spt ogy, oy Lee SILA Lia NY N \ N NE MAYS YW N \ \ PII IE ALP AA AAS SIL LLL ALI ELAS So PALE ML Mii fh thisvgd PILL PIPL OBIS DA PLSD APIS IIST IELTS LISS : NAN 17 2 St py ee a me - University of the State of New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 54TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE bo GUE Nab 1.9,0 @ VOL. 3 _ MUSEUM BULLETINS 37-44 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE 2 JAN. 1901 a F ‘ ae ad { , ‘ » A yO ne re a nbs yo iw” : : a e US \ a : ¥ 2 ‘ \‘ ‘ : " HA - ) ‘ f\ i td ay a Ls t a = ae | (FA te 1903. /}} , 9 / \ vo f ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1go02 1874 1892 1873 1877 1877 1878 1881 1881 1883 1885 1888 1890 1890 1893 ~ 1895 1895 1897 1897 1899 1900 IgoI 1901 1902 1888 1890 1890 University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election Anson Jupp Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Glens Falls WILLIAM CRoswELL Doane D.D. LL.D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany Martin I. Townsenp M.A. LL.D. = —. Troy CuHAUNCEY M. Depew LL.D. = = = — New York CHARLES E. Finca LEB yaw A BEL D: = Rochester WHITELAW REID M.A, LL.D. v = = New York Witi1am H. Watson M.A. LL.D. M.D. = ==) tea Henry E. Turner LL.D. = x = = Lowville St CLair McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn DANIEL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. Sore z= — Watkins CARROLL E. Smitu LL.D. fo a - - Syracuse Puiny T. Sexton LL.D. ~ _ - = - Palmyra T. GUILFoRD SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. = = Buffalo Lewis A. Stimson B:A. LL.D. M.D. — os — New York ALBERT VANDER VEER Ph.D. M.D. — _ = Albany CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio CHEsTER S. Lorp M.A. LLIDY — ~ = - Brooklyn Timotuy L. Wooprurr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio Joun T. McDonovucu LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio THomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D. — = — Rochester BENJAMIN B. ODELL yr LL.D. Governor, ex officio Rogpert C. Pruyn M.A. _ ~ _ 2 Albany Witit1am NotrincHam M.A. Ph.D. = — Syracuse SECRETARY Elected by regents 1900 JAMES RussELL Parsons jr M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS MELvit Dewey M.A. Svaze Library and Home education JAMES RUSSELL Parsons jr M.A. Administrative, College and Lligh school dep’ ts FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Ph.D. State museum ’ STATE MUSEUM COMMITTEE 1900 Regent T. Guitrorp Smiru Chairman Regent Carrouu E. Smiru Sup’T oF Pusiic INsTRUCTION 43; 44 CON JENTS MUSHUM BULLETINS Felt, E. P. Catalogue of injurious and beneficial in- Sects ot New Y ork stalievid.. $432... 6 oe Peay Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the land mammals of north- Seale TEMA ONG I) PANT E TCA, csi. doaronawebenin a) o,s 9.0 sareral die minie oie Ie Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Pale- ontologic papers 1..:.. Bo SAL ieceRpe eveyone ilar eee cee Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and physiology of Poly- gyra albolabris and Limax maximus and embryology of Lbimax Maximus........... Beauchamp, W. M. Wampum and shell articles used lomeetre New: Wor ke TMeiams 32.05 0.8 Gk ge a claret) so See Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson river beds near Albany AMORENeIE ta xXONOMIC EQUIVALENTS ...5.45 b.ve00- oe as Kellogg, J. L. Clam and scallop industries of New De QUIET GEO ER EOEE TOES) SAN arts Ca an Me a Ries, Heinrich. Lime and cement industries of New York; Eckel, E.C. Chapters on the cement indus- LP MEN eh een colaek Stay, ce MMe a MMMM ERR OE, eee als (Alt eld Woe. 48) athe ip 235 317 483 599 % ‘Os University of the State of New York SUL tN OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director No. 37 Vol. 8 September 1900 ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF NEWYORK STATE Ry BPW RAIM PORTER BREED oD. Sc: State entomologist — Vv OF x ' bs nr = no 7; NV G > ~ TESS APR 31 1903 if gees “Eisousay pitoo” ALBANY” UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Igoo CONT ENG Ss ENA. PREP. AISECUS sca eiavecs oiss Slade Chetan sinters terns Ro oD ee ae ff Small Truit and wine MSs. 5.0... a cues Sale ao waeeieiin Gade ee ee 13 SHAGES MErGe- MESSE .3. Leiars alts fds o's oe Pan Re Oe 8c Achedde b dhe ee ee ee ae 17 GE WOW) TIS SCUS erin raie. dae wirn.c! sein lates 'o @ levi letal She ete deka selec Sian eee eee 24 Grass INSECES a a ea NMR Re alee ACI hate AR rey, hiro WEN ARES ss Qoutod co 48 This catalogue by no means includes all the injurious insects attacking the classes of plants listed. It gives the more im- portant characteristics of the insects represented in a collection prepared for exhibition at farmers institutes, granges, fairs and other gatherings where it might be advisable to make such a dis- play. The species have also been represented by figures so far as the means at hand would permit. Many of the illustrations have been borrowed from other works, and a few have been made specially for this catalogue. STAFF EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT State entomologist CHARLES S. BanKs MarRGARET F. BoYNTON Assistants : ‘ ; 7* A ; ahs ay , NS re ‘ A _— found in very large numbers. The moth is marked with deep Shades of brown. There are two broods Fig. 50 a zebra caterpillar; b its moth (after Riley) annually. Treatment: spray affected plants with poison, hellebore or pyrethrum water. 59 Cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae). The large irregular holes eaten in cabbage by a greenish caterpillar are usually the work of this insect. The white butterflies are frequently ‘4 very abundant in the field. A com- , ibd Noland menand widely distributed pest. | pace, °) C#>Pase butterfly, female (atter 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Treatment: capture the butterflies with nets. Spray young cabbage with poison, older ones with hellebore or pyrethrum water. Dust with lime. é 60 Cabbage thrips (Thrips tabaci). Cabbage and lettuce frequently show white spots as though blasted, caused by minute yellowish or brown insects. These little creatures are scarcely visible to the unaided eye. . Treatment: spray affected plants at the beginning of the trouble with kerosene emulsion or a soap solution. Fie@.52 Rhubarb curculio: a adult beetle; c newly hatched larva; d full-grow larva; e pupa—all about twice natural size (after Chittenden, U. S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 23, n. s.) 61 Rhubarb curculio (Lixus concavus). Wilting rhubarb leaves and punctures in the leaf stems are usually caused by a nearly cylindric, black, extremely “hard shelled” beetle with more or less of a golden bloom on it. The grubs burrow in the stems and leaf stalks of dock as well as of rhubarb. Treatment: the beetles can be collected and destroyed by hand whenever injurious. They are abroad in June. 62 Tarnished plant bug (Lygus praten- Sis). Small yellowish and black bugs about + inch long, frequenting many plants and in- juring most garden crops and some trees. A most serious injury by this pest is the exten- ° D Fie. 53 Tarnished plant sive blasting of peach buds on nursery stock. bug (after Riley) INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 3i Treatment: handpicking or dusting with ashes. Burn all rub- bish in the fall. 63 Four lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus). Bugs about ;% inch long, yellowish, with four black stripes, frequent various plants and injure some considerably. ) ae. Ce 108 Rn OI a DST PADDED PAMORRASApaMaEaD Lane ppnoee??2PAAAADAMADDBOSADRIBADAPOLanaradBADBED H aE ae, nt CCC ay i vy. mt i COT TEE u Ba my 2 | Fiz. 338 Synaptophyllum simcoense _ (Billings). Longi- tudinal section showing single row of cysts, and wide tabulae, enlarged 34 Transverse section, showing crenulated septa, enlarged 35 S. baculoideum sp. nov. -A transverse section showing septa, and vertical rows of cysts resembling an internal wall, enlarged 36 Transverse section showing radiciform expansion, enlarged 37 S.segregatum sp. nov. Transverse sections showing coalese- ing radiciform expansions, enlarged 388 Hridophyllum rugosum £#. and d. A longitudinal section for comparison with Synaptophyllum paratively strong, occupying the greater portion of the width of the interior. There has been much confusion in regard to the forms now brought together in this genus. Billings (loc. cit.), Davis (Ken- 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tucky fossil corals) and others, have included them in the genus Kridophyllum #. and H.; while Rominger (Geol. sur. Michigan, 1876) considers Eridophyllum a synonym of Diphyphyllum Lonsdale, and places these forms in the latter genus; but Frech in Roemer’s Lethaea Palaeozoica p. 356, speak- ing of Eridophyllum, says: “ Lonsdale’s genus Diphy- phyllum in fact embraces corals of the Carboniferous lime- stones of a very different structure.” The forms included in the genus Synaptophyllum have generally been considered of the same character as Erido- phyllum verneuilianum, HE. rugosum, E. hu- ronicum, etc. Externally they have a superficial resem- blance, but may easily be distinguished by the character of the radiciform expansions. In Eridophyllum these are flat, proceed from one side of the coral only, and are not connected with the interior of the adjacent coral; while in this genus they are cylindric, proceed from all portions of the coral, and usually the expansions of adjacent corals are opposite, meeting and co- alescing midway between the corals. Kridophyllum isa valid genus, including such forms as EK. verneuilianum EH. and H., E.rugosum H#. and H., E.huronicum Rominger, etc. ScHOENOPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Corallum consisting of a large mass, formed by the close ag- gregation of very long cylindric stems; exterior with strong con- centric wrinkles of growth and conspicuous costae. There are frequent slender processes from the coral, about 3 or 4 mm in length, regularly diminishing in size to the extremity, ascending, continuing to the adjacent corallum and serving as supports. The gemmae spring from the margin of the calyx, the parent corallum continuing growth, thus giving to the younger corals the appearance of proceeding from the side of the parent coral- lum at a great distance from the calyx; septa comparatively few in number; alternate septa inconspicuous, often apparently ob- solete; cardinal septum continuing a short distance beyond the NEW GENERA OF PALEOZOIC RUGOSE CORALS 215 center, usually becoming much enlarged at the extremity, which has the appearance of a solid, compressed columella, but gome- times the extremity of the septum is but slightly, if at all, en- larged. Internally in the peripheral region there is a single row of comparatively large cysts. In a transverse section the edges of the cysts give the appearance of a continuous inner wall. The tabulae are broad, usually ascending to the center. In the collection of Prof. Hall this form has been labeled Lithostrotion harmodites. I have seen no authentic specimens of that species, but on comparison with the illustra- ETL EL | Ey j f j LSS Sig SSS See auGED ABER PN EZ Bi GACaen ewe AN I) SS OS SS SE. SS > TTT PAURRIN Fig. 39 Schoenophyllum aggregatum sp. nov. Transverse section showing the enlarged extremity of the cardinal septum, and ap- parently an inner wall, enlarged 40 Longitudinal section showing a single row of cysts, tabulae, and the enlarged extremity of the cardinal septum, enlarged tions given by Edwards and Haime (M onographie des polypiers _ fossiles. pl. 15, fig. 1, 12) it is evident that the identification is wrong. In that species the columella is solid, unconnected with the septa; while in this the so-called columella is formed by the enlargement of the extremity of the cardinal septum, as in Lophophyllum. 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLACOPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Type: Placophyllum tabulatum sp. nov. Onondaga limestone. Corallum consisting of large masses, composed of loosely aggregated, greatly elongate, cylindric stems, of rigid appearance, which in the type species have a diameter of from 8 to 10 mm; exterior with numerous wrinkles of growth; costae distinct. At infrequent intervals there are slender lateral processes, which continue to the adjacent coral and serve the purpose of supports. Fig. 41 Placophyllum tabulatum sp. nov. A_ longitudinal section showing the tabulae occupying the whole of the internal cavity Internally the cysts are absent, the whole interior being occu- pied by strong, broad tabulae. The internal structure closely resembles that of Amplexus, but the entirely different manner of growth would separate it from that genus. The type species, externally, most closely re- NEW GENERA OF PALEOZOIC RUGOSE CORALS 217 sembles Cylindrophyllum elongatum. The manner of growth is similar, both consisting of an aggregation of elon- gate, cylindric stems, but in that species there are numerous cysts as well as tabulae, the structure being heliophylloid. From the other forms, which consist of an aggregation of cylindric stems, specially some forms of Synaptophyllum to which it has a resemblance, it may always be distinguished by its in- ternal structure. | CYLINDROPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Type: Cylindrophyllum elongatum sp. nov. Onondaga lime- stone. Colonies forming masses composed of loosely aggregated, very a! Y e>- Fig. 42 Cylindrophyllum elongatum sp. nov. A _longi- tudinal section showing internal structure elongate, cylindric stems, in the type species having a diameter of from 12 to 14 mm; distance between the corallites variable; 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM they are sometimes in contact, at other times distant the diame- ter of an individual or more; exterior with annulations and wrinkles of growth; costae distinct; alternate septa very short; sides of septa carinated as in Heliophyllum, but their margins very seldom denticulate. Internally the peripheral region is occupied by cysts, which in a longi-. tudinal section have the appearance of being arranged in vertical rows; tabulae strong, usually horizontal, and at varying distances apart. In the type species the corallites are straight and rigid, and I have observed no lateral excrescences or expansions. The internal structure of this genus is essentially the same as in Heliophyllum, but the manner of growth and general appearance is such that it could not be included in that genus. In a longitudinal section the structure appears similar to that of the more robust forms of Synaptophyllum. Ina trans- verse section the appearance is very different. Externally it may be easily distinguished from that genus by the absence of the lateral processes, which are a distinguishing feature of Sy nap- tophyllum. | In exterior it resembles Placophyllum, but differs in in- ternal structure. PRISMATOPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Type: Prismatophyllum-rugosum, E. and H. Monographie des polypiers fossiles. 1851. p. 387, pl. 12, fig. 1, 12, 1°, and Cyatho- phyllum rugosum, Rominger, Fossil corals. 1876. p. 166. Example, Acervularia davidsoni E. and H. Monographie des polypiers fossiles. 1851. Colonies forming masses composed of prismatic corallites, in contact with each other, and of essentially the same diameter for their entire length. While the internal structure of the genus is very similar to that of Heliophy1llum, the prismatic form, mode of growth and reproduction are so widely different from the typical forms of that genus that they should not be included in the same genus. NEW GENERA OF PALEOZOIC RUGOSE CORALS 219 The typical species of this genus, P. rugosum, is the same as that described by Milne-Edwards and Haime and by Rominger as Cyathophyllum rugosum, they citing ; 43 @ pi GUUUEY G6 Nerd vegs= SR ad ON ONE Mo ste ey) ne @eeee ne. & sass KOH AD eines ne aes toes Ws Ne paSD. peewee SKS Webae Via, Astrea rugosa Hall,asasynonym. I have before me the specimen of Astrea rugosa from which the original de- scription and drawing were made, and it is very clearly a P hil- lipsastrea. 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Edwards and Haime (Monographie des polypiers fossiles. 1851. p. 418), in the description of Acervularia davidsoni, speak of the interior wall, but those forms which in this country have been generally considered as A. davidsoni do not have xe aS A & PFN 59%, age EV 2 soe y) LS 4g, &, ie WANS Sy, | x Ae Se dA \) nN veg q = SSE o, Bs f obegl ~~ we £0, ) 4 NY L) Sons weas SS = \) CS wr yA) \ oor PAARVRP SAS BAD Ir ea: RE Wease yO) a S—— ,) ee awe Ye SS -— (ie Fig. 438 Prismatophyllum (davidsoni) #. and H. Trans- verse section showing prismatic form, the septa, and the cut margins of cysts, enlarged 44 P. rugosum #H. and H. Transverse section showing polygonal form of corallites and denticulated septa, enlarged 45 Longitudinal section showing internal structure Lh Lf fi Zy an interior wall, though in a transverse section the abrupt ending of the cysts, or dissepiments, coincidentally with the shorter septa gives the appearance of an interior wall. The continuation of alternate septa to the center proves that there is no secondary wall. NEW GENERA OF PALEOZOIC RUGOSE CORALS 221 HoMALOPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Type: Zaphrentis ungula Rominger, Fossil corals. 1876. p. 151. Onondaga limestone. Example: Zaphrentis herzeri Hall. Fossil corals Niagara and Up. Held. groups. 1882. p. 35. The above species have a decided characteristic in that they: are flattened on the side of the greatest curvature; for some dis- tance from the apex they are concave; calyx oval, with one side straighter than the opposite side. The form of the corallum is similar to that of Calceola. They make a natural group which differs from Zaphrentis and should be removed from that genus. EDAPHOPHYLLUM, gen. nov. Type: Cystiphyllum bipartitum Hall. Onondaga limestone. In form and general appearance similar to Coleophylluym, though the calyx is much less oblique. The conspicuous septal of that genus is replaced by an abnormally developed cardinal septum, which is here the most conspicuous feature. | Internally the structure consists of a series of laminae usually separated by cysts. It also resembles that of Coleophyl- lum, but the cysts are more highly developed. | Etymology of generic terms Charactophyllum. Yépaxcd-, toothed, saw edge, and ¢ddhov, a leaf, in allusion to the serrated margins of the septa. Cylindrophyllam. Abisvdpos, a eylinder, and gddhov, a leaf, in allusion to the form of the corallites. Ditoecholasma 4c, double, torxoc, a wall, and giAdov, a leaf, in allusion to the outer and inner walls. Edaphophyllum. *Edagoc, a base, foundation, and géddov, a leaf, in allusion to the laminate base of the calyx. Enterolasma. °'Eyrepoy, intestine, and °’Exacya, a plate, in allu- sion to the convoluted center of the coral. Hapsiphyllum. ‘Agéc, an arch, and = gé2dov, a leaf, in allusion to the arched accessory wall. Homalophyllum. ‘0pdidc, level, and géiddov, a leaf, in allusion to the flattened portion of the coral. Dale NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Kionelasma. Kéwy,a column, and ’’Eiacya, a plate, in allusion to the prominent pseudocolumella. Laccophyllum. Adzzosc, a well, and géAtov, a leaf, in allusion, to the appearance of the central area of the coral in longi- tudinal section. Lopholasma, Adgos,a anna and ’’Exacya, a plate, in allusion to the carinae of the septa. Meniscophyllum. Myroxo-, a crescent, and géAdov, a leaf, in allusion to the form of the pseudocolumella. Odontophyllum. ’00d6vr0¢, a tooth, and gdAdov, a leaf, in allu- sion to the denticulate margins of the septa. . Placophyllum. J)éé, anything flat or broad, gédov, a leaf, in allusion to the broad tabulae. Scenophyllum. Xxjvoc, a tent, and gbAdov, a leaf, in allusion to the tent-like appearance of the tabulae. Schoenophyllum. xowoc, a rush, and gédAdov, a leaf, from the appearance of the corallites. Sterelasma. tepedc, firm, solid, and @acya, a plate, in allu- sion to the filling of ‘the central area of the coral with stereo- plasma. Synaptophyllum. ‘wvazrdc, joined together, géddov, a leaf, in allusion to the lateral processes connecting the corallites. Triplophyllum. Zpiziéoc, triple, and géAdoy, a leaf, in allusion to the three septal foveae. SILURIC FUNGI FROM WESTERN NEW YORK 223 SILURIC FUNGI FROM WESTERN NEW YORK BY FREDERIC B. LOOMIS (Amherst Mass.) Plate 16 At about the middle of the Clinton group as it is developed at Rochester N. Y,, occurs a band of hemate containing numer- ous fossils, which give evidence of having been deposited in a moderate depth of water. In thin sections many of these fossils are found to be more or less perforated by fine tubules entering from their surfaces. The borings are of interest as additional - testimony of the presence of plants during Clinton time, a period when plants were very sparsely represented.t The borings, as will be seen from the figures, enter from the surface and are believed to represent plants which grew on the shells and sent only a part of their filaments into the shell. The tubules pene- trate a little way into or occasionally riddle the whole shell. The borings are uniform in size, there being no tendency to irreg- ular swellings in places where the host material was softer. At the ends of certain tubules are spherical swellings, in most eases of uniform shape and size. These swellings may represent sporangia, though I have no conclusive evidence to that effect. The borings doubtless represent the work of the mycelium of a fungus, probably some member of the Phycomycetes. I regard them as due to fungi rather than to algae for the following reasons: the tubules are quite uniform in size and shape; while those of algae, under the same conditions, are more or less irreg- ular; there is also in these fossils no evidence of septa, in which respect they are more like fungi than algae. The tubules are very small, 70 to ;>) mm in diameter, which is smaller than is usual for algae, but quite normal for the mycelia of fungi. The spherical inflations at the ends of some filaments are very like sporangia, or other fungous swellings; but not at all like *Bythotrephis, which is common in the rocks of this age and has usually been looked on as algous, is regarded by Rothpletz and others as & sponge. | : 3 ee 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM swellings of algae, which are usually quite irregular in size and shape. Such spherical swellings as I have figured on the ends of various hyphae have been frequently described! on hyphae which had penetrated into the wood or leaves of fossil plants. Indeed, the appearance of the large number of filaments, entering from the surface and penetrating a short distance into the calcareous shells, is very like that produced by the mycelium of a lichen in penetrating a limestone or other rock on which it grows. It is difficult to refer these marine fungi to modern families, as such recent fungi have not been extensively studied except so far as they affect food fish, etc. The mycelia from the Clinton group may be safely called Phycomycetes, and are probably to be placed near the genus Saprolegnia. Duncan’ has de- scribed similar borings under the name Palaeachlya per- forans, referring them also as “unicellular algae” to the family Saprolegniae.2 These were obtained from Lower Siluric foraminifera, the Upper Siluric coral, Goniophyllum pyramidale, the Devonic coral, Calceola sandalina, and a Miocene Thamnastraea. This author did not dis- tinguish species, referring to one species mycelia both coarse and fine from Siluric to Tertiary. In the material under present con- sideration I find three forms distinguishable both by the charac- ter of the mycelium and the spherical swellings. So far as the mycelium is concerned, the Clinton fungi resemble Duncan’s P a - laeachlya; but the spherical swellings closely resemble those described by K6lliker*, found in both recent and fossil corals and ‘Shells, which fungi K6lliker described but left unnamed. They are also very like the Carbonic genus, Peronospor- ites,? whose hyphae, however, enter plant tissue and would therefore seem to be either fresh-water or aerial fungi. Peron- osporites has just such swellings as the Clinton fungi at the ends of small hyphae, both hyphae and swellings being unmodi- *See Seward. Fossil plants. 1898. p. 217. *Quart. jour. geol. soc. Lond. 1876, p. 205. *At the time Duncan wrote Saprolegniae were considered algae, but are now classed with fungi. “Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool. 1859. 10: 215. *See Seward. Fossil plants. 1898. p. 217. SILURIC FUNGI FROM WESTERN NEW YORK 225 fied as to shape or size whether in the cell walls or open cell spaces. In spite of the difference of host, for the present I prefer to assign these Clinton fungi to the genus Peronosporites rather than to propose a new generic name on a very inadequate botanical basis. The following three species are based on varia- tions of the mycelium and hyphal swellings. The drawings are made with a camera lucida. Peronosporites ramosus sp. nov. Plate 16, fig. 1-3 This species is characterized by a mycelium about j;4;5 mm in diameter, which gives off branches freely. All parts of the mycelium are uniform in size. Some hyphae are swollen at their ends into a globular sac. These sacs vary in size from 7, to 3 mm in diameter, and are globular in form, though they may be more or less ovate or even asymmetrical. Rarely a hypha, after enlarging into a sac, continues farther; though in one case a hypha has expanded into a second sac. These more or less irregular swellings probably do not represent sporangia or resting spores, which would be more regular in size and shape. Peronosporites globosus sp. nov. Plate 16, fig. 4 The mycelium is i> mm in diameter, enters from the outer surface and branches but very seldom. At the ends of cer- tain short hyphae are spherical swellings about + mm in diameter, quite uniform in size and shape. Being uniformly on short hyphae, the swellings are near the surface of the host, and may represent sporangia though no spores are present. Thisisa common species. — Peronosporites minutus sp. nov. Plate 16, fig. 5, 6 The mycelium, about 3}, mm in diameter, entering from the surface, penetrates straight downward into the shell without giving off branches. Frequently on the ends of long hyphae are spherical swellings ;o mm in diameter, These are very regular, 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and have the smallest swelling belonging to: any species, though the mycelium has a diameter about the same as the foregoing species. All of the above are found on sectioning the firmer parts of the Clinton hematite layer, which is an aggregation of rolled bits of bryozoa, corals, brachiopod shells and crustacea, each fragment being coated by concentric layers of hematite, making an oolitic structure. If one accepts the theory that all oolites are formed by concentric coatings precipitated by algae, then these oolites must indicate the presence of other plants in the Clinton sea. This oolitic formation is described by C. H. Smyth jr, who care- fully describes the process of concentric precipitations, but does not assign algae as a cause. This author. describes the condi- tions prevailing at the time the hematite layer was deposited as a swampy shore of an inland sea. Such fungi as those above described are common through Mesozoic and Cenozoic time, and have been found at least once before in Siluric beds.” *Zeitsch. f. Praktische geologie. August 1894. See also Amer, jour. sci. (8) 48, p. 487. *Kolliker (loc. cit.) says he found his Palaeachlya in an Upper Silurie Cyathophyllum and a Lower Siluric foraminifer from Europe, but he does not figure either. 1 tEAM ae SotitogeosorsT * ey | i yh oat CG MOTI OH “ue poeadlinly By 29 Be onhes 9 a nn vi yl a A RB ie. da: ian S$ rite ee af ri bk Om Lig 4 ia ie Teac OT Piagt stig mage Wioivodga-w Jo i vy ate 3, 4 mae i y ee if LL.D. M.D: =" =2£ =" =~ Uitiea 1881 Henry EH. TurneR LL.D. - - -=- = = = = = Lowville 1883 St CrArR McKniwax, MAL EoD GED aD-C: - Brooklyn 1885 DANIEL BEAcH Ph.D. LL.D. - - = =~ =~ = = Watkins 1888 CaRRoLL E. Smire LL.D. - = - = = = = = Syracuse 1890 Puiny T. Sexton LL.D. =. = = eS = Ss = Palmyra 1890 T. Gui~tFoRD Smita M.A. C.BE. LL.D. - = —= = Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - - —- = New York 1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER, Ph.D. M.D. - - -—- = = Albany 1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 CuesTeR 8S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - = = -— = Brooklyn :897 Timoruy L. Wooprurr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1899 Joun T. McDonovucw LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio 1900 TaHomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D. - = = — —= Rochester 1901 BengAmMIN B. OpELL JR LL.D. Governor ex officio 1901 Ropert C. Pruyn M.A. - - - - - = = = = Albany SECRETARY Elected by regents 1900 JAMES RussELL Parsons gR M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARIMENTS 1888 Metvin Dewey M.A. State library and Home education 1890 JAMES RussELL PARsons gR M.A. Administrative, College and High school dep’ts 1890 FrepErRIcK J. H. Merritt Ph.D. State museum GONWENTES Lime and cement industries of New York, by Heinrich Ries Ph.D. WeRETACC Me (ofere gcnk gee eer oroohe BEN eran pais ed arc vete taker sa idetiets vise clever) ban sty 3 J IMiGtha!» Ole MMOS 6 Sob doa coco sans ooo OD Goto cindy neicuo tc Hao oon: PNAC ME COMMMOSULOM . ct.rscicta earcecsta se) feos Sia lesoncieeg eee No areuene al seule WA. we ile ote Geologic GUCUTEN COR POE ney Mau ee a oe huh CSc ege A | POSTNOGUIONE 5 < Waae CAS EEE rr Ort CID aero Bin Birr Oo Cera GRRE RG Sine ai et ro ace ae frloumera litmecponccm eet tee ee OL PMiintetrall OSC CON O SUMMON niare ei scokertensioe =| he be +| 2 B 2/8) 3/22/28] 8/82/4223] 8 [22/82/38] 8 g5 2) 3 |S5/$5/85/ 5/28/25) ay| 2 | 88|/8s) as] g ae Pe data ees te la ee Ss ala tee |e 0 55/571 0| 87] 16] 64| 0| 41) 12/61] 0/45] 8] 59 1 Bent) | 87 |t6u 6t | 1 1.41 | 12 | 68) 1 | 45 1.8 | 66 3 53/51 | 2/|286/16|58| 2! 40/12|56| 2] 44] 8] 53 3 52/48 | 3/386/16/56! 3/40] 12/58, 8] 44| 8] 51 4 51/45 | 4/1385 | 16/53| 4/39!/12|50| 4] 43] 81] 48 5 50} 42/ 5|35|16|50| 5|39)11|47| 5148) 7] 45 6 50 | 39 | 6| 34/15) 48| 6/38/11; 45| 6142] 7| 42 7 49|386| 7|34/15|45| 7|38111|43| 7/42) 7| 40 8 49} 38 8| 33/15] 42/ 8|37/11| 40] 8/41] 7| 237 9 ABO20 2x9 NSS \et5al-890 19 4287 | 11 | 37 9 40 asd 10 48 | 27 | 10 | 82 | 15 | 36 | 10 | 36 | 11 | 34| 10| 40] 7] 31 11 47 | 25 | 11 | 32 | 15 | 34] 11 | 6 | 10 | 32 | 11 | 40} 6| 929 12 47 | 28 | 12 | 81 | 14] 3t | 12 | 35 | 10 | 29 | 12 | 89] 6] 26 13 46 | 20 | 138 | 81 | 14 | 28 | 18 | 85 | 10 | 26 | 138 | 39] 6] 93 14 46 | 17 | 14 | 30 | 14 | 25 | 14 | 34] 10 | 23 | 14] 88] 6| 20 15 45 | 14 | 15 | 80 | 14 | 22 | 15 | 834/10 | 20| 15/38] 6| 17 Limestone in excess purifies the iron from sulfur and also pre- vents the reduction of the silica to silicon. Sugar manufacture Much limestone is used in the manufacture of beet sugar, and here again the raw material must be of the proper composition. Both clay and sand are injurious impurities, as they increase the loss in lime in making the limewater, and the clay also introduces alkalis into the sugar juice. The sugar manufacturer considers that every part of insoluble matter means a loss of three to four parts of carbonate of lime. When, therefore, a limestone con- taining 95% carbonate of lime is paid for as if containing 100%, a stone with 85% should only be paid for as if containing 60% to 70%. If the lime is to be used for separation, the presence of much magnesia is injurious for the reason that it will not unite with the sugar as the lime does, forming a monosaccharate of lime which is essential before precipitation takes place. Conse- quently a large amount of magnesia hydrate in the lime necessi- tates the use of so much more of the latter and may also cause 656 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM loss in sugar. A limestone to be used in sugar manufacture must not have more than .25% alkalis. The following are analyses of limes used by German beet sugar manufacturers.? Al,Os K,0 CaO Helo, © MEO: Nato HS 80, Limhamn, Sweden ... 95.6 1762-209) 7 203" to. see Tedhvaccrowhilan Ores 5 6 os Dd: (22) WSU 6A A ees Sie cue Te ete oceans GogolimuiGer. (2) sac 38092) a1 22S an 104) aw omen emits Gr. Kunzendort, Ger. 96.66 1.11 (86 GODT)... leering, (Crees, , Oe te — il wl > cos OGs. 1... cues Koseny (Gere ie se 25: on LGD 2 3 AO OF ae. Oat Re Ostemwacle 27 Goan te oO OM OORna eS Sits Me tr GAOT Weta ans oh eae ee DO 12) G65 92 MLO) O38 | eae MMENCIOIE BESS bob os 4 89.04 .- 8.8 1.24 .05 much much DOEME. s 8s Woah Sa eas 2.24.06 Rudersdorisi un eon 94276 > 25 2 SO It will be noticed from the above analyses that in most of the samples the percentage of lime is over 90%, though in some it is under 80%. Another noticeable feature is the low percentage of both magnesia and alkalis, specially the latter. One shows the presence of much H,S and another of appreciable amounts of SOg. It is the custom for beet sugar manufacturers to burn their lime themselves, for the reason that the carbon dioxid gas is also used in the process. For the production of the best results, it is therefore important that the limestone shall be of proper qual- ity, and the burning conducted in the right manner. _ Silica is a deleterious impurity, as it not only causes the stone to fuse but also lowers the amount of lime and carbon dioxid produced to each ton of stone used. This latter point is of course true with regard to any other impurities which may be present. Too little fuel should also be avoided, as it decreases the amount of CO, produced. The stone used should be compact and hard. An excess of moisture, as 5% or over, should not be present, as it reduces the temperature of the kiln when first charged. Stones 1 Thondindustrie zeitung. 1897. p. 1165. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 657 containing an excess of moisture also tend to split in burning. About 1% of water is the proper amount. Magnesia is not spe- cially objectionable except when silicates are present in the stone. It causes difficulties, however, in the purification of the sugar juice; consequently it should be at a minimum. Sulfate of lime may act the same as magnesia. If silica is present, part of it passes into the juice with the lime and retards the filtration process by coating the cloths in the filter press. Silica also forms part of the scale on the heating surface. There is less harm from this source in hard than in soft stones. Silica and alumina also tend to form an insoluble coating on the burned lumps which interferes with the slaking. The following analyses together with most of the above in- formation on the stones used are from a report on the beet sugar industry of the United States dep’t agric., 1897, p. 205. 1 2 3 4. 5 6 % 8 9 10 IMGISEUTC eciccicccisicee.s 4.1 Bel 7.25 4,15 4.17 6 25 5.16 52 1.21 11 Insoluble..-..cessooe, 4.5 15] 4.9 Bois | BOW Bile || ees || SE 5 Organic matter ...... 1.2 Ne Geo aleexe || Os Olan | eemeltenl io .86 3 41 15 Soluble silica ....... pall 7 || Bsa) 1.05 .98 64 56 06 2 08 Iron and alumina oxid 30 -41 ie iG 19 .15 me SPI. SS BOB oj oacde Lime carbonate’ ...| 85.86} §5.12.| 81.67 | 90.13 | 88.65 | 87.93 | 90.03 | 93.8 | 96.58 | 99.1 Magnesia carbonate.. Oy |] = ahr ~,59 5 .95 5 545 |e ol Sia Wasisiere ° PAMIKAUTS 32 «ose: sie 0 agown'eiess .05 06 Rieke wl AOE ae ee-ecl cnueee nee tl Nietere Cea auliorcioras Pe Undetermined ...... 87 ahs .65 45] 1 024 .39 34 Poe .34 Of the above nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 are considered bad; 5, 6 and ‘7 are passable; 8, 9, 10 are excellent. No. 3 was used in a sugar factory and caused trouble, notably “ scaffolding” or difficulty in the mechanical filters. No. 9 was substituted and these difficul- ties disappeared. | In looking over the analyses of limestones given in this report it will be observed that limestones of as great purity as nos. 8, 9, and 10 in the foregoing table are not uncommon in New York state. ‘There are at present two beet sugar factories in New York state, the one at Binghamton and the other at Rome. The following are some additional analyses of limestones used in beet sugar manufacture. Nos. 1 and 2 of stone used at Los Alamitos (Cal.), and no. 3, a French stone. 658 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM No. 1, the Colton stone, is good. No. 2, Oro Grande, is pass- able. No. 3 is bad. 1 2 3 Lame earbomate: cee tocues se elena aa OS 94.306 81.67 Ni venneSiyie CARIOCA 84550600050" ae 493," 1845 28 leony ehach Aliriene, OxdGls 445 4% 3466 6 1.096 .929 af Silica: Sands ete et nse oe cy treo eee 281 5 8.2 Mois tune: Jakes. cts ante Cee ee te eee a0: 0388 5.25 Organic matter and magnesium sul- bE Tomes pe enon ee USI nee rise Aa EP hac ac © (Ol. “em Windeterminedi:;...4.02.0 e cma le. abseil 64 Lime is used in the cane sugar industry chiefly to effect neu- tralization of the acidity in the juices. ‘‘ Lime is soluble in about 780 parts of water at 15° C and in 1500 parts at 100° C. Alcohol dissolves only a trace. Sugar water dissolves it in large quantity, whereby the lime enters into chemical combination with the sugar, forming sugar of lime. This fact is technically employed in separating sugar from molasses. The molasses is treated with lime, and the resulting sugar of lime is decomposed by the action of carbonic acid, forming calcium carbonate and pure sugar. Strontium has however lately displaced the lime in this process. 100 parts of cane sugar dissolved in water will dissolve 50-55 parts of lime.”* I am informed by Dr F. G. Wiechmann that the lime used by the Brooklyn refineries is obtained from Glens Falls. Chlorid of lime Limestone which is to be used for this purpose must be very clean, for on this hangs the possibility of making strong and stable chlorid of lime. To satisfy these requirements the lime- stone must be sufficiently pure and thoroughly burned; conse- quently many manufacturers of lime chlorid purchase the lime- stone and burn it themselves. The burned lime should be free from carbonate of lime, and the limestone should have a minimum amount of sand, clay or similar impurities, which in burning do 1 Frasch. Min. ind. 7: 495. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 659 not turn into lime. Aluminous limestone clears with difficulty when dissolved, and hence is not liked by bleachers and paper manufacturers. | As the consumers require a pure white lime, the stone must contain practically no manganese or iron. These impurities are thought by some to also injure the stability of the lime chlorid, but this point is not definitely proved. The presence of mag- nesia is also undesirable, as the greater deliquescence of the mag- nesium chlorid renders the lime chlorid less stable. The presence of organic or bituminous substances in the limestone is entirely harmless, as they do little more than impart a dark color to the stone and pass off in burning.’ Fat limes which slake quickly and fall easily to a fine, hght powder absorb chlorin much more quickly than lean limes, which on slaking give a sandy powder. In addition, chlorid of lime made from fat limes keeps much better than that made from lean limes.” Carbon dioxid A considerable amount of nearly pure dolomite has from time to time been shipped from the quarries at Pleasantville, West- chester co., for the manufacture of carbon dioxid. The stone was ground at the mines almost to the fineness of granulated sugar. From the grinder it passes into hoppers, whence it is fed automatically through tubes into barrels for shipment. The Quaternary marls near Caledonia have found favor for the same purpose, being utilized in Buffalo. Soda manufacture In soda-making by the Le Blanc process limestone is used to transform the sulfate of soda into caustic soda, the reaction being thus. | 2NaCl+H,SO, = Na,SO,+ 2HCl; Na,SO, + 2C = Na, $+ 2C0,; Na,S+CaCO, = Na, CO, + CaS. 1 Wagner. Chemische technische untersuchung’s methoden. 1893. p. 430. 2Wright. C. R. A., Chem news, 16: 126. 660 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lithographing Lithographic limestone is a somewhat impure, very fine and even grained limestone. It is not only rare but valuable. The requirements are sufficient porosity to absorb ink and softness enough to permit working with an engraver’s tool. A very great degree of porosity is undesirable. The stone should also be free from cracks, or specks of impurities. | The chief supply thus far has come from Solenhofen, Bavaria and southern France. It has been reported from various local- ities in this country but never from New York state. Lime When limestone is burned, that is when it is raised to a red heat, it is dissociated into linre oxid and carbonic acid thus. CaCO, = CaO oe CO, limestone or lime oxid earbonic acid gaa lime carbonate quick lime carbon dioxid caustic lme The carbonic acid gas passes off and the oxid of lime remains behind as a powdery or lumpy substance, which is often white, but may be more or less colored if iron is present. As limestone varies in composition, the lime will also, but the percentage of impurities in the lime will be nearly twice what they were in the limestone, for the latter has lost 44% of car- bonic acid gas. Pure limestone consists of 56% of oxid of lime (CaO) and 44% of carbonic acid. The change from carbonate of lime to oxid of lime oceurs during the burning, the carbonic acid being driven off at a higher temperature, and in this process the lme loses about 44% by weight; but, as it is generally in a somewhat moist condition when it is put into the kiln, due to water in its pores, the loss in weight may be still greater than that mentioned above. The percentage of moisture in limestone is very variable and depends largely on the hardness and density of the rock.. The denser a limestone the less porous it will be and the lower will LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 661 be the percentage of quarry moisture in it; while the looser or more spongy it is, the more moisture will it absorb. Marl and chalk may be looked on as the loosest forms of limestone, and in them the moisture may reach 36% or 40%. In marls and bi- tuminous limestones the loss in burning will of course be much greater than 44%, owing to the contained water and bitumen. A dense limestone is much harder to burn than an open-textured one, and requires more fuel, but this increased consumption is more than made up for by the quality of the lime obtained. In a clean, dense limestone the percentage of quicklime may be 54% — while in an impure one it may amount to only 30% or 35%. In addition to the decrease in weight in burning, the limestone also decreases somewhat in volume, as much as 12% to 21%, but usually 16% to 187.1 In burning it is important to observe that the temperature re- mains as constant as possible and varies only between certain limits; for, when limestone is overburned, the lime made from it slakes slowly and incompletely. In lime rock with clayey im- purities a sintering is very apt to occur and this should in all eases be strictly avoided; but it is true that the higher the tem- perature within the permissible limits the denser will be the lime. On the other hand, the temperature must not get too low, as in this case any large pieces of limestone that may be in the kiln will not become thoroughly burned. The unburned core resuit- ing from underburning makes the lime lean, and, to avoid such an occurrence as far as possible, it is advisable not to put too large pieces into the kiln. The quicker such lime is burnt at the highest temperature pos- sible the more readily it slakes, and therefore a slow burning process is disadvantageous. Many different types of lime rocks are available for the manu- facture of lime, those only being excluded which are contami- nated with clay; for this latter substance often affects their most important properties, and it is only since the beginning of this i aaa ae eee 1 Schoch, C. Die moderne aufbereitung und wertung der moOrtel-mate- rialien, p. 57 662 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM century that the special application of limestone with a large amount of clay has been recognized. The lime made from pure or nearly pure limestone is some- times called air lime in contradistinction to hydraulic lime made from aluminous or clayey limestones. Burning lime.' “The time required depends on the density and size of the lumps of stone and also on the moisture content; for water aids to a certain extent in carrying off the carbon dioxid. It is stated that in the presence of steam limestone can be burned in one eighth the time required in dry air and the gases of combus- tion. This accounts for the fact that stone freshly quarried can be burned faster; it has not yet lost its quarry moisture. Period- ical injections of steam or water into the kiln are recommended by some, but are not always necessary in the case of flame kilns.” Limestone which is burned too slowly will make lime of in- ferior quality and will slake more slowly. Limestone begins to lose its carbonic acid gas at 750° F, but it does not entirely pass off till the temperature of 1300° or 1400° F is reached. Limestone should never be burned with a coal run- ning high in sulfur, as the latter unites readily with the hme, forming calcium sulfate. This sulfate of lime reacts subsequently with the aid of moisture on any alkalis that may be present, with the formation of alkaline sulfates, which being soluble, are often brought to the surface after the lime is in the wall, forming thus the unsightly white coating that is sometimes seen on bricks. This coating may also be at times caused by the presence of soluble sulfates in the clay. e Limekilns. The kilns used for burning lime bear more or less similarity to each other, the general principle of construction being that of a cylindric chamber, lined with fire brick, open at the top and tapering below to a discharge opening. Limekilns are either continuous or intermittent in their action. In the latter the stone is put into the kiln with alternate layers of fuel till the kiln is full. The fire is lighted, and the mass 1Frasch. Min. ind. 7: 483. Plate 3 eae Ghetto 2 Section of lime kiln, after Gilmore Ait Siete ee ee ye Se Aish 2 mm ton j s + pet oo “~~ a sine eS Plate 4 = >. soe eee ae ee one eee nce 124 Sodas et Par ee ee et etree meager 065 NLU Gebel (OMNI Mt Cis RAIA 3 odo 0 528 TS nitOniGpe 4 atone eee tS sausioe bis fevmteteleks, axes a eRONaer Hydraulic limes have generally a yellow color. Their specific gravity is about 2.9 and on ignition they lose about 8%. They harden slowly and their hardness by themselves is small. On the other hand if mixed with sand they develop a high degree of tensile strength. | Natural or Rosendale cements Under this heading are included those made from limestones which have over 20% of aluminous impurities, and which, when burned and finely ground, harden with water in a short time. This includes the Roman cements used abroad, and also the dolomitie cements made from magnesian limestones. They do not develop much heat on mixing with water, and their strength does not equal the artificial or Portland cement. They differ from hydraulic limes in their quicker set, and lower percentage of hme. The following anaylses given by U. Cummings’ indicate the wide range of materials included under this class. Some authors in fact make two groups of the dolomitic and Roman cement ma- © 1 American cements, p. 35. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 679 terials, which they regard as coequal with Portland. The name, Rosendale, is often given to these cements, because it is the name of the locality at which the natural rock cement beds were first discovered and are best developed in the United States. Analyses | 2 a | 3 3 | 3 ; f | 2 No. Z| x? Q s S a g (o) © = ve oO wa om 2) q ap = 2 S E a lie é wD < 2 a = <4 4 4 ccc gees | Bias ee) ee | ce folic SILO] | gdranllle times Seerene (ees tt || 6.35)" 3.29") 59.53 OBIE 1.17) ndeemee Moennellien ene cae Beem 20.57 |, 1.13 |... Bier 1 sO Vacxdendeleeesmeue ieee, Ween Beeceneee| 20.14 9.1 3.2 53.34 1 2.8 |accccess| 2-42 6G. cccces 27.88 6.19 4.64 56.45 4,84 re@eeeeoresoleoeeeeeOe|seenseos foooon000 25.31 7.03 9.74 56.17 Oia tesercrscers eoloenecseeleoeces: oe Scie noes 44.5 15 12 8.8 4.7 5.5 ees0eee0@ 9.5 G..cc000.) 48.94 | 18.75 | 11.62 6.4 2.42 3.93 Seoaieie 7.64 WO.ccvecee| 24.3 - 2.61 6.2 39.45 6.16 5.8 llooscoccall il 48 TL..cccee.| 34.66 5.1 30.24 | 18 6.16 |. .ccece. 4 84 12. .cc002.| 23.16 6.33 1.71 | 36.08 | 20.38 Mow |loqcaoodc 7.07 13 e eee 96.4 6 28 1 45 22 9 4.24 eeoeoe een 7.86 1 ee 25 .28 7.85 1.43 44.65 9.5 4.25 eec000080 7.04 DDnsiesiesies | S050 6.84 2.42 | 34.38 | 18 3.98 |eocccces 3.78 NG cd ciecws 29.98 6.88 2.5 33 93 17.8 7.1 eeosevees 3.13 fooaoocad 30.84 eat 2.11 34.49 17.77 4 eeeeeeeo 8.04 18 .ccccce.| 27.3 7.14 1.8 35.98 | 18 GEST el eieieloleferoie 2.98 i ssc coco] Bxtottts) i Parts) 1.7 37.59 | 15 V.96 |rccccece 2.49 [Vacoonode)| Psacts) || salazel 2.29 | 43.97 2.21 9 cevecece 2.44 ralosaqoaooc 19.9 5.92 1.14 46.75 16 (oH Noodoodos 2.27 BBcccsees| 22.62 7.44 1.4 40.68 | 22 Z.2B |eccecere 3.63 B3.ccccee-| 26.69 7.21 1.3 43.12 | 19.55 1.13 [occcoee. 1 An - 24.34 8.56 2.08 61.62 e 2 oeeeoe oe 8 25 eeooeeeoe 23.32 6.99 5.97 58.96 @ 76 eo eooxeolteeeeoeoen 4 P4Boo000000 27.6 10.6. Bees) 33.04 7.26 ee Noaoco000 2 Dineen (S5.4e | 10.04 6 82.79 9.59 A} \bd0d0000 7.66 Pi ocoqcddd 22.58 7.23 8.35 48.18 15 eeeneecoeo|oeeeeoee 3.66 QD. cceves| 22.44 67 2 32.73 Ail lloooodonollobondcan|| Bote BWiccenaodc 28.43 6.71 1.94 36.31 23 89 1.8 eeoesoece .92 Shiccicicviee« 17.5 6.5 3 36 51 e@eeerseeo ee ee@eoe8e0e @eoeoeeteos 86.49 B2.cccoee-| 22.21 | 16.48 Loe | BOC | aes Noogodaocllaccoacce 2.5 Olesen 32.06 21.27 2.11 35.56 a eee eeoaltee eee 2 ; Sa eche os 2x.45 2.24 Q 5A 10 eecneoe eo0 1 31 Bh cassie 18.59 9.14 1 40.7 27 eeoeeorvel|oece eee 3 57 B6.coeer0.| 19 52 1.97 1.29 | 41.51 UAC’? Housooaoslloooc D0 34.24 Siicerevercieielers 28 .02 10.2 8.8 44.48 1 5 ee v6 MSnq000000 25.15 8 3.23 49.53 13.78 @er e ooen0e 26 —ESESESESE SESEEESESESSSSSSSSSSSSSaESEaSEaSaSaSaESSEaSaaaaESSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaaSaaEoEeEeEaS>SaBanBDBRDDRADBRhDBDDaBaEaESaEaDaBDa=EESS=EEEEEOHOHOHOHHOHHHHFH[[[[[[WRPB9@EEO_O_O_QO“™Q™DHR™]SESSH—==E"- SOURCE 1 Hydraulic lime, Aberthaw, Eng.; used in construction of Eddystone light- house Hyé¢raulic lime, Lyme Regis, Eng. Eminently hydraulic lime, Holywell, Wales Hydraulic lime, Le Teil, France Hydraulic cement, “ King’s farm,’ Susquehanna river, near Williams- port, Pa. 6 Roman cement, Riidersdorf, Ger. 7 Roman cement, Isle of Sheppy, Eng. oO ® oF WY § .Pozzuolana, near Rome, Italy 680 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 9 Trass, from the Rhine valley 10 Buffalo hydraulic cement, Buffalo, N. Y. 11 Utica, Ill. 12 Milwaukee, Wis. 13 “ Fern leaf” brand, Louisville, Ky. ; 14 “Hulme,” Louisville, Ky. 15 N.L. & C. co., Rosendale, N. Y¥. 16 “ Rock lock ” “6 MT ON eee Eee $6 18 “ Hoffman ”’ a6 19 Norton high falls 20 Cumberland, Md. 21 Napanee, Ont. 22 “Newman,” Akron, N. Y. 23 “Cummings ” “ 24 South Riverside, Cal. 25 “Brockett,” Fort Scott hydraulic, Kansas City, Mo, 26 Utica brand, Utica, Il. 27 Shepherdstown, W. Va. 28 Howard hydraulic cement, Cement, Ga. 29 Hydraulic cement rock on Platte river, Neb. 30 Mankato, Minn. 31 Cement rock, near Salt Lake City, U. 32 St Louis hydraulic cement, near E, Carondelet, Ill. 33 Barnesville, O. 34 Warnock, O. 35 ©Austin, Minn. 36 Blacksburg, 8. C., cement rock. 37 Round Top cement, Hancock, Md. 38 Balcony Falls, Va. The Rosendale region of New York is one of the best pro- ducers of natural cement (of the dolomitic type) in this country, but hydraulic limestone is found more or less in many states, spe- cially those of the Appalachian region of the east. Others occur in the west and in the region of the Great lakes. Some idea may be gained of the extent of this industry at the present day by stating that the works for making natural hydraulic cements are found in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota, Kansas, Utah, New Mexico, Wisconsin and Texas. According to the United States geological survey, there were 76 plants in operation in 1899, which produced 9,868,179 barrels of natural cement, worth LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 681 $4,814,771. Nearly 50% of this was made in New York by 29 works. In fact it was in New York state that the first natural rock cement in this country was made, and the United States exceeds all other countries of the world in the quantity of natural cement produced. The following table gives the production in 1899. Production 1899 No. of Product barrels works (300 pounds) Walue Pome, (198)\. . ess eee es ange! 7 500 7 500 SOL CIE 5 Arc a aaa Ht 13 000 9 150 CED OTS a ea 3 537 094 187 983 iin@iawa and Kentucky ...... 19 - 2 922 453 -J 022858 SURES — oe oe nee 2 150 000 60 000 MISS ERG nae 4 362 000 144 800 J OTD CSC1 eas a rr 2 1138 986 56 793 Milen@ionia 822. o. oe oe a 29 4 689 167 2 813 500 OST ONE 35 Se ee aan a ea eee 3 d4 5DT d ey aes, Iemmionwm yATI 6. «aa sls oe se 5 511 404 955 T02 MRCMINESSCE- 6-5. ds oes ns hs ow 1 10 000 1. 8-000 J SEE 55 Siena a eer di 12 000 20 400 Meremrigee 10. 20 3 63 500 38 100 Mrechay MoiWa se. es 1 DO teat 21 090 BNISCOMGUM, fo Jy alse seo wb oo i 396 291 151 999 ————— SS. CG. 9 863 149°. 45814 sae From the above it is seen that in 1899 natural rock cement was made in 16 states, by 76 firms. Natural rock cement industry The first in this country was made from waterlime rock in 1823, its nature being discovered by accident. It was found while the Delaware and Hudson canal was being put through Ulster county, and it was noticed that the lime which was burned from certain strata near Rosendale hardened under water instead of slaking. Similar discoveries followed rapidly at other locali- ties, and as a result waterlime rock was found in western and 682 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM central New York, in the Lehigh valley of Pennsylvania, in the James, Potomac, and Ohio river valleys, the result being that natural rock cements were made at all these localities at a com- paratively early date. In 1899 the total production of natural rock cement was 9,868,179 barrels. This was unequaled by any other country, the nearest approach to it being France, with six million to seven million barrels a year of both hydraulic lime and hydraulic cements. The United States is probably in the lead, owing to excellence and abundance of raw materials. The greatest pro- duction was in 1892; since then both product and price have de- creased, one reason for this being the increase in the Portland cement industry. The American natural cements are made from ‘argillaceous limestone of varying geologic age. In western New York state they are mostly derived from the waterlime beds at the top of the Salina. Those of the Rosendale region are from the base of the lower Helderberg. In Wisconsin, natural rock cement is. made from rocks of Devonian age near Milwaukee; and in Ken- tucky there is an important cement-producing area near Louis- vaulies 1a Pennsylvania thick cement beds are found in the Trenton limestone of the Lehigh valley, but magnesian hydraulic limestones are also known in the Carboniferous. In Wisconsin cement rocks are quarried near Milwaukee, belonging to the Hamilton period. In Illinois near Utica ‘and La co...) Bronsonaes es ecen ser Bronson Mich. ... 1897 White Clits port: cemacous Setvenassesee ener Wihitec! itis -Am ics 1897 a Rebuilt. Additional works have been started at Coldwater and Union City (Mich.), Smiths Landing (N. Y.), La Salle (111), Litchfield (Ky.), and besides these there are several smaller ones. Accord- ing to Mr Lewis the total capacity of the American works is about 3,000,000 barrels, of which 70% comes from the Lehigh valley region of western Pennsylvania and eastern New Jersey. Composition of American Portland cements The American Portland cements are made from a variety of materials which resemble each other chemically rather than geo- logically. As the cement is made from artificial mixtures, it is frequently possible to use many different grades of limestone and clay-bearing rocks. Though Portland cement is made at many places and from material of widely different character, Portland cement materials are not so very numerous. The alumina and silica are commonly supplied by clay, sometimes shale; and the lime carbonate from limestone or marl. According to the United States geological survey,” the number of factories using limestone or marl is as follows. ‘Min. ind. 6: 94. ? 20th an. rep’t. U.S. geol. sur. pt 6, p 545. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES | 697 1897 1898 No. Product, bbl. No. Product, bbd. Factories using limestone... 18 2282126 20 3112 492 Wactomies sine marl 2..... 1 3895 649 Te 95192 cee 2022 O11 1d 31 38 692 284 _ The essential elements of Portland cement are calcium, silica and alumina. The first is generally supplied by limestones or marl, the two latter by clay. In burning these three elements unite to form silicates of a complex nature, and it is essential that they be combined in proper proportion in order to give the best results. Faija claims’ that the lime may vary from 58% to 642; the silica from 18% to 24%; the alumina and iron from 8% to 142. | In rare instances it is possible to find a natural limestone which contains the three essential elements in the proper proportion. With marl the expense of crushing and grinding the material is saved, but both have their advantages as well as their disadvan- tages. The chemistry of Portland has been most carefully stud- ied by S. B. and W. B. Newberry” who come to the following conclusions. 1 The essential constituents of Portland cement are tricalcic silicate with varying amounts of dicalcic aluminate. The com- _ position is therefore expressed by the formula X (3CaO,S8i0,) + Y (2CaO, Al,O;). From this the proportion is calculated, that is, lime by weight = 2.8 SiO, + 1.1 A],O3. 2 Fe,0, combines with lime at a high heat and acts like the alumina in promoting the combination of the silica and calcium. For practical purposes the presence of ferric oxid in clay is not ‘to be considered. 3 Alkalis, judging from the behavior of soda, are of no value in promoting the combination of calcium and silica and probably play no part in the formation of cement. ! Trans. Am. soc. civ. eng. 30: 43. * Cem, and eng. news. 1898. 4: 5. 698 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 4 Magnesia possesses strong hydraulic properties when ignited alone but has none when heated with silica, alumina and clay, and probably plays no part in the formation of cement. It will not replace lime in mixtures, the composition of which should be calculated on the basis of lime only, without regard to the magnesia present. Using the formula previously given they made up and tested cements as shown below.’ Tens. str. 4sq in. section R. Cato Silicate 95 8 rg Ae as ao Set hari, sound, Gouna en cine ‘ a Be Aluminate 4.2 : ; : n glass hard Farce ot 9.57 71.9 24.1 4 Set hard, sounds pou ro elass, 148 207 “hme: 1 7 2.29 70.55 22.45 7 Se oie eS Sound on g ass =o 205 NCR ee me eeminerh | aye) ye PCIE er a OR Oe EES). 108 B4 The actual composition of some leading cements on the market is given below. Calcium silicates R.Ca to Formula SiA CaO SiO2 Pat. test. Hot test 2 Ca SiO 1.85 65.11 34.89 Set hard, hard 7 days, hard 6 weeks Sound, on glass, hard 2144CaO01SiO2 2.33 70 30 Set soft, fairly hard 7 days,hard 6 weeks Se 3 CaO SiO2 2.8 73.68 26 32 Setsoft, fairly hard days, hard 6 weeks sf 844CaO SiO2 3.27 76.66 23.44 Cracked soft 1 day, hard 6 weeks Ke Dr Michaelis considers that in good Portland cement the ratio of the total silicates to the lime should be about as one to two, and that the variation from this ratio should only be within narrow limits. Cements rich in lime set more slowly, but harden better than those poor in lime. Cements rich in silica generally set slower than those rich in alumina but the former harden very energetically in the beginning and are better for use under salt water. According to Dr Michaelis* the celebrated German Portland cement manufactured at Stettin in Germany has a silica percentage of nearly 25 with 5.7% of alumina and 2.5% of ferric oxid. A material like the limestone of Teil is for instance admirably suited for the manufacture of Portland cement to be used in ed 1 Cem. and eng. news. 1897. v. 3, no. 6, p. 85. ?Schoch. Die moderne aufbereitun g und wertung der mortel enenancn p. 8d. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 699 marine work; its composition is: silica 24; alumina 2.8; ferric oxid .9; lime 70. Schoch expresses the opposite opinion to Newberry, and con- siders that alkalis act as a flux, and they can be replaced by calcined soda. He also states that they are of great benefit in connection with the hardening process of cement, as they con- vert the silica into a soluble form, in which condition it combines with the lime when wet. An addition of 4s to 3 of fluorspar is very beneficial for bringing about an easy clinkering of the materials. Nearly all cements contain some magnesia and sulfur, which come ori- ginally either from the clay or from the fuel used. Redgrave* states that all mixtures containing 77% of carbonate of lime will, when sufficiently calcined, give Portland cement of fair quality. Compounds with too much clay fuse too easily, and the resulting cement is light in weight, sets quickly, has a brownish color and never becomes thoroughly hard.? It more over crumbles when exposed to the weather. Overlimed cements, that is where the part made of lime in the slurry ranges above ‘71% or 78%, give a cement which will stand the hottest fire with- out fusing. ; Such cements when burned are slow setting and hard to grind, and Portland cement made from such mixtures is liable to flow and swell. | In Europe the clay is generally mixed with marl or chalk, but in this country comparatively little marl is used. In this country Prof. S. B. Newberry® gives 17 works as mixing limestone with the clay, and seven using marl, and of the latter four are in New York state. Marl is cheaper to use for the manufacture of Portland cement, as it is softer and finer grained and consequently needs little grinding. It always has a large percentage of moisture which must be expelled. _.1 Redgrave. Calcareous cements. 9 66 p- ove ® Mineral resources of U.S. 16th an. rep’t U.S. geol. sur. 4: 545. 700 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Redgrave gives the following analyses of English Portland cement mixtures. . 1 Mixture made at Folkestone from gray chalk and gault clay 2 Forest of Dean limestone and clay 8 Mixture from Barrow lias quarries All dried at 100° C, but 2 and 3 have perhaps also lost some ,0. 1 2 3 Sand. drole seeker rane ccaa es cag aaeiee aac mace 2.5 5. 5t-- Qabe SST GAL Gans te, serene et Serene waurencte Nae eete ee irae at. 83 <9 6s alee Berrie’ Oxid. ists sie's eyerete ne 5 sites hone KOT 2.42 ee Acoma? ieee bos Gat eee orate: eee tae 5) Qo t: 4 i ea Tron Py Tites ty eimiekuseea etter eee ema opera ate 43 CaCO? sc aitis sd Giana tego epee cane mer eeto ees TAZ 18 75789) (no MoO O rgic Sabres cree Cea erate eens 1 29 ee 2.61 CaS Og sain oe site aitsacieene tone pee lene tocar onsr ets is Sas) 16 21 RO ea Pe ee eee ee ee ee eae 9 88 93 NasO%, wi cbieee Be en ee ec ae 31 39 46 HO) ofc oe eee tei ee cee ie ee 61 43 A clay or Medway mud from Gillingham is as follows: SiQiy “cus ie oe sisted eietns bicadon Bea ete ee 38.413 Sand A loand he: ck siete ae pee ee ee 1.856 SiOs vce vaneleens eas eas ee ee ee, ee 95.249 ) AIGOg: Og Pe ORY Ce eee ae 14.244 FejO., pase eee ee eee 6.744 CaO Pe ee a ee ene ee cae NE Ope Cry er 12127 t cee HO or ie, eS hee Sue ne eee se a hy) Na,O OG, jw lazswe een elve te nameUeieer eee ok toe ia ee Soa et ee ees BTO8 7. Se Eciae IR Cb, oS 3.384 | Pyrites :5 ‘is. hile aw Beene ee ee pa Oe) The clay used for cement should not contain an excess of sand or iron. Clays low in iron are usually of a gray or blue color and light yellow on weathering. The clay should be fairly sili- cious, and the more amorphous silica present the better. Mi- chaelis* gives the following typical examples. , 1 Hydraulischer mértel u. Portland-cemente, p. 99. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES "01 1 2 3 & 5 6 SiO... ..-.. 60.06 59.25 60 62.48 68.45 54.72 ALC Aaa eo 282s 29299" 90 11.64 24.27 foe = 708 “8.53 8.99 9 7.83 14.8 7.64 C70). 2h... Oo rrnad 5 AIST. BMS NR aa Be ote aa « 1889) <1 98 1.6 ‘LediG cect: eee Oc oso 2.5 A Sie BAN VTA AAO ee ees OMe sc. - oo) | 1.6 12 eee ee CisO... ..... 63 2.73 89 "608 fo oe a ie 1 Province of Saxony . 4 Brandenburg 2 Vorpommern . 5 ms) ich are 6 ules In most of the European cements the lime runs from 60% to 65%, while in the American it seldom exceeds 63%. In the French and Belgian cements the sulfuric acid is low, in order that they may comply with the engineer’s specifications. The Portland cements made in the eastern United States generally show more magnesia than the western ones. The maximum percentage of this material in American is about 4%, while in the European it is 2.5%. Magnesia was formerly considered very objectionable, but opinion is now receding on this point. Those American brands containing 4% of magnesia are not shown to be at all inferior. In the various numbers of the Thonindustrie zeitung for 1897 and 1898, that is vol. 21 and 22, will be found a number of ar- ticles and discussions concerning the effect of magnesia in Port- land cement. Elaborate experiments of R. Dyckerhoff abroad have not shown any injurious effects to come from 4% MgO. Many American manufacturers adulterate cement by adding sul- fate of lime. This generally acts as a diluent, and it should always be stated when it is done. The raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement ‘may sometimes contain sulfate of lime in the form of the mineral gypsum, or sulfur may be present in the form of pyrite, which in burning tends to react with some of the carbonate of lime, yielding calcium sulfate. A similar effect may be caused if there 702 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is much sulfur in the fuel used. The effect of this sulfate of lime, if it does not exceed 2% or 3%, is to greatly delay the setting of the cement and also increase its final strength somewhat. If present to the extent of 4% or 5%, however, both these qualities disappear, since the formation of ealcic sulfid is brought about, which in turn reacts with the iron compounds in the cement and tends to disintegrate it. The effect of sulfate of lime is shown in the accompanying table, taken from Prof. Johnson’s work, Materials of construction (p. 187). The German association of Portland cement manufacturers has declared against any addition except up to the 2% CaSO, to regu- late setting time. It is the general practice in the United States now to put in 2% CaSO, to produce slow set. The following experiments are quoted by Lewis, showing the effect of sulfate of lime on the rate of setting.’ NEAT-CEMENT BRI- BRIQ. 1 CEMENT, 3 QUET SAND SETTING NO. ONE SORT OF CEMENT arn o|3\lZ wile Gs) e D >| o}] Oo] nu |] @ sS | © | @ | & >| ao} o}] ow] ml] we|] Oo} OO] & So Ee eG Sak 2 EB)? ~ & Ss a mr t & 3S a ba 1 | As manufactured......,..006 cece. 0° 20’ |323 1405 |518 |620 |700 |115 |168 (238 302 | 360 2| Same w. .5% SypSUM .....06 melaleisie 8° 30’ 13815 (456 |572 1623 |650 |142 |212 |839 3538 | 390 3 Si umileceae ereleisitioiere aielaloleintore 10° 0’ |375 |508 |568 (695 |780 |159 |238 1811 |3868 | 384 4 i OS reo tlaioicesislelicere rovers 14° 0’ |423 '543 |688 |718 |805 |180 |263 |305 |375 | 410 5 | No gyp. but kept in store for some IMO MEWS Hees sete aerees pecs 10° 30’ |3818 |450 |550 |592 [618 |168 |218 |3 8 |360 | 431 Results reported by John Grant in 1880.? : MIXTURE (days 31 days 60days 90 days -4-1 > brig. average of Ss aai.G len os -- 10% 159 >: 488 — 267 ‘1-1 briq. w. H,SO, added to water; AVerage Of DO hase ek ees oe On Oe ees ‘Results reported by Prof. Tetmajer in 1894.° 1 Min. ind. 6: 101. Sofas Sy 648, 00. 8 Mitth. d. Aus zur Priifung v. baumaterialien. 1894. 7 hfte, p. 39. Plate 13 To face p. 702 ‘ cS Ean | A Diagram after Johnson, showing effect of lime sulfate on rate of setting of natural and Portland cement LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 703 Per cent of Strength of sand briq. 1-3 lb. No. plaster paris per sq. in. added 8 days 7 days 28 days \ eee ee @ 160 24.0 uae ee ee@ee0o5020xe0ee350eoe@# @ 1 eee Di, 298 bone ye oe eae 4 ( hee 174. 985 307 | B 925 305 344 1 OO 320, ass (Eso 000 aes 4 i 280 oe en y) Ie OE AOC peo let on Pease a 3 PLS) 85 oO Results of Candlot in 1891.! SULFATE LIMB MORTAR Days 0% lb 1% 2% 84 4 Neat ee Ti 485) 4645-533. 435. 268 memewty ee tog B78 (788) 674 790) 483 es ad tes 2 Ge Os ae ai OE oe aces Ge. a8 —377 9 377 - B67 8 20r Lewis considers these results remarkable as regards strength and not explained. } Cements high in alumina have a tendency to expand and to blow or to check. Magnesia is also supposed to cause expansion after a lapse of a considerable interval, while sulfates are looked on as causes of disintegration of Portland cement when exposed to sea water. Cements low in lime and without an excess of alumina but high in silica are simply of low strength lke under- burned cements. If the alumina goes above 8%, it is considered high, if below 5%, it is considered very low. Mr Richardson considers that over 3% of magnesia is an excessive and undesirable quantity, and the proper limit for sulfuric acid is 154. The fol- lowing are the percentages of magnesia and sulfuric acid in Port- land cements which have been placed on American markets dur- ing the past few years. 1 Ciments et chaux hydrauliques. Paris 1891. p. 254. 704 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MgO SOg MgO S03 . 86 1.25 2.84 Loe os lee aL DUG) Oath IL oye 1.24 2.43 tot 1.45 igh 1.85 eB) LOS. ual te a2 1.32 2.48 1 American raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement also show a great variation in their composition, as will be seen from the following table of analyses taken in part from Mineral industry, 6: 97, and from the volumes on mineral re- sources in the annual reports of the director of United States ecological survey. Analyses of raw materials SiO, | 41205| Fe,0,|CaCO, Ca0 |MeCOg MgO CaSO) SO, | Ins. os Lehizhval. Pa. cem.rock| 14.68] 5.32| 1.12 | 69.26).....| 3-67/.....] 2.291.....[.....| 1.68B Lehigh val. Pa.cem.rock| 15.4| 4.26] 1.38] 74.66!.....| 2 66].....| .86/.....}s0...| 1-88 Lehigh val. Pa.limestone] 5.87 1.59 Tome corre | in eae eee ee Aa on Iberia |= Lehigh val. Pa.cemimixt.| 13297|>- 5071) 1.88| "74d leccce) eo -O4 ierenrale ctete | cmeen| Senet see Lawrence co. Pa.limes’ne| 4.14] .21] 1.77] 90.47].....| 1 |.....] cecec[eceselooes-| 2008B Warrenco.N.J.cem.mixt.| 14.16 6.64 TOG cose BoB os oman || eeseiein | ete ae Glens Fallslimestone... 3.3 1.3) Soboono Sotltalbboooacy alse coool edt ll 8.37 Glens Falls CIAYc0cc eels: 55.27 98.15 @eeeoe-s8 5.84 eeeoeetre 2.23 seeee aie eeetoe eee . \WEneaaprooenel aSaqncanqo0c .26 vali 94.39 eeore 88 aesee}] ener seer. els eee 4.64e¢ Warner clay se .eeecnvcess 40 48 20.95 25.8 @ovve 99 eovce pia leleie!| alse : 8.50¢ Sandusky marl ..cceseee- o9ba705 Wot} 92.7 eave 53 AOD 38 2.06 eoense 1 28 1.18¢ Sandusky Clay..seos.s0e. 64.7 11.9 9.9 e@srsee0 .9 @eooecee att seeoe : ry .e@n 8 11.90e Bronson marl ..ceseseeee| 1.65 ae Bil 90568) se screl . thle | Lehoee| sp laeseiioea ge IBIBO OIA CHEZ coooDoDDGoDe| Bes | BOO) ecill|o.-.- | ADD [aoOOOCS Ee ASO onagoaall of Gllanoaoll (aclite Yankton chalk e@eeoceoeeese 2.15 2.7 Q3 7 @evoeces}-F eee er! ng se seen foeooe ve-e Cc Yankton chalk .vecoeees.| 8.2 7.07 [G35 tae. Snemerialeeraa cisipmicisi| sityiedeauene c Vamlcton Clawzacueceeneceri Ol eosl olorn2o lima dier al ereiloo0GboG)! IEW aGosonl) Wd silocos oleic Arkansas Chalk. ccccccee: 4.42 2.21 1.03 95 Q9 eeeveos set elgeoee 2aas *Beeeleeare d INARA gore eels 21.6 Pe We B36 003: 61.14 | 2.384 | 1.94 20 ee ae SGodnnanodall wba 7.95 4.95 | 61.9 1.64 79 ve Sandusky.. hbooagoall ants 6.16 2.9 62.38 | 1.21 | 1.66 36 SROMSOM caislasies oceleeeles wate 20.95 9.74 8.12 | 63.17) .%5 | .86 | Mfr’s. anal. WETS CHIMES). rercrerieisievlsisiecieies| = 2e-95 10.33 64567 | 294") 2.05 Si a Heath. b Redgrave. e¢Stanger and Blount. d Candlot. e Michaelis. ~] S Oo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM European cements AUTHORITY White label Alsen....co.e-.| 20.48 7.23 8.88 | 64.8 | 1.°6 | 2.46] B. G. B. Dyckerhoff ........ Soconoool| 4403! 7.15 3.69 63.06 | 2 33] 1 39 GO Germania n00000g00D0000000¢ 92 OS 6.84 3.36 63.72 1.8% ] 82 66 FIEMMOOL ..cesccccsccscceee| 21.14 5 95 4.01 63.24 | 1.44 | 1.47 00 Lagerdorfer .......-... tee Eeonee 7.47 2.4 61 99 | 1.42 | 1.07 ob Brook, Shoobridge co......| 22 2 ood) 4.77 | 61.46 | 1.35 | 1 87 ue PEON) Sooode wa-mwogdou0a0D|| cea lis) 8.48 5.08 c1 44 | 1.34] 1 56 OC Condor ..ecsoes a0000000000)| ZBiolai/ 6.91 rye & 64.49 | 1.04 .83 OO WANGIO GH irccleleleleleieleietelolelelel| enceiae 8.5 3.1 62.8 45 .~ | Candlot Boulogne Fr...ccorscosecees| R2-0 z 2.5 64.62 | 1.04) .75 oe Manufacture of Portland cement The steps usually followed are preparation of the raw mate- rials, mixing, burning, grinding and bolting. In Portland cement manufacture there are two general meth- ods of preparation, the aim of each being to mix thoroughly the raw materials. These methods are known as wet and dry meth- ods. In the wet method proper the materials are mixed by forming them into a thin paste with water, after which they are dried before burning. In the dry method only enough water is used to permit forming the materials into bricks,.so that they can be charged into the kiln. Bul. 81, U.S. geol. sur. p. 346. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES (ae is probably a continuous one, though not exposed at all points. The most prominent exposures of the Chazy are in the quarries of the Chazy marble lime co. and William Goss, and at Grand Isle. The rock is a gray, subcrystalline limestone, and affords an excellent lime. The average thickness of the formation ac- cording to Brainerd and Seely is about 700 feet. The character _ of the stone is quite uniform. The Chazy limestone is not found in the Mohawk valley and thins out in the central and western part of the state. An analysis of the Chazy limestone from the quarry of the Chazy marble lime co. at Chazy, shows the high degree of purity of this limestone which is used in the manufacture of lime. Set MaRe MN Yo se pooh Sree ese a sh Sverre aire 14.8) 6 Pini bla ace er'one et Sh etalon Oxi amd ATMA, 5 os « 6 are stg wrens » ens o'98 aes .o9 Line 2) So ee eer eee ree 53.9 Magnesia. Mere Takase ao cgsisé.-0h akon) shia elie,ce Ud axela ls wisi oleae er 1.44 rely AM CMOXAC 6. oy/c; 6; 8) cileliecereie ieee pss « 6 86.6.0 s 6 0 6 00 @ ecere 43.92 NOOeS a The stone is also available for the manufacture of Portland cement. Trenton The Trenton limestones involve several different members, viz, Birdseye, Black river and Trenton, the last being the uppermost. The most southern area is a small patch of impure, fossiliferous limestone along the river road four miles north of Newburgh. An important belt extends southward along the Champlain valley, then along the Mohawk to Little Falls and thence north- westward to Watertown. Beds of the same age also occur east of Lake Champlain and extend southward into Washington county. In this belt they are often metamorphosed or folded, but along the lake shore, specially along the margin of the Adirondack faa NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM island of crystalline rocks, the beds are little disturbed and some- times highiy fossiliferous. The Birdseye rarely exceeds 6 feet in thickness. It is a pure dove colored to dark gray hmestone with conchoidal fracture and often containing veins of quartz or calcite. | The total thickness of the Trenton in the Champlain valley is 230 feet, and it overlies the Chazy. Quarries have been opened up at Isle La Motte, Plattsburg, Larrabees point, and Crown point. The Black river limestone in the Champlain valley is locally known as Isle La Motte marble. It has a varying thickness from 35 feet on Larrabees point to 75 feet on Crown point and 20 feet at Plattsburg. The stone is usually heavy bedded, tough, com- pact and black. The Trenton proper is exposed at Crown Point (N. Y.) where it has a thickness of 150 feet. It is usually thin bedded and shaly but contains several beds of purer limestone. Beginning at a point about one half mile south of Smiths Basin in Washington county, the Trenton limestone extends northward, passing east of North Granville, east of Whitehall, which lies on the western edge of the belt, then northward in a belt from one mile to half a mile wide, past Benson Landing and northward into Vermont. The town of Vergennes lies on the eastern border of the belt. Another belt of this same rock is found farther south in Washington county, extending from a point half a mile north of Easton Corners up to and for half a mile north of Argyle. Throughout its extent the rocks of these two more or less continuous belts have been highly disturbed by dynamic forees. They are much folded and crushed and at times assume a very slaty structure. The limestone is generally fine grained and of a black color, is traversed by numerous veins of white calcite and is frequently of high purity. It is mined at Smiths Basin and also west of Fairhaven on the Vermont line. At both of these localities the stone has been quarried for lime- making and flax. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 157 In the Mohawk valley only the Birdseye and Trenton members are present. The Birdseye member is in greater part a fine erained, dove colored stone, and weathers light gray, and the beds are generally moderately heavy. The exposures are com- mon in the Mohawk valley and have been quarried at a number of localities. Underlying this rock is the Calciferous sandstone. According to Darton’ the formation reaches its maximum thick- ness at Fort Plain, where it is about 9 feet thick. It then de- creases westward to 7 feet near St Johnsville. It is 5 feet on East Canada creek, 4 feet around Little Falls and to the south- eastward, and 5 to 6 feet on West Canada creek about Middleville, Newport and Cold creek. At Ingham Mills the rock is well exposed in Butler’s lime quarry. At this point nearly 15 feet of a good grade of stone is exposed. At Canajoharie the Trenton member of the group ap- pears. Excellent exposures occur near Amsterdam and at Glens Falls. At this latter locality the quarries are of special import- ance. The Trenton limestone member is found extending east- ward from Oneida county to Glens Falls. At times the rock is massive as at Tribeshill, at others it is somewhat shaly. The thickness in the quarries at Tribeshill is 12 to 14 feet of massive stone. Other exposures also occur in the quarries about Am- sterdam and again in quarries 2 miles northwest of Hoffmans ferry, where about 20 feet of a soft, highly fossiliferous lime- stone is exposed. ‘ A belt of Trenton occurs west of Saratoga and is well exposed at Howland’s mill 3 miles due west — southwest from Saratoga Springs. The section here shows 20 feet of limestone. At Glens Falls the Trenton limestone is well exposed on both banks of the Hudson, and is of much importance, being used for building stone lime and Portland cement. | Darton gives the following section of it. Feet Thin bedded black limestones im beds 3 to-8 Ime. .cccccces 10 Ree marin legl® sol k4 ame beds ots ii. ain, s:elece rain ye. eo ahere'%e ener eee = 115th an. rept N. Y. state geol. p. 516. 758 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Blacksmarble one Or two iw: pedser.,-).ctie' 2 ie ci Sits gohedce 13 Black, massive, fine grained limestone. In floor of quarry 3 Dark gray, ine eramed lmmesione 7. ...-0.. 4. eerie S 2D Black, compact limestones with slaty layers. | Tt overlies the Chazy. There are also extensive outcrops of it around Hoosick Falls, but at this point the stone is apt to be slaty. 7 The Trenton rocks also extend northward from the Mohawk valley to Watertown. They are quarried at Prospect, Oneida, Port Leyden, Boonville and Watertown. The Trenton limestone formation is dark gray to black and is often fossiliferous. The central part of the Trenton formation is apt to be shaly in places, while the Birdseye limestone is massive and heavy bedded. The upper part of the Trenton formation or Trenton limestone proper is a lighter gray limestone and finely crystalline in its nature. This member is quarried at Prospect. Niagara In Schoharie county we find the eastern end of this formation. Its thickness is not more than 5 feet, and it is usually a dark gray, massive limestone. An exposure of it can be seen at Howe Cave just below the cement quarries, of which it forms the floor. The Niagara limestone also appears in Oneida county north of Clayville and extends westward with increasing width to the Niagara river. In Wayne county in the town of Butler? it is a dark blue, fine grained, compact limestone and is usually thin bedded. It has been used at this point for burning lime. Other occurrences are at Rose on the head waters of Sheldon creek and in the towns of Marion and Walworth. It has been quarried at many points in Wayne county for the manufacture of lime. In Monroe county the northern edge of the limestone passes through the towns of Penfield, Brighton, Gates, Ogden and 1 Darton, N. H. Helderberg limestones and associated formations in eastern New York. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 218) * Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 84. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 759 Sweden. The outcrops at these points generally represent the beds of the upper magnesian member, and its weathered surface presents a characteristic spongy appearance. The Niagara formation presents two types of lime rock: the one a dark gray, subcrystalline stone, which is used for lime and building purposes, the other a gray brown, crystalline rock with ‘humerous cavities and containing a high percentage of magnesia. The area in which the Niagara limestone is found is more re- stricted than that of most of the other limestone formations of the state. The upper member of this formation is known as the Guelph limestone but is not coextensive with the lower member. It forms a lenticular bed about 20 miles long and extends from Rochester westward. In the vicinity of Rochester quarries have been opened in it at New Brighton and Gates. As exposed in these quarries, it is a grayish brown, finely crystalline limestone containing numbers of small cavities. The peculiar feature of this rock is that it contains a large amount of magnesia and a very low silica percentage, making it very adaptable for use in the lining of Bessemer converters. Lower Helderberg This formation as formerly described includes several distinct members which are known as the Tentaculite, Waterlime, Pen- tamerous, lower or Catskill shaly, Becraft or upper Pentamerous, and upper shaly. The formation is a widely distributed one within the state and of considerable economic importance, con- taining the hydraulic limestones which are extensively developed at Rosendale near Kingston in Ulster county. In his recent classification’ Dr J. M. Clarke considers the Tentaculite limestone, which in this bulletin is discussed as the base of the Lower Helderberg, to be the highest member of the Salina. If Dr Clarke’s grouping be accepted, then the most westerly outcrops of the Lower Helderberg in this state are in | 1Mem, 3. N. Y. state mus. 760 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the neighborhood of Chittenango Falls, Madison co.; and the statements in the text should be correspondingly qualified. The members of this formation enter the state at the south- eastern corner just east of Port Jervis (N. Y.) following up the southeastern side of the Neversink river, Bashers kill, and Rondout creek, throughout this whole distance resting on the Shawangunk grit which forms the crest of the Shawangunk mountain. From Kingston the same formation extends north- ward past Catskill to New Baltimore, where it then swings to the northwest, extending as far as New Salem in Albany county. At this point it becomes very narrow; it however appears again as a somewhat broad belt just west of Meadowdale in the same county and then extends westward as far as Central Bridge in Schoharie county, and from there in a slightly northwest direc- tion past Sharon Springs, Dennisons Corners, Oneida, Syracuse, and westward to Niagara Falls. Up to Dennisons Corners the formation, though of considerable thickness, does not cover a very broad belt, owing to the perpendicular escarpment which it forms, but its thickness remains about the same from Syracuse westward to Buffalo, and the elevation of the escarpment de- creases. The Tentaculite limestone forms the lower member of the series and is generally a dark colored, thin to thick bedded, at times argillaceous limestone. It seldom reaches a condition of great purity and aside from the cement beds which are worked separately its chief use has been for building purposes. As the Helderberg limestones are of considerable thickness in New York state, it may be well to mention them in detail. This can best be done by quoting from the report of N. H. Darton.* The Helderberg limestones attain their greatest development in eastern New York, and the thickness reported by Davis of about 300: feet in the Catskill region is the maximum. e They thin gradually southward in New York, but expand again in New Jersey. In the Helderberg mountains there are 200 feet and at 1 Report on the relations of the Helderberg limestones and associated forma- tions in eastern New York. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 204) LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 761 Schoharie not over 240 feet. Westward from Schoharie the thickness decreases very gradually. The members constituting the formation in its typical development, beginning at the top, are a pure semicrystalline, massive, very fossiliferous hmestone, a thick series of shaly limestone, and the basal series, thin bedded dark limestones of the Tentaculite beds. On Catskill creek a higher member of impure shaly limestone comes in above the ‘pure, massive beds, thickens rapidly and continues southward to and through New Jersey. The Helderberg formation pre- serves its typical characters with some local variations in thick- ness to a few miles west of Cherry Valley. Then the upper limestone beds thin out, and on the road from West Winfield to Litchfield, in the southwestern corner of Herkimer county, the Pentamerus beds lie directly under the Onondaga limestone The upper members of the Helderberg limestones . . . come in again westward and are finely exposed at Oriskany Falls.*. . Here 120 feet of beds are exposed in and about the quarries, of which 50 feet are quite distinctively of the Tentaculite beds, 40 feet of gray beds in greater part of Pentamerus limestone age, but merging into the character of the lower beds, a few feet of beds with mixed Pentamerus and shaly limestone fauna, and, at the top, 25 feet of gray subcrystalline rock containing a shaly limestone fauna. 25 miles west of Perryville, Madison co., this condition has continued, the lower members expanding appar- ently at the expense of the Pentamerus beds and the upper members giving place to Pentamerus beds. At this locality the Onondaga limestone was seen lying on a few feet of dark gray limestones containing Pentamerus, with a thin local intervening layer of Oriskany at one point, which gave place to a great mass of thin bedded gray limestone below. The different members preserve their distinctive characters more or less, though there are occasional slight local variations. The so-called Scutella beds are the uppermost member south- ward to near Catskill. They are light colored, coarsely semi- erystallme, massively bedded, highly fossiliferous limestone blotched with calcite replacement of fossils, of which the most conspicuous is the so-called Scutella. These are the cups or pelvis of a crinoid, having a diameter in greater part from one to two 1 See also Williams, S. G. The westward extension of rocks of the Lower Helderberg age in New York, Am. jour. sci. 3d ser. 31: 139-45; abstract Proc. Am. assm ady, sci. 34: 235, 236; Am. nat. 1886. 20: 373. 762 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inches, and the white calcite of which they consist contrasts strongly with the light bluish gray of the containing limestone. In the Schoharie region where these cups characterize the lower beds of the member, the overlying layers have been called the upper Pentamerus beds from the fossil P. pseudogaleatus which they contain, and this name has been employed to some ex- tent to comprise all the beds. In the eastern extension of the for- mation the distinction is lost. About Catskill, Davis designates the lower layers the “ Encrinal” and the upper layers the “ upper Pentamerus ” limestone. Owing to the inappropriateness of the name Scutella and the varying significance of the other names that have been employed, the geographic name of Becraft lime- stone has been suggested to me by Prof. Hall. The name is from Becraft mountain in Columbia county, where the rock is typically developed. ‘The Becraft limestone has a thickness of 10 to 15 feet near Schoharie, and the amount does not vary greatly east- ward to the Helderberg mountains and by Clarksville, Aquetuck and Coxsackie. Thence it increases rapidly, and Davis reports a thickness of 120 feet below Leeds, the upper 10 feet consisting of impure and sandy or shaly layers. There are, as Davis sug- gests, many local slips in this section, and my estimate of the thickness of the purer limestone would be about 60 feet. “In the Rondout region the Becraft limestone is 40 feet thick and the upper shaly beds 100 to 150 feet thick. In the ridge just east of Whiteport there are 30 feet of Becraft limestone.” About Rosendale and southward no exposures have been noted by Darton. “ Underlying the Becraft limestone throughout are the lower shaly beds, consisting of thin bedded, impure, highly fos- siliferous limestone with some shale beds.” At some localities though, as for instance westward on the Fox kill above Gallup- ville, it is In greater part a massive, relatively pure limestone. In Greene and Ulster counties it has the character of the upper shaly beds, with a more or less slaty cleavage and outcropping in ragged ledges, in some cases closely resembling the lighter colored outcrops of the Esopus slate. Its thickness from Scho- harie eastward is about 80 feet, and there and elsewhere in the great Helderberg escarpment it constitutes a steep slope between LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 763 the Scutella and Oriskany shelf above the Pentamerus escarp- ment below. Its thickness apparently decreases somewhat in the Kingston-Rosendale region, but it retains its characteristics. The Pentamerus or lower Pentamerus are the most conspicuous members of the lower Helderberg formation. They give rise to the great escarpment which marks the eastern edge of the Helder- berg formation as it passes along through central New York. The beds are mostly hard, massively bedded and vertically jointed limestones. The rock is generally bluish gray in color but weathering imparts a lighter tint to the surface. Partings of slate occur occasionally as well as lenses of chert, specially in the east and south. : The Pentamerus limestone is a quite uniform member, and its thickness does not vary greatly. ‘‘ At Schoharie its thickness is between 60 and 70 feet, in the Helderbergs it is the same and a trifle more about Catskill, 80 feet according to Davis, 50 feet at Saugerties, 80 to 40 fect about Rondout, 70 to 100 feet about Rosendale, the maximum being in the ridge just northwest of the village. The Pentamerus beds are quite sharply demarked from those above and below them.” The finest exposures of the Pentamerus ledges are in the great escarpment of the Helderberg mountains near the Indian Ladder, where they rise in great cliffs surmounting steep slopes to an altitude of 700 feet above the plain lying to the north and east. The Tentaculite beds are thin bedded, dark blue limestones, lying below the Pentamerus beds, and usually constituting the base of the Pentamerus escarpment or lying beneath its talus. The beds vary in thickness from an inch to a foot in greater part, but two or three inches is the average. The Tentaculite beds have a thickness of 40 feet at Howe Cave and Schoharie, somewhat less in the Helderberg mountains and from 30 to 40 feet through the Catskill and Kingston regions. In the Rosendale region the amount is less. “ There are several outliers of the Helderberg limestone, of which an important one is Becraft mountain. 764: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ The attenuated eastern extension of the great Saling forma- tion is of variable character and thickness and may not be con- tinuous throughout. Locally it consists of heavy beds of cement rock but generally it is composed of thin beds of more or less impure cemens intercalated with thin bedded limestones of vary- ing character. “The cement beds attain their greatest development around Rondout and Rosendale, where they are extensively worked. The cement rock is a blue black, very fine grained, massively bedded deposit of calcareous magnesian and argillaceous ma- terials and is of somewhat variable character and composition. The rock produces a cement of good quality only when the components bear certain relative proportions to each other. A characteristic feature of the rock is the light buff hue to which it weathers on the surface. At Rosendale there is a 21 foot bed of the cement at the base of the formation, then from 12 to 15 feet of mixed impure cement and limestone beds, then another cement bed 11 feet in thickness. Above these are the Tentaculite and Pentamerus. These cement beds with some variations in thickness, and many in character, extend over a wide area from north of White- port through Rosendale to beyond Highfalls, outcropping in a belt about eight miles long and two and a half wide. At High- falls there is an upper bed of cement, 15 feet thick and a lower ~ bed 5 feet thick, separated by 3 feet of impure limestone. At Whuiteport the upper cement bed is 12 feet thick, the lower from 15 to 20 and the intervening limestone 10 feet in thickness. How far they may extend under the overlying rocks to the west- ward is not known, and their southern termination has not been explored. To the northeast the cement thins out rapidly and gives place to impure cements and limestones, but it thickens again rapidly in the Rondout region. At Rondout there are two cement beds, the lower one is 22 feet thick and the upper 5 feet thick, with 38 feet of limestone and cement intervening. North- west the lower cement bed thins. In Onondaga county the cement beds are again prominent, and vary in thicktes: from 1 to 5 feet. _ Many of the quarries show two beds.” one LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 765 Upper Helderberg This is the limestone series which is termed the Corniferous by many writers, but by others the upper member of the series is termed Corniferous and the lower member Onondaga. The formation usually rests on the Schoharie grit, Cauda Galli grit, or Oriskany sandstone, but in the western part of the state these are wanting. The formation is divisible into 3 members, viz: 1 The lower, or Onondaga graystone, which is coarsely erys- talline and well adapted for building. 2 The Corniferous, which is a hard and durable limestone con- taining many chert nodules. 3 The Seneca blue limestone, the purest of the three, fine grained and dark blue. The upper Helderberg rocks are quarried near Kingston, Ulster co., at Splitrock, near Syracuse, also at Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca _ Falls, Leroy, Williamsville and Buffalo. The subdivisions of the Onondaga group gradually lose their physical and faunal characteristics in eastern New York, and the formation is in greater part a bluish gray suberystalline, mas- sive hmestone with lenticular masses of chert in courses and irregularly disseminated. Darker colors occur locally, notably ‘in the upper beds about Peoria (West Berne), which are very dark and coarsely crystalline. The chert is predominant in the upper beds, but it is usually present also in the lower beds. In places it is an inconspicuous feature but this is not often the ease. ‘hin partings of shale occur rarely. About Saugerties the lower portion of the limestone is shaly and weathers buff. About Clarksville the lower members are very pure, free from chert and regularly bedded. In Greene and Ulster counties particularly the outcropping edge of the formation is characterized by a fringe of very large disconnected blocks occurring at various intervals. In some cases Ahese blocks lie several hundred yards from the edge of the out- crop. biter 766 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Goniatite This is a local layer of limestone found near the base of the Hamilton group in Onondaga county. Westward in Genesee county at the village of Stafford it is called the Stafford lime- stone, and extends from there to Lake Erie. Tully This is the most southern limestone formation found in any part of New York except Orange and Westchester counties, and the limestone of those counties is largely dolomitic. It forms a layer about 10 feet thick at the top of the Hamilton group, and derives its name from its type occurrence at the village of Tully in Onon- daga county. It is rather local in its extent, and does not occur in the eastern or western part of the state, extending only from Ontario to Madison. Few quarries have been opened in it, and it has only been extracted at times for purely local wants. Excellent exposures of it occur however on the shores of both Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and the material could be easily quar- ried at these places. Quaternary marls These represent the only unconsolidated types of limestones found in New York. The deposits are usually found underlying swampy areas, specially in the central portion of the state between Syracuse and Rochester, being commonly underlain by clay, and overlain by muck. The origin of these marls is a matter of much interest. While the marl is sometimes spoken of as “shell marl”, at the same time the shells found in it form but a very small part of the whole, the greater portion being made up of granular carbonate of lime, and the probable cause of accumulation is by precipita- tion from calcareous waters, the snails being found in the marl because they frequent water carrying lime. Central New York contains an abundance of éileitvents rocks, and fragments from them are also found in the drift, so that there is abundant opportunity for the carbonated spring waters LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 767, to take carbonate of lime in solution. This is taken in solution in the form of a bicarbonate which, when exposed to the air, 1s very unstable, so that the lime is precipitated on the emergence of the water as a spring. Temperature may also effect the result, in that the lime carbonate is more insoluble as the temperature of the water rises. This cause has been argued for by I. C. Rus- sell’ as explaining the formation of marl deposits in Michigan. The marl, as it precipitates, settles not only on the bottom of the pond, but also on the grasses around the edge. This method of formation is observable in the kettle hole ponds in the terminal moraine near Cortland, New York. The effect of certain plants on the precipitation of carbonate of lime was referred to earlier in the report. In this state the marl deposits are known to occur in the swampy areas near Warner and Jordan, Onondaga co.; in the valley from Wayland to Perkinsville, Steuben co.; Caledonia, Livingston eo.; northwest of Canastota, Oneida co.; Cassadaga, Chautauqua co.; Cortland, Cortland co.; Clifton Springs, Ontario co.; Claren- don, Orleans co.; Bergen, Genesee co.; near Chittenango Falls, "Madison co., etc. The associations and extent of these deposits vary, as does also the purity of the marl. In addition to these localities Beck also states that marl occurs at the following ones: 2 miles southeast of Lodi on branch of Cattaraugus creek, Catta- raugus co.; in Schuyler county, at Beaver Dams in town of _ Dix, near Horseheads and near Millport, Chemung co.; in Colum- bia co., 4 miles north of Kinderhook; in Dutchess co., towns of Rhinebeck, North East, Pine Plains, Stanford and Red Hook; Montgomery co., near Canajoharie, Fort Plain and Fonda; Niag- ara co., along Tonawanda creek, and in swamp 5 miles east of _ Lockport; Otsego county, in southern part of Cherry Valley township. Unless the area of marl is large, and this would be indicated by the size of the swampy tract, which it underlies, it 1Bul. 10. Geol. soc. Am. 1899. 768 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM does not pay to work it for any purpose requiring large quantities of raw material. It seems curious that the sole application of this material which usually suggests itself is for the manufacture of Portland cement, and, while this is indeed an important application, still it is only worthy of consideration in the case of very large deposits, that is, those not less than 6 feet thick and of at least 100 acres area, while deposits smaller than this are open to nearly all the uses to which limestone can be put. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 7 769 LIMESTONE OCCURRENCE BY COUNTIES? In the following descriptions it has been attempted to give as far as possible the occurrence and extent of the different lime- stone formations in each county, together with their characters. As many analyses as possible have been collected, and a number of additional ones made for the report. Reports of an economic nature are rare, but a number of county and locality reports have been issued, the titles of papers and reports relating to the region being given. Where the report contains analyses, it is marked with an asterisk (*), and reports of an economic nature are also pre- ceded by a dagger (ft). Albany county? The only limestone formations in this county are the Lower Helderberg and the Corniferous. The former are specially con- spicuous, as they form the Helderberg escarpment, which in this county reaches its greatest elevation. Onondaga limestone. In Albany county, this formation ap- pears as a terrace extending along the foot of the slopes formed by the Hamilton shates. In the northeastern face of Helderberg mountain the outcrop is narrow, but it widens to the wustward, being a mile and a half at Thompsons lake, and after narrowing it again becomes 8 miles wide in the long slopes northwest of Berne. The formation in this county is a light bluish gray, tough, mas- ——_. 1 General articles on New York limestones Hall, James. County reports. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y.) Merril], F. J. H. Mineral resources of New York state. (see Bul. 15. N. Y. state mus.) Guide to the study of the geological collections. (see Bul. 19. N. Y. state mus.) Merrill, G. P. Stones for building and decoration. Ries, H. Report on limestones of eastern New York and western New Eng- Jand. (see 17th an. rep’t U.S. geol. sur., chapter on limestone) Smock, J. CG. Building stones in New York. (see Bul. 3 and 10. N. Y. state mus.) 2Darton, N. H. Report on relations of Helderberg limestones in eastern New York. (see 13th rep’t N. Y. state geol. 1893. p. 197-228) Preliminary report on the geology of Albany co. (see 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 425-55) . “; Nason, F. L. Economic geology of Albany county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. 1893. p. 263-87) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. “70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sive limestone, quite pure but containing lenses of chert, which are chiefly abundant in the lower beds. At times it disappears altogether, but this is not usual. One of the best ledges of Onon- daga limestone is in the cliffs near Oniskethau creek at Clarks- ville. Lower Helderberg limestone. This reaches a large development in Albany county and is divisible into several well marked mem- bers. The foremost of these is the Becraft, also. known as the Scutella limestone. This rock is of light color, often crystalline and full of fossils. Its average thickness in Albany county is about 15 feet, and its composition may be inferred from an analy- sis given of the same bed occurring at Rondout, Ulster co., and Hudson, Columbia co. One exposure of it is in the creek bed south of Callanans Corners. Underlying the Becraft limestone is a series of different beds, of very impure, highly fossiliferous, shaly limestone of a gray and grayish brown color and probably too impure for any use except building or road-making. Their thickness averages 100 feet. Under these, however, comes the Pentamerus limestone, which is an important member of the Helderberg for- mation, whose outcrop 1s marked by lines of prominent cliffs. It is usually cracked, and its color is that of a red, bluish gray Jime- stone, which is of a lighter color on the weathered surface. The beds are often cut by vertical joints and there may be occasional layers of shale. The Pentamerus limestone in Albany county has an average thickness of 65 feet. It is a well known formation and has been quarried for lime at numerous points throughout the state. One of the best exposures of this stone is at the Indian Ladder. Underlying the Pentamerus bed is a series of thin bedded, dark blue limestones, which generally crop out at the base of the Helderberg escarpment but are frequently hidden by ea oe the talus at the base of the cliff. These Tentaculite limestones are often of a shaly nature. Their thickness along the eastern — face of Helderberg mountain according to Darton is about 30 — feet. They are also exposed at the Indian Ladder and at South i Bethlehem. An excellent section of both Pentamerus and the if y a L °o0 Auvdly ‘moyolqiog ‘O10 ‘SoIy “TH d 90Rry OF 8G o1eId LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES (Gl Tentaculite bed, is seen in Callanan’s quarry southwest of South Bethlehem (pl. 28), analyses of which are given below. Under- lying the Tentaculite are the Waterlime beds, also exposed at Indian Ladder and in the floor of the quarry at South Bethlehem, and at both localities they are about four feet thick and represent impure magnesia limestones.1 The following analyses made for this report will indicate the character of limestones of the Helderberg series in Callanan’s quarry at South Bethlehem. Lower third of quarry | SLICKOS) 2 Galas a avengers curse ns are nae epee 9°05 Mal OM OM (lap oe or 9: sche alo anaes ole Viele d 6 oolece 99 eAMUAIHMMIISTA A Me ASE Feros 0 2 wits o 0 4a, cde etore! ov ehes 6.66 MEIN ICATOMAUC “so Su oan Sas 8 wie oo asl 79.86 Preliaencsia. carbonate ..j..e60¢-+- +06 a OOS (a Middle third Nillea-, 5 2 ee ee 5.19 2. UTTER ae 1.45 MR igre MONGOL S55 cal ac oe eek Sok hwo oslo Sie dase 14 Mime CAL WOMALE, 6.6686 eo el shecen os de wn 48.34 iMEenesia carbonate < so cs,.00 ca’. os 2.93 Perrone dOxide 5,6 sic as cia os 6 6 06 atte eres A122 g9=S Upper third SILO ok Bt os Sen REO ae ea le okG BN enigtalior Sal lee cs oc: 5 iedcany (ee ca see sie Pace ens flee ey Rew lB Sache SE) Ssh aoe sone wi oop sow aie 3.05 Hine ean WOMATC Lac ask od a Slee ee 79.06 miaenesia: carbowate.. . 2) 3 <<. ese acess 6.65 OMe ort ‘Darton, N. H. Geology of Albany county. (see 18th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 423) IZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM While the stone at South Bethlehem is used chiefly for road material, it could also be used in the manufacture of lime, or Portland cement, for it does not contain an excess of silica. Lying as the material does in close proximity to the clay deposits under the Quaternary terrace, it could be well utilized for cement manufacture. Curiously enough, however, the limestones of Albany county are but little employed. A partial reason for this may be the great hight and steepness of the escarpment which they form, such conditions interfering somewhat with economic quarrying. There are several quarries at Ravena and one at Aquetuck. Cayuga county Extending as it does in a north and south direction, Cayuga county includes several limestone-bearing formations, viz the Upper Helderberg, Lower Helderberg, Niagara, and Clinton. The Upper Helderberg limestone extends across the county in a northeasterly direction from Union Springs to Auburn, and thence eastward. It is divisible into three members, viz the Onon- daga, the Corniferous and the Seneca limestones. The Onondaga is some times spoken of as the gray Onondaga stone, and the last member as the Seneca bluestone. At Union Springs there are three quarries, all of them in the Seneca bluestone, operated by J. Shalebo, B. P. Smith and G. P. Wood. The stone is used chiefly for building purposes, but some of it runs quite high in carbonate of lime. The following? represents the average composition of the largest quarry which is east of the town, and about one mile from the lake. In the quarries on the southern edge of the town, the stone is rather free from impurities in the lower layers, but the upper ones often show a transition to the Marcellus, and in one or two sections a layer of the Goniatite limestone is observable. Plate 29 shows the Corniferous limestone quarry at Union Springs. At Auburn both the Corniferous and the Onondaga members are quarried. The latter is exposed in some of the smaller quar- _ 1This analysis does not occurin the manuscript. Ep. SZUdg WOU 1% SUOISOMIT SNOJeJIUIOD UI solsIeNy sa ‘ooyd ‘solu ‘EH ELL a vj OL | 6% 11d Eonar ee ties paces Vata’ ee pe af oun eee ‘ojoyd ‘Solu ‘H SOYSIVUL VUINZOJUOW MOPA [V19UEH GLL ‘d oovj OL 3 0g 218d s : LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES fie ries, and the layers are often highly loaded with chert, but in the large quarries of L. 8. Goedrich & Son on Cottage street the gray Onondaga member is quarried. The layers here are free from chert, but the stone is a hard, dense fine grained rock, which is used for building and also lime-making. It burns to a lumpy but not very white lime, that of the best quality coming from two layers each about 5 feet thick in the upper portion of the quarry. The following analysis represents the run of the quarry eae oso, a5 woes owas Gch e AGW © 8 elererel ace ware Segal ELS SUIUIID) outs SS ne Baan, Sis enemies Be 2h STG OES oO Co ee Cae ae aI ea Par lees Penne MAN OTUMGCo0, g ooo .e ko are bee wits ws ewe eden 61.66 Poms stu CATOONALC 1. 2 sce sss oi eo ee cis oe sue gas 19.44 Lung COIS 2 aso 5: oe ee eer ae BS® UML s 55a Nears La aiaiisi eer ee g/dl Biatei sie cies ole mamICD AO The Lower: Helderberg limestone also crosses the county in a belt parallel to the Upper Helderberg. It is first exposed at Union Springs on the hill about one and a half miles to the north of the town, on the Lowery farm, where it underlies the Oriskany sandstone. At this point the layers are very shaly, and the purer ones would have to be sought farther toward the northern edge of the outcropping beds of the formation. The width of the belt is from two to three miles. So far as the writer 1s aware, it is not quarried within the limits of the county. This may be partly due to the fact that there is a heavy covering of drift in many places that would easily tend to cover it up. At Montezuma the works of the Duryea Portland cement co. were built to use the marl underlying Montezuma swamps, but, since their destruction by fire several years ago, no attempts have been made to revive the industry at that pomt. The Montezuma marshes (pl. 30), underlie an extensive tract, and marl is said to ~ “é = a — Bee Ts: fe als ; = Nae T74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM occur under them at several points. Borings were made by the writer across the swamp at a point two miles north of Union Springs but no marl was found. Chautauqua county! The only lime deposits are a few scattered beds of marl. The most important is on Cassadaga lake, and a Portland cement plant was erected at this point several years ago, but is now closed down. Clinton county 2 Calciferous. Rocks of this age are abundantly exposed in Champlain, Beekmantown and Peru townships. The rocks are usually blue gray, massive, sandy dolomites. Owing to their sandiness they have little value for the manufacture of lime or cement. The Trenton and Chazy limestones occupy a broad belt which extends along the western side of Lake Champlain from Peru northward to the Canadian boundary, the western edge passing close to West Chazy, Chazy and Coopersville. Chazy limestone. ‘This limestone is well exposed at the village of Chazy as well as in other parts of Chazy township, specially just north of Plattsburg, and on Bluff point two miles south of the latter place, whence it extends south into Peru, where the lower portion of the formation is well shown. The aggregate thickness of the Chazy limestone at Chazy village is 740 feet, while at Valeour it is said to be 890 feet. The rock is quarried at a number of points for obtaining marble, rough building stone or stone for lime. Black river limestone. The rocks of this group occur as mas- sive dark colored beds, but are well exposed at numerous points in 1 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 493) é 2Cushing, H. P. Geology of Clinton county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 513) Faults of Chazy township, Clinton co. (see Bul. geol. soc. Am. 6: 285) Geology of Rand Hill and vicinity, Clinton county. (see 19th an. rept N. Y. state geol. p. 39) Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842. ee EA oe: ‘ Azeyo ye Airenb owt ia aes SS Dees | ‘o}0Yd ‘SoTY “TH GJ) ‘d a0RjJ Of : LE Rid : i LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES "75 Chazy overlying the Chazy limestone, but outside of the village and in Chazy township it is not very well exposed. According to Cushing it has a thickness of 80 to 50 feet and is a brittle black limestone with a conchoidal fracture. Trenton limestone. ‘This is also well exposed in the town of Chazy and in addition in the town of Plattsburg. Cushing states _ that in the bed of the river just east of the Chazy village 150 feet is exposed lying on the Black river limestone, while on Crab island about 200 feet of it can be seen. The lower portion of the Trenton limestone geenerally exhibits beds of a slaty character and is probably of insufficient purity for any chemical use except that of making common lime and for fertilizing purposes or per- haps Portland cement. Also in northeastern Plattsburg town- ship, and extending into southeastern Beekmantown, the rocks according to Cushing form a series of black slaty limestones which are excellently exposed on Cumberland head.’ The Chazy limestone is of high purity and makes a most ex- cellent quality of lime. , The following is an analysis made by D. H. Newland. SLIGHL 96 CoC Ud Cub S COO OO Rao Eee ci PMN ANG METIMC LOKI). < bie sie ee e.sisleie e's wieia 9) THO Mine Com OMA LCs cs ccicie,s Siele Feed bcc sivieesionse VO.24 PE emecumma eat bOMALC; 6. cays ogscisiceicscceess 8.02 100.37 The quarries are near the railroad and the product can be easily shipped. There are several lime quarries in operation in the village of Chazy, the one being on the eastern edge of the town and an- other about a mile out (pl. 81). Recently a third quarry has been opened on the southeastern edge of the village, and three limekilns erected. It affords an excellent location for 1 Cushing, H. P. Geology of Clinton county. (see 18th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 513) 776 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cement manufacture, as the lowlands which the limestone ledges border are underlain by clay. The Chazy limestone bears a high reputation not only for the manufacture of lime, but also as a furnace flux. The following is an analysis of the burned stone used for flux at Troy, E. Touceda, analyst. lhe oxid2: hee: aaa Be aN ar gr Pierre, yt 1 4e6 Maenésium Oxid: Sass neces i tee nl Allan ina} SAPS ae ree rea eee ae wI4 Ferric oxid eee e e eee e e e ee e e e ee e e'e ee e es es es eee 2 Siliea. .. ® -©. 6."e 6 e400 ‘e (0 @ @ :@ "ee ‘eo: ‘eo 18’ @ :e ‘ee: @ 8.6 ‘ees ie ‘6 ‘oe. @ 6:6 SHY A Merron Ba edeinpraren ie ete a Rn Ate WORE ure yan ety uat fo OLS) o OD Columbia county! The limestones in the eastern part of the county are of little importance on account of their impure nature, but on Becraft mountain east of Hudson the stone has been extensively quarried for a number of years to supply the furnaces at Troy with flux. Two types of stone are found here, viz the Becraft or Scutella limestone, and the biue Pentamerus rock. The Pentamerus limestone is quarried on the cemetery prop- erty at the northeastern edge of the town (pl. 82). It is well ex- posed in a face about 100 feet long and 25 feet high. With the exception of the upper 6 feet the layers are quite free from chert. The rock shows occasional cavities with calcite crystals and at times quartz, but otherwise probably does not run over 3% or 4% in silica. While the stone has hitherto been used only for road material, still it affords a source of limestone for the manufacture of Portland cement, the necessary clay being obtainable from the terraces north of the city. | The most abundant material is the Becraft limestone already referred to. Extending along the top of the ridge are a series of 1 Bishop, I. P. On certain fossiliferous limestones of Columbia county N. Y. and their relations to the Hudson river shales and the Taconic system. (see Am. jour. sci. 1886. 32: 438}. Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843, 09 BIQUIN[OD ‘WOSpN|ET ‘euo0}soull] snsomezUTg ut AIIVNYD ‘oyoyd “sord H ee ee a ee S ei = = : Bee — = The rae i wospnyy{ eeu eUoOSOULI] JJe1O9g UL ATIvNd s,cekuIYySIy Fy onYGS ‘o104d ‘Sony “1 SSS eae ener eeerrreeeneneeacensreeemerenmeeereees nw t= t< t= ‘d o0vy oF 4 ee 910d eos es ee sae ee . LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES aL openings, which were originally opened as marble quarries, but found unsuitable and subsequently worked for dimension stone and flux, these operations continuing to the present. The limestone is a coarsely crystalline, fossiliferous rock, of moderately pure and quite uniform character. The stone has to be hauled 600 to 1000 feet to the railroad siding, thus permitting easy shipment. The following analyses, no. 1 by T. Egleston and no. 2 by the chemist of the Burden iron works at Troy illustrate the character of the stone. 1 2 | LAA S, as Se eat a aed ieee and ree cS lett g Se Htmmexcarbona tens... ofa ale sel ace ok ee Seek Ole .iae (CET Cum 1ODIOD GL, as Se MeN mcmegre cok ced es Our aieerae 2 ome si uml CArOONabe ys 7. sie ee Ss os a3 Ol MIME TE as is oreo aici che ah @e Ve LOO OU line lene PMN OHAAINA rs ogg wedi 0,8 esteemneat Sa Pie Opt 18 @IRENG MOD [eee ae ore ae 1:819 DD SILICO IN ee ats ae ae er ee 1.842 Ds tory) Sillawredioxid.... ...s.s0ce%s 145 049 Hes RO SIMO IIS ie « * wveictcr cre eheols «ask .149 .022 Reet ee Ses Sr ong ce einer ccc pe ala ataene . Cacia Wise eul While Mr Jones still owns some of the quarries, the majority are said to be owned by Shute & Rightmyer (pl. 33). Dutchess county! The limestones in the eastern part of the county are a continu- ation of those found in Westchester county and follow the line of the Harlem river railroad, while those found in the central and i Dwight, W. B. On the recent explorations in the Wappinger valley lime- stones of Dutchess co., N. Y. (see Am. jour. sci. 1879. 17: 399) Recent investigations and palaeontological discoveries in the Wap- pinger limestone of Dutchess and neighboring counties, New York state. (see Proce. Am. ass’n adv. sci. 31: 884; also Am. jour. sci. 1884, 27: 249) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. E73 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM western portions of the county are a continuation of the Orange county Cambro-Silurian limestone belts. The former are meta- morphosed limestones and partake of the nature of marble, being highly erystalline, while the latter are not. The eastern belt. While there are outcrops of the limestone at a number of points in the valley followed by the Harlem rail- road, only two large openings have been made. These are at Dover Plains and South Dover. At Dover Plains, G. & J. H. Ketcham have aie a quarry along the highroad one half mile southeast of the town. The rock is a soft, fine grained dolomite of gray or white color. The opening is about 200 feet long, 20 to 30 feet wide and 10 feet deep. No analysis was made of the stone but several samples were examined to determine their insoluble matter, which ran from 2 to 3%. The South Dover marble co. has a large quarry (pl. 34) on the hill 24 miles northeast of the station. The rock is a fine grained, white dolomite and has hitherto been used only for structural purposes. It has to be hauled to the railway. In appearance it is very free from impurities. The following analysis of the rock was furnished by the superintendent of the company. UC are, Secteas cet ceca eee te RRS IES Ir OR ant acts aes sh Mermicroxidseeree eee sng eheuts earner Nate Bee sane 520 Alomar so os 4 cee cee ee eee Beran ehaceeaec soul A Pibsc\ WMI re aoa es So homeo Ore 30.63 Magn esia.sc:. cast opens oes toppeeeetene otitis oc eee 20.25 Soda, Sei avs aes ee fo eee ener eu eee ae we Potaghy fo ace ee ae Cee ee ee eee .46 The stone is brought down to the railroad over a private trolley line. The ln saaihemies in the western part of the county are usually a hard, fine grained bluish gray rock, containing less magnesia than the whiter phases to the southeast and east. It has been used for lime but on the whole is so silicious that the resulting lime would be lean. J SLL ‘ad o0Ry og, IOAOG INOS ‘od o[qIvU 19A0q Yq}NOg ge Pcie lll = re J1VId jo A1reny ‘OJON ‘Sol “EE < 6LL ‘Ad vB OF, 7 . GE 27g hel Feeeaee, seats: LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 149 Since dolomitic limestones tend rather to disintegrate than to decompose, their outcrops are often surrounded by a white granu- lar sand, and are easily discernible for some distance. ‘The west- ern belt has been quarried in large quantities at Clinton point (pl. 35), 2 miles north of New Hamburg. Its silicious nature restricts its use to road metal. An analysis of this stone gave: JININ@ Aye eee ees pay tenes rote itis GaN ao ve DOM ON MECCA ieee ac os oe a cie'n 5 we Water ols eyeleie estoy OO Cameome acid ...... Shee arte ae eee Sh sae avers: Suan LO PMMUMANNISNS 7) coe. Fe ee eases «0 6 0 eo waees Aira ni Ret pa Ae Oyo) SSINEIG. ORCC aia en a nian anu ede ee ter eae tt : AT Silica. oy oc Aa ee ee eer mer ee Ee a hare amet Se) OE! Erie county 4 The only limestone formations represented in this county are the hydrauhe or waterlime, the Onondaga and the Corniferous. Aceording to Bishop, “the northern edge of the Corniferous limestone, together with the Onondaga limestone and the upper part of the hydraulic limestone, forms a well defined escarpment, which runs in a general southwest direction on the Genesee county line to Buffalo. Most of this distance the escarpment is nearly parallel to the Bloomingdale and Williamsville road. The hydraulic limestone is generally visible at the base of the escarp- ment, where it forms a layer of variable thickness in the face of the cliff. Sometimes it forms a terrace from a few feet to 200 (mdse widun which runs paralle! to the escaxpment. Ubss is specially well marked between the Williamsville and Buffalo 1} Bishop, I. P. Structural and economic geology of Erie county. (see 15th an. rept N. Y. state geol. p. 305) Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 469. Pohlman, J. Cement rock and gypsum deposits in Buffalo. (see Trans. Am. inst. min. eng. Oct. 1888) 780 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM city line. The Onondaga limestone in Erie county forms a thin band between the hydraulic limestone and the overlying Cornif- erous limestone. It varies in color from blue gray to a light gray, and also varies in thickness, reaching its maximum of 35 feet in Fogelsonger’s quarry at Williamsville. It is the same thickness 2 miles farther on but then begins to thin out rapidly. The formation in Erie county, instead of being of one continuous bed, is really a series of lenticular masses occurring at the same horizon. The Corniferous limestone in Erie county forms some- what of an escarpment, as already mentioned. The rock outereps are not as a rule very extensive, but good ones occur a few miles below Millgrove near a dam across Endicott creek, and again in the bed of the same stream for 3 miles below Wilhelm, and also near the same place. Again this limestone is found in Gage creek at Isieffer’s quarry near the transit road about a mile west of Lancaster. Hydraulic limestone. This extends through Williamsville, Clarence and Akron. Along the whole line of its outcrop it has been quarried at numerous places but generally only for building purposes. The section at the works of the Buffalo cement co. gives the following relations of the three limestones: flint and limestone, Corniferous, 8 to 9 feet; Onondaga lime, 5 feet 8 inches; loose friable limestone, 6 inches; gypsum crystal, 6 inches; hydraulic limestone, porous, known as bullhead, 7 feet; cement rock used for burning, 3 feet 8 inches; impure hydraulic lime at bottom (pl. 36). The bullhead stratum furnishes the greater part of the water- hme used for building purposes. Onondaga limestone. One or two of the lenticular masses al- ready mentioned occur near Williamsville in the quarry of Fo- gelsonger & Young. It is highly fossiliferous and quite pure, as shown by the following analysis made by H. Carison and quoted by Bishop.? - 1 Geology of Erie county. (see 15th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 331) 00 OlIm ‘Olen ‘00 JUoMIeD O[VyNg oy} Jo ArieNH ‘oyoyd ‘doysiq ‘d ‘I 2 RET MOIS BOs. Res, 2%, : : ott zs Cg 082 CEST TONE 9E 181d pa) : i OUOISUI}[ SNOLOH{UIOD 0d ON ‘oleynd ‘Aemyied Jploquny sven °0o yeydse Jeqiv¥g oY} Jo Arzenb Yyoo[q Sulsed pue [ejou proy ont . ° ‘oyoyd ‘doysta ‘d ‘I TS8L °d sovz OF, . ne | 1@ ald ep CES bet LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 781 Mmeedearbonate sa. Jails arian.) Rie Re ye hale 96.54 Magnesium carbonate ........ Pet ce he Mrs is ec al itrom amd, alumina oxid ... 2.206... at arenes : . 84 Sener Spy esa) waibls SA es Pope cs Teal STEELS 25: ae een ree a : shOw eg eS (NOGUIS 5 100 5d» w'e,0 oii Wile Sinise dels Bae 6 NOs? 98.668 Some of the rock is used for smelting purposes, and the waste is burned for hme. Corniferous limestone. The chief use for this is also for build- ing operations. ‘The largest quarry in Erie county is that of the Buffalo cement works, but there are numerous other smaller ones. ‘The limestone, while making a good building material on account of its hardness, is very cherty in places, and therefore for any chemical or similar work would probably have to be hand picked. The hmestone is usually thickly bedded (pl. 37). Essex county! The pre-Cambrian rocks of Essex county often include a series cf erystalline limestones, which are not infrequently speckled with grains of pyroxene and other dark silicates. Occasionally these silicates are segregated into bunches, thus leaving the rest of the rock comparatively free from impurities. At times the limestone beds attain a thickness of 50 feet to 100 feet, as at Port Henry, where they have been quarried for flux. The quarry has not been operated for several years. 1 White, T. G. Geology of Essex and Willsboro townships, Essex co., N. Y. (see Trans. N. Y. acad. sci. 13: 214) Merrill, G. P. On serpentinous rocks from Essex county. (see Proc. U. S. nat. mus. 12: 595) Brainard, EH. The Chazy formation in the Champlain valley. (see Bul. 2. Geol. soc. Am. p. 293) & Seely, H. M. The Calciferous formation in the Champlain vauey. (see Bul. 3. Am. mus. nat. hist. p. 1; also Bul. 1. Geol. soc. Am. p. 50) Kemp, J. F. Preliminary report on geology of Essex county. (see 131k an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 625) Geol. of Moriah and Westport townships, Essex co., N. Y. (see Bul. 14. N. Y. state mus.) Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. 1842. Mow NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Three distinct areas of Chazy and Trenton limestones occur in this county. The first forms Willsboro point and extends southward as far as Whallonsburg. A second area begins at Westport and extends southward to the town of that name. A very small triangular area of Niagara limestone occurs in the northeastern corner of the county and a second very thin strip along the northern edge. The Helderberg, on the contrary, extends through the central part of Genesee county, passing through Batavia, Stafford, East i Trans. N. Y. state agric. soc. 1852. 12: 801. 2 Darton, N. H. Geology of the Mohawk valley in Herkimer, Fulton, Mont- gomery and Saratoga counties. (see 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 601) Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. (see 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 33) Vanuxem, Lardner. Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. 3 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 464) 784 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pembroke and Corfu, and Leroy. A quarry is operated by J. Merrill near Batavia, but the greater number of quarries lie in the Corniferous at Leroy, where much stone is extracted. ¢ The Leroy rock is dark colored, medium to fine grained and is used both for lime and furnace flux. The principal quarry at Leroy is that of Morris & Strobel, but most of the quarries are at Lime Rock near Leroy. The quarries are mostly small, and many of the layers cherty, but those free from chert (and they are at times as much as 3 feet thick) are of very good quality. The following analysis of Leroy limestone from Howells quarry was kindly furnished by the Tonawanda Iron & Steel co. ime carbonate cece serie oe eee 92.46 Magnesia carbonate’ ........- Pius iste iar 1.86 SEGA eo eae ees Be eee eee eee 5 Admin: 222 ees or eer eee eee .6 $9.92 A second analysis made of a sample collected by the writer from Morris & Strobel’s quarry yielded: NovUBTer ee gn Ma nm eR Bar aeons Gs Sie ke eaten 5.96 Almainiga.! 93> 44 Gia tae ae ese a ears 3.16 IMEIBAG OAMGe G5 56g 00 Soaks cho tes cd Sg ee te 1.34 Vole. idice eters te ee Si Soe Pee Eee A9.07 Mia one Sta, lec a o-oo «ed ratio. g ose 0 66,0 Orcnete eo 97.36 IMromes tia CALDOMALC’./. «0 c.2 scsi oss vse ce. 1 OF 100.67 The Trenton limestone has been quarried for lime burning at Collinsville 8 miles north of Port Leyden. The rock here as exposed in Roberts’s lime quarry is a coarse grained, gray stone, in thin layers 2 to 8 inches thick and often containing irregular partings of bituminous shale. They so predominate at times as to give the rock a shaly character, and such portions are discarded. The stone makes a white lime, as might be expected from its low silica and iron percentage. The composition of the stone as an- alyzed by Mr Newland is as follows: SHIGA Us Fett tec beetle wi a meds UPS eehs aide ae Be sage “3.09 SNA AGT MITA

Sears aXehclats cus et chsrered MeO siete» Moe OM Hiferpene OKC 3/4 xe-ahi< as: Hua fatacsheneeeoanoret lO ......5- Jobe, NOS OT 100 LOLs At Gouverneur extensive quarries have been opened for ob- taining marble, and much of the refuse is used for lime. This stone often runs low in impurities, as indicated by the following analyses made by J. D. Irving: ROLLA sak ovo ecle ua aig sate ete eee ciel mimi eater too ACIWTMAMAGE eae |S spegste econ coeee ose neh cer cat ate Pe Ferrio oxid: < fois. weitere «lore © Gusto eoeeea ener .38 Jarre: Carbonate: s icc: @ ceo etece sont cu ademas 92.29 Masnesium carbonate 125. -t0ne Gee ots 14.85 RSMMNIpICNT ep ate tee ne ee ee dol Sa 5 Kas PEM NOSGIGHY Uy Pe he ale ac ba eb 4 Leong MRC re ee ee ace a es eles 40.23 ME aN Ang on ha cence eTicete cee ho a at ag giao! Be 1 OS ©arbom, dioxide s >.) 2 Aes baletib ae tee io ety 33.76 99.54 The Tully limestone lies between the Hamilton and Genesee shales, and is of importance, as it is the most southern lime rock of central New York. It outcrops at several localities accord- me to 1D. F. Lincoln.’ The most northern is about a hale west of Hayt Corners; a second exposure is at Willard hospital, where it forms the cas- eades near the reservoir; another on Seneca lake 1 mile south of Willard landing, where 15 to 20 feet is exposed; still other out- crops are in the creek near fiighland station and at Lodi. A quarry has been opened in it 1 mile southeast of Hayt Corners. ‘ Steuben county” No beds of limestone are found within the county, but an ex- tensive deposit of marl is dug at Perkinsville and Wayland (pl. 67). It lies in a great swampy aréa, and furnishes material for two Portland cement works, that of Millen & Co., of Wayland, and the Wayland Portland cement co., located at Perkinsville. Though the deposit is of considerable extent, it is not underlain by clay, which has to be brought from Morrisville. Tompkins county® The only limestone formation is the Tully, which outcrops on the eastern shore of Cayuga lake between Lakeridge and Lansing along the Auburn branch of the Lehigh Valley railroad. 1 Lincoln, D. F. Geology of Seneca county. (see 15th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 57) 2Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 480. 3 Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 475. 820 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The ledges are most prominent at the track level about % mile south of Lansing. ‘The stone is fine grained, moderately hard, and shows occasional impure layers, but comparatively few chert nodules, the impurities being mostly iron and clay. It is a massive rock, with layers 2 to 3 feet thick, the total thickness being about 20 feet, and is favorably situated for either rail or water shipment. : An analysis made of samples taken by the writer from the ledge south of Lansing showed: Sihe@a — ecose Skee ee Figo oo ee eee BT SAS dg: ee ee ee ge Ferric oxida ee ee ee fell Lime=carbomater ec oo sere ees ee ee 88.5 Masnesium: carbonate: <7. 58. ee oo ee 1.4 Insoluble. 3 sass ee ee Pe Ree ees 8.8 Ulster county! The limestone formations occurring in Ulster county together with their thickness are as follows: Feet Onondaga: Siere fo ee oo 60 Cherty Upper shaly limestone....... 30-125 Impure Becratt limestone ..:.2...-2 20-30) 7 Haiely pure, Lower shaly limestone ...... 60 Impure Pentamerus limestone ...... 30-60 Dark massive Tentaculite limestone ..... .. 20-40 Thin bedded Cement. seriesene . tiaciee ee 20-50 Cement and waterlime Niagara lnmestomer ass... he 0-45 Wappinger limestone ....... 200 Silicious 1 Darton. Geology of Ulster county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. Wo ZANT) c Dale, T. N. The fault at Rondout. (see Am. jour. sci. 1879, 18: 293) Davis, W. M. The little mountain east of the Catskill. (see Appalachia, ag PAU) 26: 389) . The folded Helderberg limestones. vari col. 7: 311) Non-conformity at Rondout N. Y. (see Am. jour. sci. . Becraft mountain. (see Am. jour. sci. 1883. 1883. 26: 381) (sce Bul. Mus. comp. zool. Har- Lindsley. Geology of the cement quarries. (see Poughkeepsie soc. nat. sci. 11: 44) Nason, F. L. Economic geology of Ulster county. state geo.) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. a Bee ake, 7 Pee tat AR LIN cine y Shencnay these at Wika i J T?e8 ° d a0¥j OF, e[Bpuesoy ‘0d JUeUTED *x 89 948d ZS d s0By OT, efepucesoy ye Arend Jo puo ysvAT 69 948Id ‘oloyd ‘sory “HL LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 821 Of these the Becraft and the cement beds are the most im- portant. | Onendaga limestone has been quarried at a number of locali- ties for burning into lime. The stone is generally hght blue gray, dense and massive. Unfortunately a common feature is the presence of layers of chert, though these may be locally ab- sent. They predominate chiefly in the upper beds. Darton states’ that the outcrop of the Onondaga limestone is practically continuous from the northeastern corner of the county to Wawarsing township. Around Kingston its area widens greatly, on account of the presence of folds, and most of the upper part of the city is built on it. Southward by Hurley and Marbletown the Onondaga formation is prominent in the ridge sloping westward to Esopus creek. Exposures also abound along the West Shore railroad northward from Kingston, and, from west of Saugerties to Asbury, along and near the road passing through Cedar Grove and Katsbaan. Through its whole extent the upper shaly limestone exhibits a large amount of argillaceous and silicious impurities. The beds are massive, but the rocks possess a slaty cleavage, and these properties aid in the formation by them of small rough ridges. It extends across the county parallel with the Onondaga lime- stone. As far as known, it is not available for any of the uses treated of in this report. The upper shaly overlies the Becraft limestone. In Ulster county the Becraft is the purest limestone of the whole Lower Helderberg series. The beds are massive, bluish gray to reddish limestone, of a semicrystalline nature and highly fossil- iferous. . Scattered through the rock are saucer-shaped masses of white, crystallized lime carbonate, from 1 to 2 inches in diam- eter and representing the bases of crinoid heads. The formation according to Darton varies from 20 to 30 feet in thickness. 1 Geology of Ulster county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 301) ¢ 822 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Extensive quarries have been opened in it near Rondout, Ed- dyville and Whiteport. The lime made from it is of good quality, lumpy but slightly brown in color. The Becraft limestone ex- tends across the eastern portion of the county from north to south. It is well exposed between Saugerties and Rondout and about Wilbur and Whiteport, but exposures of it are rare southwest of this latter locality except at Mill Hook and Highfalls. Samples for analysis were collected from the quarry of the Newark cement co. at Rondout, and the average of these gave: Silica s\, Swe cues Oe ss a een ee 3 Si Pernice 0xide 32 ee Ge 134 Alumina. Pes Bie eeece hoki sare cat eee eee I OF Lae 6p ipa ae ee ee ee Ban aL Magnesia i. oi? twink ee eee eo (ie Carbon: dioxid®= 324. ae ge 40.6 100.99 Ancther set of samples from the quarry of B. Turner near Wilbur gave: 3 NepH Nee mien er anne ei ep eu ae oS ook Alain as oi ee oe ee eee ee 2.5 Ferrié: 0xid 2. 24 eatin ee ee ee ee A 6) Lame 0 as a ee ee Magiwegia’ (2.2, ua eee tye = es Ge Carbon dioxid?: a netee esos ee ee ee Belt 95. Dt The Pentamerus limestone member of the Lower Helderberg in Ulster county, is a hard, dark blue or lead colored, massive limestone. Not infrequently it is somewhat cherty. Its hard and tough character frequently causes it to give rise to cliffs. Good exposures of this rock occur in the cliffs at Rosendale, about Port Jackson, near Eddyville and along the eastern face of the To face p. 822 Plate 70 H. Ries, photo. Champlain clay resting against glaciated surface, of Helderberg limestone. Terry Bros. brickyard, Hast Kingston tebe aes Plate 71 To face’ p. 823 H. Ries, photo. - Rock at slope of Newark cement co., Rondout LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 824 limestone ridge extending from Rondout to Saugerties and West Camp. They are generally a mile or more from the shore of the Hudson, but 2 miles north of Rondout approach close to it. The Pentamerus limestone has a thickness of 30 to 40 feet. Tentaculite. limestone is generally a thin bedded, dark blue limestone and forms the base of the Helderberg series. Its thick- ness varies from 20 to 40 feet and is greatest about Rosendale. Salina waterlime beds underlie the waterlime and are of consid- erable importance, as they include the well known cement beds. Darton says: ‘The usual characters of the formation are thin bedded water limestones, and the cement is of local occurrence.” It is a blue black, very fine grained, massively bedded deposit, consisting of calcareous, magnesian and argillaceous materials in somewhat variable proportions. The cement beds are extensively developed in the Rondout and Rosendale regions. They come in gradually and are attended by a thickening ofthe formatior from its usual average of 20 to 30 feet to 40 or 50 feet. ,At Rondowt the principal cement bed has a thickness averaging about 20 feet. It lies directly on the coral- Nine (Niagara) limestone and is overlain by altering successions of waterlime and thin. impure cement beds. The cement horizon is not exposed far north of East Kingston, but how far it extends to the northward is not known. It is seen to thicken southward, and it attains its maximum thickness in the vicinity of Rondout, thinning out again and giving place to waterlime beds south of Wilbur. It is seen to have come up again in the Whiteport anticlinal, which brings up a great development of cement beds along its principal axis from Whiteport to Rosendale. They also come out along the western limb of the synclinal eastward. South of Rosendale the cement beds continue up the Coxing kill valley an around the point of the anticlinal by Highfalls on the Rondout creek. ‘“ Above this place it can be traced but a short distance, owing to its deep erosion and heavy drift cover in the Rondout creek valley.” It reappears at Port Jackson. S24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are two cement beds in the Whiteport-Rosendale region. The lower one of these averages 21 feet in thickness, and the other averages 12 feet in thickness, with an intervening mem- ber of 12 or 15 feet of waterlime beds, but these thicknesses are very variable. At High falls the upper bed is 15 feet thick, the lower bed 5 feet thick with 3 feet of intervening beds of water- lime rock. The High falls are over the thicker beds. Darton also states that ‘cement may be looked for in the upper Rondout valley, from Port Jackson to Ellenville, but, owing to the absence of outcrops, this should only be regarded as a suggestion.” Around Rosendale the cement industry is developed to an enormous extent, many thousand barrels of cement being produced annually. Detailed mention of the cement manufacture is made in another chapter of the report. Nothing more will be said in this part of the report concern- ing the Rosendale cement rock, as it is mentioned more fully in the chapter on natural cements. Coralline or Niagara limestone forms a thin bed underlying the cement at Rondout. It is a dark gray limestone of variable thickness. Under the cement at Rondout it is 7 feet, but at the entrance to the Becraft limestone quarries 1 mile north of East Kingston it is only 5 inches. Warren county! Both the Calciferous and Trenton are known in this county. The former is not of very great importance except for building purposes, but the latter is very prominent. At Glens Falls, the Trenton limestone (pl. 72) has been quarried for a number of years for lime manufacture, and the product bears an excellent reputation. There are four companies operating lime quarries, but the rock in all of them is very much the same. The section in the quarry beginning at the top consists of: Feet him bedded; impure black limestones... .1)-4 =o 12-15 Massive black dimestone 5 sac f sees eigen ieee oo Fine grained, black, crystalline limestone............. FS 1 Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842. p. 170. eUT[YINp Jo0J peLlivenb yooy ‘sie suely oysoddo JeAlZ wOSspnNy_T Jo yYUeq GINO ‘0d vSojvIKY ‘sUOJSOUII[ UOJUCLL UL ATIeNy ‘ood ‘U0OVIVG “HN PREY ea eases ie AGH Tae IIe) Were os te , | 728d e0vy OL, gee. ZL Id LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 825 The upper bed is used for building and also for Portland cement, being mixed with the overlying clay; the lower bed makes a high grade of lime. The following analysis represents the composition of the upper stone. Rlllca aches Paine eat ae oce aces coe as ae bites 3.9 PMWM ern cats ue wee oe Gc tac whys oie ous ve ey 1.9 1! STEER ROS Rs a ee Saat ele SCs pet Orem ae tO eee yar ge Mie oe ieee hts SER mht Ma ante ORE: 52.15 WM emeSia cosa Wns Sue e ee oe en ee eee 1.58 IS TOUBEOT OILS Verte a et evar irts Se Ree eer se tchatioce 3 The composition of the lower bed is as follows: BSN Ai lee pe ahr» cass tnlienw tha-are epee Seeecae et aes let / Jinnah Aaa Res rere ae Bh aha ius aie Gon as 8 IDerimecoxid: 5s". ieee te Riek mati Rie te weace Bex 55 ILO a ae area et Sinverat susie asain enauees Niakekeraleiecsi ase Dorel’ BVI TOMNCST A, <2. :2! cedas Gta'a aede Boon ooo ora wep liaise ee Carbonic oxid-(est.)) ....: Eiehts epee ti elon is 45.08 101.4 The rock has to be carted three quarters to one half a mile for shipment, the distance depending on the auarry from which it is taken. The lime produced is soft but quite pure. It is said to slake rather quickly. The analysis of the ime in the circular of the Associated lime 0. 1s: : E ens es beg rude a See aeeds MPA OW ESTA i's Wi. oF or Vani shales ars S-aicleny SS Benin 64 Werric oxid and alumina, << see. hehe es ine ay Pods On lemiiones tesa ox ee Pa tae ce ctend « Sole. 12 An extensive Portland cement plant has been built at this locality and is described in another chapter. 826 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Washington county! The limestone areas of this county, though not extensive, include some of the purest limestones found in the state. One narrow belt extends from Middlefalls to North Argyle, a second begins at Adamsville and extends northward past the eastern edge of Fort Ann and Whitehall to the Vermont boundary. A third area lies on the boundary between New York and Vermont and along the Rutland branch of the Delaware and Hudson rail- road. The rock has been extensively quarried at Smiths Basin and west of Fair Haven. At Smiths Basin the Keenan lime company has several quar- ries in the ridge to the east of the railroad. The rock is mostly dark’ gray to bluish black, fine grained and moderately hard. Its massive character has been somewhat destroyed in places by the shearing and folding to which the rock has been subjected, and the upper beds are shaly and silicious, still the lower ones are very pure. The company has four limekilns of continuous type. Much of the rock has also been shipped to Troy both for use as a flux in blast furnaces and also for lime in Bessemer converters. ‘The following analyses will serve well to show the composition of the stone. STURT CNet pA inuee kone at ah sia cule Naas tae ep aes 1 Bs) Ferric oxid and -aluming 2....+5 «cease ess 58 TGIIMC Gio oie. slew oo celle 6 cle exclave ous eueene Soer cic sueks DAS WWiciomesia ice ic sieicis's miele so ole sicioleicioisie ote sie 2 Phosphorus: 7-2 2s0% oti. 0s eis ciere isisnenere 004 An analysis of the lime made by Prof. J. H. Appleton gave: Moisture and carbon dioxid......... erie 2.08 nsoluible cic. Sssesswieroters Weciese eters te cegorene ss jeaeiiere) 1.06 Merriecoxidvand alumina scissors cere ree, 58 WATS 52 5 ee, de 8 Rise eee cies 61616 biavedetn oieicl sie lejos ees MO ONO Min GaeGSIa 255 xe, tele sys sieiavels o's ove oie cle <:cpetenerene ta: 99.22 1 Kemp, J. F. & Newland, D. H. Preliminary report on the geology of Wash- ington, Warren and parts of Essex and Hamilton counties. (see 51st an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. 2: 499) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 827 A third, made by the writer, gave: PCAs. 5 cae aia te ene oer ea os groNbeue eo Scars 12 Kerric, Ox1d and. alpina oc, 6s 5 Sassi ese tole-6 te 5 | Greg eae Oe ee er EST mera wee eee ai 498 Miaamesia® 30) sir. < SA Oe Oe ie par ee soe CAPOONKGIO Xd), sac ae oe ee oes oles ee oa: 44. 101.3 The existence of an extensive clay deposit in the adjoining meadows offers excellent facilities for the establishment of a Port- land cement plant. A second quarry, operated by D. Nichols & Son, lies about 2 miles northeast of the preceding and is of similar purity. Black Trenton limestone is also mined just west of the state line in Washington county. The quarry is situated along the railroad track between Whitehall and Fair Haven and is operated by George D. Harris under the name of the Arana marble co. The rock is a dark colored, moderately hard limestone, with very few visible impurities, and in places traversed with enormous streaks of calcite, and at certain portions of the quarry, noticeably at the western end, the quarry assumes a brownish red color. As a whole, it may be said that the stone is very pure, and where shale impurities occur they are generally in the shape of horses which can be easily separated in the mining of the stone. The following analysis indicates very well the high degree of purity of this material. Reais an sntele ¢ arched wee eeonte cece sfeieloniamnere 8 ot Te AVEGAY Tie ieee tee re Het ee ire ot ue betas it WME THIALG OE Oe ein Sets tate ag) ws Soni or Saag coos ata ere ae a STG Se ate Ae ea le Rn hs ere raragsetes Pee eg bo 9 imomecha te ii tas RES nes hae sale eS auaeaen nt : 1.4 Ca VoOn ClO Rh. 58, seresak she ie + epere sla Rasenet a ae AQ 5 nN to Nn NEW- YORK STATE MUSEUM The Calciferous is quarried near Whitehall, but is very sili- cious. Wayne county! The Niagara limestone extends through the county from west to east and is quarried at Walworth and Wolcott. | Hall’ states that marl underlies the Cayuga marshes in the town of Savannah, and is 5 to 6 feet thick. Another bed is located one mile west of Newark, and a thin bed is formed, under Cooper’s swamp, in the town of Williamson. Westchester county? The limestones in this county are all of the same age, Cambro- Silurian. They extend across the county in a northeasterly direc- tion, forming several well marked belts which either border or underlie the main valleys. The two most important are those along thé line of the New York and Harlem railroad and the Northern railroad. The former has been extensively opened up at Tuckahoe and Pleasantville, and so far as examined contains the better grade of stone. A third important area occurs south of Sing Sing (now Ossining). Other occurrences are near Somers, Amawalk and Hastings. The limestones in this county are often highly magnesian, coarse to fine grained metamorphosed rocks. At times they are exceptionally free from silica. : | There are two important quarries at Ossining, the one belong- ing to Henry Marks (pl. 78) the other to the Sing Sing lime co. — The stone in Mr Marks’s quarry is finely granular and slightly grayish in tint, while the best stone in the Sing Sing lime co.’s quarry is white and coarse grained but possesses a high degree of purity. 1 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 414) 2Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 416. 3Dana, J. D. Geological relations of the limestone belts of Westchester county, N.Y. (seé Am.—jour..sci..1880.. 20: 21, 194,-359, 450) 4560; 21: 425; 22: 103, 313, 327) Merrill, F. J. H. Geology of erystalline rocks of southeastern New York. (see 50th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. 2: 21) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. SUOSOUN, WOJUSLT, ‘snoslofloyeD pesoydsowmVjoy, “00 19}S9T9}S2 AA ‘SUITISSO “ALIvnD 9, q1v]l ‘oyoyd ‘sory ‘H 8z8 “d avy OL TRS eae RES eat oe 6) aid LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 829 A number of samples were collected from Marks’s quarry, and their average composition is as follows. POUCA se oats Sieve decree: guendta oar bo6'w 96 gi Shei stor 98 Merrie OXId ...0> i's Se sie Ce Ce Cone bg tel eie) .3 BALE EIN Age ie one saee eters Giaesehe oh a ec 0 Gls. sles are’ 84 ne 3. ee aoe Mreheese roe eecoe each eluates cote 31.4 Minomesia “: sb ee Boel ei nisl Seon 6 io: os bisieses kG. OO This, it will be noticed, presents a high grade of magnesian limestone running very low in silica and probably suitable for the lining of Bessemer converters. There are certain layers in the quarry which have a tendency to become silicious in their character, and these have to be avoided in mining. The rock from Marks’s quarry has been shipped to Newark for a number of years to be used as flux. In this case the sorting was probably not as careful as it would have been for some pur- poses; and consequently the following series of analyses, kindly furnished by G. H. Stone, of the New Jersey zinc and iron co., show greater silica contents. : 1 2 3 4. BuMC Hae acs sos 6s ce te cece «Oe kL 5.94 5.122 2705 Merrie Oxid . os 6s se oe coe 99 PEMA os 4 =, 66 ose @ os beers ues a4 Doe see TUTTE) i aaa ea 45.02 29.05 25.42 34.63 UM TOMICSIAC NL eos lare gales wees 3,167 20.05 2235.7 15)31 nosphorie-acitd.. 2.0251 stat. BOD eb res ones sae setts ass Warbon Mioxides 5 cds was wel fate cbt Deke” Gesine . 44.11 The good rock of the Sing Sing lime co. shows even less silica than that from Mark’s quarry, as will be seen from the following analysis: RICA aay vere: euler oetoleie’s: o AEM ae ane yo 87 ARNeTETG OMM rei Ratagene Coc. ahanns Wigvs Cc nto en ea “95 EAPT Urner eu ato ose Ve als akg Goa ee cow ete ae se. Dil TG ae Ree ee aia ieee be vate a oeen ae 31.4 JUNI RES WESC Pamir OB esa es eae are Pee Sie ar at ote 1995 S30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are certain layers on the west side of the quarry which should be avoided, as they run more silicious. In structure these layers are thinner than those of the purer stone and more finely crystalline. Their composition was found to be as follows: DUliCae sees seer ere eerie odes Sais Cries eee eres 6.75 Ferric .OXid snes Sie Sores 1.08 Pa Wibnaamuil: emer oetene tte Ana, Evisdeee have eee reece 3.02 ime 25 Pay, Sears eee eee 28.32 Maonesia (Os oy cee eee ake eens 17.94 The best quality of stone makes a very white lump lime. The quarries at Tuckahoe, Westchester co., are most exten- sive and are all located in the same stratum, which extends north- east and southwest and has a thickness of about 40 feet. The firms operating the quarries are O’Connell & Hillery, Norcross Bros. and the Tuckahoe marble co., also known as J. Sinclair Co. The rock in all of these quarries is a magnesian limestone of granular character and moderately hard. Its character is quite constant. ‘The beds dip steeply to the west, and those forming the walls of the quarry are very micaceous. O’Connell & Hillery’s (pl. 74) is the most southern quarry and is but a short distance from the Tuckahoe railroad station. The rock is used chiefiy for making lime, but in recent years the manu- . facture of marble dust has also begun. The following analysis of the stone was furnished by the company. Carbonate otelimie- sin aes. sa eae eee (O48 Carbonate of mapnesia. © ia:658 se pee 25.4 Insoluble matter: .2s2.ttanan.c eee eee eee nA. 97.9 Two analyses have been given of the stone. No. 1 was made by Prof. P. de P. Ricketts, and no. 2 by W. F. Hillebrand. Insoluble. Seen shoes Se eee 138 Limes 3s See ee eee peers a0). 16 30.68 : 9u0}s JSOUI] SNOTOJIO[VD posoydi1omevyoyy “09 JoysoqoIsoM ‘eOTvyoN,L ‘Kirend 91 qlee Il ‘ojoyd ‘sel “H sing akc pnISee ox ee PBEM: Rie arrenerceeccie BPR ' geg'd oovy oF ae ; FOUR <2. | ae LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 831 Rlomes ia. s,s Pst See eres some ote o20n Al @urbonic acid: .e.. tie ee 47.3 46.66 Merenie OXI 5 5 FF 222 be Behe ha Pee ows, seal 24 Reattet eek ta so adil s Stes oa ee ee Os 02 16 peel Mterie aide. Suite Ss saptu for ee rs le ate sre tare slate oe eae wears POMMUUANTN! 0.55.4, 5 8) dusS gids Rear oo é* TEAS, Saas NG esol aires aia ta le,tosia rote 's Soleo Jet ete te“ohuitate 63% eG 100 992 ie, The Tuckahoe marble co.’s quarry is # of a mile to the north. The quarry is about 400 feet long and n feet deep, and up to the present time the stone has been used for building purposes only. Still farther to the north about + of a mile is Norcross Bros.’ quarry. The rock is similar in character to the preceding but the quarry is smaller. The quarry at Pleasantville is the largest in Wee county. It is operated by O’Connell & Hillery, successors to the Cornell lime co. The limestone is very uniform in its character, and, on account of its white color and coarsely crystalline char- acter, has been called “snowflake marble.” Nearly the entire production of this quarry is used for the manufacture of marble dust. The composition of the rock, according to an analysis given in the 16th annual report of the United States geological survey, pt 3, p. 468, is as follows: camaieg Cae OMAL ES are eck coer ss or Sede leek ie, Suaceys ave 54.62 | Masnesim: carbonate”. wise sneer. cus Sabeleuate 45.04 Elbe @atsWOM ATC i s.cct2 ser w ore'acele Sulecese e, woeveea ss ei 16 PNG TAMAR Uitte ape teue ter eeetauaite lows Lo: dt scel ePSve Svckuee: a axe 07 SDR iy: Coen Gnion Bo Guess bi eiene Tel's ePetarSh Sah 1 $32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This does not quite agree with an analysis made by the writer, which represents an average of the quarry as follows: iiiave carbomater: . soe cok ee sie ce ee 59.84 Maenesiumycanbonateg:: | os eee a ne 36.8 VACUA IIVA nase LoL ea ete sau en ae mata 4 HMernic oxi f= ee. S rclmle ete ie in ia peer eticn Stare 25 DSTI Cas gnc RES cata ate Gaboe vel Saale venti cho Rememrede 5 ayes Sacioe 99.6 A small quarry was once in operation near Scarsdale, but the rock contains considerable mineral impurities. Crystalline limestone extends up the valley of Annsville cove and Sprout brook for several miles, and is exposed at a number of places, specially along the line of the narrow gage railroad leading up to the Edison magnetite mines. The best exposure of this is in the quarry 1% miles west of Peekskill rock. The rock is a fine grained, grayish white stone, which seems to be the better quality toward the eastern end of the mine, where it is of a darker color. The working face exposed is over 75 feet long. The following analysis made by J. D. Irving shows the composi- tion of the stone, and illustrates the point that far less magnesia exists in this limestone than is found in other portions of West- chester county. | TEC an kcis aka nate bale ve tone ca ai oe re eee ee ; 2.5 Perric oxid and alumina. 2 le eee tone AS Tamie carbomate.. oot rene nee em aaneueaees ae 81.64 Magnesium. carbonate *.’.:.).i.\s'. ion cele Oe: eed OS 99.19 Other exposures of this same rock outcrop, as low ledges on the property of Mr Higgins about 24 miles from Peekskill village. Some of these ledges show a stone of considerable purity, while in others the rock is rather micaceous. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 833 One of the most accessible localities in Westchester county is Verplanck, where a large quarry of these pre-Cambrian limestones exists. _ Yates county’ No beds of limestone of importance are known in this county, but marl may be found perhaps at the northern extremities of Crooked lake. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK STATE Two types of cement are made in New York, viz Rosendale, or natural rock cement, and Portland cement. The former industry was the earlier established, but the latter is expanding rapidly. Natural rock cement The geologic position of the cement beds and their occur- rence has been mentioned under “ Geology of New York lime- stones’, and in the descriptions of Ulster, Onondaga and Erie counties, specially, and the statistics have also been given. It, therefore, remains to give a brief description of the technology of the industry as carried out in this state. The general process of manufacture of natural rock cement has already been referred to (p. 678). The localities at which the greatest development in the methods of manufacture have occurred are Rosendale, Akron and Buffalo, Rosendale region The cement quarries are located at Rosendale, Lawrenceville;. Binnewater, Rondout and East Kingston. Owing to the great amount of rock overlying the cement bed, and its variable dips (seldom less than 25° and sometimes as much as 75° or 80°), the 1 Hall, James. Yates county. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 458) Wright, B. H. Notes on geology of Yates county, N. Y. (see 35th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 195) 834 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM common method is to mine out the cement rock, leaving great pillars to support the roof (pl. 75-77). ‘The opening along the outcrop may at times be nearly 1000 feet long. Some idea of the method of mining may be gained from the plates. Great falls of rock sometimes occur (pl. 78) around the entrance to the abandoned workings. The bed is commonly worked down on the dip, and the slopes are sometimes 800 or 1000 feet long. The following table gives the number of firms in this region, and other details concerning their mines, taken from F. L. Nason’s report. The method of manufacture is well illustrated by the following description of the works of the Lawrence cement co., which have a capacity of 5300 barrels a day. The rock used is taken from two beds, known as the upper or light rock and lower or dark rock, The two are mixed and broken into a suitable size for charging into the kilns. These kilns are of stone, lined with fire brick. Alternate layers of anthracite coal and cement rock are charged into the kiln, a layer of wood being placed at the bottom to light the fire when the kiln is first started. Each day the burned materisl is removed from the bottom of the kiln, while fresh fuel and green rock are introduced at the top. The material drawn contains a certain amount of under- burned and overburned rock, the former going back to the kiln, while the latter is thrown away. The normally burned rock is ? taken to the “ cracker” room, where it is crushed in crackers to fragments and grains, varying from dust to hickory nut size. dnoiS SumIpIE}VA °09 JOIST, “JA0dezITAA JO YNOS STU oO ‘soT1Ienbd quewe9 0700 ‘N0VIPG "H 'N PEs “d sovy OF G) 91¥Id dnoiS oUllpIeVAA °OO 10}STQ “JNopuoy ‘od JUSTIOD YIVMON OY} JO SUIM Pry ‘OJON ‘SOTY “EH PEs ‘d sovy OF, 9) 91¥Id ane mee To face p. 854 Plate 77 Interior view of cement mine at Rosendale, Ulster Co. Waterlime group H. Ries, photo. el[epussoy ‘yor Jo dig Q), eld VIOGSVITAM 3B *°0O JUSMIND 9DUGIMVT ‘“SUIIH puv AlIeNH ‘ojoud ‘sery °H eg 'd oouZ OF, 6) 23% ld oy 835 AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES LIME esoveeeeeoeeosneeeoeeeeitse sx ee ee [ews eg ‘eciey Y, 1G SU[IY JO 1equinN Con a) Tat gg | Ge 08 | OF Ost | gg VOT | OOF Bh Alea SI. GIL eo) Gr OOL | cP Oe 4) 38 OSI | 008 08 | OL 8oRzINS| SOUTUL UO US| UL ust coll 00b-09 08 OOT &@ OST 66 0000 Ve ONO VG 008 08 OoP GE 00¢ 1g 0céT IT 008 se ofepussoy | G¢6g 29[epusscy Go 0006 peq JO SSOUAIGL |supyi0 Q0vy M JO YjJscueT 2 a a a | a eS 0001-06 008 OFS O9T OP oR] uoedo 008 goey uedgO OSh 9Tepussoy OST ANGTE AN 0S6 4oo7 edojs Uo poinsvoeuL pyyxs10OM YIdeq (° qyBEMaunUig sudosi { ** oftadppy | © * Yoo, Yooy | of ,A90U MPT "*** SyoOTyomn?) " O][AvDUIIM eT q.10doyIl MA “"SI[@q Toaopory "** Joye moWUlg "°°" g]]IAcoung "To" STRIUSTA °°" Taye MOUUTG Rs SITPJU STH ( “uojssuly “7 4 "* syoO[HOING Jove sees INL. | **: ejepussoy "55> qnopuoy NOILVOOT WOIS9L O[VpUSSOY JO sourim yuewep se eee be) We) "** 00 FUTON 9D TAIMET reenevres* "Joey 2 AjTjeuu0D er . "**: W0g 2» Jopdug f° verses s* QepUuEsOY 2W YLVMIN i) i tr are ‘00 4UAUI80 ‘XK “N "*"" "OF YUOUIIO O[[TADIUOIME'T] aera ret: YI-ULopurA “FT ‘f eh ear JpreyuseY “V “C "''*OD LoJVMOUUIG W® S|[VJysiy pr ee verses eee GORION “Ol 99 99 St) "09 JUATIGD B[BpPUSSOY WK “N "*-*00 FUdWUGD 2 OWT] YLRBMON YURAOALOVANNV AN S36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM These are made of cact iron, and consist of a frustum of a solid cone called the core, werking concentrically within the inverted frustum of a hollow cone, both having on their adjacent surfaces suitable grooves anc flanges for breaking the stone as it passes down between them. From the crackers the crushed cement is carried by means of an elevator and conveyor to a sieve 11 feet long and 10 inches wide, and about 50 meshes per mch. 25% to 27% passes this sieve. That which does not pass the sieve goes to horizontal stone mills, where it is ground between millstones, after which the two lots of fine material are mixed, and then — packed in barrels for shipment. Akron district One of the largest plants in the state is situated at this locality, viz the Cummings cement co. (pl. 80, 81); another large works also near this town is the Union Akron cement co. (pl. 82, 83). The Cummings cement company has 575 acres of land, and the cement bed is from 7 to 8 feet thick. The beds differ from those at Rosendale in lying almost horizontally. The kilns are 34 feet high, eight of them being of rectangular cross-section, 9x22 feet in dimensions, and nine of them round, with a diameter of 9 feet. During the calcination much of the cement rock be- comes clinkered, and is separated and ground by itself to be sold as Portland cement. At this works a general system of reduction is used, consisting of 1) Sturtevant crushers; 2) Cummings pulverizers; 3) 10 run of 42 inch underrunner millstones faced with chilled iron plates; 4) 10 run of 42 inch hard Esopus underrunner millstones. The material, as it is conveyed from one to another of these sets of crushers, is made to pass over screens, whereby such material as has been reduced to proper fineness is separated from the mass and is spouted to a general conveyor, which finally re- ceives the material from all the grinding machines and conveys it to the packing house. Each set of crushers, while it furnishes a part of the material, reduces the sizes of the unground portion to such a degree that the material which is fed to the fourth "00 JUSUIOD SSUIMIUINDG MOIA [VISTO "owoud ‘ser °“H ‘d oovj OL 08 93%Id i , 9 00 ell ‘WOW ‘00 JUSTIOD SSUIMUING 94} JO ALIvnb 10 9UIW ‘opoyd ‘doysiq *d “I ggg d eovy oy, : TS o¥Id ‘00 JUeTM9D WOIYW WOIUA JO SUIIM . . ‘oloyd ‘SoIy “EH - pie 08 908) On SEES Ne ge <8 bts MS a Aims Relates pc EE 2 vi eet pete bie ie Seat Ee Oe ie die net ‘Od JUSTIOD DOIN W UolUQ ‘Osnoqea10yg ‘ovoyd ‘sant “EH ggg -d envy oy, | : ie €8 0}"ld | ae EF = ‘* el i = LE 8 d 3 IB IOYSNI9 oy} 0} 9U0}S SUIMVIP OJ AVMIIEY °0O Om ‘O[LYNE “00 JuoMLed oO[vyNg oy} Jo sotmueny ¢ OL : — «8 PUT d ‘ojyoyd ‘doysig ‘d ‘I ee LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 837 series is broken and worn down to the size of wheat kernels and is exceedingly hard to reduce. The harder burned portions make a cement which has a much higher tensile strength than the normally burned product. The method of manufacture in use at the other works at Akron is somewhat similar to that employed at the plants at other locali- ties in the state, but the kilns are in part of a more modern type, being made of sheet iron instead of stone, but, like the others, they are lined with fire brick. The Union Akron cement co. is also contemplating the manu- facture of Portland cement. 3 Buffalo district The Buffalo cement co. has quarries on Main street near the belt line of the New York Central railroad (pl. 84). The cement bed underlies the Onondaga limestone. ‘The section in its quarry shows: Feet Clserty lmestone’. .. .. es Nees BS yin a eee eae ae Bolbysciive ciiiieSt OMG. 42 oe. sere tatercie es Sa borat ot eledarate a aupure limestone icalled ~ bullhbead 7... 20... . ou. 6 WemmenuclOCk: i. Oe ee ee pennies oa) Sara ae ee ads 4 The rock is burned in the ordinary stone kilns lined with fire brick, there being 10 of them, set in two rows. The rock is loaded on cars and hauled up an inclined plane to the top of the kiln, into which it is charged together with the coke that is used for fuel. | Both the normally burned and the clinkered material are fed into the grinding machinery. The. first set of machines are Steadman disintegrators, and from these the material is passed over a screen, all that passes through representing the normally burned cement rock. The clinkers which are not broken fine enough by the disintegrators to pass through the screen are con- veyed to a Griffin mill, where they are ground to make Portland cement. The total capacity of the plant is about 750 barrels a day. 838 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Another cement works and quarry are located at Falkirk, and operated by H. L. & W. C. Newman, and also the Union Akron cement co. Onondaga county Natural rock cement, or waterlime, as it is locally called, is manufactured at a number of points in the vicinity of Syracuse. The methods of manufacture employed are similar to those in use in the Rosendale region, but the workings are all surface opera- tions, and the cement beds are not so thick. The following list of cement producers is taken from Luther’s report, p. 271. T. W. Sheedy. Mill and three kilns, 1 mile north of Fayette- ville; quarries on Dry hill, southeast of Fayetteville. Bangs & Gaynor. Mills and four kilns at Fayetteville; quar- ries on Dry hill. J. Behan estate. Mill and four kilns, 1 mile north of Man- hus. A. i. Alvord. Nine kilns and quarries on east side of West Shore railroad at Manlius (pl. 85); mill at Syracuse. Brown’s quarry, operated by Eaton Bros. at Edwards falls, 14 miles southwest of Manlius; mills and one kiln. R. Dunlap, 4 mile north of Jamesville. Five kilns and mill; quarry on hill east of works. | E. B. Alvord & Co. Mill and two kilns in village of Jamesville; quarry % mile south of works on east side of Butternut creek. Britton & Clark. Mill and seven kilns near Delaware, Lack- awanna and Western railroad at north end of Jamesville rock cut. L. H. Walker. Cement mill near Marcellus Falls, and quarry. P. C. Corrigan. Mill and two kilns at Skaneateles Falls, and two quarries, one on each side of Skaneateles outlet. [Several pages by Dr Ries on the Portland cement industry which followed here, have been replaced, at the request of the director, by the sketch of that industry given in Appendix B. This change was made at the suggestion of Dr Ries, Jan. 20, 1902.) eae SNUB ‘SUIIY 8,09 3% PLOATY Re a he ‘owoyd ‘sera “H tee » > BSB "d vOBI OL : G8 28d a Secce PE tiles A eT ee Dna e y I, ae ean, ai SPFAN 839 LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES PRODUCERS OF LIME AND NATURAL CEMENT" COUNTY POSTOFFICE - FIRM LC CATION OF QUARRY Albany Albany Callanan road improve- ment co. South Bethlehem Aquetuck Carl Snyder Coeymans New Baltimore William Fuller’s Sons New Baltimore Ravena Abraham Day Coeymans ee W. V. D. H. Defriest $s ee David Hotaling =e «6 William Hughes ae se Conrad McCullock <6 Cayuga Auburn J. Bennett & Son Auburn ae L. S. Goodrich & Son i Rochester B P. Smith Union Springs Skaneateles Falls Levi Starr Sennet Union Springs J. L. Shalebo Springport ‘a G. P. Wood Hamburg Chenango Oxford William Lally os Clinton Chazy Chazy marble lime co. Chazy sie L. M Goss a Plattsburg H. Behan Plattsburg oR G. W. Pray Peru cane T. Robinson Plattsburg Columbia Hudson Shute & Rightmyer Jonesburg and Hudson Jonesburg F,. W. Jones Greenport Dutchess Dover Plains G. V. Bensen Dover Pleasant Valley Evert Russell Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie F. R. Bain Dover es H. D. Hufcut Ss es M. Lawler es Stoneco Hud. Riv. stone sup. co. Stoneco Erie Akron H. L. & W. C. Newman Newstead 8 Union Akron cement co. pe Bellevue B. A. Lynde Bellevue Buffalo K. J. Ambrose Buffalo $6 J. Armbruster oe ee Barber asp. pav. co. ws 66 Buffalo cem. co., ltd. os ee Consumers lime co. Clarence ‘¢ or Akron Cummings cementco. Akron ot Cutter & Bailey Buffalo ae D. R. & H. Fogelsonger Amherst 66 Anna Gehres Buffalo J. Gesl jr 1¥or producers of Portland cement see Appendix B. 66 840 COUNTY Erie Essex Fulton Genesee Greene Herkimer NEW YORK STATE POSTOFFICE Buffalo 66 66 66 Harrishill Williamsville Burlington Vt. Newark N. J. Willsboro Point Cranberry Creek 66 Dolgeville Gloversville Mayfield 66 Batavia Leroy 66 66 66 66 66 Catskill 66 66 Climax Coxsackie Smiths Landing 66 Urlton Columbia Ingram Mills Little Falls . Middleville Mohawk Newport 66 6é ¢6é 6é 66 é6¢ North Litchfield 66 66 MUSEUM FIRM Grattan & Jennings Martin Kabel A. P. Kehr P. G Straub A. Fiegle J.B. & F. H. Young Burlington mfg. co. Anderson & Moynehan C. W. Frisbie W. Kegg Willis K. Warren A. Dolge Mayfield lime co, S. B. Warner Edward, Christie A. Berthun J. H. brown J. Heinlich G. H. Holmes L. H. Howell Morris & Strobel Pangrazio Bros. Catskill quarry co. G. W. Holdredge H. P. Palmer D. G. Haswell A. Day J. H. Gould William Massino J. Day A. Manning ~ Sherman Butler H. Jones W. W. Mosher J. W. Humphrey John Dunn Gilbert Higgins Newell Murray G. H. O’Connor John Sherman C. Smith Daniel 'Toumey A. R. Davies Charles Dickson G. E. Holland LOCATION OF QUARRY Buffalo 66 Clarence 66 66 Williamsville Port Henry Newcomb Willsboro _ Northampton 66 Oppenheim Mayfield 66 66 Batavia Leroy 66 66 66 66 66 Catskill 66 66 Coxsackie 66 Catskill 66 Urlton Columbia Manheim 66 Newport Columbia Newport 66 66 66 66 66 66 Litchfield 66 6é LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 841 COUNTY POSTOFFICE FIRM LOCATION OF QUARRY Herkimer North Litchfield J. E. Salisbury Litchfield Prospect C. L. Talcott Russia West Winfield A. P. Bradley Winfield Jefferson Cape Vincent William Anthony Cape Vincent ae R. A. Davis of Chaumont Adams & Duford Chaumont ce ‘Chaumont co. Lyme Clayton Leander Denny Clayton Natural Bridge E.& W. Hall Wilna Redwood J. McDonald ee Threemile Bay J. J. Barron Lyme Theresa Loth Miller & Son Theresa Watertown H.S. Cory Leray ce A. Gould Watertown ee S. E. Hunting Pamelia UE G. J. Lefevre Watertown os A. V. Mayhew Ss s P. Phillips 662 SU E, Williams eee Lewis Collinsville H. D. Jones West Turin! 0 M. N. Potter Wictor 2: Helderberg cement co. Howe Cave, Schoharie co. Began opera- tions in 1898. Since 1900 the enlarged plant has been making extensive shipments. Materials, limestone and clay burned in rotary kilns. Brand, “ Helderberg ”. | 1 Kekel, E. C. Portland cement industry in New York. (see Eng. news. May 16, 1901) This paper has been rewritten and abbreviated, and in this form is now (Jan. 1902) presented as Appendix B. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 859 T. Millen & Co. Wayland, Steuben co. Built in 1892. Ma- terials, marl and clay in dome kilns. Brand, “ Millen’s Way- land ”’, Wayland Portland cement co. Wayland, Steuben co. Built in 1896. ee marl and clay in dome kilns. Brand, “ Genesee ’” Portland cement in New York during 1900-1 During the year 1900 two new plants went into operation in this state: that of the Catskill cement co. at Smiths Landing, Greene co., which began shipping the Catskill brand in July 1900, and the new Portland plant of the Helderberg cement co. at Howe Cave, Schoharie co., which commenced operations late in the year. This last company had produced small quantities of the Helder- berg brand since 1898, but their manufacture of Portland on a large scale dates from the installation of the new plant. Both the corporations named use rotary kilns, and the materials in both localities are limestone and clay. The rebuilt works of the Glens Falls Portland cement co. at Glens Falls, Warren co., com- menced shipping, just about a year having elapsed since their former plant was destroyed by fire. The works of the American cement co. at J ordan, Onondaga co., were shut down throughout 1900 owing to new construction at Hey (Pa.) In all, six plants were producers in 1900. In the summer of 1901 the Empire Portland cement co.. re- fpreica its works completely, installing rotary kilns. 860 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. Appendix B MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN NEW YORK SLATE BY EDWIN C. ECKEL C.E. The following paper was prepared -at the request of the di- rector in January 1902, when the remainder of the bulletin was in page proof. Part of its incompleteness is due to the necessity for haste in its preparation; and part to the fact that subjects which might naturally be included here had been discussed at length by Dr Ries. _ The writer is indebted to the editor of Hngineering news for permission to reprint portions of an article’ written for that jour- nal; and to the heads of the various cement plants in the state, who have without exception aided him in making the descriptions as complete as possible. The technology of the industry is dis- cussed in somewhat greater detail in the paper above noted, to which the reader is referred: but advantage has been taken of the present publication to bring the descriptions up to date. As it now stands the paper is therefore a summary of the condition of the New York Portland cement industry in January 1902. Descriptions of the plants Alsen American Portland cement co. The plant of this company is located at West Camp, Ulster co., near that of the Catskill cement co. The materials used are limestone (from certain mem- bers of the Lower Helderberg series) and clay (Pleistocene) burned in rotary kilns. A feature of much interest in the early stages of this undertaking was the thoroughness with which ex- 1Kekel, E. C. Portland cement industry in New York. (see Eng. news. May 16, 1901) The descriptions of the various plants in the present paper are reprinted, almost verbatim, from this article, supplemented in the case of a few plants by data gathered during later visits to those plants. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 861 ploratory work was carried on before the erection of the plant was finally decided on. Numerous diamond drill borings, and analyses of the resulting cores, satisfied the company as to the thickness and purity of the limestone. American cement co. The plant of this company, located 2 miles east of Jordan, Onondaga co., was erected in 1892. The works were operated without any interruption till 1900, during which year they were shut down, owing to new construction by the company at Egypt (Pa.). The materials used were marl and clay, both obtained from a marsh near the works, another bed of marl being owned by the company nearer to Jordan station. The marl is white, and the bed varies in thickness from 8 to 15 feet. It is overlain by a thin bed of muck, and underlain by a blue clay. The muck being stripped, the marl and clay were dug, and transported to ‘the works by a wire rope way. The clay was dried and ground sepa- rately, after which it was mixed with the marl in pug mills. The resulting slurry was spread out. on a drying floor, and cut into bricks. ‘These bricks were then loaded on platform cars, dried in tunnels heated by coal fires, and fed to the kilns. 12 kilns, of the dome type, were in use, coke being used as fuel. The clinker was reduced, first in Gates and Mosser chushers, and finally in Griffin mills. The cement was marketed as the Giant (Jordan) brand. Analyses of the raw materials and fin- ished product, furnished by the company, follow: Marl Clay -: -. Cement ~— Per cent Per cent Per cent CRG er ee rei ook SB TAD oe 655686218, 86 Cee ee 36 24.08 ae Cy Ze eee ec eceoeeesesrsescesecesecess i. c é Oe! cca oiatatts a Re cies eee 5o.16 2-008 1 61214 OMe ds PU cae eke 1.5 1°75: 2 B84 SO, eco ee eee reece eee ee cee ke eooee Belemete. i i) uslele 6 ere PeO4 _1Analysis by Booth, Garrett and Blair, 1898. 862 KNEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Catskill cement co. The Portland plant of the Catskill cement co., located at Smiths Landing, Greene co., was erected during 1899, and shipments were commenced in July 1900. The materials used are clay, from the river terraces, and limestone of Lower Helderberg age. A bucket cableway is used to transport the raw materials from the quarry and claybank to the works. Average analyses of these materials, furnished by the company, follow: ~ Limestone Cl yv per cent per cent iQ, 256s oechers ta eee ae 154, ole DA, On. ono ee ee eee 39... 16258 WSs Oc bc a setae ee "I O4 7.84 CAG. ve ak Cee oe ee eee mae 53.81 oan MBG: Fo sccusen oh eke ee ee e ae Don i ne PRPEBES: oso: coated tase sae eae areneiote Nae art es Sees ee 3.64 AS ate en Me tant: COR are enn re eg CUTE, The limestone is dried and then reduced in a Krupp ball mill. The clay is passed through a roll disintegrator and is dried. The materials are, at this stage, mixed dry; and the mixing and re- duction eompleted in Krupp tube mills. Two rotary kilns are in operation, having a total capacity of about 300 barrels a day. ‘The clinker is crushed in Krupp ball mills, and receives its final reduction in Krupp tube mills. The cement is marketed as the “ Catskill ” brand. Analyses of the finished product follow. All were furnished by the company, 1 and 2 having been made in their laboratory; while 3 was made by H. E. Keifer Ph.D. 1 2 pga Sie op os ow om es So oe 1 ee eee OG ts Se ere OO 6.02 6.35 DEO. vam ae Ue 4.46 438 an90 CRO See ete ee ee 62.93 64.62 63.21 MeQrs.. vc . Dine ee fA Sia ed 5 1s ’ . ’ ‘ SOgrerrcerevererretia set eeepc Sowers ateon 1.29 *"AIIenb Woy eu01s BSurAoAMOD IOJ ABM -M1B1} OdO1 O1IM JO [VUIUIIO, IOJ SI WOTJONIYSUOD JOPUN YIOMOMIVIJ OY “SUIPULT SYM ‘09 JUETISD [{THS}BD JO SHIOM JO MOTA [BIOTIOL) ‘o1OYd ‘SOIU "EH / eace, o ePed OL | 98 2)¥[d ep hh, nouns is x Be CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 863 Cayuga Portland cement co. Prof. Newberry states’ that this company “is building works near Ithaca. The material will be obtained from an outcrop of the Tully limestone and underlying shales.” These underlying shales are the Moscow shales of the Hamilton group. They are rather highly calcareous, as shown by bulk analysis; but the calcium carbonate which appears in such an analysis would seem to be largely derived from the contained fossils. If this be indeed the case, extremely fine grinding and careful mixing will be necessary. The particular combination of materials to be employed at this plant is new to the state, and the operations here promise to be of much technologic interest. Empire Portland cement co. In 1886 T. Millen & Sons com- menced the manufacture of Portland cement at Warners, Onon- daga co. In 1890 the plant was purchased by the Empire Port- land cement co. and the works were almost entirely rebuilt, a much larger output being secured by the improvements then introduced. Since that date the plant has been in constant opera- tion, with the exception of stops aggregating only some five or six weeks in all, caused by fires. : The materials used are marl and clay, obtained from a swamp in the vicinity of Warners, the present workings being located about # of a mile from the works. _ The marl bed covers an area of several hundred acres, of which about 100 acres have already been excavated. A revolving derrick with clam-shell bucket is employed for excavating the marl, the clay being dug by hand. The materials are taken to the works over a narrow gage rail- way owned by the company, on cars carrying from three to five tons each, drawn by a small locomotive. At the works the cars are hauled up an inclined track by means of a cable and drum to the mixing floor. 122d an. rep’t director U. 8. geol. sur. pt 6, cont’d. Issued as a separate, 191. 864 -. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. The swamp from which the raw materials are obtained shows sections, from top to bottom, approximately as follows: ic: Material Wess 0 SS 9" in feet Micke: osike sees eee ee oe elas eee eae ends lai 2b ebenene a soe Lower bed gray to brown marl......... bia tieateetrione +. T Sarid cto Shakes Se ee ee dass eel Ceres) af Blwish..clay.¢oi5.5 scadh nin ge eae eo ee eee 2 5 Ae might be expected from the relative color of the marls, the material from the lower bed shows, on analysis, more organic matter than that from the upper bed, for which reason more of it must be used, with the same amount of clay, than of marl from the upper bed. ‘This distinction is accompanied .by other slight but rather constant differences in chemical composition, which have also to be taken into account in the a of the cement mixture. Analyses of the raw materials follow. The ee 1 te are quoted by Cummings,* while 2 and 4 were recently furnished me by the company: Marl : ORY SiO See 7 6 26 40.48 40 By Al OW oes e oa 00.95 13, ou Fe,0, ee enh 1 4.49 Ca CO; Shc Succes 94.39 91.03 25.8 22.66 Me COM Cie eee .88 et .99 6.92 KO... ne ee eee 3.14 3.08 SO. cee eee eg a te els CA OR Atti 2.85 Organics, 44h 1.54 1.68 : 8.5 a pyeoue Water + loss... %.. ord Iau 6.3 It will be noted that the clay used here runs higher in lime than does any other used in the state, the nearest approach to the above analyses being shown by that of the clay used at Way- land, which carries a little less than 20% of lime carbonate. ll Sh iS — ae 1 American cements, p. 253. a SIOUIBVM 38 Pog [IRIN ‘ojogd ‘sory “H See See 798 ‘d soBs OL, ———— . re r) “18 e3%Id re Gog ‘d oovy o7 SIOMIBM “OO JUSMIED puviyIOg euldmg Jo jueld PIO 88 9}¥Id ‘ood ,? CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 865 As noted below, rotary kilns were installed by this company during 1901, and in consequence changes have been made in the methods of preparation of the materials. The processes formerly followed are given here, as being good examples of high- gerade practice at a dome kiln plant. | The clay was dried in Cummer “Salamander” dryers, three being in use, after which it was carried by conveyors to the mills, being cooled before grinding. These mills were of the Sturtevant “rock emery” type, and reduce the clay to a fine powder, in which condition it is fed to the mixer after weighing. The marl was sent directly to the mixing machine, no preliminary treat- ment being necessary. The marl and clay were weighed, to secure proper proportions. The relative amounts used varied, of course with changes in the chemical composition of the mate- rials, the average charge being about 25% clay and 75% marl. The mixing was carried on in a mixing pan 12 feet in diameter, in which two large rolls, each about 5 feet in diameter, with 16 inch face, ground and mixed the materials thoroughly. The mixture was sampled and tested, after which it passed, on a belt conveyor, to two pug mills, where the mixing was completed and the slurry was formed into bricks about 3 feet long and 5 mches diameter. These bricks were placed on slats, which were loaded on to rack cars, and run into the drying tunnels. These tunnels were heated by waste gases from the kilns, and required 24 to 36 hours to dry the bricks. After drying, the bricks were fed to the kilns, which were charged with alternate layers of coke and cement mixture. 20 kilns, all of the dome type, were in use. The coke charge for a kiln was about four to five tons, and 20 to 26 tons of clinker were produced for each kiln at each burning. From 36 to 48 hours were required for burning the charge. After cooling the cement clinker was shovelled out, and sent to the reducing de- partment. It received its first reduction in a Blake crusher. From this it passed to Smidth ball mills, three of which were 866 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in operation. The final grinding was accomplished with David- sen tube mills, two being in use. The cement manufactured by this company was marked as the “ Empire ” and “ Flint” brands. The superintendent of the company stated that the difference between the two brands lies in the fact that the Empire was made from specially selected clean clinker, while in the case of Flint no selection was made, the whole product of the kiln being allowed to go to the grinding machinery. : ? Analyses of the Empire brand follow: 1 is quoted by Cum- mings, 2 by Lewis,” while 3 was furnished directly by the com- pany: 1 4 3 SiOs os Ae ee ae 20.8 22.04 921.98 MGOY 228 Cee ae eas pce 7.39 645 8 Fr Oe Due ee 2°61 3-418 oee CaO eee Se ee, ere ae ee tees 64 60.92 61.83 MeO 2s TET SO ey ec Bee alae Alkalig’. yi? Soe es ee ee 84 80g 2. Bee ee Sa 2073 duals During 1901 this plant was entirely remodeled, the new ma- chinery being installed by the Bonnot co., of Canton (O.). Five 6 x 60 foot rotary kilns are now in use, each kiln being equipped with a separate feed pump. The materials are prepared for burn- ing by passing through pug mills, emery mills, settling vats, tube mills and storage tanks, from which last the slurry goes to the rotaries. The fuel used is coal, powdered in a Raymond pul- verizer. A detailed description of the new plant will be given, in the near future, in a technical journal. Glens Falls Portland cement co. In 1893 this company com- menced the erection of a plant at Glens Falls, Warren co., and their cement was put on the market in 1894, as the Iron Clad brand. Six shaft kilns of the Schéfer type were installed, the 1 American cements, p. 36. 2 Min. ind. 6: 99. | OHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 867 Glens Falls plant being therefore the second in this country to make use of this type of kiln. Though highly economical in fuel, the kiln is rather expensive in both the quantity and quality of manual labor required to operate it properly. A fire in August 1899, destroyed the plant, which was rebuilt to give a nominal capacity of 500 barrels a day, and the manufacture of cement was recommenced in August 1900. The materials used are limestone and clay. The former is of Trenton age, and is obtained from the Glens Falls quarries. Considerable care is required in the selection and mixing of the stone from the various layers, in order to obtain a suitable and uniform product. A very clean and uniform clay, found over- lying the limestone in this area, is the other ingredient. Analy- ses’ of these materials follow: ) Limestone Clay Pee MEE, Uartsiele a He/she cite: sata delet! oo Bate Rs eta ae Doi f 55.27 PMO ctcile Shei Sreamc and, waters... 's'.icebaad eS Sis SiS OT LEN, 2 The limestone and clay are separately dried, and crushed in Blake crushers and rolls. After being weighed on automatic scales, the materials are mixed dry and reduced to a fine powder in Griffin mills. The powder is then fed into wet mixers, where sufficient water is added to allow its being made up into bricks. These are dried in tunnels, heated by waste heat (from the boiler) driven through the tunnel system by blowers. After drying, the bricks are burned in Schéfer kilns, using coal as fuel. The clinker is passed first through Smidth ball mills, and finally reduced in Davidsen tube mills. | 1 Lewis, F. H. Min. ind. 6: 97. 868 -- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM An average analysis’ of the Iron Clad brand shows: 0 Mee ree rats in ees ARAB isa s 21.5 od en CAME OMe ee ran ae Andree ou didlo go 4 One | oF 9 Aaa ergo innnestea, Desi ian ha een Hicisold OLS gid 6 6.0 | Oy 0 near iaetier tE./ea air ane ell dies be oot CEs oe anh Seas am NN 63.5 MO 20 Se tek ee eee pene KO and NasOz ce eee A Gale emi Besageceg nes BOR ae AO Re oe ee ee eee 1.5 Sand cement is also manufactured at these works, and is dis- cussed briefly later in this paper. _ Helderberg cement co. The plant of this company is located at Howe Cave, Schoharie co. Quarries in the Waterlime group at this point have been long used for the manufacture of natural cement, while quarries higher up, both geologically and topo- graphically, furnished a wey pure limestone which was burned into lime. 7 In 1898, the Helderberg cement co. began to utilize the stone from these latter quarries in the manufacture of Portland cement. Commenced on a small scale, the industry would seem to have promised favorable results, as a much larger plant, belonging to the same company, was erected during 1900. The new plant has a nominal capacity of 1500 barrels a day.. The materials used are limestone and clay. | As noted above, the limestone used for Boucle cement, is: ob- tained from the old lime quarries, and the clay from a deposit in the vicinity. Smidth ball mills and Davidsen tube mills are used for crushing, reducing and mixing the materials. The wet process is employed and 12 rotary kilns are in use. The result- ing clinker is ground in ball mills and tube mills, and the product is marketed as the “* Helderberg ” brand. The various quarries at Howe Cave show exposures of the aigt- ferent formations from the Clinton up to the Pentamerus. Dr 1 Lewis, F. H. Min. ind. 6: 97. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 869 Charles S. Prosser’ has determined that the entire section shown consists of the following rocks, the datum being taken as the level of the Cobleskill at the suspension footbridge. 0-32 feet covered with soil. 82-56 feet green, argillaceous shales (Clinton group). 56-63 feet dark gray, massive limestones (Niagara group). 63-102 feet gray argillaceous and magnesian limestones (Water- lime group). - 102-333 feet dark blue limestone (Tentaculite group). 1333-443 feet limestones (transitional Tentaculite Penta- merus). 1443-68 feet very massive gray limestone (Pentamerus group). The limestone used in Portland cement manufacture is obtained from the Pentamerus and Tentaculite beds, exposed in quarries just west of the station, on the northern side of the railroad track, while the Clinton and Waterlime beds above noted are shown only in the lower quarries. Partial analyses of these upper lime- stones, quoted by Prosser as having been made by OC. A. Schaeffer follow: Si O, Ca COs Pelemtaculite Immestone i 2 6 670) 9S cle vie Sire woe LS 48 95.75 imemramerus limestone’... 2%. + ss'sre's et ara as 4.12 93.68 Another sample analyzed by Schaeffer gave: SIO ree tnsre eo ors ates secs cee ot tca sane ols e nata/or artes ote Sddec 1.27 PRIA Oar e te eee te et ws oie eee ee mah Sheen Rte ale gan ee "3 Met Onis tee ae cutters ee coats eure ot oce oe oils GH Sle ehacote te eters WOO cs co ore ate e oro a ees Stee uel a! deanery Sts bees « 9.24 IGE O)ecreee so tegsre eet ee Pere coe cra els che o seveto sete Seheaneens 1.39 recta esto o ralalate cele. ore © sors 8 <6! ee sede: seiete oe Sede iste As no complete analyses of the materials actually used for Portland were obtainable, I have included this analysis, as the 118th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 67. 870 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sample, while coming from a quarry not used for Portland cement, is evidently from similar beds, and gives a very good idea of the iron, alumina and magnesia contents of these cement rocks. Iroquois Portland cement co. This company is erecting a plant near Caledonia, Livingston co. Marl and clay will be used, in rotary kilns. Several companies have been formed to work de- posits in this vicinity, but data concerning their plans are not obtainable. Millen’s Portland cement works. After having disposed of their plant at Warners, Onondaga co., to the Empire Portland cement co., T. Millen & Co. erected their present plant at Wayland, Steu- ben co., which commenced producing in October 1892. The works were destroyed by fire in July 18938, but were rebuilt and began shipping again in October 1893. The materials used are marl and clay. The marl is obtained from a swamp near the mill, about 185 acres of marsh land being owned by the company. ‘The marl] deposit is about 6 feet thick. Unlike the Onondaga county deposits, however, the marl bed is not underlain by clay, and the latter material has to be brought from a bank near Mt Morris, in Livingston county. The clay deposit there worked is one of a series which occur in the terraces bordermg Canaseraga creek and the Genesee river, extending more or less continuously from Dansville nearly to Rochester. The clay for cement is worked at a point about 4 miles south of Mt Morris, and is shipped over the Delaware, Lackawanna and West- ern railroad to the works, a distance of about 20 miles. The clay is dried over steam coils, ground in a Potts disinte- erator and mixed with the marl in a revolving mixer. The slurry is then passed through pug mills and made into bricks. These oricks are dried in tunnels, and burned in dome kilns, 16 of which ire in operation. Blake crushers, Millen crackers, and Sturte- vant rock emery mills are used in the reduction of the ge The cement is marketed as Millen’s Wayland. team puv[ArM “00 JUATIED WoW JO jULI_ 3 ‘oJoyd ‘sont ‘H ft f i i rt Sates a oat, eeee 6 ee Dees cee, ee v6 We ee fe eee 8c9 OS sae ol C&P G LG ©@ »-e@ooeee G8 6 eooevee Bu bas ee SHIGKVS | SLSAL er, eee eoeeee eee ee eeus eeoeaeere ce "A (N ‘00 ueqneys 2 AE IN, Gael a “ACN SIl@A SUID *AUBIUTED) *019}095 e@eoecesteeeeee ee © © © © “UR ON pueden "AN SiTeg 8ua1p ‘KR 'N ubpsop 6 eg yd@Asy “AN O[[tasutysog e eee, )-5) "KN JouIe AA TL joes Aueusey ‘sanqousowy COL Ce ORNS OG IE (ClOYO) ee ae Aca Gy ‘eg uojdwmeyu.IoN “**Auvuley ‘sinquepy yeeees co "PN Bydiy ALITVOOT L68L syueumes puvlyw.og @eseteeeeeoreneee7 287027082 888 886 @ . ‘jueUIeD pues gq ‘peels jou puvig D 10) teeeeeees Qqreoln A, Se ES! AALONDIEA Perens eee eTQT11¥9049 sees TMOIC [BAOW een "o* pei wo] er.,eeeveveeaeeeus D Sanam OOD eo tyogehils) TORS ODS OOC GER sey REO) PE SUOOUOS OOS OO RHETT o000 500 Se He nTGliiTy o000000 yoyseyo4q nena <1 (9 1 00000001@) PORE ODE SO STIG LTIITN KOS) eeoceeoeee vee oe = SseiyVv Teena LOS IEW eoer Pee 1 (6 Une qNvud 885 ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY CHAPTERS *po7v4s JOU puvig 9 £92 818 O9T 68T v8 PLI 18 61 68 L61 96 63 IT L8T CL 83% 801 98I 88 Qa & n Q a purPRS & : JUDTIIVO T sjonbriq 14 107K HLONAULS BIISNAL | Las! 8 I mere 2 op yest €F8 £26 6S g oe ants £68 C6 IIt Gua eee FL8 EF6 PUPAL Ae nO9o 2 |e ee 418 £6 OL I ae Fuh E88 Le j eoiceas £98 tE6 LUO Gila |G es ae £8 T&G 0g Cia saa £98 C6 cl Pieulee Seow SQ Se KS) Lo} ® a eae ono 5% Be iq?) iq?) ge % SUIdAVS | SLSAGL SSHUNUNTA "8 nT opptaogjzoAe 7 eave eene seo Sear & 'N ‘OO 1098], STN Rass ata "N UO V "er NT gaqgemouulg "KN ga0doq1y sees CN TogeMmouutg Ge 20 a 'N uoO1yV Saar SS RGN oye yng "ees Ny loyeMmouulg PA REE uo1y Vv ALITVOOT Z68L S}ueurss [vingen eooesesee pepe Deira rt ee es Ue pesersceeeoeseere p9[Vpudsoryy ore es oe eee ee e- se e800 YSTIIQO oreoeoreeeeeeoeeree¢e $8,004.10 \T whey PoP garter t Manes ae aT DE ANG NIE ose eee * o[epussoy UureyUnopy e@eeerteeeeet nee veee UueU OF, ee eS aU LULU G) eee eee re aeeee “"18)9G UOLYW ee eS TINA WOT anyud MUSEUM YORK STATE NEW 886 T66 L8I CLE T8I OLG c6L 81 Iv LGL Oot LLS 681 1&3 19T arr SLI 696 PGi CES SPL 9&6 69T CZ FLI CES $91 LOS 161 rage 906 SABP 8 shep u9a0sg pues ¢ » UAUIEd T sJonbiiq 1B).107 HLONWULS ATISNUL *qUSTIGD PULS LAS £16 OOT 96 OUT G3 £L6 $86 66 06 66 £P6 166 +6 £66 £6 266 £96 £66 $26 £66 £36 #86 $26 266 £26 866 26 £56 £6 506 ry SL tg ho} a aA Se oe = 9 399 5 a Bi a SSHNAUNIW cl T 780 T| 39 |"° 0g T z og Vo: : ei 83 ee tee TZGRT I oe ai é I |e ONO Ey = SATdNVS | SISAL i : . a -s 0020 pe & © & © ‘ fetes seeee cers ny OURO A, ness 8 NT STB SUOLD --**AuUBUIION) °U1}1019 ‘eq ospllg Sspolijso1g SON CRON DOE Oi aT Avi dog str ey oN STLR AT SUTH BOE 887 ON UR OONP soe ON OT[LASULYIOg p28 OO SIN SINE IA M\. eg 1dAs yf SSCs is ett es oui Aejdog teeeeeeees soma gd kB see -eg uoidumeyi.0N aod pet Gale "'N eyd)y ALITVYOOT S68. szUST9D PpuBlILO”d Core rer ee eereoeeeevriveovoce oqIueotn A +4 @ eeeee eevee dp eoeeee ,@ere00 Sues te TA Chee Say LOMO NG ‘u0JsSeLH UI}4IIC pager me eo SPINY Serres Naess eee ee hae Sal OE ME yveeuroeveveve peiO UoOIT eee eee BPS 2 Phe DURE EE) eeccwe vee eve eo r18 0 “** G9SIMO*) e@ececeove »e@ee vee cesses aang reese onda * query) dé3q ets [Glv19t U7) "- +" BIquIN{oD ee eee eee eo SBILV eae ESS 0 (Ob ey aGNvUd 887 CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY GB CST gg SI | #98 £26 CIS 88 GS Qi kwa &6 606 64 SP LS 68 $C6 IGI 88 9% CL | $18 C6 661 03 67 83 | $68 96 FRI Bs Lg 02 £6 86 606 €8 oc UG 06 £96 L&Z G0 9P CCM lense £06 LSI Ch, rae 1g | $88 £96 ee C6 66 91 8 te Ske L6 93 OL | #88 ras) See pees ke wi S Sei as ie B® ge n @O O + 2 pues ¢ :4Quolmed T Ssjonbi41 187107 Las SSANHNIA HLONUULS ATISNAL —— ae) to! >) rt RQNMeOAHADOMNM —! SHTIGWVS | SLSUL paeseee ssi veer eveeesreve08.e ee ° "KON WOLyy “AX ON (09 1038] () 55 oN GOIyY ‘K 'N dojemouurg “KON jaodo71y “K ON doyemouuig "ACN OT@Q0g ‘A 'N doyemouaty ALITVOOT eevee sees ee eee one ore oer "**s"* 91e@pusesoy uOIUGQ trees ss SGorny mOTUy teeseeeeeseus orepuasoy Piteeee seer ee petaag Freee e sees eeeeeg TOI ION Oe en Ce ee “UBUTTJOFT “OT oy neapy HAMNER INT 1) EARD OF TL Wi ol eijal erie RivmivenenellsneheWexencnorsun(eeats 's, Youog eerste SrA SATS) uo01yV ~O@eee eo Fe Bs OOr & =~ » UOLYV aqnyug S68. SJUctIsO [eInN{Ze AT ‘JUSTIN Puss D cee Piast Boe Oe SEN ee tears Pahoa See eT OUOIING or ec eee 492 SLI Sct | 09 001 00T ell Caer soeeees* KON STTBq SmeTH F9G F&I 69 83 66 OOT i Wee Baier ee ed opie SPol1j.da1g LPS OST O6t | ¢9 | 486 OOL OL if icant ce ies ‘eg Avidop 9g¢ 01g 98. | OL | ¥&6 00T 02 g eRe 2 ee POLULTG) se 102 +6 CP 86 O0T 681 OR Oy oR Sie a euer® Soe LOT gg re «O| «EG6 £66 9 9 IS, NE MESTREIONE ea qd ksq a ie SPI 1g ge | #¢6 266 CII ces ane "A 'N e][asurytog P 8 Gal 69 OF 66 UO SI (cals ee re IS IN, COLIN A o0cg LBS 09% | OST | #96 O0T el I ee ee SN AR hae ee = Oa a nO CPT £6 8g | £96 00T eh 9 See et eK NE HOUe AN E986 CPI 83 rail +26 66 VOL Cea see iS ease Ve gen Aca ia Ei Ole IRT 18 Ir | £96 $66 vh (() peas Necesces ata ‘eq u0jdmeyj10N nm re J fa TE OE | 17, 86 O0T eI g@ [cttcttt ss Aueurtey 019407g i 70S Cle Lgl | SIL | #96 £66 12 G 2S Ee Ee PSIN BU ay, S e e a ) eS eo © e a 5 ta m2 es E = ee ae ae 5 Se | SE a a B 4 go SHIdNVS |; SLSHL ALITYOOT pues € :JWeUIGD T sjonbliq 1210] Las SSINANIA HLYNEULS HISNAL 668I S}JuUeTIED puylty1og 888 peeeesce vetoes ee screenees TENG kg iene aa Ones] 7°(0) Paley) Ceeere ees oe “> YSIyoT Pete eanen cere O21 (Q) UOJ] caesar. Baie oe SIO GEIS) ee e@oce ed “*** Qesouet) ca erase Oaeeeaceere Shun ire! “*** LOI[IOX os ooo 00 eeeess oidug 2S OOO TES KO WITAOO) eeneove pig SSE “"*"*"GIWGeqq 1OYOuUW eer revee POOP ONS, aqNnyvad 889 ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY CHAPTERS TLS OFT C66 98 Sul bh AVI 1k 1éT 19 GGG 46 CLI bh ee: lowe w a 5 pues g :4u9W90 T sqonbliq 1eqIOW HLONAULS ATISNAL LAS t16 86 £06 £06 £86 L6 68 06 $18 66 $86 $96 16 $C6 St rst - 3 % aA 5 = a ml = E SSHNUNIW eve ee eosee eee eoes ee reo er eee eeae CT T ZI T |occcce: e+ NT MOTH 9 gt teres NW JoIBMOUUIG 9 2 isc aiiri dw Peeiee K ‘N avg omozy 9 I se ees ee re e2066 es Pea Aeldog al 7 ee “kK ‘N o[epuosoy ee 7 tual ot aneaaicerataee’ KN aoyemouuig Salanvs | SLSaL ALIIVOOT 668T SJUeULed, [e1n4e NT eooecevr eee eee §,10}10 NT nae tetera tenicevoe ont 9jepussoy S1eG1OploOH ce her eee e nes e[epuvssoy [VIO1OWMIUIOD 5 "-* espisg udT_ooIg O-= @ 6 © . €e & aNyuad 8,yovog YORK STATE MUSEUM NEW 890 LYS 608 OLE 986 1&6 LET §8 986 ek che VIG C06 9ET 8cs 666 668 LG Clg T61 096 S91 896 O9T OVS 696 9VG TPL 666 §8T 666 661 696 LOT SI§ SIG x T™| 2) @ A a 3 pues € ;JUEUIID T sjyonbiig Ie yO HLDONAULS ATISNAL Las ELG 0OL #6 $66 £96 £66 £96 OOT $6 £66 £86 00T £86 OOT +66 OOT £66 66 £6 $66 C6 £66 £96 $66 96 OOT £86 OOT 2¢6 $66 G6 £66 #16 OOT Ss St lo) iS) 3 bn F & & SSHNUNIA £6 G ‘eg uojuomteg [°° ate 8 Wa rtaateine See "N eyrueorn A ys al e Seanaeeem es Stems Saelew wa sees : al B |esosagnn bese erega yjoreze Nn 28 1 Ug Ee a tees esse pommg {°° be I trots ecea Dee gree ES | Aeldog eee 6G e ieee ee RN siieq sue |°° ee Bp [rrctss ste XN eazy omoy [°° €e 9 avlowefahelenjiieetsleremetenere ° ’ eg ydisg -e LGG VG at noes KON SlTAsarydtod |” SP a7 GC O20 2 OP Ded ao ee abe Ne "N TOUIe AA ° 1g Pane aig eae ‘ed eB plig Spolijdatg 1é @ se ee oo 8 o.oo. 0-020 600.0 (2a Aejdop r) 9 | Exssesta| [ane ae eo A N sutpuey syjiumg | °° C1S 61 s eee e eececeess ed woydurey}1ON 6 Vv eee eooeoeoepe e 7.1@ 10; @ = Je), @ 10° e 8S G Oo OO 0G O06 ">" PN eudly ° SHIdNVS SES 2a.L ALLTVOOT seer voee ° ee ea 8) 6) 3's eaceeee GNyY aa e ee ee OLE * oqruBo[N A “uoseieg YQoIVze nN "os sg sryory "*"*-9u04shoyy “+ “DRI UOI] * S1oqiopley reeeee es ate -**"* 99SaT04y) ar? CORODLCT | * [B1IOLaWMAMIOD 0 TTEESTEO Dees eee ees gpiqyy eooe exe liv, oe “> eyudlTy OOBI s}zUEeMISED pusT}IOg a 891 ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY CHAPTERS 96T 906 681 666 11@ OG SIV 681 OIG OLE oad vor Th OL L9 cl Gol L6G S> 5 10 CO Or mo sep uaaeg pues [ :4U9UIOD T sjonbiiq 1B4107 HLONAULS ATISNAL LAS 1D CD 10 © SH HOO 4 10 OD SOT NANO MoH oe are) nm oO = SHIMWVS | SLSHL 236 #16 $6 L6 L8 £26 8 £66 66 $16 a8 226 66 266 £98 #26 $GQ 276 $F8 £26 Sy S ye) Ko) a e es oe B vie) Bis im g a io SSUNAUNIA Joye mouulg 410d 0}1U A iojeMouulg QABD SOMO XS NOON "N o[epucsoy OER ce “"' oN Jogemouurg ALITVOOT eer eve ee ere o[epuesoy UOTU- **§ UOJLON, ese eevee sroeeeee testes eres: GRUIOH ‘+ S1oeqieploeH eee Rede jane ee epee ra 0) LEIA YS f EN els a ee ‘osplg uk[HOoo1g as ‘s, yoveq ‘jeinjzeu UOlyAY anvud OOGT S$zJUSTISO [BINA AT isos, Plate 91 Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH eos Plate 92 1698 ? days eBdays iS O '@) 350 SOO | 250 5 e200 150 | 100 roe) Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH yal ise aati Ti gtedn alge beped Wiese its Plate 93 Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH se tart Neg! at Piet Seman illu U aansed cakes eh Fan kena BYE f | aes olte hae Sete sgh 0 ein Sern ate ar Se Sraaaly 3, aes rd Ne an ; oS at ghay, «eee pete ceeeaen Plate 101 h 1899 e 6 o100 mes sieve ° h rc) Oo ( e, C) ) Cee N | N @ Oo Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS EL tT nk eet ae aoe aan ey te ve EO © 190 mesh Plate 102 Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS Appendix D KEY TO THE TABLES OF LIMESTONE ANALYSES BY EDWIN C. ECKEL C. E. The limestone analyses which follow this section were collected by Dr Heinrich Ries. They have been carefully rearranged and revised in this office. Lach analysis has been compared with its original published record, and the tables are, it is believed, en- tirely reliable. At the suggestion of Dr F. J. H. Merrill the present writer has prepared a key to the tables of analyses to facilitate reference. This key is based on composition, and will be of use in determining the areas from which limestones of any given composition may be obtained. B27 |ivees 23 | veeee 306) eee 122 | scons ee 5.382 gil 07 eooseuoveer ereeoe 05 48 2.37 51 eveevee oe 3.72 51 | sel bMgO LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES THE UNITED STATES (continued) 901 MISCEL- OWNER No. Sen ras REFERENCE AND ANALYST LOCATION AND REMARKS ielacs: .oeeee- (Ark. geol. Sur. 1888, 2:2387....cccecceescvccesesseeee. (DANCY lime marl 38) oonoenas sob boou lUinter peel: sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 358; G. L. Teller,|Crescent white lime co. anal. 39 | MnO 3.61 |U. Bi eeor sur. Bul. 148, p. 275; W. H. Melville, anal. BUM leeiiteleleicleiesideles (Oi 9. CENSUS 169) min Andi; p. GO. -cicisis cicicw es ssi esie 41 MnO .20 |U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 270; L. G. Eakins, anal..|Niobrara limestone 42 |FeO .23 ig 148, p. 273; G. Steiger, anal.... 43 |FeO sfal ue BD us 0 44 |FeO .30 ear Ss es sielers 45 |FeO - 5D oe os Bh 0c 46 |FeO 32 ne ae ‘s vets 47 |FeO RYE ne af ue 6006 48 |FeO 385 ss ee ee wae 49 e9eeeceveoeeeeer eases i oie oe e@oee 50 ees eoveenveetorsee oS oie BE oee 51 *@eeovevevoeene eee oe G6 BO eee 52 eetroereoeeeoeoeens e 00 OO @oee 53 |FeO sll oe He me b06 54 FeO 07 es se a o 55 F20s ae oe 168, p. 270; L. G. Eakins, anal..| Upper Wyoming limestone n i 56 |FeO 24 a ‘* p. 271, W. F. Hillebrand,|Silver Wave mine Cl 5 1l anal. Alkalis .09 ian He. a U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 271, A. Guyard, anal...|Dugan quarry n P Alkalis .14 1 14 P,05 12 58 |FeO 13 Bb £6 OO ...|Glass-Pendery mine MnO 2 Alkalis 038 POs .03 59 Treo Br e 57 ue 66 sie ...'Montgomery quarr MnO 06 2 os y Alkalis .06 P2205 07 Cl 06 FeSo trace Org. .07 60 | Alkalis 05 aS ‘* p. 271, W. F. Hillebrand,'Carbonate Hill quarry eO .83 | anal. MG eheresdeses (Ame inst, min, ene. Trans, 16:586 .)...2....- snocon 62 |FeO .19 |U.S. oon sur. Bul. 148, p. 272; W. F. Hillebrand, anal. 63 |FeO -18 |U. S, geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 272; W. F. Hillebrand,|Serpentinous limestone MnO trace} anal. Alkalis .07 P2O5 .05 Cl .08 iL (Sa Biles) sieve Su Ne Sho Ecol sur. Bul. 148, p. 272; W. F. Hillebrand, anal. L= Analysis of burned lime 902 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF ' STATE AND PLACE N S Suda | © o: COUNTY a ° 2. é) D ie} at i) Bs 0 I < & 6) = INSOLU- WATER ~~ Colorado (c’d) 65 | Park ...+0..+-+-|Mt Silverheels.....0.].secee|seeceee evvsees|@30.19 [620.47 146.52 1.98 «|i. .(eee 66 | Piticita nc. tive nists | tease bchesclandh ditcssd ain ee eltie Ml Sees .22 |a80.66 1620.94 |47.13 16 |). Giles eI a eter montane Me ke oes meet egulagiang Pe 46.16 8 loam Oe ea eae emer vi cakee: aqinatancansa| brite erasure nes 3) Maw iho eek lors.z6 44.94 1.02 |e acum 601 het Socal esinte atcte Gera ee cleceiserats ac IRR bien | sees omens BS 035.98 | 08.25 37.35 13.68 | scm 20 || ~ 88 Giiohiaraemtdl| eee) alec cee are boll Anktillbesidee Boek naBiael NOES OG ade T 1.424. ae oe b.54 [29.88 31.148"|:5 eee P| tS: ates detociens [i ckansterctacteele mantra le matelsral ateine et .88 |a38.85 | 69.97 [41.47 7.78 | acme 7 78 cia Pee(oletersteterevorel |X SIO Glectetotctoteveloiarievetolorell oheleleveralltersveletetete -88,a31.16 |620.64 |47.19 «DR Is m ctetere Wh Wo sabe Seater S OL. evebettdelnte aafieiee fosnesai| nenmedethaee saboOlals blou|44een 33°. ..c8ee ih eed se RARrnnl aL ans kam O Oh Ory amaGnn| AMGROCW maadsereibn| (OROWAS Wert. Ae 02 84 |i, ce Fav) |) LEWIN) Ghagnodool lS WEIOIO aaqonooncadonall (Abo: ial 1.33 {@49:06 | 6.56 | uci ses see crcllcmentere V1 sie COC OH FBO HH | Fe Hee TED Lo oHeHOOHH EOE oO e/ THT OOH! CHRO HF .36 “vy | Summit........|Copper Mountain...|......Jeeccess svoeeee. (54.23 | b.21 [42.97 2. 69s| saietelere 78 ay soeoeees (Pittston tunnel .....].cccec|-secess oscees(Qon.c4 | 6:24 |43-81 | [620]: cations 79 oe SOcnnnde| Lecce iell lav os 65 Sisieleiel (iererciel|(eleisicieleie alee (2CC-Ole OLS Somers 10:09) | sche 80 Pe sioie s.¢.910'e!| SUIMIMIGIQUATLY:. vis vo|/scieclliscseicel )cieleeiejen(Q0o.00 1 Ol.2S) |4on0a8 1:75 | scans 81 ey sesiaraiefora sist Gleletelcleeisleletale’| i sielsieiellie wlelatel mele el eieyeyeie)e]l 200e1 Vall mrs COM ConMie 1:87 | anew &2 os ccooves [Pittston tunnel .....||,cssccleccoses csesee.(@00.00 | 0.7%) [4059 Cowl i conacs 83 de seeders | UMMA Kameashat belles cer ceccees crseee- 128.05 (018.15 [43.88 6.75 jeeeee : 84 a eve steven INOPEMIOL SUSAEMIOAT. |icverere sillareetieic. \cisvicece 1a52.97 | b.4 [42.12 4742). c eee 85 ve sioaicews HOCADIS ARO chi narcosis s ilies mavenve fea viaerenn a55.58 | 06.87 |44.17 | 36 |. aa 86 a Spoon oe| oll emt Connecticut 88 Litchfield eoaeees @Wanaanastraccienccteine .08 25 54.4 45.12 eseeor *@ereoeveeoties eeoe €9 oe @eoevee OC Sete seh aren gee Oe Gg 42 eeeoeeoeed e eeenoe ad6.57 642.56 *eeene eeeoeceoeoevens eeeoee 90 oe Brercisvert | ASt Callaam eiehee eelleicaeiee 2 a31.31 |621.03 |46.98 48 ls sataer Georgia O17) Bartow: vetsiereies | CAVE SPUN scclisiciei Gro |. Mielec 1.5 | 58.44 | 41.15 |..te., wae ccoeunletreeie 92 PO Bacon nocs (CEUNGING Ceccooscoddde oll 5.45 1.8 | 43.5 | 26 Bree toh ee oles Al eerie 93 ee OG OOO Ht os Bb0dot cag o00/|LU 6.1 2 55 Pil leotosni|sesdos0700I| canes 94 ** wees. (He yptian quarry ...| 6.47 2368" 2.1 4) 52,05 86.32) |.c...0cn |= oer eee a Ji) IDEKOG) Relgnooapooallassnaves IODC ouoooudllscoce ol MG213 1 M2055) [951 yee wget 96 | Floyd ..... sues | ESOC oaoos|ioaconeconol|cac 506 169 | Owen ...... siete | eT Os OL SPCMECIrailteeisterelel | sisiereyerte -91 | 96.79 BD) leistelees 7 41 NCOP @wwierierr cireterciers || LVOMON aiansey rere) | lino .18 a54.82 b.31 ae slave eerevoretae leerverete (ion LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 907 THE UNITED STATES (continued) 170 MISCEL- OWNER LANEOUS UENO RINS CON ATED) NEB ASS LOCATION AND REMARKS onoonoo00DDE .- /U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. \Big Creek quarry Smith, anal. MgO trace |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; Grasseli|Defenbaugh & Smith chem. co., anal. MgO .386 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; Grasseli a chem. co., anal. eeeeoeeoeeeepeoeen Min. res. U Ss. 1890, p. 392 e@eoeone @eooeneved e@ovoeee eoee eseeoevseeoeeoveeeae Sie oe @eeoesved @eeoeeosvseeveeoe + eee SO3 1.25 |U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 482; G. M./Huntington white lime co. Undet. 1.82] Levette, anal. Bteiatori tale Wisi eleveavens Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 326; L. H.Streaker, anal...|Indiana steam stone works @eeseeeeenseeaer OC cit up eee Oi wesceeeseeseeeee(U. 9. ZeOl. Sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal... ros ee Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 29; S. B. Newberry. anal ../Syracuse Portland cement co. oss ; CaSO, 1.58 OG 821; ue Org. 4.23 Org. 2.12 os ‘* A.W. Burwell, anal.. Org. 5.02 oe ‘* W.A. Noyes, anal.... Org. 2.87 ot Se ue Aico eseoovs @eoeoe vec nee § f ue £ *e@seeeeereoeeeaeeeoe oe ox ve e@oos sovevecovesesses(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; F. W.|Bedford quarries co. Clarke, anal. A svecceveeseeeees{U. S. Geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W.|Bedford Portland cement co. Smith, anal. hierdie iW o- geol, Sur..20th) rep’t, pt 6p. ssl; A. Ww. = Smith, anal. sesesccovesssss-(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W.|Bedford Indiana stone co. Clarke, anal. P2058 trace |U. Pe geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; F. W. Clarke,|Hoosier stone co. anal. P20, trace |U. es geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; F. W. Clarke, ue see no. 151 anal. revescceseeesee- (ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 328; A. W. Smith, anal.,...|Bedford Portland cement co. mielereiele so0D00000e ue 321; W. R. Oglesby, anal.. CaSO4 olf OG ‘s W.A. Noyes, anal.... Org. 3.21 CaSO4 17 ue oe a ers Org. 3.15 eet ee ee vor oe 1885, p. 7, AER Haier die tit car a ate ek Ne Nt Org. 4.15 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 821; W. A. Noyes, anal ..... MieleieletaleibiaiereinieloiseiOeao: geol sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; J. N. Hurtz,|Peru stone and lime co. anal. iene slsie(relerrs NG SeOlISUrT O00) Pa deOun aelelaaiie dees viele velele> eee DUNN CE DUM Quarry, »peoeoo'oeaeovoeveeee OO OG Ob Alkalis 55 ee ot Dunn & co. Alkalis .83 oe se Monroe marble co. Alkalis -l1 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381 Acme Bedford stone co. Alkalis .82 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 326 Simpson & Archer quarry vovccceevereeee [U- S. geol. sur, 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; W. A.|/Romona oolitic stone co. Noyes, anal. bMgO ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF 908 NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM STATE AND ° | 2) No ouNne PLACE S fe} o S —_ _! Oo ss} i) | Sacksoneeneeeoee Migrant Secsaqq0cn) laondoe|lacacac -De) | been 197 | Marshall........ LaGrande vig ccmoneebileieeies .05 a5d.05 198 vig iJ eeee ett erceaees Peeseetene ee .07 ad4.85 199 Coe egrets ee Lees. Es 18 .15 1a50.56 200 oe AoOobOO OP tases aerate ciahovetese [ureters 14 .15 |a45.42 201 ue naan ve i P ne 15 .81 1045.29 202 SNES Waa RE es Pe ccciel Mertens .14 .26 |a50.42 203 | Plymouth.......{On Big Sioux river|......|.... sarelguneisiorsisuers 83.7 south of Westfield 204 oo sseee-|/Deep creek n.e. of Malek cient | OatOo LeMars 205 | Sioux...... Jono EAN EIROEIN gonoongoonll ofS 6.68 64.3 PAU WWE AS So agonooaldauuiaal KONG E, sqq0naaocolloqace 1.75 94.12 S| 38 Sl Saltese ay aS 2 85) Heoaonalloogacoves We ncson. 2.14 BidOwl fpr 1.56 BESS teenie 68 Qadri 1.08 267 | acts. AT DoS | creer 1.16 GAGA Sea te 4.52 Scot ik 3.8 AG basson 19 2.64 Biel 2200 eee 82 B07 | cn bee hae PCD linoaapollanouaoo cs ¢ B0e53 aq: 3.52 WASAIs) "Godou|llGacdeo 56 97 Bieter exis Aaa00 A, 6h 48868: lay sat) IP nooc soodoo7 Weple cae te |stats 43 Gal peal aie CAGE as: 5.95 Bio WS oqnoo 2.37 PLO ae ec se U8) aoe saoono6 Ateot ieee 42 6.28 |43.62 Sti b.28 |43.3 96 03.7 143.79 1.24 68.21 '44.85 8 68.28 |44.76 .89 63.06 143.85 1.22 Qe ln ea bernie sieeeee Te FAG ie cetennes Sa chee 21.92 2.72 |e. 1.58 ac WATER LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 909 THE UNITED STATES (continued) CEL- t é OWNER No Pe ous REFERENCES AND ANALYST LOCATION AND REMARICS VLE isratals wisse itis ie.e'erae « U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; W. A. eee quarry. see no. 170 anal. BGO harcrerayeresc Manica rsa U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; F. W. Clarke, anal.: Trenton limestone 173 |Org. 4,51 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 321; W. A. Noyes,anal...... Marl 174 |Org. 4.18 ve ee CFA Rete MENS ue 1% \Org. 2.82 a )- CR Dryer anale, mes. ae 176 |Org. 1.56 me ‘* W. A. Noyes, anal ..... fs 177 |CaSO4 ney . cee om He Be pe See Org. 1 97 178 |Org. 3.68 oF Oo Ree DisyeGaiiallen. oye e 179 |Org. ibe me Decor He Hetlooper, analyses a 180 |CaSO4 14 es p. 3881; W. A. Noyes, anal .... Pe Org. - 2.25 181 |CaSO4 .23 ne we a pi aia ire Senet ie Org. 4.18 182 |CaSO4 22 oie ine Gea Otero re rsa oa Org. 3.88 183 jloss 12.681 < itl, 1s Cacooe ielerroiaisiaket sencncktteie aston Natu’al cement rock | 184 jloss 12.18 ot ASOT OSE avetacursioroa abot sie tare lereierns ce USP alco e staigieve es a U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal....|Trenton limestone 186 loss 10.€87|Ind. geol. sur. 1891, p. 257..... qoadc08 staeiniae er elsene Natural cement rock, Davis arm 187 |........ .......|U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. Smith,/Twin Creek quarry anal. : 188 |.....++..ee0.++-/U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; W. A. Noyes, xs see no. 187 anal. ic a aaee »-eeeeeee (U.S. geol. sur. 20threp’t, pt 6, p. 381; A.W. Smith,|Hoosier quarry anal. 190 | Alkalis .15 |U.S. geol. sur 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. Smith,|Salem quarry anal. 191 |.,......ssse000e-/U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p 381; W.E. Stone,|/Ind. macadam & construction anal. co. 192 ees .22 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 321; W. A. Noyes, anal ...|Marl : rg. 6.71 TOSS Oe can ies | Uso seol. sur. bul 148sp.263; ©, Catlett, anal... Trenton limestone 194 |MnO». .20 |Iowa geol. sur. 11:336; N. Knight, anal ............ Lower Davenport limestone LO ial erteteradel sieve ore ach St 8:308; J. B. Weems, anal......... DeKalb limestone OG etemrlehsiaress wary cee ¢ U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 383; S. Cal-|L. B. Stuart & Co. vin, anal. 197 |FeO .09 |Iowa geol. sur. 7:251; G. E. Patrick, anal. .........|Fine grained oolite, LaGrande ; quarry co. 198 |FeO me oe sa on Sy omen ueene Blue limestone MnO .08 199 |FeO .09 OY oS ey F heaven Gites Iowa Caen stone 200 |FeO 19 ee se ae Sie, oe ectears .../lowa marble, plain 201 |FeO sil ue oie Of oe veeeeeeess {LOWa marble, colored 202 |FeO 09 sae vis se Bitch aie eiese .»... stratified limestone MnO trace (Sell paltereretsis cycles aie B00 sm 8:359; J. B Weems, anal........ ...{Chalk rock, old quarries 204 eeeeovreeoeeeneceeeen et ae se ae eevee ee @ae ee UA rafelslava oie ace ote aie 5 ue LOS) everelereieire So obooNo0d DO GoUr ona ObSGE Benton limestone 7405) eSaane so5000000||Wi tS eed: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. ¢ Ferrous carbonate. 910 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF STATE AND as Ey kd oO No. Sania PLACE ro ° S o ie acy © ES ty oe) Ey (eS) S i.e) Kansas a VGH INU 5 Saoonnons lehormbyolGheoaococqu0nnlloccacc 5.91 91.02 14 ROSSISUSG Cpe eae Se Ue Le a | 1.76 Byles abso ec. 2:65 \|eee Tm bak Cs ee caret PR ae te enn ha ee 1.21 O52 ede tals meee 1.99 s\oseee B10 1 Pater at one PAE lie scanmel leak eee 1.07 932 2 | anol ee 3179 la capes Sil. |) Andersons scl GAtNetis: cacieienaeietlaniciee 81 92.76 POD later 4.3 43 312 Bare mere nO he ay Ae Ber alll sale IGHGSOt Sagcee| See th 2 leo so- ‘6: eee: ISS Barber alex sectooc Meee eae een een *9F 95 94.62 214 | Brown ........+-|Horton..... RSME rs ies te: 5.53 81.91 Birtlemeesscesnl tl dOrad Omemeerd: ayoterullnsceherets .96 93.32 @haseri eee nalts SULOM eCity ererereratelelerl|eetsieler Os 90 att i=) for) OU &) pe a 5 r 5 ° Oe 6G0006 ....|Cottonwood Falls...]...... 3.62 84.72 OU AIRC CEE) pa dnnna KEE! esocooaoudnodolloecodt .69 97.82 8 a HdoaconoltsN@nt ‘Cree Ko oocooccallsonne 17 44... (55.25 | 0.35 (48.779 SO |elelnieleie CIA wr cars ayeaisc e'cre| Clays COMEOIH siereisietafei| aise stele 6.4 GO04s | 724572) eee 9.57 |v scene Cowley...0.0+-s. ollverdaler.;..ccswee |) Deer 1.07 TAP a 50/365 |) (O25 |40n34s ec rceman 78 S| cum TENCL 65 g55sen 5000||s0000¢ 85 94.06 sORIilbs ceteiae Ip 4.25 |. ..e0e CamPTIid Owe cis cise ores |hareic.01o:e 1.69 93.98 ote Gaon 3.84 | cco e@eonvenr DOM PLASM rele elon) MCU WALCTACO emt eletslelatslelal lee nicier 1.07 OA STS |e all Ge ace 3.58 ee s0000000608||o00006 1.79 95.02 af Ohl harerolerce 2.29 sveceee oe SB 2.55 GEG Ne Gon ||aeerere NERO lin eagdo SNCELTLG loratetelletslsfals wiotelvnie|leforiaia= 2.38 OAT eel OG he eee 1.18 wok iereia's Rnbprecdpoladadod Carina Oerncagraol| eect it) Wesi at osc 3.82 sill ofekotayetiatstetetareietslesevel| (areisvelor ee S261 ae An ea lee tre 3.94 PP eb acne LeCéuSsdGoelloooUen 1.18 93.3 tO aetsrere 4.79 COOMCI@55 Soodcancoslloooces 3.07 90.63 eOda|Eetsetor 4.81 Jetmore..... SGodgodd)|ocouad 2.08 91.3 toffallonee nic 5.06 Hamilton.....,. Hodgeman..... VEO CMe nooo so ollenseancsasccanocdbcudnlocoons 2.02 83299 | (2:66) 15 ee cee 10.93 Jefferson....... WanliGHeSECIe arenisteraltceias 1.04 907015) PS eGGa Rae en 6.98 Johnson........ [OER Soom abot 25: eeciviag 1.35 90 = Leal ievereraye 8 Leavenworth...|Lansing .......... gcel|scqu00- 2.47 SORSS el aeleelal eeret 5.91 i bac zat dd oncosaanGec lao goes 3.31 leat abatsts) Jesse 6.2 oe acc a piefoielalels\aleisloferel| etevelaicle 3.06 (SAG Sl AGal eee 12.97 tt . SOLGIONS, HONIG iy cie1ei|,orcrels os 4.09 69.07 | 3.06 00S. 17.49 OP RS ES) ao © & BW WD o no =H S&S © Sirsa tN ee eer a ea ee es Se ee eee ae ee es] 4 i) Cppegnhes ea ye Noe ese | >] Dee pe en fuctann = oP — poe 5 sh0d00r eS do0d0G09006l!o00000 2.05 eee | eBD loaacco il flaccooe Elk..... Beiseeettel NLOUM Orn een, F08d00005|| ouonr 2.13 93 49 | 3.04]... ... 66 |. cceee eer Greeley eweoeveneovoeeene oeeoaes 3.09 92.71 2.64 coeee 1.18 eseoee LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 911 THE UNITED STATES (continued) © MISCEL- No. = OWNER . LANEOUS REFERENCE AND ANALYST LOCATION AND REMARKS ee eee ANE |lsoocobado0es 1. |U. S. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|Iola marble co. ROS Alisteciawi ete jeaocanes U-8. geol sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, AID) NcooocooomenseneE U.S. geo. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, 210 |Sulfates .2 /U.S. Be0l- sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, 211 ef .25 fs secél. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|/Carboniferous limestone - 212 us .43 TSS col. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, ‘s PIS | ereyrsiereloys sieietslaeters een sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, 214 |Sulfates .05 Ge sol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, 4, p. 505; Williston,|Frey Bros. quarry Cally || ONE Cato RP 58 Rae oll sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, = oe Williston,|Permian limestone 216 |Sulfates .08 Ges. zéol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston,|Carboniferous limestone 217 ty 9 foe ase sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston,|Bittiger Bros. quarry Me dllSge cor S000 adOe0 ue eeol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, |Subcarboniferous limestone 219 |FeO 2 gS. wool. sur. Bul. 168, p. 263; L. G. Eakins, anal.|Cherokee limestone 220 ae le Fe 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504......... »... |Permian 221 Eo . Bul. 168, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal... 222 FeO 2 SOs. : : : oh 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston,|Permian CP ledenoee Soocaodns U eee eolk sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, se a eU reacties ndD000860 oe. eee: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|H. Heddeman quarry SoC OMa latarerehwelarsieis tiejo:3 's US zeol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, |Carboniferous 23. || gee A toaD woe 26a sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, BOT Vi svesic Sean eS cea sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 503; Williston, _ 228 |Sulfates 36 us zeol, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4. p. 505; Williston, EAS) henna ee es sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, AOE erereteiaiatel steieleiesccs, 51s us zeol, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|Hanway quarry CEN a Ae ae area Toe besl. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, ee CACM ifolecite tere ee aa Dee ese sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, oe OCW a cle /sisterieln Geveaets US veol, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, es OAM Poets edicts sleierente ona US. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|/Benton Cretaceous oni eater na ee afris geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, 236 |Sulfates .14 U.S. geo sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston,|A. W. Charles quarry Ble [ve ctarstersicis cies tina: U.S. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, 238 |Sulfates .02 U.S. gel. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, a 239 |Sulfates .88 |U. Seeel: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 240 |Sulfates .28 |U. Spegh sur. 16th rep’t pt, 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 241 |Sulfates 2.32 Us S. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, nal. 242 |Sulfates .87 a S. geo! sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. J bMgO 912 NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF j ‘ No. EA se er ae y PLACE i 6 OS | ° ° Z 2 = | g 2 d S a © 2 3 ts Ape eh ee MO Se ee, [pees Oe Sts Lad Mie ee ee es. xe wy non6 Seta Niteloraeie ee OA 1.91 HORT 305098 | ie cere 6.85 9 245 | os 50006 facie tanira paxern tors telatenstix solloooaoc 1.65 GIGS 22a 2 eee 13.51 aia 246 Simei tates Ba00 oe O6d5600000 ae “0006 1.59 5lS05) e405 | oa. Oa(D) | keodoc 247 HEN aahtaeets neo eee Boa noGE shes (aooma 1.24 91.5 DOW aries yaad Nba e clee 248 | Marshall. ......|Beattie..... seared tonahedl elevate 40 4.29 80.1 1 18.89 Ann 249 ee eritss Oh sin hic fg Susana atthe ln ore aber ane faetate 2.37 84.8 COS e HIS ctor 8.75 25 250 Sb ok th AES ses rigs Je ene APE Pn a ae as 1.34 SOESIS TSAS iets cate TA SOM ee ere 2010 Micanailensse sacs Hontana <2 cei Jrlloaos 5 95 96.5 (GS eats 1.5 oe 252 ue Ral stotavavels Pat VEO has hoahoe Laomone 1.32 Q6EOS 7 ethane, L854 geen 263 a saat oF no s0000¢ ESCH HOBOUL 82 95.57 Bheahee siaccs PR od bea ot: 254 | Montgomery...|Independence... ...|...... 1.91 MORZO MMS Tse, oars 1G 54 | a seetete 255 | Nemaha ......./Sabetha ...... sen ele |e are 56 3.59 TAU S70 Fetal Rena Loi 29 256 | Norton. Boo PNOUCIA seoesedsan: avec terst=t & FeO .9 89. Wes enoe 8.29 . 257 | Trego :.... O65 Wiakeeneyeneccscneue 14.06 5-17 1a43:05 | 0.5 1385.03 4 Seoanlh llserZe 258 | Wabaunsee..... PINAL Writer Wianiarsaiet 30008 1.74 OG | UY oonooe Geeellocacc 259 ae Eratitai|ageinae cater nwa s aia emererce 4 elena tf Il 45). Meade Oe nearer 260 = 50 TRAE aeeess A Soelfsontee 2.49 S458 2a. oars 10.37 ; 261 cs a MieHMarlandinsen.. veeeleccaes 2.61 92.5 WS |oc Scien lees 262 | Woodson .......| Yates Center........]..0068. 2.6 88.03 | 2.04 Optciedt ian ceo Kentucky 263 | Anderson..... ..|Lawrenceburg ......|.... So ne 85.2 1 24ers 10425] peep 264 | Barren..... ..ee- (Glasgow Junction ..|...... eine £8.05 3308 |e reerete 1506 lees 265 OY gones0n vs aah eal Bison Ile & MnO» (7.55 | 13.314) ., S305 |ocove . 2.68 266 YE .Aone s Cou hh aR oa mol es & MnO» 82965 6505) eta 6.16 . 2.68 ZO |W EEN soonne) pes ..|W. side Clear creek..|...... ane DoncOM fel Baaoillleeiterrs VS 5AS We cerns 268 | fT esaeeesvae(NEarOwInesvillesss.| eae ae & MnO» DUIS: | SLO REO lankreter 1.98: Po ae 11.408 269 | Bourbon ........|Quarry below woody]...... & MnO» Goro lee C49 eer SES aaa pasture «on William 542 270 ss sialeieieyotsts Gane dees William oils & MnOg G5A98) IS SOD ac sete @ G48) Ae Buckner’s farm 4.66 271 a seeerooefO M. eC. Of Paris ..... spocae 238) D.ple | 7114 te S26l near RPM Nac ocae a72 | Bullitt...........|Bellemot furnace...|...... aa? (G3i,2183 |) Bott lecodac MeAGBIlPeciereiece LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES THE UNITED STATES (continued) 913 No MISCEL- : LANEOUS REFERENCE AND ANALYST 7-6 nooood Wo 1S eee. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 244 |Sulfates .95 |U.S. peor sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, - anal. 245 a6on0b O00 soigen Olaese Boel: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, ; ana 246 B¢ ra | Uis Se Beal: sur- 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 247 DODO TE DOCREDDE U.S. Boel: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Wil iston, anal. 248 |Sulfates .39 |U.S. pool: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 249 |Sulfates .78 |/U.S. cor sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, ana 2450) le daco UN elienaters 661 (Ulo th peo: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p 504; Williston, anal. 251 alerersncreresersle= go's URS: peor: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. 252 GoCnn HO commer Wi, Se peel: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. 253 oe oao00U0 Wms: Bek sur. 16h rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. EC OAR PT er ratslevs «io a ie%e U.S. peck: sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p 505; Williston, anal. 255 |Sulfates 55 /U.S. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. 256 AO cope Wotss seek. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. ROU | ovens SS covieoeres U.S. geol. sur. bul. 168, p. £63; F. W. Clarke, anal. 2s} ogous copdotd ame U.S. Bool sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 259 joo CutOO eed Was: Beer sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, aval. 260 Dos Wea: pool sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, anal. 261 oocadeodss U.S. peor sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. 262 Sulfates .21 /U.S. geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, anal. 263 B20s ee Ky. geol. sur. chem rep’t A, pt 2, p. 128....... ayers 3 ° - |Alkalis 19 264 |P.0s 051 Me ee 105 JU) Sonapooes Og 26 Alkalis 442 265 |P.O5 051 Oe ay 1D. WHO coooncoce SO3 .192 Alkalis 342 266 P,Os Plates te os es eoveeers ies Og 26 Alkalis 291 267 P205 a ile ce o sat eeoee eooe SO3 633 Alkalis 656 268 |P,O5 .592 ee He 1, WA oosdooe SO3 2385 Fe,COg 8.095 Alkalis 209 269 |P.O5 .138 ue oe Deel 28 niin eae one SOg 18 Alkalis 249 270 |P.O5 822 Of ue [5 US Goocoen‘c SO3 427 Alkalis .207 271 |P205 Salil ue Ss Pama c Loss . 64 SO3 24 272 |P,05 19 oe p. 121. Og 3.77 Alkalis .59 L= Analysis burned lime OWNER LOCATION AND REMARKS Permian Carboniferous I. Kuhn & Co. Permian 66 66 Permian Carboniferous Loup Fork Tertiary Supposed marl A Zechser quarry, Carbonif- erous Lower Hudson River group Upper Subcarboniferous ceé ee Lower Subcarboniferous .|Upper Silurian, Clinton group Lower Hudson group Trenton group: 914 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF ' 2 N STATE AND Lon 2 2 ot OS 28 2 oe COUNTY a 2 2. 3) 2 3 5 = <7 = Es Rn < & 6) = O eZ E ‘|Kentucky (c’d)}- f 273) | Bulllitttis seems | ue Caen daneisy tajrein||fertererare @Mno2 ES | Tel cacae Gzl83ia eects 274 | Butler ..........|Barren river, mouth)..... & MnO» 93.02 | 2.088].....-. kG |etetareyere of Gasper creek 917 is ORV Gogapnde Kalas © Ole IEMNOSIOIN lcagasslcqaosoonsnonoc0e| Si oes | ULI os oace LUG ears 276 | Carter..........|Mt Savage furnace.|...... ee 75.75 sO sooc 1A 277 OT Goanoooon Loom IEUIUIS 1H REYOS sollconca: & MnOz 95.15 HD oe BU Gallagoacc il 278 cee ga Gana Walaa: ‘istasclseistoret titer iersere ts .98 S65885|) telSb lees OG icletsee OVOn@lark: jase seein | QUALI. sam Olt Of|leeeniee & MnO» S90 | BOA sccoc 5.92 (ere lower Howard's 3.28 creek 280 OO pdoo nando MEARS Mali IH Els soon Bees aatwiclen leek OOo) ey USO erect 27 50) [aeene begrud creek 281 CUR cient | ELOwanduss cheekeprris Faroe |(ereiele bietetersietarareleseter| Oot alo adesl Oey |ereperercre SB(roalagecas 982 Crittenden . , (Crittenden furnace. «aor. nO: 52.88 25.858 eoeee 18.88 euccece .46 283 “ ate a vO00 & MnO» 55.28 | 29.246 ...... EOS I aaoac 1.323 QE4T AE SG eseveteloy cc creterers 5m. from Irvine on}...... & MnO»s 41.38 | 30.019]....3 18685 |h eee Richmond turnpike 3.546 285 | Fayette..... ....|Dan’l Brink’s quarry]...... oO OTRAS O44) eee 9 38a heen. 9 286 = BooandbD|| Ena ANGiMSS “OMIENB AT bGaocs & MnO» 92.73 JORDI etree PaO) In sgocn below Lexington 2.42 287 es bee tonial AAEe Alsi ess) Wea etsy letereiet & MnO2 77.63 | 10 ae ASB. nema below Lexington 3.23 288 ce soc coo CRNAs S CENAAY, TP oqoce & MnO»z 54.366] 35.82 | ... 5). GLa erateeion Grimes’s mill 1.75 289 1) Pelee | HAELISISMQUareyanOn ce & MnO2g 59.88 | 37.05 |..,... S68ia| Hevea Elk creek, 1 mile 1.38 below Clays ferry. 290 Si eoesscee Raven creek, Dariel soece: & MnOo2 70.07 19.252 coece 4.13 ecccert Brink’s quarry 3.67 | 201 ts nooo coos DRI! sisi So Mey AAy||oSoc0c 2 95.68 | 2.044)... {.bSalaeeees 3 292 ee BEG COR Ta GOU UPON Ne JOA Ie one lnGokds goacecousel lonsaualle Reh ee »eisoreahaleterel eiaeierte bluffs 293 oe -eceses.) Newton turnpike, 6)..... Eardel Revere liexaiorere itr 4 ISOGG OC m. from Lexington 294 ic Sdooooobl NGM AKOM eb boay OC. ENR oaagbollngnooo0 s000R0b00llc iS oiotelet |aceyolerss otal arses ‘lees oveyerereet Viseiceie first tollgate 295 | Fleming........|Hillsborough........]... are & MnO»2 42.68 | 25.300).....- Wales) on acos 12.484 296 | Franklin,....... Kontucky Tem \y GeO) |) fsoaiats} SL eee WOO || Batelco ocolfooooccccns|oons tle bluffs 297 £8 eonpeeen Near Bridgeport.... eeoeeor ne 92.65 1.54 3.68 »eoovec asl 298 sis eeceeeee ad @rrleesoes & MnO» 95.38 1.51 eaoe oe 2.08 eoaee 769 | 299 oe .-sse- |Near Bright’s mills..!,..... eine 89.625 Als) gaeaco Ge Od erence 12 300 re oreeee. |Big Benson creek ...|... 3.812 SienG | 0c. 492)eeeer 1.78 | 1.178 301 es eeeeeons R. BR. cut, 2m. above veooeo | rveceec eesere eeeleseses eee | eeoeoe eave anaae: eose Frankfort : aCaO bMgO LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 915 THE UNITED STATES (continued) MISCEL- No 3 OWNER LANEOUS REFERENCE AND ANALYST LOCATION AND REMARKS ee eee 278 |Alkalis .578 Ky. geol. sur. chem. rep’t A, pt 2, p. 121........../Upper Silurian, Niagara 274 F205 a “se as p. 120..........| Upper Subcarboniferous SOs : 275 |FeO&P.O5 .28 se s 1D iesudacooob00 276 P.Os5 057 Pe ot tall OM rveretetsvsrs ers Coal Measures limestone S03 775 277 |P2Us 13 ve oe p. 120....,.....; Upper Subecarbonifei ous 278 |MnCO3 953 oe cae SS 105 Ie Gocanocnc 279 |P205 .118 : ot ue 1; UPB S000 ..../Lrenton grou on 474 nai oe Sees oe : 0 9.71 s ee . 209....000-../Oriskany grou Alkalis 1.058 e Signe 3 281 P2Us 1.842 us BG a0) oeeeetoenr us 282 |P.O5 1 a is p. 120......,...|Lower Subcarboniferous SO3 ~ 003 Alkalis 649 283 Alkalis 4 oe Oe BO @eeoeonneodr ue 284 303 1 471 bo oe e 121 |enpeeereeece U er Silurian, Nia ara P,O5 3.74 y ee = Alkalis 501 285 |P2O5 .848 es ce p. 123........../lrenton group S '3 317 ae plas ae : Ye ° £ ae e 124, @eoereeccee ere SOz 34 y Alkalis 51 287 P.Os ate oe ae ce eeoeveececs ee 2 SO3 3.12 Alkalis 47 288 Pos aaill x ee EG oie eoeeeeceece oe SO3 23 Alkalis 1.57 289 |Alkalis 1.03 Te ig oe stalouarars ots ss 290 POs . 246 ue oe BO @veeeeos on os SOg 3803 Alkalis 45 291 |P.O5 .182 oe o0 p. 125..........|Birdseye limestone SU3 166 Alkalis -241 292 P,O5 11.65 oa sie Pp. BHO cieraneleies Phosphatice 293 !PoOs 3.88 a ve De SUD eexuacen oe Trenton 294 P205 3.487 te #8 oie eeoeesecen Sie 295 P.O5 843 5 OL C6 ° WB oe eeoceoe lint li stone Alkalis 323 x ae uae Hea De 1s er 324 296 |Alkalis 1.399 ue ss Dep Gd.eeaves ven | LLenton Sroup 5 129% £205 ; He Sis ge p. 123..........|Lower Hudson River group 3 . = Ses .43 O .311 us UL 304° ee p. 124..........|/Trenton group Alkalis 141 299 P25 44 BG ots DN eeeereerer we 203 .680 : Alkalis 52 300 |P205 2 968 ie gs p. 259..........|Phosphatic; Lower Trenton 301 |P205 4.029) se ue | OG ANS Hee ue Trenton group L= Analysis burned lime 916 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM : ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF g ic STATE AND 4 = © £2 S fe) 2 aie COUNTY pares Ss ° ° Ss D a 5 Bi = = ® Bs oe Oo n < a < es Oo = Ss) z E Kentucky (c’d)| ~ 302 | Garrard..... ...|Burdett’s Knob vee so0600 & MnO» 34.7 PAL | oa6e Hike) Ns acoae 5.2 303 | Grayson........ ny of Roughcreek]..... 9 & MnO» 852630 |p 122503 eseeee {oodis) ly oacot 2.56 804 | Greenup........|/Pearidge ........... Oot & MnOs 88.41 797 59 |e 1 3.76 805 ea eee ke Buffalo cr., Boome] ..... & MnO (O76) |) PHD) 5 5000 HAG | noces furnace 4.167 306 USM E Bears ..|Head of Old Townl...... & MnOz 98.15 | .285 956i) eee ereek . 152 3807 ri eas CEG Kenton furnace.....|...... & MnO» 92.05 ecm ! 4.46 j 1.49 aie) || ISIE WRChN osoogenco Simksmeonenee kaserratretel lees & MnO»s 79.18 | 11.469 Balls) |] sosas .88 809 St adeeee (Mir) Moreman, 194 ml) 4... & MnOg 98 .58 O29) errs | a3 lol Ee eacor s. of Big Spring .46 | 310 | Harlan...... ..- (44 m. from Creech] 1.38 4.8 59 1.82 | NCI NS Go cio.c postoffice 811 | Henderson.....|/Mount. Zion ........-/...ee. & MnO. || 88.38 | 3.678 |) Staal ee 1.76 | 812?) Indiana?....... Madison quarries?..|...... 5.76 Alsatete) | Aas) is oasae PANGS Noon enc 313 | Jefferson....... IGOUUIE ANNIE, Bose asosllooecac OBS | 0.453 | OY loo shox Petts) |lrovooc 814 oe ee arm, of») Theodore... & MnO» 89306165783) ener 268) twice Brown 1.48 815 SORT Bree Farm of Theodore}...... & MnO»g GRE On| eae Ol 5)\irerteers 2.58 : Brown .48 816 crgotae, Cube sieves Farm of Theodore)...... & MnOz S78) 72 09G| > senter. 5 -ABclRerre Brown 126 317 | Lewis....... s000|| VEINCE OURS oodoosoce 1.15 2.49 Zo09) | oe cane 8.85 | .547 SSH MGVON ners el NCAT UG Gay.vallee satel tae oe : .68 85.58 | 2.088 |...... 9.58 | 1.643 319 | Madison..,..... Muddy creek, nr. J.|...... & P205 ANS} i538) | JUL) i osoac 20.74 |&loss R. Compton 10.33 6.567 320 Pot Savers Mil dante Miardd.y120.08s ledae65G Bol || Bsa ||) WoO I) 55. 25.18 |&loss ereek, Elliston 4.902 321 ee ae ee ..-|Muddy creek Bros) || Bl GLB | BRIG || Ga oococ 29.08 ilo. 322 ie Soocoonleelony ial Glew eGodooles HOR So | ZI |) BV oga00s 9.98 |&loss Muddy creek 11.36 1.396 323 us dee ei Below, omill-) damia|icscn | PoOs) S29e150s6650 20 le ale eneme 3.98 |&loss Muddy creek 9.96 10.87 824 a sqodooollRellony | mmnill > Ceya|pcaooc & PoOsg 3.56 | 50.96 | 27.972)...... 4.12 |&loss Muddy creek 5.96 6.493 325 Se Coodosbs| selon onl. Gye Ge oon] PEO 4.46 | 51.2 | 25.124)...... 3.92 |&loss Muddy creek 2.46 326 Ve) Avie QUarryes snorch) sor | eee elOss0b) =) edo isorom | 4e646) ane 39.78 '&loss Rogersville 4.275 327 ze Helio NCATeH I Stoms eee .- |& PoOs 2.64 | 43.06] 9.994'...... 22.68 |&loss 9.42 | 11.287 328 Sie Rae eae ease chatty Sa-vsketsiepaterel|tarnenetere & Po2Os 1.89 | 41.15 | 18.908 ...... 20.99 | Ete. 9.04 13.022 329 Spee Pisleteregs essa) LAN ASEG fede aed seta | yee eee & PoOs ale tafe) |) aloo soc 18.19 |&loss bry’s 10.98 6.117 330 Oe sae ee Onivtendenmturmadce aleaes ss & Moe AO. 28 155903) eae lo seem eee 9. 331 er Socenooelolbnsteoi, Cho minystroimesy coon & MnOog 49.32 | 80.729)...... NZS Wscoac farm 2 96 332 sis e@esoce See veeetoneeeoneseton|]-saaee se F206 36.58 18.541 Pe Oe ee secon 1 Misplaced. Should be Madison. Jefferson co. Indiana. IES 917 LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTR THE UNITED STATES (continued) OWNER N MISCEL- SALYST LOCATION AND REMARKS oO. Tne REFERENCE AND AN ....|Upper Silurian 302 | PoO5 31 |Ky. geol. sur. chem. rep’t A, pt 2p. 121....... oe SU3 95 Alkalis . 601 ieee ‘¢ Subcarbonifer = 308 |P>Os 182 ve vs Di lapses ack Pe aes oe SO3 839 \lk lis 859 sara 304 |Pp 0s 178, ea ae p. 1100. > eee Coal Measures limestones SOs 0 Alkalis 509 ache a 305 |Fe2CO3 3.42 aS a Ses Croce SOg . .... |Upper Sub i , 306 |Po0; ‘O51 “ “ pil20e) oe a ga ae 66 307 |PoO5 128 sie ag ies ange - |SOz 199 F ot £08 |PoOs 156 s oS a aie 3 338 | Alkalis 271 ae 66 309 PoOs 515) cd oe e6 eoes0 SO3 | 274 ain Gee | nie FA a p88. ae Carboniferous limestone. so008 1) li 311 |[P205 246 Be * 4b... Coal Measures limestone SO3 16 Alkalis 357 Be era 312 Pos 22 ee Se Dp. QB ee. cates Alkalis otlly) 313 |Alkalis —.45 ce ste oo 2a ae 314 208 31 os ‘6 ps i2t. is. peocs Upper Silurian Og 475 Alkalis 317 bees? vs 315 Aree .166 ee ee asd Oooet Alkalis . 236 : aes oe CLINE 316 P20s face a on nie ee Seen group. Layer next to 3 . 3858 Alkalis 281 S60 317 |Pe 5 .148 ‘ es 10 Aeoooo0 Alkalis .548 ee 318 | Alkalis 429 es ws Dic cod cele 4) eee aes be ie By. peeee Clinton shaly limestone ee 320 |P2%s5 204 oh us Sich ae ee eee ais a ae cis) Bees Impure limestone se |) aes Pea: oH ae ys eek ** on Cumberland shale sae * oh AA bun * seieors. Niagara. Top stratum 324 |FeS. 56 ah i ce) eater Second stratum from top 925 |P>7¢ a ¥ ie ie eee Third stratum 326 |Po 7s med an Ce TM ooe: Clinton limestone as) Sue a Be a co tetas From below Cauda-galli grit +»eee-/Bituminous limestone above BAG srewicete ave ove PICU OCT ee ae ot eee Corniferous BOO eiasctars a sieiaeeetocs a es Ce te Rea 330 |30, 1.025 ie me p: 12... See Black Slate limestone Alkalis 6 ae = vs 331 | alkalis 43 a ee a etasts 382 > eee eee eeeooece e s b ‘ : § $ pees tage oe = CMMIEOTS 918 No. 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF STATE AND 29 09 COUNTY aes & Q 2 om — ® wD <4 6 5qn on ell zs .see-.|West Stockbridge...|...... G6 lier oongnoce Worcester,.....| Webster....... We TSC herckhoteicietace eetsierareriee Charlemomntinsce.ce s+ er aoees | & a a or) CS 2 jo) eee ak Ne eee eenmstovoeevoeeneenr ee OG ue GON AMER iateraies/se\cis sarees sie p. 92 we 408 |..eeeeeseeeeree.(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 412;Sibley quarry co. 409 peseveseeeoetonen Ob G6 sit @eeeeeoond be 410 |.....eeereeee0 |G. P. Merrill. Stones, for bld’g and decoration, p. 467| Hooke’s quarry O05) | Goncn OR oneteaane oh es AT eit cfole @ eieiess:e Bie 03 os oe oe Mill co. quarry 418 ee@seueeereoceenseen os os bes 414 eecooeone ete eeoees oe si ee AS Wats sa clare: 008 mYeisers ue oS ee Sweeney’s quarry ANGE rroiis's, scnreoissewmee fh oS ie os Foley & Herbert quarry WONT fegogde posadOn so oe bin * Weekes & Hoschers quarry ASEM erelertetalere:e\cisiaterslefere Ui =e Ba oy Kastmans quarry 419 seeereeeeonreeoeve ee es us 244i) Venocancedoenn0d ie a oe Breckenridge Bros. quarry CPL | ooosbupoossa0006 ME os ae A. Raus’s quarry 422 eee eeeen.r.eeece vs ay ¥e Aas lee 6 sieiele orem eee is Ce me Hersey & Co. quarry 424 -@eeoeeveveeeeeteone #8 “ef oh L = Analysis burned iime 924 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF ae x | a No.) | ee PLACE 3 é fe} | S| Sela 5 a : ela li é:| 8) ele | ee _ |Mimnesota (c’d) Fane fo Gate ee nae 425 | Winona.... .. |Gunflint lake........| 2.7 35 fees) \ 2a) 58 G5 loogode|| coouaccos 47 2191 Sb 0an0D00G0000 ...|Ogiskemannissilake 41.99 | 1.24 .42 1a16.85 | 68.41 |24.7 |MnO .26 | 1.07 Mississippi 427 | Chickasaw .....|Okolona..... cadsoons||oo00 eee lnOD ee alle4 ON Oil 877 LONGO Werrcterete 428 ieee ee ASH GrOVelic. seer Lal) cilia 054 LOT 99815 | trace) cee. ers crisreiere aie 429 Bo 50000 eu Soda0- B00 lb dooe .48 YW CAs0S | Boo looses .495) 675 430 BON eee cabs tevale ts Springfield .......... el Caleaieia’s QT | OO TAG Ih. oe tevcticcl|| areletovenl clea) eralerate Goal | oeeReane “Biel GEIS O18 cogo50000 WNENROODEY Googe ano0de||ooooc .88 .C5 | 98.314 | trace}]...... PI lGon god 432 ay Soiree OD iA, ae csene werent | 1.32 a21.46 |b14.79 |33.18 PH lis onoce 433 | Marion .........j/Hannibal ......... 5o0) Us | 4 98.8 SWB WSco00blleducadccds jo000¢ 434 | Newton.........|/S@NCCA .........8: on Wacoods 1S So ae eeat: a55.29 | b.23 |43.69 OGM | esietetete 435 MUR enya notin Pe eksta ay ehalotovexeye Terayatel| feievalere HOP ELOY say a54.92 | b.2 [43.31 ISB es coace 436 Se GR Aoe OAD ema aC bury ISER BE Gane maidooe 08 ....../a54.98 | 6.31 [43.54 At O1 = lereetets : 437 See onsa we NOEIO Epo esadoell) sols! “Sonoda ess bl ly nee 4A sioGs 1.01 sno 488 | Ralls...... Soooon|Pekynilon, asab6 couccel|boouds |ooadouvedacdocs. | SOoe! SPL ooodos S115) WRotnb 5 489 | St Louis........ Glencoetens- ae Agnvo||Zoooon .68 98536 |) Oncor lems (Oe vesisdion 440 oy aiakets beelotierersiotarckererere DaCoOG8LO00 : |) Sirgen ol} | adao CAO le sbeond Montana 441 | Lewis & Clarke/Helena..... ajcitberasion 1.45 16 BAD A) teller) |) Sate eaoanallsodeccacss soosac 442 ae N. of East Gallatin] ..... 22 54.54 | 43.63 |..... 5O4 tl eels 443 she W. of North Boulder] ..... 4 54.54 | 42.62 |..... TE Sel ere 444 “ N. of East Gallatin|...... 25 67.85 | 6.18 | .. 28.5 Jlceeeee 445 a N. of East Gallatin| ..... 1.92 | SPI, GES BDL26 |e emiee 446 | “ Ware ait Entéger| ooo: 38 Be [ices eae 9:98. |e 447 as N. of Gallatin IPE S foogade .58 91.96 | Gh iSonob OY) | oeasoe 448 es oe 50 3 lan US) ORE | eoooe 50.74 2 once 449 “ “ 5.8 | 40.21 | 25 25]... 25.24 ; Nevada ASO) Ure Kies. ore ciejosete o}] HaVNGOKAR oiels's\siojojore) oelers] | rete aie) Woe eeiseeciine(Aou.0 \bele69" 47 o13 208 |ecceee TSU eee Rumnne sie | O° dope alee | 12 42 fat. ov | b.8 [82.62 | ........4| 16 452 of 7“ bisloes bier Wimme mmesiaree namics wat MORO 64 -43 a51.96 | 6.52 |40.71)|...... Bool) ou 453 PP So ggdacaar 2S coageadnonadoe|| 8) Be 31 .29 |a50.01 | 6.54 | 39.11/Org. tr.| .18 New Jersey 454 | Hunterdon ...../Annandale.........-| wee. .98 a28.27 |615.38 (38 88 1039 llsooade 455 oN SHdadg| AVS OE VIN Go aon coonaooodd 1.4 a46.6 |.......|86.6 Isl fopgco0 456 oe sucous (OUMEOY Hosogspasecoolsoace 1.9 a27.7 1617.4 |43 WE Weeoeae aCaO bMgO te LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 925 THE UNITED STATES (continued) MISCEL- OWNER No.) LaNgous HEIN EASON <0 )D) 20s GSS LOCATION AND REMARKS 425 aoe wie Wr Seeeols Sura Ul 1a S Tom ZOo seletelleloleioleverelere/eleistsicfalet= 3 .o2 426 |FeO 4,77 st OR ss -'T. M. Chatard, anal. 427 |KO HSIN Dies ESOL Sie, dstsish 195 CB GoboonoboO0KbO0UGDu0KC ...- ‘Rotten Limestone”’ Ign. 2.84 Naz,O .o2l AAS) |) sooge sevecseee.|Min res. 1889-90, p. 407; C. W. Hoff, anal.......... 429 |Alkalis 1.94 oe os We Da Chureh anaes AS (Viellesetetsatis cyatore sive cme U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 415; Marble Head lime co. R. Chauvenet & Bro. anal aS5\ lepobanp soodocns (We Sk Sol, Sule, Bases rin, jor O corovonn ls To, ZUG poo co- oi ASO hetels svs\e\elavare’s 0:5 noe ee Bul. 168, p. 263; L. G. Eakins, anal. AST teyel sseieiere aroletolersseters ee 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 415......| Hannibal lime co. 434 mo trace oe Bul, 168, p. 263; L. G. Eakins, anal.. Cherokee limestone e .05 435 MnO trace e6& 66 66 C6 ce FeO BOG 436 MnO .03 66 6s 66 te wo FeO > .05 437 MnO trace e6 66 ce es 66 FeO OC 48s} |lodaqaqdsd0U0GDe6 se 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 415.......|Star lime co. 4839) lo ga5 sanquono Bees st aie mS te yeeee.-|Glencoe lime and cement co. 440 eeeeeeeeeteeeeees Min. res. 1889-90, p. 407 @eteeeo-s.sed eeseaceeeeeeeaeeeosenesd AAJ | ...ceeseeeeeeee./U. 8. geol. sur 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 416..... .-|Persell limestone co. 40) \leqao aokoooendooE ‘iy Bul. 168, p. 269; C. Catlett, anal... 443 aleve, en @seeen 9e@ee oh ay us oi pese 444 eeee sereeeereen us ut ‘ie ae 445 eeecoe eeoeoveenveoesn #s ee bo a eee HUG Nicoogoane Merle stete st ae re ag ....|Base of Carboniferous AT alisleistereleis lars cela eiacete ae ie oe ah ....|Middle Carboniferous MUS, loddh oe aesoma OOS ae ae ys se »...| pper Carboniferous 449 Seat va: pumeac mets i ee 6 Ge 6 wate 6 LED) || capo ee ae ee St a p. 276; E. A. Schneider, anal. 451 |P2oO;5 .07 |U. S. eel. sur. Bul. 168, p. 276; W. F. Hillebrand,' Base of Hamburg limestone anal, — 452 |FeO .2 |/U. 8S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 276; W. F. Hillebrand,'Summit ue MnO .61 | anal. P2Os 5 453 |PoOs .24 1U.S. Book: sur. Bul. 1€8, p. 276; W. F. Hillebrand,'Pogonip limestone (Silurian) anal. ADF wvecnsiecescnes| IN. J. SCO), SUP. 1900, Pi 83 cveececss Waldiaterorntncida ve des Gano’s quarry 435) ésagsosnoapano ne “s EGS SIS aiesicleivicie visle/n Geivlelsileier Geen, wee, VANGerbib farm ASAT iets gs av eroioveserel sieves oe ee pes secererecctesncessess Light gray, S. H. Leigh quarry L = Analysis burned lime ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF 926 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nos| (eee PLACE Z & GS S iS) Ho 5) 3 nN ) ie N. Jersey (c’d) : 45/0 | Hunter dOm ress | CLMNGOME le stersreleis custoltelli sterols 3.7 a26.4 458 | ve o00d06 ry pelekoatareketsteterored forehefelete 6.5 a27.3 ABO. |e SOE oe aa eer tot SUM reer acsearle ec 84 a29.8 460 ce Hboaeall NGMMOIS Soose paound eels Uni a28.61 461 o resee Rte Sais satelotayeiensie ore tsusveseiel tere D¢ 1.06 a29.62 462 sis gonad Pee ay atayesaur iter evant vcisie e701 ies 1.4 a30.13 463 es ....--| New Germantown ..|...... 6 a21.2 464 sie ..ee-|Near Pattenburg....! 8.42 | 2.3 vee. 44.64 465 es s0000¢ 2 eee | LOnO BAe esdode a3s.76 466 at selectors OMIM Well iveteratefets 5900 {fon ona0oggacooN0Nr 029.87 467 cs 300008 SIT as citaveters otareseis 6 |locanecllaasascosdo000000 a29.64 468 be 5000 AC 2s Be ieee atsvaqutonctayl aieieyerstall heestancah ecmelereeey ates a25.75 469 he SOC Ect ohiaeaate snolloooooslle oncodu000000500 a26.65 470 a Seo aco |NSIeNON Sogheqnonceonl| cose 545 1.84 | 52.45 471 oe Sonooo MoE ROAY soocoaobllocoobs 05 a49.1 AYPs || WIGIAeKIsoodcocoor Mendham, 1 m. e@....}..++- 1.6 a33.95 473 brs ae alevorctsleleteraye ee bo¢ an 15.7 a23.74 A474 PCa tase ayuicte oie teint DLOTNGVANLG wretatsrei teint aseisa| esnatetsve 8 a30.41 41D) MPASKALC iat all LAC OPI iatatersle ercicteheleiel | aielerers Poe a29.5 476 OO pooooooon PUUCIONIG INCIREE. oc o6ac00llaoco0¢ 9.7 027.3 477 Me a aaa VV eSt WE EOC iis cisteraleis| ers 502 1.8 a29.6 478 | Salem .......+.. Mannington town-|23.31 91 3.07 | 69.61 479 FN SUC OOOO Seca Bridge LOS coacn Worlsubisieine saeco Anne Quarry. Elemis nesian limestone AG call terstevsiele\cl sieves peek ee oe CRE Nefalsie ele vie oisisreidieiierseaisicte sani Oni ether O Mele n Vie mis ible mina oe nesian limestone AGI | ictevorstefeteleleyetes o:eyeis he ue sce ereatercuelarererereiaievereiietehisto ire J. Warner quarry. Blue mag- nesian limestone 469 eG@veoead @eoen e896 os ig Che poescecveoeor > eOeooveeesenee08* J. Warner quarry. Blue mag- nesian liinestone 470 |Phos. .035 |U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 420;/E. Weise estate H. Weaver, anal. Anil |Oieisieie ateree velvielcis’s/|N- - BEOL. SUE: 1900) P. B8isnccecve cece neces sreeeeoes | Letom limestone AW Nosacs SOUS Hees ne 1878, Pp. 104 ....ssesecccecssveeessese+(Orystalline limestone. Saun- ders quarry Cli [is coo Geo pu moO bees ee 1868, Pp. 402 .....eececeesscoesseseees.(Verpentine limestone EU’ \lab dom Brereavcesiaisthess us LES OAM reatutvacalecotnotora ve aseulasorentomrecarats Turkey ‘mountain, Boonton iron co. G'S \lecooaeone poccoons dit pallies OOS Dione ath ceesecolsiecoesesieceens |AVeraze, kh. Gould quarry: 476 e ee eevee Hy ot $ eoote eee e e eosae ° AVI We Se enG aetstarelavene ats nS iy oun adr canvoocoononoaonoo Da Clieeo) CENAAy ArASialtefersrereielsve.ciers cial’: ag Peat limchietlare lelectra PLC LLOWalINTeStOne AOU eveotexevevews imiecsveratate ye ot cv eettetireivecteiteeiiieniieel Walmlesan deel toteE oiler ABO ferc are: svcteuele's:sieiere oie Tie DD sOO eeiareleloletcieiaimielsheielerieeni eer DEAD SLONes ea eEioa EM ancy quarry AGIA eictoeetelsiss sleveres stele ue Be GOWN rateie oieleleleieinialelernmtelsn nist ia DOSIOL ME Oma lena tartiny, ASM evevavers sicje\s/ovsiaiere cle Xe he we pec rvcccsevessenssesese. (Average selected sample 483 eeernen eece ewvwee oe ee 2G @eeerenvteneoeoner eeoeoeet eoe CAM Fverelalofeiavere ots civivvaye ce Co) Py AOS) soseinehe sciiecies ne sv alee «seen Vibe wiImMestonerhill northvor ; Andover, Boonton iron co. 485 eeereevevoeeeeereor sie ost cit @eeecoeoereoesreoeeeseeeeoeeeee White limestone, hill north of Andover, Boonton iron co. AS Obl ivercrelersisisceieielstele Gs is ct ve av ererastohele etter ceeveeeeceees| White limestone, hill north of =f Andover, Bo nton iron co. 487 *@eeveeseeoeeoeneeare exe vt p. 479 eoerteeeeoeceseeoeoeeew. eeevoeoeene Shell marl. J. J. Decker’s, 1 m. s. w. of Andover 403 loonognocnonenade oe WOO 705 “GOssacesonne seecrececesssee-| WEDSter Kernick’s farm 489 *@eeeeereaeeeener se us Ne @eoeeoeveeeeseeareoeeveaeeeeeeeeer bs 490 eeoeeoeveewaereeeeree we fe Viale ocegrrer tetera ark ic Bier cia henna Al ie B. Hardens 491 eeeoeveeereeoeeaeeose ux ee Ora raveravctal aiaradaracchonaia etoreraleieionians FE. Kemble’s farm CO legdonousooaooNne te Us(ashy (Ob SMlsi-Son soca coo cohoogdos scone Css epss UA att, ila. Gly Ont Branchville AOS MMs esisiniseieie'slav re He ee HD OOO: troraversrcleminvenieesineislere Gee eryers Firestone. Nearpass quarry aCaO bMgO L= Analysis burned lire 928 494 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF F] alee ‘s ae ae PLACE 3 ey g S s) S : : D 4 es 6) = | e) z E N. Jersey (c'd)| _- oc ee en | Sussex ..... ....|Carpenter’s Point...| 4 eal OPAEPS || (D488) [4S efs)— oooh Gaconoll- noose Suara atajaynievenete es 22.8 8.94 2.57 |a20.44 |b12.08 |31.06 |,...., [eat REESE See 55 Ge 4.1 =o @D2 OOF eres oil OO) dl sey fercieets Soon: a spadcode = So igi CHMUEPA | Bano! 5 40.5 BiB) i aacteecs Sia eter Rscate ele CONLETVANG) ateia tan clerell ers 35004006 000% GA races cn 16.21 |16.59 Coens He ....{Chandler’s island ..| .....| 1.1 6 lae7.6 | .9 [41.9 9.9 | .2 en .......|/Dingmans Ferry....| .938 6.5 a50.79 | 6.44 eae as el Sisteiece 8 SLES A forey route Drake’s pond, near}|...... 1.27 a52.85 | 6.76 | ee Bal iocodos x, ere Tee oe andas 5 a53.53 | 61.73 143.97 OO le erateteae ee dowiantardog VERIO UNG Serer statehetelelahere) |PLeaés 6 AQ 28) Sas20) [le oo) |e eee stelle s00¢ ae .|Hardystonville .,...|...... 15 a51.8 | 61.37 |42.23 oe ||! alae ESSE een evel custaiays le yaMl OUR oagccaoa caol| Vole 5 43 4G AN BTAAG NOME, | Gaereraerte liarieriae ae ARO ROa ion Elunts Malle ee SOAl|goodun|| bonne scsade 96552 10) Meare tteee iba ale Bele eLetter So UUbIee Soe Soraomdoollimccce 1.82 a54.04 | b.81 | ..... Beet |beanse Se oetee reste races OB Sa8bodeconsDaK 9.5 1.42 @47.95 | 0.57 |. «a0. 8.55 |... a .oseo..(Jenny Jump moun-|...... 1 42.45 |610.23 |44.67 Unb osc oh Saccouds Tam eette peas Scr = 1.81 a49.11 | 06.65 Ea) flecsace a coe reesiN. W..0f Lafayette.|.... 61 a39.12 | 68.21 |...... 13 52alemeee +s adoodéuc N. of Lafayette.....|10.72 1.46 a49.13 | 6.34 | .... 2,69) sleet be Soonncdool le Vorlosvelig: NGI Koel Mean 1.8 a47.34 | 61.24 |38.9 NO Noose ; ferry Se varaternekl oe MONT OCC OLMETS weretorel trailers| (creleleleleneretorarete soo) Belo loo ancoeloospan .71 | 4.54 Cel Dera tarciate sate rae at on 1.49 GADOS HONG live « 10 67 | Saas Se aperesi eters 3m. s. w. Of Monroe}...... 1.63 CHEMO) VE (00s) IV Saeac a ocoods SIE EN Coste sveore Montague =7 ...2... 8.7 1.5 a49.67 | 6.69 4 diese oisloretetcted | eters ee Oe Sean Salons eae Sete orien 45 a50.27 | 0.62 es aaa sa8 eee Sale amtouane Dated alter sees 37 .16 a50.88 | 6.36 ae HGO0OC sip0b cone SO statatetoteiiate Dean sceresais ae 36 1.21 | 2.12 1.28 | a9.71 b.42 | 7.25 66.57 Hors: Sijihrcnelorauoeamtonsya a sonseddogcel Hells) 2.49 a8.45 | 06.43 © 6.12 66 97 |&org. 10 46 eR oodceopod UNO soocanosonoos|landon ; .6 a%9.4 |620.8 45.7 1S cA| sere Sosa rsroietaresetatate oS Ca anceesccee| cece +9) a28.6 |b18.1 (34.5 O58 “|loascoc SA velfatntezevats oe sfersieirisis 500 a) a29 620.2 |44.9 GB estate 5 Seer binemhtad ae ie aeisis\elaisre aleiste}| ie elsyeta 47 a49 b.9 (39.4 5.8 <5 eile age toes ae wfaforerereisiexarerel| (stots lerelltaialoreialelsaielatelsrinyotarellime Om rian ie glen ( : BW |lesoooe SN ccaaie a ie syotaleteie/eleiereso'el| iisiaietetsl tntsieteferere michererererorais pear le LEGO Weaacdn 8.46 |&org. 5.26 on BOUGNNC|) ea” mfolehef alee steeterel|feistolciate 9) 28.22 bees Sli iienoos - N. Vo geol. sur. 1900, Pp. Byebire ravatajesstetorsterctniavereiciewave eiwioiepevelers Undet. 2.36 66 66 TOME Geetololelaleretevoratenelatelolstencteleleretorerorst: CEO, OE ING Ti Wess; 15 PVs cona0d00000 000000000 0n0008 in IPZEOMS UIE GOON Nd Siatoteralereiovelcterelotalelcteteleteierelsvalerete 598 te 66 t6 reeeoereseceneees eee eeereereeneceseeereeeseene 599 » ee ee et eer eoetreoeveseve eee ereeceseesnesseeresessnene 600 66 66 ee eeeoserLeeoseees. eeP eee eeteeeeeeesor soos tans 66 te 601 602 |.. 603 604 p. 66. Geolnok Nee SOSs 1) Sodas alesis N. J. FEO Sue Ol OM COhereteraleielelevsalelelsieielt sleleteleiste LS Tapes Sa ietelslolelelelelsleveleleleretere Cvreseeves 66 Org. and water 6.87 L = Analysis burned lime .|First outcrop east of 933 OWNER LOCATION AND REMARKS Series of analyses made from samples taken chiefly on Morris & Earye farms near Belvidere. Analyses areall of the Trenton beds, which in this area furnish Port- land cement rock .|Railroad cut Fossiliferous limestone Trenton limestone lliff property Wagener quarry, one mile from Easton Murphy farm 66 Trenton limestone 5 Van Kirk’s tavern Trenton limestone H.S. Cook. Marl 934 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF ATE AND No. ST COUNTY BUACE SiO» Alp03 Fes03 CaCOz MgCO3 2 INSOLU- WATER N. Jersey (cd) 605 | Warren ..... ee SACKSOMDUL Saari eeieleats ont OPS. |) (oI o4B Nooacoo olin = acooat 606 sy noooacod Re donoonddllagnags .86 ab55.7 21) seacas OC lereteterere 607 cA: Pasereneters Son LENCOlNG >caconnodcasiloooodollanoaoue snocode BOS I scoooas San 9 75 608 a sSoonoon | MENHMS oi) sooo ddndnhllacooon BOHOdeS acsonse|eseeany ads Iloaccics 1.56 609 ere poodonoo NI@my LEWIN NO oGd00) 00006 1 a29.8 |b19.9 |45 4 ia eRe Bins an 610 SRS HAR eta Oni! Sendcuodoaa0dallodoco. 1.3 54.04 .53 |43.06 BU locos 611 UA Se neyincoos HO IM WHVAGE5 2o00||s00000 33 .97 |a50.3 | 42.4 |...... 5.5 seslers 612 © GF sontbaa tn areeniats IPAM IS OWNS oesnodoollsoobac iL, il a30.8 |b19 2 |45.4 356) "| sevens 613 Cots tate Cree SHNPEIOUBY oc odoangacdo0sllocoodc 1 a47.37 | 62.06|..... 49) looosoc 614 os De dereseyere Seren relates soodo0e) Dn48 81 1.02 |a49.38 | 62.26 |...... gndo0nc ae: 500500 615 poe eS A fS)ctlO) shan Homo onsoluou | eoqsde| odode: luooconn 97.78 616 2 de onoodal|s) DALEAKON a G4500K000\| so0aK0 1.8 .6 | 29.2 | 18.8 (43.6 3.6 6 617 a sesoeee (otewartsville...... (23.04 | 8.15 2.41 |a33.7 es) Wallets Nacsooas5 5 [lobooe 618 oy Leceeees “ soncdee |Ooee | 7 1.99 |a36.86 | 61.06 |380.14 |...... ofa fetel |taleteletete 620 oo ADOOOOUD oS obanoableBaels) || teh 1) Pa Nope (oles eosie ll ancnbeooodllanczac 621 > Feats Goin a a0¢ a spoons 02) |) Gates 2 AL 1a36:84 | OL.3h |SOceO Ny ioreterersretetell ir ietetsters 622 a Baocoune 3 panocaelode: |i 7/28 EO) orsXakats) ||) (adatats) 4PsGe! Wa saoosocpellaccnac 623 ee) boob 000 Perk secs 21.1 7.68 1592) a35:45) |) O48 28n O80 lec cterisisteiee ieetteiets 624 in mefeterelefele ae ose00e.(18.15 | 6.08 1.78 |a38 (LGB) BILE | Goanboodallsoqced 625 “iy ce eeene by odaoonn Lar |) Soil 2.22 |a35.19 hee sieje.0i6) 616 ofeia]l fe elajenal 626 ip nodo0dNd a ssvceee(al.@e | 8.27 2.34 |a35.3 BE ol @alaanoouobes||s 0° eee 627 he tie wioleleiele ms seveees (00.9 11.94 anv COS VOI eer |S 5 crerereepee oeene Hee es eeees (BD.95 11.28 a25.71 POSAIU TS Fi gondocas || soosse os eseeees (31.09 10.48 a38.84 Cea ie OO | ierapeiaiens revo) peaieaates “ evveee- (17.97 8.27 a37.87 Ce Pattie aaoasoon |scosde 631 oS 3 a orveees (24.91 8.4 a34.44 COM Boon Booe|ndon so ces elelolelelelal| Seis Oe 11.6 a25 64 CADE Ro godooe: Ilsooose ee sonooon eI” |) Go2B} 2.57 |a87.51 SOA eM crartererlts 50050 hs sn 00d0s|Wers 5.92 2.53 |a37.51 CBU WA Neeeogbdns \|oooood 635 os o00000KC ot scooodo O87 || GS 2.26 |a88.29 SO ARO SU) Winoeas ao Hossoco 636 ve p000D000 os apocoas A) SY | 7/ateB3 3 95 \a35.61 OS Naioeel lS Goe ‘bope loo 500 637 PO as 01b006 a eee local 9.76 a38.81 ee eset ||keteceve ttemevel eal oneregetets 638 en ooonnOd a Sanna Wl(oBlD. || Yyoalal 2.53 |a37.95 OG 1238) hers 639 sapconnn Swayze’s Mills .....|...... 82 CisBlieis) || Celi? ||sondoc 2.64 New York 640 | Albany.,.......j90uth Bethlehem...| 9.05 6.66 .99 | '79.86 4.17 | Ureteuers Ae cate ceiaieieyerel| ful aKACR \ LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 935 THE UNITED STATES (continued) MISCEL- . OWNER LANEOUS EE CRENC ER: SND ANALYSE LOCATION AND REMARKS ° GOB |ovsrvecessoeoees |N. J. GEOL. Sur. 1900, P. 63........sceesevevcceeesee,+| Weathered sandy limestone G0G Nosdasncoooseoda ae ee CM arlelellefsiieielreiileleleieten ei ULC IMeStONe sameledseras preceding BO acces Sota soe oS USGS 1D Pho Aoando0 0000 HoDOOH OOOO COOU SIM jo@raGl, Wilewel 608 |Org.and pater be a SER rit ady cduitva niatetenarciopalavareaisieuee tints White pond. Marl GOQniristscicecs ec aie.e-e Geol. of N. J. 1868, p. 394..... apaferelenevovel ever Gieraveleieretcvorears J. Riddle quarry Gil || -odoosondpcoodne oh Wace” DEA OD hr artepsrelotokercrelereialere Ape gota ».. |e. Raub quarry. White crys i talline limestone Guenter calNad. S6Ol. SUE 1876, p. 55.5 visccee coe Paceline Ue uMestOne GlOm Es deeinsigeie ns (GeOl- OL Ne Js 1868, pi 894 cicsnwceswesuiseed eee Ca Lwinine S.qilariny, GIOMEEEEEe ere Ne dh Seo. Sum 1900) wp. G4i aye cicleseiivereselelereiciecers pobo00or Trenton limestone C6 66 66 66 614 2eeeeeoeeeee coe e+. 0eeoeveeoreeseeverere ees 615 |Org.and water ee IIS Oni Some cD DROOOH GOE Ob moon leven in OfoXal xe) 1.59 616 ees 8 GeolwoLINi de 1868, Pa S94. wes crcciaeies eile selsiaiels os eres oto | hu. OMIIMER CMAN, 205 2 Geel toeereis soereeee. IN. J. GEOL. Sur. 1900, p. 45..... b6000000000000006060 } 618 e@eeovpeoeeoeoeveoonevede oe cit st @eoseevoeoeneeconvreeeeoeoee eevee | 619 ee eooner o ee Oe es GUEis aoa ° oe o eer oe eee e vee 620 oddancsoroor oe oc SLU Varornsatas suoletecnaisiseeracicsre SooC | GBR: |locooooodo00 00000 ie ue Hor BooooCODe CEooaS Sisters ets G24, ||looooooobgboano0D oe ue ae Lo pari te G28 | condooongooson0s oe Se BOs 856 BO OO DE OO UOOD OOOO * OR |loooops0d00d0000n a be readers oo Trenton limestone from 627 peenecson @ocecee erveereeesosereetoeoes rs eevee quarry of Edison Portland t cement co., one mile n. e. of Stewartsville 628 eoooereaeeeee- coed os £ eopeeeeeervreovereereeneseoeeon 629 ceeee @ereceveeoovee eoeeereendseceeeeeeeceaveeoe GRD loone koooosteocon ve oe Bo Meer ee 631 ‘@ereaceeoseoeeaeaeeon eoseoeeece eeooeoceeceeeaoeeeveaesn 632 ereoevoeeveveeeovaeoee ue Ot GO e@evseeoceeeteveeveeveeeeeeteoeen GBR. |leoGonobbense onoe ms MUN One irc o ada HoodoaaraaadnHo0D 634 @eeeaeoovoeveeoe . eon Oe os @eseevoevoveeeoceoeeoeeeeeeeeeeee 635 peooone ee6> yt) BD ere a FES Iloontscdgoodsgo00 as : Ssoobonsboon sodbnooondes J 639 saoooooo00d000r oe OO" 10; SY Gcogcodoondodon0boonoD0008 Trenton limestone CApilbeeeeeeeeses line Nowe. 45, p. 865; C. A. Schaeffer, anal.,.....|Helderberg cement co. quarry 18 | ocnomandosodoneelloaeune FR cn Lede siecle vane women eadsudiae dotie «a vnec| Cobleskill quarry, GOZ |eereeeeevesssees(N. VY. State geol. rep’t 1897, p. 457.....eeseeeceeeee.| Newark lime & cement co. GOSE eterercieretete stereiere: ocr us ae 8 Soo0ngg0000000N05 Be Miraon quatiy 699 |SO3 3 ce us De OU iteleieteielteleiselelsreeie | LLOD-Stone GOD Rrarclertenatstsiciesie ere we CO St, AGO atiacacccinaseed | Owerstone COE evatatereletese eral o\s/evois\< ae oe eee séandeods eoeeees.| Keenan lime co. quarry (WE ||-eodnacuscouoeee ue ue Sistas slatotetetels| ofofsiatsisielsie’sts UE) | coousonebenaean jk a 6 O jeceevccveceeeeee, (Keenan lime company OA eratavcxetelayeiaiereic reise ue tie p. 466; J. D. Irving,/2 miles west of Peekskill (Us |lsoogbadoRdoopase n¥ state geol. rept 1897, p. 463.........+++.++.. /Sing Sing lime co. quarry (MUD Is COnGaAarecsee oe oe oO sleisieidessrevuisen none) Mark's: QUAaArry, 707 |P203 027 eel ae es Se Matateintctelarotetstel exsist eletehs vs (EODM Kefern'e\sie’sinfoloisin/a oin'c os 28 Pde folaveYoreleicfeleie sr astajotels a AO QUM rererejcrete eluiersisreierevatny 3 oC Be p. 466.,.. 5. oesceeveeees. (Cornell quarry (4D isooctane ppapedos a SP. 465. .eeeeeeveeeveeee-(O’Connell & Hillery 711 |eseeeeeesessees.(U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 261; F. W. Clarke and R..|Oil rock B. Riggs, anal. WADE sietalerercrersisiovecots res U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 262; C. Catlett, anal. ../|Gas rock, Pauck well MUS listertoraisreiereisic.s. crete: ae aos Be ..|Bennett well L= Analysis of burned lime NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM STATE AND COUNTY Ohio (contd) Cc Tanke ee seek 66 econ eco ee eeccecos soe 66 e@eocee: veces Clermont ...... @lin tomer vecee ° oe 66 eevseece 66 ° ee 66 eo ay ere G6 eoo 6 WPI areca glasiecties 66 Franklin ....... 6 > IMDM ce ooovdoc Greene.... 66 Hancock ....... peeseerreeneooen Jeendolhay Goanooadc Highland ..... 66 @oces €6& eve 4 eeee C6 Logan ...... GUI CAS! Arererelstetsiers Madison ......«. WIEWAIOM coobo sade .|New Carlisle.. .|Leesburg ... |'Toledo PLACE Cold Springs... eosee . |Springfield......0«: G6 Point Pleasant...... New Vienna ....00..]> 66 eleeceecee ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF @reovceone eececoceeors}|sevee weece pecceeooe 66 eeeeeeer eeeeettienecvces eeeeeoveveves G6 eoocecceoleeeee: |seesacartereorecee G6 © eo0eeeece 66 e@eeeeveses 66 .|New Madison ....... 9.01 12.63 33.93 36.69 $ : @esoeos {| *e#eee8 Greenville ...,...... Samduskayfpreeriiice oil: Bae se ereeeveneoeeo+- | eeoeoeen Columbus.., tara orerelele WiAUISCONE siels's sieve. co's | sieieasse Cedarville: ssc cheater: OSbHOPME {esis sae: Met Mellow, Springs). ss ..|terec: DOING FOB ACO OED oie 900000 ATCA Gian fi s.e siereieiee IgbNOUERT sooo o80000000 Kenton yee cece Greenfield 6 + (UeximetOM . 36 sce. Napoleon Huntsville .......... London ........ Wavecut MIEWHIOIMN oGoanonon05000 eosere|aooe 5.04 14.3 15.17 2.43 4.29 4.82 3.6 eo - eer eee Devreoe 54.05 96.8 54.13 53.88 79.3 a47.16 ,|a49.04 a51.18 a3 eocoee aveeece e@oaeos | 1.55 Bald BLE INSOLU- mS © 83 65 8 47 9.93 2.12 28.43 eeeeoecovoe eleeeseecsers eoloenrtocceevee sleeoeseesees 11.11 2.88 2.66 4.41 2.88 15.9 2.86 aCaO eeele @veceee eveeee evsceee eoeoeos eoeeee ceseen eeoees a0 5.2 7.6 eveeoe exsoee eorece eo recee LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES THE UNITED STATES (continued) MISCEL- OWNER No LANEOUS ETE EOC NIU ea ee LOCATION AND REMARKS 714 |.....eeese00004-(U. S. geol sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 482;|Casparis stone co. E. Lovejoy, anal. 3 715 |....-.+.00000e0++|Ohio geol. sur. Ec. geol 6:728; N. W. Lord, anal...|Brown quarries 716 eoeeseeoereen ae ad 6:716 Oe ...|Pettigrew MELA PIN OR eco esos. a a 6:717 ne AG. H. Frey quarry 718 |.......eeee0088.| Merrill. Stones for building and decoration, p. 467 GIO) | ceeisecr ieceeses|U. 9. 2e0l. Sur. Bul. 148, p. 260; F. W. Clarke and R. B. Riggs, anal. BcUMaseniiees caves (U.S. £eol. sur, Bul. 148, p., 260; FH: W. Clarke and R. B. Riggs, anal. teu lesteetieccwecdss. W: Clarke and R. B. Riggs, anal. ; 723 |. .eeeeeeee0ee0es|Ohio geol. sur. 5:1109; N. W. Lord, anal............| White limestone MOEN ones soonodoonon se ve Se aatgene Sai EAS .....|First limestone below white, top stratum ; ADM eielele\elscelei slave Sieie.e 8 ai ce ee ars .....|First limestone below white, middle stratum ; 7210 |\socogcnsoonaddos ae Re Fes MeOH ME RraIara rea} chee Ts First limestone below white, lower stratum 727 |evceveeessseeeee(U. 8S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 261; F. W. Clarke, anal.|Trenton limestone 128 | seececesceceesss(Onio geol. sur. Ec. geol. 6:726; Wormiey, anal..... Nerthrop quarry HGsx0) lave foterelovetoveieverelaje\ els ae a8 + cba a tae Bierly quarry 730 | .oereeseeeesees.(U. 9. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432.......|Olemacher lime co. TONG Feveteleiercieiencieve.o.cre:0% ae Bul. 148, p. 262; C. Catlett, anal....|Trenton limestone esse lovarstexeieieioieieie’eio'els.s ae 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432......./T. J. Price & Co. (Heer |levelel crete | O10 geol sur: 6:734; N. W. Lord, anal....2.....0. Newman quarry, Cap rock, Niagara 762 seeeereveeerece: os she aie coccoeeseece [NEWMAN quarry, bottom: rock. Niagara : Mica eierarcisrera(eiclnele nie; 01; cy se Sis eieheyeiein »eeee-|Wyman & Gregg, main rock, Niagara (( Sele ree nQ0000000e ue me ci coereeereeess|Habbeler, main rock, Niagara. (GES SAG OSOOOCHRO EE oe gt ag secceoseoses |HOlt, main rock, Niagara 766 |......cessee008-(U. 9. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432; Prof.'J. Kingham quarry EK. Orton. anal TET | .scecsversseees-/U.S geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432; G. A.|Duncan & Bussard quarry Kirchmaier, anal. MOSM Rrleeetacisislle Yelors's |\ONTOsZ COL, SUL. O51109; ncieicicic micros «6 Nevers seeceoveee |D, Hendricks quarry OOM etereieferctels:ofatei en /ete’c AY 6r2oeNe Wee luondeanaliy accel eset Dwyer; upper stone UCON SC COCR ROC Sree Hele s geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 262; C. Catlett, anal .. | Waggoner well MMe eenisideleis «2 2), iixtn| OMLOVCOl. sur. 6:7375N. We Lord, anal ..:..-...00: | sRancamp w&.Co. WS | no OC Oe BDDC OCOROGH LOL S, geol. sur. 20th rep’t. pt 6 cont'd, p. 482....... W. E. Marsh quarry 713 |. .0seeeceeveeee. (Ohio geol. sur. 6:739; N. W. Lord, anal.,.......... |Niagara limestone 774 |. .ccevveeeerssees[U. ©. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432...... |D. P. Lloyd & Co. quarry EAs IOn\fetateymiarelviveieveiote eves Me Bul. 148, p. 262; C. Catlett, anal .. [Loomis & Nyman well RCO efatereiniels s\a/sinle'aietecs eS ee a tod “s AUG lFesets ate orate teievalohots ei oe 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 483;,)L. McCollum & Co. O. Wulte, anal. 778 |. ceccceseceeeeee(U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 261; F. W. Clarke, anal. KCOM trteverornrerorsicientetsieter: ee 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 482; Prof. Snowflake lime co. E. Orton, anal. 780 |, ..seecseee-ses-/U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 482; G. A.|N B. Eddy Kirechmaier, anal. We'l no. 3; gas rock cfchl A eerste sancoocne |W aeeeeol: sur. as rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 482; Prof.|/Sugar Ridge lime and stone ea,” rton, ana 782 |Org. .o2 |U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 432;' Doherty & Co. H. Blanck, anal. 783 |.00.seeceeeeeeee+/U. 9. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 261; F. W. Clarke and|Air Line Junction R. B. Riggs, anal. 784 |. .cceeseveeeees./U. 8S. geol sur 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 482; Prof.|M. Daum & Son EK. _ Orton, anal. 785 |.cceececoesesse-(U. &. geol. Sur. Bul. 148, p. 262; C. Catlett, anal .. MSGi eile a cis vinne are sf ue ae ne .... City well no. 2 L= Analysis cf burned lime 944 $20 $21 NEW YORK STATE ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF MUSEUM = : Be Sino STATE AND oo oo ae ro pA g COUNTY Buse N o 2. S oO an 5 a Q = i) e oe © 2 < D <{ em 6) = 6) ‘2 E Pennsylvania 3 JOUWING.Gosagsoac BATA OL Ag islets peters 10.3 1.5 S58 | kO nets Go60n000¢ | 2 a oie raveiareasvetene bie lePeas a ate S285 4 | eeaniacur 0 SOO |) Bilal 238 |Greweuticcmeleneer : Armstrong..... N.e. of Kittanning.| ..... t 9685/51 278 |e oc | BE he B@AVOGL. «..0c se 14 m. below Vauport)...... 1.823 93.482) 1.544)..... 2.77 aerate OS Meer ratrg eas se liea te 2.824 88.464) 1.445]..... 03ai5, see Sie oN Rateters oie lelere pe 3000 1.291 91.607; 1.566 one 4. 2SUln ees OSE Senate Bibs aE Duel tee eoe 1.589 SOS 9 eat Bi erecteors ASS ) 7 Oi4 | aCaO LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 945 THE UNITED STATES (continued) MISCEL- OWNER No. LANEOUS PEE EENC HAND ANAENSTS LOCATION AND REMARKS 787 Ign. .19 |U. Sees. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 441; F. Menger,|W. H. Gelbach anal. WEB |... sceeeeeeee,-/U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 441; F. Menger,|G. W. Musselman anal. FBO |. ccceceeeverseer (Fa. ZEOl, SUL. MM, P, 298....ceceesvecccsvocvccceeee.(Fine Creek furnace quarry “QW losoccocooncunase a De Cole wieiv visio sielelelsisi ets claivieisialalslelsisieiol| SOMELE MATEY, Asp ltt lestafalevereafeverelsis) siaiats uf isd BanverapetereyoiexcvoiotersteletolcVealorstansieheier: Powers quarry 92 esecooaoesehoooeoesa8000 oe OG eoeeeoeeeoseoveeeeeeeoeeeeraoas vis 793 eeeeoeeneeeoeveeced ue Ra A tien @eoveeseseeevoeeeeeeveas Tygart quarry 194 | .vesceeee oeose.(U. 9. Beol. sur. 20th rept, pt 6 cont'd, p. 441........|J. E. Thorpp 795 @e@eovesceeeeeaevene ote be oie Ou @ T. A. K. Stauffer Davies, anal. 496 "Greer veeeeeeece Pa. geol. sur. MM, p. 301 eeerer @eoeorsreeceeceeeeoeeesaenonens Bakers quarry 797 eeeeoven eeevenvaevee XO UG OG eeoseeeeeoeveso? eos eceereeeeee vt 798 eeeoeorvece @seoseend se G6 os eeecaevueeeoesveeryeeovoeoste tore oe 799 @eecereoneeeeeeon me oe p. 807 soe vee oeeeeos ee eeseeeeeeone Keystone zine co. Siluro- Cambrian PSO Ia eretectots ares eteicrsvorsiovs te ie CR oe cwieledie shefelaiieiie a aitectsiveiiene | DOIG a prOpeluy., Slluro-C am brian PSPUAE vatePatua ate'eh, claxareve!s se See OG lasrcetasre aheleieloatoerateateere als Mt Etna furnace quarry 802 |Ign. 43.8 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 441.......|J. K. McLanahan jr se eter inreraliereiarels|| A we COLOSUE. MM, Ps -BO2e siec:0 cis ccieinrcersitiecie iam palletes Manning quarry 804 |...... Srietevereicrsieis oe ee Bical c aicreldlelsrsvafotcicierayalernisiotetere cteseie || MAO ORG UCD IIS? ROU prolate 2eCclaveie si/ajare/ets’s os Se EE OUOhiejsitielelslelelelaloclsfelriar siete) sivielelere | OCA Nm AC a QUALhy, SOG erate: crelels r010;/on0vsleie’s ee S85 Pr GOR jaisiejvieieinietelobolortvioleceieierejne/eieeiet| CRESIVEM GARY: BOT Jrceesicceveveees st £2

FYB ssoccocs0c0 050000000 0n0nC0 Wining & Cuisan quarry SOOM pieisilcjeiersicie.aic'eis.a'e ue oe De opdsoODRDEnOsOSO bonGna 50000: WAGKEIP INOS, OREN 900. eeceoroeeenseeervene pnt ty Pp. 367 peer eeneeeeoesesest vr aeevnseeen J. Freeman 901 eeoes@eseoeeer ened oc one Dp. Ea (CAE RESINS Cae Peace ot aR RTT 902 seeeveoeceorepeevoevens ee Sit oe eooeos eeeetCceeeeseceneee Ree 903 |......+.seeer0../U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t pt 6 cont'd, p. 441........|Steacy & Co. quarry 904 *eeoeeervreneereeoed ee os sxe ot eoeoreeveve ef QU ERE Etats erarare eiaveieacoiisie Bb “ ‘*p. 442; J. H.|H. Harris quarry Appleton, anal. 906 |........0008-.../U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 con:’d, p. 443; J. V.|Deadwo3d & Delaware smelt- N. Door, anal. ing co. 907 |. .cccereeeverese(U. 9. geol sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 444........|Gager lime and mfg. N. co. OS! [asada epoSanoens aie ag oe p. 443 ......./Arlington lime co. SOO ais oveiee letters ae Bul. 148, p. 258; L. G. Eakins, anal. 910 |SOz allyl se 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 444; H. H.|D. R. Boone quarry Org .52 | Harriogton, anal. 911 U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 444........ Nusttn White lime co. analysis of lime cé 66 66 6s seeoeee |AUStin White lime co. Mama eats eqeteyarsiels\e)aislorele ef us she p. 455,.......|Brandon lime and marble co. Siltebaa lIaetaraierejeuereieae seters a mes oh ‘* R.Shup-|Follet Bros. paus, anal. 914 |. ...eeveeeeeeeee(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 456; S. P.|L. H. Felton Sharpless, anal. 915 |....secseeeeeeee(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 456;|W. B. Fonda EF. C. Robinson, anal. 916 |....0esceeeeress|U. 8. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 455. .... |J. P. Rich, no. 1 917 |FeO 12 oy - om Wis at aierorelotare ik 2 Os! Nae Geopincaedneenan ac es oe ae tales einveters ay 3 919 /Org. none ee 18th rep’t, pt 5 cont’d, p. 986........|/Marble 920 |Org. 004 oe a ie * we00 os Light marble 921 |MnO» 005 a8 we “ See ibatsiaictsreter | cus a Org. 08 SER) sa cicsoouonsaongs 2g = ee Bs OOo rials Blue s WEB) || ssoudagocdaoouon Be es eer Gens. oda \MayhEe = OA feicietalatars’ctere.eieve'e os ve of phe raat ncn Statuary ‘‘ L = Analysis of burned lime 952 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM E AND Y No. SNOOuNES PLAN N Oo fe} 2 iS) ey wa oS oD deen eed (6 oe 55.09) || 43.06) lnt.ce eee eee eee 24 PAS | ARP ac 08 |e 33 RUE CHMSIE [ee aes oe a 1 26 | 54 25 | 44.48 |...... 67 | 11 a1 308 | 45 nA\ | noeagniee 4. ee es jeg Voted | 48,29 | 9 19h in| eee a 5 1.79 | 41.84 | 34.88 saan oe 1 95 49) 97/144. 58 \\.4... \voes ae ree 92 52.57 | 45.84 |... 62 eee 14 Bp 49 edoeade | 64 | ee ee | lee £02 SONG || Adee | eee [a 1.68 ove9, | dovevnlies ., leaner hae 1son ui teal sioy | ekotu eke eee . aCaO ai é LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 955 THE UNITED STATES (concluded) No. MISCEL- OWNER LANEOUS CE LOCATION AND REMARKS vescsresseeeeess(eol. Of Va. p. 525; W. B. Rogers, anal......... sete sac oe ae ee ote Os 0.6 esaeevveeve ee eee e e 8 one G6 ys ee 2s 0 8 eooers Bietotefoeucvervelese = 3% U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 256; T. M. Chatard, anal.|Lower ledge MepniePeIseve reais ese 60% ae a ie ae Upper ‘‘ GOOD OG NOR CTE Geol of Va. p. 520; W. B. Rogers, anal..........6- 66 te 3 6 seeeeseeeee.s-|Description of resourcesof W. Va. Summers 1893, p. 88; W. B. Rogers ietetelaarcicreieferensysiore Description of resourcesof W. Va.Summers 1898, p. &8; W. B. Rogers vsececesevesees-|DeScription of resources of W.Va. Summers 1893, p. 88; W. B. Rogers seccsceessss,e+.|Description of resources of W. Va. Summers 1893, p. 88; W B. Rogers a OOO CRA EIS Geol. ee Va. p. 520; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwi anal. 5 ebeersteerte is nels eis Pool. oF Va. p. 520; W. B. Rogers, C. E Dwight, Gibson’s quarry anal. soou0d 2opabona| (EKO. we Va. p. 520; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, anal. eievercss\eieisistaveis ....|Geol. or Va p.520; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, anal. sseeesceece:s eee. (GeOl. of Va p. 529; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, anal. avuoods sseceeeee (U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 462;!Ormsby lime co. Gustave Bode, anal. sOHADGOUNOSAnOeS U. %. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 462;|Nast Bros. quarry W. W. Daniells, anal. erepeFeleleier are -+++..|Wis, geol. sur. Bul. 4, p. 420; W. W. Daniels, anal.. me oe po00dso0s seeee/U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 463;'Hamilton stone and lime co. W.W ODaniells, anal. S0unO tisivielafaleisierers| AUT Kan COl a SUI 1OG0N 42) Onan wn aeciiiaisees eesnieielise ae Cement 66 Ce 66 eeaes eo 0 oe or eevee e eee neesse reed eoeeseoce Braeteteyacvelelessieieveisis ik geol. sur. Bul. 4, p. 420; W. W. Daniells, anal. 7 Alkalis .8 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 462.....|Milwaukee Falls lime co. ooun0g.qoadonDoNe ue us ue ‘© p. 463; G./Sheboygan lime works. Bode, anal. seeresvevces- oes. Wis. geol. Sur. Bul. 4, p. 420 so0d00DCCB00D .»..{U. S. geol. sur., 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 463 ..... dogddaogoGoo ....{Min. res. 1889-90, p. 489; J. C. Jack, anal............ e \ ce if t € ze Ge : : , an 7 o set Ug ee j , us ~ 7 Z 5 me * ad f - . 4 * : 7 ry t 5 ‘ ‘ : 5 s w INDEX: The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 6963 means page 696, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Abrasion test for cement, 7277-289. Adhesion test of cement, 7291, 7357. Agricultural uses of lime, 6716-725. Akron, natural rock cement, 8337; quarry, illus. facing p. 836. Akron district, cement quarries in, 8364-373. Albany county, limestone formations, 7694-723, Albion, quarry, illus. facing p. 810. Alkalis in limestones, 6447, Alpha Portland cement co., 6963. Alsen’s American Portland cement co., 8519, 8607-612. Alumina in limestones, 6444. Alvord, A. E., quarry, 8056, 8074, 8385 ; "illus. facing p. 805, 838. Alvord, E. B., & Co., 8056, 8387. American cement co., 6963, 8585, 8595, 8612. Ammonium sulfate, 6682. Amphibole in limestones, 6514. Analyses, 892-955; Becraft limestone, 7773, 7872, 8223; Birdseye limestone, 7911; blue lime, 8066; Calciferous limestone, 7876, 7997, 8161; Cambro- Silurian limestone, 8095-102, 8122, 8291; cement rock, 8064; Chazy limestone, 7553, 7755, 7762, 7825, 7831; Crystalline limestone, 8008, 8141; dolomite, 7786, 7798, 8151; Guelph limestone, 7959-961; Helder- berg limestone, 7718, 7848; hydraulic limes, 6783; lime, 8059, 8154; lime- stones, 8266, 892-955; limestones used in glass-making, 6542; lime- stones used by beet sugar manu- facturers, 6562, 6574, 6581; Lower Helderberg limestone, 8033; mag- nesian limestone, 8095; marl, 7857, 7931, 7948, 7975; natural rock ce- ment, 6834, 8175; Niagara limestone, 8013; Onondaga limestone, 773%, 7811; Pentamerus limestone, 8173; Portland cement, 7001, 7044-62, Soc ODA PaO Ole SO lt oOae: 8645, 8663, 8674, 8681, 8697, 8711, 8718-722; Portland cement mate- rials, 8547, 8567; Rosendale cements, 6792; Tentaculite limestone, 78883, 8178; Trenton limestone, 7889-892, 794-922, 7924, 7991, 8023, -8251, 8278; Trenton-Chazy limestone, 8127-133; Tully limestone, 8203; Upper Helderberg limestone, 8191. Appleton, J. H., analysis by, 8268. Arana marble co., 8275. Arden, quarry, illus. facing p. 808. Argillaceous limestone, 6437, 6453; in Portland cement, 8753. Argillaceous magnesian limestone, 6454. Associated lime co., 8258. Atlas cement co., 6968. Babcock, D., quarry, 8187; illus. fac- ing p. 818. Ball mill, 7148; section of, illus. fac- ing p. 714. Bangs & Gaynor, 8384. Barber asphalt co., quarry, illus. fac- ing p. 781. Barnerville quarry, illus. facing p. 818. Barnhardt, D. A., cement mine, 835. Barre Center limekiln, illus. facing me Salil, 958 Barrett, S. T., cited, 8088. Basic steel, manufacture, 6671. Bauschinger’s caliper apparatus, 7307. Beck, cited, 7676. Becraft limestone, 7624-631; analyses, 7773, 7872, 8223; quarry, illus. fac- ing p. 777, 787; in Albany county, 7703; in Columbia county, 7766; in Greene county, 7868; in Ulster county, 8211, 8217. Beet sugar, manufacture, 6556-587. Behan’s quarry, 8056, 8385; illus. fac- ing p. 804. Bennett’s quarry, 8105. Binnewater, cement quarries in, 8338. Birdseye limestone, 7557, 7561, 7571; analysis, 7911; quarry, illus. facing p. 788; in Herkimer county, 7887; in Jefferson county, 7898; in Lewis county, 7908. Bischof, G., cited, 6426. Bishop, I. P., cited, 7769, 7799. Black river limestone, 7557, 7563; in Clinton county, 7748-752; in Hssex county, 7822; in Jefferson county, 7901. Blowing, 7294. Blue lime, analyses, 8066. Bohme hammer, 7208; illus. facing De (ls), Boiling test cf cement, 7265-276. Bond, Edward A., acknowledgments to, 8773, Bone-ash, manufacture, 6708. Bonneville cement co., 6964. Boynton, analysis by, 7831. Brainard, E., cited, 7818. Briquet machines, 7207-219. Briquets, 7168; form of, 7193; mold- ing, 7197-207; brass mold for mak- ing, illus. facing p. 742; placing in machine, 7232; temperature of, 7238. See also Tensile strength; Tests. Britton & Clark, 8057, 8387. Bronson Portland cement co., 6964. Brown, W. §., analysis by, 7848. Brown’s quarry, 8386; illus. facing p. 804. Buckeye cement co., 6963. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Buffalo, natural rock cement, 8837; quarry in Corniferous limestone, illus. facing p. 781. Buffalo cement co., 8374; quarries, illus. facing p. 780, 837. Buffalo cement works, 7814. Buffalo district, cement quarries in, 8374-381, Burning lime, 6622. Burning Portland cement, 7078-83. Butler, D. B.. cited, 7102, 7149, 7159, 7165, Butler, Sherman, quarry, 7888; illus. facing p. 788. Calcareous sandstone, 6437. Caleareous shale, 6437. Caleareous sinter, 6419. Caleareous tufa, in Monroe county, 7972; illus. facing p. 797. Calciferous limestones, 7535-548; an- alyses, 7876, 7997, 8161; illus. fae- ing p. 787, 809, 828, 830; in Clin- ton county, 7748; in Fulton county, 7835; in Herkimer county, 7875; in Jefferson county, 7896; in Mont- gomery county, 7984; in Saratoga county, 8156; in Schenectady county, 8165; in Warren county, 8247. Calciferous-Trenton limestone, facing p. 618. Caledonia, marl, illus. facing p. 792; Portland cement manufactured near, 8702. Callanan’s quarry, 7711. Cambrian limestones, 6479. Cambro-Silurian limestones, 7538; an- alyses, 8095-103, 8122, 8291; in Dutchess county, 7781; in New York county, 8001; in Orange and Rock- land counties, 8083; in Rensselaer county, 8117; in Westchester county, 6481, 8284. Candlot, cited, 7034. Carbon dioxid, 6595. | Warlson, H., analysis by, 7809-812. Carthage Landing on the Hudson, Portland cement manufactured at, 8523. illus. INDEX TO LIME AND Catskill, quarries in Becraft limestone, illus. facing p. 787. Catskill cement co., 8519, 8585, 8598, 8621; works, illus. facing p. 862. Cayuga county, limestone formations, 7724-741, Cayuga Portland cement co., 8631. Cement, 6771-7525; books relating to, 7511-52; fineness, 7324-343; per- manency of volume, 7293-324; sand, 8683, 8726; silica, 8683, 8726; slag, 8732; specifications, 8781-804; tests made by the state engineer during 1897-1900, 877-91: methods of test- ing, 8805-825; results of tests, 8826— 91. See also Natural rock cement; Portland cement. Cement briquets, see Briquets. Cement mortar, 7189. Cement rock, 6444, 6451, 646; analyses, 8064. Cement testing machines, 7221. Champlain clay, illus. facing p. 822. Chautauqua county, 1742, Chazy, quarry at, illus. facing p. 775. Chazy limestone, 7549-556; analyses, 7558, 7759, 7762, 7825, 7831; in Clin- ton county, 7746; in Essex county, 7821; in St Lawrence county, 8124. Checking or cracking, test for, 7364. Chemical composition of limestone, 6438-46. Chester, A. H., analyses by, 8028. Chlorid of lime, 6587-595, Clancy, John, quarry, 8075. Clark’s quarry, illus. facing p. 782. Clarke, J. M., on Tentaculite lime- stone, 7598; cited, 8079. Clay, in limestones, 6513; in Portland cement, 8738-749. Clinkers, reduction of, 7133-166. Clinton, tufa deposits near, 6416. Clinton county, limestone formations, 7743-764. Clinton limestone, 8689; in Cayuga. 7725; marl deposits, county, 7969. in Monroe county, CEMENT INDUSTRIES 959 Clinton Point, quarries at, illus. facing jo, Wes Clips, 7226-233, 7431. Color of limestones, 6507. Columbia county, limestone forma- tions, 7764-777. Compressive strength, test for, 7179- 187, 7355, 7449-469, 7479-488. Connelly & Shaffer, 835. Constancy of volume, 7295, 7445. Continuous kilns, 7088. Copeland quarry, 7966. Coplay cement co., 6962. Coralline limestone, see Niagara lime- stone. Cornell lime co., 8316.. Corniferous limestone, 7653; quarries, illus. facing p. 772, 781; in Albany county, 7695; in Cayuga county, 7726; in Erie county, 7795, 7814; in Greene county, 7862; in Livingston county, 7925; in Onondaga county, 8071. Corrigan’s quarry, 8044, 8388. Cowaselon swamp, illus. facing p. 794. Cracking or checking, test for, 7364. Croton on the Hudson, Portland cement manufactured at, 8516. Crushers, 6884. Crystalline limestone, analyses, 8003, 8141; in Essex county, 7816; in Lewis county, 7914; in St Lawrence county, 8138; in Westchester county, 8324. Cumings, E. R., cited, 8019. Cummings, W., cited, 6789, 8645, 8663. Cummings cement co., 8364; illus. fac- ing p. 836. Cummings pulverizers, 8367. Cushing, H. P., cited, 7749, 7759. Dale, T. N., cited, 8203. Dana, J. D., cited, 8289. Darton, N. H., cited, 7544, 7573, 7579, 7589, 7699, 7719, 7839, 7879, 7887, 7984, 8088, 8159, 8207, 8213, 8219, 8233, 8243; on Helderberg limestones, 7608-625. 960 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Davidsen tube mill, sections through, , illus. facing p. 714. | Davis, OC. A., cited, 6418. | Davis, ©. ©, cited; 6719. Davis, W. M., cited, 8208. Diamond Portland cement co., 6964. Diedrich’s quarry, 8037. Dietzsch kilns, 7078, 7098-109; illus. facing p. 709. Dolomites, 6448, 6455; 7798, 8151; used in manufacture of basic steel, 6672; geographic dis- tribution, 6532; mineralogic com- position, 6511; pure, 6674; in Mon- roe county, 7969; in Westchester county, 6481. Dolomitiec cements, 6788. Dolomitization, 6456. Dome kiln, 7088, 7093; illus. facing pe 00: Donohue, G. J., analvsis by, 8149-152. Dunlap, R., quarry, 8386. Dunn, Ay. analysis’ by, Si 7e; 8695, Schenectady county, limestone forma- tions, 8165. Schneider, P. F., cited, 8039. Schoch, C., cited, 6619, 6659, 6989, 6991. Schoharie county, limestone forma- tions, 8166-183, Schuyler county, limestone formations, 8183. Seutella beds, 7618; in Albany county, 7708; in Columbia county, 7766. Seely, H. M., cited, 7818. Seneca blue limestone, 765+. Seneca county, limestone formations, 8185-196, Seneca limestone in Cayuga county, 7728, Setting of cement, 7241-264, 7403; time of, 7444, 7508; results of tests for time of, diagrams facing p. 890. Shale in Portland cement, 8751. Shalebo, J., quarry, 7727. Shaly limestone, 6437. Sheedy, T. W., cement works, 8383. Sherrerd, J. M., analysis by, 7994. 7641; in Ulster forma- 966 Shinn, J. K. & Bro., quarry, 6962. Shéfer kilns, 7088; section of, illus. facing p. 710. Shute & Rightmyer, 7778; quarry, illus. facing p. 777. Sieves for ascertaining fineness of cement, 7412. , Silica in limestones, 6442. Silica cement, 8683, 8726. Silicious limestone, 6436, 646. Simpson, J., quarry, 7928. Sinclair, J., Co., 8305. Sing Sing lime co., 8288, 8298. Slag cements, 8732. Slaking lime, 6644-669, 6737—768. 100000) 0 oe eee UES a ee 2 Smith, C., quarry, 7894. Smith, W. A., quoted, 8561. Smiths Landing, Portland cement manufactured at, 8585, 8621; works of Catskill cement co., illus. facing p. 862. Smock, J. C., cited, 7698, 8023. Smyth, C. H. jr, cited, 8129, 8134, Snow’s quarry, 7963. Snyder, A. J. & Son, cement mine, 835. Soap, manufacture, 6693-702, Soda manufacture, 6598. Solvay Co., 8067. South Bethlehem, quarry in Lower Helderberg limestone, illus. facing Deewana South Dover marble co. quarry, illus. facing p. 778. South Rondout, Portland manufactured at, 8531, Stafford limestone, 7662. Staine, T. F., quarry, 8112. Standard silica cement co., 8727. Steadman disintegrators, 6894, 8378. Steuben county, limestone formations, 8196, Steven’s quarry, 8139. Stone, G. A., analysis by, 8003. Stone, G. H., analyses by, 8295, Stout Bros., quarry, 7936. Street’s quarry, 8045. Strength, tests for, 7447, 7497-507. cement NEW YORK: STATE Sturtevant crushers, 8367, MUSEUM Sturtevant disintegrator, illus. facing p. 689. Sturtevant emery mill, vertical sec- tion, illus. facing p. 689. Sturtevant emery mill stone, facing p. 689. Sturtevant mills, 8653. Sturtevant roll jaw crusher, 6888; ver- tical section, illus. facing p. 688. Sugar manufacture, 6556-587, Syracuse, cement quarries in, 8382. illus. Tanning, 6702. Tensile strength of cement, 7372-392; of natural rock cements, 885, 887, 889, 891; of Portland cements, 884, 886, 888, 890; tests for, 7188-239, - 7348-355, 7449-469, 8546, 8571; Fair- banks machine for testing, illus. fac- ing p. 722; results of tests, diagrams facing p. 890. Tentaculite limestone, 7606, 7638 5 an- alyses, 7883, 8173; in Albany county, 7709; in Greene county, 7869; in Herkimer county, 7888; in Scho- harie county, 8169; in Ulster county, 8232, Terry Bros. p. 822. Tests of cement, specifications adopted by engineering societies, 7343-509; abstract from French specifications, 7488-509; German _ specifications, 7439-488; machine for, illus. facing p- 772; made by the state engineer during 1897-1900, 877-91; of Port- land cements, 7166, 884, 886, 888, 890; of natural rock cements, 885, 887, 889, 891. See also Fineness; Setting, time of; Tensile strength. Tetmajer, Prof., cited, 7029. Texture of limestones, 6518-522. Thomas, G. C., & Bros., 8188. Tomkins Cove, quarry in Calciferous limestone, illus. facing p. 809. Tompkins county, tions, 8198-204. Touceda, E., analysis by, 7762. Trass, 6774. brickyard, illus. facing limestone forma- INDEX TO LIME AND Travertin, 6415, 646. Trenton limestone, 6479, 7557-585, 8673; analyses, 7889-892, 7914-922, 7924, 7991, 8023, 8251, 8278; illus. facing p- 618; quarry, illus. facing p. 824, 828; in Clinton county, 7752; in Hs- sex county, 7821; in Fulton county; 7835; in Herkimer county, 7886; in Jefferson county, 7895; in Lewis county, 7907, 7917-924; in Mont- gomery county, 7984; in Oneida county, 8022; in Saratoga county, 8156, 8163; in Warren county, 8247; in Washington county, 8274. Trenton-Chazy limestone, analyses, 8127-133; in St Lawrence county, 8124. Tube mills, 7145. Tuckahoe marble co., 8305, 8314. Tuckahoe, quarry, illus. facing p. 830. Tufa, 6415. - Tully limestone, 7662; analysis, 8203; in Seneca county, 8194; in Tompkins county, 8199. Tuomey, D., quarry, 7894. Turner, B., quarry, 8226. Ulster county,. limestone formations, 8205-246. Union Akron cement co., 8365, 8373, 8381; kilns, illus. facing p. 836; storehouse, illus. facing p. 836. Union Springs, quarries in Corniferous limestone, illus. facing p. 772. Upper Helderberg limestone, 7651; analysis, 3191; in Cayuga county, 7725; in Greene county, 7861; in Onondaga county, 8035, 8069; in On- tario county, 8078; in Seneca county, 8186. - Upper Pentamerus limestone, see Be- craft limestone. Upper shaly limestone county, 8215. Uses of limestone, 6523-599. Utica shale, illus. facing p. 788. ing) Ulster Vandermark, J. H., cement mine, 835. Vanuxem, Lardner, cited, 7839, 7879, 7909, 7939, 7989, 8019, 8039, 8169. 967 CEMENT INDUSTRIES Vegetation as a clue to character of underlying rock, 6502. Vesuvianite in limestones, 6519. Vicat’s needle test of Portland cement, 72586, Vulcanite cement co., 6964. Waener, cited, 6599. Walcott, cited, 7546. Walker, L. H., quarry, 8388. Wallkill Portland cement co., 549. Warners, Portland cement manufac- tured at, 8579, 8586, 8634; old plant of Empire Portland cement co., illus. facing p. 865; marl, illus. facing p. 807, 864. Warners Portland cement co., 8579. Warren county, limestone formations, 8247-259. Washington county, limestone forma- tions, 8261-281. Waterlime, see Hydraulic limes. Waterlime group, 8684; cement mine, illus. facing p. 834; old mine of the Newark cement co., illus. facing p. 834; quarries, illus. facing p. 834. Waterloo, quarry, illus. facing p. 818. Waters, J., quarry, 7922. Watt, cited, 6699. Wayland, Portland cement manufac- tured at, 8591, 8704, 8716; plant of Millen cement co., illus. facing p. 870. Wayland Portland cement co., 8198, 8592, 8716-725. Wayne county, limestone formations, 8281. Weight of cement, relation to tensile strength, 7401. Wernerite in limestones, 6515. 85 16— West Camp, Portland cement manu- factured at, 8608. Westchester. county, dolomites, 6481, 6675 ; 8284— 331, Western Portland cement co., 6963. White, T. G., cited, 7818, 7829, 7879, 7909, 8019. limestone formations, 968 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM White Cliffs Portland cement co., 6964. Whiteport, quarries, illus. facing p- 834. Whitmore, Rauber & Vicinus, quarry, 7956; illus. facing p. 795. Williams, C., & Co., 8154. Williams, S. G., cited, 7619. Willsboro point, quarry on, illus. fac- ing p. 782. Wollastonite in limestones, 6515 Wood, ‘G. P., quarry, 7727. Wright, B. H., cited, 8339. Wright, C. R. A., 6599.- Yates county, marl in, 8332. Zircon in limestones, 6515. Zirkel, F., cited, 6429, 6457. / ‘ \ \ ; | | | SQUOISIUWI] JO UONGINSIP 94} BuIMmoys a}¥}S HIOA MON Jo dey as . for aLv id ‘*’ NILATINA WNASNW rd ‘ : | \ ’ Mei | queues purpjsog pue [esnyzeu jo sa1JopeENueU / pure lle alely JzeuI pue SalIsenb auO0jSaUII] JO UOI}ZEIO] SuIMOYsS 93e3S 3.10 A MeN Jo dep t ALWI1d i NILATING wnasnw a aed Car ry mc Ne el eps a ng ne me gl le ni rl mayan elle sa ern pl nr gl lite Ang ates | | | | | ee FREDERICK J. H.MERRILL UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ve y FRE Ve NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM BULLETIN No. 44. Director and State Geologist 76° 75° 79° 18° Wile & Zz io) = jax : : WY UE : arcsec 7 ae 27 —__—— #3 Me x | : eo ea es. ‘GN SG ote a . gi Bhasterf LE MAP OF NEW YORK oo eI Tully limestone SHOWING THE NYG Onondaga limestone DISTRIBUTION OF LIMESTONES =| 5 ° Helderberg limestone : Niagara limestone and shale Trenton limestone : ia jj ar Beekmantown and Chazy limestone “ Cambro-Silurian limestone Note. or hydrautioa limestone a o es : Se Crystalline limestone eof the Helderberg castor ey 6e ‘ndetermine il and. at the base of the 1st of Madison Co. SA EH eR tt YA A nti. eee came CMM MMA TONNES yl i OT TTT =} ll TAC NOT = LOK To T=) AAA A= = TM AACA: = = ATT SATA eS Se ; F \ [Nantes UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. | | \ B aS = NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. no ect 4 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, x ia Direator and State Geologist, A S x _. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YO! SHOWING THE LOCATION OF LIMESTONE QUARRIES AND MARL DEPOSITS, AND MANUFACTORIES OF NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENT. BY HEINRICH RIES, 1900. Scare or Mines. HASTINGS y io » #0 i) uy ened aes Sacer wes TOT NG OPIS Tie MATT KORTHHUT Gn, RUTH. on ee rat aa fom Natural Cement Works. Portland Cement Work: e IENNOX Ay ADDINGTON Merry Hil SraTH Printer, i Auuany, N.Y. NORTHUABH RL ANY reek ee : 7 ae ees iw Eh —— : ’ ni — pur alae Peter PAL aa 3 /: il; \ = Pree Beart Ke ONTARIO \ itis. HUA ~~ ‘ ee ie Pu.Travese \N he eae ee RAK ‘3 Fastastele Sete, pers ‘\ , rate ee ce A AE MH Se, R RNS a fr £ LINcor R EY Sees = cet WANT AND (== SSS earte |\ oes a Dork Calbornel] 0 fer or c ayy } is eer fete ell =| a | ges peor ~ ns] Some any 1c L ZS ce ai, Ge i ali ci: ae core, fessev Pa i at vere : © Bees | [~ I F o RD eV A T | SOUTHERN PART OF A dea -+ NEW YORK.- Z pede amet 0 Sere Seale of Mite ey een aa) i : = These atl SONG Fase Sole no main Sap. *S Sele ROCKARR 19 i ae { al r Q N LIBRARIES wi 3 9088 0130 0 5822