ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ARCHITECT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL

FOR THE

| FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1882.

EDWARD CLARK,

| ARCHITECT.

| WITH A PAPER RELATING TO THE TREES, SHRUBS, AND PLANTS IN THE
UNITED STATES CAPITOL GROUND, AND AN INDEX OF THE SAME,
) TOGETHER WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PLANTING

AND CARE OF TREES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,

BY

FRED’K LAW OLMSTED,
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1882.

SR ANNUAL REPORT

a
g G22 OF THE

ARCHITECT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL

FOR TIE

FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1882.

EDWARD CLARK,

PAUTU CoH a tele BaxG lus

WITH A PAPER RELATING TO THE TREES, SHRUBS, AND PLANTS IN THE
UNITED STATES CAPITOL GROUND, AND AN INDEX OF THE SAME,
TOGETHER WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PLANTING
AND CARE OF TREES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,

BY

FRED’K LAW OLMSTED,
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT.

a
ww

40042

WEAS SHED ION GD. ON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICKH.

1882.

AeONEN UPAR ie Ok

OF THE

ARCHITECT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

Str: I have the honor to submit the annual report, showing the
progress made since the last annual report in the various works under
the direction of the Architect of the Capitol, and a statement of the ex-
penditures made on account of the same during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1882.

THE CAPITOL.

At the beginning of the present Congress several additional rooms
were required for the use of committees. So urgent was this demand,
that rooms formerly occupied for storage and even ends of corridors
have been fitted up to meet this want.

Rooms are now being made, as provided by law, in the crypt for the
storing of books connected with the Library of Congress.

The file-room connected with the office of the Clerk of the House of
Representatives has been extended in a fire-proof manner and furnished
with iron shelving and metallic file-cases.

Bathing-rooms, as provided by a joint resolution, have been fitted up
in the basement of the south wing, and the space formerly occupied by
them has been annexed to the restaurant and put in condition for use.
As many members have expressed a desire to have the marble tubs
which were taken from the old bathing-rooms again brought into use, I
jiave caused the two most free from cracks to be placed in the base-
ment, in rooms constructed for that purpose.

The elevator in the House wing has been completed, and that in the
Senate is being rebuilt so as to insure adaiuonal safety and speed. A
warehouse lift, controlied by steam-power, is being put in the Senate
wing for the convenient handling of documents connected with the
folding-room at the basement.

A large amount of painting and other repairs have been made
throughout the building.

The condition of the iron-work of the dome was found to be such that
much of the old paint had to be taken off by mechanical and chemical
means to get rid of the cracks, many of which had exposed the iron and
caused rust stains. This condition appeared mostly confined to that
part of the work which during its construction was primed with “ plum-
bago” paint.

The old portion of the copper roof near the dome and over the rooms
occupied by the Library of Congress has been so injured by materials

Oo)
”

4 _ REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

falling upon it when the dome was in course of construction that it can
no longer be kept weather-tight, and I recommend that a new roof be
placed over this portion of the structure the coming building season.

The heating apparatus of both wings has been kept in good running
order. Of that of the House of Representatives—the running of which
the Architect has more immediate charge—Mr. Lannan, the engineer, in
his report, says

Through the entire session of the last Congress the daily observations commenced
last year were continued, accompanied by accurate instrumental tests and measure-
ments. Of that which pertained to the heating and ventilating of the hall of the
House of Representatives they have been carefully t taken, tabulated, and preserved.
They show for the period embraced in the months of Decembet, Januar y, February,
March, and April the following results, viz:

Average relative humidity, per cent ..--.-. Cie tS ia Mast SiR ah/F t's the cee CI 46-3;
Avera ce mevolubiondanipenminitessesseereee heer eeeiee es eee eee eee 58
Volume of air carried to hall by each revolution of fan, cubic feet ---- --. 833
Volume of air carried to hall per minute eS cubic

EO Liye se a fe ha, 8 Sy NU OPA ya eR) Se es Se 47, 872
Volume for each person present, per minute, cubic feet: saa aa meee 68
Volume removed for each person present, per minute cubieteetiassssesseaee 72

It will be observed that the volume of air removed was somewhat greater than that
delivered. This fact is largely due to the expansion of the air, as the measurements
of the air delivered was made at its temperature at the outside, while that of the air
expelled was made at the point of exit of the building; where it was heated and con-
sequently increased in volume. During the Garfield memorial services, when there
were 2,400 persons present in the hall, the machinery and appliances of this depart-
ment were severely tested and with most satisfactory results. There were forced into
the hall 113.885 cubic feet of air per minute, that being nearly 48 feet to each person
per minute. The temperature of the hall was likewise under easy control, as there
was but one degree variation of temperature during this whole ceremony, the ther-
mometer ranging between 69° and 70°.

The small fan has been taken down and reset, and the boilers have been repaired and
placed in good order. As these boilers have now been in use twenty-four years, they
have been stripped of all their coverings, thoroughly examined, and, to all appear-
ances, are pertectly strong andsecure ; but during the next recess 1am of the opinion
that extensive repairs will have to be made to them. Iam gratified that as a further
measure of precaution you have requested the Secretary of “the Navy te detail some
of the engineer officers of his department to make a further test and inspection of
these boilers.

The boilers above referred to have, in conformity with an order from
the Navy Department, been inspected by Messrs. John Lowe and W. B.
Bailey, passed assistant engineers U nited States Navy, who report as
follows :

The boilers, four in number, were entirely stripped of their brick jackets, thus
wholly exposing their exterior surfaces. The fire-boxes were first carefully inspected ;
during the time each was undergoing inspection the boiler was subjected to a bydro-
static ] pressure of 110 pounds per square inch, none of the flat surfaces in the fire-
boxes showing any signs of weakness.

The following defects were found, however:

In furnace No. 1, three patches about the water-legs and one small blister.

In furnace No. 2, one small crack in the tube sheet and one patch on the water-lee.

In furnace No. 3, two patches and one blister on the water-legs.

In furnace No. 4, one blister, three patches, and one crack.

-These defects do not materially impair the efficiency of the boilers, but we would
recommend that the blisters be carefully watched and cut out if they are found to
increase.

The water was then let out of the boilers, manhole plates removed, and the interior
of the boilers examined. The boilers are well and sufficiently braced; the iron, such
as can be seen, presents no sigus of corrosion, mud deposit, or incrustation.

These boilers were built by Ellis & Sons, of Washington, in 1857, and are conse-
quently twenty-five years old. Notwithstanding their great length of service, owing
to good material and workmanship in construction, careful management, and the use
of pure fresh water, we-find them in good condition, and in our opinion perfeetly safe
for a working pressure of forty pounds per square inch.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 5
ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

As relates to the machinery for electric lighting, Mr. A. B. Talcott,
electrician of the House of Representatives, states that on entering upon
his duties February 1, 1882, he found the coils and burners over the Hall
of Representatives in excellent condition, and says in his report that—

Through long use the switches had become so burned and oxydized as to be wholly
unreliable. It being impossible to make the necessary repairs while Congress was in
session, a temporary system of connections was improvised which proved satisfactory
for the time being. New switches, less expensive and more readily accessible, will be
put in before the reassembling of Congress.

The electric valves, by which the gas is turned on and shut off the burners, haye
become worn, causing slight leaks. These are now being changed so as to place them
ander control of the “operator at the switch board, and prevent leakage. From long
use and frequent temporary repairs the connections between the burners inthe Rotunda
haye become bared so as to form ground connections on the slightest movement of the
glass globe. These will be renewed with new coils and supports for the same during
the coming month.

The engine, dynamo-machine, and other apparatus are in good condition. During
the months of March, April, and May a series of experiments was made by the Amer-
ican Electric Light Company in connection with their incandescent light, but through
imperfections in their machinery no results were reached that would furnish data of
any value. These experiments were conducted at their own expense, the use of the
government engine being allowed them for motive power.

CAPITOL GROUNDS.

Relating to the Capitol grounds, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, land-
scape architect, furnishes the following report accompanied with an ap-
pendix, forming anindex to trees about the Capitol, with advice to visitors
interested in them. He Says:

The principal construction works upon the Capitol grounds during the fiscal year
ending July 1, 1882, have been the following:

PROGRESS OF CONSTRUCTION.

(1.) The southeast entrance-way, which is now completed, except in respect to
lighting arrangements.

(2.) The entrance to the southern system of wheel-ways and walks from Maryland
avenue, the stone work of which is complete.

(3.) The wall and coping on the east and south border by which the inclosure of
the ground is completed.

(4). The walls, coping, stairs, and drainage arrangements of the direct approach
from Marylard avenue to the west entrance of the Capitol.

(5.) Foundation work of the parapet wall bounding the platform between the base
of the Capitol and the central field of turf on the west.

(6.) Twenty-four thousand square feet of plain and 10,000 square feet of ‘‘mosaic ”
artificial stone flagging.

The ground adjoining the several new works of masonry, heretofore temporarily pre-
pared, has been broken up, regraded, with improved modeling of the surface, and
sodded or planted.

INCOMPLETE WORK.—THE TERRACE.

In reviewing the present aspect of the Capitol it should be borne in mind that the
area within a distance of from 100 to 150 feet of the Capitol, including the slopes
beyond the high earth works, remains as it was temporarily prepared twenty years
ago pending the design of a general plan for the improvement of the ground. The
more nearly the improvement beyond this space is brought to realize its local inten-
tion, the more unsuitable, shabby, and disorderly must the central and more conspic-
‘nous ground appear, so that the better the work done the less satisfactory is the
result as a whole. The anomaly will be more and more marked until the terrace and
western stairway shall have been completed and the adjoining ground graded and
finished in adaptation to them.

The present Joint Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds have reviewed the
plans for these structures adopted seven years ago by Congress, on the recommenda-
tion of their predecessors, and it is understood that ali its members are convinced that

6 REPORT: OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

they should be carried out without needless delay. Until Congress adopts this conelu-
sion the Capitol grounds must both be seen at disadvantage and produce impressions
unjust to the general design incorporating them.

For the convenience of the committee a brief statement, with illustrative sketches
of the plan of the terrace, was prepared last winter.

The construction of the terrace will involve no breaking up of ground or roads or
walks already finished, and need cause no inconvenience to the ordinary business of
the Capitol.

PROGRESS OF PLANTATIONS.

At the beginning of the year the effect of a summer of extraordinary heat and drought
followed by a winter of unprecedented cold, was still marked in the condition of the
plantations; with the exception of a few broad-leaved evergreens, they have since
recovered and are now growing vigorously. The death of certain shrubs the present
year has been traced to gas leaks, and it is to be hoped that the time is near when
through the introduction of an improved economical method of electric lighting the
danger attending the use of illuminating gas in planted grounds may be avoided.

The four lines of plane trees on the west of the Capitol are growing very thriftily,
put are checked and given lop-sided forms by the interference of what remains of the
old avenue trees they are designed to supersede.

This will be obvious on comparing the crowded trees with others of their kind not
so aftected. The injury is not,as yet, so great that it may not be remedied, but
the final removal of the remaining old trees, nearly all of which are plainly diseased
or dilapidated, should not be delayed more than another year.

The temporary loss of shade-will soon be amply compensated by the overarching of
the new trees.

INDEX TO TREES.

There being trees on the ground unknown to many visitors from distant parts of
the country, upon a suggestion kindly made by members of Congress, labels have
heen placed before a large number, giving their names, and a map, index, and refer-
ences prepared for the use of strangers. To further foster, meet, and lead on to more
useful fields any disposition of inquiry that might occur upon the ground in respect
to sylviculture, especially with those having little knowledge of the subject, an explan-
atory account of the plantations has been added, with advice as to opportunities of
fuller information. Copies of all are appended.

EXTENSION TO COURT HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The extension to this building as authorized by the act of Congress
approved February 25, 1881, is now approaching completion. The
principal story for the use of the courts and offices connected therewith
will be ready for occupation during the present season, and the other
portions of the building will be completed during the coming winter.

THE COURT HOUSE.

As the repairs made to the old portion of this building immediately
after the storm of June 27, 1851, were only such as were necessary to
protect the building and its contents from further injury from storms,
many repairs in the interior of the building, such as plastering, painting,
&e., occasioned by the storm, were not made at that time. ‘These repairs,
together with many others, renewing and repairing heating furnaces,
and repairs to tin roof of old portion of building, &c., have been made
and paid for out of the appropriation of $800 made tor annual repairs
to City Hall.

EXTENSION TO GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE BUILDINGS AND
STABLES. ;

In accordance with the provisions of the act approved March 30,
1881, an extension has been erected to this building 95 feet by 60 feet,
four stories high, and a stable for the accommodation of twenty horses,
with a shelter for wagons, at a cost within that prescribed by law. The
stable, wagon sheds, and fences connected cost $5,346.26.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

BOTANIC GARDEN,

During the present year these grounds have been much improved by
cutting down the mound over the “Tiber” sewer, and with the earth
trom the same filling the lawns to the grade required for the walks.

The heating apparatus, to which two new boilers have been added,
has been put in good order for the winter and the necessary painting
and reglazing has been done. The conerete walks have been extended.

The buildings at the south side of Maryland avenue have been put in a
~ good condition, principally by adding new rafters to the “rose” house
and new staging in two of the other houses. Next year it will become
necessary to paint the entire conservatory, as much of the iron work is

now exposed to the weather.

Statement showing amounts expended from June 30, 1881, to June 30, 1882.

CAPITOL EXTENSION.
For amount of pay rolls, mechanics, laborers, &c....-.-.....-----.-----. $35; 623 68
For amount of labor not on rolls, paid by vouchers..---.-.....2..---.---- 508 80
Rowanouny paotor pamnbine materialscn css .-- 22. sansa se selelecce co noeee 2, 287 13
Heramountispadnorisalary Of archibechosssso5 v2. - seen e Gace sacl 4,500 00
For amount paid for plumbers’ and steam fitting material-...........---- 2,452 43
Homamount paid tor hard ware and ironl: 2 se... seinen sciio nee toe cee 1, 249 36
Horamouninpaid for Gisbursine, agent. jose 26s aes in maine sete 1, 000 00
Hou AMouMn pad stor, lUMpeT Ie sles te eee |e cele eats Mela et ee ee AL 1,324 76
Hor amount paid for marble and eranite.. 225.022 5.2 sus ete oes. 42. 76
For amount paid for freight and express charges..---..--..-.--..--------- 150 88
For amount paid for winding angderepalriner Clocks tera ease nie eel eee 100 00
For amount paid for stationery Sr ley Bay Os REE eat eT A UU a LAR IU eae ate 109 75
For amount paid for forage.......-..----. AS EO ES Se Hie as ee ie age 92 00
HecaMmount: pald forfresco painting: --senessce see tos Sse satel 2, 20 00
Peo unt pard-for nickel platings.) 2&3: cic sos oce) eosin cayeee Sa eeleea ete 90 00
Homamounp paid tor cement, dimes brick. &¢-2sj)4 25-4 s\ene) see cee ee 1, 487 30
For amount paid for brushes, soaps, sponges, (OO a eT oe HIS BN Ses os 304 83
For amount paid for grate bars and castings.....---...-.-----.-----.---- 949 57
For amount paid for Eile LAR MeR Mapas eater eh 8 NENT HELE EAMG ih MCCAY 389 57
Homsmountipaid for rolled iron bars: 26 222-2 sees se 1, 082 74
Horamount paid tor photorraphs):)-)-224isa2 23222 ees yee ee eet 56 56
Her amnount paid for miscellaneous bills: .. 22.2. cs02 ses ees cee ose see 181 25
PRAGUE AY DULL Ler Ul viel VOB Oe = sere te suetals, {wiles sare/aaelietcetasieioe ela aii Nees 146 63
57, 000 00
PAMOun appropriated June 16, 188i fees, eee ee ee. $50, 000 00
Amount appropriated for Capitol and general repairs, August
1S, 1S Ee Sere at a6 ah Sek a es eh eae ae a Ia a Re 2, 000 00
Amount appropriated for fitting up bath rooms, July 8, 1882... 3,000 00
Amount appropriated for completion of iron shelving, file room,
Js TL GADE ap Mk hse et RIN A Sa Os ha aE gD RN RN —2,000 00

LIGHTING UNITED STATES CAPITOL AND GROUNDS.

For amount paid for pay rolls, lamplighters and superintendent of meters.

57,000 00

$4, 692 50

Ridee miosis ald fOr Sas CONSUMER. —- 5. 2. eae oo ee nen en eee ool ais 23, 403 23
For amount paid for electric bells and material for electric lighting ae. 251 76
For amount paid for chandeliers, globes, and gas fitting.-.-..-.-.-.------ 855 57
For amount paid for posts, lamps, wandulanterns) eee ere iene ae Ta! 360 10
MOM AMON TerANADIO JUly Us 1882... sae ee el okey 436 84

Amount appropriated March 3,1881.......:.-.---.+.- ne AS eS Be

30,000 ov

30,000 00

8

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.
CAPITOL GROUNDS.

Horamountiof pay, rolls, mechanics, (cess seer ree ere ee ee $31, 452 95
For amount paid for labor by vouchers, not on rolls.......-....---..---- 481 08
For amount paid for lime, sand, and cement..---.................-.---- 2,177 49
Horamount palditorbricksm yas see sere eee eee ene ee eS 663 99
Horamoumt paidtor dumber oss meses eevee eee teeter eee 683 75
Horamounbt paidtor hardwale waco senses cee eer ee eee eee eer eee eee 321 88
For amount paid for granite and Ohio stone work ..........-. ....-..--- 11, 255 29
Horyamount) paid for soil/and) hauling 2-2 ee meneame 464 36
For amount paid for artificial stone pavement-..--.......--....-...---- 5, 818 07
For amount paid for services of draughtsman..-.-...--.....-....------ 1,076 11
For amount paid for moving and repairing engineer’s office.......-.-.-- 168 68
For amount paid for miscellaneous items-.-. 22.2 2.- s---e. cece -eae cee ces 232 09
For amount paid for services of landscape architect ......--....-..--..- 2,000 00
For ainount paid for traveling expenses of landscape architect..-.....-- Pil? Der
Horjamount) paid forstabioneryg s22 2-2 sacle eee eee eece eee eee ree 24 25
For amount paid for rent of lot, engineer’s office ..--.. --..--.2..---.-:- 30 00
For amount paid for galvanized iron pipe.--..----- -2---- -<- + oc enenee 58 70
For amount paid for plumbing material. 22... ooo ee cere oe eee 112 67
For amount paid for photographic copies of grounds ..---...-...-..---- 15 00
Hor amount paid fon painting materiale. Ss.. sees ee ete eerie 350 40
Horamount paid! for manures --acnco= so ee eriesceeeiee eee eee eee ere 200 00
Hor amounb paid for rubblelstomeraosnease ce oe sel ease eee eee eee eee o7 12
For amount paid for trees, shrubs, and! plamts 225. s5-cleseeee eats tee seers 670 20
Honamounb avallable dultyals 1882 Sees see 6 ase eee eine eee eet 1,782 95

60, 000 00
Amount appropriated June 16, 18380) 22222. . = ee eee cee mnlseieieelel aise 60, 000 00

EXTENSION OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For

amount expended prior to July 1, 1880 ..... SABEesonesctd odon bone d609
amount of labor paid by vouchers, not on rolls..-.-- Joncode sabosboods
amount for lime; /sand\/and'’cement == -5-. ----2+ 4-2 aes seen eee weseceeee
amount for building stone. sss. -= ese eos Sa elee eee eee eee eeer
amount for laying building stone-.-----
AMOUNT COLIN WOU sane mice see se aie > sane ela Se ate ester ate eee
amount for layine bricks). 2222 226 2s es ce ee eee pene eens

Horamount for bricks. soe cnc cccee ese cae cblcocels cca nee eee eee
Roramount for concreting 2-22-42) sess cm om sene ee Mose Meee eee Eee mine
For amount for plasterine’ and materials’... 5.52... - 22 See eee ee eee
For amount for material for phimbing and gas fitting ....-...--..-.-.---
lor amount for cut-stone work

For amount for painting and glazing

Horamount for iron) beams 2-2. o-] sss eee ee o- a sos leaiaenaiete eve Deere
For amount for lumber, frames, and sash ...-.-...=.-=-22seeeeee reese
Hor amount for lichtning, rods... 22... 225 sao acm oo tee eee eee

For amount for stationery. :-- 2222 <--2 ssens6 see oc-ie sss oe eee eee eee
For amount for moving old shop
Norjamount torrent of Shop. ean. sate alles) eeee

For amount available July 1, 1882

OM ewww wee wwe wee eee eee ew wee

Amount appropriated March 3, (881-2 -2 in esesc 4. ese eee ee eee
ENLARGING COURT-HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

For amount expended prior to July 1, 1880
Foriamount for pay-rolls 2... < 22 See acing sees ap ee eee eee
For amount for plumbing material
Poramonunt for brick-layine-- =. 2° =. oot nn wl aoe eee ee
Hor amount for rubble-stone work ..: -.2--2-- 2-5-5 --e5-6 eee eee peer
For amount for cut-stone work .....2--- -<-- s<0. --<sseeee= Oe iges 238 2
For amount for advertising ---- 22-5-- = 3-3 ee - nee eee Bags e s+
For amount for plastering

$7,305 18
5,271 47
1, 068 93
1, 033 17

609 00
1,346 75
687 46
2,717 87
4, 692 52
878 12
269 28
1,240 00
609 84
700 93
8, 434 20
2.277 01
104 00
32 10

~ 40,000 00

40, 000 00

6, 226 72

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 9

For amount for steam-heating -...--------- SRS besa ests NEL Bs cic ity anvealsraiye $2, 000 00
[AOE DUNO ITP RARNE) NOTRIPRION Co oeac sseaoo suomoE Boo cucuaGueSE ose see oooees 16 00
Homa Mount for rolled Irony be amiss jam sae cele n seimer salen a= -iahel a=) eele ele) al mail 14, 892 59
HoMamounh fOr palniin opm atenial eae ese se mayer eines) ie se lars 563. 58
ur TROUT TEINS. 2 Soas caches cone Gor Gesos eS Shee edoboe sane od Genesee 12,311 22
GrEAMOUTUELOL DINO Of Oya4 ver = eee ie SR Se ols evel tetera 2,944 55
DOF MITCH ine NE ONWAI sonc0 s65555 Goo bob eauIosoode eaGbes Geno Bean sues 390 19
For amount for labor not on rolls paid by voucher. -...--...----..- siaqeaveld 648 56
FAG PUNO TATIT ROS Comets Eras! GeIMNGlAS SE CRAs eeoecsueeosscs gone Ee cooo boa SEoS 808 50
Hora ounh tomlumberosesec sees cc sc sei se ae ees sie mejajnisisia else eel clei et sie 2,742 98
Por sinoumn oven oleydhulhy 1p dicts See Shao doe noses cobdossoaesS soo conc 39, 926 54

117,000 00

Amount appropriated February 23, 1881, $117,000.

Very respectfully submitted.
EDWARD CLARK,
Architect United States Capitol.

APPENDIX.

INDEX TO TREES ABOUT THE CAPITOL, WITH ADVICE TO VISITORS
INTERESTED IN THEM.

The interest shown by many visitors in the young growth about the Capitol and
the character of the inquiries made by them is a gratifying evidence of the growing
preparation of the public mind to give economic forestry its due national importance,
and also of a rising disposition to study the choice of trees and methods of using them
as aids to public health and comfort, and as means for the decoration of homes and
the improvement of scenery.

As to citizens from all parts of the country and to visitors from abroad the Capitol
is often the first and a more continuous attraction than any other in Washington, it
is not surprising that its small plantations should receive more than their due share
of attention relatively to other expositions of sylviculture near by. It is for this
reason desired not only that such information about them as is more commonly wanted
may be made readily attainable and that misleading impressions of the purposes they
are meant to serve may be guarded against, but that visiters may be advised of

THE ADVANTAGES OTHERWISE OFFERED IN WASHINGTON FOR THE STUDY AND THE
ENJOYMENT OF TREES.

The climate of Washington is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, dampness
and dryness, but, for some not clearly established reasons, it seems to admit of an
unusual range of vegetation, and allows of the growth ina more or less vigorous or de-
pressed way of numerous woody plants not known far to the northward, and of some
not common to the southward, except at considerable elevations. It is hospitable,
also, to a larger number of foreign trees than the climate of most other parts of the
country.

The Capitol ground is not planted with the least purpose to show what is possible
in either respect; the aim in the larger part of it has been to avoid exciting interest
through the exhibition of strange qualities in trees, especially of such as might be
suggestive of unnatural or forced conditions, or of stratagems of horticulture, nor have
the trees to be found in it been given position with a view to conspicuously present-
ing their individual qualities; rather, for reasons that will be later given, it has been
designed to obscure these.

Bat, as visitors to the Capitol often find trees that happen to be new to them, and
about which they wish to be better informed, labels have been placed before a large
number, giving names under which inquiries can be made. With these as memoranda,
and such other facilities as are supplied by the maps and tables herewith, it is hoped
that the Capitol ground may serve to many as an introduction to such better oppor-
tunities as are offered in the city, there being few trees within it of which more in-
structive, because older, examples are not to be seen near by and better exhibited be-
cause planted with the design of exhibition.

The several government plantations in which they may be looked for are unfortu-
nately divided, fragmentary, and, each by itself, incomprehensive and incomplete,

10 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

thus marking the result of sporadic and unsustained legislative efforts, and even of
efforts in some cases a little at cross purposes one with another. Yet, taken together
and with the natural growths accidentally available to supplement them, these plan-
tations promise to be of no little value with respect to the long course of patient study
upon which the infant science of American forestry has yet to be brought up. Young
as they are, no where else in the country can as wide a range of trees be found equally
advanced, and this is of the more national value because of the close dependence of
the science of forestry upon that of meteorology and the fact that nowhere else in the
country are as full, accurate, precise, and scientitically collated local meteorological
records accessible as in Washington. :

Of the government plantations referred to, that of the National Botanic Garden
adjoins the Capitol ground on the west. Its germ wasa collection made by the Wilkes
Exploring Expedition in 1842, of which but one hardy tree remains alive, an invalid
Jujube (Zizyphus). The site was and is unsuitable and inadequate for the purpose,
and the curator hashad and still has to contend with obstacles of many kinds, the dead-
liest being a lack of intelligent public interest in the scientific objects of a botanic
garden, and an excess of interest in its adventitious and recreative incidents.

Among the exposed trees, visitors trom the North may be glad to have their attention
called to those named below.*

The Botanic Garden is managed directly by Congress through its Library Commit-
tees.t ;

Half a mile westward is another national collection, managed by the Agricultural

sureau of the Department of the Interior. It includes several hundred sorts of hardy

trees and shrubs, most of which were planted between 1865 and 1870. The trees can-
not yet, of course, begin to exhibit their mature character, but they are well grown
for their age and generally of excellent promise, forming the most instructive collec-
tion in the country. As the first step toward a national forestry system it must be
regretted that the bureau could not have been allowed more space and means. In
twenty years, if thrifty, the trees will in many cases be crowding one another. An
official list of the trees can be procured. The curator is Mr. William Saunders.

The ground between the botanic and the agricultural collections, originally planned
during the administration of the elder President Adams asa public promenade, under
the name of ‘‘The Mall,” but neglected, and its design gradually lost sight of, is now
provisionally divided into two widely different plantations. That nearest the Capi-
tol was laid out and planted between 1872 and 1878, by Orville Babcock, colonel of
military engineers. It consists of small sections of mixed forestry, with borders of
shrubbery framed within formal lines of standard trees, the different sections separated
in one direction by straight streets retained from the earlier design, and in the other
by roads of formal curvature with decorative planting near the junctions. The surface
is generally low, the soil better than that of the other grounds, the trees at present
well cared for, and, except a few conifers, the removal of which will be a gain, of
promising appearance. They are under the office of the Commissioner of Buildings,
attached to the Executive Mansion, at present Colonel A, F. Rockwell, U.S. A.

West of Colonel Babcock’s work is what has: been called the Smithsonian Park, but
though originating in the impulse to which the founding of the Institution of that
name gave rise, and contiguous to its building, it has unfortunately never been
under the same enlightened management. It should have special and reverent
attention, as representing the only essay, strictly speaking, yet made under our goy-
ernment in landscape gardening, for though the aim of the Capitol ground planting
is more thau decorative, it is necessarily too prim and niggling, and is too much
controlled by engineering aad architectural considerations to be entitled to that full
rank. This of the Smithsonian was the last and the only important public work of
Downing, who was not only a master of the art, but distinctly a man of genius, of
whom his country should always be proud. It was designed as a composition of natu-

*The Bull Bay, or great evergreen Magnolia of the South (Magnolia grandiflora):
the Pecan (Carya oliveformis); the Whahoo (Ulmus alata); the Black Maple (Acer
saccarinum nigrum), a variety of the sugar maple growing betterin the South than the
common Northern kind; good sized specimens of the Colchican Maple (Acer colchicum),
from Armenia; the Pride of China, the common avenue tree of the cotton States
(Melia azederach); the Asiatic nettle tree (Celtis orientalis); the Cedar of Lebanon
(Cedrus Lebani); the Cedar of Mount Atlas (C. Atlantica); the Cedar of the Sierras
(Libocedrus decurrens); Christ’s Thorn (Zizyphus vulgaris) ; European and Japanese Yews
(Taxas bascata stricta); and T. adpressa and Podocarpus taxifolia; the Chinese Water
Pine (Glyptostrobus sineusus); the Soapberry (Sapindus marginata); and Sterculia plati-
folia.

+‘*A library filled with volumes written by Nature, and which those who have
learned the language of Nature can read and enjoy with a satisfaction as much keener
than anything that man-made books can give as it is nearer to the source of all truth.”—
L. F. Ward, Bulletin of the National Mnsenm, No. 22.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. Pe

ral scenery appropriate to be associated with a national seat of learning, and was
regarded by him as the first step in a scheme of planting to be extended in one con-
nected desi: en to the White House and the Potomac. Upon Downing’s untimely death,

in 1852, the larger design was suspended, gradually lost sight of, and the ground has
since been in considerable part laid out under successive acts of Congress ‘by parcels,
with a variety of local motives, none of which have as yet been fully 1 realized. As to
that actually planted under Downing’s instructions, those to whom Le gave them soon
dropped off; neglect and ill-usage followed; it is in parts stuffy and crowded, and in
others run down and poverty- stricken, but in no other planted ground near Washing-
ton is there, or does there promise to be, any tree beauty to compare with what has
been already attained in it.

Under its shades government has allowed a modest memorial of the artist to be
placed by private subscription. Nowhere will a monument be found commemorating
a riper fruit of the Republic, more honorable aspirations, or devotion to a higher stand-
ard of patriotic duty.

Near the Agricultural ground there is an interesting collection of hardy aquatic
plants in the inclosure of the Government Fish Commission, and in adjoining build-
ings of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum there are collections of woods
and of tree products and of fossil woods and plants.

The public streets of Washington have been planted, mainly between 1870 and 1820,
with upwards of fifty thousand (56,000) trees of twenty different sorts. A list showing
where rows of each may be observed can be found in the report of the Parking Com-
mission. Though a considerable proportion are of quick-growing kinds, to which
most experts object as too straggling in mature habit, too fragile, Tiable to accident,
and short-lived, and though the athount and quality ‘of soil provided i is seldom ade-
quate to a long- continued * vigorous growth, the work on the whole is the best and most
instructive example of town- “planting to be seen onthe continent. If well followed
up in the care of the trees, the results will give Washington a distinction among the
capital towns of the world—a distinction original, representative, and historic ; na-
tural, racy of the soil, congenial with the climate, in unquestionable good taste, in-
disputably excellent and admirable ; ; little of which can be claimed of the results of
most outlays that have been made by government for the improvement of the city.

The work thus far has been done with even over-strained economy, under the un-
broken superintendence of three professional tree-masters, William R. Smith, curator
of the Botanic Garden, William Saunders, of the Agricultural Tree Collection, and
John Saul, who, under Downing, thirty years ago, planted the Smithsonian Park, of
either ef whom information may be obtained, and to whom thanks for a service to the
nation, as yet too little appreciated, may well be given.

In the woods of natural growth about Washington, many sorts of trees may be found
that are not indigenous in the extreme north. Among them there is the Liquid Amber
or Sweet Gum Ce. styraciflua); the Willow Oak (Quercus Phellos); the Laurel Oak
(Quercus imbricaria); the Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana); the American Holly (Ilex
opaca); the Black Walnut (Inglans nigra); the Swamp Magnolia (M, glanca); the Red
Birch ( Betula nigra), (astrikingly rustic beauty of extreme grace, as eomimonly observed
on water banks hereabouts); and the Catalpa (C. bignonioides).

The first two may be fouud in low grounds, often in association with the Tupelo or
Sour Gum (Nyssa multifiora); the White Ash (Fraxinus Americana); the Scarlet Maple
(Acer rubrum); the Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea); the Sassafras (S. officinale), which, rarely
seen except as a shrub in the far north, is here a stout and lofty tree, richly furnished,
very sportive in its forms of foliage, and often excelling .all other deciduous trees in
picturesqueness; and the Dogwood (Comus florida), growing with a dense spreading
head to a height of thirty feet. These, with other cornels, several of the shrubby
sumacs (hus), the Climbing Sumae (I. toxicodendron), Bitter Sweet (Celaslrus scan-
deus), and Virginia Creeper ‘(Ampelopsis quinquefolia), all being remarkable for their
autumnal tints, and each in a different way, form combinations hovel and delightful to
the northern eye. Ina favorable season, near the fall of the leaf, visitors from over
sea will nowhere find a more gorgeous sylvan spectacle than is thus presented within
a mile of the city, and this without a stroke of intentional aid from any human hand.
The effect is often angmented by lower growths than any that have been named, as of
huekleberries and brambles, by bright fruits and haws, and by golden and purple
blooms of herbaceous plants.

Of trees to which Europearis may like to have their attention directed, in addition
to those already named, there are growing wild, and of frequent occurrence, two
American Elms; the Black Cherry (Pr unus scrotina), different examples of which
vary much, but often a remarkably elegant and graceful tree, near Washington ; the
Americar Beech (Fagus ferruginia), a neater and more delicate tree than the Euro-
pean; the Tulip (Liriodendron tulipifua), growing to great height and in perfection ;
the Chestnut (Castanea vesca Americana), always, ° when well grown, a noble tree, but
4 Ben early in June in bloom, the most glorious object of our woods ; the: Hickories

Carya); the Butternut (Inglans cinerea); and eighteen (indigenous) sorts of oaks, at

2 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

the head of which the White Oak (Q. alba) is, under favorable conditions, fully as
noble a monarch of the forest as its European brother, the Sacred Oak of the Druids
(Q. pedunculata). Yet, perhaps, for broad landscape values others are of more conse-
quence, and of these some, from their more feminine beauty, reward close observation
also. The best scenery abont Washington depends for its character chiefly on oaks.
The Capitol ground has good examples of several (see list appended), of which the
best were grown from acorns upon it or in the adjoining Botanic Garden. The largest,
standing alone on the turf northeast of the Washington elm, was transplanted from
a distance when eighteen inches in diameter.

A number of shrubs, known only as garden plants in the North, grow wild in profu-
sion about Washington, the most striking and beautiful, both in leaf and flower, being
the Virginia Fringe-tree (Chionanthus Virginica). This, with the Silver Bell (Halesia
tetraptera), and the Virgilia or Yellowwood (Cladastris tinctoria), may often be seen in
the forin of small trees, the last two attaining a height occasionally of 30 feet or more,
with graceful forms, and light and delicate spray and leafage. The Chinquapin or
Dwarf Chestnut (Castanea pumila), also grows naturally about Washington.

Other small trees and bushes, all more or less planted now in Europe, but which
foreigners may like to see in their native wild state, and which are common, are the
Shad bush (Amelanchier Canadensis), a small tree of great refinement of aspect; the
American Witch Hazel (Hammomelis Canadensis); several Viburnums and Huckle-
berries and the Spice bush (Lindera benzoin). Wild grapes and Trumpet-creeper
(Bignonia radicans) are also common, and both often lend a charm to situations that
would otherwise be the reverse of attractive.

Such situations are unfortunately common near Washington, because mainly so
much of the land has been ravaged of its natural fertility by a reckless agriculture,
and because, when once cleared of its primeval vegetation, it does not, as it might
further north, become naturally clothed by any form of turf or other close-knitting,
surface-rooting growth, and is, in consequence, subject to be kept raw and gullied by
the action of frost and rains.

Under these circumstances, whatever charm there might otherwise be in the land-
scapes is often wholly destroyed by foreground conditions of repulsive rawness and
shabbiness. In most parts of Europe, not naturally turfy, such land would be syste-
matically planted with trees. Here, withthe relatively high market value of money
for various other forms of commercial enterprise, such a use of it has not yet been
proved profitable. It may be observed, also, that no plants are here indigenous like
heather, gorse, or broom, such as in Europe often give a picturesque and at times ex-
ceedingly lovely aspect te sterile situations, otherwise of forbidding character. It is
not certain that these plants might not be naturalized (a few plants of broom of
several years happy growth may be seen in the Capitol ground). It is highly proba-
ble that the native American ally of the broom, called Woadwaxen (Genista tinctoria),
found in a few localities to the northward, if introduced, would serve their purpose.
But at present woody vines of various sorts are chiefly of value in this respect, and
of this value an admirable illustration may be observed in Mr. Saul’s nursery, where
a large extent of caving banks on the border of a small stream, occasionally becom-
ing a torrent, have been made within a few years the most agreeable feature of the
local scenery, the few plants of Japanese (sub-evergreen) honeysuckle (Louwicera bra-
chipoda), originally set, having spread with the greatest profusion, so that in June
there are acres of ground over which the air is loaded with the delicious perfume of
their bloom. A characteristic exhibition of the same plant may be seen south of the
summer-house on the Capitol ground, and near it a variety of plants adapted to dress
rough ground unfit for turf. Among the best of these is the Saint John’s wort (Hy-
poricum), of which several species are native to the region.

The Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), near Washington, generally assumes a form
so different from that common in many parts of the north that it may pass unrecog-
nized and an effect, distantly recalling one much beloved by Turner and seen in most
of his landscapes of southern Europe, sometimes occurs (on the hills north of the re-
form school on the eastern road to Bladensburg Spa, for example), the horizontal
strata of the Italian Stone Pine being represented by the Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis),
and the fastigiate Cypress by the form referred to of the Red Cedar.

Two short excursions may be recommended to the visitor wishing to cursorily ob-
serve the general character of the natural forest. One through the romantic woods of
Rock Creek, best made on foot or in the saddle, taking by the way the government
property of the Soldiers’ Home, which contains many introduced coniferous trees of
about thirty years’ growth. The other by rowing on the Potomac, above West Wash-
ington, where boats for the purpose can be had. This offers a pleasing illustration of
closely-wooded A: erican river-side scenery, large in general outline and mass, with
considerable picturesqueness of detail under the shadow of moderately well-grown
forest trees. It is much resorted to and somewhat misused and damaged by boating
and picnic parties. It is hard that in the interest of posterity these two sylvan trea-
sures of the capital, the wooded declivities of the Upper Potomac and the wilds of

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. ite)

Rock Creek, cannot in some way be protected against the destructiveness which the
hope of the smallest private pecuniary profit is liable at any moment to bring upon
them. Samples may be already found of the hateful desert which may be thus quickly
substituted.

The scope of the foregoing advice has been limited to trees and woody plants.
Those who wish to have a more extended list of what may be looked for, as well as all
interested, whether as botanists or as lovers of nature in local, annual, perennial
plants, will find the best of aid in a government publication prepared by Mr. Lester
FP. Ward, of the Smithsonian Institution (Guide to the Flora of Washington—Bulle-
tin No. 22, of the National Museum).

Of the banks of the Potomac above referred to, Mr. Ward says: ‘‘The beauty of
their natural flower-gardens in the months of April and May is unequaled in my ex-
perience.” Elsewhere he states that fifty several sorts of plants may usually be found
in flower before the Ist of April (p. 31), that is to say, before, in the latitude of Albany,
the ground may be unlocked from ice.

HISTORICAL NOTES OF THE CAPITOL GROUND.

The intelligent visitor, reflecting that it is nearly ninety years since the site of the
Capitol was determined, and more than eighty since Congress first held its sessions
upon it, will need some explanation of its present sylvan juvenility.

Since building work first began upon it several eftorts for the improvement of the
ground haye been made before the present, but no plan for the purpose has long been
adhered to, and little of the work done has been adapted to secure lastingly satisfac -
tery results. There is, mainly in consequence of a wavering policy and make-shift
temporizing operations, but one tree on the ground that yet approaches a condition
of tree majesty, and beside it probably not one of fifty years’ growth from the seed—
not a dozen of ten years’ healthy, thrifty, and unmutilated growth. It may be added
that many hundred trees are known to have been planted in the streets of the city
early in the century, of which not one remains alive, nor is it probable that one was
ever allowed a full development of its proper beauty. Yet, to show what easily might
have been, if due judgment and painstaking had been used, it is enough that one
planted tree of even an earlier date may be pointed to, which is yet in the full vigor
of its growth. (The ‘‘ Washington elm” on the Capitol ground, originally a street
side tree.)

The following notes, chiefly upon the past misfortunes of the nation in its Capitol
ground, have been largely based on conversations with the late venerable Dr. J. B.
Blake, sometime Commissioner of Public Grounds.

When government, near the close of the last century, took possession of the site of
the Capitol, it was a sterile place, partly overgrown with ‘‘scrub oak.” The soil was
described (by Oliver Wolcott) as an ‘‘ exceedingly stiff clay, becoming dust in dry and
mortar in rainy weather.” Fora number of years the ground about the Capitol was
treated as a common, roads crossing it in all directions, and a map of the period in-
dicates an intention to treat it permanently as an open public place. The vear be-
fore his death, Washington built the brick house, still standing prominently, but
injured by recent additions, a little to the north of the Capitol. A picture showing
this house, with a young plantation of trees (none now living) between it and the
Capitol, together with an autograph letter about it from Washington to his business
agent, may be seen in the Towner division of the National Library. The first local
improvement ordered by Congress, after occupying the rooms partially prepared for
it in the incomplete Capitol, was a walk to be made between these and Georgetown
(West Washington), where, there being yet no comfortable houses nearer. most of the
members lodged. The Capitol and the house of Washington had both been built
npon the assumption that the future city, which Washington avoided calling by his
own name, continuing to use the original designation of the ‘‘ Federal City,” would
arise on the higher ground to the eastward. Both buildings were expected to stand
as far as practicable in its outskirts, backing upon the turbid creek with swampy
borders which then flowed along the base of the Capitol Hill. When this stream was
in freshet it was not fordable, and members of Congress were often compelled to hitch
their riding horses on the further side and cross it, first, on fallen trees, afterwards on
a foot-bridge. There was an alder swamp where the Botanic Garden is now, which
spread also far along the site of Pennsylvania avenue.- Tall woods on its border shut
off the views of the ground south and west of it. This wood, said to contain many
noble trees, mostly oaks, was felled for fire-wood, by permission of Congress, as a
measure of economy, sometime after the war of 1812. :

These cirenmstances may give a little clue to the habit at the outset adopted, and
of which Congress has since neyer been wholly disembarrassed, of regarding the ground

14 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

immediately to the west of the Capitol as its ‘back yard,” and all in connection with
it as comparatively ignoble. With the city on the west, the transformation of the
creek and swamp, and the opening of the magnificent view on that side, it is incom-
parably the nobler front.

It is a tradition, and is probable, that Washington, while building his brick house,
planted some trees on the east side of the Capitol, of which the elm “above referred to
was one, and is the only one remaining. Another of equal age, but rotting prema-
turely, probably from unskillful or neglected pruning, was blown down a few years
ago, and a third was removed in consequence of the enlargement of the Capitol. The
last was a tree of graceful habit, and Mr. Smith, of the Botanic Garden, has distrib-
uted, through members of Congress, many rooted cuttings of it to different parts of
the country. The surviving tree, having a girth of but ten feet at four feet from
the ground, has been of slow growth, and been badly wounded within twenty years,
three cavities showing the removal of considerable limbs by barbarous excision. On
the east side a strip of bark, the entire length of the trunk, has been torn off. The
ground, at a little distance on three sides, having been trenched and enriched, and
that nearer the trunk forked over and top-dressed, the tree has, within three years,
gained greatly in health and vigor; its wounds are closing over, and it may yet out-
live severel generations of men.

Some years after the death of Washington a space of ground nearly half as large
as the present ground was inclosed in connection with the Capitol, and a street laid
out around it. The W ashington elm stands near where this bounding street inter-
sected another which formed the northern approach to the Capitol, and on the oppo-
site side, to the north, an inn of some celebrity, long known as the ‘‘ Yellow Tavern,”
was built. This was the dining place for meinbers still lodging at a distance.

Whatever improvement had been made upon the original, eround before the burn-
ing of the Capitolin 1814 was probably then, or during “the subsequent building oper-
ations, wholly laid waste, the three or four trees first planted alone escaping.

In 1825 another plan for 1: wing out the grounds was devised, which was sustained
in the main for nearly fifteen years, during Inost of which period John Foy had charge,
and, as far as he was allowed, pursued the ends had in view in its adoption consist
ently. It was that of an enlarged form of the ordinary village-door yards of the
time, flat, rectangular ‘‘grass plats,’ bordered by rows of trees, flower-beds, and
grayel walks, with a belt of close planting on the outside of all. So Jong as the trees
were saplings and the turf and flowers could be kept nicely, it was pretty and becom-
ing. But as the trees grew they robbed and dried out the flower-beds, leaving hardly
any thing to flourish in them but violets and periwinkle. Weeds came in, and the
erass, becoming sparse and uneven, was much tracked across, and grew forlorn and
untidy ; appropriations were irregular and insufficient to restore it or supply proper
nourishment. Foy was superseded for political reasons, and his successor had other
gardening ambitions to gratify.

At this time, though even some years later, George Combe described the city as ‘a
strageling village, reared in a drained swamp;” it had become clear that it was not
fo grow up on the east front of the Capitol. John Quincey Adams, on retiring from
the Presidency, had, like Washington, determined to build a town house for himself
in Washington, and had chosen to do so far to the west. Mueh other private build-
ing had followed, including one large and excellent hotel, and government had under-
taken several important public buildings in the same quarter.

It was then determined to make an addition (about seven acres), and considerable
improvement of the premises in the “rear” of the Capitol, and this improvement
led on, without any special act of Congress, to a gradual change of motive in the
management of the old ground on the east, under the management of James Maher,
who is described by his friends as a jovial and witty Irishman, owing his appoint-
ment to the personal friendship of General Jackson.*

The soil at the foot of the hill was much better than that of the east ground; but
the trees planted by Maher were chiefly silver poplars and silver maples, brittle and
short-lived. After doing more or less injury to the more valuable sorts, they have all
now disappeared, but there remain of the planting of this period several fine occidental
planes, scarlet maples, horse-chestnuts, a pecan, and a holly.

South of the “ Washingten elm,” adjoining the east court of the Capitol, there are
a dozen long-stemmed trees, relics of two circular plantations introduced in the midst
of Foy’s largest ‘* orass plats,” by Maher, for ‘‘ barbacue groves,” one probably intended
for Democratic the other for Whig jolligications, These were also largely of apeels

* The following story = aa Ge oe the best see "The Prenaent once sent
for Maher and said: am your friend, Jimmy, but I have often warned you, and
this time I must turn ihe out.” ‘‘Why, what’s the matter now, General?” ‘*T am
told that you had a bad drunk again yesterday.” “‘ Why, now, General, if every bad
story that’s told against yourself was to be believed, would it be you that would be
putting me in and putting me out?” He remained with another warning.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 15

growing trees, closely planted, poorly fed, and never properly thinned or pruned. -
Forty years after their planting the larger number of those remaining alive were found
teeble, top heavy, and 111 grown.

Foy had planted in his outer belts some garden-like trees, very suitable to his pur-
pose, magnolias, tree-boxes, hollies, and also some conifers, mostly thuyas, it is’ be-
lieved, but among them there was at least one Cedar of Lebanon. With them, how-
ever, or subsequently, more rapid growing deciduous trees unfoytunately were also
planted, and through neglect of thinning, the effect of drip and exhaustion of the soil
the choicer sorts were nearly all smothered, starved, or sickened. A few crippled hollies
(Ilex opaca) only remain. The violets and periwinkle (Vinca) now on the ground are
largely of direct descent from those planted by Foy.

Most other trees within the limits of the Capitol inclosure before the enlargement
of the Capitolin 1857 were removed to make way for the new building operations, or
in consequence of the changes required inthe grade of the ground to adapt it to the
new work, or, later, to the grading done by the District government of the adjoining
streets. It was found that the roots of most of the old trees, after having grown out
of the small pits in which they were planted, had been unable to penetrate the clay
around them, but had pushed upward and outward, spreading upon its surface and
within a thin stratum of looser and darker material, consisting, it is believed, almost
entirely of street sweepings which had at different times been laid on as a top-dressing.
Though none were half-grown, nearly all had the characteristics of old age, many
were rotten at the butt, and few were wholly sound. The more thrifty and manage-
able of them were retransplanted in 1875, and under more favorable conditions, pres-
ently to be stated, the larger part of them now appear rejuvenated. When moved
they were generally from 8 to 15 inches in diameter of trunk.

Except under the ‘‘ barbacue trees” the entire ground east of the Capitol, and all
that newly planted in the west, has been regraded. Near the eastern boundary the
old surface was eight feet higher than at present; the Capitol standing at the foot of
along slope. The revised grade having been attained, the ground was thoroughly
drained with collared, cylindrical tile, aud trench-plowed and subsoiled to a depth of
two feet or more froin the present surface. (In the outer parts where evergreen thick-
ets under scattered deciduous trees were to be attempted, fully three feet, and here
the liming was omitted.) It was then ridged up and exposed to a winter’s frost,
dressed with oyster-shell lime, and with swamp muck previously treated with salt and
lime, then plowed, harrowed, and rolled and plowed again. The old surface soil was
laid upon this improved subsoil with a sufficient addition of the same poor soil drawn
from without the ground to make the stratum one foot (loose) in depth. With this
well pulverized, a compost of stable manure and prepared swamp muck was mixed.
Tt is still fonnd to have too much of the quality ascribed to the original by Wolcott,
quickly drying very hard. It would seem, however, to be wholesome and sufficiently
friable for the growth of the trees planted; the death of all the few that have failed
being reasonably attributed to gas leaks, severe wounds, or to extraordinary cold, or
to a severe attack of vermin before their recovery from the shock of removal. It is
hoped that the more northern trees have been induced to root so deeply as to sufter
less than they usually do in Washington during periods of extreme heat and drought,
and that, in view of the thorough preparation and large outlay for the purpose,
the methods of administration will hereafter be more continuously favorable than
they had been for the longevity of the trees and their attaining the proper full stature
of their families.

THE PRESENT DESIGN.

Questions why, in the present scheme, certain trees and plants have been taken for
the Capitol ground and others neglected, and why certain dispositions of trees have
been made and others, offering obvious advantages in some respects, avoided, may be
best answered in a general way by arelation of the leading motives of the design,
some of which it is evident do not spontaneously occur to many inquirers.

The ground is in design part of the Capitol, but in all respects subsidiary to the
central structure. The primary motives of its design are, therefore, that, first, of con-
vyenieuce of-business of and with Congress and the Supreme Court, and, second, that
of supporting and presenting to advantage a great national monument.

The problem of convenience to be met in the plan of the ground lay in the require-
inent to supply ready access to the different entrances to the building from the twenty-
one streets by which the boundary of the ground,was to be reached from the city.
The number of foot and of carriage entrances is forty-six, and, as the entire space to
be crossed between these and the open court and the terrace, upon which doors of the
Capitol open, is but forty-six acres in extent, it had to be cut up so much as to put
ordinary landscape gardening ideals of breadth and repose of surface, applicable to a

16 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

park or private residence grounds, to a great degree out of the question. The diffi-
culty was complicated by the hillside position of the building, compelling circuitous
courses to be taken as a means of avoiding oversteep grades in the carriage ap-
proaches from the west.*

That the Capitol, in its several more admirable aspects, might be happily presented
to view, it was necessary that the plantations should be so disposed as to leave nu-
merous clear spaces between the central and the outer parts of the ground, and desir-
able that the openings or vistas should be disturbed as little as practicable by roads
or other constructions. At the same time, the summer climate of Washington and the
glaring whiteness of the great central mass made a general umbrageousness of char-
acter desirable in the ground, and a bare, bald, unfurnished quality to be, as much as
possible, guarded against. It was then to be considered that customs are established
that bring at intervals great processions and ceremonious assemblies into the ground,
and that attending these, vast bodies of people, without order or discipline, surge
through it in a manner that overrules all ordinary guardianship, and that, with in-
creasing population and increasing means of communication, such throngs are likely to
grow larger and more sweeping. This difficulty was increased by the long-established
habit of regarding the Capitol ground as a common to be crossed or occupied in any
part as suited individual convenience.

These considerations not only called for multiplied routes of passage, but for a
degree of amplitude in pavementsand flagging unfortunate withreference to the desired
general effect of umbrageousness and verdancy. They also compelled a resort to many
expedients for inoffensively restraining the movements of visitors in certain directions
and leading them easily in others. e

If these several more or less conflicting requirements are weighed, it will be seen
that no attempt to reconcile them or compromise between them could be made that
did not involve a disjointedness in the plantations unfavorable to the general aspect
of dignity and comyfsure desirable to be associated with so stately a building. Hence,
where it remained permissible to plant trees at all, to have selected and arranged
them with a view to exhibit marked individual qualities, would, as tending to increase
such disjointedness, have been an unwise policy. The better motive was to select and
place trees with a view to their growing together in groups in which their individual
qualities would gradually merge harmonionsly ; to avoid a distinct definition of these
eroups, to aim to draw them into broader compositions, and to secure as much effect
of depth and distance as possible by obscuring minor objects, especially in the outer
part of the ground.

In the undergrowth, however, a degree of variety, cheerfulness, and vivacity, to be
gained by moderate contrasts of form and color, might be studied. Hence not only the
amount but the range of shrubbery used has been considerable, so much so that it
must be admitted that at present it holds attention too much. As beyond a certain
point the landscape effect of trees increases with age many times faster than that of
bushes, the general effect will soon be much quieter. The chief reason for what would
otherwise be an excessive proportion of shrubs and low growth is the necessity of miti-
gating the effect of the large extent of dead ground in the roads, walks, and adjoining
streets, otherwise to be looked down upon from the Capitol and to be conspicuous in
views across the ground.

Two minor motives influencing the choice and disposition of the undergrowth may
be noted.

The summer climate of Washington being unfavorable to turf in situations where,
owing to the number of trees growing in them, or for other reasons, the care of the
turf would be difficult, the aim has been to cover the ground with foliage of creepers,
and of low perennials likely to retain greenness during droughts and requiring little
labor to keep tidy. These low plantings also serve the purpose of connecting and
merging the higher foliage with the verdure of the lawns and of increasing apparent
perspective distance.

The shrubbery has been selected from regard to its fitness in foliage qualities, form,
and size, when grown, to serve general purposes in the several localities in which if
is placed. Its blooming qualities have been regarded as of subordinate consequence,
but simple and natural bloom has been generally preferred to the more large, strik-
ing, and showy quality of flowers resulting from the artof the florist, the design being
always not to make a lonnging place or hold attention to details.

*Some may ask whether, under the circumstances, a strictly architectural design
would not have had advantages. It is enough to say that, for several reasons, no
such plan, if understood, would have been acceptable to Congress or the public taste
of the period. It would, therefore, have soon been ruined in the treatment of details.
Public taste strangely admits topiary work to be mixed up with natural forms of vege-
tation, and applauds a profusion of artificial features in what passes for natural gar-
dening. Nevertheless, it condemns, even in situations where they would be most par-
donable, the grander and more essential aims of ancient gardening.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. We

No spruees or other large-growing coniferous trees have been included in the recent
planting, because if placed in the central parts they would obstruct views of the
builaings; if placed on the outer parts they would disturb the general quiet and un-
obtrusive foliage ettects desired, and lessen the apparent depth of the local sylvan
scene. A few clusters of junipers, yews, and thuyas (Chamecyparis), of established
hardiness, will be found at points where they cannot interrupt views toward the Cap-
itol, and where they will be obscured and overlooked in views from if.

The number of broad-leafed (laurel-like) evergreens that can be trusted to flourish
in the climate of Washington is unfortunately limited. The fact that the ground is
more visited in winter than in summermakes this the more regrettable. For this rea-
son a considerable number of sorts have been introduced, the permanent success of
which is not thought fully assured. All such are of low growth in this climate, and
should they fail to meet expectations may be withdrawn without permanent injury to
the designed summer landscape character. Should. they flourish, it is hoped that
others will be thinned out and the evergreens grow into moderate masses.*

The Capitol ground is declared by act of Congress to be formed ‘‘to serve the quiet
and dignity of the Capitol and to prevent the occurrence near it of such disturbances
as are incident to the ordinary use of public streets and places.” Incidentally to this
purpose, however, it is much used as a public park, especially during the hot season
or when Congress is not in session. The need to provide seats in which people could
rest for a moment in passing up the Capitol hill from Pennsylvania avenue, which is
the point of entrance for most, and the need of a place in which children could obtain
water being apparent, and asthe necessary extent of accommodation in these respects
would otherwise cause an unseemly obstruction of the walks or become too conspicu-
ous a feature of the scenery, a summer-house was designed, with a view to the follow-
ing advantages: It is entered by a few steps from three different lines of walk; it
contains separate seats for twenty-five people, protected under all circumstances
from ordinary summer showers; it allows six children to take water from the fount-
ain at once; it is very airy, the softest breeze passing freely through it. The seats
are so disposed as, though shadowed, to be well lighted, and to be each under con-
stant inspection of the passing watchmen and the public through an opposite arch-
way. The house is closed at nightfall andin winter. These precautions have enabled
ladies to nse it in large numbers, free from the annoyances which often deter them
from entering sheltered resting places in parks. Standing on sloping ground, the
floor is kept at the lower level and the walls and roof of brick and tile as low as
practicable, so that at a short distance the eye ranges over them. That they may
be more inconspicuous, the walls are banked about with natural rock, and slopes of
specially-prepared soils favorable to the growth of various creepers and rock plants,
by which, except to one standing opposite to the entrance arches and turning to ob-
serve them, the entire structure will be wholly lost to view. From within the
walls there opens on the up-hill side a cool dark runnel of water, supplied from the
overtlow of the fountain at the west entrance to the Capitol. The spray of this
rapid rivulet, with that from the waste water of the drinking-fountain, maintains a
moisture of the air favorable to the growth of ferns and mosses upon the inner rock-
work. What is chiefly hoped for, however, is that. under the conditions provided, a
growth of ivy may have been secured, gradually reproducing the characteristic exqui-
site beauty of this evergreen in its native haunts. Many good examples of it, though
not of its best estate, may be seen about Washington. The visitor interested is par-
ticularly advised to see those in the cemetery at West Washington (Georgetown).

The trees about the summer-honse, though hardy and suited to the circumstances,
will all have a somewhat quaint or exotic aspect. They include the Willow oak, the
Cedrella, the Oleaster, two sorts of Aralias, and the Golden Catalpa.

The vistas or general lines of view to which all the planting and all the structures
upon the ground have been fitted may be more fully stated.

Disregarding shrubbery, to be kept below the plane of sight toward the Capitol,
openings are maintained, through which direct front views of the central portico and
the dome will be had from the outer parts of the ground, upon opposite sides, and
diagonal perspective views of the entire facades from four directions. In six other
directions from the center of the structure only low-headed trees are planted, so that
in each case the Capitol may be seen rising above banks of foliage from points several
miles distant.

It is unnecessary to say that by the same disposition of the plantations, views out-
wardly from the Capitol are kept open, but attention may be called to the beauty and

*The Evergreen Thorn (Crategus pyracanthas), the Oregon Grape (Berberis aquefo-
lium), the Coton-easter (C. microphilla), the Chinese evergreen Azalea (4. Amena),
and an English hot-house shrub ( Abelia rupestris), have each passed through without
injury several severe summers and winters, and promise to be of the highest value for
the landscape purposes for which they have been tentatively used. The three first
are already to be seen in profusion and in vigorous health.

ZAC

18 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL.

breadth, almost approaching grandeur, of the prospect up and down and across the
valley of the Potomac, and to the design that when the present young plantations
are full-grown this great advantage of the Capitol shall not be lost. The introduction
of the proposed architectural terrace will indeed admit no trees to stand so near, or
on ground so elevated, that they will even obstruct the present distant view from the
main or even the ground floor. The plantations in this direction, however, will in
time obscure the nearer part of the city and form a continuous strong, consistent fore-
ground to the further sylvan slopes.

From the terrace these plantations will in some degree limit the views to the north-
ward and southward, but through the removal of the old central avenue and the
broad gap left between the trees on the west an outlook is obtained between the
northern and the southern divisions of the city in which a slope of unbroken turf,
-seen over a strongly-defined and darkly-shadowed architectural base, will be the fore-
ground; a wooded plain, extending a mile beyond the foot of the slope the middle dis-
tance, and the partly-overgrown, partly-cultivated hills beyond the depression of the
Potomac, the background; the latter so far removed that in summer conditions of
light and atmosphere it is often blue, misty, and etherial. Because, perhaps, of the
influence of the cool waters of the river passing between the dry hills from north to
south across this field of vision, sunset effects are often to be enjoyed from the west
face of the Capitol of a rare loveliness.

LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL GROUNDS.

Habitat.
Abeliayrupestriss . Sa28 (tee ee accession ee ease ee China.
Acer campestre. English field maple ..--..-.-...----...-.. Europe.
Acer dasycarpum.) Silver maple. o.-seeccec-- heen e eee ee Atlantic States.
Acemlactumieseiicels ese peste peice <iaceeean eee sok cee eeeer Caucasus.
Acer palmatum - HEU csiccemtsc cronie a's calcein rereeein See ee Japan.
ALLOPULPULCUM A. << co cspce wee ce eee esse Japan.
VeTSICOLOY - (2) ccc aw Beewen cess cose) eee ee Japan.
LACINIALARVATLO LAVA, te arn von ee ere ee mie om ele reetes Japan.
DOSES) MALL IN ACA ear orc ome s wrere alae euler ete Japan.
LOCLCMIALGUM ceuciysineinre MRiciomrateroctey tree eter Japan.
MU CLAM GOWN: oc cree ee coum eemereec ie See Japan.
polvieristatal< coves apace see cee is scien Japan.
/asculus glabra. Ohio buckeye ..............-...-.------- Western States.
Esculus hippecastanum, Horse-chestnut...........--.---- Persia.
Aralia chimensis= 22 22h cent worsens om neren ch isee crore reine ASHORM EA Sita
spinosa. ' Hercules’ club.....--...---. ..-- ------ ---- Atlantici States:
Amorpha fruticosa. False indigo... -.-.-.--.---s2----+-eeee Atlantic States.
Aucuba, Japonica. 26 oct es er ent cele cinemem ne mnicette een Japan.
Azalea amenai ..- 22s Lena ctte aaa s Se cawee ee soe eee China.

MOUS) ee SS cee mec hp cee ema aae ieee eee Japan.

MMGIHOT Ass oe oe tae wa enreck Dee embiegeinicics oeeeieeee Atlantic States.
Benzoin-odoriferum, “Spice bush..-<....---.-- --e ---eeeee Atlantic States.
Berberis aquifolium. | Oregon grape ..-=-- ~---. ---- --<2 «2s: North Pacitie States.

POugunen sissies eRe ee ae a aaa China.
Japonica, ‘Japan mahonia .... .---5.)5 23)... soe ens Japan.
ThanberguAy ees ee peeercs cca Rey ae eerie Japan.
vulgaris. Barberry: .2-<.<22-2ecceewateccs. Manes Europe.
vulgaris atropurpurena. Purple barberry -..--.---- Hort.
Betulayalbasi<W bite! birch: 4.5.1 -<-rccesromee coronene tee nee Nor h Europe.

lenta. Black birch <..-ssn-cst-n-<neee eae oe eee Atlantic States.
BuXus JApPONiea cohesion ee ee aR ee Japan.

sempervirens; var. Tree bax... ae eee Europe.

Round-leaved box ......-..----- Hort.

Golden variegated box...------- Hort.

Narrow-leaved box --.:...=.--<-- Hort.
Callicarpa ‘Amerieanare.. -. <5 6 pees e tee ee tee ee South Atlantic States.
Calycanthus floridus. Sweet-scented shrub.......---..---- South Atlantic States.
Caragana arborescens. Siberian pea.....-.-..-....--.--...-.siberia,
Carpinus Caroliniana. Water beech ..-22 .-2 s2ss2heee eee Atlanic States.

Duinensis: $2 es eS ee ee .---- Caucasus.

Carvya olivieformis: “Pecan nub ee eee Western States. -
Castanea pumila. “Chinguapin -- 3.2.25 sa2)2 See eee Southern States.

vesca. Sweet chestnut

ects ttois = aoe Sees ate Europe.
Catalpa bignonioides. .... ...

oa cewbas ccuee sume donk stu SPS SOnbh A tANtIC Space

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL

List of trees and shrubs in the United States Capitol Grounds—Continued.

Habitat.
Catalpa bignonoides aurea. Golden catalpa ....--...-..... Hort.
Bungei, var. nana. Dwarf catalpa..-..-...---.--- Hort.
Gedreliarsinensist se tes Sl et Se PENS SOE Ba Northern China.

Celastrus scandeus. Bittersweet ........-.......-......-.-..Atlantic States.
Cereis canadeusis. Red bud ............-..........-...--. Atlantic States:
C@HINETI SIS ar eee eo aoe ore crete to a Slain os, See TERT aS bern Aisiae

Chamecyparis obtusa. (Retinospora) -...--.--..-...------ Japan.
mana ((RebINOSPO) scecsee se eee a Japan.
plumosa. (Retinospora) -...---.---- Japan.
squarrosa. (Retinospora) -......-.--. Japan.
pisifera. (Retinospora) -..--...----. Japan.
aurea. (Retinospora) - eee al ae Japan.

Chionanthus Virginica. Fringe tree.....:........-....---- South Atlantic States.

Cladrastis'tinctoria.. -Yellowwood --....-.--2 2.222.222.0522 Kentucky and Tennessee.

Clerodendronttrichotomume Says 25 ees sae ee Vhs BOs Japan.

Clethraralgitolian “Wihttelalder eso. ose es oes eee Atlantic States.

Colutea arboresceus. Bladder senna -.----...+-.....-2.---- Europe

Cornus florida. Flowering dogwood....-...--..--- eae: Atlantic States.

ANS eG OTME Le aoa. Sais se reeisis cae ie seis wee ueeuace s Europe.

VWELIIGIE Soo Sceinaa ene CooucEEEnoC Hat Sb SoSeeeee Hort.
EANTLC Waa gees Sor cies esse cele aie wivis ws es eie aeistarsyae North Atlantic States.
stolonifera. Red osier....---.-- los V3 S68 sh eRe Atlantic States.
SULICUA AE SUL CORN kes eects see ee eee J) Southern States.

Corylus Americanus. American hazel. .............--.----- Atlantic States.

tupulosa atropurpurea. Purple hazel.....-..-..---- Europe.

Cotoneaster acuminata Simonsii ...-5-.-5--2---- wiseen uke. Himalayas.

microphylla secs occ ewes aha See REG Siberia.

Crategus Crus-galli, var. New Castle thorn............--- Atlantic States.
oxyacambhan mel awOhOTM sec cele scence meson Europe.

Ware. Haw bhorn 22 -us cscs enone = Europe.

Waphnexeneoreumsp ase a2 sce oe ee cece eee meme cine Europe.

Demi Zan mEaAcwise sare ts Deo oo ee ine a Sasi Soe ee als Japan.

BCA aiea sere ces oe cis Sines joc eeimisye is us ec ces See Se Japan.
Horempleuo cis cceeee es ecccee como ree cee nee Hort
TOWIY QUIK o odaa4e c6ng Hoosen Geog Suse Hort
Wiel agnOvlensi§ eesti... foes case cece cieeee site Japan
BUD ASE: $ 25< cies Sousa ote eis Sais Sasa iste ee eee Hort
MIVORE.=- Saemincigs etc ses oes cie ee seeitaes Hort.
CLAN OLABVALIC CALC Loe sees esc cles ascii cel Hort
TOSCAS ant eeeexe eee Seach eee ee amee China.
amialbilis oo sae8 ce hae samen isclaciezei see Hort.
fOlUSMVATICD Abaemr ae eee sicce eee Hort.
grandiflora, var. Van Houttei......-.-...--..-.- Hort.

DiOspyroes) Virginiana. a:b ersiIMIMOM! 222. <s,- st <iisjo ie is coe Atlantic States.

Bleasiius NOLLEMSIS p75 foo sores iee inicio cin esi eles eee ee Southern Europe.

Lye Ey CCR EAV Ey As Bh Se eee ge cea ee er ae Ie Ena rey a Europe.

POlihOliai easel o. Soe ae oases =e Le reps serene Europe.
Enonymus Americanus. Strawberry bush -...........----- Atlantic States.
atropurpureus. Burning bush......-..----....- Atlantic States.
; Je POMIGU She Oar eee ea a cis cee Slee ei torent Japan.
VAT GO AIDA vais aye iver aie,s eiepeioiaiaininisl eerste Hort.
LACLCANS Sess a OLE Oa Seas Senne ee Japan.
Barusiterrigineas ,Ametrican beech . -2-. 6 .j.- 25-0 + ose Atlantic States.
sylvatica: (Buropean! beech soo: oe eee e anew on) Europe.
purpurea.) urplebeechs soe 2a os em ee eee Europe.
incisa. Cut-leaved beeeh..............---- Europe.

ROSY clita BOL LUNCL se ser eee ae 2 aa ea eee ie ees cee China.
SUSPCNSAl = Se te ae ae) omicee scclomensaeisies Ge saesp ee sbies China.
VAVICISSIM ape ee ee hiss Satocla cee ons eiee sre cts Sle ie China.

Fraxinus. Americana. _ White ash ..---....--.-- Be Gece eaae Atlantic States.

EXCEISIOU sD UEO DCAM ASM samc seep oe i erecicieie= ie Europe.

Gymnocladus Canadensis. Kentucky coffee tree...-.....-.. Western States.

EIBICSIA Gell apuekArstmollWer WEIL s22 ence cdoomcs eo sacleade ace South Atlantic States.

edera Helix Maberuicas. Irish) lwiyeseee- 22 5- cisco cee. Se Europe.

AUD ISCHS SVE ACH SPAN NE A) oe of laos Pls Ss ale, Sei ataieaccie 5 Syria.

Hippophe rhamnoides. Sea buckthorn...........--...---- Europe.

by cle SE2) HOT UCUSe ayer oo ee tberea cai yeaicrsins SOAs es Japan.

panienilata, eranditiora, £22 2-.-).-2--: ------2--=-- Japan.

£9

20 REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED

STATES CAPITOL.

List of trees and shrubs in the United States Capitol Grounds—Continued.

Hypericum prolificum. St. John’ s wort
idesiay poly canpamereeeeee eo abes ae eee
Tlex aquifolium. English holly

augustifolium :

ferox.

Jasminum nudiflordm.

nana.

CAM VUISCHOlM Aenea e nee esa ence eee Europe
Koelreuberiapanieulataseeneeee sees eee eae eee China
Laburnim vailleare.. Gold enkchains. =e aspen eee Europe
Lagerstremia Indica rubra. Crepe myrtle .-.......-...---- India.
hicustrum) Ovalitolimmee tase eeree en to ae ee ae ee Japan

VIA es GED VO bem miata elon ce re ee eee Europe.
Liquidambar styraciflua. Sweet gum..--..-.-....-.--.--- Atlantic States.
Taricdendton wulipiteray Lulliptreese- sree =e eee Atlantic States.
onicera brachypoda;. sHoneysuckle=2.- 3-2 - --- 4 eeee eee Japan

anrea reticulata =. cc see eee ee Japan
fragrantissima. Bush honeysuckle.....-..---..... China
Tartarica. Tartarian honeysuckle.----.....-.--:. Siberia.
Maclura aurantiaca. QOsage-orange --....-.---.-----.\------ Arkansas,
Magnolia acuminata. Cucumber tree.--.-..--.-. .----..-.. Atlantic States
conspicua, ula ¢2-2-5--4-+0c-2 oss se eens China
cordata. Yellow cucumber tree-- -----.-----. ---. South Atlantic States.

glauca. Sweet bay

orandiflor: a.

aurea

Pirus coronaria

ee en

PUNO W ite eee eS
opaca. American holly
Yellow jessamine
Juniperus recurva squamata

sabina. Juniper

Prostrate juniper

Nyssa sylvalica. Sour gum
Ostrya Virginica. Hop-hornbeam
Panlownia imperialis.--......-..---- ----
Phellodendron amurense
Philadelphus coronarius.

granditlora.

IDOUONNR keane ee eee

Habitat.

Wy Sant S Case ees ences Atlantic States.
BERR ees team ate, Japan.

SSA AeA Ss MaRS Gao MSuCbesS Hort.
Fledgehog holly
argentea

PSP ere esos BaeeS Ghinal
Eh Seat Se agement ne Sere cere eee Nepaul.

Northern Hemisphere.

pen eas aie a2) eS a Northern States.

SoS soredseca doasossdad ecto Ae Atlantic States.

BY Aen eee ce eek ener South Atlantic States,
tripe lata. Umbrella tree
purpurea. Purple magnolia

Morus alba. White mulberry

rubra. Red mulberry

Neivaopulitohiane.-seeeee = ee

South Atlantie States.
Japan.

Se SACS e eo Oe oa abe Europe.

Se ee eae oe Atlantic States.
Ee anc ec Atlantic States.
BA Re eer a Hort.

Ue Se et eee dee Se ee Atlantic States.
2 wit Skt b'bte ke thie ee Atlantic States.
SA AAS Gass ess Japan.

BE Ana sae ee ee ee AHI er Manchuria.

Suh ci Jose Pee China.

South Atlantic States.
South Atlantie States.
South Atlantic States.

Japonica. "Japan quince)-\o72-12.s- =o occ ee Japan.
Planera aquatica, “Water elm .-. --- -. ese one nem ones South Atlantic States.
Platanus occidentalis. Bh Rot ela = eee ae IO Atlantic States.

orientalis.. Oriental plane

Podocarpus taxifolia
Populus augustifolia,
Prunus Japonica

spinosa. Sloe

macrocarpa.

palustris. Pin oak
phellos. Willow oak.
Prinus. Chestnut oak
prinoides. Chinquapin oak
Robur. English oak

concordia

nigricans

flore pleno
Sinensis. Sand pear
Padus. Bird cherry
serotina. Ruin cherry

ee)
we ee eee ewe wees weet eee eee = ee ees

trilobal. c.f. uaa ek et eee eee
Quercus alba. White oak
cerris. Turkey oak
imbricaria. Shingle oak

Western Europe.
Japan.
Rocky Mountains.

Europe.
Atlantic States.
Europe.

China.
Atlantic States.
Europe.
Europe.
Atlantic States.
Atlantic States.

wove eee eee South Atlantic States.
. Atlantic States.

Atlantic States.
Europe.
Hort.

REPORT OF ARCHITECT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 21

_ List of trees and shrubs in the United States Capitol Grounds—Continued.

Habitat.
uP MONS © ALOMMTAN A a atalrelars ose site sisis) cintevcieis le eianios ers) otnins South Atlantic States.
CauhariiCuse BUCKUNOINS se-teE eee een ence: Europe.
FbScOuMUS. “SMOKE MUSH Sse Melee closes cae ee eee Southern Europe.
glabra laciniata. Cut-leaved sumac ..-.-.. ......----, Pennsylvania.
LPUIDMS HEMCOue MNS Ee etek Recodo deed saoeao cedboessea Hooomeee Japan.
FLOSASEM DI CIN OSA) s OW COUMDLLCIy a(n melee Seieeleeinte sisi Europe.

PUIG Ph see Seng Babee eee AN Ore SPIRES Ne Na eri bees ts Bara Japan.
Selisinmisigs lololes “Crt Seas enecoenuoaeadeuuo (uons oSscue China.
Sambucus canadensis variegata. Variegated elder ......-- Atlantic States.
SasSalTAs| OCIA e pa gees Seale slate noe cere one Atlantic States.
shepherdia argentea. “Buifalo berry .---.. 2.222 -. 022. 3-2224 Western North America.
WOPHOLAapONlCaeeos see sas eee cece ciclee Nekin twseem eaters Japan.
SPIECACANLOMLENGIS aes eae elo islettrciolele cal eaaists: Salwnclalsiesa Stare China.

Chamedmtolia ese epson no ooo eetsielci cere aelas elses Siberia.
JApPOnICarallb are ee sete tea asso eee sees eae vapan.
MUN MMe vaialen orate eesocte etek tote tore re mie Sars iaiiate ate Japan.
Gin desu eleh eat eae ata oielete Soe ret seren cle wiatens Himalayas.
Dour aSsiiaval ees. See. a a ot ie tee Suvi California.
DRUM Oia eee See ae ae ee ere astra aielete eee Japan.
ANIC ne Se See sees oe SORA RAC e eae ee Japan.
Wuap Myles uridolacs lad der-nuUte estat caer coe See eee Atlantic States.
Ss LAT Nae) [PDO CUT Ee seer a oe oe ee rete esos os OURS Ata Japan.
CHT CHNONG AS Sees BREE OBOE ESO So SEU BUS aE oS eeieeeEs Europe.
Symphoricarpus racemosus. Snowberry ..----.----.-.----. North America.
Wulapiols, ~ lbnGhinyn CulbereineGees osesedisdeaus Northern States.:
SUID JGgIRCCH ie 2 ASO aes emer be SOU BNE Oe ee RSE aegels Central Europe.
persicayeMbersianililacs esas see a eee hae Western Asia. -
WUE ng) AIIGYO ERE Ook ner OO BOC Hep beste eho mack Europe.
alba Wihitevlilacea tens eo ie ass Europe.
(aAMaLES AUTICAN A. WP AMALiS kK ey eiais oottak le seeeae see cee Southern Europe.
SH PRIA LESS Ae cet aos See ee eee ec emae & Japan.
DEXOCENIE IAS DGiye sees ees Se gee aes eatin overeat Europe.
aUneaen Gold enmyewien ese emis se act Hort.
ihipAMertcatias- BasswOOd! ss ss.52 scene aed. cocoons Atlantic States.

JD Gio es Ibn Nl eeeemosaecosed Sees CatnieaeenESbaL see Europe.

eLeroplnyllas White: bass wOOdeatses see aiac coe eee Atlantic States.
Uinms Americana. “Ameritean'elm = 2. /.) 7-22! t = ons) sees Atlantic States.

A GhBlo: \W INET Oat Cee Obes ace E SePree SECM Ga es Southern States.
campestris. sbmelish elimi scssacenicceiecices secletees Europe.
fastigiata. Fastigiate elm..-....... ...- Hort.
NMG UO MNE) no5occ coocoo sabe cHuOKE om 2onoe Hort.
pendules = Weepinorelmmeeren ease foes Hort.
Ulmus campestris purpurea. Purple elm...-.. ........--.. Hort.
Vale eEomino don elmiaassetseeine sree Hort.
EOE IT tee LEME C LINE eee mae emis cena sae seis tees Europe.
MApuUriuMiopulus.. Guelder-roseeo=-ts.--- ees suecsae oe eae oe Europe.
TULA Ria ee eA rn reat Pye bo alteiaa gp a At Japan.
PLUMitOl ian ses oe ss otc a FAS esse ee? Atlantic States.
Aizypius volearis Christ/s thorn’: 222-12 2ic oes sees Southern Europe.

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HMMA

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