles Pennoyer,
Frank Rhoda,

Frank McCann,
James Flarity,

Edgar Johnston,
Lewis Johnston,
Andrew Daffler,

J. M. Matteson & Co.,
Charles Millar & Son,

Brought forward,
hatching jars, .
lead tubes for jars,

labor,
«and expenses,

“ with team,
“and material, .
hardware,
lumber,
lumber, etc.,
Chase hatching jars,

labor,
«« and expenses,

« with team,

blacksmith,
hardware,

ce - ‘
transportation cases,
lumber,

6c

wire cloth,

labor and expenses,
disbursements,
labor,

hardware,
pipe, etc.,

Forward,

$47

$401

69

$3,174 o1

— 469 59

649 73

767 23

$5,060 56

70 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

1898. Brought forward, $401
Mch. Frederick R. Gerry, lumber, . 18
Scheeler’s Sons, wire cloth, 36
Chamberlain’s Rubber Store, tubing, ; 40

A. A. Beardsley, net bows, poles, etc. 7

HS wbeedes hardware, 13

E. F. Whiting, paint, oil, etc., 24

Sept. George F. Scriba, labor and expenses, $57
Frank McCann, 6 : : 37

A. A. Beardsley, labor on flag pole, 4

C. B. Nicholas, flag pole, 8

E. F. Whiting, oil paint, etc., . 38

Total,

Schedate “DP.”

ACQUIRING LAND AND WATER RIGHTS AT STATE HATCHERY AT CALEDONIA.

1808. DISBURSEMENTS.

Feb. McKay heirs, purchase price of land abutting on McKay Pond at Caledonia,

Schedate “@.”

SERVICES AND DISBURSEMENTS OF COUNSEL IN PROCEEDINGS BROUGHT UNDER

CHAPTER 392, LAWS OF 1898.

1898. DISBURSEMENTS.
June Frank L. Bell, attorney,
George R. Malby, attorney, .
E. Countryman,

Total,

8é
98
feXe)
TO
feXe)
99
59

69
60
50
00
60

. $7,500 00
5,000 00

2,500 00

$5,060 56

547 52

146 39

$5,749 47

$4,980 00

$15,000 (oXe)

SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS ON VARIOUS ACCOUNTS, EXCLU-
SIVE OF REGULAR ACCOUNTS WITH STATE COMPTROLLER, FOR
FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1808.

RECEIPTS.
Fines and Penalties Account, : . $10,099 87
Trespass Account, ‘ : : : 3,184 78
Net License Account, . , : ; : 840 00
Rental from shellfish lands, . é : : 1,305 52
Rentals from State lands, Forest Preserve, ; 370 00
Received from sale of whitefish that were
killed in stripping, . : s : 100 06
$15,900 23

* Paid to State Comptroller to be turned into the State treasury.

$6,605

*100

$10,378

KS)
72

DISBURSEMENTS.

BALANCE
OCT. 1, 1898.

$3,494 68
1,187 06
840 00

$5,521 74 °

1897.

Oet.

Nov.

Dec.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Fines and Penalties Account for Fiscal Uear Ending
September 30, 1898.

RECEIPTS.

To palenecnin State bank, Albany,

People vs.

i<3

People vs.

People vs.

Eugene Edwards,

E. E. Lang,

Lewis Edwards, .

John Rigney,

Donald Shaffer,

Henry Voran,

Patrick Logan,

A. D. Rosecrans,

A. Rambock et al.,

Josh. Lucas et al.,

E. B. Barton,

Henry Gardner, . :
William Rewalt and another,
Rudolph Magnis,

Apostah Tomasso,

James Camp and another,
Albert Belknapp,

J. M. Walsh,

IRS (Ce Jaleniolny,

Josh. Giannotte, .

James C. Sergent,
Charles Webber, .
Henry Hamrack,
Robert H. Wiley,
George Adams,
Charles Johnson,
George C. Eckert,
John McClelland,

James Harmon et al., .
David F. Smith, .
Caper Volt,

George Fuller,
Pealeaakineenlans

Louis Gerhardt, .
Andrew Mennissing,
Albert E. Jones, .
George Johnson et al.,

.

Forward,

$3,872

50
115

$4,813 43

167 30

$283

1)

$4,980 73

72
1897.
Dec. People vs.
6c
1898.
ian) sReople! vs:
6e
ce
66
66
Keb jBeople ys:

April People vs.

73

66

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

D. W. Wynkoop,
Salem Town, ; :

William and George Pease, .

Bernard Cohen,

Edward Hammond,
George Miller et al.,
William F. Quackenbush,
Charles Wolf,

William Kresmer,

F. G. Stewart,

Tony Costello,

Eli Camero,

Henry Elkins,

A. T. Peck,

Charles M. Stubbs,

A. Basso,

David B. Scott,
DilaleyacalCorr
Halsey Mitchell et al.,.

Cirle Mallerreteales

E. F. Steenberg, :
Peter Knoblock et al., .
Henry Herguth, .
Bennett & Johnson,
Dart & Fleming,

iG. Stewart;
Weyman & Merton,

Harmon Simmons,
James Palmer et al.,
John Moore,
Freeman S. Vaughn,
Arthur H. Swingle,
Adelbert Carpenter,
A. B. Ward,
William Osterhout,
Julius G. Smith, .
Ira Cole;

Fred. Meyers,
Albert Winch,
John P. Freed,

Brought forward, $283
20
85
35

120

$4,980 73

54 39°

953 58

207 34

399/04,

Forward,

$7,084 59

1898.
April People vs.

June People vs.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Earl Degolia et al.,
Robert Clarke,

Tra Fiske et al.,
New York Fish Co.,
Clayton Lyons,

E. N. Goodspeed et al.,
Frederick Sinberg,
William Hall,
Benjamin Sweet, .
Augustus Richer,
Albert B. Haight,
Eben Tallman,

Josh Farley,

Sanford McCue, .

Bert Bense and another,
James F. Gniffing,
Warren Towne,

John N. Thompson,
Elmer Grinshaw,
Theodore Krauss,

John Gladd,

M. M. Mayhew, .
Henry Conklin,

Charles F. Beebe,
Stephen Tarpening,

Salem Town,

William Otis et al.,
‘Thomas Charren,
William Greene

L. A. Sprague,

C. F. Herrick et al.,
Frank Chatman, .

H. Deifendorf,

Otto Sutzer et al.,
William H. Holmes,
Eugene Hallenbeck, Jr.,
Charles Childs,

E. E. Miller, :
Jesse Honeywekl et al.,

John S. Mohler and another,

John Tanner,
William H. Jackson,
Ezra Zellef,

Brought forward,

Forward,

73

$7,084 59

, 283 80

705 85

$8,074 24

74
1898.
June People vs.

66

&

‘<
July People vs.

“6

ee

ee

“ce

«

oe

a3

“

66

«

oe

“ce

73

‘“

6c
Aug. People vs.

oe

eu

Ge

‘“

6“

&

«

63

‘«
Sept. People vs.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Conrad Fox,
Frederick Barnes,
Benjamin Bunnell,
We Ssahattiegrals:

John McDonald, Jr.,

James Conklin,

E. H Hansen,
Wesley Kline,
Nelson Davies,
Cyrus Krounse,

W. M. Vandenburg,
Dwight Wager,
Frank Gordon et al.,
W. S. Gatting,
WAC Viyers:

Earl Babcock,
George W. Thomas,
J. W. Watts,

Peter Beshaw,
Burton & Barrows,

W. & F. Near and G. Engle,
James H. McGifney,
Charles Stevens, .
Otto Wasmund,

H. F. Wells,

Burton A. Petrie,
Sherman Denton,
George Houghtaling,
Arthur Lyle,

James Conley,
George Perigo,

Freeland Jones,
Rodener G. Bailey,
James Hutchinson,
Charles H. Dart,
Sidney Tromblee,
William H. Brown,
Roscoe Coon,
Adelbert Conklin,

Total receipts,

Brought forward,

9g 88

IO OO
249 25

IO OO

$8,074 24

742 02

581 43

461 89

240 38

$10,099 87

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Sammis & Bierck,
F. H. Kelly,

Willett Kidd,

W. L. Reed,

M. M. Jackson,
Taylor & Nichols,
John L. Ackley,
Simon Marshall,

L. S. Emmons,
James F. Shedden,
William Wolf,

A. B. Strough,

W. L. Reed,
George B. Smith,
John W. Lisk,
Edgar Hicks,
James Holmes,
Morgan M. Jackson,
George B. Smith,

J. W. Littlejohn,
George W. Van Buren
Wo Ibs Reel,

Albert Warren,
George B. Smith,
Robert S. Jones,
James S. Fox,
Weed Benedict,
Elmer Warren,

B. W. Hoye,

L. S. Emmons,

We Ba starkes

Jas. Wright,

E. W. Bozard,
Frederick H. Baker,
William H. Ronerdink,
James E. Herbert,
Edwin C. Smith,

J. M. Beunett,
Michael Markham,
Thomas J. Leddy,
George W. Van Buren,

E. J. Lobdell,

“ 6c

DISBURSEMENTS.

attorneys’ fees,
justice’s fees,
witness expenses,
moiety,

oe

attorneys’ fees,
moiety,

traveling expenses, .
be GY

moiety,

traveling expenses, .

moiety,

justice’s fees,

court costs,
justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
deputy sheriff’s fees,
justice’s fees, .
court costs,

justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,

justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

ce be
justice’s fees, .
moiety,

taxable costs, . :
extraordinary expenses,

Forward,

79

I

-—
ontr om DAWum 0 wo

=
=

$678 64

$678 64

1897.
Nov.

Dec.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Sammis & Bierck,
L. S. Emmons,
Edwin C. Smith,
Joseph Canepi,
James Holmes,
John W. Lisk,

D. N. Pomeroy,
Wighllg IRGEG,

E. J. Lobdell,
James Holmes,

A. B. Strough,

G. C. Silsbee,
L..K. Williamson,
Hiram J. Blood,
Sheridan L. Buck,
Daniel Eldridge,
Smith & Castleman,
Robert S. Jones,
Charles H. Tree,

Brought forward, $138
judgment for damages, . 5 x LOO

constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
moiety,

traveling expenses,

justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,

justice’s fees,
13 ce

ce oe

constable’s fees,
attorneys’ fees,
moiety,
justice’s fees,

Root, Orton, Baldwin & Co., attorneys’ fees,

Frederick Cripps,
Julius C. Case,
William F. Lynn,
Taylor & Nichols,
Harry C. Whitney,
Thomas McGowan,
Joseph Colby,

Harry E. Whitney,
George W. Van Buren,
George B. Smith,
Carlos Hutchins,
M. C. Worts,
John E. Leavitt,
F. E. Dunham,
W. T. Magoffin,
George Carver,
John L. Ackley,
Simon Marshall,
E. C. Smith,

Nei @astecles

H. H. Thompson,
Clark & Tuthill,

constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,

(74 ce

constable’s fees,

constable’s fees,
moiety,

constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,

“e “ec
moiety,

“ee

“ce

attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,
attorneys’ fees,

$678 64

880 x7)

Forward, $168

Digs Omon

1897.
Dec.

1898.
Jan.

Smith Soule,

E. C. Coons,

H. C. Boardman,
J. W. Atkinson,
James O’Brien,
JW. bond;
Sammis & Bierck,
F. E. Dunham,
Edgar Hicks,

John L. Ackley,
James Geraghty,
Willett Kidd,
George H. Bush,
Willett Kidd,
George W. Van Buren,
Charles Carter,

G. M. Virgil,
Henry F. Wheelock,
A. D. Richardson,
W. G. Valentine,
George Cook,
Homer Hall,
Henry French,

J. S. Whipple,
Baldwin & Magee,
Wiliiam F. Bailey,
Levi S. Lamb,
John U. Schroth,
Carlos Hutchins,
L. S. Emmons,

ce ins

ce ce

John F. Kenney,
Howard H. Widener,
A. M. T. St. John,
John H. Booth,

E. G. Gould,

Smith Soule,

james F. Shedden,
Edgar Hicks,

G. A. Ease;

Spencer Hawn,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. TL
Brought forward, $168 36 $1,558 81
attorney’s fees, : : c I5 00
justice’s fees, . : é 8 19
sheriff’s fees, . : 5 : 8 45
attorney’s fees, : ; : 15 00
constable’s fees, ; 5 ‘ BG
moiety, . : ; : : 42 50
attorneys’ fees, IIl4 59
constable’s fees, ‘ : : I2 00
moiety, . : : : ; 60 00
449 19
moiety, . : : ; : $5 65
‘ 4 25
ys I2 50
¥ 2 97
‘ IO 00
: C ; ¢ I5 00
attorney’s fees, 5 : : 7 50
constable’s fees, : : ; IO 00
sherifi’s fees, . ; i 3 IO 00
attorney’s fees, ; : : 15 60
i ie : : ‘ IO 00
justice’s fees, . : ; Gis
constable’s fees, ~. ‘ ; 5 00
constable’s fees, . : é 7g} 166)
attorney’s fees, : : ; 27 00
* rf : : . 20 00
justice’s fees, DE
attorney’s fees, ; : . 5 00
sheriff's fees, . : : é 6 go
court costs, Bo
moiety, . : 3 5 59 00
: 50 oO
. Sie
Shenmitsieessar : ‘ : 4 58
attorney’s fees, : 5 3 25 00
printing, . : : : 52 50
attorney’s fees, : : 5 00
re # 5 oo
attorney’s fees, : : : Bus
justice's fees, 20 00
moiety, 15 090
te : : ‘ : > 25 00
6 87
as I5 oo
Forward, $611 02 2,008 00

1898.

Mch.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

G. B. Smith,
George J. Stayman,
Thomas Doyle,

E. C. Smith,
William Wood, Jr.,
E. C. Smith,
George J. Stayman,
Benjamin W. Loving,
Smith Soule,
Baldwin & Magee,
Clark & Tuthill,

B. H. McCollum,
Charles T. Ennis,
Frank Winship,
AY). Eelmer,
Eugene Wade,

M. M. Compson,
Lewis Deuchler,
Hoag & Hammond,
M. C. Worts,
Joseph Sterling,

D. N. Pomeroy,

F. T. Hamilton,
William Miner,

Charles Van Steenburgh,
J. W. Pond,

Alvin Winslow,
William Everson,
M. C. Worts,

‘Haein otter.

Ee leobdell:

L. S. Emmons,
James R. Van Ness,
W. J. McClusky,
Lockwood & Hill,
Ji. Lee Ducker;
James O’Brien,

Di Ji..Yieager;

Brought forward,

moiety,
justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

oe ce
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
attorneys’ fees,

(a3 73

court costs,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

oe oe
justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
justice’s fees, .
attorneys’ fees,
moiety,

“c

court costs,

attorney’s fees,

“ “cc

moiety,
costs on appeal,
moiety,

constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,

$611 02 $2,008 oo

1,001 86

5

5

5

3 00
Tel2
6

75

333) OF

Forward, $3,352 87

1898.
April

May

J. W. Pond,
Rcbert S. Jones,

William Everson,
enseebecdes

Jn, IM, POWER,
Spencer Hawn,

E. I. Brooks,

L. S. Emmons,

E. A. Hazen,

Joseph St. John,
Willett Kidd,
Thomas Carmody,
Baldwin & Magee,
Robert F. Thompson,
Spencer Hawn,
Frederick J. Morey,
Taylor & Nichols,
Clark & Tuthill,

A. H. Hull,
Benjamin W. Loring,
Edgar Hicks,

James Holmes,
F. M. Potter,

(73 73
B. J. Lobdell,
N. H. McCollum,
G. R. Wheeler,
Albert Warren,
E. A. Hazen,
Joseph Northup,
E. I. Brooks,
Albert Warren,
F. M. Potter,
James F. Shedden,
iS Donnelly,
iene beedes
A. A. Wyckhoff,
Joseph Northup,
John E. Leavitt,
John L. Ackley,
J. W. Pond,
W. E. Hoysradt,
William J. Powers,

advanced for expenses,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,
$60 00

amount of fine returned (case
of Julius G. Smith), . 70

moiety,

constable’s fees,
court costs,
attorney’s fees,

(73 “ee

“ce oe

disbursements,
amount of judgment,
attorneys’ fees,

3 ii
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,
moiety,

moiety,

disbursements,

attorney’s fees,
“cc “¢

Be)

50

[oxe)
fefe)

$3,352 87

504 52

Forward, $370

$3,857 39

80

1898.
May

June

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

William F. Bailey,
Charles O. Bartlett,
Frederick H. Baker,
Henry Copenhagen,
James E. Herbert,
KC. Smith,

W. H. Ronerdink,
John L. Ackley,

L. S. Simmons,
Frank C. Seaman,
James W. Tucker,
Charles W. G. Ross,

Haj lobdelll

J. W. Pond,
Joseph Northup,
B. H. McCollum,
ene leobdell
HM Rotter

66 oe

E. I. Brooks,
Charles Vogelsang,
William M. Munger,
Charles M. Munger,
James Holmes,

E. I. Brooks,

J. W. Littlejohn,

Ey | sWobdell;
John E. Leavitt,
IDG tsb IBEEalS,
William Wolf,
James Holmes,
ee Olin:

D.-P. Wood,
William Everson,
Jj. Os Malls;

J. M. Maybee,

F. O. Butterfield,
H. E. Owen,
George Marenus,
George Dougherty,
Julius C. Carr,
August Mayer,

E. C. Smith,
Chamberlain & Page,

Brought forward,

justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

(13 66
attorney’s fees,
justice’s fees,
moiety,

73 : -
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
justice’s fees,

moiety,

constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
ce 6é
justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,

attorney’s fees,

attorneys’ fees,

$370

$3,857 39

5or 78

Forward,

$4,359 17

1898.
June

July

R. R. McLane,

R. P. Conklin,

W. H. Wood,

C. L. Waring,
Frederick H. Baker,
C. L. Waring,
Spencer Hawn,

J. R. Van Ness,
F. D. McNeil,
George Marenus,
H. H. Widener,
George B. Smith,
Charles Vogelsang,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,
justice’s fees,
ce ce $
constable’s fees,
attorney’s fees,

a3 “ce

“cc ee

disbursements,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

ce ce
attorney’s fees,
moiety,

ee

New York State National Bank, protested check, .

Alvin Winslow,
John L. Ackley,
H. H. McKinnon,
BaeAeriazens
Charles Knox,

L. S. Emmons,
Albert Warren,
Spencer Hawn,
T. H. Donnelly,
J. H. Lamphere,
L. S. Emmons,
Isaiah Vosburg,
J. F. Shedden,

E. J. Lobdell,

E. W. Bozard,
H. E. Owen,
Robert F. Thompson,
Milton Carter,
Thomas Todd,

B. F. Beers,
Sammis & Bierck,
George Carver,
John P. Kellas,
M. A. Martin,

F. H. McOmber,
W. H. McGrath,
E. W. Swan,
William Mack,
M. M. Compson,
M. H. Ingersoll,

moiety,

justice’s fees,
attorneys’ fees,
disbursements,
attorney’s fees,
justice’s fees,

oe oe

66 oe

constable’s fees,

(73 “cc

“cc

justice’s fees,

Forward,

81

$4,359 17

813 47

&

71

$5,172 64

82

1898.
July

Aug.

REPORT

L. S. Emmons,

A. W. Craig,

196 10, Cleiks,
George Barton,

M. J. McGuire,
John A. Adams,

G. M. Williams,

G. M. Patterson,
Charlcez Dudley,

A. M. Payne,

John C. Taylor,
Charles M. Faulkner,
George H. Weyant,

L. S. Emmons,

E. J. Lobdell,
Isaiah Vosburg,
William Everson,
William M. Barnett,
T. A. Donnelly,
E. A. Hazen,
Charlex Knox,
George Carver,

F. S. Beede,

Alvin Winslow,
Robert S. Jones,
Joseph Northup,
Reuben Gray,
Urie Van Tassaell,
Sylvanus Moore,
H. E. Owen,
Ethel M. McGonigal,
D. D. Cameron,
H. C. Stratton,

A. W. Craig,
Baldwin & Magee,
N. C. Steele,
Burton N. Wiltsie,
Edwin C. Smith,

_ Samuel Kennedy,

Union Building Association,

Delbert C. Hebbard,
D. D. Cameron,
Tuttle & Hallock,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brougnt forward,

disbursements,

‘ justice’s fees,

attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,

oe 66

judgment for costs, .

justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,
justice’s fees,

moiety, .

constable’s fees,
‘ &
JUStICeSiiees yan:
attorney’s fees,
“ec (T3
justice’s fees,
attoricy’s fees,
justice’s fees,
attorneys’ fees,
constable’s fees,
justice/ssfeesy.
attorney’s fees,
constable’s fees,

use of hall for holding court,

attorney’s fees,
justice’s fees,

judgment for damages,

163

71
16

oOo

65
66

Forward,

$5,172 64

542 58

658 67

$6,373 89

1898.
Sept.

Carlos Hutchins,
Bernard Salisbury,
John L. Ackley,
W. J. Alfred,
John E. Leavitt,
G. S. Van Alstyn,
Jesse Jackson,
Dudley & Childs,
George Cook,
Homer Hall,

George W. Harmony,

Frederick O. Wait,
B. H. McCollum,

moiety,

justice’s fees,
services, .
attorneys’ fees,
justice’s fees,
constable’s fees,
disbursements,
constable’s fees,
disbursements,

Total disbursements, .

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Brought forward,
$12 25

IE Bay
40 10

RECAPITULATION OF FINES AND PENALTIES ACCOUNT.

Number of cases in foregoing schedule,

Total amount recovered during fiscal year,

Balance in bank September 30, 1897,

Disbursements during fiscal year,

Balance in bank September 3o, 1898,

. $6,227 19
6 B72 OS

$6,373 89

231 30

$6,605 19

160

$10,099 87
6,605 19

$3,494 68

84

1897.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Trespass on State Lands.

RECEIPTs.

Balance in State Bank October 1, 1897,

Oct. People vs. M. Floyd, $24
Noy. People vs. S. M. Rorke (Smith & Leonard), . $150
ob Albert McCann, . 50
&s Scott Patterson, 20
sf ng 20
Dec. People vs. Scott Patterson, $171
és Martin Lyon, 15
a Alvin A. Abbott, . 25
ce Frank Moore and another, 49
i C. Parquette, 14
a Isaiah Perkins, 102
if Willifred Colombe, 99
i Hannah Nolan, 24
a Charles Smith, 15
18098.
Feb. People vs. Antoine Colombe, $100
Mch. People vs. William J. Horton, $30
He Patrick Kelly, 18
Ot John Rogers, 14
cs John Davidson, 34
April People vs. Arch Graham, . : $19
H. L. Wait, posts sold, 5
te C. A. McArthur, 30
cf Scott Patterson, . : : : . 5 39
«6 George West and M. Armer, p 9 . 850
a Samuel Stiles, 40
ss Royal Sterns, : . 8
“s Frederick Lyons, j 5 . . 10
cc William Edget, . 5 3 i 4 A 10
w ig (Ce ASO 5 : : ‘ ; 6 : Io
a Hiram Scribner, . ; : ° 3 19
a J. S. Graves, . 6 : : 0 a5
ac Louis Souci, ; ; ; A 5 : 8
ss OF Wiasheldenty : ; - : 0 270
se Juna Moshier, . : : , é 24

Total receipts,

0O

$831 03

24 00

240 00

514 50

100 OO

96 50

1,378 75

$3,184 78

1897.
Oct.

Nov.

1898.
Jan.

Mch.

E. J. Lobdell,

Isaac La Grange,
Hiram A. Benham,
E. J. Lobdell,
John P. Badger,

J. W. Littlejohn,
Saelegiea imers

Isaac La Grange,

C. W. Smith,
Barney L. Goucher,
G. A. McCoy,

G. N. Woodworth,
John E. Leavitt,

G. A. McCoy,
James R. Van Ness,
E. J. Lobdell,
Carlos Hutchins,
E. J. Lobdell,
Carlos Hutchins,
Alvin Winslow,

S. B. Jenkins,
Beeleobdellt
jew Pond:
Saujpeealmer.

C. D. Gilson,
James R. Van Ness,
M. S. Bevins,

B. H. McCollum,
E. J. Lobdell,

J. W. Littlejohn,
Heap ezobdell®
J. W. Littlejohn,

E. J. Lobdell,

J. Newton Fiero,
Carlos Hutchins,
J. W. Littleiohn,

iT} 4

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

DISBURSEMENTS.
moiety,

disbursements,
surveying,
money advanced,
expenses,
attorney’s fees,
moiety,

witness expenses,

ce “6

attorney s fees and expenses,
justice’s fees,
surveying,
“
moiety,
surveying,
attorney’s fees,
moiety,

attorney’s fees,
moiety,
disbursements,
expenses,

(a3

attorney’s fees,

(73 “

moiety,
66

moiety,

“ce

ce

moiety, . . ° °
attorney’s fees,
disbursements,

moiety,

ce

$350
4
20

Z9

$127

Forward,

foXe)

fefe)

85

$12 00

156 62

934 93

35 99

$1,139 54

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Balance in bank September 30, 1897,

Nicholas Shaul,
Je WeePond:

Lyman Frost,

James R. Van Ness,

J. W. Houghton,
Elmer Ostrander,
James Green,
Alvin Winslow,

66 oe

E. J. Lobdell,

B. H. McCollum,

Robert King,
Willis J. Fletcher,

Alvin Winslow,
Fe te Wiait:
Silas Lawton,

Lucius Kelley,
Alvin Winslow,

Lorin Kelley,

William Wolf,

OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Brought forward,

moiety,

ee

justice’s fees,
attorney’s fees,

66 66

county clerk’s fees,

surveying,
moiety,

surveying,
attorney’s fees,

moiety,

a3
services,
services,
disbursements,

services,

disbursements,

Total disbursements,

Receipts during fiscal year ending September 30, 1808,

Total,
Disbursements as per schedule,

Balance in bank September 30, 1898, .

$127 00 ©=— $1,139 54
25 00
25 00
177 00
$4 60
5 00
250 00
I oo
7 00
20 00
4 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
9 87
17 50
333 97
$9 50
194 19
203 69
$25 00
12025
6 00
43 25
$21 oo
2 02
56 oo
79 02
P21 25
Ait DI
$1,997 72
$831 03
“ASS 75
$3,184 78
1,997 72
06

$1,187

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 87

SUMMARY OF LICENSES ISSUED TO NET FISH FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 30, 18098.

Number issued for Lake Ontario, . : : ; : : 0 5 . : go
“ “ Lake Erie, ; ; ; , 2 § 5 : ; ‘ 82

6 ce Otsego Lake, . : : : : : § : : : 46

as sf Hudson River, . : : : 5 : ; : 24.7

‘“ iG Delaware River, ; 5 é : : : ; ‘ . 10

a a Wappinger Creek, . : : : ; : 5 . : 3

‘“ 6 Ten Mile River, : 5 ; ; ; ; : : : 2

a “ Chaumont Bay, etc., . : 5 : : . y c ¢ 30
Total licenses issued, ‘ “a : 5 ‘ : j ; Wire

Total receipts from licenses, . : : : : 0 : 6 : j . $658 00
Balance October 1, 1897, : : : : : i 3 ; ‘ EL S200
Balance September 30, 1898, . : . ; , : . $840 00

Rentals of Shellfish ands.

1897. RECEIPTS
Oct. Commissioner Thompson, . : : : : : . $189 67
Nov. uy tS : : : : ¢ : 27 50
Dec. is we . . : : : : : 406 07
1898.
Jan. Commissioner Thompson, . 5 4 6 5 : : 84 20
Feb. : : . : : : : : 170 49
April fe « : : : . 6 . ¢ 81 26
May e ie 5 : : : 5 : : 66 22
June ¢ ent ; 6 : c : : . 144 93
Aug. a if : 5 5 : : . DS SHLS
Total receipts, . : : ; : , : : ; $1,305 52
1897. DISBURSEMENTS.
Nov. James A. Roberts, Comptroller, . 0 : : : LP TSONOy
ss v3 ME . : : . . : 27 50
Dec. “ “ ss : : : 0 : 5 406 07
1898.
Jaf. James A. Roberts, Comptroller, . 6 : : : : 84 20
Feb. as os ee : : : : . 6 65 00
. My ae : 5 : 6 6 : 105 49
May “ fs 6 ¢ . . : : 66 22
June i ss 5 : . : . : 226 19
Aug. f ss : : : 0 6 : 135 18

Total disbursements, . é 3 : 0 6 b : $1,305 52

88 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Rentals of State Pands.

1898. RECEIPTS.
July W. P. Mason,
W. D. Mann,
iereStott

Aug. J. B. Henderson,
sept. A. IL. Judson;

Total receipts,

1898. DISBURSEMENTS.
July James A. Roberts, Comptroller, . ,

“ss oe 6c

Sept. cc 6c be

Total disbursements, .

Miscellaneous Receipts.

1898. RECEIPTS.
Jan. From Charles H. Babcock, Commissioner, cash received from
Supt. James Annin, for sale of whitefish from Canan-

daigua Lake,

Total receipts,

1898. DISBURSEMENTS.
Jan. James A. Roberts, Comptroller,

Total disbursements, .

$150 00

50 00
270 00

. $100 06

| roo o6

$370 [oXe)

$ 100 06

$100 06

89

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

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GAME AND FORESTS.

FISHERIES,

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GHUSNAOIT

‘daNNIINOD—'SHSNAOIT AO ATOAGAHOS

93

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

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94

‘daANIINO)N—'SHSNHOIT AO ATOAGAHOS

95

GAME AND FORESTS.

HISHERTES;

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HONACISAA

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‘CHANILNOD—'SASNAOTT HO HWINGAHOS

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

96

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FOR BLINDS.

EX IDVASE

THE ALARM.

Report of the Chief Protector.

To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests:

GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the
Protectors and Foresters during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1898:
The following devices, which were being illegally used for catching fish, have been

captured and destroyed :

Seines, : : 3 : . , 6 j ; : : 3 56
Fyke nets, . : i : : Y : ‘ : : : é 971
Trap nets, . , é . é : 5 . : 320
Gill nets, . : . : : : . : : : : : 584
Squat nets, . : ; : ; : : : i 3 ‘ ; 221
Pound nets, : ; ‘ : F ; : : 2
Dip mets; . : : ; : 3 : ; 17
iphups;. : : : : : ; : ; ; : : 65
Spears, : ¢ : : : C : : : 3 ‘ 13
Setlimes; un. : ; ; : é : j ; : : ; 457

Total number of devices destroyed, : : : 2170.0

Valued at . : : i : 3 : 3 : : : $29,515

Three hundred and sixty-nine persons were prosecuted during the year for
violating the Fisheries, Game and Forest Laws. Of this number 335 were convicted,
thirty discharged, and four held to grand jury. The total amount of fines, penalties
and costs imposed by the courts in these cases was $10,827.49, of which $8,480.94
has been collected by the Department and deposited in accordance with law, and an
aggregate penalty of 735 days’ imprisonment has been imposed.

I think this is an excellent showing, and J confidently assert that all statements,
from whatever source they proceed, that the Fisheries, Game and Forest Laws are
everywhere disregarded and violated, are reckless statements of persons who have no
knowledge of the subject. Doubtless, violations have occurred which have not come
to the knowledge of the Department. This is inevitable, owing to the fact that it is
impossible to cover the whole State with the limited number of Protectors that are
allowed by law. But it is certain that the number of these cases is not so great as
some would make it appear. Several reports of violations of the Deer Hounding Law
have reached me, every one of which has been carefully investigated and found to be

based upon evidence so flimsy as to discredit the report.

rit

1I2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

In some localities of the State there is a manifest unfriendliness to the laws for the
protection of fish and game, so much so that it is impossible to secure convictions in
the local courts. In several cases an acquittal or a disagreement of the jury has
resulted from the plea of the defendant's counsel that the Protector or the complainant
was out for “blood money,” meaning his share of the fine if conviction is had.

In one of the courts in Greater New York a person arraigned under section 78 of
the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law for shooting song birds was discharged on the
ground that section 1493 of the charter of that city supercedes the Fisheries, Game
and Forest Laws. For the same reason moneys collected as fines for violations of the
Fisheries, Game and Forest Laws has been turned over to the City Comptroller instead

of to this Department.

This will necessitate a civil action to obtain an opinion of the higher court as to
the true meaning of the law.
Respectfully submitted.
J. Wee LOND:
Chief Protector.

AN EXPERT,

(SNLVNOYOL SNNVISVHd } :
S| Sete INVSV4 Hd GAMODAN-ONIAG

a
Stoel ie see

LES

mee

Report of the Saperintendent of
State Hatcheries.

CALEDONIA, N. Y., October 1, 1898.

To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests:

GENTLEMEN :—The work for the year closing September 30 has been highly
satisfactory, and in importance and value exceeds that of any previous year.

At the beginning of the fiscal year, work was commenced on a new hatchery at
Constantia, on Oneida Lake, in Oswego county, and the same was completed,
equipped and all ready for work April 1. The Commission named it the Oneida
Hatchery. A special appropriation of $6,000 for acquiring a suitable site, building
and equipping of a fresh-water fish food hatchery, was passed by the Legislature of
1897. The work was finished within the amount of the appropriation, and it is a
first-class hatchery in every respect. Pike-perch, yellow perch, ciscoes and whitefish
are among the fish that will be hatched there the first year. The pike and the perch
are hatched in the spring, ciscoes and whitefish in the fall and winter. The manner
of hatching the above-named fish is called the jar-method; glass jars, each holding
about four quarts of eggs, are used. Trout are hatched in an entirely different
manner. The hatchery has the capacity for handling 125,000,000 eggs of the spring-
spawning fish, and again in the fall and winter of 35,000,000 eggs of the fall or
winter-spawning fish, such as whitefish and ciscoes.

It is the intention to build ponds for black bass in connection with this hatchery,
where the bass can deposit their eggs naturally, and the young bass be collected and
distributed. Comparatively few people know that black bass have never been hatched
artificially like trout, mascalonge, pike-perch, shad, whitefish, etc. The nearest
approach has been to confine a limited number of bass in one or two artificial ponds
so constructed that after the eggs were hatched and “the young old enough, the adult
bass were taken or driven out of the ponds and the young collected and fed until they
could be distributed. I trust some one will have the time and patience to continue
experimenting in the line of artificial bass hatching, as I believe it can and will yet be
done. Then, and not until then, will it be possible to supply a sufficient quantity of
black bass to meet all the requisitions made by our citizens. The shortening of the

legal or open season for catching bass cannot but help to increase the number of
these fish.
113 8

114 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In the past, all of the bass distributed by this Commission, and the same is true of
other State Commissions, have been obtained by netting where bass were numerous.
This has always resulted in strong opposition from the people living in the vicinity
where the netting was done. On this account the distribution of the small-mouth
black bass has been discontinued, but the distribution of the large-mouth black bass,
incorrectly called Oswego bass, was continued from near Clayton, same as in years
past. The young bass were obtained from a marshy creek entering the St. Lawrence.
The past year’s distribution was 116,450, larger than the previous ten years’ output.

The hatchery located near Saranac Inn, in Franklin county, called the Adirondack
Hatchery, has been entirely remodeled and enlarged, Six and eight-inch iron pipes
have been laid from the hatchery (a distance of about 2,000 feet) to a point at the
bottom of Little Clear Lake, where the water is fifty feet deep and the temperature
stands at forty-two degrees, and varies only four degrees summer and winter. This
furnishes the hatchery, and an entire system of rearing ponds, with an abundance of
the very best pure water, making it one of the most valuable hatcheries in the State.

Now, it is possible to raise thousands of trout there to eight, ten and fifteen
montks old before planting them in the streams and ponds of the northern portion
of the State.

In addition to the trout hatching, glass hatching jars sufficient for hatching
10,000,000 frostfish eggs have been supplied and put in complete running order.

The location of the Adirondack Hatchery as a distributing point is unsurpassed
by any point in the Adirondacks. The surrounding four counties contain hundreds
of the very best trout lakes, ponds and streams that are now almost barren of trout.
Where fingerling and yearling trout have been planted in this section in the past two
years, from some of our other hatcheries, most flattering and enthusiastic reports as
to the fishing are at hand.

In 1896 the Legislature appropriated $5,000 to buy and improve what was called
the McKay pond and springs, in the town of Caledonia, Livingston county. This
pond furnished power for a saw and grist mill, and after the owners had used the
water as they saw fit, it furnished the supply for the Caledonia State Hatchery, located
about one-half mile below the mills.

There was considerable delay in getting a perfect title to this property, and all of
the water rights connected with it, as your Commission deemed it advisable to have
the absolute control of this water and the necessary land, so as to improve and protect
the springs, that the flow passing from the springs to the hatchery below would always
be absolutely fresh and pure.

Soon after the Commission came into possession of the property, we commenced

the cleaning of the springs, and the removing of everything in the vicinity that in any

‘

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. I15

way might prove detrimental in the future. For over seventy years ali kinds of foul
matter had been collecting in and around these springs. The accumulation varied in
depth from one to four feet. All of this had to be removed down to the hard,
gravelly bottom, over at least an acre and one-half. This process developed quite a
large additional amount of water. All of the springs are now clean, and a wall or
diking constructed about them to prevent their again filling up. This insures to the
hatchery a sure supply of ‘pure water.

At the Cold Spring Hatchery, on Long Island, new ponds have been built, so that
‘the water supply can be fully utilized, and the greatest number of fish possible turned
out. With these additional ponds, and the necessary grading that has been done
upon the grounds, it makes this plant one of the most attractive in the State.

Another very gratifying fact in regard to this hatchery is, that it has on hand for
distribution more fingerlings and yearlings than the total production of the hatchery
for three previous years.

At the Beaverkill Hatchery, in Sullivan county, the water supply always becomes
so,warm in the summer that it is impossible to rear fingerlings, and all the spring’s
hatch of fry must be taken away by the first or middle of May, on account of the
water warming up so very fast at the beginning of hot weather.

Locating a small spring on the hills about 1,200 feet from the hatchery, and
finding that it was feasible to pipe the water to the hatchery, a contract was made
with the owner of the spring, allowing the Commission to collect the water and con-
duct it to the hatchery for one yeer without charge, and if at the end of the year the
Commission wished to continue using the water, they could lease the spring and the
right to convey the water to the hatchery for a term of forty-nine years for $100,
which would be in full for all rights during said term.

The work of conducting this water to the hatchery was all done early in December,
and considering the small amount of water otherwise obtainable, the supply has
certainly been worth double the cost, and I recommend that the Commission lease
the spring.

About 5,000 fingerling trout were reared at this hatchery since the above spring
water supply was obtained.

Other springs, situated from two to five thousand feet from the hatchery, that will
furnish considerable more pure water, can be leased if desired.

The necessary repairs and the improved water supply for each of the hatcheries
has had the most careful attention. All of the hatcheries are run to their greatest
capacity. New and improved methods are being introduced, and it may be said
without exaggeration that the hatcheries of New York State are superior to any of

the kind in this or any other country.

116 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

The policy adopted by the Commission of planting larger and older fish
in addition to fry, is meeting the approbation of the fishing fraternity. From
the numerous reports received in regard to the fishing in streams and lakes,
where fingerlings or yearlings have been planted, it is satisfactorily shown
that the work should be continued, as the results fully warrant the additional
expense. | :

Reports have been received regarding streams and lakes stocked within the last
two years with fingerling and yearling brown and rainbow trout (waters that never
before contained these varieties), that during the past fishing season specimens varying
in weight from one-half to one and one-half pounds have been taken. From all over
the State comes encouraging reports of better fishing. The Commission has done
more in the way of restocking the streams in the past two years than was ever done
before.

An actual count is always made of the fingerlings and yearlings sent out by your
Commission. Ten thousand fingerlings or 8,000 yearlings make a large carload.
Three hundred and fifty thousand fingerlings (thirty-five carloads) have been sent out
by your Commission inside of three months, and 40,000 yearlings (fifty carloads) will
be ready for distribution next spring.

It is pleasing to know that the Fish Commissions of other States have commenced
the planting of fingerlings and yearlings.

With the continued efforts to have our hatcheries increase their output of finger-
lings and yearlings comes the question of expense. Two of the principal items
entering into the cost of producing this sized fish is the food,and the time taken to
prepare it. Recent experiments with new food lead me to believe that the cost of
production can be materially reduced.

Experiments in the mode of hatching and rearing young of some varieties of fish
previously considered impossible to raise have been successful. I refer to the hatching
and rearing in confinement of the red-throat trout. About 100,000 fingerlings of this
variety are now at the Caledonia and Pleasant Valley Hatcheries. The eggs were
taken from the adult fish confined in the hatchery ponds.

We have also been successful in hatching mascalonge eggs by the glass-jar
method, and the rearing of the young fry to the length of four and four and one-half
inches in three months.

It has also been found by actual work and experiment that our inland lakes can
furnish whitefish eggs in sufficient numbers for the restocking of Lake Ontario and
inland waters with this valuable food fish. Over 20,000,000 of whitefish were hatched
and planted during the past year, and the supply of eggs were obtained from inland

waters of the State.

‘SSVd MOVIE HLNOW-AOAVIT

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. NW M7/

Previous to the fall of 1896, all of the whitefish eggs hatched by New York State
Fish Commissions were obtained from Lakes Ontario and Michigan, in November and
December of each year, but on account of storms and scarcity of fish in recent years,
the number obtained. was always very uncertain, and the expenses were sure to be
heavy. It is seldom that storms of sufficient strength occur to interfere with our work
of collecting eggs on our inland lakes, so that we can now always calculate on
obtaining whitefish eggs at a reasonable expense, and as the fishing grounds are within
two or three hours from the hatcheries, there is but slight loss in transportation,
whereas, by the old method it was often a month after the eggs were taken before
they arrived at our hatcheries. At present it would be almost impossible to collect
under the most favorable circumstances 5,000,000 whitefish eggs at the east end of
Lake Ontario. Formerly this was the best spawning ground for whitefish in the lake.

For the past five years, plants of whitefish fry have been made by the Commission
in Lake Ontario, from Charlotte west to Lewiston, and the past summer the fishing
off the Niagara county shore has been better than it has been before in thirty years.
I state this upon the most reliable information. The fishermen in that section all
unite in saying, that if the plants can be continued in a liberal manner, the o:d-time
fishing can be restored.

A few years ago the United States Fish Commission, and some of the States
bordering on the Great Lakes, erected large and extensive whitefish hatcheries, some
single plants having a capacity for handling 200,000,000 eggs. To-day part of them
are running about half their capacity, and others are closed. All of this is due to the
great falling off in the whitefish catch. Ten or fifteen years ago some of the best
authorities in the country predicted that unless the whitefish were protected at once,
they would soon be exterminated.

This matter was deemed of such importance that meetings were called by people
interested in the subject, and the matter was thoroughly discussed, and the States
bordering on the Great Lakes were asked to provide a close season, and to restrict
the size of the mesh of the nets the fishermen were using, but on account of the oppo-
sition by the fishermen, little was accomplished.

Two years ago Michigan passed a law, making a close season on whitefish and
lake trout during the greater part of their spawning season. These facts demonstrate
the necessity for better protection of the comparatively few whitefish that still remain
in our State waters.

We have found whitefish in abner in Hemlock Lake this season, weighing
from three to ten pounds each. A small plant of whitefish was made in one of our
northern inland lakes in 1894-5. This fall we found that these whitefish had attained

an average weight of one and one-half pounds each, and that they were abundant.

118 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In my report of a year ago, mention was made of the satisfactory results attending
the breeding of the Mongolian or ring-necked pheasants, carried on in connection
with the Pleasant Valley Hatchery, near Bath, Steuben county.

The past year the work has been continued as far as the limited space on the
grounds would permit. Having no special appropriation for this work, it has not been
pushed as far as recent results would warrant. From a dozen birds in the spring of
1897, the flock has increased to 180 fine, healthy birds at the present time. This
fully warrants the Commission asking for an appropriation to carry on the work. It
does not come directly under the Hatchery Department, but the work has been
directed by Commissioner Babcock, chairman of the committee having charge of that
branch of the work.

For the past year the pheasantry has been one of the great attractions for the
numerous visitors to the Pleasant Valley Hatchery grounds.

The mascalonge hatching is carried on at Bemus Point, on Chautauqua Lake. It
was here that these fish were first hatched artificially by the old Fish Commission of
the State of New York.

Hatching mascalonge eggs has always been done in boxes with a double wire
screen top and bottom, and arranged in the lake. The State owns a storehouse at the
point conveniently located, in which all the bulky appliances for carrying on the work
are stored. This building is also the headquarters of the men during the hatching
season, which lasts about six weeks.

Until the past season, it had been considered impossible to successfully hatch
mascalonge eggs in any way except in the boxes mentioned. A lack of water at the
proper elevation permitted of our operating only a few of the glass jars, but they
demonstrated what could be done. The experiment was highly successful, and it is
perfectly safe to say that with a hatching house properly equipped the annual output
of fry can be doubled. This is important, as the growing scarcity of mascalonge in
the St. Lawrence River has been apparent for some time.

Your Commission is the only Fish Commission (the Wisconsin Commission
excepted) that makes provisions for the artificial propagation of mascalonge.

Experiments in rearing the fry in confinement were alse made during the past
season. The fry were hatched on the nineteenth day of May and placed in a small
artificial pond. They were removed from the pond on the nineteenth day of August,
having attained the length of four and four and one-half inches. We could not keep
them in the pond longer, as, owing to dry weather, the water supply failed on the
date last above mentioned. |

The fishing in Chautauqua Lake for mascalonge and black bass cannot be excelled

in any other lake of our State. This is entirely due to the disposition on the part of

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. I19Q

the inhabitants in the vicinity of the lake to abide strictly by the Game and Fish
Laws, and to the liberal planting of young mascalonge in the lake by your
Commission.

In the last report of your Commission it was suggested to the members of the
Legislature, that they pass a bill giving the Fish Commission power to stop all fishing
on small streams where they think the situation demands it, for a period of from three
to five years. I think it essential that the Commission have the power to stop fishing
entirely in the small brooks tributary to the Adirondack lakes or large streams.
These small brooks rarely contain a trout over five inches in length. As soon as the
trout reach that size, they always drop down out of the brook and into the larger
waters below. These small brooks are the nurseries, and my observation is, that all
through the Adirondacks you will find plenty of people that are continually fishing
these brooks for small trout. Not one of their catch is of ‘the legal size, but no one
will make a complaint against them. In many cases the proprietor of a hotel, or a
boarding-house, keeps one or two boys, or a man, continually at work fishing the
brooks so that his table may be supplied with so-called brook trout.

In planting young trout from the hatcheries, especially in the spring or fall, it is
desirous that they should be planted in these nursery brooks, and our attendants are
always instructed to have them planted in such brooks when possible, but when these
fish are caught out before they have had a chance to reproduce, or to attain legal
size, it will be slow work for our hatcheries to restock such waters as the Fulton Chain
of lakes, Cranberry Lake, with its many tributaries, and the many lakes in other
sections in the Adirondacks. When it is possible to stop fishing at all times on these
small brooks, then can we expect the quickest and best returns for our labor of
stocking.

I cannot help referring to the fish car, the property of the State, and the very
important part it has taken in transporting the product of the hatcheries. During
the year it has made forty-six trips with fish, each time loaded with from 100
to 125 cans. It would be impossible to deliver our yearly increased output without
this car.

Your Commission thought it advisable to erect a building for the protection of
this car from the elements. Consent was obtained from the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad Company to erect such a building on their property in Cale-
donia. They kindly laid the necessary track into the car house, so that now when
the car is not in use, it has proper protection and care.

During the warm weather of last summer, the car had a thorough overhauling and
painting. This is the only time during the year that the car is idle long enough to do

such work.

120 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In this connection, I wish to call attention to the liberal and coitinuous courtesies
extended to the Commission by the railroads of the State in hauling free the State fish
car, with the necessary crew in charge, and transporting fish and fish eggs with
attendant, and returning the empty cans free in the baggage cars of their lines.

The following is a record of the distribution from each hatchery, and the total
summary of all for the year ending September 30, 1898.

; Yours respectfully,
ee AUNINTEN aie
Superintendent of Hatcheries.

Distribation of Fish from each Hatchery.

Adirondack Hatchery.

Brook trout, . 5 : ; ; ; ; ‘ ; ‘ 3 508,060
Brown trout, P ; ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ ‘ ‘ é 147,140
Rainbow trout, . ~. : : : A : : ‘ . 23,000
Lake trout, . : : : : : fi : ; : 130,000
Frostfish, : ; : : ; : : : : ‘ . 3,250,000

Beaverkill Hatchery.
Brook trout, ; : : : ‘ ; : : é 0 774,875
Brown trout, : : : : : 0 : : 4 : 86,700

Caledonia Hatchery.

Brook trout, f : : : ‘ : : ; é 3 365,112
Brown trout, i : : : : : : 6 é : 367,268
Rainbow trout, . : 6 : : : : 5 : Pauline lt) (731
Lake trout, . : : ae 5 : : : : 4 368,786
Red-throat trout, . : : : : : ; : ¢ ; 1,000
Whitefish, . ‘ : 5 é ; 3 ‘ : i . 18,300,000
Fresh-water shrimp, : : : : : ; : 2 gg: 65,000

Clayton Hatchery.

Ciscoes, : : ; , 4 4 ‘ ; , : . 15,000,000
Whitefish, . : : : : F ; : i : . 5,800,000
Large-mouth black bass, : ete. 2 5 : 3 . 115,100

Chautauqua Lake Hatchery.
Mascalonge, 4 4 6 : : : 5 : ‘ 11 12;0150,000

Oneida Hatchery.

Pickerel, : 5 5 ; : 5 : ; ; : : 50
Pike-perch, . : : : é ; : : s : 17,550,472
Small and large-mouth black bass, . ; ‘ : : : ; 1,350

Yellow perch, : ; : : A ; : : : . 2,562,800

Brook trout, .
Brown trout,
Rainbow trout,
Tom cods,
Smelt
Lobsters,
Shad,

Herring,
Shad,

Shad (donated to S

Brook trout, .
Brown trout,
Lake trout,
Frostfish,

Brook trout,
Brown trout,
Rainbow trout,
Lake trout,

Brook trout, .
Brown trout,
Lake trout,
Frostfish,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Cold Spring Hatchery.

Catskill Hatchery.

tate waters by the U. S. Fish Commission),

Fulton Chain Hatchery.

Pleasant Valley Hatchery.

Sacandaga Hatchery.

466,000

$3,835
44,485
48,000,000
48,000,000
6,550,000
1,214,800

1,500,000
3,882,600
5,800,000

IQMHISS
55,000
199,000
1,500,000

295,250
120,800

75,400
29,000

858,000
90,000
187,000
1,035,000

I21

Distribation of Fish for Gear Ending September 30, 1898.

VARIETY.
Brook trout,
Brook trout,
Brook trout,

‘

Brown trout,
Brown trout,
Brown trout,

AGE.
Fry,
Fingerlings, :
Yearlings and older,

Total,

Fry,
Fingerlings,
Yearlings and older,

Total,

AMOUNT PLANTED.

3,964,500
725785
20,762

857,000
34,640

. 69,103

Forward,

4,258,047

960,743
5,018,790

122 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

VARIETY.

Rainbow trout,
Rainbow trout,
Rainbow trout,

Lake trout,
Lake trout,
Lake trout,

Pike perch,
Pike-perch,

Bass, 5
Yellow perch,

Red-throat trout,
Pickerel,
Herring,
Lobsters,
Tom cods,
Smelt,
Ciscoes,
Frestfish,
Mascalonge, .
Whitefish,
Shad,

Shrimp,

AGE.

Pry,
Fingerlings, ;
Yearlings and older,

Total,
Fry,

Fingerlings,
Yearlings,

Motale

Fry, : ; 5
Yearlings and adults,

Total,

‘Total,

Fingerlings,

Grand total,

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

AMOUNT PLANTED.

Brought forward, 5,018,790
119,000
33,500 :
35,760
See 188,260

762,000

T3325
; 18,786

914,511

+ 17,550,250

222

17,559,472

115,850
oH 25,5025 800

2,678,650

1,000
50
1,500,000
6,550,000
. 48,000,000
. 48,000,000
. 15,000,000
5,785,000
2,650,000
. 24,100,000
» 10,897,400
65,000

Pee 162,548,450

188,899,133

Report of the Shellfish Commissioner.

To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests:

GENTLEMEN:—I have the honor of transmitting the following preliminary report
of the Shellfish Department of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission of which
I have charge:

During the past year there have been granted 228 applications for oyster lots,
covering from one to ten acres each. Perhaps a fair average would be about five
acres each, or a total of 1,140 acres. This work was done principally in Jamaica Bay
in both Queens and Kings counties.

Together with this work there have been made a map and survey covering Long
Island Sound from Port Jefferson to Horton’s Point, a distance of about fifty miles, as
provided by chapter 458 of the Laws of 1898 for the purpose of granting franchises
in Long Island Sound for oyster cultivation within the jurisdiction of Suffolk county;
and I sincerely hope the present Legislature will extend the same powers over the
lands under water in Queens and Nassau counties, in order to enable our oystermen
to compete with those of other States in raising and cultivating this great article of
food in deep water.

The State Engineer’s office has given us very great assistance in this work, and
enabled us to complete the survey with very little extra expense to the State. Already
several applications for franchises have been made and are awaiting the regular course
of advertising and sale at auction, as required by law.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

EDWARD THOMPSON,
Shellfish Commissioner.

123

The St. Lawrence River Park

URSUANT to the provisions of chapter 273, Laws of 1897, this Commission

has purchased several points on the River St. Lawrence to be used by the

public for the purposes of recreation, camping, fishing, etc.

The tracts purchased and prices paid therefor are as follows:

Burnham’s Point, near Cape Vincent, . ‘ F : : $500
Cedar Point, between Cape Vincent and Clave HOV, : : : 1,400
Canoe Point, on Eel Bay, s 4,200
Watterson’s Point, on Canadian ade of Well s talon : ; : 700
Mary Island, opposite Alexandria Bay, . : ; : J : 5,000
Kring’s Point, near entrance to Goose Bay, _.. ; : ; 2,300
One-half of Cedar Island, near Chippewa Bay, : : ‘ 3,000
One-half of Lotus Island, nine miles below Opdensparee : : 4,500
De Wolf Point, on Lake of the Isles, : ; : ; 500

These islands and shore points are well located, easy of access and in every way

suitable for public park purposes.

This Commission has contracted with a responsible

person for the construction of docks for steamers and row boats, wherever necessary.

These grounds have been cleared of fallen timber, underbrush, loose stones, etc.

124

(VGNVOIONOT VINVYLYVG )
“ea NO Ta GNV 1a)

Repeat eee

haa
at bse

Saggesttons and Recommendattons.

E RECOMMEND that there be a close season of one month for whitefish

\/ during their spawning season. With the work being done by the Com-

missioners in stocking lakes and the close season of one month, while

spawning, we feel confident that this most valuable fish can be restored to the great
lakes and made plentiful in several of the smaller ones throughout the State.

The Commissioners having made a successful start in rearing game birds, have
gone as far as their very limited means would permit, and would recommend that an
appropriation be granted for the construction of suitable enclosures and the further
continuance of the work. With the birds on hand and a small appropriation, 500
Mongolian pheasants could be reared and distributed this year.

We recommend that the law of 1898, which provided a bounty for the seizure and
destruction of illegal devices for the taking of fish, be amended by the reduction of the
bounties, and a safeguard against a repetition of the frauds that were practiced during
the past year.

We recommend that an appropriation of $2,000 be made for the care and main-
tenance of the lands recently purchased on the St. Lawrence River.

125

PS ria ge
tx ae

Distribation of Fish.

Schedale of Waters Stocked for the Fiscal Uear Ending
September 30, 1398.

£ COMMISSIONERS OF

REPORT OF TH

128

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129

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

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‘qGONIINOOD— AUT LAOUL MOOUT AO NOLLAGIAISIAG

COMMISSIONERS OF

REPORT OF DHE

130

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131

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

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132

CAONIINODS AU CLHOWL LOOX 1O NOILNGIALSIG

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

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‘GAANILNOD— AYA SSVE MOVIE HLNOW AOAVI AO NOILNGIALSIG

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168

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172

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‘GVHS AO NOILNAINLSIG

174. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

VARIETY.
Brook trout,
Brook trout,
Brook trout,
Brook trout,

Brown trout,
Brown trout,
Brown trout,
Brown trout,

Rainbow trout,
Rainbow trout,
Rainbow trout,
Rainbow trout,

Lake trout,
Lake trout,
Lake trout,

Red throat trout,
Black bass,
White bass,
Yellow perch,
Pickerel,
Mascalonge,
Shad,
Herring,
Whitefish,
Frostfish,
Ciscoes,

Tom cods,
Smelt,
Lobsters,
Shrimp,
Pike-perch,

SUMMARY.
AGE.
Fry, ;
Fingerlings,
Yearlings,
Adults,

Total,
Fry,
Fingerlings,

Yearlings,
Adults,

Total,
Fry,
Fingerlings,

Yearlings,
Adults,

Total,
Fry,

Fingerlings,
Yearlings,

Total,

Fingerlings,

Grand total,

AMOUNT PLANTED.

3,964,500
72,785
20,150

612

4,058,047

960,743

I1g,000
ISH DLO
35,000

760

188,260

762,000

133,725
18,786

914,511

1,000
115,625

225
2,562,800
50
2,650,000

. 10,897,400
1,500,000

. 24,100,000
5,785,000

. 15,000,000
. 48,000,000
. 48,000,000
6,550,000
65,000

2 WIS) Ary
See aEN TO Lo OR

6 188,899,133

Report Upon the Recent Epidemic
dmong Brook Troat (Salvelnus
Jontinahs) on Long Island.

BY GAR YON: CALKINS:

N May, 1899, an epidemic started
among the brook trout in the
hatcheries of a trout farm at

Northport, Long Island, and did not
abate until every fish had died. The
painstaking care taken by the State
Shellfish Commissioner, Mr. Edward
Thompson, during the last ten years in
developing an excellent hatchery and
in raising a fine breed of trout, thus in
one season received a serious check.
At the request of the State Fish Cul-
turist, Mr. A. Nelson Cheney, I under-
took an examination of the fish for the
purpose of ascertaining the direct cause
of the epidemic, and if this were due to

a parasite, of finding out something of

ee its life history and affinities. Thanks to
Fe ON SE HARD: the courtesy of Mr. Cheney and Mr.
Thompson, I was able to get abundant material.

With the exception of the fungus Saprolegnia, which does not menace the life of
the fish, the brook trout has apparently been very free from disastrous epidemics. In
the literature at my command I find no mention of Salvelinus fontinalis or Salmo
fario, as subject to any particular disease, and, to my knowledge, the only statement
of a parasite in these forms, was made by Csokor in 1888, in a short description of
Gregarinosis.* About ten years ago an epidemic killed off hundreds of the trout in
the New York State hatcheries at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, but the cause of

the trouble was not located and no report was made. From various sources, however,

* (Gregarinosis d. Forellen, Oesterreich. Zeit. f. wiss Veterinark, Wien 1888, 11, p. 56-58.)
175

176 "REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

I have obtained enough evidence to lead me to the conclusion that the epidemic at
Cold Spring was quite similar to the present one and. if my surmise is correct, it is a
significant fact that the same trouble should have occurred in two hatcheries in the
same region.

Parasitic diseases are not uncommon among fish and the so-called psorosperms, in
particular, have been recognized as disease-causing organisms since 1841, when
Johannes Miller first called attention co them. These have since been called the
Myxosporidia by Bitschli and other students of the Protozoa, and are now known
to be minute unicellular animals which by the accumulation of spores, form great
cysts in the muscles and connective tissues of fish. These are the most destructive
parasites known to the fish-breeder, and in some cases great epidemics are due
to them. During an epidemic among the barbels of the Meuse, in 1883 to 1885,
hundreds of fish died every day from this cause. The Myxosporidia are such frequent
parasites and so often the cause of fatal diseases in fish that it is not remarkable
that I confidently expected to locate the cause of the epidemic in some organism
belonging to this group. In this, however, I was disappointed, for the first glance at
the diseased fish showed a complete absence of cysts or tumors which characterize
many of the more common parasites. Although tumors were absent, the body was
frequently ulcerated and great holes in the body walls were often present, while
smaller holes were quite characteristic. As this condition frequently accompanies
Myxosporidiosis, I was still confident that the organism could be readily determined
upon sectioning some of the ulcerated spots. When this was done there were still
no traces of Myxosporidia, but instead of them, I found myriads of minute forms
belonging to the same group as the Myxosporida, z. e., to the Sporozoa, but which

cannot be classified among the usual fish parasites. This parasite, which has never

‘been described, I shall name Lymwphosporidium trutte, and in the following report I

-will give as much of its life history as could be made out.

Characteristic Symptoms of the Discase.

The epidemic was equally fatal to fish of all ages. Mr. Thompson estimates that
2,000 yearlings, 1,000 two and three year old fish, and some 10,000 “fingerlings ”
(from four to six inches long), were lost. They died as rapidly during the cold days
of November as in the hot days of July and August; indeed, the ponds are fed by
springs and Mr. Thompson asserts that the temperature of the water never rises above
sixty degrees F. |

The fish, especially the yearlings, were characterized by sluggish motion and
inability to withstand rough treatment of any kind, most of them dying within a few

minutes after removal from the waters of the runways to a pail. In the water the

SALISVAVd GOdudOO HIIM HSIT AOAV'I AO TIIO—GUSVHSIG ‘LAOUL MOOUL DNAOA—I WLW Id

a
iM ie
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FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. MAG

actions of the fish were indicative of their diseased condition, for they would
frequently rise to the surface and swim upon the side or turn belly-up on the surface,
while at one period hundreds of the dead fish were daily removed from the runways.
In some of these there were no external indications of the disease; in others, and in
the majority of the cases, great red spots or ulcers were visible, sometimes on the
belly, again on the back, but most often on the sides. The bases of the fins were
particularly subject to these sores and the eyes were often disfigured by them. More
serious disfigurements were frequently seen in the entire loss of one half of the lower
jaw, bone and tissues being eaten entirely away (Plate I); or, again, the ulcers in the
sides would give rise to holes through the body wall and into the body cavity, and
live fish were occasionally seen with parts of their viscera hanging out of the holes
thus made (Plate II). The red ulcers which are due to the congestion of the blood at
the sore spots give place to wide gaping wounds sometimes an inch in diameter where
the flesh has dropped out (Plate II). In some cases the vertebre in the caudal
region were thus exposed. In many cases the holes or sores did not go entirely
through the body wall but formed shallow and irregular wounds. These sores were
most apparent on the small yearlings; the older fish, however, were not exempt but
in these cases the sores were proportionately smaller and distributed in all regions of

the body.
Methods Employed in the Investigation.

The wide distribution of the sores about the animal, from the posterior end of the
body to the eyes and jaws, was sufficient evidence that the cause of the disease was
pretty well distributed throughout the organism, and if further evidence was
necessary, it was furnished by the cases mentioned above where the fish were found
dead with no external sores of any kind. It was at once apparent from these facts
that the cause of the trouble was of some deep-lying nature and that, if parasites
were at the bottom of it, they must be widely distributed among the various organs
in the body and probably carried to all parts by the blood and lymph circulation.
The various organs of diseased fish were therefore cut into small pieces and preserved
in diverse killing agents, including sublimate acetic, (saturated corrosive sublimate
with five per cent. glacial acetic), saturated corrosive sublimate in normal salt solution,
and Flemming’s fluid (osmic acid, chromic acid, and glacial acetic acid in certain
definite proportions) The organs thus preserved included the testis, kidney, ovary,
gall bladder, pyloric cceca, digestive tract (including stomach and intestine), liver,
gills, and sore spots in the outer wall. These were taken to the laboratory, where
they were sectioned in paraffine and stained in various ways, the most satisfactory

12

178 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

stain being iron hematoxylin with a counterstain of orange or eosin; the Flemming
triple stain of safranin, gentian violet and orange also gave very good results as did
thionin and eosin. 5

There was little or no chance to try direct inoculation for, so far as could be seen,
all of the fish in the hatchery were affected by the disease at the time my attention
was called to it. One experiment, however, was tried. Some fresh trout were
obtained from the northern part of the State and three of them were fed with bits of
the flesh of diseased fish containing the ulcerated spots. All of these fish died within
three months, probably from the same disease that killed off the other trout, but I had

no chance to examine them.

The Specific Caase of the Disease.

The cause of the trouble is, I believe, a sporozoan parasite and the life history of
the organism is presented in the present report. I hope to be able at a future time to
complete the study begun here and to perform conclusive experiments upon inocu-
lation. Owing to the failure to keep the fish alive in aquaria these experiments have
not been attempted during the present winter.

The brook trout, like all others of the same family, is subject to the growth of the
fungus Saprolegnia, but in the Northport hatchery this has never become a menace
and has been easily taken care of. Other parasites which were found, especially in
the larger fish, represent different groups of the animal kingdom. Among these were
Nemathelminthes, or round worms, and parasitic Copepoda or Crustacea. The round
worms belong to a group—the Nematoda—which are very common in fish of different
kinds, as well as in all other forms of Vertebrata. They were found chiefly in the
swimming bladder and were present in considerable numbers and in all stages of
development. They belong to the genus Ascaris of which there are 102 distinct
species, and only a very few are known to produce fatal results. Each female
individual produces thousands of eggs which are retained until the embryo has
reached a considerable size. Each egg is surrounded by a thick capsule and is
capable of resisting heat or chemicals for a considerable time. They are passed out
of the body either through the mouth or the anus and ultimately get into a new host
possibly after passing through an embryonic period in some lower form such as an
insect or a mollusk.

The parasitic Copepod, 7racheliastes sp., is also frequently found upon fresh-
water fishes where, especially in old or in diseased fish, they become attached to
the gills, sometimes in great numbers (Plate I, figure of gill). When young, these

parasites bore into the soft tissues of the gill, where they retain their position by an

SUHOTN HLIM HSIA GAHSVUSIG—IL ALWId

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 179

anchor-like enlargement at the extremity of the anterior appendages. The mouth
is adapted fer sucking and the parasite is nourished by the blood obtained
from the gills.

None of these parasites were numerous enough to account for the trouble, and,
although an occasional intra-cellular sporozoan parasite was found, they were not
abundant enough to warrant continued search, for in fish with the most noticeable
external indications of the disease, the organs within were apparently normal and cysts
or other usual indications of Sporozoa were not forthcoming. In every section that
was cut, however, a variable number of minute foreign bodies, which were so small
that they were at first taken for bacteria, were found especially abundant in the lymph
spaces surrounding the various organs and in the testis. These were so minute that
it seemed hardly possible that they could be the cause of the disease and yet their
numbers were so constant and they were so widely distributed throughout the entire
body that I was forced to the belief that they were the cause of the epidemic. They
were found in the body cavity surrounding the intestine and other visceral organs, in
the lymph spaces, in many of the organs themselves, in the blood vessels including
capillaries and veins, and in the gills, muscles, and connective tissue of the diseased
fish. In short, they were found wherever there was a cavity, sometimes only occasion-
ally, again in great multitudes.

As there were no satisfactory experiments in inoculating normal fish to show that
this organism is the cause of the disease, I will give a brief description of each of the
important organs of the body showing the appearance of the sporozoan in question
and its wide distribution. The organs chosen are the intestine, including the pyloric
coeca, the liver, kidney, gall bladder, blood vessels, testis, and muscles, especially those
around the ulcers in the body wail. All of the organs were taken from young fish of
not more than five inches in length, and all of the fish showed external evidences of
the disease.

The stomach and pyloric cceca had only an occasional spore of the parasite but
the intestine (Plate IM) had many of them mixed in with the bacteria. Here, too,
they were in reproductive stages and it was plainly evident that they had been taken
in from the outside through the mouth. There is little doubt that this is the means
of infection from fish to fish.

The liver showed no traces of disease either macroscopically or microscopically,
the cells being perfectly normal and with no parasites among them. The kidney, on
the other hand, frequently appeared swollen and discolored while numerous scattered
parasites were seen in it, especially at the anterior end, where the tissue is more
lymphatic than in the posterior part and has no excreting function. Only a few

parasites were observed in the posterior region of the kidney and these at such rare

180 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

intervals that the organ could scarcely be said to be diseased. I regard the dis-
coloration of this organ as due to the general morbid condition of the fish rather than
to a specific cause.

The spleen, unlike the liver, contained a varying number of parasites although
they were never abundant enough to cause distortion of the organ nor to give to it
a pathological appearance. They never appeared here in groups as in the intestine
and their presence in this organ is probably accidental. The gall bladder contained a
great number of spore-forming individuals but only a few of the free spores. Unlike
the other organs, the testis contained countless numbers of the parasites and thick
masses were formed, in some cases completely filling up the lobes of this organ, which
thus appears to be the main seat of the disease. It was greatly enlarged, while the
gonadel cells were abnormal and for the most part degenerate (Plate IV).

Among these various organs of the body, therefore, the only one which was found
to harbor enough parasites to do injury was the testis, while, with the exception of
the intestine, no other organ contained more than a few scattered ones. The outsides’
of all of the organs, however, that is, the surfaces which are exposed to the body
cavity and its fluids, were in all cases covered with the parasites which, especially in
the lymph spaces, frequently formed thick masses (Plates V, VI and VII).

, The immense numbers of parasites in the testis, the body cavity, and in the lymph
spaces, show that these are the principal seats of the organism. They are never
absent from the body cavity and they settle upon all of the organs within it including
the mesentaries, the fat bodies, and blood vessels as well as all of the organs
mentioned above. From here, also, they are carried to all parts of the body and
especially to the muscles of the body wall which are bathed in lymph. Here they
penetrate the muscle bundles and accumulate in the spaces between them until the
cavities are entirely blocked up (Plate VIII). This is, I believe, the cause of the ulcers
and ultimate perforations in the body wall, the trouble being brought about by
stoppage of the food supply, and the tissues finally disintegrate because of the lack of
nutrition. The early stages of the localized trouble are always characterized by con-
gestion of the region about an ulcer, the blood vessels at such places being gorged
with blood. Not only the muscles but the cartilages also are apparently affected by
the same conditions as seen in the loss of certain bones in the head of some fish
(Plate I). The disease can be compared with leprosy in man where the bacteria
which cause this disease are known to accumulate in the blood vessels and block
up the normal food channels, causing abnormal growths or atrophy of the existing
tissues through lack of nourishment, and so leading to ulcers and other external

evidences of the disease, and even to the loss of bones.

PLATE III.—_SPORES OF LYMPHOSPORIDIUM TRUTTZ IN THE INTESTINE,

CTION THROUGH THE TESTIS OF A DISEASED FISH.

my)

PLATE IV.—SI

BISHERIES) GAME TAND HORESTS: 181

Description and Life History of the Parasite.

In all Sporozoa where the life history is fully known, the adult individuals give
rise to a definite number of spores. Instead of developing at once into new organisms,
these spores in turn give rise to progeny by dividing into a definite number of parts.
The germs formed by this second division are called sporozoites and each is capable
of developing into a new adult, and of repeating the cycle. The parasites in the spore
stage are frequently taken into the stomach with the food. Here the digestive
fluids dissolve the spore cyst and liberate the sporozoites which penetrate the
epithelial cells and grow to full size. After a certain number of such cycles, however,
there is a period of conjugation in which two individuals fuse together. In some
unknown way the fusion leads to a renewal of vitality and, indirectly, to reproduction
by spore-formation for a number of generations.

In the present investigation I have been able to follow the life history of the
parasite which, I believe, is the cause of the present epidemic, and to which I have
given the name Lymphosporidium trutte, from the sporozoite stage, until sporozoites
were again formed. But I have seen no trace of conjugating individuals and this
page of its life history, for the present, at least, must remain closed.

I will begin the description of the life history’ with the spore stage. The spores
are pyriform in shape but flattened upon the broader end. Under ordinary conditions
of fixation and staining they appear homogeneous and without internal structures of
any kind; they always stain intensely with the nuclear stains (basic stains). I was
unable to determine whether the homogeneous appearance indicates a similar condition
throughout the entire cell or whether it was due to incomplete extraction of the stain.
In many cases,. however, preparations were obtained in which the organism was
differentiated into a peripheral deeply staining portion and a less stained part with a
central, nucleus-like body. This condition, however, marks a stage in the life history
and indicates the preparation for sporozoite-formation, while the intense homogeneous
appearance indicates a young form or an unripe spore. In size the spores are never
larger than 2.5 microns (.0025 mm., or .ooo1 inches) and never smaller than 2
microns. In some conditions, especially during and before sporozoite-formation they
lose their pyriform shape and become circular in outline.

Great bunches of spores, as described above, are found in the intestine, and in
such groups there are, here and there, certain individuals in which the body is divided
up into eight parts. These parts are the sporozoites and in some cases, in certain
divisions of the intestine, all of the individuals of a group are in some stage of
sporozoite-formation. The first indication of the process is a noticeable cleft begin-

ning at the broad end of the spore, while the entire periphery appears irregular

182 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

and minutely lobed. The mass of protoplasm segregates into eight small spheres
which are not confined by a membrane. The method of formation of these
reproductive bodies could not be determined owing to the extremely minute size
although various stages were seen,
and it was conclusively proved that
the groups of eight spheres were
derived from single spores. Each
sporozoite at this stage measures
less than one half of a micron (.0001
WMS), (Veueibgs a,, |) auoel 1.)

A similar process of sporozoite-
formation was seen in the spores
infesting the testis where, in one of
the fish examined, almost every
spore was in some stage cf repro-
duction. Here also the spores were
found to have a capsule or cyst

about them. The capsules are spher-

ical and no larger than the long
axis of the spores. The protoplasm

F:GURE 1.—A group of spores from the testis (A to I), end from 4 s
the intestine (J and K), The cyst (X)is absent in the first segregates in a thin deeply

latter. Camera drawing, x 4ooo diameters. 6.6 : 6 .
staining rim about the inner side of

the capsule, although a single spherical mass is always left within. (igure 25) eeediiis
mass I consider homologous with the protoplasm (or possibly nucleoplasm) left over
after sporozoite formation in Coccidia or Gregarinida (Reliquat de différéntiation).
The peripheral protoplasm next fragments
into eight spheres or sporozoites similar in all
respects to those from the intestinal spores.
The sporozoites break through the capsule
and collect around the outside (Figure 1, A,

B, C, D, E, H, 1), while empty spore cysts are

often seen with minute apertures (Figure 1,

le ) G). FIGURE 2.—A group of spores from the testis show~

a “ . ¢ ing preparatory stages in sporozoite-forma=

The spores and sporozoites in the intestine tiga.) (Ch amipute nin Cameraudraw ine wee
diameters. P

and in the testis are apparently identical
with the single exception of the cyst membrane or capsule. The absence of a
membrane in the intestinal forms is undoubtedly due to its dissolution by the various

digestive fluids of the alimentary tract, while in the testis there are no such solvents,

PLATE V.—SPORES IN THE LYMPH SURROUNDING THE LIVER.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 183

the sporozoites escaping by rupture of the cyst. In no case were there thread-bearing
capsules as in the spores of the Myxosporidia.

A nucleus could not be made out either in the spore or the sporozoite. The
entire cell, however, acts like a nucleus in its
staining reactions and I believe that neither the
spore, the sporozoite, nor the adult organism has
a morphological nucleus, but all possess chromatin
distributed throughout the cell.

No trace of a motile organ could be found
on the sporozoites, which, in the intestine, were
lost in the hordes of bacteria, so that they could
not be followed. In the testis, however, they
were found in groups against the epithelial tissues

and were often seen in the epithelial cells. In

the digestive tract they also reach the epithelial

ae ‘ FIGURE 3.—Two epithelial cells from the pyloric
cells and as intra-cellular parasites grow to coeca showing the sporozoites (S) in the cyto-

. lasm. Camera drawing, x 20co di ters.
homogeneous masses of about the same size as 7 Cae See esse
the spores (Figure 3). In this stage of growth it is impossible to tell, except

by their further history, the sporozoite from the spore (Figure 4, A). Asa rule,

FIGURE 4.—Transformation of the sporozoite and growth into the adult form. A,a group of four sporozoites as they
appear in the lymph. 4, the beginnings of pseudopodia—formation and appearance of the vacuole. C, loss
of the homogeneous appearance and beginning of the reticular condition. JD, later stages showing disappearance
of the reticulate structure and the increase of the densely staining cytoplasmic granules. The last two forms
are twenty-two and twenty-five microns in length. Camera drawings, x 2000 diameters.

however, the sporozoites are common in the lymph around the intestine, pyloric

cceca, etc., and they usually show some indication of amceboid motion which is never

184 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

observed in the spore. They get into the lymph through the epithelial cells and here
develop rapidly into amceboid forms, especially in the vicinity of the unstriped muscles
surrounding the digestive tract. The first indication of this change is a small vacuole
in the center of the sporozoite (Figure 4, B). This is
almost always accompanied by a minute swelling at
one end of the organism (Figure 4, B), and the swelling
becomes a pseudopodium (Figure 4, C). The ame-
boid condition is then established and in this. state
the young parasite penetrates a muscle bundle and

takes a position among the fibres. As it changes

FIGURE 5.—Sporozoites entering muscle from the sporozoite into the amoeboid form, the dense
cells from the lymph space. Begin- : a
ning of the amceboid stage. Camera homogeneous appearance is lost and it becomes first

eee an one vacuolated and then finely reticular in structure. In
still later stages the protoplasm becomes densely granular and the reticulum
difficult to make out. The parasite in the amoeboid stage frequently reaches a
considerable size, although I am not able to say whether the larger forms have
been in muscle cells and have emerged preparatory to spore formation or have

developed in the lymph. I am inclined to the former alternative because of the

FIGURE 6.—Unstriped muscle fibres from the walls of a pyloric ccecum, containing the adult parasites (/) in the
ameceboid stage, JV, JV, nuclei of the muscle fibres. Camera drawing, x 1400 diameters.

densely granular protoplasm and because the only parasites that I have seen entering
the muscle tissues were smaller forms. The largest amceboid individuals (Figures 4,
D, and 7, B, D) measure from eighteen to twenty-five microns, while the sporozoites

entering the muscle cells measure only. from two to four microns (Figure 5). Here,

PLATE VI.—SPORES IN THE LYMPH SURROUNDING THE KIDNEY.

1

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 2 185

however, they rapidly grow in size until they attain their largest dimensions (twenty-
five microns). While the amceboid forms assume any characteristic shape in the
lymph, they have only one general form in the muscle cells. Here, constrained
apparently by the tightly pressed muscle fibres, they are always elongate, sometimes
fusiform, sometimes club-shaped (Figure 6). They can always be distinguished from
the nuclei of the muscle cells by their characteristic shape and by their densely
granular plasm.

Here, as in the spores and sporozoites, a nucleus could not be distinguished. But

the deeply staining granules appeared like chromatin and in the older individuals they

B C D E

FIGURE 7.—Spore formation. A, Young sporozoite at the beginning of the amceboid stage. Band D, large amceboid
forms prior to spore formation. In D the deeply staining granules have begun to collectin groups. Cand £,
spore-forming cysts. The protoplasm is again reticulate and the spores are completely formed. Camera draw-
ing, x 2000 diameters. .

were grouped together in small aggregates which formed the beginning of the spores
(Figure 7, D).

Spore formation is always preceded by encystment of the animal within a delicate
membrane. The cell leaves the muscle tissue, and in the lymph of the body cavity
it rounds out into a sphere. The amceboid individuals, when ready to form spores,
are comparatively large, and the cysts are of variable size, in some cases measuring
twenty microns or more in diameter. The spores are formed by aggregation of the
deeply staining granules (chromatin?) instead of by nuclear division as in other

Sporozoa (Figure 7, B, D). This leaves the protoplasm with a clearly marked

‘reticular structure as in the early stages (Figure 7, C, E). A variable number of

spores is the rule. In some cysts only twelve were seen, in others sixteen or even

more. In some cases the cysts appear to be differentiated into a more hyaline

186 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

ectoplasmic, and a denser endoplasmic region, the spores being in the latter (Figure
7, E). A more or less definite membrane separates the two regions. This membrane
is not obligatory, however, and is often wanting.

The spores thus formed are liberated into the body cavity and are carried to all
parts of the body with the lymph and blood. Whether they are voided to the outside
or not, Ido not know. In some cases the cysts, which are most often found in the
body cavity, were observed in the intestine and I can account for their presence here
on the assumption that they had been taken in as food or else derived from the gall
bladder, for in no case have I found ameeboid stages in the digestive tract. If they
are voided to the outside it is probably by way of the gall bladder, for in this organ
they were very abundant.

Briefly summarizing the above observations it appears that the parasites are
1) taken into the digestive tract with the food either in the cyst (adult) stage or in the
spore stage; 2) the spores form sporozoites in the stomach and intestine; 3) these
penetrate the epithelial cells and work their way to the lymph spaces; 4) in the lymph
they develop amceboid processes and then penetrate muscle bundles; 5) here they
grow to the adult stage, becoming comparatively large amoeboid organisms of spindle
or club shape; 6) they return to the lymph and there round out into spore-forming
cysts; 7) the spores are apparently formed by the segregation of chromatin (?) granules
which leave the remaining protoplasm with a distinctly reticular structure; they are
variable in number; 8) the spores are liberated in the body cavity from which they
find their way to all parts of the body, but accumulate especially in the testis. Or
the cysts may be voided to the outside by way of the gall bladder; 9) in the testis
these spores form sporozoites and thus lead to auto-infection. These spores, unlike
those in the intestine, are covered by a capsule.

I am not satisfied to conclude, however, that the entire life history of the parasite
is to be found in the trout. The absence of all traces of conjugation leads me to
believe that some important stages in the life history are passed in some hosts other
than this fish. I may digress from my immediate subject long enough to point out a
case which illustrates this point and which has only recently been made known
through researches of Major Ross in India, of Professors Koch, Grassi and others in
Germany and Italy. The malaria-causing organism in man (Plasmodium malaria) is
a parasite belonging to the same group (Sporozoa) as the fish parasite here considered.
Its life history was not completely known until within the last two years, when it was
discovered that a very important stage in its development is passed in the digestive
tract of a mosquito. Professor Koch and other scientists in Germany found that the
malaria germs which are taken with the blood into a mosquito’s stomach, conjugate

there in pairs, a male germ fusing with a female. The copula which is formed by

PLATE VII.—_MASS OF SPORES ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE INTESTINE.

a
1

Sire ie aa

lar

—s

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. ; 187

this union penetrates an epithelial cell of the gut where it forms spores. These
spores migrate into the body cavity of the insect, ultimately finding their way into the
salivary glands, and are injected into the blood of a new human host when the pro-
boscis of the mosquito is forced into the flesh. Here is a change of hosts which are
widely separated in the animal scale, one a warm-blooded vertebrate, the other an
inferior invertebrate with body fluids of an entirely different nature.

A similar change of hosts may occur in other forms of Sporozoa as well as in the
malaria germ, and although I do not want.to insist upon it, it is certainly possible that
the parasite which is causing the present epidemic is only one phase of some organism
which is parasitic in some other form of animal life as well. What that form may be
I have no means of knowing. The most probable hosts would be looked for among
the arthropods such as flies, small crustacea, water beetles, and larve of various kinds
or worms of various sorts. The arthropods are the most widely distributed hosts of
Sporozoa while worms are almost equally affected.

On the other hand it may be possible that the form under consideration is a per-
manent parasite of the fish, becoming pathogenic only when the means of resistance
of its host are weakened enough to permit it to increase to large numbers. Pfeiffer*
regards this as a possible explanation of the epidemics among the barbels from the
Rhine, Moselle and Saale, which are caused by the allied forms of Sporozoa, the
Myxosporidia. I was unable to find them, however, in a presumably healthy fish
from another part of the State and regard this view as improbable, although I am not
prepared to say that they are not present in healthy fish in Long Island waters. The
presence of the parasite in the intestine of the trout indicates that this is the means of
infection from host to host, rather than through the gills where I found none, or
directly from the outside through the skin. The vital question is: What is the
original source of infection? This question, I regret to say, cannot be answered at
the present time. The organism is newly discovered and its affinities are very
uncertain. The nearest approach to it are the forms described by Pfeiffert as Sero-
sporidia. These are minute parasites occupying the body cavities of various Crustacea
(Daphnia, Gammarus, Cypris, several species). Their form is spherical, oval or
pyriform, and from four to ninety microns in diameter. The protoplasmic body is
finely granular. Reproduction takes place in two ways: either the parasite changes
into a cyst the contents of which break up into numerous amceboid spores, or it
divides. The method of infection and the general distribution of these forms are
quite unknown. The full life history of these Crustacean parasites is also unknown.

It may be pointed out, however, that the hosts in which these parasites live are minute

* Protozoen als Krankheitserreger. Edition 1891.
+ Sporozoen als Krankheitserreger. Edition 1895.

188 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

fresh-water forms which may easily be swallowed by the fish. The present parasite —
also resembles the form described by Thélohan and Henneguy* as a parasite of the
crayfish, and although the spores of the latter do not contain thread capsules the
authors regard it as one of the Myxosporidia. On similar grounds the present
parasite might be regarded as one of the Myxosporidia. After one fish is affected
the epidemic may spread throughout the entire hatchery by secondary infection; in
the case of Myxosporidiosis, Megnin (see Pfeiffer), Pfeiffer, Ludwig, etc., believe that
secondary infection is brought about by the extensive fouling of the water by fish
corpses, and they recommend careful prophylactic measures such as removal of dead
fish and weeding out of infected fish showing external signs of the disease. The
most careful precautionary measures, however, cannot prevent a certain amount of

contamination of the water from ulcers of infected fish.

Sammary.

The cause of the disease can be safely assumed to be a minute parasite, Lympho-
sporidium trutte, belonging to a great group of unicellular parasites, the Sporozoa.
Its closest allies are the Serosporidia which infest and block up the body cavities of
certain fresh-water Crustacea (Cypvvs, etc.). It forms sporozoites in the digestive tract
of the trout; these penetrate epithelial cells and grow to forms similar to those in the
intestine. They finally make their way into the lymph spaces and body cavity
(probably by amoeboid motion), where they penetrate muscle cells. No cysts com-
parable with those of the Myxosporidia are formed, but, as in the Myxosporidia, there
is an amoeboid adult stage which forms spores. Primary infection probably takes
place by ingestion. of the parasite, but whether these are in the free state or are
parasites in some other hosts which are eaten as food, could not be determined.
Secondary infection undoubtedly takes place by contamination of the water by dead
fish and from ulcers on infected fish.

The cause of the epidemic at this particular time cannot be ascertained. I have
every assurance from the director that the water was pure in every respect and never
rose above sixty degrees Fahrenheit in temperature, while a constant flow from
springs kept it fresh. Furthermore, his statements that interbreeding was not allowed
and that fresh material was introduced through eggs and milt from other parts of the
State leaves no reason for regarding the epidemic as due to the lack of vitality

through this cause.

* Ann. d. Micrographie, 1890.

« PLATE VIII—SECTION OF MUSCLE BUNDLES OF THE BODY WALL.—SPORES IN THE LYMPH SPACES,.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 189

Recommendations.

My attention was first called to the epidemic in October, 1899, after it had been
running for a period of five months and after thousands of fish had died. It was quite
evident that the disease was then widespread and that nothing could be done to save
the remainder. The question to be considered is how to prevent future out-
breaks of like nature in this and in other localities. Unfortunately this cannot be
answered until we know where the parasite lives when not in the body of the fish.
A systematic examination of the suspended organisms in the waters, such as Cypv7s,
Daphnia, Gammarus, Cyclops or other Crustacea, might throw some light on the
question, but until this is ascertained the only recommendations that can be made are
such as the director of the Northport hatchery has undoubtedly carried out in the
present instance, viz.: 1) to exercise the most careful prophylactic measures. As
soon as any fish shows the first evidence of the disease it should, of course, be
removed and buried or burned (Pfeiffer, Ludwig and others recommended these
methods in the case of Myxosporidiosis), the remaining fish should all be inspected at
intervals and all sickly ones should be removed. 2) In the present case, before
stocking the ponds anew, I should recommend that the water be drained off and the
bottoms be left exposed to the sun for a few months. The runways should be
scrubbed and all growths removed. Every fish now in the ponds should be removed
and not allowed to contaminate the fish in neighboring streams. 3) Care must be
taken not to interbreed with the diseased fish, for although it is perhaps improbable
that the disease germ is transmitted in this way, yet it is possible, especially as the
testis is the chief seat of reproduction of the parasite. 4) The water must be kept
perfectly clean and cold; not only dead fish but refuse of all kinds should be carefully
removed. 5) The vitality of the fish must be sustained; fungoid growths must be
constantly watched for and removed. 6) Constant interbreeding of the same limited
variety of fish should be avoided; new blood should be introduced frequently. 7) The
food of the fish should be carefully inspected and should not be allowed to stand
exposed to flies and cther insects, but should be fresh.

These homely recommendations, which every fish breeder knows and probably
applies, are the only precautionary measures that I can suggest, and even where they
are most rigorously enforced the disease may spread until it becomes epidemic. The
fish breeder must add this newly discovered organism to the many chances he takes
in rearing fine fish. |

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, ’
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. ij

i

I90’ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Description of the Photographic Plates.

The photographs represented in the following plates were made by Dr. Edward L. Leaming,
of the Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York:

Piate I. A diseased trout, showing loss of the lower jaw bones. ‘The lower figure represents
a gill from an adult fish covered with the parasitic Copepod Zyacheliastes. Photograph
magnified one and one-half diameters.

PLate II. Two diseased trout, showing ulcers in the body wall. The testis is seen protruding
through the anterior hole in the lower fish. Magnified one and one-quarter diameters.

Prate III. A group of spores of the parasite Lymphosporidium trutte {rom the intestine. Some
rod- bacilli are seen near the center. Microphotograph, x 2000 diameters.

PiLaTE IV. Section of the testis to show the degree of infection. The black granular parts are
groups of spores of the parasite, the light parts are the epithelial tissues of the testis from
which the stain has been entirely extracted. Attention is directed also to the layer of
spores around the left margin of the section. Microphotograph, x 80 diameters.

Pirate V. A group of spores in the lymph surrounding the liver. Microphotograph, x 2080
diameters.

Pirate VI. A group of spores in the lymph surrounding the kidney. Microphotograph, x 2000
diameters.

PraTE VII. A group of spores from the body cavity and in the lymph surrounding the
intestine. Microphotograph, x 2000 diameters.

PLatE VIII. Spores in the lymph spaces between the muscles of the body wall. Micro-
photograph of a section from an ulcerated spot, x 2000 diameters.

Removal of Lampreys from the Interior
@Maters of New York.

SW IPRORS Jal a, SWIRIVACI SE Wil Sez

: : HE fishes in the interior waters of the

é State of New York have at least three
: serious enemies whose habits have not
been fully studied from the economic standpoint.
These are the Lake Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus
unicolor De Kay), the Gar, Gar pike, Long-nosed
Gar, or Billfish (Lepzsosteus osseus Linnzus), and
the Water dog, Mud Puppy or Necturus (Vecturus
maculatus Rafinesque).

Of course these have been studied by many
scientific men and much has been written about
them. They have been described and _ re-
described, named again and again, dissected,
drawn and photographed, kept alive in tanks,
their eggs and various parts of their bodies have
been sliced into pieces less than a thousandth of
an inch in thickness, and a little has been pub-
lished about their habits and destructiveness; but

never has their destructive influence been made

A POOL IN THE RAQUETTE RIVER,

sufficiently prominent, nor has a rational word

appeared in print about any practical method of exterminating or even reducing any

of them, nor has the public yet awakened to the great necessity of the most serious

: efforts on the part of man in behalf of these very economic and eminently
practical subjects.

There is no doubt in the mind of the writer but that we have named above, in
order of destructiveness, the three most serious enemies of fishes in the interior of this
State, each of which surely destroys more fishes annually than are caught by all of the
fishermen combined.

The next important enemies of fishes, in order of destructiveness, according to our
observations and belief, are spawn-eating fishes, water snakes, carnivorous or preda-

ceous aquatic insects (especially larvae), and piscivorous fishes and birds. We hope

Igt

192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

soon to see each of these and kindred economic subjects fully studied, not only in
New York but also in other States, and proper remedies not only suggested by
economic zoologists, but speedily put into practical and effective operation. However,
economic application should be the end of all science, but that end should be final
and not initial.

We cannot hope to be able to take practical steps toward making fish and game
more abundant until we know their habits and the full life history and habits of all
their enemies. This means an immense amount of field work for trained scientists

who will always keep the definite economic ends plainly in mind.

The Sampreys.

The necessity of a complete knowledge of the subject is so plainly shown in the
example of the lamprey that we here discuss it in detail. When we know as much
about any creature as we now know about the lamprey it will be possible for the
intelligent effort of mankind to avail in either increasing or reducing its numbers.

What ts a Lamprey? Wampreys are not fishes, but fish-like Vertebrates with no
paired fins, and neither spines nor bony rays in the fins which they do possess; no
scales, no jointed appendages, and in fact no external appendages of any kind but the
vertical fins of the back and tail, with only one nostril, and that found on the middle
line of the head (see illustration No. 7); adults with a large circular suctorial mouth
armed with a great number of sharp chitinous teeth, but with no true jaws; mouth
surrounded by a fleshy membrane which insures perfect suction and is fringed around
the entire margin with a close-set row of numerous fimbriz; tongue rasp-like, con-
taining many sharp chitinous teeth; larvae with a contracted mouth, screened by a
series of plates set at right angles to the entrance, forming a sieve; two pairs of eyes,
perfect and functional in the adult, imperfect, sub-dermal, and perhaps perceiving
only light in the larve; seven conspicuous holes (gill openings) in each side of the
neck; no bones whatever in the body, cartilage surrounding the brain, spinal cord and
respiratory chamber; breathing rapidly by means of the resiliency of the cartilaginous
network surrounding the cardiac region, and also by the contractility of the attached
muscles; purifying their rapidly circulating blood by means of gills, which are pro-
tected within gill pouches; undergoing transformation or metamorphosis from the
larve into the adults; feeding in the larval stage upon minute organisms (especially
diatoms) which live in the organic sediment beneath the water; adult representatives
of nearly all species feeding in the adult stage solely upon the blood of fishes (the
Brook Lamprey taking no food in the adult state); ascending streams to spawn;

building spawning beds with pebbles, pairing, spawning once, and then evidently dying.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 193

We wish to state here for the sake of exposing some bits of folk lore (based, as is
most folk lore, upon ignorance), that they contain no venom whatever, and can inflict
no injury whatever upon man, neither by bite nor sting; neither is the flesh poisonous
to man in eating it, excepting after the alimentary canal has long been atrophied at
spawning time and the bile and catabolic products being unable to escape become
spread throughout the entire system of the lamprey and cause all the flesh to assume
a green color, as will be explained later. It is thought by many persons that they will
attack people while in the water, and that a new hole comes in the side of the neck
each year, as the rattles are supposed to come on a rattler’s tail, or as the wrinkles
come on a cow’s horn, but these suppositions are, of course, false. The holes in the
sides of the neck are openings into the gill pouches through which the water flows to
carry its dissolved air to the gills to purify the blood, and their number is always
seven. Lampreys have no means whatever of inflicting any injury upon man, neither
directly nor indirectly, excepting through their economic effect in destroying the fishes
that he would use as food. This destruction, however, is very great.

There are fifteen species of lampreys known to scientists, from the waters (mostly
rivers) of temperate regions. There are nine species and one variety represented in
North America. An excellent account and descriptions of these by Messrs. Jordan
and Fordice can be found in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences for
1886. The representatives of some of the American species are very rare, having
been collected but a few times. Among these rare collections we can here chronicle
a specimen of the Yellow Lamprey of the Mississippi Valley (Ichthyomyzon castaneus
Girard), taken by us in the summer of 1899 in Meredosia Bay, Illinois River, lil., while
acting as Field Naturalist for the Illinois State Biological Station.

Kinds of Lampreys in New York. here are four species of lampreys found in the
State of New York, as follows: The Silver Lamprey (/cehthyomyzon concolor Kirtland),
found in Lakes Erie and Ontario of our waters, and doubtless spawning in their
affluents.

The Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linneus), found in the Hudson River and
in the Susquehanna far up into the State of New York. They come into these streams
and their tributaries to spawn, and their larve are extensively taken from along the
banks and used as bait in fishing. There is a great demand for them for this purpose

“along the Susquehanna River, although larval lampreys are not thus used in the

central part of the State. The advantage of larval lampreys for bait is that they are

lively, moving all the time and attracting the attention of such fishes as are hunting

for moving and living material upon which to feed, and they are very tough. One

young lamprey will often endure long enough to catch two or three or even more

voracious fishes. If the fishermen in the central part of the State would learn to use
wr

194 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

this now neglected form of bait they would find it to their advantage, not only in
availing themselves of an excellent fish bait, but also in reducing the numbers of the
most serious fish parasite. (See methods of collecting them, described later). The
adult Sea Lampreys are often three feet in length, and are captured in great numbers

as they come into the shallow streams in the spring to spawn. They are dressed and

preserved in barrels or ‘‘pickled down,” being highly esteemed as food and having an

equal exchange value with pork, a barrel of pickled lampreys being worth a barrel of
pickled pork.

The Lake Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus unicolor Linnzus) [see illustration No. 1,
a and 8] is but a land-locked or lake-locked form or variety of its ancestor, the Sea

Lamprey. It has become much smaller in size and darker and more uniform in color

No. |.—ADULT SPAWNING MALE (A) AND FEMALE (8) LAKE LAMPREYS,

than the Sea Lamprey is at present. The representatives of this species average less
than a foot and a half in length, although there is an extreme variation of at least a
foot in length of mature individuals found on the spawning beds. As the Lake
Lampreys in their adult stage feed upon nothing but the blood of fishes and thus
become very destructive, they are to become the -main feature of this article, and their
discussion is reserved until after the following description of some features of the
Brook Lamprey.

The Brook Lamprey (Lampetra wildert Jordan and Evermann*) is to be found

*In the excellent ‘‘Synopsis of Fishes of Middle and North America,” Jordan and Evermann ~

attribute the original description under above scientific name to S. H. Gage, but it is not at all
described by him in the article referred to by them, and when we told him that the authors of the
“« Synopsis” had described it under the above name, referring to his authorship, he was very much
in doubt; and finally after looking it up for himself he said: ‘‘ Surely Iam not the author of that
name or description.”” Knowing thus that Jordan and Evermann are the authors of both name and
description it is but right to refer to their proper source.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 195

from New York city to Iowa. It takes its common name from the fact that it is
never found in any other body of water than a small stream. In fact, recent investi-
gations have shown that they have no cause to leave the stream that affords them
spawning beds and food for their young, as they transform into adults, pass directly
to their spawning beds, mate and spawn, and then die, without taking any food what-
ever in the adult stage. This feature is closely analogous to the general life histories
of some insects, which do all their feeding in the larval stage and have no functional
mouth part in the adult stage, but at the time oi transformation are fully mature and
are ready to mate and lay their eggs without taking any further nourishment. Of
course, with such creatures, death ensues shortly after reproduction, and their
existence in the immature stage extends through a much greater period of time than
in the adult, the ephemeral existence of the adults enduring but long enough to
permit the individuals to reproduce their kind. This prolonged larval state, in com-
parison with the length of the adult, is true of both species of lampreys found here,
but is especially emphasized in the Brook Lampreys. For three years we have had
the larvze transform in our tanks and become fully adult within a short time. They
transform in the latter part of March and during the month of April, owing to the
temperature of the water over the sand and aéérzs which they inhabit. The females
are at once completely filled with well-formed eggs and present the same appearance
as those that are commencing to form spawning beds in the streams. Their bodies
are considerably distended with eggs and appear quite distinctly reticulated, or as
though covered or rather lined with a fine network, because the white opaque eggs
show plainly through the semi-translucent body wall.

In the adult Brook Lamprey the mouth is greatly contracted, the teeth are quite
rudimentary and, indeed, functionless, and the alimentary canal is permanently
atrophied, showing a generally degenerate form in comparison with the Lake Lamprey
as a type. The mouth is yet perfect as a suctorial organ, although toothless for all
practical purposes. It is used as‘a suctorial organ in constructing and tearing down
its nests and in seizing and holding to the females while zz copu/o, and for holding the
adults in place so currents of water cannot wash them away.

The very small teeth shown in illustration No. 5 are but points, or mere rudiments,
and would not be at all adapted to cutting through the scales and skin of a fish, and,
in fact, we have never known of a lamprey of this species having been collected upona
fish; and of the hundreds of fishes which we have collected at various times of the year
in the stream where thousands of specimens of this lamprey abound and are found
at the spawning period, we have never seen one that bore a mark that could possibly
be construed as being the evidence of an attack of a Brook Lamprey, while the large

scars of the Lake Lamprey are often conspicuous on fishes caught up the stream,

196 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

miles from the lake. We do not hesitate to say that we feel thoroughly convinced
that they do not attack fishes and, in fact, as stated, do not take food of any kind in
the adult state.

The Brook Lampreys spawn from two to three weeks earlier than do the Lake
Lampreys, or when the water is yet from ten to five degrees (Fahrenheit) colder than
that in which the Lake Lampreys spawn. One of the most interesting accounts of
their spawning habits is by Dr. Bashford Dean and F. B. Sumner, in the Transactions
of the New York Academy of Science, Vol. XVI, December, 1897. It is by kind

No, 2,—MALE AND FEMALE BROOK LAMPREYS, ON SPAWNING BED,

permission of the authors that we reproduce the very excellent drawing of the Brook
Lampreys on their spawning bed (see illustration No. 2). The pair in the upper
part of the picture is 72 copulo, and each of the two in the lower corners is trying to
move a stone many times its own weight. Such a feat is, of course, impossible,
although we have seen representatives of both species found here move stones
thrice as heavy as themselves. We know that these lampreys do not come up the
stream in numbers to spawn, as do the Lake Lampreys, as they were seen in immense

numbers on the gravel above our weir after it was perfectly constructed of wire

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 197

netting of only one-fourth inch square mesh. A very few were caught in the weir,
but these were as nothing compared with the great numbers of this species seen
spawning both above and below the trap.

Differences between the Brook and the Lake Lampreys. Vhe Brook Lampryey not
only differs from the Lake Lamprey in structure and in number, arrangement and size
of teeth, but also in size, color and habits. They are very small, averaging not over
eight inches in length and less than half an inch in diameter. Many of the adults
weigh less than one half ounce each, and it is doubtful if they ever exceed an ounce
in weight. They do not have as great range in size and color as do the Lake
Lampreys. Their color is almost always dark above, slightly mottled with some
darker and lighter washings, and light beneath.

The males do not have a distinctly marked dorsal ridge, as in the Lake Lamprey
(see illustration No. 1, a), neither is the anal fin of the female as conspicuous.
Besides the facts shown that they are not parasitic, do not feed in the adult state,
live only a few days as adults, do not run up stream to spawn, but spawn at that part
of the stream where they transform, if the conditions are favorable for spawning beds,
and do not spawn at the same time as the Lake Lampreys,—they also differ in the
size of their spawning beds, which are only one third or one fourth the size of those
of the Lake Lamprey; also in their proximity to one another, being crowded even
more closely together than are those of the larger species (Compare illustrations Nos.
g and 10); also differing in the size of the material they move, being able to move
material only about one fifth as large as that moved by the Lake Lamprey; in
the selection of spawning sites, being satisfied with smaller pebbles in the sand and
unable to use certain shallows where larger stones are found on the bottom, but which
afford ideal sites for the larger lampreys. If there are to be found pebbles as large as
ordinary playing marbles mixed with the sand the Brook Lampreys will be able to
establish spawning beds there and will be satisfied with the site, while the Lake
Lampreys will not spawn unless there are also pebbles at least as large as hens’ eggs.
As a consequence it often happens that shallows which, on account of the nature of the
bottom, are not at all suitable for one kind may be perfectly well adapted for the spawn-
ing requirements of the other. Our illustrations show this plainly. Illustrations Nos. 8
and 9g are of the spawning site of the Brook Lamprey. Here there were scores of these
lampreys spawning, the stakes in the water marking their spawning beds, but a few
weeks later we visited the same site and found only two beds of the Lake Lamprey.
This was because the condition of the stream bed, while favorable to one was unfavor-
able to the other, the bottom being covered with sand and small DEES, — Ye tae ines
riffles or shallows below the site above mentioned the current and depth of water

presented perfect conditions for a spawning site, but not one spawning bed or lamprey

}}
I

198 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

was found there during the entire spawning season. The reason it was not used was
that the bottom of the stream bed there was covered with stones not smaller than a
man’s hand. These were too large to be readily moved by even the representatives of
the larger species of lamprey. Again, a quarter of a mile further down stream, where
there was a strong current and an abundance of good water in proper condition, there
was not a spawning bed of either species to be found. ,A closer examination of the
stream bed here showed that this was because there were no stones or pebbles what-
ever, although there was an abundance of sand.

On the other hand, illustration No. to shows the great abundance of the spawning
beds of the Lake Lamprey at a place where earlier in the season scarcely a bed of the
Brook Lamprey was to be found. It was plainly evident that the abundance of the
larger-sized species of lamprey and the scarcity of the smaller spawning at this site, is
due to the presence of only medium-sized and larger stones here, which are too large to
be used by one kind but are of a suitable size to be used in the spawning beds of the
other.

Another difference between them is seen in the number and size of the eggs they
lay. The female Brook Lamprey lays from 800 to 1,000 eggs, of a smaller size than
those laid by the Lake Lamprey, while the latter lays fully thirty or forty times that
number. They also differ in their relative abundance on a single spawning bed. In
most instances more than one pair of Brook Lampreys are found on a spawning bed,
while with the Lake Lampreys one pair for each spawning bed is the general rule.
In fact, the Brook Lampreys appear to be truly gregarious, while the Lake Lampreys
show a distinct tendency to be averse to any kind of socialism. This may be due to
the degenerate and enfeebled or rudimentary teeth of the former, by which it loses its
only weapon of offense and defense, and which may render it docile after the manner
that irascible cattle are rendered docile and social, or closely gregarious, by dehorning.
It is well known that the habits of the cattle change after they are deprived of their
weapons by this process.

As shown above, through the degeneration of the teeth (see illustrations Nos. 5 and
6) the Brook Lamprey is incapable of inflicting a wound, and we have never seen one
attack or strike another (excepting for mating) while on the spawning bed; but we have
seen a male Lake Lamprey battle with another for the lordship of a spawning bed which
contained a spawning female, and when the first male struck the intruder the latter
writhed with all the evidence of pain. It struck back viciously, but with no avail, as it
was speedily drivenaway. While, as a rule, the spawning beds of this lamprey are less
than a foot in diameter, we have seen them formed contiguous across a favorable site in
the stream in a continuous row or line from ten to fifteen feet long. It is not unusual

to see them from two to three feet in diameter and containing from ten to fifteen

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 199

lampreys, and we have counted as many as forty-five on one large spawning bed.
They do not confine themselves to any one part of the bed, but move about contin-
uously, busily engaged in carrying small stones from one place to another. As far
as visible results are concerned, an observer might think that their one intent and
object is to move as many stones as possible from one place to another, and that
this is accomplished in the most haphazard and indefinite manner, with evidence
of lack of any preconceived plan or co-operation. If this were the primary object
such inference would indeed be well founded, but we are now convinced that the
important result achieved by moving the stones is the stirring and loosening up of
the sand to more completely cover and protect the eggs. The sand is also well
stirred by the rapidly vibrating tails of both sexes while in copulation. By bringing
the sand into contact with the eggs and partially covering them this temporarily
prevents minnows from getting them when freshly expelled. The eggs being
adhesive are thus also brought into contact with the grains of sand which weight
them Gown and cause them to sink in the bottom of the nest, where they can be
further covered instead of being carried down stream to perish. The continuous
moving of the stones in the edge of the nest and over the sand of the nest Is
necessary in order to cover the eggs well with sand; and it can be seen that a
concerted action in moving all the stones from one part of the nest to another definite
part, especially in the same direction, would defeat the very important end of covering
the eggs in all parts of the nest with sand. (For a description of the construction of
the nest, see the discussion of the Lake Lamprey.)

The proportionate numbers of the sexes represented on the spawning beds may
vary from fewer males than females to five or six times as many of the former as of
the latter, but in general we have observed from two to three times as many males as
females., By watching them very carefully, we have observed that they are not only
polygamous but polyandrous, one male mating with several females, and several males
mating with the same female. Although they spawn in the latter part of April and
in the early part of May when the temperature of the water becomes between forty
and fifty degrees Fahrenheit, we wish to record here the remarkably interesting fact
that on June 12, 1899, fully a month after the last specimens of this species had dis-
appeared from their spawning beds, and when even the most careful search revealed
but very few of the Lake Lampreys yet on their beds, we found a fresh plump, female
Brook Lamprey, full of eggs and ready to spawn, evidently just transformed. This
interesting specimen, with a pair of Lake Lampreys, was sent to Mr. S. F. Denton,
the famous fish artist at Wellesley, Mass., to use in an illustration, but it died and
spoiled before reaching him. There is no doubt of the specific identification, and the

interest attached to it arises from the very late metamorphosis and appearance upon a

200 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

spawning bed, without the presence of a male. They commence to spawn shortly
after the water reaches a temperature of forty degrees Fahrenheit for the average of
the day, which is generally about May 1, although we have found them upon their
beds as early as April 18.* If the weather keeps warm, in a few days thousands of
them will be found on their little spawning beds, extending in general over the range
of the stream that is to be occupied later by the lampreys of the larger species. They
remain on their spawning beds about two weeks, more or less, depending upon
temperature; the warmer it is, the shorter the duration of the spawning period. They
then become covered with fungus, drift down stream and are either eaten by
carnivorous birds and mammals, or die and settle in the depths of the quiet pools and
are covered with dédris (see illustration No. 13). In such places we have often found
their remains.

The bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus) and smaller herons (Ardea virescens) are
especially abundant in the stream during the spawning time of these lampreys and
are their particular enemies. (See further discussion of this subject under the heading

“Lake Lamprey.”’)

The Lake Lamprey, (Petromyzon marinus unicolor Linneus).

Life Fitstory. Let us begin the life history of the lamprey with the egg, as
nearly all animal life begins. Adult female Lake Lampreys lay between 25,000 and
30,000 eggs, according to size, the average being about 27,500. The eggs are laid in
“nests,” to be described later, and hatch in from one to three weeks, according to
temperature. The warmer the water the sooner they hatch, the water at time of
hatching varying (for the two seasons observed) from sixty to sixty-two degrees
or more.

When first laid the eggs are adhesive and stick to grains of sand and pebbles. Thus
they are held to the bottom and are covered with sand by the adults in the manner
described elsewhere. They are at first nearly white and translucent, but soon become
sulphur yellow and entirely opaque. When first hatched the young look like minute
light yellow worms, not over an eighth of an inch in length. They lie in the sand at
the bottom of the old spawning bed, and’ burrow still deeper, feeding on the micro-
organisms that are found there. Of course the quantity of their food is limited in
such a place, and their growth is very slow. They may not attain a greater length
than one and one half inches during the first year, as that is the smallest size we have
found in the sand in the spring time when eggs are again being deposited. Specimens

can be found ranging in length from this size to five or six inches, all taken from the

*It is interesting to note that Dr. Dean and Mr. Sumner have found them spawning in numbers.
in New York city as early as April 16.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 201

same sand-bar and showing no evidence of grouping in sizes according to age. It
would appear that their growth depends upon their food supply, and the largest of
last year may be as large as the smallest of the preceding year. The duration of the
larval period is not known, but we believe that it is three or four years. The current
frequently shifts the sand of their bed and washes them down and into the sediment
along the shore. The best place to find larval lampreys is some distance below the
spawning beds, in the deposit of light silt and organic material near the shore, where
the stream is filling up in the concave side of a curve in its channel (see illustrations
Nos. tr and 12). We have often found them abundant and of various sizes in such a
place, fully a mile down stream below the lowest favorable place for a spawning bed.
Such is the location of the place here shown, where we have found scores of immature
lampreys.

The mouth of the young is covered with fimbriz or lamelle, which are so
close together as to act as a sieve and prevent the passage of grains of sand. This
makes it possible for the young lamprey to eat only the most minute organisms, and
the latter must be taken while the larva is blindly making or following its sinuous
path through the sand, or they are taken in with water.

The larve of the two species found here are so nearly alike that constant charac-
teristic differences have not yet been pointed out. It is known, however, that at the
time of metamorphosis the larve of the Brook Lamprey are much smaller than those
of the Lake Lamprey.

The Transformation. The transformation is remarkable and interesting, and finds
its parallel only in the wonderful changes that ensue in the metamorphosis of a tadpole
to an adult frog or toad.

The larval lamprey is entirely blind, toothless, externally segmented, and lives
altogether beneath the surface of the sand, feeding only upon microscopical organisms,
through a mouth that is covered and sieve-like. Of course, as their food is such
minute material and is captured in such small quantities, the amount of their
nourishment is limited and their growth is necessarily slow. It is not known just how
long they remain in the larval stage, but it must surely be three years at least, and
possibly four. This should be determined. If we had a State Biological Station,
such questions that are of real economic value could be readily determined. The
necessity of such knowledge is apparent when we realize that any experiments toward
exterminating these pests must be continued through as many years as there are in
the life history of the lamprey, from the egg to the spawning adult. If this is five
years, and we believe it is, it means that there are five generations in existence
at any one time, overlapping one another, and each differing from the other by at least

one year’s growth.

202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

It is not known if the time of duration of the larval period is the same in the two
species of lampreys found here, or if the Brook Lamprey has a shorter larval stage
than the Lake Lamprey. We have a number of specimens in tanks and shall doubt-
less be able to determine some of these features in time. These larvae can be found
in almost any sand-bank or drift of dirt and debris from near the source of the stream
(the highest spawning beds) to its very mouth, having been carried far below the
lowest spawning beds by the high water. Their food is most abundant in the concave
side of a turn in the stream where the current causes a whirlpool and quiet water, and

where there is a consequent deposit of sediment and fine organic material. They

No. 3-—HEAD OF LAKE LAMPREY. NO, 4.—MOUTH OF LAKE LAMPREY.

appear to greatly prefer such a place to a bare sand-bank, doubtless because their
food is more abundant where the finely comminuted organic material is also deposited
with the mud and sand.
Along the Susquehanna River the “Sand Lampreys,” as the larve are there called,
are in great demand. They are taken from the sand with shovels and used quite
extensively for fish bait. When a shovelful of wet sand and mud containing the
young lampreys is thrown upon the bank, they can be seen wriggling, to find con-
cealment, like pink and white worms of various sizes. It is singular that the line

fishermen of central New York have not generally learned the excellency of this kind

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 203

of bait. While it would be quite impossible to hope to exterminate them by digging:
up all the young lampreys in the sand, their common use by fishermen would be
effective in reducing their numbers.

Some writers have called the immature stage of the lamprey the ‘“Ammo-
ccetes Stage,” because the generic name Asumocetes was first given by Cuvier to an
immature European lamprey in 1817. We cannot see why the term should be made
an adjective and continued as a common word.

In the latter part of the fall the young lampreys metamorphose and assume the
form of the adult. They are now about six or eight inches long and differ greatly
from their appearance and condition when younger. The segmented condition of the
body disappears. The eyes appear to grow out through the skin and become plainly
visible and functional. The mouth is no longer filled with vertical membranous sheets
to act as a sieve, but it contains nearly one hundred and fifty sharp and chitinous
teeth, arranged in rows that are more or less concentric and at the same time
presenting the appearance of circular radiation (see illustrations Nos. 3 and 4).
These teeth are very strong, with sharp points, and in structure each has the
appearance of a hollow cone of chitin placed over another cone or papilla. A little
below the center of the mouth is the oral opening, which is circular and contains a
flattened tongue which bears finer teeth of chitin set closely together, and arranged in
two interrupted (appearing as four) curved rows extending up and down from
the ventral toward the dorsal side of the mouth. Around the mouth is a circle
of soft membrane finally surrounded by a margin of fimbriz or small fringe. This
completes a wonderful and perfect apparatus with which the lamprey attaches itself to
its victims, takes its food, carries stones, builds and tears down its nest, seizes its mate,
holds itself in pesition in a strong current, and climbs over falls. (See the interesting
article by Dr. H. M. Smith, on ‘The Three-toothed Lamprey,” in the Sczentific
American for April, 1900.)

The Adult (see illustration No. 1, a and 0). It is not known how long the
lamprey lives as an adult in the lake before it goes up stream to spawn, but this
must be at least two years, probably three. Here is another very important feature
that should be determined, but can be worked out only by very careful biological
work and the proper equipment. We know that during the spring time when there
were many adult and ripe lampreys on the spawning beds in the stream, we
have caught others that were adult but not sexually mature, feeding on the blood
of fishes in the lake. Having reached the lake in the form of the fully grown
lamprey, they are, of course, ready to adapt themselves to the changed condition
and assume changed habits. The most prominent economic feature in the entire

life history of these animals is their feeding habits in this stage, their food now

204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

consisting wholly of the blood of fishes. A lamprey is able to strike its suctorial
mouth against a fish and in an instant become so firmly attached that it is very
rarely, indeed, that the efforts of the fish will avail to rid itself of its persecutor.
It is said that the large-mouth black bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the perch (Perca
Jflavescens), and the rock bass (Azuzdloplites rupestris) rid themselves of this pest by
swimming between stones and scraping it off, but we cannot believe such statements.
When a lamprey attaches itself to a person’s hand in the aquarium it can only be
freed by lifting it from the water. Asa rule it will drop the instant it is exposed to
the open air, although often it will remain attached for some time even in the open
air, or may attach itself to an object while out of water.

The stories that are told of certain fish, when attacked, coming to the surface of the
water and lying in such a position as to expose their foe, are to be doubted, although
reliable eye-witnesses have told us that in the spring of 1897 a black bass weighing
perhaps less than a pound was seen to jump out of the water in Fall Creek and shake
itself. As it jumped again it was seen that a lamprey was attached to it. <A third
time it rushed to the surface of the water and appeared to stand upright on its tail and
shake itself in the air. This time its efforts were rewarded, for its enemy dropped off
and the successful fish darted down stream with a velocity that showed it meant to
leave that spot as soon as possible.

Nearly all lampreys that are attached to fish when they are caught in nets will
escape through the meshes of the nets, but some are occasionally brought ashore and

may hang on to their victim with bulldog pertinacity.

Natarat Enemies of the Lamprey.
{N.B. Nothing has ever before been published on this subject. ]

1. Mammals. It is not usually thought that lampreys can be captured by mam-
mals, but we have seen conclusive evidence that they are eaten by several species of
carnivorous mammals, especially raccoons, muskrats, rats, minks, weasels, foxes and per-
haps skunks and house cats. The two periods in the lives of the lampreys at which they
are liable to attack, and really are attacked by these animals, is when they are trans-
forming and when speauire. The transforming lampreys lie in the sand with their
heads or portions of their bodies uncovered, along the banks of the stream, where the
water is only one or two inches deep. Their presence can be detected by holes in the
sand where they have withdrawn, or by their sudden movement when the ground is
shaken, or as they observe a moving object. In the early spring we have often seen
the tracks of the animals named, in the mud or sand of the shore at vacated burrows

and disturbed sand from which the young lampreys had been removed (see _illustra-

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 205

tion No. 14). We have also found pieces of adult lampreys that had been partially
devoured, not only on the banks near the spawning beds, but also some distance from
the creek banks.

2. Birds. The predaceous birds, hawks and owls, take lampreys from the spawning ~
beds, as the following evidences show. On May 25, 1899, we found, on a stump near
Cayuga Lake Inlet, a piece of skin, masses of eggs and fresh blood of a lamprey that
had evidently been eaten by a bird of prey. On June 2 we found, on a spawning bed

on the Pierson farm, a lacerated and bleeding lamprey, through whose freshly cut sides

Nos. 5 and 6.—HEADS OF BROOK LAMPREY. No. 7.—HEAD OF BROOK LAMPREY.
(BACK VIEW.)

the eggs were oozing from two holes, and another gash indicated the work of claws
that were too sharp to hold their intended victim.

On April 19, 1898, Mr. Spicer, my assistant, shot a little green heron (Ardea
virescens), in which was found the body of a Brook Lamprey. The tracks of herons
and bitterns, as well as of the true shore birds, are very common in the mud along the
banks of the stream inhabited by lampreys (see illustration No. 7), and shore birds
and waders are common inhabitants of those portions of the stream where the
lampreys occur. In Illinois we have been able to determine the abundance of fishes
ina pond before seining it by observing the unusual numbers of piscivorous birds
to be seen near it. We have found several adult lampreys with cuts or marks that

were undoubtedly made by the spear-like bill of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias).

206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Such injuries are not rare in true fishes in regions where this bird abounds. The
wound made in fishes by the kingfisher (Cery/e alcyon) is similar to that made by the
heron, though smaller.

3. Reptiles. We have here to chronicle the almost incredible story of snakes
eating adult spawning Lake Lampreys. On June 3, 1898, in company with Mr. A. B.
Spicer and another assistant, we saw in the water a serpent of unusual diameter.
Upon landing it with a dip net we found it to be a large water snake (7ropidonotus
sipedon), and dissection proved it to contain a large adult female Lake Lamprey full of
eggs. It had been swallowed head first, and most of the cephalic portion was already
digested. Upon two or three occasions we have known snakes of the species named
above to have fed upon lampreys, and we have proven their depredations upon fishes
of different species to be very common. In the summer of 1898 we found a water
snake several feet from the water of Cayuga Lake with a wriggling bull-head or
horned pout (Amezurus nebulosus) in its mouth. In the spring of 1900 we took from
the stomach of another a fair-sized brook trout.

[Since the manuscript for this article was prepared Professor Fuertes has killed a
water snake at the shore of Cayuga Lake which disgorged an entire lake lamprey.
This was in August, and shows that mature lampreys suffer from enemies at other
times than when on spawning beds. |

4. Amphibians or Latrachians. The most nearly direct evidence that we have of
this class of vertebrates destroying lampreys in natural conditions, is that a water
dog (Necturus maculatus) was seen to eat a Brook Lamprey in an aquarium, but the
artificial conditions surrounding such an occurrence do not fully justify the inference
that such an episode would be likely to occur in unmodified natural surroundings.

5. Fishes. Here is published, for the first time, as far as we can learn, the fact
that fishes destroy lampreys in great numbers. It is indeed a case where ‘“‘ turn about
is fair play,’ as the lampreys destroy many fishes and the latter have at least some
influence in keeping down the numbers of the former. This is chiefly through the
agency of minnows in eating the fertilized eggs of lampreys whenever they can find it
possible. We have seen scores of schools of minnows (chiefly species of Rhznichthys
and Wotropis) lying in wait just below the beds of spawning lampreys, and when the
eggs are exuded these minnows dart forward and eat as many of them as possible
before the lampreys shall have had time to stir up the sand sufficiently to cover all
their spawn. Upon dissecting some of the minnows we have found their stomachs
filled with the lampreys’ eggs. When lampreys of either species have been removed
from their spawning beds, we have often seen many minnows soon busily engaged in
the effort to pick up every egg that the current may have uncovered; and we have

often determined real fresh spawning beds—the adults perhaps having been removed

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 207

by enemies during the night—by the presence of a school of minnows in the fresh
beds, while the older beds, with the eggs covered deeper and commencing to hatch,
would have no minnows over them. By digging in the sand and determining the
stage of development of the eggs or larve, it is possible to ascertain how long the
beds have been deserted. Although it is well known in some places that young
lampreys (often called “Sand Lampers”) are excellent bait for certain voracious
fishes, yet they are not used much in this region for that purpose; and, although the
piscivorous fishes readily take larval lampreys when they can get them, it cannot be
said that the larger fishes naturally destroy many lampreys in this stage, as this is
manifestly rendered impossible by the habitat of the young marsipobranchs. We
have seen a bowfin (Amza calva) eat an adult lamprey in an aquarium, but these con-
ditions were too unnatural to justify us in the conclusion that in untrammeled nature
fishes destroy adult lampreys. We have never known or heard of a definite
example of this.

6. fungus. The attack that attends the end of more lampreys than does any other
is that of the fungus (Saprolegnia sp.). This looks like a gray slime, and eats into the
external parts of the animal, finally causing death. It covers the skin, the fins, the
eyes, the gill pouches and all parts, like leprosy. It starts where the lamprey has been
scratched or injured or where its mate has held it, and develops very rapidly when
the water is warm. It is found late in the season on all lampreys that have spawned
out, and it is almost sure to prove fatal, as we have repeatedly seen with attacked fishes
or lampreys kept in tanks or aquaria. With choice aquarium fishes a remedy, or at
least a palliative, is to be found in immersion in salt water for a few minutes or in
bathing the affected parts with listrine. Since these creatures complete the spawning
process before the fungoid attack proves serious to the individual, it can be seen that it
effects no injury to the race, as the fertilized eggs are left to come to maturity. Also,
as it is nature’s plan that the adult lampreys die after spawning once, we are convinced
that death would ensue without the attack of fungus; and in fact this is to be regarded
as a resultant of those causes that produce death rather than the immediate cause of it.
Its only natural remedy is to be found in the depths of the lake (450 feet), where there
is a uniform or constant temperature of about thirty-nine degrees Fahrenheit, and
where the light of the noonday sun penetrates with an intensity only about equal to
starlight on land on a clear but moonless night.

As light and heat are essential to the development of the fungus, which is a plant
growth and properly called a water-mold, and as their intensity is so greatly diminished
in the depth of the lake, it is probable that if creatures thus attacked should reach this
depth they might here find relief if their physical condition were otherwise strong

enough to recuperate. However, we have recently observed a distinct tendency on the

208 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

part of fungussed fishes to keep in the shallower, and consequently warmer, parts of
the water, and this of course results in the more rapid growth of the sarcophytic plant,
and the death of the fishes is thus hastened.

All kinds of fishes and fish eggs are subject to the attacks of such fungus,
especially after having been even slightly scratched or injured. As a consequence
the lamprey attacks on fishes cause wounds that often become the seat of a slowly
spreading, but fatal, fungus. We have seen many nests of the bullhead or horned pout
(Ameiurus nebulosus) with all the eggs thus destroyed, and we have found scores of
fishes of various kinds thus killed or dying. It is well known that in many rivers this
is the apparent cause of great nportality among adult salmon. Yet we really doubt
if it ever attacks uninjured fishes that are in good, strong physical condition which
have not at least had the slime rubbed from them when captured. It is contagious,
not only being conveyed from one infested fish to another, but from dead flies to
fishes. (For a further discussion of this subject, see the interesting and valuable
Manual of Fish Culture, by the United States Fish Commission, 1897.)

Kinds of Fishes Attacked.

We have personally observed, or have received reliable reports of, the following
species of fishes being attacked by the Lake Lamprey:
1. Rock or red sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur).
2. Long-nosed gar, gar pike, or gar (Lefzsosteus osseus Linnzus).
3. Bowfin or dogfish (Ama calva Linneus).
4. Bull-head, horned pout or catfish (Ameturus nebulosus Le Sueur).
5. Common sucker or white sucker (Catostomus commersonit Lacépéde).
6. Chub sucker or creek fish (Zvdémyzon sucetta Lacépede).
7. Oblong chub sucker (Lr7zmyzon sucetta oblongus Mitchill).
8. Mullet or golden sucker (Moxostoma aureolum Le Sueur).
g. Largé-scaled sucker (Jloxostoma macrolepidotum Le Sueur).
o. Carp, German carp (Cyprinus carpio Linneus).
11. Golden bream (Adbramts chrysoleucas Mitchill).
12. Smelt of the New York lakes (Argyrosomus osmeriformis H. M. Smith)

DD)?

14. Whitefish (Coregonus clupetformis Mitchill).

13. Cisco, lake herring, chameau (Argyrosomus artedi Le Sueur).

15. Lake trout (Crestevomer namaycush Walbaum).
16. Pickerel or eastern pickerel (Luczus reticulatus Le Sueur).
17. Pike, also called ‘“‘ pickerel” (Luczus luctus Linnzus).

18. Muscalonge or great pike (Lucius masquinongy Mitchill).

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 209

19. Pumpkin Seed Sunfish (Zupomotis gibbosus Linnzus).

20. Rock bass (Amblopites rupestris Rafinesque).

21. Small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus dolomicu Lacépeéde).

22. Large-mouthed black bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépéde).

23. Wall-eyed pike or sand pike (Stzostedion vitreum Mitchill).

24. Northern pike or sand pike (Stizostedion canadense Smith).

25. Perch, yellow perch or common perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill).

26. White sea bass or striped bass (Roccus chrysops Rafinesque).

27. Fresh-water drum, silver perch or sheep-nose (Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque).

28. Burbot, ling, aleky trout, lawyer (Lota maculosa Le Sueur).

It will be seen that this list includes practically all of the fresh-water species of
fishes of New York that are large enough to be attacked by this blood-thirsty parasite,
and among them are almost all of the desirable food and game fishes of the inland
waters of the State. It will be observed that the brook trout* and a few others of
streams are not in the above list. This may be due to the fact that the adult lampreys
are rare in the streams at the time when they can take food. However, on March 31,
this year, we dissected an adult female lamprey with unripe eggs, which was caught
on a white sucker some distance up the inlet, and of which the alimentary canal was
yet large and functional and filled with the blood of its victim.

The fishes that are mostly attacked are of the soft-rayed species, having cycloid
scales; the spiny-rayed species with ctenoid scales being most nearly immune from
their attacks. We think there may be three reasons for this: Ist, the fishes of the
latter group are generally more alert and more active than those of the former, and
may be able to more readily dart away from such enemies; 2d, their scales are thicker
and stronger and appear to be more firmly imbedded in the skin, consequently it is
more difficult for the lampreys to hold on and cut through the heavier coat of mail to
obtain the blood of the victim; 3d, since the fishes of the second group are wholly
carnivorous, and in fact almost exclusively fish-eating when adult, in every body of
water they are more rare than those of the first group, which are more nearly omnivorous.
According to the laws and requirements of nature, the fishes of the first group must be
more abundant, as they become the food for those of the second, and it is on account
of their greater abundance that the lamprey attacks on them are more observed.

There is no doubt that the bull-head or horned pout (Amecurus nebulosus) is by far

the greatest sufferer from lamprey attacks in Cayuga Lake. This may be due in part to

* Since this manuscript was prepared Mr. Charles Carr, of Union Springs, N. Y., has reported to
us an unquestionable instance of the brook trout (Sa/mo fontinalis) having been attacked by a
lamprey; and Mr. Perry, of Ithaca, showed us a rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), in Cayuga Lake,
killed by a lamprey. —H. A. S.

14

210 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

the sluggish habits of the fish, which render it an easy victim, but it is more likely due
to the fact that this fish has no scales and the lamprey has nothing to do but to pierce
the thick skin and find its. feast of blood ready for it. There is no doubt of the
excellency of the bullhead as a food fish and of its increasing favor with mankind. It
is at present the most important food and market fish in the central part of the State,
being caught by bushels in the early part of June when preparing to spawn. As we
have observed at times more than ninety per cent. of the catch attacked by lampreys,
it can readily be seen how very serious are the attacks of this terrible parasite which
is surely devastating our lakes and streams.

The white sucker (Catostomus commersoniz) is surely next in line in order of
lamprey attacks. We have seen nearly eighty per cent. of the catch of fishes of this
species attacked by lampreys, and although we would not consider them desirable fish,
there is always a ready sale for them at a fair price. However, we must admit that
we believe the removal of the suckers and carp from all waters of the State would be
attended with very general good results for fishes of other species, on account of the
great number of eggs of better fishes destroyed by the Catostomids and Cyprinids.

The lake trout (C7¢st2vomer namaycush) is one of our very best food and game fishes
very seriously attacked by lampreys. We have rarely seen a lake trout that did not
bear two or more marks of this fish foe, and we have seen several with as many as
eight or ten of these characteristic scars. Last October we counted twenty-three
lamprey scars upon the body of one lake trout, of which several were fresh. Where
such attacks do not prove fatal the drain upon the system of the fish must greatly
impair its vitality and limit or reduce its reproductive ability. We feel certain that if
it were not for the ravages of lampreys the lake trout would be much more abundant
in this lake than it is, as its natural food—the ale-wife or saw-belly (Clupea pseudo-
harengus)—is here in such great abundance that in the spring time when they
come from the deepcold water into that which is shallow and warm the increased
temperature and consequent lessened supply of dissolved air kill them by thousands .
and thousands.

Of course our fresh-water American fish with heaviest armor is the gar or bill-fish,
and the only place where we have seen a lamprey able to successfully attack this
obnoxious ganoid is just behind one of the paired fins. It might be added that this is
a favorite spot for attacking many fishes, as the parasite seems to realize that here the
scales are thinnest. Fortunately the gar is very rare in Cayuga Lake, although it seems
to be increasing in numbers. It is the curse of Chautauqua and Black lakes, being
there the destructive fish foe equal to the lamprey here. We have demonstrated that
it is possible to remove gars and not injure other fishes by stretching gill nets of one

inch square mesh across their spawning places in May and June.

No. 8—WHERE THE BROOK LAMPREYS SPAWN.

Ld ooh Sginees a eae
Ba eRy at sees tt
STINT Be ee eB ed od
i fight! toleds Sr yore

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. AVM

The attacks of the bowfin (Amza calva) are also infrequent, but are generally made,
as described above, just back of one of the paired fins. This is another voracious fish
that is worthless to mankind, excepting as a water scavenger, and it is increasing
rapidly in the waters of this State. If the lamprey would attack none but the gars,
suckers, and bowfins, it would be well, for the interests of man, to protect it and aid its
increase.

Although the perch (Perca flavescens) and black bass (chiefly the small-mouth) are
fairly abundant in Cayuga Lake, they are not often found injured. They of course
belong to the second group of fishes (Acanthopter?) named above, and the probable
reasons for their immunity from attacks are given there. Of the hundreds of perch
which we have seen taken from this lake not more than three or four bore distinct and
characteristic scars from the fish parasite. Hon. D. F. Van Fleet, of Ithaca, has caught
a black bass with a lamprey clinging to it, and two or three others have been as
definitely reported, while one was recently collected by us.

The several dams without fishways in the Seneca and Oswego rivers now prevent
many anadromous fishes that were formerly abundant here from coming into the
interior lakes of this State. Among these are the salmon and white fish, both of which
were very abundant here before the river was obstructed, the wall-eyed pike,
mascalonge, cisco and others which are now found in Lake Ontario and adjacent
waters, but do not often occur here. Owing to the exclusion of these fishes from the
Cayuga Lake basin during the recent years that we have studied the subject, we
cannot personally testify to having found them attacked by lampreys, but the evidence
of old residents upon this subject is so unquestionable and unanimous that- we have
unhesitatingly added the above-named species to the list of those attacked.

We know of a sturgeon having been caught with six lampreys clinging to it, and it
is reported that some years ago, a Captain Van Order caught one with twenty-one
lampreys (perhaps lamprey scars) on it. Although we have caught lampreys on fishes
at all times of the year, there is no doubt that the period of most severe attacks is
during the latter part of winter and early spring (February and March). This season
of feasting may be to strengthen them for the long period of fasting during the period
of migration and spawning. In short, it appears to be their last opportunity to eat,
and they improve it. When a lamprey attacks a fish it at once attaches to it by
suction, the fleshy edge of the circular mouth being especially fitted for this. It then
commences, by a slightly swaying or oscillatory and circular movement, to cut away the
scales and skin under its mouth, using its one hundred and fifty teeth as rasps in this
process. This makes the characteristic circular scar the size and shape of the mouth,
which is usually about as large as a quarter of a dollar. The tongue is also used as a

rasp, and the four sets of teeth on it are arranged in -crescents, which come together

212 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

somewhat after the manner of the toothed jaws of a steel trap. Such an arrangement
is especially effective in working the center of the wound deeper. The teeth are placed
in such a circular radial position (see illustration of mouth of Lake Lamprey) that all
solid parts (skin, scales, flesh, etc.) are worked to the center of the mouth and then
ventrad or downward and out at the ventral margin. Since the lamprey swallows no
solids whatever, it is essential that they should have some such provision for the elimi-
nation of the waste material or solids which result from tearing through their victims.

We have often seen wounds which completely penetrated the body cavity, and
through which the internal organs had been attacked. Wounds are shown piercing
the heart in the third and fifth specimens from the left in the illustration of ‘Eight
Bullheads,’ and from the second and sixth specimens of the same illustration the
intestines were protruding wher collected and photographed. We had a specimen in
which the stomach was pierced, and in an aquarium all the food given it escaped
through the orifice in its side. The fact that bullheads are dressed before being
exposed for sale enables thousands of pounds of them to be retailed which would not
otherwise find purchasers. The great festering sores in the flesh of the fishes as they
come from the water render them so repulsive in appearance that no one would want
to purchase them in that condition, but when the fish are dressed such wounds are not
conspicuous.

A fish that has been attacked by a lamprey, if not killed at once, becomes bloodless,
thin, pale and colorless both as to skin and flesh, and insipid to the taste. Naturally a
strong, healthy fish has a rich golden tinge, but when attacked by a lamprey its color
and appearance are so altered that we have been able to readily identify those that
were injured, while yet alive, by merely observing them, after an assistant had spread
the entire catch on the bank and turned the sides bearing the scars downward so that no
marks would be visible. It is true that the wounds often become healed, but scars
remain, and with the scale-bearing fishes these wounds are generally quite conspicuous
on account of the very irregular arrangement of the scales that grow over them. If
the attacks do not prove directly fatal they generally become the sites for the
sarcophagus fungus to start, and from this cause death may soon ensue during any
time of the year when the water is warm; or they weaken the fish and destroy its
vitality, reducing its reproductive capabilities and often preventing it altogether
from reproducing. Also, by the removal of the blood the flesh is left white and
insipid or tasteless and really unfit food for man.

Our collecting records show that at the height of the feeding season fully eighty-
four per cent. of all fishes that are large enough are thus injured. We have no doubt
that in this region the lampreys destroy more fish than do all the other enemies of fish

or all of the fishermen combined.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 213

Migration or “ Ranntng.”

After thus feeding to an unusual extent, their reproductive elements (gonads)
become mature and their alimentary canals commence to atrophy. This duct finally
becomes so occluded that from formerly being large enough to admit a lead pencil of
average size when forced through it, later not even liquids can pass through, and it
becomes merely a thread closely surrounded by the crowding reproductive organs.
When these changes commence to ensue, the lampreys turn their heads against the
current and set out on their long journeys to the sites that are favorable to spawning,
which here may be from two to eight miles from the lake. In this migration they are
true to their instincts and habits of laziness in being carried about, as they make use
of any available object, such as a fish, boat, etc., that is going in their direction,
fastening to it with their suctorial mouths and being borne along at their ease. During
this season it is not infrequent that as the Cornell crews come in from practice and lift
their shells out of the water, they find lampreys clinging to the bottoms of the boats.
Mr. H. Carr, former State Game Protector, at Union Springs, N. Y., recently told us
that as many as fifty lampreys had been seen at one time clinging to the side of his
yacht as he sailed toward the head of the lake in the spring time, but they would
drop off when he turned to come down the lake. They are likely to crowd up all
streams flowing into the lake, inspecting the bed of the stream as they go.
They do not stop until they reach favorable spawning sites (described later),
and if they find unsurmountable obstacles in their way, such as vertical falls or
dams, they turn around and go down stream until they find another, up which
they go. This is proven every spring by the numbers of adult lampreys that are
temporarily seen in Fall Creek and Cascadilla Creek. In each of these streams,
about a mile from its mouth, there is a vertical fall over thirty feet in height
which the lampreys cannot surmount, and in fact they have never been seen
attempting to do so. After clinging with their mouths to the stones near the foot of
the falls for a few days, they work their way down stream, carefully inspecting all the
bottom for suitable spawning sites. They do not spawn in these streams because there
are too many rocks and no sand (see “Requisite Conditions for Spawning”), but
finally enter the only stream (the inlet) in which they find suitable and accessible
spawning sites.

The three-toothed lampreys of the West Coast climb low falls or rapids by a
series of leaps, holding with their mouths to rest, then jumping and striking again and
holding, thus leap by leap gaining the entire distance. (see illustration No. 15, the
reproduction of Dr. Smith’s photograph of three-toothed lampreys climbing falls, and
his interesting article in the Sccentzfic American for April, 1900.) The lampreys here

214 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

have never been known to show any tendency or ability to climb, probably because there
are no rapids or mere low falls in the streams up which they would run. In fact, as
the inlet is the only stream entering into Cayuga Lake in this region which presents
suitable spawning conditions and no obstructions, it can be seen at once that all the
lampreys must spawn in this stream and its tributaries.

In “running” they move almost entirely at night, and if they do not reach a suitable
spawning site by daylight they will cling to roots or stones during the day and
complete their journey the next night. This has been proven by the positive
observation of individuals. Of the specimens that run up early in the season, about
four fifths are males. Thus the males do not exactly precede the females, because we
have found the latter sex represented in the stream as early in the season as the
former, but in the earlier part of the season the number of males certainly greatly
predominates. This proportion of males gradually decreases, until in the middle of
the spawning season the sexes are about equally represented, and toward the latter
part of the season the females continue to come until they in turn show the greater
numbers. (See tables of weir catch, given later.) Thus it appears very evident that in
general the reproductive instinct impels the most of the males to seek the spawning
grounds before the most of the females do so. However, it should be said that neither
the males nor the females show all of the entirely sexually mature features when they
first run up streams at the beginning of the season, but later they are perfectly mature
and “ripe” in every regard when they first appear in the stream. When they migrate
they stop at the site that seems to suit their fancy, many stopping near the lake, others
pushing on four or five miles further up stream. We have noted, however, that later
in the season the lower courses become more crowded, showing that the late comers
do not appear to attempt to push up the stream as far as those that came earlier.
Also, it thus follows from what was just said about late running females, that in the
latter part of the season the lower spawning beds are especially crowded with females.
In fact, during the early part of the month of June we have found, not more than half
a mile above the lowest spawning bed, as many as five females on a spawning nest
with but one male; and in that immediate vicinity many nests indeed were found at
that time with two or three females and but one male.

Having arrived at a riffle or shoal which seems to present suitable conditions for a
spawning nest, the individual (or pair) commences at once to move stones with its mouth
from the center to the margin of an area one or two feet in diameter. When many
stones are thus placed, especially at the upper edge, and they are cleaned quite free of
sediment and algz, both by being moved and by being fanned with the tail, and when
the proper condition of sand is found in the bottom of the basin thus formed, it is

ready to be used as a spawning bed or nest. A great many nests are commenced and

‘NMVdS SAUUMWWT MOOU AHL AYAHM—E6 ON

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 215

deserted. This has been left as a mystery in publications on the subject, but we are
well convinced that it is because the lampreys do not find the requisites or proper
conditions of bottom (rocks, sand, etc., as given below) to supply all their needs and
fulfill all conditions for ideal sites. In the illustration of the spawning sites of the
Lake Lamprey (see illustration No. 10) the stakes without papers were placed in nests
that were never completed or used. This desertion of half-constructed nests is just
what would be expected and anticipated in connection with the explanation of

,

“ Requisite Conditions for Spawning,” given below, because some shallows contain more
sand and fewer stones, and others contain many larger stones but no sand, while others
contain pebbles lying over either rocks or sand. The lampreys remove some of the
material and if they do not find all the essentials for a spawning nest, the site is

deserted and the creatures move on.
Reqaisite Conditions for Spawning.

For a spawning site two conditions are immediately essential—proper conditions
of water and suitable stream bed or bottom. Of course with these it is essential that
no impassable barriers (dam or falls) exist between the lake and the spawning sites to
prevent migration at the proper ‘“‘running” season. They will not spawn where there
is no sand lying on the bottom between the rocks, as sand is essential in covering the
eggs (see remarks on the “Spawning Process’’); neither will they spawn where the
bottom is all sand and small gravel, as they cannot take hold of this material with their
mouths to construct nests or hold themselves in the current, and they would not find
here pebbles and stones to carry over the nest while spawning, as described elsewhere.
It can thus be seen that, as suggested above, the reason they do not spawn in Fall
Creek and Cascadilla Creek, between the lake and the falls, is that the beds of these
streams are very rocky, being covered only with large stones and no sand. There
is no doubt that the lampreys find here suitable conditions of water, but they do not
remain to spawn, on account of the absence of the proper conditions of stream bed.
Again, they do not spawn in the lower course of the inlet for a distance of nearly two
miles from the lake, because near the lake the bed of the stream is composed of silt,
while for some distance above this (up stream) there is nothing but sand. Farther
up stream are found pebbles and stones commingled with sand, which combination
satisfies the demands of the lampreys for material in constructing nests and covering
eggs. The accessibility of these sites, together with their suitable conditions, render
the inlet the great and perhaps the only spawning stream of the lake; and, doubtless,
all the mature lampreys come here to spawn, excepting a few which spawn in the

lower part of Six-mile Creek, a tributary of the inlet.

216 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

As the course of the stream where the beds abound is divided into pools, separated
by stony riffles or shallows, the nests must be made at the ends of the pools. Of the
spawning beds personally observed during several seasons, nine tenths of the entire
number were formed just above the shallows (at the lower ends of the pools), while
only a few were placed below them (see illustrations Nos. 8, 9, and 10). An advan-
tage in forming the nest above the shoals rather than below is that in the former
place the water runs more swiftly over the lower and middle parts of such a bed than
at its upper margin, since the velocity decreases in either direction from the steeper
part of the shallows; and any organic material or sediment that would wash over the
upper edge of the nest is thus carried on rather than left as a deposit. When formed
below the shallows, owing to the decreased velocity at the lower part of the nest
compared with that at the upper, the sediment is likely to settle in the hollow of the
nest, and, through the process of decay of the organic material, prove disastrous or
unfavorable for the developing embryos.

The necessity of sand in the spawning bed indicates the explanation of why
we see so many shallows that have no spawning lampreys upon .them, while there
are others in the same vicinity that are crowded. There will be no nests formed if
there is too little or too much sand, not enough or too many stones, or stones that
are all too small or all too large. The stones must vary from the size of an egg to
the size of a man’s hand, and must be intermingled with sand without mud or rubbish.

The lampreys choose to make their spawning nests just where the water flows
so swiftly that it will carry the sand a short distance, but will not sweep it out of
the nest. This condition furnishes not only force to wash the sand over the eggs when
laid, but also keeps the adult lampreys supplied with an abundance of fresh water con-
taining the dissolved air needed for their very rapid respiration. Of course, in such
rapid water the eggs are likely to be carried away down stream, but Nature provides
against this by the fact that they are adhesive, and the mating lampreys stir up the
sand with their tails, thus weighting down the freshly laid eggs and holding them in

the nest. Hence the necessity of an abundance of sand at the spawning site.

Description of Spawning Lampreys.

The mature spawning lampreys (see illustration No. 1, a and #) differ not only
internally but also externally from those that remain in the lake and are adult but
not sexually mature. All of the former of both sexes have a conspicuous swelling or
oedema at the base of the dorsal fin. This swelling is always present in both sexes
when they first swim up stream to their spawning grounds, and it is the only constant
external feature that characterizes the sexually mature lampreys of both sexes at all

parts of the running and spawning season. In their internal features they agree at this

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 217

time in the atrophy of the alimentary canal, the very extraordinary development of the
organs of reproduction (ovaries and testes), and in the cessation of feeding and digestion.
It is singularly interesting that the alimentary canal becomes so constricted that
nothing whatever can pass through it, and even the katabolic or waste products can-
not pass out. The atrophy commences at the posterior part of the alimentary canal
and continues forward until the entire tract is but a mere thread.

Although at first the liver presents the ordinary normal color of that organ, it
soon becomes greenish, and later turns as green as grass. This is due to the
prevention of the exit of the bile by the occlusion of its duct. The green substance
and color soon spread to the flesh, which finally becomes entirely greenish. We
believe that if it is eaten in quantities at this time it would prove poisonous, and we
offer this as an explanation of the death of one of the kings of England from eating
lampreys. By the time that the liver has become green (often sooner) both sexes of
this species of lamprey present external features that are characteristic of complete
reproductive ripeness. The males have a dorsal ridge extending from the gill
openings or branchiopores to the second dorsal fin, and giving the two dorsal fins
the appearance of being connected at this time. This becomes so conspicuous that
one can readily distinguish the males while on their nests without disturbing them.
At the time of running many do not have this ridge, but later in the season it is
exhibited by all male specimens. The females do not have the dorsal ridge, but
sooner or later they all exhibit a fold of the skin from the vent to the true caudal fin.
This anal fin which characterizes the females may not be present in the specimens
running early. It has no rays, and appears to be but a fleshy fold of the skin. At
this time the male can also be readily recognized upon close examination by the

protruding genital papilla, as shown in the illustration.

Color of Spawning Lampreys.

Bright colors, which are conspicuous in some parts of the stream, are also charac-
teristic of the strongest and most mature lampreys No creature that lives in the
water is more somber and inconspicuous in coloration than the lamprey during
ordinary seasons. While the larval lamprey is yellowish and pinkish white, the
ordinary adult feeding lamprey is dark above and light to dusky beneath, with or
without darker or lighter mottlings above. However, it is the spawning lamprey, in
its height of perfection and vigor, which presents a coloration of comparatively bright
yellowish or reddish, varying from lemon yellow to orange, russet, fuscous or rufous,
mottled with dark or light spots. A remarkable feature about this is that all spawning

lampreys are not highly colored, and the coloration presents no regular characteristic

218 ; REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

or diagnostic attribute of sex, season, or condition. All that can definitely be said is
that representatives of either sex may or may not be thus highly colored, and after
having carefully watched them for some consecutive years, we are prepared to say
that a greater number of males than females regularly possess this coloration, and in
the early part of the season there is a much larger percentage that is highly colored
than later. Nearly all that run early are well colored, while the percentage of those
of somber or dark appearance gradually increases until the end of the season. This
may be due to the fact that the coloration is most marked in the largest and most
vigorous specimens of each sex—although there may be seen many very large
individuals of either sex that are not highly colored—and the individuals with
greatest vitality are those that first mature and run up to spawn. This is but an
example of a law of all organisms. The most perfect blossoms expand first and
exhibit the brightest colors; the finest fruits ripen earlier than those that are less
perfect, even on the same tree, and have the brightest colors and best flavors; the most
vigorous animals of any kind are the first to arrive at complete maturity, and they are
the individuals that present the best colors and finest appearance.

We know of no kind of animal of which the individual representatives exhibit such
widely differing coloration when at the same stage of reproductive maturity as do
those of the Lake Lamprey. It is so marked, with such absence of intergrading forms,
that it almost amounts to a dichroism, such as is seen in the screech owl. In the same
nest there may be found mating lampreys, either sex of which may present the high
coloration while the other may not; or they may both be rufous or both very dark or
quite somber. The larger individuals are very likely to be colored, while the smaller
ones are very rarely so. Toward the end of the spawning season the color gradually
fades out. It has not been found to especially predominate in either sex, and during —
the past four years it certainly has not shown any tendency to alternate in accordance
with the sex of the lamprey.

What ends of the creature can be served by this rufous coloration? This has been
asked, but not answered. We believe it to be protective coloration, especially when
lampreys swim over the bottom that is covered with brown alge and iron rust, as is
most of the bed of the stream. Their color is such that as they lie upon the kind of
a bottom mentioned it is almost impossible for even a careful observer to discover
them, and a glint of sunshine, broken by the rippling waters, renders them especially
inconspicuous. While the darker or more somber-hued individuals do not thus blend
with the color of the undisturbed bottom, they in turn are less conspicuous while in
the nests, which are darker than the undisturbed stones. We have observed highly
colored individuals, when pursued, leaving their nests, and later returning and clinging

to the reddish brown stones in the bed of the channel near them.

‘NMVdS SAGUMNVI ANVT AHL AYHHM—? ON

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 219

An Albino Lamprey.

One of the most interesting discoveries that we made in connection with our
lamprey investigations of 1899 was a genuine Albino Lamprey. This was an adult
male Lake Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus unicolor). It was found on a spawning nest
with a dark rufous female, on the Pierson farm, near the white schoolhouse, about
three miles southwest of Ithaca, on the afternoon of May 26. The general color of
this unique specimen was pinkish cream, with decidedly pink eyes, and considerable
pink to red showing in the dorsal ridge, especially in the cedema at the base of the
dorsal fin. This plainly indicated the congested condition of the capillaries in the
dorsal ridge and especially in the cedema.

When we found this unusually interesting specimen, we had with us no apparatus
for keeping it alive, and being impressed with the desirability of preserving it for
photographs, we left it until we could return with a suitable vessel for transporting it
alive. It is impossible to chronicle the regret with which we learned, upon returning
to this site, that the Albino Lamprey had disappeared forever. The most careful
search along the entire Inlet failed to reveal its presence. Some large footprints of a
bird and the marks of a wing stroke in the sand told the probable story of its removal

by a bird of prey—perhaps an owl.

The Size of Spawning Lake Lampreys.

The spawning Lake Lampreys vary greatly in size. While the largest may be
twenty inches in length, the shortest may be not half that long, and those of the largest
size may be three times as heavy as the smallest. It may be said that in general the
larger individuals run up stream before the smaller ones; but we have collected some
very large lampreys as late as the middle of June, and they were the last to be found.
We have also collected some of but medium size early in the season. It appears that
there is less range or extreme variation in the sizes of the males than of the females;
although any certain size is no constant feature or indication of sex whatever. Upon
the same spawning nest may often .be found a very large male with a very small
female, or vice versa, or an approach at equality in size. The Brook Lampreys do
not exhibit the bright rufous colors’ or the great variations in size that are shown by

the Lake Lampreys.

220 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

The Spawning Process.

There is much of interest in the study of the spawning process, as it is for the
maintenance of the race that the lampreys risk and end their lives; and as they are
by far the lowest forms of vertebrates found within the United States, a consideration
of their actions and apparent evidences of instinct becomes of unusual attraction. Let
us consider one of those numerous examples in which the male migrates before the
female. When he comes to that portion of the stream where the conditions named
above are favorable, he commences to form a nest by moving and clearing stones, and
making a basin with a sandy bottom about the size of a common washbowl. Several
nests may be started and deserted before perfect conditions are found for the
completion of one. The male may be joined by a female either before or after the
nest is completed. There is at once harmony in the family; but if another male
should attempt to intrude, either before or after the coming of the female, he is likely
to be summarily dealt with and dismissed at once by the first tenant. As soon as the
female arrives she, too, commences to move pebbles and stones with her mouth.

Sometimes the nest is made large enough to contain several pairs, or often unequal
numbers of males and females; or they may be constructed so closely together as to
form one continuous ditch across the stream, just above the shallows. Many stones
are left at the sides and especially at the upper margin of the nest, and to these both
lampreys often cling for a few minutes as though to rest. While the female is thus
quiet, the male seizes her with his mouth at the back of her head, clinging as to a fish.
He presses his body as tightly as possible against her side, and loops his tail over her
near the vent and down against the opposite side of her body so tightly that the sand,
accidentally coming between them, often wears the skin entirely off of either or both
at the place of closest contact. (This is plainly illustrated at the side of the tail
of the male Lake Lamprey, shown as No. Ia in this article. For an illustration of the
positions of the sexes at the instant of spawning, see the picture of the pair in the
upper right corner of ‘Brook Lampreys on Spawning Nest.”) In most observed
instances the male pressed against the right side of the female, although there is no
unvarying rule as to position. The pressure of the male thus aids to force the eggs
from the body of the female, which flow very easily when ripe. The vents of the two
lampreys are thus brought into close proximity, and the conspicuous genital papilla of
the male (plainly shown in the illustration) serves to guide the milt directly to the
issuing spawn. ‘There appears to be no true intromission, although definite observa-
tion of this feature is quite difficult and, in fact, impossible. During the time of
actual pairing, which lasts but a few seconds, both members of the pair exhibit

tremendous excitement, shaking their bodies in rapid vibrations, and stirring up such

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 221

a cloud of sand with their tails that their eggs are at once concealed and covered. As
the eggs are adhesive and non-buoyant, the sand that is stirred up adheres to them
immediately, and covers most of them before the school of minnows in waiting just
below the nest can dart through the water and regale themselves upon the eggs of
these enemies of their race; but woe to the eggs that are not at once concealed. We
would suggest that the function of the characteristic anal fin, which is possessed only
by the female, and only at this time of year, may be to aid in this vastly important
process of stirring up the sand as the eggs are expelled; and the explanation of the
absence of such a fin from the ventral side of the tail of the male may be found in the
fact that it could not be used for the.-same purpose at the instant when most needed,
since the male is just then using his tail as a clasping organ to give him an essential
position in pairing. As soon as they shake together they commence to move stones
from one part of the nest to another, to bring more loose sand down over their eggs.
They work at this from one to five minutes, then shake again; thus making the
intervals between mating from one to five minutes, with a general average of about
three and one half minutes.

Although their work of moving stones does not appear to be systematic in
reference to the placing of the pebbles, or as viewed from the standpoint of man, it
does not need to be so in order to perfectly fulfill all the purposes of the lampreys.
As shown above in the remarks on the spawning habits of the Brook Lampreys, the
important end which they thus accomplish is the loosening and shifting of the sand to
cover their eggs; and the more the stones are moved, even in an apparently indis-
criminate manner shown, the better is this purpose achieved. Yet, in general, they
ultimately accomplish the feat of moving to the lower side of the nest all the stones
they have placed or left at the upper margin. At the close of the spawning season,
when the nest is seen with no large pebbles at its upper side, but quite a pile of stones
below, it can be known that the former occupants completed their spawning process
-there; but if many small stones are left at the upper edge and at the sides, and a large
pile is not formed at the lower edge, it can be known that the nest was forsaken or the
lampreys removed before the spawning process was completed. The stones they move
are often twice as heavy as themselves, and are sometimes even three or four times as
heavy. Since they are not attempting to build a stone wall of heavy material, there is
no occasion for their joining forces to remove stones of extraordinary size, and they
rarely do so, although once during the past spring (1900) we saw two Lake Lampreys
carrying the same large stone down stream across their nest. This was at the spot
which we had photographed a few weeks earlier, and here reproduce as Nos. 8
and 9. Although this place was occupied by scores of Brook Lampreys, there were

but three pairs of Lake Lampreys seen here. It is true that one of these creatures

222 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

often moves the same stone several times, and may even attempt many times to move
a stone that has already been found too heavy for it; but sooner or later the rock may
become undermined so the water will aid them, and they have no way of knowing
what they can do under such circumstances until they try. If this were to be likened
to a quality of the human mind, it could as well be called perseverance as forget-
fulness. Also, the repeated moving of one stone may subserve the same purpose for
the lamprey in covering its eggs with sand as would the less frequent removal of many.

When disturbed on the spawning nest, either of the pair will return to the same
nest if its mate is to be found there; but if its mate is at another place, it will go to it,
and if its mate is removed or killed, it is likely to go to any part of the stream to
another nest. When disturbed, they often start up stream for a short distance, but
soon dart dewn stream with a velocity that is almost incredible. They can swim
faster than the true fishes, and after they get a start are generally pretty sure to make
good their escape, although we have seen them dart so wildly and frantically down
stream that they would shoot clear out on the bank, and become an easy victim of the
collector. This peculiar kind of circumstance is most likely to happen with those
lampreys that are becoming biinded from long exposure to the bright light over the
clear running water. If there is a solitary individual on a nest when disturbed, it may
not return to that nest, but to any that has been started, or it may stay in the deep
pool below the shallows until evening, and then move some distance up stream.
When the nest is large and occupied by several individuals, those that are disturbed
may return to any other such nest. We have never seen any evidence of one female
driving another female out of a spawning nest; and from the great number of nests in
which we have found the numbers of the females exceeding those of the males, we
would be led to infer that the former live together in greater harmony than do
the males.

Under the subject of the number of eggs laid, we should have said that at one
shake a female spawns from twenty to forty. We once caught in fine gauze twenty-
eight eggs froin a female at one spawning instant. In accordance with the frequency
of spawning stated, and the number of eggs contained in the body of one female, the
entire length of time given to the spawning process would be from two to four days.
This agrees with the observed facts, although the lampreys spend much time in
moving stones and thoroughly covering the nests with sand. Even after the work of
spawning and moving stones is entirely completed, they remain clinging to rocks in
various parts of the stream, until they are weakened by fungus and general debility,
when they gradually drift down stream.

In forming nests, there is a distinct tendency to especially utilize those sites that

are concealed by overhanging bushes, branches, fallen tree tops, or grass or weeds,

‘Id SATUMNVI GIO HHL GNV AWAIT SAUAMNVI ONOOA AHL AAHHM— tT ON

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 223

probably not only for concealment, but also to avoid the bright sunlight, which sooner
or later causes them to go blind, as it does many fishes when they have to live in
waters without shade. Toward the end of the spawning season, it is very common to
see blind lampreys clinging helplessly to any rocks on the bottom, quite unable to
again find spawning beds. However, at such times they are generally spent, and
merely awaiting the inevitable end.

As with the Brook Lamprey, the time of spawning and duration of the nesting
period depend upon the temperature of the water, as does also the duration of the
period of hatching or development of the embryo. They first run up stream when the
water reaches a temperature of forty-five or forty-eight degrees Fahrenheit, and
commence spawning at about fifty degrees. Note, in the following table, how a rise
in temperature is accompanied by an increase of the numbers migrating during the
early part of the season. A temperature of sixty degrees finds the spawning process in
its height, and at seventy degrees it is fairly completed. It is thus that the rapidity
with which the water becomes heated generally determines the length of time the
lampreys remain in the stream. This may continue later in the season for those that
run later, but usually it is about a month or six weeks from the time the first of this

species is seen on a spawning nest until the last is gone.

What Becomes of Them After Spawning !

There has been much conjecture as to the final end of the lampreys, some writers
contending that they die after spawning, others that they return to deep water and
recuperate; and yet others compromise these two widely divergent views by saying
that some die and others do not. The fact is that the spawning process completely
wears out the lampreys, and leaves them in a physical. condition from which they
could never recover. They become stone blind; the alimentary canal suffers complete
atrophy ; their flesh becomes very green, from the katabolic products, which find the
natural outlet occluded; they lose their rich yellow color and plump, symmetrical
appearance; their skin becomes torn, scratched and worn off in many places, so that
they are covered with sores, and they become covered with a parasitic or sarcophytic
fungus, which forms a dense mat over almost their entire bodies, and they are so
completely debilitated and worn out that recovery is entirely out of the question.
What is more is that the most careful microscopical examinations of ovaries and testes
have failed to reveal any evidence of any new gonads or reproductive bodies. This is
proof that reproduction could not again ensue without a practical rebuilding of the
animals, even though they should regain their vitality. A. Mueller, in 1865, showed

that all the ova in the lamprey were of the same size, and that after spawning no small

224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

reproductive bodies remained to be developed later. This is strong evidence of death
after once spawning.

One author writes that an argument against the theory of their dying after
spawning can be found in the fact that so few dead ones have been found by him.
However, many can be found dead if the investigator only knows where and how to
look for them. We should not anticipate finding them in water that is shallow enough
for the bottom to be plainly seen, as there the current is strong enough to move them.
It is in the deep, quiet pools, where sediment is depositing, that the dead lampreys are
dropped by the running water, and there they sink into the soft ooze. Such a place
as this is shown in Illustration No. 12, just in line with the lower part of the fork of
the Y-shaped stick. It is from this spot that we dipped the pail full of débris - young
lampreys, dead lampreys, and dead fish shown in Illustration No. 13. Here we found,
later, five dead lampreys and three dead fishes. By carefully searching in the proper,
inconspicuous places, with suitable apparatus, we have found scores of dead lampreys.
However, as their bodies are very soft and boneless, and their flesh decays quite soon,
their remains would not long keep in any place.

On the 8th of June we killed one hundred lampreys, and marked them by cutting
off their heads. They were then dropped in the shallow waters of the spawning beds,
in various stretches of the stream. On the following morning only six were to be
found in the stream, after a careful inspection from the shore, and the next day only
two were visible, although several unmarked lampreys were found dead. This shows
what a very small percentage of those that have recently died we should expect to see,
and also that the absence of great numbers of dead lampreys from visible portions of
the streams cannot be regarded as important evidence against the argument that they
die soon after spawning once. In the weir that we maintained in 1898, a number of
old, worn-out and fungussed lampreys were caught drifting down stream; some were
dead, some alive, and others dying and already insensible, but none were seen going

down that appeared to be in condition to possibly regain their strength.

Stractares and Origin.

There are many peculiar and interesting structural features shown in the lampreys,
but these belong to the subject of their anatomy, which we cannot take time and space
to discuss in the present article. Besides, we have aimed to deal here mostly with the
unfamiliar or formerly unknown features of their habits or life histories, and with those
points that are of greatest importance in connection with their economic effects,
which might throw light upon methods of their removal. However, attention should

be called to the single median nostril, and the pineal body, supposed to represent a

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 225

degenerate third eye, shown in Illustration No. 7; also to the sense organ, in the
enlarged picture, No. 6. A comparison of the arrangement and development of the
teeth in the two species, as shown in Nos. 3 and 5, shows that the teeth of the Brook
Lamprey are rudimentary in comparison with those of the Lake Lamprey, but it does
not indicate that the latter has reached a further stage of development than the
former. The fact is that the Brook Lamprey has developed far beyond the present
stage of the Lake Lamprey, and instead of the teeth of the former being but
rudiments to indicate what is to appear, they are vestiges of what has been. Thusthe
smaller species is an example of the anomalous condition of having degenerated from
a parasitic life and condition to a free and independent life, and has suffered atrophy
of organs in accordance. All evidences indicate that the Brook Lamprey has
descended from a true parasitic form similar to the Lake Lamprey at present, while
the latter has reached its present form through having been landlocked, and conse-
quently considerably modified in comparison with the present Marine Lamprey
(Petromyzon marinus .). The modifications consist chiefly of a reduction in size
and.an alteration (darkening) of color. Such changes are often seen in the true
fishes when they become landlocked from the marine forms, and learn to live perma-
nently in the fresh (sweet) waters. Such changes are seen in the ouninanche, or
landlocked salmon, and even in the alewife, or sawbelly (Pomolobus pseudoharengus), of
our own lake. Our Lake Lamprey, like these fishes, is a descendant of a true
anadromous marine form, and has learned to live throughout the entire year in inland
waters without returning to the sea; but, like them, in so doing, it has undergone
changes, in consequence of which systematic zoologists place it as but a variety of
the ancestral species. There is no doubt that the Lake Lamprey is the descendant
of the Marine Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), which is abundantly found at present
on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and far up the streams that flow into it. It
occurs in numbers in the Susquehanna River, within twenty miles of the Cayuga Lake
basin. There is all evidence needed to establish the belief that the drainage from the
latter region was once southward through the river named, and this is doubtless the
route, rather than through Lake Ontario, by which the objectionable fish parasites
came into these waters. Even at the present time there is a plateau swamp near the
village of Dryden, in Tompkins county, which is so situated and connected that at
one end the water flows toward the northwest, into Cayuga Lake, and at the other end
it flows toward the southeast, into the Susquehanna River. In the stream between
this swamp and Cayuga Lake there is to be found a certain species of fish (Semotilus
corporalis), the fall fish or corporal, which is peculiar to the southeastern fauna. If
one fish or fish-like creature is able to come over the divide by this route, another
should be able to do likewise.
15

226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Practical Efforts at Extermination.

When the full life history of any animal is as well known as is that of the lamprey,
as given above, mankind is in position to take practical measures for either its cultiva-
tion or repression. ‘There is no animal or plant that cannot be made to either increase
or decrease by the intelligent effort of man. Each has its weak point at which it must
be assailed to exterminate it, or during which time it should be given especial help or
protection to lead to its increase. However, if this vital period is not known, it is
impossible to suggest practical measures that will prove effective. Hence, to make
fishes more abundant in our State, it is essential that we should have greater
knowledge not only of them, but also of all their enemies.

Practical fish farming is the most neglected of all possible important industries of
man, and there is no single jurisdiction on earth that is as well provided by Nature
for the development of this promising resource as is the State of New York, with all
her many fine bodies of pure and fresh water. Yet it is unfortunate that little besides
the so-called “fish culture” of hatcheries and the planting of young has been done in
this State. Illinois, Indiana, and other western States are leading at present in
practical investigations along this line. Notwithstanding the good work of several
hatcheries, we cannot expect to have fish abundant in this State while the young that
are thus produced are turned loose to starve in barren waters, where intelligent efforts
might make their food abundant, and while the nature of the food and needs of the
young fish are not known, and while in the waters there remain to multiply unmolested
such serious enemies of our best fish as we have just shown the lampreys to be.

No person who has any knowledge of this subject realizes this more fully than
does Hon. A. N. Cheney, the able State Fish Culturist of the State of New York, and
it is due to his efforts, combined with those of the writer and other interested persons
at Cornell University, and especially Senator E. C. Stewart, that an item was inserted
in the Annual Supply Bill, in the spring of 1897, providing $500 “to be expended by
the New York State Fish, Game and Forest Commission for the extermination of
lampreys and noxious fishes of Cayuga Lake, and investigations of fishes by the
Biological Department of Cornell University.” As Fellow in Vertebrate Zoology and
Teacher of Systematic and Economic Vertebrate Zoology in Cornell University, the
writer was given entire charge of the experiments and investigations, without pay, but
with two paid assistants. The appropriation was made too late in the spring of 1897
to permit the work being undertaken that year, but plans were made for beginning
the work early the next spring.

In considering the known life cycle of the lamprey, it can be seen that its weakest

point for attack is when it exposes itself at the spawning season. But to exterminate

‘aId SAGUINVI GIO AHL AGNV AAIT SAUUdNWWI ONNOK AHL AYHHM—=t ‘ON

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS: 227

the race, the individuals should be killed before they spawn. This means that they
should either be caught while running up stream or taken from the nests while first
constructing them, and before spawning. Even knowing this, the subject of “ How it
is to be done” is of the utmost importance. One savant writes: ‘‘ Nothing could be >
easier. Simply catch them while going up to spawn,” etc. But when we consulted
‘with him about the details of his plans, he could offer none excepting the probable
one of constructing a pond beside the stream, and turning the lampreys into it as they

run up stream. Since the lampreys, in running, always work against the current, and

No, 13,—LIFE AND DEATH.

as there is no current in such a place, it can be seen that this plan would be impracti-
cable. In searching literature for help out of our dilemma, we were forced to conclude
that the printed suggestions upon the practical side of this subject, and the degree of
ease and certainty with which these suggestions can be executed, reminded us of the
story of the mice that planned to bell the cat.

From a suggestion of Dr. H. M. Smith, of the United States Fish Commission,
that the principle of the fyke might be used in this work, we decided to construct
a weir with wings extending entirely across the Inlet, and catch everything that ran
up. Selecting a suitable site about three miles from the lake, and at the lowest point
the lampreys spawn, we obtained permission of the Messrs. Van Orman Brothers to

construct a weir and erect a watchman’s house on their property. We also computed

228 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

the amount of material to be required, and went to Cortland to select wire netting.
The first order of Wickwire Brothers was for $37.50 worth of galvanized woven wire,
part of which was of one-half inch square mesh, and part was of one-fourth inch
square mesh. A small house was purchased for $5, and moved to the site of the weir.
This was used for storage rooms and watchmen’s cabin. It was decided to make the
weir somewhat after the principle of a combined pound net and fyke, with the wings
meeting like the sides of the letter “ V,” with
the apex up stream and at the middle of the
channel, where the box, trap, or pound was
placed. The box was made of woven wire
of one-fourth inch square mesh, and was sewed
together with copper wire. A bottom of wire
netting was also sewed in it, and care was
taken to close all holes. The only opening in
the box, besides the top, which was left un-
covered, was at the lower side, where the ends
of the wings were inserted into it. The pound
was held in its place in the stream by means
of long sections of iren pipe, put through iron
rings, fastened to its corners and driven firmly
into the ground. An elevated board walk,
placed on stakes, was built around the pound,
and also along the place for the wings. The
lower tier of the wings was made of one-
fourth inch mesh wire netting, and the upper
tier was of half-inch mesh. They were

fastened to the bottom with a horizontal sheet

of wire and timbers covered with sand, and

LAMPREY WEIR,

a.—Wings of wire netting. .—Wire trap or pound. they were kept in place by iron pipes driven

Bia ce eet ear ebay iar oe Ste upright in the sand through rings fastened to

Teh. peu aaa ow uy Seo ae ae their lower (down stream) sides. In this way,
any creature running against the current would find itself directed toward the
center of the stream by the wings, and finally up into the trap or pound. With
a large, square-framed net, made to fit the pound, the catch was lifted out at
regular periods every morning and evening. At these times the writer regularly
visited the weir to determine the important features of the catch. If any reader
thinks it was no effort and sacrifice to go up through the low, damp valley three miles

every morning at five o’clock and every evening at six, for over two months, he is

Ree

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 229

greatly mistaken, and should try it in order to fully appreciate its true meaning. The
result to the writer was a long period of serious illness with malaria, and the prevention
from doing much valuable work.

It is a singular fact that, owing to the unusual number of very heavy late rains,
the spring of 1898 was the worst that has been known here for fifteen years for just
this kind of an experiment. Our weir was entirely submerged no less than six times,
and completely washed out three times, so the attendants had to leave it, and could
reach the cabin only in a boat. Of course, each freshet of this kind caused a break of
several days in the records, as is shown in the following tables. Another source of

serious annoyance was the efforts which the misguided persons who lived above the

No. !4.—TRACKS OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS ALONG THE SHORE WHERE LARVAL LAMPREYS LIVE,

weir made to thwart our plans, because they had been told that we intended to kill all
of the fish that ran up stream, and they were accustomed to fishing in the Inlet with
seines at times when the game warden was not likely to appear. The antagonism of
these persons, for whose interests we were so earnestly working, reached such a stage
that at one time they threw several barrels of feathers into the stream, above the weir,
for the express purpose of stopping it up. At another time we were treated to
a wagon load of old onions, and at other times to piles of brushwood, leaves,
dchris, etc.

Although the following table shows twenty-one species of true fishes caught, none

but suckers were ever killed. We do not even think it necessary to openly deny the

230 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

ridiculous story started by persons of no principle, to the effect that many pounds of .
trout were sold from the weir. It is unfortunate that the experiment could not have
been conducted during such a season as the present (1900), when all conditions of
Nature have been quite propitious, and we have not had one rain during the entire
spring that would have been strong enough to have vitiated in the least any of the
desired results. We were anxious to make as much of a study as possible of the
movements of fishes as well as of the lampreys, and consequently kept the following
records very carefully. A summary is given at the end. Beginning with May Ist,
two columns are given to each date. The first is for the morning catch, which was.
taken out about 6 A.M., having run into the trap during the night; the second is for
the evening catch, taken out about 6 P.M., and having run into the trap during the
daytime. It will be observed that most fishes and lampreys move up at night.
“Clearness of water’’ is given in relative numerals, “t” meaning quite clear, and “5”
extremely muddy ; intermediate numbers stand for grades of turbidity. ‘ Height of
water” is also according to an optional standard. In the tables ‘‘m” is used to
designate male, and ‘‘f” is used for female. Where no sign is prefixed, the surface
of the water was above this mark, and where the minus (—) sign is prefixed, it was

below the mark.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 231
RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF APRIL.

Daysor Montini mei sae 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 30
GONE INC COTY ps aes cy. X X OM ee |arvenes Sri eeg ee aipareens on inca c-Rel
Jay IN ls IRCOOUE! og a bychthiclote-o! S aiecn beef pera etch trie Regi Hearne Wi arte leer mee I Ae eae Pel ees age
shrapyVWiashedh Outen sets einer to +. SAMA, te cabled WN wiereiea (eee oad hil steer e X aN
dliemiperatune Of Walton eer Aes all ea sien ep 44 43 44 TNGT IGN tee ean eet ee ena
Cleamessioi Waterman ace I 5 3 2 2 2 5 e
Height of Wiaten eed ou TESOL || eR 4 3 2 Bieler wee sling tN Cen
Brook Wamprey Sri nieeteen sic Siete Beater heehee 3 CoN A eae sats WADED tii cee
ae empresa ei 5) | | cn alc net
Boke Dompreyeun Hand Nets ; ie ic ra a be
NS IEREUIVOKEENEUS, 8a eae ses Ss i ke ae SE OS REL a] Vsseene leet tet ele Era Wane (yp LS e
goo. White Suckers... ea er eae gunn nae
ROeeEBlackIneacey Miro warn yey gen nas eae ir sue ta etre alter [cle egal cu slege cena ktetta aul Ne eee a aT 2s
368. nloniedsDacceea ee Rene Saige Sch ies he ea eTeh Racal LRU OS ERS Se poet
Ariows Goldens shiners ee Rie: aie cee Ena SUPE Nera neice Hil la on Re ea Dae
MAO SINISE: 3'5 615 85.6 ala w G01 Bicol] sree o- ay |foraieom in lloras 2 Di Era peers esemanrers leneeint ry brine cet Pee
AUG 25 SHING SIE RMS) 1h Bowie: & sally Sheva ol (Se ot Nehaue eel oem a 18 rg) G Takei eas ea pe care
AG gleam CC LUIT SMM ea yearend Papecew ecco aM Wa tau ys ein) etre) wisc| a Societe fies diseors [Mbsesea loved tems ees
Eis Oe © Utale ip Stem emer ea eer iralien erm guia ear cccalbac ites Wares Siena [acs =\ocamelliaceetah ere Seen
FOP SNL CY AN FILE PIER parti pe et ecenreet eNO Neste gtecery cen cela (Po al, ca tu Maar ec Tn Ra aba Be et
799: Reon TUSROWIE ig a 1316 Bs hv ‘ch hex vee DRT set DRIER | SU eral PevReD es coe ee em ena Pe ne
SOE TOO Ket vco 1 tremens racer een all me Pee sd oC senate! ose) wgcuestaar an ctealliedepeteenalie dena. ale Se emia Neate ahs
O42: ERI e ie tek Carry ee neta Tare | eee waned teach ae lea danas army acelin ae, shoes G8
SiG, ERG, TING ok 20s 2 alia eee genet Outen fae | anc (re ee Pe ane
TEHOG sae OMEN eT Cheer Wace tent mma bse ei.)Illera afer aealltens sci ovene ta ich 3 Beye aes el arcun ome
TAL Go, INOS TBESS: Gc ooo cob cafe do sgaleguaon|/aenae a) claiaes|| 2 acy bal| pepo ae ceacblallse Bon -
1436. Common Sunfish........ ee Oe ere RR eS Se IE a as
TAR. ILA AS OOOH JOVENE)S JETS 5 I obec 5 {femcee ce ©:|| 05 eer So NEMO Neatiecs feel Cae Reen [eon er nT |e ey
Dewi vellow Foe rc he ne tees er eI NS OT ae Oe
TAU AACS CLA CCM DARE Tram cine imate Namie Grullteied ela) < ss carlin sep dtiei lteter silos lio toa ae aes
AGRE. WME AN ood) "isha a lola cue easy outa (eenere cee bse 6c be Mean UPe sheer tee Rei ern con' ll emia a

= 222

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF MAY.

Day cof Monghi: (sos. hones tes oe eae I 2 4 5 10 | ra
AM. Record eaih. be yi\e aa ite ae ane Re (ee Se paca ie Ge tne eer al) ile Xe a
PM Records Wa ree Sees Paley a calmer x. a
irapy Washeds@iut yee ees ieee ae ee | x | ale
Temperature of Wrater idaho pe potatoe 45 | 48 | 48 48 eaueeal| sie
Cleamess.ofs Water 184 hte sy oh ee 2 3 Lette 2 I I
Eleightvot;Wiatenic ae siqy.955 alae ee SO | I r I
Brookwicampreysh athe his0 See oie eee I I
akesWampreys)inaWicinn aoe es eee \ : = care. SF Ti oe
Lake Lampreys in Hand ING tStcae ee Neemone ; ; - A Bai
226) Bullheads) 2) ne 2S ee f
300. White Suckers... *)................ ; ee 3 be a
B62. Blackhead Munmow ee) soln name me BR eta
SUG PalOpenyel IDRIS, S254 5 Gaon bs Ge ou yc ou eine sil oot ois
avon (GoldentShinersiess ase) ne eee Peale 2
4 Aig: SIIMETS scene ee. ced eee Ni ee ones 2 Sea Za EES Ae TM 2
AOg Silver Fins Sc.) ou. e ae. aoe eee ae u | eae by 1 | I
quai. Red ins hc eae oer, oe aan ere ae | ese ian 3 2
Roy Cuetielb MOS soak 2 ee ee SoReal aa
7o7: Ale Witediie ©)" Cie ee ‘ ee
799-5 Rambow Mrout, (7... 0 seepage lt aerepeamieag apeee | ae ei] et NO nena aaa ae |
ong aoe Ieee nn ells. AN I 1a Nemec Faeth Boe fy | EO eer \-
OA 2t HPI eee eRe Sr oe See Sy ee . ; j ieee
959 Barred Killifish...................... | Ie I
1169. Trout Perch .......... Gain peed asi) 70 a j
Viv ieyed Nololic IBAGS. ye ue ge 2 2 | 2 4 | I 2
14367 Common? SanitiShae sees: ie nels |e aealeppeeel e's. ee eee
1438 Large-mouth Black Bass ee aaa | le =e | ie ie
14:43. WelloweRerch et ae eee tn eemreess bay | Se werden: (Se niet (hte k
14742. Messellateds Darter maya meee ae aia Fo | Be mtd we ae ey
2335.0 Millers ahumb tent ee een ie ame a3 aa Wa Gees SERA Sal
|

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 233
RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF MAY.—ConrtTInvu_Ep.
Day of Mont he eer semen rs Se ae 12 15 16 17 18
PAGS IE INC COTC ey emer en eterna) Ju! Kee si OC Web bebo 2S Mea ata Reale
IP. M. INECOnG te sees ee ee: Gel eae ae el) Wel eae:
Teahouse PE Sh epee ee eee a ee
Memperatunerota Valen esis. ee Na 52 iBaiet 50 52 51 fee ksh 58 WiGe Tae
Gleanness! ofewWiater- one seis se oe oe ie ae 2 es B | 2 2 2 2 ee Ti pee
Height of Water............. aie SE ealn a) en Sewn e ea le av
BO OCIA TOYS Rd see Ay Piccaese) a este ah eens 2 ayes Lae COS Cae Pee aie
ale wiecampurey.s ine cline eters ers e. i ie es | : a : Bs Ip a ae z ne
ake Wampreys)in’ Hand Nets:..:.... i | Nee i = ER Rene eer oe
DH: JB OMMNGEIGIS vou ae cf ae oe a ar orora eo hee er nae er ae ps seal oe?
zoo. White Suckers .............-.. eR eS ial eee lone
362. Blackhead Minnow .. Per nee. Paes a ine ens |
368. Horned Wace cama ea a eae | Oe eee ae eae EGY se tee ng Nee
ParomiGoldensshimerse serie Sree Seales eke ae tras | eal es Re
VAR Seats) TTL CT. SV epee oh elie ral a crt pea ea: fom bark: ee r eee ao rere aaa ees
LOSE S Ulver MINS ne wk nar puters ce enue a2 PE adit lease eae eh Petes Dae es relly cy Speak weaves eee a
AGUS AROGMIPUSS Jee Bvedeca tele pos Seas Pen ery Oe ama oS lee Usain eee
INO CUTSIET St wre ite oto E A ain D eee oig Nt Al iht Ss Ay FEA OW | icon Aa ame eal ee te
AC ieee ea ee LEE ee ea a (ae ag eae el ota ee
OOo Aenimlronre INO Fake on ss awa Beles eee Baa ies are a ow ROS en aren Oe
Sort, ROOK WOW, 5 .¢ ss 56 co’ ty Coat cece TAL ae I | I
ROP ID ee Male ee eet anya Pra a ee caer] Won re na eR nL Loge
ORG TERE TUN Gisy Ss a obs shushuskin fel een ee ae
1169, Trout Perch ....... Ree eee eee eee
WAR LOCK BD ASS acre oe aie seh are: ae 3 Ligh ee Dial ean eee ete
MLaO+ Coqnanxorn Stevi . 5 jody coe osu tee SoG Ge eee Ree | alee Nee em ae
1438. Large-mouth Black BASS em era cosa Soe ata ee PE OE eae
rAd, WellOnYy IPSCO s ogddo wesc oe ee onee | Peres Pee: ae ES Ee RN aera
1474a. Tessellated Darter ..... AG nee pee ie aaa “ee Le ri Brienne Scale
(2335. Gob, Wetenan eyes sis SieMe age dean Can cen ele es Loe a Re See
|

234 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
RECORDS OF ‘WEIR FOR MONTH OF MAY.—Continvep.
Day jofiMionthy Areas: Carters See 19 23 24 25 26
ACM: Reco oe ear ae Le [S223 OX eee
Di MieRecord se Soy ee ee Be |S eel eee ool x
ArapiaWiashedi Outs: 0 tise iacn weer cee Re aD Pa ase ae
Hliemiperatunesot Waters ee mee ees oa S oer | 09 poets 55.) 64 i583. ol | as 7m
@learmessiof Waters eee series ora ith hee | Re Bal a3 2 2 I 2 2
Ieightiois Water. meg seen ere Salsa 0433 G || 12\) To 8 Ble
Brook Lampreys en PAIR SE ch Drea See [eee ce 5
oat § 22m 19m 7m) 9g mlrgm 2m.
Wakemlzamprey Sy Uns VVelbiensrs) rte te cn p16 £ cae AOE oe bai
: teh haters 43m 39m Billige saa

Lake Lampreys in Hand Nets........ yale Relea.» aot) © Wloete ot
2210:; Bullheads iia: 5 shee Oke Ee eee ye alle 2 ae Ri
Boo: WihiteySuckenss nies = eile tes ; ae I
B62. Blackheade@N iamnow, ieee ae eee enere Kk
Bod slOraeGl IDES... soc bbe on 22 s06e ae male|
YavOn Gold eny SMI eLS a irae is ene cae 2 en Seyeke
WA SSHIMETSE syle are ee ens a a eee ee Sahel eae nays
AOG a Silver MENS tare ern) alee see eee ew
UNG ps toned crate abo eneace wae nce Gea Dini. yoE leso% eee el Bele:
stom sk Gite OF Obie wera orain celia wince ae aaa beans | | "a ee
Gee CUAN AIL: . Samet eclceserincotidtsletby fo . IO | 95 4 I a
Hon Arena Kon? INCOME 5 asc acd eno oo eS nee ene Lame ia neo.
Sone LOOK MUTOUte er aoe ne eee ene nid ee Med all re aed jeyes
Coy rie ead onl na sate de aR er ote oie sed Tae ee
geo. Barred! Kalish |...) he ae ial has a 20 eS ee
TOO. ebcoutwlerchir. We saar mut eerie Powe al pater ae ae 2 2
TAQs INOCKE BASS pret ree oie cm rae ee ran W tea pie I I ee
14.26) Commonsounmsh\ eagle sen eau yee 2 3 I
1438. Large-mouth Black Bass...:..... pease ea cen oe

es E me SM YE a ey] ee eee | Sori
1443.2 ViellowsPerch) spi ea eee tell ere etal acer |e Nae ase I
TA 7Ad a hessellateds) artenmnn trim | nee I Tahar
2235.) Millers ain biiies: sista een eee | Hoa: | Eee ia Mo ctolfae ens sc oellien sllewre|Gene tess »

PISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF MAY.—ConcLuDep.

235

DayrofMonthierewcy miata eee fre vc: 27 28 29 30 31

ING ING ASC ONAL: 55 9 ek 8c Ale ok sae oe ere a yal aie Seger NOC bese baer» Keuk leactee ts
peg Es INC COL GMM eke -yraeaahen wake al seer sae - oo ae Tice SURES LS Gil Sale Fa Oye.
Mapa aASMEGL Olt wary. aackoas se 2) -y,.Usk-vs fo SS Be Beitr EL ae ae Lo ee aes
Temperature of Water roe ee 55 | 60 ee hes" 60 “66 | 58 | 64 | 61 | 66
CleaMESSOnMVatehen gaeter eiart es eaes eee: “eel 3 2 2 2 I =| Beri Wan see
TESTE its Of VALE aere cee ee Poet e, Sears, oie eck hee 2 2 Dae ee leaned =i
RO Olay UAT PEN Sia a 4a ete bee lates po os [Eaeaee eal etal ee Pee oar Rae ener | Be
Lake Lampreys in Wele 00, eee ae ae
Lake Lampreys in Hand Nets... ee ae
DAG ae BOM NCGS g Wictin tcc: dood eet chemo neres aecl= I 2 I bese eg Ps cal ced roam cen ee
ACOA Vailives) SNCS Hy eel a ae Ge eee Helos ie te pail Oa
362. Blackhead Minnow ............. es Bg ee A a a sa
Boss Llonmeda Dace ssyer a ass I (ae aes ee So errata Cran sae
MaponG Old ene SMIMELS ae. tin. digs 2 othe ae os Pe Ree ro aioe uals ia
Aid vSio° ISUSIUNE) TS gk es Oe Lele elena Be OR ee eT 3 Ree I 2M lear
ANS Se- RMN DENIS) tyre) eletin el cole ie eee ee coe oe nee 3 ae aa ne ae iwiene | lecbaste Ry aA
AUG TS URNSXGL EMTS) 2 2)01 elt: ate gag al ee fe eae Sora eae AW at ml
Rid@), MOULIN OS's Wie aren randiaes fa th wean ee ee eet ee | re seg Per ys es eer
Ee Alea yen ee er ee | al: all a ee ver te nae eon tna | a
OO ear wali DOWER O Ute eas tenes es Se: pe joe ee Son! eR mee aa gi iss.
SOQia (idole Woes. 4 Saves wes Ce ae ee pire dees aM Ser CMR nS ered aa
OMEN e rie tn He our iat See MOR OS RN chicos aaa Re | oe el a
959. Barred Killifish................. ree aime Teme Te he
HWOSE Mole IOS oo Sooke boo ud eee Ee 2 see 2 Wee, Pe ini
Telegu NOCKMBASS sks augers pee sen 2 2 Sone) Gee 2 | 2
1 a(OS (Choyeadeovoyey Swiss 3G oe eee sie ia Vee Bea ceo ere

1438. Large-mouth Black Bass......... Pree le a Pee Ree eae
TAA. WEMOW? IER «5c ooh cbceao me cows | Bare alae Arai share ne ee?
naqags Wesssllleieel IDeriGe . ck so6 beens So anaes te oe Pel aaa ie cepulliaeee
PEC MileinnnbDe ee ee [Se are eae aan sera ae ene var one

236 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF JUNE.

Day of Month. detect oh ie aaa eee I 2 3 | ‘A

SASIM SFRIECOrd oe Nal anna ees ME ee X
P. M. Record ..... CSR GS be Se ee cea
SErap Washed! Out ese vere epee eae AN tees

emperature ofiWater 0 ere eels fn OZ

ClearmessiotawWatenne so ae ee eee Sit I I I I I I I

HieightioleWater ee eo cies yea ern ee Wee So hl 5 ai

Brook Lampreys ute Pier tx en hs 'y5% 5 Spee am

; ; esi hess pate
Wake WbampreysimayWieit er ae eek ace i} at| of! 3¢

Lake Lampreys in Hand Nets........ yl6gf Soni ie PRINS beige Sole

Dro Bullneade eee RAC A PCS) NT in, ene a er

BOO IMILEESUCKETS inure lea eeiatiees ee eae ea er Rec I
202.) Blackhead Minnow se e0es sehr ata I ie ee eae a eee
BOS. Etoined Ace Ce a te tee a mary pen PEP oe al tae Pee 3...
Aro Goldengshinersemac anit ier er rork I ei oe. | Pace Rees oe ae
WAZ SMIMECES anys Oe ee bane esa eee Se Reon eee ee ee ae onl |S
A633. (SiVersHins oF ts eect Seed vena h ts seme bey areal ewe eet eee al et ear I ea
a1. Red Fins .......: nn ae ee Pe erie ceva | 2,
5 SO CUtHIps 5 save ons sca ee oe ete era ee See Be nt
ee Mena Pe emer
FOO.) INalnbOw, vunOUb pat -ascpnrae mettre eae Fay GO| oe a ron Shia ae aie
oirg Aol Wowk’ sd sce sy sadasacn : ec lunc ea eee eal azelaus ||...
O42. Bike Meee ys ore eee ke eee Fotee ellen fay eae Pail
kon anes Rumlimeh oS 7, SU NE eal nea P75 rs a ee a ee
TL69..ehrout Berehy yess e. Rae | ea he a OO I ree eee
TAT) FROCK BASS ete ric at leeds. ea. ues AE ees, ele I 2 2, |e ioe
1436..Commonisinfisho se "aie eee | Te ea eee ea ee |
1438. Large-mouth Black Bass......... [ee neal Peal eae C2 hea ee
1443. Yellow Perch .... eee ; eee Ae I ee ee ee ee 1
14.74@:! Lessellated:D artente wy wipes suas lec teayed fans ee rte ptt ce Sear al eager eg eared lionel eve te cme
2336.) Mallenswbhumb ge arena meer: eee PU Saree er ane Pee keee

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

237
RECORDS OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF JUNE.—Conrinuep.

Dayco fi Miomthie ee weet tele ees tenn 6 | 7 8 9 10
AG mMIIS ONC ond igre ieee ne eis ete) Ve ae Ca ey eC eee
DEINE RCcOrdm pena ee a Pere Ta SNe lies: Ore ee SG
acpi as ede Ot n eterey syed aye ooh Ga eae rs ioe En rpee ee ee
Memperatuncoi Waters saa7 ata oo sn 6S. ll aa. 65. Che. 71 63 6G, 62 Wigan
Gleannessiof Waterss, =a. sachs coe se Gllane I eee 3 ag ene ee
iicight of Waters 2. le. ee enol S61 Salve as alas
IsyOOle ILAwIARAYS, |. on ecb auag tee coaanal ee a oe eal i ae
Wake laimypneys, mavens) ote tint } yaar a a ae ie 3f | ; = : a
Lake Lampreys in Hand Nets........ Meany) oe Laude eee ie bea
ZAG Unillncaae ales eee a ae ie ae ee oe ec

x LS pe Mag aia eA el ty fee —|—— |, ——_| — | Pave
goo. White Suckers... 2.00.00... fi ee Oe Ss re Rae
362. Blackhead Minnow ............. ir Eee wee Bias ae, Eu ae ae no ae
368. Horned Dace. RR ash ar A spe ae iy Attn alee ere See
ane, COldlen Simoes aces go 4 bce cogs ee glaop clever icc Qala aioe Pal ee || Ret ees
443. Shiners Suites Ot. dle wean te PN ae eet TARE ies 2 PPR Pe aul ee nie alata cL ne
463. SVC oe eS qniee B i es eerie Tins ae ee,
Ay pire We gran SRE Cae consti ohede au Gruen d cote eee ae I A lteta | Wee 12 5 6
BRga Cutsbipsrpea tours tee ria esas Ma eee: renters ees owen ibe. ah
Pope Mist Wika aoe ape ee BREE Ons ee eee a
WOO ambowe Rrouteniet ce ae te meaner Rei, heer. Wom ei see Blake Se:
Sorte Brooksiiromtnert sets searing I eee Acie ee a Bee aoe
Gee re ene Pm are | Wie Meme oars avs ee a
aaa EPO ae Freelance eM eo ea
TeRO OQ yhr Ube ACT CO tea te erie at ee eet cle Ber esa Aa lisa I
DAbieareNOCK BASS) nu erase oes neta ree qa (ales ies ie ee | Te oe ae I
TARO, Comamncnmy SOMA 5. occ ao ope ee hie So arene eas I | ie
1438. Large-mouth Black Bass......... elas ae mer ieee ae Reerieat
AVE NAO NO ARS KOU Baton abi o a eh pide ae eal Res Sac ee Ee ae Bre at koe
WAAC amlessellatecd) antek sei eie ee eae ein aie eR BCs nee, cS ES eu
ARs. IMUM eS WMbeMD) soca cd be ese eae e ne Ss os eee oe

laa a |

238

RECORDS

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

OF WEIR FOR MONTH OF JUNE.—ConcLubep.

Day of Month

A. M. Record
PM. INCOM TARE SIGS MiGs osc ede sadco lab ey
Trap Washed Out .

Temperature of Water

Clearness of Water

Height of Water

Brook Lampreys

Lake Lampreys in Weir

Lake Lampreys in Hand Nets

226. Bullheads

300. White Suckers

362. Blackhead Minnow

Il

evel gels,

HS}

| |:

Horned Dace ra
Golden Shiner

Shiners

368.

410.
443-
463.
Cre
559:
707.
799-
Sor.

Silver Fins
Red Fins
Cut- Lips
Ale Wife

OAPI Ke pe shoe tye n nt ects Ievovis oie Su tae he reat | eet
Op oumBarred), Kenllitishi, ga: otek on events mee eee llama
P1GO, # DLOULMECKCH 4 28.faicle eis 4 acts oer eck ce ea cel eee

Rock Bass

TAL RNOCKMBASS ite. sta miei cee Cie eee
1436.
1438.
1443.
1474@. Tessellated Darter

Common Sunfish

Large-mouth Black Bass
Yellow Perch

2335. Miller’s Thumb :

Bee thy oi

OO0-0 jlo" 016

#) 70) f= (on) volte) tale
se ee lew we

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 239

The above detailed tabulation of the catch of the weir for the spring of 1898
contains the bare facts from which any person can, with proper study, derive many
conclusions concerning the migrations of not only the lampreys, but also the various
species of fishes enumerated; but our notebook also contains the specific records of
many significant observations which cannot well be tabulated. Some of these we give
in this text. The numbers used before the name of a fish, both in the tables and in
this part of the discussion, refer to the numbers of the respective species in Jordan
and Evermann’s “Check List of Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle

No. (5.—LAMPREYS CLIMBING FALLS.

America,” published in the “Report of the Commissioner of the United States
Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1895.” The catch of each species is treated in
proper serial order.

8a. The Lake Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus untcolor De Kay).—The table shows
a destruction of 1,686 specimens of this kind of lamprey, of which 589 were known to
be males, 551 females, and 546 of undetermined sex. Of these, 471 were caught in
the weir, of which 244 were males, and 227 females. Owing to the very unusual
amount of late rain and high water, the trap was washed out six times, and other
unavoidable difficulties were encountered which permitted many lampreys to pass on

up stream. A fairly successful effort was made to capture these before they spawned.

240 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

By the use of hand nets, 1,215 were caught up stream, of which 345 were known to
be males, 324 females, and 546 of undetermined sex. There is no doubt that the first
Lake Lampreys ran up on the last evening of April. On the morning of the Ist of
May there was a pair of this species in the trap. Although they were both large, the
male did not yet have the dorsal ridge which characterizes the full sexual maturity,
nor did the female yet possess the anal fin. The attendant who spent the night in the
cabin by the weir said: ‘““The lampreys got into the trap early in the evening, and
did more splashing and jumping than any other kind of fish.” The lamprey that was
caught on the morning of May 5 was seen in both the forenoon and afternoon of
May 4, hanging to a stump in the water about half a mile below the weir. By far
the greater number of both lampreys and fishes are recorded in the forenoon catch,
because they were the ones that were caught running up during the night-time.
Most of them ran between sunset and midnight. The attendant reported that the
female recorded on May 21 was the first lamprey that got into the trap after
midnight, most of them having arrived at this place (about three miles from the lake)
at about nine or ten o'clock at night.

The first male to possess the dorsal ridge, described elsewhere, which was caught
in the weir, was the one recorded on May 27, and the first female thus caught
possessing the anal fin, characteristic of the sex at spawning maturity, was caught on
May 28. Others showing these features had been taken from the spawning beds for
some days, and, after the latter date, nearly all that ran up bore these characters which
marked them as being fully adult and mature. On May 30 a ball of about forty
lampreys was taken from a gigantic spawning nest on the sandy and stony shallows
just below the weir, and on the same date two old females, which had spawned out,
drifted down stream and lodged in the upper part of the weir. They were placed in
a wire box, in a shady place in the stream, but it was impossible to keep them alive
longer than three days. Others, of both sexes, occasionally drifted blindly down
stream, but they were nearly dead. On June 5 two females were caught which did
not have the anal fin, and one male had the dorsal ridge but very slightly developed.
These were the last caught from which these structures were absent.

It will be observed that in the beginning of the season the number of males caught
was greatly in excess of the number of females, while in the latter part of the season
the females predominated; also, with the water becoming muddy, the number of
running lampreys decreased. This is doubtless because their gills are even more
sensitive than the gills of fishes, and foreign particles lodging in the gill pouches
would cause very great annoyance and real suffering. Further, the numbers running
increased as the water became warmer, and decreased as it became cold. This is

especially noticeable in the records for the 11th, 15th, 23d and 24th of May, when the

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 241

temperature rose to above fifty degrees Fahrenheit, and the records show increased
numbers of lampreys running then; but on the 18th of May the temperature of
the water fell to forty-six degrees Fahrenheit, and there was a decided cessation in
the running.

15. Brook Lamprey (Lampetra wildert Jordan and Evermann).—At the time work
was commenced on the weir (April 9), transforming Brook Lampreys were seen
partly out of the sand all along this part of the stream, and their nests were soon
crowded with them, both above and below the trap. The very small number of these
creatures actually caught (only ten) in the weir would appear to indicate that, through
the spawning of many generations on the same sand-bars in which they lived as

larve, they have practically lost the migratory instinct.

SUMMARY OF THE SPECIES OF TRUE FISHES IN WEIR.

226. Bullhead or horned pout (Ameiurus nebulosus Le Sueur).—Seventy-six caught.
These fishes spawn in this region during the early part of the month of June, and it
can be observed that it was at this time that nearly all of the specimens were
captured. Some of the adults were doubtless on their way up to some lagoons near
the Inlet to spawn, but most of those captured, especially of the thirty taken on
June 9th, were immature. This would indicate that the migratory instinct impels
fishes that are not mature as well as those that are, and from this we could infer that

a search for spawning grounds is not the only motive in “‘running.’”’ It may also be
due to a desire to change feeding grounds or conditions of water.

300. White suckers (Catostomus commersonit Lacépéde).—Ninety caught—thirty-
five males, thirty-seven females, and eighteen sex undetermined. The undetermined
suckers were small and immature, and these, with the young of nearly all other species

6 ”

of fishes, show a distinct tendency to “run” at the time when older specimens of the
same kind are spawning. It is seen that, compared with the time of spawning of the
lampreys, the bullheads are late, while the suckers are early. A few female suckers
that had entirely spawned out were caught still pressing on up stream. The ‘“‘run” of
these fishes commenced about the last of March and ended at the middle of May.

362. Black-headed minnow (Pimephales notatus Rafinesque).—But four caught.
Many others are to be found here at times.

308. Horned dace (Semotilus atromaculatus Mitchill).—Fourteen caught, most in
the month of June.

410. Golden shiner or bream (Abrams chrysoleucas Mitchill).—Twelve caught.

443. Shiner (Votropis hudsontus Clinton).—Seventy-three caught, most in the first

| half of June.
16

242 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

463. Silver fins (otropis whiplit Girard).—Fifty caught, most in the latter part of
May and the first half of June.

471. Red fins (shiner, dace) (Votropis cornutus Mitchill).—One hundred and thirty,
nearly all of which were taken during the first half of June.

559. Cut-lips (Exoglossum maxillingua Le Sueur).—Four collected. Common.

707. Alewife or sawbelly (Pomolobus pseudoharengus Wilson).—One hundred and

fourteen, most of which were taken in one school on the afternoon of May 23.

799. Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus Gibbons).—Only two of these were captured,
but one was fifteen inches long, and others even longer were caught in the Inlet by
various anglers. This indicates gratifying success in the efforts of the United States

Fish Commission to introduce this species of fish from the West Coast.

801. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill).—Nineteen were taken from the

,

trap. They evidently were not in schools, and were not ‘“‘running”’ at this time of

year, but were merely passing from one feeding ground to another.

942. Pike (Luczus luctus Linnzeus).—Only one was seen, but this was remarkable
for the fact that it was a large female measuring over three feet in length, and was
filled with ripe eggs, which stripped readily. As this was at the close of the pike’s
spawning season for this region, this definite observation was enough to prove that the
representatives of this species may ascend streams to spawn here as late as the middle
of April.

959. Barred killifish (Fandulus diaphanus Le Sueur).—Three caught.

1169. Trout perch (Percopsis guttatus Agassiz).—Sixty caught. Light is here for

the first time thrown upon the spawning habitat and period of this unusually
interesting and generally rare fish. The trout perch is so named because it has many
features that partake of the trout, on one side, and ally it to the perch on the other.
It thus stands intermediate between the soft-rayed and the spiny-rayed fishes. It is
a living vestige of the fish fauna of a past geological age. Nearly all that were caught
were taken during the month of May, at which time they were in ripe spawning
condition, showing that they run up streams here to spawn during that month. It is
so rare that many naturalists of high reputation who visited our weir had never
before seen it alive. In fact, in Dr. Meek’s “Fishes of the Cayuga Lake Basin,”
published in the “Annals of the New York Academy of Science,’’ in 1889, he said:

‘“‘T have seen no specimens of this species from the lake.”

1413. Rock bass (Amblopites rupestris Rafinesque).—Ninety-nine, caught mostly
in the latter part of May and the month of June, which indicates their time and place
of spawning here. Many taken at this date were adult males or females, and were

evidently going up stream to spawn.

16.—TWELVE

ek
aicrennc eee ee

BULLHEADS, HORNED POUT, OR “CATFISH,” FATALLY INJURED

17;--EIGHT BULLHEADS FATALLY

INJURED BY LAMPREYS.

BY LAMPREYS.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 243

1436. Common sunfish (pumpkin seed) (Lzpomotzs gibbosus Linnzus).—Fourteen,
all caught in the latter part of May andin June. They spawn in this region in June
and July. Many of these taken were immature.

1438. Large-mouthed black bass (A/icropterus salmozdes Lacépéde).—One.

1443. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill).—Fourteen. It should be noted
that the spiny-rayed fishes were caught in greater numbers in the latter part of the
season, while the soft-rayed fishes (notably the suckers) were caught earlier. This
agrees with their general periods of spawning.

t474a. Tessellated darter (Loleosema nigrum olmsteadi Storer).—But two were
caught, although this darter is very common in the stream. They are so small that,
like many other fishes of the smallest sizes, they are able to go through the meshes of
the netting.

2335. Star-gazer or miller’s thumb (Cottus zctalops Rafinesque).—Only specimen
of this species was caught, although at times they are not very rare in the iake.
They spawn in the shallow water of the lake, in the latter part of April.

Although this completes the list of fishes, mention should be made of the facts
ascertained concerning the habits of the Batrachian (Vecturus maculatus), mud puppy
or water dog. These serious enemies of our fishes go up stream to spawn in the latter
part of March and the early part of April. Their eggs were taken from the water on
April 16, and on June 16 two young necturi, each one and one fourth inches in
length, were taken from beneath the trap.

Owing to the many washouts, it cannot be said that the weir this year was a
marked success, although it surely would have proven satisfactory during ordinary
seasons.

In order to see what could be done with hand nets alone, the writer engaged
an assistant during the spring of 1899, and waded the stream every one or two days,
removing all lampreys possible. Over eighteen hundred were killed in this way, but as
we did not see all of those which were collected by the assistant, it was impossible

to make an accurate record of the proportions of the sexes represented.

244 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Explanation of Itlastrations.

All the illustrations for this article, excepting Nos. 2, 15 and 16, are reproductions of
original photographs by the writer. .

Illustration No. 1.—Adult Spawning Male (a) and Female (b) Lake Lampreys, taken from
the same spawning nest. The male (@) plainly shows the following characters: The dorsal
ridge, the edema or swelling at the anterior end of the base of each dorsal fin, the male organ
of intromission, the absence of the anal fin, and at the middle of the tail a sore spot which was
made raw by sand coming between the bodies of the pair when they were closely appressed at
the instant of spawning. The female (4) shows the shorter but thicker body, distended with
eggs, and the anal fin which is distinctly characteristic of the sex. Both show the single median
nostril, the seven branchiopores or gill openings on one side, the numerous chitinous teeth, eyes,
anal and two dorsal fins, etc.

Illustration No. 2.—J/ale and Female Brook Lampreys, on Spawning Bed. (Reproduced
from a drawing by Dr. Bashford Dean and Mr. B. F. Sumner, in the ‘‘ Transactions of the New
York Academy of Science,” Vol. XVI, Dec. 1897.) The pair at the top of the picture are in
mating position, and the one in the lower left-hand corner is trying to move a stone many times
its own weight.

Illustration No. 3.—Head of Lake Lamprey (two thirds of natural size). The neck is twisted,
but the gill openings are plainly shown, and one sees the circularly radiate arrangement of the
numerous chitinous teeth, and the oral cavity.

Illustration No. 4.—Jlouth of Like Lamprey (twice natural size). Showing the fimbriz or
papillz (at the left) which fringe the outer margin of the oral disk.

Illustration No. 5.—/ead of Brook Lamprey (one and one half times natural size). Showing
teeth, eye, gill openings, sense organ, sense papilla, tongue, etc.

Illustration No. 6.—Head of Brook Lamprey (twice natural size). Showing the fringe of
fimbriz all around the mouth; also the numerous sense papille and the larger sense organ on
the neck (the latter on the median line).

Illustration No. 7.—Head of Brook Lamprey, back view (one and one fourth natural size).
Showing the single median nostril, and caudad (toward the tail) from the nostril is shown the
pineal body, supposed to represent the rudiment of a third eye.

Illustration No. 8.—IVhere the Brook Lampreys Spawn. Looking directly up stream from a
point on the bank back of which the water flows. The sticks were set in the spawning beds by
the writer purposely to take this picture. Each stake marks a spawning bed. At the extreme
right of the picture is the spot where the camera stood in taking No. 9.

Illustration No. 9.—Where the Brook Lampreys Spawn. ooking across the stream. Each:
stake marks a spawning bed. At the extreme left of the picture is the spot where the camera
stood in taking No. 8. All of the illustrations of this nature here shown were taken in the Inlet
of Cayuga Lake, within three miles of Ithaca, N. Y.

Illustration No. 10.—Where the Lake Lampreys Spawn, Looking diagonally across and up
stream. ‘The boy standing in water shows depth across here. Each stake marks a nest, but the
stakes without papers mark nests that had been deserted without spawn having been deposited
in them. The stream here is twice as wide asin Nos. 8 and g; note that the nests are much
further apart than in the preceding.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 245

Illustration No. 11.—Where the Voung Lampreys Live and the Old Lampreys Die. Looking
up stream. The pail is on a sand-bar in the water from which many young (larval) lampreys
were taken, and just at the left of it is the shore that was photographed for No. 14. It was to
this spot that dééris, living larval lampreys, dead adult lampreys, dead fish, etc., were carried
from the stream bed (water two feet deep, silt three feet) of the lower right-hand corner of this
illustration (No. 11) and photographed for No. 13. In the edge of the bushes directly over
the pail was where the camera stood in taking No. r2.

lllustration No. 12.—Where the Young Lampreys Live and the Old Lampreys Die. Looking
down stream toward the middle of the bottom of No. 11, from the point at the shore just above
the center of No. 11. At the right of the pail is where Nos. 13 and 14 were taken; the debris,
etc., for No. 13 being carried from near the middle of the pool just over the pail shown here.

Illustration No. 13.—ZLife and Death. Débris containing many larval lampreys and dead
lampreys and fishes. Carried from near the center of No. 12. Photographed on the shore at
the left of the pail in No. 11, after the exposure was made for No. 14. ‘The sunken leaves,
sticks and silt in which so many young lampreys were found, show that these larve prefer to live
where there is an abundant organic deposit or sediment rather than in a mere sand-bank. The
several spawned-out dead lampreys, not visible until the mud was taken out, indicate that such
a site as this becomes their final resting place. In short, this ¢dr7s was from a place where the
force of the current is lost and all kinds of organic material sinks. Here is where the larval
lampreys find the greatest amount of food, consequently they occur here in greatest numbers.

Illustration No. 14.—TZracks of Birds and Mammals along the Shore Where Larval
Lampreys Live. Some of these animals have been known to destroy the young lampreys, and
undoubted proof is often found cf their having taken them from the sand. Photograph of a
portion of the shore just at the left of the pail in No. 11.

Illustration No 15.—ZLampreys Climbing Falls. Reproduction (by permission) of a. photo-
graph of the three-toothed lamprey of the West Coast, climbing Falls in the Willamette River,
Oregon. Taken by Dr. H. M. Smith, United States Fish Commissioner. (See article in the
Scientific American, for April, 1900.)

Illustration No. 16.—Zwelve Bullheads, Horned Pout, or “ Catfish” fatally injured by -
Lampreys. Collected and photographed by the writer.

Illustration No. 17.—Light Bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) fatally injured by Lampreys, and
showing characteristic Lamprey scars. Collected in Cayuga Lake and photographed by the writer.

Isl, JA, SIOMRIRACIS,. Professor of Zoology,
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, State College P. O., Pa.
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY.

On the Dogfish (4a calva/, \ts
Habits and Breeding. —

BY _BASHPORD DEAN:

HE dogfish (Ama calva) is a
troublesome occupant of many
of the waters of the northern

and western portion of New York State;
it is, in fact, one of the commonest as
well as one of the least desirable of our
fishes. It is voracious, exceedingly
hardy, large in size, and is well known
to feed upon other fishes, as well as
upon their food. It is itself valueless
as afood fish. Its raw flesh is pinkish
in color and peculiarly soft and pasty;
when cooked, it is stringy and taste-
less. In certain localities, as at Black
Lake, St. Lawrence county, its meat
is said to be poisonous, but there seems
to be no adequate foundation for this
belief. In South Carolina, where it
also occurs abundantly, the writer has
known the dogfish to be used as food

by the negroes; but as far as the writer

is aware, it is never eaten in the north-

IN THE SHADOW OF THE PINES

ern States. On account of its many un-
favorable qualities, therefore, the fish is one which can well be spared in our
State waters. And the Fish Commission believes it desirable, and even important,
to collect data as to its habits and spawning, which can be used for the purpose
of reducing its numbers in localities where it is over-abundant. For evidently
the lakes and waterways of many localities can be made to yield a greater number
of useful fishes by destroying their most rapacious enemies. And it is even possible

that by such means a greater good to the fisheries might be done than by the more

246

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 247

difficult and costly expedient of restocking the waters; for by the latter measure, in
certain localities at least, a greater supply of food stuff is given to the predatory and
useless fishes (of which the dogfish is an excellent type), and thus these forms,
instead of the useful ones, increase and multiply.

Accordingly, in the present: paper my purpose will be to call attention to the
especial features in the natural history of Aza which suggest a means of reducing its
numbers, where this shall be found expedient. We may refer to (1) the usual habits
of the fish, (2) the peculiarities in its spawning, and (3) the means which can be
devised for its destruction. The writer might state, by way of parenthesis, that the
dogfish, in spite of its bad reputation among fishermen, is a creature of high esteem
among zoologists, and that its extermination and extinction would be regarded by
them in the light of a public calamity. For it is the sole and but little modified
survivor of a great race of fishes which in the mesozoic times gave rise to most, if not
all, of our living types (teleosts). To the zoologist, therefore, the extinction of such
forms as the bison, Rocky Mountain goat or bighorn would be a matter of far less
significance than the loss of this much-despised fish. The former means but the
extinction of a species, the latter of an entire zoological order. The zoologist may,
however, console himself with the reflection that it will prove a practical impossibility
to exterminate the dogfish, whose hardiness is attested by the fact that of all its
kindred it alone has been able to survive the calamities of innumerable years, and that
under the natural conditions in North American waters (where it alone survives), it

has even competed favorably with the more modern types of fishes.

I. Habits.

Many notes have been published regarding the habits of the dogfish. They are,
however, usually brief, and are scattered through the literature mainly in connection
with anatomical and embryological studies, or in remarks added to faunal lists. The
following will serve as examples of these descriptions :

Dr. Kirtland states “that the dogfish is found in Lake Erie, where it is frequently
called the Lake Lawyer. It is distinguished by a ferocious look and voracious habits
(wnde nomen?) The flesh is rank, tough, and not eatable. To the anglers it is a
troublesome nuisance by taking their bait, and often breaking their hooks and lines,
which they can readily do by means of their large teeth and long jaws.”

Charles Hallock, as quoted by G. Brown Goode, refers to the food and habits of
the dogfish thus: “They take frogs, minnows and sometimes the spoon. Their
habitat is deep water, where they drive everything before them. They are very

voracious and savage. Their teeth are so sharp and their jaws so strong that they

248 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

have been known to bite a two-pound fish clean in two, at the very first snap. They
are as tenacious of life as the eel.” He further adds: ‘‘The young when about six
inches long make a famous bait for pickerel and pike. ... . Put one hundred ina
rain barrel and you can keep them all.summer without change of water. For the
aquarium the young have no equal, and on account of the spot in the tail are quite
attractive. But nothing else but snails can live in the tank. He wili kill a lizard or
any other living thing the instant it touches the water.”

Dr. Estes, also quoted in Goode’s work, deserves the credit for the earliest known
observations on the nesting habits of Amza. His notes are in the main confirmed by
later authors. He describes the splashings of the fish ‘‘on certain days’’—~z. e., when
spawning—the position of the spawning places, the season of oviposition, the duration
of hatching, the attendance of the mate, and the later history of the young fish. A
portion of his account deserves to be given in detail: “I have sent these young dog-
fish hundreds of miles for the aquarium. It is only necessary to keep them in water,

‘

a change scarcely being required. The adults are the great “jumpers” of the lake.
On certain days they are to be seen in all directions jumping clean out of the water,
and turning complete somersaults before again striking. They spawn in May and
June among the grass and weeds of the sloughs, if they can reach them in time. As
soon as the spring rise comes, usually in May and June, and connects the inland
sloughs with the lake [Pepin], they run up and over into the sloughs, deposit their
eggs, and remain near the beds and young just as long as they can and not be shut in
by the receding water. The eggs hatch in eight and ten days, the parents remaining
with the brood two or three weeks, if possible, but will leave them much sooner, if
necessary, to save themselves. The young will not make any effort to escape to the
lake until the next season, when, if an opening occurs, they come pouring out in
countless numbers. At this time we take them by stretching the minnow seine across
the opening and raising it when full. They are now from three to six inches long, fat
and chubby.”

In general appearance Amza suggests somewhat the catfish. It is heavy bodied
with a large and somewhat depressed head, and a well-rounded snout. In its move-
ments it gives one a suggestion of its great strength. When observed cautiously it
appears slow and deliberate, with the air of a creature which dreads no enemy; when
startled, however, it pushes through the water quickly but clumsily. In shallows it
often breaks the surface of the water and leaves a wake behind. In point of size the
male and female differ notably. The female sometimes measures four feet in length,
and weighs perhaps thirty pounds; the male is smaller and relatively of less weight.
The sexes also differ in their coloration: at breeding time the male presents quite a

brilliant appearance. Its color is chrome green, fading away into orange-yellow and

‘QIEW DINSIJ UaMOT

‘a]euUe4 suUNSY suoddn

[IVAIV VIWNY) JIGNINS 4° NIZ-MOG ‘HSI-LGQAW ‘Usiz

-J0d

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 249

creamy white below. At the side of its tail there is a conspicuous spot, with a ring of
orange about it, and flecks of scarlet are sometimes seen, as in the specimen figured,
on the sides of the body. The female, on the other hand, is somber in hue and
scarcely shows the spot at the base of the tail. In the latter regard, however, the
females show considerable variation: in some cases hardly a trace of this caudal spot
can be seen. The accompanying colored plate represents the fish, male and female,
in the colors they assume during the height of the breeding season. The drawings
from-which these figures were taken were colored from living specimens by the
late Dr. Arnold Graf.

The dogfish has been described by some as diurnal, by others as nocturnal in its
habits. In the daytime during the season of breeding the fish can readily be seen in
shallow waters, and, when not actually on its nest, can sometimes be made to take a
bait. At night, however, judging from my own experience with set lines, the fish is
not often taken. And the result of my later observations is not favorable to the view
that the dogfish is distinctly nocturnal in habit. With a view of determining how
active the fish were at night, I have kept them in captivity and I have also watched
them at different hours on their spawning grounds, when light was no more than
sufficient to enable their outlines to be seen. My conclusions indicate that the
dogfish is rather to. be regarded as most active at twilight. It takes the hook best
shortly after sundown and during the early morning, and at these times I have seen
it exceedingly active under natural conditions. Ina general way the fish can hardly
be described as shy. As far as taking an alarm is concerned, it behaves very much as
a catfish: it is certainly less apt to notice one’s approach than, for example, many
common teleosts. A

The general habitat of the fish varies greatly at different seasons of the year. In
summer it frequents deeper water; in spring it comes into the marshy shallows and
makes its way through reedy places where the water is scarcely deep enough to
cover its dorsal fin. In general it affects muddy water.

In the matter of feeding, the rapacious nature of the dogfish has already been
noted. Its common articles of diet, as Filleborn, for example, has noted, are small
fishes and crayfish. The latter are especially common in the stomach contents.
Among the specimens examined by the present writer was noted one, a female, meas-
uring twenty-eight inches, which had eaten, among other things, a pickerel twelve
inches in length. Another, a female measuring thirty-one inches, contained the
columns of eleven fishes, cyprinoids, each about three inches in length. Another,
taken at twilight near the margin of a rubbish heap, had eaten scraps of meat and a
lump of a raw potato, the latter having been taken from the stomach altogether
undigested. Among the local fishermen of the Wisconsin lakes, salt pork is well

250 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

known as a “killing” bait. I have found no evidence that the dogfish eats fish, or
more accurately some fishes, after they are dead. Dead perch and sunfish remain

untouched, even in regions where Azza is very abundant.
Il, Spawning.

The dogfish deposits its eggs in more or less definitely prepared nests.* These
often occur very abundantly in the reedy shallows in the margins of the lakes. A
particular region of the shore will often be given marked preference: in one case
observed by the writer eleven nests occurred within a radius of fifty feet, and seven
of these within a radius of fifteen feet. The spawning season, like that of all fishes,
varies somewhat from year to year. In Wisconsin, where the fish have been most
accurately observed, the height of the spawning occurs about the middle of May. It,
however, varies in this locality from the first day of April until the early part of June.
There is usually a maximum period of spawning, as in the case of other fishes.

The actual nesting habits of the fish have not as yet been examined in sufficient
detail. There is good evidence to believe that the fishes divide into spawning parties,
as in the case of the garpike, Lepzdostews, each party consisting of a female and
several males. In a single instance the writer has seen three fishes on a nest after
spawning had commenced. Whitman, on the other hand, maintains, also from a
single observation, that but a single male is present. The eggs are scattered over the
nests thickly, in number varying from a few hundreds to possibly a hundred thousand.
A single male tends the nest, keeps away intruders, and by vigorous breathing
produces a current of water which probably retards the growth of fish fungus. The
fish stands guard, sometimes for hours motionless, save for its movements in balancing
and breathing; at other times it appears restive, turning about in the nest, making
short detours, and returning by the “runway” which it provides. A favorite

«

position is for the fish to lie in the “runway” with its head projecting over the nest.
It usually remains in the shaded side of the nest, but appears occasionally in bright
sunlight, so that it can be seen quite a distance away. Such a fish, for example, has
been photographed and is shown in the two cuts on the following page. These
pictures clearly demonstrate that Aza does not hesitate to show itself in the
sunlight, as Filleborn early maintained. The outline of the nest ‘in this case was
clearly seen from the surface, and all of the “ supernatant ” rushes must have been
brushed aside, or even removed by the fish, since the nest was photographed as it first

appeared.

* The writer has obtained good evidence that inconvenient rushes are dz¢ten off when the fish
prepares the nest. This is also noted by Reighard.

FIGURE i.

FIGURE IV.

FIGURE III.

CALV A).

NESTS OF THE DOGFISH (4M/A

ae

mt

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 251

The eggs hatch out in the course of about a
week, the length of time varying notably with the
temperature of the water. The larve pass their
first few days deep in the nest, where they attach
themselves to debris by means of curious sucking
disks developed on the under side of their snouts.
In the course of another week or so, the young are
probably herded together by the male fish, who
leads his flock of young to various points in the
neighborhood in search of food. This peculiar
“nursing habit” of the male is known to continue
until the young fish attain a length of several inches.
During the later spring it becomes a common sight
to see the male fish accompanied by a dense swarm
| of young, the latter appearing dark in color, and at
first sight tadpole-like.

The foregoing description of the nesting of Asma

MALE AMIA GUARDING NEST.

may perhaps best be understood by reference to the
accompanying figures, 1 and 2. In the first of these, in Figure 1, is shown a typical
nest. This is located among very dense rushes, and the water in which the eggs lie

is scarcely eight inches in depth. The rushes are flattened down to form the

bottom of the nest and they are covered by
thickly deposited eggs. The present photograph
is taken from a nest which was quite open to
the sunlight. In Figure 2 is pictured a nest which
occurred in deeper water than the preceding.
This too is shown in an altogether natural con-
dition. Its depth is over two feet and its diameter
over a yard. The bottom has been largely freed
from rushes, these having been actually bitten
off by the fish. Fresh cuts were apparent on
the bases of rush stalks that were taken from
this nest. In Figure 3 a surface view of another
nest is shown, in which, again, the surface has
not been disturbed. A clear space enables the sun-

light to enter the nest. The nest, shown in Figure

4, has evidently been carefully prepared; its circu-

lar outline was of almost mathematical accuracy. MALE AMIA GUARDING NEST.

252 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

A few rushes which were found floating on the surface were removed before the
present photograph was taken. It was a nest of this kind which the writer sketched
in an earlier paper on the subject. The present figure shows also the concave nature
of the bottom of the nest, and it even indicates the delicate rootlets of the rushes
projecting inward. It cannot be stated that the nest of the dogfish is a/ways as
elaborately constructed an affair as the present figure indicates.* In the writer's
experience, however, he has found that a definitely prepared spawning place occurs in
as large a proportion of instances as eight or nine out of ten. Occasionally, when
the fish selects its spawning place in deeper water—four feet or more in depth,—the
bottom and its adjacent hummocks may be of such a character that the fish can utilize
the natural conditions with a minimum of effort. An instance of this kind is shown
in Figure 5, where a natural outline for a nest is formed by clumps of rushes. The
water is here slightly over a yard in depth. In the case of this nest there were no
“supernatant’’ rushes present. The eggs were exposed to the sunlight and the fish
itself was largely exposed. Even at this depth the eggs can be seen clearly a couple
of yards away; there seems to be a peculiar brilliancy to the eggs which causes them
to stand out in bold relief against the dull colored background. Perhaps the most
characteristic nest shown in the present figures is that of Figure 6. It was photo-
graphed just as the boat approached it, and the guardian fish could still be clearly
seen. It will be noted that the water surface is encumbered by but few rushes. The
open.space serves to let the light into the nest, and is, I believe, of direct value in
hastening the development of the eggs. It is in this clear space, by the way, that the
fish rises to the surface, from time to time, for respiration. Another very typical nest
is that shown in Figure 7. This, too, was photographed at the first approach of the
boat, the fish having just been driven away. Here again the central portion of the
nest is entirely open; the “‘supernatant’’ reeds are practically absent and it is only
the slight overbending of the marginal rushes which makes the nest appear at the
surface smaller than it really is. To give an idea of the general character of the
bottom of such a nest, the writer caused it to be removed. The rootlets which
attached it below were clipped away, and a towel was passed beneath it. The bottom
of the nest was now lifted out but little injured. It was then placed in a bucket
of water and photographed (Figure 8). The present illustration is accordingly of
interest as showing the exact character of the bottom of a nest. One observes the
dense masses of eggs scattered upon it, and the mossy and matted rootlets which
smoothly line it, which suggests the lining of the nest of a bird. Before concluding

this section of the present paper the writer may be permitted to quote several para-

* The fish, as Fiilleborn notes, is ‘‘ particular” in selecting the site of its spawning place. And
favorable nesting places are probably occupied from year to year.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 253

graphs from one of his earlier papers; these add several details to the history and
habits of the newly hatched fish:

“After hatching, the young fish remains inactive for several days, during both day and
night, at all events under the living conditions offered in an aquarium. ‘There is a marked
tendency for the larva to attach itself by its sucking disk, but, rather curiously, it does not seem
to become attached to the surrounding stems and leaves of the water weeds; it sinks to the
bottom, and there, lying on its side, rests attached to whatever may have been touched. In
case no solid object comes in contact, the sucking disk functions, nevertheless, and becomes
covered with sediment.

“The larve of the second, third and fourth day exhibit considerable advances; they depend
less upon their sucking disk, and occasionally exhibit a spasmodic activity ; when touched, they
wiggle about rapidly for a short distance, and then sink motionless, resting on their sides. As in
the younger stage, there is a tendency to swim head downward.

“The larve of the fifth, sixth and seventh day have become notably active in their
movements, are restless, and can with difficulty be kept, even for a few minutes, in a single spot.
When not swimming they rest on their yolk-sac, in a normal position; but even then their large
pectoral fins are kept in constant movement, as if serving as balancers. They disliked to be
turned on their sides. They breathe with quick movement, the mouth and gill covers opening
and shutting widely.

“The larve of the second week begin to attain the characteristic movements of the adult
fish; they balance themselves with inconspicuous movements of the fins, pectorals and dorsals.
Their firm movements in swimming are now in contrast to the wiggling motions of the younger
stages. The caudal fin has become the main organ of propulsion. It is at this period that the
young fish have been seen near the surface attended by the male, in dense swarms often of
several thousand. As previously noted by the writer, the habits of the young fish under these
conditions may be readily observed; the attendant male may be closely approached, and its
movements followed. In a slow and cautious way he circles about, now over and now under
his swarming charges, watchful apparently that the stragglers shall be kept up to the rest; and
in their turn, the young fish seem to fully realize that it is their duty to keep as close as possible
to the guardian It was found by the writer by no means easy to approach the male fish
without attracting his notice; he appears to be constantly watchful, and when alarmed exhibits
the greatest solicitude for his charges. Sometimes he backs quietly into some reed-screened
pool, hiding below in the shadow of floating weeds, his presence betrayed only by the black
mass of larvee about him; at other times he will skulk cautiously away, drawing the swarm after
him as rapidly as possible. His duty is clearly to care for his charges, aud in the majority
of cases, when he finds it impossible to carry them off with him, he will remain quietly and face
the enemy. In one instance he was actually pushed away. There can be no question, the
writer believes, that the feeling of alarm of the guardian may be transmitted to the young ; for
in case of need the swarm can be moved more rapidly, the young, excited in their movements,
appearing to draw more closely together ; under all circumstances they appear to be careful not
to disperse. When the male has been driven away, the swarm sometimes becomes so dense
that it may be taken almost to a fish by a single dip of the scap-net; if not interfered with, it
will gradually move away and take refuge among the floating weeds, often so perfectly that no
traces of it can be noticed. Exactly to what period the larval Amza remains in company with
the male fish has not been determined. The smallest which in any case the writer observed
measured five eighths of an inch, the largest one inch: and as these notes have been made from

254 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

a large series of swarms, during a period of about two weeks, there is ground for believing that
the time of the guardian’s care of the movements of the young extends from, at least, the stage
in which the yolk supply is exhausted, to that in which the caudal fin and scales have attained
the adult outlines—a time certainly not less than four weeks.*

‘The rate of growth of larve of the same swarm has been observed to be approximately
uniform, the individual differences depending rather upon size than upon actual developmental
advances; larve of apparently the same stage of development vary in length as much as three
eighths of an inch. In some cases, however, the range in development seems, as nearly as could
be determined, to have been equivalent to a difference of two or three days.

“Upon the dispersal of the swarm, the larvee appear to make their way to the well-weeded
shallows. of the neighborhood; here they remain during the first summer, occasionally taken
along adjacent shore reaches in the drawing of the minnow nets. Mr. Henry G. Meyer, to
whom the writer has hitherto referred for his kindness during collecting trips, has stated that
during the first summer many of the fishes will be taken in and near the mouths of the small
streams that feed the lake chain of Pewaukee. It may, at all events, be surmised that the
habits of the late larvae of Amza do not differ widely from those of the prevailing forms of the
locai teleosts.”

Ill. Means Saggested for Redacing the Nambers
of the Dogfish.

_ The foregoing notes upon the spawning and habits of the dogfish provide the fish
culturist, I am convinced, with data which should enable him, and with relatively little
trouble, to materially reduce their numbers in localities where they abound. He
learns, for example, that these fish will repair to a more or less definite locality at the
time of spawning, and that here in the shallows their nests can be readily found and
destroyed. He concludes, furthermore, that without extraordinary effort he can secure
the male fish which guards the nest and young. This he can take either by snare or
by spear. As the first step in reducing the numbers of dogfish, he finds it of course
necessary to determine accurately the time of spawning; in this he is helped, since the
general limits of the season have been already indicated. The exact time of spawning
may usually be determined with but little difficulty, for the splashing of the fish during
the early days of spring may be looked upon as an indication that spawning has either
begun or is about to begin. An occasional rise in the shallows is thus found to mark

the preparation for spawning; a continuous and noisy splashing, one which can be

*«¢The writer has recently learned from his friend Mr. F. B. Sumner, that the period of the
attendance of the male is much longer than at first supposed. In Minnesota, Mr. Sumner records
the taking of a swarm of Ama larve in which the individuals measured three to four inches in

_iength, and must have been about four months old. A remarkable fact in connection with them was

that all of these young fishes (females, therefore, as well as males, although no dissections were made
to determine sex) had acquired the characteristic coloration of the male, with the prominent orange
and black spot on the caudal fin.”

rIGURE VI.

FIGURE V.

FIGURE VIII.

FIGURE VII.

NESTS OF THE DOGFISH (4M/A CALVA).

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

bo
On
ont

noted at a distance of a hundred yards or more, is, in the experience of the present
writer, a most useful sign that the fish are actually spawning. At this time, perhaps,
the greatest difficulty will be experienced in approaching the fish closely enough to
capture one or more of them. A slight movement is sometimes enough to give the
alarm. And a further difficulty in capturing them at this time is the muddiness of the
water, caused by the energetic movements of spawning. In some localities, no doubt,
nests are more easily found than in others, but in a general way the writer believes
that there are few fishes in our fresh-water lakes whose eggs and young can be secured
with less difficulty than those of the dogfish. Should the novice in collecting fail to
find at once one of their nests, the rush and splash of the escaping guardian fish will
often give a sufficiently obvious hint as to the location of a nest. I may note, further-
more, that the dogfish does not prove itself skillful in throwing a human enemy off
the scent; one rarely finds that a fish will move away quietly from the nest and then
make a noisy escape in order to divert the collector. The fish, on the other hand, is
far more likely to remain on the nest till the boat is actually upon it, when with a
sudden plunge it reveals the exact position of the nest. So fearlessly does it stand
its ground that in several cases noted by the writer, the fish was not discovered until
the stern of the boat had passed over it. There may indeed be cases where, although
almost touched by the bottom of the boat, the fish has been actually overlooked; but
as the writer has noted, the shape of the nest is so often shown at the surface of the
water, that one can frequently detect it before any sign of the fish js visible.

Furthermore, the habit of the dogfish in accompanying its young for a number of
weeks after hatching gives the fish culturist another valuable hint. With little
difficulty many schools of young dogfish can be found and destroyed. The very fact
that the young when alarmed draw together into a more and more compact mass puts
them readily into the hands of the collector—although on the other hand, this habit
has doubtless proved of great value as a means of preserving them’ from rapacious
fishes; for should the young scatter at the first alarm, they could obviously be less
perfectly protected by the parent fish.

In conclusion, accordingly, I think it is fair to assume that whenever it becomes
necessary, dogfish can be readily destroyed. The fish themselves can be speared
when they appear at the season of spawning; their nests can be found and destroyed;
and young fish can later be taken, and in large numbers, when in company with the
male fish. 1am led to believe that a single collector, operating in a lake several miles

in length, could in one season reduce the supply ot dogfish in a very effective way.

256 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

e

THE, HABITS AND BREEDING OFVAMIA] BIBLIO GRAPES

ALLIS, E. P. 1889. The Anatomy and Development of the Lateral Line System of
Amia calva. Journ. Mcrph. Vol. I, pp. 463-566; Pts. 30-42. _

DEAN, BASHFORD. 1896. The Early Development of Amia. With 3 plates. Quart.
Journ. “Mier? Se.” Vole 38) Pt Ae pp. 413=441 442-4440) Abstr ines) oumnas
R. Micr. Soc. Lond. 1896. Plate 2; pp. 173-174.

1896. On the Larvai Development of Azza calva. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f.
System., Bd. 9; Hit: 5:, pp: 639-6725 3 Plates and 17) figs ins text) Abstm
ine Journ. ike Miers Socy ond weeklake si. pp. 20-2

DE Kay, JAMES E. Zodlogy of New York. Part III. Pp. 269-270. (Quotes Dr.
Kirtland and Dr. Richardson.)

FULLEBORN, F. 1894. Bericht tiber eine zur Untersuchung der Entwickelung von
Lepidosteus und Necturus unternommene Reise nach Nord-Amerika. Sitzb. K.
Preuss; (Akad? Berlintie Bad ees sp py 10571070:

GOODE, G. BROWN. 1884. Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals. Pp.
659-660. (Quotes Charles Hallock and Dr. Estes.)

KINGSLEY, J. S. 1885. Standard Natural History. Vol. III, pp. 97-98.

REIGHARD, JACOB. 1900. The Breeding Habits of Amia. Sczence. N.S. Vol. XI,
Now 208 = iebs LOmsp e240!

SHUFELDT, R. W. The Osteology of Ama calva. U.S. Com. Fish Report for 1883.
Washington, 1885. P. 94; plate XIV.

WHITMAN, C. O., and EYCLESHYMER, A. C.. 1896. The Egg of Amia and its
Cleavage. Journ. Morph. Vol. XII, pp. 309-354; plates XVIII, XIX.

5p SI

TEMPTATION.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

257

Schedale of Prosecations for Violations of Fish, Game and
Forest Saws for the Fiscal Uear Ending Sept. 30,.1898.

TITLE OF CASE

People vs.

People vs.

People vs.

Albert E. Jones,
Edward Hammond,
Charles F. Beebe,
Henry Conklin,
William Townsend,
James Conklin,

IP, lf, Caner,

Charles Dart,

Sidney Trombler,

Cash. Lamy, .
Albert Winch,
Elmer Grinshaw,
James Kennedy,
Andrew Burgess,
John Mohler,

H. M. Stevenson,
George Reniger,
George Hotaling,
Andrew Sheldon,

George Baxter,
Frederick Josh,
John Cline,
Henry Seager,
Manley B. Thurston,
Henry Stein, .
Jacob Stein,
Jacob Schlaefer,
Jacob Wagman,
George Martin,
Burt Bence, .
James Hallings,
Charles Biesiegel,
Louis Lockwood,

em NY em" *

\aam *

COUNTY

PROTECTOR

RECOVERY

Steuben,
Schuyler,
Yates,

Franklin,

Essex,

c

John L. Ackley, .

W. J. Alfred,

F. S. Beede,

Total,

Total, i

$65 00
15 00
Il OO
it | (©)
ie GO
II oo
Sentence susp.
II 00

$136 4o

$75 00

Acquitted
$15 co

25 00

60 days in jail

30 00

30 days in jail
80 60
50 00

$200 60

Hild for Gr. J’ry

(a4

Sentence susp.

. |H’ld for Gr. J’ry

Pd. court costs

Acquitted
$52 00

55 00.

Acquitted

a ee EE See UAT

17

258 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—Conrtinvep.

TITLE OF CASE COUNTY PROTECTOR RECOVERY
People vs. Alfred Chambers, . of) | Monto yaar. 1) lu. Brooks: : 2 Acquitted
: & Frank Chapman, , : s : a , : $10 00
ss Charles Childs, 3 < 2: : oS : : I5 00
ce Hiram Greene et al., : # : ut - ; . | Acquitted
Total, | $132 00
People vs. A. Mennesising, . . | Wayne, « | George Carver, . sal $10 oo
s William A. Myers, . : es : tf : 5 250 00
Total, $260 oo
People vs. James H. Thompson, . | Wyoming, . | T. H. Donnelly, . | $25 00
a William Crocker, . om) Allegany,) 4s ; . 3 months in jail
« Charles Newton, : ie 0 . 30 days in jail
& Frank Gorton, : ‘ ss . s . . ORCS
‘“ Harris F. Wells, — . : a : He 4 . 50 00
Total, $125 00
People vs. Donald Shafer, E - | Schoharie, . | L.S. Emmons, . ol $10 50
ts G. J. Vanderwerker, 5 |) OLE)» 5 as , 3 Acquitted
6s David B. Scott, ; salesullivanty . & : 5 75 00
a A. Basso, ; ; Orange nae Us : ; I00 00
oe Charles M. Stubbs, 5 |) Swlliyep, 5 | “ y : LOO OO
‘ W. A. Robinson, . . | Chenango, . ut : : Acquitted
&é Heian Strain). : } Ot M ;
i Murray Bostwick, rae ; j
oL A. D. Ward, . : . | Delaware, . u: ; 20 45
“ William Osterhout, . | || Cian «“ : : 26 50
a Robert Clark, ; = | sullivan; =: ss : ; 16 00
« Stephen Terpening et al., | Otsego, . ee : 5 100 00
«t Cyrus Crounse, : py yAllbanyeaee “ : 5 20 00
c George W. Thomas, | ROtseg oyna. cf : 5 IO 00
ss W. Neir et al., ; . | Delaware, . es ; : 100 00
Total, $578 AS
People vs. William Darling a
, Suffolk, 5 hn F iow a bdcourticost
“ William Collier, § ks cans i ee
at George W. Hulse, . : se : ‘e : : $50 00
Total, $50 00 ;

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—ContinuEp.

TITLE OF CASE COUNTY
People vs. E. F. Steinberg, Oswego,
ee John Belknap, Kc :
i Earl Degolia et al., Onondaga, .
‘ Dwight Wager, Oswego,
People vs. John S. Lucas et al., Richmond, .
i D. Haly & Co., New York, .

(73

be

People vs.
66

oc

Bernard Cone,
Sp Ils Saale (re (OKs
N. Y. Fish Co.,

Ira Fiske, :
W. & J. Holliday, .
John Bateman,

Jos. Barley,

Wesley Cline,
Charles Dart, .

Bert A. Petrie,

E. B. Barton, .
James C. Sargent,
Benjamin Ritz,
Charles Johnson,

A. & F. Hyde,

C. O. & J. Smith,
E. M. Goodspeed, .
George Severson,
Judson Courtright, .
E. Hallenbeck, Jr., .
William H. Jackson,
Josh. Nowland,

Freeland Jones,
Isiah Perkins,
Robert Shaw, .

St. Lawrence

Broome,
Tioga,
Broome,

66

Tioga,

Hamilton, .
66

6é

259

—

PROTECTOR

RECOVERY

Spencer Hawn,

Total,

Total,

E. A. Hazen,

Total,

Total, |

Carlos Hutchins, .

(73

“6

Total,

$30 oo
Acquitted

50 00
22a
Broz 75

$190 00
5° 00
176 00
118 oo
116 oo

> $650 00

17 00
I5 00
100 00

$165 75

$10 7o

25 70

13 50

13 50

Acquitted

25 00:

I2 00

25 00

15 00

I5 00

Pd. court costs

$155 40

$25 00

100 00
Seal
$482 17

260

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

CHEDULE OF PROSECUTIO NS.—ConrINUED.

TITLE OF CASE COUNTY PROTECTOR
Pecple vs. Lewis Titch, . Ulster, Robert S. Jones, .
ce George C. Eckert, . ef a
is Joseph Deitz, Sullivan, ce
a James Conley, Orange, ee
Total,
People vs. Wiliam F. Quackenbush, | Orange, Willett Kidd,
‘ D. W. Wynkoop, Ulster, es
Sig: Jos. Morgan et al., . Orange, i
i Stephen Garrison, ) ty 33
ie M. L. Morehouse, . ;
a: Peter Conklin, Tompkins, . c
Total,
Peopie vs. Henry Coonrad,
e Tommie tones! } Onondaga, . | James H. Lamphere,
us Earl Babcock, . | Cayuga, as
Total,
People vs. Lewis Gerhardt, :
PES eae aie ae | Fulton, John E. Leavitt, .
uD John Bellanger, |
gs M. N. Mayhew, Oneida, os
John S, Dater, Saratoga, rs
ae Jobn McClelland, Herkimer, . Ub
Se William H. Brown, . | Rensselaer, . e
Theodore R. Fallis, . | Fulton,
Frank Moore, d = 5
a James N. James, §
a S. B. Leavenworth, . es tt
Total,
People vs. Rudolph Magnus, . Frankhn, James W. Littlejohn,

Elijah E. Miller,
S. W. Roarke,
Io: Sh ANOLON
MD liyont
Albert McCann,
C. A. McArthur,

Total,

RECOVERY

Acquitted

$5 00
Acquitted
25mOOm

$30 oo
$25 00

25 00
Sentence susp.

roo days in jail

Jury disagreed

$50 00

$60 00
30 00

$90 00

$26 00

200 60.
12 50
25 00
2502
Acquitted

49 00

Judgment III 31

$450 03

$55 00
WO) 2E
I50 00
Zw air
16 30
5I 50

30 00

$505 35 .

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

TITLE OF CASE

People vs.
ce

People vs.

People vs.

George Adams,
Oliver Whitman,
Adelbert Carpenter,
Robert Peck, .
Oliver Whitman,
Benjamin Sweet,
Albert T. Peck,
William Green,
Jesse Honeywell,
Nathan Lamphere, .
Henry Page, .
John Burton, .
George N. Barrows,
Melvin Parker,
James McGilfrey,
A. A. Webster,
Charles Parquette, .
Wilfred Colombe,
Hannah Nolan,
Antonie Colombe, .
John Davison,
John Rogers, .
Arch Braham,
Hiram Scribner,
William Edget,
Frederick Lyon,

E. E. Ash,

E. H. Hanson,

Frank Davis, .

Bert Clark,

Ralph Pelky, .
Augustus Richie,
Elizar King,

James Safford,
William Hall, .
Thomas Sharrow et al.,
Henry Coffee,

Sa’ ~~ _ *

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—ContTiInu_Ep.

COUNTY

Fulton,
Hamilton, .

Albany,
Hamilton, .

Rensselaer, .

Hamilton, .
(13

ce

Saratoga,
Hamilton, .

(4

(13
Fulton,
Hamilton, .

Herkimer, .
(74

73

Delaware, .

St. Lawrence

6c

Bs |p

PROTECTOR

Lobdell,

Total,

D. H. McKinnon,

B. H. McCollum,

cc

201

RECOVERY

$25 oo

30 days in jail
15 00

Acquitted

75 days in jail
I5 00

170 00

25 00

300 50

40 days in jail

10 00
25 days in jaik
25

i)

15

I00

25

150

35

15

20

[eye)

25

20
If
Tet
Io

$1,023

$15

(oye)

Acquitted

Case withdrawn

$60 00

50 00
30 00
Acquitted

—————————————

262

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—ContTINUED.

People vs.

People vs.

cc

People vs.

People vs.

People vs.

TITLE OF CASE

William J. Horton, .
J. S. Graves, .

Sanford McCue,

Stephen Martin, .

John Gladd,

William Otis, .
Elmer Snell,

Orie Tucker, .
George Parrigo et al.,

George West, . : \

Matthew Armer,

William Van Dyck,
James O’Horo et al.,
William Gersbach et al., .
Henry Haverick et al.,

S. & W. Noble,

Edw. Martin, .

A. H. Swingle,
J. O. Freed, .
Frederick Sindberg,
Warren Towne,
Newton Smith,
L. A. Sprague,
Caaheailernick,

Joseph Esta, .

Patrick Logan,

James Camp, . j ;

Frederick Robin,
Robert H. Wiley, .
James Barber,

COUNTY

PROTECTOR

RECOVERY

St. Lawrence

6c

Jefferson,

Saratoga,

Niagara,
Bid,

Chautauqua

Oneida,

Ontario,

B. H. McCollum,

ce

Total,
Joseph Northup, .
ce
(3
(73
66
Total,
Je We kond:
D.N. Pomeroy, .
6c
Total,
F. M. Potter,
Total,

Samuel Piersall,

We ley eed:

$30
35

fete)
oo

oo

$205

Pri 50
20 00

12 00
36 oo
12 00

40 00

$131 50

$850

foXe)

$33 50

47 9°
Acquitted

50 .0o

Case withdrawn
(73

$riz

$130 50

$12 50
I7 50
IO 00
25 00
13 00
17 00
I7 00

oo

$50

[ofe)

$25

‘IO OO

[oXe)

63 30
Acquitted

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—ContTINUED.

263

TITLE OF CASE

COUNTY

People vs.

People vs.

Fred. Cratsley,
William H. Leach, .
George Collier,
Jonathan Colgrave,

George Johnson et al.,
Chester Vaughn,

Harvey Elkins,
William Walsh,
James Hutchinson, .
Rodner G. Bailey, .

Matthew Armer,

Henry Voran,
Halsey Mitchell,
Eli Cameron, .
Henry Duprey,
Peter Beshaw,

J. M. Welsh, .

William Revault et al.,
Casper Volkes,

C. & A. Ross et al.,
Herdick Parker,

Perter Knoblock et. al., .
T..G. Stewart, 7
William Hamilton et al.,.
Adam Vose etal., .
William Eggleston, .
Benjamin Bunnell et al., .
P. H. Shovalier,

Eli A. Bishop,

Lewis Bloom,

Chemung, .

Ontario,
Yates,
Ontario,
Livingston, .

Madison,
Oneida,

Cattaraugus,
ce
Chautauqua,
Cattaraugus,

Saratoga,

Clinton,

Schuyler,
Steuben,

“ce

“

PROTECTOR
Wt. Reed;
ce
“c
Total,
R. M. Rush,
oc
Total,

Total,
Nicholas Shaul,

James F. Shedden,

‘

George B. Smith,.

Ontario,
Steuben, . |

Tompkins, . |
|
“ |

“cc

RECOVERY

$2 50
Acquitted

ce

$100 80

$115 00

. | 75 days in jail

$115 00

$15
217
160

25
$417

[oke)
17
oo
lofe)

17

$300 oo

$10

200

loxe)
loye)

23
E5
$248

5°

[ote)
50

$100
50

26 00

lefe)
foto)

- | Sentence susp.

69 40
85 00
Pd. court costs

ee

_ Case withdrawn

SORTS
50 days in jail

25

oe

17 ©O

$407 15

204

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—Concrupep.

TITLE OF CASE

People vs.

People vs.

James Mosher,

Albert Belknap,
Eben Tallman,
James F. Griffing, .
Edwin Radford,

W. M. Vandenburgh,

James Palmer et al.,
John MacDonald, Jr.,
Arthur Lyle,

William Everts,
Charles Smith,

Royal Steves, .
Norman McMore, .
Samuel Stiles, .

O. W. Sheldon,

G. Christopher,
Theo. Kraus, .

O. M. Bennett,
P. M. Freeman,
F. S. Vaughn,
William Johnson,

COUNTY PROTECTOR RECOVERY
Lewis, Jel Ibs \wWente, $25 00
Oswego, Albert Warren, $66 00
Oneida, ae I2 00

ce ce 40 fofe)

ee gs 40 days in jail

oe ce 35 foye)
Total, $153 00

Washington, | Alvin Winslow, $75 0c
Saratoga, 50 00
Warren, a 50 00
ce <3 I 5 oO
Washington, ge 8 00
ce ce 40 (oye)

“cc “ee 270 fefe)
Total, $508 00

Kings, A. A. Wyckhoff, . Sentence susp.
Queens, e 6 $30 00
Total, $30 00

Genesee, M. C. Worts, $25 00
Franklin, 36 10 0O
Genesee, os 50 00
“ec e 2 5 (oye)
Total, $110 oo

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

265

Schedule of Prosecations for Violations of Fish, Game and
Forest laws for the Fiscal Uear Ending Sept. 30, 1398.

BY SPECIATZPROTECTORS:

TITLE OF CASE COUNTY PROTECTOR RECOVERY
People vs. M. M. Gatling, Warren, William H. Burnett, | $10 00
oe Ira Cole, oe se at IO 00
Total, $20 oo
People vs. Charles Wolf, . Cattaraugus, | George H. Bush, $15 00
es Carl Zimmerman, #6 « I5 00
GG F. A. Sherwood, Ws ee Pd. court costs
ee John Blanchard, a e Acquitted
| Total, | $30 00
People vs. R. C. Hatch et al., Westchester, | Jos. Canepi, Jr., | $100 oo
a Toney Costello et al., i i. | 186 00
fs Charles Rondienane, a ts - | 25 days in jail
a Michael Rondienane, ee | sf | 35 00
| Total, | $321 00
|
People vs. Harvey L. Jones, Saratoga, Moses S. Capen, . | $50 00
People vs. James Lynch, . | Dutchess, George A. Case, . $25 00
oe Charles L. Miller, ee cs | I5 00
é Austin Griffith, a | : . | Sentence susp.
| | Total, $40 ofe)
|
People vs. James Moore, . | Onondaga, . | William Everson, . $193 32
gc Fred. Myers, . | i ¢
i George Simpson, } Powe.
as Otto Sutser, i 24 | *
i Matthew Menton, S| EROS
| P
e John Waldo, . onal rs a: Sentence susp.
UG Frederick Barnes, | Ws cs 25 00
« Otto Wasmand, | & 25 00
cs Ed. Joy, R * Sentence susp.
Total, $278 32
People vs. George Miller et al., Cayuga, George Geraghty, $20 00

266

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—ConrTINnvuED.

TITLE OF CASE COUNTY PROTECTOR RECOVERY
People vs. Myron Bridges, Monroe, C. S. Gifford, Acquitted
People vs. Henry J. Gardner, . Suffolk, | M. M. Jackson, $14 50
of William H. Warner, : a Acquitted
Total, $14 50
People vs. Nelson Davis, Dutchess, Charles Knox, $35 00
od Sherman Denton, i es I5 00
as Stephen O. Davis, . s I5 00
Total, $65 00
People vs. James Harmon, ’
iMbonaee Wena ‘ Dutchess, Ed. Lasher, $20 00
“e A. D. Conklin, Columbia, . & IO 00
x Roscoe Coons et al., rs is 30 00
Total, $60 00
People vs. August Rambask, Richmond,. | John W. Lisk, $267 50
fs Charles Webber, os a IO ©O
Total, $277 50
People vs. John Rigney, . Monroe. | Simon Marshall, . $58 25
“ William Nash, | “ 6 Waived Exam’n
ef Charles Corbitt, s + 50 00
& Sidney Church, ¢ | Acquitted
| Total, $108 25
People vs. William K. Holmes, Wyoming, . | Charles M. Munger, $15 00
People vs. Ezra Zeliff, Allegany, Jee Olines $15 00
People vs. Lyman Dart et al., St. Lawrence | Jos. Sterling, $10 00
People vs. Josh. Geannotte, Westchester, | George W. Van Buren, $20 25
ss Apostoh Tomaso, is Li 30 00
as David Smith, . a i st 25 00
«ce August Weiland, ‘ a <s 20 00
a William Kramer, Sf : be 21 00

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

SCHEDULE OF PROSECUTIONS.—Conciupep.

267

RECOVERY

TITLE OF CASE | COUNTY PROTECTOR
| :

People vs. C. W. Tompkins, : | Westchester, | George W. Van Buren, Acquitted
* Henry Hurguth, ust " 4 us $41 40
| Total, $157 65
People vs. Harmon Simmons, . Dutchess, Charles Van Steenburg, | $15 00
People vs. Diefendorf et al., Oswego, Charles Vogelsang, | $53 10
« W. S. Tafft et al., | is « 29 30
| Total, er $82 40
People vs. J. W. Watts, . Franklin, Isaiah Vosburg, $63 55
Gh Charles Stevens, | ae “e 62 30

« _- Frederick Reynolds, « Acquitted
Total, $r25 85

People vs. Leland Sanders, ie Chenango, . | Garret R. Wheeler, Acquitted
ge A. B. Haight, | Oneida, oe $25 00
| Total, $25 00
People vs. John Tanner, . : | Saratoga, William Wolf, $12 50
People vs. Conrad Fox, . Ontario, Dennis P. Wood, . $15 00

268 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Record of Illegal Devices Seized and Destroyed daring the
Fiscal Uear Ending September 30, 1898.
BY THE REGULAR PROTECTORS.

Joun L. ACKLEY.

Fyke |. Trap | Gin Squat |

PACD TSE Nets Nets Nets Nets | peties ee ie Spears Value
October, 1897, . eee ah | 6 $31 00
Novembenaieye a) 4: I Pee OL | | 2 43 00
April, LOO Ss) Alay acs ee Tey Shapes Ar He ecto val g 00
May, Seie sr t: ae ase el I 5 | 70 00
June, ir ee ae che 2 eile cate i oe 7 x 18r 50
July, Oat oh is be 32 te 5 97 50
August, ee ai oe 41 is 2 284 50
September, tas A a 22 bi hs Balm Ae 195 00

Total, I 177 2 31 $911 50

E. I. Brooks.

October,» 1897, - 15 4 $275 00
November, pT ee 8 = I * ie ue ty: oe I2I oo
December, SF mah 9 ae 4 Bu oe ae Oss me 398 oo
January, 1898, . B I : 38 00
February, COs 2 a I 2 bs ae ‘e an 70 00
March, Sie: 16 sis 5 = re oe I Be 259 50
April, cone. 20 3 $3 a 6: is I re 304 50
May, Coe ene 29 ef 18 13 Cs an I i 658 oo
June, ea: 28 oe 8 48 I ert ae aes une 1,082 50
July, “Se 3 po 4p (ers 2 oteuy Hla Sh fn 213 00
August, pa ene 6 eee | eee a a6 Bee alll = ok a 55 00
September, aa I os 3 Me Sn es Gah a 57 00

otal | @uae a 60 94 I ae 4 12 Sa ser so

THoMAS CARTER.

December, 1897, . eect ire | ae =e a epee Bice 4 \~or Seema eee $60 00
Marchi ie nso 8secml ae: seme Pace Baleares hale ee | tsOL em ee 73 00
April, ae I I a 14 2 | eal oe ene 221 00
May, ‘ es 23} 2A Maree ha fee ae 163 00
June, 4 Vesa se 8 102 00
July, i 9 12 at 7 2 a: oe Bc 619 00
August, Ray | ao 2 ee Bz it Me ne ne 409 00
September, Nas | 20 2 I in 2 i : Be 599 00

Total, 65 | 17 I 94 se) a EA .. |$2,246 00

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

GEORGE CARVER.

269

Fyke Trap Gill Squat i Pound Set =
ROI! Nets Nets Nets Nets SEES Nets Lines Spears Weure
December, 1897, I By | $20 00
March, 1898, 12 8 | 260 00
April, eS 3 4 I II7 00
May, gs 14 : 7 246 00
June, af 8 7 7 | 1,075 00
July, : Brel 9 | | 235 00
August, a 4 19 et | 580 00
September = yc 8 | IO I | 415 00
Sotalee| sas Cras 9 | 8 roe 00
THomas H. DONNELLY.
| l
May, 1898, | | | hege $3 00
June, ‘ | ages | | IO 00
Total, | I 2 | $13 00
| | |
LEsTER S. EMMONS.
| | |
August, 18098, . Ta | | rs 00
SPENCER Hawn.
October, 1897, . See | I | | | $250 00
November, ‘“ 13 | | 367 50
December, Ce 6 | | 145 00
March, 1898, . I 16 | | 326 oo
April, ee 1a 18 | 409 00
May, uo Anaese 2-2 I aml | | PEBTIICN OS
June, < 13 | | | | | 325 00
July, ce 5 | | | 130 00
August, u5 10 | | 282 00
September, 8 | 200 00
- Total, 6 119g I 2 | eeieee 50
James Ho.LmeEs.
May, 1898, | | $5 so
June, cs os I | | 2 00
Total, 3 | | $7 50

270 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
CarLos HuTCHINS.
Fyke Trap Gill Squat fs Pound Set ;
MONTE Noe Nets Nets Nets | Seimes | Nets tine Tip-ups Weltee
May, 1898, . 2 $4 50
|

He AS ELAZEN.
October. 1807, I 4 8 $143 00
November, 66 2 3 7 IIg 00
December, G6 I 3 5 II 81 oo
January, 1898, I 32 21 00
February, sf : 166 16 60
March, i I ae 29 50
April, ee I 2 4 136 00
May, ss I 3 3 84 00
June, ef 2 a De, 30 00
July, i 2 3 106 00
August, a I Ae 12 5 41 00
Septembern af 4 I 425 00
Total, 9 15 35 2 226 Ir |$1,232 to

WILLETT Kipp.
May, 1898, . I $50 00
June, a 4 30 00
July, 4 I » 3 CO
Total, 4 I I $83 oo

James H. LAMPHERE.

October, 1897, 12 3 I 3 $180 00
November, WG 10 I I 102 00
December, fe I 25 00
January, 1898, I 10 00
March, us 31 340 00
April, is 19 a 190 00
May, “ 32 2 I 395 00
June, ; 9 90 00
July, 4g 18 180 00
August, ¢ I IO 00
September mms: 9 a go 00
Total, | 144 3 4 I 4 $1,612 00

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS, 271

Joun E. Leavirvr.

mer ae eee | cacace (Tiscace| Get, | sees | Yalne
June, 1898, . s ue ~~ be I At i fe $15 00
July, BE Op av 2 RS as Me ct i ca “100 00
Total, 2 I $115 00
E. J. Lospe.t.
May, 1898, . 5 ae $42 00
June, Sa I Be I 20 00
August, ¢ Aaa 2 2 50
Total, 6 = 1 2 $64 50
Josu. NorrHup.
Octoper S970: a a: 5 e, me a 7 ae $107 00
INovembernn ss. I I 4 a Le se hd I 133 00
December, eee 3 I 6 3 198 00
January, 1808, . 3 he b6 ike 12 si ay 63 00
February, fo I I ee at 27 ae 4p 34. 00
March, “6 5 I 15 ts I go 00
April, ae 9 E 4 188 00
May, te B I 4 77 00
June, os 3 2 3 75 00
July, ce oh 5 16 00
August, Lane. I 2 40 00
September, us an 4 18 00
ihotalaaimeeg 2 20 54 32 2 |$1,039 00
evn OmPRER:
March, 1898, . aE Se iy E%, Ed 4 ee $6 00
June, oan ee i I ae si af oF at 10 0O
Tatal, a ot I a eg me 4 Ba $16 00
D. N. Pomeroy.
October, 1897, . 4 $40 00
November, (Sa yb 2 Be a I a bie ae 5 16 00
January, 1898, . 5 50 00

272 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

W. L. REED.
mown | RT) BP | | SER | cane [MERE] GR |lSoea | vate

October, 1897, . 2 $30 00
November, “ I 2 18 00
December, OF 2 6 oo
February, 18098, . : I 8 00
March, Sopa 3 3 3 I 89 oo
April, os I 4 35 00
May, Gi I 2 18 00
June, os 2 I 65 00
July, ‘3 I 10 00
August, as 2 5 00

Total, 5 10 3 I 6 | 7 $284 00

R. M. Rusu.
October, 1897, | I | $30 00
|
Newton A. SCOTT.

July, 1898, . 2 12 $24 00
August, I 1g 38 50
September, oy 5 FAO

Total, 3 36 $70 oo

GrEoRGE B. SMITH.

October, 1897, . 4 2 $24 00
INOWeme, 6 o 3 37 00
April, 1898, . I I s 25 00
May, se 5 2 46 50
June, iS I IO 0O
August, ob 3 I To 33 00
Septembenau teas: 4 18 00

Total, 8 12 I I 15 $193 50

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 273

James F. SHEDDEN.

Fyke Trap Gill Squat M Pound Set |
MONEE Nets Nets Nets Nets SEIS Nets Lines Spears'| Vette
|

October, ~ “1807,- se ce 2 a2 hs os, = es $10 00
December, OnE 2 eo i i a Me fe en 30 00
March, 1898, . = si 10 = a ar Ag Bs 50 00
April, Sete 5 Fe we oe fs oe Be hee 75 00
June, tok Be x 2 Ne at ew i aM I7 00
July, BS Poa BS a os co 2 oe 4a ae 60 00
August, Se is ES 2 ne oe ue yeaa | eaten 10 00
September, UG ei, - ae I si be: ae 38 hel 7 00

Total, 7 17 2 I $259 00

STANTON J. TEFFT.

‘October, 1897, . 8 sn A = By ae Ss Re $55 00
March, 1898, . 3 oh seh oe a ae ts in: I2 00
April, Cua 3 NE He ad as a ie ie 5 30 00
June, EN ais me a de : th I ie I 50
July, Sigagy': a, ba ree =e oN be I oh I 50

Total, 14 | 2 $100 oo

ALBERT WARREN.
es

October arco ame ee 4 5 =f ie af 0) $190 00
NOVEM, & . ss 13 he ae a ay. ae es 367 50
December, Se aie a 5 a s: ae re Sus 3 125 ©0
March, 1898, . : 16 ig i # ra ne bs 320 00
April, Eagiaiys I 18 [ bes ot si ae se 409 00
May, Sateen 4 II is a oe oe WE a 625 00
June, wet me 13 325 00
July, See 2 5 ee qe ay Ne ne 125 00
August, oer oe 9 ie a Be A: on 253 00
September, a 8 200 00

Total, 3 | 202 6 $2,939 50

18

274 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
ALVIN WINSLOW.
Fyke Trap Gill Squat , Dip Set
MONDE Nets Nets Nets Nets Seines |” NEES tines Speams Value

October, 1897, 9 $55 00
April, 1898, . 19 I 192 00
May, I I 6 0o
June, y 2 3 00

Total, 29 | - 4 $256 oo

M. C. Worts.

October, 1897, Me iis era | oe $33 00
November, ‘“ 2 | I 24 29 385 00
February, 189§, I 3 00
March, a a i 32 00
April, 5 ae I 54 50
May, ss 4 3 6 9 265 00
June, iy I 4 go 00
July, . 5 18 160 00
August, iY 10 ‘it I15 00
September, ‘“ I 5 28 00

Total, 23 6 62 2 I 43 $1,165 50

GrEorGE W. HARMANY.

March, 1898 5 I $100 oo
Aprtil, re 3 30 00
May, 2 7 Be ae 45 00
June, 33 7 I 6 i 125 00
July, 4o I I 8 318 oo
August, et 53 ie 504 00
Septembers = 46 2 390 00

Total, | 161 2 2 6 B 8 $1,512 00

SAMUEL PIERSALL.

April, 1898, . 3 $60 00
May, se 3 I 205 00
June, a 4 200 00
July, & 5 100 0O
August, ‘s 2 45 00
September, Winn 8 200 00

Total, 25 I $810 00

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 275

Record of Itlegal Devices Seized and Destroyed daring the
Fiscal Gear Ending September 30, 1898.

BY THE SPECIAL PROTECTORS.

WILLIAM EVERSON.

Fyk may em | Squat ik Pound Set
NCUA ISS Nets Net Nets Nets | S&iMeS | Nets ines jpopcas= | Walkee
| |

October, EOE 6 I 2 I $58 oc
November, een 19 16 2 I 467 00
March, 1898, . 2 I 7 °3 00
April, He ake 4 I be 3 I 2 2 67 00
May, Y 2 oe 4 2 42 00
June, 6 2 I 2 2 I 78 00
July, Kemer: : 3 2 I 40 00
August, apes a I 6 66 00
September, Ga 4 2 3 80 00

Motalee|iee3a 22 29 9 4 bee 3 2 $981 00

James H. GERAGHTY.

October, 1857, . II ie 2 8 . ra Belen pee $62 00
INi@wenmaloy, . te, oe 4 ae oe ote aH Fi 14 00

Wow, | ux a 6 ae oY e e a $76 00

WILLIAM Harris.

October P8977. 9 ae = i es Fes re) ee i $82 00
November <=: 20 ne Ba Ne an ss af as 156 30
December, cee II Me 53 aie ae a i ie 88 00
January, 1898, . 5 ae II i ae D6 Ms ae 100 00
February, STAR, 3 a8 Ae St oH x 4 we 50 00
March, aed ie 19 an I pe ae a 2 50. te HO, GO
April, nae 9 ae a ae ais nis ia at 82 00
May, Soe 2 fe * ae a; 8 age I 22 00
June, se ae 4 a ve ae Ae a is 1 32 00
July, set eb 10 a a: BS 0 i ws bs 48 00
August, eet ny 8 ch aa ae a a ae 1 40 00
Sep cembel un anc 2 mE a ve et pant (Dewi. a 16 00

shotalynlmerz Wy, 12 iF a i. 7 I $g=0 30

RICHARD HAMPTON.

July, 1898, . 4 io yt 23 as Ne 6 ae £28 00

276 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
EBC KeErsEy.
Fyke Trap Gill Squat : Pound Set Dip
MONTH Nets Nets Nets Nets | Seimes | Nets | Lines | Nets WENO

March, 1898, 4 2 $60 00
June, ae I I 8 00

Total, 4 3 I $68 00

CLARENCE W. LANE.

March, 1898, . 2 : $30 00
April, st 9 4 140 00
May, 2 6 60 50
June, st 22 ae 2 230 00
July, sf 14 22 250 00

MotalewiGmAG 32 2 $710 50

SS
Simon MARSHALL.

October, 1897, 1 3 $70 00
November, “ 4 I 130 00
December, SN 9 105 00
January, 1808, . II 25 00
February, eC 7 3 5 50
March, eS 6 2 2 IIg 00
April, a 18 go 00
May, es 4 4 2 188 00
June, « | I 6 110 00
July, ‘ & 4 45 00
August, a i ac |; es 2 I 85 00
September, cs [Pet 4 4 49 00

Total, 48 I 26 I 7 16 |$1,0o21 50

BENTLEY S. MorrILt.

November, 1897, 2 | I 2 $90 00
December, ‘s 10+ \ ar Vee 157 00
January, 1898, Tee | IO 00
February, rf 4 | 27 00
March, Of 3 m I 57 00
April, ih 4 3 I I 131 00
May, a 3 | 3 69 00
June, 5 3 2 Sy Se
July, “ 10 2 75 00
August, ef I 20 00
September) ns 2 I I 32 00

Total, | 39 14 1 2 $705 50

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 25/76
CHARLES M. MUNGER.
Fyk ats Gill Squat Set Eel
AMOS! Nees Nee Nets Nets Lines Spears nee Weir VaR
March, 1898, . I | $2 50
H. W. SCHUMANN.
June, 1898, . | I | Ns | es | Re 5 | - | $21 00
| |
WARREN J. SLATER.
October, XO) y c I $10 00
Novem, % ¢ 3 30 co
June, 1898, . a: I 8 00
July, rt I 12 00
Total, 5 I $60 00
JOSEPH STERLING.
October, 1897, . I FT $102 00
April, 1808, . 2 7 I ’ 165 00
May, i Ba 8 89 00
June, ss I I Be 45 00
Total, I 4 22 I $392 00
Henry THURLOW.
Octover, TSO I | ae | I | & re | ay | $18 00
CHARLES VOGELSANG.
May, 1898, . | “2 f: | oe I | ie | | $3 00
Dennis P. Woop.
June, 1898, I | 3 re $35 00
July, as De 3 I 20 00
Total, I | | 3 3 I $55 00

. 278

SUMMARY OF

ILLEGAL DEVICES DESTROYED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR

ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 18098.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

ny ansins | Erte | Bay | om [Be| et [sine apes] TE Pion] ase

Ackley, John L., I Ui ; Bil 2 $911 50
Brooks, E. I., e120 ee 60 94. 4 I Bygg FO
Carter, Thomas, 65 07 I Oa | hie 10 2,246 00
Carver, George, 57 67 8 9 2,948 00
Donnelly, 1. Et, I 00
Emmons, L. S., oe: I foe)
Hawn, Spencer, OF) ar I 2 2,959 50
Holmes, James, 3 50
Hutchins, Carlos, : anon 2 a 50
Ellazent eh Ae 9 15 35 226 2 Titel ere 1,232 10
Kidd, Willett, 4 I I fete)
Lamphere, J. H., 144 3 4 4 I 1,612 00
Leavitt, John E., a 2 I 115 00
Wobdell ye 6 : 2 I re i Beker || bs 50
Northup, Jos., 29 2 20 32 2 Elle ed 1,039 00
Potters piu Wie. I 4 Byer
Pomeroy, D. N., II I ae i 106 00
Reed, W. L., . 5 10 B 6 I 7 284 00
Rush, IRs M., “ Sele I oo
Scotty Ne A; ee 3 36 : 00
Smith, George B., 8 Te 15 I I 193 50
Shedden, James F., . 7 7 I 2 259 00
Tet, Se fy 14 ne 2 100 00
Warren, Albert, bo 6 Be 2,939 50
Winslow, Alvin, 20, (Niece ol ee 4 256 00
Worts, M.C.,. 23 6 62 43 I 1,165 50
Harmany, G. W., 161 2 2 14 3 1,512) 100
Piersall, Samuel, 25 I 810 00
Total, \-716:| 293 |. 439 | 208 | 426 41 9 65 1 | $24,523 60

Illegal devices destroyed by Regular Protectors.... 2,198. Value, $24,523 60

Illegal devices destroyed by Special Protectors .... 509. Value, 4,992 30

shotal amine 2,707. Walue, $29,515 90

The Common Ect.

UCH has been written about the eel that is

| to-day absolutely valueless in the light of
scientific research into the natural history of

this fish, prosecuted by scientists chiefly in Europe;
and when I was asked by Dr. John D. Quacken-
bos, of Columbia University, to “tell us some-
thing about eels,” I gathered together bits of
information from various sources regarding the
common eel and sent the result to Forest and
Stream, and that paper has given its consent to

the re-publication of my article in this report,

and I give it herewith as originally written in

my Angling Notes in that journal.
dngling Notes.

BEES.
Dr. Quackenbos, who received the following
letter, sent it to me with some comments of his
own, and I copy both. The letter is dated Rah- —

way, New Jersey, and reads as follows:

“The papers you sent me make me think of

the time when we were boys fishing on the

THE EEL SPEARERS,

Rahway River on River street, shaded by large
willows, water beeches, oaks and grapevines, with plenty of fish and clear sparkling
water. I was skating last week from Gibbs’ Island up to Bondley’s on River street,
and had lots of fun, but the water is so black from the dye factories above that we
could not drink it, and all the fish die off, and the willows and other large shade trees
are gone. Do you know anything about eels? I was told by a friend that there is a
man on Staten Island who raises eels for market and does well with them, as he will
not dress and sell them until two pounds in weight, and he sells only when there is a
demand for them and they command a high price. This is the way he came to raise
eels: There is a salt-water creek on his farm, and he thought he could rear ducks at a

profit, and hatched out a large number and kept them on and in the creek, and
279

280 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

fed them cracker dust and oatmeal, which he threw on the water at feeding time.
After a time he noticed that eels came to the surface of the water to eat the food
thrown for the ducks, and he assumed that they must have run up from the river
below. He disposed of his ducks and made a screen across the creek at the bottom
of his land, arranging an opening by which the eels could enter but could not return.
In the winter he covers the creek with flooring so that the water will not freeze, and
now at feeding time when the eels hear his footsteps they will come to the surface of
the water in the creek for their meals. I could make an eel pond if I knew how long
it takes to grow them to two pounds weight; so if you know please tell me, for this is

no fish story, but an eel story that is true.”
COMMENTS.

My friend commenting on this letter says: ‘‘ The writer of the inclosed letter lives
in Jersey and describes the decadence of my earliest hunting and stamping ground.
I began with him asa small boy with pin hook and for ‘sunnies,’ and a bow-gun
for blackbirds, and rose through the successive stages of penny hook and eighteen-cent
pistol, dollar jointed pole and three-dollar sixteen-bore, purchased at a junk-shop with
carefully saved dimes, to Leonard 5-0z., and Scott hammerless. Alas! the pellucid
stream that heads in the Orange Mountains and used to yield the speckled starred !
(Oh, how I remember a half-pound /foxtinalis we kept for more than a year in the
well!) That stream now runs black dye stuffs to the kills. But the memory of those
days will never die—and the boy who fished and hunted with me seems to love me
still—loves me because I loved Nature with him. He may be poor, he may be un-

learned, but, as Emerson says, we have something in common.

“He has within himself a god (as Pasteur calls it), a high ideal. His life is gentle.
He cultivates Marie Louise violets for a living. Give us something about eels in
Forest and Stream—eels, rapid growers, prolific to a fault. Centuries ago they got a
lot of money out of them at Comacchio lagoons near Venice. Your friend Theodatus
of patronymic says they are well suited to culture.

‘“And would you believe it, old Rondeletius (I have a printed copy, Lyons, 1554)
says every eel is born in fresh water—Anguilla omnis nascitur in aqua dulci—and adds
they go to sea or salt-water lagoons. His chapter on crustacean fish food is a marvel.
I don’t know whether Pinchon, who raised fish artificially in the century of Columbus,
tried eels on. JI am sure the Romans did, for Pliny tells how Pollio, the ass who cut
his arteries when his fortune was reduced to five hundred thousand dollars, to save
himself from starvation, used to pitch live negroes to his eels to give them a fine flavor.

So tell us something about eels.”

Eb TSE LELRN LYE AS

ey,
i

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 281

DOM PINCHON.

Before saying anything about eels, a word about Dom Pinchon, the French monk
that my friend the doctor refers to. It has been claimed that he hatched fish artifi-
cially in 1420, but it is believed from the best evidence obtainable that he simply
gathered and transplanted fish ova naturally fertilized, and that he knew nothing about
artificial fish propagation as practiced to-day. Vrasski, the Russian fish culturist, who
discovered the dry method of impregnating fish eggs, did try to cultivate the eel
artificially, but how he succeeded history does not tell us; but we can guess pretty
accurately from what we now know about eels.

The doctor says, ‘‘tell us something about eels in Forest and Stream’’,; but the last
time I told about eels at any length, it was under oath as a witness in the Supreme
Court in Brooklyn, and other witnesses had been testifying about fresh-water eels, and
salt-water eels, and silver eels, and when an attorney asked me how many species of
eels we had, and I said one, the presiding justice turned to the witness box and said,
“What's that?” in such a surprised tone of voice that I did not know but we had
other species that I did not know about; and if I write much about the eel in this

column, I expect some Forest and Stream reader may ask, ‘‘ What’s that?”

BELLS HAVE SCALES:

“True eels are characterized by their scaly skin in association with a conical head
and a general resemblance to the congers.”—Jordan and Evermann. It is true that
the scales are imbedded, but the eel has them, and we have but one species, called
American eel, or fresh-water eel, though when taken in salt water it is called salt-water
eel or silver eel; but I have known species of trout to be called silver trout when they
have been in salt water, or for a season on white sand in fresh water, which gives a
silvery coating both to the brook and lake trout; but that is not the reason that eels
have a silvery appearance. It may be as well to say here that the literature of the
eel would fill several issues of Forest and Stream, as there has been much speculation
about this fish, its habits, reproduction, and even its origin; and the scientists of the
Old World have written elaborate papers on the subject of the eel within the past one
hundred or more years to show what they did or did not know about it; but I shall be

as brief as possible and boil down what is now known into as small space as possible.

BELIDHS VAS) TO) ORIGIN OF DHE) EELS:

It is not necessary to dwell upon the early beliefs that the eel was generated from
horsehairs, from dew, from slime, from the females of another fish; that the eel pro-
duced its young alive; that both turf and mud produced them, and that they were

hermaphrodites, for to-day men may be found having just as strange ideas concerning

282 ? REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

the generation of the eel. It was not, however, until 1850 that Rathke definitely
discovered the ovary of a female, and not until 1873 that Dr. Syrski discovered the
male organs, and Dr. Jacoby completed the discovery in all its details in 1877; but
even this discovery left a big gap in the life history of the eel. Adult eels leave the
fresh water and go down to the sea, and elvers, three to five inches long, return in
vast numbers from the sea to fresh water, the migration being called eel-fairs, from
the Saxon term fare, to travel; but where they were hatched and how old they were
and what became of the parent eels was unknown until 1894, when Prof. Grassi and
Prof. Calandruccio, of Rome, cleared up some of these points by discovering the
larvze of the eel in the Mediterranean. To put the matter briefly, it is now main-
tained, in the light of the discoveries mentioned, that female eels only go into fresh
water, while the male eels remain in the sea. Some females do not go to salt water
to breed, because they are barren, and they remain permanently, it is assumed, in
fresh-water ponds or lakes. What becomes of the adult eels after spawning is not
positively known, but the females do not return to fresh water, and it is believed that

they die, and possibly both sexes die.

SILVER BELLS:

Of the silver eels Prof. Grassi says: “‘ As a result of the observations of Peterson,
we know now that the common eel develops a bridal coloration or *‘ mating habit,’
which is chiefly characterized by the silver pigment without trace of yellow, and by
the more or less black color of the pectoral fin, and finally by the large eyes.”

Peterson’s inference that this was bridal coloration was derived from the largely
developed state of the reproductive organs and by their ceasing to take nourishment.
Dr. Bean records five eels from Great South Bay, which are described as having
“large eyes, short snout, and long pectoral fins as compared with the common form,
silvery gray above with a clear satiny white abdomen, separated from the color above

t)

by the lateral line.” They were found ‘‘to be males with the generative glands so

y

well developed as to leave no doubt concerning the sex.’
DR. GRASSI SUMS UP.

Dr. Grassi says further: “To sum up, Angudlla vulgaris, the common eel,” [Dr.
Meek, Bulletin United States Fish Commission, 1883, after a careful comparison of
American (Anguilla chrysypa) and European eels, concludes, ‘in American specrmens
the dorsal fin is proportionately further from the end of snout, making the distance
between front of dorsal and front of anal a little shorter than in European specimens;
otherwise no permanent difference seems to exist. We should not, therefore, in my

opinion, consider the two as distinct species, but rather as geographical varieties of

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 283

the same species’] “ matures in the depths of the sea, where it acquires larger eyes
than are ever observed in individuals which have not yet migrated to deep water.
* * * The abysses of the sea are the spawning places of the common eel. * * *
Its eggs float in the sea water. In developing from the egg it undergoes a metamor-
phosis—that is, it passes through a larval form. What length of time this development
requires is very difficult to establish. So far we have only the following data:
“First, A. vulgaris migrates to the sea from the month of October to the month
of January; second, the currents, such as those of the Messena, throw up from the
abysses of the sea specimens which, from the commencement of November to the end
of July, are observed to be more advanced in development than at other times, but
not yet arrived at total maturity; third, eggs which, according to every probability,
belong to the common eel, are found in the sea from the month of August to that of
January, inclusive; fourth, the Septocephalus brevirostris” (the specific name of the
larval form) “‘abounds from February to September—as to the other months, we are
in some uncertainty; fifth, I am inclined to believe that the elvers ascending our

rivers are already one year old.”
ELVERS.

The tales that are told about young eels running up rivers from the sea are
nothing short of marvelous; but the fact that a single eel produces nine million eggs
will help us accept the number of elvers that go up a single stream in a body. Not that
the number is to be given here in figures, but rather in a blanket statement, for the
only estimate I have seen in figures is eighteen hundred passing a given point in one
minute; but the proximity of the point to the sea is not given, nor the width of the
school. For years I have been gathering all sorts of information, and misinformation,
about the common eel, chiefly because I think the eel works greater injury to our
trout, both lake and brook, by eating the fry and spawn, than can be estimated or
than we realize, and I have clipped everything my eyes have rested upon regarding
the eel. I do not propose to give one hundredth part of it here. One clipping,
which from the type I judge to be from the New York Sz, with the date line Milford,
Pa., says: ‘Here is a story told me by William Wallace, a man of unquestioned
veracity. Last spring he was informed by his wife, who had gone to the Big Bushkill
for a pail of water, that there was a mass of eels ascending the creek. Mr. Wallace
went to the creek and for a while watched a procession such as he had never seen
before, although he had lived his lifetime in the same house on the bank of this
stream. The eels were small, averaging possibly four inches in length, and were
formed in a dense column about two and one half to three feet wide, and were

rapidly making their way up stream. Mr. Wallace went about his work, but returned

284 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

to the creek nearly an hour afterward and found the school still in line and still going.
How long these eels had been running neither he nor any one else knew, and it was
impossible to estimate the numbers, which must have been enormous. All who saw
this procession said they fully believed that eels were largely responsible for the
decrease of the trout in our streams.” The Christian World makes this contribution
on the subject of elvers: “The eels which descend to the sea never return, but young
eels or elvers come up from the sea in the spring, millions at a time. The elvers have
been seen to travel along the bank of a river in a continuous band, or eel rope, which
has been known to glide upward for fifteen days together.”

Next to the Christian World clipping I find one alleged to be a reprint from a
scientific paper, giving what Grassi discovered, only it does not give what Grassi said.
I mention this simply to show that clippings are not always reliable.

It is scarcely necessary to say more about the elvers running up streams. The
sight is not unfamiliar to many anglers and others, and what I have quoted describes
the ascent as accurately as needs be, when there are no obstructions in the water to
overcome. When they come to falls or dams they pass above them or around them

if there is the least moisture, although thousands, perhaps millions, perish in
the attempt.
EELS ON LAND:

Giinther says of elvers ascending streams: “In the course of the summer young
individuals ascend rivers in incredible numbers, overcoming all obstacles, ascending
vertical walls and floodgates, entering every large and swollen tributary, and making
their way even over ferra firma to waters shut off from all communication with
rivers.” An unknown German writer says: ‘The small size of the gill opening
makes it possible for the eel to live a long time out of the water, and it is possible
that in their wanderings over moist meadows they may find places in which there are
snails and other desirable food.”

From time to time the newspapers publish items concerning the finding of eels in
the grass a considerable distance from water, and I have called attention to some of
these in this column In May I was leaving New York for Albany on the fast mail,
and going into the smoking compartment found Col. W. C. Sanger, of Sangerfield, in
this State, who said he had a friend with him whom he would like me to meet. The
friend (Mr. Georges A. Glaenzer, a French artist) and I talked fish over our cigars until
he said: ‘I will tell you something which I never tell until I know that the person
I am to tell it to understands much about fish, their habits and peculiarities, for it
really seems improbable on the face of it.” What he told me was that on his family

estate, near Paris, was a pond containing fish for the family table. As the city of

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 285

Paris began to take up streams and ponds in the vicinity for a city water supply, this
pond was drawn down until it was decided to let out all the water and cement the
bottom and sides. When this was done and the pond filled, it was again stocked with
fish—‘‘carp, pike to keep the carp active and from getting too fat, and some
thousands of young eels.”

When it was believed that the eels were large enough for the table, none could be
found, and the pond was drawn, and not an eel was left in it. This was strange
enough, for no one had fished or netted the pond, which for years before it was
cemented had contained eels, and another large supply of young eels was turned in,
only to disappear as mysteriously as the first lot, and a third attempt was made to
stock the pond with the elusive fish. One morning after a heavy rain the gardener
appeared at the house with a basket of eels, which he had found in the wet grass, all
headed in the direction of the nearest stream which led to the sea, and then it was
discovered that the eels had left the pond in a body.

A gunner in England was attracted to the nest of a polecat by the action of his
dog, and in it was found a fresh eel with its head bitten off. The keeper explained
that the polecat had caught it “as the eel was taking an evening stroll amongst
the grass.”

In “Natural History of Worcester’ Dr. Hastings relates: ‘A relative of the late
Mr. Perrott was out in his park with his keeper, near a large piece of water on a
beautiful evening, when the keeper drew his attention to a fine eel ascending the bank
of the pool, and with an undulating motion making its way through the long grass;
on further observation he perceived a considerable number of eels quietly proceeding
in the same manner to a range of stews nearly a quarter of a mile distant from the
large piece of water whence tiiey started. The stews were supplied by a rapid brook,
and in all probability the instinct of the fish led them in that direction as a means of
finding their way to some large river, where their ultimate destination, the sea, might
be obtained.” This circumstance took place in Sandford Park, near Enstone.

Pennell says: “The mode in which eels effect their escape from a basin or other
similar place of confinement is peculiar. They commence tail, instead of head, first,
throwing the former over the edge of the vessel, and by this means gradually lifting
themselves out.” He also says eels mature in three years, but does not explain how
he knows this to be so. No other writer, so far as I can find, pretends to state with
accuracy how long it takes for the eel to mature or arrive at breeding stage. From
the same authority, and the last ‘‘exhibit” on the subject of eels on land: “If eels are
kept in confinement and not closely covered up or shut in with smooth, steep sides,
they will almost certainly make their escape, generally in the night-time, and travel

overland to any water which may be in their neighborhood. The same thing occurs

286 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

on a stream or pond being dried up in summer, when the eels will quit it and wind

through the wet grass in search of water.”
BARREN EELS.

A writer in Land and Water gave an account in 1893 of a quantity of eels found
in a pond with no outlet. The eels were all of large size and all barren; but he did
not say how he knew they were barren. Another writer in the same journal doubted
that all eels found in fresh water were barren. Mr. Thomas Southwell replied to him,
and I quote from his reply in part as follows: ‘‘ Far be it from me to attempt to prove
a negative; but this much I can say: No statement of a gravid eel having been
detected in a pond of fresh water has, so far as I can learn, hitherto borne investi-
gation. Many times I have been told by the eel catchers that they frequently met
with gravid eels, but the oft-renewed offer of a sovereign for one in such a condition
has hitherto been fruitless, and of the many examples from such localities which I
have dissected, not one has indicated an approach to breeding. The only eels showing
even a partial development of the ova which I have obtained were from a tidal water,
where they were on their way to the sea. Ido not think Dr. Grassi attempted to
account for the continued presence of eels in apparently isolated ponds; that was
beyond the scope of his inquiry; but it seems likely that in such cases the reproductive
instinct is arrested; but if eventually developed it would probably lead them to
attempt to escape, and the marvelous situations in which full-grown eels have been
found lead one to infer that they frequently do so. The ascending elvers, whose
instinct leads them to go on and on, irrespective of barriers, I can believe would pen-
etrate almost anywhere, and there are few ponds so isolated as to have no outlet or
overflow whatever; and their numbers are so immense that a very large proportion
might perish without being missed. I see no insuperable difficulty in their gaining

access even to localities which appear to be cut off from all access to river or stream.”

EELS AND POLLUTION.

Interesting evidence was given in an English court when the Hematite Iron
and Steel Company was summoned, at the instance of the West Cumberland
Fishery Board, for allowing a certain substance to flow into the River Eheu and its
tributaries to such an extent as to kill trout and salmon. The evidence was conclusive
that the defendant company, for sanitary reasons, did let off the sediment from a pond
and the sediment did flow into the stream, and large quantities of trout and salmon
were destroyed.

The water bailiff, one Sanderson, testified that eels from the polluted stream were

“found in hundreds making their way overland to holes and to any place they could

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 287

get to escape the pollution, and it seemed a pity that the trout could not have done like-
wise.’ An English writer, commenting on the case, said: ‘‘ Although eels bear the
reputation of being dirty feeders and are fond of being buried in the mud, my experience
of them is that they are terribly susceptible to pollution of actually a poisonous char-
acter, and their testimony bears out my opinion. A river I know abounding with eels
has, since pollution has nearly ruined it, ceased almost to hold an eel at all; at any

rate they are so few that they are not worth fishing for.”
ABUNDANCE OF EELS.

Nearly every year some mills on a stream within fifty miles from where I live are
obliged to shut down and kill eels. The eels get into the mill wheels and block their
motion, and so interfere with the machinery that a shut-down and eel-killing is in order.
As to the number of eels that cause this trouble, no one can estimate it. Mr. Pinker-
ton, an English writer, says: “It is about this time of year that the annual migration
commences, the eels moving in the night, and always choosing a dark night for the
purpose. A change of wind, a clap of thunder, a cloudy night becoming clear and
starry, will at once stop the movement. I have frequently visited the great eel fishery
at Toome, on the lower Bann, where from fifty to sixty tons of eels are annually
caught in the migrating season. As many as seventy thousand eels have been taken
at this place in one night.”

The town of Ely, in England, is said to be named from the rents having been
formerly paid in eels, the lords of the manor being entitled to upward of one hundred
thousand eels annually.

In one lake that I am very familiar with, when the lake trout gather on the spawn-
ing beds in the autumn, the eels also gather, and the sight under a flaming torch at
night is one to vex the soul of the trout fisherman. There are usually a far greater
number of eels on the shoals than trout, and the lake is full of trout and well stocked
annually, and they scarcely wait for the trout to deposit their eggs before they devour
them ; and the law will not permit the taking of eels from this lake in eel pots because
there are trout init. Eels are rarely taken in this lake with hook and line, but they
grow fat on the trout spawning beds and would make good eating if eel pots were per-
mitted to take them out, and save the trout eggs ina degree. The New York Sux
had this news item in 1897: ‘‘The Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission of this
State was the first to recognize the destructive qualities of eels, and in its report for
1896 says: ‘Fish of all kinds are spawn eaters to a greater or less extent, but the
eel is more destructive of spawn than any other fish, as it does not spawn in fresh
water and is ready to prey upon both the fall and spring spawning fishes. * * * We

would ask that the Commission have power to use or authorize the use of eel pots in

288 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

all waters, whether inhabited by trout or not, for it is in trout waters particularly that
eels are proving destructive of young fish.’”’

The Commissions made the same recommendation in their report for 1895, but
the law has not been changed to give them the discretion in the matter which they
should have, for it is in waters inhabited by trout that eels are doing the greatest
damage. Eel pots would not take trout in any event, and so far as possible the eels

should be removed from trout waters.
THE EEL COMMERCIALLY.

It is a most difficult matter to obtain complete statistics in regard to the number,
weight, and value of fish taken in internal waters. From men engaged in commercial
fisheries it is possible to secure figures upon which to base the value of the catch; but
of the thousands of individual fishermen who fish only for home consumption, their
catch never finds its way, either in pounds or dollars and cents, into a statistical report
of State fisheries. One has only to look along the banks of our rivers and canals to
see that a great number of men are daily engaged fishing for eels, not for market, but
for the home pot. While visiting the shad nets in the upper Hudson I one day
counted twenty-three men and boys on the docks fishing for eels, and every dock had
its quota of eel fishermen. Only a few days ago I counted seven men on one pier of
the railroad bridge at Albany as I crossed on a railroad train. Their lines showed
that they were fishing on the bottom, and for eels. Statistics gathered by the United
States Fish Commission of fisheries of the interior lakes of New York show that
seventeen thousand pounds of eels were taken in each of the two years during which
the investigation was conducted, and that part of Lake Ontario touched by counties
of New York furnished sixty-six thousand pounds in addition. It is scarcely necessary
to tabulate returns from the Hudson or waters adjacent to the sea to show that many
eels are taken in the waters of the State annually, and I think it is not pretended that
the most accurate statistics on the subject of the eel fisheries show anything like the
number caught. Here is a fish considered an excellent food fish that does not breed
in fresh water, but simply comes into fresh water for development and returns to the
sea, probably to perish after spawning. While in fresh water it is a notorious spawn-
eater, and it has no fasting season, like fishes that spawn in our lakes, ponds, and
streams; and all that can be caught add to the food supply; so why is it not best to
use every legitimate means to catch eels while in our fresh waters, and thereby rescue
the spawn of what many consider better fishes ?

J, ON CMU SINIIN’,
State Fish Culturist.

[ODO Ss mely >)

Jal S lela (Oy Stal UO GIO QNANvOue

nigames of Tishes im Colors.

A GOOD STRING.

HE first report of the Fisheries, Game

and Forest Commission—namely, for

the year ending September 30, 1895,—
contained figures of some of the fishes of the
State in colors, reproduced from drawings of
the fishes themselves by Sherman F. Denton,
an artist eminent in this particular field. The
fishes selected to be presented in the first
volume were the brook trout, a breeding male;
the Atlantic salmon, the whitefish, the small-
mouth black bass, the large-mouth black bass,
the pike-perch, the mascalonge, the pike, the
pickerel, two figures showing different marking;
the shad, the rainbow trout, the brown trout,
and the smelt. In the next report, the Com-
mission decided to continue the colored illus-
trations of fishes, as an educative feature of the
printed book, as the demand for the first volume
far exceeded the supply, although the Legisla-
ture had ordered an extra number of the books.
This demand was traceable, in great part, to the
colored plates, and it was decided by the Com-
mission to include all the fishes hatched by the
State, and others of the more common fishes
from both fresh and salt water. In the printed

report for the year ending September 30, 1896,

it was found necessary to reproduce the male brook trout and the pike-perch, as the

specific requests for the pictures of these particular fishes had been most numerous,

and in addition the female brook trout, the male Sunapee trout, the female Sunapee

trout, the male landlocked salmon, the female landlocked salmon, the lake trout

and the Adirondack frostfish were added. The first report had the colored figures of

but one game-bird, and others were added in the second report, and it was decided to

include a number of figures of the better-known game-birds in each volume. In the

report for the year ending September 30, 1897, the figures of fishes included the cisco

289

19

290 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

from Hemlock Lake, the white bass, the fall fish or silver club, the red-throat or
black-spotted trout, the steelhead or salmon trout, the golden shiner, the alewife or
branch herring, and the common or lake whitefish, male and female, from two of the
interior lakes of the State. The whitefishes were presented in consequence of the
fact that it had been discovered by Dr. Bean that the so-called Labrador whitefish was
the common whitefish.

In the present volume, the report for the year ending September 30, 1898, it was
found necessary to reproduce the shad because of the demand for it by those who had
been unable to secure copies of the earlier report containing it.

With the figures of the dogfish is an exhaustive article by Dr. Bashford Dean, and
the eel is mentioned in a separate article. It was the intention of the Commission to

‘

have the artist prepare a figure of the “silver eel,” so-called, which is simply the name
of the common eel of the illustration when it puts on nuptial coloring and descends to.
the sea, where it is called salt-water eel; but specimens could not be obtained at the

time from which to make the drawing.

The Lobster.

The State hatches annually a number of millions of lobsters at the Cold Spring
Harbor hatchery on Long Island. The eggs are obtained from the lobsters in the
lobster pots of the professional lobster fishermen and would be lost if not rescued by
the hatchery employees and hatched in the Jars at the hatchery. The figures presented
are those of a male lobster, upper side, and the under side of a female or “ berried”
lobster, showing the manner of carrying the eggs. Authorities differ as to the spawn-
ing habits of the American lobster. It was announced a few years ago that the same
lobster spawned once in two years, and facts and figures were given to prove the state-
ment. More recently, Professor Prince, of Canada, declared that the lobster spawned
annually, and when scientists disagree it is unwise for the layman to say anything on
the subject. The following, taken from ‘‘A Manual of Fish Culture,” published by
the United States Fish Commission, treats of the reproduction of the lobster:

“The principal spawning season for lobsters on the United States coast is summer,
especially July and August, when probably three fourths of the lobsters deposit their
eggs. The remaining egg-producing lobsters lay during the fall and winter. A given
lobster does not spawn oftener than every second year, as has been shown by recent
studies conducted by the Commission.

“The eggs are fertilized outside the body of the female. The spermatic fluid is
deposited in a receptacle at the base of the third pair of walking legs, and retains its

vitality for a long time. When the eggs are being extruded the female lobster lies on

apis seddn aje,

41S‘

LSONVOIYAWVY SNUVWOL } ‘oH

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 291

her back and folds the tail so as to form a kind of chamber to retain the eggs. After
their discharge from the body the eggs become coated with a cement substance
secreted by glands in the swimmerets; this substance hardens after being in contact
with the water and firmly anites the eggs to the hair-like filaments on the swimmerets.
The exact method by which the fertilizing principle is conveyed to the eggs from the
pouch in which it is contained is not known.

“The incubative period is much prolonged. After the eggs are extruded and
become attached externally, they are carried ten or eleven months before hatching
ensues; during this time they are carefully protected, and are perfectly aerated by
the active motion of the swimmerets. On the United States coast most of the lobsters
emerge from the eggs in June, although some of the hatching is completed in May
and some in July, or even later. A few eggs are now known to hatch in winter. All
of the embryos do not come from the eggs at the same time, the hatching occupying
a week or more. The young receive no attention from the adults, but lead an inde-
pendent existence immediately after escaping from the egg.

“The lobster egg is about one fifteenth of an inch in diameter. When newly laid
it is usually of a dark-green color, but is sometimes light grayish or yellowish green.

“The known maximum number of eggs produced at one time by a lobster is
97,440; the average from lobsters taken for market
is 10,000 or 12,000. The number depends largely
on the size of the lobster, apparently in conformity
to the following rule: The numbers of eggs laid by
given lobsters vary in a geometric scale, while the
lengths of the lobsters vary in an arithmetic scale.

“The following table illustrates, with approx-
imate accuracy, the egg-producing capacities of

lobsters of the lengths indicated under normal con-

ditions:

LENGTH NUMBER
OF LOBSTER. OF EGGS LAID.
8 inches, ; : ¢ ; 5,000
10 inches, : ; ; j 10,000
12 inches, : 6 : 6 20,000
14 inches, : : : j 40,000
16 inches, : 5 : : 80,000

“MOULTING AND GROWTH.

“The act of shedding the shell, or moulting, is
important and critical. It is only after shedding

that growth takes place; during the early stages A SPECIAL PERFORMANCE.

292 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

of the lobster’s existence this function is often exercised in a comparatively
short time, while later it occurs only at long intervals. Moulting in the lobster
consists in throwing off the entire external skeleton, together with the lining of the
digestive tract.

“The first moult takes place about the time the young emerges from the egg, when
it is about a third of an inch long, and many lobsters do not survive this. During this
first stage the larval lobster swims at or near the surface. A second moult eusues in
from one to five days, and the lobster enters on its second stage, its average lena
being about two fifths of an inch and its habits similar to the first stage. In two to
five days another moult takes place, and the length of the larva increases to about half
an inch. This is followed in two to eight days by another moult, and the lobster enters
on the fourth stage, when its length becomes slightly greater. From ten to twenty
days later the fifth moult ushers in the fifth stage, after which the surface-swimming
habit is discarded and the larva goes to the bottom and begins to assume the charac-
teristics of the adult. This stage lasts eleven to eighteen days, and in it the young
lobster has attained a length of about three fifths of an inch. From this time on the
moults are at longer intervals, until the fully mature condition is reached, when shedding
takes place only once in one or two years.

“The food of lobsters during the larval stages consists chiefly of small crustaceans.
A very pugnacious instinct then characterizes them, and active cannibalism prevents
their artificial rearing for lack of abundant natural food.

“Larval lobsters are very susceptible to the influence of the sun (heliotropic) while
in the first three stages, being attracted by bright rays to the surface of the ocean or
to the side of a vessel. This peculiarity is lost during the fourth stage.

‘During the first year the young lobster, which since the fourth stage has become
more and more like the adult in form and habits with each moult, attains a length of
about two or three inches. At the end of the second year the length is five to seven
inches. By the end of four and a half or five years a length of about ten inches is
reached. The rate of growth, however, depends greatly on the environment, the
abundance of food being a very important factor.

“The adult lobster usually moults in summer, and in the case of the female, shortly
after the hatching of the eggs. As several months are required for the new shell to
acquire the hardness of the old; as newly laid eggs are rarely found on a soft-shell
lobster; as moulting does not ensue while the eggs are on the swimmerets; and, further-
more, as dissection has shown that the ovaries of a lobster whose eggs have recently
hatched are in an immature condition, and will not yield eggs until the succeeding
year, it follows that the mature lobster deposits eggs not oftener than once in two

years, with an alternating moult.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS, 293

“SIZE AND WEIGHT.

“The average size of lobsters caught for market is now much less than it was in the
earlier days of the fishery, and their average weight is probably not over two pounds.
A lobster nine inches long weighs, on an average, one and one sixth pounds; a ten-
and-one-half-inch lobster, one and three quarter pounds; a twelve-inch lobster, three
pounds, and a fifteen-inch lobster, four to five pounds; while a lobster twenty inches
long weighs twenty pounds or more. Lobsters weighing as much as fifteen or twenty
pounds are uncommon, and those weighing over twenty pounds are very rare. Up to
a recent date, the largest lobster of authenticated weight was about twenty-five
pounds. In 1897, however, three lobsters, each weighing over thirty pounds, were
taken off Sandy Hook, N. J., the weight of the largest being thirty-three pounds.”

At the Cold Spring Harbor station of this Commission lobster eggs are secured
from the lobster pots by scraping the naturally impregnated eggs from the swim-
merets of the berried lobsters, and are placed in McDonald
hatching jars and hatched precisely as shad and smelt
and whitefish and tomcod eggs are hatched. The eggs
may hatch in two days or two weeks, for naturally the

eggs of some females may be more advanced than others

at the time of capture, and when hatched the young
lobsters begin almost at once to eat one another. They
grow rapidly, and illustrations are here given of their
exact size at two, five, and sixteen days of age.
Within a few days after hatching, the young lobsters
are planted in the harbors of Long Island, and there-

after they must fight their own battles for existence.

The Uellow Perch.

The yellow perch is one of the most common of
pan-fishes found in fresh water and one of the best
for the table when taken from pure cold water. It is
a sweet-meated, firm-fleshed fish comparatively free of
bones, and though it ordinarily grows only to a few
ounces in weight, specimens from favored waters have
been taken weighing from two and one half to four

pounds. Not only is the yellow perch an excellent

pan-fish for mankind, but it furnishes food for other

and larger fishes. Although the perch is not protected YELLOW. PERCH,

294 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

by a close season during its breeding period, it does not seem to diminish in any
waters where it is found naturally. At intervals, in some waters, even the best and
purest, an epidemic visits the perch tribe, and vast numbers are found dead in the
water and on the shores; but this does not appear to decrease the supply of healthy
fish in the water. The following description of the fish is taken from the ‘‘ Manual of
Fish Culture,” already mentioned:

“The eggs of the yellow perch are among the most remarkable that have been
artificially hatched. The spawn is in one piece, a much elongated ribbon-like
structure, of a semi-transparent, light-grayish color. One end of the large egg mass,
corresponding to the anterior part of the roe, is larger than the other, and is bluntly
forked. The string is very long, but may be much compressed lengthwise by virtue
of its arrangement in regular transverse folds like the sides of a bellows or accordeon.
When deposited the eggs are in a loose globular form, and after being fertilized and
becoming ‘“‘water-hard” their mass rapidly becomes many times larger than the fish
which laid them. The length of the strings is from two to more than seven feet,
depending on the size of the fish. One fish in an aquarium at Washington deposited
a string of eggs eighty-eight inches long, four inches wide at one end and two at the
other, whose weight after fertilization was forty-one ounces avoirdupois, while the
weight of the fish before the escape of the eggs was only twenty-four ounces.

“A cavity extends the whole length of the egg mass, its walls being formed by
the delicate membrane in which the eggs are imbedded. The cavity is almost closed,
small apertures occurring irregularly, which have the appearance of being accidental,
but may be natural, in order to permit the circulation cf water on the inside of
the mass.

“The egg string is quite light and resilient or stringy, the least agitation of the
water causing a quivering motion of the whole mass.

“The diameter of the egg is one thirteenth of an inch. The quantity cannot be
easily measured, but the number is approximately twenty-eight thousand to a quart.

‘“The best method of securing the spawn is to place mature fish of both sexes in
suitable tanks with running water. The females selected should be those whose
external appearance indicates that the eggs are still undeposited. Spawning takes
place at night, and the eggs are naturally fertilized. Under proper conditions, it is
the exception to find unfertilized eggs. In the morning the eggs are transferred to
the hatching apparatus.

“The eggs of this fish have been hatched at different stations of the Commission.
One season, at Central Station, Washington, D. C., one hundred and thirty ripening
females and about an equal number of males taken from the Potomac were placed in

aquarium tanks supplied with water from the city water-works. Spawning began

FISHING FOR WEAKFISH.

ROUNDING A SCHOOL.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 295

March roth and continued till April 3d, and ninety-eight strings, containing nearly
one million eggs, were deposited.

“The eggs are hatched in the automatic shad jar, provided with a cap of fine-
meshed wire netting; the usual inflow tube is retained, but the siphon tube is with-
drawn, the water escaping over the top of the jar. The amount of water circulation is
not great enough to force the mass of eggs to the upper side of the jar, or to give
much motion to them. They are lighter than shad or whitefish eggs, and when put
in rapid motion to dislodge adhering sediment they would clog the outlet tube if the
ordinary method of manipulating this jar were employed.

“The eggs from several fish may be placed in one jar. They perhaps need as
little care as any eggs handled by fish culturists. When one string of eggs or one
lobe of a string dies it may be removed with a small net, or the entire contents of the
jar may be turned into a pan.

“The period of hatching varies rrom two to four weeks, according to the temper-
ature. As the fry hatch, they pass over into tanks provided with screened overflows,
where they are held till planted. The fry are very hardy, and may be readily retained
in aquaria for several weeks. The percentage of eggs hatched is very large. From

one lot of 955,000, 754,000 fry, or seventy-nine per cent., were produced.”

The Tomecod.

The tomcod or frostfish is a toothsome little fish, and adds materially to the food
supply, as it may be caught from almost every dock and pier-head of Greater New
York. The State in some years hatches over forty million of little tomcods. They
spawn in December and average twenty-five thousand eggs to a fish, though one fish
of one pound weight furnished 43,740 eggs. With the water at forty degrees Fahren-
heit, the eggs hatch in thirty-five days, and it requires four days to absorb the sac

with which they are born.
The Mackerel.

The common mackerel, so-called. that it may be distinguished from the Spanish
mackerel and related genera, seems, like the codfish, to be one of the fishes indispen-
sable to that portion of the human family who are fish eaters. It is a comparatively
small fish, averaging about twelve inches in length and three quarters to one pound in
weight; but fish weighing from three to four pounds are occasionally taken. The
mackerel has been propagated artificially, more successfully by the dry process as
practiced with brook trout and other eggs, than by the wet process. The fish average

about forty thousand eggs, but 546,000 eggs have been taken from a mackerel of one

290 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

and one quarter pounds, and the largest fish may yield a million eggs. The period of
incubation with water temperature of fifty-eight degrees is five days. Seventy-five
per cent. of some eggs have produced fry, but less than one per cent. of most of the
eggs hatch, and they are taken from commercial fish, and are not received in good

order.—From ‘“ Manual of Fish Culture.”
The Weakfish.

The weakfish is a prominent food fish commercially, as well as hook-and-line fish.
Its average size is under five pounds, but it grows to thirty pounds. It has been
hatched artificially by the United States Fish Commission, the eggs being very small,
and they hatch in two days with the water at sixty degrees. The ‘“‘sea trout”’ is also
a weakfish, called spotted squeteague, and is smaller than the fish figured in the illus-

tration, the maximum weight being about ten pounds.

JN IN| (CIGNA
State Fish Culturtst.

r-

|
va
4

YY

Report of the Saperintendent of
State Forests.

To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests:

GENTLEMEN :—The forestry work of this Department has been carried on during
the past year with satisfactory results. Forest fires have been of rare occurrence—
the damage from this source being merely nominal as compared with the destruction
and devastation wrought in former years. The burnings this season were few in
number and small in area. It is a matter of congratulation that none occurred on the
Forest Preserve. With one exception, these fires started near the outskirts of the
main forest, or along the highways where, for the most part, they originated in brush
fires started by farmers for clearing land, from which the flames, driven by wind or
through lack of proper watching, escaped into "the adjoining forest. The exception
referred to was a fire that occurred in the interior of the wilderness, and which was
started from an abandoned camp-fire of some fishermen. In nearly every instance,
incipient fires were promptly extinguished through the activity and efficiency of the
- local firewardens, of whom there are 281 in the woodland towns. The reports of the
firewardens include also some cases where small tracts of waste or brush land were
burned over—these fires originating from locomotives, or from incendiarism on the
part of huckleberry pickers with a view to increasing the next year’s crop. The
damage from this class of fires is slight so far as regards present conditions; but it
involves a loss, in this, that it prevents the future reforesting of these waste tracts.
This class of fires, which at one time were a regular occurrence each season, have been
so far minimized that we have reason to believe they will soon be prevented altogether.

The activity and efficiency of the foresters throughout the Adirondack and Catskill
regions is well attested by the fact that there has been no timber cutting or trespassing
on State land during the past year, aside from cases in which the title to the land was
in dispute, or where there was a misunderstanding as to the location of boundary lines.
Even in such instances the cutting was promptly stopped before it had proceeded to
any serious extent. The penalty in each case was promptly enforced. Occasional
reports were received of petty depredations, based on the thieving instincts of indi-
viduals, which are as difficult to suppress in a forest community as in the inhabitants
of a city.

The lumber and wood-pulp industries of our State continue to make a heavy drain

upon the resources of our Adirondack forests. The demand is increasing; the supply
237

298 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

is rapidly diminishing. With such conditions, the result is easily foreseen. In the
past year 450,995,416 feet of timber was cut and removed from the great forest of
northern New York. This means that over 105,000 acres of forest land was stripped
of its merchantable timber. It does not imply that this area was denuded or left
without forest cover, but it means that our State is that much nearer the end of its
timber supply, and that it is a serious menace to our economic conditions. A still
more serious feature of this timber cutting is that, with the exception of a few
localities, no provision whatever is made for the future growth. These unfavorable
conditions can be remedied only by thoughtful, judicious legislation. -A forestry
policy providing for such future supply need not antagonize the great industries
now dependent upon our forests for their raw material. Such policy aims to pro-
tect the source of supply, and in so doing best protects and fosters the industry itself.
The State of New York leads all others in the manufacture of wood-pulp. Many
millions of capital are invested in the various plants. Thousands of workmen derive
a profitable living from this industry. The same can be said of our great lumber
industries and woodworking manufactories, all of which are dependent upon our
forests for their raw material.. If left to individuals and individual interests, no pro-
vision will be made for the future supply. The protection of these industries, and
their continuance is dependent solely on an intelligent forest policy, directed and
controlled by the State.

Owing to the restrictions of the forestry clause in the State Constitution, this
Department is unable to undertake any work of a scientific character or forest im-
‘provement which might involve the cutting of any timber, either for market or in the
way of pruning, thinning or removal of diseased and dead trees. At the same
time, the Department is contemplating the inauguration of some improvement, in
the way of reforesting the barren, burned or denuded tracts, of which there are several
areas, large and small, in the Forest Preserve. Such action would not involve any
cutting or removal of timber for many years—at least, not within the period in which
the present constitutional clause will be operative. Unless some such work is under-
taken, these waste and denuded lands will remain as open barrens, or, if they reforest
themselves naturally, will be very apt to produce a growth of inferior or unmerchant-
able timber. As the Department would like to inaugurate some work other than that
of mere police duty, to which it is now confined, it would gladly undertake the task
of reforesting these waste areas. The details would be placed under the charge of
skilled, professional foresters, whose experience in the technical management of such
lands would insure success.

In connection with this proposed work of reforesting, meteorological stations could

be established at points where observations could be made and recorded by these pro-

[SISNAGQVNVD SNaAVOVYCNAG)
ae KO SIO) Sel alel'S

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 299

fessional foresters. The observations thus proposed belong to a class intimately
connected with forestry work, and would furnish certain scientific data absolutely
necessary to a correct understanding of the subject and proper forest management.
The question as to the influence of forests on rainfall, their connection with moisture
and other atmospheric conditions, and their influence on climate, will all be better
understood and can be better acted upon when this knowledge is obtained—informa-
tion which can only be secured through the establishment of stations at proper points
for making the scientific and meteorological observations necessary to a long and
accurate record of the facts.

In order to carry out the proposed plan for reforesting our denuded lands, and
the establishment of stations for observing temperature and rainfall, no legislation is
necessary, as such work would come properly within the scope and province of this
Department. Some special appropriation, however, might be needed for the inaugu-
ration and maintenance of such work; but the amount need not be large, as the
work for several years would be experimental in character, and limited, on the start,
to comparatively small areas. Sooner or later this work must be done. ‘There is no
better time for its commencement than now.

Under our present law the territory constituting the Adirondack Park is
defined by naming the various towns within which it is located, the outside
boundaries of these towns thereby forming the boundary of the park. But many
of: these towns are not all under forest cover, and contain large areas of farming
land. It is highly desirable that the boundary of the Adirondack Park should con-
form, as nearly as practicable, to the outer line of the forest. As now defined by
law, the park contains over 400,000 acres of open farm land under cultivation. This
is an absurdity which should be remedied by proper legislation at the first opportunity.
The “blue line” on the Adirondack map published by this Department is not the
boundary of the Adirondack Park as many suppose, but represents merely a proposed
line. The Forest Preserve Board in all its purchases has been governed by this pro-
posed line, and no land has been bought outside of it. As the blue line referred to
lies entirely within the park as defined by law, no exception could be taken to the
policy of the Forest Preserve Board in this respect; especially as nearly all the land
outside the blue line is composed of cultivated farms which could not be purchased
under the terms of the act appropriating money for the purchase of forest land. In
case any bill is presented to the Legislature for the purpose of adjusting the park line
to the boundaries of the Adirondack forest, it is hoped that the measure will receive
favorable consideration. No preliminary survey or expense is necessary in establishing
this boundary, as it can be made to follow the well-known and plainly marked lines
that define the limits of the various tracts and townships—lines which are near enough

to the edge of the forest to subserve this arrangement.

300 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

The present law providing for the taxation of State property in the Forest Preserve
restricts the payment of taxes by the State to wild and forest land; but, within the
Preserve there are many parcels of farming land on which there are houses and barns,
which, under the provision of the law, are necessarily assessed to the occupants. he
continued payment of taxes by these occupants is lable to result in a cloud on the
State’s title; especially, as the State titles are obtained through taxes, in which too
often there are irregularities in the assessment, and which give the occupants an
opportunity for litigation in a question of ownership. In view of these facts, and
other reasons which we do not deem prudent to discuss here, it is advisable that the
law should be amended so that all the land in the Forest Preserve, together with what-_
ever buildings or improvements may be there, should be assessed to the State. If, in
case of a litigation, only the cleared land and farm buildings were at stake, a cancel-
lation of the State title would not cause any serious loss; butin every case a cancel-
lation would involve not only the small area of cleared land on some farm, but the
entire tract, varying from 160 to 1,000 acres, nearly all of which, in every instance, is
forest land. There have already been cases where, through irregularity in the assess-
ment prior to the tax sale by which the State acquired title, a quarter of a township,
containing 6,000 acres or more, has been lost through litigation growing out of the
occupancy of some little clearing not over ten square rods in extent. This recom-
mendation is based upon fourteen years’ practical experience by the Department in
these matters.

The Forestry -Department publishes, from time to time, a schedule of the many
lots or parcels of land, several thousand or more, constituting the Forest Preserve, this
list of lands forming the basis on which rest all the work and business of the Depart-
ment. It is highly necessary that it should be correct as to every lot or parcel. No
lands should be borne upon this list that the State does not fairly and honestly own.
And yet, we are unable to say that such is the case. Three fourths of the land in
the Forest Preserve was acquired at tax sales, the greater part of these lots having
passed into the possession of the State from the sale of 1877, over twenty-two years
ago. At that time, through the carelessness and illiteracy of some of the Adirondack
assessors, many lots were sold without proper warrant. Very often, through clerical
errors, lands were sold on which all the taxes had been paid, and for which the owners
held, and still hold, receipts for the payment of every tax that was levied. The
question may be asked, Why does not the State return the land to the owners? In
reply, we have to admit that our tax laws will not permit such a course of procedure.
By a decision of the Court of Appeals it is held that a cancellation of a tax sale cannot
be obtained except upon the application of the person who was the purchaser at the

sale. Now, as the purchaser can have no object in having the sale set aside, the title

HISHMRIES GAME, AND HORESTS: 301

always stands. The original owner of the land is forced to apply to the courts for
redress, thereby involving an expense which, too often, the value of these wild lands
will not warrant. In view of the number of lots appearing on the land list of the
Forest Preserve in which the State’s title is of doubtful character, some legislation is
necessary to amend and correct the schedule. But the work of selecting these lots
and determining the facts as to whether the State’s title to a lot is a valid one, would
require the services of persons thoroughly familiar with the character of tax titles, the
nature of a legal occupancy, and the general history of each case. The State Comp-
troller, Hon. James A. Roberts, in his last report, dated January 11, 1899, says, in
relation to these complications:

“Tt has been reported to this office that a number of parcels of land in the Forest Preserve
are occupied by people claiming to be the fee-owners thereof. These lands, it is alleged, have
been assessed both as resident and non-resident lands, and the taxes levied on the resident
assessments duly paid. In such cases the State’s title seems likely to remain in dispute and
doubt until an investigation shall disclose the exact condition. If it is deemed advisable to have
this important matter investigated, a small appropriation to defray the expenses of the persons
appointed therefor should be made, and a reference of the matter made to some department with
power to act.”

I would respectfully ask that the recommendation of the Comptroller in this
matter receive thoughtful consideration, and that the necessary legislation be granted.
It would seem advisable to enact some law authorizing the proper department to
report a Bill of Relief, under which legislative authority shall be granted to erase from
the schedule of lands in the Forest Preserve any lots or parcels that may not properly
belong there, such lots being specified distinctly in the act. The preparation of the
list of lands to be thus released might be intrusted to the Comptroller’s office; or, the
work might be done through the services of experts, of whom one might be detailed
from the Comptroller's office, one from the office of the Fisheries, Game and Forest
Commission, and one from the office of the State Engineer and Surveyor, these officials
to receive proper compensation for the additional work thus required of them. The
assistance of the Attorney-General’s office might be needed, also, in furnishing opinions
on questions arising from the discussion of disputed titles.

Although, in the management of the Forest Preserve the last year, the forest fires
have been less in number and in area than at any like period since the establishment
of the Forestry Department, we believe that the damage from this source can, under
proper arrangement, be still further minimized, and, perhaps, entirely prevented. To
this end a more compact and systematic organization of the corps of firewardens is
necessary. The various duties of the Superintendent of Forests will not permit him to
give the attention to this branch of the service which he would like, and which the safety

of the forest demands. I would suggest the appointment of an assistant, who shall

302 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

be designated as the Supervisor of Firewardens, or Chief Firewarden, and whose time
and services shall be devoted exclusively to the proper organization, supervision and
direction of the firewardens, of whom there are 281 in the forest towns, not including
district wardens. This official in the course of his duties would have the opportunity
of visiting the place where each fire occurred, and making a proper examination as to
its cause, extent and damage, and to institute whatever prosecution might be neces-
sary for a violation of the fire law. He should see that in each case the warden fills
out his blank report, and that it states all the facts connected with the case. He
should scrutinize the bill of each warden for the services of the posse ordered out at
the fire, and see that the number of men charged for and other items are correct. He
should have supervision of the bills rendered by the various towns against the State in
reimbursement for half of the expenses paid by them for the extinction of forest fires,
as now provided by law. By careful attention to the latter requirements, a competent
official would save to the State a sum greater than his salary. Furthermore, in
fulfillment of the requirements of the law, he should see that whenever a vacancy
occurs in the list of firewardens that the place should be promptly filled, by recom-
mending some person who has not only had experience in fighting fire, but, also, one
who will command the respect and obedience of a posse of fellow citizens when it is
necessary to order them out to fight fire. In further compliance with the requirements
of the fire law, he should see that every forest town is properly divided into small
districts, and a district firewarden, properly located, appointed in each. During his
spare time, while at the Albany office, he should prepare maps of each town showing
the subdivisions into fire districts, on which should be noted the residence of the
district firewarden. He should also attend to the distribution, among the firewardens,
of the printed notices containing the rules and regulations of the Forestry Department
in relation to the prevention and extinction of forest fires, and should see that these
notices are thoroughly and properly posted throughout the woodland districts of the
Adirondack and Catskills. The Forestry Law, furthermore, provides that this De-

oe

partment shall “have charge of the public interests of the State with regard to
forestry, and especially with reference to forest fires in every part of the State.” As the
latter clause is mandatory in its character, it should be the duty of the supervisor of
firewardens to obtain annually the list of the supervisors of every town in the State
outside the counties mentioned in the Forest. Preserve Act, and furnish each with
printed instructions regarding his duties as a firewarden, cx-officzo, as prescribed in
the forestry law. He should, furthermore, require and obtain of each supervisor
annually a statement as to whether or not any forest fires have occurred in his town,
and, if there has been one, a report of the same properly filled out on the blank forms

furnished by this Commission for that purpose. As the law governing this Depart-

UHAOD ANACIALAVA

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 303

ment does not provide for the appointment of such an offtcial, and as our annual
appropriation makes no provision for such an expenditure, some legislation seems
necessary if this recommendation meets with your approval.

The Commission has noted with dissatisfaction and regret the failure of many of
the firewardens to send in their reports promptly after a fire has occurred. Most of
them wait until the end of the year, when it is too late to make the necessary inquiries
into the cause of the fire and institute proceedings for a violation of the law. To pro-
vide against this persistent negligence of many firewardens, the law relating to forest
fires should be amended so that no firewarden shall receive pay from a town board
until he has first sent his report and bill to this Commission, in order to have it
properly audited and stamped before it is presented by him to the town board for
payment. The Commission is justified in making this requirement, because the State
is obliged to refund to each Adirondack and Catskill town one half of the total amount
paid to a firewarden for the expenses and services of himself and assistants in fighting fire.

I would embrace this opportunity to commend to the favorable consideration
of the Board the valuable and meritorious work which has been done in the
Adirondacks during the past few years, and is still being carried on, by the
United States Geological Survey. The United States officials connected with this
work are men of the highest attainments in their profession, and the people of our
State are to be congratulated on thus receiving the benefit of their services. The
work of this survey is topographical, as well as geographical in its character. The
greater part of the Adirondack region has been surveyed and mapped by them, and
the entire work will be completed within a comparatively short time. These maps,
which are on file in this Department, and also in the office of the State Engineer and
Surveyor, are open to inspection by the members of the Commission, and I trust
that in the course of your duties you will give them’ a careful examination. The
maps are on a large scale, showing accurately the location of every mountain, river,
and smallest stream. The situation of each lake, pond, and tiny sheet of water is also
shown. Every marsh, swamp, and piece of meadow land appears, depicted in the
conventional characters used by skilful draughtsmen. Every road and trail is care-
fully laid down, the location of every house and barn properly noted, as well as that
of every village, hamlet and hotel. The site of each bridge and dam along the
streams is also shown. But the greatest value of this survey is found in the accurate
delineation of the mountain topography. From the slightest elevation to the highest
mountain the steepness of the land is shown in lines of twenty-foot contours, while on
the summits of all the large hills and mountains, as shown on the map, figures are
inserted indicating the altitude of these peaks above the sea level. The surveyors in

their work noted, as they went along, the location of the blazed lines that mark the

304 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF HISHERIES, (GAME AND FORESTS.

township, town, and county boundaries; and, so, by means of the relative topography
any forester, hunter, or tourist can, by the aid of these maps and a pocket compass,
go directly to any point within the Great Forest of Northern New York, whether it be
on the top of the highest mountain, the lowest valley, or within the most remote
recesses of the pathless forest. These sheets are unsurpassed as specimens of cartog-
raphy. They are to be combined in one large map, on which the Adirondack region
will stand revealed to the eye as plainly as the area of a farming district in a county
atlas. Although the cost of this work hitherto has been largely defrayed by the general
Government, through a recent arrangement the State of New York has agreed to pay
one half of the survey, the agreement being that the United States will expend on
this survey of the Adirondack region any amount necessary to the completion of the
work, provided the State of New York will appropriate annually a similar sum, the
entire amount to be expended under the direction of United States Geological Survey.
This map is so necessary in the proper management of the Forest Preserve, and is of
such great assistance to our officials in their travels and the prosecution of their work,
as well, also, to all guides, hunters and tourists, that it is earnestly hoped that the
Legislature will grant a liberal appropriation to enable the State to fully co-operate
in the prosecution of this most valuable work, and avail itself of the offer made ~
by the general Government.

A map of the forest counties in the Catskill region has been prepared under the
direction and instructions of the superintendent. It is on a large scale, two miles to
an inch—the same as that of our Adirondack map—and includes the counties of
Ulster, Greene, Delaware and Sullivan, in which are situated 55,092 acres of the
Forest Preserve. The entire landed allotment of this territory is shown on the map.
Each tract or patent, with all its many subdivisions into small lots, is clearly and
accurately outlined. The names of all the patents and surveys are neatly lettered,
and the number of each lot is inserted in its place. All the town and county
boundaries, villages, and railroads are laid down, while its value. as a geographical
map is enhanced by the many wagon roads which are also accurately shown. This
map will be highly serviceable in our work, as it will enable the foresters and other
officials to locate each parcel of State land in the Catskill Preserve and to care for it
accordingly. I submit herewith asa part of this report the original draft of this
Catskill map, and respectfully ask that when the report is sent to the State printer
the map be sent also, with instructions to engrave and print 2,000 copies in style
similar to our Adirondack map.

Respectfully submitted,
NVA TEASE SE OXe
Superintendent of State Forests.

dnnaal Timber Prodact of Northern
New York.

By WILLIAM F. FOX, Supt. STATE FORESTS.

HE amount of timber cut in the Adiron-
dack forests in 1898 exceeds that of any
other year since the time when the first

tree fell under the axe of the pioneer lumberman.
The production has increased steadily in recent
years, and, under the stimulus of the present
high prices for lumber and pulpwood, the annual
output of our forests will probably be increased
still further. :

The amount of timber (log measure) cut in

1898 was as follows:

Spruce (saw mills), . 216,920,594 fect.
He (pulp mills), . 229,581,918 <<
Hemlock, . 6 : AON
Pines. ; ; ; Bes2G 0.4101
Hardwood, : WHR AIS
Motalay. 5 544,234,207 feet.

This is an increase of 93,238,791 feet, or
twenty per cent., over the production of the
previous year. The additional cutting is almost

entirely in the spruce. The amount used for

pulpwood is 63,494,046 feet more than was con-

sumed in 1897, an increase of thirty-eight per

cent. in one year.
ALL READY. It appears that the saw mills and pulp mills
together consumed 446,502,512 feet of spruce.
To people unfamiliar with forestry matters these figures will probably convey little
meaning. Their significance will be better understood when it is stated that our
Adirondack forests, on an average, contain about 3,800 feet of spruce to the acre,

, including the small pulp timber; and-that, consequently, the lumbermen and pulp-
os 20

306 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

wood men during the last year removed the spruce trees, large and small, from
II1,000 acres, or from an area of 173 square miles.

If the total product of the Adirondack forests last year—spruce, hemlock, pine
and hardwoods—lumber and pulpwood—were shipped by rail, it would require over
forty thousand cars to transport it, and it would make a railway train 225 miles long.
There can be no error as to these quantities. They are not mere estimates, made to
support some theory. The figures in the following tables showing the amount of
timber consumed at each mill are the ones taken from the office books of the
respective firms or individuals, and forwarded to us in writing by the manufacturers
themselves.

Over two thirds of the Great Forest of Northern New York has now been
‘“‘lumbered”; that is, the merchantable softwoods, the spruce, pine and hemlock, have
been culled out, leaving a hardwood forest. There remains about 1,200,000 acres
from which the spruce has not been removed, or which, having been partly lumbered
several years ago, contain a partial crop of conifers, mostly small trees. But a part of
these spruce lands belongs, to the Forest Preserve, on which no lumbering at present is
permitted, owing to the restrictions in the forestry clause of the new State constitution,
and which narrows down the available supply of spruce to a much smaller area. It
seems now that, if the present rate of cutting continues, most of our saw mills and pulp
mills will be closed within thirteen years for a lack of timber, or be obliged to bring
their supply from Canada. Before that time, however, the State may be ready to sell
timber, so far as it can be done without detriment to the public forests. But there is
no forestry plan, however liberal, which. would permit an annual cutting equal to the
present consumption of timber, or anything like it; and, if the Canadian government
places the expected export duty on saw logs and pulpwood, little relief can be
obtained in that quarter. The rapidity with which the Adirondack land owners are
cutting over their woodlands recalls to mind the old fable of the goose that laid the
golden egg, and its untimely fate at the hands of the enterprising owner.

The condition of affairs in our Northern forest, as regards the rapid diminution in
timber supply, shows clearly the wisdomof the State policy, which seeks to make
some provision for a future permanent timber supply and the continuance of the great
industries dependent on it.

It should be stated here, as it has been done before, that the operations of our
lumbermen do not seriously impair the protective capacity of our forests. The culling
out of the comparatively small percentage of merchantable species does not prevent
the forest from exercising its natural and beneficent functions. There still remains a
covering of trees, sufficient in number and density to protect the various watersheds,

conserve moisture, exert favorable climatic influences, and form a desirable retreat for

IN QUIET COVER.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 307
those who seek a woodland home or natural sanitarium. The Adirondack and
Catskill regions contain to-day hundreds of thousands of acres that have been
lumbered, but which are covered with dense forests that to an unpracticed eye reveal
no trace of timber cutting, and which preserve their grand scenery unimpaired.

Could our woodlands be lumbered under some more conservative methods, could
the annual cutting be restricted in quantity to that of the annual growth, as is now

proposed for the State forests, then there would always be a constant supply. The

IN THE FOREST,

yield would be much smaller, but it would be perpetual; and the mills dependent on _
this product would have a permanent, solid basis on which to conduct their business.
It hardly seems necessary at this late day to argue in favor of harvesting the forest
crop, instead of leaving the matured timber to fall from decay, blight or storms.
Under a definite forestry system, with its approved and successful methods, our
forests can be maintained perpetually and at the same time be made to furnish a
constant revenue to the State. To neglect the permanent income available from the

Forest Preserve is to ignore one of the great factors of our political economy.

308 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER _ SPRUCE
Altona, INS VE ae eee AllenywSai@unnin ganic see 400,000
) AuSable Horks)— 6 e)sher el) a) 16a) peleogersm Compal gare tee es eae anne
Beaver River, nat natin Fe @uiclerkainkery sag eee es alae ye 7,000,000
Benson Mines, ie i lee Oct Warnes: IL, IAWUNES bass bec Seo bec 8,000,000
Benson Mines, ConA Can tne asa Benchwleumber Companya shee eee 800,000
Bleecker, CR Baa JiohmeiV ve etersu SON Smits eaNr meee eine 150,000
Bleecker, CONT Ara eee Jiohnel ViPS Petersen itcte eae ne nen 250,000
Bleecker, CET tie last Geonge;schambenger-a4- see en eer 75,000
Bleecker, Eee ER coos Wedel, \Wenay IDXeoopshtalWinwe S cogn wad on Sue. 700,000
IBIHOKS MC roKe ro Woes, Ob oe Atlee Nils MIO RAR Ripa ns oo 6 dc, choo be 100,000
Blue Ridge, ee Ret J eleaiey: OMINGW Ds eet obec. see 50,000
Bloomingdale, MEE gti, | Ge MRAWihite tear ats eos mere staan 255,000
Canton, BEL tater cas are Canton Lumber Company ........... 7,500,000
Canton, Cs tte eliames Spearsh ie ie ene Bale len eyacas Glacoeon
Castorland, Sa ean ae | Beaver River Lumber Companyeee sees 12,000,000
Caaiterce en ae raion Carthage Lumber Company.......... 2,286,979
Carthage, HEP eam als Balcom SeSpicer#c 2) 36. dee ceils emer eee ta wen 1
‘Clinton Mills, TTI ae MadGl ee Sonalhaneyavy., concn socac scodac 200,000
‘Conklingville, a aR ca AU SAY ES UMM nnis. fo oes opt Soka ene teil ihn Mat a aa
‘Champlain, ed a ea eaeiees IRobenteNicCreaery. ac sees 600,000
Corinth, Ui Cie hset ate. GetmaniGaiCo Fes Se ate otk. ol aera |e eed eS ee
Corinth, Sosa anally mes Joel Townsend is Geet fede Nery ede ed Oana 10,000
Corinth, Soh Megcicatea gic Freegrace White Busia Ee ICR 3 Fhnkete NEB OM Ae te 6 6. 0
Cranberny Creek acm eee Teh Ge GGL OrG ieee aera ore ds ck eee ae 35,000
Crary’s Mills, LV ER ey aoe OScarsRUmionsimpe et rae. ae 40,000
Day, SMP Gham sna Wan, Re Anodes ne pacaes ako: creer eee 30,000
DickinsonnGentrey ae see Bes OTCUtt yaaa New emma eerie names 350,c00

* Mills at Canton and Buck’s Bridge.
+ This firm has a mill at Malone reported separately.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 18608.

09

HEMLOCK PINE HARDWOOD TOTAL
PES cic OTE NOMS we Wh tia ali] enSee Ore On RCE Rtas 142,000 542,000
Se atte 217,238 pitas ita 217,238
2,000,000 AE OOOSOOO Mai yb amin noe sueior, ree delle 13,000,000
MURR a ffi ek ed 100,000 8,100,000
ie iia olnm eeu teat Leah eRe ee 300,000 1,100,000
iD i OXOKO) | IN ae Ls ene 165,000 440,000
ATONOO ORM neil tlk” Vishal ttett amar 60,000 350,000
TER OOO MME UPS ici) we eet cand ues 100,000 190,000
TODOS Artes isa (Unie. IL Na garth te ope 800,000
5,000 1,000 1,000 107,000
100,000 25,000 25,000 200,000
50,000 20,000 25,000 350,000
500,000 AO OO Opin noe Wty myers Milla. tlhe: 8,040,000
4,000,000 KO OFOOCOMM man An RH wma nuulae ey 10,500,000
4,000,000 TeOOOKO OOM Mi imei inh, seep RA Scale 17,000,000
1,523,774 692,057 11,182 4,513,992
Geo Og BHS ANN IRAE SRR ce REESE ER 1,000,000 1,000,000
Ti pS, CO OOMAD Mei las Cameo n atta! ey des. 50,000 425,000
ba gare to Gren Alene tia Sean ae - 1,000,000 1,000,000
100,000 10,000 10,000 720,000
150,000 200,000 50,000 400,000
25,000 100,000 30,000 165,000
250,000 FAS OO. Out ir al DUM anh are BARI 325,000
100,000 30,000 *40,000 205,000
150,000 25,000 200,000 415,000:
400,000 75,000 50,000 555,000:
LOS OO ORs Cpa imine uals ett et 500,000 1,000,000

* Black Ash.

310 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER | SPRUCE
Duane, NS Yeisen @harlesySelkirkgy) = she heen ee 275,000
Ellenburgh, EO de ae JiohnyleaCarterna wie etn sae 500,000
Ellenburgh, SU is as Sencha Br. WireSherlock ain. (eyes eee eee 100,000
Milenbureii€ entrey. suse eae | JO Isto meai so sagcc dodus0 oscar. 500,000
HiZabethtown ate welche Iivin'gstonmVVOOdcutie ey eis 75,000
Euba Mills, Ca Bie Dae sites @rlandosbeed eine er er ae ee 50,000
Fine, Ge eee CarditieBrothersrew er ae eee 77,162
Forestport, oe te Ra yaeito Forestport Lumber Company......... 6,225,000
Forestport, Ca Sey PA i Edward Gunranke se) nee ener ae pooleed
Forestport, en eae ee IDYejnworal So WWVENESAQUIRY neg co aco e ue 8t 4,000,000
Glens Falls, ae eee mio Le CO COponacocascc odvace 18,500,000
Glens Falls, ens tember ek Morgan Lumber Company*.......... 13,473:097
Glens Falls, SSF A icine Georces ring iin cem antes ene ee 1,870,041
Gurnspring, Pi RpneneaT cet d Ev Mami Wiaiemen as oa\2 itn. geen eee reel ee eae
Garnet, SO ee Re ee JiohngGro gant renee g0,000
Gloversville, Le oe eek ae Meee MAC oe BELO ES ie. y 3 cece vee tee ae 300,000
Gloversville, Soe pa tes ge Wi DeGolyenis. = <2)... 40neesnor ce ear 175,000
Gloversville, Ci aie eee ge AC AMR C hip ey fetes cnc unicice Om tA semen ae ree 250,000
Gouverneur, Ea i Als a Aldrich DecankceAldrichiijaer eee 7,400,000
Gray, aera Sire icles CSBR IG Tay Pere cna ie eee eager 150,000
Gray, ESI ts ets ee WalliamwB ene ttre. che ane eee 250,000
Herman, Sole Ce eqenset ate AGUNG CalSWs an tert tard cota teu ere ees 25,000
Harrisville, Sap et ies sen CR. Wemingtonesason) Cen serene: 61,912
Herkimer, UA) peeresisasere ns Ci Re Smelly eee knee ouch ee
Hope Falls, Loa naa eee Ga aa \WVillieyon LAN MIO ©: bacco koe o0c0d bo5K06 75,000
Indian Lake, A ie cee AD AWE SIKICTS EY iain, RaReOMe ese. or cure aes 150,000
Inlet, slot p seat teats Peter i] Roh Te erat seas mie icin ga atm nel 300,000

* Mill at South Glens Falls.
+ Mill at Natural Dam.

LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 1898.—Continued.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

HEMLOCK

100,000
100,000
98,916

2,000,000
31795,023
98,095

* 50,000
75,000

200,000

125,000 ©

420,000

7,000,000

150,000
576,966
150,000
125,000

50,000

200,000

PINE HARDWOOD TOTAL
ZO OOO mE WHI MeNNN niles tara 320,000
Reece ces eleny Mmmanmny MTR UY that ult 500,000
er asreeN 200,000 500,000
ahora rea onal wna TOM tna RM ete conte eo 500,000
50,000 10,000 235,000
20,000 25,000 195,000
10,000 359,697 545,775
AB Stbto: BmuaPa one aE UL] TO faa ee 6,225,000
RE EN 300,000 800,000
Se oe: 4,000,000
500,000 50,000 21,050,000
1,070,320 130,136 18,378,576
242,266 14,691 2,225,093
90,000 60,000 200,000
ZICKO OOP mmM NMS EN LUD RUE RE cy. 190,000
aie) TNO ahr cai cart i, et pee 500,000
se ora enti 5,000 305,000
10,000 75,000 755,000
TROOORO OOM IN lan iie’ Wl vegan tsps ce 16,000,000
St ee * 400,000 550,000
15,000 275,000
1,000 150,000 335,000
115,209 78,120 832,207
250,000 400,000
AT eeticys 60,000 260,000
5,000 10,000 215,000
OFCOM Mm Nias is mr Wimbrau rey tice. 550,000

* Beech.

312 REPORT’ OF THE COMMISSIONERS: OF
GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.
LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER | SPRUCE
| |

Inman, IN aire MES PE RWialllkcerg yt ik: Steer ewan in Meer aig 3,000,000
Tay ville poke tase hy, cua aces ROStyGs Elen dersome. 05 alert 2,410,775
Keene Center, i Peli Ga NVC areey at. erie : eee 200,000
Keene Walley 0 ven Screener BirS Beedle eta i 2, say. ssinier yt one 450,000
HSnowellucst ane oe enone e GChairlestS mutha, oe. ee eee ae 40,000
Waleweleasata tras ssa teenies UNS GUO 8 nner See MAR EU: Meae cL VN i ue 2 200,000
WakesEleas iit aimee cere ME Bee Osleys crt. cca wa nuen nated eet 75,000
ISeWiS ict) | Sg abe eet ere: INIA n, ISON MORO aa o!s oer ooh 40,000
Long Lake, Our aera: ae AL We. Thess Mee NMR a iia se cs sagen ees 142,000
Long Lake, co ucter ects lel mssceialson «(ee je eet ne 94,200
Long Lake OA Reet ite ce MEIC MINODINSOn Se BLOM nae se emeean 75,000
Luzerne, foe ome eee Jiohmtsiavent cic. ct Annas veteran nies aareey| = (aaah ate
Luzerne, AS ae ait inedenieks Gees retrallll res ae arrears 50,000
McKeever tee See hee Moose River Lumber Company ...... 9,000,000
Malone, itn Gt aD MalessN- Daw Sonn user eerie ie ae 275,000
Malone, PCE a i cate sh Ievalel We Syanaullinoeyet 5s ena pon ode oe 80,000
Middle Sprite, ary aamecite wa George Vane Allen) lovee ear Ane 40,000
Middle Sprite, SE Sa ee aN Georges hills iO ieee eee 80,000
Middle Sprite, oT ie shite eae nes Oli (C. SionullsMovaye sak ale og ho oa 100,000
Miultcn Center, SE Ata) i WallramreWaiStreevent coe ee crac tte esieiey hanes eure for ara
Mors onal linc eee TeV Bure yi ag ree tel ates, os os eee ena 4,500,000
Mountainview ese ARB ya Gee cyeii eer cleat cee 5,219,000
Naturaliisridcema ee ter ao Calvinia Gravesime eae one: 25,000
Naturalis rid! comic ime mete WOW IBIROLINSHS: «5 on cdn noon y aeeeos 325,000
New Bremen, eile Acer aie ara IMI Whe Wheto ANOMOS? 54 idk Bod 6 bee ORE 600,000
Newcomb, BTS See A eit ap JjohngAndersonsa ayers eee er nie 400,000
Neier: Sr Ree Benjamins rewstere ee ee aes 400,000
INIA amon IPI OE ago Newton HallsiPapens@omip amy. ence pelle Wenmare ets Girt

* This firm has a mill at Clinton Mills, reported separately. ;

LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 1898.—Continued.

HISHERIES) GAME AND BHORESTS:

31

HEMLOCK PINE HARDWOOD TOTAL
800,000 250,000 215,000 4,265,000
1,585,353 1575557 109,924 4,263,639
" 25,000 20,000 10,000 255,000
BOOtOO CMMI Mere i etna tu, 75,000 825,000
60,000 1,000 75,000 176,090
100,000 330,000 10,000 640,000
40,000 5,000 10,000 130,000
60,000 5c0,000 10,000 610,000
98,000 10,000 36,000 286,000
61,180 30,600 15,940 201,920
25,000 15,000 10,000 125,000
53,498 385,350 53,838 492,716
600,000 200,000 200,000 1,050,000
1,000,000 3,000,000 200,000 13,200,000
PP OROO Opies a anit) MubemiR cans Rolin memlbn gn miu bialelaly (oir 5 425,000
GOOSEN eae erie oer Senin ye aa ees ae 140,000
MIOVOOOR Man ain Tre) Seti Mn ue ie) 20,000 100,000
ZICROO.OMMN MMM Tape g linata cee 20,000 125,000
50,000 50,000 200,000
yg hit 300,000 120,000 420,060
100,000 100,000 75,000 4,775,000
100,000 50,000 188,000 55557,000
50,000 25,000 100,000 200,000
1,130,000 18,000 69,000 1,542,000
AYCXSNSKO) pea ee es epee tare im id PIN a en 1,000,000
T{OOHO OO) Macey | MMe ARMIN Obese ac 15,000 515,000
oa Mesa Mi UT WS Bs SL A a Sea a uk RS RUN Re 400,000
1,325,611 14,194 5475545 1,887,350

314 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.
LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER SPRUCE
Niewtonpiallsss Na Varese PS Northa\Vioodssaumber(Companyaeeese |i
North Creek, oe Meh Os a JiohntBantonwas.. 52.ccmn easter ees 25,000
North Elba, i eu By ARS Brewstene secre ots coer penn atr 800,000
INorthyEtud Son ae ames eee Wallianaistuntevantac re eee eee 15,000
Northville, TRG, BE ety ohne Ava alland ise eee eerie eit 10,000
Northville, SE NA eae Dae Shovemaneiny WEMEVNE . Gao bbs osccoa sondce 183,000
Northwood, CC oe ars Meee Wa (ee ONGC as ae eee eae enc chert c 50,000
Norwood, SOY reales tacit Norwood Manufacturing Company .... 13,080,416
Old Forge, Ss eee, eae te. | Ceorceseinstonmer een eee 230,000
Onchiota, Ce a neta Kinsley Lumber Company.....:...... 4,000,000
Oswegatchie, Loe ese, eae [dy \olebel JOR VAtY. iy I elade aint bosods ob bu 0S 1,000,000
Oswegatchie, SMES SRA ile | J. R. Lafavre...... 20.6.2. e | ee
Oswegatchie, eae een Ae jt Andrews @ollinst1 2 sane tiaekoonuciuee siee 100,000
Owl’s Head, SA ere eet | SG ABOVCe ie cout house Mais aun MN er aot 2,200,000
Parishville, ~ CMe aie ae Parishville Lumber Company......... 3,000,900
Parishville, TEAMED ad Sle nG lake Ge SON era ee ale tee tee 2,000,000
Paul Smiths, Sy eke ee | Paul Smith’s Hotel Company......... 558,062
Philadelphia, ae eee ero Soy iWalliamgINobentsin ie ossicles ee ieiceicr 50,000
Pine Lake, SS iy aes | JeaKejopay7 Re lBxoh ocho eerenices ich ola hic mate, 5 300,000
Pine Lake, SIRE Setapirn | ratio AM PEL sacra. cte uae teenie ete 80,000
Potsdam, (is ae aan ‘| A. Sherman Lumber Company*...... 6,757,977
Reynoldston, ELAS th Sel ir Reynoldsmbrothersncs Coles see 1,500,000
Rockwood, Re LAR es ten OniCernerne NACIONGII 2 Gio Weta Ga Bids oo 3g og 400,000
Rockwood, Sue UAE Seems IEAM Ce SOs odadolo gonad Aoesu0 50,000
Salisbury, OP ee Nae Jiamesshullerp peer eater ae 200,000
Salisbunya Center maa ecE AMC oulgall ea ere ry i eee 150,000
StwRepismiiallS Simic: amen re | Santa Clara Lumber Company........ 1,500,000
Sandy Hill, ea re APB Kenyon Lumber Company........... 5,298,372

* This firm has a mill at Tupper Lake, reported separately.

LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 1808.— Continued.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

315

HEMLOCK PINE
30,000 20,000
70,000 20,000
20,000 800,000
gI,500 9,150
ROROOO MMe ellen rel lirmare ss

319,770 3,821,832
30,000 12,000
200,000 100,000
OOKOCOM, Bem echo 2 ae
aioe uae 50,000
250,000 50,000
ZICMOO OFM ar PM te weed Dita g so.
1,000,000 250,000
300,000 75,000
oieraloNe 173,864
800,000 50,000
ORO O Om prin Nite de lustd ees. n.
25,000 3,000
196,438 724,523
KO OFOO Os mre (Ma retiies taser ot est
200,000 80,000
200,000 25,000
100,000
1,809,258 1,536,106

HARDWOOD TOTAL
1,300,000 I,300,000
25,000 100,000
era nea Aes 800,000
5,000 110,000
150,000 980,000
366,000 649,650
100,000 200,000
2,480 17,224,498
10,000 282,000
200,000 4,500,000
150,000 1,650,000
1,200,000 1,250,000
200,000 600,000
1,000,000 3,225,000
ete cae 4,250,000
25,000 2,400,000
seal eae 731,926
100,000 1,000,000
50,000 400,000
a a Nt Oo Aan 108,000
15,000 7,673,938
100,000 2,100,000
100,000 780,000
15,000 290,000
30,000 330,000
100,000 250,000
3,000,000 4,500,000
25,320 8,669,056

316

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

*

LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER SPRUCE
SeieMmoee Iva, ING. Wa cas oo - Upper Saranac Association........... 600,000
Saranac Lake, Ln Meonpeen AS e Steplvenay enchant sa eee 300,000
South Greentieldy 3 ese ES Saravana dee euie e k ee e e ed| N C
Sort Selves ak Eee Neplbyatellite Bas. toner meee eee 113,000
Stony Creek, CO sada tetas Jao Dye SVC A OLN Oe erate see or ene 20,000
Stony Creek, SW Ce a aan Tee Maal eles oe ihe hel en tellin) Slay ea
Stratford, Bie ri aS jen@splbuvimestony Se Cosa eee 2,000,000
Stratford, cht acrid Petey David@iEleltenline sass 800,000
Stratford, SER See ts \NVIOSSISTE UGB, be co obo coon e se 400,000
Stratford, SN hes, Ste NN CrP sGoodwint es 5.5 ee ee 70,000
Thomson, SS caf oat MhomsonsDouglas cz Diss. ye 400,000
Tupper Lake, HO he tte ae Tupper Lake Manufacturing Company . 30,000,000
Tupper Lake, EPS else _A. Sherman Lumber Companyt....... 7,308,601
WadhamiseV ills is inch erate Dipl haynestive: nee, «ace ene week dab oe 350,000
Warrensburgh, “ js Cy lanenson Ce (CO .5¢0¢se05 vdunes 200,000
Wiestpstockholmy sii. George NeiGibsonsés Son see eee 700,000
Wilmurt, SM oa tee IR nenGls IVKOWNNS. shed go bscoas sea he 96,000

EMRotalige tcc), 0 econ ee Ge 216,920,594

* Mills at Stratford and Dolgeville.
+ This firm has a mill at Potsdam, reported separately.
{ Mills at Wadhams Mills and Westport.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. BH

LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 1898.—Concluded.

HEMLOCK PINE HARDWOOD TOTAL
20,000 100,000 720,000
75,000 20,000 20,000 415,000
15,000 200,000 2,000 217,000

100,000 85,000 35,000 333,000
20,000 300,000 340,000
HOFOOOMP AUNT AMIE TY nt cranes ah 150,000 190,000

oh oo SE Bott in nh tema Ea | 300,000 2,300,000
ee Mei (Seed) unifies wie! | 50,000 850,000
|

TOOKO OOM MN Il eery ince a | 200,000 700,000
OFOO OM arian, LEM Si yatenecsoste 75,000 195,000
50,000 10,000 2,000 462,000

Oe a ee 7,009,000 37,000,000
seats ae Mie fe2O) ee 8,434,715
80,000 275,000 20,000 725,000

1,000,000 300,000 Seine 1,500,000

500,000 100,000 100,000 1,400,000
O5O.C OMEN EMIDIN 4, ts, ces * 74,000 208,000

46,611,412 33,236,410 17,883,873 314,652,289

318

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

MANUFACTURE OF SHINGLES AND LATH FOR YEAR 1898.

LOCATION OF MILI, NAME OF MANUFACTURER SHINGLES LATH
Bleecker, ING Way Olovet IMI, Jette, itso sco nco oc bo baae ee ene ere 100,000
Blue Ridge, Kb lal@avay OMINIGE 3 5 coc0 cosas bcc o4ebor MAFOOHOOXS) |} S5o0 00080
Canton, a Canton Lumber Company........ A lll aR Sena 1,600,000
Clinton Mills, : Baddidcssmialllmanwearie et) seer 796,000 235,000
Corinth, Gt TREC CICS WWMES.. 502000600000 00000" 200,000 100,000
Day, a Man BR ih odesiawaiers 1 chan eee 200,000 50,000
Diana, HK Wea Geulin cralhainn reese eee ROOVNCS) |} cscs. sous
Dickinson Centre, ce Bless OnGU bitarmeuntis cin ch.0 kee eee BOL) || cose cance
Ellenburgh Centre, “ John} Elaulehrangee en oor eee eee HOOOOO. || sacs sseos
Elizabethtown, ce livingston My ViOodTjuthe si. eee MOH) || cooocs soe
Euba Mills, i OxlandosBeed clea eeree BOOIOO || sasoscsec
Forestport, o Horestportauumber Company, seer leer 4,766,000
Forestport, es DentonkeceWiatenpunyir ere er ere leer ee 3,500,000
Glens Falls, i Binch seroynisesCompany..s- see | eee ener 5,000,000
Glens Falls, s MorganslWwumber Compania seein rte 2,537,400
Glens Falls, s George ti shiece mane ise eee |e eee 135,700
Gloversville, ce AS Le POC Kp ae peemimece nit te Scie \reemuan aie rated RY ati Nan Ture 600,000
Gouverneur, ce Aldrich, Deanmoce Nl dirich ye sae 2,000,000 4,000,000
Harrisville, ss C. R. Remington & Sou (Coy oan ose 325,000

Hermon, Ws AGUNG SaSE an cous ements: fein crs ry crane AOONND) || cocok ssc
Indian Lake, é J. “Wis KReerst ay reget rte. vei acinar em aeceer 70,000
Inlet, ss Peter Jee ROb Ti eee nea ee seta cre MONON) || soso. 050¢
Inman, ae Mi ES Wrallkerss se cceeranenrne agement. 2,000,000 2,000,000
Jayville, ee iRostrcauicliend ersoni ae eee 376,000 800,290
Keene Valley, We 1Dao he dais seks ieente Orme eiar es starr “urd,0 as anaewe 175,000 350,000
Lake Pleasant, eS IA SaeeAN TG ep ene ENS key re ie ee eae EN Be 70,000
Lewis, a APT AUS BOVMtOD a. tue eNeit re suare) ae (NOY COC) || Sago eauec

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 319
GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.
MANUFACTURE OF SHINGLES AND LATH FOR YEAR 1808.
(Continued.)
LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER SHINGLES LATH
|

Long Lake, INERYS le Or basleapelle yee eels. eke eae oe. ROW OC, 5 onan be
Long Lake, ce PAR Ess S Mel Wasps cetera [Rc e SESS abs | 86,000
Long Lake, Ks elelmasy See WalsOneerme sy. ose one TO OSOOO| leaves
Luzerne, ee olim~ ShavergarerG ys res ore ae AITO HOO sie ae Se
McKeever, s IMioosepRaver lumber Companyerenein oe ane sae | 4,800,000
Milton Center, os Walliamm AWA Strevicr ota ntriat ys wsraeeers (Peer. ett cn: 130,000
Mooers Forks, a6 Je el ulmlOnyehaGhe fe. 615 udialem cic maucenensiaie 740,000 | Bee Seat
Morrisonville, ob Pps MUNG y Siro cement sets) nen: Secale 800,000 | 2,000,000
Mountain View, ‘s BARNS EY.AM tropa s aeee ty aces ches oh tteh eee 200,000 | 141,000
Natural Bridge, of CalvinaVvis Graves enevene tees ates). IO, OOO nae ear eas
Newcomb, a obnpAndersongaiGeaee eee eee ote 350,000 25,000
North Creek, oe PONMSBATtOM eo. mie net atie sc ee ore 3 100,000 75,000
Newman, os BEV REMBTEWSLena gece site Were etek 50,000 100,000
North Hudson, & Walliame Sturtevant. seat see dan 125,000 50,000
Northville, s Shermanthenant ee srs yan. eas conn |) datnaeerero 200,000
Norwood, 4s Norwood Manufacturing Company ...| ......... | 1,200,000
Onchiota, s Kinsley Lumber Company........... ZOO,OOON I ereie ae:
Owl’s Head, ce Si Gre DOV. CC ergs serum oe Roc sce one 300,000 | 400,000
Parishyille, « | Parishville Lumber Company ........ 2,000,000 | ........-
Parishville, ‘ Seles G@larki Ge SON mie es ee oe Tea TROON || tats se.
Paul Smiths, a Paul Smith’s Hotel Company ........ LKOXOOO) Ieee: aela
Philadelphia, ae \Wyalllineuan IRODOHIS = 6c lSenccccbacaeooe 680,000 | 41,600
Pine Lake, a Ue raipy ale OMA crac asec aicistene nae crete Sepa Bike 300,000
Pine Lake, oe sHpranakap Are P rte oe ec hate oe ie, ease ee 80,000
Potsdam, ie A. Sherman Lumber Company ....... 6,369,000 | 1,766,700
Reynoldston, as Neynoldspprothersise (COM as. 2. 4.5. 500,000 | 100,000
Reckwood, He VLC tta MOU Gass ueoenlpery see isin: |. ekaeee oe Seat | 300,000

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

MANUFACTURE OF SHINGLES AND LATH FOR YEAR 1898.

(Concluded.)

LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER SHINGLES LATH
Rockwood, INS Yo) WevaStahlhSelSomire noc a secnanieerts 50,000 175,000
Sandy Hill, ‘“ Kenyon) Wumber Company sar teri ener ee 2,043,800
Saranac Lake, ut Stephens Merchant. 42-0. eee 100,000 125,000
South Schroon, Pe eed rea I forelllla. c cra pcm eRnrm Manin oie h 95,000). |) aaa
Stratford, a | Deng ISIS ...o508 660000 c00bse 200,000 Lane
Stratford, ee | \Wloveelkete INHNBIOND) 2 ocedou goons caeees 100,000
Tupper Lake, vs | A. Sherman eumbers Company eet a) velit ener 2,569,000
Wadhams Mills, ob | DAB A Ray ene yetneiusss. «204th ae abencaete 185,000
Warrensburgh, a6 | iN; GC, lBpemercom: @¢ CO secbckcosaccune 450,000 461,300
West Stockholm, & | GeorgesN GibsomicesOn an o- eerie 750,000 250,000

27,273,000

43:933,799

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 321
GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.
CONSUMPTION OF PULPWOOD FOR YEAR 1898.
LOCATION OF MILL NAME OF MANUFACTURER CORDS
AM SHO Words, Ns Wsoocs ccaleaRosersiCompanyy cas... oo. 33,659
Au Sable Chasm, RE seb AlicevBallssCompanyeec «04 soos 5,000
Ballston Spa, Sea sted cies Union Bag and Paper Company ...... 500
Beaver Falls, Gard ON ope coe iEewiswolocumiseaweWevre 4s. 5 Saye 15,000
Beaver Falls, Se ane © Dies ae -wleewissCompany, 92 jean ee 1,182
Black River, oh eae a H. Remington & Son P. & P.Co..... 2,400
Black River, SEPA enter The Jefferson Paper Company........ 1,482
Black River, Ca i pice’ ot! Empire Wood Pulp Company ........ 350
Black River, Db Ve sos eeae Black River Wood Pulp Company .... 1,000
Brownville, Ceaumeaenn te Brownville Paper Company .......... 1,700
Brownville, SOR oe: Outterson Paper Company........... 1,500
‘Cadyville, ST pane! | International Paper Company* ....... 35,000
Carthage, Ca nwae east The Jefferson Power Company ....... 9,650
Carthage, Si okie at Carthage Sulphite Pulp Companyft .... 2,625
‘Carthage, NEE et ie slslandseaper’ Companys... 4.....- 4. 2,000
‘Carthage, eas oe West End Pulp and Casket Company .. 620
Carthage, Soa Meeete ATEN Ata inp Vitacwiella aeetr at. G OUR aon 600
-Chateaugay, Saar Ne Ait Chateaugay Pulp Company .......... 3,000
‘Chateaugay, Aba Oe High Falls Pulp Company ........... 3,000
‘Colton, al co eneae Raquette River Pulp Company ....... | 4,100
Dexter, Sey Sara eee | Dexter Sulphite Pulp and Paper Co.t .. 8,612
Dexter, See bree Sol Stas leawinencenl till spears rey see 800
‘Dexter, neh e, OG 2 ffones, SePEluntern ack ict) ees esas ee 500
‘Dexter, oss alegre iRrontenac Paper Company. .-..)......: 320
Emeryville, ve tro ONE: The Gouverneur Wood Pulp Company . 4,800
Felts Mills, i recone een Macearts Paper. Company: soo... | 55570

* Three Mills.

+ Mill started September 15, 1898.

t Not quite one-half of the quantity used. The balance was obtained principally from Canada.

21

322

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

CONSUMPTION OF PULPWOOD FOR YEAR 1898.

(Continued.)

LOCATION OF MILL

Fine,

Fort Ann,
Fort Edward,
Fort Miller,
Fullerville,
Fulton,
Fulton,
Glens Falls,
Great Bend,
Greig,
Hadley,
Hinckley,
Lockport,
Lockport,
Lockport,
Lyons Falls,
Lyons Falls,

Mechanicville,

Middle Falls,
Middle Falls,

Newton Falls

Niagara Falls,

Norwood,

Palmer Falls,

NAME OF MANUFACTURER CORDS

Standard) Bulpi€ompanyaeee oon ecee. 2,341
KanelssHalls\Pulps@ompany*aenr er. 200
International Paper Companyt....... 7,000
Fort Miller Pulp and Paper Company. . 480
KeellensBrothersieee ees eerie: 1,000
Oswego Falls Pulp and Paper Company 6,000
BultonsPaper'€ompanvaree eer eee 4,300
International Paper Company ........ 18,000
Taggarts Paper Company............ 1,730
IMoyensSapbratts «iat omcre sericea warn 50
Sacandagasbulp MillsHaie aeyni sieieie te 835
Hinckley; Mibres Company err 19,535
Mraders#eaper Company riser een 1,000
United Indurated Fibre Company..... 800
Lockport Pulp Company§............ 60
International Paper Company ........ 8,000
Couldtvapers @ompanyzyerect-ci-rtrenrer 9,000
ihe; DuncanyCompanyaeers creer 17,973
Bennington Falls Pulp Company ...... 700
Washington Pulp and Paper Mills. .... 450
Newton Falls Paper Company........ 15,500
International Paper Company ||....... 5,000
OO} 1d, Mieiab 5 ccccuone Pit, ote e eas ate ger 1,200
International Paper Company {]....... 5,000

* This company obtains the most of its wood from Vermont.

+ This mill used 43,000 cords from Canada.

t Uses wood from other localities also.

§ This company gets the principal part of its wood from the West.

|| This mill used 26,000 cords from Michigan.

{ This mill used 47,000 cords from Canada.

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

CONSUMPTION OF PULPWOOD FOR YEAR 1808.

(Conciuded.)

323

LOCATION OF MILL

NAME OF MANUFACTURER

Piercefield,
Plattsburgh,
Plattsburgh,
Plattsburgh,
Port Leyden,
Potsdam,
Pyrites,
Rochester,
Sandy Hill,
Schuylerville,
South Edwards,
Ticonderoga,
Ticonderoga,
Warrensburgh,
Watertown,
Watertown,

Willsboro, |

CORDS

International Paper Company ........
amespian tAMleneri crews eon wnee tae
Freydenburgh Falls Pulp Company....
Treadwells Mills Pulp and Paper Co. ..
Jlohnstonusa Gebbrec eerie ere
Raquette River Paper Company ......
High Falls Sulphite P. and M. Co.....
Genesceskapeni Company ss area
Union Bag and Paper Company ......
American Board Company...........
South Edwards Pulp Company .......
International Paper Company.........
Epa chanrdsreasOnwnereica tae tan
Schroon River Pulp Company ........
International Paper Companyf........

INinonteoin IBROWORS . sa oeoansehooguon

28,500
2,486
16,000
6,000
1,500
7335
8,000
4,000
3,665
1,645
1,000
13,000
2,150
39335
3935°°
850
8,092

* Used 700 cords also, from Tug Hill.
+ Four mills at Watertown-Brownville.

418,182

324 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK.

YEARLY PRODUCTION OF LUMBER AND PULPWOOD FROM 1890 TO 1898.

FEET.

1890—Lumber, . : . : 0 6 325,690,634

Pulpwood—g4,638 cords, . 6 0 51,956,262
3775646896

1891—Lumber,* . ¢ . . ; : 286,710,593

Pulpwood—1 26,183 cords, : ‘ 69,274,283
355,984,876

1892—Lumber, . : 5 : : 0 406,954,200

Pulpwood—147,392 cords, . : : 80,918,537
487,872,737

1893—Lumber, . ; : : : ; 355,050,528

Pulpwood—167,825 cords, . é : 92,135,707
447,186,235

1894—Lumber, 0 3 : ; ; ; 288,700,269

Pulpwood— 204,182 cords, . : : 112,095,918
400,796,187

1895—Lumber, . ; 4 . ; 5 297,010,161

Pulpwood—276,669 cords, . : 4 151,891,281
449,501,442

1896—Lumber, . . : . 6 : 270,215,372

Pulpwood—261,246 cords, ; : : 159,894,054
430,109,426
1897—Lumber, . : ; : 284,907,544 :

Pulpwood—302,528 cords, . ; : 166,087,872
450,995,416

1898—Lumber, : ; : ; : 314,652,289

Pulpwood—418,182 cords, . : ; 229,581,918

544,234,207

PRODUCTION OF LUMBER BY DISTRICTS IN 1898.

Glens Falls District, . ; . . . 5 : 65,473,011 feet
Clinton and Franklin Counties, . : : 4 5 ; 55,968,164 “
St. Lawrence County, : 5 5 6 5 Se eIALi55 6.29; 0 1iG memes
Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida Counties, : : : 5 Biprignney) G
Herkimer and Fulton Counties, . ; ¢ ; 6 : 40,268,000 ‘«
Total, . é ; ; : : : - 314,652,289 feet

* Dry season; part of the log drives failed to arrive at the mills. Hence the large amount sawed
next year.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. BO

SUMMARY, 1808.

SPRUCE ar : : : : ; . : ; . 216,920,594 feet
Hemlock, . 6 ; ; ‘ : : 5 : ; AlOsOvleteAel 21) ce
Pine, : : ; 6 : ; : : : 333230,410) |“
Hardwood, i é ; : : F ; : ; WPOOB TO Siu.
Total lumber, F : ; : 5 314,652,289 feet
Pulpwood, 418,182 cords—equivalent B. M., : : f 229,581,918 feet
Total lumber and pulpwood, . j : s445244.207) feet
Shingles, . : : : : : ; : : : ; 27,27 3,000
Lath, é i : abe : : ; : ; 43,933,790

In computing the equivalent log measure of the pulpwood, a cord was figured as
equal to three standard or market logs. The market log—which is 13 feet long and
IQ inches in ‘diameter—contains 183 feet, Doyle rule. Hence, the number of cords

multiplied by 549 (3 x 183 feet) gives the equivalent in log or board measure.

YEARLY PRODUCTION OF SHINGLES AND LATH FROM 1894 TO 1898.

SHINGLES. LATH.
1894, ; ; ; 5 0 : 5 18,683,000 32,453,000
1895, ; ‘ : : : 3 ; 18,267,000 34,295,000
1896, : : : 5 : 3 : 16,256,000 21,050,000
1897, : 6 : c : 6 : 35,023,750 47,661,150
1898, 5 : : 6 c 5 ; 27,273,000 43,933,790

The comparatively small amount of shingles and lath reported for the years 1894,
’95 and ’96, is due to incomplete returns rather than any decrease in production.

I desire here to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Mr. A. B. Strough, of the
office force, whose familiarity with the subject enabled him to collect and tabulate the
foregoing statistics in accordance with the methods first used by me in my earlier
reports to the Department.

The comparatively small amount of pine cut in 1898, and also in recent years, is
due to the fact that the forests of Northern New York were, for the most part, stripped
of their best pine over forty years ago. Prior to 1860, or thereabouts, the lumbermen
in that region cut nothing else. No spruce was taken, the small market demand for
that species being supplied from the Maine woods. The hemlock was left standing
because the logs would not float unless peeled; and as all the tanneries were situated
near the border of the wilderness it was too far to haul the bark. So the logging was
confined to the white pine, on which there was only a small profit at that time,

although it was the best timber in the woods. The Norway pine was not cut, it being

326 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

inferior to the white pine, smaller and harder to manufacture. In fact, there is not
much Norway pine in our Northern forest. Although it is apt to be standing in
groups it appears only at widely separated intervals.

The production of hemlock in Northern New York has decreased steadily in the
last eight years from 94,145,695 feet in 1890, to 42,611,412 feet in 1898. The
Adirondack hemlock is inferior in size and quality to that in Pennsylvania, and owing
to the favorable freight rates of the latter our Northern hemlock could not be handled
with profit, unless it stood near enough to the tanneries along the border to market
the bark. The price of hemlock lumber is now advancing rapidly. The pulp mills
are using a larger admixture of this wood, which may result also in an increased
cutting. But a large proportion of the hemlock lands have passed into the possession
of the State, these forests having been abandoned by their owners after the spruce and
pine had been removed, and allowed to revert for unpaid taxes. Large areas have
also been sold to the State at a low price, lands on which the hemlock timber is still
standing.

The hardwood production has steadily increased during the last eight years, from
5,835,844 feet, in 1890, to 17,883,873 feet in 1898. Along the entire border of the
Great Forest there are small mills at frequent intervals, which saw hardwood mostly—
many of them nothing else. Some of these mills formerly cut only spruce, pine or
hemlock. But when the accessible timber of these species was exhausted, the mill
owners had to either abandon their plant or commence sawing hardwood. They soon
found a market for the latter, and now some of these operators are sawing more
lumber, and making more money, than when they were in the spruce and hemlock
business.

The hardwood production is composed almost wholly of birch, maple and beech,
these species comprising the principal hardwood growth of the Adirondack forests.
Small quantities of black cherry, ash, and elm are cut in some of the mills. Bass-
wood, which cannot properly be called a hardwood, is sawed in considerable amount;
and in the foregoing tabulation of the annual forest output this species is included, for
convenience, with the hardwoods. No oak, chestnut, or hickory is cut, for these
species do not grow on the Adirondack plateau.

Of the hardwoods, more birch is sawed than any other species. It is the yellow or
gray birch (detula /utea), although it is known generally among the lumbermen and
woodsmen as “red birch,” a term used on account of the reddish tinge of the wood.
It is sometimes called black birch, owing to the darker shade of the wood found in
some of the trees. But the red, or river birch of the botanists (betula nigra), and the
real black birch (betula lenta) is not found in our Adirondack woods, although I have

noticed a few specimens of the latter in the vicinity of Keene Valley. But the

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 327

altitude where these trees were growing was much less than that of the average
plateau, which would account also for some red oaks that may be seen there.

With the increased facilities for transportation afforded by the recently con-
structed railroads the cutting of the broad-leaved trees will increase. Plans are
already under consideration for the erection of stave mills and acid factories. The
latter use hardwood of all kinds and sizes, which, following the operations of the
lumbermen and pulpwood choppers, results in a complete denudation of the land.
This, again, would not be so hopelessly bad if some provision were made for
reforesting the land; but there is nothing to indicate that any work of this kind will
be attempted on private holdings.

So long as the operations of the log jobbers were confined to the removal of one
or two species the protective character of the forest was not seriously impaired. But
with the advent of these other industries, requiring more or all of the species growing
there, it is evident that large areas of standing timber are threatened with extinction.
It becomes more imperative each year that the State shall acquire the territory in
order to prevent such results, and also to inaugurate some conservative forest policy
whereby it can supply the people with this much-needed product without ruining the
source of the supply. To accomplish this the State must first acquire the lands by
purchasing them as fast as they are offered for sale; and this can be done gradually
without interfering with industries already established. But money will be required
to do it, and in large amounts. The Legislature will always vote the necessary
appropriations whenever it is clear that its constituency demands it. While it is
evident that the people of the State are heartily in favor of forest preservation and a
further enlargement of the public preserve, there is need of a more outspoken
sentiment on this subject, coupled with a plainly voiced demand for the necessary

legislation.

Forcst ipines in oos
By OWL EAM Py hOxe.eStiris Sine sORNESmSs:

N the care and management of wood-
lands one of the most important
duties devolving on the foresters is

the prevention or extinguishing of wood-
land fires. The skillfully made working
plans, the harvesting of the product, the
reforesting of burned areas, the technical
work of sylviculture—all count as nothing
if fire sweeps over the ground.

In a primeval, unoccupied forest, con-
trolled and managed under one sole
ownership, little danger is to be appre-
hended from this source. But where
holdings are scattered, interspersed with
tracts belonging to various owners,
bounded here and there with agricultural

lands, crossed by railroads or highways,

strewn with the dry brush, dead tops, and

ee wean other debris of lumbering operations, and

traversed by careless parties of ‘tourists,

campers, fishermen and hunters—fires are very apt to ensue. Despite these unfavor-

able conditions, which exist almost everywhere throughout the Adirondack and

Catskill forests, much has been accomplished in preventing the widespread fires which

in former years were allowed to run unchecked and unattended to. in our woodland
districts.

Good results have been attained through the appointment of a firewarden in each
forest town, and the thousands of warning notices, posted annually throughout the
woods and neighboring settlements, which have done much to educate the people in a
more careful use of fire and to awaken the attention of the thoughtless or indifferent.

Under the present law relating to forest fires the Commission is empowered to
appoint a firewarden in each town within the sixteen counties containing the lands of
the Forest Preserve. Many of our woodland towns are very large, having an area

greater than that of some of our counties. Hence, the firewarden is authorized by
328

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 329

law to divide his town into districts, in each of which he shall appoint a deputy or
district firewarden who shall have the same authority to “warn” out a posse of men
to fight fire. Neither the town firewardens nor district firewardens are paid any salary;
but they are entitled’ to receive from the town $2.50 per day for their services while
actually employed at a forest fire. The men who are ordered out, or who assist, at a
fire are entitled to $2.00 per day for their services while at work.

In providing for the appointment of district firewardens the intention of the law
was that the town should be so divided into districts that the smoke of a fire could be
seen by the deputy as soon as it arose, and that no time need be lost in sending for
the town firewarden. In extinguishing a forest fire much depends on promptness, and
in attacking it before it can gain any headway. Hence, it is the duty of the district
firewarden to go to a fire immediately with his men as soon as it is observed. Having
done this he can send word to the town firewarden whenever he can spare a man for
that purpose.

The duties of adjusting the amounts due the men for fighting fire, the
settlement of these accounts with the town, and the proper posting of the district with
printed placards containing the rules and regulations regarding the use of fire, devolve
upon the town firewarden.

Under the law all expenses incurred in extinguishing a forest fire, for the services
of the men or otherwise, are a town charge and must be paid by the town. Payment
having been made, the town is entitled to a rebate from the State of one half the
amount thus expended. This applies, however, only to the towns within the sixteen
counties containing lands belonging to the Forest Preserve. Twelve of these counties,
including the Adirondack region, are in Northern New York, namely: Clinton, Essex,
Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Oneida, Saratoga, St. Lawrence,
Warren and Washington. The remaining four counties include the Catskill region,
namely: Delaware, Greene, Sullivan and Ulster. Outside of these counties the super- ~
visor of each town is authorized to act as firewarden ex officio; and in these towns
there is no rebate from the State for expenses incurred in fighting fire.

The most frequent causes of woodland fires in our State are the small fires started
by farmers for the purpose of burning brush, logs and stumps, in order to clear some
piece of land. These are known locally as fallow fires, and the operation is generally
alluded to as burning a “foller.” This work as a rule is carelessly done, and as the
farmer always selects a dry time in order to get a good burn, as he terms it, the fire
escapes too frequently into the adjoining forest. Having piled the brush and logs into
heaps for burning, the farmer seldom employs any extra help to guard against the
escape of the fire, and so when a breeze springs up, as is very apt to be the case, he is

unable to control the flames or prevent them from being driven into the adjoining

330 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

woods. Too often he is known to set fire to his brush heaps and then go away to
attend to other work, leaving the fire unwatched. Nearly all the burned areas in
the Adirondack region are due to the carelessness of men employed in these petty
agricultural operations. It is the farmer, not the Jumberman, who has destroyed
so many thousand acres of timber land. The lumberman takes only a few trees
per acre of some merchantable species; the farmer in his operations destroys the
entire forest.

The forest fires resulting from the clearing of land grew so numerous and destruc-
tive that legislation became necessary, in order to control or restrict this evil. The
forest law was accordingly amended in 1897 by the insertion of a paragraph
prohibiting the burning of fallows in certain specified towns between April Ist and
June 1oth, and between September Ist and November roth, these being the periods
during which the ground was covered with dry, dead leaves, and in which the
conditions were most favorable for the spread of fire. At other times, when the trees
are in full leaf, or when the ground is covered with snow, little danger is to be
apprehended from the brush fires of the farmers. As a result of this amendment to
the law there has been a noticeable decrease in the destruction of timber lands from
this source. There yet remains, however, much to be done in the way of the enforce-
ment of this law.

What is known as the firewarden system is a good one, and is well adapted to the
prevention of woodland fires so far as any plan can be made effectual which does not
involve the services of a regularly paid force. As our present forestry law makes no
provision whatever for the patroling and proper care of our forests, we must depend
solely on the firewardens for the protection of our forests from fire. The system could
be made much more efficient were the firewardens and their deputies placed under
the control and management of some one person. At present there is no head to the
organization. There should be some official, provided by law, whose sole duty should
consist in perfecting the organization of the firewardens, and in attending to the
vigorous prosecution of all violations of the law regarding forest fires.

Among the firewardens there are too many who are inefficient or indifferent. It
frequently happens, also, that vacancies occur, through a change of residence or
death, which are not reported to the superintendent; and when a fire occurs in these
towns there is consequently no one to look after it or order out the necessary force of
men to extinguish it. These evils could be remedied largely by the appointment of a
chief firewarden, who should travel continually from town to. town in order to see that
the force is completely and efficiently organized, and that every violation of the iaw is
promptly prosecuted. There are over seven hundred firewardens, including the deputies,

and it must be evident that a force of this size needs some special officer at its head

WOODLAND TROUT POOL.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Beit

in order to obtain a proper degree of efficiency. It is hoped and expected that the
Legislature will soon make the necessary provision for some such appointment.*

The firewardens are required by law to send to the Commission a written report of
each fire. Printed blanks are furnished them for this purpose, on which, in answer to
the questions contained therein, the firewarden states all the facts connected with the
fire—the date, duration, locality, area burned over, estimated damages, cause of the
fire, means employed in extinguishing it, number of men employed, and the number
of days’ work, together with any further information of a specific or general character
which might be worth mentioning.

Some of these reports are very readable, containing considerable information on
the subject of forest fires in general. But many of the firewardens seem to be unable
to make out an intelligent report, and confine themselves to the bare answers to the
printed questions. They are also very apt to overestimate the burned area and to
exaggerate the losses. Too often they neglect, or are unable, to furnish information
as to the cause of the fire, their failure in this respect being largely due to an evident
reluctance to furnish information against their neighbors. Of the ninety-four fires
which occurred last year, thirty-six were reported as “‘ Cause Unknown.”

In accordance with the provision of the law requiring that the annual reports of
the Commission shall contain a statement showing the date, location and extent of

each fire, I submit herewith a tabulation by counties containing this information.

* Since the above was written the law has been amended in accordance with the suggestions of the

superintendent, and a chief firewarden has been appointed.

332 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
Report of Forest Fires in 1898.
ADIRONDACK COUNTIES.
CLINTON COUNTY.

TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE
Black Brook April 7 700 $30 00 Clearing land
Black Brook April 2 800 50 00 Clearing land
Black Brook April 19 75 IO 00 Unknown
Black Brook April 22 50 IO 00 Fishermen
Black Brook April 2 20 5 00 Unknown

Essex COounry.

- Chesterfield April 15 100 $35 00 Railroad locomotive
Chesterfield August 5 go 35 00 Railroad locomotive
Chesterfield | November 1 805) | 30 00 Unknown
Elizabethtown April 13 50 10 00 Clearing land
Elizabethtown April 15 as 10 00 Unknown
Elizabethtown July 10 60 10 00 Clearing land
Jay April II TAG Al's), Uae Mewes Clearing land
Jay April 12 100 gO 00 Clearing land
Minerva June 12 80 20 00 Unknown
Minerva July 14 25 5 00 Smoking
St. Armand April 13 20 IO 00 Unknown
Ticonderoga April 14 100 200 00 Clearing land
Ticonderoga July 14 Beis haynes cee Campers
Westport September 11 AS | 70 00 Unknown
Wilmington April 9 100 50 00 Clearing land
Wilmington April 13 60 10 oo }§=©| Unknown
Wilmington August I 25 100 00 Unknown
Wilmington October 15 Ciara i ter ane seats Hunters

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Altamont September 18 20h Wl aan hater sds Steamboat sparks
Franklin April 10 15 $25 00 Incendiary
Franklin April 13 25 5 00 Clearing land
Franklin ; April 19 100 20 00 Railroad locomotive
Franklin April 19 ie) 70 00 Railroad locomotive

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

FRANKLIN Country.—Continued.

TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE
Franklin May 6 5 $10 00 Railroad locomotive
Franklin May 6 25 5 00 Railroad locomotive
Franklin May 8 75 100 00 Clearing land
Franklin May 9 100 50 00 Railroad locomotive
Franklin July 15 re IO 00 Unknown
Franklin July 18 40 25 00 Unknown
Franklin April 16 25 40 00 Unknown
Malone April 27 5 IO 00 Clearing land
Santa Clara May 2 200 100 00 Railroad men
FuLToN County.

Johnstown May 7 45 $50 00 Clearing land
Stratford July 14 LOM | UN ae Pec Sat ee: Fishermen
Stratford July 16 40 IO 0O Fishermen

HAMILTON COUNTY.

|

Indian Lake May 2 2 $50 00 Clearing land
Indian Lake July 7 400 “400 00 Fishermen
Long Lake | July 9 400 400 00 Fishermen

|

HERKIMER COUNTY.
Russia May IO 25 | $10 00 Unknown
Webb April 13 20 | 50 00 Railroad locomotive

Lewis County.

Croghan | April 13 Ce Meh (a ne al Clearing land
Croghan April 19 CRT amma A ete Unknown
Croghan July 12 Tas eet eer Clearing land
Greig April Te2 600 $50 00 Clearing land
Lyonsdale April II 300 25 00 Unknown
Lyonsdale April 13 150 590 00 Unknown
Lyonsdale April 7 200 20 00 Unknown

334

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Lewis Counry.—Continued.

TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE
Lyonsdale July 27 20 $5 00 Unknown
Watson April II 100 IO 00 Clearing land
Watson April 13 40 15 00 Clearing land
Watson July 15 50 100 00 Hunters
SARATOGA Country.
Ballston March 18 2A cr «gears Incendiary
Corinth April 2 Om ily i ° Eeaee Railroad locomotive
Corinth April 8 80 $50 00 Railroad locomotive
Corinth April 30 30 IO 00 Unknown.
Corinth May 10 50 10 00 Unknown
Corinth May IO Geen ilies oy Peace aera Railroad locomotive
Hadley July 15 76 250 00 Unknown
WARREN COUNTY.
Johnsburgh April 9 10) Ai eel ehh Unknown
Johnsburgh April 12 30 $60 00 Railroad locomotive
Johnsburgh April 18 50 60 00 Railroad locomotive
Johnsburgh July 6 7 40 00 Unknown
Johnsburgh July 9 4o 50 00 Unknown
Johnsburgh July 16 75 25 00 Clearing land
Luzerne July 16 30 I5 00 Fishermen
Luzerne November 8 150 25 00 Hunters
Queensbury April 12 50 5° 00 Unknown
Queensbury April 12 100 500 00 Railroad locomotive
Queensbury May 10 25 IO 00 Unknown
Stony Creek July 5 10 25 00 Clearing land
Thurman April 30 75 75 00 Unknown
Thurman November 3 30 25 00 Unknown
Warrensburgh April 7 500 580 00 Unknown
Warrensburgh April 30 TAGE WM ve Ste cee soe Clearing land
Warrensburgh July 17 I IO 00 Unknown
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Dresden July 13 200 $200 00 Unknown
Fort Ann April 15 100 150 00 Clearing land
Fort Ann July 12 150 300 00 Hunters

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 335
WASHINGTON CouNntTy.—Continued.
TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE, CAUSE OF FIRE
Fort Ann July ras 8 $10 00 Incendiary
Hampton April 13 40 I50 00 Unknown
Whitehall July II 50 125 00 Unknown
CATSKILL COUNTIES.
DELAWARE COUNTY.
Hancock April 14 150 $300 00 Railroad locomotive
Hancock July 15 150 250 00 Unknown
Hancock August 7 100 250 00 Clearing land
Tompkins July 16 250 500 00 Clearing land
GREENE COUNTY.
Cairo July 16 | 400 | $200 00 Unknown
SULLIVAN COUNTY.
Forestburg July 16 RO jgeN i llebeime ee rcs ene ys Railroad locomotive
Highland © April 14 100 $20 oo Unknown
Lumberland April 13 200 200 00 Unknown
SUMMARY.
COUNTIES ACRES DAMAGE

Clinton, 1,645 $105 00
Essex, 1,063 685 00
Franklin, 642 470 00
Fulton, 95 60 00
Hamilton, 802 850 00
Herkimer, 45 , 60 00
Lewis, 1,472 275 00
Saratoga, 248 320 00
Warren, 6 1,198 1,550 00
Washington, . . 548 935 00
Delaware, 6 650 1,300 00
Greene, 9 9 2 400 200 00
Sullivan, 310 220 00

Total, c 9 : 9,118 $7,030 00

336 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF
i

Of this burned area only 669 acres, or about seven per cent., belonged to
the State.

CAUSES OF FIRES.

Clearing land, burning brush, etc., . : : ; ‘ j ; 24
Railroad locomotives, ’ 16
Fishermen, .- ; : : : : ; ; ; : : 6
Hunters, : : 4
Incendiary or carelessness, . 9 6 : c : c 3
Camp fires, : I
Tobacco smoking,. .. : 6 é c : : ; : I
Berry pickers, 6 -
Steamboat sparks, . : : 6 : : : : : : I
Railroad men, ; 5 ; : ; : : : : I
Unknown, . : F P : : : : ‘ : j 36
Totaly. 6 c 94

It is also interesting and instructive to note the time of year in which these fires

occurred. Of the ninety-four cases reported, the distribution was as follows:

March, ; ; : j : ; j , ; : ; I
NaN) a : : 6 Rae: : 5 : : ‘ : 45
May, . ; ; . : : : ¢ é : c : II
une yaar 2 0 . 9 . c : : 6 0 : I
Hoiby, 5 : c ; B : é : 6 : ‘ 27
August,
September, . 3 : : . 0 : : : . : 2
October, ; ; : : ; ; : ; 5 : ; I
November, 3
Totaly: : ; 94

It may be noticed that in many instances the estimate of damages is small in
comparison with the burned area as reported; and that in some of the reports as
tabulated, the figures for the estimated loss are merely nominal or omitted altogether.
In explanation of this it should be said that many of our fires in Northern New York
occur on, lands that have been burned over repeatedly in previous years, with the
result that no timber of any value is left standing. On the outskirts of the Great
Forest there are many abandoned farms and old clearings that are overgrown with
brush, brier bushes and ferns—lands which might probably be classed as barrens.
Fires occur more frequently in these open places than in the woods; and at some’
places in the Catskill counties the farmers persist in setting fire on these barrens in
order to increase the crop of berries which is apt to be growing there. As we are

obliged to include within our annual statement all fires that occur in the sixteen

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 337

counties previously mentioned, these burnings necessarily enter into the annual state-
ment, and without some such explanation as here given the figures would probably be
misleading. The amount of standing timber actually destroyed by fire during the
past year was comparatively small; but owing to the meager information in some of
the firewardens’ reports it would be difficult to classify the timber fires separately.

On the other hand, mention should be made here of certain losses from forest fires
which are not included in the damages as stated in the foregoing table. Reference is
made to losses occasioned by the burning of buildings, fences, cord-wood, pulp-wood,
and other property which are often destroyed, especially when they sweep over open
ground or occur on farm-lands. But as these losses have little or no connection with
destruction of trees and standing timber, it has not seemed necessary to make any
detailed statement of them.

The means employed in controlling and extinguishing tnese nres varied according
to the conditions which prevailed. In the case of a slow-running ground fire, which
was burning in the dead fallen leaves or underbrush, the flames were usually
extinguished by whipping them out with boughs, or throwing dirt upon them, or by
the use of water where it could be had conveniently. Trenches were. often dug to
prevent the fires from burrowing laterally through the duff or humus, these trenches
being dug below the vegetable mould until clay, earth, or rock was reached. In case
of a top fire, which was running rapidly through the branches of the trees and upper
foliage, back-firing was resorted to wherever a suitable opening could be obtained
from which to start a new fire in the direction of the oncoming flames. This was also
resorted to where a ground fire was traveling rapidly, the ground being swept clean
of leaves and inflammable material for a wide space, the back-fire being kindled on
the side of the space toward the main fire. On open, barren plains, where fires were
sweeping through the dried ferns, grasses, or some low scrubby growth, furrows were
sometimes plowed, exposing a belt of freshly turned earth which was relied upon to
stop the progress of the flames, or from which to make a back-fire. The implements
generally used were shovels, hoes, brush brooms, water pails, and plows.

I submit herewith some extracts from the reports of the firewardens during the
past year, as these may give some better idea of the work they are called upon to per-

_ form, and the various methods employed.

Mr. Arza R. Turner, firewarden for the town of Dannemora, Clinton county, N. Y.,
reports :

June 5, 1898. This fire was started by a farmer to clear some land adjoining State
property. It did not escape from the man’s premises, and hence no damage was done. I gave
a permit in this case, because it was a good time for him to burn his fallow. Everything is

green now and a fire will not run if taken care of.
22

338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

August 31, 1898. This fire, which was on Township 5, was started by sparks from a loco-
motive on the Chateaugay Railroad. It caught in a pile of old ties near the railroad track, on
the Parsons lot, at the head of Chazy Lake. I extinguished the flames by shoveling sand on
the fire. It was not necessary to order out any one to assist me.

Mr. William Hopkins, firewarden for the town of Black Brook, Clinton county,
INNS rep Ones:

April 7, 1898. This fire burned for two days, during which it ran over about seven hundred
acres. I report no damage or loss to timber, because the fire was on denuded lands from which
all the timber had been removed during the past two years. The small amount of wood which
was destroyed was of such a scrubby growth that in my opinion it was worthless. I fought the
fire so successfully that I was able to keep it out of the valuable standing timber. I do not
know how the fire originated. In extinguishing it we plowed furrows and dug trenches. I was
in attendance three days. I ordered out, in all, twenty-seven men to assist me. The total
number of days’ labor by the men called out amounted to seventy-nine.

Mr. E. A. Howes, firewarden for the town of Tompkins, Delaware county, N. Y.,
reports:

July 16, 1898. This fire escaped from the lands of Austin Wakeman, who started it in
order to burn a fallow. He lighted his brush fires without my knowledge or consent, and as he
lives in a remote part of the town I knew nothing about it until nearly all of the territory
mentioned was burned over. I responded as soon as I was notified, and we stopped the fire
from running and spreading; but it was necessary to keep a man on watch for four days, it
being very dry. I inquired into the cause of this fire, as to where and by whom it was started.
I conclude that it was set by Wakeman in some brush heaps near the woods. He went away
and neglected to attend to it. I have no knowledge that he made any attempt to stop the fire.
It burned over about 250 acres; part of it on Lots 153 and 162 of the Rapelyea Patent, none
of which belongs to the State. I estimate the,damage to standing timber at $250. In order to
control the fire we plowed furrows on one side; on the other side we back-fired from an old
road running through the woods.

Mr. Francis Bonneford, town of Hancock, Delaware county, N. Y. :

April 14, 1898. Fire burning from the 14th to the 18th; number of acres burned over,
about 150; no State lands. Value of standing timber destroyed, estimated at $300. This fire,
as near as I can learn, was caused by sparks from a locomotive on the Erie Railroad. As soon
as I was notified I went to look after the fire, but did not have to call out any men.

Mr. Carlos A. Jordan, town of Elizabethtown, Essex county, N. Y.:

April 13, 1898. Caused by a man who set a brush pile on fire ina meadow. ‘The fire
caught in the grass and got away. About seventy-five rods of fence were destroyed. I warned
out seventeen men. They worked half a day each, making eight and one half days. We made
a trench with shovels and hoes.

July 10, 1898. This fire burned for eight days. It was on a mountain, where it started
during the last drought. All we could do was to trench around it and hold it till rain came. I
called out seven men. The total number of days’ labor by these men amounted to forty.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. a 339

Mr. Charles O. Bartlett, town of Jay, Essex county, N. Y.:

March 29, 1898. I saw the smoke from this fire and went there as soon as possible. It
was on the farms of David Torrance and Thomas Bartlett. No timber was destroyed, but about
twenty rods of rail fence were burned. It was started by some little boys who set fire to the dead
grass. On arriving I found David Torrance and his son Frank there, at work with water pails
and shovels. A strong east wind spread it on the pasture of Thomas Bartlett, but we succeeded
in stopping it there, as it struck a piece of low, wet land.

_ April 11, 1898. This fire occurred on the farm owned by Wentworth Lewis. His son was
plowing, and he fired a brush pile from which the grass caught fire. A strong south wind was
blowing and he could not stop it. It ran into a piece of heavy hardwood timber, where it burned
over fifteen acres. I do not think it will kill much of the timber. About fifteen rods of board
fence were burned. I saw the smoke, and warned out men with shovels and pails, and proceeded
immediately to the fire. Number of men called out to fight fire, sixteen; total number of days’
labor by men called out, eight.

April 12, 1898. Number of acres burned over, one hundred; on Lots 25 and 26, Maul’s
Patent ; none of it belonged to the State. Cause of fire—Andrew Sheldon set fire to some brush
piles in his meadow. The west wind blew quite hard; it ran through the grass to the woods
on both sides of the field. I was notified by telephone, and I proceeded to the fire with all the
help I could get. It burned about seventy-five acres of timber, mostly poplar and white birch;
also some Norway pine. Most of the popiar and birch will die. It also burned about eighty
rods of rail fence belonging to Herman Boynton, and fifteen rods of board fence belonging to
Edward Boynton. Number of men called out to fight fire, twenty. Total number of days’
labor by men called out, twenty-five and a half.

Mr. R. H. Wilson, town of Minerva, Essex county, N. Y.:

June 12, 1898. About one hundred acres on Lot 113, Township 26, were burned over.
No part of it is State land. Cause unknown. This fire was under the charge of Deputy Fire-
warden William Kayes.. It covered quite a large territory, but when I looked it over yesterday
I did not find any timber destroyed—just merely scorched. The leaves and trees are all green
and nice where the fire burned.

July 14, 1898. Number of acres burned, about twenty-five, Lot 24, Township 30; not on
State lands. This fire was in the district belonging to William Kayes, the Deputy Firewarden.
It happened in a very dry time and in a place where the small bushes were very thick. It did
not run over much ground, but it burned quite deep, burning everything out by the roots. If
it had happened on my land I should say it had done me a favor, as it just about cleared the
land. About ten rods of fence were destroyed. Cause of fire unknown, but I think it was
caused by somebody smoking. As it was a very dry time and dry land, the only means of
fighting it was by drawing water.

Mr. Sylvester A. Reid, town of St. Armand, Essex county, N. Y.:

April 13, 1898. Number of acres burned, about twenty, Lot 85, Township 11, Old Military
Tract, Richards’ Survey. I do not know the cause, but it started in an old intervale or meadow,
in the dry grass, on land owned by Wesley Walton. I took one man and kept it from getting
in fences that afternoon. The next afternoon we stopped it on Lot 64 by carrying water and
wetting the ground in front of it. On the 17th it started again on Lot 85, and I called out four
men. By back-firing we stopped it from getting on State land. I did not estimate the damage

340 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

to timber when I reported this fire the first time, because I could not tell then how much of the
timber was killed. Some of the trees are still living where it burned over the ground. I think
the damage would be about $1o.

Mr. E. C. Wiley, town of Ticonderoga, Essex county, N. Y.:

April 14, 1898. Number of acres burned over, one hundred. Value of standing timber
destroyed, estimated at $200; no State land. The cause of fire, burning fallow. I employed
B. B. Tillotson with team to carry men to the place, as it was spreading rapidly. His charges
were $3. There were several cords of firewood piled on the lands that were burned over, but
this wood was saved.

In a letter written several months after, Mr. Wiley says in relation to the fire

of July 14:

In making my report I left the item of damages blank, because it was impossible at that time
to tell whether the fire had killed the trees. I would estimate the loss at $50. The damage at
Ferron Mountain, Ellice Tract, was little or nothing, as the fire was stopped just in time to save
a great loss in timber.

Mr. R. S. Gile, district firewarden, town of Altamont, Frankiin county, N. Y.:

September 18, 1898. Number of acres burned, one and one half; no State land. Cause of
fire, either by sparks from a steamboat, or it was started by some unknown person; it was
extinguished by carrying water in buckets. ‘This fire was on the east end of Big Simon’s Pond.
‘Yhe men called out were camping on the west shore, and no bill is presented for their labor.

October 6, 1898. ‘This fire was set by a camping party; names unknown. It was a slow
fire on second-growth land along the north bank of Raquette River, about one mile from the
village of Tupper Lake, on the road to Moody P. O. It was a very stubborn fire to extinguish,
owing to the dry leaves and duff. As I live within a short distance of the place, I got it under
control without any help, except B. R. Byron and his men.

Mr. Henry R. Paye, town of Franklin, county of Franklin, N. Y.:

April 10, 1898. Number of acres burned over, fifteen, Lots 313 and 328, Township 10,
Old Military Tract ; value of standing timber destroyed, estimated at $25; second-growth poplar
and pine. ‘This fire was started April 10 in the afternoon. It was reported to me and I went to
see about it that night. Then I went again the next morning and finished the work of
extinguishing it. I stayed there until afternoon, but no more fire started up. ‘Three men state
that they saw these fires start up in three different places along a path that crosses these lots; .
and then they saw Daniel Doty come out from where these fires started.

April 13, 1898. Cause of fire not known; started on Lot 231, Township ro, Old Military
Tract, on ground occupied by Louis Rumbard, but belonging to the State. No standing timber
was destroyed, the ground being covered by an old slash grown up with small cherries and
bushes. It started in the afternoon in Rumbard’s meadow at a heap of roots around a stump.
I think some of Rumbard’s family could tell how if they would; but they deny knowing any-
thing about how the fire got there. I went into the notch of the mountain the next morning
and finished putting out the fire, which had mostly stopped in the night, except where it was
smouldering in some old stumps and logs, which I extinguished with water.

April 16, 1898. Cause unknown; but all the said fires were near railroads. As they were
some ways off, I ordered out a team to carry the men there and bring them back.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 341

April 19, 1898. Number of acres burned, ten; cause of fire, locomotive sparks from the
Mohawk & Malone R.R. This fire did little damage to the timber, but it destroyed fifty cords
of hardwood worth about $50, and about ten cords of poplar worth $20.

Mr. Oliver Dupry, district firewarden of the town of Franklin, county of Franklin,

INEAYa:

April rg, 1898. Number of acres burned over, one hundred; Lot 217, Township g, Old
Military Tract. This fire was started by a locomotive on the Chateaugay Railroad, and that is
where most of the fires start nowadays. The railroad men take no pains to prevent them.
There is not a man, so far as I can find, that the railroad companies furnish to prevent or
extinguish fires. Their section-men will pass by a fire and pay no attention to it, unless the nre-
warden is there to make them do so. ‘There are small fires nearly every day on one or the
other of the railroads.

Mr. Warren J. Slater, town of Harrietstown, Franklin county, N. Y.:

August 17,1898. ‘The above report shows that the fire was burning for three days, although
the space burned over was very small. It was supposed that the fire was all put out on the
17th, but it afterwards started up afresh in the duff and was finally extinguished on the 2oth.
We carried water in pails.

Mr. Frederick Degon, town of Malone, Franklin county, N. Y.:

April 27, 1898. Number of acres burned over, five ; no loss to speak of, except a piece of
line fence which was damaged to the extent of $10. ‘This fire was started by one Allen Bador,
who burned a fallow on his own land without a permit. It escaped into a clump of small
second-growth maples.

Mr. Netus Lancaster, town of Stratford, Fulton county, N. Y.:

July 16, 1898. This fire burned over about forty acres and was started by some unknown
person. The ground had been burned over once before. By hard work we prevented it from
running into the green timber, so that no trees were hurt or destroyed. We extinguished it by
digging trenches with hoes and shovels, clearing away brush and carrying water.

Mr. B. F. Merwin, town of Indian Lake, Hamilton county, N. Y.:

July 7, 1898. Number of acres burned over, about four hundred; none of it State land.
Location, northeast corner of Township 35, and southwest corner of Township 19. I don’t
consider the damage anything to speak of, as the lands had been cut over in the last two years.
We fought this fire by using grubbing-hoes and shovels, digging trenches and throwing fresh
dirt on the fire. We cut up the old logs and cleared a narrow strip or path of all leaves, etc.,
ahead of the fire and then set a back-fire. Men were stationed on watch to see that the flames
did not cross this path. Some very good work was done.

Mr. Charles Payne, a citizen of the town of Indian Lake, Hamilton county, N. Y.,
writes as follows:

May 27, 1898. Col. Wm. F. Fox, Superintendent of Forests: Dear Sir—Mr. Hutchins was
here to-day to investigate the fire that occurred in my fallow. The truth of the case is this: I
had a turnip patch logged up last year, but could not burn it on account of wet weather. I
plowed and dragged in my crops amongst the logs and heaps this spring and wanted to get

342 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

them out of the way. So I set them on fire, and the fire ran onto George Virgel’s land, but did
not do any damage to timber. It only burned the leaves on the ground. I went to put it out,
but the rain extinguished it. I live on Lot 86, Township 15, T. & C. P. I have occupied this
land and paid taxes for twenty-three years, during which time I have never had a fire get out or
do any damage; neither do I want to have any such thing occur.

Mr. H. B. Linstruth, town of Croghan, Lewis county, N. Y.:

April 13, 1898. Burned over about five acres, owned by United States Leather Company.
The fire was caused by John Phillabaum, who set fire to a brush heap at his door so that he
could get out of his shanty. ‘The fire got the start of him and so his neighbors turned out and
helped to put it out. I have charged for two days’ attendance by myself. The flames were’
extinguished by whipping them, throwing dirt on the fire, and removing all leaves and rubbish
from its course.

April 18, 1898. About five acres burned over on lands belonging to Theodore B. Basselin;
no damage; cause of fire unknown. Lots of men own sugar bushes in vicinity, and so they
turned out their forces to help stop this fire.

July 12, 1898. One acre burned over; no damage. Caused by the burning of an old log
fence, and the wind drove the fire wild. We had to work hard in order to get it under control.
All the neighbors turned in and carried water.

Mr. Duane Norton, town of Greig, Lewis county, N. Y.:

April 12, 1898. Number of acres burned over, about six hundred; located on Brantingham

. Tract; did not include any State land. Cause of fire: set by Frank Barker to clear a potato

patch. I called out a large force of men, cleared the ground ahead of the fire, and back-fired
some. Number of days’ labor by men called out, sixteen. I cannot make an estimate of
the damage at present, as the fire ran over the ground very fast, and the earth was moist
under the leaves. I think it did but little damage to the timber, except where there was dry
material around the butt of the trees. Mr. Barker is not responsible for anything, and if we
should arrest him we could only lock him up, in which case we would have his family to care
for. I think I have given him a good scare, and if he behaves in the future I would advise
letting him off for the present, at least.

Mr. Edward Burdick, town of Lyonsdale, Lewis county, N. Y.:

April 11, 1898. About three hundred acres burned over; no State land; no standing tim-
ber burned. Cause not known. Back-fired early in the morning and watched it through the
day. Seventeen men called out. It took more men to fight this fire on account of its being on
both sides of Pine Creek, with standing timber.all around it. It started on old burned ground
on which there was nothing of any value. We stopped it before it got into the green timber.
Fires do not burn deep so early in the season.

Mr. Stephen Waldron, town of Watson, Lewis county, N. Y.:

April 11, 1898. About one hundred acres were burned over, on Lot 213, Watson’s W.
Triangle; no State lands. Damage to standing timber estimated at $100. This fire was the
result of carelessness in the use of fire for clearing land. From the circumstances it would seem
that it was intentional. The man had no permission from me, nor was I notified of any wish or
intention to set a fire. This matter should have attention from the Commission, as the parties
were well advised of the law; but they have no respect for it.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 343

April 14, 1898. About forty acres were burned over on lot 330, Watson’s Triangle; no
especial loss. I went to the fire, but did not find it necessary to order out any men. This fire
was caused by carelessness in clearing land. The brush heaps were lighted during a very dry
time. The man asked permission to burn his fallow, but I refused to grant it, calling his
attention to the law, and telling him he must not start any brush fires in so dry a season, or at
any time, without my permission. The people here pay no attention to the law.

July 23, 1898. About fifty acres burned over, none of which belonged to the State. Dam-
age to timber estimated at $100. This fire probably started from a smudge left by some hunters
who had killed and skinned a deer. A boat was found which was probably used by these
hunters. The offal of a deer was left, and the place where the fire was kindled was easily seen,
and from which the flames ran into the woods. I ordered out fifteen men and two teams, with

plows and tools.

Mr. J. H. Bintz, town of New Bremen, Lewis county, N. Y.:

September 12, 1898. I have not made any report, for the reason that there have been no
forest fires in my town. What little fires are made by the farmers in burning brush I make no
report of. There was just one man that had a ‘foller” to burn. Before he started his fire he
got his neighbors out to guard it. But I didn’t allow any charges to be made.

Mr. Austin J. Larkin, town of Ballston, Saratoga county, N. Y.:

March 18, 1898. About two acres were burned over in woods near Ballston Lake. I think
the fire was ‘caused by an incendiary, as we saw fresh tracks of a man near where the fire
occurred. I first saw a slight smoke rising from the woods in the afternoon. I watched it, and
as the smoke increased I employed help. We repaired to the place and fought the fire until
after dark. It was burning on a spot where timber had been cut several years before, and some
of the young pines and hemlocks were twenty feet tall. At one place, where the trees were few,
the ground was overgrown with grass and weeds. It was here that the fire started, and as it
was dry, the fire ran every way, burning the hemlock and pine leaves from some of the lower
branches, and setting stumps, etc., on fire.

August 29, 1898. I saw this fire myself about five minutes after the 1:55 train on the Dela-
ware & Hudson Railroad had left Ballston Lake station. I employed two young men, and
when we arrived at the fire an Italian woman came from her house, very near where this fire was
burning the grass along the railroad fence. This woman brought two pails and dipped water
from a small stream near by, which two of us carried to throw on the flames. The other man
used a green brush and whipped the fire, which was spreading very rapidly toward the house.
There was a strong wind blowing from the south at the time.

Mr. A. C. Hickok, town of Corinth, Saratoga county, N. Y.:

April 8, 1898. About eighty acres burned over; value of standing timber destroyed, esti-
mated at $50. Fire caught from a locomotive on the Adirondack division of the Delaware &
Hudson Railroad. Warned out eight men to fight it. <A high wind prevailed, and fifty acres
of pasture land were burned over in a few minutes. On my arrival I found the trackmen of
the railroad working to stop it from spreading. It got into the valley near the brook, in some
timber, burning an old mill and killing the trees. But we could not stop it entirely and leave
it with safety, until after midnight.

344 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Mr. Edward J. Wilson, town of Hadley, Saratoga county, N. Y.:

July 15, 1898. Burned area, about seventy-five acres; damage to timber, estimated at
$250; loss in cordwood and fences, $24. Cause of fire: supposed to have been started by a
bad neighbor, but this could not be proved. Dug trenches around it and confined it to the
summit of the mountain. On July 19, heavy rainstorms extinguished it.

Mr. William Merrill, town of Johnsburg, Warren county, N. Y.:

April 7, 1898. Fire was set to burn grass off from a little back meadow by on Lot
No. 52, Township 12. [It ran in the woods a little way, but did no damage. Mr. is a
young man just starting in life, and when I told him the penalty for his carelessness he was
scared, and said he did not know about the law. He went with me and helped put out the fire,
and said if I would not make him any trouble this time, he would abide by the law hereafter.

April, 9, 1898. Ten acres burned over; all State land; cause unknown, but supposed to
have been started by parties who were picking spruce gum.

July 8, 1898. Fire on Lot 88, Township 11; supposed to have been set by a boy eleven
years old. A barn worth $200 was destroyed. No timber injured.

July 16, 1898. I gave M. D. Pasco an order to burn his fallow on June 22. He set it on
or about July 16. The fire spread, but we kept it on his own land. ‘There was no damage
except what was done on his own property. He wanted me to pay the men he employed

to fight this fire, but I told him it was impossible for me to pay men for fighting his own fire.

Mr. Wilson J. Hall, town of Luzerne, Warren county, N. Y.:

November 8, 1898. Number of acres burned, about 150; damage to timber, estimated at
$25. This fire was started without doubt by squirrel hunters.

Mr. William F. Woodward, town of Warrensburgh, Warren county, N. Y.:

April 7, 1898. Burned area estimated at five hundred acres; not on State land. Damage
to timber, $500. About thirty tons of hay worth $180 were destroyed. ‘This fire was first seen
in the mountain on the southeast quarter of Lot 75. It may have been set to burn the moun-
tain over in order to make better sheep pasture. On April 12 it was either set again or it had
stayed in some old logs, where it was fanned into flames by the wind. It spread very fast, run-
ning across Lot 75 before noon. It burned a barn and about thirty tons of hay. The house
caught fire also, but the owner got there in time to save it. I was notified April 13, in the fore-
noon, and I warned out some men immediately. I got a horse and wagon and went there. I
took care of it until the rain came on the rsth.

July 17, 1898. About one acre burned over on Lot 62, Hyde Township; damage to stand-
ing timber, estimated at $10. Cause of fire unknown; but I think some one dropped fire in
lighting a pipe while going through the woods. ‘This lot is covered with pine and hardwood
timber mostly. The poplar has been peeled. There were ten pine trees killed by this fire.

Mr. Patrick Crockwell, town of Dresden, Washington county, N. Y.:

April 14, 1898. There has not been a fire in my town since I was appointed firewarden. I
have taken pains to notify parties that they will be held responsible for all brush fires set by them
without notifying me; also hunting parties that camped in the woods. Our town has suffered
a great deal from fire before I was appointed firewarden, but as long as I hold the office there
will be less fires.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 345

July 13, r898. About two hundred acres burned over, none of which belong to the State.
Estimated damage to standing timber, about $200. Cause of fire not known. Number of men
called out, twenty-five. Total number of days’ labor, thirty-eight. The leaves, muck, and
everything were so dry that it was almost impossible to stop this fire; but by attending to it
night and day we kept it under control. If I had not attended to it, it would have destroyed
hundreds of dollars’ worth of property.

Mr. E. H. Sturtevant, town of Fort Ann, Washington county, N. Y.:

July 12, 1898. Number of acres burned over, 150; value of standing timber destroyed,
estimated at $100. Cause of fire: supposed to have been started by an Italian who was shooting
robins for a potpie. Measures employed to check and extinguish fire: water pails, hose, shovels,
axes, brush, poles, and anything that would or could do any good. Number of men called out
to fight fire: forty-five men and boys. Total number of days’ labor by men called out: about
fifty, if all of them put in accounts. Some of them say they will not do so. I gave the boys
only half price. Is that O. K.? This fire was on a rough, hilly and rocky wood lot, which was
cut over the last two winters by Charles Curtis. He notified me of the fire and promised to
return with four men to fight it until we could get a crew on the spot. I ordered more men
there immediately, and had worked two and one half hours when he came and served a written
notice on me that he would not help any more, as he had to do his haying, and said that it was
my business to put out the fire. He retained a copy of this notice to put on file. If he had
remained and helped us we could have stopped it without much trouble.

MORNING IN THE CAMP.

Sanitary Benefits of the ddirondack
Forest. |

HE strongest factor in the forestry movement at present is the demand for
forest preservation—a demand which is supported strongly by the many
people who utilize our forests as a health resort, and by the invalids who

find within their shelter a natural sanitarium where relief can be obtained from

various diseases.
The sanitary value of our forests cannot be overestimated. In addition to their

furnishing a summer home for the overcrowded population of our towns and cities, a
place where rest, recuperation and vigor may be gained by our highly nervous and
overworked people, the healthful and purifying influence of coniferous forests has
been thoroughly established. The belief that the atmosphere of evergreen forests has
a curative effect upon persons suffering from pulmonary phthisis is a very old one.
The old Romans sent patients with ulcerated lungs to Libra, where by breathing the
healthful exhalations of the pines with which the country abounded, they are said to
have lived many years freed from their complaints.

The testimony, based on personal, careful and scientific investigation of such men
as Dr. E. L. Trudeau, of Saranac Lake, cannot be set aside. Himself an invalid
restored to health by forest life, he has devoted himself to the question of environ-
ment in its relation to tuberculosis, and has demonstrated the value of the terebinthine
forests of the Adirondack region as an agent in warding off pulmonary disease. He
says that

“ Twenty-five per cent. of the patients sent to the Adirondacks suffering from incipient con-
sumption come back cured—a proportion only surpassed by the State of Colorado. As a
sanitarium for the State and City of New York alone, the value of this region is inestimable, and
many professional men will be at a loss where to send their suffering patients who are unable to
pay the expenses of a trip to Colorado or California, unless some steps be immediately taken
to save to the State this heritage that should be preserved for the people.”

Dr. Alfred L. Loomis, of New York* (a well-known specialist on pulmonary
disease), has also given scientific testimony to the value of evergreen forests as a
therapeutic agent in lung affections. He writes:

‘“‘ Having long since been convinced by my observations that evergreen forests have a power-
ful purifying effect upon the surrounding atmosphere, and that it is rendered antiseptic by the
chemical combinations which are constantly going on in them, I invite attention to some con-
ditions which may explain their therapeutic power. Such ambiguous terms as ‘balsamic

* Deceased.
346

‘

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 347

influence,’ ‘ health-giving emanations,’ and ‘ aromanized atmosphere’ must be regarded as empty
phrases, and meaningless as scientific explanations. The clinical evidence, however, of the
beneficial effects of pine forests on phthisical subjects is unquestionable. The changes attributed
to the persistent inhalation of air impregnated with the emanations of evergreen forests are such
as to indicate that the atmosphere is not only aseptic but antiseptic; made antiseptic
by some element which is not alone fatal to germ life, but at the same time is stimulant
and tonic to normal physiological processes within the lungs. We are led to the conclusion
that this antiseptic element of evergreen forests—an element which is not found elsewhere—is
the product of the atmospheric oxidization of turpentine. It is evident that the local and con-
stitutional effects of turpentine are those of a powerful germicide, as well as stimulant. Its
presence in the atmosphere of the pine forests cannot be questioned. Again, ozone is said to
be present in excess in the air of evergreen forests, and the beneficial effects of such air have
been ascribed to this substance alone. But it seems evident that there is a close relation
between an excess of ozone in the atmosphere and turpentine exhalaticn.

“Recent developments in the treatment of phthisis by gaseous injections, if they are found
beneficial, are apparently due to the arrest of septic poisoning, and not to the destruction of the
tubercle bacilli. It is my belief that the atmosphere of evergreen forests acts in a similar man-
ner, and facts seem to prove that the antiseptic agent which so successfully arrests putrefactive
processes and septic poisoning, is the peroxide of hydrogen formed by the atmospheric exudation
of turpentine vapors. It is stated that wherever the pine, with its constant exhalation of turpen-
tine vapor and its never-failing foliage, can be distributed in proper proportion to the population,
the atmosphere can be kept not only aseptic but antiseptic by nature’s own processes, independ-
ent of other influences than a certain amount of sunshine and moisture. It is not possible for
everyone to take his weak lungs to an aseptic air; but it is posssible to render the air of most
localities antiseptic. I would, therefore, impress on the public the importance of preserving our
evergreen forests, and of cultivating about our homes evergreen trees.”

The large number of consumptives in our State—reported at over 30,000—has
caused a demand for a State sanitarium in which a part of these unfortunates may
receive treatment. All who have given the matter any thought are of the opinion
that this institution should be located at some place in the Adirondack forest, and the
Legislature, having authorized the erection of suitable buildings for this purpose,
enacted that they should be built there.

In view of the sanitary benefits which may be derived from a stay in our northern
forests, and the recent action of the State in establishing by law a large sanitarium in
the Adirondacks for consumptives, attention is respectfully called to the timely and
interesting article on the Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake, which will be found in
the pages of this Report. It was kindly contributed by that most eminent authority
on the subject, Dr. E. L. Trudeau, of Saranac Lake, N. Y.

The ddirondackh Cottage Sanitariam.

IBY 18, 305 IIRIWGIDIS ANU, INLID).. SARUARPAC! ILATs. IN, NZ.

RADICAL change in the views held by the medical profession as to the
A nature and treatment of that widely prevalent class of diseases of the
respiratory organs known as consumption has taken place within the past

twenty years. Formerly consumption was looked upon as an inherited disease, and
one which was unfavorably influenced by exposure to cold and to trying atmospheric
conditions; the cough was considered the result of such exposures, and the invalid
was shielded from atmospheric changes and sent to warm climates in the hope of

‘

preventing him from “‘catching cold.”

Now that we know that consumption is due to a germ which obtains lodgment in
the system only after its resistance has been enfeebled by an acquired or inherited
lessening of the natural resisting power of the tissues, the keynote of treatment is
invigoration; and cold, stimulating climates are preferred by many physicians to
warm ones.

We have also learned that climate is only one of several elements which may be
utilized in the treatment of this disease, and that the principal factors which, in
addition to climate, contribute to the cure of consumptives are an open-air life, rest,
good food, and the regulation for months of the patient’s daily habits of life as to
exercise, diet, etc. All these conditions are best obtained in an institution built and
carried on for this special purpose, and situated in a good climate.

Many years ago circumstances placed me in a position where, from personal
experience with it, I realized the advantages of the Adirondack climate, and that the
best means of restoration were unattainable to working men or women. The long
time required to obtain a cure, or even an arrest of the disease by the climate and
open-air method, and the necessary expenses it entailed when added to the loss of
income incident to months of enforced idleness, seemed to put the practical application
of this method of cure beyond the reach of the majority of individuals who have to
earn their own living. An institution that would offer to working men and women,
at a moderate cost, this opportunity and a return to a life of usefulness, seemed an
urgent necessity, and induced me to attempt the establishment of such an institution
and put the modern sanitarium methods of treatment to a practical test in the
Adirondack climate.

The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium was the first institution in America to attempt

the cure of incipient tuberculosis in persons of moderate means. In 1884, by personal
348

WOAIIVLINVS HOVLLOD MOVGNOUIGV AHL JO ONIGTINGA NIVW

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 349

appeals, a few thousand dollars were obtained by the writer, with which one small
cottage and a wing of the intended main building were erected. Each year the work
was developed step by step, and the running expenses met, principally through the
generous aid of guests at Paul Smith’s, Saranac Inn, and other hotels in the Adiron-
dack region, who contributed and held annual fairs during the summer for the benefit
of the institution. Its growth has been steady and uninterrupted, until a small village
consisting of twenty-two cottages, accommodating one hundred patients, now stands
on the original site where sixteen years ago the institution made so humble a
beginning.

The Sanitarium is situated about a mile from Saranac Lake village, on a high hill
which rises abruptly from the Saranac River, and well protected from the prevailing
winds by a high wooded ridge, while the soil is sandy and the drainage excellent.
A magnificent panorama of wooded slopes and high mountains, heavily wooded with
evergreen timber, extends as far as the eye can reach, while the Saranac River can be
seen threading its way through the distant hills until it is lost to sight among them.

The requisites for admission to the Sanitarium are that the applicant should be in
the earlier stages of the disease, or, at least, that in the opinion of the examining
physician he has a fair chance of more or less complete restoration to health, and that
his pecuniary circumstances should be such that he cannot afford to pay the usual
prices asked.at the hotels and boarding-houses in the region. Every effort is made to
reduce to a minimum the expenses of the patients who wish to avail themselves of the
advantages of the institution. The regular charge—five dollars a week—is made to
all alike, and includes everything except laundry and medicines, which are furnished
at cost. No charge is made for medical attendance, no graded rates, and no accom-
modations for private patients.

The deficiency in the running expenses is made up each year by subscription. An
attempt to place the institution ona firm financial basis has also been made; and,
principally by personal appeal, an endowment fund of $150,000 has already been
secured, which, it is hoped, by bequests and subscriptions may some day grow
sufficiently to assure the permanence of this work for all time.

The Sanitarium also has a small free-bed fund, the income of which is applied to
defray the expenses of patients whose resources have entirely given out. Last year
nineteen were maintained for varying periods of time without charge, and twenty-
seven others had their expenses paid by benevolent persons interested in the work.

Applicants for admission are examined in New York city by one of the regular
examiners—who give their services in this capacity without any remuneration—or,
the patients apply directly at the institution and are examined without charge at

Saranac Lake. The regular examining physicians in New York city are Dr. E. G.

350 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Janeway, Dr. Walter B. James, and Dr. H. P. Loomis; and at Saranac Lake, Dr. E.
L. Trudeau and Dr. E. R. Baldwin. During the first ten years of the Sanitarium’s
existence most of the applicants for admission in New York were examined by the
late Dr. Alfred L. Loomis, who was the first to call attention to the value of the
Adirondack climate in the treatment of consumption.

The Sanitarium is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and is
governed by a board of trustees. Dr. E. L. Trudeau is the president of the board of
trustees, and the institution is, and has been since its inception, under his medical
supervision. There are two resident physicians—Dr. Charles C. Trembley and Dr.
Lawrason Brown, and Mrs. Julia A. Miller is the superintendent.

Since the wards of general hospitals in the past had shown that aggregation is a
real danger to the consumptive, the cottage plan was adopted from the first, in spite
of the greater cost of building and operating an institution on this plan, although the
germ origin of tuberculosis was not as yet generally accepted. The new light thrown
by science on the infectious nature of the disease, and an experience of fourteen years
in developing a sanitarium on this plan, have but strengthened my confidence in this
method of construction, which represents an attempt at segregation, separates patients
as much as possible from one another, and affords each individual so large an air space
as to make it difficult, when rigid precautions as to the care of expectoration are
enforced, for the buildings to become contaminated. Besides, it affords patients a
regular walk to and from their meals, which are served in the main building,
encourages them to lead an outdoor life, allows them to select as companions
those who are congenial to them, and to avoid unnecessary contact with those who
are not.

The cottages of the Adirondack Sanitarium are one-story buildings, accommodating
from two to ten persons each; but the greater number have a capacity for four or
five inmates only, and these have been found the most satisfactory. Each patient has
his own room, opening into a central sitting-room in direct communication with the
veranda, on which the outdoor plan of treatment is carried out, a good shelter from
the prevailing winds being secured by means of a single glass screen. The partitions
between the sleeping and general sitting-rooms reach but seven feet from the floor,
an arrangement which gives the patient the benefit of the entire air space of the
cottage, and allows of its being heated by a fireplace during the cool months, and by
a hot-water plant during the winter season; but the walls which separate the sleeping
rooms from each other reach to the ceilings, and are of solid construction. Good
ventilation is insured by transoms located over the front verandas. These cottages,
as well as all the other buildings on the grounds, are lighted by electricity. In the

main or administration building are to be found the dining-room, kitchen, reception

LIBRARY OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGi® SANITARIUM.

SANITARIUM COTTAGE OF THE ADIRONDACK COTTAGE SANITARIUM.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 351

and general sitting-rooms, superintendent’s and doctor’s offices, rooms for servants and
nurses; while the upper floor of the building is devoted to large rooms for a limited
number of patients. The library, recreation pavilion, doctor’s cottage, chapel, and
infirmary are all separate buildings. Should any patient in one of the cottages become
rapidly worse or be taken suddenly ill, he is at once removed to the infirmary, where
every convenience for his care and proper treatment is at hand. The separation of
those who are failing rapidly, or are acutely sick, from the comparatively well, not
only furnishes the former with a constant and necessary attention and nursing which
they require, but withdraws them from the daily observation of their more fortunate
cottage mates, and prevents in these the depression which would otherwise occur from
contact with the very sick. The success of the plan is attested by the general cheer-
fulness of patients while in the institution, who, contrary to what might be supposed,
are very rarely depressed in spirits at their enforced exile.

In order to attain success in curing consumption, the first rule is to make as early
a diagnosis as possible; for the earlier the disease is detected the better will be the
prospect of effecting a cure or arresting the progress of the destructive process. The
first few months after the onset of the disease present often the one golden opportunity
of re-establishing the balance of health, and many lives are constantly sacrificed by
the neglect of this opportunity. If the curability of the earlier stages of tuberculosis
could be more generally accepted, and for this reason the grave responsibility which
rests on the physician in making an early diagnosis better realized, the patient’s best
chances of recovery would not be so constantly sacrificed. That consumptives are
rarely sent away in the earlier stages of their disease is shown by the fact that most
applicants for admission to the Sanitarium have had symptoms of ill health for at least
a year before they apply, and that it is necessary to refuse as unsuitable cases five out
of every six who present themselves for admission. It has been found that sixty-
eight per cent. of the truly incipient cases were discharged as apparently cured, while
only eleven per cent. of the advanced, and none of the far advanced cases recovered.

The exact results obtained at the institution by the combined climatic and sanita-
rium treatment are difficult to express in figures, because they are generally influenced
by the class of cases accepted. With advancing familiarity with the disease, and
improved methods of diagnosis, our standards have also steadily altered, so that what
would have been considered an incipient case fifteen years ago would be classed as an

¢

advanced one to-day in most instances. Furthermore, the term “cure” can also be
used only in a relative sense, time as measured by years being the only criterion of
cure. Of late the results obtained have been better than formerly, and this is due, no
doubt, not only to improvements in methods and plant, but to the fact that more

really favorable and early cases are available than formerly.

352 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

An idea of the best results obtained thus far can perhaps be gained by a glance
at the following table, copied from the last three annual reports, 1897-98-99, provided
the figures are considered together with the classification adopted. Patients who have
remained less than three months are put in a separate class, as little can be accom-
plished in the way of permanent results while in the institution for so short a period.

A glance at the table shows the following: Out of 323 patients who remained an
average of eight and three quarters months in the institution, 113 of whom were classed
as incipient cases, 151 as advanced, and 59 as far advanced, 109 were discharged
apparently cured, 104 with the disease arrested, 73 improved, 31 unimproved or
failed, and 6 died. This gives the best results as yet attained at the Sanitarium: z. e.,
thirty-three per cent. of apparent cures, and thirty-two per cent. of cases in which the

disease was arrested.

323 PATIENTS WHO REMAINED AN AVERAGE OF 83, MONTHS.

: eae
Condition of patients when admitted epPapently, Disease Improved MED Sexe! Died
cured arrested or failed
Incipient “cases, 113, | S2aesc og, 25 4 2 fo)
Advanced, CoA PLC Ne a) 2a SS, 67 43 13 I
Far advanced “ RO) < : fo) 12 26 16
Wot, BAC, . | 109 33-74% 104 7 ar 6
I

If we study the gross results of the twelve hundred patients admitted during the
past fifteen years, the result is as follows:

Twenty-three per cent. were discharged as apparently cured; fifty-six per cent.
were discharged with the disease arrested or much improved; nineteen per cent. were
discharged stationary or unimproved; two per cent. died in the institution.

I am quite aware that cure in tuberculosis is but a relative term, and that time is
the only test of cure,—a test which becomes more and more discouraging as the period
of its application lengthens and we become more and more familiar with the relapsing
nature of the disease. Nevertheless we have attempted to determine as far as was
practicable the permanency of the results obtained, extending over a period of fifteen
years to date. Of the 1,176 patients discharged alive about one half are still living,
and one half of this number have been heard from as being perfectly well. This pro-
portion of one quarter of the whole number covers the entire fifteen years, and the
percentage, of course, improves each year as more early cases are admitted. The
permanency of the recoveries depends necessarily a good deal on the environment to
which the patient returns. If he is obliged to go back to a laborious life or an indoor
occupation he is much more likely to relapse than if it is possible for him to return to

a good climate and an outdoor existence.

‘WOIMVLINVS ADVLLOO MOVGNOWIGV AHL dO Idd VHO

‘WOIMVLINVS HOVLLOO MOVAINOWIGV GZHL WO SANVILOD FO dnoay

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 35

(oS)

The éducation which the patients receive at the Sanitarium as to the nature of
their disease and the methods to be relied upon in combating it, is of the utmost value
to them, enabling them to preserve their health and avoid relapses after they have
left the institution; and this education is not limited to themselves, but is imparted
by them to the great mass of people with whom they come in contact.

In addition, the attempt to cure pulmonary tuberculosis by institutional treatment,
and the practical demonstration which it has given of the possibility of accomplishing
this in many cases, have cast a ray of light on one of the darkest problems which con-
front medical science, and have proved an object-lesson which has, perhaps, not been
without influence in creating the present popular demand that the State supplement
private philanthropy in the establishment of similar institutions under its control.

Now that the State of New York has decided to assume the institutional treatment
of tuberculosis as one of the practical means of combating this widespread disease, it
is to be congratulated on having within its borders a region which experience has

shown to be admirably adapted to the treatment of consumption.

AN EARLY START,

>
bi]

Adirondack Forestry Problems.

By B. E. FERNOW, DIRECTOR NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY.

AN |OEAL BATTLE GROUND,

‘HE State of New York is the first
and only State in the Union to
have entered upon a definite

policy of forest conservation, acknowl-
edging the necessity and duty of the
State to assume the protection of its
most important watershed and of the
forest cover thereon, and recognizing
that in State ownership alone lies the
assurance of its continued conservation.

Such a policy, now firmly established,
presents a number of problems which
are partly of an administrative, partly of
a technical nature. Some of these are
still partly unsolved, and the solution of

others has not even been begun.

Ownership.

The main and fundamental one, the
problem of ownership, has been practi-
cally settled by various acts of the
Legislature, namely: in 1883, when the
State determined to retain the forest
lands which it then owned; in 1885,
when it placed them in the care and

custody of a Forest Commission; in

1890, when the first act authorizing the purchase of additional lands was signed by a
democratic governor, with the memorandum affixed that the act was good but inade-
quate; and finally in 1897, when the Legislature and a republican governor created
The Forest Preserve Board, giving it authority to acquire for the State, by purchase

or otherwise, control of the entire region within an outline comprising three million

acres more or less, or as much thereof as might appear desirable.

354

HOW A PROPERLY LUMBERED FOREST LOOKS,

AND THE BRUSH BURNED.

THE TREE TOPS AND LIMBS HAVING BEEN REMOVED AND SOLD,

THE COLLEGE FOREST.

BRUSH IN

BURNING

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 355

The acquisition of lands has proceeded cautiously and slowly. Unfortunately, the
State did not embrace the opportunity, when it existed, of acquiring these lands at a
low price, and although purchases have hitherto been made in most instances at a
reasonable enough figure, the delay has had three undesirable consequences, namely :
first, to raise prices; secondly, to allow a further decrease of virgin forest lands and
deterioration of the same by wasteful logging; and thirdly, to allow large tracts to be
bought up by private individuals and clubs for game preserves. While at first sight
the passing of lands into conservative private ownership does not appear objection-
able, inasmuch as the object of the State, namely—a conservative treatment of the
forest cover—may as a rule be expected from such owners, there is no absolute
assurance of the continuance of such conservative treatment. Besides, not only would
public ownership of the whole give more satisfaction to the people at large, but in the
administration of its property the State could only be benefited by a consolidation of
the same and the elimination of interspersed properties. Consolidation and uni-
formity of administration is perhaps more desirable in forest properties than in other
properties. Take alone protection against fires. A careless neighbor’s neglect in
preventing the many causes of conflagration puts to naught the effort of the more
careful. Again, accessibility and means of transportation are of first importance,
while foreign possessory rights might often hinder the development of most desirable
means of transportation.

Even now the State would not make a mistake, financially or otherwise, if it were
to settle the ownership question at once, and acquire without further delay the balance

of what it intends finally to own.

Administrative Problems.

The next problem is that of the administration of the property. At first a forest
commission of three unpaid commissioners was charged with this duty of the ‘care,
custody, control and superintendence of the forest preserve,’ and the law declared
that “it shall be the duty of the Commission to maintain and protect the forests now
on the forest preserve, and to promote as far as practicable the further growth of
forests thereon”; also, to “have charge of the public interests of the State with
regard to forests and tree planting, and especially with reference to forest fires in
every part of the State.”

In 1893 the number of the Commissioners was increased to five, with additional
powers as to acquisition and lease of lands, and especially the specific power, with
certain restrictions, “to sell the standing spruce, tamarack and poplar timber, the

fallen timber and the timber injured by blight or fire.” Another change was made

350 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

in 1895, when an amalgamation of fisheries and game interests with the forestry
interests was provided and the (five) Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests
were installed. The realization that the forest interests are decidedly more important
than the other two interests has lately led to the change of name by which “ forests”
are first mentioned in the title of the Commission.

Whether by the consolidation any benefit has come to the forest policy is doubtful,
although it would have been advantageous if the consolidation had been more in
substance than in name. It would, for instance, have been advantageous to combine
the functions of protecting fish and game and protecting the forest property in the
same officers; especially within the forest preserve such arrangement would be
only logical.

It has been suggested that the change from a five-headed commission to a single-
headed one would insure greater efficiency. Theoretically, such a single-headed
administration may be commendable provided a man of unusual capacity, broad-
mindedness and experience is put in the place, just as the wise and moderate tyrant
or king is said to represent the most beneficent government. With our democratic
principles of government, however, it would appear that wherever public policy, not
single will, is to be administered, a judicious council representing varied interests would
be more apt to give satisfaction, provided that it relies for executive work on expert
advice and assistance and on single responsibility of its executive officers. In the end
the question of the personnel of the commission, rather than the number, is the
important one, and still more important, the organization under the Commission and
the objects to be attained through that organization.

The first object of the administration, naturally, must be protection of the property;
and that means, with forest property, mainly against the dangers from fire. This is
the first and foremost administrative problem. The only way to furnish that pro-
tection is by proper organization of the fire service, and by reducing the causes of

forest fires.

Forest Ftre Probtems.

Forest fires in the Adirondacks are of very varying character, according to the
condition of the ground on which the fire occurs. In the openings, in the slashes, in
the sandy flats which used to be occupied by pines and which were burned over
repeatedly after the lumberman had made the dédris, on the rocky shores of lakes
which the hunter’s camp fire has wasted again and again, the fires run fiercely, fanned
by the winds that have access here, burning up the young growth which is trying to
establish itself. As a rule, when a fire breaks out in these wastes, it burns at least the

entire area that had been burned over before, and also gradually eats into the hitherto

FUEL WOOD AND HARDWOOD LOGS.

REASONS.

ALONG THE HIGHWAY FOR ESTHETIC

OF TIMSER IS LEFT

A BELT

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. ety:

untouched surrounding growth. In most cases, when such a fire has once gained
headway it will run its course, all human efforts notwithstanding, until a rain, or a
watercourse, or a swamp stops its spread; or until it has reached the green timber,
where it may be checked. These are the dangerous fires and the most difficult
to cope with.

On the other hand, the fires on the covered hardwood slopes are progressing
slowly ; they smoulder persistently in the soil, however, wasting the stored accumula-
tion of vegetable mould, and causing the fall of trees without necessarily burning more
than their roots. It is possible, with due vigilance and without great effort, to subdue
these fires or keep them in check.

It is evident that different methods must be pursued in these different cases. The
present law provides a system of firewardens whose duty it is to put out fires. This
duty they may be able to perform in the last described cases; but it is almost if not
entirely impracticable or impossible in the first class of cases. There are, besides,
mechanical limitations to performing the duties of a firewarden over too large a
territory; hence the appointment of a sufficient number of deputies, properly chosen,
properly located and properly instructed, to act at least during the dangerous season,
‘is necessary. Nor is it sufficient to have these firewardens employed only to put out
fires, to go to fires when they have assumed dimensions. They should patrol their
beats regularly through the dangerous season, prevent the starting of fires by their
vigilance, and extinguish the small fires in their incipiency. The cost of such service,
if efficient, will be large and an argument against it. As long as a fully organized
forestry service is absent, in which the fireguards perform other necessary duties and
useful work besides their patroling, the objection is valid.

Again, the personnel of the organization is of first moment; and even when proper
persons have been chosen, only a constant inspection and oversight will keep the
organization alive, its members on the alert.

A great deal could also, be done by systematically subdividing the forest area,
especially the dangerous slashes and openings, and gradually reducing the débris on
the waste lands. If the State proposes to hold this property it might as well begin to
improve it, to make it grow useful timber instead of weeds, and in doing so remove
or reduce the danger of deteriorating these waste lands more. When such clearing
and planting operations are actively begun it will be possible, and a financially sound
policy, to employ also the necessary force for the protection of the young plantations.
Moreover, greater care in the use of fire will beinculcated, when the true value of
these waste lands, and the fact that an expenditure for their improvement has been
made, forces itself upon the attention of the careless. As long as these areas are

treated as worthless wastes it is natural that they are carelessly treated as such.

358 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

There is one serious drawback in existing arrangements which could readily be
improved. It is the manner of paying for the service of fire fighting. At present,
bills are audited and paid by the towns; the tedious delay of such payment is dis-
couraging to the men who have to wait for the hard-earned money for many months.
Authority to make the necessary outlay on the part of the Commission, for which the

Board may then seek reimbursement through the town, is the ready remedy.

Technical Problems.

While these problems in the mechanics of administration are readily understood—
and their solution is not difficult—the problems of technical management of the
property are more difficult to solve. What is to be done with the forest owned and
protected by the State? What policy is to be followed in its treatment, and what
methods are to be applied ?

The first legislation, instituting the Forest Commission, had in view the application
of forestry methods to the management of the property ; but the Commission failed to
devise such technical management, and the people, as is well known, by constitutional
amendment restricted the activities of the Commission by forbidding the cutting of
trees on State lands, and thereby ruling out a large share of forestry work.

Knowing the history of this amendment we can assert that it was intended, not to
establish a policy of non-use, and to exclude forever the application of such forestry
work as requires the use of the ax, but rather to delay it until conditions should be
more favorable for the employment of technical forestry management. If nothing
else were to warrant this conclusion, the establishment of the New York State College
of Forestry, with its experimental forest area within the limits of the proposed State
Forest Preserve, must stand as an earnest that, ultimately, technicai forest manage-
ment is expected and intended, and not merely leaving Nature to take care of the
forest cover.

There is, to be sure, no haste necessary to engage in such technical work; but
even now the Commission is in position to do considerable preliminary work and
prepare for the future.

There can be no question as to the first step in attacking the problem of technical
management. As the physician bases his treatment on a diagnosis, so the adminis-
trator of a property must first become acquainted with its conditions. The first step,
therefore, towards a technical management of the State’s forest property must be a
forest survey; 2. @. a technical description of the conditions of each parcel in such a

manner that its character, conditions, and location can readily be referred to.

STUDENTS AND LOGGERS IN PERMANENT CAMP ON THE CORNELL FOREST RESERVE.

BOARDING HOUSE AT AXTON.

Wax
Say tr
Kege .

cc

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 359

The Commission should know not only the acreage of the burnt lands and the
virgin and the culled forest it controls, not only the location of each parcel of these,
but the condition of each with regard to its possible treatment. Such a description
can be satisfactorily made only by a practically educated forester, who, like the phy-
sician, diagnoses with a view to devising the remedy.

It is only when the condition of the whole or major part of the property is
known that a harmonious, well-considered plan for its technical management can be
devised and followed. It is then that the silvicultural as well as the administrative
problems involved become apparent.

Tt was mainly for the solution of silvicultural problems that the New York State
College of Forestry was endowed with an area of thirty thousand acres in the Adiron-
dacks, the tract having been so located as to exhibit the greatest variety of problems
that might be met in the entire Reserve.

The silvicultural problems can be classified into at least four groups, with any
number of subdivisions, according to the character of the prevailing forest conditions.
They will have to deal with the treatment of (1) virgin lands, (2) culled* lands,
(3) slashes or burns, and (4) swamps.

Since the virgin lands in the possession of the State represent a proportionately
small area, a few hundred thousand acres, they may, like the swamps, be left without
detriment to future consideration. It is, therefore, to the culled lands and the slashes,
of which the major part of the State property consists, that first attention should
be directed.

Making Wastes Usefat.

The slashes and old burns and gpenings of various kinds exhibit quite a variety of
conditions, and admit, therefore, the possibility of a variety of treatment. But they
are all alike in this, that in their present condition they present the greatest danger
from forest fires, and that in most cases they fail to grow useful material. They are
not only dead capital, but a menace to the standing timber. Not only do they
furnish the best chances for the starting of fires, but, once a fire is started, the winds
sweeping over the open drive the fire with such fury that human efforts to stop its
progress are in vain. Usually the fire burns over the entire opening and destroys
whatever effort Nature has made to recover the ground since the last fire.

In some places repeated fires have almost cleared the area of the old debris, and it

is possible to begin at once, without preparation, the planting of valuable species.

* Lumbered lands from which the spruce or some other species have been taken.

360 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In other cases there is need of clearing the ground more or less thoroughly of dédris
in order to reduce fire danger and make the planting practicable. The degree to
which the clearing must be done varies, and so does the cost.

The College has started the solution of the question of how much clearing is
needful and how cheaply this preparatory work may be done, as well as how cheaply
a growth of valuable tree species may be re-established.

Sometimes Nature has covered the burn with a growth of aspen or birch, and, if
left alone, gradually the more valuable conifers—pine, spruce, and cedar—would
establish themselves by natural process. But even here the helping hand of man may
hasten the process of useful occupancy of the soil by using as much of the volunteer
crop for nurse purposes as may be desirable. Lanes are opened through the aspen
growth at varying distances apart, and pines and spruces are set out in the lanes
where they will be benefited by the light shade of the neighboring strips of aspen
and white birch.

The species which have been chosen for this planting are entirely taken from the
family of conifers. The conifers are the most useful of the trees of the temperate
zone; they are required in largest quantity—the consumption in the United States
standing as three to one, when compared with the hardwoods—and they promise to
continue to hold their position in the market.

White pine is the king of the woods, and, with the development of the pulp
industry, spruce is next to the throne; hence these two species should be specially
encouraged. Moreover, the hardwoods have, in the struggle for the occupancy of the
soil, various advantages which the conifers lack. They will propagate without much
assistance, while the conifers, with their greater permanent and economic value,
deserve, and, with their natural deficiencies in propagating, require the protection and
encouragement which may be artificially given to them.

Besides the native white pine, which is in every respect the most desirable species
to plant, growing rapidly into useful material, the Norway spruce has been favored.
This was first done with hesitation, and mainly because plant material of the native
spruce was not readily attainable, while the European species could be had in large
quantities and most cheaply. Jn addition, the European spruce grows more rapidly
and produces better material.

After observing older and younger plants and seedlings of this species in their
new home for two seasons, expectations have been far surpassed by the behavior of
the plants. Of the six or seven species planted, the Norway spruce has shown that
it is more perfectly at home than any other, and promises to grow as vigorously here
as it has done elsewhere in the United States. The seeds germinate most readily—

very different from the white pine, which germinates slowly. The seedlings in the

NURSERY AT AXTON.

GROWING CONIFERS. ONE MILLION SEEDLINGS IN SIGHT UNDER SCREENS.

THE OFFICE AT AXTON.

PISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 361

nursery stand the drought—the unusual one of the summer of 1899—as well as
the frosts of the region, making in their second year shoots of five to seven inches;
three-year-old plants set out in the slashes appear among the weeds as born to
the manor.

There will be croakers who predict failure in later life, but there is no warrant for
such predictions. Whatever experiences there may have been had in this country,
which might Jead to such doubts, have not been had with trees planted under forest
conditions, and certainly not in this region. I have no hesitation in recommending
for quick results the use of this cheap and promising plant material, in combination
with the white pine, with which it makes a most desirable mixed stand, the white pine
growing somewhat more rapidly and needing the improving companionship of such
shadier neighbor.

In addition, there has been used in larger numbers one of our native western
conifers, the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga taxtfolia) from Colorado, which appears
also most promising from its behavior during the first season, although not as rapid as
the Norway spruce. It is, unquestionably, the best material and the most adaptive
species which the western mountain regions afford.

In somewhat smaller quantities, for trial, the Colorado white fir (Adzes concolor),
the European and Siberian larch, and the Scotch pine have been used; the latter,
cheapest material of all, set out on a sandy knoll, has made a most promising start in
spite of the dry season.

Altogether some three hundred thousand plants have been set out on burned
slashes, and the opportunity for judging what is most satisfactory will soon be at
hand. The Axton nursery contains half a million seedlings, and a second nursery
at Wawbeek will produce double that quantity, ready for use in the woods in two or
three years’ time.

One of the essential requirements in this reclamation of waste lands is adequate
protection against fire. As I have pointed out, the greatest fire danger lies in these

very areas; hence, special precautions to reduce the danger become necessary wher-

‘ever the expenditure for planting has been made. Greater vigilance and special fire-

guards will be required, and in addition, mechanical means can be employed to
reduce the danger. Among these are to take in hand, as far as possible, the entire.
burnt area at one time, clearing and burning the debris, so that the cleared and
planted area be bounded by standing timber or by water or marshy land; subdividing
the area by ditches; or, better still, by lanes sown to grass, which can be kept
in proper condition and serve as bases of defense in case of fire, so that the same
may be confined in area. Old snags, especially dead pines, must be downed, as they

are apt to be.set on fire by lightning.

362 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

. The question, I suppose, is asked: ‘‘Does it pay to reforest these wastes?” The
answer is, that if the State really proposes to hold, protect, and improve this forest
area as a whole, it does pay unquestionably, even were we to look at it merely as a
work of internal improvement. And if, as the indications are, the cost of restocking
these, at present, worse than worthless areas can be kept below ten dollars per acre on
the average, it can be figured out even as a profitable financial proposition. This
work of reclaiming wastes is, by the way, one against which no constitutional bar
exists, and which, therefore, could be taken in hand by the Forest Commission

without any change of present functions, if sufficient appropriations are made.

How to Manage the Called Dands.

The other problem, that of handling the culled lands, is one presenting much
greater difficulties. While the reclaiming of the waste lands is merely one of financial
capacity and of expenditures which can be more or less accurately determined, the
rational treatment of the forest lands requires not only much more skill, but their
improvement, if it is to be kept within practically advisable expenditures, is dependent
on market conditions, over which even the State may not exercise control. To
understand the problem we must state the conditions.

The Adirondack forest is one composed of a variety of species, in which the hard-
woods, birch, maple, and beech preponderate, and in which the conifers, pine, spruce,
and hemlock, form a variable, more or less prominent part. The culling has been of
the latter, so-called soft woods, especially pine and spruce, because they were most in
demand and most easily handled and transported by water. As a consequence, after
the culling process, the hardwoods, preponderating before, became still stronger, and
only the tolerance of shade, which is a characteristic of the spruce, has maintained it
in younger individuals, besides the decrepit old ones which the logger has left; while
the white pine, which cannot reproduce itself under the shade of the hardwoods, is
almost extirpated, except in occasional openings.

The hardwoods, while furnishing a full and pleasing canopy of foliage, which may
mislead the uninstructed into the belief that he is looking upon a virgin woods, exhibit
in the old specimens the decrepitude of age, dead branches and rotten heart, and
many of the younger, thrifty-looking trees, upon closer investigation, also show the
signs of decay as a result of the running fires which have swept over nearly every
culled tract of the wild woods. ‘This, then, is the condition: a forest of old decrepit
hardwoods, deteriorating from year to year, with a tainted progeny struggling
beneath, and a small though promising number of young spruces impeded in their

development by the former, with occasional older trees that can be used as seed trees.

AXTON IN EARLY SPRING.

SURVEYORS’ CAMP IN COLLEGE FOREST.—WAITING FOR THE APPETITE.

Ta i) as

4
pM
Las
i
be

Soeey

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 363

Can there be any question as to the changes which it is desirable to effect, if we
apply the reasoning of rational political and financial economy ? Remove the dead
capital of old, hardwood timber, and replace it by a young, thrifty crop, growing into
value, in which the more desirable conifers preponderate !

The silviculturist will have to decide how best to secure this young crop,
which may be done by favoring the volunteer crop of conifers, by giving a chance for
seeds from left-over seed trees to find a seed-bed and favorable light conditions for
development, or by planting or sowing artificially.

But before he can apply his skill, the manager must have found a way of disposing
of the hardwood crop. And here lies the pivotal point of the problem, as with most
of the forestry problems that are to be worked out on financial basis in the United
States; namely, in the market question.

If the silviculturist is to show his skill in producing a new crop, the old must be
disposed of; not only must a market first be found for the sound merchantable saw-
logs, but for the much more bulky and less valuable portion of poor cord-wood which,
in the Adirondack timber, may readily be set down as exceeding in bulk two to three
times the raw material. Where this cannot be done, the culled lands may still eke
out an income by further culling of pulp material, etc.; but it is evident that this can
enly be at the expense and to the detriment of the value of the property, for it means
removing the most valuable species, and reducing its chance for reproduction. In
such cases nothing is left but waiting for economic conditions to change, until the old
hardwood crop is salable.

One of the absolutely unavoidable conditions for marketing hardwood material
is accessibility to railroad transportation, either for the raw material or the manu-
factured. Therefore, before the State may enter upon a policy which has in view
the rational use of its property from a forestry point of view, it must change the
provision which prevents railroad building over State lands. I do not advocate
the indiscriminate opening of the State lands to railroad construction, but merely
state that rail transportation is a necessity for successful technical management of
these lands.

The State College of Forestry has been successful in securing a market for the
hardwood material on its tract of thirty thousand acres, by inducing manufacturers of
staves and of: wood alcohol to combine in establishing plants. By such combination
the fullest and least wasteful use of hardwood materials at present known is secured,
since all sound material to a diameter of eight inches and a length of thirty-two inches
can be used for stave-wood, while the retort and fuel wood used in the manufacture of
alcohol takes the material down to three inches, thus securing the fullest possible

utilization of all the material in the tree.

364 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In the attempts to introduce more conservative methods of lumbering, it has been
usual to restrict the cut to trees above a given diameter. By such restriction, possibly,
a less wasteful use of the existing supplies may be attained, but the main object
of the forester’s art, namely, securing a valuable aftergrowth, is not at all, or most
uncertainly, attained. The College has, therefore, not allowed itself to be bound
down by any such mere commercial considerations. In its contract with the manu-
facturer it has reserved the right to cut or to leave uncut whatever trees it is desirable
to leave or to cut, the College being the arbiter as to what, in a proper forest manage-
ment, is to determine this choice. Old and large trees, therefore, may be left, be it
for seed trees or for other reasons, and small or young trees may be cut, if by their
removal an advantage is secured from the forester’s point of view. Silvicultural con-
siderations—~. ¢., the condition in which the forest is left with a view of securing a
new, more valuable crop—alone decide this question, except so far as financial or
business considerations must modify the ideals of the silviculturist.

Since, finally, this reproduction of the wood crop, like all production, is an economic
problem, the silviculturist, while he has the task of securing the new crop, must also
count the cost and secure the result by the least expensive means and methods.

Briefly, then, the problem is: How to cut and dispose of the old hardwood crop
most profitably, at the same time saving the young spruce which is on the ground}
and leaving enough seed trees of the various kinds forming the forest to secure a
desirable new crop of a mixture in which the conifers have the preponderance.

In some places this may be more cheaply and more effectively secured by cutting
the old crop without considering the existing young growth, and replant by hand.
This method would be called into requisition where the forest has been culled too
severely, or where, for other reasons, the conifers are absent and their reproduction
iss@esitnecam

In the contract under which the College is working, due to business considerations
of the market, the amount annually to be cut is necessarily determined by the
requirements of the manufacturer: 7. ¢, a certain, stated amount of material must
annually be delivered. To the European forester and to those who attempt to
propagate European methods of forest management in this country under a

”

system of so-called “working plans,” this basis for determining the cut, the absence
of yield calculations, and of propositions for a sustained-yield management, will
appear strange.

It is customary in Germany, and wherever German methods are blindly followed,
to determine the capital stock of wood standing in a forest, to calculate how much
this stock annually increases by growth, and then to determine from these data how

much may be annually cut without impairing the wood capital; in other words, to

1.—A Modern Logging Camp in College Forest, Camp Wawbeek. 2, 4, 5—Wawbeek Nursery, showing the Screens used to
protect the young seedlings against excessive transpiration as well as frost. Beds are also covered with
Balsam Brush for same purpose. Potatoes are grown the first year to mellow the soil.
3.—Burnt area which requires partial clearing of dédrzs before planting.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. : 305

harvest annually only that which does or ought to grow annuaily, at the same time
reducing or increasing the cut, if the capital is deficient or excessive. This is called
“sustained-yield management.”

To apply this principle—perfectly proper for the settled conditions in the
artificially reproduced German woods—to our decrepit Adirondack woods would
mean lack of judgment as to the conditions under which it is to be applied. Meas-
urements and calculations upon the basis of which the cutting is to proceed, while
they have the appearance of a highly scientific foundation, are for our virgin woods
really most insecure. Even the Germans, after a hundred years of attempt to
determine, with a measurable degree of accuracy, the contents and the rate of growth
of a selection forest—z.e., a forest in which.old and young trees of all ages and various
species are mixed—have come to the conclusion that it is impracticable, and that a
guess is almost as safe as the elaborate calculations.

The fine measurements, then, in our wild woods, which are made to establish
so-called ‘‘yield tables’? while no doubt of scientific interest would be most unsafe to
base upon financial calculations, investments and practical management.

Moreover, the measurers have overlooked that in our woods which are run over
again and again by fires, there is about as much decretion as there is accretion, and this
decretion by decay in the heart withdraws itself from measurement.

But it takes no fine calculations, only common observation, to ascertain that our
old timber is past its prime, and has been financially ripe for harvest, z. ¢., growing no
interest, for many years. Hence the proper policy is that stated at the outset: to
replace as quickly as economic conditions warrant, the old crop by a new. How fast
or how slowly this may be done depends upon the conditions in each case, and cannot
rationally be determined by such a general rule as the sustained-yield management
imposes.

Especially for the State, with its extensive holdings and without the necessity of
securing a continuous and even annual revenue from these woods, there is no need to
adhere to this principle, and to waste money and energy in finding out what the
future growth will be. Let the next generation count the chickens for which we have
secured the opportunity of development, favoring the better breeds. No fine meas-
uring, calculating, and predicting of future incomes is necessary to assure us that the
replacement of a decrepit old stand of timber by a vigorous new crep of better kinds
is the true financial policy for the State. As slowly or as fast as market conditions
and other esthetic as well as economic considerations warrant, the old, unprofitable
investment of Nature should be changed into a new, live investment of art and skill,

by practicing silviculture pure and simple.

366 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

Other Than Basiness Considerations.

There is no doubt that the majority of the people who were interested in the
preservation of the Adirondack woods under State ownership never looked at the
proposition as one involving business considerations; they did not conceive the woods
in the hands of the State as objects of profitable exploitation, as a thing with which to
do anything else but leave it alone. Some saw in the wilderness only a pleasure ground,
a health-giving resort, a park to be set aside for the use of those who need and could
afford the relaxation of a life in the woods. Others had conceived that the climatic
influence of the forest cover on water supplies imposed the duty on the State to look
to the preservation of the forest cover.

To the first proposition—namely, that the State set aside a pleasure park—that
portion of the people who cannot afford to take advantage of it naturally objected; as
to the latter proposition, that the water supply of the State required forest conserva-
tion, doubts regarding this relation and the need of State protection are by no means
unfrequent or untenable.

But both these classes of advocates of State ownership of the woods have over-
looked the fact that their objects are attainable without sacrificing the other functions
which a forest is to fulfill, namely, the furnishing of wood supplies. It is not necessary
to withdraw this large area of land from economic use; it is not necessary to make it
an expense, a burden on the taxpayer. On the contrary, the protective function and
the luxury function can be subserved as well as the economic function, by a proper
system of forest management, which takes into consideration the esthetic as well as
the business aspects of the property.

Forest preservation is attained in the same way as the preservation of mankind, by
reproduction, by removing the old and giving a chance to the young crop. This
involves the cutting of trees, to be sure; but if this is done with regard to securing a
new growth of better composition, it is the rational method of forest preservation.

The forest policy of the State will only be completely and rationally rounded out

when the State forests are managed for revenue as well as for the other benefits that
may be derived from them under skillful foresters, such as the State College of

Forestry is intended to educate.

Insects Injarioas to Maple Trees.

BY Eo Bnew DSc, STALE ENTOMOLOGISE,
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

HE conditions under which shade trees are grown vary so widely from those
under which the same trees live in the forest, that methods of controlling
injurious insects found practicable in the one case can not be advised in the

other. For this reason the present paper will be confined to insects affecting shade
trees, and space limitations render it advisable to treat of only a few of the most
injurious species affecting maples. It will be found, however, that most of these
pests attack other shade trees, and that in one instance at least, that of the white
marked tussock moth, the caterpillars prefer the horsechestnut; but as maples
are the more abundant shade trees throughout the state, even this species is of
greater importance on account of its injuring maples than because it attacks the
horsechestnut.

Transformations. Before treating of individual species, it may be profitable to
glance briefly at the life history of insects and the relation of the various stages to
each other. All insects hatch from eggs, which present widely variable forms in
different species and are frequently of exceedingly beautiful design. In certain cases
the ova or eggs hatch within the body of the parent. Members of the very lowest or
simplest order of insects, such as show fleas, slides or silver fish and their allies,
undergo no transformation, that is, there is very little difference between the young
and the adults. Among grasshoppers and related insects, there is what is called an
incomplete metamorphosis or transformation. The young grasshopper, as it emerges
from the egg, is a curious, wingless little creature, bearing a general resemblance to
the parent and can easily be recognized as a grasshopper. As the little fellow
increases in size, it casts its skin from time to time and with each molt the wing pads
become longer and in the final change the wing cases are slipped off and the organs
of flight are at liberty to perform their proper functions. In the stage before the final
one, the wing pads may be as long as the fully developed wings, but the two stages
may easily be separated by the position of these organs. In the adult the fore wings
fold over and conceal the hind ones, while in the immature grasshopper the hind wing
pads are outside of the fore ones. Many insects like cockroaches, walking sticks,
dragon flies, true bugs and others develop in this manner, but not all resemble the

adult so closely in the earlier stages as do grasshoppers.
367

368 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

The most marked changes in development are seen in butterflies, moths, flies,
beetles and bees. Comparatively few understand the relations existing between the
voracious caterpillar, the quiet brown pupa or brightly colored chrysalis, and the
beautiful moth or butterfly. The young caterpillar emerges from the egg and at once
begins feeding, casting its skin from time to time in order to allow of increase in size.
This, the larval stage, is the period of assimilation and growth, and it is while in this form
that most insects are destructive. When full grown, the caterpillar (Plate 1, figure 1)
sheds its skin and changes to a pupa, a form which is usually brownish and subconical
(Plate 1, figures 7, 15). This transformation is frequently preceded by the spinning
of a cocoon (Plate 1, figure 14) or by the formation of an earthen cell. During the
pupal stage no food is taken and only a very limited activity is possible. It is the
period of reorganization. From the comparatively simple caterpillar, there is de-
veloped the delicate moth or butterfly, which in due time emerges from the shroud-
like pupal case. After a time, pairing occurs, eggs are deposited and the life cycle
again commenced. On account of the great changes from the caterpillar through the
pupa to the adult, the identity of a species in the various forms can usvally be
established only by rearing. All insects presenting such marked changes in their
development are said to undergo a complete metamorphosis or transformation, a
change which will be found true, in endless variation, of all members of the bee,
beetle, fly, butterfly and moth families.

A study of the habits of injurious insects in their various stages is the foundation
of applied or economic entomology, for such investigations usually reveal one or more

weak points in the life history of each pest that render its control comparatively easy.

White Marked Tuassock Moth.
Notolophus leucostigma Abb. and Sm.

This insect appears to thrive best in cities and villages and some seasons proves
a veritable scourge in certain localities. In Albany and Troy, the horsechestnuts are
usually partly defoliated each spring and occasionally stripped of all their leaves by
the voracious caterpillars of this moth. The lindens frequently suffer nearly as much,
and the maples and elms come in for a goodly share of attention from year to year.
The above is probably true to a great extent of most of the cities and larger villages
in the state. The summer of 1898 was marked by the abundant presence of this
insect, and the extensive defoliations which occurred at the time aroused the people
to the necessity of fighting the pest. This was done so effectively that very little

trouble with this caterpillar was reported in 1899.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 360

Description. The full grown caterpillar has a coral red head, a pair of long black
plumes just over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four delicate
yellowish or white brush-like tufts on its back and just behind them, separated only
by a segment, two small, retractile, red elevations. Along the back, except for the
tubercles and tufts, there is a broad black band bordered by yellowish subdorsal
stripes. Each side is dark gray, except the yellowish tubercles. A black line indi-
cates the position of the spiracles or breathing pores, and below this latter line it is
yellow, the legs usually being paler (Plate 1, figure 1). This gives the general
appearance of the caterpillar after it has become half or two-thirds grown, and at a
time when its depredations begin to be apparent. The recently hatched larva is a
pale yellowish or whitish creature with long, irregular hairs. As it feeds, increases in
size, and casts its skin (Plate 1, figure 5) from time to time, one after another of the
characteristics of the full grown larva are assumed.

When maturity is reached, the larve spin their thin cocoons in the crevices of the
bark (Plate 1, figure 4), interweaving their long hairs, and within this shelter transform
to yellowish white pupz more or less shaded with dark brown or black (Plate 1,
figure 7).

The difference between the sexes in the adult stage is strikingly shown by com-
paring in plate 1, figure 2, an illustration of the male, with figure 3, a representation
of the female. The former is a beautiful moth with large, feathery antenne, tufted
legs, and the wings and body delicately marked with several shades of gray and
grayish white. On the other hand, the female is a nearly uniform gray, with simple
antenne, and but rudimentary wings.

The eggs are deposited on the empty cocoon under a conspicuous white mass of
frothy matter (Plate 1, figure 3), which soon hardens and forms a very effective pro-
tection. The individual egg is nearly spherical, about 3'3 inch in diameter, white
or yellowish white, and with a light brown spot surrounded by a ring of the
same color.

Life History and Habits. The winter is passed in the conspicuous, white, easily
removed egg masses, the young emerging about the latter part of May in this latitude.
‘They begin to feed on the more tender lower epidermis of the leaf and soon devour
all but the principal veins. While young, the caterpillars frequently hang by a silken
thread and with continued jarring many may drop to the ground. The growth of the
caterpillars occupies a month or a little more, pupation occurring the latter part of
June and early in July. In Albany most of the larve had pupated by July 7 in 1898,
and some recently deposited egg masses were to be seen at that time. A few
individuals spin up earlier than the mass and some do not till numerous egg clusters

indicate that most of the insects have already completed the round of life.
24

370 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

From ten to fifteen days are passed in the pupal state. At the end of this period,
the wingless female emerges and crawls upon her cocoon, pairing takes place, and
immediately afterwards deposition of the eggs begins, as stated by Dr. L. O. Howard.
They are laid in masses as described above, the eggs of a cluster ranging in number
from 100 to 500, as given by several writers. In what appeared to be a good sized
mass collected in Albany, there were 330 eggs. After her full complement has been
discharged, the female dies and drops to the ground. In Albany there is normally
one annual generation, but in New York city and vicinity and in Boston, Mass., there
are two broods, while at Washington, D. C., there are three broods each year, according
to Dr. Howard.

The young larve feed upon the under surface of the foliage (Plate 1, figure 6), and
as they increase in size more and more holes are eaten, till, when full grown, all but
the main ribs of the leaves, well represented in plate 1, are devoured. A peculiar habit,
recorded by the late Dr. Lintner but not observed by others outside of Albany, is the
girdling of elm twigs by the larve of this insect. This is caused by their eating a
portion of the bark around the twig near the beginning of the season’s growth (Plate
1, figure 8). The affected tips soon die, break off, and fall in numbers to the ground.
The larve drop from the trees readily, specially when young, suspending themselves
by silken threads, and then may be blown or carried considerable distances. When
nearly full grown, the caterpillars travel to a great extent; this is said to be specially
true of the larger ones, females, and more likely to occur if they are very abundant.
At such times there may be quite a migration to other trees. The cocoons are
found very generally on the trunks and particularly on the under side of the larger
branches.

The wingless females, at the time they emerge from their cocoons, attract large
numbers of the opposite sex. Dr. Lintner records an instance of one attracting one
hundred males within an hour. Collections at electric lights in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
by Dr. Dyar, show that the males fly during July and into August.

Though this insect is commonly destructive to comparatively few trees, it has been
recorded as feeding on a number of others, as the following list will show: Linden,
horsechestnut, buckeye, maples (specially the soft and Norway), box elder, honey
locust, apricot, garden plum, wild plum, garden cherry, choke cherry, rose, pear, apple,
quince, ash, elm (several species), sycamore or buttonwood, butternut, black walnut,
hickory, oak, birch, alder, willow, poplar, spruce, fir, larch and cypress.

This native species “ranges from Jacksonville, Fla., to Nova Scotia on the eastern
coast and extends west certainly as far as Keokuk, Ia., and probably farther,” according
to Dr. L. O. Howard. It has been recorded as common in Nebraska, and reported as

present in Oregon.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. BALA

Natural Enemies. This insect has so many natural enemies, that account of them
should always be taken in any effort to check the pest. It is probable that quite a
number of birds prey on the caterpillars of this species. In a recent article, Mr. E. H.
Forbush, Ornithologist to the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, has given a
list of forty-seven species of native birds which have been observed feeding on hairy
caterpillars. It has been known for some years that the robin, Baltimore oriole, black
billed cuckoo, and yellow billed cuckoo will feed on the caterpillars of this species, and
it is very probable that a number of others do the same to a greater or less extent.

The insect parasites are extremely valuable allies and should be encouraged in
every practical manner. It has been shown by Dr. L. O. Howard, that in Washington,
D.C., Pimpla inquisitor Say, illustrated below, and Chalcis ovata Say are the two
species most effective in controlling this pest, and that large numbers of the former
insect hibernate as larvae within the cocoons of the host. Unfortunately these

beneficial parasites are in turn the prey of others. These latter sometimes almost

Figure r.—PIMPLA INQUISITOR: a, full grown summer larva; 4, hibernating larva; c, mouth parts of larva; d, adult
female; ¢, abdomen of adult male from side—all enlarged; c, greatly enlarged. Lines beside figures represent
natural size. (After Howard: U.S. Department Agriculture, Division Entomology. Tech. ser. No. 5, 1897).

exterminate the beneficial forms (those which prey directly on the caterpillars). One

of the most common of these pernicious hyperparasites, Dzbrachys boucheanus Ratz.,

is represented in the accompanying figure (2).

Remedies. he simplest and most satisfactory remedy is found in gathering and
destroying the egg masses. Prizes were offered in Rochester, N. Y., in 1894, to
school children gathering the largest number of egg masses, and most excellent results
were obtained. In places where this is practically the only shade tree pest, this system
or the payment of a bounty on the egg masses would undoubtedly result in the pest
being kept under control at a comparatively small outlay. As the eggs are in a com-

pact mass which is readily torn from the supporting cocoon, either by hand or some

QHZ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

form of a scraper, the task is easily and quickly performed. Dr. Howard has recom-
mended the use of creosote oil for the destruction of the eggs, since each mass has
only to be moistened with the substance. In winter it is necessary to add some
turpentine in order to keep the creosote liquid. On account of the female being
wingless, a tree once thoroughly cleaned will not become reinfested very soon if larve
are not abundant near by, and even then a band of loose cotton bound tightly near its
middle around the trunk and the portion above the string turned down, will prevent
their ascending and a consequent reinfestation. It should be kept in mind that only
the eggs must be collected or destroyed, on account of the beneficial parasites which
may occur in cocoons not bearing egg masses. This is specially true in the autumn
and applies to a certain extent in the spring, since it has been shown that some
parasites hibernate as larve within the cocoons of the host, and if these are collected

and destroyed, it means the death of many beneficial forms. The egg masses are

é

Figure 2.—DIBRACHYS BOUCHEANUS: 4, 1arva; 6, pupa; c, adult female—greatly enlarzyed; ¢, head of larva;
e, antenna of adult—still more enlarged. Lines beside figures represent natural size. (After Howard: We (Sh
Department Agriculture, Division Entomology. Tech. ser. No. 5, 1897).

more readily seen after the leaves have fallen and in localities like Albany, where one
annual generation is the rule, the gathering of the eggs may well be deferred until
autumn, or, better still, until early spring, since there will then be less chance of
destroying valuable parasites. As the young caterpillars begin to hatch the latter
part of May, collection of the egg masses can not be delayed with safety after the
middle of that month. In Boston, New York city and more southern localities, it
may be necessary to collect in midsummer the eggs laid by the first brood of moths.

In case it is impracticable to collect the eggs, dependence must be placed upon
spraying with some arsenical poison. This is satisfactory if properly done early in

the season under favorable conditions. In many instances there will be more or less

‘NOILVUAdO NI LIFLQOO DNIAVUdS WAMOd—'E AUN

fv f 1OOMN

FISHERIES, GAME: AND FORESTS. BAR

delay and in practice it is very difficult to have the spraying properly done, and then
there may be hindrances incident to several days or a week of rain at the time the
poison should be applied.

Not a few wait till the trees show signs of serious injury and then ask for some
means of stopping the ravages. Under such conditions, resort may be had to spraying
with a larger proportion of poison in order to kill the caterpillars quickly or they may
be shaken from the limbs, provided the tree is not too large. The latter means will
give a certain amount of relief where practicable and should be supplemented by the
use of cotton bands or other means of preventing the ascent of those shaken from
the tree.

In order to spray trees successfully, certain rules must be observed. Apply the
poison at the time the insects begin to feed and where they must eat it if the tree is
attacked. In the case of this insect and the following, it is best to throw the spray on
the under surface of the leaves so far as possible, as the young caterpillars prefer the
tender lower epidermis. Do thorough work, that is, try to cover every leaf with the
mixture and spray till the tree begins to drip, but no more. The finer the spray, the
better, as a more even distribution is ensured. The poisonous mixture must be kept
agitated while spraying is in progress. While a power spraying apparatus is the best,
good work can be accomplished with hand pumps, but plenty of hose must be supplied
as a fine spray can not be thrown far and it is, therefore, usually necessary to.do more
or less climbing. One pound of Paris green, one pound of quicklime, to 150 gallons
of water is a very good spraying mixture for this insect. London purple may be used
in place of Paris green, if desired. Though costing a little more, arsenate of lead is
probably the best poison for most to use, since it adheres an indefinite time to the
foliage, its whiteness renders it easily detected, and it can be applied in large
quantities without danger of burning the foliage. It is prepared as follows: Dissolve
eleven ounces of acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in four quarts of water in a wooden
pail and four ounces of arsenate of soda (50% purity) in two quarts of water in another
wooden pail. As the acetate of lead dissolves rather slowly in cold water, the process
can be hastened by using warm water. Pour the resulting solutions into the spraying
tank which should contain about eighty gallons of water. This poison may be used in
much larger proportions without the slightest danger of burning the foliage.

Power Spraying Outfit. In the extended work against insects conducted by
certain cities and villages, it has been found necessary to have apparatus that will
admit of more rapid work than is possible by hand. This has led to the refitting of
retired fire engines and the designing of more or less cumbersome outfits for this
purpose. In all cases these makeshifts have been successful, though they are not

usually so satisfactory in operation as those specially fitted for the purpose. Probably

t
}
1
|
)
i
j

374 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

the best apparatus yet designed for spraying trees is that constructed under the
direction of Dr. E. B. Southwick, Entomologist of the Department of Public Parks of
the city of New York, which is the form used in Albany. The whole outfit is represented
in the accompanying figure (3). It consists of a “Daimler” gasoline motor operating a
Gould force pump—the motor and pump, weighing but 300 pounds, can be placed in
the bottom of a spring wagon along with the one hundred gallon tank containing the
poisonous mixture. This motor has the advantage of being almost noiseless in
operation and is scarcely noticed by passing horses. It is very inexpensive to operate
as a gallon of gasoline is sufficient for a day and it requires little attention. The
smallest size Gould three-piston pump is the one used with the motor, though Dr.
Southwick now recommends a larger one in order to utilize the power more fully. This
apparatus, with the tank, 400 feet of 3g inch rubber hose and other necessary fittings,
can be bought for about $500. Other engines and pumps could undoubtedly be used
and would give excellent results. This power can easily supply four lines of hose,
though in Albany it was found that not more than two could be used to advantage

in most places.

Forest Tent Caterpillar: Maple Worm.

Clistocampa disstria Wubn.

Stripping a large proportion of the foliage from maples has been a marked
characteristic of this species for the last three years in many sections of New York.
In 1897 and 1898, the sugar maples of Delaware, Greene and Otsego counties suffered
most severely from the attacks of this pest, large areas being left with hardly a green
leaf. The destructive work of this caterpillar in 1899 was more general than in the
preceding two years, there having been complaints received from about half the
counties in the state, and in some sections the depredations were worse than ever.
This species appeared in force in many cities and villages, threatening thousands of
handsome shade trees with defoliation, and had it not been for most energetic efforts
on the part of local authorities and private individuals, many maples along streets and
in parks would have been stripped of leaves. As this native species is generally
distributed, its comparative abundance in a locality is due to natural causes, favorable
or otherwise, and very rarely can it be said that the insect has migrated to any extent,
except in a very local and restricted sense.

Description. This insect can be distinguished at once from the common apple
tree tent caterpillar, C/scocampa americana Fabr., by the fact that no conspicuous web

tent is spun. This caterpillar (Plate 1, figure 13) has a row of somewhat diamond

FIGURE 4.—SUGAR ORCHARD DEFOLIATED BY FOREST TENT CATERPILLARS,

ARKVILLE, DELAWARE COUNTY, JULY 8, 1868.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

“I
a

ios)

shaped, whitish spots down the middle of the back, while its close relative possesses
a narrow whitish stripe in place of the dots. The egg belts (Plate 1, figure 12)
encircling the more slender twigs, are smaller, usually with one or two wrinkles or
depressions in the brownish, protective covering, and the ends of the belts are more
abrupt than are those of the species usually found on apple trees. An average sized
egg belt, collected in Albany, of the forest tent caterpillar contains about 150 eggs.
If an egg is opened in September or later, a well developed, nearly black caterpillar
with a few whitish hairs may beseen. The recently hatched caterpillars are nearly
black with whitish hairs and are found clustered together or traveling along certain
silk lined paths. After the second molt, the characteristic row of whitish spots along
the back appears and as the caterpillars increase in size, the colors become brighter
and more distinct. The white or yellowish white cocoons (Plate 1, figure 14) are
spun in leaves on the tree or lying on the ground, in crevices of the bark, under
stones, in fence corners and under almost any convenient shelter. Within the cocoon
is found the dark brown pupa (Plate 1, figure 15). The moth is a light, buff colored,
active creature (Plate 1, figures 10, 11). The male may be recognized by his richer
coloring, smaller size and feathery antenne (Plate 1, figure 11).

Life History and Habits. The winter is passed by the well developed larva
within the egg shell. On the appearance of warm weather, the young caterpillars
begin to emerge and if no food is at hand, await the unfolding of the leaves. From
eggs received in early spring, young caterpillars emerged April 17. There is consider-
able latitude in the time of hatching, even in one locality, about a month as reported
by V. H. Lowe, and there is a corresponding variation in the time the caterpillars attain
maturity. As the young increase in size, they molt from time to time, leaving their
cast skins in small clusters on the bark (Plate 1, figure 16). When not feeding, the
larvz may be found in clusters on the limbs. They also resort to such places when
about to molt, an operation requiring at least a day or two. <A wind or jarring causes
these creatures when small to drop and suspend themselves with a silken thread, a
position very annoying to persons obliged to pass under an infested tree, and as many
shade trees were attacked last summer, this feature was painfully apparent. If the
shock is sudden the caterpillars drop without spinning a web. As they become
about half grown, they frequently form good sized clusters on the larger limbs and
trunk of an infested tree. If the creatures are very abundant, they may strip the tree
before full growth is attained and then be forced by hunger to invade neighboring
orchards. The maple leaves represented on plate 1 show well the work of this insect.
Ordinarily, as the caterpillars approach maturity, many of them forsake the tree and
crawl in all directions. Thus in obedience to a natural impulse, they may crawl in

numbers over walks, piazzas and swarm on sides of houses. This wandering, prior to

Explanation of Plate 1.*

White Marked Tassock Moth (Wotolophus leucostigma Abb. and Sm.).

1. Full grown caterpillar.

2. Male moth at rest.

3. Female moth laying eggs on her recently vacated cocoon.
4. Several cocoons.

5. Cast skins of caterpillars.

6. Work of young caterpillars on under surface of leaf.

7.. Male pupa.

8. Branch girdled by caterpillar.

g. End of branch broken off at the point where it was girdled.

Forest Tent Caterpillar: Maple Worm (Ciistocampa disstria Hibn.).

10. Female moth.

11. Male moth.

12. Egg belt encircling twig.
13. Full grown caterpillar.
14. Cocoon in a leaf.

15. Pupa.

16. Cast skins of caterpillars.

* Plates 1-3 were executed from nature, under the author’s direction, by Mr. L. H. Joutel of
New York city.
376

IGA ie

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. SHI

pupation, occurs about June 1, the transformation to the pupa taking place from
about the middle to the last of June. The insect remains in the pupa state about two
weeks, the moths appearing the latter part of June and during July, mostly in
the latter month. The eggs are deposited during July, a large proportion of them
being laid on the lower twigs, but many are found over twenty feet from the ground
and numbers even in the tops of tall trees.

Food Plants. Like the apple tree tent caterpillar, this insect can subsist on a large
variety of plants. Its favorite species of oak in the southern states, as given by the
late Dr. Riley, are those belonging to the same group as the black oak. In New York
and adjoining states this insect is reported more frequently as defoliating the sugar
maple than any other tree. This may be owing to the fact that large sugar orchards
afford the most favorable conditions for the caterpillars in the north, and as the maples
are of greater value than forest trees, complaints of attack are more frequent. The
caterpillars have been reported by various writers as feeding upon the following trees
and shrubs: Linden, maples, locust, peach, plum, cherry, rose, strawberry, apple,
sweet gum (Liguidambar styracifiua), dog wood, “black gum,” sour gum (Vyssa
sylvatica), ash, elm, black walnut, hickory, walnut, oak, black oak, post oak, white
birch, gray birch, willow and poplar.

Natural Enemies. Like the preceding, this species has a number of important
natural enemies. A fungous disease is known to attack this caterpillar, but at present

little has been done in attempting to disseminate it. One

of the most fruitful methods of keeping the pest in check

i>

through the aid of its natural enemies, will probably be

eee:

found in encouraging and protecting the native birds known

i
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=

to feed on it. Robins, orioles, chipping sparrows, cat

J

birds, cuckoos, the red eyed, white eyed and warbling

ak

Ay

vireos, cedar birds and nuthatches have been observed
feeding on forest tent caterpillars by Miss Caroline G.
Soule. ‘The nuthatches would stand by a patch of larva Fis: Geek PEELE.
lying close together below a tar band on a tree and eat so

voraciously and with such an entire abandonment of self-consciousness that I could
go close and put my hand on them before they would fly. This experience was
repeated several times.’ Mr. E. H. Forbush, Ornithologist to the Massachusetts
State Board of Agriculture, has kindly supplied me with the following list of native
birds observed by him feeding on forest tent caterpillars: Oriole, black billed
cuckoo, yellow billed cuckoo, crow, blue jay, redstart, nuthatch, wood thrush,
chewink, black and white creeper, red eyed vireo, flicker and scarlet tanager. Mr.

V. H. Lowe has observed the black capped. chickadee feeding on the eggs and the

378 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

robin on the caterpillars, beside others mentioned above. Professor C. M. Weed
states that the robin, chipping sparrow, yellow bird and English sparrow feed
on the moths.

The value of birds in keeping other pests under control is also strikingly shown in
the experiment conducted by Mr. Forbush. In a typical orchard at Medford, Mass.,
“1 little trouble was taken to attract the native birds, the nests of the English or house
sparrow being destroyed. The results were greatly in favor of protecting our
indigenous forms. In the neighboring orchards it was evident that canker worms

and tent caterpillars were very numerous, but in the orchard in question, the trees

were seriously injured in only one or two instances, though no attempt was made to
control the insects by spraying or other artificial means.
Our native birds are undoubtedly of great value and will richly repay any slight

effort that may be made for the purpose of attracting them to a locality. Winter birds

Figure 6.—PIMPLA CONQUISITOR: a, larva; 6, head of same; c, pupa; @, adult female—all enlarged. Lines beside
figures represent natural size. (After Howard: U.S. Department Agriculture, Division Entomology, Tech.
ser. No. 5, 1897.)

may be induced to remain in a neighborhood by hanging in the trees pieces of meat
or partially picked bones, and will spend much time in searching out and devouring
numerous insects and their eggs, relying on the meat only when conditions are
unfavorable for obtaining insect food, Migratory birds may be induced to remain in

large numbers in a locality by providing them with suitable nesting places and

materials, and by protecting them from cats and cruel boys. Thickets in the vicinity
will afford shelter for certain species and if a few mulberry trees are set out, their fruit

will serve to protect cherries, as the birds are said to eat the mulberries by preference.

Most of these suggestions are taken from a very practical paper by Mr. Forbush.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 379

A number of insects prey on this caterpillar. Several fierce ground beetles do
valiant work in this way. The beautiful fiery ground beetle, Calosoma calidum Fabr.,
and C. scrutator Fabr. are the two species specially known as enemies of the forest
tent caterpillar. Several parasitic flies attack this pest and a number of hymenopterous
insects. Of the latter, one of the most important parasites is known as Prmpla
conauisitoy Say, which is represented in the accompanying figure. Whenever cocoons
of the forest tent caterpillar are collected, they should be placed in a box and covered
with a rather coarse wire netting, about ;3, inch mesh, so as to confine the moths but
allow the beneficial parasites to escape.

Remedies. Asa large proportion of the eggs of this species occur on twigs within
twenty or thirty feet of the ground, something can be accomplished in winter by
cutting off the infested twigs and burning the egg clusters, specially if the trees are
not very large. But in the case of good sized maples, it is very doubtful if this could
be done to advantage, and even with moderate sized trees there would probably be
enough inaccessible egg belts near the top to stock the trees with a host of leaf con-
sumers. At best, the collection of eggs can hardly be regarded as more than one of
several repressive methods, no one of which can be depended upon in itself to prevent
serious injury. The egg belts can be seen best on a bright day and if there is snow
on the ground, it will be easier to find all cut twigs dropped to the ground. The
collection and burning of the eggs is necessary in order to insure thorough work. A
long handled pruning hook is of great service in cutting off the infested twigs.

As soon as the presence of the young caterpillars (indicated by the thinness of the
foliage on the upper branches) is detected, much can be accomplished by crushing
them as they collect on the limbs or by dislodging them with a brush or torch. If
the latter is used, care must be exercised not to injure the tree. Many caterpillars
can be jarred from the tree by using a padded mallet, or even violent shaking will
cause some to drop. Driving the caterpillars from the trees by jarring or otherwise,
must be followed up by some means of preventing their ascent. A band of cotton
batting eight to ten inches wide tied tightly in the middle around a tree and the upper
portion turned down over the string and allowed to hang loosely, is a difficult obstacle
for caterpillars to surmount, so long as it remains dry. Wide bands of paper coated
with tar or of sticky fly paper will also prevent the pests from ascending for a time.
A band composed of equal parts of lard and sulphur is said to be an effective barrier.
In one locality bands of cottolene were used to prevent the caterpillars from climbing
the trees. When the pests are very abundant, it will not.do to depend entirely upon
shaking and bands, the dropping creatures must be collected on sheets spread under
the trees before they are jarred, and then killed, or crushed as they collect under the

bands. Nothing but the most vigorous measures will protect a badly infested tree

380 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

from severe injury. The masses of caterpillars found on the larger limbs and trunk
can be crushed in large numbers with a stiff broom or thickly gloved hands. A more
agreeable method is spraying these clusters with kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap
solution (one pound to four gallons), or pouring boiling water over them. For
methods of preparing kerosene emulsion, see a subsequent page.

Thorough spraying with any one of the poisons described on a preceding page and
in the manner directed, will kill these caterpillars very quickly. If they are nearly
full grown and many are crawling to the sprayed trees from others, it is perfectly
possible that all the foliage may be devoured before the caterpillars have eaten enough —
poison to kill them, but under most circumstances there need be little fear of the
arsenical spray proving ineffective. The cost attendant upon this method will lead
people to depend largely on other means. Even a hand spraying outfit requires
some outlay, while if many trees are to be sprayed a power outfit, described on a
preceding page, is the most economical in the long run. ~

After the damage has been done, many of the insects are within man’s power and
can be killed in their cocoons. From about the middle to the last of June, thousands
of cocoons can be collected with little labor, and if this is done, opportunity should be
given the parasites to escape before the cocoons are destroyed, as stated on a
preceding page. Every healthy female pupa killed means one less egg mass to
produce its approximately 150 hungry caterpillars another spring. During the
summer of 1899, many hundreds of cocoons were collected and destroyed. Local
authorities in Glens Falls, Saratoga Springs and several other villages offered the school
children ten cents a quart for these cocoons. In Glens Falls, alone, 1,350 quarts of

cocoons were destroyed through the efforts of the school children.

zopard Moth.

Zeusera pyrina Fabr.

In New York and vicinity, dead limbs may frequently be seen projecting above
the leafy masses of many trees. These dead limbs and the sudden wilting of living
ones are, in most cases, the effects of the destructive borings of the caterpillar of the
leopard moth. This is probably the worst insect enemy of shade trees in the vicinity
of New York city. It not only bores in slender twigs, but as the caterpillar increases
in size it enters larger limbs and frequently works serious injury in the trunk before
attaining its growth.

Description. This insect is most easily recognized in connection with its work.

Boring within the smaller twigs, there may be found a pinkish or white caterpillar

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 381

about three eighths of an inch long, with numerous well defined, darker spots or
tubercles on its body, a brown head and thoracic shield and an anal shield of nearly
the same color. Short hairs grow from the tubercles and are also found about the
head and posterior extremity. The burrows in the larger limbs and trunk may con-
tain caterpillars over three inches long, nearly white, and with larger, more distinct
spots or tubercles than in the earlier stages (Plate 2, figure 4). The beautiful white
moths marked with blue and black are well represented, the female, with wings folded
at 2 and the male with them expanded at 3, on plate 2. The salmon colored eggs are
about the size of a common pin head and in captivity are deposited in a large mass.

History and Distribution in America. This insect is another of the bad pests
accidentally introduced within recent years. The earliest authentic record of its
presence in America is the brief note given by Jacob Doll in Papzlio, for February,
1882, stating that he had taken a living example in a spider’s web the preceding June
at Hoboken, N. J. Its destructive work was observed in 1884 by Dr. E. B. Southwick
in Central Park, New York city. It was taken in 1887 at Newark, N. J., and in 1889
at Arlington and Orange, N. J. Col. Pike, in 1892, after describing the widespread
ravages of the insect in Brooklyn, reported it as present at Astoria, New Rochelle,
Jamaica, New Lots and Flatbush, and at a later date stated that the pest had made its
way to almost all parts of Long Island and had extended into Connecticut. In 1894,
Dr. Southwick characterized this pest as ‘“‘one of the worst insects we have to contend
with.” Mr. L. H. Joutel of New York informed me recently that this species was
present at Kensico, Westchester county, some 25 miles north of New York city. As
this insect occurs in southern and central Europe and possibly in southern Sweden,
we may expect the pest to make its way farther north. On this account, the last
American locality given has exceptional interest, showing, as it does, that this borer
is working northward. It is yet early to state how fast the pest will spread, but it
will certainly do no harm to keep on the watch for the appearance of the insect in
new localities in the state.. Searching for indications of the borer’s presence along
the Hudson River will probably result in its detection in several new localities.

Life Flistory and Habits. Moths may be taken from early June till the latter part
of September. European authorities state that the female places her eggs in crevices
of the bark in branches as well as the trunk. Since the young caterpillars frequently
enter the twigs at the base of a bud (Plate 2, figure 11a), it seems quite probable that
many of the oval, salmon colored eggs may be thrust between the stem and bud or under
a bud scale. Several observers have noted the deposition of about 300 eggs by the
female in confinement and sonie writers estimate that she may deposit as many as
1,000 eggs. When a young caterpillar enters a twig, it usually tunnels along the pith,

eating away the wood here and there almost to the bark. The expelled frass at the

QS ee

Explanation of Plate 2.

Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina Fabr.).

Empty pupal case from which female moth has emerged.
Female moth with wings folded.

Male moth with wings expanded.

Nearly full grown caterpillar, probably a female.

Male pupa in its burrow.

Exit hole covered by a loose piece of bark which the pupa will push off

as it partly emerges. 6a. Another.

Hole made for the pushing out of excrement and then closed by a
silk web.

Same as above, but in use and with particles of excrement dangling by

silken threads.
Work of caterpillar a preceding season.
Work of caterpillar the present season.

Young twig eaten by larva, point of entrance at a.

Mapte Borer (Sesza acerni Clem.).

Hole from which pupal case has fallen.

Bark nearly eaten through ready for the pupa to push out.
Empty pupal skin.

Two cocoons as spun.

Moths expanded and at rest.

Excrement of caterpillars.

Caterpillar in its burrow.

32

Za

IL A ee

. CRAWFORD Co, LITH

ae

ne

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 383

base of the bud indicates the point of entry. As the caterpillar works along the twig,
it occasionally makes an opening for the expulsion of its frass, see plate 2, figure 8.
After they have served their purpose, these orifices are closed by a web of silk, as
represented at figure 7 on plate 2. This singular habit of closing these holes when no
longer needed, probably affords considerable protection from insect parasites and it
would also tend to prevent birds from finding the caterpillars so readily. The smaller
twigs frequently wilt and break as a result of the work of this borer. The latter part
of September caterpillars three eighths of an inch long were found, having probably
hatched from eggs laid the latter part of the summer, and the larger borers, about one
inch long, from eggs deposited earlier in the season. These creatures have a habit of
leaving their burrows, wandering to another part of the limb or even to other branches,
and commencing operations anew. As they increase in size, larger limbs are attacked
and nearly full grown caterpillars are frequently found in the trunk. In the larger
limbs and in the trunk, these borers make very bad work. Sometimes a caterpillar will
nearly girdle a tree with a burrow just under the bark. Frequently several burrows
run side by side, as represented in figure 10, plate 2. Many of the caterpillars will
keep gnawing away just under the bark till an irregular chamber the size of a man’s
hand has been made. The bark covering these large wounds soon dies, breaks away
and the following season there isan ugly scar, as represented at figure 9, on plate 2.
In a short time small trees harboring several of these creatures are quickly girdled.
Two years are required to complete the life cycle, according to most authorities. The
first winter is passed by the small caterpillar, usually less than an inch long, in its
burrow. The second winter it is nearly full grown (Plate 2, figure 4). The transfor-
mation to the quiescent pupa (Plate 2, figure 5) takes place in the burrow, the bark
having previously been eaten nearly through by the caterpillar. Before the adult
appears, the pupa works itself partly out of the burrow (Plate. 2, figure 6) and the
moth emerges, leaving the empty pupal case as represented at figure 1, plate 2.

This pernicious borer has been recorded as attacking eighty-three species of trees
and shrubs. According to the observations of Dr. E. B. Southwick, Entomologist to
the Department of Public Parks of New York, the elms and maples are most subject to
attack, the horsechestnut, Ohio buckeye (4sculus glabra), beeches, birches, dogwood,
hickories, oaks, and walnuts suffering in the order named. Almost every species of
tree and shrub in Central Park, except evergreens, was injured to some extent.

Remedies. Something can be accomplished by the destruction of the rather
sluggish females before eggs are deposited. This is of most value where there are
only a few small trees. In localities where this insect occurs, trees should be examined
three or four times a year. The wilting of smaller twigs and the strings of expelled

frass indicate the presence of this borer. Smaller infested branches can be cut off and

384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

burned, but as the caterpillars leave their burrows on slight provocation, their
destruction should not be delayed long after cutting. Limbs broken off by storms
should be collected and burned, as they frequently contain caterpillars of this pest.
The borers in larger branches or in the trunk should be cut out and destroyed whenever
possible. In some cases they may be killed in their burrows with a flexible wire.
Dr. E. B. Southwick, who has had considerable experience in fighting the pest in
Central Park, New York, has found that it pays to use carbon bisulfid on the more
valuable trees. The insecticide is carried in an oil can and when a caterpillar can be
located, the chemical is inserted in the burrow and the hole sealed with putty. The
deadly fumes soon make their way to the borer and killit with little or no injury to the
tree. As the carbon bisulfid is very volatile, its vapor inflammable and explosive,
great care must be taken to keep it from all fire. Mr. M. F. Adams of Buffalo, N. Y.,
who has tried some experiments in fighting borers, recommends the use of newly made
hard soap in the place of putty for plugging the holes after the carbon bisulfid has

been inserted.

Maple Sestan.
Sesta acernit Clem.

The riddling of the new tissues around healing wounds on maples is usually the
werk of this borer. The round holes through the injured bark and the brownish,
powdery borings are very characteristic of this insect’s work. This pest has a special
fondness for the tissues growing over wounds, though occasionally it may be found
operating on comparatively smooth trunks. It is generally distributed over the state
and evidences of its work occur in many localities. Trees wounded from any cause
find great difficulty in the comparatively simple process of covering exposed wood
with bark after being attacked by this insect. Thus relatively insignificant wounds
result in scars constantly increasing in size and finally in a badly disfigured, gnarled
maple. When abundant, these creatures may nearly girdle a tree. Very serious
complaints regarding this pest have been made in Michigan, Missouri, and even in
Buffalo, N. Y., and it has been stated that this insect annually causes much damage
to hard maples.

Description. These beautiful, wasp like, red tailed moths (Plate 2, figure 16) are not
often seen by the casual observer. An infested tree frequently presents the appearance
represented on plate 2. Near a partly healed wound there may be found a number of
round holes (Plate 2, figure 12) and considerable brownish, powdery matter (Plate 2,

figure 17), the excrement or frass of the borers. Empty pupal cases may frequently

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 385

be seen in early fall projecting from the trunk as represented at figure 14, plate 2. On
cutting into the injured wood, a whitish, brown headed caterpillar (Plate 2, figure 18)
about one half inch long may be found in the latter part of the summer. In the early
spring the silken frass covered cocoons (Plate 2, figure 15) may be found in the burrows.

Life History and Habits. The moths are most abundant at Buffalo, N. Y., from
May 20 to June 15, according to the observations of the late Dr. D. S. Kellicott. The
males have been seen by Mr. L. H. Joutel flying up and down the trunk of infested
trees looking for a partner in much the same way as does the male of the lunate long
sting, Thalessa lunator Fabr. The eggs are deposited on the bark of both soft and sugar
maples, the female preferring as a rule to place them on roughened areas, specially in
the vicinity of wounds, if one may judge from the injury inflicted. The eggs soon
hatch and the young borers commence operations in the bark and sap wood. In the
fall most of the. caterpillars are about one half inch long and can easily be found in
their burrows. The cavities made by the borers are nearly filled with frass. In the
spring the caterpillar completes its growth, eats its way nearly through the bark
(Plate 2, figure 13), then retires into its burrow, spins a loose silken cocoon and
changes to a pupa. Shortly before the adult emerges, the pupa works its way partly
out of the burrow, rupturing the thin piece of bark covering the outlet of its retreat in
the operation, and the moth escapes, leaving the pupal case as represented on plate 2,
figure 14.

This pest attacks both hard and soft maples. In some localities it is reported as
most injurious to the former, in others to the latter. In Albany its work is most evident
on soft maples. Woodpeckers are efficient aids in keeping this pest in check in forests,
according to the late Dr. Kellicott.

Remedies. As the parent moth shows a marked inclination to deposit eggs on
rough bark, the trees should be protected from injury by horses, boys and other
agencies and the trunks kept as smooth as possible. The caterpillars bore near the
surface and are easily dug out and destroyed. Infested trees should be inspected the
latter part of the summer and the borers killed. The wounds in the trees should be
carefully covered with grafting wax, paint or other protective substance. A plaster
made of fresh cow dung and lime has been used for this purpose with excellent
results. The deposition of eggs could probably be prevented to considerable extent
by treating the trunks of the trees about the middle of May with a wash prepared as
follows: Thin one gallon of soft soap with an equal amount of hot water and stir in
one pint of crude carbolic acid (one half pint refined), let it set over night and then
add eight gallons of soft water. Apply thoroughly to the trunk, specially about all
crevices and wounds, from the ground to about six or eight feet high, and renew if

necessary before the middle of June.
25

386 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Sagar Maple Borer.
Plagionotus spectosus Say.

Sugar maples along the roadsides in the state of New York probably have no
more serious insect enemy than this pernicious borer. The attacks of other insects
upon our maples, specially the depredations of the so-called maple worm or forest
tent caterpillar, Cl¢scocampa adisstria Hiibn., are from time to time pictured in most
glowing colors, and while these other pests undoubtedly cause much injury, the fact
remains that the sugar maple borer is quietly and unobtrusively carrying on its
deadly work and in a series of years probably kills more of these popular shade trees
than any other insect pest. In almost every city and village where sugar maples
adorn the roadsides, evidences of the work of this borer are very apparent and in many
of these places dead or nearly ruined trees are by no means scarce. The unthrifty
condition of these maples is frequently attributed to drought, fungous diseases, leaking
gas, pavements impervious to water, etc., whereas, in fact, the true depredators are
gnawing within the trees.

Character of the Injury. Unlike many borers, this insect attacks trees in full vigor.
The powerful, legless grub confines its operations largely to the inner bark and sap
wood, and as it runs a burrow several feet long in one season, and as one borer will
frequently work transversely half around a tree some eighteen inches in diameter, the
dangerous character of this pest is at once apparent. The bark over the burrow, be
it either a longitudinal or a transverse one, dies and the growing tissues forming
underneath in the natural process of healing push the dead bark out, cause it to
break and in the course of a year or two an ugly, naked scar is produced. A large
patch of bark may be killed by several borers working near each other or possibly by
one doubling back and forth, and the result is a large, unsightly area of exposed
wood. The injury produced by a transverse burrow is shown at figure 7, and a blasted
area resulting from the doubling of a borer or of the work of several near together is
shown at figure 8. Two or three borers in the same trunk are very likely to nearly
girdle a tree, if they do not kill it outright. Infested maples frequently have one or
more large limbs killed by this pest. The base of the limb is girdled in the same
way as the trunk, the first intimation of trouble in this manner usually being a sudden
wilting of the foliage, followed by the leaves drying up and falling.

Description. The parent insect is a beautiful stout beetle about one inch long.
It is black, brilliantly marked with yellow, as represented at figure 4 of plate 3. The
borer or larva is a whitish, flattened, footless grub with brownish mouth parts. Small

ones (Plate 3, figure 2), about one half inch long, are found in September just under

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 387

the bark and come from eggs laid the same season. The nearly full grown borer
(Plate 3, figure 3) is about two inches long, white, with some rosy tints and in other
respects closely resembles the smaller ones.

Life History and Habits. The parent insects or beetles occur from the latter part
of June till into August. Most of the eggs are probably laid during the latter two
months. The place of oviposition (Plate 3, figures I, 1@) may be recognized by the
irregular discoloration of the bark, caused in part by the sap flowing from the wound

and partly from the expelled frass or excrement, the latter often hanging in small

UIGNNP Bay
4 ih

Nf Ayan et
bh: oh
}

v1) q
AY
DA)
aVey |
I

aay

BP ANS
Hh!

(NALING Te
5
/
fie

4 f

*
7

i

TIigure 7.—_Injury produced by a trans. Figure 8.—Large dead area produced by the

verse burrow in a sugar maple intersection of several burrows. Tree
about eighteen inches in diameter about fifteen inches in diameter (origi-
(original). nal).

masses from the point of entrance. I have found burrows about thirty feet from the
ground, but most of them occur in the trunk or near the base of the larger limbs. The
latter seems to be a favorite place for the deposition of eggs. The young borer
passes the winter in a rather shallow excavation in the sap wood, the following spring
renewing operations with increased vigor. The boring of the second season is largely
just under the bark, the burrows being about one half an inch in width and one third
of an inch in depth, and running in almost any direction, though usually longitudinally
or obliquely upward and partly around the tree. Sometime during its life, probably

in the second fall when the borer is about sixteen months old, a deep burrow is made,
'

ONE CS ee

Explanation of Plate 3.

Sagar Maple Borer (Plagionotus speciosus Say).
Place where egg was laid, showing excrement or borings thrown out by
borer. ta. Another more than normally discolored.
Borer or grub in September from egg laid the same season.
Nearly full grown borer.
Adult or beetle. 5
Hole through which the beetle escaped from the trunk.

Sawdust or borings packed in burrow.

Maple Tree Praner (Zlaphidion villosum Fabr.).

Grub or borer in its burrow, a portion of the twig being cut away to show
its work. 7a. Small twig with only a thin shell of bark, the wood

being nearly all eaten.

Pupa in the burrow. The base of both twigs represented has been nearly

eaten off by the larva.

Adult or beetle.

Cottony Maple Tree Scate Insect (Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.).

Active or recently hatched young.
Adult females, many eggs can be found in the woolly masses.

Leaf with many young scales on its under side.

388

= ali W/ Wel

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 389

usually penetrating about four inches in an upward, oblique direction toward the heart
of the tree and then running some distance parallel with the grain of the wood, as
represented in figure 9, which was drawn from a photograph. At the end of this deep
burrow the larva transforms to a pupa and from that to a beetle, the beautiful adult
emerging from the trunk through an oval hole (Plate 3, figure 5) about three eighths
by five eighths inch in diameter.

The only natural enemies observed preying on this insect are woodpeckers. Dr.
Packard records having seen them at work. Mr. A. H. Kirkland has seen the hairy
woodpecker, the downy woodpecker and the flicker feeding on
white larve taken from beneath the bark of infested trees.

Associated Insects. As previously pointed out, the sugar
maple borer attacks trees in their prime. It is well known to
students of nature that an enfeebled plant invites insect injury

by presenting favorable conditions for their multiplication.

=

— >

Trees suffering to any extent from the attack of the sugar maple

borer are usually infested with the pigeon Tremex, TZyemex

columba Linn., a species which assists materially in the destruc-

tion begun by the beetle. The pigeon Tremex is a magnificent

SS

four winged fly about two inches long, with a wing spread of

two and one half inches, and a prominent horn at the extremity
of the abdomen; hence the common name of ‘‘horn tail” is
frequently applied to this insect and its allies. This species may
be recognized by its cylindric dark brown abdomen with yellow

markings as represented in figure Io.

, : : Figure 9.—Deep burrow in
The larva or borer producing the pigeon Tremex may be cain «ike pani Gre

forms to the beetle

distinguished at once from that of the sugar maple borer by — (yiginan,

its cylindric form, the possession of six legs on the three anterior
body segments and by its making a nearly round burrow. The perfect insects
make their way out of the tree through holes about the size of a common lead
pencil, and during the summer months are frequently found around diseased
maples and elms, sometimes with the ovipositor bent at right angles to the
body as the female is inserting it for the purpose of laying eggs. This insect can
hardly be regarded as very injurious since its operations are confined largely to
unhealthy trees.

There is also another insect commonly found around trees badly infested with the
pigeon Tremex, drawn there by the presence of its prey, the larva of the pigeon
Tremex. The lunate long sting, Zhalessa lunator Fabr., is a slender, brown and

yellow insect about one and one half inches long and with a delicate “tail” or

390 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

ovipositor about three inches long, whence its common name of “long sting.” This
beneficial parasite may frequently be seen with its long ovipositor arched over its
back, and the membranes of its abdomen much distended as it forces its slender tool
deep into the wood in an effort to place its eggs in the vicinity of a borer. The male
is a smaller insect. On splitting open a log containing Tremex larve, the white,
legless maggots of this parasite may be found sucking the life fluids from the borers,

Like the Tremex, the females of the long sting emerge from the trunk of the tree

as
es
Be
(S. ~~
=

Roa
1) bled

Nys4ya

as (? l

Figure 10o.—PIGEON TREMEX: @, larva showing the Thalessa larva fastened to its side; 6, head of larva; c, pupa
of female; d, male pupa; e, adult female—all slightly enlarged. (After Marx.)
(Insect Life, Vol 1., Fig. 39, U. S. Dept, Agriculture. )

through holes about the size of acommon lead pencil. The various stages of this
interesting parasite are well represented in the accompanying figure (11).

Remedies. Badly infested trees should be cut and burned before the following
June in order to prevent the maturing of the insects they contain. If the trunks of
shade trees were treated early in July with the carbolic acid wash described on a
preceding page, it is probable that deposition of eggs would be prevented to a con-
siderable extent. Indications of oviposition should be looked for in the fall most
carefully and the young borers should be dug out and destroyed. Wherever signs
of recent boring occur, an attempt should be made to find the offender. The digging
out will rarely do more injury than the borer would otherwise cause. If there is

reason to believe a burrow inhabited but no larva can be found, the use of carbon

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 391

Figure x1.—The lunate long sting, THALESSA LUNATOR: a, larva; 0, side view of head; c, pupa; d, tip of
pupal ovipositor showing the five parts; e, female; /, side view of female abdomen; g, male; #, anal ex-
tremity of male, enlarged. (After Marx.)

(Insect Life, Vol. I., Plate 1, U. S. Dept. Agriculture. )

392 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

bisultid, as described on a preceding page, is recommended. The sudden wilting of
the leaves of a branch indicates that a borer is girdling it and an effort should be
made to find the creature. Wounds made either by the borer or by a person looking
for it, should be cleaned and plastered with a cement of fresh cow dung and lime, in
order to hasten their healing.
In sugar maple groves, Mr. Kirkland advises that the underbrush be left as much
as possible, as he has observed that the clearing up of the shrubbery has repeatedly
been followed by severe injury from this borer. As the beetles are known to be sun
loving insects, it is very probable that they would place their eggs where the conditions

were most pleasant.

Mapte Tree Praner.
Elaphidion villosum Fabr.

This insect probably attracts more attention than any other species causing the
same amount of damage. Asa general rule it is not very injurious, except possibly
to shade trees on lawns and along roadsides where symmetry and beauty are desirable
requisites. Aside from damage to the trees, the falling twigs are a source of annoy-
ance and form the one sign of the insect’s presence most commonly noted.

Description. This species, like some others, is most easily recognized in connection
with its work. A fallen twig is found to have its larger end nearly eaten off, as repre-
sented on plate 3, the cutting being nearly as smooth as that of a sharp chisel. The
central burrow is plugged with sawdust and if the twig be whittled, a large proportion
of its interior will be found eaten away and somewhere in the burrow there is usually
a whitish grub with brown jaws (Plate 3, figure 7), our carpenter. The parent beetle
is a rather slender, grayish brown insect (Plate 3, figure 9).

Life History and Habits. The parent insect is said to deposit in July an egg in
one of the smaller twigs. The young larva feeds for a time on the softer tissues under
the bark, packing its burrow with castings and working toward the base of the twig.
Later it bores along the center of the limb, making a more or less oval ‘channel. In
the early fall our borer quietly eats away a large portion of the woody fiber, plugs the
end of its burrow with castings and waits for a high wind to break off the nearly
severed branch. In this manner the larva reaches the ground in safety. Late in the
fall or in the early spring the change to the pupa takes place, the transformation to
the perfect insect occurring in the spring, the beetles emerging from the limbs in June

and continuing abroad till September. Occasionally the insect completes its changes

a a

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 393

in the portion of the limb remaining on the tree, but as a rule it drops with the severed
branch. The life cycle is probably completed under natural conditions in one year,
though when breeding in dry twigs the period may be considerably extended.

This twig pruner not only attacks maple and oak, two of its favorite food plants,
but has also been recorded from a number of others. A few of the more important
are: Apple, pear, plum, peach, grape, quince, orange, osage orange and hickory.

Remedies. The fallen branches usually contain the larva and should therefore be

collected and burned sometime during the winter.

Cottony Maple Tree Scale Insect.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.

This species is generally distributed throughout the greater part of the state, and
occasionally becomes excessively abundant; specially on the soft or silver maple, one
of its favorite food plants. This scale insect flourishes, particularly in certain seasons,
on Long Island and in its vicinity. Sometimes the trees are fairly festooned with
masses of conspicuous females. In 1890 it was so abundant in Brooklyn, N. Y., as to
lead Mr. A. S. Fuller to report that thousands of trees were dying from its attacks.
It was present in large numbers at Buffalo, N. Y., the same year and in 1898 many
complaints of serious injury were received from widely separated localities.

Description. This pest most often comes to notice after the females have attained
their full growth late in June or early in July and have excreted an abundant cotton-
like substance, which protrudes from under the scale covering the insect, as repre-
sented at figure 11, on plate 3. Frequently the entire under surface of the limb is
covered with these insects. The cottony fibers are full of minute eggs and young.
A recently hatched scale insect is represented very much enlarged at figure 10, on
plate 3. The young soon forsake the protecting filaments of the mother, wander to
the leaves, settle along the veins as a rule, secrete a scaly covering and in the fall
present the appearance shown at figure 12, on plate 3.

Life History and Habits. This species is very prolific. One female rarely deposits
less than 500 eggs and must frequently produce over 2,000, as estimated by J. D.
Putnam, who has published an exhaustive paper on this species in the proceedings of
the Davenport Academy of Natural Science, of Iowa. Certain facts regarding the
life history of this insect are taken from his treatise on this scale insect. The young

leave the mother in immense numbers about the latter part of July, in the latitude of

394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Albany, N. Y., and establish themselves on the under side of the leaves. Some may
be found on the upper surface and occasionally they attack the more tender twigs.
The insects are yellowish for a time, the females showing deep red markings about
the time the delicate two winged males appear, and later change to.a brownish color,
and migrate to the under side of the twigs shortly before the leaves fall. Mr. Putnam
found that the males appear from August 1 to September 15, pair, and then die.
The females pass the winter on the under side of the twigs and in the spring increase
rapidly in size and secrete large amounts of honey dew, which gums the leaves and
smears everything beneath the infested trees. The insects soon begin to excrete the
familiar cottony matter in which the eggs are deposited and by July are very notice-
able when present in numbers.

As is well known, this pest is most destructive to the soft or silver maple, though
it occurs on many other plants. It also attacks other species of maples, elms and
grape vines. The above named species are the more important plants which are most
seriously injured.

Method of Distribution. The young of this scale insect are carried from tree to
tree in about the same manner as allied species. Birds, other insects and even spiders
frequenting infested trees are often compelled to assist in the distribution of this pest
by the active young crawling on them as they rest on the twigs. Once a young scale
is on a bird’s foot or on an insect, there is a good chance that it will be carried to
another tree before it leaves its host. Winds probably aid somewhat in the dissemina-
tion of the pest, and it is undoubtedly carried on infested trees which may be shipped
to distant parts of the country.

Natural Enemies. Fortunately this prolific insect has a number of natural enemies
which undoubtedly do much toward keeping it in check. The twice stabbed lady bird,
Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., is one of the more common insects found preying on
the pest in New York. The fifteen spotted lady bird, <Axatis ocellata Linn.,
Hyperaspis signata Oliv. and H. bigeminata Rand., are allies of the first mentioned in
checking the cottony maple tree scale insect. An interesting lepidopterous enemy,
Letilia coccidivora Comst., was reared by Professor J. H. Comstock from this scale
insect. Larve of lace wing flies, Chrysopa species, were observed by Mr. Putnam
preying on the young. A species of harvest mite attacks this pest, according to Miss
Murtfeldt. Two hymenopterous parasites, Coccophagus lecanit Fitch, and Aphycus
pulvinarie How., have been reared from this scale insect.

Remedies. Brushing with a stiff broom will dislodge many insects. This should
be done before the young scatter and would be more effective if the brush was dipped
frequently in kerosene emulsion or other insecticide. Professor C. M. Weed states

that this pest can be fought with a considerable degree of success by washing them

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 395

{rc. ..e tree with a stream from a hose. Where there is a good head of water this
mi,,..t preve the best method of controlling the pest. Otherwise, infested trees must
be headed in and sprayed with kerosene emulsion at the time the young appear.
Prepare the emulsion as follows: Dissolve one half pound of hard soap in one gallon
cf boiling water and while still hot add two gallons of kerosene and emulsify by
passing rapidly through a force pump till it assumes a uniform creamy consistency and
oil does not separate. Dilute this with ten parts of water before using. In limestone
regions use the sour milk emulsion composed of one gallon of sour milk and two

gallons of kerosene; emulsify and dilute as described above.

TIME AND PLACE FOR PLOVER.

Forestry ony Sandy «Sols:

BY PROM OEN GIP ROR: Wir Gi ec

HERE are vast areas of sand
lands throughout the Eastern
United States, especially along

the coast and in the neighborhood of

the Great Lakes. They exist in such

quantities and are in such a deplorable
condition that their treatment should be
a matter of national concern. Sand lands
may for a time produce good agricul-
tural crops, but for reasons which I shall
explain more in detail later, they are
far more fit for the production of forests.
To maintain their fertility for agricul-
tural purposes by the application of
manures is difficult, and sooner or later
they are abandoned and left to nature.

The reversion of sand farm land to

forest is common even in the South,

where, owing to favorable climatic

conditions, it is capable of producing

several special crops for a considerable length of time. The term “reversion,” as the

derivation of the word might imply, is not used here in the sense of a backward step;

for the abandonment of sand land to forest growth is rather a step in advance—a step

toward that ideal classification of land in which every acre produces the crop to which

it is best adapted. A great deal of our best land is still in forest, and on the other
hand, much of our farm land is unfit for cultivation.

_ Sand land was cleared in early times because it was easy to clear. In the beginning,

owing to the large amount of humus which it contained, it produced heavy crops. In

the course of time its fertility was exhausted, and finally the farm was abandoned—

* Assistant Professor of Forestry, Cornell University.

396

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 397

6

not ‘‘abandoned” in the strictest sense, but allowed to ‘‘ revert” in the course of time
to forest. In our South this process of reversion is often very simple, especially when
the adjoining woods are of pines. The winds sow the seeds, the pigs root them into
the soil, and soon there appears a rich, thrifty young growth of pines. The process
is often slower. First come grass and briers and a host of similar pioneer herbaceous
and shrubby plants. Soon scattered red cedar, holly and cherry appear as forerun-
ners, the seeds having been dropped by passing birds. Persimmon, sassafras, hardy
oaks, and here and there a pine, appear. The edges gradually close in on the old
field; the solitary forerunners bécome surrounded and hard pressed by their progeny ;
the open spaces are gradually filled in by whatever may chance to fall by the many
natural means of seed dissemination. In New England abandoned farms are often
quickly clothed with a dense growth of white pine. In less favored regions birches,
poplars and cherry first appear; and, later, balsam, maple, spruce and pine find a
foothold.

In the case of constant burning on the sand lands of our South the condition is
reversed. One by one the weaker species perish until nothing is left but a few hardy
forms which in time also succumb, leaving the sand white, bare and unproductive.
By “sand land,” sandy loams are not meant. These must be rated among our choicest
fruit and vegetable soils. I refer to pure, coarse, sandy soils, such as exist in immense
areas throughout the coastal plain of the eastern portion of this country. The value
of these lands for agricultural purposes depends mainly upon their location. Their
productivity is also dependent upon moisture and temperature conditions. There are
few soils too dry and sandy for the production of sweet potatoes and melons. At the
same time the demand for these materials is so limited that only a comparatively
small proportion of this sort of land will ever be needed for their production. The
fact that when divested of timber these lands can be bought for twenty-five cents
to one dollar per acre is evidence enough of their value for agricultural purposes, in
spite of the ease with which they may be cleared.

The statement is common that forests should be relegated to the waste lands of the
earth. The term “waste land” is often indefinite and misleading. A land which will
produce forest is far from waste land. In districts where a forest crop pays as well as
an agricultural crop it is of course proper to produce forests, even if the land
will yield heavy crops of wheat and corn. Very often soils which are unfit for agri-
cultural crops are the very best soils for the production of forests, and vice versa. Our
western prairie land is a fine agricultural soil, but poor for forests. A soft, coarse
sandy soil is poor for agricultural crops but good for forests, provided there is suf-
ficient moisture. Every piece of land should produce those things for which it is best

adapted, and few will deny that sand land is more fit for forests than for any other crop.

ee

398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

It seems to me that the treatment of sand lands is one of our most urgent
problems. They exist in enormous quantities, they are unfit for profitable agriculture
on a large scale for any length of time, they are excellent for the production of forests,
and, in fact, actually improve under their influence. Many people wonder at the fact
that eastern lands are no longer capable of producing the amount of grain which they
formerly yielded. It seems to me plain that the great store of fertility, the accumu-
lation of ages of forest growth, has been exhausted. We may analyze our soils with the
greatest of care, and add manures in large quantities, but nothing is equal to the action
of the forest in the restoration of fertility if the proper course of treatment is followed.

The term “ virgin soil” carries with it the notion of great fertility—fertile in that
it contains the decomposed detritus of the forest. There is attached to it the notion
that it has and can only exist once. In the old world many soils have been rejuve-
nated many times. In fact, it is quite the custom in many districts in Europe to cut
the forest, clear the land, cultivate it for a few years, and then plant it again in forests.
If agriculture must be practiced on sand soils, the forest should be one of the series in
the rotation of crops. Since sandy soil is easily shifted by the wind, and since, owing
to its consistency, it easily loses its fertility when exposed to the action of sun and ©
weather, and since forests love a loose, warm soil and improve in turn its quality, it
seems to me that the two should always be inseparably associated.

Sand varies in nature commensurate with its manner of formation and the
conditions to which it has been in times past more or less subjected. It may have
been deposited by glacial action and afterwards shifted by the wind as in the Adiron-
dacks, or washed up by the waves and then piled by the winds in dunes, as along
the southern shore of Long Island and in the neighborhood of Lake Ontario, or
deposited in beds along the banks of rivers. Sand is an indefinite term applied to
many materials which are often essentially different in constitution, although similar
in that they consist of coarse, irregular, non-coherent granules. True sand is pure
silica, although it is usually mixed with other materials such as particles of shells,
magnetic iron, and even, as in several instances, specks of gold.

Sand is often cemented with lime, organic matter, iron, etc., into hardpan, which
is often troublesome, but ordinarily it is loose and porous to a great depth. The
productive ability of a sand soil is very largely dependent upon the size of its granules,
upon which in turn depends its ability to imbibe plant-food and moisture. Sand
almost always looks sterile and forbidding; but it is unsafe to judge a soil for forestal
purposes from the appearance of its surface. A sand soil may look, in fact may be
absolutely sterile on the surface, and yet a few inches below be rich in plant-food.
The appearance of the surface of such a soil would condemn it of course for agricul-

tural but not for forestal purposes, because the roots of trees would soon penetrate

A DUNE IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATICN THROUGH THE ACTION OF BEACH-GRASS, ON
THE JERSEY COAST.

THE TOP OF A DUNE ON THE JERSEY COAST, HELD BY A PATCH OF BAYBERRY.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 399

into its deeper and richer layers. The young trees would start with difficulty, but, if
there is sufficient moisture, grow later with surprising rapidity. A study of the annual
increment of our southern pine forests on coarse, sandy soils would convince even the
most skeptical of their adaptability for such purposes. A visit to most of the sand
lands of Europe has convinced me that it is improper to despise either sand or mud.

The great disadvantage of sand soil is its inability to hold moisture and plant-food.
This is a much greater disadvantage to agriculture than to forestry. In fact its
porosity and looseness is often an advantage to forest growth. It permits the easy
penetration of the roots, and affords to them an abundant supply of oxygen. If
exposed to the leaching and beating action of rain, the surface layers of sand soil are
soon deprived of plant-food. In a well-cared-for forest on sand soil the surface is
always protected as much as possible against the destructive action of sun, wind and
rain. Trees have the advantage of agricultural crops in that they penetrate toa much
greater depth, and thus utilize the nourishment which would be otherwise unavailable.
This is deposited in the leaves on the surface. These leaves decompose into humus,
which protects and enriches the soil. The fact that sand becomes extremely hot is
often a great disadvantage. The fact that it is naturally a warm soil is rather an
advantage to the forest in that it can never become seriously hot and dry if properly
protected by the canopy above and the leaf-mould and litter on the forest floor. The
shifting of sand is a great disadvantage to agriculture because it injures and often
actually buries young crops. When covered with forest itis of course stable. Tillage
is primarily for the purpose of rendering land loose, porous and mellow. It has of
course also in view the removal of weeds. In coarse sand, tillage is useless, if not
harmful, for the soil is already too loose and porous. Unless sandy land is constantly
fed with manure it deteriorates. It may be an advantage to let fields which are
covered with rocks lie fallow for a time. They will no doubt improve in quality.
With sand soil, however, it is otherwise. I am convinced that there is little, if any
profit in the cultivation of sand lands. Hundreds of young pine groves on abandoned
farms in our South are evidence enough of the best use to which such soils may be
put.

There is, however, some reason for the practice of agriculture on such soils. It is
the place for the one-horse farmer. Owing to the nature of the soil he is able to
plow it at any time when the frost is out of it, and do it with ease with one horse
and a small plow. It produces good sweet potatoes and melons, and there is time
for berries to ripen before the extreme drought of summer. It is poor farming,
however, at best. When the forest is treated as an essential part of the farm and as
one of the series in the rotation of crops, such farms become forest-farms, and

the system deserves no doubt to be classed as a modern, intensive combination

400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

of agriculture and forestry. There is an approach to this forest-farm notion on the
eastern shore of Virginia. Almost every farm has its forest. These forests vary in
- age from fields of young trees as thick as wheat to forests fit for the mill. The ground
of these forests is usually free from litter and brush. If one happens in this region at
the proper time he will see men, women and children raking the forest litter. This
litter is spread evenly on the fields. It produces a fine grade of sweet potatoes.
When a field becomes fallow it is abandoned. Then the neighboring pines furnish
the seed, the winds sow it, and the pigs root it into the soil. Soon the field is covered
with a beautiful greening of pines. The removal of the litter prevents fire, and a kind
of forestry is practiced without foresters and forest laws. Although far from an ideal
system of management, this, under the circumstances, is not bad. Although, as I
shall explain later, the removal of this litter is detrimental to the growth of the pines
it is on the whole good, in that it insures their existence.

From what | have already said it will be plain to the reader that the forest per-

forms two very important functions—soil-betterment and soil-fixation.

Soil-Betterment.

The agencies which are active in modifying the nature of the surface of this earth
are usually classified as atmospheric, aqueous, igneous and organic. The organic
agencies are ordinarily allowed small space. The potency of vegetal agencies is
usually underrated, in spite of the fact that they materially modify both atmospheric
and aqueous influences. The present-day activities are of course puny in comparison with
those of the carboniferous age. At the same time great changes are in progress in the
nature of the earth’s surface through the agency of the forest. Its influence is most
apparent in those regions in which it has been destroyed, or by comparison with those
regions in which it does not exist. It is the instrument by means of which mankind
may harness and control the unruly forces of Nature. Man may by his carelessness
let loose these destructive forces, and calamities of various kinds follow. Fertile
regions have been turned into deserts; and floods, avalanches, earthslides, shifting
sands, fevers, and strong winds have been engendered or freed from the restrictions
under which they have been resting. On the other hand, by the application of forest
planting and engineering skill, avalanches and earthslides have been prevented, shifting
sands fixed, sterile soils rendered productive, and malarial lowlands healthy.

As samples of the action of trees, consider the mangrove, the great land-former
of tropical shores; or of the willow, that Cindereila of trees, the great protector of
river banks. The willow loves to grow even in abandoned land, utilizing a neglected

corner in a poisoned pasture, clothing with abundant green the most hopeless moors

: Be
or

Secatee

SAND BLUFF.

SAND DUNE.

a

i)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 401

and marshes. Although covered at times with water, it holds the soil of banks
tenaciously and captures the sediment, which would otherwise wash hither and thither.
The Dutch hold boisterous rivers in check by means of it, and with its aid form fertile
farms of mud, which would otherwise wash into the North Sea. The Swiss and
French hold their mountains in place by forests, and were it not for the forests of pine
in Gascony, great masses of sand would shift from place to place with every caprice

of the wind.

The forest not only enriches the soil, but it is a soil-former. Even the most tender
rootlet, because of the acidity of its tip, is able to dissolve its way through certain
kinds of rock. This, together with the acids formed in the decomposition of humus,
is a potent and speedy agent in the production of soil. The roots of trees have no
difficulty whatever in penetrating limestone rock, and in coral islands whole forests
may be seen growing in a total absence of real soil. Other rocks, such as granite,
which contain soluble constituents, are disintegrated by the action of the acids
resulting from the decomposition of vegetal matter; as the rock crumbles soluble
inorganic tnaterials are released, which enrich neighboring soils. In view of the
destruction occasioned by the carelessness of mankind, it is a consoling fact that
Nature, although slowly, is gradually improving her waste lands. If not interrupted
by fire, the barest rock and the fallowest field, under conditions which may be called
unfavorable, will become in the course of time forest-clad and fertile. Here and there
in the Adirondacks, on the tops of large rocks, may be seen dead pine trees which
have been killed but not consumed by fire. Their roots are bare and rest on rocks
which are also bare. Many of these trees have reached large proportions. No doubt
these rocks were once covered by a deep layer of soil—sufficient at any rate to
produce large pines. This mass of humus, beginning with the lichens and mosses,
must have been ages in forming. Tire sweeps these rocky tops and ledges clean, and
leaves the grim old pines standing, forming targets for lightning, by means of which
they are being shattered. The lichens and mosses have begun again, other herbaceous
and woody plants will follow, and trees will finally come; but the process is a slow
one, which is liable to many interruptions by fire. Where fires have burned on these
mountains, the soil which is left soon washes away, and ages elapse before the cycle
is again complete. When the forest is destroyed in mountainous districts it is water
which finishes the work of destruction. On sand land when fire has swept the surface
clear, it is the wind which picks it up, and shifts it hither and thither. Sand has the
advantage of a mountainous district, however, in that it furnishes at once a deeper
rootage. ,

Most of those trees which succeed best in sand soils have a deep root system.’

Although not perhaps in such striking degree as in rocky regions, the chemical action
26

402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

of roots and humus is also active in sand. Although silica is an obstinate substance
it is slowly corroded and comminuted by the action of vegetal matter, so that even
sand soil, under the action of the forest, is rendered physically, as well as chemically,
better. The most important point in this connection, however, is the fact that forests
bring the rich materials from the deeper layers of the soil and deposit these in the
form of litter on the surface.

Immense quantities of this surface material are wasting every day through the
action of fire. Upon this material the lasting fertility of the soil depends. Upon the
fertility of the soil the perpetuity of the forest depends; and perpetuity is the keynote
of forestry. The removal of litter from a soil which is already rich is like stealing a
small sum of money from a very rich man; the removal of litter from hungry sandy
soil is like stealing bread from a starving beggar. On this question of humus volumes
have been written. Half of all the troubles of European foresters are due to the per-
sistency with which the peasant clings to the old communal right to remove the litter
for manure. In times of poor crops the German Government permits the collection of
humus from state forests by the peasants. A load of well-rotted leaf-mould is equal

in fertility to a load of barnyard manure.

Of course there are many kinds of humus, some of which are of little value for
manure. Peat and swamp muck, for instance, are sour and only partly decomposed.
Good humus is never formed in regions which are too dry, too cold or too wet. Good
humus is never formed in direct sunlight. It needs shade, sufficient moisture, warmth,
oxygen, and a host of animals and fungi, which aid in the process of aeration and
fermentation. Humus or leaf-mould is a great storehouse of nitrogen and other
plant-food, and an efficient mulch or blanket for the protection of the soil and the
conservation of moisture. By means of it the soil is protected from the destructive
drying action of sun and wind, and from the beating and leaching action of rain. It
increases the capillarity of the soil. It fills up the interstices of the soil with rich,
spongy, juicy matter, and thus obviates the main objection to a sandy soil, which is
its coarseness. By means of it imbibation by capillarity of the water from below is
possible. Humus, then, is not only the great storehouse of plant-food, but the place in
which it is being constantly produced. It is not only a sponge which holds water,
but a blanket which prevents excessive evaporation, and which sucks up the water
which would otherwise slip away.

The formation of leaf-mould is something more than mere oxidation. Hundreds of
fungi and bacteria are concerned in the process. In addition, the animals of the soil,
especially the earthworm, play a very important role. These industrious creatures not
only aerate the soil by the channels which they form, but actually eat it, extracting

from it what they may need, and casting out the rest in the form of a rich, friable soil.

LAKEWOOD (N. J.) DRIVEWAY THROUGH THE PINES.

REMELY SLOW IN CONSEQUENCE.

oN

GROWTH HAS BEEN EX

A SANDY FINE WOODS FROM WHICH THE LITTER HAS BEEN REMOVED TO PREVENT FIRE.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 403

The Danish forester pays much attention to the earthworm, and a forest soil in his
estimation is not in good condition until fairly alive with earthworms. Beech forests
may be seen in Denmark close to the salt breezes of the North Seaon sand land blown
and washed up by the winds and waves. The floors of these forests are covered with
leaf-mould and alive with earthworms.

For the production of leaf-mould a forest is of course necessary; but it must be the
proper kind of forest. It must be a forest with the proper kind of canopy and
affording the proper kind of litter. It must give the proper amount of shade and
must protect the floor from the action of wind and rain. The forest canopy and floor are
‘interdependent: they act and react upon one another. The admission of light causes
the humus to dry up and interferes with the processes of fermentation. An interference
in the formation of leaf-mould interferes with the supply of plant-food and moisture to
the roots of the trees. The quality of the soil is of as much importance to the European
forester as the quality of the wood which he produces. He has planted the beech
everywhere because it improves the quality of the soil to a greater extent than any
other species, owing to its dense foliage, even at an advanced age, and to the heavy
fall of leaves, which quickly disintegrate into the richest kind of leaf-mould. The beech
is planted on sand lands whenever the soil is in fit condition to produce it. When
sand soil has reached the stage where it will support beech its future fertility is easily
maintained.

Sand soils are hungry, and consume immense quantities of humus because of the
abundance of oxygen which they contain and because of their warmth. The Danish
forester regards the planting of pine as a necessary evil. It is planted on sand lands
because it requires less moisture and plant-food than deciduous growths. Under its
influence the soil is slowly improved until the planting of deciduous growths is possible.
It paves the way—it is the pioneer. For that reason pines are common on poor soils
in almost all countries, even in the tropics. They grow in those regions where
deciduous growths fail. In regions which are not subjected to constant burning they
are gradually crowded out by broad-leaved species.

It is not my intention in this connection to underrate the value of the conifers—
quite otherwise. Were it not for the conifers many of our sand soils would be hopeless
deserts of shifting sand. They are a step toward that ideal stage of soil fertility in
which trees of any kind may be produced. After the soil has been enriched by the
action of broad-leaved trees, the pine will grow all the better and produce a finer
grade of wood. Perhaps the most productive forest of all is the coniferous forest with
an underwood of a good leaf-mould-forming hardwood, such as the beech. In fact,
our finest white pine has been produced under these conditions, the sugar maple in
many instances forming the underwood. In the Adirondacks the conifers have been

cut and the underwood is left. Young conifers should therefore be favored, and,

404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

perhaps, in spots, planted, with as little interruption in the canopy as possible for the
sake of the soil. The farmer cultivates his land by tillage—the forester by regulating
the light conditions of his forest, by encouraging certain beneficial species of trees and
soil animals. The forest is not a mere assemblage of trees. It is a great unity con-
sisting of the birds, the bees, the worms, and fungi, besides trees and many other
things, each of which plays a role of more or less importance. It is a great machine, a
series of wheels within wheels, all dependent upon one another, and all influenced by
one another’s activities.

The pine is not of course the only tree which plays the role of pioneer. There
are the poplars and birches in the North, which are the salvation of many burned-over
areas. Their seeds are carried long distances in immense quantities by the winds;
they germinate quickly and soon clothe black unsightly burns with a coating of rich
light green. The blackness of these burned-over areas draws the sun. to such an
extent that artificial planting with less hardy sorts could not be otherwise than failures.
Soon after they have become covered with poplars or birches, narrow lines may be
cut in the thickets and conifers planted. Owing to the shelter which these young
poplars, birches and cherries afford, the chances for the survival of the conifers are
good. In the course of time, spruce and pine work into these thickets naturally.
Later, maples and other trees find a foothold, and in the course of time there is formed
a mixed woods of conifers and many hardwoods. If these burned-over areas,
especially in sandy districts, are burned over repeatedly, it is of course a long time
before even the poplars, birches and cherry can gain a foothold.

What may appear to the novice to be a weed, may be a shelter tree and soil
protector in disguise. A weed is a plant out of place, and any tree which serves the
purpose of protection is decidedly in place in a region such as the sandy soils of the
Adirondacks, where much protection is needed against the rigors of winter and
drought of summer. When, however, this shelter tree begins to crowd or interfere
with the growth of a more valuable neighbor which is no longer in need of its services,
at that moment it becomes a weed.

In irregular, open forests weeds are of course much more troublesome than in a
closed regular forest with a dense, even canopy. Even then the few shade-enduring
weeds are able to survive; but these are ordinarily so few in number and so unobtru-
sive that they are of little consequence.

Before considering the subject of soil-fixation I should define more in detail the
role played by micro-organisms in furthering forest growth. There has been discov-
ered lately a mode of life which is peculiar. It is called symdzoszs or mutualism. It
is when two organisms are united for the good of both. It is not parasitism, because a

parasite is a robber who steals his food and gives nothing in return. Neither is it the

‘SOUVd-UILSAO GNNOUOAMOU AHL NI ‘GNVI-ANAG GaANAAOO-ANId AHL SI GNNOUWONIVA AHL NI

‘AONVUd ‘NOHOVOUV

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 405

case of two organisms taking advantage of one another, because both are modified in
a slight degree, at least to suit one another’s needs. In the cases of which I shall
speak later, it seems that the host-plant, or tree on the roots of which these fungi or
micro - organisms live, gives little in return for what it receives. It would seem,
therefore, that the tree is more of a parasite, if it is at all parasitic, than the fungus
which lives upon its roots. The organs onthe roots of plants, or rather the formation
which is produced by the union of root and fungus, have been named “ mycorhiza”’ or
fungus-roots. One class of these mycorhiza is abundant on the roots of certain
plants and lives in the humus of the soil, acting as intermediate agents in supplying
nutritive material, especially nitrogen, that most essential ingredient of plant-food.
According to several authorities, these mycorhiza may be found on the roots of almost
all trees. Experiments seem to show that the rapid growth of several species of trees,
especially the beech, is due to their presence.

It is on the roots of leguminous plants where the action of micro-organisms is most
marked. They are extremely common on the roots of locust trees in the form of
tubercles containing masses of these organisms, which are called “ bacteriods”’ because
of their resemblance to bacteria. It is in fact a bacterium, and has received the name
of Rhizobium leguminosarum. It is to the presence of these organisms that the rich-
ness in nitrogen of leguminous crops is due. They give to clovers their great value
as green manures and soil-improvers. What clovers are to the agricultural world,
leguminous trees are or may be to the forester. It is due no doubt to the presence of
these organisms that the locust tree is able to grow in sterile places. The locust produces
one of our most durable woods, with an ash richer in inorganic constituents than most
- of our hardwoods. It grows with great rapidity on poor soils. This is probably, at
least in part, due to the presence of these bacteriods on its roots. What is true of the
locust is probably true also of many other leguminous trees.

A very great deal in reference to these mysterious beings, in comparison with
what will probably soon be known, is still unknown. I have mentioned these agents
which work in the humus of soil to show that when we destroy or remove the humus
from the soil we remove a whole menagerie of living things which are constantly
working for the betterment of the soil and the life of the forest which covers it.
When farmers say that fire “cooks the life” out of a sandy soil they are saying what

is literally correct.

406 REPORT .OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Soil-Fixation.

When unrestrained by a forest cover, both wind and water play havoc with soil.
Gales of wind and downpours of rain are not required to produce this damage. It
occurs with almost every breeze and every rain. The soil on mountain sides is washed
into the valleys, and in clayey countries, even on gentle slopes, great gullies are the
result of the destructive action of water unless the cover of vegetation is sufficient to
hold it in place. On the steep mountain sides of Europe, in order to prevent earth-
slides and destructive floods, protection-forests are fostered. In the case of a torrent,
the erosion begins in the little streamlets of the mountains—imperceptible at first, but
soon an immense volume of water descending on all sides into the channel course.
At first it is only loaded with silt; but rocks, stones and timber soon accumulate in
the channel course. This powerful mass, by undermining the banks, receives constant
additions until the whole is dumped into the level plain, where the stream emerges
with diminished force. In many places, by persistent work the Swiss engineers and
foresters have prevented whole mountain sides from slipping and huge masses of rock
from crushing the villages in the valleys. Their boisterous streams, which are fed by
perpetual snow, must be constantly watched; and by walls of stone, wattle-work, and a
host of ingenious devices, they chain these forces until the trees which they have
planted can gain a footing that will hold the soil and rocks in place. The same
amount of water falls as ever, but the soil and débrzs which cause most of the mischief
are held firmly in place by the forest cover.

In sandy soils, owing to their porosity, there is never any danger from the action
of water. This very looseness, however, which prevents the erosive action of water, -
exposes the soil to the play of the wind unless it is held in place by the roots of plants.

Along the shores of oceans and other large bodies of water, especially in the
region of the estuaries of large rivers, there are usually immense masses of shifting
sand. It is not within the scope of this paper to describe the formation of these sand-
banks. It is sufficient to say, therefore, that they usually begin as long sand-bars
behind which there are sheets of still water. These shallow bays in the course of time
fill up with mud, becoming salt marshes intersected by thoroughfares, salt ponds, and
winding creeks. In the meantime the long, flat sand-bars have developed into sea
islands, or beaches. When the tide falls, the sand of the shore, ground into powder
by the waves, and dried by the sun and wind, is blown in the direction of the pre-
vailing winds, usually inland. The sand moves like snow until it meets an obstruction,
when a dune, or sand-hill, forms, equal in height to the obstacle. A section through
a dune shows a beautiful stratification, the sand having been deposited in thin layers,

always varying, however, with the nature of the sand, the velocity of the wind, and

i

WATTLE WORK, TO HOLD UP

AN

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ay

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a

BANKMENT,

IN GERMANY.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 407

the obstructions, large or small, which it encounters. These dunes are not hurled
bodily by the breezes, but little by little, forming and reforming, forward and back-
ward, changing, in fact, with every caprice of the wind, gentle and almost imperceptible
during a light sea breeze, but a stinging, blinding sand-blast in times of gale.

In spite, however, of all these minor changes, the sand mass is generally moving,
perhaps only a few inches a year, in the direction of prevailing winds. A great deal
depends upon the day winds; for at night the sand is damp and firmer. And so
mountains of sand are formed which are often held temporarily by hardy plants which
have gained a precarious footing, but which sooner or later, unless watched and fixed,
begin to shift, engulfing meadows, farm lands, lakes, bays, inlets—in fact, anything
unable to check its course.- Very often these dunes are held by a natural growth of
plants, and even in many cases when the conditions were different, forests have
grown. In places where these forests have been destroyed, the dunes have become
restless, and in other instances, where great changes have occurred in the shore line,
the forest holding one set of dunes has been, or is being, overwhelmed by those of
more recent formation.

There are several instances where lighthouses have been increased in height
because of the sand which had engulfed them. On the North Carolina dunes, chim-
neys projecting above the sand belong to the houses of an old fishing village. In
France and other parts of Europe, villages have been buried. At Soulac, in Gascony,
a cross was discovered projecting above the sand. Further investigation showed that
it was attached to a steeple, and later a well-preserved church was excavated. The
church is now in use.

The sand of dunes, although it varies in nature throughout the world, is extremely
fine on the eastern coast of America. It beats through cracks in dwellings, frosts the
window-glass, and sifts into one’s pockets, shoes, clothing and hair.

On the Pacific coast there are few dunes. In the region north of the
Columbia in Washington and Oregon there are extensive accumulations of sand,
behind which there are bays, as along the Atlantic coast. A part of this area is cov-
ered with the beach pine (Pinus contorta). A large part of the magnificent park of
San Francisco consists of shifting sands which were blown and washed up from the
sea and have since been fixed and improved. There are extensive dunes in the region
of the great lakes, especially in Michigan; and in Ontario farms are being invaded by
moving sand-banks. On the Atlantic coast there is an immense area of shifting sea-
sand. These dunes, in all their stages, may be seen to advantage on Cape Cod, the
New Jersey coast, Long Island, and Cape Henlopen. Here and there along the shore
excellent bathing-beaches are being damaged, the coast is constantly changing, and

in many places valuable harbors are being invaded and inlets choked with sand. In

408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

places which were formerly salt bays, filled with oysters and fish, there are now
fresh, stagnant pools. In fact, the vast area occupied by the Dismal Swamp of
Virginia was once an arm of the sea. A short distance under the mud may be found
oyster shells which grew upon the bottom when this swamp was a salt-water bay.
Some day the sand may choke up the inlets of Albemarle and Pamlico sounds, and
there will form great fresh-water ponds in which the cypress and other fresh-water
vegetation will grow. Inlets are constantly changing on the Jersey shore, and canals
have been dug to the sea to let in the salt water in order to prevent the destruction
of the oyster industry.

On Cape Cod three immense ridges of dunes have formed, which are moving
inland toward the town and harbor at the rate of from ten to fifteen feet per annum.
The board of harbor and land commissioners, in charge of these lands, has begun to

systematically fix these sands by extensive plantings. An immense dune may be seen

near Avalon, New Jersey. In its lee there is a luxuriant forest of red cedar, holly, ©

sour-gum, maple, magnolia, hackberry, oak, mulberry and other trees, with masses of
grapevines and Virginia creepers. It is a picturesque sight from the crest of the
dune, which equals the trees in height. The trees, in fact, constitute the obstacle
that has formed the dune, which is leading to their own destruction. On the land side
there is a dense mass of dark-green foliage, beyond which there are green meadows
intersected by thoroughfares and bays. On the ocean side there is a mass of sloping
sand, out of which project the jagged trunks and branches of smothered trees. The
fine sand comes from the great ocean mill, ascends the dune, and falls over its crest in
minute cascades. When a stiff breeze is blowing, it skims along the surface and
shoots over the crest like a sand-blast, trimming the tops of the trees as flat as though
shorn with shears.

This ocean sand is not always sterile and unproductive. It is generally mixed
with particles of other substances, such as magnetic iron, shells and mica. Its
texture and density are such that there is sufficient capillarity to keep it moist.
Beach sand, which appears so barren in a bare and shifting condition, is able to
produce a magnificent growth of forest trees in protected positions. The immense
oaks and hollies on the Jersey beaches and the beach forest near Scheveningen in
Holland attest the ability of the beach sand to support vegetation.

Europe affords the best examples of the complete reclamation of shifting sands,
barren heath lands, marsh lands, and other waste places; for the density of population
has forced the inhabitants to be less lavish with land and less wasteful of resources
than are the people of America.

Extensive dunes have been reclaimed along the Baltic and North seas. At the

founding of Copenhagen, for instance, in the eleventh century, the island was clothed

A PLANTATION OF BEACH GRASS ON THE

Mss fetes epee,
253

A BLEAK BIT OF COAST.

DUTCH DUNES.

&

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 409

with extensive forests. The woodlands passed gradually from the hands of the Gov-
ernment, and were stripped of trees. The drifting sands of the north shore moved, in
the course of two centuries, several miles inland, covering farms and villages. Now
the sands are held in bondage by extensive forests of oak and beech.

In Holland the beaches were guarded, because they served as natural dikes for
the protection of farm lands. The marsh land was drained and tilled, creeks became
canals, and the dunes, a menace to other countries, served to protect the industrious
Dutch from incursions of the North Sea.

Much could be said of experiences with dunes in other parts of the world. It 1s,
however, in France, in the department of Gascony, that we find the most striking and
valuable object-lesson, and of this I shall speak more in detail later.

Shifting sand is not confined to the seashore. There are immense areas of it
inland in many parts of the world. Were we to destroy the forest cover on the coastal
plain of the Eastern United States, it would become a mass of shifting sand—sterile,
desolate and unfit for habitation, although capable of producing some of the finest and
most valuable woods of the whole world. It is, of course,in regions where sand accumu-
lates and shifts in great masses that it looks most formidable. Much damage, however,
is being done in an unnoticeable and apparantly harmless form on almost every sandy
farm. Delicate crops are cut off close to the ground by the sand-blast, and the finer
particles of the soil are picked up and transported long distances by even ordinary
winds. The wind has a great parching power, and unless the soil is protected by
hedges or belts of forests, its liability to shift increases accordingly. Were it not for
forest belts and high turf fences and hedges in Denmark, a large part of the country
would blow into the sea. In fact, so serious is the action of the wind on such soils
that protective forest belts against the prevailing winds are essential. It would be
well to cultivate such soils in narrow strips, alternating with strips of such crops as
crimson clover, with here and there belts of trees. In such regions it is well to
encourage industries which require slight or no cultivation of the soil, such as apicul-
ture and poultry culture. These may well be classed as subsidiary forest industries.
In speaking of bee-culture, Prof. Howard, of the Division of Entomology at Washington,
says: ‘This branch of agricultural industry does not impoverish the soil in the least ;
but, on the contrary, results in better seed and fruit crops. The total money gain to
the country from the prosecution of bee-culture would undoubtedly be placed at
several times twenty million dollars annually, were we only able to estimate in dollars
and cents the result of the work of bees in cross-fertilizing the blossoms of fruit crops.”

Poultry, especially turkeys, have been extensively used in combating insect pests,
and, in many instances, with great success. It is even reported that a man in Salina,
Kansas, keeps a flock of one thousand turkeys, which he rents to his neighbors for the

purpose of ridding their farms of grasshoppers.

AIO REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

In sandy districts all farms should be forest-farms—that is, farms which are at least
sixty-five per cent. forest. The necessary fire lanes in a pine-woods district ought
to furfish sufficient land for cultivation. A fire lane two hundred feet in width on the
outer edge of a one-hundred-acre piece consumes thirty-five acres of land, which
is quite as much as one man can comfortably till. One of the most interesting large
inland sand regions is the Banat Sand Desert of Hungary. Here large quantities of
the American locust have been planted because of its great ability to hold soil in
place. The good qualities of this tree are much more fully appreciated in Europe
than in America. Owing to its extensive root-system and root-suckers it is a good
soil binder. The wood is highly valued in Hungary for the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements. Almost everywhere throughout Europe the locust is used to hold
up railroad embankments. The trees are often cut back close to the ground and form
a solid matted coppice growth which holds the soil firmly in place, and adds at the
same time to the stability and safety of the road, saving also the cost of frequent
repairs. Shifting soils are usually temporarily held in place by sand-binding plants,
such as beach-grass, wattle-work, fascinage, and brush-work in general. These are
usually temporary means of holding the soil in place until, at least, belts of trees may
be established of sufficient height to break the force of the prevailing winds.

In many instances along the coast where the great ocean mill supplies an exhaust-
less quantity of sand, which is being heaped up constantly by the winds and waves, it
is necessary to construct a huge embankment in the lee of which trees may be grown.
This artificial dune is held in shape by beach-grass. Later on I shall describe more
in detail the formation of this protective dune and the use of grasses in keeping it in
shape. In regions in which there is not an exhaustless quantity of sand, such as
comes from the shores of great bodies of water, plantations of grass are not necessary
for the fixation of the soil until trees may gain a footing.

The shifting of the sand is prevented in such cases by brush-work. In France,
brush is placed upon the ground just as shingles are placed upon a roof, with now and
then a shovelful of sand to hold it down. Among this brush-work are sown the seeds
of the Maritime pine, which may be bought in almost any quantity at the country
grocery stores. These pines soon sprout, grow rapidly, and there is no danger of
shifting sand so long as the supply from the ocean is shut off and the ground kept
covered with a growth of some kind.

In other places brush fences are used. These are placed at right angles to the
prevailing winds and serve to protect the soil from their injurious influences. Between
these fences seeds are sown or small trees planted. Sometimes these fences are only
pieces of brush stuck side by side in the ground; in other instances they partake of

the nature of wattle-work. and fascinage,—that is, the brush is carefully woven in

a

‘GNVTIOH NI €ANNG-GNVS V AO

LSdao AHL NO WNNHAV NV

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 41!

between stakes which are driven at short intervals into the ground. It is not necessary
to describe these works in detail—they are all simply devices to protect the surface of
the soil from the action of the wind until the young forest is able to perform this
function and take care of itself.

Along the shores of oceans where there is a constant supply of sand brought inland
by the winds, an artificial dune to cut off this supply is necessary. The wind is able
to move the sand along the surface, but unable to lift it up over this artificial dune.
In the Eastern United States, where the prevailing winds are west winds, which if not
obstructed blow the sand back into the sea, there is little danger lurking in these sand-
dunes in comparison to the shores of the Bay of Biscay, where villages were buried
and the whole country called the Landes rendered practically uninhabitable in con-
sequence of their presence.

The condition of the Landes was directly due to the immense dunes which arrayed
themselves in lines along the shore of the Bay of Biscay. They moved inland and
covered villages, and clogged up rivers and inlets. The rain which fell in the Landes
was unable to escape into the ocean. It banked up behind the dunes and flooded large
areas. During Roman times these sand masses were wooded and stable, but, in the
hands of the French peasants, they were stripped and rendered mobile. The damage
done by these moving sands so increased that the Government officials studied the
work and devised and executed plans; and now, thanks to De Villers, Chambrelent and
Bremontier, the pioneer workers, the Dunes and Landes are covered with a beautiful
growth of the Maritime pine. The region is now a famous health resort, combining
the beauties and pleasures of the seashore with those of a well-managed pine forest,
extending almost to the edge of the ocean.

Other industries have started, the people have improved, and the country is more
fruitful and beautiful, so that, through the agency of trees, a new province has been
practically added to France.

The prosperous condition of this country is due to the pine trees which hold the
sand and to the littoral dune which prevents fresh supplies from coming from the
ocean. The safety of the country is due to this artificial dune, and the stability of
this artificial dune is due to the gourbet or beach-grass.

A. littoral dune was constructed straight along the shore from the mouth of the
Gironde to Bayonne. It is simply a bank of sand of certain dimensions, with a certain
slope suited to the condition of affairs. This protective, or littoral dune, is formed as
follows: a double fence is constructed of brush, or of palisades driven in the sand.
This stops the sand which comes from the ocean. Soon a ridge of sand forms, equal
in height to the fence. A double fence is used, as it gives breadth to the dune, and

stops the sand which blows through the fence on the ocean side. As soon as a

ee

*

412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

ridge of sand is formed as high as the fence, the old fence is pulled up, or a new one
built on top; and so on, until a dune of the height desired is formed artificially.
The proper height of a protective dune is thirty-three feet. It should slope twenty-
five degrees towards the sea, and may be sixty degrees on the land side. The dune
must be at least three hundred feet from high-water mark. After the dune has
reached the proper size, it is kept in shape by the sea marram (Ammophila arenaria).
This peculiar plant, called gourbet in France, is exclusively used for fixing the sand
on the littoral dune. It has long, much-divided rhizomes, and will grow well only _
when covered with fresh sand. The dune must always be kept in shape. If sand
accumulates in any one spot in undue amount, a draft is formed, which may end ina
breach of the littoral dune. Gardes cantonniers are stationed along the dune, to
watch it closely, and here and there on this long, straight sand-bank groups of men
and women may be seen digging up the gourbet in places where it is too thick, and
planting it where needed. Constantly the dune is watched and mended; the forest,
villages and fields in its lee are dependent upon it, and it in turn is dependent upon
the humble but persistent gourbet.

In many instances, even where there ate no encroaching dunes from the sea, but
where the soil is extremely unstable, it is often deemed advisable to use grasses and
other sand-binding plants for its fixation; but this is now seldom done. It was formerly
considered necessary in Holland and France to always precede the planting of trees,
or the sowing of tree seed, with sand-binding grasses. At present, however, sand-
binding grasses are seldom used, except close to the sea on the littoral dune, where
it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to start an arboreal growth. Good catches
of pine seed have been secured by simply sowing it on the surface. It is better, how-
ever, to cover the ground with brush. Thisis often necessary, also, in order to secure a
good catch of beach-grass. Direct sowings of tree seed have been successfully prac-
ticed in France, Holland and on Cape Cod.

Sand-binding grasses are therefore only absolutely necessary on the littoral dune.
In fact, elsewhere they may be a disadvantage, in that the beach-grass is a dune
former. Hundreds of dunes all along our coast may be seen in all stages of formation,
due to the action of the beach-grass. On sandy inland soil the crab, or finger-grass, is
excellent. In addition to holding*the soil it yields excellent fodder.

The greatest soil-binders on our coast are the bayberries. When a dune once
becomes fixed by a good growth of the bayberry, nothing short of a very severe gale
will uproot it. It is the most persistent sand plant on the coast of eastern America.
A large number of leguminous plants will grow well on our coast, and I have often
thought that Lupinus perennis, the purple lupine, should be more extensively planted

on unstable sands. It is not the salt air or wind which limits the’ species along

ARCACHON, FRANCE.

NEAR

A PINERY ON THE DUNES

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FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 413

our shore, so much as the sand-blast or the sand which the wind carries with it, which
the tender shoots of almost all species are unable to withstand. The species which
do best under the circumstances are those which have tough foliage, such as the beach-
grass, bayberry, holly, etc. In the lee of some sort of a protection a great variety of
species will grow luxuriantly. This may be seen all along the Jersey and Long Island
coasts.

Among the species of trees in the latitude of New York, which do well on sandy
soils, the following are worthy of special mention: Pruus rigida (pitch pine), Penus
Virginiana (scrub pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine), Pimus Austriaca (Austrian pine),
Pinus echinata (smoothbark pine), Juniperus Virgintana (red cedar). Hardy oaks
(OQ. minor, Q. rubra, Q. tinctoria, Q. alba, etc.); Robinia pseudacacia (locust), poplars,
especially Populus deltoides (Carolina poplar), sassafras, //ex opaca (holly), and Prunus
serotina (black cherry).

In many sandy districts in South Jersey I have seen the Carolina poplar growing
with great rapidity. When we consider the great amount of wood of this species
which is sold, perhaps more than that of any other, that it grows with great rapidity
in very inhospitable situations, and that it may be very easily and quickly propagated
from cuttings, it deserves first rank in the list of species for future planting on poor

soils in southern districts, such as the pine lands of Long Island and of New Jersey.

Long Island Coast.

Much that I have said here is applicable to Long Island, a large part of which
consists of sandy and gravelly land. A journey by rail from New York to Montauk
is quite sufficient to convince one that there are many thousands of acres of sandy
land on this island which are fit only for forest. It has been cut and burned over so
often that there is little left but a scrubby growth of pine and coppice oak. No
wonder the soil is poor. Still, the patches of woodland on private preserves which
have been cared for, are evidence enough of the capabilities of this soil for the pro-
duction of wood.

No region could be more favorably located as to markets and transportation facil-
ities, and’no region could be more easily protected from fire. This sandy plain forms
a long strip along the southern shore of the island. It is crossed by many streams,
which are of great service in preventing the spread of fire. Along the shore of
the mainland there are many fine estates, representing an immense amount of wealth.
Here one may see many beautiful preserves, trout hatcheries, hunting grounds, golf
links, etc., etc. There is only a small population of the kind of people who set fire

purposely, as in the country further south, where natives fire the bush to improve the

414 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

pasture and huckleberry crop. In fact, there ought to be little difficulty in arousing
sufficient interest in favor of forest protection to prevent the recurrence of forest fires
year after year. Indeed, it seems strange that so broad an area of land should be
neglected in the midst of such wealth, and with the interest of such a large number of
influential people involved.

Bordering the mainland there are large bays which are separated from the ocean
by a narrow strip of sand beach. These beaches consist of fine sand; but there is
little serious shifting, except in cases where the sand threatens to clog up inlets.
These beaches are mostly held in place by beach-grass and bayberry, and in several
places by a low arboreal growth. There are no menacing dunes as in France, although
the principles of sand-fixation and betterment might be advantageously applied in
many instances on these beaches. At Easthampton there are many fine estates close
to the shore. Although exposed to the ocean winds, many varieties of trees are
growing there luxuriantly. It shows what is possible on a sandy soil close to the sea.
One may travel a long distance in this country before he finds a more attractive resort.
In fact, in the neatness, good taste, skill and care which are bestowed upon it, it rivals
and reminds one of the charming resorts on the sands along the coasts of Holland and
France. Aside from its extremely favorable location, with good transportation facili-
ties both by rail and water, with its great diversity of soil and its population of
wealthy and intelligent citizens, Long Island is of special interest to the botanist. |

It is practically the northernmost extension of the Carolinian zone—tt is the spot,
if such a spot actually exists, where the North and South meet. It is the place
where many southern species lose their hold. Many plants which are common in
New Jersey are either extremely scarce, or do not exist at all on Long Island.

Pinus echinata, the short-leaf or smooth-bark pine, which is so common in New
Jersey, occurs on Staten Island, and perhaps here ard there on Long Island. It is,
however, extremely scarce. Long Island has been long settled, and there has been
for many years much cutting and burning. This may account for the scarcity of a
few species.

As one moves northward, however, through the Atlantic coastal plain, one species
supersedes another, and as one enters Long Island from New Jersey, the short-leaf
pine gives way to the pitch pine (Pzxus rigida). The pitch pine, in company with a
few hardy coppice oaks, forms the growth on much of this sandy land.

Pinus Virginiana, the scrub-pine, which is common also in Jersey, does not, I
believe, reach Long Island at all; although it may be found on Staten Island.

Chamaecyparts thyotdes is very common in southern Jersey; in fact, nothing is
more characteristic of this region than the dense dark swamps of this cedar. This

tree may be found on Long Island; in fact, even as far north as the southern coast of

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 415

Maine. It is, however, scarce. I have no doubt it was once much more plentiful. It
may be easily grown on damp, sandy or mucky soil, and no species is more worthy of
encouragement.

The sweet gum—liquidambar or bilsted—which is so common in New Jersey, is
rare on Long Island. The black jack oak (Quercus Marilandica) which is charac-
teristic of the dry, sandy plains of New Jersey, occurs in a few places on Long
Island. The Spanish oak (Quercus digitata), which is so common in Jersey and Dela-
ware, is, I believe, not found at all on Long Island. J/agnolta glauca is found only in
one or two places. In fact, many of the plants which are common a little farther south
become rare on Long Island. The general appearance of the growth is similar, how-
ever, to that of the pine lands of New Jersey in spite of the absence of several species.

The gnarled and stunted pines, the coppice oak of several kinds, the red cedars
and black cherries, with here and there a sassafras and a persimmon, tangled swamps
along streams of clear water, old fields coming up in pines, frequent forest fires, etc.,
all remind one of southern New Jersey and Delaware. The locust grows with great
luxuriance on Long Island. The soil of this sandy plain is, I am quite certain, capable
of producing, if properly treated, a heavy crop of trees. It was once covered with a
luxuriant growth. The coppice oakystill shows great vigor, although it has been care-
lessly cut and burned over many times.

The fact that Brooklyn secures its water supply from a part of this district, and
that other places on the south shore may use it for the same purpose, increaSes the
desirability of a good forest cover.

It is not my intention to define this region in detail. I would simply emphasize
the fact that here there are thousands of acres of land fit only for the production of
wood, in one of the most favorably located regions on earth. It is land which has
been abused for years, but is quite capable of rejuvenation. It will support a great
variety of trees, owing to favorable climatic conditions. It is an excellent place for
tree nurseries. This sandy plain, although narrow, is at least fifty miles in length.
On this area wood enough to supply all local demands might be easily produced.
Rich men already own large preserves on this island. It is to be hoped that others
will buy the rest and convert it into a well-managed forest to show what private enter-
prise may do in this line. There is no better place for such experiments. If it will

pay anywhere in this country it will pay on Long Island.

416 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Dane Fixation on Cape Cod.

I append ‘here an interesting letter on the work of dune fixation on Cape Cod,

received recently from Hon. Leonard W. Ross, of Boston:

Replying to your inquiry of recent date, concerning the work of reclaiming the sand wastes
of the ‘“‘ Province Lands” on Cape Cod, it gives me pleasure to say that the result of our work
since 1895 proves that the problem has been solved, so far as it applies to this area.

The “ Province Lands” are owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and are under
the supervision of the board of Harbor and Land Commissioners. ‘These lands, containing over
three thousand acres, as well as several thousand acres adjoining in the towns of Provincetown
and Truro, are situated at the extreme end of Cape Cod, constituting an ‘‘ arm,” which makes
out several miles into Massachusetts Bay, and consist entirely of a clean, sharp sand. I under-
stand that borings have been made to a depth of more than one hundred feet without finding
any other geological formation. It was formerly covered with a strong growth of, principally,
pitch pine (fizus rvigida) and mixed hard woods—maple, beech, birch, red, black and white
oaks, with a strong mixed undergrowth of clethra, azalea, amelanchier, dwarf cherry, bayberry,
wild roses, etc.

The necessities of the people who settled on the Cape—formerly a thriving population
engaged in fisheries, but now grown to a municipality of some five thousand inhabitants—required
this wood and timber for domestic uses. It was therefore cut, and in a ruthless manner, thus
giving the strong winds a hold upon the sand, which immediately began to drift inland, or
toward the town and harbor, and it has kept up a more or less successful drifting for many,
many years.

Legislation intended to restrict the careless cutting of the growth has been enacted in vary-
ing forms and degrees periodically for the past nearly one hundred years, but while well intended,
it generally failed of successful enforcement.

The National Government was finally appealed to. Appropriations amounting to sixty-three
thousand dollars were made and expended in building jetties and bulkheads (which were either
buried in sand or carried away by wind and storm), and in the planting of beach-grass, which,
it was thought, would make a successful growth and “bind” the sand. This dd hold the sand
in place for a time, but not receiving constant care and watchfulness, it, too, was in time
‘blown out” in the more exposed places, and buried many feet deep, where the wind finally
deposited the sand. In the interior portions, where the trees were not cut, they have been largely
covered and smothered by the sand hills, there being trees now forty feet or more in height with
only the tips of their topmost branches visible.

I was consulted in 1894, and in 1895 work was commenced on the extreme outside dune
(there are three of them) in the most exposed part. The bare sand areas, from which the sand
was blown inland over a much greater area, was first covered by planting clumps of beach grass
(Calamagrostis arenaria) in alternate rows about eighteen inches apart (see the remnants of
these rows in picture No. 1), which made a fairly satisfactory growth, and “fixed” the sand
by arresting its movement until a stronger or woody growth could be established among it.

This permanent or woody growth consists of Pinus maritima, Pinus Austriaca, Pinus rigida,
Pinus sylvestris, Quercus rubra and tinctoria, Myrica cerifera, Genista scoparia, etc., which we have
found to succeed the best. I have tried many other species, consisting of willows, poplars,
thorns, tamarix, etc., but with only partial success. At the beginning of operations we established a
nursery on the lands in a sheltered spot, where many thousands of young plants were produced,

Ne. 1—PLANTATION OF BEACH-GRASS AND PITCH-PINE ON CAP& COD, FOR THe FIXATION OF THE SCIL.

No. 2—PLANTATION IN FOREGROUND, MOVING DUNE IN BACKGROUND, ON CAPE COD.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 417

of excellent quality, especially in root growth. These were transplanted later to their permanent
situations, many of the native plants having been collected in near-by territory, and transplanted
to the “outside,” and with fairly good success. We have, however, practically abandoned this
process as too-expensive, as we find that direct seeding produces satisfactory results in all places
where the sand is quiet.

Picture No. 1 shows part of the “outside” sand dune, where operations were begun in 1895.
On the level foreground are pitch pines (Pinus rigida), ten to twelve inches high when trans-
planted, now thirty to forty inches, in a vigorous and healthy condition. At the bottom of the
slope is a patch of Genista scoparia ; above this, and extending to the top of the ridge, the prin-
cipal growth seen is bayberry, among which there has been planted lately pine and oak seed,
not yet old enough to be seen in the photograph. ‘The original rows of beach-grass may be
seen nearly exhausted; but I can assure you that no wind can remove the bayberry, and { am
confident that two more years’ growth of this will completely cover the ground here.

Having fixed this area from which the sand was being blown, we go to the greater area on
which it was deposited, to be seen in picture No. 2. Here may be seen a scattered natural
growth of beach-grass, among which, on the right foreground, are oaks, then a patch of the several
varieties of pine, and beyond this, oak again. These are all thriving and healthy, from twelve
inches high up to thirty inches, and have grown from seed planted here in spring of 1895. In
the distance may be seen the “‘face” of the second dune, which looks now as did the first one
when we began operations.

Yes, the problem is solved. I am not now officially connected with this work. It is being
carried forward by the efficient superintendent, Mr. James A. Small, of Provincetown, to whom
I am indebted for these photographs. But I shall always feel a keen interest in the place, and
shall look back upon it as a pleasant experience.

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A SCENE ON THE DUTCH DUNES.

Working Plans for the State Preserve.

T the request of the New York
Forest, Fish and Game Com-
mission, the Division of Forestry

of the Department of Agriculture is now
engaged in the preparation of working
plans for the New York State Forest
Preserve. Field work was begun in June,
upon Township 40, and it is hoped that
the working plan for this township will
be ready for submission to the Legisla-
ture by the first of January, 1901.

A working plan is, first of all, a plan
for lumbering. It specifies the diameter
limit to which trees shall be taken, and
includes estimates of the yield. It fixes
the areas to be logged over, forecasts the

profits to be realized, and sums up the

whole situation from a business point of

A FORESTER'S MAKESHIFT.

view. In so far, it treats of what is to
be done in the forest entirely from the standpoint of the lumberman, and it is based
upon the same study of local conditions that any good lumberman makes before he
fells a tree. ‘The lumberman’s working plan, however, generally considers only the
most profitable way of harvesting the merchantable timber. The forester’s working
plan is made with a view also to the removal of the mature timber in such a way as to
hasten the production of a second crop. In spite of much that has been said to the
contrary, there is no other radical difference in purpose between the two. Both wish
to make the forest pay as high an interest as possible upon the capital which it repre-
sents. The lumberman is usually content to receive returns only once from the same
area. The forester lumbers with a view to lumbering again. Exactly the same study
of the quality and amount of merchantable timber, of the conditions for its transport,
and the market open to it for sale, is necessary under lumbering and under forestry.

It is with this fact in view, and with the realization that no one is better fitted than the

* Of the Division of Forestry, U- S. Dept. of Agriculture.
418

CHRISTINE FALLS.

(ON SACANDAGA RIVER, JUST BELOW BURNHAM’S MILLS.)

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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 419

practical lumberman to make this study, that the services of Mr. Eugene Bruce have
been obtained to assist in drawing up the working plan for the New York State Forest
Preserve.

After the possibilities for profitable lumbering have been investigated thoroughly,
the next step in the working plan is to fix those modifications of ordinary logging
which may be necessary in order to avoid damage to the forest and to better the
condition of those trees which are the basis for future crops of timber. From the
necessity for these modifications has sprung a good deal of wholesale abuse of lumber-
men and lumbermen’s methods. The fact that until recently there have been no
xamples of practical forestry in this country has generally been disregarded. That
the American lumberman has failed to be moved by emphatic statements that his
system is wrong, is not remarkable. In waiting to see definite results of systematic
forest management before changing his own methods, he has shown only his charac-
teristic common sense.

One of the modifications which may be advisable under forestry is the raising or
lowering of the diameter limit under which logging ordinarily goes on. It may become
necessary to lower it in order not to impair too seriously the density of the forest and
the probability of its reproduction. It may also be best to vary it upon different areas
because the silvicultural condition of a forest changes constantly, and in the struggle
for existence between the trees, some kinds require assistance in one locality and other
kinds in another. Particularly in dealing with the Adirondack spruce, which seldom
forms a pure wood, but generally occurs in mixture with faster-growing trees, the
diameter limit, or in other words, the number of trees to be left to serve as seed trees
and also as the nucleus for a second crop, must be raised or lowered in accordance with
the chances of the spruce to hold its own in the mixture.

Where over-mature trees of doubtful soundness are shading promising young
growth, their removal is for the good of the forest. Under ordinary lumbering, they
would be left standing unless they contained sufficient merchantable timber to realize a
fair profit. Under forestry, cases arise where they should be cut out, even if their
sale no more than covers the cost of logging them.

In the forest under systematic management, young growth and trees of less than
a merchantable diameter have a value, because they represent the basis of future cuts.
They must, therefore, be protected as far as is practicable, where logging is going on.
In the Adirondacks, the use of other species than spruce for building skidways and
for filling in roads, is in line with this policy. Bulletin 26 of the Division of Forestry,
“Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks,” by Henry S. Graves, shows that it is possible
in several ways to limit the damage at an expense which is trifling in comparison with

the excellent results obtained.

420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Another point to be considered in the working plan is the best means of eliminat-
ing all unnecessary waste. High stumps, the failure to run the logs well up into the
tops, lodged trees left in the woods, and any other form of slovenliness, are as foreign
to good forestry as to clean lumbering. |

In framing the rules to govern logging, the forester has to consider not only the
treatment which the forest requires from a purely silvicultural standpoint, but also the
bearing which the application of silvicultural measures will have upon the profit to be
made from lumbering. To arrange his cuttings solely in accordance with the silvi-
cultural requirements of the forest would in almost every case mean outlay instead of
income. It is here that his technical knowledge and his business ability are most
severely tested.

As a working plan contains directions for the lumbering of a forest with a view to
the future production of crops of timber, it must, in order to justify these directions,
state how large the future crops are likely to be in a given number of years, after the
area has first been logged over, in addition to furnishing estimates of the present
merchantable stand. .Since upon these estimates are based largely the rules of the
working plan as to the amount of lumbering to be done now, how heavy it shall be,
and how soon the same area is to be cut over a second time, and the handling of the
forest generally, they must reach the highest degree of accuracy practicable.

The methods employed by the Division of Forestry in obtaining an estimate of the
stand consist of actual measurements of the diameter of all trees, with a record of their
number, quality, and kind, upon a given portion of the area to be taken in hand.
Strips, usually one chain wide and ten chains long to the acre, are run upon compass
courses through the forest. All trees within this strip are calipered and recorded
upon a separate blank which is kept for each acre run. In addition, notes are made
of the merchantable quality of the timber and the silvicultural condition of the stand.
These strips are distributed in such a way as to pass through all types and qualities of
the forest. They are then worked up for general average and are used as factors in
calculating the total amount of standing timber. In order to work up the present
merchantable stand into cords or board feet, tables are employed which have been
constructed from actual scale of felled trees of different kinds, and give their contents
on a basis of diameter at four feet from the ground, the height at which the trees in
the strips have been calipered. In several cases there has been opportunity to com-
pare the results, obtained by these “valuation surveys,” with the actual cut taken
afterwards from the area for which they furnished an estimate. The comparison has
shown for them a degree of accuracy not only quite sufficient for the purpose in hand,
but which bids fair to prove the entering wedge in inducing lumbermen to abandon

cruisers’ estimates for a similar system of measurement.

ae

ee

CSTIIN SJAVHNYAA MOTad Isaf ‘YAAIM VOVANVOVS NO)

‘STIVA ANILSIYVHO AAMOT

an

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 421

To determine the amount of merchantable timber which the forest will produce in
a given period, it is necessary to know the rate of growth of the different kinds of
trees and the size and number of immature trees now standing. The latter is taken
from the valuation surveys, the former from what are called “‘stem analyses.” These
consist in the determination of the age of felled trees by counting the rings. The age
and diameter are taken at the end of each log; the length of the merchantable stem,
the percentage of heart and sap wood are found, and other measurements are made
which aid in determining the rate of growth of the tree in height and in diameter, and
other points in its life history. A number of these analyses are made of each kind of
timber trees present in the forest. The results are worked up, averaged, and thrown
together into tables, of which the most important in fixing the future yield are those
which show the number of years required by trees of different sizes and kinds to grow
one or more inches in diameter. Knowing the present stand per acre of trees below
a merchantable diameter, the forester now has a record of the rate of growth of other
trees of the same size and kind and grown under the same conditions, from which to
determine how long it will be before these immature trees reach marketable size; and
from his volume tables he can calculate what their contents will be. From the knowl-
edge at his command, he can show the comparative advantages of cutting to different
diameter limits, can determine the annual or periodic yield which the forest is actually

producing, and can show just what the results will be in the production of future crops

_ of timber, if the young trees which will form them be preserved.

Upon the New York State Forest Preserve, the other important considerations
involved in framing the working plan are the protection of the forest from fire, and the
treatment of those areas which are of importance in influencing the run-off of streams.
The former necessitates thorough investigation, with a view -to preventing fire in the
future and to the best management of those areas which have already been burned
over. The latter, which has been undertaken in collaboration with the Hydrographer
of the United States Geological Survey, is of no less importance. It includes the
classification of the forest lands as regards their value as catchment areas, which will
fix those which must be classed as protective forest and will require a particularly
careful and conservative method of treatment.

Systematic forest management should show good results upon the New York State
Preserve. Practical forestry has been proved in the Adirondacks and has been
found to pay. It will pay also upon the Preserve, both in money and in those indirect
returns which will. result from the maintenance of so large and important a body of
forest land and the production of a steady supply of timber.

Until the repeal of the clause of the 1894 amendment to the State constitution,

which prohibits all cutting in the New York Forest Preserve, the application of

422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS.

practical forestry will naturally be impossible. This clause entails an annual loss to
the State equal to the amount of timber which goes to waste each year. It cuts off
entirely what might be made an important resource, and it does not tend to the
improvement of the forest itself. When it was passed, there was some reason to fear
that if lumbering were once begun upon the Preserve, it might be difficult to regulate
it. The State is now in a position, however, to base the management upon conserva-

tive methods and to see that they are carried out.

Bibliography of the ddtrondacks.

By CECELIA ADELAIDE SHERRILL, NEw York STATE- LIBRARY SCHOOL.

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per year. First published under the title: The Adirondacker. Newspaper
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York: Adirondack Co., 1864.

Adirondack Company’s charter, amendments, and the laws relating thereto. 8vo,
pp. 10. 1863-71 (?).

Same information to be found in Annual Report of New York State Forest Com-

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in the Adirondacks.

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$6.00.

423

424 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Allen, J. C. Romance of two ponds: Potter Pond and Sargent Pond. (See Forest
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Middle States, and Canada, p. 216.

Appleton’s illustrated handbook of American summer resorts, including tours and
excursions. . 12mo, illus. maps. New York: Appleton, 1895. Paper, 50c.

An argument showing why the state should aid in the construction of a railroad
through the wilderness of Northern New York, respectfully submitted for the
consideration of the legislature and the executive. 8vo, pp. 16. Albany: Van
Benthuysen, 1870.

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New York, 1897.

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Badeker, Karl. United States; with an excursion into Mexico. !6mo, maps. Pp. 165.
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1, 1870, Violas sppass=34-)

Bryant, W. C., & Co., printers. A brief statement of the leading features and resources
of the great forest in Northern New York, the position of the Adirondack Com-
pany with reference thereto, and its estate and franchises. 8vo, pp. 31. New
York, 1864.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 425

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people of the State of New York; report adopted April 1, 1885. 8vo, pp. I1.
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Bruce, Wallace. Hudson River by daylight; New York to Albany and Troy. Adi-
rondacks, Montreal. 12mo, 182 pp., illus. map. New York, 1882.

Bruen, Edward T. The Southern Adirondacks. 12mo, pp. 9. New York, 1886.

Bruen, Edward T. (See New York Medical Journal, July 3, 1886, Vol. 44, pp. 1-3.)

Bruen, Edward T. (See American Climatological Association. Transactions, 1886.
Vol. 3, pp. 202-208.)

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167-96.)

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(See Butler, B. C., Summer tourist, 1880, pp. 92-114; 159-66.)

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pp. 230-1.)

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ppeAaS35")ie:

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12, 1870, Vol. 3, pp. 281-82.)

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Vol. 48, pp. 226-27.)

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trial memoranda. (See New York state— Adirondack state land survey. Report,
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Adirondack region. (See Chittenden, L. E., Personal reminiscences, 1893, pp.
139-68.)

Clark, Helen S. Camping inthe woods. (See Outing, Aug. 1891, Vol. 18, pp. 415-17.)

426 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Cleveland, Grover. Adirondack wilderness; Adirondack survey. (See New York
state—Governor. Public papers, 1884, pp. 48-52.)

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state—Governor. Public papers, 1883, pp. 70-71.)

Cleveland, Grover. Speech at a meeting to demand new legislation concerning the
Adirondack Park, New York, Jan. 24, 1891. (See his Writings and speeches,
pp. 233-37.)

Coffin, Nathaniel Wheeler. Forest arcadia of northern New York; embracing a view
of its mineral, agricultural, and timber resources. 18mo, 224 pp. Boston:
Burnham, 1864.

Colt, Mrs. S. S., ed. Tourists’ guide through the Empire state, embracing all cities,
towns, and watering places by Hudson River and New York Central route. 8vo,
pp. 239, illus., pl. Atbany, 1871.

(The lakes in the Adirondacks, pp. 149-64°)

Colvin, Verplanck. The Adirondack forest. (See American Forestry Association.
Proceedings, 1896, Vol. 11, pp. 142-47.) .

Colvin, Verplanck. Ascent and barometrical measurement of Mount Seward. 8vo,
pp. 12, pl. Albany: Argus Co., printers, 1872.

Colvin, Verplanck. Narrative of a bear hunt in the Adirondacks. 8vo, pp. 16.
Albany: Munsell, 1879. ;

Colvin, Verplanck. Portable boats. (See Albany institute. Transactions, 1876, Vol.
8, pp. 254-65.) Description of a portable canvas boat used by Colvin in the
Adirondacks.

Colvin, Verplanck. The winter fauna of Mount Marcy: read before the Albany
institute, Jan. 4, 1876. 8vo, pp. 16. Albany, 1876.

Colvin, Verplanck. (See New York state—Adirondack state land survey. Report,
1880, Vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 364-74.)

Cook, Marc. Camp Lou. (See Harper’s Magazine, May 1881, Vol. 62, pp. 865-78.)

Cook, Marc. Wilderness cure. 12mo, pp. 153. New York: Wood, 1881. $1.00.

Cox, Charles F. On recently discovered deposits of diatomaceous earth in the Adi-
rondacks. (See New York academy of sciences. Transactions, Vol. 12, pp.
219-20; Vol. 13, pp. 98-101.)

Creamer, Edward Sherwood. Adirondack readings. 12mo, pp. 128. Buffalo:
Moulton, 1894. $1.00.

Curtis, George William. In the Adirondacks. (See Harper's Magazine, Oct. 1862,
Vol. 25, pp. 706-7.)

Curtis, George William. Killing deer. (See his From the Easy Chair, 1894, Vol. 3,
pp. 28-36.)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 427

Curtis, H. N. My first deer. (See Outing, Jan. 1888, Vol 11, pp. 372-75.)

Curtiss, Byron. The life and adventures of Nat Foster, trapper and hunter of the
Adirondacks. 12mo, pp. 286, pl. Utica: Griffiths, 1897.

Cushing, H. P. On the existence of pre-Cambrian and post-Ordovician trap dikes in
the Adirondacks. (See New York academy of sciences. Transactions. May
1896, Vol. 15, pp. 248-52.)

Dawson, George. Trout fishing in the Adirondacks. (See his Pleasures of angling,
1876, pp. 205-64.)

De Costa, Benjamin Franklin, D.D. Lake George, with a description of the route to
Schroon Lake and the Adirondacks. 16mo, pp. 181, illus., pl, 1 map. New
York: Randolph, 1868. $1.50.

Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.. Souvenir descriptive of the Adirondack Mountains,
Lake George, Lake Champlain, Saratoga and other points. 8vo, pp. 117, illus.,
1 pl., maps. Albany. S

Deming, Philander. An Adirondack home. (See Lippincott’s Magazine, Aug. 1882,
Vol. 30, pp. 142-51.)

Deming, Philander. Adirondack stories. 16€mo, pp. 192. Boston: Houghton. 75¢c.

Deming, Philander. Tompkins and other folks; stories of the Hudson and the
Adirondacks. 24mo, pp. 223. Boston: Houghton, 1885. $1.00

A descriptive and historical guide to the valley of Lake Champlain and the Adiron-
dacks. 12mo, pp. 144, illus. Burlington, Vt., 1871.

Dorrien, S. V._ Forests and forestry; a letter addressed to Verplanck Colvin, on the
importance of forests, their management in Germany, and _ historical development
of Forestry. 8vo, pp. 45, map. New York, 1879.

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1883, Vol. 9, pp. 159-70.)

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. (See his May-day and other pieces, 1867, pp. 41-62.)

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second geological district. 8vo, pp. 437, illus., pl, maps. Albany, 1842. (In
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Excursion of the Appalachian Mountain Club to the Adirondacks. (See Appalachia,
1888, Vol. 5, pp. 162-63.)

Foster, David S. Elinor Fenton: an Adirondack story. 12mo. Philadelphia: Lip-
MINCOLENNSOene cl 2sy

Fountain, Lucy. Keene delights. (See Putnam’s Magazine, Dec. 1869, Vol. 14,
pp. 669-74.)

Fox, William Freeman. Adirondack spruce. 8vo, pp. 82, pl. Albany: Lyon, 1895.

428 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Fox, William Freeman. (See New York State—Forest Commission. Annual report,
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Fox, William Freeman. Forestry matters in New York. (See American Forestry
Association. Proceedings, 1894, Vol. 10, pp. 62-71.) Read at World’s Fair
Congress, Oct. 1893.

Fox, William Freeman. Tracts and patents of northern New York; interesting facts
regarding the purchase and settlement of each. (See Annual report of the Forest
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Fox, William Freeman. Forest and park; a description of the Adirondack region, its
lakes and mountains, and tourist routes. (See Annnal report of Forest Commis-
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Fox, William Freeman. The Adirondack deer, their habits and characteristics ; meth-
ods employed in hunting them, etc. (See Annual report of Fisheries, Game and
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Fox, William Freeman. <A Forestry experiment station. (See Annual report of Fish-
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Freeborn, Frank W. Some Adirondack paths; climbs about the Keene valley. Pp.
20, pl., maps. Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club, 1889. 20c.

Freeborn, Frank W. Some Adirondack paths. (See Appalachia, Dec. 1888, Vol. 5,
pp. 222-31; May 1890, Vol. 6, pp. 51-60; July 1891, Vol. 6, pp. 231-35.)
French, John Homer. Comp. Map of Essex county, N. Y. Sq. 8vo,. 153x137, folded.

Philadelphia, 1858.

From city to surf. ‘Niagara Falls route.” 8vo, pp. 104, illus., map. Chicago: 1888.
The Adirondacks, pp. 85-89. ;

Grant, Madison. ‘The vanishing moose and their extermination in the Adirondacks.
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pp. 131-37.)

Gurnsey, Clara Florida. Silver rifle: a story of the Saranac Lakes. 16mo, pp. 256,
pl. Philadelphia: American S. S. Union, 1871. $1.00.

Hall, C. E. Laurentian magnetite iron ore deposits in northern New York. (See
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pp. 67-79.)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 429

Hallock, Charles. The Raquette Club. (See Harper's Magazine, Aug. 1870, Vol.
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Hamilton, Francis E. In the North Woods. (See Munsey, Nov. 1892, Vol. 8, pp.
178-82.)

Hammond, Samuel H. Hills, lake and forest streams; or, A tramp in the Chateau-
gay woods. 12mo, pp. 340, pl. New York: Potter, 1854. $1.75. Also issued
as Hunting adventures in the northern wilds. Sabin.

Hammond, Samuel H. In the Adirondacks; or, Sport in the North Woods. 12mo,
pp. 340. Philadelphia: Columbian Publishing Co., 1890. Paper, 25c. (Colum-
bian lib. No. 9.)

Hammond, Samuel H. Wild. northern scenes; or, Sporting adventures with the
rifle and the rod. 12mo, pp. 341, pl. New York: Potter, 1857. $1.75.

Hammond, Samuel H., and Mansfield, L. W. Lake Champlain. (See their County

margins and rambles of a journalist, 1855, pp. 287-332.)

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Harte, W. Blackburn. By stage-coach in the Adirondacks. (See New England
Magazine, Nov. 1890, series 3, Vol. 3, pp. 362—-65.}

Headley, Rev. Joel Tyler. The Adirondack; or, Life in the woods. New edition,
12mo, pp. 461, pl, map. New York: Scribners, 1875. $2.00.

Headley, Rev. Joel Tyler. Letters from the backwoods and the Adirondac, by the
INCVan pa) aideadley-aai2mo pp amOsm New York: JS: Waylon urs50. A spurie
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Hough, Franklin Benjamin. State forestry; source of pleasure and profit in the
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in May and June, 1852. In St. Lawrence Republican, Ogdensburgh, N. Y., May
2oy on2and dines Courter, kotsdam, Ns Yo June 25,) 1852.

4

430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Hall, Edward H. Appleton’s handbook of American travef. Ninth edition. 12mo,
pp. 356, maps. New York, 1867. Adirondack Mountains; Saranac Lakes, etc.,
pp. 64-67. ?

Hows, John A. Forest pictures in the Adirondacks, with sixteen original poems by
A. B. Street. Small 8vo. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1864. $3.00.
Illustrated guide book to the principal summer resorts of the United:States. 16mo,
pp. 168, illus. New York: American and Foreign Pub. Co. (Red and gold
guides, No. 4.) New York to the Adirondacks; Saratoga to Lake Luzerne;

Schroon Lake and Long Lake, pp. 87-101.

John Brown's tract. (See Knickerbocker, Feb. 1856, Vol. 47, pp. 179-82.)

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Trapper’s guide, 1867, pp. 159-74.)

Kemp, James Furman. Crystalline limestones, ophicalcites and associated schists of
the eastern Adirondacks. (See Geological society of America. Bulletin, 1895,
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Kemp, James Furman. The geology of Moriah and Westport townships, Essex Co.,
with a geological map. (See New York state Museum. Annual report, 1895,
Vol. 48, pp. 325-55.)

Kemp, James Furman. The great Shear-zone at Avalanche Lake in the Adirondacks.
(See American Journal of Science, August, 1892, Vol. 144, pp. 109-14.)

Kemp, James Furman. A review of work hitherto done on the geology of the Adi-
rondacks; an abstract. (See New York academy of sciences. Transactions,
Oct., 1892, Vol. 12, pp. 19-24.)

Kemp, James Furman. Trap dikes in the Lake Champlain valley and the neighboring
Adirondacks; an abstract. (See New York academy of sciences. Transactions,
1891, Vol. 11, pp. 13-23.)

Knowles, Archibald Campbell. Balsam boughs, being Adirondack and other stories.
12mo, pp. 200, illus. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1893. $1.50.

Kollock, Henry, ed. State of New York, embracing historical, descriptive and
statistical notices of cities, industries, and summer resorts. 8vo, pp. 304. New
York: Kollock, Au Sable Chasm, pp. 274-77.

Lanman, Charles. Adventures in the wilds:of the United States and British American
provinces. 2 vols. 8vo, pl. Philadelphia: J. W. Moore, 1856. The Adiron-
dack mountains Wiel, pp: 217 —37-

Lanman, Charles. Tour to the river Saguenay in Lower Canada. 1[I2mo, pp. 231.
Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1848. The Adirondack mountains, pp. 70-92.

Lecky, Walter. Adirondack sketches. (See Catholic World, Jan. to July, 1894,

Vol. 58, pp. 554-07, 773-82; Vol..59, pp. 14-24, 164-73, 322-37, 492-501.)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 431

Leeds, Albert Brinley. Notes on the lithology of the Adirondacks. 8vo, pp. 31.
New York, 1877.

Leeds, Albert Brinley. (See New York state Museum. Annual report, 1876, Vol.
30, pp. 79-109.)

Leggett, Benjamin F. Adirondack poems. (See his Idyl of Lake George and other
poems, 1895, pp. 27-71.)

Life in the Adirondacks, including the legend of Sabaal, by one of the QO. C. 8vo.,
pp. 23. New York: C. A. Coffin, 1876.

Lintner, J. A. Collections in the Adirondack region. (See New York state Museum.
Annual report, 1888, Vol. 42, pp. 281-86; 1894, Vol. 48, pp. 376-77.)

Lintner, J. A. Collections made in the Adirondack mountains. (See New York state
Museum. Annual report, 1893, Vol. 47, pp. 179-80.)

Lintner, J. A. Lepidoptera of the Adirondack region, collected by W. W. Hill in
1875-78. (See New York state Adirondack state land survey. Report 1880,
Vol. 7, pt. I, pp. 375-400.)

Lintner, J. A. List of lepidoptera collected by W. W. Hill in the Adirondack region
of New York. (See New York state Museum. Annual report, 1879, Vol. 30,
Pp- 141-54.)

‘Lintner, J. A. (See Lintner, J. A., Entomological contributions, June 1878, No. 4,
pp. 29-42.)

Loomis, A. L., M.D. The Adirondack region as a therapeutical agent in the treat-
ment of pulmonary phthisis. (See Medical Record, April 26, 1879, Vol. 15, pp.
385-89; May 3, 1879, Vol. 15, pp. 409-12.)

Lossing, B. J. The Hudson from the wilderness to the sea. Third edition. 8vo,
pp. 464, illus. New York: Virtue, 1872. $5.00, mor. $9.00.

Lothrop, Mrs. Harriet Mulford (Stone). An Adirondack cabin: a family story telling
of journeyings by lake and mountain, and idyllic days in the heart of the wilder-
ness. 8vo, pp. 432, illus., pl. Boston: Lothrop, 1890. $1.75.

Mabie, Hamilton Wright. Winter in the Adirondacks. (See Scribner’s Magazine,
Dec. 1888, Vol. 4, pp. 641-56.)

MacQueen, Peter, and Smith, J. Hyatt. Life in the Adirondacks. (See Munsey, Feb.
1893, Vol. 8, pp. 479-93.)

Mather, Fred. Men I have fished with: Sergt. E. L. (Jack) Sheppard. (See Forest
and Stream, June 26, 1897, Vol. 48, pp. 506-7.)

Mayo, A. D. Adirondacks in August. (See Old and New, Sept. 1870, Vol. 2, pp.
343-52.)

Mayo, A. D. Journey to the Adirondacks. (See Unitarian Review, Nov. 1875, Vol.
4, pp. 511-18.)

432 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Means, D. Mac G. The proposed Adirondack park. (See Nation, Sept. 3, 1891,
Vol 537) BD? W/5n70)

Meekham, H. S. Comp. Map of the Vilas preserve and vicinity, showing some of the
principal summer resorts of the Adirondacks in St. Lawrence and Franklin
counties. 75x73 cm., narrow I2mo. Cambridge, Mass.

Merriman, Clinton Hart. Mammals of the Adirondack region, with an introductory
chapter treating of the location and boundaries of the region, its geological history,
topography, climate, general features, botany, and faunal position. 4to, pp. 316.
New York: Holt, 1886. . $3.50 net. Reprint of a part of his ‘“‘ Vertebrates of
the Adirondack region.”’

Merriman, Clinton Hart. The vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northeastern New
York. (See Linnzan society of New York. Transactions, 1882-84, Vol. 1, pp.
5-106; Vol. 2, pp. 5-214.)

Merwin, M. H. The wilds of northern New York. (See Putnam’s Magazine, Sept.
1854, Vol. 4, pp. 263-70.)

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison. Adventures in the Wilderness; or, Camp life
in the Adirondacks. 12mo, pp. 236, illus., pl. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co.,
1869. $1.50. Also published under the titles Vacation adventures in the
wilderness and Adirondack adventures in the wilderness.

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison. Adirondack tales. 12mo,'pp. 459, pl. Bos-
ton: Golden Rule Pub. Co., 1877. $1.50. Contents: The story that the keg
told me; the story of the man who didn’t know much; Sketches: En route,
Crossing a carry in the dark, Climbing Whiteface.

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison... The mystery of the woods and The man who
missed it. 12mo, illus. Boston: DeWolfe, 1896. $1.50. (Adirondack tales,
Vol. 2.) .

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison. John Norton’s Thanksgiving party and other
stories. 16mo, por. Boston: DeWolfe, Fiske & Co. $1.25. (Adirondack tales.)

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison. Lake Champlain and its shores. 12mo, pp.
261, por. Boston: DeWolfe, 1890. $1.00. Part 1 is devoted to the traditional
and historic period; part 2 to the Adirondacks; part 3 describes Lake Champlain
and the facilities it offers to yachtsmen; part 4 contains historical reminiscences
and facts connected with the shores of Lake Champlain.

Murray, Rev. William Henry Harrison. Story that the keg told me; Story of the
man who didn’t know much. 12mo, pp. 454, illus. Boston: DeWolfe, 1896.
$1.50. (Adirondack tales.)

Mason, Frank L. Notes on some of the iron-bearing rocks of the Adirondack moun-

tains, (See American Geologist, July 1873, Vol. 12, pp. 25-31.)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 433

New York State Assembly. Report of the special committee of the Assembly ap-
pointed to conduct an investigation as to what land should be acquired within the
forest preserve in order to protect the watershed. 8vo, pp. 187. Albany: State
printers, 1897. Transmitted to the legislature Feb. 15, 1897.

New York State Assembly. Report of the committee on public lands and forestry
relative to the investigation of the Adirondack lands and tax sales, pursuant to
resolution of April 27, 1894. 8vo, pp. 13. Albany, 1895. ‘Transmitted to the
legislature Jan. 28, 1895.

New York State—Finance, Senate committee on. Report relative to establishing a.
state park in the Adirondack wilderness. 8vo, pp. 7. Albany, 1890. (Senate
doc. 1890, No. 35.)

New York State—Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. Fisheries, game and forest
law of the state of New York relating to game, fish and wild animals, and to the
forest preserve and Adirondack park. 12mo,pp.144. Albany: Fisheries, Game
and Forest Commission. 1897.

New York State—Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. Map of the Adiron-
dack forest and adjoining territory compiled from the official maps and field notes
on file in the state departments at Albany, N.Y. 172%x146% cm. 1895.
Scale, % inch to the mile.

New York State—Forest Commission. Annual report for 1885-94. 8vo, 9 vols.

Albany, 1886-95. (In 1895 the commission was abolished and a new board—
the New York State Fisheries, Game and Forests, Commissioners of, —was formed,

which see also for its annual reports.)

New York State—Forest Commission. Map of the Adirondack forest and adjoining
territory, compiled from the official maps and field notes on file in the state de-
partments at Albany. Four sections, 75x91 cm., folded, narrow 8vo. 1893.

New York State—Forest Commission. Map of the Adirondack wilderness. “Twenty
sections, 69x69 cm., sq. F. Albany, 1884.

New York State—Forest Commission. Protect the forests; duties of supervisors and
firewardens; laws and rules. 8vo, pp. 22. Albany: Press of Brandow Printing
Co., 1890.

New York State
Adirondack state park. Jan. 1891. 8vo, pp. 42, I map, 1 table. Albany:

Forest Commission. Special report on the establishment of an

Press of Brandow Printing Co., 1891.

New York State—Forestry Commission. Report, Jan. 23, 1885. 8vo, pp. 57, pl.
I map. Albany, 1885. (Assembly doc. 1885, No. 36.)

New York State—Forest Preserve Board. First annual report, 1897, 8vo, pp. 54.

Second annual report, 1898, 8vo, pp. 80. Albany: Brandow Printing Co., 1898-99.
28

434 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

New York State—Geological survey. Communication from the Governor, transmit-
ting several reports relative to the geological survey of the state, 1837-41. 8vo.
5 vols. in 2, pl., maps, tab., and atlas, sq. F. Albany, 1838-41 (?). First report
describes Emmon’s reconnaissance of the east and west portions of the Adiron- '
dacks ; second report chiefly filled with details of St. Lawrence and Essex counties,
also many details about iron mines, and an account of his ascent of Mount Marcy;
third report describes Hamilton, Clinton and Warren counties; fourth report takes
up the iron ores at length, especially those at Lake Henderson. J. F. Kemp,
NE Ye Aicadmor Sci, rans» Violazaipps1o—20:

New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. The Adirondack mountains. Nar.
8vo, pp. 32, folded map. New York, 1893. (Four track series, No. 6.)

Night-hunt in the Adirondacks. (See Broadway, Mar. 1870, Vol. 4, pp. 431-35.)

Norris, Thaddeus. Trout Aen in the Adirondacks. (See his American angler’s
book, 1894, pp. 668-70.)

Northrup, Ansel Judd. Camps and tramps in the Adirondacks. A record of summer
vacations in the wilderness. New edition, 16mo, pp. 302. Syracuse, N. Y.:
Bardeen, 1885. $1.25.

Notes on the maps of the White and Adirondack mountains, with maps. (See Around
the world, July-Aug., 1894, Vol. 1, pp. 151-55.)

The opening of the Adirondacks. 12mo, pp. 82, illus, map. New York: Hurd &
Houghton, 1865.

Osborne, Edward B. Letters from the woods. 1!2mo, pp. 812, por. Poughkeepsie,
New York: privately printed, 1893. Cover title reads: Forest, lake and random
rhymes, and Letters from the woods.

Osgood, J. Picnicing in the Adirondacks. (See Outing, July 1889, Vol. 14, pp.
284-88.)

Peck, Charles H. The black spruce. (See Albany institute. Transactions 1876,
Vol. 8, pp. 283-301.)

Peck, Charles H. Plants of the summit of Mount Marcy. (See New York State—
Adirondack state land survey. Report, 1880, Vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 401-12.)

Possons, Charles Ht. Guide to Lake George, Lake Champlain and Adirondacks, em-
bracing that part of the Adirondack mountains reached by Lake Champlain.
12mo, pp. 243, illus, maps. Glens Falls, N. Y.: C. H. Possons, 1889.

Prime, Samuel Irenzus. Adirondacks. (See his Under the trees, 1874, pp. 92-136.)

Prime, William Cowper. I go a-fishing. 8vo, pp. 365. New York: Harpers, 1873.
$1.00.

Protection of the Adirondack forests. 8vo, pp. 26.

’ FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 435

Redfield, William C. Some account of two visits to the mountains in Essex county,
N. Y., inthe years 1836-37, with a sketch of the northern sources of the Hudson.
8vo, pp. 345-54, illus. 1838 (?). Reprinted in the Family Magazine, pp. 345-54.

Redfield, William C. (See American Journal of Science, April 1838, Vol. 33, pp.

301-23.)

Rice, Arthur F. Camp Saints’ Rest. (See Forest and Stream, Oct. 10, 1896, Vol.
Age pa2 S22)

Rice, Arthur F. Camp Sixteen. (See Forest and Stream, Oct. 24, 1896, Vol. 47,
PP 323.)

Rice, Arthur F. An unsuccessful trip. (See Forest and Stream, Nov. 16, 1895,
NiolASep psc 2im) i

Richards, Thomas Addison, ed. Appleton’s companion hand-book of travel through
the United States and the Canada’s. I12mo, pp. 288, maps. New York, 1860.
The Adirondack mountains—the Saranac Lakes, etc. Pp. 115-16.

Richards, Thomas Addison. A forest story; the Adirondack woods and waters; the
hunting-grounds of the Saranac. (See Harper's Magazine, August and Septem-
ber 1859, pp. 310-23, 454-66.)

Rockwood, Caroline Washburn. An Adirondack romance. 12mo, pp. 181, illus.
New York: New Amsterdam Book Co.

Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad Co. Routes and rates for summer
tours. 8vo, pp. 147, illus. maps. New York, 1886. The sportsmen’s paradise;
the avenues to the wilderness. Pp. 33-53.

Rosecrans, L. Glimpses of the Adirondacks. (See Catholic World, Nov. 1876, Vol.
24, pp. 261-69.)

Royal Commission on forest reservation and national park. Papers and reports upon
forestry, forest schools, forest administration and management in Europe, America
and the British possessions, and upon forests as public parks and sanitary resorts,
collected by A. Kirkwood. 8vo, pp. 278. Toronto: Warwick & Sons, 1893.
The Adirondacks, pp. 220-48.

Royal commission on forest reservation and national park. Report and papers upon
forestry, 1893. 8vo, pp. 278.

Sanger, William Cary. The Adirondack deer law. (See Grinnell, G. B., and Roose-
velt, Theodore, eds. Trail and camp-fire, 1897.)

Saranac exiles, the; a winter’s tale of the Adirondacks, not by W. Shakespeare. 12mo,
pp. 329. Philadelphia: the author’s unpublished edition, 1880.

‘Sargent, Charles Sprague. The Adirondack forests. (See Nation, Dec. 6, 1883.

Vol. 37, pp. 464.)

436 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Sargent, Charles Sprague. The Adirondack park. (See Garden and Forest, April
UO}, WIR, WOL Gye, W7ial)

Sargent, Charles Sprague. The Adirondack reservation. (See Garden and Forest,
March 7, 1304s Vole 7a. pmol)

Sargent, Charles Sprague. The plunder of the Adirondack reservation, (See Garden
and Forest, March 11, 1896, Vol. 9, pp. 6.)

Save the Adirondack forests and the waterways of the state of New York; opinions
of the Press. 8vo, pp. 26. New York: Press of the Chamber of Commerce, 1883.

Sedge grass, pseud. An outing at Camp Ananias. (See Forest and Stream, Sept.
2, 1805. Violas) pase) i

September night in the Adirondack mountains. (See Illustrated American, Vol. 20,

pp. 408-409.)
Seymour, Silas. Adirondack Company’s railroad: report. 8vo, pp. 20, folded map.
1870.

Seymour, Silas. Observations concerning eastern and western railway transport; with
distance tables, from New York and Boston to Chicago: the Adirondack railway
and its relations to through traffic. 8vo, pp. 26. New York, 1885.

Shoemaker, G. E. The Adirondacks as a health resort. (See Medical and Surgical
Reporter, 1886. Vol. 66, pp. 129-32.)

Shooting in the Adirondacks. (See All the Year Round, Sept. 29, 1860, Vol. 3, pp.
585-88.)

Sims, Jephtha Root. Frontiersmen of New York, showing customs of the Indians,

vicissitudes of the pioneer white settlers, with a great variety of romantic and

thrilling stories never before published. 8vo, 2 vols., illus, 1 por. Albany: —

G. C. Riggs, 1882-83.)

Simms, Jephtha Root. Trappers of New York; or, a biography of Nicholas Stoner
and Nathaniel Foster, with anecdotes of other celebrated hunters. 12mo, pp.
280, pl. Albany: Munsell, 1850. $5.00.

Skinner, Winslow W. The relative humidity of the Adirondack region. (See New
York Medical Journal, June 4, 1892, Vol. 55, pp. 631-32.)

Smith, George W. Forest preservation: dangers that threaten the Adirondack pre-
serve. 1I2mo, pp. 2. Mounted clipping from New York Tribune, Jan. 30, 1894.

Smith, H. Perry. The modern babes in the wood; or Summerings in the wilderness
added a guide to the Adirondacks by E. R. Wallace. 12mo, pp. 444, illus.
Hartford, Ct.: Columbian Book Co., 1872. $2.50.

Smock, John C. Iron ores of New York: the Adirondack region. (See New York

state—Museum. Annual report, 1894, Vol. 48, pp. 532-37.)

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 437

Smyth, C. H., Jr. The crystalline limestones and associated rocks of the northwestern
Adirondack region. (See Geological Society of America. Bulletin, 1895, Vol.
6, pp. 279-84.)

Smyth, C. H., Jr. Lake filling in the Adirondack region. (See American Geologist,
Feb. 1893, Vol. 11, pp. 85-90.)

Smyth, C. H., Jr. On Gabbros in the southwestern Adirondack region. (See Ameri-
can Journal of Science, July 1894, Vol. 148, pp. 54-65.)

Spears, John R. Spruce-bark camp in the Adirondacks. (See Chautauquan, Sept.
1890, Vol. 11, pp. 714-717.)

Stephens, W. Hudson, anon. Historical notes of the settlement on No. 4, Brown’s
tract, in Watson, Lewis county, N. Y., with notices of the early settlers. 12mo,
Pa 27a por. Uiticay NEE TSO:

Stevens, George Thomas. The flora of the Adirondacks. 8vo, pp. 18. Albany:
Munsell, 1868.

Stevens, George Thomas. (See Albany Institute. Transactions, 1870, Vol. 6, pp.
67-82.)

Stickler, Joseph William, M.D., ed. Adirondacks as a health resort, showing the ben-
efit to be derived by a sojourn in the wilderness in cases of pulmonary phthisis,
bronchitis, asthma, hay-fever and various nervous affections. 8vo, pp. 198.
New York: Putnam, 1886. $1.00.

Stillman, W. J. The Adirondacks to-day. (See Nation, Aug. 14, 1884, Vol. 39,
pp. 130-31.)

Stillman, William James. The philosopher’s camp: Emerson, Agassiz, Lowell and
others in the Adirondacks. (See Century Magazine, Aug. 1893, Vol. 46, pp.
598-606.) Reprinted in his Old Rome and the new, and other studies.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Adirondacks illustrated. 16mo, pp. 296, illus. map. Glens
Falls, N. Y.: Stoddard; 1896. 50c.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Among the mountains of the Adirondacks; photogravures
from originals. Ob. 8vo, 9 pls. Troy, N. Y.: Nims & Co. $1.50.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Ausable Chasm; photogravures from originals. 24mo, 11 pls.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Blue Mountain Lake; photogravures from originals. 16mo
Tee Ol SselirOvaNee as Nims) ce(Co:e75C.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. The headwaters of the Hudson. (See Outing, Oct. 1885,
Vole7, pp: 58-03.)

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Lake George, a book of to-day. Nar. 12mo, pp. 123, illus.
Albany: Van Benthuysen, 1873. 60c. Including chapters on Saratoga, Luzerne

and Schroon Lake.

438 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Lake Placid; photogravures from originals. 24mo, 15 pls.
roy, Ne Yea Nims, CCommicic:

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Long Lake; photogravures from originals. 16mo, 14 pls.
Troy, Ne Ys Nims ie Conmisic @

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Luzerne and Schroon Lake; photogravures from originals.
Troy, No Yo 2 NimsicaiCon erie

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Map of the Adirondack wilderness. 17th edition. 69%x84
cm. 24mo. New York, 1894.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. North Elba and beyond; photogravures from originals.
JOmoy 15 plssmmbroy, INSOYes INimshear@onn7i5\c:

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Picturesque American resorts. 8vo, unp., pl. Glens Falls,
N. Y.: Stoddard, 1892.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Racquette Lake; photoyravures from originals. Ob. 16mo,
15 pls) DrevgNe Yoo Nimsré& (Commigc: :

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Saranac Lake in winter; photogravures from originals. -Ob.
16mo; 11 plsy ” Proys NE Yiss INimsiégiGona7sic

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Saranac Lakes; photogravures from originals Ob. 24mo,
Tsu olSa) lbroyanINem Wns Nima Saeal Commarisic:

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Through the lake country of the Adirondacks; photograv-
ures from originals. Ob. 8vo, 9 pls. Troy, N. Y.: Nims & Co. $1.50.

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Tupper lake region;: photogravures from originals. Ob.
MONO UA OIC, Icons, IN Woe WWhinms Ce CO, 7/5C,

Stoddard, Seneca Roy. Wild Adirondack lakes; photogravures from originals. Ob.
TOmo,, U5, pls lkroyae Nie vec NimsmGaCOn | 7/5 c:

Street, Alfred Billings. Indian Pass; or, a tramp through the woods. 12mo, pp.
58-201. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1869. $1.50.

Street, Alfred Billings. Lake and mountain; or, Autumn in the Adirondacks. 12mo,
illus. New York, 1870.

Street, Alfred Billings. Woods and waters; or, The Saranac and Racket. 12mo, pp.
345, illus., pl, map. New York: M. Doolady, 1860.

Sylvester, Nathaniel Bartlett. Historical sketches of northern New York and the
Adirondack wilderness ; including traditions of the Indians, early explorers. 8vo,
pp. 216, illus), pommedroy, Ne YeaiWo He Young. s18775 52100:

Taintor, Charles N., anon. Hudson river route, New York to Albany, Saratoga
Springs, Lake George, Lake Champlain, Adirondack mountains and Montreal;
with descriptive sketches. 16mo, pp. 130, illus., pl. map. New York 1869.

Taylor, Frank H. Away down East; or, My unexpected vacation. 4to, pp. 49, illus.
New York. A side trip to Au Sable Chasm, pp. 36-39.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 439

Taylor, Frank H. Birch bark from the Adirondacks; or, From city to trail. Ob.
24mo, pp. 72, illus., folded map. New York: Adirondack Railway Co., 1887.

Thackeray, Emily A. Camps and tramps for women. (See Outing, Aug. 1889, Vol.
14, Pp. 333-42.)

Thomson, Lemon. Address before the Albany Institute on the Adirondack wilder-
ness, March 18, 1884. 8vo, pp. 22. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1884.
Thorpe, T. B. Visit to “ John Brown’s tract.” (See Harper's Magazine, July, 1859,

Vol. 19, pp. 160-78.)

Through the Adirondacks by the ‘“‘ Natural highway.”’ 2d ed. 24mo, pp. 63, illus.,
folded maps. Ogdensburg, N. Y.: W. S. McKean, 1883.

Todd, John, D.D. Long Lake; ed. by Jonathan Brace. 16mo, pp. 100. Pittsfield,
Miaes 2 J8. 1 inile, ws.

Todd, W. S. The Adirondacks; a resort for health and recreation. (See Conn.
Medical Society. Proceedings, 1887, Vol. 3, pp. 87-94.)

Upham, Warren. Glaciation of mountains in New England and New York. (See
Appalachia, May 1889, Vol. 5, pp. 291, 312.) Adirondack mountains, pp. 306-7.

Vanamee, Mrs. Lida Ostrom. An Adirondack idyl. 16mo, pp. 152. New York:
Dillingham, 1893. 75c.

Van Dyke, Henry Jackson, DD. Ampersand. (See Harper’s Magazine, July 1885,
WOlls Wiky j2)0s QW —27e)

Van Dyke, Henry Jackson. (See Van Dyke, H. J. Little rivers, 1895, pp. 59-80.)

Van Santvoord, Seymour. Trout and venison. (See Outing, October 1885, Vol. 7,
pp. 74-82.) |

Vane, Henry. Adirondack days. (See Harper's Magazine, Oct. 1881, Vol. 63, pp.
678-93.)

Wallace, Edwin R. Descriptive guide to the Adirondacks. Rev. and enl. edition,
12mo, illus., maps. Syracuse, N. Y.: Forest Pub. House, 1897. $3.50.

Warner, Charles Dudley. A-hunting of the deer and other essays. 16mo, pp. 85.
Boston: Houghton, 1889, 25c. (Riverside literature series, No. 37.)

Warner, Charles Dudley. The Adirondacks verified. (See Atlantic Monthly, Jan.-
June 1878, Vol. 41, pp. 63-87, 218-22, 343-46, 522-29, 636-46, 755-60.) Six
papers which afterward appeared in his In the wilderness.

Warner, Charles Dudley. A fight with a trout. (See Mayer, A. M. ed. Sport with

gun and rod in American woods and waters, 1885, pp. 827-32.)

' Warner, Charles Dudley. In the wilderness. New ed., enlarged. 16mo. Boston:

Houghton, 1894. $1.00.

440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

Warner, Charles Dudley. A mountain tragedy. (See Stedman, E. C., and Hutchin-
son, E. M., eds. Library of American literature, 1889, Vol. 8, pp. 449-56.)
From his In the wilderness, chapter entitled: A-hunting of deer.

Watson, Winslow Cossoul. A general view and agricultural survey of the county of
Essex, and supplement (See New York State Agricultural Society. Transactions,
1853, Vol. 12, pp. 649-898; Vol. 13, pp. 699-741.)

Watson, Winslow Cossoul. The military and civil history of the county of Essex,
N. Y., and a general survey of its physical geography, its mines and minerals,
embracing an account of the northern wilderness. 8vo, pp. 504, por., pl., map.
Albany, N. Y.: Munsell, 1869.

White, Intry. Economy camp. (See Outing, May 1888, Vol. 12, pp. 168-71.)

White, Theodore Greely. Geology of Essex and Willsboro townships, Essex county,
N. Y. (See New York academy of science. Transactions, May 1894, Vol. 13,
PP. 214-33.)

The Wilderness of Northern New York and the Adirondack Company’s railroad,
showing their importance to the city of Albany and the state at large. 8vo, pp.
21, folded map. Albany: Van Benthuysen, 1870.

Wolcott, W. E. The Walton Club. (See Forest and Stream, May 22, 1897, Vol. 48,
pp. 402-3.)

Worden, George H. Not guilty; or, The farce of Adirondack game protection.
(See Outing, April 1889, Vol. 14, pp. 67-70.)

Worden, George.-H. Over Rag Wheel mountain. (See Outing, Nov. 1889, Vol. 15,
pp. 153-56.)

Worden, George H. Trouting in the North Woods. (See Outing, April, 1891, Vol.

18, pp. 77-79:)
Books Referred To.

Appleton, T. G. Windfalls. 12mo, pp. 364. Boston: Roberts, 1878. Sms O!

Bachelder, J B. Popular resorts and how to reach them. 4th ed. 8vo, pp. 389, illus.
Boston: Bachelder, 1876.

Bryant, W. C., ed. Picturesque America; or, The land we live in; a delineation by
pen and pencil. 4to, 2 vols., illus., pl. New York: Appleton, 1874.

Burroughs, John. Locusts and wild honey. 16mo, pp. 253. Boston: 1891, Hough-
orn, SDA

Burroughs, John. Wake robin. 16mo, pp. 256, illus., 1 pl. Boston: Houghton, 1894.
$1.25.

Butler, B. C. Summer tourist descriptive of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.’s

railroads and their summer resorts; season of 1879. 12mo, pp. 173, illus., map.

FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 4AI

Chittenden, L. E. Personal reminiscences, 1840-1890. 8vo, pp. 434, I por. New
York: Richmond, 1893. $2.00.

Cleveland, Grover. Writings “and speeches. Ed.-by GF. Parker. New York:
Cassells. $2.50.

Curtis, G. W. From the easy chair. Thirdseries. Narrow 16mo, pp. 232, por. New
York: Harpers, 1894. $1.00.

Dawson, George. Pleasures of angling with rod and reel for trout and salmon. 12mo,
pp. 264, illus. New York: Sheldon, 1876.

Emerson, R. W. Complete works. Newed. 12mo, 12 vols., 2 por. Boston: 1891
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Boone and Crockett Club. 8vo, pp. 353, illus. New York: Forest and Stream,
1897. $2.50.

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239, illus. New York: Harpers, 1873. $2.00.

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Metcalf & Co., 1895.

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pp. 291, pl. New York: Scribners. $2.00.

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