¢ we EL, BOZLLIL. Ld, My , Ve a : %, ee y y Zi as < , s Z a < “ ee . +. on « ee "e ALMLESSISTT ALLE os”. FPP meer re rere ee: erttet LAA Aled ppp Sey r ee Vettes AZIDE CL Sareea x 4 -~ . A “ x 7 : . , . ‘ A ofa, Z , - ws AOL 7 . ‘d, > , 2 7 ip. - 4 ; " O y ? / j . Vegi % ¢ o Z * > A, ¥ ‘ ‘ * J y 7, Z - Vie a Miiighy & Aigo hb, a ' NY) ’ 7 hy a4 MEW RPT aN F yes hE Teer ge eae ey cre By aa Met NTN 72 University of the State of New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM FPirtretH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE See NTS 1 8 o.6 VOL. 1 REPORT OF DIRECTOR, BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE FEBRUARY 5, 1897 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1898 University of the State of New York REGENTS YEAR 1874 ANSON) |UDD, UPSON, Ds Di Dl ie Hea: Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 WILLIAM CROSWELL Doane, D. D., LL. D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany 1873, Martin I. Townsenp, M. A., LL. D. ~ — ‘Troy 1877 CHauNncEy M. Depew, LL. D. — an Vettes New York 1677) CHARLES HOR rner Ii y Be aie A ok sie: — Rochester 1877 OrRis H. WarrREN, D. D. — _ — _ Syracuse 1878 WHITELAW REID, LL.D. - - — ~ — New York 1881 WiLtLt1AmM H. Watson, M.A., M. D. = = Utica 1881 Henry E. TuRNER — = ~ = - — Lowville 1883 ST CirarR McKetway, LL.D., L.o.D., DiC. = Broekiva 1885 HamILTON Harris, Ph. D., LL. D. = = — Albany 1885 DANIEL Breacu, Ph. D.) LL. D. - —_ = Watkins 1888 CaRRoLL E. Smita, LL. D. _ - — — Syracuse 1890 Puiny T. Sexton, LL.D. | = _ ~ = Palmyra 1890 T. GUILFORD SMITH, M. A., C. E. = = — Buffalo 1693 LEWIS) Al STIMSON, B.A Moe i= = ae New York 1894 JOHN PALMER, Secretary of State, ex officio 1894 SYLVESTER MALONE — - = = - - Brooklyn 1695) ALBERT VANDER VEER, MoD: PhD.) = ~ Albany 1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER, LL. D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1896 FRANK 5. Buiack, B. A., Governor, ex officio 1896 TimotHy L. Wooprurr, M. A., Lieut.-Governor, ex officio 1897 CHESTER S. Lorp, M. A. — = - - Brooklyn t SECRETARY MELvVIL Dewey, M. A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1890 JAMES RUSSELL ParRsSONS JR, M. A., Axamination department 1888 Metvi, Dewey, M. A., State brary and Extension department 18go0 F: J. H. MERRILL, Ph. D., State museum wrare- or NEw Y ORK No. 48 Poe Se NA De FEBRUARY 5, 1897 FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT = OF THE NEN YOR ST Ales MUSEUM To the Legislature of the State of New York I have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the soth annual report of-the University on the New York State Museum, the reports of the director of the museum, of the geologist and paleonto- logist, of the botanist, and of the entomologist, with appendix. Anson JuDD UPson Chancellor CONTE Nts Report of ‘director s05. 0.0 in se ee Additions to museum collections. 5.232. 23e-. e Appendix A. Geology of crystalline rocks of southeastern New Work ice ovicpe: 2 cri o.oo Beirne ae eee Appendix B. Origins of serpentines in the vicinity of New Worksits 20 oe eo ees Po se 2 eee ee Appendix C. Public geological and mineralogical collections in the United States and-Canada =). .0) 2) seen Index so Ph ye V2 eae te ee Report of ‘state: botanist, 2°. ).25 9.0.3. 025 2a) bee ee ee Plants added to the herbarium ).).\- 2... 742 52 2 ee Contributors and their contributions,..../2)....2) aoe Species of plants not before reported 23.25.52 —-4555-—eeee Remarks and observations ./... 2 ../.-3... (225-7 4. New York species of flammiulas./....'.....:2.. 3 Index to reports) 39248 . .).i.30. oie os = 2 rr Report of state entomologist... 00.002 at er Injuriousumsects?. - 003. 6 eek oe 4 te er Appendix. Notes of some of the insects of the year in the state"of New York: 3.2). 2s Suite ole Ot ie Entomological addresses. io. ap 35. --hs- => a er A’ plea for entomolopical study )..0. 6.6.1. +--+ i ; List of publications of the entomologist. --.:-.-222eauuee Contributors to the department in £896. -..-.. Sener Classified list of insects, etc. noticed in this report ...... Explanation “ofvplates... kel 6 ie. cite eee Drniier "5. 12 PORN TES AD Ie en IR roy Che VOL. 2 Report of state geologist and paleontologist. a i a SS CO __.. 16°]7A11 3 eee BNEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM. Report oF THE Director, 1896. (644 43 ey ! See Un aat ae ie EL ae dad htt ya ety ode ge whit te ( \\ O& H y ? ii é i SAMOLTAN)) Pee PORT ORV HE DIRECTOR. ALBANY, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1896. To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of New York: GENTLEMEN.— I submit herewith my report for the fiscal year just ended. Owing to the reduced condition of the appropriation for the State Museum, the year has been to some extent one of disappoint- ment, inasmuch as the work originally planned could not be carried out; but a marked improvement has been made in the condition of - several of the collections, and with the promise of additional funds for our work, the outlook is more encouraging. The personal work of the Director during the first part of the year, was devoted to the completion of the Bulletin on the Mineral Resources of New York which was distributed last April, and which also appears as an appendix to the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the State Museum, now in press. The remainder of the winter months were occupied In supervising the work on the mineralogical and palaeontological collections and in gathering material for the publications in prepa- ration: These are, a bulletin on “ Road Materials in New York” and a guide to the geological collections of the Museum. On account of the total lack of funds for obtaining new informa- tion, these publications have progressed but slowly, but they will be finished during the coming year. During the past summer, the Director made an examination of the gypsum quarries near Mumford, New York, the sandstone quar- ties at Medina and the salt works at Syracuse; he also attended at Buffalo, the meetings of the National Education Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At the request of the Chairman of the State Museum Committee, the prepa- ration of a catalogue of geological museums in the United States and Canada has been undertaken, and the first draft is herewith communicated. 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Museum assistant, Mr. J. N. Nevius, has kept a diary of his detailed work, and from this record the greater part of the following report is prepared. A large part of the time of the assistant curator during the past fiscal year has been occupied in giving to the collections a more scien- tific arrangement and a more attractive appearance. The principal work has been the rearrangement of the palaeonto- logical collection on the second floor; the collection of nuclei for a synoptical geological collection, and for a collection of birds’ nests with eggs; the determination of specimens (chiefly mineralogical) brought to the Museum for identification; the distribution of loan collections of minerals to institutions under the University; and the installment of several important additions to the collections. The work on the palaeontological collection of New York state occupied all of the winter months. The specimens had been mounted on wooden blocks covered with paper. This had become badly soiled and faded, as had also the labels, which could be read only with great difficulty. The collection had, besides, not kept pace with the progress of this science, in the last few years, so that much of the nomenclature was out of date. ¢ 5) A. supply of terra cotta “ingrain”’ wall-paper was obtained and cut to fit the blocks. The specimens were then removed, a few at a time, and the blocks covered with the new paper; the labels were revised and rewritten, the old name appearing in parenthesis where possible. The authority chiefly used for this work was “ North American Geology and Palaeontology,” by S. A. Miller; referring doubtful cases to the “ Palaeontology of New York.” Several unrecorded figured specimens were found. These were labeled with a green diamond-shaped lozenge, bearing numbers referring to volume, plate, and illustration where figured in the “ Palaeontology of New York.” In returning the specimens to the cases, they were arranged in their natural classes; the lowest class in a geological horizon being placed first, and so upward to the highest form; the genera being arranged alphabetically. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 5 The block bearing each specimen is numbered (under the label), and the same number occurs on both the old and new label. The old labels are stored in the order in which they were removed, and by this system of numbering, can be produced at a moment’s notice. During the year five field excursions were made by Mr. Nevius in the interests of citizens of the state. Mr. W. A. Ray, of Rayville, Columbia county, had a deposit of impure bog-ore (limonite) on his farm, which he wished investigated, as a possible source of mineral paint. He also wanted some traces of limonite investigated. A trip to the locality revealed the fact that bog-ore was being formed from iron derived py alteration of pyrites in the decomposing Hudson River shale in the immediate vicinity. The deposit was neither sufficiently extensive, nor of good quality for use as a pigment. The small deposits of limonite were in the Calciferous-Trenton limestone, and gave no evidence of extensive deposits near at hand. They were but small accumulations of limonite along joints and fractures, and were without doubt derived from alteration of pyrite (or possibly siderite) near by. Other excursions were taken at the request of Dr. E. J. Fisk, of Troy—the object sought being an ore of manganese. Ata quarry in the Hudson River shale opened for road-metal, about two and a half miles west of Watervliet, some fairly good specimens of psilomelane had been found. The ore occurs in small, irregular pockets, rarely affording more than a few pounds of ore to the cubic yard. But the shale being badly fractured, as is usual in this region, gave free access to percolating water, and this agent had left a thin, shiny black film of psilomelane on the rock surfaces along the interstices, wherever it could penetrate, so that to a hasty glance the whole rock- front appeared to be rich in manganese. © The other excursions were beyond the boundaries of the state, but further than the collection of specimens for the museum, nothing of importance was accomplished. During the year five institutions under the State University have been supplied, under the proper authority, with the loan collec- tions of minerals made up from the duplicates of the museum collection. 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The institutions supplied are: I State normal college, Albany 2 Albany female academy 3. White Plains union school 4 Athens union school 5 Naples union school. Four new collections of about one hundred specimens each were prepared, two of which are still on hand. During the winter the storeroom in the basement of State Hall was ceded to the State Engineer and the southeast pavilion on the fifth floor of the Capitol was set apart as a storeroom for museum property. All the duplicate minerals and other property of the museum stored in the basement of the State Hall were removed to this pavilion. The property of the state on the fifth floor of the Capitol, which was returned from the World’s Columbian Exposition, has suffered much from exposure, and required much attention at different times when work on the Capitol necessitated shifting its position. To pre- serve it from frequent moving and from molestation, the Director applied to the Capitol Commissioners for an assignment of space for its preservation. It has, accordingly, been placed in the two cur- tain rooms on the east front and fenced in, and is now protected from violence. The collections of quadrupeds and reptiles have been provided with new and corrected labels, and the specimens have been cleaned. The unattractive arrangement of the quadrupeds and birds is necessitated by the crowded condition of the museum, as these speci- mens must now be placed where they will fit, instead of where the proper classification would place them. This gives them the appear- ance of being in storage, rather than on exhibition to instruct the public. An opportunity being offered by Mr. Charles Miller, jr, of Grand Rapids, Mich., to exchange New York Unionidae for those of Wis~ consin and Michigan, a list was prepared of the duplicates of these shells. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 7 The garnets in the general mineral collection have been studied and the species of each specimen determined and noted on the label. Mr. G. V. Bailey, formerly with Ward’s Natural Science Establish- ment, and later with the Smithsonian Institution, was employed for about ten days in repairing the fossil vertebrates. He repaired some of the plaster casts which had been broken, and put the Ellenville mastodon tusk in good condition, fixing in place many loose frag- ments of the interior and of the enamel. He removed and repaired the right tusk of the Cohoes mastodon and replaced it in its proper position; soaked the dry parts of the skeleton with a thin solution of glue, and coated them with paraffine to exclude the air. His work was highly satisfactory and of great benefit to the specimens. The case of precious and semi-precious stones has been some- what rearranged; the labels revised and rewritten. The collection of shells from Mazatlan, Mexico, presented by P. P. Carpenter, has been cleaned and the broken specimens repaired. In order to better illustrate the composition, gradation from acid to basic series, and other relations, of the Rosenbusch Collection of Massive Rocks, which is exhibited on the second floor for the use of students; a translation has been made of Rosenbusch’s table of massive rocks, and is placed near the collection. This table shows at a glance the essential constituents of the rocks; their gradation into each other; the method of naming the sub-varieties; and the gen-. eral relations of the rocks to each other. The drawers in the cases on the second floor have been numbered consecutively, and a catalogue prepared showing briefly the con~ tents of each. The outer row of table-cases on the second floor contained a series of rocks illustrating the stratigraphic geology of the state, but as this feature is more fully shown in the wall-cases on that floor, it was deemed advisable to use the tables-cases for a new feature. A scheme has been prepared for an “ Introductory ” or “ Synop- tical” geological collection, and the nucleus of the collection has been roughly arranged. This collection purposes to illustrate, as far as possible with the limited space and means at hand, geological § NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM terms and definitions; varieties of rocks; conditions of rock forma- tion; appearance due to formation; and the formation of topography. Specimens, photographs, models, and cross-references to other collections, will be used in illustration. As such an exhibition is a rarity in American museums, and as it would be of great value to teachers having students beginning the study of geology, as well as to intelligent visitors who desire a little insight into this subject, this collection should receive much more time and attention than can be given to it under present conditions. As far as carried out the col- lection has been arranged according to the following preliminary scheme: . I Rock-forming Minerals A Primary minerals which mingle with others to form rock masses B Minerals which form entire rock masses C Common, but accessory minerals D Minerals derived from others by alteration 1 Remaining in situ | 2 ‘Transported to a distance E Vein-forming minerals II Rocks A Classification of rocks 1 Sedimentary rocks 1a Fragmental rocks i Formed by weathering and erosion. In paral- lel series are shown the unconsolidated and the consolidated, as gravel, conglomerate; sand, sandstone; clay, shale, etc. ii Volcanic, fragmental iii Organic fragmental calcareous siliceous carbonaceous ferruginous phosphatic | REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 9 1b Crystalline rocks i Altered sediments ii Chemical precipitates 2 Massive Rocks 2a Acid series (quartz and orthoclase prominent) 2b Intermediate series 2c Basic series , (quartz and orthoclase usually absent. Magnesia- iron silicates and basic feldspars predominant) 3 Schistose rocks (metamorphic rocks) B Rock characteristics 1 Characteristics of stratified rocks 1a Lamination : 1b Jointing | 1c Preservation of foot-prints, mud cracks, etc., in strata 1d Fossils i Animal life formation ) ) of fossils preservation ) ii Vegetable life formation ) ) of fossils preservation ) 2 e Coloring 2 Characteristics of crystalline rocks 2a Micro-crystalline structure 2b Macro-crystalline structure 2c Banded structure 2d Amyedaloidal structure 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 2e Porphyritic structure 2{ Basaltic columns 2g Concentric structure III Decomposition of rocks soil formation When this collection has progressed somewhat further than at present it is proposed to publish a handbook devoted to the subject, to aid the specimens in expressing the illustrations. A synopsis of such a handbook is being carried forward with the additions to the collection. Another collection, new to the museum, that was started during the past year, is that of birds’ nests and eggs. The majority of these were collected by the assistant curator in the vicinity of Albany—the remainder were presented to the museum by Mr. Robert Warwick, of Fleming, N. Y. The nests are mounted on walnut blocks with the natural limb, or tuft of grass, in which the nest rested, placed in its natural position; thus showing the various methods used by the birds in attaching the nests, or in screening them from enemies. The eggs are placed in the nests in the exact position in which they were discovered—though the natural arrangement of the eggs in the nest appears to follow no law. Specimens of the male and female birds are placed by the nest of their own species. All the space that can be allotted to this exhibition is already filled. This is to be regretted, as such an exhibition is far more interesting and instructive than isolated collections of the birds, eggs, and nests, and the lack of space to expand this collection is but another illustra- tion of the great difficulties to contend with in giving the museum an attractive appearance, and a higher educational value. In the appendix to this report will be found a list of this collection, also lists of additions to ornithological and oological collections. One of the smaller oak cases used at the Columbian exhibition was brought from its storage place in the Capitol, put in repair, and used to exhibit the large specimens of green fluorite, from McComb, St. Lawrence county. This specimen was unfortunately broken in transit from Chicago. oS REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR If In June, Mr. Eaton, of Canandaigua, was given permission to take measurements and make models of parts of the Cohoes mastodon skeleton. He desired the information in his work of restoring some bones of a mastodon belonging to Vassar college. To fill a few of the gaps in the general mineralogical collection, a number of specimens were purchased of George L. English, of New York. A list of this purchase appears in the appendix to this report. A valuable addition to the ornithological collection was the pur- chase through Ward’s Natural Science Establishment of a part of the Austin F. Park collection of birds. Most of those purchased are young birds—which are almost unrepresented in the museum. They were mounted by Ward in the form adopted by the museum, and have been installed in the cases with the old birds of the same species. A list of this purchase appears in the appendix to this report. | 2 . A few more specimens of New York state petroleum from the Columbian exhibition were found in the Capitol, and installed with the other specimens on the third floor. A list of the petroleum col- lection appears in the appendix to this report. The wall-cases on the second floor containing the stratigraphic geological collection have been cleaned and the specimens put in somewhat more attractive form. This collection needs further attention, to fill gaps and replace inferior specimens. Many specimens, chiefly geological or mineralogical, have been identified for visitors—and questions concerning them answered. The need of a proper handbook of the museum, to explain the col- lections and give a brief sketch of each of the sciences represented, is keenly felt, and will soon be met. Such a pamphlet will add immeasurably to the educational value of the museum, and, being _ carried home by visitors, will keep up their interest in science and tend to educate their powers of observation. For the ensuing year the following improvements suggest them- selves as being worthy of early attention: | 1 The completion of the synoptical geological collection. 2 The advancement of the economic geological collection of the state. (This invaluable addition was started long ago and work suspended on account of lack of funds to gather material.) 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 3 New cases and an entire rearrangement in the mineralogical . department; in order to gain the necessary room to exhibit the excel- lent collection belonging to the museum—and to make room for future growth. 4 New labels for the minerals. A label with no printing except species and variety name, having blank lines for addition of locality, etc., is contemplated. 5 Arearrangement of the New York state stratigraphic geological collections, and a new set of labels for them. ! 6 The rearrangement of the collection of ophidia now in the museum. In addition to this administrative report, the Director communi- cates herewith two scientific papers, which form an appendix to it. These articles are respectively, The Geology of the Crystalline Rocks of Southeastern New York, and The Origin of the Serpentines in the Vicinity of New York City, by F. J. H. Merrill. A preliminary list of geological museums in the United States and Canada is also printed. RECORD OF ATTENDANCE AT THE MUSEUM. From October 1, 1895, to September 30, 1896, total attend- EVO Cee OMIM ON Sich Cama cts site) Aiea Aaa ems Nala «ese iehe' 8 9 a ee Greatest monthly maximum, August.............. esate: 2 6,268 Greatest daily maximum, September 9............. Pease 4 683 Additions to the Museum Collections Ornithology A COLLECTION OF BrrRDS’ NEsTS AND EGGS DONATED BY ROBERT WARWICK al COMMON NAME Scientific name 33 Locality 7, o Hermit thrush ....-----. Turdus aonalaschkae paillasii, Cai cere e oe niger aoe 3 | Fleming, Caynga county Red-winged blackbird..| Agelaius phoeniceus, L-.......- 4 | Fleming, Cayuga county Long-billed marsh wren.| Cistothorus palustris, Wils....| 6 | Fleming, Cayuga eounty Rose-breasted grosbeak.| Habia ludoviciana, L.....--.. 4 | Fleming, Cayuga county Yellow warbler.........| Dendroica aestiva, Gmel..-.... 5 | Fleming, Cayuga county REPORT CF THE DIRECTOR EGGS 13 DONATED BY ROBERT WARWICK (continued) COMMON NAME Scientific name } 80 Locality Ao Vesper sparrow .....---- Poocaetes gramineus, Gmel...-| 4 | Fleming, Cayuga CO. Field OS nae Rea aya Spizella pusilla, Wils.......-.-- 4 | Fleming, Cayuga co. Song BN Sie ea ey Melospiza fasciata, Gmel..-.-- 4 | Fleming, Cayuga CO. COLLECTED BY J. N. NEVIUS Chipping sie Tees too. Spizella socialis, Wils.-.-....--. 3 | Glenmont, Alb.co. Gatbird soos este ke. aS, Galeoscoptes carolinensis, L..--| 5 | Kenwood, Alb. co, Long-billed marsh wren.| Cistothorus palustris, Wils.--.| 6 | Newark Meadows, Nog. Rose-breasted grosbeak.| Habia ludoviciana, L......-.-.. 1 | South Orange, N. J. Swamp-sparrow ..-.-.-- Melospiza georgiana, Lath..-... 4 | Bethlehem, Alb. co. Indigo bunting. ........ Passerina cyanea, L........... 4 | Kenwood, Alb. co. Chipping sparrow...... Spizella socialis, Wils. ....-..-- 3 | Glenmont, Albany ‘ county Song sparrow .....-.--. Melospiza fasciata, Gmel....-- 3 | Kenwood, Albany county Baltimore oriole.....-.. Ieterus galbula, L....-.-..---- ..-| Kenwood, Albany a county Black-billed cuckoo....| Coecyzus erythrophthalmus,| 2 | Kenwood, Albany NWSE oS. Sete ei ean cae a. county Swamp sparrow....-.-. Melospiza georgiana, Lath. ..-- 5 | Albany Wood thrush..2..:....- Turdus mustelinus, Gmel .-... -- 3 | Normansville, Al- bany county Wood+thrush. -:-2.-..-. Turdus mustelinus, Gmel..---. 4 | Normansville, Al- bany county Bobolink: y2se obs oo) vi to. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, L.--.--. 4 | Albany Cuboardy Mocs Vikas Guleoscoptes carolinensis, L...| 4 | Kenwood, Albany ; county Red-eyed vireo......-.-- Vireo olivaceus, L....-...---: 4 | Kenwood, Albany county Red-eyed vireo......... Vireo olivaceus, L........----- | 3 | Kenwood, Albany county Covwbirds so. 0.8. oh. sek Molothrus ater, Bodd. (Innest| 2 | Kenwood, Albany of Red-eyed vireo.) county PHOeHOs oa. . kos. foes Sayornis phoebe, Lath....---. *5 | Castleton, Rens- . selaer county 1 300012] 0 oe ee ae Sayornis phoebe, Lath.....--. 5 | Ithaca, (1894) Acadian flycatcher .....| Empidonax acadicus, Gmel--..-.| 5 | Bethlehem, Al- | bany county Scarlet tanager......--. Piranga erythromelas, Veiil....| 2 | Orange, N. J. Indigo bunting-........ Passerina cyanea, L..-......-.. 3 | Kenwood, Albany : county t Indigo bunting........ Passerina cyanea, L.......--..| 3 | Kenwood, Albany couuty Oven-bird 203 te occ. Seiurus aurocapillus, L....--. 4 | Bethlehem, Al- bany county t Yellow-throated vireo.| Vireo flavifrons, Vieill......... 1 | Kenwood, Albany county * Eggs broken. t Contained cow bird’s eggs. i4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM BIRDS DONATED BY A. J. MCHARG Ellie No. of ‘ COMMON NAME | Scientific name ahacineie Sex | Locality Barred owl..---- | Syrnium nebulosum, Pors.|1 | g | N. Scotland By PURCHASE Red-tailed hawk.| Buteo borealis, Gmel.....- 1 young 2 | Greenbush Short-eared owl.| Asio accipitrinus, Pall ..... 1 & N. Albany Saw-whet owl...| Nyctala acadica, Gmel...../1 2 | EH. Albany Hermit thrush..| Turdus aonalaschkae pal- ‘ lasii@ab ete loc Ninos 2 6 & 2] Green Island By PURCHASE FROM THE AUSTIN F. PaRK COLLECTION Kumlien’s gull ..| Larus kumlieni, Brews. ---. (1 | @ {Green Island Leach’s petrel.-.| Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Vie|l 2 Lansingb’g Ruddy duck..... Erismatura rubida, Wils.--j1 — 3 Rens. co. Corn crake...--. Crexicrex, (iw es Oe sames 1 2 Cohoes Swallow-tailed FLO. orci ets Elanoides forficatus, L..-... 1 g Pittston, 4 Rens. Co. Iceland gull ....| Larus leucopterus, Faber ..|1 young e Lansing’bg Double-crested cormorant ....| Phalacrocorax dilophus, Sw. Senive hye ce eee ee ene 1 re) Troy Barrow’s golden CYC icce Aaee Glaucionetta islandica, Gm.|1 & | Green Island American Spar- row-hawk ...| Falco sparverius, L.---.--.. 2 young a ee Red-shouldered AWK soe eee ce Buteo lineatus, Gmel ...--. 2 young e Ronanew Marsh hawk ..-.-| Circus budsonius, L ...-.... 1 young 3 rs Sharp-shinned . hawk sie. Accipiter velox, Wils ..---.. Ce Net a a ‘ ce Cooper’s hawk... “6 cooperi, Bonap. .. } ; A . 7 . ée Green Heron....| Ardea virescens, L......... fi Ae : Green Island Least Bittern ._..| Botaurus exilis, Gmel.----. 1 young | 3 “ COLLECTED BY J. N. NEVIUS Ruby-throated|— | humming bird.| Trochilus colubris, L.....-.. 1 3 Kenwood. Indigo bunting..| Passerina cyanea, L ....-... 1 3 she Yellow-bellied flyeatcher..... Empidonax flaviventris, Baird. 6 oe. sc een cnn 1 3 4 White-breasted ’ nuthatch .....| Sitta carolinensis, Lath..-./1 fe) * Maryland yellow throat ........| Geothlypis trichas L.......|1 3 bp Canadianwarbler| Sylvania canadensis L...-.. i! 2 “ Bay-breasted warbler ....... Dendroica castanea, Wils..|1 3 ee REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 15 Mineralogy By DONATION. Quartz Crystal (1) from Theresa, Jef. co., N. Y., presented by J. L. Davison, 55 Waterman st., Lockport. Bindheimite & Limonite (1) from Arabia Mine, Lovelock, Humbolt co., Nevada, presented by John Bridgford, of Albany. Magnetite, from Hawley, Franklin co., Mass., presented by W. S. Snyder, of Green Island. In sharply defined, perfect crystals 1-12 inch. Occur disseminated through a disin- tegrating rock and were collected by “ panning.” Magnetite (2) from Shaftsbury, Bennington co., Vt., presented by W.S. Snyder. Has a strongly marked schistose structure and flattened grains. Associated with quartz and epidote. Carborundum (artificial). Several specimens donated on request by the Carborundum Company, of Niagara Falls. Graphite (3) from Oneida county, N. Y., presented by W. S. Wright, of Syracuse. Occurring in slightly altered Hudson River shale. Hornstone (2) from Amsterdam, N. Y., presented by John Hegeman, of Amsterdain. Psilomelane (var. harzmanganite, Brush) (1) from Mass., presented by W.S. Snyder, of Green Island. Psilomelane (1) from Shaftsbury, Bennington co., Vt., presented by W. S. Snyder, of Green Island. Psilomelane (5)} from South Wallingford, Rutland co., Vt., pre- ‘Kaolin (3) j sented by G. W. Bradley, Manchester Depot, Vt. Psilomelane (1) from Cleveland, Oswego co., N. Y., presented by C. S. Laraway, of Cleveland, for determination. Garnet (var. almandite) (2) from N. Carolina, presented by W. W. Jeffries, of Philadelphia. | —— 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM By EXcHANGE. Opalized Wood (2), Grass Valley, Nevada co., Cal., and Rubellite in Lepidolite (2), San Diego co., Cal. Received from Field Columbian Museum in exchange for Triplite from Stoneham, Maine. By PuRCHASE FROM GEORGE L. ENGLISH. Manganite (1), Negaunee, Mich. Gothite (1), Negaunee, Mich. Turgite (1), Salisbury, Conn. Olivine (2), near Webster, N. C. Insect in Amber (2), Baltic Sea Amber (1), Baltic Sea Thaumasite (1), Burger’s Quarry, West Paterson, N. J. Diabantite (1), Burger’s Quarry, West Paterson, N. J. Sal-ammoniac (1), Vesuvius, Italy Copalite (1), East Indies Muscovite (1), near Henry, Lincoln co., N.C. Clinochlore (1), Tilly Foster Mine, near Brewster, N. Y. Orpiment (1), Mecur Mine, Mecur, Utah Cuprite, var. Chalcotrichite (1), Morenci, Ariz. Cyanite, var. Rhaetizite (1), Pfitch, Tyrol Lorandite & Realgar (1), Allchar, Macedonia Cronstedtite (1), Cornwall, England Epsomite (1), Villa Rubia, Spain Crocidolite (loose fibres) (1), Cochabamba, Bolivia Crocidolite (1), Griqua Land, South Africa Pyrite (altered) (1), Pelican Point, Utah Lake, Utah Leucite (1), Monte Somma, Vesuvius, Italy Leucite (1), Albana, near Rome, Italy Leucite in lava (1), Albana, near Rome, Italy Chalk (1), Dover Cliffs, England Polybasite (4), Two Sisters’ Mine, near Lawson, Colo. Blue Spinel (2), Island of Ceylon Natron (1), Lake Texcoco, Mexico Rhodocrocite (1), John Reed Mine, Alicante, Lake Co., Colo. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 17 By CoOLLeEcTION. Pyrolusite, psilomelane, magnetite: Several specimens of these min- erals with associated rocks were collected in three trips, on request of Dr. E. f Fisk, of Troy, who was investigating some manganese deposits in this region. First excursion, three miles west of Watervliet, Albany co., N.Y. Second; two miles south of North Bennington, Vt. Third; Charlemont, Franklin co., Mass. Psilomelane, pyrolusite & limonite: A series of these minerals con- taining varying percentages of each were collected by J. N. Nevius at the South Wallingford, Vt., Manganese mines, on the request of Dr. E. J. Fisk, of Troy. Quartz, agate & calcite, amygdaloid, in Triassic diabase. Collected by J. N. Nevius, at Upper Montclair, N. J. Geology COLLECTED BY HEINRICH RIEs. Sand from cut south of Spring Hill Grove, S. I. Cross bedded sand, north of Hastings, S. I. Hudson River sandstone, from drift on west shore of Great Neck, 1 ee Fossils in concretion, west shore of Great Neck, L. I. Yonkers Gneiss (2), Westchester county Sand from cut on Elm Point, Great Neck, L. I., showing faulting and crumpling. Impare Siderite, (Cretaceous) Elm Point, Great Neck, L. I. CoLLeEcTeD By J. N. NEvIus. River sand, from Hudson River, Albany River silt, from Hudson River, Albany Anthracitic slate, Rayville, Columbia co., N. Y. Siliceous limestone, South Wallingford, Vt. Newark sandstone, Upper Montclair, N. J. Hudson River shale, Normansville, Albany co., N. Y, 2 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Shells in mud, Hudson River, Albany Leaves in mud, Hudson River, Albany Diabase concretion, Upper Montclair, N. J. Hudson River shale (decomposing), and soil formed from its disin- tegration, Watervliet, N. Y. Alluvium, Hudson River, Castleton, N. Y. Residual soil formed by disintegration of a quartz magnetite rock, Charlemont, Mass. Marble, South Wallingford, Vt. (A fresh specimen, one undergoing disintegration, and one of the soil resulting from its decom- position.) DONATED BY F’. W. WESTERMAN. Clay (4), from Elm Point, Great Neck, L. I. Lignite & Pyrite, from Far Rockaway, L. I., 409 feet below the surface. | By PURCHASE FROM J. A. SINGLEY. The following set of duplicates of a collection of Upper Miocene fossils from the Galveston Deep Well, Galveston, Texas. *These are unique as being the only marine Miocene fossils known from the Gulf slope west of Mississippi. * See Am. Jour. Sci III Vol 46 pp 39-42. 4th Ann. Rept. Geol Suryey of Texas pp 87-95. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 19 ——— et No.| No. Specs. NAME Authority 112 | 4 valves..| Eriphyla galvestonemsis.........--------- ---+---- Harris 10 | 6 valves..| Cardium galvestonense .....--.----..------------ Harris 103 | 3 valves-.-| Strivilla galvestonensis. .....-...----..-----.----- Harris 104 | 3 valves..! Rangia quadricentennialis. .......---...-.-..----- Harris 107 | 5 valves..| Rangia cuneata, var. galvestonensis ...-..---.---- Harris 108 | 10 valves..| Mactra quadricentennialis..........--...----.---- Harris 109 | 14 valves..} Arca transversa, var. busana.....-.--..-----.---- Harris 110 |} 1 spec---.| Cylichnella bidentata, var. galvestonensis .....--.| Harris 114 | 1 spec...-.} Scala galvestonensis ...---.--.--.----..---------- Harris 115 | 10 specs...) Pyramidella galvestonensis. ....-.......---.------ Harris ie eas peCea sis MOS) Sal VESLONGNSIS. « «alam = a= alam cea mein ole = oe Harris P25. |) Sespecsacs| Nassa: ohivi@al Vesta... 222-220 Ver awnj.c selena a= Harris 129'| 9 spec.-..| Nassa galvestonensis. :......----. 2-22. 2---5---e- Harrig Toy! Sespecs---|) lerebra Palvestonensis -—..-- <2. 2-5 --\-<--jea5-2- Harris 132 | 5 spee....| Strombina gibberula, var. galvestonensis........-. Harris 133 | i’spec...:| Drillia quadricentennialis..-.....-.-..----..---2- Harris hos aespee.---| Olivella SUptexaMa.-o-s.5 s-s5c- sae cessenw ce cele e- Harris 122) /iA0tspec_--- | Olivella salvestonemsis:...--% ..522- co--+ sens <= Harris 134 | 2 spec....| Cithara galvestonensis.....-....-....---.-------- Harris 135 | 6 spec....| Bittium galvestonense ........-.-------+- --2--<:- Harris Aon eeSOOCe =| CeLllnium: PalyesLOnense la... ssc... ces ==" Harris 143 | 4 spec.-..| Cerithium galvestonense, sp. “‘A” .........--.-.-- Harris 145 | 3 spec....| Cerithium galvestonense, sp. ‘‘B” .........-..--- Harris 146 | 4 spec....| Cerithium galvestonense, sp. ‘‘Y” ....--..-..---- Harris ei eo pee. =| Lele ber lame uomi yn ioe. erwicic ate cine aaiiealee ia cares Dall. Hae eeepec-- = 1 LF leurovomal a1O1das- 222-2.) cans mesm ecces oo ss Perry SO EOws Dee — se N@biCa CANTeN i: sobs ccc ls cee och wens only hea ad oe Lam. IZpU eco spece.a= | Naticaremmuloldes. 2s. 52. sca. satin s cocices thee oone Gabb. Hot Worse same NatlCa, dt pliCa ta. 2be = wise on nei etnies aimictn Sis Say fos elespec-...). Cancellaniarepiculutaccss sto 5c< asmeeeeee -aem sek Linn. 160) )\-14 specs2_- |}; Dentalium quadrangulare-. --.. 5-2... --- aeons. Sby. fot lbrspee..-.) Dentalium tetrawommm. .-.oc. .2 5... . JLo. -2- see OD. IG2Z5\cO.apeeos..| Crucibulim aurieulum.(?).2.-scesssetentee tbo: Gmel. NGO Wieo Valyes=-| Gemma | PURPULGA. =. ges scet. ass soca a tene wiciee Lea G4 | 4 valves:.| Leda’ comeentrica, var. (2)... 22.3 252-2. eens coe Say 1665), -oovalves=./|) Dretssensiatsp: (PH)... coe cle ens eater tn bnic cto m ee ws Gi | 20 valves. 5|ucinia \CKenUlata coed los Gon tke cia cmb ences Con 16S. |. 4.valves- 2h Lucinacdentatas. 22s .02= bose sick Sees te bs esos. Wood i695 (0) 5 valves. | Corpula: swiktiana) (2) > os6.-.<4--s 5 eseeeos occ eoe~ Sby. iO eo vialves ch Cormuila spe (h)scesnccc deb cece Secci sucisct sec wieeieeee sea Wal vesc|- ATCA, MCONOMNA 2.0 waceicetsnciccs soopecinstete seeces Say iaaie-valwvess.| Mactralateraligic.2s2oc2 0.24 costed) acess. Say £755) 6 specs. -.|-Conus' punticulatus, var. (7) 2< <0 cesacce--oemieo- Hwass HOU Pe lOVapecs |) Lerebra: dislocate... 24..0c. se usc ee seek acne 5 Coes Say IS oispecs's.- Oliva retiewlarisrs. 2. soe.6-- 0 Gaus a eacceocemaee Lam. Mon enspecs- | \Coenanmiaibellacac. tu. cecaces co2s base's ne ase a oeee Con. MIG e2O> valyves7-)|; balanug sp. (9 )i2hook. wcaek sew ooes cos Secle fc ad . Number of species 47. Species new to science 25. Identified by Gilbert D. arris. 710) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Exhibit of New York State Petroleum Part of the State Mineral Exhibit at the World’s Fair LOCALITY OF WELL Owner i Lot Alma, Allegany county ......-----.----- MeDonaldc. i527 scenes | 28. a as EVA K Are etches kietala ter wrenetniete Davis & Torrey. -W- 222 Saeco 55 at ae CENT AN IG aaa te eae ele RAM On Docc tec aes eee 123 Ke ae Oro A Sag SNe Shei wheat ore che eee Pare ria ema nc eeat 2, cue ye ee 123 Bolivar, ‘‘ OE eye te ed a as a [ene ea ace 13: 66 (6 St Faas eearaegs GaGa Ub Feil May ears Rien | ash RUA Ch a di aD eG dil MAR Siti at lo. 13 é6 66 Lt MEP SIRO RMA TER Ue MAW Peeps Mad LAO ae RUDE Rs emo os OMe Biel eke Mg a ae 14 Hy i He CMe rs ajace rea eae Allen & Sternberg ..-....-.-- 15 (13 66 GG re itak Bee Ns Ea LISS PON utes Sta Ny DECEIT pe ee UA Agee hal gt 16. 66 é¢ ESR NEE Male aaa Ati) MAE ROR eria ah geen aN ee lan Uneasy cI NR cage ee 93 66 66 GG Eee eit hel Ped oe es Bee 2 | be oa Oa yc OO Baidhcie BS) aatang ny ce 64 Church Farm, Allegany county oe ee che Sel ads wo Siae e\tais yaaa mela a mice «err! Clarksville, an ies dunia ee'|, neice wise ee eral cantare pe ogee eterno 25 66 Sra AUN hy nema PAD aC a Sul Haku nS WER EP bee ei eA aAl 20: Genesee, sy a ehh eae ed A ON Bee 3h “eR Nob a ahs las 18 66 66 CL aA A Sia RAb ee oo uae dpeeh eed aNd WENN NTA shes A 99 Scio, nS sale eM Da HRD se SE ati CRAIG CANN AR Se ye 3) ae vy a eee Bere ee Die NETS ee et eee § 66 66 CTE 8h shea et ate 66 C Soi Ram eR Rel Mbt PANN Dy ibe 8 es a Cena ieee vaca Norton Sescpooseee neces pee 52 66 66 COR oot na en Agee GON Tari OR At PTs WL AO 52 State Line, Cattaraugus county eS SSS a leels Ste Bale aie oo cee Cia le eee rr Four Mile, AS in RCE) Sal I Ecoles Sinise: Poe cease h oe eee 3 Allegany, a Mie tee Oe 8 a Union: Om'Co oc. cee eee 3 al 66 66 ET AU MORN A BL) NUMER are ATC teen cea pa i 3 od es Pitre Oe eastonra eaubenthal 2.2 cache. eee 10 Carrollton, Town, Cattaraugus county .s.| 0. ---. --2. 22... --525- se =e eee eee Greenwood, Steuben county .......----. We'd. Penny 22 co's 6 ke 6é G6 ary teh West Aa ae Eee 66 ec CCL UN LF Se 30 Very respectfully submitted, F. J. HH. MERRILG, Director. APPENDIX A oh GE GrOGN Oh TEE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF SOUTHEASTERN NEW YORK. This paper contains a synopsis of the results of an investigation begun in 1883 and carried on at personal expense till 1890, from which time till 1893, small sums were afforded from the funds of the New York State Museum for continuing the field work. In 1895, there being no museum funds available for this purpose, the Director of the United States Geological Survey contributed $200 for com: pleting the Precambrian and Palaeozoic geology of the Harlem sheet of the United States topographic atlas, embracing the region about New York city. A copy of this Geologic map and of the descriptive text were furnished to Director Walcott and will be incorporated in the New York Folio which is soon to be published. The preliminary results of the general investigation were pub- lished in the American Journal of Science, series 3, vol. XX XIX, p. 389. The geologic mapping of the whole area east of the Hudson in New York was published in the Economic and Geologic map of New York, by F. J. H. Merrill, and in the Preliminary Geological Map of New York*, compiled and published by W. J. McGee, under ‘the direction of James Hall, State Geologist. The geology of Westchester county is also shown on a scale of four miles to the inch, in the Geologic Map of a Part of Southeastern New York, by F. J. H. Merrill, published in Bulletin No. 15, of the New York State Museum, which also forms part of the 48th annual report of the New York State Museum. This bulletin also contains the Economic and Geologic Map. In completing the work for the Harlem sheet of the New York folio the writer had an opportunity to review the ground in com- Bi pirate n eo OO ae nl eam peceiat pds otiepndeuceinet aad Vial vit /ebo anagem Hat -revised before engraving, so that it differs slightly from the map of Southeastern New York -which contains the results of additional field work. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pany with Prof. C. R. Van Hise and secure his criticism and ap- proval of the principal points discussed. With the permission of the Director of the United States Geo- logical Survey, the data obtained under his auspices in the field work of completing the Harlem sheet are herewith incorporated. THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF SOUTHE AS iii NEW YORK. The crystalline rocks of southeastern New York lie on the east of the Hudson River, in New York, Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess counties, from whence they extend into Connecticut; and on the west of the river, in Orange and Rockland counties, whence they extend southwesterly into New Jersey. The lowest member is a coarse hornblende granite which forms the central mass of the range of mountains known as the Highlands of the Hudson, and, in their highest peak, Breakneck Mountain, is exposed through a ver- tical height of nearly 1,200 feet. (PI. J.) With these greater masses of hornblende granite, are associated other local masses of granite comparatively free from hornblende, which are extensively used for building stone. (Pl. Il.) These granites are probably igneous and of great age, and on their flanks are branded gneisses consisting chiefly of quartz and orthoclase with biotite and horn- blende, containing numerous beds of magnetic iron-ore. The gneisses on the south side of the Highlands (Pl. III) extend through Westchester county in a series of folds with south- _ westerly trend, and on the northern slope of the Highlands at several places in Dutchess county, are overlain unconformably by Palaeozoic basal quartzites, which are believed to be of Cambrian age and are bordered by Ordovician limestone and slate or schist. Some of the principal valleys of Putnam county. contain belts of limestone asso- ciated with quartzite and mica schist, which are probably to be cor-: related with similar rocks hereafter described as altered palacozoic strata. From the relation of the quartzite, limestone and schist of West- chester county to the underlying gneiss, which is precisely similar to that of the Palaeozoic strata in southern Dutchess county and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 23 Putnam county to the subjacent gneiss, and from the nearly complete stratigraphic continuity, it is inferred that the crystalline limestone of Westchester county is equivalent to that of southeastern Dutchess county, the age of which has been satisfactorily established by the work of Dwight, Dana, and others to be Calciferous-Trenton, and the schist and micaceous gneiss overlying the limestone by like analogy is considered to be of Hudson river age. Besides the older granites just mentioned, there are in West- chester and New York counties many later eruptive rocks of con- siderable areal importance. Prominent among them is a red granite consisting chiefly of quartz, orthoclase and biotite which is injected into and through the gneiss at many points, and at Sing Sing, through the overlying limestone. In Yonkers township is a large area of reddish granite quite gneissoid in texture, which is intrusive in the Fordham gneiss. The mica schist has been specially subject to igneous intrusions. Within its areas occur the Cortland series of diorites and norites described by J. D. Dana* and Geo. H. Williams,} the Harrison diorite described in detail by H. Ries,t the serpentines which are altered eruptives and certain gray granites which occur in domes, bosses and lenses in the southernmost part of Westchester county. Near the shores of Long Island Sound the Manhattan schist is everywhere injected with bands, lenses and dykes of pegmatite, granite, amphibolite and pyroxenite. All the stratified crystalline rocks above described, with the pos- sible exception of the Fordham gneiss, were originally sediments laid down in horizontal strata, the quartzite representing a beach deposit, the limestone, a deposit in water unaffected by wash from the land and probably of warmer temperature, and the schist a deposit of sandy mud in shoaler water. These three rocks form a reliable record of a period of subsidence of-the land and transgression of the sea with subsequent recession and emergence. *Am. Jour. Sci. III, Vol. xxii 1881 pp. 103-110, tT oe ae ‘© XXxi 1886 pp. 26-41. XXxiii 1887 pp. 135-144; 191-199. ¢ Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. xiv., 1895 pp. 80-86. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM At a time or at times not accurately determined, but which prob- ably began not later than the Upper Silurian, and may have contin- ued at intervals to the end of the Palaeozoic, these horizontal strata by lateral pressure were thrown into parallel folds throughout a broad belt of country having a general northeasterly trend and with the Palaeozoic beds, the underlying rocks of greater age were also folded. As the cross sections show, the folds are closely compressed and in many cases are overthrown to the eastward and westward, so that frequently the rocks on both sides of the fold dip in the same direction. Associated with the longitudinal folding of these rocks was a transverse folding, the general result of which was elevation at the northward, so that the parallel ridges with their intervening valleys asa rule, pitch or slope very gently to the southwest. There are local variations from this general condition and some of the folds have locally a northward pitch, but the general condition may be noticed in the western ridges of Fordham gneiss which in the town of Yonkers attain a height of 300 feet, and on Manhattan Island pase below the sea level and do not reappear. As already stated these rocks may be classified in the following manner: CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. Ordovician: I Manhattan schist, containing garnet fibrolite, kyanite and staurolite. 2 Inwood limestone, crystalline dolomite, containing diopside and tremolite. Cambrian: Lowerre quartzite { Algonkian? Fordham gneiss { Rey, ( Gneisses l Rid Granites For detailed examination of these formations, it has been neces- brian. & ts] O- © Ra sary to depend largely on the exposures along the east shore of the Hudson river. and those in southern Westchester county and on New York Island. In central, eastern and northern Westchester county, the quaternary deposits of stratified and unstratified drift REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 25 are so thick and extensive that the outcrops are few. The locali- ties discussed are therefore chiefly confined to the vicinity of New York city. | | ” The stratified crystalline rocks within theareaunderconsideration which is south of the 41° parallel belong to two principal divisions, the Precambrian and the Paleozoic. Of the Precambrian only one member can be recognized, which has been called the Fordham gneiss. Of the Palaeozoic there are two persistent mem-_ bers, the Inwood limestone and Manhattan schist, and a third of local and slight development, the Lowerre quartzite, which underlies the limestone. PRECAMBRIAN. FORDHAM GNEISS. The Fordham gneiss, named from the former town of that name, within which it is well exposed, is a gray banded gneiss varying much in the composition of its bands or layers, which, as a rule, are quite thin, rarely exceeding two inches in thickness. Some of these are highly quartzose (PI. IV.), some are largely composed of biotite and some consist of pegmatite or granite which has been injected parallel to the regular banding of the gneiss. Hornblende is an occasional constituent of this rock but, though highly persistent in some bands, does not occur over large areas of country. Garnet is present rarely in but small quantity. , As the schistosity of the Fordham gneiss has usually a very steep dip the exposures of this rock chiefly show cross sections of the banding. It is difficult to give this rock formation a systematic name which exactly indicates its age. If it is of sedimentary origin it may be cailed Algonkian, but it can only certainly be said that it is Precam- brian. The Fordham gneiss forms the high anticlinal ridge which borders the New York shore of the Hudson River from Yonkers southward to Spuyten Duyvil and also that on the west side of the Bronx valley. The former ridge terminates on the south at Spuyten Duyvil and does not reappear on Manhattan Island. The latter is bifurcated at 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the southern end and the western fork interrupted by a cross fold at the Harlem River, ends on Manhattan Island in the low ridge which borders Seventh avenue on the west at One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street, and disappears by pitching below the general surface level about half a mile southward. The eastern fork which, owing to the same cross fold, disappears beneath the limestone in Morrisania, reappears near the Bronx Kills in Mott Haven, where it forms a low anticlinal ridge interrupted by the Kills and represented on Manhat- tan Island by a few outcrops below high water mark at the foot of East 123rd and 125th streets which are now obliterated. Some nar- row anticlinal ridges of Fordham gneiss are seen on the islands in the East River, notably Blackwell's, Ward’s, N. Brother’s and S. Brother’s, and it is the only stratified crystalline rock at present exposed on Long Island, where it may be seen near the court house in Long Island City and at intervals on or near the shore of the East River from Ravenswood to Lawrence’s Point. PALAEOZ OIG. At the base of the metamorphosed Palaeozoic limestone and over- lying the Fordham gneiss is a stratum of thinly bedded quartzite. This deposit occurs in southern Westchester county near Lowerre station in Yonkers at the Hastings marble quarry and about one- quarter mile south of Sparta on the shore of the Hudson River. Itis well shown north of Peekskill along the east shore of Annsville Cove and in the valley of Peekskill Hollow Creek near Oregon. It does not exceed sixteen feet in thickness at Hastings. From the name of the southern locality this is called the Lowerre quartzite. Its age is probably Cambrian and possibly Georgian. INWOOD LIMESTONE. This is one of the most prominent formations of the region mapped and is a coarsely crystalline dolomite, distinctly bedded and contain- ing at many localities the lime-magnesia silicates, diopside and tremo- lite, and occasionally tourmaline. Of its maximum thickness little is definitely known. At Tuckahoe a thickness of one hundred and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 27 fifty feet is shown in section. In the Harlem River a thickness of about seven hundred feet is indicated. The age of this limestone is probably Calciferous-Trenton. Inthe absence of fossils, which could not have withstood the extreme meta- morphism, the exact age is indeterminate. The crystalline limestone, though frequently well exposed, must often be traced by its absence as well as its presence. Its solubility in water containing carbonic acid renders it an easy prey to the ele- ments, and its position is almost everywhere emphasized by low ground ana usually by deep valleys. Throughout all the principal valleys small outcrops may be found, though usu- ally for considerable distances it is buried in river gravel and alluvium. Where it has undergone the maximum of leaching the granular particles of limestone have disappeared entirely and in its stead we find a mass of aluminous and magnesian material, whitish, green with scales of prochlorite, red with peroxide of iron, and sometimes black with separated carbon. In these conditions it is often mistaken for clay or kaolin, and was thus reported from the railroad cutting at Morrisania, from the Blackwell’s Island tunnel and from dredgings in the East River on the Middle Ground, Shell Reef and at the mouth of Newtown Creek. The same material was also found overlying the Fordham Gneiss in a deep boring on Tall- man’s Island near College Point. On the uplands the presence of limestone is evidenced by coarse yellowish white sand, consisting of partially dissolved cleavage fragments of the dolomite. This may be seen on the plain east of Inwood. To the presence of the limestone is due the commercial promi- nence of New York, as all the navigable channels about the city . are submerged valleys which owe their origin to the solution of the limestone along the lines of its outcrop and exposure. With- out the submergence the limestone valleys would not be navigable channels and without the presence of limestone there would have been no valleys for the submergence to render navigable. Long Island Sound owes its existence to the same cause. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MANHATTAN SCHIST. This formation covers a larger area than any other within the limits of the Harlem sheet, and is the uppermost of the crystalline groups. The rock is essentially a mixture of biotite and quartz, fre- quently containing enough orthoclase to give it the composition of a gneiss. The principal accessory is garnet, which occurs in crystals varying from one-sixteenth to one-quarter of an inch in diameter. Occasionally much larger crystals are found. Fibrolite, kyanite and staurolite are also frequent accessories. The Manhattan schist has a marked schistosity which is frequently nearly parallel to the bed- ding, though not always. The aspect of this formation is intimately affected by numerous igneous intrusions and injections of granitic and basic material, which, in some places, are so numerous as to predominate over the schist. ‘The small masses are for the most part parallel to the schis- tosity, though in part, oblique to it. The larger areas usually have their longer diameters parallel to the strike of the schistosity. They are most abundant near the shores of Long Island Sound. As the geologic map shows, in southern Westchester county, the Manhattan schist is the prevailing rock east of the limestone valley in which lies the New York and Harlem Railroad. This eastern area is closely folded and its bedding planes are mostly on edge. It terminates at its southern extremity in a closely pressed synclinal fold, pitching northward, which crosses Randall’s Island and Ward’s Island and ends at Little Mill Rock in Hell Gate. Flood Rock, which was removed in the improvement of Hell Gate channel, was part of this synclinal. On Mill Rock the schist is much injected with amphibolite and pegmatite. _ The Manhattan schist is also the prevailing rock on New York Island. . IGNEOUS * ROCKS: Under this head are classified those rocks which are clearly intru- sive in the Fordham gneiss, the Inwood limestone and the Manhat- tan schist. So far as we know, they belong to one general period of igneous activity, the time of which can not be stated with greater exactness REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 29, than that it was posterior to the deposition of the Manhattan schists and therefore post-Hudson River, and prior to at least a part of the dynamic disturbance and crumpling of these rocks with which the intrusives have become schistose and even crumpled. The igneous rocks which occur in the pre-Cambrian and Palaeozoic within the region south of the 41st parallel of latitude may be classified as follows: | Yonkers gneiss Granites, red and grey Pegmatite dykes, very coarse Harrison diorite Amphibolites and pyroxenites Serpentines, derived from basic intrusives. YONKERS, GNEISS. In an article on the Metamorphic Strata of Southeastern New York*, the writer called attention to a,reddish gneiss which appeared to be the lowest stratum in that terrane. From the microscopic structure of this rock, studied at certain localities, and from its appar- ent relations to the overlying gray gneiss, the conclusion was formed at that time that it was a metamorphosed sedimentary rock. More extended observations on this formation made during the summer of 1891 showed that it was not uniformly persistent as a basal member in southern Westchester county, and that it was not limited to the axes. of the eroded anticlinals. The fact that it was overlain by a varying thickness of the gray gneiss was noticed by the writer at an early date but was attributed to unequal repetition of the gray gneiss by folding. Later investigations showed that a rock of the same composition occurred frequently as an intrusive either in veins and dikes or in bosses like the one at Sparta. The Yonkers gneiss is technically a gneissoid granite. (Pl. V.) It is a well foliated rock consisting of quartz, reddish orthoclase and biotite with a little plagioclase. It is plainly intrusive in the Ford- ham gneiss and has become completely schistose. *Am. Jour. Sci. III, Vol. XXXIX, p. 389. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the particular area where this rock has its greatest extent it has been subjected to greater dynamic action than elsewhere and has been reduced to a gneissoid condition. The persistence of reddish orthoclase in this rock suggests that it has sprung from a common source with the numerous dykes of red pegmatite and granite of similar composition which penetrate the schist and limestone in many points in Westchester county. GRANTEES: Gray and reddish granites in small dykes oblique to the banding of the gneiss and schists are quite abundant, but of more frequent occur- rence are lenses and injections of granite and pegmatite parallel to the banding of the schistosity. Bosses of pegmatite frequently occur in the Manhattan schist. A granite area of considerable size occurs near Union Corners and many have been found on New York Is- land, which are now built over and concealed from view. The small islands and reefs in the upper Bay and most of those in Long Island Sound owe their existence to intrusions of granite and other erup- tives in the schist. PEGMATITE DYKES AND BOSSES. These are intrusions of coarse granitic material in dykes and bosses from one to ten feet in diameter. They are most abundant in the Manhattan schist. AAR ISON DIOR ie: This rock is intrusive in the Manhattan schist in the town of Har- rison and consists of orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz and hornblende. A smaller area of similar rock occurs at Ravenswood, L. I., where it outcfops in a long narrow ridge of northeasterly trend and is intrusive in the Fordham gneiss. The mass which forms Milton Point near Rye has been subjected to much dynamic action and is well banded. The same rock is abundant along the shore of Long Island Sound between Portchester and Greenwich. * H. Ries Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1895 Vol. xiv pp 80-86. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 31 AMER BOUTS, AND) PYROXENITES. Intercalated with the Manhattan schist and also with the beds of the Fordham gneiss we find at a great number of localities on New York Island and in Westchester county, hornblendic and augitic bands and lenses of limited thickness, usually only a few feet. In composition, these rocks resemble diorites and diabases, and in structure they are granular, and though they are at present in a foliated condition, their general characters suggest that they were originally eruptive rocks. Locally the magnesian silicates in these rocks are altered into epidote. SERPENTINES. A large number of observations have been made on these inter- esting rocks, the result of which are given in the following paper. APPENDIX B THE ORIGIN OF THE, SERPENTINES. IN THE yy ies OF NEW? YORK This paper was written in 1890, as part of a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at Columbia College. It has been with- held from publication a long time, in the hope of making it more | complete, but an opportunity for this not having been offered, the paper is published in its original form, leaving to future time the completion of the investigation. LIST. OF PAPERS ON SERPENTINE -CONSULTE ye THE PREPARATION OF THISAR ieee: eeoeeve CoovuAND ae. Dana, J.D... 66 DAUBREE .... DELESSE..... (7 DIEULEFAIT.... 1D) G0) 1a) Seeman von DRASCHE... EMMONS ..... bc GENTH ...... Mineralogy of New York, p. 275. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. XX XIII, p. 884-928. Geological Magazine 1877, p. 59-64. Geological Magazine 1879, p. 362-371. Geological Magazine 1882, p. 571. Geological Magazine 1887, p. 65-70. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. Vol. II, p. 161-184. Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, (3), VII, p. 27-44. Am, Jour. Sci. (III.), VIII, pp. 454-455. Am. Jour. Sci. (III.), XX, pp. 30-32. Geologie Experimentale, p. 542. Annales des Mines (5), XII, p. 509. Annales des Mines (5), XIII, pp. 393, 415. Comptes Rendus, XCI, p. roo. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 38. Tschermak’s Min. Mitt. 1871, pp. 1-13. Geol. of New York, p. 67-72. American Geology, I, p. 43. Second Geol. Surv. of Pa., Azoic Rocks. Am. Jour. Sci. (IJ1) XXXII, pp. 374-378. Proced. Nat. Sci. Ass. Staten Island. May 14, 1887. PLATE I. F. J. H. Merrill, Photo. PRECAMBRIAN GRANITE, BREAKNECK MT., N. Y. Photomicrograph in polarized light, enlargenent 22 diameters. PLATE II. ¥. J. H. Merrill, Photo. PRECAMBRIAN GRANITE, KING’S QUARRY NEAR GARRISONS, N. Y. Photomicrograph in polarized light, enlargement 22 diameters. PLATE ITI. F. J. H. Merrill, Photo. PRECAMBRIAN SHEARED GRANITE, LAKE MAHOPAC, N. Y. Photomicrograph in polarized light, enlargement 22 diameters. ' PLATE IV. F. J. H. Merrill, Photo. FORDHAM GNEISS, LEFURGY’S QUARRY, HASTINGS, N. Y. Photomicrograph in polarized light, enlargment 22 diameters. tn ee i ead | ‘i ne ial On n i ne) “wa SRO etn pst fh i PLATE V. F. J. H. Merrill, Fhc. sso 29s Sessa ts RS. va thY I t Moist pileus obscurely violaceous or watery brown, lamellz AIPEMINP SEM Cag fe AN e ee eens, gt nie Saeco Hee ee Sis oc L. amethystina, § Moist pileus rufescent tinged with yellow or flesh color, lamellae HesMeGlokse aC bouvost Bas suites so aes ae cee ote 2 2 Stem commonly longer than the width of the pileus, 1 to 4 ATA WLOT Sire cia a a's SioiSroin ost iat cee a me Ne a L. laccata. 2 Stem commonly shorter than the width of the pileus, 4 to 10 lhneslonese sen tee rar. sec ke ee loca Darwen st Os L. tortilis. Pholiota unicolor Vah/. Specimens of this species were found near Jordanville as early as June. They were growing on moss-covered decaying wood. The resemblance between this species and some forms of Clitocybe laccata is quite strong. The color of its spores and the presence of a mem- branous annulus will at once preclude any confusion of the two species. The stem sometimes has a very evident white mycelioid tomentum at its base. Pholiota angustipes 7%. This plant 1s of rare occurrence. It was discovered in 1876. The past season it was found in Albany county. The pileus varies in color from brown to gray or grayish-brown. It is slightly viscid when moist. The veil is slight and often its fragments adhere entirely to 2 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the margin of the pileus, leaving the stem without an annulus. Were it not for the rusty tint to the spores such specimens might easily be referred to the genus Hypholoma. Lactarius aquifluus P%. This plant is sometimes czespitose. The pileus when dry is tawny- gray and squamulose or rimulose-squamulose. The margin may be even or coarsely sulcate-striate. The flesh is grayish or reddish-gray. The color of the lamelle varies from creamy-white to tawny-yellow. The stem often has a conspicuous white mycelioid tomentum at its base. I have never found this plant with a white or milky juice, and therefore I am disposed to regard it not as a variety of L. helvus, but as a distinct species. Its mild taste and agreeable odor suggested a trial of its edible qualities. It is harmless, but the lack of flavor in- duces me to omit it from the list of edible species. Galera tenera Schaef. A notable form of this species was found growing in an old stable of an‘abandoned lumber camp. ‘The plants were large, the pileus in some. being more than an inch broad, the stems were three to six inches long and the color was ferruginous as in G. ovalis, to which the plants might be referred but for the large spores. Essex county. July. I have labeled the specimens variety obscurior. Cortinarius violaceus /”. Minerva, Essex county. A form of this species occurs here, hav- ing the pileus merely downy or punctate-hairy under a lens, no squamules being distinguishable by the naked eye. July. Panzolus retirugis elongatus 7. va. Pileus grayish-brown, I to 1.5 in. broad; stem straight, 5 to 7 in. long. Growing with Galera tenera obscurior in an old stable of an aban- doned lumber camp, near Minerva, Essex county. July. The stems were often coated toward the base with a grayish-white tomentum. — REPORT OF THE: STATE BOTANIST I31 Coprinus plicatilis 7 Chip dirt, about an old lumber camp, Township 24, Franklin county. September. The lamellz sometimes show a whitish edge and whitish dots on the sides. These are due to projecting cells of cystida. There is a sterile form in which the pileus is paler than in the fertile form, and the lamellz are persistently whitish. The lamelle are free and some- times the free space about the stem ruptures in such a way as to give them the appearance of being attached to a free collar. The spores are broadly ovate and compressed, so that the transverse diameter is greater when the spore lies flat than when it lies on its edge. They are .00045 to .0005 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Cantharellus aurantiacus pallidus 2%. Specimens of this variety were found growing from the dead trunk of a standing pine tree. The stem in some instances was eccentric. The yellowish pileus sometimes has the margin almost white. The lamellz are frequently crisped or wavy. Cantharellus cinereus bicolor z. var. Pileus and stem pale cinereous or grayish; hymenium yellowish, its folds very narrow. Menands. August. Lenzites betulina rufozonata z. var. Pileus brown, grayish-brown or tawny-brown, with one or more reddish subglabrous zones. Ulster and Saratoga counties. Septem- ber and October. Russula Mariz P2. This fungus appeared in considerable abundance the past sum- mer near Albany and at Port Jefferson. It is well marked by the pruinose appearance of its pileus and the minute reddish or purplish granules which when wet cause a stain upon any white surface or paper which may lie in contact with the pileus. The margin is even, but sometimes becomes slightly striate in old age. The flesh is white, but is often slightly red or pinkish under the cuticle, which is separ- able, at least on the margin. The lamelle are entire and the inter- 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM spaces venose. The stem is sometimes white, but generally it is colored like the pileus or a little paler. There are several species which have the pileus similarly colored, among which are R. purpurea Gill., R. Queletu Gill., R. expallens Gill. and R. drimeia Cke., but from all these, which are acrid, it is distinct by its mild taste. Sometimes the margin of the pileus fades with age and then the appearance is very similar to that of R. depallens Fr. as shown by the figures in Illust. of British Fungi, plate 1021. But that species has a viscid pileus and the stem varies from white to cinereous. It has not the red or purplish hues of the stem of our plant. Hydnum albidum 7%. Port Jefferson. July. This fungus has been tested and found to be edible. Hydnum Caput-ursi /7. This species is not rare in the Adirondack forests. It grows on old trunks of deciduous trees either prostrate or standing and sometimes attains a large size, being six or eight inches high and nearly as broad, with aculei an inch long. Small forms have shorter teeth and might easily be mistaken for H. coralloides if not carefully observed. I have eaten of it and find it very good, but scarcely as well-flavored as 1. coralloides. Thelephora laciniata fers. A form of this species in which the margin of the pileus is entire is not rare. To distinguish it from the typical form it might be called variety mtegra. Stereum spadiceum plicatum 7%. vur. Pileus narrow, laterally confluent, much crisped or folded. Pros- trate trunks of oak, Quercus alba. Menands. August. Anthurus borealis Burt. In an asparagus bed. Sherruck, Delaware county. August. F. B. Southwick. This is the second time and the second locality in our State in which this very rare and interesting phalloid fungus has been found. Successive crops of it appeared in this place during an interval of several weeks. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 133 Xylaria digitata (Z.) Grev. Prostrate trunks of maple, Acer saccharinum. Adirondack moun- tains. September. This species is quite variable. Specimens growing in the same group and under the same conditions had the stroma terete or com- pressed, simple or divided above into two or more branches, or two or more would be united at the base only as if growing from a single starting point. Occasionally two clubs are confluent or grown together throughout their entire length. The apex may be either tather bluntly acute or acuminate and sterile, but sometimes it is obtuse. The stem may be either short or long and wholly glabrous or at the very base involved in mucedinous tomentum. The clubs in our specimens were very fragile when fresh. Var. tenuis n. var. Clubs slender, I to 1.5 lines thick, with the sterile apex commonly more conspicuous; perithecia less crowded and more prominent; stem elongated, commonly flexuous. This variety was found growing on the same trunk with the ordi- nary form but lower down on the sides and partly beneath, and probably depends chiefly on its place of growth for its peculiar devel- opment. The spores both in it and in the typical form are .0007 to 0009 in. long. Var. Americana differs chiefly in its shorter spores, which are about .0005 in. long. This is our most common form and the dimensions of its spores are given in the work on North American Pyrenomy- cetes as representing the spores of the species in this country. It may be a question whether this fungus would better be considered a variety of X. digitata or a distinct species. (E.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF FLAMMULA. Flammula /,. Pileus fleshy, its margin at first involute; lamelle decurrent or adnate without a sinus; stem fleshy-fibrous, not mealy on the upper part; veil fibrillose or none. The genus Flammula is not represented in our territory by a large number of species. It is, nevertheless, not very sharply distinct from 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the allied genera, Pholiota, Hebeloma and Naucoria. From Pholiota. it is especially separated by the slight development of the veil which is merely fibrillose or entirely wanting. It never forms a persistent membranous collar on the stem. From Hebeloma it may be distin- guished by the absence of a sinus at or near the inner extremity of the lamellz, by the absence of white particles or mealiness from the upper part of the stem and by the brighter or more distinctly fer- ruginous or ochraceous color of the spores. From Naucoria the fleshy or fibrously fleshy stem affords the most available distinguish- ing character. The genus belongs to the Ochrospore or ochraceous spored Series, but the spores of its species vary in color from ochra- ceous or tawny-ochraceous to ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous.. The three things to be especially kept in mind in order to recognize the species are the color of the spores, the adnate or decurrent but not clearly sinuate lamellz and the fleshy or fibrously fleshy stem without a membranous annulus. , Our species are mostly of medium size, none being very small and one only meriting the appellation large. ‘They appear chiefly in late summer or in autumn and grow in woods or in wooded regions either on the ground or more often on decaying wood. Many are grega- rious or czespitose in their mode of growth. Some have a bitterish or unpleasant flavor and none of our species has yet been classed as. edible. Fries arranged the species in five groups, of which the names and more prominent characters are here given: Gymnote. Pileus dry, often squamulose; veil none; spores fer- ruginous. Lubrice. Pileus viscose, glabrous, the pellicle subseparable; veil fibrillose; spores ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous. Ude. Pileus moist or slightly viscid in rainy weather, glabrous, the cuticle not separable; veil evident, appendiculate. Sapinee. Pileus not viscose; lamelle at first yellow or yellowish;. veil almost none or fibrillose, not appendiculate; spores tawny or ochraceous. Sericelle. Pileus dry or at first viscid, slightly silky. At present, no representatives of the first and the last tribes are known to belong to our State. The three remaining tribes are repre- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 135 sented by twelve species, but three of these are so closely allied respectively to three others that they might easily be regarded as mere varieties rather than as distinct species. An analytical table is here given to facilitate the tracing of the species to their respective names: Rileus wiscose, theyenticle separable ooo... 22. serous wise oslelee I Pileus moist, glabrous, cuticle not separable..........-.-.------ 6 PONS AT Ute gee hs eS es coca Sine falctelsanale, eateeLs wie 9 1 Pileus commonly obscurely spotted, stem solid.........-..---.---- 2 Piraeus not:spotted sstem stuffed or hollow... ...c's2se 2 ee ose oe 3 2, Pilens) paler onthe margin, flesh white): 1s. J..4/. sags ees ss 48 68 DPromoides ese aes 48 47 |e) VO Cet: an ee C9 ea 48 102 canescens © eo. ¢ AO '52; 45. 36 capillarisieaiss He 5 saps 48. 73 Careyanaln sass os, Sey, ASS 7K CAStAM GA ye aes oe 68 AS. 83 cephaloidea ..-.-- 46 51, 48 32 cephatophionar.vssee6% 223 AS) |..82 chordorhizaien 42005085088 48 28 COV SRES U0 ops 3 oye oo AS OF Comesarr: 62222 suet es 48 90 conoidea os. jceeesd oe AS: 03 Cramer 2 ee See IS 48 61 erinitavcce steee es AA 345-48" 54 GISGAta ee ees ee eS 48 41 Davisteyerse rete sel 48 60 debiliseeSse eps 47 °30;-48 | 82 deconipasitaweaswen 2.2: : 48 29 aehtexar 3° papi Fae th) hs 48, 49 Meweyana’ sh shake ae es 48 36 USAT VTS ieee pe tay Ar | FO eburmed). “= Joteeteset 8 AS 78 EMMONS... 428 AP e406 48) N77 exdlisy sero at teers 48 38 Extensa 2-2 see 48 100 mliformists (o- kak. - 48 85 flava..-..- 49 74, 45 30, 48 98 emer a ms ee 46 52, 48 43 folliculata ..<.)52-7 4434, 48 97 formosa.) HAG eet AS‘. 60 METS CAM re ce shat @.-228eea3s Aor 57 plabwr eos. oe. ARNG; 45° 183 elaucodea joo selena 48 64 pracilama (oh oo.) seek 48 59 pranians sss = 45 30, 48 69 (GTAayt, owes a sueeke tt 48 Os PVISCA \ adeeb tines 48 65 gynandra ...... Heeemeb. 4S 154 GYNGCTAtes..nncazuaasnncis 48 49 Carex hirta . Hitch Houghtonii hystri cockiana .... 40 51, cina wewrea reer ere wee e LOPEOnE ek es es eek aes Jamesii lantemosans sess 22s 423 laxicu Imis Laxton fey eat ges as lenticularis longirostris lupuliformis lupulina lurida Magellanica cree eres ecm ee es we ee Muchawxianay soe mirabilis oligoc oligosperma pallescens PSE DE Remsen Be resi] PANEINOLAs cs ccuiere ace one e REC Sena cemae pedunculata Pennsylvanica.... 46 51, plantaginea platyphylla polymorpha polytr ICHOIGES co = se coe a EAST Ae eee = ae aie Pseudo-Cyperus......... pubes retroc retroflexa retror Richa rigida C€NsS ..---- ---- ---- urva $a TASONU A. osc eee! eececee on eeee 145 NO. PAGE. 48 88 48 66 48 87 48 9gI 48 39 48 96 48 49 48 85 48 70 48 67 48 51 48: 56 48 55 48 O61 48 104 48 94 48 94 46 50 48 56 48 97 48 46 48 103 48 78 48 99 48 65 48 98 48 63 48 48 48 79 48 72 48 75 48 74 AG) 0K 48 86 48 48 48 81 48 90 48 80 45° JO 48 34 48 101 48 80 48 §0 48 88 48 34 48 97 146 NO. PAGE. @arex Sartwellilseceeeee ee oe. 48." 47 scabratar (Paneer se sae 48 84 Schweinttzit ese 222 veer 48 104 SCIEPOIDED Ane en se Sete Dou ye SCOPAnAE as Lee ee AS VAD SCONSde eet. 6 tt ee Meee 48 40 SICCARA ys Oe ocak eee ee 48 47 Silicedee. . ville Sears a meee 48 44 Sparcanioides\eaee. —2 eos AS | BX SQuatrosac, cee een seer ee 48 100 SLEDUNS 32 ee ne et 39 56, 48 38 Steudelitens Sheet eee 48 49 Stipata sc tee sete ene 48 30 Stramumea a4 see eee 48 44 StHAta es soe ee ee 48 87 SEhICtaney Beene see eee 48 52 Stylotlexae cme ae ee sree oe 48 67 Sycumocephala eee e ses 48 46 (3590 (5) al iy ap a ae dye Ake 244) Lentaculatarenesee a acces 48 92 VEMIUD Oba eee elective eae 48 36 teretitsculassan sr eee AO 2S tetamica os. eens ele 2S) (62 LOntat So. ety 46 51, 48 53 tribuloides eon. - 46 52, 48 ° 51 thicepsims- asec eee AS 7 ERICHOCALPA eee eee ee = 48 89 PhISpekinas = 22 =—5 A739, AS) 935 Muckermamt ee seen On 102 Mt bellatay sees cere ee 455) 75 uthiculata tol sce cies 48 103 WARUMA A syatcte ee ree ate 48 62 WAAL rnc, ue eee Own gig. WESUibA Ss see to aceersi ae 48 86 WIGESCENS ore e eames 48 58 VinlpUMOrd Caylee smite eee 48 29 Walldenovils 2222.5 0-2 =: 48 49 Cardamine texdosace -22=--)-e-. 447 15 hirsitar oa oe eee AZ), 20 TOCUNGITOl(A ne cee AR Ly Carrum Carl soi 246 esas ss Ree SUAS 7 Ciryatsulcata..i.c2. 2 seueeeeeen 45 18 Caryospora minors .s.sc.e LUE 44 29 Celidiummstictarum 4:25... Rigas Bee 25 Celtis occidentalis. ...... Bo 152. 130 Cenangium balsameum......-.- 43 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NO. PAGE. Cenangium deformatum ......-. 39 rubiginosum ....... 43 Cephalanthus occidentalis...... 39 €Ceratium hyduoides east see e 47 Cercospora cetosellaze eee ae 40 POC YRI Tt sae e 43 Epilobiee ane aene 42 Gentiance =o eee 41 granuliformis ...... 43 Resed ce 2s. eee 42 2) CYP 0 When esurar Gl My aac 42 TEMUIS "eee eee 47 Cercesporellay Veratrivesee eae 44 Cheetophoma setigera......-- 246 Cheetospheria longipila.. ...-.. 42 Chrysanthemum segetum ...--.. 46 Chrysomyxa? Byrelassee tees 46 Cicutavbulbiterase = eee eee 45 Cimiciinga racemosae--- = 2s ee 44 Cladosporium Aphidis ........- 40 Asparagi..-+ Joe 40 brevipes. .-eer 40 carpophilum..... 48 entoxylinum..... 44 epispherium .... 47 letiferumieneeee 40 LER: ke 46 CLAUDOPUS 222k teL eee eae 39 Claudopus byssisedus.......... 39 depluens a. 2 "nee ee 39 Greigensiseessaeeioe ae 39 nidulans 224 Peoe 39 vartabilisy eee uae 39 CLAVARTAMS ERs UE Gass ae eee 48 Clavaria albidar 49.405 2) ates See DOtKYteS Saini DICE 48 byssiseda->.c.i.2 1. Seo ago CiIncinaNSs I @sdessesee 39 cristaiar. lc os cee eee 48 densat_22t - 40 60 Wiplodina- Mlisii- 255 .26.0.-- 39 «47 Diplosporium breve! Lo. i. 8. 4g 26 WISCOMVCETE 25 2's0 J SSUES 2 48 122 Discesiamamna ies 002s AT 2a Distichium capillaceum....--...-. 407. 453 Hiola conformis: .. Ls SL2 2. 43° 24 Doassansia Alismatis.... 43 28, 44 37 Martianoffiana ...--. AR) 22 Sapittarias. 2 LU020 ie » 2A) 25 Dothidella Alpi. -JPS22GI222. 40 “FI Dothirella: Celtidis. /202 2742.2. 44. 123 Drosera rotundifolia........... a7 28 Hatonia Dudleyis..2 52 2222. 62. Ad 58 Echinobotryum atrum..---...--- AB. 2G Bleoeharis diandras.. 2222228) - AT) 58 intermedia LY 2 4A 38 quadrangulata....... 42 37 tubereulosa 2i2/u Ju) 45 29 Enteridium Rozeanum......... 43 24 Entoloma .cyaneum........---- 44. 36 flavoviride .......... AE. 64. STATE BOTANIST NO. PAGE. Entoloma nidorosum......--.. 46 24 senrieeum = 22 Nera. 64 Entyloma Physalidis.-.......--. 45 \22 Epicoccum diversisporum....-- 44 28 iy) 9 a A722 purpurascens .-.-.- 43. 32 vulfares2-sssJ 44 |'28 Epilobium adenocaulon ..---.. -- 44 16 glandulosum ..------ 44 15 hirsutum >.2.2272 2" 39 | 54 Epipactis Helleborine..-....---- 42 36 Equisetum littorale....-.------ 42 16 palustre.222Ses2e% ADIs Ng, variegatum (252/52 Aa ae Eragrostis’ Frankii #2...-/2_-22. a9 38 Erigeron Philadelphicus.....---. 47. 30 Strimosusteh: = tte ee 45 28 Eriophorum cyperinum.. 45 30, 46 50 Mineatumies= 222 —- == AF" 38 Hrodiumcieutariam ss 232222. 46 4I Erysiphe Galeopsidis -....----- AR $23 horriddlate=2 22222. 40) 67 Erythronium Americanum ..... AB 29 Eupatorium perfoliatum....-.-. Aol Ez WuphorbiaHsula 22 cP i Sto: 41 58 Butypa Mavovirenss 22. 22-28 -. 43 34 Eutypella cerviculata-.......-.-. 44 28 Lonpiroestris 2. 2's <2. ABi RA: ixoaseus) Potente. 222 222 2. Ap 23 Exobasidium Cassiopes.. ..---- AS 24 Waren weness cele 46 29 Hestuca ovinas Sil eee ssf shee 2d. Py A | MAST URINAS Se 2h See ees bois 48 204 Histulmahepaticals—= 22522 << 48 204 Elanamula lnbricar.cee. 32 k2s2 . any -°68 Squalida Seo lese oc 44 19 Subfalvaloee 2 Sos es: 41 68 Floerkea proserpinacoides....-. 46 4! Bragariay bidicwse 222 (ices os) A526 Frallania-dilatata. = [S2)'o22 soe: Aa 16 Fusarium Lycopersici......--.. 4o 65 Sclerodermatis....... AS) eS viticolamm syle y 2 33 46 35 Fusicladium destruens.-. 43 30, 44 37 fasciculatum .....-. re GALERA coos ee eos. 149 150 NO. PAGE. Galeraiaquatiis s/o take e -. 46 66 COpringides se a sasai jack 46 69 flava nes Seats e 45 19, 46 68 Elypnornmy asec so oe 46 67 Ineultateer as: Sak. 4I 69, 46 65 MAtCRT Asay 4orcy seer go ee AO MO? OValliciaeig ln. eet Gage toe 46 64 TUES yee rae 42 20, 46 68 Sphagnorumne <4 ywee ee 46 66 Sulcatipes 22 aaa 46 65 tenera, seek yet 46 63 teneroides. 22 ccic. 46 55, 46 64 Galium, cirezzanss 5 -e22e hoe 2-,-40 Kamtschaticum .......- 46 21 pilosumyes se sae eee os 46 44 triflordmas.9 eS oes AAG 2 GASTEROMVCEREA, <= -2 cee s-udo » 1TO Geaster timbriatus 2342 5-5. so ee Agee foriieatuss, caenasat Bee ee A2 20 Hit batus oe. ite eee AA 23 MUMESCEMS, = eee aes 44 23 DCW eeShenl je Ae eee 41 80 Bian Heh qU\cype Maer Se 41 80 Geoglossum luteums- 224-25 222- AZ Ao microsporum ..-... 41 86 VISCOSUM ote eee 39 49 vatelbintna 22 sae AZ 9 Ceopyxis Hicks sn coe ate = 46 38 Geum macrophyllum ........-. AO gp52 PIV ALCO a teats ky eS ae Ak Gaye Gloeosporium allantoideum - .... Aves fructigenum .....- AO aa IGkepularerins--)-pe 42a eon lagenariume -.- ss. AZ). 920 leptospermum .... 43 32 Lindemuthianum.. 40 62 nervasequum Jo... 45) 20 phomoides = 2<. - 46 31 Physalospore.... 42 30 Platanin. cose he o8 46 31 populinum......-- 45 20 Robereree eee ee 40 62 septorioides ...... 4o 62 Clyceniaserandis 22. ccacp ieee A6eeth3 NELV ALA iis ee woken AO me he Godronia Cassandre..........- 39 «50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NO. PAGE. Gomphidius nigricans.......-.- 48 12 Grandinia granulosa.......---- 29) wads GraphiumSorbisee =. e-seee- es 40 65 Gymnosporangium clavarie- forme seas bee c teceee eee 29 GAs MAClOPUS ee eee eee 39 “57 GYROMITRA 2225. nb heeee chee ee 48 128 Gyromitra esculentay-- 22). 22.222 = 48 128 Spherospora\eee- ee = Ay nas Habenaria acera 222 2h 4aeu aan 46 49 Hematomyces faginea....--..- AZ 5438 Haplosporella Ailanthi.......-- Ag 27 Pint eaheenses Hoe 40 60 Symphoricarpi... 47 22 Hebeloma Colvini.....---.---. 48 19 crustuliniforme...--.. 41 68 firme seo. cee A2, EQ glutinosum .+ =.=. <- AOna 54 longicaudum....--.- 41 68 Helicomyces roseus, ......----- AZ, tae Helotium episphericum....-.... 40 66 mycetophilum .....-.. AZ aes HEL VE UiAn) {2s setae hate Ls, 4S pi2g Helvella crispa.. <= j-eem began 48 129 Hendersonia epileuca........-. AA eed Malt. 23. oer epbee 42... 30 Herpotrichia rhodomphalia.. .... 43 A384 Hesperis matronalis....-....--- 43, 16 Hieracium Marianum ..-..-.---- ry es (9 4 preealtum 4215, 4647, 47 30 Hudsonia tomentosa...-...---- 45 26 HYDNEANS su. oo eesti 48 205 Hydnum acutum..--.----.--.-- 43 22 arachnoideum, .--. ---- Aa, OT czespitosum.....-..---- AA iA Caput-ursi ei ceiger cae 44 21 carbonariunisy: 52... \\4- 04 Ones 5 coralloides: . ...c so oee eens 2 4I naucinoides 2'.2f5.20... 48 proceranys- saee ee eo 48 Eeptonia orisears as ae Sete 5 45 parva ~...-..---.---- 45 Leptothyrium Spartine .......-. 47 Leptosphzeria Asparagi. ........ 40 35 38 49 16 32 35 184 84 74 23 185 39 74 20 24 57 84 84 19 186 21 15 28 52 51 33 26 16 39 24 75 49 20 160 82 16 59 35 59 82 162 161 19 18 25 70 152 NO. PAGE. Leptospheria dumetorum ...--. AZ ned Wales ours 30) 8453 divpharam. sseee. B29.) 52 IGEUCOSPORVERN Meee atin hoe eee 48 153 evisticum) officmmale -. =) ee). 7 Pee Sty, Lichenopsis sphzeroboloides.... 39 50 LinumeVinginianum fo - 552. ee 44 31 Woniceraoblongifolia ~>- 22322. A? amas Lophiostoma vagans....-..... Wey: ak 0) Lophiotrema auctum..........- AZ Yaa parasiticum. ..---. 40 JI VestitUmy., ee See AO. 7X Auimariaw(EMNIS 7.55) yee ae AMS ASN Lychnis Floscuculi...-... 4415, 45 26 WESWEL tinal oer stacey es A430 LeWCORBRDON WSR. ou oul aera erase 48 119 Lycoperdon asterospermum. .... A0 “Ao Curtis ee ee eee oe 0 cyathiformens tees. eS) 120 eiganteum see 48 121 UntwIMe ease oe eee 46 29 perlatum) -2e Sees 46 30 Lycopodium clavatum...-...-.. 48 19 ycopus isessilifolims +. 2 32).( cel AZ ais Lygodinm palmatume {22.2 22. A028 Lysimachia nummularia.. 45 18, Az hve t quadnitoliae 2222 oh.- Ae Stnictal gly. = eee AT anaaor jeythrumbalatum|\. 22/32. - 2. 43 37, 44 32 Salicamiat see rae ee 46 43 Macrophoma Philodendri. ..--.. 46 =38 VEESADILS es oboe 46 30 Macrosporium Polytrichi. ...-.. Ah | BRI Momato yee 40 65 Macnolia. clanicays me ei eta 46 I WEAR ASMIUS (ORNs rie aciee i 48 192 Marasmius/albiceps $2 Se. een AR. 2X ANGKOSACEUS) = eeu ALoos fOStiGluis een neater seen OFCAGeS Wises cet Meee AS VEO? peronatus..- 22 .)./5. 5 - 42 24 PrAACWEUS oe eee 41 85 Salioniistew 46 eae DPA Qiu Marsonia Juglandis...........- 40 70 IVEAIEUINT ssa /efes ale ia overaethe 20). 47 POPUL eiinemncccdian tiem 10s NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Massaria epileuca. .... - Xanthoxyli- Melanconiella Decorahensis.... Melanconis occulta. -_-. es smeeee dimorphum. ....-- foliicolum MELANOSPORZ ...-....- SAE UES) E Melogramma effusum. . Menyanthes trifoliata -.....-...-. Mernahins) aureus 9.4.) 242 aeee Cormm ss es himantioides.. IFPIcINUSs.4 Le Mmolluseuswe 2. See Ravenelii SERMONS yaar tentiswes seeee Metaspheeria nuda....- Micrococcus prodigiosus Micropera Nemopanthis Microspheria Ceanothi Microstylis monophyllus Mimulus moschatus 40 52, 46 48, Mitremyces lutescens .-. MITRULA MORCHBLUAN fim e ce. ci Morchella angusticeps - - bispora ....- CONICAC. = oe --46 38, GeliGiosaic.c cece esculenta: oténiGneen semilibera. .. Mucronella minutissima Muhlenbergia sylvatica, sobolifera -- 45 31, NO. PAGE. 44 29 40 70 47 24 46 36 AO, 970 47 24 40 62 40 62 42 3! 43, 27 42 3! 48 133 AT eG 39) 755 42 27 46 8628 ATs 4h QS, 47 18 42 27 Aly eae 46 28 47 19 44 29 42 35 46.0335 Sona 47 35 47 533 42 29 48 130 48 130 Aare, 40 63 42 ge 40 63 39 49 48 123 49 eas 48 126 48 124 48 125 48 124 48 126 44 22 45 3! 48 19 REPORT OF THE NO. PAGEs Mutinus boyinus::...2.0.e 22.2% 43 Mycena capillaripes............ 41 erystallina:,.. .2stgas-. 41 hemispheerica,....--... 46 pseudopura -....--..-. 44 PUA eons os eee 2 A PURPOSE. SUL EE SW. 46 strobilinoides...... -- = 6 45 Myosotis arvensis ..---...---.- 41 collina et sabebesen. 2 4! Myriophyllum ambiguum....-. 46 tenellomissi ... 44 Napicladium gramineum........ 46 Nasturtium lacustre....-- 40 72, 45 Naucoria carpophila........-.-. 41 Highlandensis.....--. 41 paludosac. ....ssee 9504 Ar Scinpicela; sehen ses. 42 triscopodai.s 250 5.545 41 UMicaglom sae csuete ec 41 Nepeta grandiflora. ............ 41 Nidularia candida ...-...-. = {228 ee2e ae 42 28 Plantago lanceolata, —--- Sa2ejs=— AZ I00s7 media. ..i Noses eaeeee AT Ley Pata gomica) canes 45 18 Plasmodiophora Brassicz ..--.. 43. 26 Plasmopara Viburni.........--- 43 28 Pleonectria Berolinensis .... --.- 39. >53 Pleospora Asparagi .....--.---- 44 30 Shepherdize: -52-ese 40 JI PEEUROTUS).. 2.222288 39 58, 48 177 Pleurotus atroczruleus.-.......- 39 «= 65 Atropellitus See sieee 39 «= 65 lignatilis:< <= 2kteu2. 39 «=: 60 muitis), J alereees 42 19 NIGER Aa oe ee ce 39 «= «66 ostreatus...... 39 62, 48 180 petaloidest#aeeceseea- 39 «64 porrigens, i. -pmceees 39 «64 Saltgnus i. ceeciee eee 39 = 62 sapidus ...... 39 61, 48 179 Septicus soccer 39 = 65 serotinus —.cueme. 39 762 Spathulatus,.caciueee 39 «= «483 striatnlus 2....devonte 39 ©6—- 66 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST NO. PAGE. Pleurotus subareolatus .......- 39«s«O6 sulphureoides.....--- 39 «= 60 tremulus .,caiestees Bo) 663 wWimarius!.. sire 39 60, 48 177 Plowrightia morbosa.......---- 46 58 BRO MEOLUS 435255. 2oeee ee... 46 58 Piuteobus: callista .2.2.8230900 U2 46 60 coprophilus.....----- 46 59 expansus.. (2) 9S2UU-2'"45" - 59 E reticulatus.....-. 44 19, 46 60 Poa compressa scysetsss s2-25- 45 31 SerotinaWwsee$ sevens lec 46 53 Polemonium ceruleum .....--.. 42 36 Polygala polygama. ......---.-- 46 4! San@uimess: Uso so22 5 46 42 Polygonella articulata......--.. 45 29 Polygonum acres: ssessos 22242: 46 48 amphibium........ 46 48 cilmode oe: 2 522238 46 48 cuspidatum.......- 46- 21 Douglassii-. 47 17, 48 18 nodosum ..--. aeets- 48 | 19 tenule) Sa. HIGGINS 40 73 Polypodium vulgare ........--. 44 34 HOE VPORE Aces d arena acre ae 48 194 ROE VPORUS Seo a nee eR 48 202 Polyporus abietinus ..........- 42 38 ANNOSUS Wa-yr2 SPIE 44 21 aureonitens! i. 220/22 Aa 25 ceeruleoporus ..---.- 41 85 casearius:.2e22.2iuk MAB U2 cinnabarinus ....-... 42 38 circinatuss.= 47 pris’. ee oS. = 4I Naseyiesee see 4g ATA Vi AND cae ee 4I zostereefolius .---. 43 Primula Mistassinica .........- 46 Proserpinaca pectinacea ....---. 42 Prunus Americana’. 222 soc. Se 47 AVIONICS oe aoe oe Sos 43 Cerasiisy Geis 2 Nes eee 46 domiestieatee eas-ecese ee 46 Persicaet tient oe Cea 44. Psathyra stlvaticart 22522-02502. 42 Psathyrella minima........---. 4I CSRS Rae teeters ayetet 47 Psilocybe'clivemsis= 222/222. -. 4I SONeGM are iarte = ss sas = AI Squalidelia. =. 02522... 46 Pseudopeziza Medicaginis.-.-.-.. 45 155 PAGE, 42 54 27 156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NO- PAGE. NO. PAGE. Pseudopezizay yi tyaeectaaeicra ce 44/30) |) INOSavingelmanni.scassea. = 46 19 tenula isetosayans dee aioe Aan 46 57 humilis yoipeoyes tala 46 19 Puccinia Eleocharidis.......... Age: UK ese F295 areeet saan EES no 40) aas hastatanc cee pe 39 «= 48 Saya ee ese alee oe 46 19 Malvacearum......... 43 28 | Rosellinia ambigua o254.)25-- 255030 wag mammillata .22../22.-- AZ 27 mastoidea 4... (22s 39 «SI ODSCULAG 25 Lael ocee 42 y28 |) Rubus) Canadensis .>2 eee Agsiaay Spergilee tse oe ne 44. 25 hispidus joj eee peer 44 S30 ZLOpiieicieencanee oh eas (mel Millspaughit .uAgaeeeeee 40) 520 Pyrenophora relicina .......... 39 «453 SELOSUISA 2 Mes kaa A6)'20,.47 328 ycUS ACupanian o2s un. eeeeee 44. 15 VillOSUiS)....j-20.0)2 =-G0S See gee Oueletia, (mirabilis (22252220. 25940 937) 1) bell beekia meine ban ese 421255147 | 1320 @uercusbrittontscee scene wae 46 21 trilojoa jee pea eae AA i33 heterophylla @ 222. 22. 42.16]! JNumex, ‘Patientiay: <2 acne 47 838 Rudkiniees ieee So aaa. mG verticillatis \, seers 46 §=648 Radultim. molareso2ee) 2 coe. 48 13 | Russula adulterina......-.....- 4I 75 pendulum sc. cesses 4d eZ AGUS tA eee ooo eapare cies 46 28 Ramularia Barbarez.........-- 40 63 atropunpuneateeee ee an Al 95 GestruensS zee eeee nis 44 26 DEE VIPES)-: sakiseee eee 43 20 Geranit 250... S. 39 4g CTUSEOSA. wcincikiemiee ccs 39 «4! graminicola ......... 44. 26 foeteneeue tivanluret loge 39 «57 liericleip ee sacra. 44 927, lepidal tan. tee ae ar Uz AUCH aerate eee 44 26 pectinata,...4..1cestoe: AS) 82 Rlantagimisyatece,s25. 40 76 punpUTina,.,..aseeee see 4224 Ranunculus circinatus... 44 15, 47 27 TOSEIPES( snes 45 20 hispiduse sass = dA lato Son didais oe. ra Shea eee Ae NSS ROPERS aeons 29.58,48. 130 VIFeEScens Uwe 48 189 septentrionalis...... 41 56 ViTiGipesiijqaaemeeeeee 44 72 Rhabdospora plzosporoides .... 39 47] Saccharomyces Betule........ - 44s 330 RMNOINA shoes ayetc cyte 47 022) | Sacidium ligonarumeeeesateeees. A2)) | 330 Manthit, 2 -\.)-.939) 647)| | sagittata) craminesh- Waneeaemne 42°| 36 Rhinotrichum ramosissimum ... 42 32] Salix amygdaloides............ 41 58 Rhododendron maximum. ...... BP Wisk candida yawie.. Wwe 40°. 93 Rhodora,.. --2..=.. 42.36 | Saprolegnia ferax (o-) -esebAeen- 39 49 VISCOSUM icine AT yO) |) Saxiiragaalzoidesi equa wae see 47 +28 RHODOSBOR AB ois /aiostcysie sates AS USE| / Scirpus: Peekiis. J. ehbasceeee 46) Be Rhopalomyces Cucurbitarum ... 42 32 polyphyllus 41 82, 45 30, 46 50 Rhus Toxicodendron ......-..- AZ SUMthinces ene 45 30 Rhytidhysterium Prosopidis.... 46 39 sylvaticus . gets cc eure 44) 38 Rhytismasalicinum)-... 2206-2) AO. 177 TOnreyl ed cn ee eeee 41 82 RabespiCynosbathw.. 2 fc\cheen AG) i i72i| SCleniawateiiloral so cceulaaeeere 46 50 Gyossulanice - ogo ce nea 47-28 VETticillatal uc. weeeeiepe 40 74 Riceia tittans o/s). 2c ne 44. 35 || Scleroderma \Geaster. .ce nde. 43 2a Rosa blanda...... 46 42, 47.28, 48 17 || Scolecosporium Fagic..isegue.. 40 208 Garolimepiece eee: Sa canes AG wae ||) Sedumjatre reunite at haheuiaen 46 43 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST NO. PAGE, Senecio Robbinsii ...-... 47 16, 48 18 Septocylindrium Ranunculi..... 40 76 Septomyxa Carpini..sgosstie. 44 24 PETSICING tarsi pietsi= oe a7) ZI Septonema breviusculum....... AZ) 32 episphericum ...... AA) 27 Seprotia DrEVIS 225 ocean a 40 61 centaureicolaness soescs 48 14 CONS PICUa sae eins = sie AG Ze COFVUMA conn eseceee 25. 57 Cucurbitacearum’ ...... 48 20 Dentarice...- co veiccen. « 48 20 Wivantcstee cos sone ce. 48) 14 PUS CHEE So wae a casa 40 60 Graminum..... Maeios. 39° 46 EVeHaMGnt oe aie ones AB Te 7 MmeOlstai ccc sess sos 39 6.46 PMIPAUIS) sas, scissor eo 39 «(557 Geandnina 32 sank. cce, 39), 46 QOSMOnnize oo ens acs 6 39 ©6046 Permphylii. cos nanseen AG. | 2A BIS ie oS nce nee pau S 47) 2% podopuylina. - 2% ssa. 5) 45.., 20 populicolahye eo sauc. 2. 40), 'Gr Pteridis. cos sce ape eae 44 24 entellarige cc mene acc AZ. 21 MBMICI . oo checwe ee cae ete 40 61 Smitlacines, oo een Sante 4o 61 solidaginicola -....--.- 40 OI Stachydis fice soe ef 40 60 Stellar yee ote ceca 4o 61 PRECICONA: Goce hee see. AS 27 Pravliana cos oe at 40 at DPrIehostemats . -/-32--42° 630 WiGlog roc cueeuietc eerie 42° 40 Septosporium Equiseti......... 45 25 Setaria) Ptalica. 2223-6 ecie sitios 46 52 WEEticMlata cc buco ss A216 VIRICUS We enh eye 47 4I Buleme Steblata eee es rs ae AR it tee, Siphoptychium Casparyi.....-.. 39 «44 Sim cictitcstolnmm sa. 2s5 cn. <3 FBI polenta anomalas ee cgise ae foc ace AF 42 fasciculata seem) co nc cie 43 40 LOS ac appeals wc eres 41 86 Solidago Canadensis. ......0... 47 29 NO. Solidago humilis’..2 2 526u.s08 46 JUMeeans 1G 2a: 47 , 2°35, nemoralis ... } ris eh 46 PUbectlaywisiiwcrel 26 43 THAOSA) cc 46 SPECIOSA. «2-2 5-. 39 38, 43 uliginosa..... se be is Sordaria coprophila............ 39 Sparganium affine .2..<)scic< >< 42 Spathularia flavida.:..........- 39 Spherella!alnicola_ 2 ae2ae eee 40 Chimaphilas “S232 47 Lycopodit):.... 2820824 39 macwlaris.ys SEEKS 39 maculosay. alee yet 39 mMinutissimay, Sees 40 Pinsapo: agopausts ae 40 Pontederiz ......... 40 LUbina. ao sseeee Res: 48 Sphestia taxicolasii eyes weceee 39 Sphzronema Lonicere........- 46 Spheropsis carpinea..........- 41 Hlisit- sesso eS? 44 Juniperiese.eee oe 39 Rinderaeiereeno ae 39 maculans #s6lsgee: . 39 Malorunmyceuniceuies : 40 pallidaroereonev2.. 39 TuUbicolanWwascaeee: 44 spherospora ...... 39 tiliaceaviseee Gel? 39 ; nlmicolasiseus S220 48 Spherotheca Humuli .......... 45 Mors-uveeoseig tus 45 PanNosaisss4-102 - 39 pPruinosa .nseoseye - 42 Spircenpsorbifolian....)sose ences 44 Sporendonema myophilum ..... 41 Sporocybe.cellare 4.25 22ie Wee 42 Sporodesmium antiquum...-... 43 Sporodinia grandis ....--...... 39 Sporotrichum cinereum .......- 43 coherens oul. . - 43 Levant ccesce io... 44 158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NO. PAGE. Sporotrichum parasiticum ...... 45 22} Tricholoma Columbetta.. 41 59, Stachybotrys elongata........-. 43 29 decorosmm.. ieee Stachiysipalustrispiseecns+ vss. 48 18 edarumensur Uhre Stagonospora Chenopodii...-... - 40 60 equestre 285i rie ss Steironema lanceolatum........ 47 32 fea lla SOUT stellania ieraminea) >. 2geee 45 17 fig wena eles» media ......--------- cry Mus) fuligineum... 41 60, Stemonitis organi... 20 MAMMOSUM. =... 4, 46 29 ‘iyvmpanis'saligna:. --. <2... 39 50 ivphayanpustifoliay 2 20.4.5. 47 36 UNDER WOODTANIE 36.5. osecjscee's Ai BY Underwoodia columnaris....-.. HES We. Uredo Chimaphilz...-... ne AG». 33 edie Sete os (oe 39 «= 48 Urocystis Waldsteiniz -. 46 32, 47 43 Wromyces. decidwus. 5.2.52 253 45 25 Wirnula Geaster 22 ssn. 2 00h. 46 39 Ustilago Austro-Americana..... 43 28 BORGES oats Se era 45 22 Osmumnde 25 ss tS sas AZ) Bi BN ECG Sie ie RS ON Are yak Utricularia vulgaris............ Aue 33 Vaccinium Canadense22- --.2...- AY St Pennsylvanicum..... 39 54 Stamineum = sel 46 48 Waterianella olitoria: -- 2.5 422 56. AL 57, 159 NO. PAGE, Valerianella Woodsiana .......- AP 25 WalSaveenisiann (23. o) geen seek BO Gt EGOOPErtays 2 =< oe Sines soe 44 28 COLOUAtA eee 2 insect, 264. ODONTOTA“ DOR SALTS ere ce tt Cre eee eee SORT meter Ue ar Os ea Bibliography, 264, Not taken in Albany or Schoharie counties, 265. Abundant on Long Island, 265. Observations of Dr. Hopkins in West Virginia, 265. Its food-habits, 266. Description by Dr. Harris, 266. The larva described, 267. Parasites and distribution, 267. BALANINUS PROBOSCIDEUS: BALANINUS RECTUS, the Chestnut Weevils.... 267 . Bibliography, 267. Wormy chestnuts frequently met with, 268. | . Value of the chestnut crop, 268. Estimated injury by these insects in certain states, 269. Characters of the genus Balaninus, 269. Two species attacking chestnuts, 269. The larger species described and its | distribution given, 270. Distribution and description of B. rectus with figures, 270. Life-history of B. proboscideus, 270. Figure of a. wormy chestnut, 271. Habits and life-history of B. rectus, 271. Spraying with arsevites not recommended, 271. Sorting out and destroying infested nuts a good preventive, 271. Use of carbon bisulphide and jarring the trees recommended, 272. CICADA SEPTENDECIM, the Periodical Cicada ...... 2... --.- 2-22. wee eee ween 272 Additional bibliography, 272. Its advent of general interest and especially so to scientists, 273. Figured and compared with the dog- day Cicada, 274. Place and manner of oviposition, 274. Punctured twig and young Cicada figured, 275. Mr. Lawton’s observations on the exca- vating of the egg-chambers, 275. The appearance and habits of the young Cicada, 275. The subterranean existence of the Cicada, 276. The appearance of the pupa, and its case figured, 276. A thirteen-year brood in the Southern States, 276. Dr. Riley’s experiments with the thirteen and seventeen-year broods, 277. Location of the transferred eggs, 277. REPORT OF THE STATE .ENTOMOLOGIST 169 PAGE. Distribution of the Hudson River Valley Brood recorded by Fitch, 277. Its distribution in the State of New York in 1894, 277. The abundance of the insect in the various localities, 278. Its distribution in other States, 278. Occurrence of the variety Cassinii, 279. The duration of the imago state, 279. Discovery of Cicada chambers in New York State, 279. Previously almost unknown in museums, 280. Extended areas covered by the chambers in Nyack, 280. Other localities in the State where they were found,:280. Description and figures of the structures, 281. Their distribution in other states, 281. The manner of their construction, 281. Method of repairing an injured chamber, 282. Chambers built on several kinds of soil, 282. May be con- structed only by the earlier appearing individuals, 282. Protection afforded by them, 283. Earliest notice of the chambers, 283. Their occurrence at Rahway, N. J., in a cellar, 283. Certificate procured by Prof. Newberry, 284 His comments on the reason for their building these structures, 284. The abundance of the insects compared with that of earlier appearances, 285. The effect of deep cultivation on the Cicada, 285. The favorite haunts of the insect, 286. The hosts in certain locali- ties, 286. Natural that their numbers should vary from generation to generation, 286. The females deposit eggs in almost all trees, 286. Excessive damages by oviposition in certain localities, 287. Reported injuries to persons from ‘‘ Cicada stings,” 287. The female not known to inflict a painful wound, 288. Vertebrate enemies of the Cicada, 288. English sparrow devouring large numbers, 289. The fungus affecting the Cicada widely distributed, 289. Enclosing trees with netting and refraining from setting out trees in Cicada localities for a year or two before their appearance, 289. PEMPaiGus, RHOIS, the Sumac-Gall Aphis... 2. ./22 25)... ncac emcees ae seee 290 Bibliography, 290. General appearance and reference to different genera, 290. Description of the galls and the immature aphids by Dr. Fitch, 290. Observations on the form of the galls, 291. Description of the imago, 291. Life-history aud food-plants, 291. Distribution, 292. GOSSYPARIA ULMI, the Elm-Tree Bark-louse ......-...--..----.-----. ------ 292 Bibliograpby, 292. Associated with the elm-leaf beetle, 293. An introduced insect, 293. History of its spread over the country, 294. Its 170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM distribution and abundance, 294. iaaiees by the pest, 295. Copious secretion of honey-dew and fungus growing therein, 295. The adult females figured, they and the young described, 295. The male cocoon figured and the imago described, 296. The young appear in July and pass the winter half-grown, 296. Females molt and the males form their cocoons early in the spring, 296. Pupa of male and appearance of imago, 297. Its spread in Albany and Troy, 297. Means of distribution, 297. Natural enemies, 298. Kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap solu- tion, or cleaning off with a brush are the remedies recommended, 298. INEURONDPA PAR D ATTS 3 ree Oe A Se i en ea a Bibliography, 298. Taken at Keene Valley, N. Y., 299. Its recorded distribution, 299. Figured by Notman, 299. Its description by Harris, 299. LEPTODESMUS SPeEClesy.. 26s see. eS Occ Bee Sone come emietes comme ae oc Rien A myriapod infesting greenhouses, 300. Means used against it unsuc- cessfully, 300. The species described and figured, 300. Referred to Lep- todesmus and the name of falcatus proposed, 300. The flattened milliped figured and its habits given, 301. Habits of some native forms described by Dr. Fitch, 301. Need of study of the Myriapoda, 302. Lime, soot, kerosene emulsion are remedies recommended, 302. The use of various baits described, 302. The infestation probably came from manure brought into the greenhouses, 303. The radical measures found effective, 303. Occasional fumigation of greenhouses recommended, 303. APPENDIX oy coes cht osc es a see cee e seen ecm cee eee scence caineia ee eee (A) NOTES ON SOME OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR IN THE STATE OR UNE Wik ORIG. cei kn cool aad ceelaeia) Sic clans ns ele mse ele eae tate The year characterized by the absence of ravages by the more com- mon insect pests, 307. Insect life observed to be remarkably scarce, 307. Red Admiral butterfly unusually abundant in the Adirondacks, 308. The few moths, Coleoptera and Diptera seen, 308. THINTHEEDO RU FOPHOLTUS & osucice maine wets Craton eee mei eeib ls, w e(a'mele inmates aie isonet Operating in currant stems, 308. Its extended distribution, 308. PAGE, 298: 300° 305 307 308 : ! REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ive AP ine Sesraieserk nM Ace pel a La oh ll a Be eect Its ravages at Bellport, L. I, 309. Food habits of this common species given, 309. MER REVEL EO ME hee oc terete a en oie cM Seat gn Ge bs ola aisle s)m wteials Its extended ravages over the State, 309. The abundance of the larve in fields, 309. First reported to me from Albany county, 310. Notes on transformations and parasites, 310. PrmeE AE PAD GA NEY -W ORM o-oo 2 oo. em anne scene t Wen cee tees ec cosesuet Reported from St. Lawrence county, 310. Heads of the barley eaten off, 310. Cther features of attack, 310. PERG Lea HrmEA US er ociigs St be eats, slab. eee ea. Operations at Pine Plains, 310. Can not be considered a common insect in this State, 311. Its numbers vary from year to year, 311. rar Cy NMIGH IIRORNE cocci n seca o ses esa eoe ante be Se cate ses seeteneea set Resistance of the inseet to Paris green,311. Compared with the gypsy moth, 311. Locally known as “ fire-worm,” 312. GCC EA ROS AOMANAI yo 1 5.0. oF oh ou teed ecaunekfscs abuts nos Ueiros dou Seinmne Eating holes in young apples, 312. Nolophana malana probably the other species associated in the attack, 312. Jarring trees of value as a remedy, 312. eG HCLVOMY ID -EN- CHOKE-CHERRIES | cacti aicou oan Cwiawiarce ee cttog wee Dan iO. The larvez of this unknown species received in infested fruit, 313. Its abundance in Keene Valley, 313. A fungus attack usually associated with the insect injury, 313. SEIDEL T AMUN A gy h a! eens ee cie Mae ee ee SAL ow eS Ne Bos A number of larve obtained from chip manure, 313. Habits of the larve previously unknown, 314. They may feed on growing vegeta- tion, 314. Hn PMAPHIDION GSK PRUNER 222 ces SO SIG Fe) ORR 20M tats Its operation on apple trees at Voorheesville very noticeable, 314. The large branches severed by the insect, 314. Work of the maple-tree pruner at Ellerslie, 314. 309- 310 310 311. 312 313 314 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM THE ASPARAGUS @BENT LE: oe tack bein a ee ee ee 314 Its spread in the central and western counties of the State, 314. Reported from Oneida, Livingston and Erie counties, 315. TH EVASHEGREY BLISTER( BERTH io dbck eee eee eee Eee eee ee 315 The beetles reported to be injurious to a locust hedge and potato vines, 315. Aa © ELEN OED BUG aes Scie whe hee) Sa Sa I Te ig elena 315 The insect reported abundant at Almond, Allegany county, 315. THE SAN JOSE SCALE... -- tallaie) alata augue nn ee pate eens ies Wein a slam co erse Peyote 316 The scale nearly exterminated at Kinderhook, 316. No living insects found on some badly infested trees, 316. Reported from Middletown, Orange county, 316. HE COMA AC RIVERS Cte Sat Ue 8 Age NA Re 2 ne 316 The gall-like scale figured, 316. Its lepidopterous parasite in its several stages reared and figured by Mr. Walton, 317. Tin HEM: TREE BARK -TOUSHo. 25 cic udace cece emasice Ade bake ee 317 Reported from several localities in the State, 317. Its abundance and injuries in Albany and Rensselaer counties, 317. SIs GU OS ANOS A OBOE 55 Sn eee does eso sca eg 4 bon ses aa S52 bos oe geese sls. 318 Leaves infested with what is probably this European mite were received from Muncy, Pa., 318. The galls are described, 318. (B)"ENTOMOLOGICAL: ADDRESSES. wc. co S205 oes. euciecs beso 319 THE ‘MOSQUETOMae5 ee bie SOLO SEER See LE Pa Oe. De 319 The more common objects in nature least noticed, 319. Almost nothing known by most people about the mosquito, 319. The varied orthog- raphy of its name, 319. Several very different flies known as mosquitoes in various parts of the world, 320. Placed near the head of the Diptera, 320. The common name applied to all species of Culicide, 320. Although there are many individuals, the species are comparatively few, 321. tr ee: ap ee ene ag eee eee sebenen epee i ee e REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 173 PAGE. The expressiveness of their scientific names, 321. The family has received but little study, 321. Mosquitoes occur in every known part of the globe, 321. Their abundance has given name to several localities, 322. Comparatively scarce in England, 322. Various means of protec- tion adopted in foreign countries, 323. Oil of tar and carbolic acid re- commended as a preventive of mosquito bites, 323. Effect of bite varies in individuals, 323. The results of numerous bites are serious, 324. The poison injected into the wound causes the blood to flow more readily, 324. Palliatives for the bite, 325. Interest attaching to the manner of biting, 325. Only the female mosquito is able to bite, 326. The male feeds on the nectar of flowers, 326. The general structure of the mouth- parts of insects, 326. The number found in mosquitoes, 327. The mouth-parts figured, 327. The labrum-epipharynx and hypopharynx de- scribed, 327. The maxille and their function, 328. The labium the largest of the mouth-parts, 328. Its use in the operation of biting, 328. The relative position of the mouth-parts described and figured, 329. Nothing created in vain, 329. Insects should be destroyed only when excessively abundant, 330. The larval mosquitoes prevent water be- coming foul, 330. Thepreying of the lower forms of life upon one another, 330. Newspaper account of mesquitoes preventing yellow fever by inocu- lation, 331. Serves alsoasa Filaria host, 331. May convey elephantiasis to man, 331. Mosquitoes may have been one of the ten plagues of Egypt, 332. Their numbers and conditions favorable to the theory, 332. The eggs of unusual interest, 332. Their description and manner of deposit, 333. The larve known as ‘‘ wigglers” or ‘‘ wrigglers,” 333. The larva and pupa described, 334. The habits of the latter, 334. The transformation to the imago, 334. Many perish in the final change, 335. A few important references, 335. Re LiA VOR LEN TOMOLOGICAD STUDY ; { ae a .! ie = he » ah CURE. untae Jos ORI aes a AT, oR eae Ra 10 (sey ate 19g sb 5 REL CG en Day vie ombt HES crt we 2 3 ie 8 a REPORT. OFFICE OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, ALBANY, December 14, 1896. To the Regents of the University of the State of New York: GENTLEMEN.— I have the honor of presenting to your Board my Twelfth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New Work. | The work of the department has been diligently and successfully prose- cuted during the year. A large number of insects have been studied, most of which are of economic importance to the farmer, the fruit-grower, or to the general public. Among these special attention was given to the army-worm in consideration of its distribution and destructiveness throughout the larger portion of the State of New York to an extent not previously recorded. In the pages devoted to the elm-leaf beetle will be found interesting observations upon the long continuance, in successive broods, of the insect in this vicinity — quite at variance with what has hitherto been ascribed to it. Instead of the beetle going into retreat for hibernation in the month of August, the insect has remained with us from its first appearance in May until into November as active larve and transforming in its subsequent stages. Quite a number of the insect attacks that have come under observation, have been noticed briefly in “‘ Notes on Some of the Insects of the Year in the State of New York,” and others, more fully, in their proper place in the body of the report. Work upon the classification, arrangement, and labeling of the Collec- tion has been continued. Some progress has been made in the prepara- tion of a biological collection in the limited time that could be spared 13 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM for the purpose: A well-arranged collection of this character, exhibiting at a glance the entire life-history, habits, transformations, enemies, etc., of each species, would prove both interesting and instructive to those who apply in person at our rooms for information regarding some special insect pest. The material for such an exhibit has been accumulating during past years, and is only awaiting time for its arrangeiment. The additions made to the State Collection have not been as large as those of the preceding year, from the general paucity of insect life, as noticed in a following page. ‘Their number (in part estimated) aggregates about 2,000. Contributions have been received from forty-two persons aggregating about eight hundred examples. a The Tenth Report of the State Entomologist was issued in the early part of July, and forms a part of the Forty-eighth Report of the State Museum. An edition was also printed as separates, for convenience of distribution among agriculturists and entomologists. ‘The report contains 300 pages, 4 plates and 24 figures. Its preparation required an unusual amount of office labor from the extended index given to the ten reports of the Entomologist (1883-1895), occupying 93 pages, and embracing (as estimated) 20,600 references. | The Eleventh Keport of the State Entomologist for the year 1895, is now being printed, and will, it is hoped, be ready for distribution before the close of the present year. It will contain nearly 250 pages and 16 plates. The usual list of miscellaneous publications by the Entomologist during the current year will be found in the Appendix. Forty-one titles are cited with time and place of publication, with a brief summary of each. The aggregate number of such publications listed and abstracts given, in the several volumes of this series of reports, including the present, is gog. The correspondence of the office during the year has been as follows: Letters received and filed, 1119; letters sent, so far as recorded, 1215. Arrangement has been made for an amount of additional shelving required by the increase in the collections and library. ‘These additions REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 179 will permit a better classification of material, and add greatly to con- venience in the frequent reference to both specimens and publications. In conclusion, I desire to express my appreciation of the aid and encouragement extended by your board during the year past, especially in the recent arrangement through which my department has been brought in closer and more satisfactory relations with your Honorable Board. Respectfully submitted, J. A. LINTNER. Hie ih Veg. EG Sites nas ‘if sets a ae is sha rf ft ia = | INJURIOUS INSECTS. *“‘Camponotus Pennsylvanicus” and ‘‘ Formica rufa.” Carpenter Ant and Mound-building Ant. (Ord. HyMENoPTERA: Fam. ForMIciD#&.) In the preceding Report of this series (Eleventh), one of the large ants, Camponotus herculaneus var. Pennsylvanicus, is represented as sometimes entering dwellings from nests built outside near the house. In one instance mentioned by Dr. Riley, a fine old homestead was so overrun with it that it was on the point of being sold, when the source of the infestation was discovered in a large nest of several feet in diameter in the back yard. In all probability’ the above infestation as cited by Dr. Riley was erroneously referred to C. herculaneus. Rev. Dr. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia, who has made special study of the habits of our N. Ameri- can ants, has modestly questioned the statement in a recent letter received from him :— “T think that I may venture to question the statement respecting Camponotus Fennsylvanicus on page 113. I am reasonably familiar with the habits of this species, and, have never known an example of a nest made in the earth, as implied in your statement. It is a carpenter ant exclusively, and lives in trees and timber. I suspect, therefore, that a mistake must have been made in the species. I have occasionally seen the Pennsylvania carpenter ant in houses, but as a rule, it is not inclined to such resorts, and I very much doubt if it could have proved a house- hold pest. ‘‘T make the above statement with some degree of confidence, even though you quote Dr. Riley for your authority. However, if Mr. Theodore Pergande endorses the species, I suppose I should waive my objection, as he is well acquainted with the species of our American Ants.” Dr. McCook has also indicated another error made by me, on page 115 of the Report cited, where Lormica rufa is given as the ‘not improb- able” annoying occupant of the soil of a lawn on the south side of Long Island, which “ during the summer is alive with ants,” and also the arti- ficers of large mounds seen by me in the Catskills and in the Shawangunk range at Lake Mohonk. He writes as follows: “You refer to our American mound-making ants as Formica rufa. That is a blunder which I made when I first published an account of the habits of these species in the Transactions of the American Entomological 182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Society, of 1877. I was misled by Mr. Smith, of the British Museum. Dr. August Forel, however, subsequently corrected my error and des- cribed this species as a new one, viz., Formica exsectoides. We have Ff. rufa in this country. I have observed and studied it in Colorado, and know that it is found in the Dakotas, but I have no knowledge of its being found in the New England States or in Eastern New York” In consideration of Dr. McCook’s expressed deference to Mr. Per- gande’s views, his letter was submitted to Dr. Howard, chief of the Entomological Bureau at Washington, who returned the following com- ments by Mr. Pergande: “Regarding our mound-making ants I will say that the genuine Formica rufa has so far not been found in this country, but that there are numerous forms more or less nearly related to it which occur in dif- ferent sections of the United States. One of these forms, / exsectoides Forel, appears to be an exclusively eastern species and has so far been found only in Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, whereas the most common form, occurring in Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, the Dakotas and Nebraska, is not / exsectoides, as stated by Dr. McCook, but / obscuripes Forel, which up to the present time has not been observed east of the Missouri and Mississippi. As to Cam- ponotus Pennsylvanicus, | have never observed it to build extensive nests in the ground, either near dwellings or in the woods, although occasion- ally I have found small nests under stones near the base of large oak trees which were probably connected with breeding chambers in the large and partly decayed roots of the trees. Most commonly I found them in dead trunks or stumps, generally oak, which had been perforated in all directions by wood-boring larve. Whether the ants which Pro- fessor Riley observed as having built a large nest in the ground of a back- yard in this city really were C. Fennsylvanicus or not, I am unable to say. I incline, however, to the belief that they were /ormica subsericea Say, which has the habit of building large and rather flat nests in the ground.” In the recent “‘ Comstock’s Manual for the Study of Insects,” Formica exsectoides is briefly referred to as being the builder of our largest ant- hills; these are often five or six feet across, and sometimes more than twice that in diameter. The head and thorax of this ant are rust-red, while the legs and abdomen are blackish brown. ‘This species has been supposed to be the same as the European wood.-ant, /ormica rufa, and is referred to in many books under that name. boat REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 183 Ecpantheria scribonia (Stoll). The Great White Leopard-Moth. (Ord. LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. ARCTIIDZ.) SOUT a Sip: tO. Cnamens) Pap. Ex... 4707, tah oy, Diol, Tes, 3) (as Phalena). . ABBOTT-SMITH: Lepidopt. Ins. Georgia, 1797, p. 137, pl. 69 (as Pha- lena oculatissima). CLEMENS: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, p. 523 (description, distribution). er Morris: Cat. Lepidopt. North Amer., 1860, p. 25; Synop. Lepidopt. North Amer. 1862, p. 347 (synonymy, adult and larva de- scribed). Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 349 (moth and larva described). SAUNDERS: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Phila., 11, 1863, pp. 28-29 (larva described) ; the same in Canad. Journ., New Ser., vui, 1863, paysyos ,synop. Canady) sArchide, 1363)).p) 22; in. Canad. Entomol, xiv, 1882, pp \brg-8rs,, figs, 12,.13 (brief, general account); in 13th Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1882, 1883, pp. 14-15, figs. 4, 5 (brief general account). PACKARD: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Phila., ii, 1864, p. 127 (bibliog- raphy, synonymy, distribution). | RiLtey: in Amer. Entomol.-Bot., 1, 1870, p. 179 (larva briefly described), p. 182 (known as “fever worm”); 4th Rept. Ins. Mo., 1872, Pp. 141-143, figs. 63, 64 (life-history, description of larva); in Amer. Entomol., ili, 1880, pp. 133-134 (notes on life-history, parasites) ; Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p-. 49 (eating leaves of cotton plant). STRETCH: Zyg. and Bomb., 1873, p. 174, pl. 7, figs. 20, 21. SIEWERS: in Canad. Entomol., ix, 1877, p. 128 (feeds on poke berry, will eat cabbage). FRENCH: in 7th Rept. Ins. Ill, 1878, p. 184 (brief account). MARTEN: in roth Rept. Ins. Ill., 1881, p. 116 (brief mention). SLOSSON: in Entomolog. Amer., iil, 1887, pp. 185, 212 (variety denudata in Florida). Epwarpbs, H.: Bull. U. 5. Nat. Mus., No. 35, 1889, p. 61 (references) HARRINGTON: in 20th Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., for 1889, 1890, p. A8, fig. 23 (brief mention). RiLtEy-Howargp: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 155 (Ophzon arctte Ashm. parasitic on). | SMITH: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 294 (not rare); in Canad. Entomol., Xxll, 1890. p. 179 (bibliography, synonymy); List Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 27, no. 1122 (listed, synonymy). Dyar: in Psyche, vi, 1891, p. 127 (at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.); in Canad. Entomol., xxill, 1891, pp. 106-108 (description of stages). Howarp: in Bull. 33 Office Expt. Stat., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 345 (feeding on cotton leaves); the same in Farm. Bull. 47, Usse Dep Agricul. 1S977.p. 26, 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Although this handsome insect is native to the State of New York, the moth is rarely seen. The thickly-haired caterpillars of this and allied species are frequently seen in the autumn crawling rapidly, as though in haste to find suitable shelter for the winter before the setting in of cold weather. This particular species can not be considered injurious in this latitude, as it is comparatively rare, but in some of the southern States it is quite abundant, though not destructive. The Egg. Eggs of a moth sent me October 6, 1884, by Mrs. J. P. Ballard, of eastern Pennsylvania, and received by her !rom Orlando, Florida, proved to be of this insect. They were small, 0.025 inch (,,) in diameter, round, irregularly punctate, changing before hatching from whitish to reddish and finally purplish (Mr, Dyar gives the color as yellowish pearly gray). ‘The duration of this stage was about five days. Less than one-half of the shell was eaten by the larva upon its escape. While many of the Arctians are known to be quite prolific, this one is markedly so, for Mr. Dyar records an instance in which he obtained 2274 eggs from one individual. Notes on the Larval Stages. October 7th. Larva after hatching 0.05 inch long, yellowish, with brown dorsal tubercles on segments 4 and 5 (apodal), 8,9, 10 and 12, ap- pearing, from above as if two-banded ; head reddish, with a conspicuous black spot on each side over the ocelli; hair nearly as long as the body; legs long. Larva feeds readily on plantain. October rsth. First molting commenced; on the 16th, 10 had molted, and the last on the zoth. Appearance much as before, except that the subdorsal spots on segments 4, 5, 8, 9 and 1o are dark reddish-brown, extending around and below the tubercles—those on segments 4 and 5 also embracing the lateral tubercles, making almost a band upon these segments, except as separated by a pale dorsal line. Terminal segment without brown. Head brownest at the slightly lobed apex. Hairs fuscous, longer than the diameter of the body. October 19th. Second molt commenced; on zoth, 12 had molted. Length, o.2in. Hairs black, about the diameter of body in length. Head pale reddish, a blackish crescent over the ocelli. Body honey yellow. Segment 3 with four brown tubercles dorsally; segments 4 and 5 brown dorsally and laterally; segments 8 to 10, brown dorsally only (over the two subdorsal rows of tubercles). The molting was completed on the REPORT OF THE STATE. ENTOMOLOGIST 185 25th, when the earliest had taken the position for the 3d molt, having a length of 0.35 in. The preparation for the molt is made by leaving the plant and selecting a place on the top of the jar containing the larve, where each spins a web of three times the area of its body, in which it may securely fasten its prolegs—such attachment being apparently necessary for its successful escape from the cast skin. October 27th. Third molt commenced.. Ended on the 3oth. Color dull red. The brown has become black and its area is extending, as segment 3 is also black, in addition to 4,5, 8 to 10. On the ter- minal segment (12) the two subdorsal tubercles are shining-black. On the evening of the 31st, the first two took position for the 4th molt — length 0.45 in. With very few exceptions (the result perhaps of disturb- ance) the larve after their molting reverse their position and entirely consume their exuvia. November 1st. Fourth molt commenced—1 molted; on 2d, 10 molted; on 3d all of previous molt had ceased feeding, and were in position on the lid and sides of the glass jar, for their approaching molt— a few only remained upon the leaves. The molting was completed on the morning of the sth. Portions of about 20 per cent. of the exuviz were uneaten. In several instances the larvae were seen to commence feeding upon the spines, biting them off in small pieces, before attacking the skin. The withdrawal from the old skin occupied about a minute. The spines, first appressed to the body beneath the old skin, appear as wet places, but at once begin to expand anddry. Their final adjust- ment is apparently hastened by the contortions in which the larva throws itself, by resting on three pairs of prolegs, and with the two extremities raised and curved over the back, almost touching one another, frequently twisting, at short intervals, from side to side. In about an hour after emerging, the meal upon the exuviz is commenced. With its longer spines, the caterpillar is now nearly twice as broad as before, but not much increased in length, averaging but o.5in. The cen- tral and terminal segments are still red, but diminished in extent and less conspicuous than before—the red of the extremities being nearly con- cealed beneath the long black spines radiating from the tubercles. The legs, prolegs, and ventral surface are red, the plante of the prolegs being quite pale—almost a flesh color. The spines on segments 6 and 7 are dusky, interspersed with a few black ones; length of spines equal to the diameter of the body. The head is red with black ocelli, the mandibles black-tipped, and with a few perpendicular black lines on the clypeus. On the 5th the more advanced larve show the red ring on the 186 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM incisures characteristic of the adult form. On the 6th a larva took position for its molt, on the 7th two others, and ten on the 8th. At this time they measure o.g inch in length. | November 8th. Fifth molt commenced—one larva molted; ten more were found to have molted on the morning of the roth; the last molted on the 15th —the molting of this stage extending over seven days. At the end of this stage they average in length 1.6 in. at rest and 2 in. when ‘in motion. All the spines are black, except some lateral ones in a few individuals, which are brownish; they are minutely barbed to the naked eye and distinctly so under a magnifier (Pl.iv, fig. 1). The segments are black dorsally, except the thoracic and the last two which are a reddish- brown, as are the sides below the spiracles. The red incisural bands commence behind the 4th segment and continue until after the roth, being seven in number; the central ones being about one-third as long as the black portion of the segment. November 17. Sixth molt commenced — all the larvae remaining upon the leaves. The molting terminated on the 23d —continuing six days. In every instance in this molt, the head-case remained attached to the skin. ‘The exuvia shows distinctly a central lateral patch of dusky scales. Fewer of the exuvize were eaten (26 per cent only), owing doubtless to the stronger and more rigid spines. All the spines are black and all the segments are black dorsally.* November 25. Seventh molt commenced — terminated on December 4th,— continuing nine days. Length 2.4 inches, at rest; when extended in feeding, 3 Inches. December 1. A caterpillar commenced spinning its cocoon on the side of its feeding cage and the glass cover; for convenience it was trans- ferred to another box. On the 3d inst. a second one had commenced. December 13. ‘The first pupa was observed, from the caterpillar that had commenced to spin up December rst. Two more molted on Decem- ber 14th. On the goth, the last larva was transferred to a box for pupation. , * If the preceding notes are compared with Dr. Dyar’s description of the early stages of this insect (see Canadian Entomologist, xxiii, 1891, pp. 106-107), some differences will be detected. Most of these can undoubtedly be accounted for by the natural variations of the species under differing conditions. REPORT TABLE OF LAST TRANSFORMATIONS. SEUNCUP. December ee ce 1 Re se | eee ee ee Pupated. Wecember “13 4 18 | 6 20 é 2T (79 22 6 2I 6¢ 22 (4 22 a4 22 (%4 24 6e¢ 25 (74 25 66 25 6¢ 25 ce 25 by 26 ef 28 cf 28 = 28 “ 28 SA 28 ¢ 28 Be 28 es 28 ee 28 6 29 66 20 pacmrse 28 a4 aE 3 a4 3 6c i 74 Vahl (5 8 h 12 Ke Ee cé 15 OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Emerged. January 66 February January 6e 66 February 66 4 January l“ebruary ec January February 4 6e Ge January February March February March February Crippled February Sex. . ‘ ‘ +0 O> +0 40 +0 40 +0 40 Pupal period. | 33 days. 29 29 74 Dery Be an! 29 (a4 30 ¢¢ I (4 ao Bio a 36 é¢ 26) uss PRE: 33 43 6é 4I cé BAN Wis 40 ¢¢ (74 ee (4 36 74 40 <4 (74 ae 29 74 46 (74 37 oo. 35 48 66 4S 7: 60 74 AG 4 AQ 6c ei 40 (a4 ay Ab 2a In the above table is given in detail the time occupied in the last two transformations of forty individuals of this interesting insect within cases which had been kept upon my office table at the State Museum 188 NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM It will be seen by consulting it, that the shortest period between the spinning up of the larva and pupation was but three days,—the longest fifteen, and the average a little over seven days and one-half. The shortest period of pupation was twenty-five days, and the longest sixty — the average being nearly thirty-eight days. The Pupa. The larva spins a thin netting of yellowish silk with little amber beads at the joining of the threads just before pupating. No description of the pupa was made, but it has been described by Dr. Dyar as follows: ‘‘ Robust, of normal shape; on the abdominal segments, dorsally and subventrally are ten rows of large tufts of short spiny hairs, the tufts smaller ventrally and less numerous posteriorly ; cremaster, two tufts of reddish spines from elevated bases. Color black, reddish in the abdo- minal incisures; the body is smooth and dull, the wing cases more shiny, creased. Spiracles linear, reddish. Length 35 mm., width 13 mm.” The Imago. This beautiful insect with a wing-spread of from two and three-quarter. inches in the male to three and a half in the female is a desirable addition to the cabinet of a collector. Its lustrous blue abdomen marked with orange down the middle and on the sides, and the sharp black markings of the thorax and wings on a white background, give the insect a striking appearance. ‘There is considerable variation in the markings in different individuals as will be seen on plate 1, and particularly so when the sexes are compared, ‘The irregular black rings that adorn the thorax and wings of the female, tend to become black spots in the male, as seen in figure 2 of plate 1. More often, however, the costal and some of the smaller discal rings on the wings and those of the thorax are re- placed by spots (see figures). It will also be noticed that the posterior thoracic spots of the male are frequently blue, while-in the female the corresponding marking are a much darker blue or a black. A variety of this species, denwdata Slosson, in which the tips of the primaries are invariably denuded, has been described from Florida. Life-History. So far as known there appears to be but a single annual generation. The nearly full-grown larve are commonly observed in the autumn, and in this stage usually hibernate. The caterpillars can successfully with- stand a great degree of cold. They may even be revived after having REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 189 been frozen stiff and partially encased in ice. In Kentucky the insect spins up about the first of June and the moths emerge about the rsth. Under exceptional conditions the insect pupates in the autumn and the imago is disclosed before winter sets in. The only recorded parasite of this species appears to be Ophion arctie Ashm., which was reared from it at Columbia, S. C. Food-plants. The insect is a very general feeder in its travels over the ground as it approaches maturity, and eats from almost any plant that it chances to meet with except the coarser ones. It will also climb low trees and feed on the foliage. Among its favorite food plants are some of the ‘Composite, the wild sun-flower (eHanthus) being one commonly eaten by the larva. It has also been recorded as feeding on the willow, poke berry, and black locust in nature. In confinement it has been reared suc- cessfully on cabbage, the plantain, castor bean (Azcinus communis), and the spurge (Euphorbia cyathophora). Distribution. This insect has a wide distribution, being comparatively abundant throughout most of the northern United States and in many parts of Canada. In some of the southern swamps it is quite common, and in those regions it has been known as “ Fever-worm” among the negroes from a mistaken impression that this caterpillar is the cause of the ague. An Innoxious Insect. _ The injuries resulting from this insect are seldom, if ever, serious, as it is nowhere known as a common pest, and it rarely causes any damage worthy of notice. This would naturally result from their restlessness. which does not allow them to remain long in one place, and from their food consisting largely of comparatively valueless plants. 190 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leucania unipuncta (Haworth). The Army- Worm. (Ord. LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. NOcTUIDZ.) Comstock: Rept. upon Cotton Insects, 1876, p. 11 (mention), pp. ror, 106 (mistaken for A/eia), pp. 202, 203 (LVemorea leucanie and Exorista favicauda valuable parasites of Heliophila unipuncia). SmiTH;: in Rept. upon Cotton Insects, 1879, p. 259 (Leucania unipuncta attracted to sweets); Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 316 (common all over the State); List Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 46, no. 2280; in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1890, 1891, pp. 5t4— crs, figs. 27, 28 (remedies) ; in Entomolog. News, vii, 1896, p. 204 (brief notice of ravages in 1896); Economic Entomol., 1896, pp. 294-296, figs. 332, 333 (brief general account); in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1896, 1897, pp. 433, 434, 449-457, figs. 1-5 (recent injuries in N. J.; general account). Hicks: in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1880, p. 227 (ravages in Queens Co., N.Y... 1n..1880). LINTNER: in Country Gentleman, for July 1, 1880, xlv, p. 424 (eggs identified); in id-, for June’ 2, 1331, xlvi, p. 259 (retereneeye rst Rept.Ins. N. Y., 1833) pp. 33,52 (memedies), pp. 109 suage 128,132) IgA-13h, 146, 3Ag,. 220) 202-202) ama ) (ReleTenGase and do., 1885, pp. 43-44 (injuries in N. Y.); 4th do., 1888, pp. 139, 163 (references); 6th do.,,1890, pp. 176, 179-180 (refer- ences) ;)7th.-do., 13891, pp. ao 376 (references) ; in Country Gentleman, for October 6, 1892, lvil, p. 730 (remedies) ; 8th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1893, pp,,265, 203 (references); ethmder 1893, Pp. 443 (reference) ; in Country Gentleman, for June 20, 1893, lvill, p. 508 (reference); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 482, 490, 519 (references); in The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], for July 8, 1896, p. 8 (ravages in N. Y., remedies); the same, in part, in the New York Recorder, for July 15, 1896; in Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1896, Ixi, P- 552; in Rome Sentinel, for July 10 and 17, 1896; ‘in Circular of the Department of Agri-’ culture of the State of New York; in New York Daily Tribune, for July 18, 1896 (injuries in Eastern N. Y., remedies); in Country. Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, .1x1,, p.' 574 (extent of injuries, remedies); in id., for August 6, 1896, lxi, p. 606 (ravages at Orchard Home, N. Y., remedies); in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, pp. 55=56 (ravages in New York). Mann: in Psyche, i, 1880, pp. 91, 93, 115, 118 (references to ravages of army-worm in Mass. and vicinity), 1881, p. 226 (reference) ; in do., iv. 1884, p. 210 (reference). DimMock: in Psyche, ii, 1881, pp. 212, 282 (numerous references to ravages in New England and Nova Scotia), pp. 287, 345 (references) ;an"do., iv, 188s) "p. /2o5) (reference) in donuas 1888, p. 141 (reference). _ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig! SAUNDERS: in Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, pp. 1984199 (in Ontario and Western States); the same in Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1881, 1882, p. 6. THomAS: roth Rept. Ins. IIl., 1881, pp. 5-43, figs. 1-5 (extended account). CoQuUILLETIT: in 11th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1882, pp. 8, 49-64 (habits and life-history). GopiINGc: in Trans. Iowa State Agricul. Soc. for 1882, 1883, separate, p- 9 (brief account). CooKE : Inj. Insects Orch.-Vineyard, 1883, pp. 282-283, figs. 269-271 (brief general account). ForBeEs: in Trans. Miss. Valley Horticul. Soc., 1883, separate, p. 7 (strawberries stripped of leaves by army-worms); 12th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1883, p. 102, fig. 22 (ravages in IIl.); 13th do., 1884, pp. 9, 40, 61, 84, pl. VI, figs. 1, 2 (notes on habits, remedies); 14th do., 1885, p. 5 (mention) ; 15th do., 1889, pp. 2-3 (mention, as feliophila unipuncia) ; 16th do., 1890, p. ix (mention) ; Append. to 17th do., 1891, pp. 25, 35 (references to Le Baron) ; 18th do,, 1894, pp. X, 14 (mention); rgth do., 1896, p. 76 (experiment on larve). REED: in 13th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1883, p. 52 (Vemorea leucani@ a parasite). Rivey: in 3d Rept. U.'S. Entomolog. Comm., 1883, Pp} o9=n56, pls. i, II (an extended account) ; in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, p. 173 (duration of transformations) ; the same in 14th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1884, p. 19; 4th Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1885, p. 19 (mistaken for Aveta), pp. 350-351, pl. V (brief account), Append., p. [102] (note on appearance) ; in Insect Life, ili, 1890, pp. 183-184 (mention); Bull. 31 Divis. Batomok, U, is.) Dept.i\ANericul., 1393, pp.ar, S4,157, (exhibit of at World’s Columbian Exposition) ; in Insect Life vi, 1894, p. 222 (living examples in Mexican cereals at World’s Fair). FERNALD: in Kingsley’s Stand. Nat. Hist., 1, Crust. and Ins., 1884, p. 451, figs. 568, 569 (brief notice, bothas AHeliophila and Leucania unipuncta); in 34th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, p. 186 (mention). HusparpD: in 4th Rept. U.S. Entomolog. Comm., 1885, Append., p. [6] (not in Florida). Van DuzeE: in Canad. Entomol., xvii, 1885, p. 80 (Aphis mali attract- ing ZL. unipuncta moths). . WEBSTER: in Ind. Agricul. Rept. for 1885, 1886, separate, p. 18, pl. 4, fess 223 (injuring, -corm); win) dnsecti, life, | 11, )1890,4 pp: 112-113 (in Indiana, ovipositing in corn); in Bull. 22 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, pp. 45-46 (damages in Ind., parasites); in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 150 (but one brood injurious in Ohio); the samein 24th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1894, p..89; Bull. 51 Ohio Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1894, p. 12ce(advsenbution),; ps! 233 reference). ;),1m, Bulle:6,, New. Ser., Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 66. (injuries in Ohio). IQ2 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coox: in Entomolog. Amer., i, 1886, p. 209 (ravages); Bull. 76 Mich. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1891,.p. 14 (reference). BeTHUNE: in 17th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1887, p. 59, figs. 33, 34 (brief mention); in 27th do. for 1896, 1897, pp. 55-56 (damage in Ontario). BRUNER: in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 66 (in S. Dak., Nebr. and Wyoming) ;. in Bull. 22 Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, p. 9. (damage in Nebr., parasites) ; in Bull. 23 do., 1891, p. 14 (injur- ing beets); in Ann. Rept. Nebr. State Bd. Agricul., 1893, pp. 390-394, figs. 35-41 (brief general account); in Bull. 32 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept.. Agricul., 1894, pp. 14-15 (injuries in. Nebr. in ’93). FLETCHER: Ann. Rept. for 1887, 1888, pp. 11-12, figs. 1, 2 (life-history, ravages in Canada, remedies) ; in rgth Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. g (brief mention); Ann. Rept. for bebe 1895, pp. 192-194, figs. 2, 3 (life-history, ravages in ’94 In Canada, remedies); in Po7th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, pp. 59-60 (injuries in Ontario); in Rept. Canad. Experimental Farms ‘for 1896, 1897, pp. 231-234, figs. 3, 4 (general account of, in Canada). Hust: Bulk, xlvi N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1888, pp. 6=7, (remedies: brief) ; in Entomolog. Amer., v, 1889, p. 58 (contagious disease of army-worm). Burnett: in Insect Life, 1, 1889, p. 287 (in Orleans Co., N. Y. in 1888). Dvar: in Insect Life, 1, 1889, p. 285 (moth attracted to electric light). Danspy: in Insect Life, 1, 1889, p. 375 (injuries in Florida). MILLER: in Insect Life, 1, 1889, pp. 76-77 (ravages in Indiana). RiLEy-Howarp: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 356 (reference); in do., ui, 1889, p. 56 (ravages in Ind.), 1890, p. 258 (mention), p. 351 Khogsas terminalis Cr..reared ) 5 in’ do., ii, 13g", pp 15a uae 153, 154, 156, 157, 460 (reared parasites), p. 473° (mention); © in do., iv, 1891, p. 157 (in the island of Jamaica); in do., vi, 1893, p. 41 (ravages in N. Mex. and Va.), 1894, p. 348 (men- tion), p- 374 (injuries reported in various localities) ; in do., vii, 1894, p. 269 (ravages in Va. from May to Sept.), p. 279 (abundance of moths at electric light). TOWNSEND: in Insect Life, ii, 1889, p. 42 (destructive in Mich. in ’81); in Psyche, vi, 1893, pp. 466, 467, 468 (flies bred from Leucanin unipuncta). ASHMEAD: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, pp. 53-57 (ravages in Md. in 1880). Howarp: in Insect Life, li, 1890, p. 222 (irrigation for controlling) 5 Circular. od Ser., Die Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1894, 0) Ope tea ES) ota (brief general account) ; in Pide.t Entomolog. Soc. Wash., iil, 1895, p. 225 (of distribution) ; Bull. 5 Technical Ser!,’ Diviss bntomol., U.S.) Dept: Agricul? -réo7,/ "ppc seuruse (mention), p. 51 (Winthemia g-pustulafa a common parasite). bo REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I93 OssorN: in Bull, 22 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1890, pp. 20-21 (mention) ; in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 112 (mention) ; in Bull. 30 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 44 (in- juries in Iowa in ’g2); in Bull. 33 Io. Agricul. Coll. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 600-603, figs. 3-5 (injuries in Iowa, brief general account); in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 78 (injuries in Iowa). HARRINGTON: in 21st Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1891, p. 67 (Uphion purgatum a parasite). KoEBELE: 10 Bull. 23 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1891, p. 44 (mention). MOPFAT: in 21st Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont) 1891;"pp. 51—54, figs. 21, 22 (ravages in Maritime Provinces and Eastern States) ; in 27th do. for 1896, 1897, pp. 77-78 (injuries in Ontario, etc.). COCKERELL: Bull: tro N. Mex. Agricul. Expt, Stat., 1893, pp. 1o-14 (food-plants and remedies); in Insect Life, vil, 1894, p. 210 (mention). GILLETTE : in Rept. Col. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1893, 1894, p. 53 (brief mention). THompson: in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 37 (in Tasmania). GARMAN: in 5th Ann. Rept. Ky. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 56-59, fig. 8 (brief account as He/zophila); in 7th do. for 1894, 1895, p. XXXV11 (very common in Ky., May 23, June 25-Sept. 1). MurtFeELpT: in Bull. 32 Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1894, p. 37 (injuries in Mo. in 1893). Comstocks: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 303-304, figs. 366, 367 (brief notice). ForsusuH: in The Gypsy Moth, a Rept. of the Work Mass. Bd. Agricul., . 1896, p. 33 (gypsy moth mistaken for army-worm), p. 121 (cyclone burner for army-worm). Lounspury: Bull. 28 Mass. Agricul. Expt. Stat. (Hatch), 1895, pp. 10— 17, figs. 5~7 (cranberries injured, general account). McCartuy: in Bull. 115 N. C. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 164-165 (remedies, as Helophila). Hopxins—Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 261— 262, 310, 312, 316 (brief description, remedies). JOHNSON: in gth Rept. Md. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896., p. 225 (ravages in Sept.). KIRKLAND: in Bull. 3 Series of 1896, Mass. Crop Rept., July, 1896, pp. 28-37, figs. 1-6 (general account of in Mass.) ; Bull. 46 Hatch Expt. Stat. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, p. 23 (toads eating army-worms). ; Lowe: Bull. 104 N. Y. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 121-129, figs. 1, 2, pls. I, II (general account and recent ravages). _ LucceER: 2d Ann. Rept. Entomol. State Expt. Stat., Univer. Minn., for 1896, pp. 14-20, figs. 8-10, pl. II, fig. 11 (recent injuries in Minn., general account); the same in Bull. 48 Minn. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 42-48. 14 1Q4. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PERKINS : in gth Rept. Vt. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 134-142, figs. 20~25 (general account of, in Vermont). TRUMAN: in Entomolog. News, vil, 1896, p. 299 (common in South Dakota). Weep, C. M.: Bull. 39 N. H. Coll. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 62-75, figs. 1-10 (genera. account of, in New Hampshire). BROOKS: in 34th Rept. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, pp. 82-84 (damage by, on college farm). CHITTENDEN: it 8 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1897, P. 42 (Carcelia leucanige a common parasite). DEARNESS: in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, 1897, p. 23 (injuries in Ontario). FyLEs: in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, aor pp. ro1—102 (brief mention). PANTON: in 27th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1896, “Som pp- 44-51, figs. 45-50, r map (general account of distribution and ravages in Ontario). BRITTON: in 2oth Rept. Conn. Agricul. Exp. St. for 1896, 1897, pp. 236— 238, pl. 3, figs. zd (in Conn., natural history, remedies). SLINGERLAND: in Proc. 42nd Ann. Meet. West. N. Y. Horticul. Soc., 1897, pp. 23-24 (brief account of ravages in 1896 in New York); in Amer. Agricul., 59, for May 8, 1897, p. 582 (rarely injurious a second year); Bull. 133 Cornell Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1897, pp. 233-258, figs. 68-72 (extended account, in New York). SOULE: in aes Vill, 1897, p. 11 (moths swarming in New Hampshire and at sea). (The references above are additional to those given in the extended account of this insect by Prof. Riley in the 3rd Report of the U. S. En- tomological Commission, 1883, pp. 146-156). The notable entomological event of the year (1896) for the State of New York, has been the occurrence and severe ravages of the army-worm, Leucania unipuncta, over the greater part of the State. This insect isa quite common species, which is widely distributed over the country. When but moderately abundant it is but rarely, if ever, noticed by the farmer; occasionally, however, the caterpillars are so numerous and de- structive as to create much alan and lead to many wild surmises as to their origin. Unprecedented Ravages in the State of New York. The abundance of the caterpillars and the damage by them to the crops throughout the State is believed to be greater than had ever been observed before. Previous ravages of this insect in the State have been confined to limited portions, but the past year it has been destruc- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q5 J tive over by far its greater portion, ranging from its extreme east to the west and from the north to the south. The insect has been authentically reported from fifty-five of the sixty counties, but has probably been pres- ent, to a greater or less extent, in all. The following are known to have been infested to a greater or less extent: Albany. Essex. Oneida. Schuyler. Allegany. Franklin. Onondaga. Seneca. Broome. Fulton. Ontario. St. Lawrence. Cattaraugus. Genesee. Orange. Steuben. Cayuga. Greene. Orleans. Suffolk. Chautauqua. Herkimer. Oswego. Sullivan. Chemung. Jefferson. Otsego. Tioga. Chenango. Kings. ' Putnam. Tompkins. Clinton. ‘Lewis. Queens. Ulster. Columbia. Livingston. Rensselaer, Washington. Cortland. Madison. Rockland. Wayne. Delaware. Monroe. Saratoga. Westchester. Dutchess. Montgomery. Schenectady. Wyoming. Erie. Niagara. Schoharie. It has not been reported, so far as known, in the following counties: Hamilton, New York, Richmond, Warren and Yates. From the nature of the attack, and from the reports at hand, it would be useless to estimate the damage caused by this insect to the farming Interests of the State of New York the past year. The habit that the caterpillars have of feeding largely under cover of darkness, renders it quite safe to assume that in each of the fifty-five counties from which they have been reported, considerable injury to the crops has resulted. Besides the injuries reported, there are many individuals who have suf- fered considerable loss in silence. In addition to this, there is also the damage inflicted by the insect unknown even to the owners of the prop- erty involved. The two latter items would swell the total loss caused by this insect in the State the past year to a very formidable sum. The following newspaper items will give some idea of its abundance and de- structiveness in the State of New York in its recent invasion: In the vicinity of Easthampton [L. I.] the army-worm has appeared to the number of many thousands and has destroyed crops belonging to farmers, as well as fields and lawns of private residences. The Journal, July 9. 196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The so-called army-worm was brought to my notice during the first week in July. It was then attacking the oat fields in northern Westchester and southern Putnam counties. It developed northward into Putnam county with great rapidity. and much alarm was felt, although it was hoped that many fields would escape and be cut later for the grain. On July rath all hope of saving the grain was abandoned and every oat field was hastily cut with scythe and mowing machine to save the straw for fodder. At this time many oat fields were utterly ruined on the southern border of the county, and those farther to the north were seriously injured in part. The oats in this section were unusually vigor- ous, the straw in many places measuring five feet in height, with leaves long, broad and succulent. The heads were heavy and well filled. In fact, the wcrms were well supplied with ample food and made a rapid development. G. W. H. Brewster (Putnam county), N. Y. The army-worm has destroyed a considerable portion of the crops in Dutchess and Orange counties within the past two weeks. The Independent, New Paltz (Ulster county) July 24. The much dreaded army-worm has invaded Columbia county and is. working havoc with the crops in several towns. Over in Kline Kill the destructive pests have appeared in alarming numbers * * * *. They are also attacking growing vegetation on Abm. Vosburgh’s land in Ghent. In Kinderhook the Scully farm is overrun with the worms which are spreading from field to field, devouring everything in their progress, except potatoes. Several other farms in the same town are also suffering from the pest. Chatham Republican (Columbia county), July 15. Wherever the worm appears ruin follows its tracks, and many a farmer sees all prospect of abundant harvest fade away in a few hours. From the Plains come numerous accounts of their ravages, which are also reported on the South Side, where H. F. Slade had a fine piece of oats, covering eight acres, and last week estimated to yield 75 bushels to the acre. Sunday the worms were seen in the field for the first ttme. Mon- day their ravages had become so apparent, that it was decided to save the remainder of the crop by harvesting it at once. On Tuesday when it was cut with a reaper, the leaves had all been eaten off, and in many instances the head also, so that the field is nearly a total loss. The Oneonta Herald (Otsego county), July 16. In Chenango county the worms have confined their destructive work to the lowlands. Along the roads and fences, great swarms or droves of the pest may be seen making their way in one great wriggling, squirming mass from field to field. In Oxford the old fair grounds had been sown to oats and corn and also the pieces adjoining them. The worms migrated from one field to another, and in doing so, crawled over the building once used as a grand stand, that being used in place of a fence. The structure was one moving mass and attracted much attention from the village and surrounding country. The Watertown Reformer (Jefferson county), July 18. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 197 Anyone wishing to see the army-worm, should go to the Fairbanks farm on North Main street, near the Catholic cemetery, where the worms may be seen by the million in the oat fields. Every stalk and spear is literally covered with them. Mr. Fairbanks has as fine a piece of oats as is often seen in this section, but the terrible ravages of this pest will, in a few days, destroy the entire crop. ‘The ground is so thickly covered with them, that it is impossible to step without treading on some. The Jamestown Journal (Chautauqua county), July ro. Farmers owning land on the west side of Black river, just east of Low- ville [Lewis county], will have a new pest to contend with, and one that is making great havoc in pastures and meadows. ‘The pest is a smooth, dark colored worm, about one and one-half inches long, resembling the army-worm. They made their appearance about a week ago, and as to numbers represent a vast army. They move in solid masses and devour everything in their track. Pastures that have been attacked are as barren of feed as a street pavement. Oswego Times, July ro. The army-worm has reached South Trenton [Oneida county], and is working sad havoc in the oat and corn fields. One prominent farmer who expected to raise about 400 bushels of oats said this week, after seeing the worms at work in his field, that he probably would not have a solitary oat. The worms appear very ravenous and have been known to eat grass that had matured and turned brown. Utica Semi-Weekly Herald, July 17. = MY oy The army-worm which is working among farmers’ crops in the eastern part of the State, is doing considerable damage at Walworth [Wayne county]. T. G. Yeomans & Sons, the leading farmers in the town of Walworth, seem to be troubled most with the worm, which began eating the grass in the pastures, whereupon the grass was set afire so as to get rid of them. Then the fodder corn was next tackled by the pest. Gaiac ay a, Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, July 22. Earlville [Madison county], July 1 Ee 7 The army-worms have reached this section and are doing their destructive work among the farmers by devouring their corn and oats in large quantities. This is the first time the worms ever appeared in this vicinity, and are thought to be passing by and steadily moving northward. Rome Sentinel, July 17. In the town of Bethlehem, Albany county, near the farm of Hon. John M. Bailey, they were seen by me on July 7th, completely eating up every hill of corn in their progress over a large field (PI. II, alsolIV, fig 2), A piece of timothy was badly eaten and rapidly being consumed by the host of hungry caterpillars —the heads bending down beneath their : weight. They were found in millions in the field of rye in which they were first noticed, and as the rye was being cut, they were «1 n thousands underneath the sheaves. They were reportedon a farn just outside of Albany on Delaware avenue as eating everything before 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM them — oats, corn, and many vegetables, while they were so thick that one could not take a step without crushing many of them. So abundant were they that ifa man stood still for a few minutes, they would crawl upon, him in so great numbers that he could not easily divest himself of them. They were also very numerous just beyond the toll-gate on Western avenue where they had stripped all the leaves from a number of fields of fine looking oats, and leaving these, many had wandered on to the plank road where large numbers were crushed by passing vehicles. The serious nature of the ravages of this insect was evidenced by the many telegrams and letters received concerning it, — the replies to which formed a considerable part of the correspondence’ of the Office for the month of July. In addition, numerous inquiries relating to the new depredator were sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture, to the Experi- ment Stations at Ithaca and at Geneva, and to the branch Station at Jamaica, Long Island. In response to a telegram, the State Entomologist visited Governor Morton’s farm at Ellerslie, and found that hordes of hungry worms were threatening the destruction of nearly 200 acres of his cornand oats. The condition of affairs was found to be exceedingly alarming, and it was only by the work of fifty men continued long into the night that the crops were in the main preserved. Ina similar manner the army-worms were destroying the corn of George Canaday of Kinderhook, N. Y., at the rate of an acre a day. Mr. Canaday at once sent a special messenger with examples of the caterpillars to the office of the State Entomologist, to learn the proper methods of combating this enemy. The prompt action of this gentleman in accordance with the directions given him, enabled him to protect the greater portion of his fields. Its Work in Other States. The ravages of the army-worm during the year have also been marked in other States of the Union. Serious outbreaks occurred in Maine, and in the central‘and southern portions of New Hampshire and Vermont. In Massachusetts the cranberry crop in the three towns of Dennis, Har- wich and Yarmouth on Cape Cod, was damaged to an estimated extent of $100,000. The injury to the grass and grain crops in the State, was esti- mated at fully $200,000, making a total loss by the army-worm of over $300,000. Serious ravages by this insect were also reported from Con- necticut. In New Jersey the insect was quite destructive in limited localities in different portions of the State. The damage in Pennsylvania appears to REPORT OF THE STATE ‘ENTOMOLOGIST IQ9 have been severe and extensive overa large part of the State — Centre, Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna, Chester, Dauphin, Perry, Bucks, Lan- caster, York and Cumberland counties, being the most unfortunate in this respect. It was widespread in Ohio, although its injuries were local and could be hardly termed general. It was reported as quite injurious in Marinette, Menomenee and Monroe counties, in Wisconsin. In Minnesota its ravages extended over most of the State, and were repre- sented as very severe. It was reported as more or less destructive in the following additional States: Missouri, California, Maryland and Iowa. In towns of the Province of Ontario, Canada, it was also quite injurious. Earlier Losses in the State of New York. The first authentic record of injury in this State by the army-worm, so far as we have found, was given by the Albany Argus in 1817. In this year many meadows and pastures in the northern towns of Rensselaer county, and in the eastern portions of Saratoga county were rendered “as barren as heath” by this insect. In 1842 some injury from it, was reported in the western part of the State. It committed severe ravages in the vicinity of Buffalo in 1861, also near the head of Seneca lake, and at several other points in the southern and western counties.: In 1871 it was reported from Tioga county. Four years later it attracted attention the latter part of July, and in the middle of August it was quite abundant on Long Island. In 1880, it was again destructive in this State. The caterpillars appeared in June on Long Island, where they caused much alarm by their ravages. At this time they also occurred in some of the southern and eastern counties of the State. It will be seen from the above that all the earlier appearances of this pest have been limited to comparatively small areas in the State, and, although the losses were considerable in some instances, especially in the visitation of 1880, it is believed that none approached in magnitude those of the present year. Its Extended Distribution. The army-worm has a remarkably extended distribution. Dr. Packard, in his map published in 1877, limited its range as follows: north, at lati- tude 48° in Minnesota, and at Cape Rozier in Quebec; east by the eastern portion of Nova Scotia; south, at the southern point of Texas; west, at parallel 102°. This range can now be considerably extended. It has been reported from Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and as _ widespread all over Canada. In the United States, in addition to the area given by Dr. Packard, the insect has been reported from South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico; and the past 200 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM summer, “The Weekly Chronicle” reported ravages of the army-worm in July in the vicinity of Stockton, California. If the latter report can be regarded as authentic, it 1s safe to infer that the insect is, or may occur very soon, in every State in the Union. Living specimens were also observed to issue from Mexican cereals exhibited at the World’s Fair held at Chicago. It has been recorded from the Island of Jamaica, and will probably be found in other islands of the West Indies. Other localities are: various” parts of South America, — Venezuela, United States of Colombia, and Brazil; Isle of Wight; Lewes, South England; Maderia; Province of ° Nepaul, North India; Java; several places in Australia; New Zealand and Tasmania. Leucania unipuncta may well be deemed cosmopolitan, although only in the United States does its ravages attract much attention. Description of the Insect. Although the insect is a common one, and occurs in considerable num- bers each year in the State of New York, yet from its seldom attracting particular attention, owing to its ordinary nocturnal habits, it appears to be known to very few persons other than entomologists. The following account of its features in its several stages may serve as a guide to its recognition. Lhe eggs.—They will rarely be seen by the ordinary farmer, but when met with, they may be recognized from the following characters: ‘They. are smooth, white when first laid, turning gradually to a pale straw color before hatching, about 0.023 inch in diameter, and usually deposited in masses glued together by an adhesive substance. They may be found between the leaf-sheath and the stem of grasses,—the toughest stalks in the thickest clumps being preferred for their place of deposit. They are also at times, laid on other herbage, on dead stems, sticks, and in other less favorable places when the moths are abundant. The young caterpillars.—They are rarely seen and yet it is of great im- portance that the farmer should be able to recognize them before ex- tensive depredations have proclaimed their true character. The recently hatched army-worms are about 0.07 of an inch (1.7 mm.) long and of a dull translucent white color. The head is brownish-black or yellowish with dark eyes. On both head and body there are minute scattering hairs. The young larve walk in a looping manner, as the two anterior pairs of abdominal legs are atrophied. After the first molt the larve are about o.2 of an inch (5 mm.) long. The head is a little darker in some cases and the striping seen in the full REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 201 grown caterpillars is becoming apparent. ‘The general color of the body is yellowish-green with three, more or less well defined, rose-brown lines on each side of the body,—the lower line being the broadest and the most conspicuous. In this stage the minute black hairy tubercles of the body may be seen. , The caterpillar still loops as it walks and spins a thread as it drops from a leaf when disturbed, as in the first stage. After the second molt the striping is more pronounced, though the general color is the same. The habit of looping when walking and of spinning a thread when it drops is lost : instead of the latter it curls itself up as it falls to the ground. After the third molt the caterpillars become a dull, dark green color and the head is mottled with dark brown. The striping is nearly that of the full-grown caterpillar. In the next two molts there is but little change in its markings and other features. The full-grown caterpillar—-When full-grown or nearly full-grown, there is quite a range of coloring to be seen among a large number. Their general appearance is such that once seen they are easily recog- nized. The larger ones are about one inch and one-half (38 mm.) long, but associated with them are many smaller individuals, some of which are only about half the length of the largest. This range in size may be seen at the time when their ravages attract attention. They may be re- cognized in their latter stages by the median white line beginning at the head and extending a variable distance along the back —in some of the lighter and younger ones it may be traced the length of the body. On either side of the median white line, there is a broad brown stripe more or less distinct (in lighter individuals there may be a white mottling along this stripe), bordered laterally by a narrow one of darker brown. Next is a white line similar to the median one but more constant, and be- . tween it and the next white line there is a stripe of variable brown, some- times mottled with white; it is usually lighter than the stripe on either side of the median white line. Next comes the stigmatal stripe which in well-marked individuals is the most striking, it being as dark as any, and below it is the white substigmatal stripe; these two are somewhat variable in color in different caterpillars, The ventral surface is a vari- able yellowish-green : the abdominal legs are brown at the base. The light and dark varieties of the caterpillars are represented in the two lower figures of Plate IIT. The pupa.—The mahogany-brown pupa is about three-fourths of an inch (18 to 20 mm.) long. It is rather stout and on the anal extremity there is a pair of slightly converging spines, and on each side of these, two fine curled hooks. The spiracles are nearly black. 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The imago.— The moth is a plain appearing reddish-gray or fawn col- ored insect with a spread of wing, averaging about one inch and one-half. The fore-wing has two large ill-defined spots of a slightly lighter color anterior to its center; behind the outer one, is the small character- istic white spot indistinctly bordered with black. There is a faintly indicated oblique line from the apex to near the outer third of the hind margin of the wing, of which only the portion of the line near the apex is continuous, the remainder being represented by dots. The tips of the veins are usually indicated by black, and the whole surface of the wing is slightly and variably specked with the same. The outer portions of the hind wing is a uniform dark gray; the basal portion lighter. Fringe with a grayish, silvery luster. Beneath, the wings are a silvery gray. The moth is shown in Plate III, figures a, 4 and c. . Life-history and Habits. The life-history and habits of this, at times, very destructive insect are of the utmost importance in preventing its ravages or in checking it after the destructive work of the larvee becomes apparent. Most, if not all, of its demonstrations are characterized by the sudden discovery of large numbers of caterpillars rapidly destroying the crops, and usually when thus discovered, it is too late to prevent serious loss. The number of broods in a year is controlled largely by the length of the season in con- nection with an abundance of suitable food. Inthe North there are but two or three generations in a year, while in the South, it is stated that as many as six may occur. The insect may pass the winter, in the northern portion of its range, either as moths or larve, and possibly in the pupal stage; in the southern portion, it may exceptionally hibernate in the egg. The habits of the imago.—The moths may be seen on the wing in the . early evening hours or during the day in cloudy weather. The flight is usually near the ground and is accompanied by a low humming sound, similar to, but less intense than that of the hawk-moths; it is strong, irregular, and plunging. They are probably capable of long-sustained flights, as on one occasion when they were swarming in houses in the vicinity of the Atlantic coast, fishermen reported a great cloud of the moths over their boat out at sea. Their food is quite varied: they have been taken on the blossoms of apple-trees, on honeysuckle, soap-wort (Saponaria officinalis), and yucca. In August of the present year they were attracted in great numbers to the red berries of the Tartarian honeysuckle (Lomcera Tartarica), in Washington park, Albany, upon which they fed, either by puncturing REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 203 or abrading them, as many of the berries were more or less bruised, and but few other insects were seen around them. It is quite probable that they are drawn to the nectar of flowers and the juices of various fruits. They are also attracted by plant-lice, probably for the purpose of imbib- ing the honey-dew excreted by these insects. Mr. Van Duzee records an instance (/oc. ci¢.) of the moths swarming around an apple-tree badly infested with Aphis mah. Dr. Smith, in his Report for 1896, p. 450, mentions their occurrence in large numbers among the plant-lice on melon-vines. The moths seem to require an unusual amount of food, the reason of which may be that the eggs are not developed in recently issued females: no traces of them were found in a number of females dissected during this year. . Oviposition is said not to begin until a week or more after the moth has emerged, and it is believed to continue for the remainder of the adult existence, which may amount to several weeks. No eggs were obtained the past season from females which were either reared from caterpillars or from pupez collected in the field, although moths taken at the Tar- tarian honeysuckle berries oviposited within a few days. The eggs are ordinarily deposited by preference in thick tufts of grass, especially such as have been stimulated in growth by the droppings of cattle in pastures, and in other similar localities. The oldest and toughest stalks are selected, and on these the eggs are thrust down between the sheath and the stalk and usually secured in place by a gummy secretion. Early in the season the moth is known to deposit apparently by preference in cut straw of old stacks, in hay ricks, and even in old fodder stacks of corn stalks. Its eggs may also be found in bits of corn stalks on the surface of the ground, and in the preceding year’s stalks of grasses; or, the moth may Oviposit in the spring in young grain, and at times, on the leaves of plants upon which the larve rarely feed, as on clover. The eggs are most frequently deposited late in the afternoon and during the earlier hours of the night, in strings of fifteen to twenty ordinarily, although batches of nearly a hundred, in from three to eight rows on a single stalk have been found. In breeding cages the eggs have been placed in masses of over a hundred, arranged in several rows between two sticks. ‘The first moth dissected by Dr. Riley was found to contain upwards of 200 eggs, but later dissections resulted in finding 562 and 737 eggs respectively, which is probably nearer the average number. fabits of the larve.—The eggs hatch in from eight to ten days. The young larve remain in hiding most of the time, feeding only during cloudy weather and at night. They shelter themselves in the folds of leaves, in 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM stubble, and even under the bark of adjacent posts for the first few days, or they may simply rest at full length along a well-shaded leaf. Their habit of dropping upon the slightest disturbance, renders their detection more difficult. During their first week, they eat only of the lower epidermis of the leafin a manner similar to young Crambid larve — at least such was the habit of those reared the past season. In about a week they begin to eat holes in the sides of the leaves, and thereafter their appetites develop rapidly. There is considerable difference in the growth of the larvee even from the same mass of eggs and under almost identical conditions, some being nearly a molt in advance of the others. This same difference is the more marked in caterpillars growing under natural conditions in the field, where variation is the rule and not the exception. The abundance and the condition of the food has a great influence on the rapidity of their growth, for if abundant and succulent it will be most rapid, while if dry it will be much slower. The parent moth apparently seeks to give her offspring the best conditions when she searches out the thickest and greenest herbage in which to place her eggs, and in most cases it is in just such spots that the destructive armies have their origin. They are really centers of distribution, and should be so regarded. | Migrations.—The earlier stages of the army-worm escape observation in most instances, and it is only when they are unusually abundant and after they have become half-grown that they attract attention. It is not until then, and after all the food has been devoured in their immediate vicinity, that they are noticed. The caterpillars are now forced to move elsewhere or starve. In ordinary years this rarely occurs, for they are not sufficiently abundant to work any serious injury, unless it be a slight thinning,.of the crop... It will be seen; ‘theréfore, )that ene “marching” habit is abnormal, although it may be the one most familiar to many. The uniform movement of the caterpillars in the same direc- tion may be explained as the most natural, because it is the easiest when they are abundant, for otherwise their opposing motions would be a hindrance to one another. The determination of the direction of the march is probably the result of chance to a great extent, and is governed largely by the direction taken by the first to move, although some are in- clined to think that the insects march more frequently toward a certain point of the compass, and others ‘believe that they scent a favorite crop in the distance. The food of the caterpillars is so abundant that it hardly seems necessary to suppose that they are guided to it by a special sense, and it is equally difficult to see how a knowledge of the points of the compass would aid materially in such a search. * REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 205 In their marches the caterpillars move, so far as possible, in a nearly straight line, turning aside for nothing that can be surmounted. It has even been stated that they will climb the trunk of a tree to the lowest fork and descend on the other side. A number of instances have been reported in which they marched over buildings, where in some instances they were so thick as to cover the sides of the structure. They can not bear the hot sun, and so far as possible, avoid it in their travels, and after crossing a sunny field they may be seen resting in the shade of fences or shrubbery that may offer the desired relief. Water does not deter them. The rear ones push forward over the bridge formed by the dead and dying of the vanguard: if it be a large running stream they perish by the millions. Their march is not a very rapid one; it has been computed at, ordinarily, the rate of 30 yards an hour. Occasionally it happens, that the army-worm will migrate from the fields for the sole purpose of finding a suitable place for pupation, as in instances when there is abundant food in a grain field, but the soil is too hard for the caterpillars to bury in easily. This was noticed to a limited extent in the outskirts of Albany, where after partly stripping the leaves in an oat field, the caterpillars in migrating, inflicted little damage to a corn and grass field adjacent, but later their pupze were found in abund- ance under the leaves and grasses beside the outer fence — 35 being counted within an area of about two square feet. Associates.—It is not an uncommon occurrence, that cut-worms are associated with the army-worm in its ravages. In the rth Illinois Report, Mr. Coquillett records the presence of Agroéis c-nigrum in an army-worm attack, in the proportion of one cut-worm to eight or ten army-worms, while Dr. Howard found the proportion to be as high as one to five.* A single example of Agrotis ypsilon, was detected in a lot of over 100 army-worms received from Ghent, N. Y., early in October of the past year. , Food of the Caterpillars. The favorite food of the army-worm is undoubtedly, the green succulent leaves of a luxuriant growth of some member of the true grass family, the Graminee. In fields of small grain, the greener leaves are quickly stripped from the stalk, and, if the stem is not too hard, the heads will frequently be eaten off and fall to the ground. Occasionally, the heads are partly eaten after they they have been lopped off, but more fre- quently they are left untouched by the caterpillars. This wanton habit of the army-worm, increases its harmfulness in grain fields, without any *In 3rd Rept. U, S. Entomological Commission 1883, Pp. 135. 206 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM commensurate gain to itself. Of the cultivated crops, wheat and oats appear to be the favorites. Corn is perhaps less frequently attacked, for the reason that its method of cultivation is such as to discourage the insect breeding in fields of it, while, as shown before, the attack of any field after marching has begun is determined largely by chance. Rye and barley are eaten, but apparently with less relish. When pressed by hunger, the army-worm can readily accommodate itself to circumstances and devour many plants differing widely in character from its chosen forage. The most important of these are: flax, clover, beans, peas, strawberry, leaves of fruit-trees, watermelon, cucumber, rag-weed (Am- brosia artemisiefolia), cranberry, wild Solanum, capsicum pepper, Amar- antus, asparagus, and onions. There are a number of other plants upon which the caterpillars have been successfully reared, and upon which they would probably feed in nature, if nothing else was convenient ,to them. Some of the food-plants mentioned above, have been reported as not eaten by the army-worm, while others report them as occasionally injured. It is probable that the caterpillars are guided largely by the demands of nature for sustenance, and in proportion to their necessity do they turn to whatever is at hand. Pupation. Many accounts of the army-worm record its sudden disappearance, “as if by magic.” A field may be swarming with its hosts, and in a day or two none will be seen. But if one will examine the loose surface soil in a recently infested field or will look beneath the brush and dried grass on its borders, the mahogany-brown pupz will readily be found. The caterpillars have simply entered the ground for pupation and will soon reappear as moths. ‘The duration of the pupa state is governed largely by the temperature; in July of last year, it was about 20 days in this State, while in September it was lengthened to about 30. Number of Generations. In this State there were three broods the past season, which is probably the usual number. No observations were made on the first generation, therefore it is safe to assume that it was quite a limited one. It was the second that attracted attention throughout the State during the first two weeks of July. They completed their growth and pupated before the end of the month. The first of August moths were emerging, and by the 7th, no pupe could be found in searching in what had been a badly infested field, although pupal shells were abundant. Numbers of moths were seen in Washington Park, in Albany, on August 14th and 17th, but a week thereafter they had all disappeared. , REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 207 On September 26th, larvee of the third brood were reported as com- mitting serious ravages on the farm of Jacob Harder, Ghent, N. Y., where the second brood had been destructive in July.* A number of the larvz were sent to my office, of which the last buried for pupation, about October r2th. Moths from these began to emerge the 27th, and continued to do so until November 21st. During this time, 77 moths made their appearance, coming out most abundantly from November 2nd to the roth. The appearance of the adults so late in the season, renders it quite probable that they hibernate in the imago state in Al- bany, as has been observed at Cambridge, Mass., although a portion of the brood may also winter as pup. According to Dr. Howard, the -Insect may exceptionally pass the winter in the egg in some of the Southern States. It will be seen that these observations on the life- history of this insect agree quite closely with those of Prof. Weed, at Durham, New Hampshire; and other observations render it probable that there are ordinarily three broods each year in the other New England States, with the exception of northern Maine. In New Jersey, Dr. Smith reports three generations as the normal number in the northern portion of the State, while in the southern part a fourth is by no means unusual. Summary of Life-history. The life-history of the army-worm, so far as known in this State and the vicinity, may be briefly summarized as follows: Overwintered moths or recently emerged ones, which may have hibernated as larve, or possibly pup, deposit eggs early in the spring, and from them the first brood of larve develop. From their comparatively small number, they rarely prove very destructive and are consequently unnoticed. ‘They mature, | pupate, and the adults emerge and lay the eggs from which is produced the second brood. These in turn become nearly full-grown early in July, and we have the brood usually destructive, and the one which committed such widespread ravages in the State the present year. Pupation occurs in July and the moths emerge early in August. They deposit eggs the latter part of the month, and early in September the third brood makes its appearance and by the latter part of the month they are full-grown. This is the brood which was quite destructive the present season, at Ghent, N. Y., pupating the last of September, or early in October,—the moths emerging the last of October and into November, and most prob- ably passing the winter in the imago state. *They were also reported as destructive on several farms in Berlin, Bolton, Northboro, and other places in Worcester county, Mass., during the last of the month. 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Natural Agents Controlling the Army-worm. The inquiries are frequently made: Where do the army-worms come from? Willthey be abundant next year? ‘The first question has already been answered, but the answer to the second may not be so readily given. The comparative abundance or scarcity of this insect, as well as of others, from year to year is controlled by natural causes. The most prominent of these are the relative abundance and quality of its food, the favorable or adverse climatic conditions, and the number and activity of its natural enemies. Temperature and moisture have an important bearing on the production of its food-plants, and all know that without an amply supply of proper food, the caterpillars would die while young or immature, and no serious injury to crops would result from their presence. Weather conditions have also marked effect upon insect growth and development. Cold and wet serve to impair lepidopterous life, and when such prevails while the insect is in its tender larval stages, great mortality is the result. Hibernation is a severe ordeal for many insects, and alternate freezings and thawings, to which they may be sub- jected, may terminate many insect lives. It is only when the climatic conditions in connection with other controlling causes are favorable to the rapid growth and multiplication of the insect, that the ravages of the army-worm reach the ruinous extent of the present year. Such com- binations can not be predicted. They very rarely occur in consecutive years. The theory has been advanced, that a dry season followed by a wet one, is likely to be an army-worm year, and it is apparently borne out by records made, But the attempt to predict the abundance of the army-worm solely from the amount of rain-fall for the year, ignores the important part that the predaceous and parasitic enemies of this insect have in its control. The army-worm is also subject to a deadly bacterial disease, which may be fatal to large numbers. In the western portion of the State, 25 per cent. were killed by it in some localities (Lowe, vc cit., p. 128). Unfortu- nately, the disease is only effective, it is believed, under certain conditions, and these are rarely favorable in nature to any extended action, or even to artificial propagation. Predaceous Enemies. Fortunately for the farmer, the army-worm has a large number of foes that prey upon it. Swine are said to eat them greedily, and to prefer them to corn. Shrews, skunks, and weasels, are reported as consuming large numbers. Domestic fowls, especially ducks and geese, are valuable REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 209 allies in fighting an army of these caterpillars. Most, if not all, of the insectivorous birds feed readily on them. Some of the most serviceable are the bobolink, blackbird, robin, and meadow lark. The English sparrow should be credited with feeding on the army-worm to a certain extent. Others that have been observed are the king-bird, blue-jay, golden-winged woodpecker, phoebe, cow-bird, Baltimore oriole, chip- ping sparrow, chickadee, and quail. Frogs and toads devour them with a relish, the remains of as many as fifty-five having been found in the stomach of one garden toad. A number of predaceous insects are known to prey on the caterpillars. The more common and perhaps the most important belong to the family of Carabide, or ground-beetles, which may be found under stones and other shelters in the fields. One of the most efficient of these in this State, is the fiery ground-beetle, Calosoma calidum (¥Fabr.). This fine beetle may be easily recognized by the six rows of large coppery-red, or golden spots on the wing-covers. Both the beetle and its larva, are fierce enemies of the ordinary cut-worms, as well as army-worms. In the Southern States, the allied Calosoma scrutator (Fabr.), with its bright green wing-covers margined with a resplendent coppery-red, is an equally deadly enemy of the army-worm. ‘Two other species of this genus, C. externum (Say) and C. Welcoxi Lec., have also been observed preying on the caterpillars. A common tiger-beetle in this State, Czcindela repanda Dej., is another of its deadly foes. Besides these, the following ground- beetles have been observed preying on the caterpillars: Elaphrus rus- carius Say, Fasimachus elongatus Lec., Pterostichus sculptus Lec., Amara angustata Say, Flatynus sinuatus (Dej.), Cratacanthus dubius (Beauv.), Harpalus caliginosus (Fabr.), H. Fennsylvanicus (DeGeer), Selenophorus pediculartus (Dej.,) and Anisodactylus rusticus (Say). A large southern bug, Metapodius femoratus (Fabr.), has been observed in large numbers sucking the juices from the army-worms. ‘This rapacious insect, it is said, has the peculiar habit of hanging the caterpillar skins after it has sucked them dry, in the crotches of May-weed in the infested field. The large ground spiders are said to prey freely on the army-worms, and the spinning forms often entrap the moths in their webs for their food. Parasites. The army-worm is subject to the attacks of a large number of true parasites, several of which are very destructive to the caterpillars, and may be classed with natural enemies, having an important part in keeping the insect from becoming excessively abundant. The most important of these 15 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are the red-tailed Tachina-fly, Winthemia 4-pustulata (Fabr.), formerly known as (Vemorea leucani@ (Kirk.), but which has recently been found identical with this European species; and the yellow-tailed Tachina-fly, which was described as Lxorista flavicauda by Riley, but it has recently been pronounced identical with Belvoisia unifasciata Desv., by Mr. Coquillett. These two flies are frequently seen in numbers in fields where the army-worm is numerous, They are often so abundant that their buzzing reminds one of a swarm of bees. Their conspicuous white eggs are usually deposited on the head or thoracic segments of the cater- pillar, where they can not be reached by the jaws of the victim for their removal; occasionally they may be found on the anterior abdominal segments. As many as eighteen eggs have been counted on a single caterpillar, but the average is about five. The eggs soon hatch and the young maggots make their way into the body of their host, where they revel in its juices and eventually cause its death. This Tachina oviposi- tion is not, however, necessarily fatal to the larvee, for if it occurs at near the molting, the eggs may be cast with the skin before the time for their hatching. The proportion of caterpillars parasitized in the vicinity of Albany, was observed to be quite small, probably about 8 per cent., but in the central and western portions of the State, the eggs of these parasites were comparatively abundant. The following flies have been reared from the army-worm: C7zstogaster immaculata Mcq., Ocyptera euchenor Wlk., Miltogramma argentifrons Twns., ALyophasia anea Wied., Sarcophaga helicis 'Twns., Sarcophaga edipodinis Twns., Sarcophaga (two species), Lucilia cesar (Linn.). It is more than probable that some of these are not true parasites. Next in importance perhaps to the Tachina flies as parasites, are the minute four-winged Microgasters, several species of which are parasitic on the army-worm. The most abundant of these is the military Micro- gaster, Apan‘eles militaris (Walsh), which is usually present, wherever the army-worm abounds. From sixty-two to ninety-six of its larve have been found in the body of one caterpillar. Its whitish cocoons are often attached to the grass, or to the under side of sticks, stones, etc., in small masses surrounded by more or less loose silk. Apanteles limeniiidis (Riley) is another species parasitic on the army-worm. Unfortunately, these two beneficial insects are in turn parasitized by a Chalcid, Giphe viridascens Walsh, and by a small Ichneumonid, JZesochorus vitreus Walsh. altichella perpulchra (Walsh), is also a parasite of one of the ‘Microgasters above-named. Another smaller parasite of the army-worm is the wingless ezomachus minimus Walsh, which in turn has its Chalcid ' REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 211 parasite, Smicra albifrons (Walsh). Ophion purgatum Say, is one of its larger parasites, and in some localities it is often quite abundant. In Minnesota its cocoons were numerous in the infested fields the past year. The following species are also recorded among its parasites: Jchneumon leucanie Fitch and JZ. favizonatus Cress., Hemiteles laticinctus Riley MS., Stibeutes gentilis Cress., Limneria oxylus Cress., Mesochorus scitulus Cress., and Rhogas terminalis Cress. Bassus scutellaris Cress. was ob- served apparently ovipositing on the army-worm. Preventives and Remedies. When a field has become badly infested with half-grown army-worms, little can be done to save the crop beyond cutting at once what remains and promptly removing it from the field. In order to prevent injuries by this insect, the intelligent farmer will, so far as possibie, combat it along two lines. In the first place he will endeavor to prevent it breed- ing in numbers in his fields by so cultivating and caring for his crops as to offer the least favorable conditions for hibernation, oviposition, and the subsequent growth and development of the caterpillars. Secondly he will make effort to protect and favor its natural enemies. Destruction of hibernating forms.—Whether the insect passes the winter as a moth or a caterpillar is not so very important to the farmer, provided he can destroy them in either state. In nature both the moths and caterpillars shelter themselves largely under thick grass and rubbish as winter approaches. The burning over of such places late in the autumn or preferably in the early spring must result in the destruction of large numbers of the insects. This measure would at the same time kill many other injurious insects hibernating in such places, and also, unfort- unately, some beneficial forms. It is believed, however, that the benefit resulting from the burning would far outweigh the loss caused by the destruction of our insect friends. Proper cultivation.—\t has been shown in the preceding pages that the moth exhibits a decided preference for thick herbage of some kind when about to deposit her eggs, and that such areas are distributing centers to other portions of the infested fields. Many such places are to be found in the neglected weeds and grasses springing up beside fences, or they may occur in the middle of fields, as the result of unequal manuring, The good farmer by keeping his entire fields clean, and avoiding uneven manuring, will not offer conditions that invite oviposition. 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Encouraging natural enemies— Among the most beneficial may be counted many of our insectivorous birds. They have repeatedly been observed feeding on the army-worms in badly infested fields. If the grain fields are not sown too thickly, not only is a better crop secured, but the birds, having more wing room in the grain, will feed to a much larger extent on the caterpillars. Unfortunately, little can be done toward encouraging the insect enemies of the army-worm beyond pro- tecting them so far as possible, and giving them the favorable conditions. that may attract them. Watching for indications. — The measures given above are not to be depended upon entirely, even though carried out to the letter. They should be supplemented by watchfulness. If the army-worm commences its operations in a field in unusual abundance, it is of the utmost import- ance that its presence should be known at once. ‘The discovery is usually made, and advice sought in the matter, when it is too late to save more than a scanty half or less of the crop attacked. It is not a difficult task to discover the caterpillars some days before they are usually seen, and no man should begrudge the time devoted to the search. The thickest portion of a field should be examined for their small black or brown droppings, and the condition of the lower leaves of the grass or grain noticed. If the leaves are injured or absent. something has been eating them. The enemy may be found hidden under loose shelter of any kind on the ground or just below the surface, or when very small, upon the plants. If they are discovered before serious injury has been done to the crop, it is comparatively easy to decide whether or not to cut it at once. If the field is thickly infested, they will destroy the crop unless it is taken from them. The commencement of an army-worm attack, as above noted, will rarely be detected. It is only when their operations can no longer be hidden from ordinary observation that alarm is excited, and the necessity of active measures for arresting their destructive marches from field to field becomes apparent. Some of the following measures will then be found of service: | Lime, dust, etc.— \f the army-worms are riumerous in a field—at an early stage in their operations, it would probably be wise to cut the crop at once and save what is left of it, although air-slaked lime, land plaster, or even road dust freely distr.\buted over the vegetation when it is wet with dew or rain, would render it unpalatable to the caterpillars and compel them to seek other food. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 213 Poisoned bran mash.—This was used in different localities in the State the present year with considerable success in infested fields. It was re- ported in several instances that the caterpillars would even leave the corn upon which they were feeding and descend to the ground for the purpose of eating the attractive bait. Large numbers were killed by its use and the crops were protected to a considerable extent. The recipe for its preparation is as follows: 35 lbs. wheat bran, 1 gallon of molasses and 1 lb. Paris green mixed to a proper consistency with hot water. It should be distributed just before nightfall, as then the caterpillars are - usually beginning their feeding. Ditching. —This method is of value only in keeping the army-worms out of fields comparatively free from them, and it is quite effective if properly conducted. The ditch may be made by plowing a rather deep furrow with its perpendicular side towards the field to be protected. At intervals in the ditch of fifteen or twenty feet, holes of about two feet in depth should be made (easily done with a post-hole auger) into which the caterpillars, unable to climb the wall, will fall and die. As often as the holes become filled they may be easily killed and removed. The furrow or ditch should have the perpendicular side clear of all weeds, roots, and other matter that might aid in climbing out. An improve- ment on the single furrow has been recommended by a resident of Dutchess county. The first furrow is turned towards the crop to be protected, and then returning with the plow in the furrow, the perpendic- ular wall is made next to the crop. By this means soft crumbly earth is obtained on both sides of the furrow, which will be more difficult for a caterpillar to climb than a smooth firm surface. If the one ditch should by any means prove insufficient, a second, a short distance in advance of the other, could be made. Bands of tar.— Broad bands of tar have been used in some of the Western states in lieu of ditches, but, as they require to be renewed as often as they become bridged or the tar hardened, this method would doubtless be more expensive than the ditching. Another method is the tarring of boards and setting them up on edge as barriers. ‘This is more effectual than bands of tar, but it is more expensive. Faisoned strips.—A field may often be protected by spraying an ex- posed strip heavily with Paris green and water, or by sprinkling it with land plaster and Paris green. In either case it should be heavily poisoned. The poisoned portion of the crop should be carefully destroyed after it has served its purpose, in order to prevent the chance of its being eaten by stock. 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Spraying with kerosene.—A safer way and just as effectual as poisoning strips with Paris green, would be found in spraying a strip with kerosene or a strong kerosene emulsion; but repeated applications — as many possibly as six in a day might be required to keep the traveling army in check. Dragging the rope.— This method has been recommended in former years, but its efficacy may be questioned. It is simply drawing a long rope, held by a man at each end, over the infested field. The grass or grain bows under the weight of the rope and, as it springs back, the caterpillars drop to the ground where they remain for some time. It would need frequent repetition and would prove effective only when the field is not badly infested. As means of protection from the ravages of this destructive pest, a number of methods have been named from which selection may be made of those which seem the most practicable for use in the localities or fields invaded. It not infrequently occurs that a remedy for some insect depredation which fully accomplishes its purpose under certain soil and other conditions, will in places where the conditions are of a markedly different character, prove to be of no value whatever. Steganoptycha Claypoliana (Riley). A New Maple-Tree Insect. (Ord. LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. TORTRICIDZ.) RiLEv: in Amer. Nat., xv, 1881, pp. 1009-1ro1ro (compared to Froteo- teras esculana); in id., xvi, 1882, pp. 913-914 (the name of Froteoteras Claypoliana proposed); the same in Scien. Amer., Suppl., No. 363, Dec. 16, 1832, p. 5797; in Amer. Nato 1883, p. 978 (compared with Proteoteras esculana, and referred to Steganoptycha ); reprint of same in Papilio, 11, 1883, p. 191. CLAYPOLE: in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1881, 1882, pp, 269-270 (abstract of life-history ; erroneously referred to Serécoris instru- tana); in Psyche, iii, 1882, pp. 364-367 (notes on life-history). SmiTH: List Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 93, No. 4976. LINTNER: in Country Gentleman, lx, 1895, pp. 484-485 (recorded on maple, life-history); 11th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, pp. 278, 285 (abstract of preceding, mention). The interesting insect named above is very unobtrusive in its habits, if one may judge from the few notices that have appeared of it. There is no record of its having been observed-in the field by more than REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 215 four different individuals. Although it appears never to have been so abundant as to cause much damage, yet it is most probable that careful observation would reveal its presence in many hitherto unsuspected localities. Burrowing in the Petioles of Maple Leaves. The following communication’ from a correspondent of the Country Gentleman, gives a brief account of the operations of this insect when for the first time detected upon the maple (in 1895), so far as any record is to be found: I enclose leaves of sugar maple, the petioles of which are infested with a minute larva. My attention was first attracted by numerous green and half withered leaves lying on the ground with only a short portion of the petiole attached, which led me to look for the remaining portion; this I found attached to the tree, with a small channel extending towards its base. At the end of this was the larva. About a year ago I passed some rows of sugar maples appearing as mine do now, and I attributed the cause to a fungoid blight, but without examination. Wk: Concordville, Pa. When fallen maple leaves have been noticed during the early part of the year, it has usually been ascribed either to frost or some fungus attack. But in this instance, the leaves affected in the manner stated happening to come under the eye of a close observer, the cause was looked for, and careful search disclosed it in a small caterpillar burrow- ing within the portion of the leaf-stalk remaining upon the tree.* From the examples of the leaves and separate portions of the stems or petioles sent, the operations of the caterpillars have been followed and its species determined. It proves to be the larva of a small Tortricid moth which has received the name of. Steganoptycha Claypoliana — after Prof. Claypole, who had studied and made first publication of the insect when working in the leaf-stalk of the horse-chestnut, in Ohio. Confused with a Closely Allied Insect. This species was confused at first with a closely allied form, Proteoteras @sculana Riley, reared from larve found boring the leaf-stalks and the tender terminal twigs of the buckeye and maple in Missouri, and was referred to this form. A little later, it was regarded and described by Prof. Riley as a distinct species of the genus. Finally it was referred to Steganoptycha by Prof. Fernald. * Mr. Zabriskie has placed on record an injury to the petioles of maples at Flatbush, L. I., which is most probably the work of this insect (see Journ. N. Y. Entomzolog. Soc. iii, 1895, Pp. 144). 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It may be distinguished from P. escudana by the following characters, according to its describer: © Claypoliana \acks the notch in posterior borders of primaries, the tufts of raised scales on the discs of same, and the peculiar tuft or pencil of hairs on the upper surface of secondaries in the male, between the margin and the costal vein. It is a shorter, broader-winged species ; the ocellate spot is less distinctly relieved, the median oblique band more broken, the basal-costal portion paler and contrasted along the median vein with a dark shade which may be almost black, and which broadens posteriorly till near the middle of wing, where it is abruptly relieved by a pale space obliquing basally. Description of Several Stages. The moth has been characterized briefly by Prof. Claypole as follows: “It was small, with a peculiar hopping flight, the fore wing mottled ~ black and white, and the hind wing more uniform in color, dusky, and slightly spotted with black near the tip.” The hght red pupa was inclosed ina rolled up leaf lined inside with silk. Eight abdominal segments were visible. A larva examined May 13th was two-fifths of an inch long with a yellow head and yellowish body. The minute granulations of the skin are smooth,—not pointed as in P. @sculana. ‘The same general appear- ance was retained until pupation, except that it became a little darker. Operations and Life-History. In the leaf-stalks of the buckeye, “sculus glabra, Prof. Claypole found the insect during the early part of May. About the roth, they deserted the petioles through the holes by which they had entered, and betook themselves to the fading leaves. Upon the dying foliage they completed their growth naturally to all appearances. This food- habit is apparently normal, as no nibbled green leaves were found on the infested trees after the larvee had deserted the leaf-stalks. Pupation occurs the latter part of May,—the first pupa being found on the 25th. The moth appears about fifteen days later. Prof. Claypole was not able to ascertain the place and manner of the deposit of its eggs, the number of broods, or the form in which it hibernates. The work of this insect in the maple leaves coincides closely with that in the buckeye. The egg of the parent moth appears to be placed at the base of the leaf,—perhaps at the divarication of the ribs. As the young larva tunnels the petiole, the portion traversed by it shrivels, black- ens, dries, and is broken off by the weight of the leaf. ‘The larva con- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 217 tinues its course downward, and on the stalks examined could usually be found at the end of a freshly cut channel of about one-half inch in length. In'several instances a small opening was visible in the petiole through which the larva had emerged to undergo its transformations within a fold of a shriveling leaf, or possibly among the leaves on the ground. ° Its Habits Compared with Those of Proteoteras zesculana. These closely allied insects have different habits that are of value in distinguishing the species. S. Clayfofiana bores the leaf-stalk of both the buckeye and maple and very rarely the twigs of the former. It is also known to feed on the blossoms of the buckeye. The larva of P. esculana pores the slender terminal twigs of both these trees and. often forms a swelling or pseudo-gall—the former insect never produces a gall. PF esculiana bores the petioles and terminal twigs for a distance of from one-half an inch to two inches, and lives in the gall, apparently through most of its larval existence. It feeds also on the winged seeds of the maple. S. Clayfoliana, on the contrary, seldom or never bores along the leaf-stem more than half an inch, very rarely enters the terminal twigs, and lives in the rolled up leaf after the first two or three days. Remedies. The mining within the leaf-stalk by this insect has caused many leaves ‘of the buckeye and maple to fall in certain localities, yet it is not proba- ble that it will multiply and spread to such an extent as to become a serious pest, although in one of the maple twigs sent, four of the five leaves that it bore contained larve within the petioles. Should further observations show that many of the fallen leaves carry with them to the ground the infested portion of the petiole or the insect within the folds of the leaf, as they appear to do in some instances, then it would be of service to collect and burn the leaves as soon as they fall, and before the larva has left them. 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (Fitch). The Gartered Plume-Moth. (Ord. LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. PTEROPHORIDZ.) FitcH: in Trans. N. Y. State Agricul. Soc. for 1854, 1855, pp. 843-847 (larva, pupa, imago, described, habits; as Lverophorus); the same in tst-2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 139-143. PackarD: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 356-357, Pl. 8, figs, 23, 23a, 236 (brief account, as Prerophorus); Entomol. for Beginn., 1888, p. 150, fig. 179 (as Lrerophorus). Rivey: ist Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, pp. 137-138, Pl. II, figs. 15, 16 (common in Mo., description; as /tervophorus); in Amer. Entomol.—Bot. u, 1870, pp. 234-235, fig. 148 (injuries, life-his- tory ; as Lerophorus) ; the same in 3d Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1871, pp: 65-63, fig..27; Bulliogi (Divise Entomol, U: csWepe Agmeil.; 303 ,4p-132 ielenence)) SAUNDERS: in rst Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1871, pp. 102-103, fig. 42 (life-history, habits; as Prerophorus) ; the same in Rept. Fruit Growers’ Assoc. of Ont. for 1870, 1871; in 2d Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1872, p. 18, fig. 11 (troublesome in On- tario, as Fterophorus); in Canad. Entomol., v, 1873, pp. 99— 100, fig. rs (description, life-history; as Perophorus) ; Ins, Inj. Fruits, 1883,.1889, pp. 268-270, fig. 278 (general account). PERKINS: in 5th Rept. Vt. Bd. Agricul., 1878, pp. 274-275, fig. 22 (brief account, as Lverophorus). FRENCH: in 7th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1878, p. 268 (briefnotice, as Pterophorus). DimMock: in Psyche, iti, 1882, p. 390 (liability to parasitism), p. 403 (bibliography). KELLICOTT: in Bull. Bud... Soc:. Nat. Scis Jian., 1682.5, separate. aoe ae (mention). Cooke: Inj. Ins. Orch.-Vin., 1883, pp. 191-192, fig. 177 (brief account, as Prerophorus). FERNALD: in Kingsley’s Stand. Nat. Hist., 1, Crust. and Ins., 1884, p.' 437 (brief. account); Bull. 12 Hatch” Expt. \ Stat. iigee Agricul. Coll., 1891, p. 32, fig. 26 (brief account). SMITH: in roth Ann. Rept. N. J. State Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1889, 1890, pp. 288-290, fig. 16 (brief account of, in N. J.); Cat. Ins. N.J., 1890, p. 359 (common); List. Lepidopt. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 88, no. 4594; Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 318-310, fig. 366 (brief account). LinTNER: in Country Gent:, lvi, 1897, p. 497. (General ;notice); )3th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1893, p. 284 (abstract of preceding), p. 297 (reference); 10th do., 1895, p. 516 (reference). RitEvY—Howarp: in Insect Life, ili, 1891, pp. 469-470 (brief mention as Llerophorus, one annual brood). BRUNER: in Rept. Nebr. State Hort. Soc. for 1895, pp. 72, 147-148, fig. 77 (brief account, after Saunders). Comstocks: Man. Study Insects, 1895, p. 238, fig. 284 (brief account). Dyar: in Psyche, vii, £895, p. 253, fig. 4 (larval tubercles, setz). ee ee ee ee a ed Be” REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 219 Among the many insects that prey upon the grapevine, this, in the winged form, notwithstanding its small size, is one of the prettiest and most peculiarly formed of the many species that have the vine for their food-plant. It is not ordinarily very destructive, although widely distrib- uted and more or less injurious from year to year. The present season’ however, State Botanist Peck, found it in unusual abundance in his garden at Menands, N. Y., necessitating his going over the vines and destroying the larve in the young tips (by pinching with the thumb and forefinger), six times during the season, whereas in former years, only two inspections were needed to keep them under control. | This species was unusually destructive in Westchester county, N. Y., in 1891, as appears from the following letter to the Country Gentleman - I inclose bud and leaf of grapevine, in which you will find a small white hairy worm, which in its first stage appears to be black or brownish, and has the habit of spinning a web and gluing the budding leaves together. It is a voracious feeder, and soon destroys the leaves of the vines and young grapes. ‘To-day, I sprayed the vines with whale oil soap suds, and if this is not effective in destroying the pests, I will try Paris green. Perhaps, Dr. Lintner can give the name, and suggest some good way to destroy this enemy of the grape. Ds Ge The insect was readily identified as the gartered plume-moth, Oxypti/us periscelidactylus (Fitch), and reply was made giving its general family characters, habits, and distribution, together with the best remedies. Characters of the Family. This moth and its closely related species, comprising the small family of Lterophoride, are easily distinguished from all others, by their wings being split into two or more long narrow lobes. From this pecular wing-structure, Latreille, many years ago, termed them /isszpennes, or Split-wings. The borders of the wings are densely ciliated, the hind margin of the fore-wings, and the fore and hind margins of the lobes ot the two pairs of wings have very long ciliz. The long slender legs are provided with stout spines at the apex of the tibize, a single one on the fore tibia, a pair at the apex of the remaining, and the hind tibiz with an additional pair of spines midway of their length. Description of the Moth. ‘The moth, which is shown in figures 8, g,-Pl. V, is an elegant little insect, its wings measuring, when expanded, about seven-tenths of an inch across. ‘The fore wings are long and narrow, and cleft down the middle about half-way to their base, the posterior half of the wing having a 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM notch in the outer margin. Their color is a yellowish brown, with a metallic lustre, and several dull-whitish streaks and spots. The hind wings are similar in color to the anterior pair, and are divided into three lobes; the lower division is complete, extending to the base, the upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance. The outer and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the edges of their lobes, are bordered with a deep whitish fringe, sprinkled here and there with brown; the body is long and slender, and a little darker than the wings. ‘The antennz are moderately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted with white throughout their whole length. The legs are long, banded alternately with yellowish brown and white, the hind ones ornamented with two pairs of diverging spines, having at their base a garter-like tuft of long brown scales, from which feature the moth derives its name.”” (Saunders.) The Pupa. The greenish or yellowish pupa of this insect has a very peculiar form. It may be found hanging from the leaves or bark of the grape, as an irregular, ragged looking object with an inclination to the supporting surface of about 40°. The head is obliquely truncate, from which the body tapers, slightly curving dorsally to the tip (fig.5, Pl, IV). Itis ridged, angulated, and with numerous projections—the most prominent of which is the dorsal, located about midway of its length. Dr. Fitch has com- pared it to the dead fragments of a little scraggy twig. The pupz vary considerably in color, being either green or some shade of brown. It is said that the green ones are found only on the green leaves and the brown on the brown bark of the twigs; in each case they harmon- ize so perfectly with their surroundings that it is not easy to detect them ; and such was found to be the rule among a large number reared re- cently. The changing of the numerous larve to this state under such protective conditions, has frequently led to the statement that the insect had suddenly disappeared. The duration of the pupa state is usually six or eight days, but it may be prolonged to fourteen by cold or other unfavorable conditions. The Larva. In the early spring as the leaves of the grape begin to unfold, here and there some of them may be seen webbed together. Within these clusters of developing leaves, represented in figure 3, Pl. IV, the greenish white-haired larvze of this insect may be found. As an aid in identifica- tion, its description by Dr, Fitch is herewith transcribed. EE ——— REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 221 The larva when full grown measures about half an inch in length. It is almost cylindrical, sixteen-foo.ed, of a very pale green color, divided into fourteen segments by rather deep wide transverse constrictions. It has two rows of elevated white spots along the back, and one along each side, each segment having one spot in each row, or four spots in all. and between the spots is a smaller white elevated dot, and another similar dot below the lower spots. From each of these elevated sjots and dots white bristles of different lengths stand out in all directions. (Pl. IV, fig. 4.) Life-history of the Insect. There seems to be very little definite knowledge of the life-history of this insect. The larve may be found soon after the leaves begin to: appear, and complete their growth during the last of May or early in June. Prof. Riley gives the duration of the larval existence as about three weeks. Several larve received from Prof. Peck the past season pupated May 25th and others June 1st. The moths emerge about the middle of June. From this time until the appearance of the caterpillars on the vines the following spring, nothing definite seems to be known of the life-history of this insect. There is but a single brood in a season, according to Dr. Fernald. Mr. Saunders is of the same opinion and he suggests that it may passthe winter in eggs deposited on the canes of the vines near the base of, the bud from which the next year’s branch is de- veloped. Prof. Riley, reasoning from analogy, suggests that the insect has two annual broods and that the second hibernates in the adult form. According to Furneaux,* the late feeding Pterophori emerge in the autumn and hibernate as moths, but of the hibernation of the earlier appearing ones no hint is given. It is in the imago state that the second brood of the English Agdists bennetit passes the winter (see Fernald loc. ci¢.). No one has reported examples of a second brood of O. periscelidactylis, although several careful observers have looked for them. The moths of the single-brooded Alucita hexadactyla emerge in England during August, and remain on the wing until October, and then hibernate. After making due allowance for the difference in climate between this country and England, it seems reasonable to suggest that our gartered plume may fly through July into August under normal con- ditions, and then pass into hibernation, or, as suggested by Mr. Saunders, it may winter in the egg state. There appears to be little ground for supposing the insect to be double-brooded. Of a large number of the moths which were reared during the latter half of June—a few days after they had emerged, several were observed *Butterfites and Moths (British), 1894, p- 294. 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in coition. . No eggs were apparently deposited by them, and in the course of about ten days the adults were all dead. As they had no proper food, this probably hastened their death and might also account for the non- production of eggs. Earlier History and Nature of its Injuries. The operations of the insect first came under the notice of Dr. Fitch in 1854, and at that time it seemed to him more destructive than any other grapevine-feeding species whose life-history had hitherto been given. It was reported in 1869 as very common in Missouri by Prof. Riley, and the following year it was more injurious than usualin that section. The same year it was very troublesome in Canada, according to Mr. Saunders. The principal injury by this insect is the destruction of the unfolding leaves in the early spring, and if unmolested the young larvee will later devour the forming blossoms. Distribution. The gartered plume has a wide distribution throughout Canada, the Eastern United States, and westward at least as far as Missouri. It is also known to occur in Nebraska, and California, and it will probably be found in all of the Northern and Middle States of the Union. . Parasites. Several parasites have been reared from this insect by Dr. George Dimmock, who simply records the fact without giving the names. None were obtained by me the past season, and there is no record at hand of rearings by others. From this, it may be inferred, that the parasites of this insect are not abundant. Remedies. The presence of the larve, is readily indicated by the webbing together of the terminal leaves. The caterpillars are so sheltered within the inclosing leaves, that arsenical spraying would be of little value against them. The most practicable method of keeping the insect in check, appears to be the simple oneof going over the vines a few times in the early spring and crushing the concealed caterpillars by hand within their nests, which are easily detected. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 223 Additional Notes on Sciara.* The Fungus Gnats. (Ord. DipTERA: Fam. MYCETOPHILIDA. ) A number of species of this genus were noticed in the Zenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, and two, believed to be new to science, were described. During the present year several other forms were received from Dr. J. B. Smith, of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, who had bred them from mushrooms, decaying potatoes, and decaying blackberry roots. On his request they have been given some study. ‘The species of Sczara are so similar to one another in many respects, that it is difficult to recognize the various species from some of the descriptions published. ‘Those bred from the mushrooms and potatues, however, do not agree with any descriptions accessible to me, of either European or American species of this genus, and they are herewith described as new: SCIARA MULTISETA n. sp. Head and thorax fuscous; abdomen a variable dark ochreous ; antennze brownish with a thin whitish pubescence; palpi yellowish ; wings somewhat iridescent, hyaline, anterior veins dark ochreous; halteres fuscous apically, pale yellowish at the base; coxa yellowish, femur darker, tibia still darker, and tarsi fuscous distally. Antenne longer than the head and thorax; basal segments enlarged; first, cuboidal ; second, globose; third to fifteenth nearly cylindrical, length, about twice the thickness, pediceled distally ; terminal segment conical. Palpi: basal segment short ; second broadly ovate, apically with a large sensory pit; third, elliptical, shorter than the second; fourth, one-third longer than the preceding; each with scattering large setee and numerous minute ones which have a verticillate arrangement on the last two segments. Thorax with scattering hairs; on the scutum of the mesothorax there are three rows of fine setze on its dorsal surface. Wings, subcosta (1st longitudinal) short, not extending to the fork of the second branch of radius (3rd longitudinal) and media (4th and 5th longitudinals). First branch of radius (2nd longitudinal) extending a little beyond the middle of the wing and just beyond its middle, joined by the small cross-vein to the second branch, and joining costa before the fork of media. Second branches of radius and media, about equidis- tant fromthe apexof the wing. Second branch of media (5th longitudi- nal) and the two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longitudinals) reaching border of wing at nearly equal distances from each other in the fe- male—ain the male, the branches of cubitus are a little nearer each other. The anal vein (8th longitudinal) over half, in the female, and two-thirds in the male the length of the preceding vein (Pl. VI, Figs. 1, 2). *Communicated by E. P. Felt, D. Sc. 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fore coxa nearly three-fourths the length of the femur or tibia; tarsi longer, first segment nearly as long as the remaining four; middle legs about as the fore legs; posterior tibia longer than the slightly elongated femur; first segment of the tarsi. equal to the remaining segments. Abdomen of both sexes sparsely invested with sete. That of the female enlarges to the fourth segment from which it tapers to the slender ovipositor. ‘Terminal portion of the genital plates oval. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical and bearing the usual en- larged segment with claspers which are terminated by single stout curved spines. The whole of the terminal segment is more setose than are the preceding segments, especiilly the claspers on their tips and inner margins. On the median line of the ventral sclerite thee 1s a thick group of stout sete. (Pl. VI, Fig. 11.) Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta, extending nearly to the median line. There is also a pair of long, stout sete, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper Length: male, body, 2.5 mm., wing, 2.4 mm.; female, body, 3 mm., wing, 2.8 mm. This species was reared by Dr. Smith from mushrooms. The specimens reared by him from decaying potatoes resemble the preceding species in many ways; however, on further study it was found to be quite distinct. Its description follows: SCIARA PAUCISETA n. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen black; anten- ne hght brown with a thin whitish pubescence; palpi light brown; wings hyaline, somewhat iridescent, anterior veins nearly black; halteres fuscous apically, yellowish at the base; coxa and femur yellow- ish, tibia darker, tarsi nearly black. Antenne longer than head and thorax; basal segments enlarged, first, cuboidal; second, globose; third, about one-fourth longer than fourth; fourth to fifteenth nearly, cylindrical; proximal segments barely twice as long as thick; distal, nearly two and one-half times as long as thick; apical segment nearly conical. Palpi: basal segment short; second ellintical oval, apically with a large sensory pit; third subcllipti- cal, one-third shorter than either preceding or terminal segment; fourth slender; each with a few large se 2 and numerous minute ones, which have a verticillate arrangement on the third and fourth segments. Thorax with scattering hairs on the scutum of the mesothorax; the three rows of minute sete are easily seen on its surface in some speci- mens. Wings: subcosta (rst longitudinal) short, not extending to the fork of the second branch of radius (3d longitudinal) ard media (4th and 5th longitudinals). First branch of radius (2d longitudinal) joining costa before the fork of media near the middle of the length of the wing and joined heyond its middle to the second branch by the short cross- vein. Tip of second branch of media (5th longitucina ) nearer apex of wing than is the point where the second bra ch of radius joins costa. The two branches of cubiius (6th and 7th longitudinals) and the second bianch of media reaching the margin of the wing nearly equi- distant. Anal vein (8th longitudinal) two-thirds the lcmgth of the second branch of cubitus in the female, in the male it is but one-half. (Pl. VI, Figs. 3, 4.) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 225 Fore coxa a little over one-half the length of femur or tibia, tarsi about one-fourth longer, first segment nearly equal to the remaining seg- ments; middle legs nearly the same; posterior tibia one-fourth longer than the slightly elongated femur; first segment of tarsi equal in length to the remaining segments. Abdomen of both sexes sparsely invested with sete. The abdomen of the female enlarges slightly to the fourth segment, from which it tapers moderately to the slender ovipositor; the terminal portion of the genital plates oval. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical and bearing the usual en- larged segment with claspers which are terminated by a single stout curved spine. The sete are thickest on the claspers, especially on the apical portion and along the inner margin. On the median line of the ventral sclerite of the last segment there is a sparse group of stout setz, each arising from an enlarged base (Pl. VI, fig. 12). Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta on its inner margin, extending nearly to the median line. There is also a pair of long stout sete, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper. Length: male, body 2.75 mm., wing 2.5 mm. ; female, body 3.5 mm., wing 3 mm. This species may be separated from the preceding by the darker color of the palpi, thorax, and abdomen, by the greater length of the third antennal segment, and by the few sete in the group on the median line of the ventral sclerite of the terminal segment in the male. Numerous small flies of this genus were found in the mushroom cellar of Dr. Wm. Hailes, of Albany, N. Y., June 6, 1896. It was stated that at times the cellar would be almost black with this and other species, although they were by no means so abundant when the cellar was visited by me. With the advent of hot weather the flies become so numerous as to destroy the mushrooms quickly and render their further culture unprofitable. The flies agree with no description of American forms known to me. The species is evidently closely related to Sczara villosa Winnertz, though apparently different. SCIARA AGRARIA n. sp. Head and thorax a very dark brown, nearly black, shining; abdomen a variable dark brown, base of terminal seg- ment and base of claspers in male with a yellowish cast; antenne dark brown with a dense whitish pubescence; palpi dark brown, terminal segment a little lighter; wings iridescent, tinged with fuscous, anterior veins nearly black, the others pale yellowish: halteres fuscous apically, yellowish at the base; coxe smutty yellow, anterior pair lighter, femora and tibiz a little darker, and tarsi fuscous distally, tibial spurs yellow. Antenne half the body’s length in the male, in the female about one- third; the enlarged basal segments globose; the third to the fifteenth as long as thick, cylindrical, terminal one subconical. Palpi; second seg- ment subelliptical, with a medium sized sensory pit; third suboval, 16 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM shorter; fourth slender, almost linear and equal in length to the second ; each with a few scattering long setze and numerous smal! ones having a more or less verticillate arrangement. Thorax with a few longer setze and a number of shorter ones which show traces of being arranged in three longitudinal rows on the scutum of the mesothorax. Wings: subcosta (1st longitudinal) short; first branch of radius (znd longitudinal) joined to the second branch ( 3d longitudinal) at two-thirds its length by the short cross-vein and uniting with costa about the middle of the wing, some little distance before the fork of media (4th and 5th longitudinals). Second branch of media (5th longitudinal) nearer the apex of the wing than the tip of the second branch of radius. The distance between the two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longi- tudinals) along the margin of the wing is greater than between the second branch of media and the first branch of cubitus. The anal vein (8th longitudinal) about half the length of the second branch of cubitus CPI. (ViL,» figs..25 3:6) Fore coxa a little over half the length of either femur or tibia; tarsi one-fourth longer than tibia, first tarsal segment shorter than the remain- ing four; segments of the middle pair of legs a little longer than in the first, those of the posterior pair still longer, the first tarsal segment nearly equal to the remaining ones. Abdomen of both sexes sparsely clothed with fine sete. The female abdomen enlarges gradually to the fourth segment and then tapers to the slender ovipositor. Terminal portion of the genital plate elliptical. Abdomen of the male nearly cylindrical. ‘Terminal segment some- what enlarged; claspers curved, each armed with an apical curved spine and with numerous stout ones along the inner margin. Near the basal third of the clasper there is a very long seta on its inner margin, extend- ing nearly to the median line. There are also a pair of long stout sete, a dorsal and a ventral one, at the base of each clasper (Pl. VI, fig. 10). Length: Male, body, 2.5 mm., wing, 2.25 mm.; female, body, 3 mm., wing, 2.5 mm. The following species was quite common in the greenhouse of Mr, J. A. Otterson, Berlin, Mass., and in others in the vicinity. During the winter the flies were more or less abundant, and their larve could be found in the soil. Under the influence of the higher temperature of the early spring the flies became very abundant. As giving an idea of their prolificacy, it may be interesting to note that over 625 eggs were found in the distended abdomen of a female. In this dissection no count was made of a number (estimated at approximately 200). of what appeared to be partly developed eggs. ‘This species, described below, is closely related to Sciava obscura Winnertz. SCIARA PROLIFICA n. sp. Female. Head and thorax dull black; abdomen brownish black, posterior margins of 4th to 6th segments, occasionally others, bordered with yellowish white; ventrally the abdo- men is lighter and frequently its yellowish contents show through the distended lateral membranes. Antenne and palpi nearly black, the former with a short whitish pubescence. Wings somewhat iridescent, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 227 thickly specked with fuscous; anterior veins black, the others a smutty yellow. Knobs of halteres fuscous, pedicel yellowish. Coxze and legs dark brown to black, the anterior coxz sometimes lighter; tibial spurs ellow. ‘ Antenne equal in length to head and thorax; the two enlarged basal segments globose; 3d to r5th segments nearly cylindrical, about twice as long as thick; terminal segment subconical. Palpi; basal segment short; second irregular, rounded dorsally; third a little shorter than second, subrectangular in outline; terminal segment as long as second, slender; both large and small sete exceptionally stout and numerous; smaller, verticillately arranged. Thorax with scattering sete. Wings: subcosta (1st longitudinal) short; first branch of radius (2d longitudinal) joined to the second branch (3d longitudinal) about midway of its length by the short cross-vein and uniting with costa at the outer third of the wing just beyond the fork of media (4th and 5th longitudinals) ; second branch of media (5th longitudinal) nearer the apex of the wing than the tip of the second branch of radius; the distance between the two branches of cubitus (6th and 7th longitudinals) along the margin of the wing is greater than that between the second branch of media and the first branch of cubitus (Pl. VI, figs. 8, 9). Fore coxa a little over half the length of either femur or tibia; tarsi one-fourth longer than tibia; first tarsal segment shorter than the remaining four; femur and tibia of middle pair longer, of the posterior still longer, than those of the anterior legs; first segment of middle tarsi not quite so long as the remaining segments, while that of the posterior is longer. Abdomen sparsely clothed with fine sete. The distended abdomen of the female enlarges to the third or fourth segment, and then tapers gradually to the slender ovipositor,— terminal portion of the genital plates oval. The male differs in having a nearly cylindrical abdomen which is vested with stouter sete. The basal portion of the enlarged terminal segment is unusually stout and the claspers are comparatively weak and irregular. ‘Tips of the claspers terminated by a stout recurved spine and by numerous straight bristles on its inner margin. Length: male, body 4.4 mm., wing 3.7 mm.; female, body 5.6 mm., wing 5 mm. Males of the following species were reared by Dr. Smith from decaying blackberry roots. They resemble Sczara ochrolabis Loew closely, but differ from the types in the antenne being barely as long as the head and thorax, while in ochrolabis they are longer. The basal joints of the antenne in Loew’s species appear to be much shorter than in the insect under discussion. It will also be found that the terminal abdominal segments are more hairy and the claspers more triangular than in ochrolabis. SCIARI FULVICAUDA n. sp. Face ochreous; vertex dark ochreous; scape of antennz yellow, flagellum dark ochreous with a rather dense whitish pubescence; palpi fuscous; dorsum of thorax yellowish to rufous, the scutellum of the metathorax with variable dark stripes, in some 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM specimens hardly discernible; pleura yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent, anterior veins fuscous, the lighter veins brown; knob of halteres fuscous with yellowish tip, pedicel yellowish; tip of trochanter black; coxa and femur dull yellow; tibia darker; tarsi fuscous apically; abdomen fuscous except the yellow terminal segment bearing the large ochreous claspers which are tipped with fuscous. Antennz barely as long as head and thorax; first segment cuboidal, second globose, third about one-fourth longer than the following ; fourth to terminal one are nearly cylindrical, the proximal ones slightly gibbous. and not twice as long as thick, length of distal ones about twice their thickness. Palpi; the small basal segment was not seen; the second 1s flattened, narrow at its base and is broadly oval distally, nearly equal to subsequent segments in length; third suboval, nearly equal to last; terminal segment rectangular in outline, about one-fourth longer than wide; each with a few scattering large setee and numerous minute ones, which on the last segments have somewhat of a_verticillate arrangement. Dorsum of thorax invested with a number of large scattering hairs. Wings; subcosta (1st longitudinal) indistinct, short; first branch of radius (2nd longitudinal) joined before its middle by the short cross-vein to the second branch (3rd longitudinal), and uniting with costa be- yond the middle of the wing and about on a level with the fork of media (4th & 5th longitudinals); tip of second branch of radius and media about equidistant from the apex of the wing; the second branch of media (5th longitudinal) and the two branches of cubitus (6th & 7th longitudinals) about equidistant on the border of the wing. Anal vein (8th longitudinal) about one-third the length of the second branch of cubitus (Pl. VI, fig. 7). Fore coxa about three-fourths the length of either femur or tibia; tarsi longer, first segment not so long as the remaining ones; middle legs about the same; posterior tibia about one-fifth longer than the slightly elongated femur, first segment of tarsi equal to the remaining ones. Abdomen with numerous stout sete. The enlarged terminal segment more thickly clothed with sete and bearing large, subtriangular claspers CRIN, tiger 3). Length of body 4 mm., of wing 2.75 mm. Female unknown. Phora albidihalteris n. sp.* A Mushroom Phora. (Ord. Diptera: Fam, PHoRIDz.) This insect was reared in numbers by Dr: J. B. Smith, from mushrooms. It is believed to be another form new to science and is herewith described. PHORA ALBIDIHALTERIS.— Head and thorax jet black; palpi orange yellow ; abdomen black in some specimens, in others the lateral margins and dorsum of terminal segments are dull yellow; wings hyaline, irides- cent, heavy veins ochreous; capitulum of halteres yellowish white; legs a variable ochreous with the terminal segments darker. *By E. P. Felt, D. Sc. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 229 Ocellar triangle defined by a deep suture which extends down the front; three transverse rows of bristles occur on the front; six in the posterior row, consisting of a median pair and four lateral; the middle row is composed of four nearly equidistant bristles; six nearly so in the anterior row, the median pair and the smaller ones just in front point downward. [Eyes bordered behind and below with a single row of bristles,— very minute setze occur at the angles of the facets. Antenne five-segmented; first short, irregular; second very large, subspherical; third and fourth cylindrical, slightly expanded apically; basal portion of the fifth cylindrical and more slender than the preceding, distal] portion setaceous, much elongated, plumose. lLabium yellow, usually re- tracted; palpi yellowish brown, somewhat fusiform and bearing several apical bristles; basal portion short, obscurely divided into several subsegments. Dorsum of thorax thickly pubescent, several stout bristles occur near the posterior border of the scutum of the mesothorax and near the base of the wings. Costal vein less than half the length of the wing; first heavy vein joining costa near apical third of same; second heavy vein forked near the apex; costal margin fringed with stout séte to tip of second heavy vein; the four wing pores on this vein are even more dis- tinct than in Prora agarici Lintn.; first light vein nearly straight ; second curved at basal fifth and apical fourth; third, fourth, and fifth, sinuate. Basal portion of halteres brownish-black, apical portion inflated, yellowish- white. Several apical bristles occur on the front and outer portions of the coxe; fore tibize unarmed; middle and posterior tibiz fringed with stout spines posteriorly, each with a large apical spine; tarsi about one- fourth longer than the tibiz. Abdomen rounded dorsally, tapering from a broad base. } Length of body 1.92 mm.; of wing 2.4 mm. Described from a number of specimens, all females... The puparium of this species resembles closely that of Phora agarici except that it is a little larger,— being about 2.4 mm. long. Piophila casei (Linn.). The Cheese Skipper: The Ham Skipper. (Ord. Diptera: Fam. PIOPHILID.) Macquart: Hist. Nat. Ins.—Dipt., ii, 1835, pp. 541-542 (common). Westwoop: Introduct. Class. Ins., 11, 1840, pp. 573-574 (mention). KIRBY-SPENCE: Introduct. Entomol., 1846, p. 168 (mention as Zyro- phaga caset). PTREAT: in Harper's New Month. Mag., xxii, 1861, p. 609, fig. 2 (popular account). Haxris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 621 (brief mention). Loew: in Amer. Journ. Sci.-Art., 2d Ser., xxxvil, 1864, p. 320 (accom- . panying man; translation by Baron Osten Sacken). OsTEN SACKEN: in Amer. Journ. Sci.-Art., 2d Ser., xxxvii, 1864, p. 318 (common to Europe and America); Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p- 199. 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PackARD: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 413-414, fig. 335 ; Entomol. for Beginn., 1888, p. 128, fig. 149 (brief mention). Ritey: 2nd Rept. Ins. Mo., 1870, p. 10 (an imported pest) ; in Amer. Entomol, ii, 1870, pp. 78-79 (habits of skippers; their natural food), pp..'180, 330, (mention); in! id.,\ in)" 1Sd0, pp. s2gmem (injuring smoked hams). WILLARD: in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, p. 78 (treatment of skippery cheese). : GLovER: MS. Notes from My Journ., 1874, p.. 40 (said to have been bese from salt alone by Germar). : Country Gent., xliv, 1879, p. 727 (general account). Jacogs: in Comp.-Rend. des Seances, Soc. Ent. Belg.,'1882/ pp, exxiv= | Cxxv (synonymy, notes). Mann: in Psyche, iv, 1884, p. 207 (reference). FyLes; in 17th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1887, p. 38 (brief notice RirzeEMA Bos: ” Tietsché Schadl. Niitzlinge, 1891, pp. 620-621 (brief mention). KELLOGG: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 116 (injuring smoked meats, dura- tion of stages), MurRTFELDT: in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp. 135-136 (bred from ham); in id., vi, 1893, pp. 170-175 (detailed account) ; the same in 24th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1895, pp. 98-102. RitEY-Howarp: Insect Life, vi, 1894, p. 209g (damage by, duration of stages), p. 226 (mention.) Comstocks: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 486-487 (brief mention). Howarp: in Bull. 4 New Series, Div. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, pp. 102—104, fig. 48 (general account). LINTNER: in Country Gentleman, lxi, 1896, p. 293 (general account). SMITH: Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 367-369, fig. 423 (habits, remedies). A gentleman writing from Moorefield, W. Va., states, that about the 15th of January, some meat in his cellar which had lain in salt two months, was found infested with “ skippers.” He was of the opinion that ‘“the insect was in the meat when butchered, and if the meat had been properly cured by salt, the germ would have been destroyed.” Request was made for some of the infested meat containing the “skippers,” but answer was returned that there was none of it left,— what disposition had been made of it was not stated. It was learned that the meat was pork, and was on the point of being removed for con- verting into bacon, when the infestation was discovered. There can be but little doubt that the insect was the ‘“‘ cheese-skipper,” which is also known as the ‘‘ham-skipper”’ from its frequent occurrence in smoked hams. There would be no hesitation in referring it, without question, to this insect, were it not, first, for the unusual time of its appearance —early in January,—the earliest record heretofore given of it. It was thought that its early appearance may have been the result of a furnace-heated or otherwise unusually warm cellar drawing the flies REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 231 prematurely from their winter hiding-places; but it was learned from the gentleman that the cellar was not particularly warm, but that it was a dry one. Second; it has not hitherto been reported, so far as we know, upon meat simply salted and not yet smoked, nor has the experiment to rear it thereon been successful. Miss Murtfeldt has written: ‘I have not been able to make it oviposit on fresh meat of any kind, nor does it seem able to breed upon that which is simply salted, but not smoked, not even when such meat is folded in wrapping papers.” Description of the Insect. The perfect insect is a small black fly about 5 mm. long, with a rather large head bearing reddish, prominent eyes, shown in both sexes at @ and ein fig. 1. The veins of the wings are nearly colorless and much eaker than those of the common house-fly ; it is also about half the size of the latter. The lower side of the head, the basal portions of the legs, portions of the tibize and tarsi of the posterior two pairs are a variable Fic. 1.— PiopHILa casEI: a, larva; 4, puparium; c, pupa; d, male fly; e, female with wings folded—all enlarged. (After Howard, Bull. 4 New Ser., Divis. Entomol. U.S. Dept. Agricul.) yellow. The females are a little stouter than the males. The pu- parium from which the fly emerges has been described as of a golden yellow color —length about 4 mm.— its appearance is represented at 4. Though the parent flies may be seen in the vicinity of cheese and around smoked meats, they usually do not attract so much attention 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM as do their larvee, commonly known as “skippers,” from their habit of bringing the two ends of the body together and by sudden straightening with a quick muscular action throwing themselves to a distance of four or five inches or more. The larva or skipper “is cylindrical, tapering gradually toward the anterior end, truncate posteriorly, and furnished at this extremity with two horny projecting stigmata and a pair of fleshy filaments (see a in the figure). The egg is pearly white, slender oblong, slightly curved, 1 mm. in length, with a diameter of about one-fourth the length ” (Murtfeldt). Life-History. For our knowledge of the life-history of the insect, we are mainly indebted to the careful observations of Miss Murtfeldt. The eggs are deposited in more or less compact clusters of five to fifteen in the cracks and: checks of cheese, upon the surface of cured or partially cured meats, and, in the case of canvassed meats, on the cover- ing or in its folds; sometimes they are scattered singly. The number of eggs deposited averaged about thirty in the breeding cages, though the conditions were not normal and the number may have been diminished in consequence. A-popular article in Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Joc. cit.) credits this insect with depositing nearly three hundred eggs, which is probably a gross over-estimate. | The eggs hatch within thirty-six hours, and the tiny white maggots attack at once their food —in meat, the fatty portions. They complete their growth in seven to eight days and are then seven to nine millimeters (about one-third of an inch) in length. The transformation from the full-grown larva to the perfect fly occupies ten days. In the breeding cage, adult flies on an average did not live longer than a week. ‘They would sip a little at sweets but were not greatly attracted to them, while the odor of smoked meats speedily drew them. The flies were not active at night, although they could perform their functions in partially darkened places. No definite succession of generations could be noted, but the insect in all stages was present from May until into October or November. Severe and protracted cold proved fatal to the insect in all its stages. The above is the result of Miss Murtfeldt’s observations on the insect in the month of August and later. In February of the same year, Prof. Kellogg, then of the Kansas State University, studied the development of this insect. According to his observations, the egg stage lasted four days; the larve required two weeks to complete their growth, and they remained in the pupa state one week. Dr. H.F. Kessler, as quoted by Dr. Howard, has carefully studied the life-history of this fly in Europe. He found that the average time REPORT OF THE! STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 233 from the egg to the adult is four to five weeks, and that there are two or three generations during the summer,—the last occurring in September, the larva hibernating in the puparium and transforming to the pupa in May. Other writers claim that the insect passes the winter in the adult stage. Food Habits. The insect has long been known as a cheese pest. In a notice of it in 1879, by Prof. Riley, it is suggested that the original food of the skippers before cheese was ever made, must have been some analogous substance — possibly a peculiar kind of fungus. The following year he established ~ the identity of the meat skipper with the well known pest in cheese. In addition to smoked ham and bacon, the fly will also oviposit and breed in smoked beef, but apparently has a decided preference for pork. Such was the experience of a correspondent of Miss Murtfeldt, who wrote concerning injury to beef by skippers as follows: ‘‘ Ifa beef ham were hanging beside that of a hog, the former would most likely be O. K. while the latter would be stung.” “Dr. Howard mentions chipped beef as one of the meats in which the fly will breed. To the above it seems that salt pork may also be added. “ Germar is said to have bred this insect from salt alone” (Glover, /oc. cz¢.), but if so, the larva must have developed in some other food and entered the salt for pupation. - The fly is said to be an excellent judge of cheese, and it is usually the ‘best qualities that are affected. So marked is this, that ‘‘skippery ” cheese may be pronounced of good quality, although hardly so because of the presence of the skippers. Losses Caused by the Insect. The principal damage in this country is believed to be confined to meats, although Mr.°X. A. Willard (doc. cz¢.) in 1879 writes: ‘ Immense losses are sustained every year on account of skippery cheese. Some- times thousands of pounds in factories are tainted in this way, and the cheese has to be sold for what it will bring, while a portion is not infrequently so badly affected that it has to be thrown away at the factory.” | In 1880, Prof. Riley (/vc. cet.) recorded an injury of smoked hams to the extent of over two thousand dollars, inflicted by this insect upon a single firm in Peoria, Ill. Miss Murtfeldt, in 1892, was informed by an employé in one of the largest packing and curing establishments in the West, as follows: “It entails an enormous loss upon all our packing- house companies.” Similarly, Prof. Kellogg’s attention was called to the insect through the packing-houses of Kansas City, Mo., being seriously troubled by the pest. 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Preventives and Remedies. It is easier and much more desirable to prevent the infestation of cheese or cured meats than to remedy it after the trouble has begun. The primary cause of ‘‘ skippery ” cheese is said to be the want of proper care, and the same is equally true of “‘ skippery ” meat. The flies can be excluded from rooms by the use of fine screens — a 24-to-the-inch wire mesh is said to be sufficiently fine. In house- holds, cheese and cured meats can usually be stored in fly-proof re- ceptacles, or else kept in absolute darkness, in which it is said the flies can not complete their life-cycle. Darkness would therefore be of service in large store-rooms for these articles. Scrupulous cleanliness in and about all places where these products are handled or stored, will do much to lessen the attraction for the flies. In cheese factories, it has been recommended to wash the ranges and tables upon which the cheese is placed with hot whey, thus removing grease and giving a clean surface, not attractive to the insect. In hot weather, the bandages and sides of the cheese should be rubbed over at the daily turning, for the purpose of destroying or brushing off eggs which may have been deposited on the surface. The cheese may also be washed with hot whey or with lye,—the latter is a repellant as the fly avoids: alkalies. Smoked meats should be carefully guarded from. infestation during the process of curing, and in hams and other meats that are encased, the covering should be so thick and so closely applied, as to effectually exclude the fly or its larve. Infested rooms and factories should be thoroughly cleaned, fumigated with burning sulphur, and, where possible, washed with kerosene emulsion. Skippery cheese and meat is not necessarily a total loss, although their presence seriously impairs the market value of the product and may render it unsalable. In many cases large portions will be found free from the skippers and in good condition, as their work does not induce putres- ence with its attendant odor; if the affected parts are removed, the remainder may safely be used for food. In cheese the surface colonies of skippers can readily be cut out, and the young more deeply located, can be drawn to the surface, by pasting thick oiled paper over the place so as to exclude the air, and, by removing it from time to time for the de- struction of the skippers collected beneath, and replacing it, the cheese may be freed from the infestation. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 235 Lebia grandis (Hentz). (Ord. CoLEoPTERA: Fam. CARABID#.) iseNnez: im Trans. Amer, Philosoph. Soc., N.'S.,’ TIT, \18g0,. p.,.a5% (description). . WALSH: in Pract. Entomol., 11, 1867, p. 121 (habits and description). GLOovER: in Rept. Comm. Agricul. for 1867, 1868, p. 63 (in IIl.); in id. for 1868, 1869, p. 80, fig. 6 (features and feeding habits). Rime vin! “Amen EmtomolBot.) 1i,°'1870,' p. “sq 207, ‘fig? 184 (destroys Potato beetle in Missouri); the same in 3rd. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1871, p. 100, fig. 41; in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 204 (in So. Dakota); Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 87 (taken on golden rod). LEBaAron: ust. Rept. Ins. Iil., 1871, p. 64 (mentioned); 4th do., 1874, p. 45, fig. 11 (mention). REED: in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1871, 1872, p. 71 (mention). THomAS: 6th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1877, p. go (description), p. 162 (mention). SAUNDERS: in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1878, 1879, p. 6 (opera- tions in Canada); in do. for 1881, 1882, p. 10 (reference to Captures). Comstock: in Rept. Comm. Agricul. for 1879, 1880, p. 245, Pl. V, fig. 3 (active in New York); Manual Study Ins., 1895, p. 520, fig. 625 (mention). DimMMock: in Stand. Nat. Hist., 11, 1884, p. 396, fig. 481 (mention). LINTNER: in Orange County Farmer for Oct. 19, 1893, xill, p. I, ¢. 7 (identification and habits) ; roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, p. 496 (abstract of preceding). SMITH: in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1893, 1894, pp. 566, 567, fig5 46) (MENON). 1d Tory Tags, 1896, “p: 485; fig. Go (description, work in New Jersey); Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 168 (mention). During the month of October, examples of a beetle were received by me for identification, from Port Jervis, Orange Co., N. Y., of which marvelous stories had been in circulation in the vicinity among the farmers, and had found their way in a sensational article in the newspapers. It had been stated that it had made its appearance for the first time during the past summer, and that it was accomplishing wonders in destroying the potato beetle. It was to be seen running rapidly over the plants, seizing a beetle, giving it a bite and instantly killing it, and then treating one after another in the same summary manner. ” As no insect of such remarkable ferocity and POWER was Tmnowmeto, us vas having: been: sent to +) we. >. Trea crane. A 5 In natural size and our aid in efforts to control the Colorado potato enlarged. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM beetle, it was suspected that our new ally might be Ledia grandis which had been for many years rendering excellent service against the potato beetle in western States,— and such the insect, when received as above, proved to be. The beetle has been described as follows: Size rather below medium; elytra truncate or cut off at the extremity, leaving the tip of the abdomen exposed; anterior tibiz, with the notch on the inner edge; claws distinctly pectinate; abdomen somewhat pedunculated; thorax rounded on the sides and wider than long; the posterior margin straight, with the angles somewhat obtuse, but not rounded, narrower than the elytra; elytra slightly widened posteriorly, of a deep or dark blue color, distinctly striate and without visible punctures. The thorax horny, yellow, smooth, with an impressed longitudinal dorsal line. Head yellowish, but a little darker than the thorax, the legs and breast also yellow. Length about or slightly over two-fifths of an inch; width of the elytra a little less than half the length. It belongs to the large family of Caradide, which are commonly known as ground beetles and which render valuable service to the agriculturist in their preying upon many insect pests. As may be seen from the references given above, this insect has long been recognized as one of the most efficient, if not the most efficient, of the thirty or more species of insects that have been observed to prey upon the Colorado. potato beetle. The first record, so far as we know, of the fondness of this insect for the Colorado potato beetle, is the brief mention by Mr. Glover, in his annual report to the Department of Agriculture, for the year 1867, to this effect: “ Dr. Benjamin Morris, of Pittsfield, Illinois, found a species of ground beetle, Lelia grandis, feeding voraciously upon the larve in a potato field in that neighborhood. Hundreds of this comparatively rare insect were taken by him in the same locality, and always preying upon the grubs of the potato beetle.” In 1869, another notice of its, operations in Illinois appears, in a state- ment made by Mr. Walsh, the entomologist of the State at that time, that it had been found destroying the larve of the potato beetle, while “so intent on its prey as to retain its hold even when the leaf was gathered on which it stood.” In the notice of its identification by Mr. Walsh, he wrote of it: ‘‘ This beetle is one of the vast group of ground beetles (Cavabus family) almost all of which are cannibals; but the genus to which it belongs, unlike most of the other Ground beetles, haunts plants and is active by day, instead of living on the ground and being nocturnal in its habits.” REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 237 In 1871, when the potato beetle had for the first time invaded the Dominion: of Canada, and had not yet entered New York, Prof. Riley reported that this beetle was proving to be an efficient enemy of the new pest in several of the western States; and that although ,it had pre- viously been rare in the State of Missouri it had suddenly become abundant and was actively engaged in destroying both the eggs and the larvee of the potato beetle. : This beetle has a distribution throughout the United States which is almost co-extensive with that of the insect upon which it specially preys. Unfortunately, although so abundant oftimes, and aided by nearly two score of other species, it is not able to greatly reduce the number of the greedy and insatiable Doryphora. Plagionotus speciosus (Say). The Sugar Maple Borer. (Ord. COLEOPTERA: Fam. CERAMBYCIDZ.) Say: Long’s 2nd Expedit , 1824, p. 292 (original description, as Clytus) ; the same reprinted in Amer. Entomology, 11, 1828, p. 118, Pl. 5g, fe: 1 (Compl Wits Lec. edity 18383, W-ppi. 113,193: Fircu : in}Amer.:Quart. Journ. Agricul.-Sci., 1, 1845; p. 253, Pl. 3, fig. 3 (brief account, as Clytus). Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, pp. ror—102 (brief account, as CZytus). PACKARD: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 496-497 (mention, as CZtus) ; Bull. 7 U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1881, pp. 103-105, fig. 45 (general account, as GZcodius) ; in Amer. Nat., xviii, 1884, pp. ITI51I—1152 (oviposition, as Glycobtus); 5th Rept. U. S. En- tomolog. Comm., 1890, pp. 374-379, figs. 137-140) general account, as Glycobtus). WatsH-RILeEy: in Amer. Entomol., 1, 1869, p. 146 (description, as Arhopalus). Cowpbry: in Canad. Entomol., 11, 1870, p. 38 (as Clytus, rare at Strat- ford, Ont.). CLEMENTI: in Canad. Entomol., iv, 1872, p. 37 (as Clytws, at Peterboro, Ont). REED: in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1872, 1873, pp. 35-36, fig. 26 (description and life-history, as CZy¢ws). LeBaron: 4th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1874, p. 154 (reference, as CZytus). BETHUNE: in Canad. Entomol., ix, 1877, p. 222, fig. 2 on Plate (brief account, as C/yfus); the same in Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Origen. 23, fign2 on Plate. Tuomas: 6th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1877, pp. 38, 44, 83, 151, 11, iv (in northern Illinois, as CZyzus). SAUNDERS: in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1878, 1879, pp. 32-33 fig. 13 (brief account, as CZyfus). 228 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM RoceERS: in Canad. Entomol., xii, 1880, pp. 149-151, fig. 21 (popular account, as C/ytus); the same in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1880, 1881, pp. 32-33, fig. 13. Ze¥SCH-REINECKE: List Coleopt. Buffalo and Vicinity, 1880, p. g (listed, | as Glycobius). BELL: in Canad. Entomol., xii, 1881, p. 236 (mention, as CZyfus). LINTNER: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 297 (reference) ; in Country Gentleman, xlvii, 1882, p. 625 (very injurious to maples); 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y.,, 1885, p.. 227 (abstract) ;)\3d dor tow mage, 1887, pp. 103-105 (notice of injuries, remedies); in Country Gentleman, liv, 1889, p. 579 (characteristics, remedies) ; 6th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1890, p. 169 (abstract) ; in Country Gentle- man, lvii, 1892, p. 552 (attack identified) ; 8th Rept. Ins. N.Y., 1893, pp. 202-205, fig. 45 (ravages and remedies); gth do., 1893, p. 442 (abstract); in Country Gentleman, lvili, 1893, p. 557 (identified, remedies); in Gardening, ili, 1894, p. 56 (men- tion, igure); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, p. 497 (reference; in all preceding referred to Glycobius), p. 504 (abstract), p. 511 (reference) ; in Country Gentleman, lx, 1895, p. 583 (remedies); r1th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, p. 280 (abstract), p. 286 (mention). DimMock: in Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust. Ins., 1884, pp. 330-331, fig. 368 (brief mention). FLETCHER: Rept. Entomol. for 1885, p. 31 (brief mention, as GZycodzus). HARRINGTON: in 17th Ann. Rept. Entomolog., Soc. Ont., 1887, pp. 29-30, fig. 3 (brief mention, as Glycobius). TOWNSEND: in Psyche, v. 1889, p. 233 (listed from Michigan). SMITH: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 203 (on oaks). PICKERING: in Psyche, vi. 1892, p. 346 (mentioned, as CZytus). Comstocks: Manual Study Ins., 1895, p. 570, fig. 694 (mention). FyLes: in 26th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont: for 1895, 1896, p. 24, fig. 8 (mention, as G/ycobius). WEED: Bull. 33 N. H. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 7-9, figs. 3, 4 (general account, as Glycobius). KIRKLAND: in Bull. 2 Mass. Crop Rept., ser. of 1897, pp. 30-34, figs. I, 2 (general account). This large and beautifully marked beetle in its bright golden-yellow bands and bars and angulated lines on a background of black, is a desirable and attractive addition to one’s collection (Pl. VII, fig. 1), Despite its beauty, itis a highly pernicious insect. Not content, as are most of its associates, with burrowing in dead or sickly trees, its attack is usually made on those perfectly healthy. A Long-horned Borer. This insect belongs to the family Cerambycide, or long-horned wood- borers, — so named on account of their long antenne and the habit their larve have, of living and boring in wood. The antenne of some species are of extraordinary length, as in the instance of Monohammus confusor REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 239 (Kirby), in which they measure from about once and a half the length of the body in the female, to nearly four times its lengthin the male. Many of the members of this large family are remarkable for their size, beauty of color, or elegance of form, and have been, on these accounts, favorites with collectors. Unfortunately, a large number of the species, are quite harmful to the trees that they infest. Among the notorious and well- known pests, may be mentioned the oak-pruner, Elaphidion parallelum Newm.; the round-headed apple-tree borer, Saferda candida Fabr.; and the common elm-tree borer, Saferda tridentata Oliv. Description of the Beetle. ‘The head is yellow, with the antennz and the eyes reddish-black ; the thorax is black, with two transverse yellow spots on each side; the wing covers, for about two-thirds of their length, are black, the remaining third is yellow, and they are ornamented with bands and spots arranged in the following manner: a yellow spot on each shoulder, a broad yellow curved band or arch, of which, the yellow scutel forms the keystone on the base of the wing-covers ; behind this a zigzag yellow band forming the letter W; across the middle another yellow band arching backwards, and on the yellow tip a curved band and spot of a black color; legs yellow, and the under side of the body is reddish-yellow, variegated with brown. Nearly an inch in length.” (Harris.) Ravages of the Insect. This borer has for many years been destroying a large number of our sugar maples, as its burrows are usually carried around the trunk beneath the bark, and when several occur in the same tree, they girdle it by their interlacings and thus kill the tree. Even when they are not fatal to the tree, they occasion unsightly cracking of the bark and serious deformities of growth.* | As early as 1859, my attention was attracted by the operations of this insect in a long row of sugar maples bordering a lawn at Schoharie, N. Y. One tree which I had examined, of some ten inches in diameter at the base, which had been more seriously affected than the others, and probably was the first to be attacked, had been nearly destroyed. Several of the grubs had commenced their ravages side by side, and their united cuttings had in places exposed the trunk for over a hand’s breadth. ‘The tree had *For additional features of these burrows see the Report of the Entomologist for the year 1886, [being the Third Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York], page 104. ¢ 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM been attacked in various places from above its first limbs nearly to its base. ‘The entire circumference of the tree had been grooved, although not continuously. In the above row of maples scarcely a single tree was entirely exempt from injury —all apparently the work of this grub. A few years ago it was an occasion of much pain to me to see at Ben- nington, Vt., the large number of old maples that were standing dead upon the street or rapidly dying from the merciless burrowing of this borer which had scarred and excavated their trunks. Recently the same ravages, although not as yet to the same extent, were observed by me at Glens Falls, N.Y. This insect was recently very destructive to some fine maples at Canajoharie, N. Y. It is also a serious pest in some other states. In a recent publication, Mr. Kirkland (éoc. czt.) records extensive injuries by this borer in the sugar orchards of western Massachusetts, their work being preceded in most instances by the clearing up of the underbrush. It was thought that the additional light around the trunks of the trees may have served the insect as an invitation to enter upon and prosecute its pernicious work. The mapies on the grounds of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., were observed by Dr. Packard to be seriously injured by this pest in 1873 and 1874. In London, Ontario, this insect is spreading rapidly and proving very destructive. In South Que- bec the borer is so abundant as to be found frequently in woodsheds, having developed from maple wood stored for domestic use. Formerly a Rare Insect. This beetle was regarded by its original describer, Dr. Say, as a rare insect, for at the time of its description only two examples were known. It is one of our native forms which seems to have found the cultivated trees better adapted to its needs than the wild —their proximity, location and abundance having supplied ample means for a rapid increase. It is now a common insect and a serious menace to the safety of sugar maples, either in ornamental grounds or as shade trees along the road side. : : Life-History. The beetles make their appearance in this latitude during the latter part of June, through July and into August.* The eggs are laid during the latter iwo months. The place of oviposition may be recognized, as stated by Dr. Packard, “by a rusty irregular discoloration of the bark about the size of a cent, and especially by the ‘frass’ or castings which to the length of an inch or more are attached like a broken corkscrew to * Examples in the State collection bear dates of capture from June a3d to August oth. ' ’ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 241 the bark.” The egg is deposited on the trunk at various heights from the ground upward to at least ten feet in low branching trees, and even higher when the infestation has been of long continuance. The newly hatched larva, about one-fifth of an inch in length, may be found within its burrow at a depth perhaps of one-tenth of an inch, by cutting in at the places indicated as above. September 12th, Dr. Packard found that the mines or burrows of the young larve were already about an inch long, most of them being directed upward. They pass the winter in shallow burrows in the bark. The following spring they burrow deeper and mine the cambium layer and the living wood,— the burrows steadily increasing in size with the growth of the larve. It is probable that the insect requires two years to complete its transformations, and that an entire season is spent by the long white fleshy grubs, with deeply marked transverse incisions, in running their mines or burrows, about one-third of an inch in depth and one-half ‘an inch in width, in all direc- tions beneath the bark. On the approach of the second winter the larve probably burrow to the depth of an inch or two in the trunk and there hibernate. In the spring feeding is resumed and the burrows continued a distance neatly equal to that of the previous season, before the pupal chamber is excavated inthe wood. Mr. Kirkland found a number of burrows in an infested tree with a chamber midway of their length, and thought that this might indicate the place of hibernation. The larval burrows. usually run upward and partially around the trees, but occa- sionally downward. ‘They frequently intersect, and thus a badly infested tree may be effectually girdled and killed. Distribution. The recorded distribution of this beetle is curiously limited. The ex- planation may be that only within this area has it been sufficiently abundant to attract attention, although it would seem that even if rare, some examples should fall into the hands of collectors and the localities be made known. ‘The reported distribution is as follows; South Quebec, the southeastern portion of Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Northern Illinois and Wisconsin. This record indicates comparatively narrow bounds, but it will probably be found that it extends over a much greater area than indicated above. There is apparently no reason why it should not extend to the Rocky Mountains, if not to the Pacific coast. 17 242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Food Plants. This insect, so far as known, is mainly confined to the sugar maple, while exceptionally attacking other of the maples. In New Jersey there are very few maples where it was found, and in every instance the beetles were taken on oaks. It was therefore thought that possibly it may infest some of the species of oak (Smith: Joc. ciz.). Natural Enemies. The only natural enemies of this insect recorded are various species of woodpeckers. Dr. Packard mentions having observed them at work, but he failed to indicate the species. Mr. Kirkland observed the hairy woodpecker, the downy woodpecker, and the flicker feeding upon white larvee taken from beneath the bark of infested trees. Remedies. Perhaps the best remedy is the cutting out or destroying the young grubs while still within easy reach. By carefully examining the trunks sometime in the early autumn, the location of the recently hatched grub may be easily detected by the indications stated on a preceding page. ° The trunks of the trees may be painted or sprayed with a solution of soft soap and carbolic acid, renewing the application as often as it is washed off by the rains. If this be done during the months of July and August (the period of oviposition), the beetles will be deterred from depositing their eggs in the trunks so treated and there will be no neces- sity of searching for and digging out the young grubs later in the season. In maple sugar groves, Mr. Kirkland recommends that as much under- brush be allowed to grow as will not be in the way of the sugar making, as he has observed that the clearing up of the shrubbery has repeatedly been followed by severe attacks of these borers. ‘The beetles are sun- loving insects which delight in sunny places and if there are few such spots in a sugar grove, there would be less attraction for them. All badly infested trees should be cut for fuel during the autumn and burned before the time for the appearance of the beetle the following June. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST to aN [) Saperda tridentata Olivier. The Elm Borer. (Ord. COLEOPTERA: Fam. CERAMBYCID.) FitcH: in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1858, 1859, pp. 839-840 (brief account); 5th Rept. Nox. Other Ins. N. Y., 1859, pp. 59-60 (the same). Pixenis: ins. [nj Veg. 1362, pp. 111-113, Pl. Il, fig. 13, (description and rava ges). PacKARD: in Amer. Nat., iv, 1870, pp. 588-5g1, figs. 115, 116 (general account after Harris, as Compsidea tridentata); Bul. 7 U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1881, pp. 58-59, fig. 17 (brief account) ; 5th Rept. do., 1890, pp. 224-226, fig. 71 (general account), p. 424 (infesting maple). HusBBarp: in Psyche, 1, 1874, p. 5 (mention); in id., 1, 1877, p. 40 (mention, as S. ¢vzxlieata). LEConTe: in Sinith. Misc. Coll., xi, 1874, pp. 238-239 (table of species of Saperda). THomas: 6th Rept. Ins. Ill, 1877, pp. 38, 44, 156-157, ii (brief notice). ZESCH—REINECKE: List. Coleopt. Buffalo and Vicin., 1880, p. x. HarRINGTON: in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, p. 79 (infesting maple); the same in 14th Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont., 1884, p. 35; in Canad. Entomol, xxii, 1890, p. 186 (listed from the counties of Argenteuil and Ottawa). Forbes: 14th Rept. Ins. Ill., 1885, pp. 112-114, Pl. xu, fig. 2 (general account of ravages, remedy). SMITH: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 212 (common at Newark, Caldwell). SAULEIELD : In, 21st Aun. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont., 1391, pp...73-74 (brief account). GARMAN: Bull. 47, Ky. Aericul Expt. Stat., 1993, pp. 44—50, figs. 12, 13 (general account); the same in 6th Rept. do., 1894, pp. ee ha i BO BS LINTNER: in Proc. West. N. Y. Horticul. Soc., 1893, separate, pp. 7-9 (ravages, remedies) ; republished in Gard. Forest, vi, 1893, p. 76, and in gth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1893, pp. 427-429; in Albany Evening Journ., for May 7, 1894 (work in Albany, remedies) ; roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 484, 485, 499 (abstracts oF preceding notices); in Country Gentleman, lxi, 1896, p. 746 (remedies). This insect appears to be as injurious to the beautiful white elm, UZmus Americana, which has been so liberally planted and is so highly prized as our most valuable shade-tree, as the maple borer, Plagzonotus speciosus, is to the very desirable sugar maple. The borers in the wood and bark of our trees are dreaded most deservedly, not only on account of their ofttimes excessive injuries, but for the reason that their operations are of such a nature that severe damage, if not fatal injury, is often done before their presence is even suspected. The unthrifty condition of the infested 244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tree is attributed to unusual dry weather, to the impervious street pave- ments of many of our cities, to defective gaspipes, or some other cause, while the true agents of the mischief continue their destructive work unknown and undisturbed. ‘Throughout the entire State, and beyond its limits, the American elm has for a number of years been suffering from the ravages of this hidden and insidious enemy, the trees dying one by one from a cause, not apparent, and known to but a few. Character and Extent of Injury. The larve or grubs of this insect work in the inner bark and sap-wood of the trunk,—the attack apparently commencing not far above the ground and gradually extending upward. Most of the burrows are in the inner bark, although a few occur at the depth of an inch or more. When the grubs are numerous, their broad flat burrows, varying from one- tenth to two-tenths of an inch in width and about one-tenth of an inch deep, so reticulate and run into one another as effectually to girdle trunks of trees two or three feet in diameter, when, with the circulation arrested, the death of the tree inevitably follows. The bark is frequently so badly infested that in old trees it can be detached in large sheets. The work of this pest is shown in figures 4, s, of plate VII. 7 ; | As early as 1847 and 1848, Dr. Harris had noticed that this insect was very injurious to the elms on Boston Common. He wrote as follows: The trees were found to have suffered terribly from the ravages of these insects. Several of them had already been cut down, as past recovery ; others were in a dying state, and nearly all of them were more or less affected with disease or premature decay. ‘Their bark was per- forated, to the height of thirty feet from the ground, with numerous holes through which insects had escaped; and large pieces had become so loose by the undermining of the grubs as to yield 'to slight efforts, and come off in flakes. The inner bark was filled with the burrows of the grubs, great numbers of which, in various stages of growth, together with some in the pupa state, were found therein; and even the surface of the wood, in many cases, was furrowed with their irregular tracks. Most of the wood and bark borers are partial to diseased and dying trees, as is well known to many. An enfeebled condition of the trees from their age or some other cause, may account for the severity of the attack noted above. Dr. Fitch, in his Fifth Report, records that the larvee of this insect infested the remaining bark of all of the slippery elms, Cimus fulva, in his vicinity, after the best of it had been stripped off for medicinal purposes. The operations of this insect appear to be notorious, for it has been characterized by Dr. Packard as the most destructive ‘borer in the Northern and Eastern States, often killing trees by the wholesale. In 1884, its ravages were so serious that Prof. Forbes wrote: REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 245 ‘“‘From the present appearance of the elms throughout the towns of Central Illinois, where I have had an opportunity to examine their con- dition, and from the rapid progress which this pest has made among them during the last two or three years, it seems extremely likely that it will totally exterminate the trees unless it be promptly arrested by general action.” A serious attack is recorded upon the elms at Frankfort, Ky., in 1892, when several were killed and a number badly injured. The insect has also been very destructive to elms in Albany and in Glovers- ville, N. Y. It does not appear to be so injurious in Canada as in the United States. It has been found infesting a dead maple by Mr. Harrington. Description of the Insect. The beetle is an innocent appearing slate-colored insect with dull orange markings as follows: a curved line behind each eye, a line on each side of the thorax, and margined wing-covers with three nearly equidistant points extending from the border. They vary in length from about one- third to one-half an inch. The females are considerably stouter and with shorter antenne than the males (Pl. VII, fig. 2). The borers (the larve of the beetles), are similar in form and general appearance to the notorious round-headed borer of the apple, belong- ing, indeed, to the same genus. They rarely exceed three-fourths of an inch in length, are destitute of feet, and have the usual enlargement of the first segment of the body immediately behind the head. (Forbes.) The larva is white, subcylindrical, a little flattened, with the lateral fold of the body rather prominent; end of the body flattened, obtuse, and nearly as wide at the end as at the first abdominal ring. ‘The head is one-half as wide as the prothoracic ring, being rather large. The pro- thoracic segment, or that next to the head, is transversely oblong, being about twice as broad as long; there is a pale dorsal corneous transversely oblong shield, being about two-thirds as long as wide, and nearly as long as the four succeeding segments; this plate is smooth, except on the pos- | terior half, which is rough, with the front edge irregular and not extend- ing far down the sides. Fine hairs arise from the front edge and side of the plate, and similar hairs are scattered over the body and especially - around the end. On the upper side of each segment is a transversely oblong ovate roughened area with the front edge slightly convex, and behind slightly arcuate On the under side of each segment are similar rough horny plates, but arcuate in front, with the hinder edge straight. (Packard.) The larva differs from the allied linden borer, Saperda vestita Say, in its shorter, broader, and more hairy body, and having the tip of the abdo- men hairy and more depressed. The prothoracic segment is broader and flatter, and the rough portions of the dorsal plates are larger and not so transversely ovate. The mandibles are much longer and more slender, and the antennz much smaller than in SS. vestita. 246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Life-History. The period required by this insect to complete its life cycle is at least one year and is probably several. The eggs are deposited upon the bark in June and the larve hatching therefrom are nearly full grown before winter, according to Dr. Fitch. On the other hand, Dr. Packard, writing in December, 1870, mentions finding “ three different sizes of the larve, evidently one, two, and three years old, or more properly six, eighteen, and thirty months old.” This latter statement has evidently been overlooked by more recent investigators, and no attempt seems to have been made to determine the true period of development. Possibly the beetle may complete its transformations in one year, yet the allied round-headed borer of the apple-tree, Saperda candida, requires three. The winter is passed in the larval or grub stage. Pupation occurs about the middle of April in central Illinois, and imagoes may emerge from early in May until the latter part of June in that lati- tude. In Massachusetts, Harris records taking living beetles repeatedly from early June to the roth of July. Mr. Harrington has taken the beetle June 15th in Canada. Associated Insects. An ally of the Saperda is found in (Veoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabr.). This insect appears to feed mostly on dead wood, apparently following the attacks of the more pernicious species. Occasionally it occurs in numbers in trees infested with Saperda tridentata. It may feed in such places only on the dying tissues left by its predecessor. As an evidence of its abundance, the following may be noted: From a section of the trunk of an elm, three inches long and six inches in diameter, in- fested by the Saperda and brought to my office about the first of April, eleven examples of the Neoclytus emerged between April 29th and May 12th, 1882. Large numbers of them were bred from other portions of the affected tree secured later—sixteen examples on the 23d of June, and others thereafter until July 1st. It has also been reared by me from hickory, from twigs of locust, and from pear twigs infested with Xy/eborus, received from Mr. Pomroy of Lockport, N. Y. It is represented in figure 3 of plate VII. Another insect found associated with it in the dead wood of infested elms is the Curculionid, Magdals armicollis (Say). This insect usually attacks the upper branches, but also occurs with the Saperda and Neoclytus in the trunk. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 247 Distribution. The ravages of this insect have been reported from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and from the following states: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Kentucky, Illinois and Michigan. In all probability it occurs also in the intervening states of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. Parasites. Several parasites have been bred from this inseet or the species asso- ciated with it in infested trees, but they are comparatively few in number and can therefore be of little importance in keeping this pest or its associates in check. The parasites apparently have not been identified or referred positively to the proper host. Remedies. Badly infested trees should be cut and the wood burned or the grubs within destroyed in the winter or early spring before they have had an Opportunity to escape and perpetuate their kind. -If the attack has not proceeded too far, protection may probably be obtained by coating the bark with some thick repellent substance (of which carbolic acid and Paris green should be components) that would repel egg deposit or prevent the entrance of the newly hatched larve. This coating need not be applied to the entire trunk, but might be limited to a broad zone of several feet, at and beyond that part where the bur- rows of the preceding year were mainly run —to be found by removing portions of the bark, which will readily scale off from the older infested portions. A still better remedy, probably, would be the following: Remove the outer bark from the entire infested portion of the tree in the spring (occupied at the time by the larve or the pups) by shaving it down to the inner bark until the first indications of the fresh burrows are disclosed. A kerosene emulsion of good strength brushed over the shaven surface would kill the insects, after which a coating of some thick substance, as lime and cow-dung, should be applied to prevent the splitting of the sap- wood from exposure to the sun, drying winds or extreme weather. That the barking of elms to even a greater extent than the above may safely be resorted to, appears from experiments made in France by M. Robert, detailed in the Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, for April 29th, 1848, and quoted by Dr. Packard in his report on “ Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees” (1890), as follows: 248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM “The whole of the outer bark was removed from the elm (this may be done conveniently by a scraping-knife shaped like a spoke-shave). This operation caused a great flow of sap in the inner lining of the bark (the liber) and the grubs of the Scolytus beetle were found in almost all cases to perish shortly after. The treatment was applied on a large scale, and the barked trees were found, after examination by the commissioners at two different periods, to be in more vigorous health than the neighboring ones of which the bark was untouched. More than two thousand elms were thus treated.” ; M. Robert had also obtained good results from cutting out strips of the bark of old elms of about two inches wide from the boughs down to the ground. ‘It was found that where the young bark pressed forward — to heal the wound and a vigorous flow of sap took place, many of the larvee near it were killed,— the bark. that had not entirely been under- mined was consolidated, and the health of the tree improved.” ——____—_—- Crioceris 12-punctata (Linn.). The Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beette. (Ord. CoLEOPTERA: Fam. CHRYSOMELIDZ.) LINN@ZUSY Syst: Nat.; "Edit.xn, 1, pars’ 11,1767, p: Goa,” norms (description). LINTNER: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 244 (recently introduced); 8th do., 1693, p., 250 (mention)); 20th do.,- 1605 ps 57 nome Brighton, Monroe Co., N. Y.). RiLtey: in Amer. Nat. for Feb. 1883, p. 199 (introduction); Bull 31 Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, p. 67 (listed). Horn: in Canad. Entomol., xvi, 1884, pp. 183-184 (mention). RitEyY—Howarp: in Insect Life, iv, 1892, pp. 395-396 (occurrence in Maryland and District of Columbia). | Howarp: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 98 (spreading slowly). SMITH: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 94 (in New Jersey); in id., vi, 1893, Pp. 191 (spread); in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1892, 1893, p. 393 (spreading in New Jersey) ; in id. for 1893, 1894, PP. 444-445 (continues to spread); in Bull. 6 NewSer., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 62 (spreading over entire State); Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 212 (brief mention) ; in Entomolog. News, vill, 1897, p. 18r (in Monmouth Con Neh). 3 WessterR: Bull. 51 Ohio Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1894, p. 121 (mention). LAURENT: in Entomolog. News, v, 1894, p. 292 (mention). JoHNsoN: in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p. 65 (becoming quite common); in gth Rept. Md. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1896, p 225 (common and spreading). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 249 WickHAM: in Canad. Entomol., xxviii, 1896, p. 74 (mention). CHITTENDEN: in Year Book U. S. Dept. Agricul. for 1896, 1897, pp. 349-352, fig. 89 (general account). SKINNER: in Entomolog. News, viii, 1897, p. 230 (in localities in Pa), The common asparagus beetle, Crzocevis asparagi (Linn.), has long been known to most growers of this plant on and near the Atlantic coast in New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, while recently it has extended its range inwardly, and has appeared in various localities in eastern, central and western New York, and has entered Ohio. This destructive pest is, however, not the only asparagus beetle now established within the State of New York. Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle in Monroe County. This near relative of the common asparagus beetle was found infesting an asparagus bed in Brighton, Monroe county, N. Y., in comparatively small numbers in 1893 on the farm of Mr. Silas J. Robbins. Early in May of the following year a few of the 12-spotted variety were to be seen among the hundreds of the more common species. The latter part of the month, however, Mr. Robbins wrote: ‘Yesterday the asparagus beetles came out in full force. In many places quite as many red ones [z72-punctata| as of the common kind.” ‘The appearance of the insect in such large numbers the second year of its observed presence would indi- cate that the climatic conditions of its newly adopted home were very favorable to its multiplication. This insect has evidently prospered in this new locality as Mr. C. J. Chism, of Brighton, informed me in Sept., 1897, that it was very injurious, more so than C. asparagi. It had spread from the farm of Mr. Robbins to others in the vicinity and was regarded as a serious pest. The beetle was said to eat into the growing shoots more than does the common species, and thus render them unfit for market. Description of the Insect. The beetles of this species are easily distinguished from the more com- mon form. ‘They may be recognized by the twelve black spots on their orange-red elytra. The thorax is a deeper orange red. The eyes, antenne, tips of the femora and tibia, the tarsi, and portions of the ventral surface are black. In form it is a stouter and larger insect than asparagz. At a little distance, they resemble somewhat closely, it is said, the ripen- ing asparagus berry. 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. “The full-grown larva is shown in the illustration at fig. 3. It meas- ures, when extended, three-tenths of an inch (8 mm.), being of about the same proportions as the larva of the common species, but is readily separable by its ochraceous orange color. «The “sround color is light yellowish cream with an overlay of ochraceous orange which is most pro- nounced on the exter- Fic. 3.--CRIOCERIS 12-PUNCTATA: a, beetle; 4, Jarva. (After 10r portions of the Chittenden, Year-book U.S. Dept. Agr., 1896.) : abdominal segments. The head, with the exception of the mouth-parts, is also ochraceous, the thoracic plate is prominent, divided into two parts, and is of a dark- brown color. Enlarged figures of the second abdominal segment of both species are presented at fig. 3c and d, for comparison.” (Chittenden.) Life-History and Habits. Comparatively little is known of the life-history of this species. Two annual broods are ascribed to it in Europe, while there are presumably three in this country, especially in the southern portions. The eggs are not known, although it has been suggested that they may be deposited, like those of C. asparagi, on the leaves and stems. But few larvee have been observed. One was found on the foliage and others in various stages, were feeding in the berries. The infested fruit reddens prematurely, is reduced to pulp, and the larve, on completing their growth, enter the ground for pupation. The food of the earlier brood appears unknown, unless it be the foliage, as with the common species. In the latter part of the season the berries are preferred by the larve. In Europe, the insect is said to pass the winter in the pupa state, but in this country some, judging by analogy, are of the opinion that it more probably hibernates in the adult form. Pupation occupies about two or three weeks during the summer and if the insects hibernate as beetles, the pupation of the later brood would probably occupy but little longer. The few beetles observed by Mr. Robbins in early May were most likely the last of the overwintered beetles or, if hibernating as pupz, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 251 recently issued ones. Their abundance noted by him the latter part of the month is possibly due to the appearance of individuals of the second brood. The beetles feed, like the more common species, on the foliage. They will also feed on the berries, in confinement, at least. This insect is more ready to take to flight and is less apt to hide behind the stems when disturbed, than is its congener. Introduction and Distribution. This is another addition to the list of insect pests accidentally intro- duced into this country from Europe. It was discovered in 1881 in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md., by Dr. Otto Lugger. The insect was quite abundant when found, showing that the date of its introduction was probably several years earlier. Assuming Baltimore or its vicinity as the place of introduction, the spread of the insect may be traced southward across several counties and into the District of Columbia, where it was detected in 1896. Later it invaded Virginia in the vicinity of Washington, and now it has been detected as far south as Westmoreland county of that State. In 1892 it was found in Gloucester county, N. J. When spreading from Mary- land to New Jersey, it also established itself in northern Delaware. The next year its presence was announced in the adjoining counties of Cum- berland and Camden, N. J. The progress of the insect over New Jersey has been so rapid that in 1897, Dr. Smith found the insect in Monmouth county, nearly as far north as Staten Island. It has also established itself in parts of Pennsylvania near the southern portion of New Jersey, having been found there in 1894. The same year it was received by me from Monroe county, N. Y. | The known distribution of this insect is about as follows: The north- eastern portion of Virginia along the Potomac and Chesapeake bay, the District of Columbia, Maryland, the northern portion of Delaware, the southeastern part of Pennsylvania, New Jersey as far north as Monmouth county, at least, and a colony in the vicinity of Rochester, Monroe county, N. Y. It will probably spread over a considerable area in the central portion of the State, and it may be expected to enter both Staten and Long Island in the near future, from its northern extension in New Jersey. Distribution of Crioceris asparagi. The distribution and spread of the common species will give some idea of what may be expected of the twelve-spotted form. Cvioceris asparagi was first detected in this country in Queens county, Long 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Island. It is now generally distributed through the States of Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey and in Pennsylvania along the Delaware river. It is known in Connecticut and Rhode Island, and is widely, though locally, distributed in Massachusetts. In the latter State it has worked along the seacoast, establishing itself in places where its food-plant was found. It has also made its way to a considerable distance inland, pre- sumably on the plants purchased for the setting out of new beds. In this _ Imanner it has extended back from the sea for a distance of nearly forty miles. The insect has been abundant for a number of years at Berlin, — Mass., where large quantities of asparagus are grown for the Boston market, and it has made its way along the coast to Portsmouth, N. H., and up the Merrimac river to Nashua, N. H. It may also enter both New Hampshire and Vermont through the Connecticut valley, - besides touching the southern coast of Maine. In this State the common species occurs over all Long Island. It has been traced up the Hudson river valley as far as Mechanicsville, about twenty miles north of Albany. It occurs in a number of widely separated localities in the western central portion of the State, having been reported from the following places: Vernon, Oneida county; Oswego, Oswego county: Newark, Wayne county; Geneva, Ontario county; Geneseo, Livingston county ; Rochester, Monroe county ; and Buffalo, Erie county, The insect will probably spread to all parts of the State lying within the Upper Austral Life-zone (see Plate 1V in my 11th Report). It is known in nine counties in the northeastern part of Ohio; and is now slowly spreading over that State. The twelve-spotted species may be expected to eventually occupy a not much less extended range of territory. Remedies. The methods of value against the common asparagus beetle will be found of service in fighting this insect under similar conditions. The larvee of the twelve-spotted form feed in the berries the latter part of the season, and are then out of reach of the common insecticides, but when feeding on the foliage they can be destroyed by dusting air-slacked lime over the plants when still wet with dew. The beetles can be poisoned upon the foliage with Paris green or arsenate of lead. If the insects are very abundant during the cutting season, it may pay to allow portions of the field to grow up and serve as lures to attract the beetles from the young shoots, where they may be poisoned. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 253 Galerucella luteola (Miller). The Elm-Leaf Beetle in Albany and Troy. (Ord. COLEOPTERA: Fam. CHRYSOMELID£.) Additional Bibliography to that contained in the Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, 1880. Hutst: Bull. xlvi N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1888, p.g (mention, as Galeruca xanthomelena), LINTNER: in Country Gent., li, 1888, pp. 209, 249 (remedies), p. 366 (from Scarsdale, N. Y.); sth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1889, pp. 234— 242, fig. 29 (general account), pp. 303, 319, 322 (abstracts), p. 225. (reference),;. .6th..do., .1890,.p..118, (reference);,.7th dos 1891, p. 217 (spread northward) ; in Country Gent., lvi, 1891, Baws udentited) ; Sth -Kept. Ins. N.Y... 1893, p,..222..(de= stroyed by rains), p. 286 (abstract); gth do., 1893, p. 297 (spread northward), pp. 422, 429 (reference) ; in Country Gent., lvili, 1893, p. 558 (from Britain, Conn., all as Galeruca xantho- melenad); in id., lix, 1894, p. 600. (from Montclair, N. J.); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 493, 502 (abstracts), p. 511 (refer- ence); in Country Gent., Ix, 1895, p. 568 (remedies, preceding five as Galerucella xanthomelena); in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1895, pp. 50--56,—republished in r1th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, pp. 102-103, 18g—196 (spread and remedies), pp. 275, 279 (abstracts), p. 286 (reference); in Country Gent., Ixi, 1896, p. 386 (from Gaylordsville, Conn.) ; in Alb. Eve. Journ., for June 24, 1896, p. 4 (remedies); in Country Gent., 1xu, 1897, p- 7 (criticising erroneous article), p. 406 (spraying large ‘trees) : ; in The [Albany] Argus, for July 10, 1897, p. 17 (general account). SMITH: in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1888, 1889, pp. 207-209, fig. 3 (brief account, as Galeruea xanthomelena); in id. for 1889, 1890, pp. 273-278 (broods, remedies); in id. for 1890, 1891, pp. 511-512 (note); in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, pp. 246-249 (number of broods); in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., li, 1892, p. 365 (broods in N.J.); in Entomolog. News, iv, 1893, p. 10 (broods in N.J.); in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1892, 1893, pp. 394, 451-455, figs. 25-27 (life-history) ; in id. for 1893, 1894, p. 451, fig. 10 (mention); Bull. 103 id., 1894, pp. 1-9, fig. 1 (general account); in Rept. id. for 1894, 1895, Pp. 435, 509-518, figs. 16-19 (general account : all preced- ing as G. xanthomelena); in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U.S, Dept. Agricul., 1895, pp. 15-16, 56-57 (brief notices) ; in Entomolog. News, Vi, 1895, pp. 292-293 (spraying at West Point, N. Y.); in 26th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont. for 1895, 1896, p. 69 (mention); in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1895, 1896, pp. 378-385 (remedies, experiments) ; in id. for 1896, 1897, p. 441 (note). 254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM BARNARD: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., i, 1890, p. 9 (hibernation as G. xanthomelena). HAMILTON: in Psyche, vi, 1891, p. 148 (synonymy). REITTER : Cat. Coleopt. Eur., Caucasi, Armeniz ross., 1891, p. 375 (synonymy). Ritey: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 132 (broods at Washington); in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, pp. 282-286 (two or more broods, in Washington) ; in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., ii, 1893, p. 364 (broods); in Rept. U.S. Secty. Agricul. for 1892, 1893, pp. 166-167, Pl. v (life-history, parasites, all as G. xanthomelena) ; in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1895, D. 57 (remedies). WEED: in 3d-4th Repts. N. H. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1892, pp-257—259 (brief account, as G. xanthomelena). BrcKwITH: in 6th Ann. Rept. Del. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1893, pp 166— 167 (brief notice, as G. xanthomelena). BRUNER: in Ann. Rept. Nebr. St. Horticul. Soc. for 1893, pp. 204—205, fig. 45 (brief notice, as G. xanthomelana). Hnsuaw: in Psyche, vi, 1893, p. 557 (reference, as G. xanthomelena). SLINGERLAND: Bull. 50 Cornell Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1893, p. g (number of broods, as G xanthomelena). ATWATER: Bull. 14 Storrs Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 1-8, 1 fig (general account, as G. xanthomelena). . CHITTENDEN: in Insect Life, vii, 1895, p. 419 (synonymy). PERNALD: In Bull.-2. New Ser., Divis’ Pntomel, U, Ss, Dept, Aomeni= 1895, p. 58 (at Amherst, Mass.) ; in 34th Rept. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1897, p. 186 (mention). HowarbD: in Proc. Entomclog. Soc. Wash., ili, 1895, pp. 223-224 (dis- tribution, as G. xanthomelena); in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis. En- tomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul.; 1895, pp. 40—45,: 56, 57 (spread; injuries and remedies); in Bull. 6 id., 1896. pp. 36-38 (remedies) ; in Year Book U.S. Dept. Agricul. for 1895, 1896, pp. 363-368, fig. 85 (general account) ; in id. for 1896, 1897, pp. 67-88 (power sprayers for elm-leaf beetle e¢ a/.). MARLATT : ‘Cire: 8 2nd Ser.,’ Divis.’ Entomol, U.S. Dept.) Aanemrs 1895, pp. 1—4, tig. 1 (general account); in Bull” 2° Newser, Divis Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1895, pp. 47-50, 58 (work in Washington). SOUTHWIcK: in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul., 1895, p. 56 (brief mention). STURGIS—BRITTON ?: Bull. 121 Conn. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 3-6, 1 fig. (brief account, as G. xanthomelaena). Tart—Davis: Bull. 121 Mich. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, p. 9 (mention, as G. xanthomelena). WEBSTER: in Bull. 2 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1895, p. 58 (north of Salem, Mass.). CooLey: Bull. 36 Hatch Expt. Stat. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1896, pp. 3-7, fig. 1 (brief account). JoHNsoN: in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, p 66 (injuries and remedies). : ' q } ; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 255 In the preceding Report, the observed progress was given of the elm- leaf beetle along the Hudson river from Newburg northward until it reached Albany in 1892, and its subsequent spread in a portion of the city. Itis proposed in the present article, to present some additional observations made upon this insect, which, from its serious injuries to a favorite shade-tree, is exciting much interest. This insect was very destructive the present year to the foliage of the English elms (U/mus campestris) in both Albany and Troy. A second brood of the beetle was observed in 1895, but, owing to absence from town, it was impossible to make the continuous observations upon it desirable. The present year an effort was made to settle some of the dis- puted points concerning the habits of the insect so far north. Two annual broods were known to occur in the southern part of New Jersey, while, according to the observations of Dr. Smith in successive years, the insect was limited to a single brood at New Brunswick, in the northern part of the State. On this account it had been taken for granted that but a single brood would develop further north, and obser- vations made by Dr. Howard in Connecticut in 1895, seemed to con- firm this belief. It was, therefore quite a surprise when, beyond question, two well marked broods were observed by me in Albany in 189s, and a small third one the’ present year (1896). Instead of retiring in midsummer to hibernating quarters, there to remain until the following spring. as at New Brunswick, the beetles continued their feeding and Oviposition so late in the season that larvee were to be found so long as any leaves remained suitable for their food. Broods in 1896, in Albany. The larvee of the first brood, those from eggs deposited by the over wintered beetles, were observed descending the trees for pupation on June 19th. On the 22nd a number of the pupz were coliected. ‘The first beetles of this lot Pa the 30th, and by July 7th they had all transformed. Most of the English elms in the vicinity of South Hawk street, Albany, were completely defoliated by the first brood. A close watch of this district was maintained throughout the remainder of the season. July t1th a cluster of eggs was found on the large lower leaves of one tree. “Unfortunately the tops of the tall trees were so inaccessible as to make their close observation impracticable. It is probable that numbers of eggs were laid on the foliage of the higher branches during the month of July, as eggs were found from day to day on the rather fresh lower leaves at a time when the upper appeared to be in even better condition. 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On South Hawk street, an English elm, which had been defoliated by the first brood, was throwing out a fresh crop of leaves July 3oth. This recent growth was abundantly infested with both eggs and young larve. August 11th, eggs and larvee were still abundant on this ‘tree, although its foliage was almost entirely destroyed, while at its base many larve and a number of pupz were seen. Two days later the pupe . were more abundant. August 21st this tree began to throw out a third crop of leaves, and most of the pupe at its base had transformed. ‘This new growth was but little injured, although a week later other trees in its vicinity were found to have been recently infested. These latter larve may have been portions of a third brood. A striking example of the work of the second brood and the continued breeding of the insect until late in the autumn was observed on Wash- ington avenue about three blocks above the Capitol. A number of English elms, which had been but slightly attacked last year and had suffered very little by the first brood the present year, were badly injured by the second. Many of the leaves were skeletonized in mid- summer, and August 19th pupe were lying abundantly around the trees. Pupe continued to be found in large numbers until after the middle of September, and in lessening numbers until November ist. Larvae were to be found as late as October 15th. On Lancaster street, near Lark, there are several English elms which had suffered little injury during the summer. Much to my surprise, hundreds of full grown larve were on the walk beneath the trees on October 12th. Their abundance so late in the season in such numbers render it quite probable that they belonged to the third brood, rather than that they were belated individuals of the second. Observations in Troy. The occurrence of two, and probably of three, broods was even more conclusively shown by the observations made at Troy, N. Y. On Eagle street in that city, there is a row of small English elms, which when first visited on August 18th presented a sad sight. Every leaf had been skeletonized, and there were only the dried remains of what had been a luxuriant foliage. In other parts of the city the trees had given out new leaves, which were badly infested with eggs. Eleven days later, the new , leafage on Eagle street was already badly infested with eggs and recently hatched larve. Four egg clusters were counted on a small twig bearing but five leaves. September gth there were many young larve and a few nearly full-grown, and numerous egg clusters —on a REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 257 single leaf there were six. A week later the new foliage had suffered severely. Four or five larve were commonly found ona small leaf. Most of them were about half-grown, and a few were full-grown. September 25th many larve and a few pupez were found on the trunks of the trees. A number of half-grown larve and some beetles were feeding on the leaves. October rst a few larve were feeding; full-grown ones and. numbers of pupz were seen on the trunks and at' the base of the isees; mand. beetles «werelfeeding, on; (thé -leaves., .On) the 22d). off October several young larve were seen on a bunch of the greenest leaves, and near them a cluster of egg shells from which they had probably emerged within a few days. October 31st several full grown larve and a pupa were found at the base of one tree, and also a beetle just completing its transformations. On one tree with exception- ally green leaves, a number of very small larve were seen, and near them a cluster of egg shells. At this time most of the English elms were leaf- less. One week later, November 7th (the last observation for the season), a few pupz were still to be found, which transformed success- fully to beetles. ‘The above facts indicate most clearly that the beetles would continue reproduction so long as there was suitable food. It also seems reasonable to refer the latest larve and pupz to a limited third brood, rather than to the progeny of belated individuais of the second brood. | Notes on Oviposition and Transformations. In connection with observations of the beetle in nature, breeding experiments were also attempted. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining new leaves for the larvee, they were not so successful as could be desired. On the 6th of July a large number of recently transformed beetles were confined with fresh, though old, elmleaves. They fed so voraciously that a new supply was furnished them every two or three days; especial care was taken to introduce no eggs with the food. Egg clusters were found as follows: 1 on the 8th; 4 on the rith; 1 on the 13th; 3 onthe 14th; 2°on the 16th; 15 on the roth; ‘9 On they 2rst:’ 3° on the 2ard: and 2 on the 25th,— the oviposition having extended over seventeen days. Most of the eggs were deposited in normal clusters and were fertile, although the conditions in the cage were not quite normal. From the above data it would appear that in summer most of the eggs are laid 12 to 14 days after the perfect form is assumed. At this time tender leaves could not be obtained, and the young larve, under the ordeal of their confinement, perished a few days after emerging 18 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from the eggs. Some recently hatched larve were found on a tree July 30th, and were successfully reared to the pupa — one assuming that form August 11th and others a few days later. Young larve taken on a tree September gth, pupated October 7th. The eggs and larve of this insect on a leaf are represented in figure 1 of plate VIII,—in the lower left- hand corner an egg cluster is shown enlarged. The duration of the egg stage in July averaged about 5 days, that of the larva 15 to 20 days, and of the pupa 7 days. In the autumn, as might be expected, these periods are considerably prolonged by the colder weather. In September, the pupa stage was observed to last 12 days, and in October twice as long. The duration of the beetle’s existence is also of interest since it has a bearing on the probability of the occurrence of a third brood. A record of the mortality of those confined in a cage July 6th (see above) was kept, which is as follows: 7 dead the 16th; 4 the 18th; 5 the 21st; 2 the 23rd; 15 the 25th. Most of those that died the 23rd or before were badly affected with a fungus, Sporotrichum entomophilum Peck, and many of them may have been killed by it. The death of the others may have been hastened by the unnatural conditions of confinement. As but few of the beetles died before most of the eggs had been laid, it is probable that they live but a short time after having provided for the perpetuity of the species. 2 Although eggs and larve were not obtained from individuals known to belong to the second brood, yet the rearing to the pupa and imago stages, of those collected abroad as cited above, show conclusively that there was ample time for three generations during the activity of the insect. The beetles were seen feeding the latter part of August, during September, and even into October, and eggs, or evidences of recent oviposition, existed throughout the time. The limited life of the beetles after ovi- position observed in July, renders it most probable that the same was true later in the season. From the preceding, there is hardly room for doubt that there was a genuine third brood of the insect in Albany and Troy the present year. Food-Habits of Larvze and Beetles. Some of the young larve obtained from eggs in July were fed with the greenest of the old leaves that could be obtained. Everyone of several lots died after a few days, and then it seemed as if they were unable to develop upon the old growth. August r1th, some half and some nearly full grown larvze were placed on oldleaves. They at once began feeding, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 259 and eventually matured. The next day some recently hatched ones found on a tree were transferred to an old leaf, and a fair proportion of them completed their transformations. That the larve actually mature on old foliage is rendered certain by the development of a large second brood on a number of trees which had been scarcely injured by the first brood, and by the continued breeding of the insect on them until late in the autumn, as recorded before. A leaf skeletonized by the larve is shown in figure 4. Many trees had nearly every leaf as badly eaten as the one photographed. The ravages of the second brood of beetles in Capitol Park on the American elms (Uémus Americana) was much more marked than of the one earlier in the season. One tree was nearly defoliated, and large por- tions of adjacent ones. The injury to American elms in other parts of the city was comparatively slight, so far as observed, although they were in close proximity to badly infested English elms. The larve, under certain circum- Fic. 4.— Work of elm-leaf beetle larve. stances, may play the part of cannibals. In one instance, when food had not been given them in three days and all the leaves had been eaten, — upon opening the box containing them, a larva was seen devouring a living pupa: it had already eaten away a large portion of the dorsal wall of its thorax. The beetles, as before noted, are ravenous feeders before oviposition— commonly eating large holes in the leaves. In one case observed August 31st, they had been skeletonizing an old leaf in a manner very similar to that of the young Jarve. The leaf was unusually dry and somewhat dusty, and its unpalatable condition may have been the cause of the departure from their ordinary feeding habit. Spread of the Insect in Albany. The area occupied in numbers by the first brood of the insect the present year corresponded quite closely with the thickly infested area of 260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1895. It would only be necessary to extend the lines indicated in 1895 a few blocks westward and northward to have the two areas coincident. The badly infested area in 1896 was the southern portion of the city bounded on the north by State street, on the west by Dove street, and on the south by Beaver Park. A limited infestation was noticed in the vicinity of North Hawk street and Clinton avenue. The second and third broods materially extended the thickly in- fested area. The westward extension is to Lark street, but in Lancaster, reaching almost to Washington Park. The large second brood on the Washington avenue trees, hitherto practically free from the pest, defines the northwestern limit at the corner of Lark street and the avenue. The defohation of trees in Capitol Park and on the streets lying off North Hawk street, indicates a northern extension of the insect which is virtually limited by Third street, and easterly and westerly by North Pearl and North Swan streets respectively. The slow spread of the insect is in accordance with the partial migra- tory habit recorded by Dr. Riley, although signs of its presence in limited numbers are to be found over a much larger portion of the city than indicated above — practically the greater portion. ~ Ravages in Albany. The ravages of this insect in Albany the present year were very severe. In the southern portion of the city, where the insect has been established for several years, almost every English and Scotch elm was defoliated at least once, and a number suffered the loss of their second leaves. The early part of the season, a number of fine trees had died and were removed. Apparently, it only requires three or four years of successive defoliation to kill the elms. A row of nine, on South Hawk street, formerly splendid specimens of the English elm, are nearly ruined and will probably die the coming season. ‘The Americanjelms were severely injured in some places, several having been nearly defoliated during the latter part of the summer. The injuries to this native species are on the increase, as 1s evidenced by the large number that have been attacked. It is safe to estimate that over two hundred fine elms in*the southern residential portion of the city have already been killed by this pernicious pest. From present indica- tions, it is only a question of time when the European elms will be de- stroyed and the American elms seriously injured, unless the insect be checked in its destructive course, by effective action of the citizens of Albany or its civic authorities. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 261 Injuries in Troy and Vicinity. The neighboring city of Troy, N. Y., six miles northward of Albany, was visited August 18th for the purpose of observing the operations of the elm-leaf beetle there and in the vicinity. It was found that the foliage of most of the English elms throughout the city had been completely skeletonized by the larvz of the first brood. From the western end of Hyland avenue, commanding a view of a large portion of the city, the brown, dead leaves could be seen in all directions, and gave the impres- sion of an extensive destruction by fire. _A closer examination of the condition of the English and Scotch elms throughout the city, showed that the infestation and consequent damage was fully as great as appeared from a general view. ‘The elms every- where were seriously injured, and in most instances the first crop of leaves had been completely destroyed. It was learned that the insect had been in the lower part of the city for years past—at least three. From this it would appear that the beetles must have entered Troy in 1892, and possibly earlier. The city had certainly suffered more from the insect the past year than had Albany. The most badly infested region in Troy was between the Hudson river on the East and Fifteenth street on the West, extending from near the southern boundary of the city to Hoosick street on the north. The southern end of Green Island and, on the western bank of the river, a large portion of the city of Watervliet (formerly West Troy), was also badly infested. The insect was found in limited numbers on the high lands east of Troy, along Tibbets avenue, at Albia, and at Averill Park in the town of Sand Lake, some seven miles southeast of the city. On the north and west of Troy, signs of it in limited numbers were seen over most of adjoining Lansingburg, and in portions of Cohoes and Water- ford on the opposite side of the river. It had become established at Menands, half way between Albany and Troy, in considerable numbers. It had also been found by Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist to the U.S, Department of Agriculture, at Mechanicville, about ten miles north of Troy. Associated Insects. The elm-leaf beetle finds a very efficient ally in its destructive work in the European Coccid, Gossyparia ulmi (Geoff.), which is widely dis- tributed over Albany, Troy and Watervliet. The insect was so numerous on many trees that the leaves and branches were blackened by the fungus growing in its abundant secretion to such an extent as to render them conspicuous at a distance. Its occurrence in such numbers must weaken 262, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the trees to a considerable extent in the course of time. For a more extended notice of this insect see subsequent pages of this report (XII). The injured and dying elms were also attacked by the pigeon Tremex, Tremex columba (Linn.),in numbers both in Albany and Troy. Many of the trees showed numerous large holes made by the Tremex larve. On the trunk of one small tree, two dead femaies were held by their inserted ovipositors, and, at the base of the tree, the remains of four others were found. ‘The parasites of the Tremex were also active. One female of Zhalessa lunator (Fabr.), ‘the lunate long-sting,” was taken while ovipositing in the trunk of an infested tree. The remains of thirteen Ovipositors securely fastened in the trunk of one small infested tree were eloquent testimonials to the activity of Thalessa in its search for the Tremex larve. : Natural Enemies. The elm-leaf beetle has so few natural enemies that they do not appear to thin its ranks materially. A number of dipterous maggots were found among a mass of larve and pupe collected at the base ofatree. There was no evidence that they attacked the living forms, yet more occurred than one would naturally suppose could find sustenance in the small amount of decaying matter present. Unfortunately they were not brought to maturity, and the species could not be determined. Podisus spinosus (Dallas) was detected with a half-grown larva of the. elm-leaf beetle on its extended beak, and it was also reported from Pough- keepsie as preying on the insect. A larva of a lace-wing fly, Chrysopa, was found in the vicinity of some dead larvee of the elm-leaf beetle, and it was thought that possibly this was another of its predaceous enemies. A mite was noticed near some injured eggs, but it escaped before its identity could be established or its relation to the mischief ascertained. Many of the beetles were killed by a fungus. It affected numbers of them in the breeding cages, and on some trees clusters of beetles would be found filled with it. Examples were submitted to State Botanist Peck, who has described the fungus as a new species in his report for 1896 under the name of Sporotrichum entomophilum. Like the disease affecting the chinch bug, caused by S. globuliferum Speg., that of the elm-leaf beetle can not develop rapidly in the absence of moisture. The affected beetles were found only where there was abundant moisture, as for ex- ample, in damp crevices in the trunks of the trees, in masses on damp ground and in moist breeding cages. The necessity of moisture to the development of Sforotrichum entomophilum Peck, renders the disease of doubtful value as a check on the undue increase of the elm-leaf beetle, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 263 Remedies. The proper and most satisfactory method of dealing with this insect is by spraying with the arsenites (one pound Paris green to 200 gallons of water) when the recently hatched larve are beginning to feed, as has been frequently pointed out before. Unfortunately for the general adoption of this means, the machinery necessary for spraying large trees is SO expensive as to place it beyond the reach of many. Where a large number of the shade trees in a city are to be treated, some form of a steam apparatus for spraying appears to do the work with the greatest efficiency and economy. Although the machinery may be expensive, the cost of spraying per tree is by no means large. The abundance of the elm-leaf beetle in various cities has forced the authorities to resort to efficient means for protecting the trees. The cities of New Haven, Conn.; Springfield and Holyoke, Mass.; and Brooklyn, N. Y., have had constructed various successful forms of steam sprayers. Some difficulty was experienced in using the machines in these cities, either on account of their large size or the noise made by them while in operation. In New Haven it was found necessary to close the street during the spraying to avoid frightening the horses. Among the best of these may be men- tioned the spraying apparatus constructed under the supervision of Dr. E. B. Southwick for the department of public parks of the city of New York. It consists of a “‘ Diamler” gasolene motor connected with a three-piston Gould pump, the latter the smallest size of that pattern. The motor and the pump weigh about 300 pounds. The whole can be placed ina spring wagon with a roo gallon, orlarger, tank. The motor costs $250, and the pump about $50. The machine can be operated at the cost of but a few cents a day and makes so little noise when running as to scarcely attract the attention of passing horses. This apparatus will probably be found much more satisfactory than any makeshift, although it involves a greater outlay at first. For description of this apparatus, see the excellent paper by Dr. L. O. Howard on “ The use of steam ap- paratus for spraying,” in the Year Book of the U.S. Department of Agri- culture for 1896, pages 69 to 88, from which the preceding has been taken. There are now, and probably will be, a number of cities and large vil- lages where this pest is prosecuting its destructive work, and where those in authority will not take the steps necessary for protection against it. In such localities there is an opportunity for some enterprising individual to fit up the proper apparatus and contract with property owners for spraying their trees either at so much a tree, or at so much for the season. 264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This has been done already in some places. At Bridgeport, Conn., Mr. W. S. Bullard has engaged in such work for the past few years. The firm of H. L. Frost & Co., 21 South Market St., Boston, Mass., is making -a speciality of all kinds of spraying and of pruning trees. The members of this firm are graduates of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and deserve encouragement in this comparatively new line of work. Where no provision has been made for spraying, or where it has been carelessly done, the larvee and pupz that may be found on the trunk and at the base of the tree should be destroyed with hot water or kerosene emulsion. Many of the insects can be killed in this manner, but only after they have ceased feeding. This measure simply reduces the number of the insects of later broods. It may be made more effective by scraping the rough outer bark from the lower limbs and the trunk of the tree so that a larger proportion would be compelled to descend to the ground in search of a hiding place while transforming instead of pupating within the crevices of the bark. A rude inclosure or box around the base of the tree would also be of service, as it would keep the larve from straying where they could not be so easily reached and killed. Odontota dorsalis Thunb. (Ord. COLEOPTERA: Fam. CHRYSOMELID2.) dorsalis 'THUNBERG: GOtting. Gel. Ang., 1805, p. 282. Chrysomela scutellaris OLIVIER: Ent. Hist. Nat.— Coleopt., vi, 1808, OMe (7p leis Yemen Hispa suturalis, HARRIS: in. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1,,,.1335,)peeeay (pupa [Fig. 2] and imago described); Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd Edit., 1862, p. 121 (description). Anoplitis scutellaris. FitrcuH: 5th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1859, p. 54 (brief notice of larva and imago); the same in Trans. N. Y. State Agricul, Soc. for 1858, xviii, 1859, p. 834; 1n Country Gent., xxvi, 1865, p. 190 (ravages on Long Island). Hispa suturalis. Packarp: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 504 (mention). Odontota scutellaris. RiLEy: in Amer. Entomol., ill, 1880, p. 151 (on Robinia and Quercus alba). Anoplitis scutellaris, LINTNER: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 320, (cites Fitch): : Odontota dorsalis. Horn: in Trans. Amer. Entomolog. Soc., x, 1883, pp. 296, 303 (description and synonymy). Odontota scutellaris. DimmMock: in Kingsley’s Stand. Nat. Hist., 1884, p- 315 (not confined to the locust). Odontota scutellaris. Howarp: Bull. 5 Divis. Entomol., U. 5. Dept. Agricul., 188s, p. 7 (parasite from pupa described). Odontota suturalis. lowarp: in Entomolog. Amer., i, 1885, p. 117 (two parasites described). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 265 Odontota scutellaris. PACKARD: 5th Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Comm., 1890, p. 367 (in New England). Odontota dorsalis. Worxins: Bull. 16 W. Va. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1891, p. 87, Pl. 13, fig. 1, a-d ; in Canad. Entomol., xxvii, 1896, p. 248 (food-plants, destructive in W. Va). Odontota suturalis, LINTNER: roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, p. 369 (parasitized by Derostenus). Odontota dorsalis, LINTNER: 11th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, p. 269 (on apple). Odontota dorsalis. BULATCHLEY: in Psyche, vii, 1896, p. 437 (in Indiana). Odontota dorsalis, CHITTENDEN: in Bull. g New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U.S. Dept. Agricul , 1897, pp. 22-23 (herbaceous food-plants). Odoniota dorsalis. W¥e¥BSTER: in Bull. 74 Ohio Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1897, p. 35 (abundance in Ohio and Kentucky). Odontota dorsalis. WickKHAM: in Canad. Entomo]., xxix, 1897, p. 60, fig. ro (in Canada). This insect, although quite abundant at times in certain localities, had not occurred in the collections made by me in Albany and Schoharie counties, or in occasional collecting in other portions of the State. From the abundance with which it is reported below, upon the locust, it may have been overlooked by me in my limited examinations of the insect fauna of that food-plant. Dr. Fitch, writing in 1858, stated that he had never met with it in the eastern part of the State, although common in the southern. The Insect on Long Island. Examples were received by me on August 31, from Dr, Harrison G. Dyar, which had just been taken by him from locust trees (Robinia) at Yaphank, L. I. The leaves had been eaten (PI. VIII, fig. 2) until they bore the appearance of elm leaves attacked by the elm-leaf beetle, and as the result of the severe injury, the foliage was rapidly falling. In a re-examination of the trees by Dr. Dyar a week later——a road- side row of about twenty in number and patches of locust shrubs in a woods opposite — all the remaining foliage had turned brown. To the east and the west of this locality only a slight injury was noticeable, while to the northward, in another row of locusts between two fields, the leaves were still green and apparently uninjured. In West Virginia. Dr. A. D. Hopkins has written on the abundance and injuries of this Chrysomelid as observed by him in 1890, at Morgantown, W. Va., and its vicinity. In his bulletin on “Insect Ravages— Yellow Locust ”’ (sup. cit.), he has stated as follows: ‘This beetle was extremely plentiful on the locust leaves at the time the investigation was being made (early August), —as many as eight or 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ ten were frequently found ona single leaf. They probably appear in May or June, when they deposit their eggs on the under side of the leaves, which hatch into small grubs that burrow into the leaves and feed upon the substance beneath the surface, forming blisters near the edges which usually extend to the midrib, * * * ‘They change within the blister to the pupa form, from which the beetles soon emerge and feed on the surface of the remaining unaffected leaves. The blisters formed by the larvze and the leaves skeletonized by the beetles, * * * cause the leaves to turn brown, wither and fall. * * * The beetle was also taken feeding on the leaves of the locust at Morgantown, on June roth, and at Kanawha Station on June 16th. “Like the plum curculio, it is the habit of this beetle to fall to the ground when alarmed, and in the case of valued shade trees, it may be possible to destroy them by the jarring process which is successful with the curculio. Their habit of feeding on the upper surface of the leaves. would make it easy to treat them by spraying the trees with poisoned liquid.” Food Plants. Although the locust is the natural food-plant of this insect, it seems not to be entirely confined to it, for Dr. Dimmock has reported it as extending its devastation to a number of other trees. A correspondent of the American Entomologist (Vol. ili, p. 151), represents it as devouring the advanced foliage of Siberian crab-apples in the first week of May, and “in the wild woods, the tender leaves of Olmus Americana.” Finding insufficient food in the mined Aodznia leaves, they attack the young leaves of red-oak (Quercus rubra), leaving other species of oaks near by, untouched. Mr. Hopkins (/oc. ce¢.) found the insect feeding on the foliage of white oak, beech, birch and hawthorn in West Virginia, and Mr. Chittenden (/. c.) records instances of their feed- ing on red clover, hog peanut (Falcata comosa which is the Amphicar- pea monoica of Gray’s Manual) and soja beans. Dr. Harris’ Account of the Insect. According to Dr. Harris, the beetles may be found pairing in Massa- chusetts, in the middle of June and laying eggs on the leaves of the locust trees which are transformed to the perfect insect in August. ‘‘They measure nearly one-quarter of an inch in length, and are of a tawny yellow color, with a black longitudinal line on the middle of the back, partly on one and partly on the other wing-cover, the inner edges of which meet together and form what is called the suture; whence the species was named /iispa suturalis by Fabricius; the head, antenne, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 267 body beneath, and legs are black; and the wing-covers are not so square behind as in the rosy Hispa.” (Pl. VIII, fig. 3.) | The Larva. The larva has been briefly characterized by Dr. Fitch as—‘“a small, flattened, whitish worm, attaining a quarter of an inch in length, taper- ing from before backwards, with projections along each side like the teeth of a saw, and with only three pairs of feet, which are placed on its breast ; eating the parenchyma and leaving the skin of the leaf entire.” Parasites. Several species belonging to the large parasitic family of Chalcidide have been reared from this insect by Dr. Riley, and described at his request by Dr. Howard. Spilochalcis | Smicra| odontote Howard, was reared from the pupa of this locust feeder. Sympiezus uroplate Howard feeds externally on the larva within its mine. TZrichogramma odontote Howard, is an egg parasite issuing in July. Derostenus primus Howard MS., was reared from the leaf mine of Odonfota. Dr. Howard thinks it may be a secondary parasite, preying upon either of the first two species (Joc. cit). | Distribution. Dr. Horn has given the distribution of this insect as, ‘ Middle and Southern States.” Dr. Packard records it from New England, Middle and Western States. Prof. Webster has mentioned defoliations by it (more or less complete) in southern Ohio and adjacent parts of Kentucky. Balaninus proboscideus (Fabr.): Balaninus rectus Say. The Chestnut Weevils. (Ord. CoLEOPTERA: Fam. CURCULIONID#.) Fapricius: Ent. Syst. em., tom. 1, pars 11, 1792, p. 440, No. 193 (descrip- tion, as Curculio proboscideus). Say: Descript. N. Amer. Curculionides, 1831, p. 16; Compl. ,Writ., f LeCont. Ed., 1, 1883, p. 279 (original description of Lalaninus rectus). Grover: in. Rept, U..S),Dept..Agricul. for 1870, 1871, p. 70, fig..13 (ZB. rectus injuring chestnuts, life-history in brief). PacKARD: 2nd Ann. Rept. Ins. Mass., 1872, p. 17, figs. 10, 11 (weevils in chestnuts); 5th Rept.U.S. Entomolog. Comm., 1890, pp. 215- 216, fig. 69 (B. rectus in acorns), pp. 350-352, fig. 132 (brief account of B. caryatrypes | proboscideus| in chestnuts), p. 354 (LB. rectus 1n chestnuts). 268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM RILEy: in Canad. Entomol., iv, 1872, p. 19 (B. uniformis erroneously referred to B. rectus); ath Rept. Ins. Mo., 1872, p. 144 (injury, ~ life-history in brief of ZB. rectus, probably B. untiformis). Horn: in Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., Xill, 1873, Pp. 457, 458, 459 (describes B. caryatrypes and iB rectus, table of species). BLANCHARD: in Bull. Brook. Entomol. Soc., vii, 1884, p. 107 (table ot species; B. caryatrypes, rectus and others). Hamitton: in Canad. Entomol., xxul, 1890, pp. 1-3, 7 (habits, distribu- tion, parasites of B. caryatrypes [referred to B. proboscideus| and B. rectus); in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 130 (B. proboscideus and £. rectus commonly infesting chestnuts and chinquapins) p- 131 (larval habits of B. proboscideus). OLINTNER: 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 189%, p: 383 (mention) ;/in County Gentleman, lx, 1894, p. 504 (brief mention); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 501, 517 (mention, all referred to B. caryatryfes). RiLtey-Howarp: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 93 (B. proboscideus and B. rectus reared from chestnuts and chinquapins, notes on habits). McCartuy: in Bull. 105 N. C. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 267-272, fig. 1 (injuries by chestnut weevils, general account of B. pro- boscideus). SMITH: in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1893, 1894, pp. 481-485 (general account of B. proboscideus and B. rectus); Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 236. fig. 243 (B. rectus figured). Comstocxs: Manual Study Ins., 1895, p. 593 (B. caryatrypfes and B., rectus mentioned). SARGENT: in Gard. Forest, viii, 1895, p. 8 (brief account after Smith). “Wormy chestnuts” are familiar to all lovers of this favorite nut, although few can recognize the parent weevil of these unwelcome grubs. In some seasons the chestnuts are so seriously infested that a large proportion of the crop is rendered worthless by their attack. It not infrequently happens that a lot of chestnuts are stored in some box or vessel soon after gathering and are found a few weeks later badly infested and sometimes almost destroyed by the white grubs or larve of these weevils. Chestnuts as a Market Crop. The growing of these nuts for market is an industry that is yet in its” infancy in this country, but it is one of considerable extent and may be expected to develop to a much greater degree in the future. There are many acres in this and other States now almost unproductive, which are capable of producing large crops of the nut at aslight expense. Great quantities of Spanish nuts are imported from year to year, although equally good, if not better, ones can be grown here. As an instance of what has been done along this line — the twenty acres of bearing Paragon chestnut trees of Mr. H. M. Engle, Marietta, Pa., may be mentioned. Native trees were cut on a steep hillside and the sprouts grafted to REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 269 this improved variety,— the grafts beginning to bear when about three years old. The trees were kept properly trimmed and the ground clear from underbrush. ‘The land now yields more in value than an equal area of potatoes and at a much less expense. ‘The improved varieties being easily grafted on native stock, makes it easy to transform in a few years comparatively worthless trees to valuable fruit producers. The most serious drawbacks are the underbrush, injury by insects, and thieves. Extent of Injury by Chestnut Weevils. The amount of injury by these insects varies much both with the season and the locality. Mr. R. C. Hewson, Penn Yan, N. Y., estimates the annual loss of native nuts in that vicinity at from five to ten per cent of the crop. This appears to be rather a conservative estimate, since in Massachusetts as high as forty percent of the chestnuts in certain seasons are injured by these weevils. Sometimes in New Jersey fifty per cent of the Japanese and Spanish varieties are ruined, and Dr. Smith cites an instance in which the crop was almost entirely destroyed at the Parry Brothers nursery. The lossin Maryland ranges from ten to twenty-five per cent, in Delaware from thirty to forty, and in North Carolina from ten to fifty—possibly averaging, about twenty percent. From five to twenty-five per cent of the few native nuts in Michigan are injured by the weevils. The Genus Balaninus, This genus is remarkable among the Curculionide or snout beetles for the unusually long proboscis or snout, — it being rarely shorter than the, body, and in the female it is frequently twice the length. The members of this genus feed in the larval state on chestnuts, walnuts, hickory nuts and hazelnuts —all having thick husks and hence necessitating a very long beak for the purpose of perforating to the kernel that the eggs may be deposited near a suitable food supply. The extremely long beak may well be regarded as a special adaption to the requirements of the existence of this genus. It also differs from the other Curculionide, and in fact from all other known Coleoptera, by having the mandibles vertical instead of horizontal. The structure of this form is so different from its allies that it has been raised to sub-family rank (LeConte-Horn: Rhyn- chophora of America, 1876, p. 322). Two Species Attacking Chestnuts. There are at least two species that injure chestnuts inthis country. The great chestnut weevil, Balaninus proboscideus (Fabr.), formerly known as B. caryatrypes Bohm., is the larger. This form may be separated from the 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM other American species of this genus by the first joint of the antenna being shorter than the second. It is beautifully variegated with fuscous lines and spots interspersed among the dense clothing of ochreous scales on the thorax and wing-covers. Some examples are entirely ochreous. The beak of the female varies in length from one and one-fourth to twice the length of the body.. Its distribution has been given as follows: Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, North Carolina, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Tennessee, Middle States west- ward. Other localities are recorded by McCarthy for chestnut weevils, but the species are notindicated. The smaller chestnut weevil, Balaninus rectus Say, has a wider recorded distribution, as follows: Canada, Massa- chusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Southern States and Arizona. Besides the above, chestnut weevils have been reported from Delaware, ‘Maryland, Georgia, Michigan and Missouri, but without having been referred to either species. Possibly each of the species may have a dis- tribution over the United States co-extensive with its chosen food. B. rectus varies 1n size from about one-sixth to one-third of an inch in length. The general color of the scales and hair is light brown above, paler below; on the thorax there is a dark brown discal stripe, which is limited at the sides and divided longitudinally by a pale yellow line. The elytra are variously marked with the same color. The beak of the female is very long, being equal to or even longer in proportion than in B. proboscideus. The long beak and the long conical thorax is said to distinguish B. rectus from the other species of the genus. The male is not so easily recognized: ‘It has a shorter thorax, but it is still narrowed anteriorly; this, with small femoral tooth, oval elytra rapidly narrowed from base, and a yellowish or brownish spot of condensed scales on each side of the central line of the metasternum (occasionally obsolete), will, with practice, distinguish it.” (Hamilton.) (See Pl. VIII, figs. 4, 6.) Life-History. The life-history of these two species agrees quite closely, so far as known. The weevils of B. proboscideus appear about the time of the blossoming of the chestnut trees, ——this being variable in the different latitudes, and oviposit in the young burrs. The long beak of the female is used to pierce the husk to the kernel, and one or more eggs are then deposited therein. The slight injury done the burr and the nut at this early period of its development soon heals and shows no indication of the grub within as it comes to maturity. The holes noticed in ‘“ wormy REPORT OF’ THE STATE “ENTOMOLOGIST 271 chestnuts” are made for the exit of the larva (Pl. VIII, fig. 5). The female lives but a short time,—a week or two at the most. All of the larve of this species enter the ground in the autumn, none wintering in the nuts although thought probable by some writers. The adults of &. rectus appear also about the time of the blossoming of the chestnuts. When rearing this species, Dr. Hamilton found that its appearance in the breeding cage was much more irregular than was that of the preceding, — varying from June 28 to October 1. On the latter date, there were in the cage pupz in various stages and many larvee that would doubtless live over the approaching winter. A delay until the second season is quite common in this species and is one of nature’s safeguards against extermination should there be an entire failure of the crop in any one year, as happens occasionally. The preceding species has been reared only from chestnuts, while 4. rectus is known to breed also in chinquapin nuts and acorns. ‘This diversity of food habit in B, rectus may account in part for the marked irregularity of the appear- ance of the weevils. ‘There appears to be no record of &. probos- cideus remaining over until the second year in the pupa state, although it is probable that such instances occur. The method of oviposition of the smaller weevil appears to be practically the same as in the larger species. | Urosigalphus armatus Ashm., is the only known parasite of this genus, having been reared from all the species except B. obtusus Blanch. Remedies and Preventives. It would not be worth while to attempt to prevent oviposition in the growing nuts by poisoning the weevils, even if practicable, on ac- count of the labor involved. Moreover, it has not been shown, as in the case of the related plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, that these weevils could be killed in this manner. Their short adult existence in comparison with that of the plum curculio would lead one to doubt the efficacy of any such measure. The best methods of controlling these insects will be in preventive measures. All infested nuts should be destroyed each year before their occupants have had opportunity for leaving them and entering the ground for their transformations. When the nuts are not picked from the trees they should be gathered as soon as they fall and tested by turn- ing them into a vessel of water, when, by brisk stirring, most of the wormy ones, being lighter than the liquid, will float to the surface and may easily be removed and destroyed. The others should be taken from the water and after drying, placed in a tight receptacle until shipped, 272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM so that if there are still infested nuts, the grubs can not leave and enter the ground and continue their attack another year. A more thorough treatment would be to subject the nuts in a tight room or box to the fumes of carbon bisulphide for about twenty-four hours, using one pound of the carbon bisulphide in shallow vessels to each 1,000 cubic feet of space. Fire must be kept away from this chemical as its fumes are inflammable and explosive. The nuts will not be injured by this treatment. Jarring the trees has been found very effectual with the plum curculio,. and it should be of equal value against these weevils, while requiring fewer repetitions, owing to the shorter period of oviposition. By visiting the trees each morning and catching the weevils as they fall upon a broad sheet prepared for the purpose, for the short space of a week or two, the crop would be comparatively free from these pests. Oaks and wild chestnuts should be as remote from the cultivated ones as possible, that they may not serve the insects for breeding purposes. Cicada septendecim Linn. The Periodical Cicada. (Ord. HemIpTERA: Subord. Homoprera: Fam. CICADIDA.) Additional bibliography to that contained in the 2nd and 7th Reports on the Insects of New York. SMITH: in Entomolog. Amer., v, 1889, p. 123 (brief notice of brood VIII); in roth Ann. Rep. N. J. State Expt. Stat. for 1889, 1890, pp. 270-273, fig. (of different broods and their appear- . ances in N. J.); Bull. 95 N. J. Agricul. Coll’ Expt. Stat. jasoay pp. 3-6, fig. (expected appearance of brood XII, recom- mendations); in Entomolog. News, v, 1894, p. 145, (general distribution of brood XII; English sparrow exterminating Cicadas); in Rept. N. J. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1894, 1895, pp. 582-591, figs. 52-57 (general account of appearance of brood XII in 1894 in the State); Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 140-145, figs. 103-105 (brief account and distribution ot broods in the U. S.). CAULFIELD: in 20th Ann. Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ont., 1890, pp. 62-63, fig. 44 (brief account of habits; rare in Canada, not in Quebec). RILEY; in Insect Life, iii, 1890, p. 87 (Sphecius speciosus destroying Cicadas); Bull. 31 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1893, pp. 14, 19 (injuring apple and peach trees); in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., lili, 1893, pp. 115-118 (larval life of the 17 and 13-year Cicadas); in Insect Life, vi, 1894, p. 281 (reference). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 273 LINTNER: 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, pp. 296-301, fig. 24 (notice of ap- pearance in 1890); gth do., 1893, pp. 385, 440 (reference); The Periodical Cicada, or the Seventeen-year Locust: Isstied as a circular of four pages, June 19, 1894 (reprinted in the follow- ing); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, pp. 420-425, figs. 14, 15 (brief account of brood XII in 1894), pp. §18, 519 (con- tributions to St. Coll.). 7 Motte: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 141 (broods in Ohio). CoQuILLETT: in Bull. 27 Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1892, p- 44 (reference). OszorN: in Proc; Iowa Acad. Sci., Vol. 1, Part 11, 1892, separate, p. 13 (listed) ; in id., 11, 1896, pp. 195-201, P]. XV (distribution of broods V and XIII in Iowa). CuampBuiss: Bull. i, Vol.vi, Umv. Tenn., Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1893, p. 6 (injuring roots of apple-trees). RitEy—Howarp: in Insect Lite, v, 1893, p. 200 (irregular appearance of Cicada), pp. 298-300 (distribution of broods XVI —tre- decim, and XI — septendecim) ; in do., vi, 1894, p. 210 (refer- ence to Bulletin), p. 347 (reference), D. 378. (eggs supposed to be poisonous); in do., vil, 1894, pp. 276-277, 1895, pp. 424- 425 (Cicada chimneys). WessTeER: Bull. 45 Ohio Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1893, p. 210 (injuring blackberries and raspberries, dates of appearance of broods) ; Bull ow WL. oo7% pp. 37-06, P]. 1.and. figs; 1111. (general account of, in Ohio). WHEELER: in Psyche, vi, 1893, Pp. 510 (Malpighian vessels in embryo). Davis, W. T.: in’ Proc. ‘Nat. Sci. Assoc. St. Isl., iv, 1894, pp. 13-15 (appearance on St. Isl.); in Journ. N. Y: Entomolos. SOC...1I; 1894, pp. 38-39 (appearance of different broods), p. 96 (pup found) ; in id., iu, 1895, p. 143 (song and distribution). GARMAN: in 6th Ann. ’ Rept. Ky. Agricul. Expt. Stat. for 1893, 1894, Pp. 95 (mention). Krom: in Scientif. Amer., Ixx1, 1894, p. 295 (reason for Cicada chambers). | LANDER: in Scientif. Amer., lxxi, 1894, pp. 233-234, fig., p. 327 (Cicada chambers’; in Journ. N. Y. Entomolog. Soc., ill, 1895, pp. 33-38, Pl. Il (Cicada chambers). Comstocks: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 150-151 (brief notice). Love: in Journ’ N-» Y2 Microscop. Soc., xi, 1895,: pp. 37~45,, Pl. 49 (habits, stridulation and chambers). z SCHWARZ: Circular 22 2nd Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1897, pp. 1-4 (distribution of broods expected i in 1897). SLINGERLAND: in Rural New Yorker, lyi, 1897, p. 437 (broods in Ohio, injuries). The appearance of the periodical Cicada in any locality is of great popular interest on account of the number of years the insect spends in the larva or immature form under ground. The loud noise made by the adults and their occurrence usually in large numbers, brings them to the attention of even the most casual observer. The appearance of the in- sect is followed by a flood of local literature on its advent, and the many 19 274 | . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM stories of all kinds concerning it and its ways find ready credence among the people. Each return is also of interest to scientists as it gives, for a brief time, an opportunity for studying the ways of this singular insect. It is only by carefully observing their number as they appear from time to time, that an approximate idea can be obtained of the rate at which the insect is diminishing in number with its successive returns. Thanks to the studies of the late Dr. Riley, we know pretty closely the distribu- tion of the different broods of the insect in this country and are able to foretell their appearance. ‘The advent of the Hudson river valley brood in 1894 1s of special interest to us, because it is the widest in range and the most numerous of any of the six or seven broods known to occur in the State of New York. : Characteristics of the Insect. Most people have seen a Cicada (commonly known as a locust) and many have seen both pupz and adults of the ‘“‘periodical Cicada.” The wing- less, red-eyed pupa will be readily recognized with the aid of figure 2 of plate IX, and needs no further description. The perfect insect may easily be distinguished from the common dog-day Cicada or harvest-fly, Cicada tibicen, by the eyes and the veins of the wings being a bright red. More or less of the ventral surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs are of a dullred. ‘The dorsal] surface of the body is almost entirely black. If we compare the periodical Cicada with the dog.day Cicada or harvest-fly, we will find that the latter is a considerably stouter insect with green markings on the thorax, greenish eyes, and the veins of the wings bright green, while the ventral surface is more or less covered with a white powdery substance. ‘The male and female of the periodical Cicada with their wings expanded, and one with its wings closed as in rest, are represented in figure 1 of plate IX. Oviposition. The female,when ready for oviposition, selects a small branch, prefer- ably of oak or apple, but almost any tree except the pines, and placing herself near its tip she proceeds to deposit her eggs. With her ovi- positor she saws a series of oblique holes in the twig with splintered outer edges, as represented in figure 5. In each she places from ten to twenty eggs, in pairs side by side, but separated from each other by portions of woody fibre, and inserted somewhat obliquely so that their ends point upward. A fissure is made and filled with eggs in from fifteen to forty minutes, when at a slight distance on the twig the opera- tion is repeated. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 275 The following account of the manner of oviposition of the Cicada is based on some interesting observations communicated to me in a letter by Mr. Ira H. Lawton, Superintendent of Schools at Nyack: After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°. After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over 20 minutes or a total of 45 minutes for the whole. During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about 80 strokes to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a time. The head of the Cicadas wes directed, in the main, from the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their head toward the trunk of the tree. Arg iy: Sometimes fifty of these fissures may be made by the same Cicada female in a twig, provided it is suitable to her needs. After mn twig. depositing her complement of from 400 to 500 eggs, she drops exhausted from the branch and dies. YY b> Natural History. The time required for the hatching of the eggs has been variously stated at fifty-two days, forty-two days, and even so brief as four- teen days. The newly hatched Cicadas are slender, grub-like creatures about one- sixteenth of an inch long (Fig. 6). They are as lively as ants, and after running about on the tree for a short time they drop to the ground where they bury. ‘Their strong fore legs are ad- mirably adapted for digging, and by their use they burrow in search of the tender, succulent, rootlets into FG. 6. Young Cicada, greatly enlarged. which they insert their beaks and extract their modicum of needed nourishment. The larvze grow so slowly and require so little food, that they cause but slight injury to the trees or the shrubs to which they attach themselves. Ordinarily they remain at a moderate depth, especially during the earlier and later portions of their existence, though at times they have been found a number of feet below the surface. ¥ 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Seventeen years, less the few weeks spent in the adult and egg states above ground, are passed by this insect in slow growth and development below the surface. ‘There is but little change, except increase in size, in the appearance of the larva during this long period, but toward its close there may be noticed four scale-like appendages which represent the rudimentary wings. ‘These have been gradually developed during the later stages of the larval existence. The emergence of the insect from its underground retreat, although separated by such a long period of years, is remarkably punctual, rarely varying more than a few days from the usual time. In the spring of the seventeenth year the larva makes its way, sometimes with great difficulty from obstacles encountered, to near the surface through a circuitous, smooth, and firmly compacted gal- lery, of a diameter barely sufficient to permit its passage. In its upper portion, at the proper time, it transforms to the pupa, which in turn forsakes the gallery just before it is ready to assume the perfect form and climbs the nearest tree or other support.* Here the pupa fixes itself firmly and awaits the time for the final change. The pupal shell (Pl. IX, fig. 2) soon splits along the back and the creamy-white adult with its red eyes and the black spots on the thorax works itself slowly out of the old case. It is soft just after emerging, and as it dries, the parts begin to harden and slowly to assume the colors natural to the perfect insect, | The cold weather that prevailed for the first week or two of their appearance, in 1894, resulted fatally to many, and large numbers of the dead might be seen lying upon the ground or clinging to the trees, —in the latter case often half-way out of the pupal shell. The adults live several weeks, feeding at will by means of their beak on the sap of trees. After pairing, oviposition occurs, and the long life-cycle of another brood is commenced. , A Thirteen-Year Brood. In the Northern States of the Union this insect occupies seventeen years in completing its round of life as stated above, but in the Southern States, ranging as far north as southern Illinois, there is a form which re- quires but thirteen years for its transformations. It is to all appearances identical with the one occurring in the Northern States, except in a few minor detai's. The greater length of the growing season in the south may perhaps account for the quicker development of the larva. Dr. Riley was of the opinion that the thirteen-year forn was but a race of C. seplendecim, and not a distinct species. * Under certain conditions the larva extends the gallery intoan above-ground earthern chamber, which will be noticed hereafter, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 277 It will here be opportune to refer to the attempt by Dr. Riley to deter- mine by experiment, whether these two broods were really distinct species or only races. In 1885, eggs. of the thirteen-year brood were sent to several places in the Northern States, and similar transfers of the eggs of the seventeen-year brood were made to the Southern States. The object of the transfer was to test the question whether the change from a warm latitude to a colder, and vice versa, would have any marked effect in retarding or hastening the life-period of the insect. Two lots of eggs of the thirteen-year brood were received by me in July from Dr. Riley and were placed in the apple orchard of Mr. Erastus Corning, at Kenwood, near Albany. ‘The tree under which they were placed bears the follow- ing inscription on a zinc label: “ Thirteen-year brook of Cicada ( Riley’s Brood, No. VIL)—eggs from Oxford, Mississippi, planted July 4, 1885.” Additional eggs, together with the larvae that had hatched while in transit, were placed under the same tree July 21. If any of the insects have lived and remain true to their period, their appearance may be expected in May or June, 1898. Should they fail to appear at that time, search will be made for them, if need be, for two or three successive years, and the results reported to the Entomological Division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington. Eggs of this same brood were also sent by Dr. Riley, to Ithaca, N. Y.; Boston, Mass.; Kittery Point and Brunswick, Me., and Ames, Iowa. Distribution of the Hudson River Valley Brood. Dr. Fitch, in 1856, gives as the limits of this brood, the valley of the Hudson river, from the vicinity of Schuylerville and Fort Miller* on the north, southward along both sides of the Hudson to its mouth, where it extends northeastwardly, at least to New Haven in Connecticut, and ‘southward across the northern part of New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Later observations enabled Dr. Riley to extend the limits of this brood,— including the greater part of the State of New Jersey most probably ; localities in Fairfax, Albemarle, Campbell, and Fulvanna counties, Vir- ginia; Charles county, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Observations and reports upon the occurrence of this brood in 1894 enable us to give the following as its distribution so far as known: In New York the brood was reported from the Rural cemetery four miles north of Albany, and thence southward in _ localities on both sides of the Hudsonriverto New York City; at New Brighton, * Forty-seven miles north of Albany. 278 ) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Staten Island, in millions, and also in abundance at Bay Ridge, Flushing, and Queens, on Long Island. The eccurrence of the brood along the Hudson may be briefly indicated by the following notes: New York county, abundant in certain localities in Woodlawn cemetery; Westchester county, in great numbers north to Croton; Rockland county, abundant at Palisades-on-the-Hudson, millions at Nyack; Orange county, millions at Highland Falls, West Point, Corn- wall-on-Hudson, New Windsor, Newburg, and Middletown; Dutchess county, very abundant at Beekman, Poughkeepsie, Johnsville, Bangall, Annandale, Rhinebeck, Rock City, Redhook, Pine Plains, and Barrytown; Ulster county, abundant at Wallkill, millions at Marlboro, and large numbers at Milton, some at New Paltz, a few at Saugerties, abundant at Quarryville; Columbia county, very abundant at Clermont, and Claver- ack, millions at Hillsdale, reported from Livingston and Stuyvesant ; Greene county, many at Catskill, very abundant at Athensand New Balti- more; Rensselaer county, abundant at Bath-on-Hudson; Albany county, swarms at New Scotland, many found at Voorheesville, large numbers. at Bethlehem Center, some at Kenwood, abundant near Clarksville, and in the Albany Rural cemetery at Menands. It will be seen from the above giver data that the Cicada was quite numerous in localities near the river up to Putnam county. In Orange county they were reported very numerous at Middletown, twenty miles. back from the river, and also at several places nearer the Hudson, show- ing that this is one of the strongholds of this brood. ‘There was no report from Putnam county and they were probably not abundant there. The northern portion of Dutchess county is another stronghold of the brood, as they were found in numbers extending back nearly fifteen miles from the river. In the southern portion of Ulster county the Cicadas were in large numbers at Wallkill, ten miles from the Hudson, and at other places nearer the stream. The insect was found in force in the southern portion of Columbia county, at Hillsdale at a point about ten miles from the Hudson. In Greene county it was not observed far from the river. It was abundant on the Forbes Manor grounds at Bath-on-Hudson in Rensselaer county, and in Albany county it occurred in a number of places, but plentifully in only a few. So far as knownit was not seen north of Troy.* In New England it was reported from localities in the vicinity of New Haven, Southington, New Britain, Farmington and Winsted, Connecticut, thus extending its range north nearly across the State to the Massa- chusetts line. —— * It doubtless occurred north of this locality but no account of its presence was received. REPORT, OF THE STATE -ENTOMOLOGIST 279 In New Jersey they were observed in every county in the state, accord- ing to Dr. Smith, although it was only in the eastern portion that they were abundant. They were the most generally distributed in Bergen, Hud- son, Essex, Union and Morris counties. From Pennsylvania reports of its presence were received from Tunkhannock and Blue Mountain. Distribution of the variety Cassinii. In response to the inquiry instituted by me in a circular distributed in June, 1894 (republished in my roth Report, pp. 420-425) of the occurrence of the above-named variety, a few replies only were returned, their small number doubtless not indicating the absence of the variety, but more probably their non-recognition by the ordinary observer. None were observed at Nyack, Bangall or Hillsdale. A few were seen by Mr. Livingston at Clermont, and at Clarksville, Mr. Bagley reported about an equal number — Cassini being rather the more numerous. Time of Appearance and Continuance of the Brood. The regularity of the time of the appearance and disappearance of this insect is remarkable when its long term of life is considered.* Both in this and in the adjoining states of Connecticut and New Jersey, it was quite true to its appointed time — the first examples of the perfect insect being seen the week following the 2zoth of May.t The peculiar cry of the male which has been often described, was first heard late in May in some places, and in others not until June 15th, and continued until July rst in some localities, and in others until the 16th, from indi- viduals which were the last to mature. None were reported as having been seen after the 2oth of July. Thus the entire time during which living adults were to be found hardly exceeded two months. Pupz were first seen by Miss Emily Morton, of New Windsor, in the early part of March and during April as they dug their way through the soil of a green-house on the heights of Storm-Kill mountain. The Cicada Chambers. The interest aroused by the advent of this brood was greatly augmented by the discovery of a number of places in this State of their peculiar clay * As an exception to this marked regularity, Dr. Riley has stated: ‘t The Periodical Cicada frequently appears in small numbers, and more rarely in large numbers, a year before ora year after its proper period.” t The actual time of appearance is governed to a certain extent, not only by temperature, but largely by the character and condition of the soil. At New Haven it was observed that they issued earliest on the rocky heights where there were but a few inches of stony soil, and the latest to appear came from the moist ground of a fruit garden. 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mounds built as an extension to the underground burrow (Pls. X, XI). Only two other instances of their occurrence prior to this have been given by writers, to be noted hereafter, and but one example was known in any collection —in that of the National museum at Washington, de- posited there over twenty-five years ago. The distribution of these above-ground chambers and the causes lead- ing the larve to construct them, can not be satisfactorily explained. Their occurrence under widely different conditions, and the theories - advanced to account for their building, renders it desirable that their localities be given so far as known. Their Abundant Occurrence in New York. To Benjamin Lander, of Nyack, N. Y., belongs the credit of having discovered and studied on South Mountain, near Nyack, by far the largest tract of ground thickly dotted with these chambers that had ever been observed. » The total area was esti- mated by him at about sixty acres, with five to twenty-two of the structures to the square foot. Those to which his attention was first drawn, occupied a small tract of woods that had recently been burned over. Subsequent visits extended the area far beyond this tract, and included ten acres of open land which had been wooded in 1877. Other localities of the chambers, varying in their extent, were also found by him at Nyack, Upper Nyack, South Nyack, Grandview, Piermont, and on the top of the Palisadesnear Alpine. Several of these areas had been burned over. Mr. Lawton, superintendent of schoois at Nyack, found the chambers in small numbers on a slight terrace in his yard, and although hundreds of the insects came up in other portions of the yard, no chambers were built. Quitea number were found at West Point; at New Windsor, Miss Morton observed them in the grass and in the rows between the garden plants. A few, which were about two inches long and nearly horizontal, were reported from Johnsville. ‘They were also seen at Marl- boro in the woods, and probably further search would have revealed others. In the sandy soil of the woods along the river at Pough- keepsie, the ground was thickly covered with them. At Bangall they were found under the leaves in the woods among three times as many uncapped holes: several acres were dotted with four to ten holes to the square foot.. At Athens, in one locality, the soil was not much over two feet in depth where the chambers occurred, while in another locality covered with bushes, no rock could be found at a reason- able depth. Mr. Brooks of Athens had noticed the chambers in his apple orchard in great numbers when cultivating it. The clay was then REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 281 dry and would come up in quite large pieces holding the chambers, but they did not appear much above the surface. Mr. H. Van Slyke found on May rsth, the chambers very abundant at New Baltimore, dis- tributed over a fifty-acre lot from which the brush and small growth had been burned about three weeks before. Over much of the ground, there were about eight to ten to the square foot, while in places, nearly three times as many could be counted in the same space. Frequently they crowded one another, and from three to five had been fastened together in their building. Very few of any height were built erect : most of them curved slightly just above the ground, and in many instances the cavity toward its end was nearly horizontal. They varied in height from 1¥% to 3% inches; in breadth from 1 to 14 inches; general height 2 inches ; diameter inside 3% inch, rarely % inch. (Pls. X to XIII.)* About 80 examples of these interesting structures, representing their peculiar forms and varied material, are in the State Collection, from the following localities : North Fakins, Knox Co., Missouri; Rahway, N. J.; the following New York localities; Rural Cemetery near Albany, Bath-cn-Hudson, New Baltimore, New Scotland, Athens, Poughkeepsie and Nyack. In New Jersey they were reported to Dr. Smith from several localities. At Port Elizabeth a recently burned tract of 100 acres was covered with the buildings. They were also found on the Orange Mountains back of Montclair, on the Palisades above Fort Lee, at Closter, Demarest, Cresskill, Englewood and New Durham. The occurrence of the above- ground chambers was not reported in Connecticut. Construction of the Chambers. The chambers are constructed by the pupze with soft pellets of clay or mud brought up from below and pressed firmly into place. On examination it wiil be seen that they are well rounded and firmly and rather smoothly compacted within, although the marks of the claws of the pupz are plainly to be seen. Leaves and sticks are often incorporated in the outer portions of the walls. Mr. Lander, of Nyack, has recorded that in one corner of his garden, open towers only of about one inch in height were built with no attempt at roofing them over. It would be interesting in this case to know whether or not the process was suddenly interrupted by some nocturnal prowler devouring the little builders. In this connection may be noted the * These plates. are views taken for me at this locality through the kindness of Mr. W. W. Byington, of Albany. 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM interesting observations of Mr. Lawton on the repairing of injured cham- bers. He found that in every case, except one, the pupe repaired them soon after the injury by bringing up pellets of mud and roof- ing over the broken portion about half an inch from the top: The. repairs were begun on one side and gradually extended over the open- ing horizontally, there being no attempt to form a dome-shaped roof. Some of the chambers which had been broken off at1z2: 15 P. M., were found with a few pellets in position at 12:45, and three hours later the opening was entirely closed over. At one time a pupa was caught with a pellet of mud in its claws. When the time for the final transformation has come, the pupa makes its way out of the chamber through a rounded hole made by it near the top, of a size barely sufficient to admit its passage. The Purpose of the Chambers. Most of the habits of animals are of direct advantage to them, or else they may be explained as the persistence of some formerly useful, but which under changed conditions are no ionger of value. The Cicada buildings were first found on low wet soil after heavy rains, and the natural inference was that they were constructed for the purpose of eseap- | ing excessive moisture or flooding. In 1894, they were first noticed on tracts recently burned over, or in places where the soil was comparatively shallow. ‘The early spring had been unusually warm, and the theory was advanced that these structures were reared to protect the insects from the heat—the elevation and slope ‘of the land in many cases rendering the earlier theory untenable. Unfortunately for this explanation, the pupz persisted in building their above-ground chambers where the soil was far from shallow—-under the leaves in woods not recently burned over, and in other places where the ground would not become unnaturally heated. It should also be remembered that the pupe had only to descend to a moderate depth if uncomfortably warm, and that in open fields, at least, the above-ground chambers would be much warmer on a sunny day than a subterranean burrow. Moreover, their occurrence, sometimes almost covering large tracts, and again alternating with open burrows or disappearing altogether, renders a broad generalization con- cerning their purpose extremely unsafe. It may be, as suggested by Mr. Lander, that the above-ground cham- bers are the work of those coming to the surface earlier than the proper time for their final-change, as they were probably built in April or early in May, while the imago did not appear as a rule until the latter part of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 283 May or early June. If the insect spends a week or more in the vicinity of the surface, it is manifest that a burrow capped with one of the cham- bers would be more secure than an open one. There are a number of causes that might hasten this upward movement; e¢. g., the amount of water in the soil, a greater supply of food nearer the surface, a restless- ness of the insect as the time for its emergence approaches — often ob- served in other insects, etc. The building of chambers at the surface may not be so exceptional as at first appears. There are several records of their being found in limited numbers under fallen leaves in forests, and slightly above the surface in cultivated fields — in the latter place hardly noticed until disturbed by the cultivator. It is probable that they would have been found in many other localities than those recorded, had search beea made. ‘Their being so often reported in 1894 on tracts recently burned over may be entirely owing to their ready exposure to the eye in such localities. First Notice of the Chambers. The earliest notice that we have of these Cicada chambers is that of observations made by Mr. S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., which were communicated to Prof. Riley and published by him in his First Report on the Insects of Missouri, accompanied by figures of a chamber received from Mr. Rathvon. Prof. Riley mentions his having previously found them in a field being plowed near St. Louis, Mo. The only other pub- lished notice of the chambers prior to the widespread interest excited by their occurrence in many places in the State of New York in 1894, ap- pears to be one by Prof. J. 5. Newberry, who in 1877 had his attention called to their discovery in a cellar in New Jersey, and nine years later published an account of them in the School of Mines Quarterly, vol. VII, 1886, pp. 152-154. As the communication is an interesting one and not easily accessible, it is given herewith: OUneducated Reason in the Cicada. In 1877, a colony of the seventeen-year locusts (Cicada septendecim) appeared at Rahway, N. J. During the interval between the appearance of that and the preceding generation, the town had been extended, and some houses had been erected where forests or fields existed before. One of these houses —that belonging to Mr. Alonzo Jaques — was constructed on the site of an old orchard, and had a shallow cellar. This cellar was kept closed till about the time of the advent of the Cicadas; the door was then opened, and the bottom of the cellar was found to be thickly set with mud-cones or tubes, from six to eight inches high, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, each of which had been / 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM formed by the pupa of a Cicada that had emerged from the earth beneath the cellar. Finding a dark chamber, and apparently desiring to work up to daylight, the Cicadas had taken the moist clay and of this formed pellets with which the tubes were built up, apparently with the purpose of bridging over the vacancy'and thus reaching the surface. These facts appeared to me so interesting that I procured a large number of the tubes, and I had the first report verified by the written testimony of the owner of the house and several other well-known citizens of Rahway. The document sent me with the tubes has remained in my possession to the present time. It is dated June, 1877, and reads as follows: “‘ These cones were erected by the pupas of-the Cicada in the cellar of a house belonging to Alonzo Jaques, Rahway, during parts of May and June, 1877. ‘They were built in an unfloored cellar of a house con- structed about eight years ago in an old orchard. ‘The cellar was dug to about the depth of a foot in red clay, and the bottom-covered by a slight layer of debris, sand, sticks, etc. ‘The cellar was perfectly dark during the construction of the cones, the only opening being shut. The ‘locality is a dry one, the house being situated on a rise of ground, and about a quarter of a mile from the nearest water —a ditch dry in sum- mer. hese cones were not seen in the course of erection, but when the cellar was opened, about the time the locusts made their first appearance, the whole cellar bottom. was covered by them. ‘The tops of all were closed, but on breaking some of them the pupas were seen both in the hole in the ground and in the cone. ‘“‘ After the cellar had been opened and left so, they appear to have stopped buiiding and to have made holes in the tops of the cones for their exit. These cones were a great curiosity to the people of Rahway, and many came to see them, declaring them something entirely new in their experience. 7 (Signed) A. E. Crow, ALONZO JAQUES, W. B. DEvRIE, M. L. Crow. In the facts cited above we have evidence of the exercise of intelligence in the Cicada, and a judicious adaptation of means to an end in circum- stances that it would seem must have been without precedent in the experience of that or any preceding generation; and, therefore, for which no education of ancestors could have given a preparation. It is possible that the pupa of the Cicada is sometimes embarrassed in its ascent to the surface, by water, by too wet or too dry sand or mud, but it is hardly possible to imagine circumstances where the construction of a tunnel would be necessary. In the earth, caves of any considerable size rarely or never occur, since surface water is constantly flowing through all superficial materials, and filling cavities with transported matter. Caves often occur in rocks, but the Cicada has no power to penetrate rock, and lives in earth near the surface. Perhaps some of those who have made the habits of the Cicada a study, can suggest a school in which they could have received the train- ing that fitted them for the engineering work they attempted in the case REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 285 under consideration; yet, though I have studied the habits of various colonies of the Cicada with some attention, I am quite at a loss for any explanation of the phenomena that will bring them in the scope of the theory according to which all our organs and faculties are the result of formative influences progressively developed through a long line of ancestry. | In whatever way the problem shall be solved, it has seemed to me of sufficient interest to warrant placing the facts on record. Are the Successive Broods Dwindling in Number ? The long term of years elapsing between the appearance of a brood renders it difficult to obtain satisfactory answers to this question from more than a few localities. The following are confined to localities within the State of New York: At New Windsor they were reported fully as abundant in 1894 as at the two preceding visitations in 1860 and 1877... They were much more abundant at Hillsdale and in greater numbers at Johnsville than at the former appearance. Mr. Frederick Clarkson reports them less abundant in Westchester county, while at New Brighton and Livingston they were much more numerous than he had ever seen them, the ground being a network of holes in many_places. At Nyack they were perhaps not as plentiful as in 1877, although 80 holes to the square foot could be counted in places, and at Rock City they were equally abundant. There were about the same number in 1894 as in 1877 at Clermont, Claverack, and Marlboro, and not so many at Barrytown. ‘They were evidently losing ground at Heath, for they were fewer in 1894 than in 1877, and then not sO numerous as in 1860. One report gives not so many at Clarksville in 1894, while another states that they covered more space but were not so plentiful where they appeared as in 1877. None were reported from Tarrytown although they were said to have appeared there in 1877. Mr. Nathan Banks looked for them several times, without detecting any indi- cation of their presence, in a piece of woods near Westbury, Long Island, where they were seen in 1877. The observations of James Angus com- municated to me by letter, on their occurrence in Woodlawn Cemetery, New York, are of interest as indicating in a marked manner the effect of cultivation on this insect. No Cicadas were found by him in the im- proved parts of the cemetery, except under one large white oak tree, although they occurred in the unimproved portions. In preparing the land for interments it was trenched to a depth of at least six feet, except, presumably, in the vicinity of this tree, and here the insects thrived, as was evidenced by the thousands of pupal shells which could have been raked together beneath its spreading branches, 286 3 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM : This Cicada appears, as a rule, to be found in the greatest abundance on wooded heights, as the Palisades on the Hudson and similar localities. —its numbers decreasing on the lower grounds and back from the river. At New Haven, Conn., none were seen on a damp spot of about an acre in extent in the midst of a numerouscolony. At Poughkeepsie, N. Y., they were most abundant in low swampy places, and very abundant directly on the shores of the river. ‘The insect probably can not live in soil constantly saturated with water, although it may thrive in wet soils, and this difference may possibly exist between the wet locality at New Haven and the swampy places in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie. An idea of the abundance in which it appeared in certain localities may be gained from the following notes. At Nyack they occurred “in millions; the ground in many places was honeycombed with holes, and the cast pupal cases could be gathered by the peck.” “They . completely “cov- ered the ground in some places at Rock City, and often the holes from which the pupe came were but half an inch apart. At Annandale six of the cases might frequently be counted on a single leaf. At New Windsor, according to Miss Morton, when the insect was most abundant its noise was bewildering, and continued day and night, only intermitting foran hour or two after sunset, and commenc- ing again with the rising of the moon (zn Z7¢z.). At Clermont, Columbia county, the noise was almost deafening when at its height, according to Mr. Clermont Livingston, and it was heard at night after the moon rose. The Cicada was also heard in other localities on moonlight nights. It is natural that the number of Cicada should vary from generation to generation, as other species of the insect world are known to do, and that the territory occupied by them, in consideration of the clearing of forest lands and cultivation, should be subject to continual fluctuation. So although this brood was not found in 1894 at several places where it was seen in 1877 and occurred in diminished numbers in others, yet the positive evidence of their presence in much . larger force at some, and in at least equal strength to their former advent in many other places, would seem to militate against the conclusion that this brood was dying out. That it was not recorded within forty miles of its extreme northern extension in 1843 givenit by Dr. Fitch (Schuylerville), may be entirely owing to no special effort having been made for its detection along the upper Hudson. Damages by Oviposition. The main, if not the only serious damage inflicted by this insect is that caused by its deposit of eggs in the twigs of various trees, — the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 287 amount of harm resulting from the puncturing of twigs for food is not known. The oviposition is largely in forest trees —in oaks, hickory and chestnut. Among cultivated trees the peach, apple and cherry suffer the greatest injury. The eggs may be found in almost all trees and shrubs, excepting those of the pine family; they are occasionally placed in cedar twigs. In 1894, the period of oviposition extended from about the first week in June to near the middle of July, but most ofthe eggs were probably deposited during the last ten days in June and early in July. The injury to the trees appeared to be mainly mechanical, resulting from the numerous slits in the twigs, forming almost continuous lines, pierced for the reception of the eggs. The damage to large trees, as a rule, was not serious, although some broken twigs and dead leaves gave them an unsightly appearance. Young trees were injured the most, and insome cases they were nearly ruined. The reports received from various localities in 1894 concerning the injury wrought by this insect varied widely in character. In a number of places little or no damage was reported. At New Windsor, where it occurred in great abundance, Miss Morton reported that many limbs of small trees were killed, and in a few instances very little was left of the tree. Mr. H. D. Lewis is authority for the statement that at Annan- dale, thousands of thrifty young trees were virtually ruined by this insect. That this would naturally be the result of excessive oviposition, will appear from the following: 7 At Hillsdale, N. Y., in a twig nine inches long and one-fourth of an inch in diameter at its larger end, seventy slits were counted,— each slit containing about twenty-four eggs, or 1680 for the entire number. The Cicadas injured young hickories so greatly at Highland Falls as to render them unfit for hoop poles. In some localities the woods were said to appear as if fire had run through them. Asa general rule, however, the damage by this insect was not great. Young trees undoubtedly suffered greatly in localities where the insect abounded, and the larger ones were severely pruned, but in most of the latter, the injury was more in appear- ance than in reality, —the pruning not proving very injurious, although at the time the dead leaves gave an impression of permanent harm. Serious Results Reported From Cicada Stings. Stories of the injurious and deadly character of the sting by this insect were widely circulated and firmly believed by many. A boy at West Point, George Pavek, was reported to have been bitten June 19th on the hands and face and to have died in a few hours,— medical aid proving 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of no avail. Subsequent investigation and a letter from the father of the lad, proved the story to be utterly false. A school-girl, whose name was given, was reported to have been stung in the back of the neck by a Cicada that flew into the school-room: she was taken home in a carriage and died in great agony the following morn- ing. This story had even less foundation than the preceding, as it could not be traced to any reliable source, and the name of the person was not. known in the locality where it was said to have occurred. Mr. H. D. Lewis, of Annandale, N. Y., was reported to have been stung so severely as to necessitate the amputation of a finger. His reply to the inquiry made of the truthfuiness of the report, was as follows: ‘Allow me to say that the report of my being stung and the amputation necessary was pure invention, as I still retain the allotted number of bodily members unimpaired.” The story of a swarm of locusts attacking and killing a horse near Jacksonville, Pa., at the foot of South Mountain, is also another news- paper report deserving of no credence. During the last advent of the Cicada in the Hudson river valley, hun- dreds and possibly thousands of persons handled the insects. Many school children amused themselves by playing with them. After investi- gating the newspaper and other reports of fatalities and injuries inflicted by their sting, and mailing nearly one thousand circulars throughout the, region visited by the Cicada, in which special inquiry was made in rela- tion to persons stung by it, only one instance of the kind was reported, ~ and even in this there was reason for doubting that the slight wound had been inflicted by a Cicada. From the above, in consection with other investigations, there is good reason to believe that the insect is incapable of inflicting a dangerous or severe sting, and that the fatalities ascribed to it in the past are pure and simple inventions. Natural Enemies. A Cicada year is a time of unusual feasting for many vertebrates in the locality where it occurs. Cats and dogs eat the pupe as they emerge from the ground. Skunks, ground-hogs and grey squirrels have been observed feeding on them, and it is probable that several other quad- rupeds avail themselves of this abundant food-supply so easily obtained. Domestic fowls of all kinds eat them greedily, — in some places they were known to remain in the woods the entire day feeding on them. They are eaten by most of the insectivorous birds. Robins are said to prefer them to strawberries, and the crow devours them in preference to corn. REPORT:OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 289 The English sparrow was observed to feed on them continuously in some places, while in others the occurrence was rather rare. Dr. J. B. Smith has recently stated: “‘This bird seems to have an intense hatred for the insects, attacking and pulling them to pieces in the most wanton manner. Near the large cities where the sparrows are numerous, entire broods. have already been destroyed.” Other birds that may be named as feed-. ing on the Cicada are: the cuckoo, king-bird, oriole, sparrows, cat-birds,,. thrushes and ground-bird. Even the common land turtle was tempted. ~ to include the pupz in its brief bill-of-fare. The only insect enemies that were seen to attack the Cicadas were species of ants. ‘They probably did not often molest the living, but con- tented themselves with preying on the dead or dying. The fungus, Massospora cicadina, was found destroying the insect in widely different localities. At New Windsor, N. Y., many old males were found infested. The same conditon was reported at Nyack and at Clermont; at the latter, it was thought that possibly a few females were similarly affected. The infestation was also observed at Bay Chester and Clarksville, N. Y.; it was reported from New Jersey, in many instances at Morristown, and in a few at New Brunswick. The fungus was not found at New Haven, Conn. Failure to learn of it in other localities, by no means implies its absence, but merely that it was not seen. Preventives of Injury. It is practically impossible to prevent the Cicada from ovipositing in the twigs of trees, unless they are small and their value would warrant the expense of enclosing them with fine netting or light cloth so as to exclude the insect during the egg-laying period. Since the greatest injury is done to young trees, much loss could be avoided by refraining from setting out new stock for the two or three years preceding the time for the appearance of a brood. This would be of special importance in the vicinity of forests, or on land which had borne a growth of trees at the previous advent of the insect that had suffered from its attack. In such localities it would be' well not to prune older trees the spring before the appearance of the Cicada, unless the pruning be made so severe, as to leave no slender tips to serve as an invitation for the insect’s oviposition. 20 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pemphigus rhois (Fitch). The Sumac-Gall Aphis. (Ord. HEMIPTERA: Subord. HomorrEra: Fam. APHIDID&.) Fircu: in Month. Journ. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for Aug., 1866, p. 73 (described, as Byrsocrypta rhois with remarks). Watsu: in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Phil., vi, 1866, p. 281 (referred to if Melaphis). PackarD: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 524, fig. 523 (brief mention). WatsH-RILEy: in Amer. Entomol., 1, 1869, p. 108, fig. 89 (brief mention, in Illinois and New York). Tuomas: 8th Rept. Ins. IIl., 1879, pp. 152-153, fig. 28 (brief mention). LINTNER: 3rd Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1887, p. 142 (from Schenectady) ; in Country Gent., lix, 1894, p. 686 (brief account); roth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1895, p. 503 (abstract of preceding, all as Welaphis). OESTLUND: Bull. 4 Geolog. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 1887, p. 23 (bibliography, description, remarks). SMITH: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 451 (listed). RiLey-Howarp: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 145 (tannin in gall). This insect is rarely seen, except by those curious enough to cut open one of the galls that it forms on the leaves ofsumac. If the examination be made in September, it will be found tightly. packed with particles of white flocculent matter which are the cast skins (exuviz) of the lice at their successive moltings, hundreds of yellow-green wingless aphides, with wing-pads upon their sides (the pupal stage of the insect), anda smaller number of matured winged forms. A little later all will have be- come winged. This insect was referred to the genus Ayrsocrypia by its describer, Dr. Fitch, in 1866. Shortly thereafter Mr. Walsh made it the type for the new genus MMZe/aphis, but upon insufficient grounds, according -to Mr. Oestlund, who has recently placed it in the genus Pemphigus. Description of the Gall and Immature Aphides The galls have been described by Dr. Fitch as follows : Resembling little round balls of different sizes, the largest measuring an inch in diameter, their surface uneven and slightly knobby in places, and covered with fine erect white hairs; their color pale buff-yellow or greenish-yellow, and on the side exposed to the sun bright crimson-red. Attached to the leaf by a narrow neck, opposite which, on the upper side of the leaf, is a thickened wart-like elevation, or sometimes higher con- ical protuberance, which is also covered with erect white hairs; and the ~ leaf itself is partly withered, and turned red or yellow. Cavity inside large; in the smaller galls filled with small, oval, pale dull yellow lice of different sizes, their eyes black, their feet and antennz white, the larger ones measuring 0.03 in length, and some of these larger ones thinly REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 291 covered with a very fine pruinose powder, resembling mold; some hav- ing small scales or rudimentary wings, showing them to be pupe ; their cast skins thickly interspersed among them, resembling white meal; the larger galls with only the walls of the cavity covered, and crowded with similar lice. Exception should be taken to Dr. Fitch’s comparison of the galls to “little round balls of different sizes.” All that have come under my observation are elongated, and decidedly pyriform in shape, as may be seen in figure 1 of Plate XIV, which fairly represents quite a num- ber of others in the state collection. It is probable, however, that examples of rounded forms may at times occur, if we may judge from the peculiarly shaped one (almost semi-globular) represented by Walsh-Riley in the figure given by them, and reproduced by Dr. Thomas in the 8th Missouri Report, and also by Dr. Packard in his “ Guide to the Study of Insects.” | Description of the Imago. Winged female, 0.06 in length, and to the end of wings o.10; pale dull green or yellowish-green; head and antenne black; base of thorax blackish, and its anterior part light yellow; legs pale; wings hyaline, but not clear and glass-like, their veins black, the third one abortive nearly half its length, the stigma salt-white; abdomen commonly thinly covered on the back with fine pruinose matter, its middle rather deeper green ; antennee shorter than the thorax, thread-like, four-jointed, the first joint slightly the shortest, and the second joint rather the longest. (Fitch.) Mr. Walsh has taken exception to the above description, in the following criticism : Dr. Fitch’s description of the winged female of this species applies only to immature specimens extracted from the gall. After they have been out some time, the legs and the whole body, except the collar which becomes very pale brown, turns to a decided black; and the stigma then is not ‘“salt- white,” but pale dusky with a whitish reflection. Life-History and Food-Plants. The life-history of the species, so far as known, may be briefly sum- marized as follows: The growth of the gall commences in the spring, when it may be found occupied by the wingless mother louse in company with her progeny in their larval stage. The occupants multiply rapidly, increasing largely in number until during September, when the gall matures and gives forth the colony, all becoming winged eventually. The same gall occurs on the Rhus glabra and the Rhus typhina. In a note published in Insect Life (/oc. cz¢.) it is stated that the galls of this ‘insect on Rhus glabra contain nearly as much tannin as the ordinary 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cynipid gall from China and Japan, viz. from 60 to 70 per cent, or about | three times as much as is found in the foliage. Thus it would appear that the irritation of the tissues by the insects causes a concentration of the tannin in the affected parts. Distribution. The galls of this insect are apparently not of common occurrence, or possibly it should be said, they are not frequently observed, since they are rarely if ever found on sumacs standing where they are exposed to the sun. | They have been recorded from New Jersey, and from several localities in New York, Illinois, and Minnesota. The species probably has a much wider, though local, distribution. According to Dr. Fitch, it was rare in New York, for in describing it in the year 1866 he states that he had not met with it during the nine preceding years, although he had diligently searched for fresh specimens, and was compelled to fall back on those gathered in 1857 for its description. Examples in the state collection from which the figure was taken were received on Sep- tember 7, 1886, from Schenectady, N. Y., and others from Clin- ton, N. Y., were received in September 1894. They have not come under my observation in the field. Gossyparia ulmi (Geoff.). The Elm-Tree Bark-louse. (Ord. HEMIPreRA: Subord. HOMOPTERA: Fam. COccID&.) GEOFFREY: Histoire Abrégée des Insectes, i, 1762, pp. 512-513 (de- scribed, as Coccus ulmt). Howarp: in Insect Life, 1, 1889, pp. 34-41, figs. 1-5 (general account). Jack, J. G.: in Garden and Forest, li, 1889, p. 461, fig. 129 (at Boston, Mass., life-history, remedies) ; invids\iv,.12S9n, po rs4 (distribu- tion, injuries, remedies). LINTNER: 6th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1890, p. 189 (at Marlboro and Albany, N. Y.); roth do., 1895, p. 519 (abundant at Ghent, N. Y.); in Country Gent., lx, 1895, p. 425 (on willow at Loudonville), p. 585 (identified) ; in Bull. 6 New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896, pp. 60-61 (distribution in the state); rzth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1896, p. 280 (abstract of C.-G. notice), p. 287 (from Loudonville, Albany, and Catskill, N. Y.). PERKINS: Insects Inj. Amer. Elm, from r1th Rept. Vt. St. Bd. Agricul., 1890, pp. 81-87, figs. 61-64 (general account). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 293 Ritev-Howarp: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 351 (? Colastes a parasite of); in id., v, 1892, p. 51 (occurring at Brighton, Mass.). Craw: in Bien. Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1893-94, 1894, pp. go- 92, 2 figs. (in California, description and remedies). CocKERELL: in Entomolog. News, vi, 1895, p. 325 (at Agricul. Coll., Mich.); in Canad. Entomol., xxvi, 1895, p. 31 (listed); in Bull. Mh. St, LabiwNat.Est.,.ivs Art... xl,).2896;)p.) 324. (listed, syn- onymy). HILLMAN: Bull. 28 Nev. St. Univer. Agricul. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 3-8, figs. 1-3 (account of in Nevada). LounssBury: Bull. 28 Hatch. Expt. Stat. Mass. Agricul. Coll., 1895, pp. 23-26, figs. 13, 14 (brief account of in Mass.). KirKLAND : in Bull. 2, Ser. of 1897, Mass. Crop Rept. for June, 1897, Pp- 35-37, fig. 5 (distribution in Mass., remedies). The sad condition of the shade-trees in many of our larger cities, is exciting considerable attention and especially is this true where the elm- leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola, has become familiar through its defolia- tion of numerous elms, the recent destruction of many fine trees in the Hudson river valley, and the doomed condition of thousands of others. As if the long list of insect pests preying upon the foliage or burrow- ing within the bark and sap-wood of the elms was not sufficiently ex- tended, another species has recently come over from abroad and is rapidly extending its range, and fast making itself a public nuisance from its blackening the foliage and branches and also the side walks beneath with its vile excreta. Introduced from Abroad. The elm-tree bark-louse, Gossyparia ulmi (Geoff.), like a large number of our most common and injurious insects, is an introduced species. The precise manner and time of introduction into this country are not known and probably will never be definitely ascertained. It was first brought to the notice of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1884 through Mr. Charles Fremd, of Rye, Westchester Co., N. Y., who at that time complained of the elms in his nursery being troubled with thousands of ared-looking mealy bug. The insect (represented in figure 2 of plate XIV) had probably been brought over on some nursery stock several years prior to its discovery at Rye. This importation is another illustration of the ease with which insects can be introduced from other countries on nursery stock. History of the Insect. This bark-louse was not determined at the time it was received by the U.S. Department of Agriculture from Mr. Fremd, nor in other send- 294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ings of the same by Mr. J. G. Jack, from Cambridge, in 1887 and 1888. In the autumn of 1888, it was discovered in several localities in the City of Washington. The following year a more complete series of its stages having been obtained from Mr. Jack, it was identified at the Department with the European Gossypfaria ulmi. In July of the previous year (1888) it had been received by me from Marlboro and Albany, N. Y., and observed by Professor Perkins at Burlington, Vermont. It was also detected about this date in New York City by Mr. Henry Edwards, and in 1890 it was sent to Washington from Brighton, Mass. Some young trees at Palo Alto, California, were seriously affected by this insect in 1893. The next year it occured abundantly at Ghent, N. Y. In 1895, Prof. G. C. Davis found it numerous on the elms of the Michigan Agri- cultural College, and badly infested trees were reported by Prof. F. H. Hillman at Carson City, Nevada. About this time it made its appear- ance at Amherst and Brookline, Mass. The present year it was re- ceived by me from Catskill, and observation has shown it to be quite largely distributed in the vicinity of Albany and Troy in this state. Its Distribution. It will be seen from the above that this insect is now known to occur in six Statesin the Union besides the District of Columbia. In Massa- chusetts it appears to be extensively distributed over the state, as published in a recent notice of the insect by Mr. Kirkland. It 1s quite probable that it has already been introduced in the adjoining states of Rhode Island and Connecticut. From the occurrence of the pest at Burlington, Vt., there is little doubt but that it will soon invade New Hampshire and Maine, if it has not already done so. It is known to occur in several localities along the Hudson river valley from the City of New York to Troy. In the upper portion of this district, the insect has been found so abundant and generally distributed that the same condition will probably soon be reported for the lower Hudson. The other recorded occurrences of this insect indicate a wide distribu- tion for it in the future,—ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and, at least, from about the latitude of Washington, D. C., to near the Canadian border. Injuries by this Pest. It is impossible to estimate even approximately the damage caused by this insect in its eastern distribution, associated as it largely is with the destructive elm-leaf beetle. ” nes REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 295 Both at Boston, Mass., and at Carson City, Nev., its operations have been very injurious to the vitality of the infested elms. The trees in Albany and Troy have suffered severely from the combined attacks of the elm-leaf beetle and this scale insect. The many trees that have recently died, were probably killed mainly by the beetle, but many are now suffering severely from the work of Gossyparia. In the early part of June the secretion of honey-dew from the insects on a badly infested tree was so abundant as to keep the walk beneath constantly wet and in almost a slimy condition. Onecould stand under the trees and see and feel the continual shower of the tiny drops. The injurious nature of the work of the insect was more plainly evident in September, when its presence could be detected at a glance from some distance, by the black- ened foliage and limbs of the infested trees—the copious secretion of the coccids on the leaf and branch having furnished the proper medium for the growth of the blackening fungus, Cozzothecium saccharinum Peck. Thus the elm-leaf beetle and Gossyfaria working on the same trees, trans- formed many from beautiful ornaments to hideous monuments of insect devastation. In this City and in Troy, Gossyparia seems to prefer the English and Scotch elms, although it occurs in limited numbers on the American elm. In both of these cities this pest isso generally distrib- uted that it will largely aid the elm-leaf beetle in the destruction _of our European elms, unless earnest effort be speedily made for the preservation of our favorite shade trees. Description of the Insect. It is only the adult females that, as a rule, attract the attention of the casual observer. ‘They may be seen clustered along the under side of the smaller limbs and resembling, in a general way, a growth of lichens. The full-grown viviparous females just before giving birth to their young, are about o.1 inch long, oval in outline, and with ends slightly pointed. They are surrounded with a mass of a white woolly secretion which also ' partially indicates the segmentation along their margin (Pl. XIV, figs. 2, 5). At this period the females are full of eggs which give a reddish stain when crushed. ) The young are easily recognized on the infested limbs and leaves as dark-eyed yellow specks, being less than 0.5 mm. or ;y ofan inch in length. They are of an elongated oval form, rounded anteriorly and tapering posteriorly to a pair of pointed processes, each bearing a long and a short seta. Each segment of the body is indicated by a lateral spine; there is a row of six around the anterior border of the head, and a 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM double row down the middle of the back. The growing young become darker and finally assume a yellowish-red color. Each segment be- comes covered with spiny processes secreting wax. The general form of the young larva is retained (Pl. XIV, fig. 4). The antenna of the female before impregnation, is composed, like that of the young, of six segments, the second and third being the longest and the fourth and fifth shortest. The antenna of the immature male has six nearly equal seg- ments and a longer seventh. | The oval cottony-like cocoon of the male is represented in figure 3, of Plate XIV. ‘The presence of the insect within may be known by its two long protruding anal filaments. The male will rarely be seen by most observers. It is a delicate two- winged creature of a reddish color, with rather large antennze for so small an insect. It moves slowly over the limbs with a clumsy air. It is not easily disturbed and rarely takes to flight. An interesting feature is the occurrence of twoforms. The earlier to appear,__the pseudimago,— is characterized chiefly by wing-pads in the place of normally developed wings. ~~ Diane. we REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 333 The individual egg is of an elongate-oval form, rather pointed at the upper end, broader at the lower. They are deposited in a mass, on the surface of the water, in the form somewhat of a boat, and left to float freely about. The little egg-boat, not exceeding a tenth of an inch in length, yet bearing nearly a hundred lives, is built in the following manner: The insect takes her position on some object in the water—a floating leaf or stick it may be—holding to it by her anterior legs, while her long abdomen rests on the water with its tip slightly elevated. Crossing her posterior pair of legs (which are much longer than her body) behind her in the form of an x, she places an egg in a perpendicular position at the point of crossing—the inner point, nearest the tip of her abdomen: this forms the keel of the boat. To this two eggs are next attached in the form of a triangle. The eggs are coated with a glutinous matter, causing them to adhere closely and firmly to one another. Successive additions are made to these in a gradually enlarging outline, as regulated by the angle or curve formed by the legs. When the boat is about half built, the legs are uncrossed and placed side by side underneath for better support, and in this position the remaining portion of the boat is completed in a symmetrical form, although unaided by the eye and only guided by the delicacy of touch. When finished, the supporting legs are withdrawn, and the tiny craft is launched, and left to be driven about hither and thither by the winds, vet ever drifting securely, without the slightest risk of sinking to the bottom or of being overturned. For experiment’s sake, you may place one in a basin of water and pour gallons of water on it, without being able to overturn it. , You may even thrust it by force to the bottom of the vessel, whence, as soon as released, it will rise to the surface, right side up and not hold- ing in its concavity a particle of fluid. Itis a veritable life-boat. The Larval Mosquito. The eggs hatch ordinarily in from two to three days, dependent, of course, on the temperature of the water. , The larve that they produce are familiar to all who have been in the habit of using rain-water during the spring or summer months which had been exposed to the open air for a few days. Children living in the country often know them under the appropriate names of “wigglers” or ‘‘wrigglers,” drawn from their peculiar jerking motions as they come to the surface of the water to draw ina supply of air and to hang motionless, head downward, for awhile, or with the same motion descend to the bottomto feed. They have a distinct rounded head with mouth-parts, antenne and ciliated ap- 334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pendages, an enlarged thoracic region, and a long ten-jointed abdomen, slightly tapering, with each segment bearing bundles of hairs. From the eighth abdominal segment a long tubular organ is given out, ending in a star-like structure bearing a number of ciliz. This isits organ of res- piration—all the air that it receives being supplied to the tracheal vessels only through this opening. The terminal joint of the abdomen bears five conical plates which are used in its locomotion. The Pupal Mosquito. After several moltings, while they rapidly increase in size, the larve enter upon their third stage of existence, in assuming the pupal stage. At this time they present an uncouth aspect. Their thoracic region has become greatly enlarged, and in front of it are grouped, in separate cases, the legs, wings, mouth-parts and antenne. They still continue in an active state, unlike the quiescent pupal condition of many insects, and even many other Diptera — but they are incapable of feeding. A striking and interesting change has taken place in their breathing apparatus. ‘They suspend themselves from the surface of the water, as before, for respiration, but the air is now taken in through two horn- shaped organs proceeding from the upper part of the thorax. Before, they hung head downward; now, as they have made a material advance in development, more fittingly, head upward. | In about two weeks, usually, from the deposit of the eggs, the pupal stage 1s completed, and the insect is prepared to enter upon its final state, a perfect, winged insect. With so brief a period required for its develop- ment, you will perceive that there is ample time for several generations of the insect during the spring and summer months. The Final Development. The pupa having fully matured, it rises to the surface of the water where it floats with its thorax elevated above the surface. Exposure to the air dries the exposed portion, and, aided by movements within, it splits along the middle line, and the head and thorax of the inclosed in- sect are thrust out. Slowly the wings, legs, other organs and abdomen are drawn forth through alternating muscular extension and contraction— all the while balancing itself in an upright position with the utmost care, for the problem of how to maintain the center of gravity when elevated so high above its frail and unstable base must necessarily be an exceed- ingly difficult one—it would seem to be an impossibility. ‘The slightest REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 335 excess of lateral deviation, either from defective instinct or from a current of air,isat once fatal. The float—a meretransparent film—with its occupant, is thrown upon its side; the wings are wet and no longer serviceable, ‘and the new life just opening, is ended. This fatality is common—in- deed it is represented as the rule—the contrary, the exception. Each such occurrence, although a tragedy, need not evoke our sympathy although so oft repeated. Food is thereby furnished fishes and other liv- ing forms, and there will always be quite as many mosquitoes left as are required for sanitary uses. With those that are so fortunate as to escape this perilous evolution, a short time suffices for the expansion of their wings through the entrance into their veins of air and blood, and to dry and fit them for flight. Just the manner in which the pupal-case is abandoned, is not definitely known ;. it may be with the feet resting upon its edge; or it may be as repre- sented in some illustrations, that, carefully preserving its equilibrium, the in- sect bends forward and rests with its fore-legs on the water—a moment passed, perhaps, inadmiration of the delicate form mirrored therein—when the wings are spread, and with their rapid vibration of five hundred beats a second emitting music though familiar yet not sweet to human ears—it launches forth into its new element, in quest, as it may be, of nectar, or of blood. The mosquito is gone! Are you not glad, for with her flightends my paper. [Those who would like to consult some recent publications and studies upon this interesting insect are referred to the following: Howarp: in Bull. 4 N. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agricul., Division of Entomo- logy, 1896, pp. 9-24, figs. 1-4. Luccer: 2nd Rept. Entomol. St. Exper. Stat. Minn., 1896, pp. 182-195, figs. 152-158. OszorN: Bull. 5 N. Ser.,U. S. Dept. Agricul., Division of Entomology, 1896, pp. 25-30, figs. 1, 2.] 336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A PLEA FOR ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDY. [Read before the Agassiz Association of the State Normal College, Albany, May 18, 1894.] The Association which [ have the honor and privilege of addressing,. I have the right to believe, from its connection with an institution which, in the annals of education, has won an enviable reputation for the care- ful, systematic and thorough training it aims to give to all its pupils —is not only desirous of promoting to the extent of its ability investigations. in various departments of Natural History, but that it is also able to do: excellent work and render good service toward this desired end. I therefore esteem it a privilege to appear before you to-day, and ask. your earnest co-operation in that department of study in which I am specially interested, and to which so large a portion of my life has been devoted. I appreciate, to some degree at Jeast, the almost infinite extent and variety of the Museum of Nature. On every hand and in every direction, objects of interest invite our observation andstudy. Exclud- ing what lies beyond the sphere upon which we dwell—there are the rocks to which we owe our basis for study, and their contained fossils, telling of the forms that peopled this globe eons of ages ago; the vegetable world instinct with life and beauty and wonderful processes of growth and development, and crowned with the dignity of being the agency through which alone, directly or indirectly, existence is possible for each and every mammal, bird, reptile, fish, insect, myriapod, crustacean, worm, molluse, protozoan — of all the myriad living forms that people our globe. | In each of the several classes of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, there is abundant work for the earnest student. There are collections to be made; elements, form and structure to be studied ; habits to be observed ; preparations for study and for preservation ; com- parisons to be instituted, forms new to science to be detected and illus- trated; descriptions’ to be drawn and published, and name and syste- matic place to be given to each and every one. Why, then, should I make a special plea for the study of the Insect world? I would not presume to do so, unless I felt that 1 could give you sufficient reasons for making the claim; of these, I offer, I. The Mental Discipline that the Study Affords. This should especially commend it to the young student, where the intellectual faculties are to be developed and strengthened, and the mind ae REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 337 guided and formed into proper habits of observation, thought and expres- sion. To these ends, I believe entomological study to offer better discipline than the study of mathematics or the classics to which so much time is devoted and far beyond what may, by any possibility, in a large majority of students, be of any material practical importance. But why may this be accomplished through the study of the insect ‘world, better than by some other branch of natural history ? We answer : because of the greater number of objects that in a given time may be brought together for study — the insect world presenting, as it does, by far a larger number of species than all the other classes of the animal kingdom combined. With this almost boundless number of species, it follows that there must often be but minute differences between them, not perceptible but through careful comparison, and often demanding the microscope for their detection. It is impossible that any one who has made a collection of insects of considerable size —separated them in their usually accepted seven orders, named such as he has been able to with the literature at hiscommand or by comparison with other scientific collections, and arranged them systematically in proper cases, in their families, genera, species, and varieties — could have done this without having greatly strengthened his faculties of observation, comparison, dis- crimination, memory, and having acquired habits of study, industry, delicate manipulation, order, neatness, precision, and the like, which shall serve him in whatever position in life he may be placed, and cling to him to his life’s end. II. The Facilities for Entomological Study. ‘The entomologist, if unable to search for his material — we will not say, if not caring to seek it, for a lazy naturalist would be an anomaly — may have abundant material come to him unsought. As he walks the street, ‘‘ the shard-borne beetle with its drowsy hum ”’ flies in his face or alights upon his clothing ; the moth sits at rest upon a tree-trunk or fence- paling as if asking for admiration and capture; the caterpillar drops upon him by its silken thread from an overhanging branch, or exposes itself as it travels over the sidewalk, to his meditative downcast gaze. Rapt in study in the seclusion of his room, the sudden thrust of the sharp lancet of Stomoxys calcitrans, causes its capture and invites examination of the curious projecting blood-sucking apparatus which, without critical obser- vation, seems the only difference between it and the harmless common house-fly ; or, curiously plumed creatures of delicate forms and colors, attracted by the light upon his study-table, will flit over his paper to mar 23 Sah 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM his penmanship and perhaps end their life in a bath of ink, as they are doing at this present while writing of their obtrusiveness. The invalid, who may be held a captive within his home through physical weakness"or other infirmity, during the months when the insect world holds its hey-day in the fields and forest, may still make ample collections for study and enrichment of his cabinet even within the con- fines of his chamber. Should the year be favorable for insect life (the years vary greatly in this respect), at least five hundred species could be taken by him. Does this surprise you, as an indoor collection for a single year? I believe it a moderate estimate. To many of you, perhaps, all the flies of our window seem alike, or the smaller forms are regarded as the young of the common house-fly. Yet I would engage that from the windows of a single room of one’s house, during the months of March to November inclusive, there could be taken one hun- dred species of Diptera alone. Insect collections are easily made, and with simple and inexpensive material. For our ordinary walks in the requirements of business or study, the “cyanide bottle,” that comparatively recent invention, yet now regarded as indispensable to the collector—is all that is needed for securing most of our insects. To the cyanide bottle, of a size convenient ‘to be carried in a pocket, should be added a small tin box for inclosing caterpillars or other larve, with some of their food if desired to rear them. For field excursions, we would multiply our bottles and boxes, and add a suitable net, a pin-cushion with insect pins of two sizes, and a box hanging from a button or belt in which to pin the collections. III. The Interest Attaching to the Study. I dare not urge this topic as I feel to do, for fear that you would re- ceive what I might say as the extravagance of enthusiasm. If not pre- pared to accept the assertion, that in no department of natural history can you find so much to interest you, and to interest you so deeply, as in the study of insects, their transformations and their habits, then, if willing to test the truth of the assertion, will you please accept for guid- ance the following program : Get the cocoons of some one of our larger silk-spinning moths, of the family of Bombycida,—let them be, if you please, of Aztacus Promethea, which you may find at the present time upon your lilac bushes, infolded in dried-up leaves of last year’s growth. Before you cut the cocoons from the twigs (you can hardly tear them off by hand) first observe the silk extending from the cocoon, enveloping the leaf-stalk and then encir- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 339 cling the twig, binding the leaf securely to it, and holding it there during the falling of the other leaves and through all the winter’s storms. In- close the cocoons in a box of sufficient size to admit of the expansion of the wings of the moth and some freedom of motion when it comes from its cocoon. On some morning in the month of June, (earlier ifthey have been kept in a warm apartment) if your cocoons contained living pupe, you will find that the moths have emerged, and deposited a large number of eggs, cementing them to the sides of the box. ‘Note the regularity of form and size of the eggs, each with its yellowish spot upon its somewhat flattened upper side. Whentwo or three weeks thereafter, the eggs com- mence to hatch, with a magnifier in hand, watch the enclosed caterpillars eating their way out of the shells, always at one side, and through a some- what oval hole. Transfer them carefully to some tender leaves of their food-plant, and observe their social habit of grouping themselves side by side like soldiers on parade, and their manner of eating. After you have watched them for a week, and noticed perhaps with fear of the result lest it should be- token incipient disease, their fasting for a day or two, you will find them materially increased in size and in a new dress of light green with bands of yellow, bordered with black, and rows of white-bristled tubercles stud- ding their body. ‘This is their first molting, or casting of their skin to admit of increased growth. Four or five times you may observe a similar molting, followed each time by a new and more beautiful garni- ture. As the caterpillar approaches maturity you will surely be com- pelled to regard it as a beautiful creature, with its creamy pruinescence, its bands of dark blue tubercles on each ring, its four rich coral-red horns on the front of its body and a yellow black-ringed one at its other extremity. Carefully observe the row of spiracles or breathing pores upon the sides ofthe body through which the air is admitted to the tra- cheal vessels, and the peculiar structure of its many-hooked clasping legs. It is indeed a wonderful creature,— not “a worm” as ordinarily stig- matized, but a being which its Creator has dignified with the possession of eight times the number of muscles that are to be found in the human body ; and in every way worthy of your study and admiration. When through your watchful care, your little colony have attained their growth, to your great relief from providing them with an adequate supply ot their daily food, do not fail to have your eyes upon them as they throw out the first threads that are to bend the leaf in shape for enfolding their cocoons, preparatory to passing to theirpupation. The leaf may hardly be more than marked as the chosen one, before you may see the busy 340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM spinner leaving it, and commencing to cover the leaf-stalk with a firm envelope of silk, which, when completed, will be stronger than you cam break without forcible pulling. You will now be given a favorable oppor- tunity as the caterpillar’s head sways from side to side, to note the two silken semi-fluid threads emitted from the pair of projecting spinnerets beneath the mouth, but uniting and drying at once in a single thread. The intelligence that leads the caterpillar next to bind securely the enveloped leaf-stem to the twig by throwing band after band abou it, and in the event of the twig being a delicate one and liable to be broken off, then, in addition, securing the twig by the process above mentioned to its parent stalk —can not fail of amazing you. Do you think it simple instinct, working in one unvarying line inherited from its ancestors, and incapable of adapting itself to different or changed con- ditions ? Then try the experiment that I once made, and learn your error. When all of this preparatory work has been completed, each lashing examined over and over again, and finally pronounced all right by its artificer—then with a sharp blade of your knife, quietly and neatly sever the leaf-stalk just where it is bound to the twig and, replacing it with accurate adjustment, insert a fine insect pin to hold it in place. You will not have long to wait before the spinning of the cocoon will be arrested and a reconnoitering expedition commenced. Your treacherous work is discovered as soon as the point is reached. ‘The situation is at once taken in — the danger, the necessity of meeting it, and how best to do it, fully comprehended. You may not read in the microscopic eyes of the caterpillar, the successive phases of anxiety, alarm, distrust, annoy- ance, anger, resolve, triumph, but you may see him apply himself to the task of lashing anew the foot-stalk to the twig and thus bid defiance to your perfidious pin, around which he throws his silken threads, until the severed stem is stronger than before. What else is this than reason ! The shaping and formation of the cocoons will be of interest to watch, until the thickening walls have hidden the larva from your view. During the winter, you may sacrifice one or more of the number by making sections of them, that you may observe the structure of the double cocoon — one within the other, with the intermediate loosely-threaded non-conducting air-chamber, and the contained pupa, with its wing, leg, and antennz-cases folded upon its breast, and the cast-off caterpillar skin compacted in a pellet behind it. Your study of this life-history will not be fully carried out to its proper completion until, in the following spring, you can see the moth emerge from its cocoon. A strange looking object will it seem in your eyes, as. with a brisk movement of its legs, it clambers upward to some position where its unexpanded wings may hang downward, limp and wet, over its REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 341 back. Watch the gradual but rapid expansion of the wings, as they grow before your eyes—.the two membranes of which they are com- posed steadily distending as the circulation from the body is forced into the veins that lie between. The innumerable wrinkles of the mem- branes are smoothed out; the scales that are implanted in them also in- crease in size, until within perhaps half an hour the wings have assumed their full development, and display their perfect ornamentation, in pat- terns resulting from the combination of nearly half a. million of individ- ual scales — the most delicate imbrication that may be found in nature, and far surpassing any thing that art can produce. If not deterred by my long recital you will undertake what I have proposed—-to follow out the life-history of one of our silk-worms, and having done so, if you do not find that the study has been one of surpass- ing interest, leading you to further study of the kind, and wedding you to entomology—then you have been given or have acquired a nature that I can not comprehend. IV. The Practical Importance of the Study. It is universally conceded that Agricultural pursuits form the basis of National prosperity, and that upon the products of the soil our existence is dependant. The existence of the insect world also depends upon vegetable life: hence arises that constant antagonism of man to the insect world, which becomes so intensified when through his agency as a cultivator of the soil, there results excessive multiplication of injurious species preying upon crops which he deems essential to him. Every crop grown is exposed to their attack. It has been estimated that there are upon an average, six species of attacking insects to each known plant. From their minute size and the secrecy of their depreda- tions, we can not fence them out, as we do our large domestic animals. Probably there is no cultivated crop which is not lessened by one-tenth through insect injury. Often there is a diminution in yield of one fourth; frequently of one-half, and at times there is a total loss, as when during the prevalence of the wheat-midge, forty years ago, entire fields of wheat were left uncut in New York and other of the wheat states, and for a term of years wheat could not be grown. In one year, in our State (1854), the loss from this tiny insect was calculated at fifteen millions of dollars. Illinois suffered in a single year, in its wheat and corn crops, to the amount of seventy-three millions of dollars, according to estimate, from the ravages of the chinch-bug (Llissus leucopterus). ‘True, these were exceptional years, but from another insect pest, the cotton-worm 342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . (Aletia argillacea), annual losses to the cotton-crop of the Southern States are sustained, it has been calculated, of thirty millions of dollars. From careful computations based upon the census returns of agri- cultural products of the United States, the startling aggregate is presented of an annual loss in these products of three hundred millions of dollars. A large proportion of this loss —this onerous tax upon industry — need not be sustained — need not be exacted. It is preventable through the use of means which have been and are being indicated by those who have undertaken the study of methods of prevention and remedy. In consideration of the progress that has been made in the knowledge of insects, the discovery of insecticides and of mechanical appliances for their application to field crops, as wellas to orchards and gardens, I dare to assert that the insect does not exist, the injuries from which may not be materially lessened whenever its habits and life-history have become fully known. | The need of the study_of these insect depredations, the importance of it, and the absolute necessity thereof, will be more evident when we con- ‘sider, next V. The Extent of the Study. A comparative ideaof the magnitude of the insect world, as contrasted with the entire animal kingdom, has already been given you. It may enable you to form a better idea of its extent, to state, that judging from the number of species now named and described — about 330,000 (we know and possess in our collections thousands of others awaiting study), and at the rate that new species have been added to our lists within the last half-century—it will not be an extravagant estimate, if for the present, we place the probable number of species existing in the world at one million. Although this figure is largely in excess of those made by other entomologists, I believe it to be a moderate one, in considera- tion of the limited study as yet given to some of the orders, and the still unexplored regions of the globe — entire continents in which scientific exploration has barely commenced. Its realization would but necessitate less than the trebling of the at present known species, with all future time available’ for the work; while during the years that have followed my boyhood, the number of described species has been guintupled. From a scientific point of view, each species as discovered demands description that will give it positive recognition, and assignment to its proper place .n classified lists. For economic purposes, but a small pro- portion williequire the elaborate study that shall tell us all that we need to know of them. But what patience, what persistence, what an amount of study—extending it may be over several years—is often needed for the acquisition of a single life-history. Each of the four stages under REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 343 which insect life is presented to us—the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the imago, must receive its share of attention. The varied habits are to be observed and noted, under the complications frequently existing of change under changed conditions of food-plant, climate or locality. The extent of the study will further appear from a consideration of the omniprescence of insects. As I have elsewhere written, “ they abound in our homes, our gardens, orchards, fields, vineyards and forests. In the vegetable kingdom, they are found in the seed, the root, the stalk or trunk, the pith, the bark, the twig, the bud, the leaf, the blossom, and the fruit—within or upon every portion of the vegetable organism. They are parasitic "on our persons and upon, or within all of our domestic animals. They attack and destroy fishes and birds. They have their natural home in many articles of food. By their digusting presence and annoyance they may render our homes untenable. They burrow within our household and agricultural implements. They destroy our furniture and our clothing. They occasionally take possession of our books, No asylum is so secure that they may not intrude; no condition in life is ex- empt from their presence and attack.” VI. The Study has not been given its proper Share of Attention. If you have followed me as I have attempted, in the brief time that I dare claim on this occasion, to show you the value of the Study of Ento- mology as a mental discipline—the facility with which it may be pursued— the interest attaching to it—its great practical importance——and the broad range that it embraces, you will, I think, agree with me, that itis very far from receiving the attention that it deserves and may justly claim. Notwithstanding the enormous losses annually sustained from insect dep- redations, how very few comparatively there are among us who can properly apply the familiar names of “bug,” “beetle,” or “butterfly.” There are those whose crops are annually depleted, needlessly, to the amount of hundreds of dollars, who do not know that the caterpillar is but an immature stage of the winged moth or butterfly. This day, I find in a pretentious journal a notice of a destructive insect to this effect: ‘The insect appears first in the form of asmall moth. Ina few days, it sheds its wings and becomes a caterpillar, and a week thereafter it lays its eggs, each caterpillar producing two hundred.” In how many of our public schools and academies is Entomology given place? Ido not know of one. In nearly all of our higher institutions and private schools, Botany is taught, and yet the former is certainly of far greater importance in the broad range of its economic applications. The State Normal College at Albany and the Oswego Normal School, have given excellent entomological instruction, Cornell University sus- 344 : _NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tains a Professorship in Entomology, with courses of lectures,“ laboratory work and Museum. Lectures in course upon it are given at Harvard University, the State College of Maine, the Massachusetts Agricultural College, the Michigan State Agricultural College, Purdue University at Lafayette, Ind., the Illinois Industrial University, the lowa Agri- cultural College, the Kansas State Agricultural College, and the Leland Stanford Jr., University in California, In each of these State Institutions particular attention is paid to the economic aspect of the science. The above, with the exception of some academic instruction in other States is the sum, so far as known to me, of what is being done in our institutions of learning in this department of Natural Science. The reason for its almost entire neglect in our schools, is, undoubtedly the want of text books adapted to the young student. It might have rivaled Botany in popularity could its collections be named with the facility of plants. But for this we may never hope. The volumes that would be required for the simple identification by means of three- or four- lined diagnoses ot the known United States species of insects, would be, at least, twenty of the size of Gray’s School and Field Book of Botany— a series which would certainly prove inconvenient for general class use. A reference catalogue alone of the Diptera (flies) of North America, forms a volume three-fourths the size of the one abovenamed; andacatalogue of the known Insects of the small State of New Jersey, giving name and oc- casionally brief annotations of locality and distribution, fills 486 pages octavo. We should not wait for the desired text-books, such as will enable us to name our collections, for there is much else to learn of insects besides their names, as, for example, their structure, habits, transformations, and economic value. With “ Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects” and “Comstocks Manual for the Study of Insects,” in the possession of the student for reference, and with the insects before him upon his table, the teacher, having qualified himself for the work, may, ina series of lectures give to his class a better foundation for future study than could be acquired from books alone. I lately had the privilege of attending one of the Lowell Institute Free Course ot Lectures on Zodélogy, at Boston, given to the teachers of the Public Schools. Each of the about three hundred teachers in attend- ance had upon his or her table a box containing a half-dozen represen- tative species in the order of Neuroptera, and a vessel of water in which were some macerated specimens with which to study structure. The lecture was further illustrated by diagrams and charts upon the wall. I was delighted with the lecture, and with the promise that it gave of the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 345 good to result, when these trained teachers would form centres of similar instruction to other classes elsewhere. In conclusion, if my plea for entomological study shall meet its desired response in inducing some of you to become faithful laborers in this broad field, where so large an amount of virgin soil is to be upturned, so much tillage is required, and such abundant fruit to be gathered — then, let me further ask of you, not to rest contented to gather for your- selves alone, but that from: your superabundant stores you may make large contribution to others. Emulate the example of him whose honored and revered name your association bears. Ever find your greatest incentive to study, not in that it enriches yourself, but that you may impart to others. So gather from Nature’s exhaustless stores and so distribute that your fellow-men shall be made the better, wiser and happier from your having been permitted to serve as Nature’s interpreters. More of honor than regal crown can bestow is in that single word, chiseled on a glacial block borne from beyond. the seas to mark, so fittingly, the grave of Agassiz at Mount Auburn —TEAcHER. ie Sel ay. v4 Fy’ os i aint Boag yea, Toaits wie TG ath ten tg serie snitendise ths Fe is hae ‘ gee A A Fa eben hate ee Hunte ere HES. ee SRO ek Lave dir seovptter rt of Re i} rioaaiys An aegiaint | | sey ering Shick loon ney tock seroma 1) REE Te Vawad 144 i es oie 1k cabot ae: ini A (0m dad sag fi ng nb | i pes ce | AES ata ail ret Cubic, nat! hohe j REGU EL Bs 1) 9 ee riba onse vanes r Loan aan F\ia bay Ue links ans sid Aes were si sd c ‘ae oe f ‘ay i} ' Pate, he GAT eae he Aa a ah i x. ue mf Lrg vane iy SAU LU REY ATTEN. ARS, CS |S ate Ss i Abie Lye OA RL Oe C9 ET RN tte? oA la aii ik * \ ‘ / s - . ee y ‘ a bah Pe rk ue ie Ok rte a i uh a \ j eed va m F \ ; . i , ? < i \ : { ‘ nt f ; , ~ ND vine ' 4 . ; Ls A ore ay , ' } “ 5 ‘ Risch f ‘ ; Ba eal 4 eo What & OER Wy mee ee ee, Car Spe (C) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The following is a list of the principal publications of the Entomol- ogist during the year 1896— thirty-eight are named — giving title, place and time of publication, and a summary of contents. On the Girdling of the Elm Twigs by the Larve of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results. (American Naturalist, xxx, January, 1396, pp. 74~ 75—17 cm.) | Its annual depredations in Albany; a new form of attack noticed in 1883, viz., girdling of the tips of the twigs; cause of the girdling; the girdling operations of a second brood of the Orgyia in August, 1895; a second brood not previously recorded in Albany; a feature shown in the twigs girdled by this brood; no similar girdling seen on any other of the Orgyia food-plants. [Republished in pages 124-126 of the Eleventh Report.| Wire-Worms in Corn. (Country Gentleman, for February 20, 1896, 1x1, p. 144, c. 1—18 cm.) Wire-worms reported as injuring corn seriously at Mullica Hill, N. J., the previous year. Buckwheat and. mustard crops as preventives of wire-worms. Kainit possibly a remedy, although it gave unsatisfactory results at Cornell University. Baits of poisoned clover for the beetles recommended ; midsummer plowing for destroying pupal cells and their occupants ; rotation of crops; keeping fields in sod but a year or two at a time; thorough cultivation in autumn. A Solution for Killing Worms. (Gardening, for March 15, 1896, iv, p. 199, C. 2—5 cm.) . | Replying to an inquiry of a solution for killing worms, grubs, etc., in potted plants and on benches of greenhouses, several are named, as pyrethrum water (44 ounce to two gallons of water), quassia water, to- bacco water, mustard water, and lime water. Vegetable solutions would be less liable to injure the roots of the plants. The Apple Maggot, Zxypeta pomonella, (Gardening, for April 1, 1896, IV, p: 218, Clg. 2.3) '21'cm\) _ The insect is stated to ruin annually in Western Massachusetts the fruit of several varieties of apples; inquiry is made of remedies. Reply is given that preventive measures must be mainly relied on. The parent insect flies from early July until frost,—the females 348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM depositing their three to four hundred eggs singly beneath the skin on all parts of the apple. The eggs hatch in four or five days; mining habits of larve; they naturally pupate under ground. Destroying fallen fruit at once, using decoy trees for receiving the eggs, compact- ing the soil beneath trees or stirring it frequently, is recommended. Apple Maggot. (Country Gentleman, for April 2, 1896, 1xi, p. 270, c. 3 — 13 cm.) It is reported as doing much damage to young apples in Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin; spraying is proposed. In reply, it is stated, that arsenites are of no value against this insect [| Zrypeta pomonella|; a good coating of the fruit with the Bordeaux mixture might prevent oviposition. General failure of the crop would probably reduce the numbers of the fly the following year, as it.is sluggish and would _ hardly fly far. It can also breed in wild haws and crab apples. Best remedies: destruction of fallen fruit and using decoy trees. Arsenical spraying should not be neglected because of comparative exemption from insect attack. The Cheese Skipper. (Country Gentleman, for April 9, 1896, lxi, p. 293, c. 2—28 cm.) : In response to inquiry, the meat-skipper is identified as the one found in cheese, viz., Liophila casei (Linn.). The perfect fly hibernates, appearing in warm weather in spring to oviposit; duration of stages. - Long known only in cheese; in recent years infesting meat; losses caused in packing houses. Skippers reported from Moorefield, W. Va., on salted meat in January. Remedies: storing these products in darkness; excluding the flies. The work of the skippers does not produce ill odors or putresence. [Extended in pp. 229-234 of this Report (xii).] Scale Insects. (Gardening, for April 15, 1896, iv, p. 234, Cc. 1 —14 cm.) Scales on apple trees from Milwaukee, Mich., are identified as Mytilaspis pomorum and Chionaspis furfurus. Remedies are, cutting down when badly infested ; for moderate attacks spray with kerosene emulsion reduced with nine, parts of water when the young insects appear, or else from the middle to the end of May, for the latitude of Michigan. The Southern Corn-Root Worm. (Country Gentleman, for April 30 T3960, Xt, P, 453,\COls.(c, 4 —-~40 ain.) “Bud-worms” which had nearly destroyed a field of corn in Fauquier Co., Va., are “ the twelve-spotted Diabrotica,” D. 12-punctata (Oliv.). The closely allied northern corn-root worm, Diaérotica longi- cornis (Say), is more destructive in the Northern States. Characters of the two species are given. ‘The southern beetle is sometimes com- mon North, and is a well-known pest of squashes, melons and cucumbers. ‘The larve attack the corn just beneath the surface and cause wilting of the central leaf. Infested fields should not be replanted. No effective remedy is known. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 349 Thousand-Legged Worms Infesting Greenhouses. (Gardening, for May Tt, £896) 1V, pp. 251, 252, cols. 2, 3, 1— 47 cm.) Thousand-legged worms are reported as abounding in greenhouses at Kansas City, Mo., and not controlable by ordinary applications. From examples sent, the Myriapod is briefly described and identified as one of the flattened millepeds near to Polydesmus complanatus of Europe, which has not been recognized in this country. /olydesmus Canadensis is probably the species found to be so injurious by Dr. Fitch in this country. Many of the Myriapods feed only on decaying vegetable matter. Soot is said to drive them away. Kerosene ora strong kerosene emulsion will kill them; pyrethrum and _ hellebore might be tried. Baiting with chips, slices of carrots, ete., recom- mended. Removal of the manure in the house in which they may have bred is advised. [Extended in pp. 300-303 of this Report (xil).] A Handbook of British Lepidoptera. By Edward Meyrick. (The Nation, lxii, May 14, 1896, p. 385, cols. 2, 3—33 cm.) In a review of the above work, its comprehensiveness, completeness, and general excellence is commended. It contains descriptive text of 2061 species. Analytical keys for the determination of the higher groups so complete have rarely if ever been given Its new system of classification is noticed, based on the author’s study for years, of the Lepidoptera of the World. The system is so revolutionary as to be almost startling, but it is presented as a natural one, as based on re- semblances resulting from traced community of descent. It is in accordance with the views advanced in Darwin’s ‘“ Origin of Species,” and has apparently been so carefully elaborated that in all probability it will have to be generally accepted by American Systematists. From .the intimate relationship of the Lepidoptera of Great Britain and of the United States, the volume will be almost indispensable to American Students of Lepidopterology. Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for May 14, 1896, Ixi, p. 386, c. 3—6 cm.) Examples sent with inquiry from Gaylordsville, Conn., taken on an attic window, are identified as Galerucella xanthomelena, now G. futeola. ‘They had doubtless just wakened from their winter’s sleep in the attic and when found were seeking to escape to the elm for feed- ing and subsequent oviposition. The Harlequin Cabbage Bug. (Gardening, for May 15, 1896, iv, p. 266, cols, 2, 3—26 cm.) Insects destructive to cabbage and cauliflower in Tracy City, Tenn., are the harlequin cabbage bug, W/urgantia histrionica. Its northward spread from Mexico is noticed, also its habits, and method of destroy- ing it by drawing the early insects to mustard, cabbage stumps and \ sprouts for convenient killing, and by crushing the eggs. 350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | A Plum Mite. (Country Gentleman, for May 21, 1896, lxi, p. 406,. c. 2—16 cm.) Leaves of a Chickasaw plum from Muncy, Pa., are deformed with — galls showing on both surfaces of the leaf, produced by a gallmite which is seen under a powerful glass. Judging from the character ot the gall, it is identical with that of Phytoptus pruni Amerl., which has not been previously detected in this country. For the destruction ot the mite, hand-picking and burning the infested leaves early in the season, and winter spraying with kerosene emulsion are recommended. [See page 318 of this Report (xii).] The “Fire Worm.” (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1896, Ixi, p. 431, CON Spin aaa Coa) The canker-worm, Aznzsopleryx vernata (Peck), is defoliating orchards in Amenia, N. Y., where it has previously been abundant. It is prov- ing quite resistant to Paris green, and one pound of the green to 100 gallons of water has been required for killing it. Its habit of dropping from the foliage and being carried on its thread by the wind to other trees-is noticed. It is known in Amenia, as the ‘fire worm,” as the trees after the infestation, look as if they had been swept by fire. [See pages 311-312 of this Report (xi).] On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larve of Orgyia leucostigma and its Results. (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science — Forty-fourth meeting, held at Springfield, Mass., August-September, 1895. May, 1896, p. 156— 5 cm.) A brief abstract of the paper under the above title was published in the American Naturalist for January, 1896. See page 347 of this Report. Fruit Tree Aphides. (Country Gentleman, for June 11, 1896, Ixi, p. 466, Cols. 3, 4-12 em.) Some black aphides on cherry from East Hartford, N. Y., are iden- tified as the cherry-tree aphis, J/yzus cerast (Fabr.), and the green ones on plum as Aphis prunifolie Fitch. The former is a common and widely distributed pest, while the latter is much less so. Spraying the plant-lice with whale-oil soap solution or strong tobacco water on their first appearance is effective. After the leaves curl, the spray is not effective. The Syrphid larve found preying on the aphides would probably soon destroy them all. [Kill the Larvee of the Elm-leaf Beetle.] (Albany Evening Journal, for June 24, 1896, p. 4, Cc. 4—16 cm.) The larvee of the first brood are now descending for pupation, and by killing them with hot water or kerosene, the ravages of the second brood may be largely prevented. ‘This method is simple, while general spraying is impracticable. Infested trees—confined almost entirely to European elms, are indicated by small spots on sidewalks ordinarily REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 351 left by the larve trodden under foot. The American elm in Albany is so far exempt from attack. [Extended in pages 253-264 of this Report (xii).] [Report on the Work of the Gypsy Moth Committee after an Examin- ation made in June, 1893.] (The Gypsy Moth, /orthetria dispar (Linn.)— A Report of the Work by E. H. Forbush & C. H. Fernald [June], 1896, Appendix D, pp. xxxil—xxxv). The%pages cited contain (in part) a report made by the N. Y. State Entomologist, following an examination, at the request of the Com- mittee, of their operations. As the result of the examination of the field and office work, and at the Insectary, nothing was found to criti-. cise. Liberal appropriations by the State Legislature ‘and a continu- ance of the work of the Committee were recommended. Two suggestions were offered, viz.; that the entire service of the Entomol- ogist, Prof. Fernald, be secured, if possible, and that the cultivation of parasites be entered upon and vigorously prosecuted, somewhat on the plan of which an outlire is given. Possibly by this means only, can extermination of the moth be effected. The Elm-tree Beetle in Albany (Albany Express, for July 1, 1896.) Gives the progress of the insect up the valley of the Hudson river since its appearance at Newburg, N. Y., in 1879, until its invasion of Albany in 1892; also, its slow spread in Albany and best methods for its destruction. Rose Bugs. (Gardening, for July 1, 1896, iv, p. 311, c. 2 —11 cm.) A correspondent, Mrs. Chrisman, states that rose-bugs may usually be traced to a hatching ground, where they could be killed by the application of a few sacks of salt. The editor requests comment on the above. It is given to the effect that the correspondent has un- doubtedly been successful in tracing the rose-bugs in her neighborhood to a common hatching ground in a swamp, and draining the locality is suggested as a remedy for the continued breeding. Salt, as suggested, may prove effectual, and it would be well to experiment with it. Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York for the Year 1894. Albany, 1895. [Issued July 8, 1896.] Pages 297, plates 4, figures 24. (Forty-eighth Report on the New York State Museum, for the year 1894. Albany, 1895, pp. 297, plates 4, figs. 24.) The contents are: TRANSMITTAL. INJURIOUS INSECTS, etc.: Ants on Fruit-Trees. Derostenus 5p? Operations against the Gypsy- Moth in Massachusetts. Gortyna immanis, the Hop Vine Grub. Gortyna cata- phracta, as a Raspberry-cane borer. Collections in the Adirondack Mountains in 1893. Sitotroga cerealella, the Grain-Moth. Diplosis pyrivora, the Pear-Midge. Noteson Sciara. Sciara coprophila, the Manure-Fly.. Sciara caldaria, the Greenhouse Sciara. Phora agarici, 352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Mushroom Phora. Agrilus ruficollis, the Gouty-Gall Beetle. Anomala lucicola, the Light-loving Grapevine Beetle. Anomala mar- ginata, the Margined Anomala. Diabrotica vittata, the Striped Cucumber Beetle. Dibolia borealis, a Plantain-Leaf Miner. Otiorhyn- chus ovatus, the Ovate Snout- Beetle. Conotrachelus crategi, the Quince Curculio. The Seventeen-Year Locust in the State of New York in 1894. Psylla pyricola, the Pear-Tree Psylla. Remarkable abundance of Aphides or Plant-Lice in 1893. Are Aphides Eaten by Spiders? Pentatoma junipetina, the Juniper Plant-Bug. Leptocoris trivittatus, the Box-elder Plant-Bug. The Grasshopper Plague in Western New York. Julus ceruleocinctus, with Associated Potato- Scab. Mites Attacking Mushrooms. Mites Infesting Potatoes. Tyroglyphus Lintneri, a Mushroom-Infesting Mite. Phytoptus pyri, the Pear-Leaf Blister-Mite. AppENDIx. (A) THE ScoRPION-FLIES ; PANORPA RUFESCENS; BiTTACcUS sTRIGOoSUS. (B) List oF DaTEs OF COLLECTIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA). (C) List oF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (D) ENTOMOLOGICAL PUB- LICATIONS OF J. A. LINTNER, 1862-1869. (E) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1893.| (F) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DFEPART- MENT IN 1894. (G) CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS NOTICED IN REPORTS I-X. (H) Errata (ADDITIONAL) IN PRECEDING REporRTS. INDEX TO Reports I-X. The Army Worm Invasion. (The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], for July 8, 1896, p. 8, c. 328 em.; the same, in part, in New York Recorder, for July 15, 189618 cm.; Country Gentleman, ‘for July 16, 1896, 1xi, p. 552, Cc. I--24 cm.; Rome Sentinel, for July 17, 1896-12 cm.; Circu- lar of the Department of Agriculture of the State of New York.) The army-worm appears in Washington County, N. Y., the first week in July, and in other localities near Albany, in immense numbers and quite injurious. Crushing them and ditching to arrest their pro- gress is recommended, also spraying narrow strips in advance of their march with Paris green. Its injuries will soon cease. None of its parasites seen as yet. [Extended in pages 190-214 of this Report (xii). | Wire Worm. (Country Gentleman, for July 9, 1896, 1xi, p. 540, cols. 1, 2-13 cm.) Examples sent from Hackettstown, N. J., where they have been quite injurious to corn, are identified as wire-worms and their gener- al characters given. No entirely effective remedy for them has been found. Kainit is said to be a remedy. Salt is of doubtful value. Plowing in the autumn and attracting to baits recommended. The Army Worm Invasion. (New Vork Daily Tribune, for Saturday, July 18, 1896—57 cm.) The presence of the army worm [Zeucania unipuncia] in eastern New York. The caterpillars unusually abundant and destructive. Lime, plaster, rolling the ground, ditching, etc., recommended. No REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 353 ow parasites observed. Favoring meteorological conditions responsible for their immense numbers. Not likely to be so numerous another year, [Extended in pages 190-214 of this Report (xi1).] Tent Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, 1x1, p. 571, c. 4—5 cm.) Anexample of a moth occurring in great numbers sent for identifica- tion from Baltimore, Md., was the apple-tree tent-caterpillar [ C/szo- campa Americana|. Some particulars relating to the cocoon and the moth were given in reply. The Army Worm. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1896, Ixi, p. 574, COS; 2,422) cm) The caterpillars were reported in the last week of June. The week following, many had nearly attained their growth and were destroying grains and grasses in most of the southeastern counties of the State. Ditching, rolling, spraying infested strips with Paris green, and appli- cations of air-slacked lime, plaster, or even road dust, recommended. - The most serious injury has already been committed. The moth, Lew- cania unipuncta, isnot uncommon. The unusual abundance of the in- sect this year is due to meteorological conditions which may not pre- vail the coming year. [Extended in pages 190-2 14 of this Report (xii). ] Cut-Worms and Borers. (Country Gentleman, for July 30, 1896, 1xi, p. 591, cols. 1, 2-22 cm.) In response to inquiry from Montclair, N. J., for remedies for cut- worms and borers it is stated that the feeding and other habits of cut- worms are so various that no one general remedy can be given. Fresh clover sprinkled with Paris green water and laid in loose bunches between the rows, or cabbage or turnip leaves treated in a simi- lar manner, have been found quite effective. Bran mash poisoned with arsenic might be used in the same manner. Digging out the cut-worms is sure and not very laborious. The soft-soap carbolic acid wash poisoned with Paris green is recommended for borers. Common whitewash is believed to be a preventive by many. More About the Army Worm. (Country Gentleman, for August 6, 1896, Ixi, p, 606, cols. 1, 2 — 52 cm.) The army worm [Zeucanta unipuncta|, reported as injurious on many farms at Orchard Home, N. Y. Ditching was quite effective and it was found that plowing a furrow and returning in it, gave good results. Holes, 10 or 15 inches deep at intervals in the furrows, proved efficient. The wheat bran mash reported effective, the worms descending from the corn to eat it. In reply, the precautions taken are commended, though deeper holes are preferable. The dead worms observed on the ground may have been killed by ground beetles, Caradide, or by parasitic flies 24 354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nemorea leucanie | Winthemia 4-pustulata]. When and where the eggs are laid and other items of life-history. [Extended in pages 190-214 of this Report (xii).] Snapping Bugs. (Country Gentleman, for August 6, 1896, lxi, p. 610, c. 2 ols) In response to an inquiry from Beaver Creek, Col., it is stated, that it has been found serviceable to attract click-beetles, or snapping-bugs to poisoned baits, from May to August inclusive. The exact time for continuance of the baits to be ascertained by the number of beetles drawn to them. Freshly cut clover, dipped in Paris green water, is perhaps, the best bait. A corn or bran mash sweetened with sugar and containing arsenic should be effective. Blister Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for August 13, 1896, lxi, p. 624, Cc. 3—12 cm.) Insects sent from Madison, N. J., where they had been feeding on beets and mangels, are of two species. The black one, with a narrow ash-colored margin on the wing covers, is the ‘‘margined blister beetle,” pzcauta cinerea (Forst.), a common and destructive species at times, feeding on potato and tomato leaves; seldom continuing longer than a week. ‘The other, ‘the striped blister-beetle,” Zpzcauta vittata (Fabr.), is especially destructive to potatoes and is a more southern form. Lime or plaster of Paris are remedies. ‘The larve of these beetles, destroy grasshopper eggs and are therefore beneficial. Willow Butterfly. (Country Gentleman, for August 27, 1896, lxi, p. 666, cols. °1/12=notem.) | | Caterpillars, identified as Vanessa Antiopa, are stated to have rav- aged trees on the bar [at Whitehall, N. Y.], next the Lake, to an extent that caused them to look as if dead. Their occurrence in such destructive numbers is quite unusual. Caterpillars and Parasites. (Country Gentleman, for August 27, 1896, Ixi, p. 670, cols. 1, 2 — 21 cm.) A half-grown larva of Ampelophaga Myron (Cramer), from a wood- bine at Port Kent, N. Y., is nearly covered with the cocoons of its common parasite, Apanteles congregatus. ‘The history of the parasite is given, and also of a secondary parasitic attack by a Chalcid on Apanteles. The Oak Pruner. (Country Gentleman, for September 3, 1896, 1xi, p. 682, c. 4—6 cm.) The small limbs of some hard maple trees at Baltimore, Md., are cut off by some insect, as clean, as though witha knife. The attack is identified, as, in all probability, that of the oak pruner, Zlaphidion parallelum Newm. ‘The insect may be kept in check by collecting the fallen branches and burning them, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 355 The Beech-Tree Blight. (Country Gentleman, for September ro, 1896, ixt)p.1705,,¢: 4 —- 20) em.) Beech leaves from Scarsdale, N. Y., are thickly infested with Schizoneura imbricator (Fitch). The enveloping white substance is noticed, and the honey-dew which it secretes. As the insect 1s difficult to reach with insecticides, crushing the collected masses is recommended. Elm-Tree Borer. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1896, 1x1, p. WA\O,. C..b—— 14yieMs) . A borer, infesting elm-trees in Peoria, IIl., is identified from the account given of it, as the elm-tree borer, Saferda tridentata Olivier. The best remedies for it are these: 1. Removing the dead bark over the infested portion until the insects are reached, and applying kerosene emulsion to kill them. 2. Preventing egg-laying by coating the portion of the trunk threatened with a repellant coating in which Paris green and carbolic acid are mixed. [Extended in pp. 243-248 of this Report (xi1).] The Cecropia Moth. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1896, Ixi, p. 746, c. 2—9 cm.) A supposed vegetable growth on a grapevine, from Auburn, N. Y., is the cocoon of Atacus Cecropia. Features of the cocoon are given from which it may be recognized. Imported Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1896, Ixi, ps 74.6,.¢. 3.22 cm.) In commenting on a statement of the recent arrival at Seattle, Wash., of'a steamship from Japan, with some Japanese plants badly infested with a destructive scale-insect, the importance is urged of such quarantine regulations at that port as shall prevent the introduction of the scale insects of Japan, and also at other of our ports where plants and fruits are largely imported. The particular scale referred to above, Draspis lanatus, has been in the United States for at least four years, having probably been introduced from the West Indian Islands, and is now in Florida, Georgia, and District of Columbia on peach trees. How destructive it may prove, remains to be seen. 3 Pea Bugs. (Country Gentleman, for October 1, 1896. lxi, p. 763, cols. 34-12, €ms) In reply to inquiry from Baiting Hollow, L. I., the life-history of the pea-weevil, Bruchus pisorum is given, and for killing the insect, chloroform or bisulphide of carbon are recommended. Rose-Leaf Hopper. (Country Gentleman, for October 1, 1896, Ixi, p. 763, C..4—-10. cm.) A remedy is asked for from Port Kent, N. Y., for “‘ a small white fly infesting rose-bushes.” It is probably “the rose-leaf hopper,” Zyphlo- 356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cyba rose (Harris), and for destroying it, the following are recom- mended: whale-oil soap, tobacco water (made after formula given), pyrethrum powder mixed with flour, and astrong stream from a garden hose of cold water. The last, if used on the young larve, is a simple and effective remedy. The Wheat Wire Worm. (Country Gentleman, for October 22, 1896, Ixi,’p. 826). 1-27 em.) Agriotes mancus (Say) was received from Torresdale, Pa., as having ruined potato crops. Features of wire-worms ; the difficulty in dealing with them, and their life-period. Kainit or other potash salts are recommended for their destruction, also baits of poisoned clover for the beetles, and late plowing for crushing the pupe. Apple-Tree Borers. (Country Gentleman, for December 10, 1896, 1xi, P- 949, cols. 2, 336 cm.) The borers that are infesting old trees which always drop shite fruit before ripening, in Pittsburg, Pa., are probably the round-headed and flat-headed borers, Saferda candida Fabr. and Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.). The trees may possibly be saved by proper fertilizers and prevention of further attack. A soft soap and carbolic acid wash ap- plied the last of May and renewed whenever needed, is a good pre- ventive of egg deposit. The ‘Saunders Wash” of soft soap and washing soda, is highly esteemed in Canada. ‘“ Dendrolene” may not as yet be recommended for general use. Remedies, are cutting out or crushing the borers after the methods stated. For protection of young trees wrap bands of cloth or folds of newspaper around the base of the trees for a foot or more, Notes on Some of the Insects of the Year in the State of New York. (Bulletin 6, New Ser., Divis. Entomol., U. S. Dept. Agricul., 1896 pp: 54-61.) . The year has been characterized by the unusual harmlessness of a number of common insect pests, and the remarkable scarcity of insect life with a few exceptions. Notes on the following insects are given: Leucania unipuncta, Leucania albilinea, Anisopteryx vernata, Cacecia rosaceana, Volophana malana, Cecidomyiid larva on choke-cherry, Euphoria Inda, Elaphidion villosum, Crioceris asparugi, Macrobasis unicolor, Chinch-bug, Aspidiotus perniciosus, Kermes galliformis, and Gossyparta ulmi. [See pages 307-318 of this Report (xii). ] Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York for the Year 1895. Albany, 1896. [Issued January 21, 1897.] Pages 238, plates 16, figures 25.. (Forty-ninth Report on the New York State Museum, for the Year 1895. Albany, 1897 [issued in Octo- | per, 1897], pp. 245, plates 16, figures 25.) The contents are: INTRODUCTORY. INjJURIOUS INSECTS: Mono- morium Pharaonis, the Little Red Ant. Ants in a Lawn. On REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 357 Arsenical Spraying of Fruit Trees while in Blossom. On the Girdling or Elm Twigs by Orgyialeucostigma. Eudioptis nitidalis, the Pickle Cater- pillar. Eudioptis hyalinata, the Melon Caterpillar. Pyrausta futilalis, a Dogbane Caterpillar. Mecyna reversalis, the Genista Caterpillar. Pyralis costalis, the Clover-Hay Caterpillar. . Grapholitha inter- stinctana, the Clover-seed Caterpillar. Antispila nysszefoliella, the Sour Gum-tree Case-Cutter. Tischeria malifoliella, the Apple Leaf Miner. Cecidomyia betulz, the Birch-tree Midge. Diplosis cucu- meris, the Melon-vine Midge. Diplosis setigera, the Hairy Melon- vine Midge. Anthomyia sp., ? the Raspberry-cane Maggot. An- threnus scrophulariz, the Carpet-Beetle. Pyrophorus noctilucus, the Cucuyo. Crioceris asparagi, the Asparagus Beetle. Lina scripta, the Cottonwood-leaf Beetle. Galerucella luteola, the Elm-leaf Beetle in Albany. Galerucella cavicollis, a Cherry-leaf Beetle. Blissus leucopterus, the Chinch-bug. The San José Scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus], and Other Destructive Scale Insects of New York. Myrmeleon sp. ?, the Ant Lion. Thrips tabaci,the Onion Thrips. Schoturus nivicola, the Snow Flea. Achorutes diversiceps. Tyro- glyphus heteromorphus, a Carnation Mite. AppreNnprix. (A) List oF InjJuR1IoUuS APPLE-TREE INSECTS. (B) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (C) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1895. (D) CrassiFrieD List oF INSEcTS, ETc., NOTICED IN THIS REPORT. ({E) EXPLANATIONS OF PLaTEs. INDEX. a ew a wens pe) ee eke ie we ; a eG me a rls wy ia ae mer AaPtia tt fae Hes nie oH ep . te ve ees Ta “Pees ‘gale lbs te fie deal ty: ue iH ane we Ne St ey RMON eee cls tron ne neh eee haa Bee bs ee ECaee a ae gihe 5 eee ae va aes BS hi , a 5 ii i. ay hel» ae v2 wy iD ee et : ei) Page Poo) aw * ] avi te . (D) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1896. HYMENOPTERA. Saw-fly larve, ylotoma pectoralis Leach, feeding on birch, August | 12th. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Larve of the pear-tree slug, H7iocampa cerast (Peck), August 18th. From R. W. STRICKLAND, Albion, N. Y. Larvee of the willow apple gall saw-fly, Zontania pomum (Walsh), from Delmar, N. Y., August roth. From Prof. C. H. PEcx, Menands, N. Y. Tenthredo rufopectus (Norton), imago, May 25th from currant twig. From THomas TupPer, Corning, N. Y. The lunated long-sting, Zhalessa lunator (Fabr.), June 4th. From FRANK UNGER, Albany, N. Y. 3 Bracon sp. From Mrs. E. C. AnrHony, Gouverneur, N. Y. A Chalcid, Brucophagus sp., fromthe fungus Leridermium cerebrum on Pinus teda from Auburn, Ala. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands. New: The large digger-wasp, Sphecius speciosus (Drury), from a lawn, August 16th. From James Rreyno.ps, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. A leaf-cutter bee, Megachile montivaga Cress.; Pelopeus cementarius (Drury), Chalybton ceruleum (Drury), and TZrypoxylon politum Say. From Mrs E. B. SmirH, Coeymans, N. Y. LEPIDOPTERA. Larve of Vanessa Antiopa (Linn.), devastating willows, June rrth. From C. T. Haw ey, Jr., Cambridge, N. Y. Larva of Zhyreus Abbott Swainson, July 7th; larva of Detlephila cham- @neriu Harris, var., from Gnothera biennis, October 20th. From Mrs E. B. SmitH, Coeymans, N. Y. Larva of Ampelophaga Myron (Cramer), parasitized by Afpazieles congregatus, and these, in turn, by a Chalcid, August 16th. From Mrs. D. D. KELLoc, Port Keat, N. Y. The same, in the same double parasi- tism, August 22d, from Mrs. E. C. ANTHONY, Gouverneur, N. Y. Larva of Ceratomia Amyntor (Hiibn.), August 21st. From F. J- Riccs, Albany, N. Y. 360 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lypoprepia fucosa Hiibn., August 8th. From Mrs, K. E. TURNBULL, Tannersville, N. Y. Larve (10) of Empretia stimulea Clemens, August 7th, on a leaf of garden cherry. From Dr. S. A. RussELL, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. The same, 7 examples on cherry, August 31st, from J. F. Ropinson, Mid- dletown, N. Y. Egg-belt of Clistocampa Americana Harris, June 17th, of the present year. - From J. S. Wuircoms, West Somerset, N. Y. The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (Fabr.), June 5th. From A.. H. STRATTON, Arlington, N. J. Lacles imperiaus (Drury). From Mrs, E. C. AntrHony, Gouverneur, Nays fHarrisimemna trisignata Walker, and Agrotis subgothica Haworth, Sept. 30th. From Mrs. E. B. Smiru, Coeymans, N. Y. The army-worm, Leucania unipuncta (Haworth), July ist, from J. N. McHarc, Albany, N. Y. The same, July 2d, from S. E. SpaLpING, Cambridge, N. Y. The same, July 6th, taken at Wemple, N. Y., from Hon. J. S. Baitey, Albany, N.Y. The same, September 25th and Octo- ber 2d, from H. S. AMBLER, Chatham, N. Y. Xylina Bethunet Gr.-Rob., Sept. 30th. From Mrs. E. B. Smiru, Coey- mans, N.. Y. Young apples eaten into by the larvee of Cacecia rosaceana (Harris), with examples of the larvee, May 27th. From W. A. LaFrLer, Albion, Ni. Examples of the currant span-worm, Zujfitchia ribearia (Fitch), feed- ing destructively on gooseberries, June 5th. From Lyman H. Hoysrapt, Pine Plains, N. Y. _ The spring canker-worm, Anisopteryx vernata (Peck), May 21st. From E. J. Preston, Amenia, N. Y. Liphestia interpunctella Zeller, the larvee in samp, split peas, ‘‘ wheat germ meal and wheatlet,”’ September 4th. From MeEtvit Dewey, Albany, N. Y. é‘ Pears infested with the apple-worm, Cargocapsa pomonella (L.inn.). From Prof. C. H. Peck, Albany, N. Y. The apple-tree case-bearer Coleophora Fletcherella Fernald; the apple- leaf Bucculatrix, Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens, in the pupal stage on apple twigs, September 15th. From W. A. THacker, Walcott, Wayne county, N. Y. Larvee of the willow-apple Tineid, Batrachedra salicipomonella Clemens, feeding within the galls of Pontania pomum (Walsh), August rgth, at Delmar, N.Y. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Albany, N.Y. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 261 DIPTERA. The dog-flea, Pulex serraticeps Gerv. From EARL S. CRANNEL, Albany, N. Y. Larve of Cecidomyia sp. in galled choke-cherries, May 28th, from Bethleham, N. Y. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. The pear-midge, Dzplosis pyrivora Riley. From Dr. J. B. SMITH, New Brunswick, N. J. Examples of Sczara multiseta Felt reared from mushrooms, S. pauciseta Felt from potatoes, and S. fulvicauda Felt from decaying blackberry roots; and of Phora abidihalteris Felt from mushrooms. From Dr. J. B. Smi1TH, New Brunswick, N. J. Chrysops sp. near nigra, Scenopinus fenestralis (Linn.), and follenia rudis (Fabr.). From Mrs. E. B. Smrru, Coeymans, N. Y. Larve of Anthomyia sp., mining beet leaves, June 16th. From C. W. SEELYE, Rochester, N. Y. . Larve and pupa of Meromyza Americana Fitch, from stalks of wheat, quite destructive in Altdorf, Wisc., June 24th. From E. S. Gorr, Madi- son, Wisc. Larve of a Phorid (?), infesting, in association with coleopterous larve, the fungus, C&tocybe wlludens, October 1st; also, numerous dipterous larve and imagoes from mushrooms, Sept. 29th. From C. H. PErck, Menands, N. Y. | COLEOPTERA. Calosoma scrutator (Fabr.), September 4th. From G. R. HOWELL, Albany, N. Y. Calosoma calidum (Fabr.), Silpha Surinamensis (Fabr.), Chalcophora Virginiensis (Drury), Dicerca divaricata Say, Aphodius sp., Osmoderma scabra (Beauv.), Monohammus confusor (Kirby). From Mrs, E. C. ANTHONY, Gouverneur, N. Y. Coccinella 9-notata Hiibn., Alaus oculatus (Linn.), Lpicauta cinerea (Forst.) From Mrs. E. B. Smiru, Coeymans, N. Y. The twice-stabbed lady-bird, Chzlocorus bivulnerus Muls., from moun- tain ash, June rst. From A. H. Stratton, Arlington, N. J. Silvanus Surinamensis (Linn.), in wheat flour, August 22d. From F. J. Riccs, Albany, N. Y. The same in samp, split-peas, flour, raisins, and dried currants, from Metvit Dewey, Albany, N. Y. The same in “Cerealine,” from F. J. Rices, Albany, N. Y. Wireworms, Zéateride, from roots of corn. From C. W. SARGENT, Hackettstown, N. J. 362 NEW ,YORK STATE MUSEUM The Pennsylvania soldier beetle, Chaulognathus FPennsylvanicus (DeGeer), Sept. 30th. From Mrs. E. B. Smitu, Coeymans, N. Y. Tenebrioides Mauritanica (Linn), from Miss M. SreymMour, Albany. N.Y. Living examples of the cucuyo Pyrophorus noctilucus (Linn), June 17th, from the Island of San Domingo, W. I. From Mrs. EpmMunp H. SmirH, Albany, N. Y. Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say), taken while boring into a species of “‘ African tamarisk,” May 25th. From V. H. Lowe, N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Lucanus dama Thunb., June roth. From R. H. SuHreve, Albany, NEY: The rose-bug, Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.), June roth, on apple. From Mrs. M. B. WEtcH, South Butler, N. Y. felidnota punctata (Linn.). From F. J. Riccs, Albany, N. Y. Larve (10) of Euphoria Inda (Linn.), from chip manure. From Prof. C. H. Pecx, Albany, N. Y. The same, imago, injuring pears September oth. From JAMEes HEnpricks, Albany, N. Y. . Elaphidion parallelum Newm., June 2d,in apple branches. From J. A. Houck, Albany, N. Y. Pruned twigs of the same, of Norway maple (many) and of pig-nut hickory (one), August 23d. From Gerorce T. Lyman, Bellport, Suffolk Co., N. Y. The maple-tree borer, Plagionotus speciosus (Say), June 29th. From A. P. WittiAMs, Mannsville, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Crioceris asparagi (Linn.), in eggs, larve, and imagoes, June 2d. From A. P. Casg, Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y. Chlamys plicata (Fabr.), in eggs and larve, on hickory, May 23d. From W. R. Watton, Middletown, N. Y. Bruchus obtectus Say, February 14th. From G. M. PaTTEN, Pough- keepsie, N. Y. : The ash-gray blister-beetle, JZacrobasis unicolor (Kirby), June roth, feeding on the honey locust. From M. T. Richardson, New York City. The same, from potatoes, June 25th, from , Factory- ville, N.Y. Tribolium confusum Duval and Calandra granaria (Linn.), August 18th, infesting graham flour. From F. J. Riccs, Albany, N. Y. | Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. (7 examples), August 13th, boring into apple and peach trees. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Albany, N. Y. / a REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 363, HEMIPTERA. The harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia fistrionica (Hahn.), from cauliflower, April 23d. From E. A. Natuurst, Tracy City, Tenn. Lygus pratensis (Linn.), from potatoes, June 22d. From D. F. Harris, Adams, N. Y. The four-lined leaf-bug, Pecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.). From Miss L. F. CLaRKE, Canandaigua, N. Y. The dog-day Cicada, Cicada tibicen Linn., July 31st and August 18th. From FP. J. Riccs, Albany, N. Y. Lyphlocyba vitis (Harris), from grape, September 4th. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Albany, N. Y. Pemphigus imbricator (Fitch), on beach, August 31st. From D. J. GaRTH, Scarsdale, N. Y. Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., June 4th. From J. B. WasHpurn, Albany Ca.; Nssve Kermes galliformis Riley, from scrub oak, containing in December, pup of Luclemensia Bassettella (Clemens). From W. R. Watton, Middletown, N. Y. Lecanium sp., thickly encrusting a maple twig, May 13th. From SELWYN A. RussEL1, M. D., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Lecanium sp. on Prunus IE. May 26th. From LEeEwyLien DE- FREEST, DeFreestville, Rensselaer Co., N. Y. The San José scale, Aspzdiotus perniciosus Coms. on pear, from T. C. Royce, Middletown, N. Y. The same, Nov. 28th, on apple, from Dr. EDWARD Moores, Loudonville, N. Y. | ORTHOPTERA. The mole cricket, Gryllotalpa borealis (Burm.), Sept. 28th. From J. W. Baver, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Ceuthophilus maculatus (Harris), Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harris), Amb/y- corypha oblongifolia (De Geer), and Diapheromera femorata (Say). From Mrs. E. B. SMITH, Coeymans, N. Y. ; Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer). From Mrs. E. C. ANTHONY, Gouverneur, N. Y. Leriplaneta Australasie (Fabr.). From Ernest F. Irvin, Sinclair- ville. Nov. feriplaneta orientalis (Linn.), From Sitas W. Burt, New York City. 364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NEUROPTERA. Lipieschna heros (Fabr.), June goth. From Mr. Kine, Fort Edward, Nwvy. | Gomphus adelphus Selys, Sept. 30th. From Mrs. E. B. Smitu, Coey- mans, N. Y. Numerous examples of a Psocid occurring in oat refuse, September 2oth. From H.S. AmBier, Chatham, N. Y. MyRIAPODA. ? Folydesmus falcatus Lintn. infesting greenhouses, February rato From J. G. CAMPBELL, Kansas City, Mo. Cermatia forceps Raf., June roth, in the Capitol. From L. M. LEE, Albany, N. Y. (E) CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS, ETC., NOTICED IN THIS REPORT. HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredo rufopectus (Vorfon), the red-breasted Tenthredo. Tremex columba (Zzz7.), the pigeon Tremex. Ophion purgatum Say, the purged Ophion. Thalessa lunator (/aér.), the lunate long-sting. Apanteles militaris (Wa/sh), the military Apanteles. Camponotus herculaneus (Zzvzz.), a large black ant. Formica exsectoides Forel, an eastern mound-building red ant. Formica obscuripes /ore/, a western mound-building red ant. Formica rufa £z2., the European wood-ant. Formica subsericea Say, the large black ant. LEPIDOPTERA. Ecpantheria scribonia (.S7o/z), the great white leopard-moth. Datana integerrima G7.-Rod, Attacus Promethea (Zzzz.), the Promethea moth. Leucania albilinea (7udn.), the wheat-head army-worm. Leucania unipuncta (Haworth), the army-worm. Eufitchia ribearia (Fztch), the gooseberry span-worm. Anisopteryx vernata (Peck), the spring canker-worm. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (/zzch), the gartered plume-moth. Caccecia rosaceana (Harris), the oblique-banded leaf-roller. Proteoteras esculana (/z/ey), a maple and buckeye twig-borer. Steganoptycha Claypoliana (Az/ey), a new maple-tree insect. Euclemensia Bassettella (Clemens), a parasite of Kermes. DIPTERA. Cecidomyia species in choke cherries. Sciara fulvicauda Fe/z. Sciara agraria Fe/¢. 366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM eee Sciara multiseta Fedz, Sciara pauciseta fe/t, Sciara prolifica Fe/z. Culex species, mosquitoes. Winthemia 4-pustulata (/adr.), the red-tailed Tachina-fly. Belvoisia unifasciata Desv., the yellow-tailed Tachina-fly. Piophila casei (Zzzz.), the cheese skipper: the ham skipper. Phora albidihalteris Fe/t. COLEOPTERA. Calosoma calidum (/adr.), the fiery ground-beetle. Lebia grandis (Hen¢z), an enemy of the Colorado potato-beetle. Euphoria Inda (Zinn), the Indian Cetonian, — Elaphidion villosum (/aér.), the oak pruner. Elaphidion parallelum /Vewm., the maple-tree pruner. -Plagionotus speciosus (Say), the sugar maple borer. Neoclytus erythrocephalus (/@ér.), an elm, hickory and locust borer. Saperda tridentata Olivier, the elm borer. Crioceris asparagi (Zznu.), the asparagus beetle. Crioceris 12-punctata (Zznn.), the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle. Galerucella luteola (JZi//er), the elm-leaf beetle. Odontota dorsalis 7Ziund., a locust leaf-miner. | Macrobasis unicolor (Kzréy), the ash-gray blister beetle. Balaninus rectus Say, the smaller chestnut-weevil. Ralaninus proboscideus (/adr.), the larger chestnut-weevil. HEMIPTERA. Podisus spinosus (Dallas), the spined Podisus. Metapodius femoratus (/adr.), the thick-thighed Metapodius. Blissus leucopterus (Say), the chinch-bug. Cicada septendecim Zzz., the periodical Cicada. Pemphigus rhois (/7¢ch), the sumac-gall aphis. Gossyparia ulmi (Geof), the elm-tree bark-louse. Kermes galliformis Az/ey, the oak Kermes. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., the San José scale. NEUROPTERA. Neuronia pardalis Walker, the spotted Neuronia. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 367 ARACHNIDA. Phytoptus pruni Amer/., a Chickasaw plum mite. MyYRIAPODA. Leptodesmus falcatus Zzzén., a thousand-legged worm in greenhouses. Polydesmus complanatus (Zz77.), the flattened millipede. Polydesmus serratus Say, the serrate Polydesmus. ihe ; % 7 «) i e iy a av . ae hate oe vee de Es LE sh Bid og ri Di Plate I. N. Y. State Entomologist. Report XII. The Great White Leopard Moth. N. Y. State Entomologist. Report XII. Army-Worms at Work on Corn. me ry a yh SO a yf ye . o~ x . ‘ ld * +4 4 ‘ , ; 2 H 2 ‘ ra . ‘ ar f A ae} - shy P ee | » adh fe Cf 2 pig te NY ret ; . 1 i ; - . at ‘ : / A i , fs Report XII. N.Y. State Entomologist. Plate III. Army-Worm Moths and Caterpillars. ‘ULIOM-AUIIY JO YIOAA — YJOUI-oUIN[g 9UTA-odei1N — sauidg eleyyuedoq “AT 9®[d ‘\sISO[OWOJUY BVIS “AN “JTX Modsy Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate V. agen GN 7? av Pie. hy al ee sige, 3 ty oe aes Kermes — Euclemensia— Oxyptilus. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate VI. Spi al tA New species of Sciara. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate VII, Maple and Elm Tree Borers. ‘[IADIAA WNUseYyD pue ‘so[j99q Jeo JsMo07 pue wy] q z e I TILA 81d ‘jsISopoWOJU 9¥IS “AN “IX wodoy Report XII. N.Y. State Entomologist. The Seventeen-year Cicada. Plate IX. ING bing % oO we re) SI = o m9 3 oO Z 7 ow nO i] oO a & o Ee) O ow us) ow 2 oO N. Y. State Entomologist. Report XII. ‘sIaquIeyD epedsig AG SMA JsISOjowoJUY 93%IS “AN ‘[]X Wodey ‘AON ‘o1OW Ned MON 3 ‘SIoquieyD epedig TIX 981d "JSISOJOWOIU 18IS “A ‘N ‘[]X Woday Fa a Plate X11. N. Y. State Entomologist. Report XII. Cicada Chambers, at New Baltimore, N. Y. A oe eS ee ee ee ee ee ee “ia q Pe Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate XIV. Pemphigus and Gossyparia. Report XII. N. Y. State Entomologist. Leptodesmus. Plate XV. « QP - ¥ , . - * . ‘ , wid Soe coe : > a eS (EF) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plates‘I, IV, V, VI1, VIII, IX, XIV, are from photographs by E. P. Felt, Plates X, XI, XII, XIII, are from photographs by W. W. Byington, PAE Ol, Ecpantheria scribonia. The Great White Leopard Moth. The upper three figures are males; the lowest two, females: showing the variations in maculation in this species. PiAce (Li. Leucania unipuncta. The Army-Worm Army-worms at work on acorn plant, nearly natural size (after Slinger- land). Pires eri Leucania unipuncta. The Army-Worm. Fig. a.— Moth at rest, natural size; 4, moth with wings expanded ; c, moth twice natural size; lower figures, light and dark varieties of army-worms, twice natural size (after Slinger- land). Brave LY. Fig. 1—Larval spines of Lcpantheria scribonia, thirty-five times nat- ural size. : Fig. 2.—Heads of timothy eaten by army-worms, nearly natural size. Fig. 3.—Tips of grape vines infested with larvee of Oxyptilus perisceh- dactylus, natural size. Fig. 4.— Young and nearly full-grown larve of Oxyfii/us, about three times natural size. Fig. 5.— Pupz of same, about three times natural size 25 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLATE V. 1.— Kermes galiiformis on twig, natural size. 2.-- Imago of Luclemensia Bassettella (Clemens). 2A, 5: duarvee OF same: 6. Larva within the Kermes. pelle Pupa (Figs. 1 to 7 from colored drawings by W. R. Walton). 8.— Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, twice natural size. g.—— The same in natural position, twice natural size. PLATE SWE t.— Wing of Sciara multiseta, male. Bey) 6s e fe female. Be ahi be S. pauciseta, female. ess 3 “ oT: male. Bae S.-agraria, female. (HUTS 66 66 66 male. epee! Da S. fulvicauda, male. Spee yi S. prolifica, male. on, « female (Figs. 1 to 9 inclusive thirty-five times natural size). . 1o,_— Genitalia, dorsal aspect, of .S. agrarta (enlarged). : . 11. Group of setz of S. mudtiseta (much enlarged). . 12. Group of setze of S. pauciseta (much enlarged). . 13..— Genitalia, dorsal aspect, of S. fw/vicauda (enlarged). Prage Vile 1.— Llagionotus speciosus ; the upper two females, natural size. 2.— Saperda tridentata, male and female, twice natural size. 3.—LVeoclytus erythrocephalus, male and female, twice natural size. 4.-— Work of Saperda and WVeoclytus under the bark in elm, one-half natural size. 5.-— Cross-section of limb showing work of Sapferda and /Veoclytus, one-half natural size. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 371 PrRare VIET. Fig. 1.— Under surface of elm-leaf showing eggs, the larve and their work, of the elm-leaf beetle (nearly natural size); in the lower left-hand corner a group of eggs is represented three times natural size. | Fig. 2.— Locust leaves skeletonized by Odontota dorsalis, nearly nat- ural size. Fig. 3.—— Odoniota dorsalis, three times natural size. Fig. 4.—- Lateral view of male and female chestnut weevil, Ba/aninus rectus, twice natural size. - Fig. 5.—- Chestnuts injured by weevil, one opened to show work inside, nearly natural size. Fig. .6.— Dorsal view of female chestnut weevil, Salaninus rectus, twice natural size. PAPE ack, \ Cicada septendecim. The Seventeen- Year Cicada. Fig. 1.— Male and female with wings spread (the left fore-shortened in photographing) ; one with wings closed, nearly natural size, Fig. 2.— Dorsal, lateral and ventral. aspects of pupal shells, nearly natural size. PLATE Vertical views of Cicada chambers taken at New Baltimore, N. Y,; the lower one nearly one-half natural size, the upper one much reduced. PEATEL OG: Cicada chambers collected at New Baltimore, nearly one-half natural size, Prare, kik Cicada chambers at New Baltimore. Prate XITT. Cicada chambers at New Baltimore, another view. 372 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Prame, XcDVe 1.— Galls of Pemphigus rhois, natural size. 2.— Gossyparia ulmt, full-grown females, taken June 7, slightl enlarged. | 3.-— Male cocoons of Gossyparia, three times natural size. 4.— Half-grown females of Gossyparia, taken Sept. 7, four times natural size. 5.—Full-grown females of Gossyfaria, about three times natural Size. PLATE Ov, Leptodesmus falcatus. 1.— Male, three times natural size. 2 Les i(x 24). 3.— Palpus (x 17). 4._— Dorsum of segment (x 7). 5.-— Dorsum of terminal segment (x 7). 6.— Lateral view of copulatory leg of male (x 6s). 7._— Gnathochilarium (x 35). PON LD EX: Abbotii, Thyreus, 359. Abbott-Smith, cited, 183. Achorutes diversiceps, 357. Acorns infested by Balaninus rectus, Adalia bipunetata, 298. Additional Notes on Sciara, 223-228. adelphus, Gomphus, 364. Adirondack collections limited, 307. Aédes, 321. zenea, Myophasia, 210. asculana, Proteoteras, 217. Aisculus glabra, Steganoptycha Clay- poliana injuring, 216, 217 African tamarisk, Amphicerus bicau- datus borivg into, 362. 214, 215, 216, agarici, Phora, 229, 351. Avassiz Association of the State Nor- ne College, paper read before, 336- 45 Agassiz, L. J. R., referred to, 345. Agdistis bennetii, 221. agraria, Sciara, described, 225-226. Agrilus ruticollis, 352. Agriotes maneus, 356. Agrotis e-nigrum, 205. subgothica, 360. ypsilon, 205. Alaus oculatus, 361. Albany Evening Journal, from, 350; cited, 243, 253. Albany Express, abstract from, 351. Albany, ravages of elm-leaf beetle in, 255-256, 260. ravages of Gossyparia in, 261, 295. Albia, elm: leaf beetle there, 261. albidihalteris, Phora, 298-299, 361. albifrons, Smicra, 211. albilinea, Leucania, 310, 356. Aletia, 190, 191. argillacea, 342. Alucita hexadactyla, 221. Amara angustata, 209. Amarantus, army-worm feeding on, 206. Ambler, H. S., inseets from, 360, 364. Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 363. Ambrosia artemisizfolia, army-worm feeding on, 206. Americana, Clisiocampa, 307, 353, 360. Meromyza, 361. American Agriculturist cited, 194. American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, Proceedings, ab- stract from, 350, cited, 214, abstract American elms: insects injurious to, Galerucella luteola, 259, 260. Gossyparia ulmi, 317. American Entomological Society, saan cans cited, 181-182, 264, Entomologist cited, 183, 190, 230, 237, 264, 266, 290. Entomologist ‘and Botanist cited, 183, 218, 235. Entomology (Say) eited, 237. J Mant of Science and Arts cited, mound-making ants, 181. Naturalist, abstract from, 347; cited, 214, 237, 243, 248, 328. Quarterly Journal of Science and Agriculture cited, 237. Philosophical Society, Proceedings cited, 268; Transactions cited, 20014 Ampelophaga Myron, 354, 359. Amphicarpea monoica [Falcata eomosa], Odontota feeding on, 266. Amphicerus bicaudatus, 362. Amyntor, Ceratomia, 359. Anatomy of the Mouth-Parts and of the Sucking Apparatus of Some Diptera, The (Dimmock), cited, 329. Angus, James, observations on Cicada, 285. apgustata, Amara, 209. Anisodactylus rusticus, 209. Anisopteryx vernata, 311-312, 350, 356, 360. Annual Report on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Massachusetts (Packard) cited, 267. Anomala lucicola, 352. marginata, 352. Anopheles, 321. Anoplitis scutellaris [Odontota dor- salis], 264. Ant lion, 357. Ant, little red, 356. carpenter, 181. European wood, 182. mound-making, 181. Pennsylvania See Eentets 181. Anthomyia sp., 357, 361 Anthony, 1 Mrs. E, C. , insects from, 359, 360, 361, 363. Anthrenus scrophularie, 357. Antiopa, Vanessa, 354, 359. Antispila nysszefoliella, 357. 374 Ants attacking Cicada, 289. in a lawn, 356. on fruit- trees, 351. Apanteles congregatus, 354, 359. limenitidis, 210. militaris, 210. Aphides, abundance of, 352. Aphididg, species treated of, 290-292. Aphis mali, 191, 203, 307. prunifoliz, 350. Aphodius sp., 361. ae plossoms, army-worm moths on, 2 Apple case-bearer, 307. Apple: insects injurious to, Anisopteryx vernata, 311. Aphis mali, 307. Aspidiotus juglans-regiz, 316. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 316, 363. Buceulatrix pomifoliella, 307, 360. Cacecia rosaceana, 312, 360. - Chionaspis furfurus, 348. Chrysobothris femoratus, 356. Wenee septendecim, 272, 273, 274, 7 Clisiocampa Americana, 307, 353. Coleophora Fletcherella, 307, 360. Datana integerrima, 309. Elaphidion parallelum, 362. Elaphidion villosum, 314, Macrodactylus subspinosus, 362. Mytilaspis pomorum, 348. Nolophana malana, 312. Saperda candida, 356. Scolytus rugulosus, 362. Tmetocera ocellana, 307. Trypeta pomonella, 347. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 307, 360. Apple-leaf miner, 357. Apple maggot, 347-348. Apple-tree aphis, 307. Apple-tree borers, 356. Apple-tree case-bearer, 360. Apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 307, 353. Apple-worm, 360. arctiz, Ophion, 183, 189. Arctiida, species treated of, 183-189. argentifrons, Miltogramma, 210. argillacea, Aletia, 342. Argynnids, scarcity of, 308. Argynnis, Atlantis, 308. Arhopalus [Plagionotus] 237. armatus, Urosigalphus, 272. armicollis, Magdalis, 246. Army-worm, bibliography, 190-194. counties injured by, 195. description of the various stages, 200-202. distr ibution, speciosus, Pee cae food. ha bits, 905-206. life-history and habits, 202-205, 206-207. natural coutrolling agents, 208- 211 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Army-worm — (Continued) : preventives and remedies, 211-214. ravages in New York State, 194— 198, 199, 309-310.. ravages in other States, 198-199. reference, 177, 352, 353, 360. Arsenical spraying of fruit- trees while in blossom, 357. Ash-gray blister beetle, 315, 362. Ashmead, W..H., cited, 192. asparagi, Crioceris, 249, 250, 251~252,. 314-315, 356, 357, "362. Asparagus beetle (common), 249, 250,. 251-252, 314-315, 357. Asparag gus: insects injurious to, Crioceris asparagi, 249, 251-252, 315. Crioceris 12-punctata, 249, 250. Leucania unipuncta, 206. Aspidiotus juglans-regiz, 316. pernicious, 316, 356, 357, 363. Asterias, Papilio, 307. Atalanta, Pyrameis, 308. Atlantis, Argynnis, 308. Attacus Cecropia, 355. Attaeus Promethea, cocoons of, 338— 339, 340. experiment with larva, 340. larvee of, 339-340. life-history of, 338-341. Atwater, W. O., cited, 254. Australasia, Periplaneta, 363. Averill Park, elm-leaf beetle there, 261. B Bacon, smoked, Piophila casei infest- ing, 233. Bacterial disease of army-worm, 208. Bailey, J. §., insects from, 360. Balaninus earyatrypes [proboscideus],. 267, 268, 269. obtusus, 271]. Balaninus proboscideus, bibliography, 267-268. characteristics of the genus, 269. extent of injuries, 269. life-history of the two species, 270-271. remedies and preventives, 271-272. two species attacking che 269-270. value of crop affected, 268-269. Balaninus rectus (see B. proboscideus), 267-272. uniformis, 268. Ballard, Mrs. J. P., ballueca, Plusia, 308. insects from, 184. Baltimore oriole feeding on army- worm, 209. Banks, N. ., cited, 298; referred to, 285, 299. Bark borers, 244. Barking elms for hovers, 247-248. Barley: inseets injurious to, Leueania albilinea, 310. Leuecania unipuncta, 206, 309. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Barnard, W. S., cited, 254. Bassettella, Euclemensia, 317, 363. Bassus scutellaris, 211. Batrachedra salicipomonella, 360. Bayer, J. W., insects from, 363, Beans, army-worm feeding on, 206. Beckwith, M. H., cited, 254. Bed-bueg, bite of, 323. Beech : insects injurious to, Datana integerrima, 309. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Pemphigus imbricator, 355, 363. Beech-tree blight, 355. Bees, reference to humming, 210. Beet: insects injurious to, Anthomyia sp., 361. Epicanta cinerea, 354, Epicauta vittata, 354. Beetles, mouth-parts of, 326. Bell, J. T., cited, 238. Belvoisia unifasciata, 210. bennetii, Agdistis, 221. Bennington, Vt., ravages of Plagio- notus speciosus at, 240. Bethune, C. J. S., cited, 192. Bethunei, Xylina, 360. betule, Cecvidomyia, 357. Bibliography of, Balaninus probosci- deus, 267-268. Balaninus rectus, 267-268. Cicada septendectm, 272-273. Crioceris 12-punctata, 248-249, Culex species, 335. Kepantheria scribonia, 183. Galerucella luteola, 253-254. Gossyparia ulmi, 292-293. Lebia grandis, 235. Leucania unipuneta, 190-194. Neuronia pardalis, 298. Odontota dorsalis, 264-265. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 218. Pemphigus rhois, 290. Piophila casei, 229-230. Plagionotus speciosus, 237-238. Saperda tridentata, 243. bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 362. Biennial Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of Califor- nia cited, 293. Beitrige zur kenntniss der Phrygani-, den (Hagen) cited, 298. bipunctata, Adalia, 298. Birch: insects injurious to, Hylotoma pectoralis, 359. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Birch-seed midge, 357. Birds carrying Gossyparia ulmi, 297. feeding on army-worm, 209. insectivorous, encouraging, 212. Bittacus strigosus, 352. bivulnerus, Chilocorus, 361. Blackberry, Sciara fulvicauda bred from roots, 227, 361. Blackbird feeding on army-worm, 209. Black-flies, scarcity of, 307. Blackfly termed a mosquito, 320. 375 Black locust, Ecpantheria scribonia feeding on, 189. Blanchard, F., cited, 268. Blatchley, W. S., cited, 265. Blissus leucopterus, 315, 341, 357, Blister beetles, 354. Blue-jay feeding on army-worm, 209. Bobolink feeding on army-worm, 209, Bombylide, 308, 338. borealis, Dibolia, 352. Gryllotalpa, 363. Borers, remedies for, 353. Bos, J. Ritzema, cited, 230. Boston Journal of Natural History cited, 264. Boston, Mass., ravages of Saperda tri- dentata at, 244. Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings cited, 298. Box-elder plant-bug, 352. Bracon sp., 359. Brewster, G.W. H., on army-worm, 196. Britton, W. E., cited, 194. Brooklyn Entomological Society, Bul- letin cited, 268. Brooks, M., on Cicada chambers, 280- 281. Brooks, W. P., cited, 194. Bruchns obtectus, 562. pisorum, 355. Brucophagus sp , 359. Bruner, L., cited, 192, 218, 254. Brunswick, Me., ravages of Plagionotus speciosus at, 240. Buceulatrix pomifoliella, 307, 360. Buckeye: insects injurious to, #” Proteoteras esculana, 215, 217. Steganoptycha Claypoliana, 216, PAW Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin cited, 218. Bugs, mouth-parts of, 327. Buliard, W.S., spraying trees, 264. Burnett, H.8., cited, 192. Burt, Silas W., insects from, 368, Butterflies and Moths (British), by Furneaux, cited, 221. Butterflies, mouth-parts of, 326. searcity of, 307. Bulletin Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of the University of Tenn- _ essee cited, 273. Brooklyn Entomological Society cited, 268. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences cited, 218. | i Connecticut Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 254. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 194, 254, Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota cited, 290. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege cited, 193, 218, 254, 293. 376 Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History cited, 293. Iowa Agricultural College Experi- ment Station cited, 193. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station eited, 243. Massachusetts Crop Report cited, 193, 238, 298. Michigan ’ State Agricultural Col- lego Experiment Station cited, 192, 254. Nevada State Univer sity, Agrieul- tural Experiment Station, cited, 293. New Hampshire College Agricul- tural Experiment Station cited, 194, 238. New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 192, 253, 268, 272. New Mexico Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 193. New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 193. North Carolina Agricultural Ex- periment Station cited, 193, 268. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 191, 248, 265, 273. Storrs Avricultural Experiment Station (Conn. ) cited, 254. United States Department of Agri- culture, Division of Entomology, abstract from, 356; cited, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218, 230, 231, 235, 248, 253, 254, 264, 265, 272, 273, 292, 307, 321, 335. United States Department of Agri- culture, Office of Experiment Stations, cited, 183. United States Entomological Com- mission. cited, 237, 243. United States National Museum cited, 183. University of Minnesota, Agricul- Hee Experiment Station, cited, West Virginia Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 193, 265. Byrsocrypta [Pemphigus] thois, 290. Cc Cabbage, Ecpantheria fed on, 183, 189: Cabbage: insects, etc., injurious to, Murgantia histrionica, 349. Polydesmus serratus, 301. Caceecia rosaceana, 312, 356, 360. cementarins, Pelopceus, 359. ceruleocinctus, Julus, 352. cerulenm, Chalybion, 359. cesar, Lucilia, 210. Calandria eranaria, 362. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 337. caldaria, Sciara, ool. calidum, Calosoma, 209, 361. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM California State Board of Horticulture, Biennial Report cited, 293. caliginosus, Harpalus, 209. Calosoma calidum, 209, 361. externum, 209. scrutator, 209, 361. Wilcoxi, 209. Campbell, J. G., insects from, 364. Caiuiponotus hereulaneus, 181. he:culaneus, var. Pennsylvanicus, 181-182. Pennsylvanicus, 181-182. Canaday, G., insects from, 198. Canrdensis [serratus], Polydesmus, 301, 349. Canadian Pomel onias cited, 183, 186, 191, 218, 237, 238, 248, ‘248, 249, 253, 254, 265, ‘368, 293, Canadian Journal cited, 183. Canajoharie, N. Y., ravages of Plagi- onotus speciosus at, 240. candida, Saperda, 239, 246, 356. Canker-worm, 311-312 , 350, 360. Sagas of elm-leaf beetle larvae, 259. Capsicum pepper, army-worm feeding on, 206 Carabide preying on army-worm, 209, 353. species treated of, 235-237. Carabus family, habits, 236. Carcelia leucanie, [Winthemia 4- pustulata] 194. Carnation mite, 357. carpenter ant, 181-182. Carpet-beetle, 357. Carpoeapsa pomonella, 360. Carrots for trapping millipeds, 302. caryatry pes [proboscideus], Balaninus, 267, 268, 269. Case, A. P., insects from, 315, 362. easei, Piophila, 229-234, ash Tyrophaga [Piophila], 2 Cassinii, Cicada ee ae, 279. Castor bean, Eepautheria fed on, 189. Catalogue of Insects found in New Jersey cited, 183, 190, 218, 238, 243, 290, 344. Catalogue of the described Lepidoptera of North America (Morris) cited, 183. Catalogue of the specimens of Neurop- terous Insects in the collection of the British Museum (Walker) cited, 298. Catalogus Coleopterorum Europe, Cau- casi et Armenigz rossicwew (Reitter) cited, 254. cataphracta, Gortyna, 351. Cat-birds feeding on Cicada, 289, Cats feeding on Cicada pupe, 288. Caulfield, F. B., cited, 243, 272. Cauliflower: insect injurious to, Murgantia histrionica, 349, 363. cavicollis, Galerncella, 357, Cecidomyia betule, 357. Cecidomyia larva, 313, 356. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST ond Cecidomyia sp., 361. Cecropia, Attacus, 355. Cecropia moth, 355. Cerambycids, family characteristics, 238. species treated of, 237-248. Cerambycids, scarcity of, 308. cerasi, Eriocampa, 359. Myzus, 350. Ceratomia Amyntor, 359. Ceratopogon sp., scareity of, 307. cerealella, Sitotroga, 351. Cerealine, Silvanus Surivamensis in- festing, 361. , Cermatia forceps, 364. Cetonians, larval habits of. 314. Ceuthophilus maculatus, 363. Chalcid, 210, 359. Chaleididzs parasitic dorsalis, 267. Chaleophora Virginiensis, 361. Chalybion eeruleum, 359. ehameenerii. Deilephila, 359. Chambers of Cicada, 279-285. Chambliss, C. E., cited, 273- Chatham Republican quoted, 196. Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicns, 362. Chautauqua county, army-worm rav- ages in, 197. Cheese, Piophila casei infesting, 230, = 233, 234. ae Cheese skipper, see Piophila casei, 229- 234, 348. Chenango county, army-worm ravages in, 196. Cherry: insects injurions to, Cicada septendecim, 287. Empretia stimulea, 360. Myzus cerasi, 350. Cherry-leaf beetle, 357.. Cherry-tree aphis, 350. Chestnut weevil, the great, 269. the smaller, 270. Chestnut weevils, bibliography, 267- 268. extent of injuries, 269. life-history of two species, 270- 271. remedies 272. two species attacking chestnuts, 269-270. value of crop affected, 268-269. Chestnuts as a market crop, 268. Chestnuts: insects injurious to, Balaninus probo:cideus, 268. Balaninus rectus, 267, 268. Chickadee feeding on army-worm, 209. - Chickasaw plum, Phytoptus pruni on, 318, 350. Chilocorus bivulnerus, 361. Ppipenatla, species treated of, 300- 303... + Chinch- bug, 315, 356, 357. affected by fungus, 262. losses caused by, 341. on Odontota and preventives, 271- Chinquapin: insects injurious to, Balauinus probescidens, 268. Balaninus rectus, 268, 271. Chionaspis furfurus, 348 Chip manure, Euphoria Inda breeding in, 313, 362. Chipping sparrow feeding on army- worm, 209. Chism, C. J., cn 12-spotted asparagus beetle, 249. Chittenden, I’. H., cited, 194, 249, 254, 265, 266. Chlamys plicata, 362. Choke-cherries, Cecidomyid in, 313, 356, 361. Chortophaga viridifasciata, 363. Chrysobothris femorata, 356. Chrysomela scutellaris [Odontota dor- salis], 264. Chrysomelide, species treated of, 248- 267, Chrysopa species, 262. Chrysops nigra, 361, Chrysops sp, 361 Cicada septendecim, abundance of chambers, 280-281. additional bibliography, 272-273. appearance and continuation of a brood, 279. eharacteristics of the Cicada, 274. comparative numbers of successive broods, 285-286 construction of chambers, 281-282. damages by oviposition, 286-287. distribution of Hudsen river val- ley brood, 277-279. distribution of var, Cassinii, 279. earthen chambers in New York, 279-280, first notice of chambers, 283-285. interest in the appearance of a brood, 273-274. natural enemies, 288-289. natural history, 275-276. Oviposition, 274-275. preventives of injury, 289. purpose of the chambers, 282-283. reference, 274. stings of Cicada, 287-288. thirteen-year brood, 276-277. Cieada tibicen, 274, 363. Cicadide, species treated of, 272-289. cicadina, Massospora, attacking Ci- eada, 289. Cicindela repanda, 209. Cicindelidg, 320. Cicindelids, searcity of, 308. ciliatus, Culex, 327. cinerea, Epicauta, 354, 361. Circular of the Department of Agri- culture of the State of New York, abstract from, 252; cited, 190. Circular United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, cited, 254. Cistogaster immaculata, 210. 378 Clarke, Miss L. F., insects from, 363. Clarkson, Frederick, on Cicada, 285. Claypole, E.W., cited, 214; quoted, 216. Claypoliana, Proteoteras [Steganopty- cha], 214. Steganoptycha, 214-217. Clemens, B., cited, 183 Clementi, V., cited, 237. Clisiccampa Americana, 307, 353, 360. Clitocybe illudens, Phorid infesting, 361. Clover-hay caterpillar, 357. Clover: insects injurious to, Leucania unipuncta, 206, 309. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Clover-seed caterpillar, 357. Clytus[Plagionotus] speciosus, 237,238. c—nigrum, Agrotis, 205. Coccidex, species treated of, 292-298. Coccids, refereice, 295, 298. Coccinella 9-notata, 361. Coccinellids, scarcity of, 308. Coccus [Gossyparia] ulmi, 292. Cockerell, T. D. A., cited, 193, 293. Cockroaches, 332. Cohoes, elm-leat beetle there, 261. Colastes, parasite of Gossyparia, 293. Coleophora Fletcherella, 307, 360. Coleoptera, contributions of, 361-362. reference, 520. species treated of, 235-272. Coleopterous larva, 361. Colias Philodice, 308. Collection, State, 177-178. Collections in the Adirondacks, 351. Colorad» Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Report cited, 193. Colorado, Formica rufa in, 182. Colorado potato beetle, 235, 236, 237. columba, Tremex, 262. Colnmbia county, army-worm ravages in, 196. - complanatus, Polydesmus, 301, 349. Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North America (LeConte), cited, 237, 267. Composite. oo heria scribonia feed- ing on, 189. Compsidea [Sanerda] tridentata, 243. Comptes Reindus des Seances de la Société Entomologique de Belgique cited, 230. Comstock, J. H., cited, 190, 235. Comstocks cited, 193, 218, 230, 238, 268, 2738. concavus, Cyrtophyllus, 363. confusor, Monohammus, 238, 361. confusum, Tribolinm, 362. congregatus, Apanteles, 354, 359. Coniothecium saccharinum, a fungus, 295. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station; Bulletin cited, 254; Report cited, 194. Conotrachelnus crategi, 352. nenuphar, 271. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cook, A. J., cited, 192. Cooke, M., cited, 191, 218. Cooley, R. A., cited, 254. coprophila, Sciara, 351, Coquillett, D. W., LONG 20550 2iane ferred to, 321. Corethra, 321. Corn forsaken for Cicadas by crow, 288. Corn: insects injurious to, Diabrotica longicornis, 348. Diabrotica 12-punctata, 348. Euphoria Inda 314. Leucania unipuncta, 197, 198, 206, 309. wire-worms, 347, 361. Cornell University Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Bulletin cited, 194, 254. Cornell University, mology at, 343-344. costalis, Pyralis, 357. Cotton, Ecpantheria eating leaves of, 183. Cotton Insects, Report upon (Com- stock), cited, 190. Cottonwood-leaf beetle, 357. Cotton-worm, losses caused by, 341- 342. Counties of New York injured by army- 209. worm, 195. Country Gentlemen, abstracts from, 347(1), 348(3), 349(1), 350(3), 352(2), 353(4), 354(5), 355(6), 356(2); cited, 190, 214, 218, 230, 238, 243, 253, 264, 268, 290, 292: quoted, 215, Cow-bird feeding on army-worm, Cowdry, N. H., cited, 237. Crab apple, Siberian, Odontota dor- salis feeding on, 266. Crambid larve, 204. Cranberry crop in Massachusetts, in- jury by army-worm, 123, 198, 206. Crannell, Earl S., insects from, 361. Cratacanthus dubius, 209. crateeci, Conotrachelus, 352. Craw, A., cited, 293. Cresson, E. T., referred to, 308. course in ento- Crioceris asparagi, 249, 250, 251-252, 314-315, 356, 357, 362. Crioceris 12-punctata, bibliography, 248-249, distribution, 251. distribution of C. asparagi, 251- 252. figure, 250. insect described, 249-250. introduction, 251. life-history and habits, 250-251. Monroe county invaded, 249, remedies, 252. Crow, A. E., on Cicada, 284. Crow feeding on Cicada pupe, 288. Crow, M. L., ou Cicada, 284. Cuckoo feeding on Cicada, 289. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Cucumbers: insects, etc., injurious to, Diabrotica 12-punectata, 348. Leueania unipuncta, 206. Polydesmus serratus, 301. cucumeris, Diplosis, 357. Cucuyo, 357, 362. Culex, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327. ciliatus, 327. damnosus [teniorhynebus], 321. excitans, 321. excrucians, 321. hyemalis, 320. impatiens, 321. impleeabilis, 321. mosquito, 331. perturbans, 321. pipiens, 321, 327. provocans, 321. punetor, 321. pungens, 321. *. rufus; 327. stimulens, 321. Culicids, 320, 321, 332. Cureulio [Balaninus]} 267. Curculionid infesting elm, 246. Curculionide, species treated of, 267- 272. Currant: insects injurious to, Eufitchia ribearia, 311. Janus integer, 308.— Tenthredo rufopectus, 308, 359. Currant span-worm, 360. Currant-stem girdler, 308. Currant-worm, 311. Currants, dried, Silvanus Surinamen- sis infesting, 361. Curtis, John, referred to, 302. Cut-worms, reference, 205, 314. remedies for, 353. Cyclone burner for army-worm, 193. Cyrtopbyllus conecavus, 363. proboseideus, D dama, Lucanus, 362. damnosas [teniorhynchus], Culex, 321. Dana Natural History Society, paper read before, 319-335. Dansby, J. V., cited, 192. Datana integerrima, 309. Davis, G. C., Gossyparia found by in Michigan, 294. Davis, W. T., cited, 273. Dearness, J., cited, 194. DeFreest, Lewyllen, insects from, 363. Deilephila chameenerii, 359. ‘ Delaware College Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Report cited, 254. Department of Agriculture of the State of New York, Cireular of, abstract from, 252; cited, 190 Derostenus a parasite of Odontota dorsalis, 265. Derostenus primus, 267. o/9 - Derostenus sp., 351. Description of North American Curcu- lionides "6°; + *) “CSay) etted, 267. Devrie, W. B., on Cicada, 284, Dewey, Melvil, insects from, 360, 361. Diabrotica longicornis, 548. 12-pnnetata, 348. vittata, 352. Diapheromera femorata, 363. Diaspis lanatus, 355. Dibolia borealis, 352. Dicerca divaricata, 361. Digger-wasp, large, 359. Dimmock, G., cited, 190, 218, 235, 238, 264; quoted, 324; referred to, 222, 266. Diplosis eucumeris, 357. pytivora, 351, 361. setigera, 357. Diptera, 334, 338, 344. contributions of, 361. mouth-parts of, 327. species treated of, 223-234, 319-335. Dipterous maggots, 262. Distribution of, Balaninus prubosci- dens, 270. Balaninus rectus, 270. Cicada septendecim, 277-279. Crioceris asparagi, 251-252. Crioceris 12-punctata, 251. Eepantheria seribonia, 189. Galerucella luteola, 255, 259-260. Gossyparia ulmi, 294. | Lebia grandis, 237. Leucania unipuneta, 199-200. mosquitoes, 321-322. Neuronia pardalis, 299. Odontota dorsalis, 267. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 222. Pemphigus rhois, 292. Plagionotus speciosns, 241. Saperda tridentata, 247. Diurnals, scareity of, 308. divaricata, Dicerea, 361. diversiceps, Achorutes, 357. Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin, abstract from, 356; cited, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218, 230, 231, 235, 248, 253, 254, 264, 265, 272. 273. 292, 301, 321, 3353 Cireular e1ted, 254, 273. Dogbane caterpillar, 357. Dog-day Cicada, 274, 363. Dog-fica, 361. Dogs feecing on Cicada pupe, 288. Domestic fowls feeding on Cicada pup, 288. feeding on army worm, 208. dorsalis, Odontota, 264-267. Doryphora, 237. Downy woodpecker preying on Pla- gionotus speciosus, 242. Dragon flies, 308, 351. dubius, Cratacanthus, 209. Ducks feeding on army-worm, 208. 380 Dutchess county, army-worm ravages in) LOO. Dyar, H. G., cited, 183, 186, 192, 218; quoted, 188 ; referred to, 184, 265. K Eacles imperialis, 360. Easthampton, L. L., army-worm rav- ages 1n, 195. Economic Entomology (Smith) cited, 190, 218, 230, 235, 248, 268, 272. Ecpantheria seribonia, bibliography, 183. distribution, 189. egos described, 1&4. ficures, plates i and iv, fig. 1. food-plants, 189. imago described, 188. innoxious, 189. larval transformations, 184-188. life-history, 188-189. pupa described, 188. table of last transformations, 187. var. denudata, 183, 1 Edwards, H., cited, 183. Gossypatia found by in N. Y. City 294 Eggs of, Attacus Promethea, 339. Cicada septendecim, 274-275, 277. Ecpantheria secribonia; 184. Galerucella luteola, 256, 257. Gossyparia ulmi, 295. Leucania unipuneta, 200. mosquitoes, 3382-333. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Piophila casei, 232. Plagionotus speciosus, 240-241. Sciara prolifica, 226. Kgyptian plague, mosquitoes may have been one, 332. . Elaphidion oak pruner, 314. parallelum, 239, 314, 354, 362. villosum, 314, 356. Elaphrus ruscarius, 209. Elm borer, 239, 243-248. Elm: insects injurious to, Galerucella juteola, 293, 349. Gossy paria nimi, 293, 297. Magdalis armicollis 246. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 246. Orgyia leucostigma, 347, 350. Saperda tridentata, 243, 244, 355. Scolytus species, 248. Tremex ecolumba, 262. Elm-leaf beetle, 177, 255-264, 265, 293, 294, 295, 318, 349, 350, 351, 357. Elm-tree bark-louse, 292-298, 317-318. Elm-tree borer, 355 elongatus, Pasi scnin 209. Empretia stimulea, 360. Engle, H. M., growing chestnuts, 268. English elms : insects injurious to, Galerucella luteola, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261. Gossyparia ulmi, 295. NEW ;/YORK STATE MUSEUM English sparrow carrying Gossyparia ulmi, 297. feeding on Cicadas, 272, 289. feeding on army-worm, 209. Entomologize Systematice emendate et aucte (Fabricius) cited, 267. Entomologica Americana cited, 183, 192, 264, 272, Entomological Bureau at Washington, 182. Entomological Correspondence of Thaddeus William Harris, M. D. (Scudder) cited, 298. Entomological News cited, 190, 194 248, 249, 253, 272, 293: Entomological Society of Outario, Re- port cited, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 218, 230, 235, 237, 238, 243, 253, 272. Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Proceedings of, cited, 183, 290. Entomological Society of Washington, Proceedings cited, 192, 253, 254, 272. Entomological study, extent of, 342- 343. facilities for, 337-338. interest attaching thereto, 338. mental discipline afforded by, 336- 337, outfit necessary, 338. practical importan«e of, 341-342. proper attention not given to, 343. Entomologie, ou histoire “naturelle des insects, etc. (Olivier), cited, 264. Entomology: courses in, at Cornell University, 343-544. Harvard University, 344. Illinois Industrial University, 344, Iowa Agricultural College, 344. Kansas Stite Agr icultural College, 344, Leland Stanford Jr.,. 344. Maine State Colleve, 544. Massachusetts Agricultural lege, 344. Michigan State College, 344 Oswego Normal School, 343. Pp urdue University, 344. State College of Maine, 344. State Normal College at Albany, 343. Entomology for Beginners (Packard) cited, 218, 230. Entoraology of North America, The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on (LeConte), cited, 267. entomophilum, Sporotrichum, killing Galerucella luteola, 258, 262. Ephestia interpunctella, 360. Epieschna heros, 364. Epicauta cinerea, 354, 361. vittata, 354, Eriocampa cerasi, 359. erythrocepbalus, Neoe lytus, 246. euchenor, Ocyptera, 210. Euclemensia Bassettella, 317, 363. University, Col- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 281 Eudioptis byalinata, 357. Ditidalis, 357. Enfitchia ribearia, 310-311, 360. Euphorbia cyathophora, Ecpantheria fed on, 189. Euphoria Inda, 313-314, 356, 362. European wooid-ant, 182. excitans, Culex, 321. excrucians, Culex, 321. Exoaseus cecidomophilns, a fungus attacking choke-cherries, 313. Exorista flavicnuda [Belvoisia unifas- ciata], 190, 210. Experiment with 13-year Cicadas, 277. exsectoides, Formica, 182. externum, Calosoma, 209. Eye-spotted bud-moth, 307. ¥F Fabricius cited, 267. Faeus (Beech), Datana integerrima feeding on, 309. Faleata comosa, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. falcatus, Leptodesmus, 301. Polydesmus | Leptodesmus], 364. Farm Insects (Curtis) referred to, 302. Farmers’ Bulletin, United States De- partment of Agriculture, cited, 183. Felt, E. P., papers by, 223-229, femorata, Chrysobothris, 356. Diapheromera, 363. femoratus, Metapodius, 209. fenestralis, Scenopinus, 361. Feniseea Tarquinius, 308. Fernald, C. H., cited, 191, 218, 254; referred to, 221. Fever-worm (Ecpantheria), 189. Fiery ground-beetle, 209. Figures of, Balaninus rectus, plate vili, figs. 4-6. Cicada septendecim, 275, plates ix-xiii. Crioceris asparagi, 250. Crioceris 12-punctata, 250. Ecpantheria scribonia, plate i, plate iv, fig. 1. Euclemensia Bassettella, plate v, figs, 2-7. Galerucella luteola, 259, plate viii, fio Gossyparia ulmi, plate xiv, figs. 5. Kermes galliformis, plate v, fig. 1. Lebia grandis, 235. Leptodesmus falcatus, plate xv. Leucania unipuncta, plates ii, Iii and iv, fig. 2 mosguito, 327, 329. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, plate vii, figs. 3, 4, 5. Neuronia pardalis, 299. Odontota dorsalis, plate viii, figs. 2,3 ? Figures of — (Continued) : Oxyplilus periscelidactylus, plate Hid figs. 3, 4, 5; plate v, figs. Pemphigus rhois, plate xiv, fig. 1. Piophila casei, 231. i at speciosus, plate vii, ae 8 Polydesmus complanatus, 301. Saperda tridentata, plate vii, figs. 4,5; plate vili, fig. 2. Sciara agraria, plate vi, figs. 5, 6, 10. Sciara fulvicauda, plate vi, figs. 1; Lo. palate multiseta, plate vi, figs. 1, 2, J Sciara pauciseta, plate vi, figs. 3, 4, 12. Sciara prolifica, plate vi, figs. 8, 9. Filaria sanguinis-hominis the cause of elephantiasis, 331-332. Immature forms in mosquitoes, 331. “‘Fire worm” (eanker-worm), 312, 350. Fishes, mosquitoes food for, 330, 335. Fissipennues (?terophoride), 219. Fitch, A., cited, 218, 237, 243, 264, 290; quoted, 221, 267, 290-291, 301, 302; referred to, 220, 222, 244, 246, 265, 277, 286, 292, 311. Fiat-headed apple-tree borer, 356. Flattened centipede, 301. millipede, 301, 349. flavicauda, Exorista [Belvoisia unifas- —ciata], 190, 210. flavizonatus, Iehneumon, 211. Flax, army-worm feeding on, 206. Flea, bite of, 323. Fletcher, J., cited, 192, 238. Fletcherella, Coleophora, 307, 360. Flicker preying on Plagionotus specio- sus, 242, Flies attracted by secretion of Gos- syparia, 298. Flour, Silvanus Surinamensis infest- ing, 361. Flour, graham: insects infesting, Calandria granaria, 362. Tribolium confusum, 362. Flowers, male mosquito taking nectar from, 320. Food-habits of, Balaninus probos- cideus, 270. Balaninus rectus, 271. Cicada septendecim, 275. Crioceris 12-punctata, 251. EKepantheria scribonia, 189 . Galerucella Inteola, 259. Gossyparia ulmi, 295. Lebia grandis, 235-237. Leptodesmus falcatus, 300. Leucania unipuncta, 205-206. mosquitoes, 326. Odontota dorsalis, 266. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 219. Pemphigus rhois, 291-292. Piophila easei, 233. ‘ 382 Food habits of — (Continued) : Plagionotus speciosus, 238, 240-241. Saperda tridentata, 2438-245. Forbes, 8. A, cited, 191, 243; quoted, 245. Forbush, E. H., cited, 193. forceps, Cermatia, 364. Forel, August, referred to, 182. Formica exsectoides, 182. obseuripes, 182. rufa, 181-182. subsericea, 182. Formicidae, species treated of, 181-182. Four-lined leaf-bug, 363. Sena Winthemia, 192, 210, 310, 354. Fremd, Charles, Gossyparia in nur- sery of, 293. French, G. H., cited, 183, 218. Frogs feeding on army-worm, 209. Frost &Co., H. L., spraying trees, etc., 264. Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, Report cited, 218. Fruit-tree leaves, army-worm feeding on, 206. fucosa, Hypoprepia, 360. fulvicauda, Seiara, 227-228, 361. Fumigation for greenhouses, 303. Fungus attacking Cicada, 289. Fungus gnats, 223-228. Fungus killing elm-leaf beetle, 258, 262. Fungus, possibly original food of Pi- ophila casei, 233. furfurus, Chionaspis, 348. Furneaux, W., cited, 221. futilalis, Pyrausta, 357. Fyles, T. W., cited, 193, 238. G Galeruca xanthomelena [Galerucella luteola], 253. Galerucella cavicollis, 357. Galerucella luteola, bibliography, 253- 254. associated insects, 261-262. broods in Albany, 255-256. destructive in growing season at Albany, 255. feeding throughout growing sea- son at Albany, 255. food habits of larve and beetles, 258-259. injuries in Troy, 261. natural enemies, 262. observations in Troy, 256-257. Oviposition, 257. zvavages in Albany, 260. reference, 293, 349, 357. remedies, 263-264. spread in Albany, 259-260. transformations, 257-258, Galerucella xanthomelena [luteola], 2538, 254, 349. ’ Gartered plume-moth, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM galliformis, Kermes, 316-317, 356, 363. Gallinipper, 321. vo and Forest cited, 243, 268, 292, 03. Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette cited, 247; quoted, 248. Gardening, abstracts from, 347 (2), 348 (1), 349 (2), 351 (1); cited, 238.. Garman, H., cited, 193, 243, 273. see Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 218-222. Garth, D. J., insects from, 363. Gasolene motor for spraying, 263. Geese feeding-on army-worm, 208. Genista caterpillar, 357. gentilis, Stibeutes, 211. Geoffroy, E. L., cited, 292. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Bulletin cited, 290. Gillette, C. P., cited, 193. Girdling of elm twigs 357. Glens Falls, N. Y., ravages of Plagi- onotus speciosus at, 240. globuliferum, Sporctrichum, affecting chinch-bug, 262. Glover, T., cited, 233, 235, 267. on Lebia grandis, 236. Glycobius [Plagionotus] speciosus, 237, 238. Glyphe viridascens, 210. Gnats, mosquitoes thus termed in Eng- land, 320. Goding, F. W., cited, 191. Goff, E. S., insects from, 361. Golden rod, Lebia grandis on, 235. Golden-winged woodpecker feeding on army-worm, 209. Gomphus adelphus, 364. Gooseberry, Eufitchia ribearia injuring, 311, 360. Gooseberry span-worm, 310-3811. Gortyna cataphracta, 351. immanis, 351. Gossyparia ulmi, bibliography, 292-293. description, 295-296. distribution, 294. figured, 293, 296. history of the insect, 293-294, in Albany and vicinity, 261-262, 317-318. introduced from Europe, 293. life-history, 296-297. means of distribution, 297. natural enemies, 298, * ravages of, 293, 294, 295, 317, 318. reference, 356, 363. remedies, 298. Géttingische gelehrte Anzeigen unter Aufsicht der Kdnigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (Thunberg), cited, 264. Gouty-gall beetle, 352. Graham flour: insects infesting, Calandria granaria, 362. Tribolium confusum, 362. by Orgyia, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 383 Grains, Leucania unipuneta injuring, 196, 35: Grain moth, 351. Graminexz preferred by army-worms, 205. granaria, Calandria, 362. grandis, Lebia, 235-237. Grapevine: insects injurious to, Attacus Cecropia, 355. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 219. Typhlocyba vitis, 363. Grapholitha interstinetana, 357. Graptas, scarcity of, 307. Grasses: injured by Leucania uni- puneta, 198, 353. Grasshopper plague in western New York, 352. Grasshoppers, 307. Graves, Mrs. H. D., insects from, 359. Gray-gnat, scarcity of, 307. Great “chestnut weevil, 269. Great white leopard-moth, 183-189. Greenhouse Sciara, 351. Grey squirrels feeding on Cicada pupe, 288 . Ground beetles, 236, 353. Ground-bird feeding on Cicada, 289. Ground-hogs feeding on Cicada pupe, 288. Ground spiders preying on army-worms, 209. Gryllotalpa borealis, 363._ Guide to the Study of Insects (Pack- ard) cited, 218, 230, 237, 264, 290, 301, 344. Gypsy Moth: A Report of the Work of Destroying the Insect in the Com- monwealth of Massachusetts, * * * (Forbush-Fernald) abstract from, 301; cited, 193. Gypsy moth, reference, 193, 311, 351. Ht Hagen, H. A., cited, 298; referred to, 299. Hailes, Wm., insects from, 225. Hairy melon-vine midge, 357. woodpecker preying on Plagionotus, 242 Haltichella perpulchra, 210. Han skipper, see Piophila casei, 229- 234. Hamilton, J., cited, 254, 268; quoted, 270 ; referred to, 271. Hams, smoked, Piophila casei injuring, 230, 233. Handbook of British Lepidoptera (Meyrick), abstract of review, 349. Harder, Jacob, insects from, 207. Harlequin cabbage bug, 349, 363. Harmlessness of Cicada, 288. Harpalus caliginosus, 209. Pennsylvanicus, 209. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine cited, 229. Harrington, W. H., cited, 183, 193, 238, 243; referred to, 246. Harris, D. F., insects from, 363. Harris, T. W., cited, 183, 229, 237, 243, 264, 298; quoted, 939, 244, 266-267, 299 referred to, 246, 299, Harrisimemna trisignata, 360. Harvard University, course in ento mology at, 344. Harvest-fly, 274. Hatch Experiment Station of the Mas- sachusetts Agricultural College, Bul- letin cited, 193, 218, 254, 293. Hawk moths, flivht of, 202. Hawley, C. T., insects from, 359. Hawthorn, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. Hazelnuts, Balaninus sp. feeding on, 269. Helianthus, Eecpantheria scribonia feeding on, 189. helicis, Sarcophaga, 210. Heliophila [Leucania] unipuncta, 190, LOPE ESS: Hemiptera, contributions of, 363. nmouth-parts of, 327. species treated of, 272-298. Hemiteles laticinetus, 211, Hendricks, James, insects from, 362. Henshaw, worm, 209. F English, feeding on army-worm, 209. Sparrows feeding on Cicada, 289. speciosus, Arhopalus [Plagionotus ],237. Clytus [Plagionotus], 237, 238. Glycobius [Plagionotus], 237, 238, Plagionotus, 257-242, 243, 362. Sphecius, 272, 359. Sphecius speciosus, 272, 359.. Spiders, are aphides eaten by, 352. oa preying on army-worms, 209. 254; referred spinning forms taking army-worm moths, 209. Spilochalcis [Smicra] odontote, 267. spinosus, Podisus, 262. Split-peas: insects infesting, Epbestia interpunctella, 360. Silvanus Surinamensis, 361. Sporotrichum globuliferum affecting chineh-bug, 262. Sporotrichum entomophilum killing Galerneella luteola, 258, 262. Spraying by power, 263. Spring canker-worm, 311-312, 360. Spurge (Euphorbia cyathophora), Kc- pantheria fed on, 189. Sguashes, Diabrotica 12-punctata in- juring, 348. Standard Natural History, vol. ii, Crustacea and Insects, ed. by J. S. Kingsley, cited, 191, 218, 235, 238, 264. State collection, 177, 178. State College of Maine, course in ento- mology at, 344, State Normal College, Agassiz Associ- ation of, paper read before, 336-345. State Normal College at Albany, course in entomology at, 343. Steam apparatus for spraying, 263. Steganoptycha Claypoliana, biblio- graphy, 214. confused with an allied form, 215- 216. description, 216. habits compared with ally, 217. in petioles of maple leaves, 215. life-history, 216-217. remedies, 217. tibeutes gentilis, 211. stimulans, Culex, 321. Empretia, 360. Stings by Cicada, 287-288. Stoll, C., cited, 183. Stomoxys caleitrans, 337. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station (Conn.), Bulletin cited, 254. Stratton, A. H., insects from, 360, 361. Strawberries forsaken for Cicadas by robin, 288. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Stabe leaves, army-worm feeding on, : Stretch, R. H., cited, 183. Strickland, R. W., inseets from, 359. strigosus, Bittacus, 352. Striped blister beetle, 354. Striped cucumber beetle, 352. Sturgis—Britton cited, 254. subgothica, Agrotis, 360, subsericea, Formica, 182. subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 362. Sugar maple borer, see Plagionotus speciosus, 237-242, 243. Sugar maple: insects injurious to, . Plagiovotus speciosus, 239-240, 249, Re aan Claypoliana, 215, 2. Sumac-gall Aphis, 290-292. Sumac, “Pemphigus rhois forming galls on, 290 Surinamensis, Silpha, 361. Silvanus, 361. suturalis, Hispa [Odontota dorsalis], _ [dorsalis], Odontota, 264, 265. Swine, feeding on army-worms, 208. Sympiezus uroplate, 267. Synopsis of Canadian Arcitiide (Saun- ders) cited, 183. Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North America (Morris) cited, 183. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America (Hagen) cited, 298. Syrphid larvee preying on plaut-lice, 300. Syrphide, scarcity of, 308. Systema Nature (Linnaeus) cited, 248. {0 tabaci, Thrips, 357. Tachina flies, 210. Tachina-fly, red-tailed, 210. yellow-tailed, 210. Taft-Davis, 254. Tannin in galls of Pemphigus rhois, 291. Tarquinius, Feniseca, 308. Tartarian boneysuckle berries, army- worm moths feeding on, 202, 203. Ten plagues of Egypt, mosquitoes may have been one, 332. . Tenebrioides Mauritanica, 362. Tent eaterpillar, 353. Tenthredo rufopectus, 308, 359. terminalis, Rhogas, 192, 211, Thacker, W. A., insects from, 360. Thalessa lunator, 262, 359. The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], abstract from, "B52; cited, 190, 253. The Independent [New Paltz, ING eT quoted, 196. The Jamestown Journal quoted, 197. The Journal [Easthampton, L. I.] quoted, 195. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST The Mosquito, 319-335. The Nation, abstract from, 349. The natural history of the rarer Lepi- dopterous [usects of Georgia (Ab. bott-Smith) cited, 183. The Oneonta Herald quoted, 196. The Watertown Reformer quoted, 196. Thirteen-year Cicada, 276-277. Thomas, C., cited, 191, 235, 237, 243, 290, 291; quoted, 314. Thompson, EK. H., cited, 193. Thousand-legged worms grreenhouses, 300-3038, 349. Thrips tabaci, 357. Thrushes feeding on Cicada, 289. Thunberg. C. P., cited, 264. Thyreus Abbotii, 359. tibicen, Cicada, 274, 363. ‘Tierische Schiidlinge und Niitzlinge (Ritzema Bos) cited, 230. Tiger-beetle, 209, 320. Timothy injured by army-worm, 197, 309. Tischeria matifoliella, 357. Tmetocera ceellana, 307. Toad eating army-worm, 193, 209. Tomato, Epicauta cinerea injuring, 354. Tompkins, Morris, apple-tree of injured by Caceecia, 3i2. Tortricidae, species treated of, 214-217. ‘Townsend, C. H. T., cited, 142, 238. Transactions of the American Enio- -mological Society cited, 181-182, 298. Transactions of the American Philo- sophical Society cited, 235. Transactions of the Iowa State Agri- cultural Society cited, 191. Transactions of the Mississppi Valley Horticultural Society cited, 191. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society cited, 218, 243, 264. Treat, M,, cited, 228. Treatise on the Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Harris) cited, 183, 229, 237, 243, 264. Tremex columba, 262. Tremex larve, 262. Tribolium confusum, 362. Trichogramma odontote, 267. tridentata, Compsidea “Saperda], 248. Saperda, 239, 243-248, 355. trilineata [tr'dendata], Saperda, 243. trisignata, Harrisimemna, 360. trivittatus, Leptocoris, 352. Brov, SN ob AYe.\ orayaces, of beetle in, 256-257, 261. ravages of elm-tree bark-louse in, A261, 295: Truman, P. C., cited, 194. Trypeta pomonella, 347-348. Trypoxylon politum, 339. Tupper, Thomas. insects from, 308, 359. Turnbull, Mrs. K. E., insects from, 360. Turnus, Papilio, 307. Turtle, land, feeding on Cieada, 289. infesting elm-leaf 307 12-punctata, Crioceris, 248-252. Diabrotica, 348. Twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, see Crioceris 12-punctata, 248-252. Diabrotica, 348. Twice-stabbed lady-bird, 361. Typhlocyha rose, 355-356. vitis, 363. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 357. Lintneri, 352. Tyrophaga [Piophila] casei, 229. U ulmi, Coccus [Gossyparia], 292. Gossyparia, 261-262, 292-298, 317- 318. 356, 363. UJmus Americana: insects injurious to, Galerucella lutevla, 259. Saperda tridentata, 243, 244. Ulmus campestris, Galerucella Inteola injuring, 255. Ulmus fulvns, Saperda tridentata in- juring, 244, Ulmus montana, Gossyparia ulmi in- juring, 317. Unger, Frank, insects from, 359. unicolor, Macrobasis, 315, 356, 362. unifasciata, Belvoisia, 210. uniformis, Balaninus, 268. unipuncta, Heliophila [Leucania], 190, 1912 193: Leucania, 190-214, 309-310, 352, 308, 356, 360. United States Department of Agricul- ture, Division of Entomology, Bulle- tin, abstract from, 356; cited, 183, 190), 191, 192, 193, 094, 2182230) 231: 235, 248, 253, 254, 264, 265, 272, 273, 292, 307, 321, 335; circular cited, 254, 273. United States Department of Agrieul- ture, Farmers’ Bulletin cited, 183. United States Department of Agricul- ture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin cited, 183. United States Department of Agrieui- ture, Report cited, 235, 254, 267. United States Departmeit of Agricul- ture, Year Book cited, 249, 254. United States Eutomological Commis- sion, Bulletin cited, 237, 243; Report cited, 191, 194, 205, 237, 243, 265, 267. United States National Museum, Bul- letin cited, 183. University of Tennessee, Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 273. uroplate, Sympiezus, 267. Urosigalpius armatus, 271. Utica Semi-Weekly Herald quoted, 197. 4 V Van Duzee, E. P., cited, 191, 203. Vanessa Antiopa, 354, 359. Van’ Slyke, H., on Cicada chambers, 280. A a 399 Vermont Agricultural Station, Report cited, 194. Vermont State Board of Agriculture, Report cited, 218, 292. vernata, Anisopteryx, 311-312, 350; 356, 360. vestita, Saperda, 245. villosa, Sciara, 225. viliosum, Elaphidion, 314, 356. Vinegar for mosquito bite, 325. Virginiensis, Chalcophora, 361. viridascens, Glyphe, 210. viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 363. vitis, Typhlocyba, 363. vitreus, Mesochorus, 210. vittata, Diabrotica, 352. Hpicauta, 354. Ww Walker, F., cited, 298; referred to, 321. Walnut (Juglans), Datana integerrima injuring, 309. Walnuts, Balaninus sp. feeding on, 269. Walsh, B. D., cited, 235, 290; on Lebia grandis, 236; quoted, 291; re- ferred to, 512. Walsh-Riley cited, 237, 290. - Walton, W. R., insects from, 317, 362, 363. Washburn, J. B., insects from, 317, 363. Waterford, elin-leaf beetle there, 261. Watermelon, army-worm feeding on, 206. Watertown Reformer, The, quoted, 196. Watervliet, N. Y., ravages of elm-leaf beetle in, 261. elm-tree bark-louse there, 261. Wayne county, army-\orm ravages in, LOM: Weasels feeding on army-worm, 208. Webster, F. M., cited, 191, 248, 254, 265, 273; referred to, 267. Weed, C. M., cited, 194, 238, 254; re- ferred to, 207. Welch, Mrs. M. B., insects from, 362. West Virginia Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Bulletin cited, 193, 265. Western New York Horticultural So- ciety, Proceedings cited, 194, 243. Westwood, J. O., cited, 229; quoted, 322; referred to, 322. Wheat flour, Silvanus Surinamensis in, 361. Wheat germ meal infested by Ephestia interpunctella, 360. Wheat-head army-worm, 310. Wheat: insects injurious to, Agriotes maneus, 356. Leucania unipuncta, 206. Meromyza Americana, 361. Polydesmus complanatus, 301. Wheatlet, infested by Ephestia inter- punetella, 360. Wheat-midge, losses caused by, 341. Wheat wire-worm, 356. Fy NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Experiment { Wheeler, W. M., cited, 273. Whitcomb, J. S., inseets from, 360. White oak, Odontota dorsalis feeding on, 266. Wickham, H. F., cited, 249, 265. “ Wigglers,” mosquito larve, 333. Wilcoxi, Calosoma, 209. Wild haws, Trypeta pomonella breed- ing in, 348. Ve Solanum, army-worm feeding on, Wild sun-flower, Eepantheria seribonia feeding on, 189. ‘ Le X, A., cited, 230, 233; quoted, 233. Williams, A. P., insects from, 362. Willow apple gall saw-fly, 359. Willow-apple Tineid, 360. Willow butterfiy, 354. Willow: insects injurious to, Datana integerrima, 309. Ecpautheria seribonia, 189. Gossyparia ulmi, 292. Vanessa Antiopa, 359. Winter mosquito, 320. Neat 4-pustulata, 192, 201, 310, 54. Wire-worms, 347, 352, 361. Wood borers, 244. Woodpecker, downy, preying on Plag- ionotus speciosus, 242. hairy, preying on Plagionotus speciosus, 242. golden-winged, feeding on army- worm, 209. Woodpeckers preying on Plagionotus speciosus, 242. Wormy chestnuts, 268, 270. ‘““Wrigglers,” mosquito larvae, 333. ».¢ xanthomelena, Galeruca [Galerucella luteola], 253. [luteola], Galeruceélla, 253, 254, 349, Xyleborus infesting pear twigs, 246. Xylina Bethunei, 360. Y Yearbook of the United States Depatt- ment of Agriculture cited, 249, 254. Yellow fever, mosquitoes vaccinating against, 331. Yellow locust, Odontota dorsalis feed- ing on, 265-266. Yellow-tailed Tachina-fly, 210. ypsilon, Agrotis, 205. z Zabriskie, J. L., cited, 215. Zesch-Reinecke, cited, 238, 243. Zeuzera pyrina, 360. Zygenide and Bombycides of North America, Illustrations of — the (Stretch), cited, 183. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 399 Ba. Rr Ach A. Page 197, line 3 from bottom, at end of line read: lying in. Page 197, line 2 from bottom, for reportedon, read reported on. Page 291, line 15, for Missouri read Illinois. Page 308, line 10 from bottom, for current read currant. Page 356, line 5 from bottom, for 238 read 243. Page 357, line 9, for Birch-tree read Birch-seed, Page 363, line 13, for beach read beech. Page 363, line 15 from bottom, for FREEST read FREEST. Wiel Ay! {yeaa 4 re re ih Cin ol i es By e We wt ; ey . Some Entomological Publications of J. A. Lintner. Entomological Contributions. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, 1872. Pages go, plates (lithographic) 2. Also in the Twenty-third Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History [for the year 1869]. 1873. Pages 137-222. Entomological Contributions—No. II. Albany: The Argus Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 76. Alsoin the Twenty-fourth Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the year 1870|. 1872. Pages 109-170. Entomological Contributions— No. III. Albany: The Argus Company, Printers, May, 1874. Pages 80 (113-192), figures 17. Also in the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the year 1872]. 1874. Pages 117-192. Entomological Contributions— No. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, June, 1878. Pages 144. Also in the Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the year 1876]. 1878. Pages 117-254. Report on the Insects and other Animal Forms of Caledonia Creek, New York. Albany: 1878. Pages 26, plates (lithographic) 3. Also in the Tenth Annual Report of the New York Fishery Com- missioners, for the year 1877. Albany: 1878. Pages 12-36, plates 1~3. (For summary of contents, see the Seventh Report on the Insects of New York, 1891, page 373). Lepidoptera of the Adirondack Region. Albany: 1880. Pages 28. Also in the Seventh Annual Report of the Topographical Survey of the Adirondack Regions of New York, by Verplanck Colvin. Albany: 1880. Pages 375-400. (See Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, page [82] 178). | The Insects of the Clover Piant. Albany: 1881. Pages 17, figures 6. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society for the years 1877-1882, xxxilil, 1884. Pages 187-207. (See Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, page [88] 184). The White Grub of the May Beetle. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural History, No.5. Albany: November, 1888. Pages 31, figures 5. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, xxxiv, for 1883-1886. Pages 5-33. Cut-Worms. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural History, No. 6. Albany: November, 1888. Pages 36, figures 28. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, xxxlv, for 1883-1886, Pages 66-100. List of Reports of the Entomologist of the State of New York. First Annual Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the State Legislature, pursuant to Chapter 377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers. 1882. Pages xxil, 381, figures $4. Second Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Legislature, pursuant to Chapter 377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Legislative Printers. 1885. Pages xiv, 265, figures 68. [Reports of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of New York, for the years 1884 and 1885, are published (only) in the 38th and 39th Annual Reports of the New York State Museum of Natural History, for the above named years, pages 67-76, 77-125]. [Third Report of the State Entomologist.] Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of New York, for the year 1886. Albany: The Argus Company, Printers. 1887. Published in the 4oth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1887, pages 79-154; also in 200 separates, with cover and title page. Fourth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University, pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B. Lyon, Printer. 1888. Pages 237, figures 68. Also as Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New York, for the year 1887, in the Forty-first Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History. 1888. Pages 123-358. Fitth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University, pur- suant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: The Troy Press Company, Printers. 1889. Pages 205: double-paged as 145-347, figures 50. Also as Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New York, for the year 1888; in the Forty- second Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History, for the year 1888, 1889. Pages 145-348. Reports of Entomologist of the State of New York.—Continued. Sixth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University, pur- suant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1890. Pages 107 (97-203), figures 25. Also as Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New York, for the year 1889; in the New York State Museum, Forty- third Annual Report, for the year 1889. 1890. Pages gg—205. Seventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University, pur- suant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1891. Pages 217 (195-405), figures 4o. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 18go; in the Forty-fourth Annual Report, New York State Museum, for the year 1890. 1892. Pages 197-405. Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1891. Albany, University of fie ote omy New York. S93." (Pages "218 /(103"250), figures,’ 53. Also as report of the State Entomologist for the year 1891; in the New York State Museum, Forty-fitth Annual Report, for the year 1891. Albany: James B. Lyon, Printer. 1892. Pages and figures as above. Ninth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1892. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 206 (289-494), figures 34. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1892; in the New York State Museum, Forty-sixth Annual Report, for the year 1892. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer. 1893. Pages and figures as above. | Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of New York, for the year 1893. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1894. Pages 25 (173- 197). Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1893; in the New York State Museum, Forty-seventh Annual Report, for the year 1893. Pages 175-197. Albany: James 8B. Lyon, State Printer. 1894. Tenth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1894. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1895. Pages 300 (337-636), plates 4, figures, 24. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1894; in the New York State Museum, Forty-eighth Annual Report, for the year 1894. Albany, University of the State of New York, 1895. Pages 339-636. Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the year 1895. Albany, University of the State of New York. 1896. Pages 243 (84-326), plates 16, figures 25. Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1895; in the New York State Museum, Forty-ninth Annual Report, for the year 1895. Albany. University of the State of New York, 1896. Pages 85-330. i aa 8 Ke ah ine _ . ; Gy roe ef Aeris University of the State of New York | 51S Gop) Boel oad Bis Hil OF THE New York State Museum a VOL. 4 No. 16 OCTOBER 1897 RPGS AL. CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF a aoa tama ea 9) 2) oad 9 PREPARED BY WILLIAM M. BEAUCHAMRP, S. T. D.. ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1897 CO NAGE Nis PAGE IGatrcahhO git cao oso aro oodos soa DOr SEOE HOO SoL Cos cou soa noo sno oho bae Sorc 5 Archeological work in''New 'Vork 2300 ooo SG eee Gai tncie eee ene a Alboriginal (occupations. eo. 2 site's fe bien Wace etna ee slaje sie ele ia ateretee re cee ne ae 9 J Node 0i etl eae WHS BeBe ear ce ioge Ge Seeger so co doouoscon sean qoopoeoonoeeae« a Avrow heads: aise. Bd eleven ots ajotemlemlalemle elie te ernie lente rote elere a te men epee tene eee 17 Spears 200 60 eS ci aio I a oe ie IO 38 GIVES. otc eS a etal anielemine s eiote ude oa sie ies evaleine 2 an ye meee eee 49 Spades iOriuhoes ysis cic iare - cielsicinhe etal ool alm elena (eisiateloie ielcia le einate= ieee ee 53 (Chivpoyortey. SONS Eb eIS6A6 caSoce sssoameban Goeees oIanscs4 Ss semns schoo ooo cos5 57 PETfOVAtOLS jja,cy claire = ee Cemmene mleme seen = erate ee Cie iene es nie eee eee 59 SCrapersiye. se Uoa ek Moose eae ce PO Cu blok aie (eee inate, cetera aiienata a Ctra tae fetta 64 DELEAteATLOWS cee LC Gee Ce cera Sees ie oh ei a ae eee 72 Flint hammers...... Poe anak neh WU RMLONE ME MUM NIP ls Ire UPR Ryne eae Lp mee en 73 Miscellaneous sis te oe ci cere Ce pe Cte eae ne ee Re eee 73 Stone isimkens yc Ns a a ik a ee Gee RIE Soe CE ee an eat rae 75 INTRODUCTION In 1896, the legislature appropriated $5000 to be used by the regents of the University for increasing the state collection: illus- trating New York aboriginal life, and for preserving such facts as might seem to them of most value. Most of this appropriation has been judiciously used by A. G. Richmond, esq., honorary curator of this department of the state museum, in securing several collec- tions of great value. It was also thought advisable to issue some bulletins of a popular nature, illustrating the antiquities of New York, especially the implements and ornaments of the aborigines. In furtherance of this plan the Rev. W: M. Beauchamp, S. T. D., of Baldwinsville, N. Y., was consulted and his aid secured. He had been engaged for a quarter of a century, in this study, and had accumulated a vast amount of available material. His suggestion was that such work might be distributed under suitable heads, each subject complete in itself, but forming a series if desired. The first would be that of the chipped stone implements of New York, and a paper on this is subjoined. A second would be on those polished articles of stone, in which New York is so rich; the paper on this is nearly completed, and will be an important contribution to science. Others might treat on the articles of clay, bone, horn, shell and metal, so abundantly found in the state. It was thought that, in this way, not only would clearer informa- tion be afforded, but that the state museum would be the gainer, by valuable contributions of many things altogether uncared for now. Such has been the result elsewhere, and the local pride of our citizens may confidently be relied upon to make the state collection one unsurpassed. The illustrations are selections from the thousands of drawings which Dr Beauchamp has made, and show both rare and common forms. For this valuable bulletin the state is indebted solely to Dr Beau- champ to whom its publication has been wholly entrusted. For the admirable work done in increasing the archeological collection, the state is indebted to our honorary curator, A. G. Richmond, presi- dent of the Canajoharie national bank, who has for years given his \ i | 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM active and extremely valuable expert service to the increasing of our collections without a dollar of compensation from the state. It is a pleasure to recognize in this public way a service so satisfactory in its result and so unusual in being rendered to the state without salary. It is hoped that Dr Beauchamp may from the results of his work for the past 25 years give us a series of bulletins which will make his stores of special knowledge available to every student of the subject. Metvit DEWEY Secretary of the Umversity ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 7 ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN NEW YORK While much has been done by the state of New York in the pres- ervation and dissemination of documents relating to early days, little until now has been accomplished in collecting and arranging those still earlier records, found so largely in stone, which reveal much unwritten history. All early writers describe a condition of things evidently not representative of periods which were then already days of old. Implements and ornaments had changed, arts and history had been forgotten, a new race had displaced the old, as we have taken its place in turn. Wecan only know what that history and those arts were, by seeking their surviving memorials in the soil. The state, however, has done valuable service in embodying so much relating to what is called indian history, in many of its publica- tions. Crude as was Mr Schoolcrait’s Report on the Iroquois, made in 1845, it was a boon to the public, and preserved or suggested much valuable matter. This was notably the case with the several Iroquois dialects, afterwards much enlarged by him. The Documentary history and the New York colomal documents made other interesting matter accessible. The Report on the indian problem, in 1889, wisely placed the Iroquois treaties before the public, although it was great mis- fortune that the signatures to these were not submitted to an expert in indian names. It would have saved a host of needless errors. The work of the regents in the same direction has been good as far as it has gone. The annual reports which contain the papers of L. H. Morgan on recent Iroquois implements and ornaments, are yet among the most popular and best preserved. Part of these were afterwards embodied in his valuable League of the Iroquois, and were first produced nearly half a century since. The publication of Father Bruyas’ Mohawk lexicon, written two centuries ago, was one of the earliest attempts to bring a New York indian language before the public, when systematically arranged. It has’ since been fully trans- lated. The publication of the explorations and plans of Messrs Hough and Cheney, in the northern and western parts of New York gave prominence to the interesting earthworks in both sections, with occasional notes from others. 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In connection with Mr Morgan’s literary work he made an inter : esting collection of modern Iroquois articles for the state museum, and this has been partially supplemented by that made for the World’s fair at Chicago, by the Rev. J. A. Sanborn. These might be enlarged. Occasional stone and other relics have come into the state collection by donation, but no systematic or sustained work has been done until that now begun. Individuals have not been idle in making up their own cabinets, sometimes soon dispersed, sometimes remaining, but often far surpassing anything belonging to the state. Notable among these are the collections of O. M. Bigelow, in Baldwinsville, illustrating Onondaga and neighboring counties; that of J. S. Twining, Copenhagen, pertaining to Jefferson county, now in the possession of the state; and those of S. L. Frey, Palatine Bridge, and A. G. Richmond, Canajoharie, so rich in the relics of Montgomery county and vicinity. Many smaller collections. of interest might be mentioned. | The early Dutch writers are now available in many ways, and the various historical societies have added much to our knowledge of the aborigines. The Pennsylvania archives and colonial records. contain much relating to those of this state, and other valuable material will be found outside of our limits. The recently discovered journal of Arent Van Curler (Corlaer) is a treasure indeed. The Jesuit relations have been diligently culled and annotated, and large portions relating to New York are now within easy reach. Valuable notes on local antiquities may be found in such works as Bolton’s History of Westchester, Hough’s Histories of Jefferson and St Law- rence counties, Doty’s History of Livingston county, Young’s History of Chautauqua, the Onondaga centenmal, Clark’s Onondaga, and many other local histories. Some are carefully prepared, forming a good working foundation. The work done by Mr Squier as yet stands alone as a general account of the antiquities of New York now accessible to the public. Dr Frederick Larkin published a little work in 1880, entitled Ancient man in America, which is a careful treatise on the antiquities of the western part of the state. The Rev. W. M. Beauchamp prepared a map for the U. S. Bureau of ethnology, some years since, with de- ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 9 scriptive notes of the Iroquois portion of the state, much of it from personal field work. This has since been enriched, and now contains all the reported indian sites of New York, large and small. It is very suggestive in many ways. The Bureau of ethnology has done much here, although its larger fields in the west compel it to leave many things to local efforts. Philology has had its students. The issuing of Father Bruyas’ valuable Mohawk lexicon marked an era in this respect, and Mr J. G. Shea has made valuable contributions from early French publications since that time. Messrs L. H. Morgan and O. H. Marshall did excellent work on the indian names in the western and some other parts of the state. Mr W. W. Tooker in the eastern, and the Rev. Dr Beauchamp in the central part of New York have done much in the same line. Prof. Horsford published Zeisberger’s Onondaga and Delaware dictionary in 1887, but his journal of his residence at Onondaga still sleeps in the old manuscript at Bethlehem. The late Horatio Hale’s Iroquois book of rites is an invaluable contribution to our knowledge of Iroquois songs and ceremonies. Prof. Lyman, of Syracuse, has recently taken down a large collection of indian songs, with the accompanying music, and the Bureau of ethnology is steadily at work on the Iroquois dialects. Others might be mentioned. Colden preserved much in his history of the Five Nations, and the quaint and marvelous history written by David Cusick, the Tus- carora, has passed through many editions. It has recently been republished, with ample notes. Morgan’s League of the Iroquois is a standard work, but has little to do with prehistoric, or even early historic times. :; ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION The aboriginal occupation of New York was of a varied character and for a long time after it was first visited by man, almost its whole extent was but a temporary resort for hunters and fishermen. Rivers were the first places to attract men, and rifts on these were the favorite spots for camps. Good fishing and fording were important considerations and determined the routes of travelers and the location of many hamlets. The mere abundance of fish and game drew roving Ts) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM men to some places, and the small supply of the former was a suffi- cient reason why the Mohawk valley was so little visited until a recent day. For a similar reason deep lakes were little frequented — here, unless at the shallow waters near their outlets. The aborigines of New York seldom used the hook and line until after European contact, and the harpoon, arrow, stone fish weir and net were useful only where the water was of no great depth. Large lakes, too, were often perilous places for canoes, while on most rivers they could be employed at any time. Accordingly early relics and camps are most frequent near large streams and small lakes. Where a river was as large as the Hudson in its lower course, camps would be expected only near the mouths of its tributaries, or in sheltered spots; near the sea they would also occur on shallow bays. In the one case the burnt earth and frequent relics, in the other the great shell heaps attest the presence of early man. Many of the finest articles, however, have been discovered near the old trails, or in low grounds. If lost on a village site in peaceful times, they would have been sought and found with comparative ease. On the road, time could not always be allowed for this, and weeds, brambles and mire might have rendered all search useless. These visitors came from many directions, and with differing habits, as relics plainly show; but having once been here, there were soon favorite places of resort. In process of time small hamlets were formed, often but the renewal of fishing camps from year to year. The old lodges would be repaired or rebuilt on the same spots, used in the summer and abandoned in the winter. This was the Iroquois practice in the seventeenth century, and in Canada the wandering tribes had a succession of camping places, to which they periodically resorted. Some northern tribes were thus winter visitors in New York. Nearer the sea, many indian tribes as steadily vibrated be- tween the shore and the interior as some of our people do now. The new is ever the old. When the Iroquois came into New York they brought a change. They hunted and fished, but they were also growers of corn, pump- kins and beans. Although they camped on the rivers, their towns and forts were almost always at some distance from them. It might ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK Ir be but a few rods, but often it was many miles. They wished not only strong positions, but situations where canoes could not reach them. This was always the case in warlike times, and the position of the town will often show confidence or fear. Their permanent homes also depended to some extent upon the soil, being a corn raising people; and in fact nearly all camps of others as well were placed on a light, and nota heavy soil. Very rarely indeed did other considerations outweigh this. Iroquois villages are thus not to be _ expected in regions characterized by primitive rocks; a glance at a map showing the indian sites of New York and Canada, will make apparent how much their location was affected by geological con- ditions. The Algonquin tribes built palisaded forts in the eastern part of New York, somewhat like those of the Iroquois, and their long houses are reported to have been even longer than those of the latter. Earthworks here, however, were nearly all defenses of the Iroquoian family, and yield abundant earthenware. Some of these are quite recent, and in these are observed suggestions of a knowledge of European articles, soon followed by the articles themselves. These later sites, usually simple stockades, have often done a work similar to that of the Rosetta stone, but in another way. Knowing their age, and finding aboriginal relics on them of peculiar kinds, we are ‘able to give the approximate age of similar articles elsewhere. In this will be found one great advantage of studying some New York sites, an advantage not confined in its results to our own borders. One important question relates to the Eskimo. It will appear that some articles now used only by them are frequent in the northern part of New York, along with others which suggest their occasional presence. It is well known, also, that they once lived much farther south than now, and it may yet appear that they were sometimes visitors here. Rash conclusions are to be avoided, but so much is known as to call for further light. It is to be deplored that such quantities of our finest relics are forever lost to the state, but this is a lament in which every part of our land shares. Enough remains to give us some idea of the arts — perhaps of the habits and history—of our predecessors. Although so Iz NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM many forts and sites have also been obliterated, quite a goodly num- ber have been located and described, and with a moderate farther research it is possible to tell a great deal of the occupation of New York in historic and prehistoric times. The articles left by the aborigines here have a wide range in nature and origin. Ina broad way they may be classed as flaked or chipped forms of stone, those of clay, those of shell, horn or bone, those of metal, glass and wood; and most interesting of all, those of picked or polished stone. This is a simple matter of convenience, for many things in all these have other relations. Fine and beautifully wrought articles may precede those which are rude, or they may have coex- isted in the same camp or town. Horn and bone were often used with stone. Metallic articles were of a remote date, as well as recent. Wood was used in every period. While many rude implements closely resemble those called paleo- lithic, these are usually surface finds here, pointing to no remote antiquity... In fact quite deep burial often proves no test of age, owing to some well known customs as well as natural agencies. Some implements made of argillite, and much changed by weathering or contact with the soil, although surface finds, are precisely like those occurring in the higher deposits at Trenton, N. J. Thus far none of the ruder articles have been reported at any great depth here, though this is but negative testimony, which farther research may change. Up to the present time polished stone implements have been reported here deepest of all. How reliable the reports are it is difficult to say. Caches of flint are frequent, commonly composed of broadly chipped stones, rather more triangular than leaf-shaped in form, and nearly alike in size, although this is not always the case. In general they are supposed to be those from which others were to be made, having been deposited either for security or to preserve the temper of the flint. Although not strictly correct, this word will be used for a common material. Many of these simple articles were not farther elaborated, but at once came into use. Others may have been changed into other forms, but this is little more than theory. Their uniformity in size, and their burial in quantities give plausi- ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 13 bility to it, and it may well be allowed that they were brought from a distance for purposes of trade, or further development. Quantities of material came here in a still ruder form, which have not been found in caches, and among these were some of the choicer kinds. There are abundant flint flakes in places where they could only have come through the agency of man, and these indicate the arrow maker’s temporary home. The aborigines made but moderate use of the local hornstone, so plentiful in the corniferous limestone of New York, though it is often recognizable in the ruder articles to which it is adapted. At Black Rock in Buffalo, and across the river in Canada, one can easily see where blocks of hornstone were detached and used. Occasionally something of the kind will be seen elsewhere, but most of the material for the finer arrows, knives and spears came from without the state. Among these implements occur jaspers of every hue, white quartz, chalcedony, argillite, schist and sandstone, as well as the finer flints of bluish or brownish grey; yellow jasper was a favorite material, specially for large implements, and it is comparatively frequent in caches. It was probably derived from a neighboring state. In a very broad way it is well known that the prevailing materials used in any region have a somewhat local character. Through Ohio and much of New York, the grey or drab cherts from the limestone are prevalent, with a projection of this material far southward. In the southern Atlantic states a brownish quartzite or coarse sandstone appears, with finer materials in the mountains. Along the Hudson and in New England white quartz was largely used; and in the northern states of the Mississippi valley an opaque white or pinkish flint wastherule. A characteristic dark hornstone also appears there in immense caches in some places. The beautiful arrows and other small implements of the Rocky mountains and the Pacific slope are also well known, and in other quarters yellow jasper is common. An experienced archeologist may thus often feel sure of the general origin of an article, without knowing precisely where it was found. That is a question of trade or migration. Material is often a better guide in determining ultimate origin than form. The drills and scrapers of the east are often matched by r4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM those of the west. A few New York arrows rival those of Oregon in size, though not in delicacy. When the stone used is considered | the difference is more obvious. Form and material may both aid in determining what people visited New York in early days. Ina representative and ample collection from this state, where the locality of the specimen is clearly and correctly recorded, as it always should be, later critical study of this kind may establish facts now unknown, regarding early migration and trade. Celts, gouges and pestles were often made of local pebbles, but those of basalt and striped slate may show a different origin. Gor- gets, tubes, ceremonial stones and amulets often do the same. Native copper implements of course come from afar, and sheets of mica do not naturally occur here. Steatite, as fragments of vessels, is also found abundantly, hundreds of miles from any quarry, and other like things will appear in due time. All flint implements are not arrows or spears, however much they may resemble them at first sight, and thus a lack of observation and distinction has led to errors. It is not long since Sir John Lubbock said that there were no scrapers here, whereas many forms are abun- dant in New York alone, some of them precisely like those used by the Eskimo now. They simply had not been observed or reported. A very large proportion of implements termed arrows or spears are really knives. They never could have been shot or thrown with precision, they are so bent or one-sided. Many drills have also been called arrows; and in fact articles often grade into each other, or unite characteristic features. Drill, knife and scraper may appear in one implement, and a writer in early days said of western arrow points, ‘if no knife is at hand, they use them also to skin the animals they have killed.’ They would answer well. | While there are many gradations, or variations of form, in the flint implements found in New York, few typical examples have been found or described which are without representatives here, unless it be in some massive forms. Farther observation may supply these, and perhaps even others. On the other hand, some notable types appear here as yet undescribed. These should have due prominence. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 15 In chipped or flaked implements the simplest form was that of the knife, which might sometimes be used for a spear, but not often for an arrow-head, unless of unusual symmetry. Many simple flakes were employed for this, the edge being sharply and neatly chipped. Some of these inconspicuous flakes show better workmanship in these edges than large and symmetrical implements, but they seem to have served only a temporary purpose. A knife was wanted; a flake was picked up, to which in a few moments an edge was given; it was used and thrown away. So that it was sharp, little more was required for mere use, but in many cases knives were both large and beautiful. As has been said, in an emergency almost any article might serve as a knife, but there are many special forms. When the surface was bent, as was often the case, knives were probably used also as scrapers, without having the distinct scraper edge. Some agree with Loskiel’s description, who says, ‘ their knives were made in a long triangular shape, the long sides being sharpened.’ i ARROW MAKING In an excellent article on the stone art of the Mississippi valley, (13th Annual report of the bureau of ethnology, p. 139-42) Mr Gerard Fowke gives an extended account of arrow making, as practised in different places. Without going into full detail, it may be well to say here that chipping was usually done by pressure or percussion. In almost all cases, a piece of horn or bone, slightly notched, was used as a flaker. The process has been observed by many, for it is not an extinct art, although steel is now often substituted for horn or bone, and glass for stone. Any stone which will admit of a con- choidal fracture, and some which will not, may be used; for large implements, and even for small, a siliceous limestone or even sand- stone was often employed. Quartz was used, but some varieties were not adapted for delicate work, while for large implements it was a showy material. | Usually the stone is held in one hand, or placed on wood, buck- skin, a blanket, or other yielding substance. More rarely it is held against a stone anvil, and chipped with a stone hammer. Simple pressure suffices in most cases, the bone flaker being set against the 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM proper points, and small pieces being chipped off by pressing it in different directions. Some hold the stone in the hand, setting the tool at different points and angles, while an assistant gently strikes it. Pincers are sometimes used, and the Klamath indians hold the wooden handle of the flaker under the arm, pressing the stone against the point. A long flat tool, found in Great Britain, was thought a flaking implement by Mr Evans, but the same stone article is here either a scraper or knife. The time required in arrow making differs according to the size or delicacy of the article to be made. In his account of the indians of Virginia, in 1607, Capt. John Smith said, ‘His arrow-head he maketh quickly, with a little bone, of any splinter of stone or glass.’ Evans said that the Mexicans could turn out a hundred obsidian knives in an hour, but these were probably only long and sharp flakes, often made ata single stroke. Crook, however, states that the indians of the plains will make from fifty to a hundred arrows in an hour, with a knife for a flaker. These must be rude, however ser- viceable. A Klamath indian made a complete arrow-head in five minutes, and a Shasta indian took an hour for this. On articles of extraordinary delicacy and size, many days might be employed. Mr Frank H. Cushing, in his address upon the arrow, at the Springfield meeting of the American association for the advance- ment of science in 1895, gave an interesting account of his own experience in arrow making. In a boyish experiment he stumbled upon the use of the bone flaker, by which he at once chipped the flint ‘in long, continuously narrow surface flakes wherever the edge was caught in the bone at a certain angle.’ His experience proved to him ‘that paleolithic man, of the French caves at least — that man who is said to have known no other art of working stone than by rudely breaking it into shape by blows of other stones — could not have existed in such primary status of art for more than a few seasons at) most.” (See Proc. A.A ALS. 1895. 7 p.205) Before he went to the Smithsonian institution or to Zuni, he had elaborated ‘ some seven or eight totally distinct methods of working flint-like substances with stone age apparatus.’ His whole account is worthy of careful study, and to him we are indebted for the know- ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 17 ledge of one purpose of caches. From one pebble he had made “seven finished knife and arrow blades in exactly 38 minutes;’ and, ‘from obsidian or glass a very small and delicate arrow-point — the most easily made, by the way —in less than two minutes.’ ARROW-HEADS There are local varieties in arrows, as in other implements, and on some sites one type may prevail to the exclusion of almost all others, but the distribution of all leading types is very general. There are few forms of the smaller chipped implements, from the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains, which may not be matched in form in New York, whether it be arrow, spear, drill, scraper, or knife, the early visitors bringing them from every part. In most cases the finer ones come from a distance, while for the smaller, more common and less valuable, the hornstone of the Helderberg group often sufficed. Some small forms have been classed as boys’ arrows, but there is little reason for this, for they are much too common, and were ser- viceable in hunting.- Many are found in New York less than half an inch in length, and they occur in quantities not over an inch long. Primitive children’s arrows were used with a blow-gun. Arrow making was a necessity to every hunter, but all were not equally skilful, and some would acquire a high reputation, finding their work in demand. A division of labor was inevitable, even in savage life, and Roger Williams described this in 1643: “They have some who follow onely making of bowes, some arrows, some dishes, (and the women make all the earthen vessels) some follow fishing, some hunting; most on the seaside make money, and store up shells in summer, whereof they make their money.’ Some of the finest stone work here, also, was that of an early day, the Iroquois having no fondness for working in stone, and restricting themselves mostly to axes, small arrows and knives. The finest material, also, is not of recent date, but of that period when men were here as hunters and fishers, rather than as residents. This is true of ornamental stone work as well, except in the very recent introduction of red pipestone, and the fine stone pipes of the later Iroquois, made with metallic tools. The stone masks also belong to the historic period. 18 NiW YORK SLATE MUSEUM , It is impossible to draw an exact line between arrows, spears and knives, although most of them may be easily distinguished; and it is almost as difficult to classify satisfactorily the varieties of either of these implements. Dr Rau arranged arrow-heads as leaf-shape; convex sided, with truncate base; triangular; triangular, but with indented base; notched at the sides, with convex, straight, or in-- dented base; stemmed, but with various bases; barbed and stemmed. Others have suggested additional groups, but nothing mine cover- ing all has yet been proposed. ! The common form oi cached articles in New York is a straight base, straight or slightly concaveedges gradually expanding tothe full width of the stone, whence longer curvededges contract to the point. These coarsely flaked implements are commonly from four to five inches in length, and sometimes scores occur in one cache. Although usually of the drab, grey or dark hornstone, this is not invariable, nor is the size always the same. They may be found near streams navigable by canoes, but not always close to them. In some cases they are comparatively distant from prominent routes or resorts, but in places favorable for hunting or fishing. They are frequent in New York, and fig. 1 is typical of a large class often used without change. It is one out of a cache of 29 of the same form, and is four inches long, but among the rest were some larger. Those which Dr Rau called leai-shaped arrows, seem to be knives as a rule; at least they might have been used as such, and it may be best to referthemtothat class. In most cases hisconvex sidedarrows, with truncate bases, seem knives also. The triangular forms, with either the straight or indented base, are true arrow-heads, and these were favorites with the Iroquois, who seldom used others. Their use was not confined tothem. Triangular arrows with straight bases are somewhat rare, but the other form is common, and sometimes very slender and beautiful; true arrow-heads, though suggestive of drills. They vary from one to two and one-half inches in length, and on some sites no others will be found. When the Iroquois had brass to use, they retained their favorite form, and the metallic point was simply sheet brass, cut in a long triangle, perforated or not. To Dr Rau’s classification may be added two kinds of bunts, which are divisions of the stemmed arrows, sometimes with expanded ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 19 bases; pentagonal and straight sided, double notched, and what is locally known as the shark’s tooth form. These might be placed in his classes, although he gives no examples of these forms. Some of them are somewhat local, and beveled arrows may prove to be scrapers. The various forms of triangular arrows are often called war arrows, and Catlin makes a distinction between war and hunting arrows of a little different nature. (See North American indians, 33). He says that the quiver ‘generally contains two varieties. The one to be drawn upon an enemy, generally poisoned, and with long flukes or barbs, which are designed to hang the blade in the wound after the shaft is withdrawn, in which they are but slightly glued; the other to be used for their game, with the blade firmly fastened to the shaft, the flukes inverted, that it may be easily drawn from the wound, and | used on a future occasion.’ Ifthe barbs are the essential distinction, many other forms besides the triangular would be called war arrows. The wonderful rapidity with which indians send their arrows has been remarked by both early and recent writers, and this argues a corresponding facility in making them. They were not confined to war and hunting, but were largely employed in shooting fish. Father Rasles mentioned this when he was among the Illinois in 1693. When they wanted fish, ‘ they embark in a canoe with their bows and arrows, standing upright, for the purpose of more easily seeing the fish; as soon as they perceive it they pierce it with an arrow.’ This method was noticed farther east, and in Johnson’s History of New England, 1654, it is said, “ Their Boyes will ordinarily shoot fish with their Arrowes as they swim in the shallow Rivers, they draw the Arrow halfe way, putting the point of it into the water, they let flye and strike the fish through.’ Loskiel mentioned the same thing in Pennsylvania, in the last century, ‘ Little boys are even seen fre- quently wading in shallow brooks, shooting small fishes with bows and arrows.’ Lawson (1714) observed the same thing in the Caro- linas, and other early writers refer to it elsewhere. This is one reason for the abundance of arrows along rivers and streams, and this would allow of much larger heads than the usual ‘regulation size.’ Triangular arrows with concave bases are widely distributed, and in New York their chief distinction is in material and breadth. In 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Europe they seem rare. Sometimes they are almost equilateral; at | others nearly as slender as many perforators. They are usually neatly chipped and thin. Fig. 2 isa small example, about as broad as long, being an inch in extent. It has a concave base, and is of common flint, slightly mottled. This comes from the Seneca river, where it — is a frequent form. It is sometimes much smaller. Fig. 3 is of brown flint from the same stream. In this, however, while the base is more deeply concave, the lateral lines are slightly convex instead of straight, and the width exceeds the length, being one and three- eighths inches. Fig. 4a, a still broader form, seems a true arrow, and yet there are reasons for thinking it a knife. It is of common dark flint, and is one and one quarter inches wide. Fig. 4b is an extreme form of this, from Cross lake. It is of an obscurely banded drab flint, and the width is one and eleven sixteenths inches, more than double the length, if we call it an arrow, but its proper place seems with the knives. Fig. 4c shows the other extreme of this somewhat rare form. In this all the angles are a little rounded. Three early forts, near Baldwinsville, have afforded some of the finest examples of the straight sided, slender triangular arrows, vary- ing from one and one quarter to two and one half inches long. From one of these, a stockade on the north side of Seneca river, come both broad and extremely slender forms, with all intermediate grades. Fig. 5 is one of these, one and one quarter inches long, and of dark » flint, proportionally quite as broad as those so frequent elsewhere. Fig. 6 is of light drab flint, and is two and one half inches long, the utmost limit technically allowed for arrow-heads. It will be seen that an inch more would add little to its weight, or resistance to the air. Fig. 7 is of the same material, and from the same place. It is two inches long, and another almost as long is very much narrower. An Onondaga stockadc, occupied about A. D. 1600, has this smaller and broader form, but with few examples. It occurs a little later in time, in common flint, in a stockade a mile south of Delphi, but is not as neatly chipped. An Onondaga stockade south of Pom- pey Center, apparently occupied about 1640, has the same form and material. Fig. 8 is an example, one and one eighth inches long. Some are smaller than this. Most of these later specimens are small, ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 21 and have a deeply indented base. They occur on Indian hill in Pompey, the site of the Onondaga town which Father Le Moyne first visited in 1654. Fig. 9 is a beautifully mottled one from Water- vale, in the same town. It is two inches long, and is exceptional in material, as most of these are of common flint. In the early Mohawk towns the same favorite Iroquois arrow ap- pears, but in a ruder form. Fig. Io is a curious example from the earthwork in Minden, near Fort Plain. This work seems to have been one of the earliest triad of Mohawk forts, occupied respectively by the three clans of Turtle, Bear and Wolf, and having suggestions at least of European contact. Squier’s statement that European articles have been found there, seems premature. This arrow point is of grey flint, one and one quarter inches long, and may be unfin- ished, as it is flat on one side, and much ridged on the other. Fig. 11 represents another of the same material, and much like the last, except in having a lower ridge and deeper base. This comes from a Mohawk town east of Wagner’s Hollow, which has afforded some of the most remarkable relics of the early historic period. Although usually of common flint, fig. 12 shows a very pretty white one from Baldwinsville, which is not only a good example, but is very finely serrated. There are distinct varieties of the triangular arrows, and fig. 13 represents one of the rarest of these from the double walled earth- work, three miles southeast of Baldwinsville. It is of a beautifully variegated and lustrous flint, with a distinct groove in the center of each surface, tapering from base to point. The base is much in- dented, though not as deeply as in some, and the length is two and one eighth inches, with convex edges. The locality is of importance, as showing this to be an Iroquoian form. Fig. 14 shows another of these from Cross lake, two and one half inches long, which is very fine, and of a light bluish grey flint. Other fine examples might be given, for though somewhat rare, it is widely distributed. Another variety, in which the edge presents a double curve, is locally called the shark’s tooth form. Jones, in his Antiquities of Georgia, calls most triangular arrows the shark’s tooth form, but in New York it is restricted to a peculiarly curved outline. Fig. 15 is 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM an extreme form of this, made of common flint, one and three quarters inches long. It is remarkable for its obtuse barbs. This was found on Onondaga lake. Fig. 16 represents the typical form, with gentler curves and sharper angles. It is a large specitnen from Ithaca, of dark flint, and two and one quarter inches long. Many differ hardly at all from this except in size. Fig. 171s a slender form from Brew- erton, of common flint, two inches long. They are rarely as slender as this, but many intermediate varieties occur, none of which have slender barbs. Good examples seem almost peculiar to New York. Notchless pentagonal arrows are moderately distributed, and occur in several materials. Fig. 18 is one of common flint, from the town of Van Buren, and has angles somewhat rounded. It is quite flat, - -and one and three quarters inches long. They are usually quite as broad as this, though slender forms occur. A ruder and more mas- sive one, of the same size and outline, comes from Baldwinsville. It is made of a piece of common hornstone, which unites the light clay color and the dark drab tint. They may, be either arrows or knives. The name of bunt has been adopted for a class of stemmed stone arrow-heads, with broadly rounded or obtusely pointed ends. The term was first used in Missouri, and while Mr A. E. Douglass, of New York city, has 753 Missouri specimens in his collection, he reports none from this state. They are frequent farther south and southwest, and seem here most abundant on the Seneca river. In outline they often have the scraper forms, and are sometimes con- founded with them, but the class will hold good. To this day the Onondagas use blunt headed arrows made entirely of wood, as they probably always did. Sometimes those of stone seem to have been merely broken arrows, long ago recut for use, as in fig. 19, from Seneca river. Of course this might have been used for digging pur- poses, like longer ones of this form, but it seems too short for this. In this specimen there is no perceptible difference in the flaking, as though it had a secondary use. It is one and one half inches long. Fig. 20 shows a longer and straighter form, made of light grey flint: This is quite thick, and about one and three quarters inches long. Fig. 21 is a typical form, of which there are many examples. It is ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 23 of common flint, and is one and one half inches long. Most of these are from Onondaga county. The same form often appears in scrapers. Fig. 22 can hardly be assigned any other place, although too long and heavy to be strictly called an arrow, being two and three quarters inches long, and very coarsely chipped. It is of common flint, and occurs on the Seneca river in smaller sizes. As an arrow it might have been used to stun fish. Fig. 23 is a fine arrow of the bunt form, quite flat, and with a finely rounded edge. It is one and three eighths inches long, and is made of a fine brown flinty sandstone. In this the stem expands at the base. Fig. 24 is even finer, and is of dark blue flint, about one and one quarter inches long. It differs from the last in having dis- tinct barbs. Fig. 25 has a simple rounded stem, and is a beautiful specimen, made of light grey and lustrous jasper. It is from Cross lake, and is nearly one and seven eighths inches long. This is more properly a scraper, for though it is neatly chipped all over both sides, yet one side is much the flatter, and the edge is cut at the usual angle. It may be considered an intermediate form. A large propor- tion of the bunts on Seneca river have the rounded end, but some are angular. They are quite variable. Among the stemmed but notchless forms are many having a sug- gestion of barbs, and of the kind which Catlin called hunting arrows. This projection, when not carried below a horizontal line, is now called a shoulder, and is a frequent feature. The edges may be straight or curved, and they are so common as scarcely to require illustration. Fig. 26 is a good typical specimen, made of light grey flint, and one and seven eighths inches long. This is from Cross lake. An infinite variety will be found in this simple form, produced by variations in length, breadth, and proportion of parts. Fig. 27 isa very odd example, of yellow jasper, suggesting both the pentagonal and bunt arrows, and having deep notches. A little central point also suggests the drill. It comes from Tonawanda and is but little over an inch long. Fig. 28 is still more curious here, being more like extreme western forms than those of New York. It is very small, too, though others here, of a different outline, are less than half the length of this. It might be described as a narrow and a 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM broad triangle, united by their bases. It is of flint, one and one quarter inches long, and is said to have been found on Grand island, in the Niagara river. Fig. 30 is a very small and pretty arrow of yellow jasper, three quarters of an inch long, and comes from Amboy, west of Syracuse. Yellow jasper is a common material for small arrow heads. Fig. 31 represents a very common form. This is of white flint, two and one eighth inches long, and comes from Brewerton. It is neatly chipped, and has a slightly expanding base. There are many small and often good specimens of this form, usually quite slender, and made of the nearest hornstone, but fine examples occur on most indian sites, except those of the Iroquois. Beveled arrows are com- monly of this form. Among the notched or shouldered arrows, of every variety, more or less occur which are of a spiral or twisted form, but whether this came from design may be a question. The indians were aware of the advantages of a rotary motion, and learned to rifle smooth bore guns very neatly for themselves. Loskiel said, ‘ Many of the Dela- wares and Iroquois have learned to make very good rifle barrels of common fowling pieces, and keep them likewise in good repair.’ On the other hand, the triangular [Iroquois arrow-heads, whether of metal or stone, were made as flat as possible. Obviously, a rotary motion was not always desirable in the woods, and to this day the Onondagas do not feather their own arrows, though they will do it for others. Accordingly, as the spiral twist is the exception rather than the rule with stone arrow-heads, and is quite as frequent in knives and spears, this feature is to be ascribed to the first flaking of the material, rather than to design. It may be observed that in the picture of the battle on Lake Champlain in 1609, the indians on both sides have feathered arrows, as is the case in the picture of a Susquehanna warrior made about the same time, and this might be thought the idea of the European artist, rather than the fact, were we not told elsewhere how the southern indians affixed the feather. When required, the Onondagas feather their shafts very simply and neatly. The shaft of the feather is split, one side only being used. The anterior part of this is stripped and bound on the arrow shaft, ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 25 pointing toward the notch. Then the feathered part is reversed, given a slight twist, and bound firmly at the end. As this spiral twist is said to be purely American, some have claimed that thence came the idea of rifling gun barrels. This feature, however, appeared in Europe as early as 1520; even earlier as regards the mere groove. Another arrow form is not distinctly notched in the usual way, but has an angular indentation on each side. Fig. 32 is a good illustra- tion of this. It is of common flint, one and one half inches long, and was found on the Seneca river. Such arrows are quite flat, and might easily have served for knives. Fig. 33 is of the same form, but a little larger, being one and three quarters inches long. It is of brown flint, and was found on Oneida lake. These are typical of many others, but some are proportionally very long. Fig. 34 is an intermediate form, with curving instead of straight outlines, and this also is typical of a large class, many of which are not more than half this length. It was found on the Seneca river, and is one and five eighths inches long. The material is that whitish flint, so com- monly used in some parts of Illinois, and which is frequently seen in arrow forms in New York. Some parallel sided angular arrow-heads are both remarkable and rare. Two of the best specimens of these were found on the Seneca river, more than ten miles apart, and no one can doubt they were made by the same hand. Both were picked up by the writer, one being at first thought a broken arrow, as it lay on the ground. For- tunately something about it arrested attention, and a slight examina- tion revealed its great value. For comparison, as well as on account of their unique character, both are represented in figs. 35 and 36. They are quite thin, one and one eighth inches long, angular and straight sided, and are of drab flint. The notch on each side dis- tinguishes them from some other forms. One much like these was found at Newark Valley, of the same material, but slightly larger. It differed in having a distinctly concave base. Fig. 37 has a resem- blance to these also, but is much larger and ruder, although thin. It is of a grey flinty limestone, and was found on the east side of Skan- eateles lake. The length is two inches, and the width but very little less. Fig. 38 shows one from Herkimer county, of common flint, and 26 ~ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one and one half inches long. It is not as symmetrical as the parallel sided ones mentioned, and it has a notch in the center of the base, besides those in the sides. There are other examples which are much less striking than these. wi Fig. 39 is of yellow jasper, with curving edges, and somewhat thin. It is an inch long, and has long barbs, a feature not common here. It has the needle-like point, found in many arrow-heads, but usually more distinct than in this. This feature is shown in a broad way, though by no means typical, in fig. 40, which is of black flint, one and five eighths inches long, and from the Oswego river. This has long barbs, though shorter than in some imperfect specimens, such slender projections being peculiarly liable to fracture. Its general character is more like articles from Ohio than New York. Fig. 41 is the most remarkable for material, being a shark’s tooth, perhaps a fossil, one and one half inches long. It has been deeply and nar- rowly notched, but is otherwise unchanged. It may be a memorial of the Iroquois wars with the Catawbas and other southern indians, or it may be of an older day, for, although found near an historic Cayuga site, its age is uncertain. It was found in a grave near Union Springs, on the east side of Cayuga lake, by Mr S. L. Frey of Palatine Bridge, whose account may be quoted. ‘ The burials at this place were very numerous, and judging from the state of the bones, older than the coming of the whites, unless a single glass bead which I found there, would seem to indicate white trade. At this place, associated with many small shell beads, or rather shells used for beads, was the arrow referred to. It is perfect, and just as it was in its original state, except the two slits which have been cut for fastening it to the shaft. The enamel is as hard, glassy and perfect as ever, and it is really a unique specimen, as far as my explorations go. I think similar ones were used by the southern indians.’ The locality is one where there were early and recent cemeteries and villages, but on the whole the grave was probably comparatively recent. Perforated fossil shark’s teeth were used as ornaments in Georgia. A few double notched arrows appear, but this feature is more frequent in the spears, where the advantage would be greater. In ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STi NE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 27 fact these are so large that they might well be called a small form of spears. Fig. 42 is one of grey flint, and comes from Brewerton, where spears of the same kind are found, and it differs from them only in size. It is two and one half inches long, one corner of the base being broken off, so that but one notch remains on that side. The notches are neatly made. Fig. 43 is a curious one from Onon- daga lake, of the same length, and of common flint. It is much thicker than the last, and has a narrower base and broader notches. A similar base appears in one from Seneca lake, though somewhat wider. The latter may have a more definite claim to the title of arrow, being one and seven eighths inches long. It has a rounded point, and the notches are neatly cut. This is the smallest of these thus far reported. | The ordinary notched or shouldered arrows, the most abundant of all, occur in several varieties. Those with widely expanded bases are frequent in central New York, and are usually quite thick, although not invariably. Fig. 44 shows one of blue flint, from Nine Mile creek, in Onondaga county. This has a base one and one half inches wide, making the three sides nearly equal. So broad is the point of the next that it might be classed as a bunt. This is shown in fig. 45, which is of common hornstone, one and one quarter inches wide, and with a concave base differing a little from the last. In both of these the broad wings of the base are notable features, well brought out.by the deep notches of the lateral edges. Fig. 46 repre- sents another frequent form, which may be thin or thick, long or short. This one is of a variegated drab flint, one and one half inches long, which is a very frequent size. It comes from the Seneca river, and differs from the last in being longer, having shallower notches, and a straight base. There are many beautiful examples of this form, and it was well adapted for preservation, specially when thick. It may be observed that many such arrows are thickest toward the point, thus allowing the thinner part to be inserted in the shaft. Fig. 47 is a more slender form, also somewhat common, though not usually as fine as this. It will be seen that most of these are simply notched triangular arrows, many of them quite as thin as in that characteristic form. This specimen is of drab flint, 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one and three quarters inches long, and was found at Baldwinsville. One a little broader, but only one and three eighths inches long, was found at the same time and place. Some smaller and thicker forms are less deeply notched. They are among our most beautiful arrows. It may be remarked that some eccentric forms were probably per- sonal, or at least tribal, used to show ownership or nationality. It has been pointed out that two arrow points already figured, were _ made by the same man, so rare is the form, and’so close the corres- pondence. If stolen or lost for a time he would have no difficulty in identifying his property. This extended into a national feeling. As we have seen, in recent times the Iroquois used the triangular arrow almost exclusively. If other forms were then as characteristic of other nations, the form of the arrow used would indicate the actors in any sudden raid, and these often had a pride in making themselves known. There are several instances in early history, where toma- hawks or war clubs were used for this purpose. Thus, a Canadian indian, on a scout on Lake George in 1690, saw the English and _ Iroquois making canoes. Failing to make a prisoner he ‘ suspended three tomahawks within sight of their cabins, indicating to them that they were discovered, and that he defied them to come to Montreal. These tomahawks are a species of club on which they carve figures, and in that way manifest their wishes.’ In speaking of some depreéda- tions committed in 1695, near Montreal, the French said, ‘ These blows were struck-by some Mohawks and Oneidas, as we discovered by their tomahawks, which they left sticking in the ground, according to their custom.’ It will be readily seen that a warrior who wished to be renowned might adopt a distinct form of arrow as his own, and be allowed a certain informal copyright. His arrow would prove his deed, whether in hunting or war. This, of course, could not be carried out to any great extent, and yet will account for some excep- tional forms. Personal taste may well be allowed a place, but in a’ few instances a higher purpose may have been connected with it, and there is no doubt at all that little peculiarities clearly distinguished the implements and arms of various nations. Among the remaining Iroquois the snow snakes of the Onondagas and Senecas might seem precisely alike to the casual observer, and yet they have perma- ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 29 nent distinctions. The same considerations have their application to very many other things. Closely related as they were, each Iro- quois nation had its own fashions. Fig. 48 is not common, and the work is somewhat coarse. The basal line is also convex, a rare feature in this form, unless there is a central‘notch or double curve, as in some of the following. The lateral notches are also deep, and the implement is beveled. It is of brown flint, one and three quarters inches long, and was found on the Seneca river. Fig. 49, from the same place, is by no means rare, though quite variable. This is of brown flint, one and one half inches long, and with a basai width of one and three sixteenths inches. The notches are quite deep, and the cutting edges convex. The base is hardly as concave as in most of this form, which is of wide dis- tribution, extending far to the south and west. Fig. 50 1s of the same general form, but has a hollower base and straighter edge. This ‘is of brownish white flint, and comes from Brewerton, at the foot of Oneida lake, for ages a favorite resort of the aborigines. It is one and five eighths inches long. Fig. 51 is of dark brown flint, one and seven eighths inches long, the base being one and one quarter inches wide. This is also concave, and the implement is thick. It comes from Onondaga lake. Fig. 52 is another, made of common horn- stone, with a fine concave base. The full length is two and one : quarter inches, and the base is one and three eighths inches wide. It was found at Baldwinsville, and the form is rather frequent in that vicinity. A much smaller one, with some peculiarities, comes from the same place. It is but little over an inch long, and the base is much deeper and more indented. This form even occurs in quartz, but with less elaboration. Some of the smaller arrow-heads have peculiar features, and slender ones, with one sided bases, occur occasionally. Fig. 53 is a good illustration of these. It is of drab flint, one and five sixteenths inches long, and quite inequilateral in every way, so much so as to make it a question whether it should not be called a very small knife. They are hardly common, and those figured here are from the Seneca river. Fig. 54 is another of these, of the same material, but propor- tionally much wider than the last. It is but little over an inch long, 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and browner than the one preceding it. Fig. 55 is of the same brownish hornstone, but perhaps more like limestone, and less neatly chipped than the others. It is also more symmetrical. It is one and five sixteenths inches long. The first may be considered extreme forms of these. | Fig. 56 has a double curved base, angular in the center, and is of an obscurely banded dark blue flint, rather thick, and two inches long. It comes from Seneca river, where there are many modifica- tions of the form. Fig. 57 is from Wood creek, east of Oneida lake, an early thoroughfare in historic times, but less so at an earlier day. It is of common flint, two inches long, and has the double curved base more deeply notched than the last. It has also a much narrower and more rounded base, this being less wide than the main part of the arrow. They are sometimes distinctly barbed, rather than shouldered. A beautiful one of variegated brown flint, two inches long, comes from near the Seneca river. Fig. 58 is from the same vicinity, and is of a light brown flint, with two black bands appearing on one surface. It is quite thin, - and is one and one quarter inches long, the base being seven eighths of an inch wide, this being the broadest part. The form is quite odd in several respects, being somewhat angular, and with straight con- verging sides. Fig. 59 is another broad and peculiar form, less prominently notched than the last, but almost as nearly triangular. It is of drab flint, and quite thick. The length is two and one half inches, and the breadth one and five eighths inches. It comes from the Seneca river, and might be called either arrow or knife. It would be rather heavy for the former, unless used at close quarters or in shooting fish. It must be remembered that much of the primi- tive forest archery was at short range. Fig. 60 is much like the last in outline, though with a deeper base, like some preceding forms. It is small for so neatly made an imple- ment, being considerably less than an inch in length. This is of light colored flint, and is also from the Seneca river. The surface is even, and the outline very symmetrical. Fig. 61 resembles the last, but is a ruder specimen, being quite thick and ridged through the center. Itis of dark flint, one inchlong. This form is quite abundant ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 31 along the Seneca river, and varying examples will be given later. Although small, they are quite large enough for effective use. Fig. 62 is a very rare and beautiful arrow-head, made of light bluish flint. The point has been slightly broken, and was acute, making the original length one and one half inches. It is straight but not parallel sided, the base is deep, and the notches so much enlarged within as to give both base and sides the appearance of approaching barbs. Its most striking feature is that of expanding above the notches, until half way between these and the point. The surface is flattened. This unique specimen came from the Seneca river, which was a favorite early resort, both for its own advantages, and as being the outlet of so many lakes. At every rift are found camps and hamlets of varying age and character, and these rifts are quite frequent in its long course, which was easily navigable by the indian’s light canoe, as it has since been traversed by the larger vessels of the white man. Fig. 63 is a small, but prominently shouldered arrow-head of — opaque white flint, found opposite Three River Point, where the Oneida and Seneca rivers unite to form the Oswego. The junction of two such important streams made this a natural stopping place, and many arrows and spear-heads of similar material have been found there. This is but one and one eighth inches long, and several have been collected of similar form, but usually smaller. In this all the outlines are concave, except the lowest of all. Fig. 64 is another of these, from the Oswego river, and but one inch long. It is of dark blue flint, and every way more slender than the last. The base is wider, and it was distinctly barbed, but one of the barbs has been broken. Fig. 65 is of drab flint, and was found at Baldwinsville. It is but seven eighths of an inch long, and has a deep and expanded base, but has a strong general resemblance to the preceding. On comparing these with articles from other places, this may be regarded as arare form: Neither Rau, Abbott, nor Fowke give any figures closely resembling it. Fig. 66 has been referred to before, among those arrow-heads which have concave bases. It is a fine example, with a deeper and more angular base than usual, while it is also quite small. It is of 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM drab flint, one inch long, and quite thick. It was found on Seneca river. Fig. 67 is a beveled arrow of drab flint, two inches long, and from the same locality. Besides the bevel on each lateral edge, the basal — edge has also its bevel, which is not a common feature, and it is more slender than is usual with implements of this type and size. These are rarer here than farther west, and suggest scrapers. Those which are large enough to be classed as spears are sometimes quite slender. While the elaborate work distinguishes them from the broad flaking of the under side of the common scraper, it is difficult to assign any other use to the characteristic edge. At the same time, this edge is sharp enough for many cutting purposes, the bevel resembling that of a chisel. Fig. 68 is a rare form from Wood creek, east of Oneida lake. It is of common flint, one and seven eighths inches long, indented but not notched, and presenting curved lines in every part. Except in the expanded base, it is much like one of the finest forms of knives, and might have been used either for knife or arrow. Fig. 69 is a fair example of those arrows which end in a needle point, though this point is scarcely as slender as in some others. This is of drab flint, one and three quarters inches long, and was found at the mouth of Chittenango creek, where it enters Oneida lake. Such specimens are rarely perfect, but they often preserve the slender point, even when broken elsewhere. This curious feature suggests a union of the knife and drill. It has scarcely attracted attention elsewhere, nor are good examples frequent in New York. The points are too neatly worked to have been accidental, and they are too delicate for any rough usage, thus leaving their purpose to be con- jectured. | Fig. 70 is quite another type, having convex edges and a slender base. It is of drab flint, two and one quarter inches long, and may have been either arrow or knife. It was found not far south of the Seneca river. The point is rounded, which is its main distinction from the next. Fig. 71 is not quite two inches long, and is of black flint, with sharp and thin edges all around. It is found in the same vicinity, and the same remarks apply to its use. This is straight and ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 33 symmetrical, but in some examples the surface is so distinctly curved as to leave no doubt of their being knives. This is true of other forms. Fig. 72 is an unusual form of the triangular arrow or knife, hav- ing a truncate base and convex sides. It is of common flint, one and one quarter inches long and very thin. This comes from Owego, on the Susquehanna, and is quite rare in this state, and probably elsewhere. Neither the truncate base, nor the convex edges are features of our triangular arrows. Usually the base is indented, and the sides straight, but in larger implements both features may appear, and often do, separately or together. Fig. 73 isa broad, notched, and finely serrated arrow-head of dark flint, from Seneca river and one and seven eighths inches long. Dis- tinctly serrated flints are quite rare in New York, but frequent farther west and south. Those most distinctly serrated, and preserv- ing the knife or arrow form, have been considered saws, and might well have been used as such. This was Evans’ view of those found in Great Britain, but it has met with but moderate endorsement here. This feature, however, is so conspicuous in some that they will here- after be referred to as saws in this paper, simply as a possible use. Fig. 74 is a thick stemmed arrow-head of dark flint, two and one half inches long, and found on Seneca river. It is distinctly shoul- dered, and has a convex base and edges. The form is quite common. Fig. 75 is of quite a different character, resembling some before figured, but with a narrower base, the lateral edges also presenting two nearly straight lines. This is two and one eighth inches long, rather thin and of dark common hornstone, from the same vicinity. Fig. 76 is quite curious in form, although one of the stemmed arrows with expanding bases. It is quite thick, while at the same time slender in outline, and is of dark flint, two inches long. The work is rather coarse. Fig. 77 is almost unique, while having the leading features of some preceding forms. It is one and one half inches wide, and but one and one quarter long, broadly shouldered, and with a concave ex- panding base. The straight edges meet at an obtuse angle. It is of light colored flint, rather thick, and like the last, comes from the 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Seneca river. The base has a double curve. It is a fine example of a tare form. ) _. Fig. 78 shows a frequent form which is often rude. This, however, is neatly made, and is ridged on both sides. It is of brown flint, two and one quarter inches long, has a long stem, and is from the same place. Such forms are often flattened on one side, and ridged on the other. Fig. 79 is a small arrow of drab flint, rather flat and a little curved. It is but seven eighths of an inch long, stemmed and broad. This is also from the Seneca river. Triangular arrows are found there even shorter than this. Fig. 80 represents one of the commonest forms, and one very vari- able in size, material and finish. They are usually coarsely made, and probably were rapidly finished and little valued. This one is of black flint, and is one and one half inches long. They are often much smaller, and on many sites scarcely any thing else occurs. In assign- ing these small points to boys, the fact has been overlooked that the efficiency of an arrow-head was not in proportion to its size. Its office was simply to open the way for the shaft which propelled it, and for this purpose it needed only to be sharp’and slightly larger than the shaft itself. Thus Verrazano, in 1524, found the Long Island indians using arrows tipped with fish bones, while farther east many had them tipped with stones. In an account of New England indians, written in 1620, it is said, ‘ For their weapons they have -bowes and arrowes, some of them headed with bone, and some with brasse.’ Capt. John Smith said that the indians of Virginia had many arrows headed with bone. Others used sharp stones, turkey spurs, or birds’ bills. The Sasquehanocks whom he met in 1608, had arrows a yard and a quarter long, ‘ headed with flints or splinters of stones, in forme like a heart, an inch broade, and an inch and a halfe or more long.’ It will be observed that the writer differs from some on the true distinctions of arrow-heads, while following the usual classification as a matter of convenience. The small points were not made merely for children, but were useful to men. Length is a less essential feature than breadth, and some long and slender forms may have been used as arrows, where shorter and broader forms were not. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 35 Obviously, half an inch added to the width, or a doubling in thick- ness, would have produced more resistance in the air than a much greater increase in length. At the same time, for certain purposes and where the range was short, as in the shooting of bears or fish, neither an increase in weight or breadth would have been a disad- vantage. Ina general way, more than one form would be found in the quiver, even while a special object was kept in view. Sir John Franklin unexpectedly met a party of Eskimo in 1825. These at once changed their hunting arrows for those of war, showing that they were well supplied with both. This distinction of kinds proba- bly went much farther. The hunting arrows themselves were adapted for different kinds of game. Fig. 81 is another of these small arrow-heads, made of dark flint, and one and one quarter inches long. Fig. 82 is a little smaller, being one and one eighth inches in length. Fig. 83 isa fine arrow of white quartz, two inches long. All these are from the Seneca river, and others of these simple stemmed forms present many variations. Fig. 84 is a large and broad arrow-head of drab flint, from Onon- daga lake. It is quite thin, and is two and one quarter inches long. This would have served quite as well for a knife, and is notched and well worked. Fig. 85 is from the same vicinity, and is more dis- tinctly notched, and also much narrower. It is of blue flint, and is two and one eighth inches long. The base is slightly wider than the blade. This form is quite frequent in larger sizes. Fig. 86 is a very neat notched arrow-head, from the same place. It is made of com- mon hornstone, and is one and three quarters inches in length, being both thin and symmetrical. Fig. 87 is quite curious, and comes from Oak Orchard, on the Oneida river. It is made of olive slate, of uniform thickness, and the edges alone are worked, much like a scraper. Arrows made of stratified material are hardly rare, but slates like this are seldom seen adapted to such uses. Fig. 88 is a large barbed arrow, nearly two and one quarter inches in length, and made of a bluish drab flint, variegated with white quartz. It was found, with others of similar material, near Three River Point. The barbs are well preserved, and the work is good. Fig. 89 is a small notched arrow of brown flint, one inch long, and AR 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM comes from Seneca river, where many of this form have been col- lected. Fig. 90 is another neat little arrow-head from Onondaga lake. It is of light brownish drab flint, one and one eighth inches long. It has a wide base, and is almost barbed. Fig. 91 isa rare and beautiful form of the angular arrow-heads with parallel lateral edges. It is quite deeply notched, and differs from those already figured in the graceful concave sweep of the broad base. This unique article, of dark flint, and about one and one quarter inches long, was found at Newark Valley, Tioga county. Fig. 92 is a small beveled arrow of dark flint, from the west shore of Cross lake, and is waterworn. Many articles are found in this condition in streams and on shores. This has a stem broadly in- dented on three sides, and is of unusual form for an article of this description. It is one and three eighths inches in length, and like all of its class, might easily be considered a form of scraper. Fig. 93 has also a concave base, but much narrower. It is shoul- dered, and has a finely serrate edge, of irregular outline. The form is that of many Ohio specimens, and it is of a dark flint, one and one half inches long. It was found near Three River Point. Fig. 94 shows a very neat and unusual form of the notched base arrows, but it has the three conspicuous concavities which mark the last two examples. The point is broadly rounded, and while the length is but little over an inch, the width is seven eighths of an inch, from point to point. It is of common flint, and was found at Newark Valley. Fig. 95 is classed as an arrow-head, but is much like the flints so often found in caches, although smaller than most of these. It is ofa light brownish grey flinty limestone, and is quite thin and sharp. The length is two and three eighths inches, and it was found on the Seneca river. Although this form, being symmetrical, is popularly classed with the arrows, its proper place seems to be among the knives. Fig. 96 is a pretty stemmed and shouldered arrow-head of red jasper, from Baldwinsville, and is but little over one and one half inches in length. While articles of yellow jasper are quite frequent in New York, those of red jasper are rare, and sometimes, even then, the color may have been changed by heat. Fig. 97 has much the same outline, but is distinctly grooved at the base. It is a fine ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 37 article, of blue flinty limestone, and is one and five eighths inches long. It comes from the same vicinity. From its general width Fig. 98 would be called an arrow-head by many, and yet its general character is that of a perforator. The worn appearance of the point tends to confirm this view, though this may haye come in other ways, as in digging, for which it seems partially fitted. There are so many forms intermediate between the arrow and the drill, that it is now described with the former, in spite of a strong conviction that it belongs to the latter. It is coarsely flaked, and is two and one eighth inches long. This also is from the Seneca river. Fig. 99 is of purplish flint, thick and smooth, and is two inches long. It is a form not so common in arrows as in spears, and this is round pointed. The rounded base is found almost everywhere, but perhaps is nowhere very common. This fine specimen is from the Seneca river, where the larger forms sometimes occur. Fig. 100 is a triangular arrow-head of common hornstone, from Onondaga lake. Its special feature is the straight and expanded base, which is also quite sharp. The length is one inch. Fig. 101 is a broken article, but given to show a good example of what has been called here the needle point. It is very attenuated, and the section added will show how thin and delicate it is in every way. This fragment is of very thin, dark blue flint, now about two inches long, and nearly one and one quarter wide. It was found on the Seneca river, where similar specimens sometimes occur, though not very often. If found elsewhere they have not been reported, but they are so often broken that they may have escaped attention. A large proportion of the arrow-heads figured are from Onondaga county and vicinity, partly because these were easily accessible, but partly, also, because there they are found in greater variety than in most other places, this arising from natural causes very important to primitive man. Notable forms from other parts have been figured when possible. While it is of importance to know how widely some leading forms are distributed, and what is their comparative abundance, the study of man’s early history here requires that some unusual forms should 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM be recorded and illustrated. These are often the links which serve to connect widely separated sites. The knowledge already gained of the primitive articles used by the Iroquois, three centuries ago, has become of great and increasing value, and will hereafter aid in solving many problems. Different nations and ages had differing 3 fashions, and the characteristic articles used and left behind, will throw much light on the early people of New York. To collect these articles for careful comparison, to illustrate them so faithfully that distant students may have the most significant facts before them, is something worthy of the attention of a state which has already done so much in the cause of science. SPEARS As with arrows, so is it difficult to place an exact line between knives and spears. Indeed the primitive spear may often have been but a knife fastened to the end of a long pole, as men in more recent times have armed themselves, when lacking suitable weapons. Even arrow-heads may have been put to the same use in time of need. Spears and knives may both have been leaf-shaped, stemmed or notched, and may not differ in the least in outline. Often the thick- ness and sharpness are the only distinctive features. As regards size, this does not affect knives, but usually small points are called arrows, and the large ones spears. Dr C. C. Abbott made a division of spears and lances, while L. H. Morgan, in his League of the Iroquois, omits spears from his description of their weapons. In his subsequent account, in the Regents report for 1852, he says that they did not use them, and although he simply asserted this it was not without some reason. Spears do not generally appear in early pictures, nor are they usually mentioned in accounts of early indian armor. As far as the pictures go, this is of little importance. They were sometimes, perhaps usu- ally, drawn by European artists from descriptions given them, and they availed themselves of the privileges of art. Champlain expressly said that the Mohawk chiefs, whom he killed in 1609, wore arrow- proof armor, but in the picture they are as naked as all their followers. Capt. John Smith said of the Virginia indians, ‘ They of Accawmack ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 39 use staves like unto javelins, headed with bone. With these they dart fish swimming in the water.’ This, however, may have been like the early Iroquois bone harpoon, barbed only on one side. The wooden sword, worn on the back, and sometimes with a deer’s antler inserted, was mentioned by him, but no farther described. A strong point in regard to use is that on no Iroquois site in New York, has any early article been found which could be called a stone spear- head. At an early day they were abundant. On the other hand, in his picture of Atotarho, David Cusick placed a spear in the hand of one of the messengers. Bruyas has allusions to spears in his early Mohawk lexicon, and their occasional use may be inferred from the Jesuit relations, but somewhat obscurely. The Iroquois sword, whatever that may have been, was often men- tioned. Schoolcraft gives the word for spear in several Iroquois dia- lects, and Zeisberger uses for lance the name which appears in another lexicon, half a century earlier. One Virginia picture has indians with fishing spears, but these are described as having wooden points, not metal or stone. A weapon so useful was not likely to be abandoned until a substitute was found, but it seems certain that the large stone spear-head was not generally in use here three hundred years ago. History and archeology agree in this. This is another of the curious proofs of a change in race and occupation. froquois and Algonquin alike seem to have known little of the higher stone art of their predecessors, and a weapon once everywhere abundant, had almost ceased to exist. A sweeping change had passed over the land, and the new comers did not inherit the arts of the old. If they did not, how could they have been their descendants? Allowing for every resemblance, there is still a wide gulf between the indian of our northern and eastern states, as first known to the whites, and those who preceded him. This difference can only be fully appreciated by those who have early sites of a known age, to examine. Spear-heads vary greatly in character, and still more in size, if we make the minimum two and one half inches in length. In many places this would compel us to reckon more spears than arrows; and if we remember the vast numbers carried off — for these naturally 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM first attracted attention by their size — the disproportion will appear still greater. At the time of colonization and earlier, the indian’s bow and arrows almost alone attracted attention. If the larger points are all spear-heads, his predecessors must have been as conspicuous for these. The difficulty might be solved by supposing the bow to have been a very recent invention in America. It is rather probable, as said before, that we have placed too low a limit on arrows, while forgetting how much of forest and river archery was at very short range. ? This significant disproportion will appear in almost any good collection. In the classified list prepared by Mr A. E. Douglass, he has 261 New York spears and 963 arrows; from the country at large 2172 spears and 8396 arrows, or less than one fourth, and this would be a fair proportion elsewhere. Now in New York no spear-heads appear on Iroquoian sites, which supply many small stone arrow- heads, so that the New York proportion of early spears and arrows will be yet more equal. Supposing the bow and spear were at first used together, we would conclude that the arrow-heads should vastly exceed the spears; but under the present classification they do not. It is evident that this subject needs reconsideration. While speaking of this it may be well to say a few words farther upon indian arms, which here included both less and more than is popularly known. As has been said, early accounts make no direct mention of the spear, although there seem allusions to it. That used in fishing was altogether of a different kind. The bow was not the short one, so efficient in the hands of horsemen, but rivaled the long bows of England, while the arrows often exceeded the cloth yard shaft. Capt. John Smith said of the Sasquehanocks, that such great and well pro- portioned men were seldom seen, and that they had bows, arrows and clubs in proportion. Their arrows were five quarters of a yard in length, and in the picture of one of their chiefs, his bow reaches above his head. These were of the Iroquoian family, and in Cham- plain’s pictures of encounters with the Iroquois proper, the long bow is everywhere seen. We may, therefore, conclude that this bow, still made by their descendants, was.that commonly used in our forests in early days. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 4I Of the making of the bow and arrow something may be said later, in connection with some peculiar curved scrapers, admirably adapted for this work, but yet too rare to have been commonly used. Capt. Smith, again, says that the Virginia indians made their bows by scraping them with shells, and the Iroquois may ofter have done the same, as they used shells for knives. The arrow shaft was straightened in several ways, and the Onondagas have not lost the art yet. It was headed with almost any hard and sharp material, or might be made entirely of wood. The arrow point might be fastened merely with gum, in the cleft shaft, or be bound on with sinew or thread. An Onondaga recently had a triangular stone arrow given him to affix toa shaft. Heat once cleft the shaft, inserted the stone, took a piece of thin sinew, dexterously and neatly wound it about the wood and stone, and the arrow was ready for deadly use. Differ- ent nations used different arrows. Thus the Sasquehanocks had stone points, shaped like a heart, an inch broad, and an inch and a half or more long. It is probable that in this way Capt. Smith de- scribed the indented triangular arrow-head, as the Sasquehanocks were of the same family as the Iroquois. The latter used triangular arrows almost exclusively. The force exerted by these simple weapons was a matter of surprise to the colonists. Shields were everywhere in use among the Iroquois but soon disappeared before firearms. Smith speaks highly of those of the Massawomeks, who seem to have been either the Eries, or a nation allied to them, and not the historic Iroquois, as many have supposed, although of that great family. Their light targets were ‘made of little small sticks, woven betwixt strings of their hempe and silke grasse, as is our cloth, but so firmly that no arrow can possibly pierce them.’ There was evidently nothing like these in Virginia, and those he had and used were everywhere recognized at once, as were their other arms. Champlain describes the armor of the Mo- hawks in 1609, very briefly. ‘They were provided with arrow-proof armor, woven of cotton thread and wood.’ Corlaer saw a sham fight among the Mohawks in 1634. ‘Some of them wore armor and helmet that they make themselves of thin reeds and strings, so well that no arrow nor axe can pass through to wound them.’ Similar passages might be quoted from others. 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . The Algonquins used shields of a rectangular form, and a Dutch writer of 1671 says that these covered the body up to the shoulders. In fighting these could be set on the ground, leaving both arms free. A Jesuit father, writing of a Canadian chief in 1633, said that he “bore with him a very large buckler, very long and very wide; it covered all my body easily, and went from my feet up to my chest. They raise it and cover themselves entirely with it. It was made of | a single piece of very light cedar. I do not know how they can smooth so large and wide a board with their knives. It was a little bent or curved in order the better to cover the body; and in order that the strokes of arrows, or of blows coming to split it, should not carry away the piece, he had sewed it above and below with a cord of skin. They do not carry these shields on the arm; they pass the cord which sustains them over the right shoulder, protecting the left side; and when they have aimed their blow they have only to draw back the right side to cover themselves.’ The use of the war club is well known, and this implement, with or without a stone axe or antler inserted, was the original tomahawk. The French writers often speak of the swords of the Iroquois and others, but without any precise description. They were sometimes fastened to poles by the Algonquins and used as spears. Stones or shells were used as knives, but the white man’s knife soon supplanted these; and this was the lot of the stone axe, which was not grooved among the Iroquois, nor was it usually in New York or Canada. First, the French trade axe, and then the smaller steel tomahawk, became favorites, while guns took the place of bows and arrows. Although spear-heads present a few varieties in New York not common here in arrows, so many are essentially the same, except in size, that they will require fewer illustrations. They are quite often of fine or showy materials, and are as variable in coarseness or delicacy of work as in other ways. | Leaf shaped spear-heads are often quite large. One of common flint, from Baldwinsville, has lost half an inch from its tip, and is still nine inches long, with an extreme width of two and three quarters inches. The base is neatly rounded, and the outline that which botanists term lanceolate. This form is common and when thin may ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 43 be termed a knife. Fig. 102 from Oswego county is a fine example of this type of spear. It is of pure white flint, and six and one haif inches long. Articles of this showy material are frequent there, and are usually thin and finely worked. An early trail crossed that county from Oneida lake to Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence, and the many travelers lost some fine articles on the way. Between that trail and the Hudson river very few of the best early relics occur, as the Mohawk presented few temptations to those in search of game. Fig. 103 has a straighter base than the last, and is not as neat in outline. It is quite thick, being eleven sixteenths of an inch in the short diameter, and five and one eighth inches long. The material is grey flint, and it comes from the east side of Skaneateles lake, in the town of Spofford. Another good example of this form is from the east end of Oneida lake, and is but three and seven eighths inches in length. A broad and fine one, with a slightly concave base, from St Lawrence county, is of white quartz, quite neatly chipped for this material.. It is four inches long and one and seven eighths broad. Fig. 104 is an example of a frequent and variable form, having a three-sided base. The edges may be straight or convex, and the thickness varies much. This comes from the north shore of Oneida lake, and is of black flint, five and five eighths inches long, and half an inch thick. These could only have been spears. A fine and larger one of common drab flint, from Baldwinsville, is six and one half inches long by two and three quarters wide. This has convex edges. Flinty limestone is a frequent material for these, and one from near Oneida lake, similar in form to the last, but little over four inches long, is made of birdseye limestone. Fig. 105 is one of the finest of these, made of common flint, and is seven inches long. It is very neat and symmetrical, and the form is the one so common in New York caches, though rarely as large as this. Large spears of this outline are not rare. Those of a more triangular form are often knives, but spears will be found among them. It will not be necessary to figure many of these, or even to describe more than representative forms. A broad and massive one of common flint, from Onondaga lake, is five inches long, and has a width of nearly two and three quarters inches. The 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM base is concave, with rounded angles, and the edges gracefully curve to the sharp point. One of similar length and general outline, from the same place, is little more than half this width. Fig. 106 shows a beautiful spear or knife of fine white and somewhat translucent quartz, from Oneida lake. It is so thin and even that it might well be called a knife, but it would have served for a spear quite as well. The length is four and seven eighths inches, and it is scarcely three eighths of an inch thick. The greatest breadth would have been full two inches, had not an angle of the base been broken. Another beautiful example of dark jasper, from the shores of the same lake, is nine and three eighths inches long, and two and seven eighths wide. The base is straight, and the convex sides slightly expand toward the center. A beautiful lance-head from the Oswego river, has lost half an ‘inch from its point, but is still seven and three quarters inches long. It is one and seven eighths inches wide at the slightly curved base, whence it tapers to the point. A similar one of grey quartz, from the same place, is five inches long, and two inches wide. The straight edges taper almost to the point, which they form by quickly curved lines. Fig. 107 is a very handsome one of white mottled quartz, three and five eighths inches long, and is also from Oswego county. The base is slightly rounded, almost immediately reaching the extreme width of one and five sixteenths inches, and thence slop- ing in nearly straight lines to the point. Fig. 108 is a very remarkable specimen in every way. It is a fragment of a very large spear apparently, and is very evenly chipped. The materia! is a dark green jasper, and the straight and sharp base is four inches wide. The thickness is but five eighths inches. Nine inches from the base, where it is broken, it is three inches wide, and if continued on the same straight lines to a sharp point, it would have been nearly or quite three feet long. It is hardly probable that this could have been. It is remarkably flat, and possibly may have been used as an axe, the base forming the cutting edge, in that case. Stemmed forms occur, with and without notches. Fig. 109 is quite broad, and has parallel sides, slightly notched at the expanded base. The point is quite obtuse, and the full length three and three quarters inches, with an average breadth of one and five eighths inches. The ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 45 material is a brownish drab flint, and it was found south of the Oneida river. It would have served quite as well asa knife. Fig. 110 is one of the simpler forms, with rounded stem, but ruder than in some examples, partly from its material. This is white translucent quartz, which allows little opportunity for delicate work. This form is fre- quent in many materials, and a beautiful one of chalcedony, with slightly rounded base, and four and one eighth inches long, comes from the town of Van Buren, south of the Seneca river. It is quite broad, with convex edges, and is slightly mottled. A much larger one, of reddish brown jasper, six and one quarter inches long, and three inches wide, has a point so broad and rounded as to suggest a spade. This is from Brewerton, and is coarsely chipped, though fine in outline. Fig. 111 is a fine beveled spear-head of drab flint, found on the Seneca river southwest of Three River Point. It is three and seven sixteenths inches long, and about one and one eighth inches broad. This is narrow for a beveled spear-head, and of course there is a possibility of its being used as a scraper. In this example there is a notch in each lateral edge and the base is slightly wider than the blade. Simple notched forms like this are frequent in many sizes and materials, but beveled implements are much rarer. Many spear- heads occur with straight sides, but these are rarely parallel. The last four figures, all on one plate, are represented three fourths of the actual diameter. . Fig. 112 is a fine notched spear-head, with a small base. It is of common flint, six inches long, and the greatest width is nearly mid- way, where it reaches two inches. It comes from Baldwinsville, and, like most spears, is quite symmetrical. One much like it, but of light blue flint, was found at Cross lake. This approaches the double notched form. Fig. 113 has also a small base, and one perfectly simple. It is of a grey flinty limestone, and comes from the town of Elbridge. It is a trifle over six inches long, with an extreme width of one and three quarters inches, and is very symmetrical and neatly worked. Fig. 114 is a beautiful notched spear or knife, made of a material much resembling moss agate, and often used in these larger imple- 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ments. In flaking, this does not produce as sharp lines, nor always as symmetrical forms, but the effect is often fine. This is broader than usual with this material, and is almost three and one half inches long. It comes from the Seneca river, where articles of similar material often occur. Fig. 115 is a very slender flint spear-head from the town of Wilna, Jefferson county. It is broadly notched near the base, and is four and. one quarter inches long, with a width of much less than an inch. The base is about as broad as any part, and the slender form is not rare. | Fig. 116 is much like one already described, but has double notches on each side, although of a different character from those usually found. The base contracts to a point, and the notches are widely apart. It is a fine article of light grey flint, four and one quarter inches long, and was found in Oswego county, north of Brewerton, and half a mile from Oneida lake. The double notched spears seem more common in that vicinity than elsewhere, but this specimen is not of the usual type. Quite massive and coarse spear-heads occur in several places, usually made of a grey quartzite, unsuitable for fine work. One of these, from Baldwinsville, is quite thick, and six inches long by two and one eighth inches broad. Fig. 117 is a good example from the same place, which is five and one half inches in length. Another from Owego, in Tioga county, is five and three quarters inches long, with an extreme width of two and three eighths inches. In this, however, the blade quickly contracts above the notch, giving the implement a much more slender appearance. Articles of this kind seem quite uniform in size. Fig. 118 much resembles these in form, especially the last described, but is much smaller, and of a variegated hornstone, a little over two and one, eighth inches long, but the point is slightly broken. It comes from the Oswego river. A broad form of the material resembling moss agate has been already given. They are usually longer and more slender. One of this description is from Baldwinsville, and is five inches long. It is a very fine example, a little unsymmetrical, rather broadly notched, and might be called a knife if it were sharper. Fig. 119 is one of the ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 47 finest of these, but has lost the extreme point, having been originally a little over five inches long. It has two notches on each side, and the surface is flatter and straighter than in others of this material, while it is also more slender. It was recently plowed up near Three River Point. These spears and arrows with more than one notch on each side are but moderately rare, and are of wide distribution in New York, as compared with other parts of the country. Dr Rau figured a broken one from Maine, made of brown jasper, whose full length would have been six and one quarter inches. He marked this as “quite exceptional,’ and it had three notches on each side. It is of the usual New York form. Dr Abbott did not place this among his New Jersey forms, nor does it appear in Mr Fowke’s chipped imple- ments of the Mississippi basin and the southern states. The writer does not find it in his collection of outlines of rare articles in Ohio. One occurs in the collection of the Canadian institute, in Toronto, which is three and one half inches long, and has double notches, but there it is also called rare, and more have come under the writer’s eye in central New York, within a radius of a dozen miles, than have been reported in all the country elsewhere. It might be considered a New York form. 3 A broken one of white flint comes from the Seneca river, and has two distinct broad notches on each side, with others which are ob- scure. This fragment is now two and three quarters inches long, with straight edges, tapering from a base one and one half inches wide. The original length would have been four and one half inches, unless it had a rounded obtuse point, as in the next. Fig. 120 is a fine article from Oswego Falls, and is of greenish white flint, four and three eighths inches long. The double notches are much more dis- tinct than in the fragment just described. One of white flint comes from the Mohawk valley, and is five inches long, with three notches on each side. Another, made of red jasper, is from Brewerton, and is three inches long, with double notches. Similar ones occur there. A well wrought one of drab flint, from the same place, is three and one half inches long, and has double notches. A smaller and broadly triangular specimen, of common flint, comes from Skaneateles lake. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It has double notches, and is two and seven eighths inches long. Fig. 134 was inadvertently placed out of its proper order, but is in every way the finest of these yet found. The material is clouded quartz, and thus the flaking produced no conspicuous lines on the surface, but the outline is very neatly wrought. It is six and one half inches long, and was found in removing a stump three quarters of a mile north of Brewerton, in 1896. It is flat and thin, and nearly two inches wide, but its prominent feature is the number of notches, five on one edge and six on the other. The base is truncate, and the edges slightly curving to the sharp point. Fig. 121 is a good example of a thin and narrowly notched spear- head of common hornstone, quite sharp, and attenuated at the point. It is about two and five eighths inches long, and is a very frequent form. This specimen is from the Seneca river, as is the next. Fig. 122 is also of hornstone, but quite thick, and slightly shouldered. The base is long, and does not expand, but is rounded at the end. It is three and one eighth inches from extreme base to the point, and is typical of a large class, very widely distributed. Fig. 123 is a notable spear-head from Owego, near the Susque- hanna river. It is of a blue grey flint, seven and one quarter inches long, and is a very rare if not unique form. Either end might have been used for a spear, had occasion required, but apparently this was the office of the longer and slender part. This had mostly concave edges, rounding to the point. The shorter and broader portion has convex edges throughout. The whole implement is neatly wrought throughout. Some stemmed spear-heads have concave bases; perhaps no great distinction, and yet one which has attracted attention. Many others, slender, but of the notched arrow form, are made of white flint, a favorite material for spears, but obviously brought a long distance. While fine examples they present few peculiar features. Stemmed spear-heads with a convex expanding base are also frequent, and are usually notched. Fig. 125 shows a parallel sided form from Skane- ateles. It is of drab flint, two and seven eighths inches long, and one and one eighth inches wide. While it is notched, the general outline isa long pentagon. Much like this, but larger, is one from Queens- ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 49 bury. Judging from collectors’ reports, fine spears may not be fre- quent in that part of New York. In the former Wagman collection, made at Saratoga and near Lake George, but 36 spear-heads were catalogued. The largest was six and one half by two inches, and another, six by one and one half inches, had serrate edges. This collection was sold and dispersed in 1886. In Holden’s History of the town of Queensbury, however, we are told that arrows, spears, and other indian relics are found at every carrying place between Albany and Montreal, and this we might have expected. Mr Holden adds that while gun flints, bullets, stone arrows and spears were spread broadcast in Queensbury, there were particular places where they were found abundantly. | Out of the many examples of spear-heads but one more will be noted now. Fig. 124 is a broad and thin chalcedony implement from Baldwinsville. It is triangular, with an indented base and convex edges. The length is four and one eighth inches, and it is a little over two inches wide. One peculiarity of this fine article is the neat and small notches, which are almost circular. KNIVES — The ruder forms of knives require but slight attention, as almost any flake or piece of hornstone might serve a temporary purpose, whether large or small. Early accounts show us an extensive use of bivalve shells, with or without alteration. Few of these can be found - now, but the rude stone knives are abundant in many places, and are interesting as showing, not so much progress in economic arts, as the frequent utilizing of otherwise waste material. A flint chip was neatly edged on one side, or more, and did all that was required without farther elaboration. Fig. 126 is the type of many rather large and straight pieces, triangular in section, which were often used as knives, and might have served for scrapers. One angle or edge is left without farther work, but one or both of the other two may be delicately chipped for more effective use. Of course these could have been employed only in very simple ways. This one is of grey flint, and comes from Seneca river, where the form is frequent on many camp sites. The length of this specimen is three and one quarter inches, and one angle is quite obtuse. 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Many rude knives, large and small, were nearly circular, and these also will require but slight notice. They are chipped to a sharp edge all around, and may sometimes have served as scrapers, although they do not have their peculiar features. The leaf shape is also very com- mon and of wide distribution, varying from very small to very large. A very long one of brown flinty limestone, seven inches in length, has a surface greatly curved, being convex on one side, and concave on the other. The concave surface is a large single flake, except for the chipping along the edge. This special form is not rare, and is almost as much scraper as knife. The one described is two and one half inches wide. Another of dark hornstone, from Oswego Falls, is a typical leaf-shaped knife, five and one half inches long by two inches broad. Fig. 127' si interesting, vas jbeine,,one jot) 23) foundiimmiphe mound at Greene, Chenango county. It is of yellow jasper, three and three quarters inches long and two inches wide, and may have been buried there long after the mound was made. In the Annals of Binghamton, it is stated that “At one point in the mound a large number, perhaps two hundred arrow-heads, were discovered, col- lected ina heap. They were of the usual form, and of yellow or black flint. Another pile of 60 or more, was found in another place in the same mound. A smaller leaf-shaped knife of yellow jasper, two and three quarters inches long, also came from a grave in Greene, as reported, but may also have been from this mound, so many articles of yellow jasper having been taken from it. A very large and rude knife, seven and one quarter inches long, also came from a cache of 19 pieces at Baldwinsville. It was an unusually rough and mixed lot, nearly all of yellowish jasper, tinged with brown. Most of the pieces had the form usual in caches, but some were of ruder outlines, and a few could only have been utilized as scrapers. | Knives which are elliptical, or of a long diamond form, pointed at both ends, are often very fine, and are by no meansrare. Fig. 128 is of drab flint, four inches long, and more slender and pointed than many of this form, besides being more angular in the center. It is quite neatly worked. A fine one of yellow jasper, from the Uneida ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 51 river, is almost a true ellipse, five inches long by two and three eighths inches broad. It is scarcely pointed, and many have this feature in other forms. A small one of common flint, which is but two inches long, differs little from fig. 128 except in size. Fig. 129 is a beautiful knife of light blue flint, five inches long. It is not a rare form, but with this outline is quite as often a scraper asa knife. Nothing can be prettier than fig. 130 which is of a beautiful banded white flint, three inches long. It comes from the town of Van Buren, some miles south of the Seneca river. Among the finest of this form is a very long and slender one from Chautauqua county. Itis 114 inches long, two and three quarters inches wide, and about a quarter of an inch thick near the two sharp points. The edges present so symmetrical a curve that the outline may be reproduced from these measurements. It was a surface find. Three small elliptical flint knives are represented by the following numbers, all from Seneca river. These are commonly less than two inches long, but may reach seven inches. Fig. 131 is one of the small specimens, made of common flint. It is one and five eighths inches long. Fig. 132 is of similar outline, but made of dark blue flint, and ofthe same length. Itisaneater article. Fig. 133, of grey limestone, is more slender, and is pointed. The point and part of the edges are slightly ground. It is two inches long. Specimens like these were once quite frequent. Many stone knives approach what we call a knife form, and vary much in size. One of brown flint, four and three eighths inches long, is but moderately curved in its outline, while others are conspicuously so. A black flint knife, three and one half inches long, found on the Oswego river, is very distinctly curved in this way. Fig. 135 is of this curved form, and is quite thin and sharp. It seems to have had a straighter part of some length, for insertion in a handle. This has been partly broken off, but the remainder of the implement is still three and one quarter inches long. It is of brown flint, and comes from the Seneca river. Evans described some curved knives in Great Britain, much like these, and thought them peculiar to that land, but could assign no use for them. They seem well adapted for several purposes, but their very form suggests the knife, alike available in war or hunting. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fig. 136 is somewhat like the last, and from the same river. It is much thicker, and not unlike some of the curious scrapers yet to be described. Itis of brown flint, three and one quarter inches long, and somewhat twisted. Several have this feature. Fig. 137 is curiously curved, but is typical of quite a group. It is of brownish flint, three and five eighths inches long, and comes from the east side of Skane- ateles lake. The general thickness is considerable, but the back of what might be called the handle is not sharpened, as is the rest of the implement. Another curved and twisted knife of common flint is six and one quarter inches long. All of this type vary much in thick- ness and neatness of work. Fig. 138 may be classed with these, though with quite a different outline. One edge is nearly straight, and the other much curved, the surface is also much curved, being concave on one side, and rounded on the other. It is of brownish flint, two and one half inches long, and comes from the Oswego river. Some of the most delicate knives have straight bases and curving sides, the blade being broadest toward the point. Fig. 139 is one of these, of brown flint, delicately worked, and three inches long. This is from the Oswego river, and is typical of many others, always neatly finished, but often broken. Another from Three River Point is of yellow jasper, four and one eighth inches long. This is also a fine example. A longer and neatly worked specimen, made of brown flint, and five inches long, is from the east end of Oneida lake. Evans called a similar form in Great Britain a dagger, and it readily sug- gests that weapon, though usually rather frail for any rough usage. Another frequent form of knife in some places is thin, parallel sided, and broken squarely off at each end, as though by design. They are somewhat local, and on many sites are never found. Fig. I41 represents one of these, of common flint, thin and bent, and two and three quarters inches long. This is from the Seneca river, where almost all have been found on two or three sites. One from Queens- bury, three and one quarter inches long, seems much like these. Triangular forms, with straight or convex sides, are common, and hardly require illustration. They vary much in width and thickness, and reach five inches in length, but are usually less. They are often curved on the surface, and are sometimes quite broad. Fig. 142 is ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 53 one out of a number of narrow knives of this form, all found on one small site on the Seneca river. They varied from three to four and one half inches in length, and were very thin and sharp. From their numbers and uniform character, it is probable they were scattered from acache. The one figured is four and one half inches long, and one and one eighth inches broad. One of the finest of this form is of ‘striped jasper, five inches long, and comes from Oneida lake. This, however, has curving edges, and is broadest near the center. A broader form than that last figured, appeared in a lot of 125 like specimens in a grave in Bellona, near Seneca lake. A few are nearly long, straight sided triangles. Some knives have the simple pen- tagonal form, so common in caches, and these are sometimes bent. This peculiarity is frequent in notched forms, usually classed as knives because of this. Fig. 146 shows an arrow form thus bent. In one instance a broad notched form from Oswego Falls, three inches long, has a distinct double curve of the surface. Other notched forms, and some of the simpler, may not have an equilateral blade. Fig. 143 isa fine knife of grey limestone from Cross lake, much like the Queensbury knife just mentioned. It is truncate at each end, three and five eighths inches long, one and one quarter inches broad in the middle, where it is widest, and is somewhat thick. Fig. 140 is a small, slender knife, approaching the drill form, if not an implement of that kind. It is of variegated flint, two inches long, and comes from Seneca river. Fig. 144 is a coarse and heavy curved knife of hornstone, from Onondaga lake. It is five inches long and two and one quarter broad, with nearly parallel edges. This is quite a fre- quent form. Fig. 145 is the ordinary leaf-shaped knife found almost everywhere. This is of common flint, three and one half inches long. In other examples it would vary in size, length or breadth, ranging from broad to narrow, and similar differences will be observed in every form here represented. | SPADES OR HOES Spades are of very uncertain character, and some articles possibly used as such might be considered spears, knives, or even rude celts. Few ate found that we can call spades and nothing more. The early 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM visitors had little use for those of stone here, as they came for hunting and fishing, and not to till the soil. The Iroquois, who were an agricultural people, used stone as little as possible, and made their hoes and digging tools of wood or bone; mostly the former. In Bruyas’ Mohawk lexicon, about two centuries old, onarate is the wooden hoe, but there is no word for spade, which they would only use in digging post-holes, or pits for caches, where the hoe would be quite as serviceable. In the early book called New England prospect, it is said that part of the women’s work was ‘ their planting of corne, wherein they exceede our English husband-men, keeping it so clear with their clamme shell-hooes, as if it were a garden rather than a corne-field.’ Loskiel said of the cultivation of corn “They used formerly the shoulder blade of a deer, or a tortoise-shell, sharpened upon a stone, and fastened to a thick stick, instead of a hoe.’ In Van der Donck’s New Netherlands are interesting notes on points connected with indian agriculture, although their implements are not described. ‘ They say that their corn and beans were received from the southern indians, who received their seed from a people who resided still further south, which may well be true. °) - | Uie maize may have been among the indians in the warm climate long ago; however, our indians say that they did eat roots and the bark of trees instead of bread, before the introduction of indian corn, or maize.’ They had beans before the whites came, and “ have a peculiar way of planting them, which our people have learned to practise: when the Turkish wheat, or as it is called, maize, is half a foot above the ground, they plant the beans around it, and let them grow to- gether. The coarse stalk serves as a bean prop, and the beans run upon it.’ The Onondagas have a pretty story about this. In the fall they burned over the places which they wished to plant the next spring. There are many accounts of the large caches in which they kept their corn, and these are yet found in many places, while the corn itself is often plowed up. One piece of woodland in Montgomery county is full of the open pits, but the Iroquois also stored corn in boxes made of bark, and sometimes had vast amounts of this. The cache method, however, was very common, and in the pits both corn and beans were stored. In his early account of the © ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 55 Mohawks, the Rev. Johannes Megapolensis says, ‘ When their corn is ripe, they take off the ears and put them in deep pits, and preserve them therein the whole winter.’ A fuller account will be found in the New England prospect. ‘Their corn being ripe, they gather it, and drying it hard in the sunne, conveigh it to their barnes, which be great holes digged in the ground in forme of a brasse pot, seeled with rinds of trees, wherein they put their corne.’ The origin of indian corn is a question of much interest, and a great deal has been written upon it. Besides what has been said above, Roger Williams gave the New England tradition: ‘The crow brought them at first an indian grain of corne in one eare, and an indian or French beane in another, from the great god Kautantouwit’s field in the southwest, from whence they hold came all their corne and beanes.’ Corn hills were large, and stood well apart. They are still to be seen in some New York woods, and the cultivation was very simple. Roger Williams has a note on what he thought a curious preference in tools: “The indian women, to this day, (not- withstanding our howes,) doe use their naturall howes of shells and wood.’ Spades are not mentioned, and, bearing this fact in mind, it is quite likely that those stone implements of New York which resem- ble what are called spades elsewhere, are to be considered hoes, if they were really digging tools. The question admits of reasonable doubt, but the classification may be allowed for present convenience. It may be added that less was needful for digging than is often sup- posed. In an emergency the writer has been surprised to see how much excavating he could do on an indian site with a sharp stick, _ or a broad and pointed stone. With improvised tools and plenty of muscle a great deal could be easily accomplished, but the necessity for this was so rare in indian life that little faith need be placed in the New York stone spade. Fig. 147 represents the finest of these articles known to the writer. It is a leaf-shaped implement of a bluish grey stone, and came from Oneida lake, where it was plowed up in 1877. The average thickness is three eighths of an inch, and the length is 114 inches, with a breadth of five and one quarter inches. This and the two following figures are reduced to about two thirds of the actual size. It is sharpest at the broad end. This article seems much too large for either spear or 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM knife, though both these have been found quite as long, and it may be best to consider it a digging implement for the present. Smaller specimens are common, with a similar outline. An elliptical one of drab flint, five and three quarters inches long, also came from Oneida lake. Another, with straighter sides, is from Brewerton, at the foot of the same sheet of water. This is of grey flint, and is seven and three eighths inches long, and three and one half inches wide. This would be called a knife but for its size. It is not equilateral, but while one of the lateral edges is straight, the other is longer, and curves gradually to meet it at the point. Quite a number are between five and six inches long, coming from several places. Two fine leaf-shaped implements from the Susquehanna river should be mentioned. One is from Nichols, and measures 104 by six inches. It was found 25 years ago. The other is from Owego, and is a little smaller, being 10 inches long by four and three eighths wide. It is of a light translucent flint, and was found 50 years ago, just below the Susquehanna river bridge. A different form of flint implement was certainly used for digging, although in a very moderate way. The form was often that of a shouldered spear, but with the point rounded and polished by contact with the earth. Fig. 149 is a good example from the Seneca river, made of grey flint, and four inches long. Fig. 148 is another of common flint, found near Rome, N. Y. This has no shoulder, and may also have been used as a knife, but the narrow point is highly polished by use. It is three and one quarter inches long. It is quite probable that this was a secondary use; a broken point being re- chipped, and then used in this way. It is even more likely that spears and knives were sometimes used in digging. Fig. 150 is a pointed leaf-shaped implement, which one hesitates to call either spade or hoe, so handsome is the material and so fine the work. It is a fine orange jasper, five inches long and nearly three and one half inches wide. It was found on Onondaga lake, where others of less beauty occur. This figure and the following two are reduced to three fourths of the actual size. Others, of the same general shape as the last, are less pointed. Some broad, thin, and celt-like chipped sandstones are often now classed as spades, and occur on some village sites. They would do ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 57 moderately well in digging, though a sensible savage might have much preferred a sharp stick, horn, or bone. As hoes they would have been more useful, and this may have been their office. They range from four to seven inches in length, with a proportionate width of more than half, and have a wide distribution. Fig. 151 will suffice as an example of these. It is of red sandstone, having parallel edges and rounded angles. It is chipped much like the flat net sinkers, but has no notches. The length is five and seven eighths inches, width three and three eighths, and thickness five eighths of an inch. This is from a village site on the Seneca river, where many were found. On some smaller sites they also occur, while on others they are altogether lacking. It may be added that the nature of these sites does not favor the theory that they were used in agriculture. CHIPPED STONE AXES Grooved axes are rare in New York and Canada, and probably were never used by the Huron-Iroquois family. Chipped implements of an axe-like form are no more plentiful in New York, while the common celt, or polished stone axe, without grooves, is both abun- dant and variable. These were used by the Iroquois, even after white contact. Although iron axes quickly came into use, yet Champlain said that the Mohawks were not well supplied with these in 1609, and some still employed the primitive axe of stone. Fig. 152 shows a rudely notched implement of brown sandstone, from Oswego Falls, much like a modern hatchet in outline. It is five and five eighths inches long, and is quite flat. This isan unusual form, although other rude implements have some resemblance to it. A much neater and more regularly chipped axe of the same material, is from Brewerton. It is five inches long, with a width of two and seven eighths inches to- wards the cutting edge, and one and one half inches at the top. The lateral edges are straight. Fig. 153 represents a fine article of fer- ruginous flint, somewhat square, and five and one eighth inches long by about three and three quarters wide. It comes from:the Oneida river, and is of moderate thickness. There can be no doubt that it was used as an axe. | Chipped celts were quite abundant almost everywhere, and were sometimes a final, sometimes a transitional form. The usual course 58 , NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM was to chip the stone into the shape of the celt, when this could be done. This might go no farther, for as a weapon of war it was already serviceable, and perhaps in some of the arts of peace. If the material was fine, it might afterwards be picked and polished. Often the edge was ground before these things were done. The finish has nothing to do with the age, for the rudest and most finished forms may be found, side by side, on the same village site. Many show all three processes in the unfinished implement. The work. might go on for years, at intervals, the weapon being used nearly all the time. As the difference is thus only one of finish, except in flint celts, no illustrations need be given of those of common stone. | A micaceous stone is frequent on a few sites, showing no signs of work, but presenting such resemblances to finished celts that one can hardly doubt its use. It would soon lose all marks of human skill. In the examination of Iroquois sites, one can hardly fail to observe how the stone age was on the wane, in this family at least. With rare exceptions stone implements were rude, and there was neither the variety nor beauty in articles of stone everywhere seen among their New York predecessors. Bird amulets, gorgets, stone tubes, scrapers, drills, and banner-stones were already things of the past. Arrows were small, comparatively few, and mostly of one form. Stones were still used in grinding corn and cracking nuts, but the wooden pestle and mortar had their established place among pros- perous people. Stone vessels were forgotten, and bone and horn took the place of flint. Still, stone was necessary, and the ungrooved axe was often finely finished. There are a few chipped celts of flint, often ground at the edge, but ground flint is rare in this country. Fig. 154 is a good example, coming from Onondaga lake. It is of common hornstone, two and three quarters inches long, seven eighths wide, and five eighths of an inch thick. It is ground to a moderately sharp edge at both ends. A broad edged one of chalcedony, three and five eighths inches long, comes from Oswego Falls. Fig. 155 is of grey flint, two inches long, one inch wide, and nine sixteenths thick. The cutting edge is neatly chipped, and one surface is much flatter than the other. This is from Onondaga lake. A much larger one of grey flint, comes from the ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 59 town of Marcy. This is eight and three eighths inches long. Fig. 156 is a well marked form. In this most of the surface is flat, the cutting edge being sharply beveled on each side. It is of drab flint, two and one quarter inches long, and five eighths of an inch thick. It comes from Seneca river. Another finely chipped celt is from near Skane- ateles lake, and is represented by fig. 159. It is of brown flint, over an inch thick, and sharpened at both ends. The length is nearly four inches, and it is symmetrical throughout. Fig. 160 is of common hornstone, with parallel sides and rounded edge. It is from Cross lake, and is two and one half inches long, one and one eighth wide, and three quarters of aninch thick. Itis very neatly chipped. Fig. 161 is of unusual material, being of clouded quartz, well worked. It is two inches wide, and two’and seven eighths long. This is from Onondaga lake. Others might be described, but there is no great variation inform. Only a few are elliptic, but several have the wide and ground edge. Although rare, they are widely distributed, and are sometimes of choice material. An earthwork in the town of Granby has no relics beyond small fragments of earthenware, a few flint flakes, a flat sinker, and one or two skeletons, but a rude celt of greenstone, seven and one quarter ‘inches long, was found quite near. The indications are that its occupation was very brief. An earthwork, three miles southeast of Baldwinsville, has fine celts, but many more which are very rude, varying from three and one half to nine inches in length. One of the latter length is massive, prominently ridged on one side, and but little worked. Another of talc, four inches long, and laterally curved, is rudely chipped, but is remarkable for form and material. Some of these rough celts are a broad ellipse. The only earthwork in Wayne county furnished a rude one of dark crystalline stone, nine and one eighth inches long. Numberless examples might be given. PERFORATORS Among the most remarkable and perplexing articles of flint are those known as perforators or drills. They are widely distributed, and are of a comparatively early date, in New York at least, not having been used by the Iroquois, who preferred awls of horn or 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bone. Some are found in Great Britain, but of simple forms and rude workmanship. Dr Abbott well said of these, and some other things, “It is certain that the majority of our specimens, such as scrapers, drilling stones, etc., are manufactured with greater ele- gance, and evince a more thorough knowledge of the chipping art. The English specimens appear to be all flakes, which have had the edges chipped, that the required shape might be given to the speci- men.’ Ours are usually worked over the entire surface, but not in- variably, for we have specimens as rude as any in England. In some places perforators are rare, and but six were catalogued in the Wagman collection at Saratoga. Out of 327 in Mr Douglass’ collection, but 29 are credited to New York, where they really are abundant. ’ So slight is the division betwéen these and arrow-heads, in very many cases, that it has recently been suggested that they are but a slender form of these. Sometimes it is a question to which class to assign some forms. A series of triangular arrows from one site, com- mencing with a broad form, grades insensibly into those so slender that they would be called drills anywhere else. The main difficulty, however, is to assign them a distinct use. They fit well in the spiral perforations of gorgets, but no great length would have been required for these. Possibly they may have been used in perforating wood, but this is doubtful. For piercing leather a sharp bone or thorn would have been preferable. An early writer, in speaking of shell beads, said they were drilled with a nail or a sharp stone. We might suppose that their use was of this nature, were it not for their abun- dance in places where large shell beads were not likely to be made. Their fragile character and few signs of use, increase the difficulties of the problem. Some, therefore, have suggested that many were pins, more or less ornamental. Dr Rau thought some of the straight, double pointed forms might have been used in fishing, the line being attached in the center, according to a well known method. The ques- tion can not be satisfactorily discussed now. Long straight perforators or drills, for the common name will be used here, are quite common, and are usually of grey, drab, or black flint, often expanding at the base. They suggest awls or bodkins, at FE ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 61 once. Fig. 157 is such an article, of common flint, representing a frequent form on the Seneca river. It is three inches long, and the base is but slightly wider than the main part. One of the same form and material but four inches long, comes from Onondaga Valley. This also is straight, and has but a trifling expansion at the end. Another of similar form and material, from Brewerton, is a little thicker, and three and five eighths inches long; nor are these solitary examples, although they may represent the extreme length of this | form here. | Some expanded forms do not exceed an inch in length. Fig. 158 shows one of these which is not an inch long, but which is neatly worked and symmetrical. Itis of bluish flint, and was found at Bald- winsville in 1878. Fig. 162 has a thicker base than usual, and indeed is somewhate massive throughout. It is of brown flint, three and three quarters inches long, and comes from the Oswego river. Fig. 163 is a beautiful drill, yellow at the base and shading into red, which is the color most of the way towards the point. This may have been caused by heat. The base is moderately broad with concave sides, and is three and three quarters inches long. It comes from Onondaga lake. In many such forms there is little more than a quick expansion of the base, tapering, rounded, or angular, as the case may be. These vary little in length, but are often quite wide. Fig. 164 unites the scraper and drill, as in some other cases, having a scraper edge almost to the point. It is of mottled flint, two and one half inches long, and was found on the Seneca river. Another form of the long drills was distinctly notched. Fig. 165 is a beautiful example of these. It is from the same river, and is of a mottled grey flint, three and seven eighths inches long. Both work and material are fine, and it is slightly barbed on one side. Very closely resembling this is another from the Mohawk, at Canajoharie flats. It is of drab flint, a little shorter and wider than the last, but equally fine. The length is three and three eighths inches. A broader form still, but of about half the length, comes from Brewerton, and there are many approaching these. Excepting as they approach the triangular form, those with a very long and broad base rarely reach two inches in length. Fig. 166 is 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM very odd, the broad and notched base having elevated points on either side. It is from the Seneca river, and is of light brown flint, one and three eighths inches long. Fig. 167 is a frequent form, with a broad and deep base, which in some may be widest above or below. Sometimes the contraction above the base is very moderate at first. This is of common flint, and is one and one quarter inches in length. It is one of the frequent forms. Fig. 168 is one of the largest and oddest of this variety, and comes from Brewerton. It is of brown flint, and the broad and curving base has obtuse raised points, strongly suggestive of those in a drill already figured. The length is two inches, and it is nearly as broad. Some of these expanding bases suggest the gimlet and thumb- screw, and might have been used with or without an additional handle, but the straight and slender ones, if used for perforating, would have required a handle of some kind. Fig. 169 is a small ex- ample of the thumb-screw pattern, the three arms being much alike, though one is a little longer and narrower than the others. It is of drab flint, one and one eighth inches long, and could be easily turned by the fingers. This is from Seneca river, and another from Brewer- ton, two inches long, presents the same concave base. This is carried still farther in fig. 170, a specimen unfortunately broken, where the wide base is almost as slender as the shaft. One prong terminates in a notched and rounded point, as if for suspension, and it is a question whether the broken part had the same feature, as is probable, or whether it was a double pointed drill. It is of black flint, two and one half inches long, and comes from the Seneca river. A smaller one, somewhat like this but with a narrower base, was found on the Canajoharie flats. The one figured, however, is unique in some respects. | | Fig. 171 isa good example of the gimlet form from Onondaga lake. It is of grey flint, two and one half inches long, and very symmetrical. One from Geneva is almost equally so, and is two inches in length. This form is rarely perfect, from its great liability to injury, but more might be described. Among those having deeper expanded bases is one of rosy quartz, one and three quarters inches long. This is also from Geneva, where many small forms have been found. There are ————————— ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 63 one sided basal drills, and those oddly curved, but these seem mere freaks, and but one will now be mentioned, because some have thought it may have been used in forming a primitive fish-hook, by binding it to a perforated stick. Dr Rau (see Prehistoric fishing, fig. 180) shows one closely resembling this in a Greenland hook of wood and stone. Capt. John Smith speaks of a similar use of bone in Virginia. “Their hookes are either a bone grated, as they noch their arrowes in the forme of a crooked pinne or fish-hooke, or of the splinter of a bone tyed to the clift of a little sticke, and with the end of the line they tie on the bait.’ That this article is well adapted for such use will be readily seen, and Dr Rau’s figure seems almost con- clusive proof. Occasionally a drill is widened in the middle, between the base and point. Very simple examples of these occur, but sometimes they are rather curious. Fig. 173 is a flat form of drab flint, one and one half inches long, and might be described as a double thumb- screw. While the center has been well preserved, both points have been broken off, but they were evidently quite short when per- fect, so that the figure presents very nearly the original out- line. Even now it is a most interesting article. Fig. 174 is another odd form, very wide, and deeply notched. Above the notches it might be described as broadly winged, but the barbs form its most distinctive feature. It is of drab flint, one and one quarter inches long, and was found not far from Rome, N. Y. Many drills are nearly triangular, and occasionally one may have been formed from an arrow-head. Fig. 175 may have had such a primary use, followed by a moderate narrowing of the point. It is notched, of dark flint, one and seven eighths inches long, and was found near Three River Point. Fig. 176 is a straight perforator of common hornstone, two and five eighths inches length. The base is better finished than in most examples of this variety, which are often smaller, and of black flint. This comes from Onondaga lake, where many of this form have been found. Sometimes one occurs, straight and uniform, which has a rounded point at each end. These grade into a broader form, which seems a small knife. A few have an erratic form, marked by a one sided 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM base. Some convex sided arrow-heads, as has been said, are drawn out into a slender point, suggesting a perforator, and there are rude specimens, perhaps used for temporary purposes. One of these forms, not rare, is a slender splinter of hornstone, triangular in sec- tion, and chipped so as to present three faces on the shaft. In such cases the base is sometimes left unaltered. While perforators are widely distributed, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, their most ornamental development seems to have been in Missouri, where they grade into animal forms. This gives counten- ance to the idea that some may have been used merely as ornaments, a remark which will not apply to all. SCRAPERS The typical scraper has one flattened side, usually formed by one or two broad flakings; and another, more or less elevated or ridged, which is beveled down to the other surface. It is often combined with the knife or drill, especially in implements approaching the leaf shape, or in distinctly curved knives. Scrapers are often very rude, some being made of flat pieces of hornstone, merely chipped down toa scraper edge. Sometimes other flat siliceous stones were utilized in the same way, resulting in rude and unusually large implements of this kind. Many were made of broken arrows, in which case the under surface may be quite delicately chipped. This secondary use may be the reason why they were so long overlooked here, as they were not attractive articles to collect until their true nature was known. Many of them may have been used in handles, as in comparatively recent times elsewhere, but others were so large as not to require these. Carved handles of horn or bone have been occasionally found, but these may have belonged to other implements, as they came from Iroquoian sites, and that great family knew little of stone scrapers or perforators. Absence of such handles in other places, however, proves nothing, as horn or bone articles quickly decayed except in fireplaces and refuse heaps. It is still more likely, in a forest land, that handles would have been made of wood. Small scrapers would often require handles of some kind, but the larger ones might not. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF .NEW YORK 65 They vary greatly in form and finish, and some very closely resemble those yet used by the Eskimo. They form a very widely spread class of implements, often adapted to local needs. The ruder scrapers need not be illustrated now, as they took almost any form, like the ruder knives, presenting nothing characteristic '. except the beveled edge and flat under surface. A chance flake, ora flat pebble might be otherwise unaltered. Some are extremely small, being less than half an inch long, while others are quite massive. Fig. 178 is a fine example of a simple and large form from the Seneca river. The material is brown flint, two and five eighths inches long. This is boldly but neatly flaked, and is more massive and uniform in thickness than usual, as well as flatter on the under side. Another from Onondaga lake, of mottled flint and oneand seven eighths inches long, is very much like this, but the under surface is somewhat curved and twisted, and the implement is proportionally broader. One of yellow jasper, from Oswego Falls, closely resembles this in size and character. A fragment of a large one from the Seneca river, is still two and three quarters by three and one quarter inches, but is of a ruder type. A very neat and depressed scraper, almost of a horse- shoe form, was found in the town of Marcy, north of the Mohawk river. Itis of drab flint, and is three and one quarter inches in length. Fig. 183 is given on account of its small size, although typical of quite aclass. There is a small site on the bank of the inlet of Onon- daga lake, which was a frequent camping place in early days, some- times apparently occupied for months at a time. Bone harpoons, pottery, flint and bone articles, the so-called spades, and other things occur there. In excavating an ash-bed there this little scraper was found. It is of common flint, ridged in the center, and but seven sixteenths of an inch long. Another, but five eighths of an inch in length, comes from Seneca county. Fig. 177 is a very curious article, not a typical scraper, and yet probably used for one of its purposes, that of fashioning the shafts of arrows. It seems to have been made from a broken arrow-head, and was found in 1889 in a cache in Cayuga county. The cache contained also twenty arrows and the same number of flint knives, a quantity of mica, some antler prongs, paint, and other things. Also a turtle 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM totem of grey stone. One of the arrows was translucent, and another was of white quartz. The remainder of the arrows and all the knives were of native hornstone. The writer has seen a similar article from Missouri, and supposes it to have been used in scraping the shafts of arrows in the speediest way. | Fig. 179 has one end rounded, and the other straight. The edges are somewhat parallel, but the surface is widest along the center. These opposite edges are beveled from opposite surfaces, so that there are one or two scraping edges, whichever way it may be turned. It is probable that some of the beveled arrows, so called, were scrapers of this kind. Part of the length has been lost, so that no scraper now appears at that end, if indeed there was ever any there, for in that part the edges become sharp, and probably the knife and scraper were combined. It comes from the Seneca river, and is made of brown flint, still two and seven eighths inches long. A smaller one ' of these has much the same character; the base and edge being bev- eled on one side, with the other edge beveled from the other surface. It is of light drab flint, one and three quarters inches long, and does not have the knife edge of the last mentioned. This was from Three River Point. Another similar scraper, of light grey flint, has four beveled edges on one side, nearly parallel, and is one and three quar- ters inches long. Some which have been called gambling flints, are small and nearly square. They are not all distinctly scrapers, and seem to have been Iroquois gun flints, made by themselves for an emergency. The beveling is from both sides, as in a knife. As some of these were : certainly made at a time when the Iroquois used deer buttons and peach stones for gambling, and as most of them were associated with European articles, they may well be classed as indian gun flints. Fig. 180 is one of these from the Seneca river. It is of dark flint, nearly an inch square. The square center is flat, and the stone is beveled to the edge on each side. Fig. 181 shows a Cayuga specimen, to which the name of gambling flint has been distinctly given. It is of hornstone, and was found, with 20 others, in a grave well sup- plied with European articles. This is an inch across, but others were smaller. A gun, bullets, and two gun flints, were among the ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 67 articles accompanying these. Fig. 182 is a smaller one from the same grave. It will be remembered that the proper name of the Mohawks was Kaniengas, People of the flint, and that their proper symbol was a steel and flint; often only the former. Their associations were not so much with the flint as material for arrows. From almost the first they connected with it its fire producing powers. As soon as they had guns — and they were the earliest New York indians to possess them — they saw occasional economy in the use of their favorite stone. On this point there is a curious passage in the Jesuit relations of 1668, of an incident which happened when the French missionaries were about two miles north of Ticonderoga. ‘We all stopped in this place, without knowing the cause of it, until we saw our savages gathering upon the edge of the water, gun flints, all nearly shaped. We gave this not much thought at the time, but afterwards learned the mystery, for our Iroquois told us that they never fail to stop in this place, to render homage to a nation of invisible men, who dwell there in the depth of the water, and are occupied in preparing gun flints, nearly all ready for the passers by, provided they do their de- voirs in presenting them tobacco; if they give much of it they make them a large largess of these stones.’ These men were farther de- scribed, but the French concluded that, in storms, ‘ when the wind comes across the lake, it casts upon this shore a quantity of stones, hard and fit to strike fire. This sufficiently shows that the Iroquois often provided their own gun flints, instead of using those imported by traders. Many scrapers are almost or quite elliptical, and some circular forms may be gun flints. Fig. 184 is a fine example of the former class from Brewerton. It is of drab flint, thin and flat, and the edges are beveled all around from one surface. It is one and three eighths inches in length. One much like this is from Auburn, and is one and five eighths inches long. It is by no means a rare form, but grades into knives. A heavy, rounded, triangular scraper from Oswego Falls, has a double curve in the long section, and is one and one half inches long. Another of similar outline is from Cross lake. Itis, however, uniform in thickness, with edges abruptly beveled in opposite directions, 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM forming a double scraper, which is not a rare feature. The length is but one inch. A handsome one of brownish, banded flint, one and one eighth inches long, comes from Baldwinsville. Fig. 185 repre- sents this. It is of uniform thickness, a quarter of an inch, but is peculiar in having a concave and convex surface, with the scraper edge beveled from the former to the latter. Fig. 186 is a long, leaf-shaped scraper or knife of brown flint, found near the rifts south of Three River Point. It is five and one half inches long, and suggests a long knife, but has but one or two long flakings on the under surface, to meet which there is the usual bevel nearly all around. It is moderately thin, and very much twisted. Several of this form and size occur, with many variations, and nearly all would serve for knives almost as well as scrapers, although having the characteristics of the latter. 4 Fig. 187 shows one of the finest scrapers, in material and form almost identical with some knives, except in the edge. It is of lus- trous brownish grey flint, four and one eighth inches long, and widest in the middle; whence it tapers almost to a point at either end. This was found at Onondaga lake. The greatest width is one inch, and it is less than half that in thickness. Quartz scrapers are rare in New York. One from Brewerton, one and three eighths inches in length, is triangular, and like others with that outline, is much the thickest at the broad scraper end. Fine leaf or rather often triangular forms, however, occur in common or light grey flints. Fig. 188 is one of these from the Seneca river, which is of dark blue flint, two inches long, and very evenly beveled around and near the end. The lateral edges are sharp, as though intended for cutting, and as it might have been used without a handle, if desired, it probably combined two,implements, as was so frequently the case. Scrapers of this form are usually thin and flat, but are a little thicker at the broad end, and are also neatly chipped on the lower surface. Many are much smaller than this specimen, and some have the point turned to one side. Among other remarkable scrapers are some from Canajoharie, found along the river bank. Fig. 189 represents a long form of these. They are not many in number, and have been reported ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 69 nowhere else. They vary from almost triangular to nearly circular. ‘This one is of common flint, with conspicuous but obtuse serrations at the broad end, and is one and one half inches long. Some others there are much more finely and sharply serrate, but this serration is along one of the longer sides. They probably had some local use. A very remarkable class of scrapers, combining the knife with these, occurs in but very moderate numbers, and somewhat local at that. They may be nearly straight, or very much curved, and there is usually a tang at the base, resembling a handle, drawn out into a shoulder on each side. They are quite likely to have been used in fashioning bows and arrows, for which the combination of a convex knife with a concave scraper admirably fitted them. Perhaps less than a dozen have been found in New York. Fig. 190 is a perfect example from the Seneca river, made of brown and drab flint, and three inches long. This is the typical form, much like that of a curved sword with its cross hilt. One much more curved, but unfortunately a little broken, is from Brewerton. It is of common hornstone, two and one half inches long, and has the deepest curve of any yet re- ported. Out of several which do not essentially differ from these, may be mentioned one of a gritty brown flint, which is one and one eighth inches long. Fig. 191 represents this, which came from the Oswego river. At the point there is a knob-like expansion. A very odd one comes from Cross lake, and is made of a light grey flint, one and seven eighths inches long. It is more angular than others, but the blade does not present so decided a curve. In others the scraper edge is quite as decidedly developed, and they grade into nearly straight forms with the same features. In all the concave edge of the blade is quite thick, while the convex edge is comparatively thin and sharp. In the supplement to his illustrations of the Smithsonian col- lections, Dr Rau figured a fine example from Ohio, about two inches long, but they are not described by Abbott among New Jersey arti- cles, or by Fowke among those farther west and south. None have been reported in Canada, and they seem practically a New York im- plement, local even there. The advantage of the combination and the peculiar form will be readily seen. ? A still rarer form, in fact quite unique, is one which did not return from a scientific mission, greatly to the owner’s sorrow. Fig. 192 is 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of dark green jasper, and was found on a small camp site on the Seneca river. It is broadly flaked, and the upper end is notched as iffor suspension. The remarkable features, however, are the angular central projection of the broad scraper end, and its continuance on either side beyond the lateral lines. The length is one and seven eighths inches. It is greatly to be desired that this unique article should be recovered, from its local and general value. For the present the finder can only depend on his record and figure. Notches, apparently for suspension, are sometimes found in these and other articles. Stemmed scrapers often have the outlines of arrows, and are dis- tinguished only by the edge. Some were made from broken arrow- heads, and these are readily identified by the under surface. Fig. 193 is like the long-stemmed bunts, but is a true scraper, somewhat coarsely chipped. This variety has been described in New Jersey and elsewhere. The material is a grey flinty limestone, two inches long, which is larger than the ordinary size. A long and ruder one, however, also from the Seneca river, is three and one quarter inches in length. Itis quite thick, and has an unusually long stem. Others of this general form have a slightly expanded base, as in the bunts. Fig. 194 is a good example of these, of brown flint, one and one eighth inches long, which comes from the Seneca river. A frequent short and very wide form has some general resemblance to these, but is in many ways quite distinct. They suggest what is some- times called the sheaf of wheat pattern, and are often made of the bases of broken arrows, but the form was often the original design. Fig. 195 is a good example, and quite thick. It is of common horn- stone, seven eighths of an inch long, and one and one quarter inches wide, but the base does not expand below the broad shoulders, and presents a rounding outline. Fig. 196 is broader, being one and one half inches wide, with the same length. It is of drab flint, more angular than the last, and has distinct barbs and an expanding base. It was always ascraper. This is true of another, even more angular, made of dark flint, three quarters of an inch long, and one and one quarter inches wide. Fig. 197 is another fine scraper of this type. It is of brown flint, one and one eighth inches long, and one and ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 71 three quarters wide, with a longer base than in the last. All these, as well as the following two, are from the Seneca river. Fig. 198 is much like, these, but is simply and angularly notched, and has a broad scraper edge. The material is black flint, and it is an inch long, with a little greater width. Itisarare form. Fig. 199 is another small and peculiar form, made of dark flint, and seven eighths of an inch long. It has a scraper edge nearly all around, and the notched stem seems to have been intended for insertion in a handle. The form is unique. Fig. 200 is another odd form from the same river, having rounded projections on the sides, and it is much the thickest at the scraper end, though having a somewhat massive character throughout. It is of quite dark flint, one and one quarter inches long by an inch broad. Some others combine a short drill with a broad scraper base, but these are usually rather small. The combinations with knives are many. Few implements vary more, and their forms had probably much to do with special uses, as in dressing hides, cleaning fish, or smoothing wooden implements. Their complete disappearance in recent prehistoric times in New York, along with that of other imple- ments quite as remarkable, argues a great and sudden change in the dwellers or visitors here. The Iroquois seem not to have used them, nor do we find any suggestion of a similar implement, as in the sub- stitution of bone or horn perforators for those of stone. —The makers of the stone scrapers disappeared from New York long ago, and yet it is clear that they were once very widely used, reaching the Pacific coast and even Mexico. Plainly the modern indian did not inherit some of the most remarkable arts of his predecessors. This is one of the significant revelations of archeology. A new race came in and early arts perished. Beyond the making of arrows and axes scarcely anything survived in New York. This, however, must be understood of peculiar implements. The dressing of hides still went on, and some of the results have hardly been surpassed. Ifthe Iroquois did not use the stone scraper, or any thing closely resembling it, they employed something quite as effective, and perhaps in a similar way. Corlaer, in 1635, gave cana- goerat as the Mohawk word for scraper, which may or may not have 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM some reference to flint, or kahnia. A little later Father Bruyas. defined the Mohawk gannohouagethon, to scrape a hide, and another word expressed the stretching process. Ina rude way they are still, or were recently, in use among some of our western indians, but not in forms like those of old. The Eskimo still use them, inserted in handles, and one specimen here figured is almost exactly like those which they make. Dr Abbott says of New Jersey scrapers, ‘ One feature of the Euro- pean scrapers is having one side flat or uniform, the result of the breaking away of a large flake, thus giving on one side the smooth surface of a single plane of cleavage. We have all our specimens. chipped upon both sides, unless it be those of about the minimum. size, which appear absolutely identical with the European specimens.” In New York, however, a large proportion of the larger examples. have this single cleavage, while full chipping on both sides is confined to afew. From Sir John Lubbock’s illustrations, Dr Abbott also. thought European specimens rudely chipped in comparison with American, and a similar comparison would show the high character of those of New York. As regards their distribution no exact statement can be made. In. some form they seem distributed throughout the world, but the pro- portion in any collection will vary according to the field in which it has been principally made. Mr Douglass has 220 New York scrapers, out of a total of 1061. Of these 636 came from Missouri, and 71 irom Arkansas. From the New England states he has none at all. Dr Rau figured them only from Ohio and Texas. In the Wagman Saratoga collection none are mentioned, but such omissions. may be due to their frequent lack of beauty. In a show collection they might make a poor figure. 3 SERRATE ARROWS The serrate arrow forms, which Evans called saws in Great Britain, are quite rare in New York, but are common farther west and south. The materials of which the few found here are made, point to a distant origin. Fig. 201 is of translucent horn colored flint, one and three quarters inches long, and it comes from Nine Mile creek, some miles. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 73 west of Onondaga lake. The base is gone, but this example is given because of its distinctly serrate character. Another broken specimen, of bluish flint, now one and one half inches long, is as serrate, and comes from the same vicinity. Good examples should occur in the southwestern part of New York, but none have yet been reported. EFLINT HAMMERS Flint hammers have thus far been more frequently observed in the lower Mohawk valley than elsewhere. They are rude nodules of flint, showing traces of hammering, and sometimes of chipping, but were naturally used but little in a land where field stones are abundant. They differ much from the so-called hammer-stones. Fig. 202 shows one from Spraker’s basin, which is two and one quarter inches across, and just a third as thick, one broad surface being quite flat. Fig. 203 is more characteristic, and is from the Seneca river. This is one and seven eighths inches long, and an inch thick. Fig. 204 is a smaller one, not far from one and one half inches each way. Smaller ones yet appear. A more remarkable one comes from Onon- daga lake, which is two and one eighth inches long. Its peculiar feature is the rough grinding in two contiguous planes at one end. Flint is rarely ground here, but when this has been done the result is commonly a polish. A few chipped hammers of greenstone present nothing worthy of remark, except a slight expansion at one end. They are from three to four inches long. The ordinary hammer- stones, and the common field stones perhaps restricted the use of these ruder implements. The faceted and picked balls of stone, possibly used in war clubs, properly belong in another class. F MISCELLANEOUS There are many odd flint forms of uncertain character. Fig. 205 represents one of these, being a fragment of some article unknown. It may be the base of a knife, but is strongly suggestive of the fine stone sceptres found of late in Illinois and Tennessee. In that case this would have been the upper end instead of the base. It is of thin, light drab flint, neatly worked, and is yet over three inches long. It is broken where a line of fossils crossed the stone. 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Unfinished articles often awaken curiosity, and sometimes reveal the processes by which they were made, and the several stages of — the work. This is notably the case with some celts, and unfinished drilling has even yet greater importance. With articles of flint it is more a question of ultimate intention. Fig. 206 is an odd article, which may have been a completed and broken implement, or an un- finished one, just as well. What we call the lower part has been broken, giving an element of uncertainty to the actual or intended form. As it now is, it is two and three eighths inches in length, and is made of common hornstone. One side is flat, and the other neatly chipped over most of the surface, the concave edge being thickest. This might be classed among implements combining the knife and scraper, for the convex edge is sharp. There are hints, also, of a future modification of the form.” The striking peculiarity, however, is the rounded point, deeply indented below, as if for suspension. Fragments like this and the last, are often valuable for their peculiar features. Fig. 207 is a small.curved scraper of common flint, about one and one half inches long, which is from Cayuga county. It differs from those already described in having simply an expanded base, without atang. The curve is greater than usual, and it has been accepted by some as the flint point of an early fish-hook, for which it might have answered, though it seems too short and thick for such a use. On the whole it seems more reasonable to place it among’ the curved scrapers, for grave objections might be made to the other use, and it certainly closely resembles these. Fig. 208 is simply a flint pebble of an oval form, split in two and chipped on the flat surface. These pebbles are water-worn, and not very large, although this is one of the smaller sizes. They seem unfin- ished, although neatly chipped; and in their present condition would serve only for scrapers. This one is from Seneca county, and they are found there and elsewhere, although nowhere frequent. Fig. 209 is one of the smallest forms of New York arrows, of the class called bird points. It is less than half an inch long, and comes from Tioga county, where they are frequent, but with various out- lines. Many think these were made for children, on account of their small size, but they are quite as likely to have had other uses. ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 75 FISHING AND STONE NET SINKERS One very important article in the food of the American aborigines was fish. The accounts which early travelers and colonists give of the abundance of all descriptions of fishes in lakes and rivers, seem wonderful now, when we are trying to restore them to some degree of their early condition, and yet they are harmonious and well sup- ported. The only difficulty the indian had was to preserve and store up this abundant supply for hours of need. In Canada and New York, eels were taken in vast numbers, and were easily preserved by smoking. It does not appear that this was usual with fish of other kinds. Salt they did not use, and it was distasteful to them. The Iroquois now ascribe their degeneracy and lack of manly vigor, to using salt meat, instead of obtaining all its fresh juices, as their ancestors did. | It becomes a matter of interest to know how they took the fish which swarmed in every stream, for certain relics have direct refer- ence to this. In doing so, however, bare allusion will be made to harpooning, for the harpoon of colonial times was made of bone or horn, and sometimes of wood and iron, thus lying outside of those chipped stone implements to which this paper relates. Only inci- dentally will angling be touched upon, for the same reason. In the account of Champlain’s voyages, that great discoverer told of Huron customs. ‘The men make the nets to capture fish in summer as well as in winter, when they generally fish, reaching their prey even below the ice, either with the line or the seine.’ This winter fishing was described by others as well as Champlain, but he mentions the fact which is of importance here, that the net ‘ sinks to the bottom of the water by means of certain small stones attached to the end.’ While Sagard describes the making of Huron nets and their use, he says nothing of these weights, for the one was a necessity of the other. He does, however, allude to one fact in angling, which is important if we substitute the curved and slender stone drill for the piece of bone. He said, ‘ We found in the bellies of several large fishes, hooks made of a piece of wood and a bone, so placed as to form a hook, and very neatly bound together with hemp.’ A figure has been given of a New York stone perforator, suitable for this use. The 4 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Canadian institute has several well adapted for this also, varying from two and one quarter to four inches in length. The early Huron prac- tice of marrying the nets to two young girls, is well known, and seemed long established when the French first met them. The Al- gonquins had an old story that Michabou taught their ancestors how to make nets, having taken the hint from watching a spider catch a fly. Nets were therefore plainly an aboriginal invention, and their use is directly connected with the large numbers of flat net stones. found by all considerable streams. These nets were made of native hemp, out of which some of the New York Iroquois still make thread in their primitive way. Mr William L. Stone gave Dr Rau an ‘account of a stone struc- ture, evidently a fish-pen, in the state of New York.’ It was on the right or south bank of Fish creek, the outlet of Saratoga lake, and the plan and description will be found on page 201, of Prelstoric fishing. It is a matter of considerable interest, and Mr Stone readily | disposes of a seeming difficulty, the fact that the opening to the pound was down stream, by supposing that it was employed mainly when the fish were ascending the creek to spawn. Such pounds were fre- quent among the indians elsewhere within historic times, made of stones or wood, and there is no great difficulty in assigning such a use to this. In Sullivan’s campaign, in 1779, a town was destroyed on the present site of Waterloo, where were “ several fish ponds abound- ing opposite the town.’ This was the statement of Sergeant Major George Grant. Gen. John S. Clark, a well known antiquarian made a note on this: ‘These were circular enclosures of stone from 30 to 40 feet in diameter, built upon the rocky bed of the stream, where the water was neither very deep or rapid, so constructed as to permit the water to pass through, but to retain the fish.’ These, of course, were simply places for keeping surplus stock. These were modern structures. When the famous ‘ Lessee com- pany’ made its agreement with the Six Nations in 1787-88, the in- dians reserved ‘ one half of the falls and convenient places for weirs, forthe purpose of catching fish and eels, from Cross lake to the Three Rivers.’ Without questioning whether eels are fish, it is clear that the Iroquois attached importance to the use of weirs, and that some ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPIEMENTS OF NEW YORK 17 might be even now looked for in the waters mentioned. When Francis A. Vanderkemp descended the Oneida river, in 1792, at one rift he remarked, ‘ It was said here was an ancient indian eel-weir — by which this natural obstruction in the bed of the river had been increased.’ Several such stone weirs still remain in the Seneca river, in a more or less fragmentary condition. One which is several hundred feet in extent, runs in a zigzag way across the river, and two deep bays are in excellent order. The third was removed to permit the passage of large boats. The French missionaries mentioned such structures here in 1656, in these terms: ‘ The fish which are most common here are the eel and salmon, which are fished for from the spring until the end of autumn, our savages managing so well their dykes and weirs, that they take at the same time the eel which is going down, and the salmon which is going up.’ They also speared fish by torchlight, but often used a peculiar wooden spear for this. Fifty years earlier they had bone harpoons, There are several early accounts of the use of these fish-weirs, in various parts of the country, and Loskiel gives that which was com- mon in Pennsylvania, when the shad ascended the rivers. ‘The in- dians run a dam of stones across the stream, where its depth will admit of it, not in a straight line, but in two parts, verging towards each other in an angle. An opening is left in the middle for the water to run off. At this opening they place a large box, the bottom of which is full of holes. They then make a rope of the twigs of the wild vine, reaching across the stream, upon which boughs of about six feet in length are fastened at the distance of about two fathoms from each other. A party is detached about a mile above the dain with this rope and its appendages, who begin to move gently down the current, some guiding one, some the opposite end, whilst others keep the branches from sinking by supporting the rope in the middle with wooden forks. Thus they proceed, frightening the fishes into the opening left in the middle of the dam.’ Though their use may be inferred in this, nothing is said of stone sinkers. In another account, published by Adair in 1775, there are mentioned on the vine, “stones attached at proper distances, to rake 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the bottom.’ This was another use of the flat stone sinker, differing slightly from its use in nets. The polished and grooved plummets, so distinct from these, had other uses, though notably most abun- dant at two early fishing resorts. The grooved pebbles were many oi them sinkers. . It may be remarked that the Hurons and others placed hurdles in streams, with nets across the openings, and that the Oneidas in New York made fish pounds with two rows of stakes across streams, driving the fish into them and killing them there. The flat stone sinker was easily made by the aborigines, and in fact is still made and used by their white successors. A small flat stone was found and neatly chipped around the edge, or sometimes left almost unchanged. As a sinker it might have two to four oppo- site notches by which it could be attached more securely. If used as a quoit, the notches might be omitted, and the whole surface neatly chipped. This was the sole difference between these two forms, which might be large or small in either case. Occasionally a small and thin smooth pebble is found on a village site, not over an inch across and with two opposite notches cut in the edge. These have no relation to either of the preceding forms. There are also grooved and chipped stones of considerable size, which were used for anchors, but these are somewhat rare. A series of grooved elliptical pebbles may be classed with those of picked stone, although probably net sinkers. They occur most frequently on Cayuga and Seneca lakes. Some of the flat sinkers are quite large. Dr Rau figured one which was eight inches across, and one and three eighths inches thick, the weight being two pounds and fourteen ounces. Dr Abbott found one on the Delaware river, which was eight inches square, and had four notches. The weight was nearly five pounds. Here they are rarely much over six inches across, when of the typical form. One fine one, however, unwrought except by the slight notches, is nearly seven inches across, and two and three quarters thick. It may have been used for an anchor, for which it is well fitted in every way. While abundant near many fishing places on the land, heaps of them have been found in Onondaga lake below the present low water mark, itself the result of drainage. The unnotched forms are ABORIGINAL CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK 79 found on village sites, more or less remote from water, and undoubt- edly were some form of quoit, or they might also have been used somewhat like the southern chungke stone. They occur in many places where they have attracted little or no attention. Fig. 211 represents an example, made from red sandstone. This has no notches, and was found on a village site in Cayuga county, four miles from any water where nets could have been used. Notched forms, however, occur in earthworks from one and a half to three miles from water. Fig. 212 is a good example of the notched form, three and seven eighths by four and one quarter inches. This is a grey sandstone sinker of medium size, from Cross lake, and is rather thin. The larger sinkers usually have four notches. Grooved sinkers or anchors of the larger and ruder forms scarcely require illustration. One of coarse sandstone comes from Brewerton, and is six inches long by four and one quarter wide, the thickness being three inches. On the flattened surface, lengthwise, a broad and deep groove goes all the way around. Few worked anchors are found. : This is a summary of the leading forms of chipped stone imple- ments found in New York. They preceded and survived the finer articles of polished stone, which is naturally the next subject to be treated, and of which New York furnishes so many good examples. That every important locality will yield striking varieties of chipped implements not here illustrated, is to be expected. The purpose of such a paper is to furnish information, but yet more to be a basis for comparison, so that collectors may judge of the real value of the articles they find, and thus be induced to contribute rare specimens - to this department of the state museum. In conclusion it may be said that the value of many articles depends greatly upon the places where they were found, and that a good record of localities is essential to scientific progress. A good local map, on which sites may be placed; a book of outlines, however rude, with descriptive notes, will aid greatly in doing a noble work for the people of New York. These every collector should have. ur rk ‘ | eee RG 4 ; / v Vane ; Ui ay sie 1 NG f a Lan eer eal Bd ev oC a ee ae Fee — EXPLANATION OF PLATES Fuller descriptions are given in bulletin. For exact page reference see index under Plates. Arrow-heads LENGTH WIDTH IN : LENGTH FIG MATERIAL Sota bee FIG. MATERIAL Nias ReneS 1 | Drab hornstone Ans yh eS | 52 | Common horn- 2|Mottled flint} 1 I SEONG cee. 2 | 13% at base 3 | Brown eh Vai LL 13% § 53 | Drab Hint; Wate? Ieee. 2 ee 4a| Dark Cee SR 14% 9 54 | Brown sé Te-faiy fs Se ates mon 4b| Drab BS) decker SE . Tis § 55 | Brown horn- eine eat cot as | Sacer |) aaa a tect ao Stone. 545. Vee Eee ae ee 5 | Dark GRE eae Seen le 560). Dark-blaeritiath |. .2ee |i ese sn) 2k 6 | Drab or A NB) Cas eat eB 57 |Common ‘* De aes oa ae 7 | Drab Es a Pie fp MRR Se 58 | Light brown® Ty | % at base 8 |Common ‘“ BUG ees oe F 59 | Drab 2% 15 9 | Mottled ie oN mela tA 0 a aa Ea 60 | Light savas : a) Ue os ee 10°} Grey? LAN iad iat Git) Dark a) cpt rit Pied bade: 8.2 meee II ae i Wen ah ec A sees 1d Ria os mer bluish “ EZ. dh tters Ve 12 ite a eee a A aS 3 | White of BOG 24 SHS 13 | Lustrous * Sab bench RS 64 | Dark blue ‘“ LOWUNRAE eo hi a 14 | Bluish-grey Bee oR. Sie 65 | Drab ee oles gees =a I 5 a st Boe wae ok eae nae es Dp ero eae Sie I ark 2 2 ge as eg ee 7) ra fe Ds Nhe ale NR a 17 eee F. 2 | eee ae 68 | Common d : I A ps TLE ot ed 18 | Common 13¢ | ---------- 69 | Drab : VE) ian aes eee ee ee hed io Bae 0k | ar Grey in LY {Sees e--52 fhe ac Hanis Wine ee ee ee 21 | Common 1% | ay ce Ea a 72 |Common ‘ EY lies se ats Sis Slate 22 |Common_ ‘ DY W es Nees a Ee 73 | Dark ee TTentiiee sere ee 23 | Brown flinty 74. | Dark ah 2puilier swig sae Se sandstone. . Ue ead (s paee Ree 750) Dark hornsténe + Qe) take soles 24 | Dark blue flint l 76 | Dark flint g a ee ar in Bn Ul pecs aes 25 | Lustrous jasper I y, 2 ee eee 77 | Light ms ly 1% za, Grey tints +2. 2 Al ee Skee 78 | Brown : 2 ise ne aals Hoel 27 | Yellow jasper. - tT . . pice Bees 79 | Drab es Tig Wh oa ooh hots Sere 28 pant AME ae 1 Ve ib oeasee = ae 80 | Black af 1 ep ee eet EEE RE Ea SECS (Pon Pee Foe nee Ore Py ae SI pe e Bien Va ei aly 30 Metis jasper. . SA Ag. aes lot aie S32 Wide. sae Eee I v% oe Ae pe 31 | White [LIL Gags a ena 83 White quartz. . Dovid hae eres 32 | Common : LIZ. | Doosan se 84. | Drab HIMES 207 Vea eos 33 | Brown BSgeihy Sertoee te tis 85 | Blue es BEG Ns Ws rate 34 | White és 1 ah Ue eau i 86 | Common horn-; 2 Dab Baal crcl sans hee S, Wolive abies. cin ee eee Pie (eae NRE FT (27) CS pl RE A | 4 ae ee 37 pete einer 2— § 88 | Drab MIE Ne 2 he eo ag 3 ommon flint. . 1a al TR RE eta 89 | Brown Ke ainsi ipso kts She dhe 39 | Yellow jasper. . I i | Mae go | Drab 4 5a Pee iiieg ae Be 40 | Black flint... FS, Te hie ESO Mi Gin Warle "ns 1 a AR A te 41 | Shark’s tooth. .- Pl Cape aeley eg sy: g2 | Dark u 1 i Gapped eta 42 | Grey Pm vig se Or ye oe ee 93 | Dark 6 Rel Aap elec aera 43 | Common os 7D ie Maat Bi ah DS 94 |Common ‘“ 1+ h 44 | Blue a | Steg a) 1% at base #95 | Grey _ flinty 45 | Common horn- limestone -.. 731s aber es an sta Stone? . 4) -- leases! Heayak pase 90) Red jasper)s-- |b %2-F sl) 2.2 youn as 46 | Drab flint 1% =a eck 97| Blue fiinty 47 eae e Sep at he : limestone. - .. BG) Pe cee te eee 4 rown : BU fasinates aaa Bis NNER MUE Be aS = AS tee, pen BS th 49 | Brown “3 1% Its § 99 Parilish flint. . al Meek ids pete 50 Da aes 100 , Common horn- 10 ee ey ee LS nl ee SLORE ee oo WRC pape a FT a BL) Brown flit...) 17g"! adee cise l. ror | Dark blue flint} 2 | 1% 2 Not given _—= II EXPLANATION OF PLATES, continued eeceecs 256 WIDTH IN INCHES eeeee2 *seeee eeereceszneceeee eeseenree cece ecreerecece eons Spear-heads LEEDS W1DTH IN MATERIAL Lap eee INCHES FIG. MATERIAL White PEA OZone ala aie 114 |Resembles Grey my il ga eee moss agate. . Black Bei Mi seheys ee te EES limbs ee Common 7g Rasen ate Sep 116) Carey tia ee 2 Translucent 117 | ‘‘ quartzite (?) WAGE Zs vet 4% 2 118 | Variegated White mottled hornstone. -. quartz. eee = 358 Iv fl1I9 | Resembles Green jasper..| 9 from moss agate. . base® 4 at base 120 | Greenish white Drab flint] 337 15g UNO EBS BOL White translu- 121 | Common horn- Cent qQuartZen| cece | hoo easier SEONG. ase Drab flint| 376 11% 9122 | Hornstone.... Common 6 2 {123 | Blue grey flint Grey) ainty, 124 | Chalcedony. -- limestone...} 6-++ 13¢ "125 ! Drab flint.... Knives Grey flint..... | BU Wi eee 137 | Brown flint Yellow jasper| 334 2 {138 | Brown ‘ Drab r6Ueo1 A Hippy ged Nie ev a. 3 139 | Brown es Light blue “ BONS el ie Ate ha eee 140 | Variegated ‘‘ White ef Bus) peclee eee ae 141 |Common ‘“ Common ‘“ TG, HMRI 142 Wiig he ee Dark blue, f: Dy} ce ae ihe telat 143 | Grey limestone Greylimestome|i 2) aoe eee one 144 | Hornstone.... Clouded quartz] 6% 2 145 | Common flint.. Browns) ih. tint) eto) wee ares A ate 146 | Bent arrow Brown ne BR Wi hea form) 2 Neos Spades or hoes Bluish grey 149 | Grey flint....- StOnesn ae 114 5% W150 | Orange jasper Common flint Dy sees ae I5I | Red sandstone Chipped stone axes Brown _ sand- -§156 | Drab flint..-. StOMer=--. s2 Bai le nee eres EVEN Mache lociatic lh. Ferruginous | [507 cee ssc e eens flies Se ere Sean ae Ve 334 4159 | Brown flint. .. Common horn- 160 | Common horn- Stone vena: 234 RK StOMes Wee ace Grey” flint. -. 2 1 161 | Clouded quartz Perforators Common flint| 3 3-+ 169 | Drab flint Bluish a De cates bee 170 | Black a Brown oe BOLO era crt wate 171 | Grey as Yellow shaded vy MA 2S a fOrredeasere Bon WN Revere ae oats 173 | Drab flint Mottled: wirilinit i c2 20s tee eect 174. | Drab i Grey ef ic EAR anaes SE Ais 175 | Dark Light brown“ 17a Masa he ay 9 176 | Common horn- Common =‘ PC e Nee kine leet StOnGs ee sins Brown a 2 2— a Not given 6Fragment. Length unknown eee under Perforators III EXPLANATION OF PLATES, concluded Bests ic ee ee Niet a OM, _ eS ear) a? Os De hy LENGTH WIDTH IN LENGTH HIN FIG. MATERIAL ae INCHES ae MATERIAL Rati Retr 3 177 | Broken arrow #307) Common: intl 41% | Jscedeeeene INGA. «ok c5'| tee SRS ete es 190 | Brown uC she ss oR aes 178 | Brown spo He ay) a eg 191 | Brown ae 114 1) 25. Soe 179 | Brown ee Sr ie aiaiara Ve =, 192 | Green jasper... goo) ols See 180 | Dark = I I 193 |Grey _ flinty For | Elormmstone..-. 72222. I limestone -. 2 wate Sail ee Foot | el Ornstone, | ia oete F—40o4. | Browns” flint tle) i. eee ee 183 | Common flint | ele 195 | Hornstone.... % 1Yy 184 | Drab ri Seam Eth ac 196 | Drab flint 1% 1% 185 | Brown ae eA lire tain! <7 aes 197 | Brown ee 14 13% 186 | Brown of Beh ante ce ee 198 | Black cs I I+ 187 | Brownish grey 199 | Dark a Ve. \ late sot areas flint. 5 eo ale I 200 | Dark ae 1Yy I Roo, Darkblue flint}! 2/9 |) 22.02 bop. : Serrate arrow 20% Mbnansimcenttl t|) jets4 ico. ...'asae Flint hammers BODE ae Maras an a | i iL | 2 [204 | See yes Wee 14 14 DRO 8 sein ve tens oho I aes ef ae | | Miscellaneous Zora oO rane tingeses | 3. cb cocee ol 20emel lint pebble.) james. Societe oe eee 2am Liomstoness-|.", 236 | Ls... tee. 209 | Bird point Zaye Cominene dint) ) 116) 24.2.2 lees ALLOW 4/43 Via Wicte S ain tere Stone sinkers PO) AI ales ee 2 end A EN 212 | Grey eter 3% | 4% 211 | Red sandstone/...---- | ee Nea ARES | a Not given iit BY) Ae de Ds Bir, RS Wen VEL aie LW FAS at mvs) ir on ial op i) ut M Bi Oa ee YF ? ii Ve Pa ‘ Peis Rast th tna / ee eng i X rs in hot 4 “} Mi) " Ticdnaanis Ho hanadirets a w a ry Me) .: Wate Fite Be ta pnt § Te aK ‘ e v ce ON : ; ‘ j ity, ' i? f ' . ’ er ox Cinis, "al i Lee | shin 7 . v 2 ’ Wars ) i L . La ae ‘ r A , : : f - 4 on ‘ ‘ Ly eked \ ; 4 2 uy ; “ ; é , ne Y ra b cary) » . ! P, oo oe ep ie 3 * ” . - 7 ; i ) ~ z \ e . : *. Ud "7 . { . " ' ' ne ‘ i = 1 4 * ° i) Ps ’ 1 ‘i ~ ~ 2 NS / ' \ i r ’ ‘ mid 7 . i ! r ; . ‘er ‘ - J ‘ i 5 " , es a : , ws f ; “ * - ‘ \ ’ . " » sie t ie \ hey See 2h ( ( ' Fe, ~ “no q f a“ C= (eS hen » \ i 5 : . KD Bie ee aa 4 ‘> ey pe) ‘ a i \ u x i>: - + a = \ . . . i . ? y ? Sal ‘ . ae fee wy. 15.3 _— Pr sik tes “is. ae > etek Tiwana ES TT te = ishiss - = 1 Se eS eS eee eee ) TESTS OF ROAD MATERIAL 109 contains the specific density of the stones; column 2, the coefficients ot abrasion (determined in the manner previously described); the next column gives the number of blows required to stress the 1 in. briquettes to their elastic limits; column 4 gives the same data for the first testing of the 30 gram (463) briquettes prepared for the recementation test, ‘and the next column gives the number of blows that the recemented briquettes will stand before reaching their elastic limits.” Through the courtesy of the commission six specimens of typical New York rocks were subjected to the abrasion test with results which are noted in the following table; which also gives the results of some tests of Massachusetts rocks. "WOO “USI ‘Sse ou9 Aq UINeSNy 07819 YOR MON 9} JOJ Opeur sysay, | eres Pee cee errr cee eee eqjonbiiq weas 0g JO on[ea sUuljUOULED Vv On[BA sulnueuey & 1€ 9 T9 6 6 OT SP LT GO &6 97 L 6L LI OV 0& IVOM JO IUOTYJeoD G eeee eee ees eaere cece es eee Cee eece ears eee ecees eocee cee e ee Ayisuep oy1oedg ‘O68 ‘ULOD AVMYUSIF “Sse O49 JO JAOdeY On} UOT y "777 09 parlypoy ‘oAon suymoy, 9 maine 00 OLIBYONOG ‘oAVD SOMOPL |[-777 °777 --- >> -eMOYsSouIL'T -- 009 Aprqgooucyog ‘“Sinqseavng |--77 7°77 77777 guojspueg Free eee 00 vivovin “4aodyooTy |-----en0jSpuvs snoLoT}IG “-"" OO puvlyooy ‘puv[sy punoy |----uvaouog ‘q ‘eqlaRsy aacinss 00 JoJsoqoIseM ‘puepydogQ [root TT" OFLON eo eae ACN ‘OY’'T puvlyooy sso a alpyuoD ” BOO Ci IO BS CN ‘srequeyny |--7---7- loynog ‘aseqviq SYIOL|YLOX NANT} So5 sist Peles ssvy ‘00 oIlysSyIog ‘oory |[---7 ctor 78 eTqae “J ‘y ‘puvjroquing [qT puomeVIq |-----7--**7--- OFIZIIVNY “--gsey ‘'00 II YSyIog ‘proyswig |---- 7777 7TTT- euoysomLry Ce a ssvpy ‘°00 orrysydeg ‘ee j-7-- 777777 7777+ SsTeMy "7 “SSeyl “00 Xoso[pply “MIVOITEM [--7- y, ” siete sre neseicte yynow dg ‘Ainqxnq j|°--*9j1av13 opue|qui0oy eisicio='s ssvypy “oo ypoHNG ‘uOogsOog [-"77 ocr TTT tr Tt OFISTOT Ere oe “s> SSRI “100 Nose UuAG S| =2oc > =~ Sars S> => SsEQniy 8YOO1\SPIISNYODSSVDIT x UMO7 IO AIO HNOLS 4O HAVN P2389} S9UO}s JO SON[VA SUIJUIIIIII pue SaNTeA SuIZUAUIAD ‘sqUaTIYJI09 ‘SaljISUap IyIIedS SulmoyYs sjGe TL eee eee eek Peper ae eee ene ea] £ wu Sen ae re sa a Oh ilies ae A < eceewe ee cee lS teak See eae Ww oa ee earns S es ae 66 = & 7, rs eyonbiiq Ties 0§ JO On TBA “o Pologuhocelonteyare pe iS} ) = = a TESTS OF ROAD MATERIAL Lyi t As shown by the preceding table, the New York rocks tested in the laboratory of the Massachusetts Highway Commission were only sub- jected to the abrasion test and therefore the results can not be fully com- pared with the tests of the Massachusetts rocks which are given above. Two samples of traps were tested, one from the Bouker quarry at Gutten- burg and one from the quarry of Conklin & Foss at Rockland-Lake. The specimen tested from the Bouker quarry proved to be very much harder than that from the Conklin & Foss quarry. ‘There are two varieties of trap found in the Bouker quarry ; one being considered of inferior quality and known by the quarrymen as “ false trap.” It is part of the lower portion of the trap mass and being near the sandstone which forms its lower foundation, it cooled more rapidly and assumed a finer texture and a harder condition than the mass above. Although this so-called false trap has not been subjected to a cementation test, one would expect it to prove equally valuable with the rest in this respect, as its chemical com- position is probably nearly identical with that of the softer trap imme- diately adjoining. It was asample of the “ false trap” which was tested. It is stated that where used at some points on Long Island it has proven unsatisfactory, the fragments not holding together and forming an even surface, but frequently flying out. The attention of the writer has been called to this fact, but he has not sufficient information to warrant a full expression of opinion. ‘The diffi- culty may be due to improper construction in building the road. It might also be due to the mixture of this harder variety of trap and softer _material from the same quarry, it being well established by experience that unless the road-metal in the surface layer is of uniform hardness, it will not wear uniformly. To establish the truth in this case would in- volve a good deal of experimental work for which no funds are available, but theorizing on the facts accessible, there seems no reason why the harder trap or false trap should not make a good road provided it is kept separate from material of different hardness and is laid under the super- vision of a competent engineer. As a rule when it is not possible to make numerous tests and experi- ments, it will be cheaper to use those materials which have proven satis- factory in actual use. ; Owing to the press of state work it was not possible for the Massachu- setts commission to make cementation tests of the specimens submitted. The tests made, confirm the results of practical experience and show that granite, trap and sandstone are harder and offer more resistance to abra- sion than the limestones. The cementation test, when made, would un- questionably show the highest cementing value to be in the limestone, trap and granite and the lowest in the sandstone. IT2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 4 PRODUCERS OF ROAD-METAL IN New York STATE Limestone p. c. denotes that the stone is crushed in a public crusher owned or hired by the town or village. The number in the column headed test is the coefficient of abrasion as determined in the laboratory of the Massachusetts Highway Com. NAME Test ca Town or village County Allter Bros...-- Soa La Scope eA As Si St Johnsville ....-.- Montgomery CVE) Maley rash cee alte oycte che cle ell aye eee Manlius <3 fos Onondaga Babcock, aD wearer tye Ma eee | eee WiatterlOos sata see Seneca Barber Asphalt Paving (Co se s2 Meee. Buitalowe jen ceeece Erie Behan’s Estate, James...-..<-.-|.----- Manlius: ca-fisesee oe Onondaga Bennouyy i. Some ee i es AUDUED G22 cece. 2) Oa B.C; Britton erC lark. ole! leo el fue New os Onondaga. ae Onondaga Brome lemme i. oc eee Verplanck Bes ema Westchester Buttalo Cement COW 2.22 2cse2eee. lene ece Buitalonp yee cee eam Erie Callanan- Road Imp. Co.:....2-2|---.-- South Bethlehem....; Albany Chanumont} Co. Che) 4... joe ek se, - Chaumont-.. 2. 25. Jefferson Chazy’ Marble! Lime Go..o. 2 2225). 222. Chany... seaes eee Clinton Conley, WOME seca onic ape eee pan tee | ae a | Onis annie cere sete « Oneida Driscoll Bros: & Cossec sy 2a. sce oe Tuhaeay econ ss 2 ue Tompkins Dla preg ony Hee sc er eels MN allieis mais JaMesvilless sss a2 Onondaga P.C, Boeny) de Kastner 2 sce eee bem cie oe Rochester 2.5.5.2 Monroe Je ily evens Otol away earn Rar oS eae Aa East Onondaga. .... Onondaga Howard. olin a) oe Sonn Omens bume -) 22s. St Lawrence P.C. Howe’s Cave Association........- 4.15 | Howe’s Cave....---- Schoharie Hudson River Stone Supply Co..|..---. PLOUECOP see ten cee Dutchess Jones Hadley sesso. e ee ks sce oe at Littlefallg...-...--- Herkimer Mauer & (Hagamame. 222 02. colic ol Rochester. ciao. Monroe ATG, DAN nee Ee tS Wee ee Olen ame ee ae as = Erie Miller, Geo. W. & D. CH a eta INewhuneh 2) foc 2 eee Orange Mohawk Valley Stone Cons. -2lescea. Palatine Bridge. ..-.. Montgomery Newark Lime & Cement Mfg. Co.|..---- Rondouti. 22522. .2| Ulster Iramster, UUs bis jue (ya ee kh he Manlius © #02 s- ----| Onondaga HVOMDORUS hus WW. gece. 2 cle micma a eeral oie Collinsville......... Lewis P. GC. Shite Riehimyer : 2. s02 525.) 22s sone oy aioe Columbia STILE HN VY Oy Ue rr Te aaa I ah gaan Sharon Springs. ....| Schoharie RMVOler CuiGrvk Tawa ee Ceca a aie el eer Agquetuclss 2 aon: Albany Sulvayirocess Coss. siecle Coch ees s Onondaga, =<. 440.02 Onondaga ShaimchonpeyG wIN qos i. otic Gel re ockportete cc sees Niagara Tomkins Cove Stone Co.....---. 6.34 | Tomkins Cove...--. Rockland Wiacari isaac bo cate ee oe 28 prcteee Miltomes S6)s5 ieee Saratoga Whitmore, Rauber & Vicinus...)..--.. Rochester ...-..--<.m , Monroe Wiorlock, (CO yous’. j..c5).0. aisle Sears | Soe Perry vilkese oe eacey Madison Granite Ausable Granite Co., B. B. Ma- BOD, MOM te tas ciagnn bio. se oie eal tenes Keeseville*.: . 22. .<.. Essex P.C. Bellew & Merritt Co............|..--.. Tuskwhoe esc. 4. Westchester Donovan, Dam hE: waked. ceed 1.73 | Round Island @ town of Stony Point .-.| Rockland USING EROS. oR a img a oiclalats tele anil oauratete Pine Island, town of WS lwiGk y.22sei6 ac Orange RO TIV UE gr REDS bs ia’ ei 13 ovis» pall arte rea eal ae oat GarrisOTg «c's. -.5 en Putnam Thousand I;'\Granite Co... cele ee se. Grindstone Island town of Clayton..| Jefferson * This rock is technically a norite a Near Iona Island : PRODUCERS OF ROAD-METAL IN NEW YORK STATE Ir3 Propucers oF Roap-MetaL, Etc., concluded. Trap NAME Test Town or village County OmMsEe MOTO. oho. scan ieena| onal os Port Richmond --..| Richmond Conkiimecs Foss 3... 23... 2. 5... 2.25 | Rockland Lake ...-.| Rockland New York firms having quarries in New Jersey Bouker Contracting Co.......-.- 1.31 Guttenberg a Seshe Fs Hudson Co.,N. J. CAEPEREGE BLO 42 2 ooS soc ooa~e | sgacee Guttenberg. -......-- as N. J. Pane Jenn Sick Son 22222253. <)- 4-2 ForteLee)). Jc 252-2 Bergen Co., N. J. Sandstone PPI) SUONE HCO) 5) Sais Wisse 2) on a ae Mibion 2 22 Shek cso Orleans Camey, (Di) odes euio ee ae Ee ae ee Higginsville ....... Oneida _ Fowles, Joseph...-.....-.- cee, ec ies |e ae Wohaea ts 38. A Tompkins shear, Albert & Co...-.....--.. 3.80 | Duanesburg .-....... 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In general, the layers in the quarries vary from an inch to several feet in thickness; the thinner of these are used for flag stones and the thicker are cut into dimension stone for building purposes. The bluestone industry is chiefly located in Ulster county and the quarries are almost innumerable but the business is controlled by a few large dealers who are located at points favorably situated for shipment and who, to a considerable extent, buy stone from the men who quarry it. Bluestone is also produced in the counties of Albany, Greene, Sullivan, Delaware and Chenango in Eastern New York and in Cattaraugus and Wyoming counties in Western New York. The geological horizon of the commercial bluestone is very near the dividing line between the Hamilton and Portage groups. It is, however, not usually possible to determine in which of these groups a given quarry belongs owing to the great scarcity of fossils. * PRODUCERS OF BLUESTONE POST OFFICE Town or village nearest ADDRESS NAME to the quarry Albany county e1dsville: 25 2+.--.¥] Otte Bennet* 22-2. 5-2-4... -<3 Berne F. south Berne.....-.--- Bailey, Davidt) co. 2.5 Jeacncee Westerlo FF. Cattaraugus county Olean. .....-.--..---.| Olean Bluestone Co.........--.[ Olean B. 8. Chenango county CSC 1 eee Clarke Bluestone Co. F. G.....| Oxford pyHer oso seio n=.) 2s | LuOONMS,: Perry 20a. Ssegsues Smithville B. 8. Delaware county inh Bddye.< 52-5) Martins Geo. soit it SL ek Hancock Hales Kddy .---..'-.:- Kingsbury, O. M. & Co.*..-.-..| Tompkins B. Sy F. iEeomden.- 62-055) -.---2 Renhy, James sce 22-152 5o-es | Hamden F. ancork'. —. 2.2.25. CottertBrost? 22 2252 ver. -2..] Hancock _ eres ee AMGpatTiCk BEOS volsa0 se ccs as “ Mone weddye oo ase. o. 2. | Onn Y BEOS~ S25 csc 2-3-5 cee. ie ee Serer Sl Oak, CYPES von aoe tele Sees ee: a F, Bord ville... =< -- [Tce etl cL 0 oa el, hy Peakyille!. 2... 2. Merritt, Geos We* 225 - = <2 233- EB. Soke Brat wroteon ok ase 3 WALT De sceaes woe see co betock : RoelciRitt: =~... 2. -2.- RRantine bon ei 2 sos ssi. - eo. - Tompkins Stockport Station....| Morse, J & Co............---- Hancock AV SLUGH. oon eS Guava Maryint.oo35 2... .\.2. =| Walton SONY eae le atest oreOnt. 7H Be ee as hie ss ee ae ie omia Gute ol Warner, G. fs =2aee seeoess seeese ae B. 8., F, \ 1 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM * PRODUCERS OF BLUESTONE — concluded POST OFFICE Town or village nearest ADDRESS NAME. to the quarry Greene county Palenville. Letom wa 2 | Mamouree, Ey Cos 2 si ea Cathal F. is saeeee see Newkirk, Isaac fe cS 2 2 ees a Sullivan county Calhieoont..- 220: 2). Persbacker Bro’s & Co.*.-.----| Callicoon B. 8., F. Callicoon Depot...-.-.. Dering, Johme ss 2h SNe le | se Hankins. .-42) 3). oo. Manny, Anthony 2-2/2 22 5-252 Fremont B. 8., F. Long Edgy 2-22 Dunn cs" ' Core). eal sy eae ae sh Narrowsburg -...----- ngelman, Geo. W--.-.2------ Tusten eoseoes Oa. Ge ke 4 repo S Millers: o22iee. stnnoud Rockland ‘ Ulster county Ataben Boe Ase MeGrevor, 7S (ok eee eee Shandaken Brodhead....--...---- Hungerford, Alonzo..-......-.- Olive SOA a Aad Se am og Penyromnes) Wilh es alt se a ne el ee St Glen fordic.. woo Nee IBID HOP yal a SNM, AP CE Enel a i ag ee Pp otha Ena Krona, “Wa Jeet antl eee me Hvley es sees eis Ostrander, Samuel -.........-.- Hurley Komeston)(2 02022! Secs Roger & Tappan, dealers only-. Lomontville ......-.. DWN ratrielk sca eee Ne ee Marbletown Ces bia i ae Rose, Andrews fo f2s cen erie ta Malden): 220 320 e.ae. Ulster Bluestone Co.*......--..| Quarryville B. 8., F. Marbletown ..--...--- Clearwater, Jacob.....--.---.-| Marbletown Sip civnyiaaticne, “oes sue tf De Grate wWimysee sce ees 3 Olive tse e ee Bogart, WwHit. tee teases eh Olive F. Olive Bridge .-.-.----. Gemmell, James B. ...--------- ch F. Phoenicia ssc es oaks Simpson. Ase eee Pheenicia Plattekill) i220 ol Longendyke & Co........-...-- Plattekill ALAIN gt Uy ND Shetfelliwh! & Coj.2. 22 2.45.42 th Quarryville 2-222 5 Carnwright, Alphonso. ....---- Saugerties UN PLAN IT Harty enna alee Fitzpatrick, Daniel......-.----- rf eondout)- 25.2. sae Boice, Hewitt, dealer only. .--.-. Sawill peer Sea) Peppard, Michael oe oe 027. 2280 Kingston B.S Are GR TOS Se cma Walsh, Wm. & Sons*-....-.---. cf B. 8 Stone Ridge....-.---- Purner,i CC. "2 ya. see Marbletovnn Stony Hollow ...-..--- Cassidivs (Owen anak wis Cnet Kingston cs Lona pT Eee Be Murtha, Michael ..........---- of West Hurley .-...--.. Connors, Thomas*.....-...---- Hurley West Saugerties... .--- Carmi d Se Sons Wee. al Sau en Ges Wiest Shokame. 22.2 se2 Boice, emmel. OMe ne we ih ok Olive Walbur. ooo See sOsterhoudt,) Julius ecu Sco Kingston B. 8., F. Woodstock ........-. uasher, DF elie cece oe eee) Woodstock ax, Wyoming county Portageville.......... Warsaw Bluestone Co.....--.-- Gainesville B.S. i Ss aL Genesee Valley Bluestone Co.-..| Genesee Falls B. s. *For a complete list of all persons engaged in quarrying bluestone see Bulletin No. 15, New York State Museum. ~ DIRECTORY OF QUARRYMEN IN NEW YORK STATE 131 The toregoing directory of quarries and quarrymen, while probably not complete is very nearly so. As already indicated in the chapter on road materials, only a part of the quarries yield stone which is entirely satisfactory for road building. ‘The reports of the Massachusetts High- way Commission, however, show that where the best material is not obtainable, other material can be put to avery good use, and a sand- stone may make a very satisfactory foundation, when covered with trap or even with limestone, if nothing more desirable is available. Roads built in this way probably require more engineering skill in their con- struction and more careful watching in maintenance and repair. The local problems must be worked out in the future by actual experiment under the supervision of competent road engineers. x NT Bs aa igo Rah Lif is 4 ef a nae 4 \ ob eth ee bua? ae PLATE I. SMandard Serlions YI Ve wa MGI: Oe Lg y 7 yy L tre shoning Macadam ~ratl AYS, Longitudinal section thra cen “SAVMHOIFT SLLASNHOVSSV [AL “QUO0dTIL YIGNN AITTNID %, PLO JIL UDO PDIOY? UWL] ANd 38 O41 S3HONI 9 JO INIL¥3 FHL OL T3AVHO a yee G1 1105 ARWIH ABA SUH, Guimoys uorj2a¢ S$0L9 ET) Ly ¥, 7 7. Z YY {0 YY; IG, Vile LEG Fa vane co S ¥ / - at. 7 mo eh ries . as Nh a ‘), 4 ~ ~ ES has | f 4 ei a SIRS SK RS LG, Sage eS ely BREE DE Paice n) Cape et ner en ob oy Z NBS DB AANA SOR 4 F 7 =. ot 4 UG : ‘Tl G€LV Id ‘gpvi8-qns oy} SUIPe1s YIOM jv oUTYoRW PROT dy} SulMoYs MIA ‘bOgr “SssVJT ‘AVOY ATHIALSA MA ‘a TH GdlVv id ‘]I0S JOM I9YIO IO AVI UT UTeIp & SurjoN.1jsuo0o JO poyja oY} SUIMOYS MITA “bOgr “SSVI SAVOY AIAIMLsaM "AI WLW Id WESTFIELD Roap, Mass., 1894. View showing details of drain. ‘g0e]d Ul 9U0}S UaHOIq JY} OS]e *paT[o4 pue popess opeis-qns SUIMOYS MIA ‘yOgr ““sSVJ ‘advoy a1aWLsaM TA G€LWId ; d ut ynd Suteq au0js Uayx0.1q 9Y} OS|e ‘pa][o1 pur popeis apeis-qns surmoys Mat/A *p6gr “ssvJ ‘AVOY AIAMLSH A FIOM je Jol[[OI WIv91S PUP JDP] TIA GLVWId *‘paq Jaavis B UO UOTepuUNO; psOjja], SulAv] Jo poyjour surmoys MaTA *pOgr “ssvVJA ‘AVOY AIAIMLSAM TIA ALVId ‘UOT]ONA}SUOD Jo ssad01d Ul PeOt p1OF[IL SUIMOYUS MOA ‘pOgr “ssVJI ‘AVOY ATAIMLSAM ‘XI ALVId 7S =e *YIOM 7k Ja[[OI Wea}s YIM 493030} ‘AeMpeol poystuy oy} SuUIMOYS Mol A *yOgi “ssvJ, ‘AVOY ATAMLSAM ‘peor pajyatdwioos Surmoys Marj ‘vOgr ‘ssvJ ‘AdVOY ATAMLSA AY 4 Sa By op ON ergs » Os eee TX ALVWId a ‘peol pajajdwioo surmoys MoIA “b6gr “SSVI ‘dVOY ATaMLSAM IX GALWId -* [rel piens YIM peor paja[duros Surmoys MdIA “b6gr “SSVI ‘GVOY ATAMLSA rane t ' ' r ie Sounnte’ Sake THX G€LWId rf ‘[le1 prens puv a6pliq YIM pod paja[duloo Surmoys MIA “bOgr “SSVI SAVOY ATAIMLSAA\ AIX ALVId = ees . ft ¥ it "a = Oi if ee any Ae i ee ; a. OMNI AAT? Sewo nt - - * POCA ¥ oe. ' pa " t ) . 7 * ' ‘w . aN *. . > Mas % LLL INO TE TN A RI MOE OE OS a Te i ner oy 2 een ae BULLETIN No.I7 NEW YORK, STATE MUSEUM 739° 76 — i= ice | i ie : : e ACKNOWLEDGMENT. | The boundaries of the granite and gneiss and of the Calciferous Trenton | | | limestone in the vicinity ofthe Mohawk Valley, and the outcrops of je Niag- ara and Helderberg limestones are from the Preliminary Geologic map of NewYork prepared under the direction of James Hall, LL.D.,by W J McGee. | The outcrop of the Tully limestone is from the work of S. G. Williams, | 6th Annual Report, State Geologist of New York. The Calciferous-Trenton limestone outcrops 1 Champlain Valleys and in the region east of the Hudson River as well as in Ulster and Orange Counties; the areas of granite, gneiss and trap in O southeastern New York, and the north boundary of the Adirondack granite if and gneiss area, are from the Economic and Geologic map ° New York JAM R compiled by F. J. H. Merrill. n the St, Lawrence and N mee QLorraind \ a3 ™ \\\ $ani 42 LEGEND Triassic Peal Triassic trap. / Portvervidygs ‘we) a Tully limestone. RY Helderberg limestones UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK = Upper Silurian | ===} Niagara limestone. —— SHOWING THE iB ee DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCKS MOST USEFUL FOR ROAD MAT ERIAL oes ae Calciferous-Trenton limestone. BY Silurian FREDERICK J.H.MERRILL Eas Director NewYork State Museum pean PES, NEW JERS ALBANY, NY. NOTE. 1 8 97. In the uncolored areas the prevalling rocks are : alalosyalaieniand Eainaiooes ey: on Eong Island, s Seale of Miles here are many areas of ipmmestone too small to be oe show mall the rock : | ro local E ity. These mustbe Beteonined by Pee Oe ete | ee a sii : 3 : = : ———— JULIUS BIEN & GOLITH N.Y. te >» > a _— ae Ey. ~ f i“ . 1 tok mi ; io : f Vn J ’ P , ; ; f P , { " Z Hugh no “ ‘a i . A Fae { id 0 « 4 eee bi Ripe mus . 1 ey } a rad a ! i i “ hoe tet he a Wie pik tak it Lite Vet “ doe peed rh ACN og LL AN hh ANI LO Ay AN Mar bee mom ASOT tegen e- CRED) 8 THA em Ce AGN YE SRN eR I ny Ae EIEN eA Pe DD) EX The superior figure points to the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 937 means seven ninths of the way down page 93. Adirondacks, granite quarries, 1057; limestone quarries, 1054. Appropriations for road construction in Massachusetts, 925; in New York, question of, 937. Bluestone, 129!; directory of quarries, 129°—30. Breakers, substitute for, 103°. Broken stone, instructions to engineers on use, 985992. Cementing value of road metals, 1078- 9; table, 110. Clay in road beds, 96°. Commission of road improvement, 953. Construction of roads, cost per mile in Massachusetts, 922; probable total cost in New York, 94°; provision for cost, 932, 942; of earth roads, 1025-44; essen- tials, 974; extract from structions to engineers, 984-1024; state supervision, g15, 951; time estimated to complete work in Massachusetts, 928; time esti- mated to complete work in New York, 94°. Deval method of testing road materials, 1069-98, Diabase, tests, 110, Directory of producers of road metals in New York state, 112-13; of quarrymen in New York state, 114-30. Drains, importance, 977; instructions to engineers, 1008-16, Earth roads, construction and mainte- nance, 1025-44, Economic map of New York, 1064, England, roads in, 912. Excise revenue used for building roads, 963, Felsite, tests, 110. Geologic map of New York, 1064. Gneiss, tests, 110; directory of quarries, HS: Government supervision, see State roads. Granite, 1045, 1049-52, 1057; tests, I10, 1119 ; directory of quarries, 1128, 114- 15. Gravel, in road beds, 96°; instructions to engineers on use, 98°, Gutters, instructions to engineers on, 1017-24 ; filling with snow and ice, 1038. Higbie, Richard, bill on state highway tax, 939. Highlands of the Hudson, granite quar- ries, 1or? Highways, Superintendent of, 954. See also Roads, Hornblende, 1049-51; tests, 110. Inspectors of road construction, 958. Instructions to engineers, extract from, 984-1024, Laboratory experiments on road _ build- ing stones, 1068-93, League of American wheelmen, influence in favor of good roads, 962. Limestone in road beds, 96°; tests, 110, 1119; directory of quarries, 1121, 115- 24. See also Magnesian limestone, sees MSG See 134 Loam in road beds, 965, 968. Local road making, evils, 934, 95°. Long Island, use of trap in, 1115. Macadam, J: L., road engineer, 914. Macadam system, 977; recementing pow- er of road metals, 1087, Magnesian limestone, 104°, 1053, 1059-63, Maps of New York, 1064; i pocket. Marble, tests, DEO? Massachusetts, state highways, 918-929. Massachusetts highway commission, work, 918-929; extract from Jmustructions to 984-1024 ; steep grades, 10355 tests of road ma- terial, 906, 1068-93, Materials, see Road metals. engineers, elimination of Natural roads, 964-974; faults, 971. New York, road improvement, 931-964. New York Central railroad, found near main line, 1054. limestone Norite, tests, 110. Palisades, 1048, Producers of road. metal in New York state, directory of, 112-13. Property, value of taxable, 941. Quarrymen, producing road metal, 112- 13; in New York state, directory of, 114-30. Quartzite, tests, 110. Raines law, revenue used for building roads, 963. Richmond county, trap found in, 1048. Road beds, 964. Road improvement, commission of, 953. Road inquiry, Bureau of, 906. Road materials, see Road metals. Road metals, 1044-65; cementing value, 1078-93, 110; directory of producers in New York state, 112-13; essential qualities, 977, 1078; tests of, 1066-93; table of tests, 110. Road taxes, present system, 934; bill to compel payment in money, 95°. Roads, report of special committee on good roads, 90°; in England, 912; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM reasons for improvement, 916, See also - Earth roads; Natural roads; _ State roads. Rockland county, trap found in, 1048. Rolling, instructions to engineers, 99% 1003, Sand, in road beds, 96°. Sandstone, 965, 1055; tests, I10, 1119; directory of quarries, 1134, 124-28. Screenings, instructions to engineers, 99?. Shale, in road beds, 96°. Shaler, N. S., acknowledgment to, 90%. State highway tax, bill on, 939. State highways, bureau of, 954. State roads, necessity for, 915; in Massa- chusetts, 918-929; in New York, 93l— 964; magnitude of project, 951; essen- tial legislative provisions, 954. Stone, see Broken stone; Road metals. Superintendent of highways, see High- ways, Superintendent of. Supervision of roads by state, 915-929, 953. Surface, characteristics, 978. Table, tests of road metals, 110. Taxes, present road tax, 934; state high- way tax, bill on, 939; value of taxable property, 941; bill introduced to compel payment of road tax in money, 95°. Telford, Thomas, road engineer, 9I¢. Telford method, 98!; instructions to en- gineers, 1004, Tests of road metals, 1066-93; table, IIo. Time estimated for completion of work in Massachusetts, 928; in New York, 94°. Trap, 104°, 1057; where found, 1048; samples tested, 1112, 1119; directory of quarries, 113!, 115; use at Long Island, 115°. Ulster county, bluestone quarries, 1293. United States department of agriculture, Bureau of Road inquiry, 90°. Westchester county, granite quarries, 1052. eee Ne, S . +6; a) iv, \ evar dhe hee SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES SL 3 9088 01300 5731