UMASS/AMHERST

31EDbbDDSflDbDE3

s

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

DATE DUE 1

s

73
E2

10-12
lS92-9^

PUBUC DOCUMENT .... .... No, 3.3.

TENTH ANNUAL EEPOET

BOARD OF CONTROL

STATE AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHERST, MASS.

1892.

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

'-^ 1893.

a

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

BOARD OF CONTROL

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHEKST, MASS.

1892.

BOSTON:
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATP] PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.
1893.

/V) 5 8^ s

dCnmmnufomltlj ai ^fessacl^usi^tts*

Boston, Jan. 11, 1893.
To the Honorable Senate and House of Repi'esentatives.

In accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882 I have
the honor to present the Tenth Annnal Report of the Board
of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment S-tation.

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS STATE

AGKICULTURAL EXPEEIMENT STATION,

AMHERST, MASS.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1892.
His Excellency William E. Russell,

Governor of the Commonwealth, President ex officio.

W. H. Bowkek of Boston, Term expires, 1895.

C. L, Hartshorn of Worcester Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by the Stale Board of Agriculture.

J. H. Demond of Northampton, .... Term expires, 1896.
T. P. Root of Barre, Term expires, 1893.

Appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

F. H. Appleton of Peabody, .... Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by the Massachusetts Society for Pruinoting Agriculture.

W. H. Porter of Agawam, Term expires, 1895.

Appointed by the JIassachusetts State Grange.

Wm. C. Strong of Newton Highlands, . . Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

H. H. GoODELL, A.M., LL.D., Amherst,
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

C. A. GoESSMANN, Ph D., LL D., Amherst,
Director of the Station.

Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden,
Secretary of Vie State Board of Agriculture.

Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden,
Secretary mid Auditor.

C. A. GoESSMANN, Amherst,
Treasurer.

STATION STAFF.

C. A. GOV.SSS1XNN, Fh.B., L1..T)., Director and Chemist, . Amherst.

J B. LiNDSEY, Ph.D., Associate Chemist {Feeding Department), Amherst.
J. E. IIirMi'iiitKY, B.S.,* Vegetable Physiologist (Mi/cologist), . Amherst.

II. B. MooKE, B S.,t
C. S. Ckockeu, B.S.,
II. T>. II.\SKixs, B S.,
C. II. Jones, B.S., .
R. II. Smith, B.S., .

E. B. Holland, B S ,

F. L. Arnold, B S.,
C. H. Johnson, B.S.,
David "Wentzell, .

Assis

TANTS.

(leni'i'id and Anahjtiral Chemistry.

Field Experiments.
Stock Feeding.
Farmer.

* liesigiied Jan. 1, 1893.

t Resigned July 1, 1892.

I. CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

2. FARM HOUSE.

3. BARN AND FEEDING STABLES,

•MAP OFLAND-LEASED-ToTHE •

•MASSACHUSETTS • EXP£RIMBNT -STATIOH'

-FROn-THE-

•AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE -FARM'

• V>/ EST OF THE -HIGHVVAV -

-AREATA»\EN-M7.72 ACRES-

1. AGRICULTURAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
MAP -OF -LAND -LEASED -TO -THE

MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENT-STATION

= • FROM-THE •

AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE -FARM

EAST-OF-THEHlGhWAY
AREA -TAKEN- 30.52 ACRE^

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION,

AMHERST, MASS.

To the Honorable Board of Control.

Gentle31EN : — The general condition of the State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station may be considered to-day to be
as satisfactory as at the close of the preceding year.

The buildings are on the whole in a fair state of preserva-
tion, considering their res})ective ages and previous con-
ditions.

The arrangements for experiments in stock feeding have
been improved in various directions, to provide for actual
trials regarding the rate of digestibility of some new feed
stuffs.

The numlier of silos has been increased to three, to admit
of contemjioraneous observations with different kinds of
ensilage.

The outfit in a})paratus of the chemical lal)oratory has
been materially enlarged, to meet the growing demand for
the analyses of dairy products, of imitations of butter, and
of commercial feed stuffs.

A favorable season has contri])uted largely towards a
satisfactory termination of a series of field experiments.

The different lines of observation from time to time
presented for your consideration and endorsement have
received their due attention to the full extent of existing
resources, and as far as circumstances have rendered it
practicable.

The co-operative tests in the vegetation house regarding
the effect of different kinds and combinations of plant food

10 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

on the ircnoral charactor of certain field and garden crops,
as well as on certain characteristics of the roots of legu-
minous })lants, have added a new and interesting feature to
the work of the station.

Prof. J. E. Pluinphrey has continued his observations
regarding certain diseases of garden crops and fruits. A
descri[)tion of his work concerning some diseases of the
cucuml)er, the 1)lack-kn()t of the plum, etc., accompanied
by interesting illustrations, form a part of this report,
Part II., 10.

Dr. J. B. Lindsey, a graduate of the Massachusetts
Ai>;ricultural College, and former assistant in the Massachu-
setts State Experiment Station, -svho has lately closed a
three-years course of study at the University of Gottingen
and Zurich, and whose services have been secured l)y a vote
of the Board at the July meeting, has entered upon his
duties as associate chemist. The supervision and manage-
ment of the stock-feeding de})artment has been assigned to
him as his special duty.

The work carried on at the station during the past _year,
1S!)2, has been reported in detail u})on the succeeding pages
in the following order : —

Part I.

Ox Feeding Experiments.

I. Feeding experhiu'nts with milch cows (two).

1. AVinter feeding e\})eriments witli milch cows: —

Dent com vs. sweet corn.

Corn meal w. maize feed (Chicago).

2. Summer feeding experiments with milch cows : —

Green feed : Kye, Canada peas and oats, summer vetch

and oats, fodder corn and S(>rradella.
Grain f(!ed : Wheat bran, Buttalo gluten feed, cotton-seed

meal.

3. Creamery record of the station for 1801 and 1892.

4. Analyses of milk of different breeds of cows by Babcock

mode.

5. Discussion on fodder articlt^s and fodder supplies: —

Home-raised fodd(!r articrles
Conunereial i\-cd stufl's.
G. Analyses of fodder articles made at the station in 1892.

1893. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11

II. Feeding experiments with steers (two) .

III. Feeding experiments with lambs.

IV. Feeding experiments with pigs (two).

V. Compilation of the amount of digestible nutrients consumed
daily in the different feeding experiments made at the
station, 188G-92, by Dr. J. B. Lindsey : —

1. Milch cows.

2. Steers.

3. Lambs.

Part II.

On Field ExrEiiiMENTS and Ouseuvatioxs in Vegetable
Physiology and Pathology.

1. Field experiments to ascertain the effect of the exclusion of

every form of nitrogen containing mamirial matter from
the fertilizer applied- for the production of a leguminous
crop, soja beau, on its yield per acre (Field A).

2. Field experiments with prominent varieties of grasses and

with grass mixtures under fairly corresponding circum-
stances (Field B).

3. Field experiments regarding the effect of different combina-

tions of commercial fertilizers on the yield of some
prominent garden crops (Field C).

4. Observations regarding the adaptation of a variety of more

or less reputed fodder plants new to our section of the
country (Field D).

5. Field experiments with different commercial phosphates to

study the economy of using the cheaper natural phos-
phates or the more costly acidulated phosphates (Field F) .
G. Field experiments with mixed forage crops for green fodder
and hay, vetch and oats, Canada peas and oats, soja
bean, serradella, fodder corn (Fields G, H and I).

7. Observations on permanent grass lands (meadows) .

8. Report on general farm work.

9 Report of Prof. James E. Humphrey on various diseases of
plants, with observations in the field and vegetation
house.

12 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '93.

Part III.

Special Work in the Chemical Laboratory.
I. Communication on commercial fertilizers.

1. Genei'al introduction.

2. Laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fertilizers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1, 1892,

to May 1, 1893.

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizei's (185).

5. Analyses of commei'cial fertilizers and manurial substances

sent on for examination (ll-l).

6. Miscellaneous analyses (9).

II. Aual3^scs of milk sent ou for examination (113).

in. Analyses of water sent ou for examination (109).

IV. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of agri-
cultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertil-
izing purposes.
V. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of fodder
articles, fruits, sugar-producing plants, dairy prod-
ucts, etc.

J/eieoroIogical Observations.

The periodical publications of the station have been as
frequent as in preceding years ; four bulletins, from ten to
eleven thousand copies each, and eight circulars of official
analyses, seven thousand copies each. The interest in these
publications is steadily increasing on the part of farmers,
and the growing interest of the press is well illustrated by
our numerous exchanges of periodical publications from
home and abroad, as may be seen from a subsequent
statement.

It gives me })leasure, before concluding, to express to you
my due appreciation of the; faithful and substantial support
I have received from all i)artie8 engaged with me in the
work accomplished at the station. With the assurance of
my sincere thanks for your kind encouragement and indul-
gence, permit me to sign,

Yours very respectfully,

C. A. GOESSMANN,

Director of the Mass<ichusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station.

PART I.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.

I. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows (tavo).
II. Feeding Experiments avith Steers (two).

III, Feeding Experiments with Lambs.

IV. Feeding Experiments with Pigs (two).

V. Compilation of the Amount of Digestible Nutri-
ents consumed Daily in the Different Feed-
ing Experiments.

14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

I.

FEEDINCI EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS

(TWO).

1891-92.

1. Winter feeding experiments with milch cows : —

Dent corn vs. sweet corn.

Corn meal vs. maize feed (Chicago).

2. Summer feeding experiments with milch cows : —

Green feed : Rye, Canada peas and oats, summer vetch and oats,

fodder corn and serradella.
Grain feed : Wheat bran, Bufl'alo gluten feed, cotton-seed meal.

3. Creamery record of the station for 1891 and 1892.

4. Analyses of milk of different breeds of cows by Babcock's

mode.
o. Discussion on fodder articles and fodder supplies.

Home-raised fodder ai'ticles.
Commercial feed stuffs.

6. Analyses of fodder articles made at the station in 1802.

Introduction. — From preceding annual reports it may l)e
noticed that of late our attention has been directed towards
actual feeding trials with a series of concentrated commer-
cial feed stuffs comparatively new in our local markets.
Their more general appearance in recent times rendered it
desirable, in the interest of our dairy industry, to ascertain
their comparative feeding elfects, as well as their special
economical merits, in our present conditions of food sup-
plies for the production of milk and of meat.

These articles were as a rule compared with eac^h other as
well as with other standard feed stuffs, as far as practicable
under otherwise corresponding circumstances. They were
u-^ually fed in connection with the same kinds of grain feed
and of coarse fodder artich^s.

The results obtained with Chicaiz:() gluten meal, ohl and

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15

new process linseed meal, dried brewer's grain when fed in
connection with corn meal or corn and cob meal or Avheat
bran or cotton-seed meal, or as substitutes of one or the
other of these articles, have already been described in
previous re[)<)rts (VIII. and IX.).

During our last trials Chicago maize feed and Buffalo
ghiten feed have served as a new constituent of our grain
feed ration for all classes of animals.

It has been our aim to secure genuine articles of both
descriptions. The exceptionally high price of corn meal at
the beginning of the 3^ear (thirty dollars a ton) rendered it
advisal>le to look for some cheaper suitable commercial
feed stuff, which might serve, in combination with other
current, concentrated commercial feed stuffs, as a sub-
stitute for the former. Our results are on the whole quite
encouraging, as may be seen from an examination of our
subsequently described feeding experiments Avith various
kinds of animals.

1. Winter Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows.
JSTovemher, 1891, to March, 1892.

[Dent corn vs. sweet corn ; corn meal vs. maize feed (Chicago) .]
The expernnents here under discussion were phmned for
the pur})Ose of conqiaring the food value of a reputed
variety of " dent corn" with that of a standard variety of
'* sweet corn," when used as the principal coarse fodder
constituent in the daily diet of milch cows, either in the
form of " ensilage," or, in a more advanced state of growth,
in that of " stover." " Pride of the North " was selected as
the representative of dent corns, and " Sto well's Evergreen"
as that of sweet corns ; both kinds of corn were used in all
cases in corresponding stages of growth.

The exceptionally high market price of the corn meal at
the beginning of our experiment (thirty-one dollars per ton
of two thousand pounds) rendered its substitution in the
daily diet of milch cows desirable for economical reasons.
The Chicago variety of "maize feed " was chosen for that
purpose. This comparatively new feed stuff is one of the
waste products of corn ol)tained in connection with the
manufacture of glucose su<>-ar. The "maize feed " sold at

16 AGRICULTURAL P:XPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the time at twenty-five dollars per ton of two thousand
})ounds. The commercial value of its fertilizing constitu-
ents, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash exceeded those
contained in the corn meal from six to seven dollars per ton,
making a difference at the time of twelve dollars in the net
cost of both kinds of fine or grain feed. A successful
attempt at using " maize feed" in })lacc of corn meal in the
daily diet of milch cows could iu)t fail to secure a material
reduction in the net cost of the grain feed portion of the
daihj fodder ration.

From six to eight cows, grades of various descriptions
and of different milking })eriods, were selected for the trial.
Some of these animals served a sliorter period than others,
on account of a too for advanced stage of lactation. Our
record on this occasion is confined to four cows, which took
part, with but one exception, from the beginning of obser-
vation.

1. Hhtorij of Cows.

NAME OK
COW.

Breed.

Age
(Vears).

Last Calf dropped.

o in

Niinihor of
Jfonths on Trial.

Clarissa, .
Cora,
Lucy,
Gem,

Grade Sliorthorn, .
Grade .Jersey,
Grade Ayrshire, .
Grade Shorthorn, .

S
8

G
5

.Tune 2, 1891,
i\Iar. 14, 1891,
Apr. IG, 1891,
Dec. G, 1891,

7-8

9-10

11-12

14-15

4
5
ft

2. Description of Fodder Articles.

The grain feed portion of the daily diet consisted at differ-
ent times either oi corn meal, wheat J/rm and maize feed
(Chicago), or of maize feed, tvheatbran and cotton-seed meal.

The mechanical condition of these various feed stuffs was
good, and their chemical composition in every case a fair
one, as maj^ be seen from an abstract of the average result
of our analyses. The Chicago maize feed was of a some-
what coarser texture than either of the other articles. It
represents the dried grain residue of the maize kernels after
the principal part of its starchy material has been removed,
and contains more or less of the broken-up skins of the
kernels.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

17

Analyses of Fine Feed used.
[Grain Feed ]

Food Analyses.

Corn

Meal.

WHieat
Bran.

Maize
Feed.

Cotton-
seed Meal.

Moisture at lOO'^ C, . . .

13.26

10.01

8.70

7.05

Dry matter, , . . , .

86.74

89.99

91.30

92.95

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analyses of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

1.72

6.58

0.78

5.40

" cellulose, ....

2.28

11.77

7.97

6.15

" fat,

4.90

5.04

7.37

13.82

" protein, ....

12.94

18.06

27.55

38.79

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

78.16

58.55

56.33

35.84

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fe rt iliz ing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound ]

Feutilizek Axalyses.

Corn
Jteal.

Wheat
Bran.

Maize Cotton-
Feed, seed Meal.

INIoisture, .....

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid, ....
Potassium oxide, ....
Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

13.26
1.79

0.71
0.44

$6 . 55

10.01

2.60

2.85

1.63

$12 40

8.70
4.03
0.70
0.43
$13 25

7.05
5.77
2 . ;5:5
1.72
$21 42

TJte coarse feed- stuffs used in the daily diet consisted on
this occasion either of a good English hay with sugar
beets, or of one-fourth of a daily ration of a good English
hay with all the ensilage the animal would consume, or of a
well-cured corn stover. The hay consumed throughout the
experiment was of the same fair quality.

The corn ensilage was obtained in part from a dent corn
variety, " Pride of the North," and in part from a sweet
corn variety, " Stowell's Evergreen." The same varieties
of corn furnished the corn stover. Both kinds of corn were
of a corresponding stage of growth when secured for the

18 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

])r()(lucti()n of ensilage or of stover. In case of ensilage,
the corn was cut in both cases when the kernels began to
glaze ; the whole plant was reduced to })icces from one to
one and one-half inches in length, before being filled into the
silo. The latter was filled as rapidly as the supply of mate-
rial admitted. Both silos were covered in the same way
(see previous report). They were of the same size and
contained about the same quantity of cut ensilage corn
(whole i)lant).

The corn stover was obtained in both instances from the
matured crops, which were cut about ten days later than for
ensilage. The ears were separated from the stalks and
the latter carefully field-cured, and sul^sequently cut in a
similar way as the ensilage for the silo, before being fed.
The stover from sweet corn retained under otherwise corre-
sponding circumstances more moisture than that from the
dent corn ; it was for this reason more liable to mould than
the former. The ensilage from sweet corn was, however,
fully equal in color and flavor to that from the dent corn.
Both were highly relished by the animals on trial.

The chemical composition of the several coarse fodder
articles used in our experiment is stated in the following
tabular record : —

Analyses of Coarse Fodder Articles used.

» Swfipt

t Dent

* Sweet

t Dent

Sugar

Food Analysks.

Hay.

Com

Corn

Corn

Corn

Stdvrr.

Stovor.

Ensilage.

Knsilago.

Moisture at 100° C , .

9.72

41.62

20.10

84.30

79.92

85.27

Dry matter,

90.28

58.38

79.90

15.70

20.08

14.73

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analyses of Dry Matter.

Crude asli, .

G.43

9.76

6.12

6.32

4.99

5.95

" cellulose,.

32.28

37.79

33.72

29.32

27.19

6.49

" fat, .

2.49

2.44

2.51

7.36

3.29

0.66

" protein, .

9.54

6.08

7.75

7.86

8.29

10.97

Non-nitr<)<j^enous ex-

tract matter, .

49.26

43.93

49.90

49.14

56.24

75.93

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Stowell's Evergreen.

t Pride of the North,

1893.J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

19

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Sux'i-t

Dont

Sweet

Dent

Sugar
Ueets.

Fertii.izku Analyses.

Hay.

Com

Com

Corn

Corn

Stover.

Stover.

Ensilage.

Ensilairo.

Moisture, .

9.72

41.62

20.10

84.30

79.92

85.27

Nitrogen, .

1.38

0.57

0.99

0.20

0.27

0.26

Phosphoric acid,

O.oG

0.20

0.29

0.087

0.14

0.10

Potassium oxide,

1.57

1.00

1.40

0.41

0.33

0.48

Valuation per 2,000

pounds, .

$5 95

f2 83

$4 55

$1 00

$1 26

$1 32

3. Mode of Feeding.

The time occupied by the experiment is divided into five
feeding periods, varying from two to five weelvs in length.
The total weigJit of the daily grain feed ration remained the
same throughout the entire trial, namely, nine pounds. Tliis
amount consisted during the first feeding period, Novem])er
8 to November 23, of three pounds each of maize feed (Chi-
cago), wheat bran and corn meal, and during the remaining
four feeding periods of three pounds each of Chicago maize
feed, wheat l)ran and cotton-seed meal. One-half of the
daily grain feed ration was fed at the time of milking in the
morning with one-half of the coarse feed, and the other half
Avitli the remainder of the coarse feed at the milking time
toward evening.

The total amount of the daily coarse feed ration depended
on the individual appetite of the animals, and on the char-
acter of the fodder articles fed. Durins; the first feedinsr
period, when English hay and sugar beets constituted the
daily coarse feed ration, the daily consumption of roots was
limited per head in all cases to fifteen pounds, while the
daily quantity of hay consumed was decided by the appetite
of the animal, varying in case of different animals from
twelve to sixteen pounds.

During the second and the third feeding periods nothing
but corn stover served as coarse feed in the daily diet. The
amount of stover from Stowell's Evero-reen sweet corn con-

20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

sumed per day has varied in case of different animals from
twelve and one-half to seventeen pounds per head ; while
the daily consumption of the stover obtained from the dent
corn variety, Pride of the North, has varied per head from
ten to thirteen and one-half pounds. The difference in the
amount of both kinds of stover consumed is evidently
mainly due to their different state of moisture, as may be
noticed by comparing in both cases the total amount of dry
matter contained in the daily diet consumed during the
second and third feeding periods.

Corn ensilage and English hay constituted the coarse fod-
der of the daily diet during the fourth and fifth feeding
periods. The amount of English hay fed per day in this
connection was limited in all cases to five pounds per head ;
that of both kinds of the ensilage was governed by the
appetite of each animal. Dent corn ensilage was fed in
connection with English hay, as stated during the fourth
feeding period, and the ensilage from the SAveet corn during
the fifth.

The daily consumption of the ensilage from the sweet
corn varied per head in case of different animals from
twenty-four to forty-three pounds, and that of the ensilage
from the sweet corn from thirty-five to fifty-three pounds.
This dift'erence in the weights of both kinds of ensilage con-
sumed in case of the same animal, is materially due to the
same circumstance as has been pointed out previously with
reference to similar facts noticed concerning the consump-
tion of both kinds of corn stover. The ensilage of the dent
corn contains twenty per cent, of dry vegetable matter and
eighty per cent, of water, and the ensilage of the sweet
sixteen per cent, of dry vegetal)le matter and eighty-four
per cent, of water. The cows were watered twice a day,
about two hours after feeding time.

The daily fodder rations below described represent the
average composition of the daily diet used per head during
the stated five succeeding feeding periods.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

21

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during the
Five Successive Feeding Periods^ (1891-92).

IT.

November 8 to November 23.

CoiTi meal (pounds),
Wheat bran,
I\Iaize feed,
Hay, ....
Sugar beets,
Nutritive ratio, .
Total cost (cents),
Manurial value obtainable
Net cost,

3.00
3.00
3.00

14.35

15.00
1:6.65

26.18
9.48

16.70

December 4 to December 23.

Wheat bran (pounds), . 3.00

Maize feed, . . . 3.00

Cotton-seed meal, . . 3.00

Sweet corn stover,* . . 14.56

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.61

Total cost (cents), . . 15.04

Manurial value ol)tainable, 7.29

Net cost, . . . . 7 . 75

III.

IV.

December 26 to January

13.

January 17 to February

23.

Wheat bran (pounds).

3.00

Wheat bran (jjounds),

3.00

Maize feed.

3.00

Maize feed.

3.00

Cotton-seed meal,

8.00

Cotton-seed meal,

3.00

Dent corn stover ,f

12.06

Hay,

5.00

Nutritive ratio, , . '.

:4.63

Dent corn ensilage, .

32.00

Total cost (cents).

14.42

Nutritive ratio, .

1:4.64

Manurial value obtainable,

7.84

Total cost, ....

19.15

Net cost, ....

6.58

Manurial value obtainable,

8.46

Net cost, ....

10.69

February 27 to March 23.

Wheat bran (pounds), 3.00

Maize feed, 3.00

Cotton-seed meal, 3.00

Hay, 5.00

Sweet corn ensilage, 41.39

Nutritive ratio, 1:4.80

Total cost (cents), 20.32

Manurial value obtainable, 8 . 60

Net cost, 11.72

* Stowell's Evergreen.

t Pride of the North.

22 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. Cost of Feed.

Tlie commercial valuation of the previously described
daily average fodder rations during the five feeding periods
of our experiment is based on the below-stated contempo-
rary local price of the various fodder articles used in their
composition : —

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Corn meal, $31 00

Wheat bran, 22 00

Maize feed, 25 00

Cotton-seed meal, 29 00

English hay, 15 00

Sweet corn stover, 5 00

Dent corn stover, 5 00

Sweet coi-n ensilage, = 2 60

Dent corn ensilage, 2 50

Sugar beets, 5 00

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder

Rations used.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

II. 1 in.

IV.

V.

Total cost

IManurial value obtainable.
Net cost,*

26.18

9.48

16.70

15.04
7.29
7.75

14.42

7.84
6.58

19.15

8.46

10.69

20.32

8.60

11.72

• Allowing eighty per cent, of the manurial value obtainable from the feed consumed.

Total cost of each daily ration represents the sum of the
market cost of the quantity of the different fodder articles
contained in that particular daily diet.

J^et cost of a fodder article represents the cost of the
article, less the commercial value of that portion of the
various (juantities of the different essential fertilizing con-
stituents they contain which passes into the animal excre-
tions, liquid and solid, and becomes thus available in the
manurial refuse resulting from its consumption. The value
of the manurial refuse obtainable from one and the same

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23

kind and quality of fodder article depends on the function,
the kind and the age of the animal which consumes it. In
case of milch cows it is conceded that an allowance of
a loss of twenty iier cent, covers the amount of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash which passes into the milk pro-
duced, and is thus lost as a manurial resource of the farm.
As our various fodder articles quite frequently differ luidely
from each other witJi reference to the amount of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash they contain, it is but natural
that the obtainable manurial value of our different fodder
articles under otherwise corresponding, circumstances must
differ also more or less seriously. The more phosphoric
acid, potash and in particular nitrogen a given quantity of
a fodder article contains, the more valuable, considered from
a commercial stand-point, is the manurial refuse resulting
from its use. The subsequent abstract of our fertilizer
analyses of the different fodder articles used on the present
occasion may well serve as an illustration of the previous
statements.

24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

25

From previous discussions it will ho noticed that the
different fodder rations used during the live feeding periods
of our last ex})eriinent varied seriously in regard to inarket
cost as well as to net cost. To what particular circumstance
this result is due deserves some special attention. Whether
it is due to the cost of the grain feed or to that of the coarse
feed, and to wliat extent in either case, is shown in the
subsequent tal)ular statement.

Statement of the Cost of Fine and Coarse Feed Portion of the Daily
Fodder Rations used.

Fine Feed.
[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

Total cost,
Manurial value
Net cost, .

obtainable,

11.70
3.90

7.80

11.40
5.65
5.75

11.40
5.65
5.75

11.40
5.65
5.75

11.40
5.65
5.75

Coarse Feed.
[Cents.l

Total cost,

Manuvial value obtainable,

Net cost, ....

14.51

3.64

3.02

7.75

5.65

1.65

2.20

3.30

8.86

1.99

0.82

4.45

8.92
3.45

5.47

The mai'ket cost of our grain feed ration is materially the
same in all cases ; the high manurial value of maize feed
and cotton-seed meal (II., III., IV., V.), as compared with
that of corn meal (I.), makes the net cost of the former
two cents less than that of the latter. The pecuniary
advantages arising from an intelligent use of corn stover
and corn ensilage in the dairy industry, in place of English
hay, deserve particular attention. In view of these results,
it may not be out of place to repeat a former advice : —

"The high market price of two of our most prominent
home-raised coarse fodder articles, first and second cut- of
upland meadow, English hay and rowen, affects seriously
the degree of our financial results in the production of milk,
as far as the cost of feed is concerned. We are in need of
a cheaper source of supply of coarse fodder substances than

26 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

a considerable proportion of our grass lands, pastures and
meadows, in their present state of })roductiveness, can claim
to l)e. ]M()re satisfat'tory results can be ol)tained, no doubt,
in many cases by turning indifferently yielding dry grass
lands, if at all capal)le of higher cultivation, to account for
the production of some other suitable fodder crops than
grasses. The good services of dry fodder corn, corn stover
and a good corn ensilage, for a more economical production
of milk, are deservedly from day to day more generally
recognized. However gratifying this fact will be consid-
ered, it is not advisalde, in the light of past experience, in
a general farm management to raise one fodder crop at the
exclusion of all others, however lucrative at the time this
practice may prove ; such course can at best only offer a
temporary relief. The introduction of a greater variety, in
particular of annual reputed fodder crops, promises a more
permanent improvement in fodder supply. Such course
wherever adopted has not only resulted in cheapening the
production of milk and beef, but has proved to be a most
economical way to raise the general productiveness of farm
lands to a higher standard."

Our local experience with a variety of annual leguminous
fodder crops, as vetches, cow-peas, serradella and soja bean,
has been very encouraging. The satisfactory results obtained
in previous years are fully confirmed year after year. We
are raising the present season vetch and oats, Canada peas
and oats, soja beans and serradella, partly for green fodder
and for ensilage, and partly for hay.

Quantity of Milk produced per Day ( Quarts) .
[One quart equals 2.15 pounds.]

Feeding Periods.

Gcnenil
Average.

Extreme

I.

II.

III.

IV.

v.

Variations.

Clarissa, .
Cora,
Lucy,
Gem,.

7.18
8.57
9.68

5.76

7.29

8.00

i:!.46

4.88
6.68
7.73

4.52

6.17

7.73

13.18

5.39

7.79

12.31

5.59

6.82

8.19

12.98

3.72- 8.37

4.65- 9.77

6.51-10.70

11.63-15.11

Considering the period of lactation in the case of each ani-
mal, the decline in yield of milk as the time of observation

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

27

advances seems to be normal. Cow No. 4, "Gem," was
somewhat indisposed during the third feeding period, refus-
ing for a week or two to eat her customary amount of feed ;
the yield of milk fell off, and is for this reason not recorded
here. As soon as she began to consume again the regular
fodder ration, the yield of milk with reference to quantity
was normal ; yet its quality had suffered a serious change in
solids, as will be noticed from the following record of analy-
ses of morning's milk : —

Analyses of Milk during Different Feeding Periods.

[Per Cent.]

Live WeigJit of Animals during the Feeding Periods.

[rounds ]

Feeding Periods.

Gain at

I.

11.

m.

IV.

V.

Close.

Clarissa,

951

966

957

999

48

Cora, ....

1,062

1,042

1,051

1,062

1,069

7

Lucy, ....

850

815

816

808

804

—46

Gem, ....

—

869

—

856

865

—4

28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The general condition of the animals at the ciose of the
observation was a satisfactory one.

Conclusions.

A careful consideration of the previously recorded results
leads us to the following conclusions : —

1 . The sulistitution of a ration composed of three pounds
each of corn meal, maize feed and wheat bran, by one con-
sisting of three pounds each maize feed, wheat bran and
cotton-seed meal, has in our case not materially changed the
market cost of the grain feed ration^ hut reduced two cents its
net cost, in consequence of the more valuable manurial refuse
(f the latter.

2. The quantity and quality of milk has not been affected
in any noticeable degree by the change in the grain feed
ration in case of healthy animals.

3. The diflerences in the cost, hoih mnrhetand nety of the
different fodder rations, are in a controlling degree due to
the cost of the different coarse fodder articles used., — a fact
which has been repeatedly jpointed out in previous cotnmuni-
cations.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

29

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

31

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225.00

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240.00
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Dec. 26 to Jan. 13, .
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32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1891-92.

Nov. 8 to Nov. 23, .
Dec. 4 to Dec. 23, .
Dec. 26 to Jan. 13, .
Jan. 17 to Feb. 23, .
Feb. 27 to Mar. 23, .

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1893.] PUBLIC DOCUAIENT — No. 33. 33

2. Summer Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows.
May, 1892, to Septemler, 1892.

[Green feed : rye, Canada peas and oats, summer vetch and oats, fodder corn and
serradella; grain feed: wheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed and cotton-seed meal.]

The experiment was instituted for the same purpose as our
summer feeding experiments with milch cows in preceding
years (since 1887). The main object of these experiments
was to ascertain the fitness of a series of more or less reputed
annual fodder crops to serve as the main coarse fodder sup-
ply for dairy cows during the grooving season (June to Octo-
ber). Their selection as well as their mode of cultivation
was largely governed by their special adaptation to the soil
and to the period of season when needed to serve as green
fodder.

The results obtained in previous years with vetch and
oats, soja bean, Southern cow-pea and serradella have been
already published. A larger number of difterent kinds of
annual fodder crops have been cultivated during the past
season than in preceding ones.

The whole season was divided into four feeding periods,
as far as the green coarse fodder articles are concerned,
namely, rye, peas and oats, vetch and oats, and fodder corn
and serradella. The feeding of the rye and of the oats began
when heading out ; that of the peas, vetch and serradella
when fairly in bloom; while that of the fodder corn began
when the kernels commenced glazing.

One-fourth of a daily ration of rowen (second cut of
upland meadows), five pounds, was fed in every instance,
in common with the temporary green fodder ration.

The amount of rowen and of grain feed fed per day re-
mained the same throughout the entire season. The daily
consumption of the green fodder was governed by the indi-
vidual appetite of the animal, and usually decreased with the
advancing growth of the fodder plant.

The feeding of the green crops ceased as soon as they
neared maturing. The part of the fodder crops which was

34 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

left imconsumcd was cut and cither turned into hay or placed
in silos (see farther on for details under field experiments).

The grain feed ration remained the same throughout the
entire season, Buffalo gluten feed, wheat bran and cotton-
seed meal, three pounds of each daily per animal.

The cows used were, as has been the case in all our pre-
vious observations, grades of various descriptions and of a
similar general character as on those occasions.

History of Cows.

^

V< 1 —

o a .5

-1

Namb of Cow.

Breed.

BO

Last Calf dropped.

Daily Y
Milk at
ning 0
(Quart

''I

jNIay,

Native,

*

Jan. 15, 1892, .

11.71

6

Gem,

Grade Shorthorn,

5

Dec. 6, 1891, .

13.53

6

Lucy,

Grade Ayrshire,

7

June 2, 1891, .

10.88

6

Viola,

Native,

*

Feb. 10, 1892, .

13.09

6

Anna,

Native,

♦

Jan. 26, 1892, .

11.94

6

Florence, .

Grade Shorthorn,

:*

May 13, 1892, .

11.78

3^

The general management of this feeding experiment was
the same as on preceding occasions.

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Wheat bran, $20 00

Gluten feed (Buffalo), 23 00

Cotton-seed meal, 28 00

Rowen 15 00

Sugar beets, 5 00

Green rye, 2 50

Canada peas and oats (green), 2 75

Vetch and oats (green), 2 75

Corn fodder (green), 2 50

Serradella, 2 75

• Unkno\vn.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

35

Analyses of Fine Feed used.
[Grain Feed.]

Food Analyses.

Wheat
Bran.

Gluten
Feed.

Cotton-seed
Meal.

Moisture at 100° C,

10.01

6.33

7.05

Dry matter,

89.99

93.67

92.95

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

6.58

0.95

5.40

" cellulose,

11.77

5.76

6.15

" fat,

5.04

12.99

13.82

" protein,

18.06

25.75

38.79

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

58.55

54.55

35.84

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4iJ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

Wheat
Bran.

Gluten
Feed.

Cotton-seed
Meal.

Moisture,

10.01

6.33

7.05

Nitrogen,

2.60

3.86

5.77

Phosphoric acid,

2.85

0.207

2.33

Potassium oxide,

1.63

0.04

1.72

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

$12 40

fll 85

$21 42

36 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Coarse Fodder Articles used.

Food Anaxtses.

1

OJ

5

1

O
•a
c

it

s

Moisture at 100° C, .

13.90

85.27

62.11

86.32

82.02

68.53

82.03

Dry matter,

86.10

14.73

37.89

13.68

17.98

31.47

17.97

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100. OO' 100. 00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ,

8.28

5.95

5.27

6.90

9.31

5.68 9.59

" cellulose, .

28.88

6.49

21.52

26.66

29.80

22.99 26.28

" fat, .

3.91

0.66

2.46

2.29

2.79

2.81 2.59

i

" protein, .

13.45

10.97

5.38

16.01

16.77

6.22

15.13

Non -nitrogenous ex-
tract matter, .

45.48

75.93

65.37

48.14

41.33

62.30

46.41

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

e

i

5

5

-3

•5

a

3

c
O

c
c

a

Z>

X

Moisture, .

13.90

85.27

62.11

86.32

82.02

68.53

82.03

Nitrogen, .

1.853

0.26

0.327

0.350

0.482

0.310

0.435

Phosphoric acid.

0.464

0.10

0.150

0.130

0.132

0.055

0.126

Potassium oxide,

1.966

0.48

0.734

0.415

0.418 0.149 0.379

Valuation per 2,000
pounds, .

$7 84

fl 32

n 80

$1 56

U 97 $1 12 $1 78

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

37

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during the
Five Successive Feeding Periods {1892).

I.

II.

April 1 to May 21.
Wheat bran (pounds) ,
Gluten feed (Buffalo),
Cotton-seed meal,
Rowen,
Sugar beets.
Nutritive ratio, .
Total cost (cents),
Manurial value obtainable,
Net cost.

3.00

3.00

3.00

5.00

15.00

:4.48

25.66

10.95

14.71

May 27 to June 13.
Wheat bran (pounds).
Gluten feed (Buffalo),
Cotton-seed meal,
Rowen,
Green rye.
Nutritive ratio.
Total cost (cents),
Manurial value obtainable,
Net cost.

00
00
00
00

16.22

1:4.82

16.43

8.21

8.22

III.

IV.

Jicne 18 to June 28.

July 4 to August 3.

Wheat bran (pounds) ,

3.00

Wheat bran (pounds).

. 3.00

Gluten feed (Buffalo),

3.00

Gluten feed (Buffalo),

. 3.00

Cotton-seed meal.

3.00

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3.00

Rowen, . . . .

5.00

Rowen,

. 5.00

Canada peas and oats.

27.50

Vetch and oats, .

. 37.71

Nutritive ratio, . . ]

:3.78

Nutritive ratio, .

1:3.76

Total cost (cents).

18.16

Total cost (cents).

. 19.57

Manurial value obtainable, .

8.75

Manurial value obtainable.

. 10e02

Net cost, . . . .

9.41

Net cost.

. 9.55

V.

September 17 to September 27.

Wheat bran (pounds), 3.00

Gluten feed (Buffalo), 3.00

Cotton-seed meal, 3.00

Rowen, 5.00

Corn fodder, 30.00

Serradella, 20.00

Nutritive ratio, 1:5.52

Total cost (cents) 20.90

Manurial value obtainable, 9.81

Net cost, 11.09

38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder
Rations used.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

II. III.

IV.

V.

Total cost, ....
Manurial value obtainable,
Net cost,*

25.66

10.95
14.71

16.43
8.21

8.22

18.16
8.75
9-41

19.57

10.02

9.55

20.90

9.81

11.09

* Allowing eighty per cent, of the manurial value of the feed consumed obtainable.

The local market cost of the daily grain feed ration is the
same in all stated cases, 11.1 cents; while that of the daily
coarse feed ration varies, 5.12 to 14.56 cents (see I. and II.
periods). The obtainable manurial value varies from two-
lifths to one-half of the total cost of the fodder ration.

Quantity of Milk produced per Day ( Quarts) .
[One quart equals 2.15 pounds.]

Feeding Periods.

General
Average.

E.xtreme

Variations.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

INIay, .

11.71

9.19

9.76

8.54

7.27

9.29

6.05-13.72

Gem, .

13.53

11.53

11.34

11.21

11.21

11.76

9.53-16.28

Lucv, .

10.88

8.27

9.44

8.98

8.22

9.16

6.74-12.54

Viola,

13.09

9.97

1(1.22

9.24

7.21

9.95

6.40-14.48

Anna,

11.94

9.19

9.79

8.33

6.94

9.24

6.51-13.14

Florence, ,

—

11.78

11.12

10.56

11.15

9.77-13.95

Cost of Feed per Quart of Milk.
[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

General

Average.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

May

2.19

1.80

1.86

2.28

2.88

2.20

Gem,

1.89

1.45

1.61

1.75

1.87

1.71

Lucy,

2.36

2.02

1.93

2.19

2.54

2.21

Viola,

1.96

1.62

1.78

2.12

2.90

2.08

Anna,

2.15

1.76

1.86

2.35

3.01

2.02

Florence, .

-

-

1.55

1.76

1.98

1.76

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

39

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40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLAIENT STATION. [Jan.

No analysis was made of the milk during the fifth feeding
period.

Conclusion.

The results of our summer feeding experiments are on the
whole very satisfactory, as may be seen from the summary
of the yield of milk and of the cost of feed consumed per
quart of milk produced. They furnish also an additional
illustration of the statement that a well-regulated system of
feeding our dairy stock during the summer secures the most
satisfactory results, financially and otherwise.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

41

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42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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Sept.

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April

May

June

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

43

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1— 1

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1-1 tM

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CO CO CO

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CO CO

CO CO CO

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CO CO

CO

CO CO

i-<"coco CO t>r

(M <N (N (M

£2

o

o o

CO TjH t^ 1

1— ( 1—1

<5S

June
July
Sept.

o

i-< 00 lO

00 CO CO
00 Oi 05

00 "O G<l

t-- t>. (>»

CO CO o

^r^^

Oi -* CO
CO t^ -*

i-i 1— ( (M

00 (M CO
O. rH lO

T-l 1-1 O

1— 1 1— 1 1— (

CO CO CO
CO CO CO

CO OS lO
1-1 1—1 CM

o
o

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1 "^ 1

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> 1 )

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o o o

lO »o o

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ooo

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ooo
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CO CO CO

00 CO r-T

CM C<l

3 S CD

222

00 -* t^
1—1 1— I

June
July
Sept.

44 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

fa

o

H
•<

a

Q

•(SJUDO) iniWJO JJBIlf)

ouoio uoijonpoj,! joj

OS O «5 CO 00
—■ 00 00 CM 00

C-i -H -H CM <>)

•painnsuoa
pa a J JO ;soo lujoj,

CC --H CM '^ O

CO 00 00 GO o

(M CM i-H lO (M

•(spunoj)
patnnsiioo ■Biiap
-BJJ3S JO junotny IBjox

200.00

(spunoj)
pamnsuoo jsppoj
U.IO0 JO lunotny [bjox

300.00

•(spunod)
psmnsuoa sjbq P""
UOjaA JO junoray ibjox

1112.00

•(spunoj) patnns
-uoo sjTJO puB scaj
■opBUBO jo junoray Ib^ox

275.00

■(spunoa)
painnsuoo a.i'a
uaajo JO Junorav [bjox

285.00

■(spunoj)
pamtisuoo sjaaa
jbSiis jo jutiomv Ib^ox

750.00

•(spunoj) paransuoa
uoAvoy jo junoinv IBjox

o o o o o
o o o o o

O lO o o o
lo 00 o o 'O

•(spuno<j) parans
-uoD iBajt paas-uoj
-joo JO junouiv lujox

oo o o o

o o o o o

o ^ o d d

lO O CC CI CO

■(spunod)
paransuoo paaj uaj
-mo JO junourv ibjox

ooooo
o o o oo

o' -H CD CD d

lO O CO O CO

•(spunod)
paransuoo UBJa
;BaqA\ JO junotny ]e}ox

ooooo
ooooo

d T-^ddd

lO lO CO <3J CO

JO pia!.\ A"i!Ba aSuja.vy

1— 1 cr> o -f t^
t^ r-< r^ 'O c<)

i-H crs C75 00 t^

T-l

•(syBnt)) paonpojd
UliK JO AuuBnJ) iB^ox

[^ CO 50 lO t^
-r)< 1-1 "O o «o

LO CO t^ CO CM

00 O C5 >o o-
lO i-H CM

1892.

April 1 to INIay 21,
May 27 to June 13,
June 18 to June 28,
July 4 to Aug. 3,
Sept. 17 to Sept. 27,

Cb

Ci >C --< ut t--

00 't CO c^ 00

CO ■* <M OC CM

00 00 00 00 o

(MCM

1— 1

O CM

o .
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CM O CO -H o

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c

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f^ 00 -* r^

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-i -SI

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

45

o
I I I ^' I

o o o o o
o o o o o

O 1— O o o
■O "O CO as CO

T-l

o o o o o
o o o o o

O rH O O O
lO >C CO Ci CO
r-t

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o o o oo

O -H o o o

lO o CO C5 CO

T-l

CO t^ — * CO c^

oo (M -* C5 (M

o X ci CO 00

lO QO <M O rH

O lO -* CO (M

CO O -+I C5 <M

>* -Tfi ci o oo

— ' CO CO co' t--"
(M -H C^ c^

May
June
June
Aug.
Sept.

BSSSB

tH 1— 1 00 ■* t^
(>? T-l rH

Api'il

May

June

July

Sept

1-1 T-H th CM Ol

G^ S<> I— I lO I>1

I I I I

o
I I I -• I

o

. 1^ , ,

I t I t

CO Oi O CT3 t~

'ti Oi (M t^ Ol

lO o o r^ t^

!» 1— I 1— I (M

O O O Q O

*— -1^ 5 2 (D

(M 1— I tH CN CO

C^ fN 1— I lO (M

I I I I

I I I I

O

I I I I

1— I Oi Oi 00 o

t^ CO t^ Oi Oi
Oi uo Oi -*i to
>0 1-1 <N

d 3 3 s 3r

o o o o o

•4.d -4^ -4.^ <^ •4H

rH h- OO •* t~»

3^4 3 =s «

lo «o OO

•o r^ Oi

$1 82
5 87
2 09

o

1 1^.

o
o

00*008

275.00

1 1 1

1 ! }

5^

50.00

150.00

50.00

30.00
90.00
30.00

30.00
90.00
30.00

30.00
90.00
30.00

11.78
11.12
10.56

117.79
333.60
105.58

June 18 to June 28,
July 4 to Aug. 3,
Sept 17 to Sept. 27.

46 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Creamery Record of the Station for 1891 and 1892.

The cost of feed consumed is based on the market price
as stated in the subsequent table. The valuation of the
whole milk is taken at three cents per quart. The estimates
of the value of fertilizing ingredients contained in the feed
are based on those given in the following table : —

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Va^-ious Articles of Fodder used.

Corn meal, $29 50

Wheat bran (in 1891, $24), 20 00

Gluten meal, 27 50

Gluten feed, 23 00

Maize feed, 25 00

Old-process linseed meal, 26 00

Cotton-seed meal, 28 00

Brewers' grain, 23 00

Hay, 15 00

Rowen, 15 00

Green fodder corn, 2 50

Corn stover, 5 00

Corn ensilage, 2 50

Corn and soja bean ensilage, 3 50

Green rye, 2 50

Soja bean (green), 4 40

Canada peas and oats (green), 2 75

"Vetch (green), 2 75

Vetch and oats (green), 2 75

Rape, 2 50

Serradella, 2 75

Sugar beets, 5 00

Cabbages, 2 50

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

47

Fertilizing Constituents .
[Nitrogen 15 cerrts, phosphoric acid .5.J cents, potassium oxide 4i cents, per pound.]

Nitrogen.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Vakiation

per 2,000
Pdunds.

Com meal,

1.79

0.71

0.44

$6 55

Wheat bran, .

2.60

2.86

1.63

12 40

Gluten meal, .

5.22

0.40

0.05

16 15

Gluten feed, .

3.86

2.07

0.04

13 89

Maize feed, .

4.03

0.70

0.43

13 25

Old-process linseed meal,

5.33

1.64

1.16

18 84

Cotton-seed meal, .

5.77

2.33

1.72

21 42

Brewers' grain.

3.299

1.192

1.466

12 53

Hay

1.38

0.36

1.57

5 95

Rowen, ....

1.853

0.464

1.966

7 84

Green fodder corn,

0.31

0.055

0.149

1 12

Corn stover, .

0.78

0.245

1.20

3 70

Corn ensilage.

0.235

0.113

0.37

1 16

Corn and soja bean ensilage.

0.708

0.42

0.444

2 99

Green rye,

0.327

0.15

0.734

1 80

Soja beans (green).

0.59

0.193

0.311

2 26

Canada peas and oats (green

),

0.35

0.128

0.402

1 55

Vetch (green),

0.49

0.133

0.425

2 00

Vetch and oats (green),

0.482

0.132

0.418

1 97

Rape, ....

0.46

0.12

0.35

1 82

Serradella,

0.435

0.126

0.379

1 78

Sugar beets, .

0.26

0.10

0.48

1 32

Cabbages,

0.30

0.11

0.43

1 41

The value of cream is that granted us from month to month
by our local creamery association. The station has no other
connection with the financial management of the creamery.

Our presentation of financial results is based on the local
cost of feed alone, and does not consider interest on invest-
ment and labor involved, for the reason that approximate
estimates on these points are in an exceptional degree
dependent on quality of stock and varying local circum-
stances. The details are embodied in a few subsequent
tables under the following headings : —

1. Statement of articles of fodder used.

2. Record of average quality of milk and fodder rations.

3. Value of cream at creamery basis of valuation.

4. Cost of skim-milk at the selling price of three cents per

quart of whole milk.

5. Fertilizing constituents of cream.

6. Some conclusions suggested by the records.

7. Analyses of cream.

8. Average milk analyses for previous years.

48 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

49

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50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

51

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52 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Value of Cream at Creamery Basis of Valuation.

° -6

3 i

Total Valueof Fertil-
izing Constituents
of Food consumed.

Value of Fertilizing
Constitnents lost
in Cream.

Net Cost of Feed
for Production of
Cream.

£

a

a
6

= "2

>

1891.

January, .

$42 88

$22 85

$0 60

$20 63

$35 23

February,

40 03

24 02

0 61

16 62

35 49

March,

31 38

16 71

0 69

15 36

42 44

April,

35 25

17 52

0 63

18 36

37 36

May,

47 34

22 98

0 74

25 10

40 82

June,

39 32

18 71

0 68

21 29

32 40

July,

40 50

20 20

0 66

20 96

32 26

August, .

48 47

20 17

0 68

28 98

36 26

September,

36 88

16 16

0 68

21 40

41 84

October, .

41 39

16 62

0 63

25 40

39 48

November,

46 47

17 83

0 52

29 16

32 12

December,

28 75

18 25

0 51

9 93

31 60

Averages,

$39 89

$19 33

$0 64

$21 10

$36 44

1892

January, .

$31 07

|17 51

$0 55

$14 11

$34 64

February,

34 38

18 36

0 62

16 64

38 95

March,

38 50

20 95

0 76

18 31

45 04

April,

38 47

21 04

0 65

18 08

36 59

May,

35 23

20 13

0 67

15. 77

31 65

June,

31 28

19 44

0 57

12 41

27 50

July,

36 11

22 80

0 58

13 89

28 69

August, .

39 94

23 95

0 56

16 57

32 22

September,

38 95

22 93

0 55

16 57

33 72

October, .

40 12

22 14

0 57

18 55

34 84

Averages,

$36 42

$20 93

$0 61

$16 09

$33 48

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

53

4. Cost of Skim-milk at the Selling Price of Three Cents ijer
Quart for Whole Milk.

o

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1891.

January,

February,
March, .
April,
May,
June,
July,
August, .
September,
October, .
November,
December,
Averages,

1898.

January,

February,
March, .
April,
May,
June,
July,
August, .
September,
October, .
Averages,

1,413.5
1,643.8
1,700.2
1,468. 1
1,889.7
1,841.3
1,791.2
1,924.0
1,826.9
1,659.9
1,424.0
1,344.0

1,660.4

915.0

934.0

1,048.0

958.0

1,134.0

1,045.0

1,008.0

1,036.0

1,046.0

963.0

803.0

790.0

973.3

845.0
950.0

1,155.0
989.0

1,021.0
873.0
883.0
848.0
843.0
871.0

927.8

269.1
274.7
308.2
281.8
333.2
307.4
296.5
304.7
307.8
283.2
236.2
232.4
286. 3

248.5
279.4
340.0
290.9
300.0
256.8
260.0
249.4
248.0
2.'S6.2
272.9

1,144.4
1,369.1
1,392.0
1,186.3
1,556.5
1,533.9
1,494.7
1,619.3
1,519.1
1,376.7
1,187.8
1,111.6

1,374.3

1,211.8
1,333.0
1,478.0
1,413.5
1,506.7
1,561.7
1,342.8
1,516.4
1,333.4
1,358.5

3.85
3.80
4.05
3.90
3.60
3.10
3.20
3.50
4.00
4.10
4.00
4.00
3.76

4.10
4.10
3.90
3.70
3.10
3.15
3.25
3.80
4.00
4.00

2.49
2.16
2-50
2.54
2.16
1.76
1.80
1.88
2.29
2.38
2.24
2.36

2.21

2.38
2.42
2.45
2.14
1.73
1.51
1.78
1.80
2.12
2.16

1,405.6

3.71

2.04

$35 23

35 49
42 44
37 36

40 82
32 40
32 26

36 26

41 84
39 48
32 12
31 60

$36 44

$34 64
38 95
45 04
36 59

31 65

27 50

28 69

32 22

33 72

34 84

$34 38

Cents.
0.63

1.01

0.62

0.56

1.02

1.49

1.44

1.33

0.85

0.75

0.90

0.79

0.75
0.71
0.65
1.03
1.50
1.73
1.44
1.36
1.03
1.00
1.12

$7 18

13 82

8 57

6 68

15 87

22 84

21 48

21 46

12 97

10 32

10 60

8 72

0.9o I $13 37

$9 16
9 42
9 50
14 54
22 55
27 05

19 40

20 76
13 71
13 61

I $15 97

5. Fertilizing Constituents of Cream.
[Average anah'sis.]

Moisture at 100° C, .
Nitrogen (15 cents per pound) , .
Potassium oxide (4i cents per pound) ,
Phosphoric acid (oj cents per pound) ,

Per Cent.

75.22
0.54
0.123
0.168

54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

6. Conclusions.

1. The nutritive ratio of the feed varied in 1891 from
1 : 4.17 to 1 : G.74, with an average of 1 : 5.28 ; in 1892,
from 1 : 3.70 to 1 : 5.70, with an average of 1 : 4.60.

2. The percentage of fat in the milk varied in 1891 from
4.15 to 5.21, with an average of 4.70; in 1892, from 3.50
to 4.55, with an average of 4.42.

3. The percentage of total solids varied in 1891 from
13.41 to 14.99, with an average of 14.24; in 1892, from
12.30 to 13.75, with an average of 13.44.

4. The relation of fat to solids not fat in 1891 was
1 : 2.02, while in 1892 it was 1 : 2.04, proving that the lesser
yield of fat in 1892 was not due to the influence of the food
but rather to the general inferior character of the cows kept.

5. The total cost of feed for one quart of cream amounted
in 1891 to 13.93 cents, and in 1892 to 13.35 cents.

6. The net cost of feed for one quart of cream amounted
in 1891 to 7.37 cents, and in 1892 to 5.90 cents.

7. The value received for one space of cream varied in
1891 from 3.1 to 4.1 cents, with an average of 3.75 cents;
in 1892, from 3.1 to 4.1 cents, with an average of 3.69
cents; which amounted per quart (average) in 1891 to 12.73
cents, and in 1892 to 12.27 cents.

8. The number of quarts of milk required to produce
one space of cream in 1891 was 1.73, and in 1892 1.82; or
5.88 quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream in
1891, and 6.18 quarts of whole milk to produce one quart
of cream in 1892.

9. The net cost of feed per quart of cream averaged in
1891 7.37 cents, and in 1892 5.90 cents. Received per
quart of cream in 1891 12.73 cents, and in 1892 12.27 cents,
thereV)y securing a profit of 5.36 cents per quaTt in 1891,
and 6.37 cents in 1892.

For further details concerning results in preceding years,
see eighth annual report, pages 54 to Q'), and ninth annual
report, pages 76 to 82.

Our average statements for the current year apply in each
case to only ten months, due to the fact that the financial
settlement is made with our local creamery two months after
the cream is furnished.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

55

7. Analyses of Cream.

Analtsis op Cream.

Sampling.

Solids.

Fat.

Holida
not
Fat.

Average Dailt Fodder Rations.

1892.

Jan. 5, .

Jan. 12, .

28.37
25.13

20.29
16.29

7.08
8.84

3 pounds -wheat bran, 3 pounds maize feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 12.06 pounds dent corn stover.

Jan. 19, .
Jan. 26, .
Feb. 2, .
Feb. 16, .
Feb. 2.3, .

24.93
25.89
27.29
25.62
24.01

12.95
15.94
19.21
17.21
15.71

7.98
9.95
8.08
8.41
8.30

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds maize feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 5 pounds hiiy, 32 pounds dent
corn ensilage.

March 1, .
March 8, .
March 22, .

26.06
27.92
25.19

17.26
20.04
16.13

8.80
7.88
9.06

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds maize feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 5 pounds hay, 41.39 pounds
eweet corn ensilage.

April 19, .
May 3, .

1 25.18
26.20

17.15
19.01

8.03
7.19

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
ootton-seed meal, 5 pounds rowen, 15 pounds
sugar beets.

June 7, .

25.61

18.80

6.81

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 5 pounds rowen, 16.22 pounds
green rye.

July 19, •.

23.40

16.24

7.16

; 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
j cotton-seed meal, 5 pounds rowen, 37.71 pounds
vetch and oats.

Aug. 16, .
Aug. 23, .
Aug. 30, .
Sept. 6, .

23.76
21.35
23.30
22.90

17.91
14.06
16.75

15.88

5.85
7.29
6.55
8.02

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
cotton-st^ed meal, 5 pounds rowen, 60.8 pounds
green fodder.

Oct. 18, . i 25.63

16.00

9.63

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 15 pounds hay.

Dec. 3, .

25.28

16.90

8.38

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 15 pounds hay, 15 pounds sugar
beets.

Dec. 23, .

25.55

17.00

8.55

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten feed, 3 pounds
cotton-seed meal, 15.96 pounds corn stover.

56 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

8. Average Milk Analyses for Previous Years.

Year.

Number
of Cows.

Total

Solids.

Fat.

Solids not
Fat.

Relation of

Fat to Solids

not Fat.

1884

4

13.01

3.71

9.30

1:2.51

1885,

2

13.33

4.02

9.31

1:2.33

1886,

2

12.91

3.97

8.94

1:2.25

1887,

8

12.73

3.83

8.90

1:2.32

1888,

6

13.27

3.68

9.59

1:2.61

1889,

10

13.91

4.31

9.60

1:2.23

1890,

7

14.01

4.64

9.37

1:2.02

1891,

14

14.24

4.70

9.31

1:2.02

1892,

10

13.42

4.42

9.00

1:2.04

The methods for butter and milk analyses can be found in
the ninth annual report, pages 84 to 86.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

57

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

59

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

61

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62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Discussion on Fodder Articles and Fodder Sup-

TLIES.
[Home-raised Fodder Articles. — Commercial Feed Stuffs. — 1892.]

The fodder articles used in the preparation and compound-
ing of the daily diet of all kinds and conditions of farm live
stock are, as a rule, obtained from two distinctly diiferent
sources. They are either raised upon the farm and are used
usually without any material change in composition, or they
are bought in the general market, and are in that case usually
the by-products or waste materials of various other branches
of industry, as oil works, flour mills, starch works, glucose
Itictories, breweries, etc.

The home-raised fodder crops furnish in the majority of
cases the coarse fodder constituent of the daily diet, while
the waste or by-products of other industries furnish the fine
or grain feed portion of the daily fodder rations. A rational
and economical system of stock feeding has assigned to each
of these two groups of feed stuffs its pro})er position in the
daily diet of all kinds of farm live stock, with special ref-
erence to their general character, adaptation and composi-
tion, as well as to good economy and particular efficiency.

A liberal and economical supply of both classes o^ fodder
articles is to-day recognized as an indispensable requirement
of an economical system of stock feeding. To meet our
present market condition of the products of the dairy and of
the meat supply with any reasonable prospect of a satisfac-
tory compensation for capital invested and labor spent, calls,
if possi])le, for cheaper and more efficient fodder rations than
in the majority of instances are in current use.

The importance of a serious and careful considerfition of
the present condition of our fodder supplies, fro7n both above-
stated sources, forces itself from day to day more, not only
upon the attention of every farmer , but of all parties interested
in the support of our animal industry.

The controlling influence of the temporary local market
cost of some of our most prominent current fodder articles
on the cost of the production of milk and meat, has been for
years ])ointo(l f)ut in our bulletins and annual reports, in con-

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63

nection with a description of numerous feeding experiments
with milch cows, growing steers, Iambs and pigs. An ex-
amination of our previous statements concerning the influ-
ence of the particular kind of feed stuffs used in tlie compo-
sition of the daily fodder rations on the market cost, as well
as on the net cost, of the feed consumed in the operation,
cannot fail to show some striking instances, proving in a
marked degree the previously pointed-out circumstance.

As the fodder for our farm live stock comes from two
different sources, of equal importance as far as variety, econ-
omy and efficiency are concerned, it seems but proper to con-
sider our chances for the improvement of our fodder supply
under two separate headings, namely : —

1. Home-raised fodder articles.

2. Commercial feed stuffs.

1. Home-raised Fodder Articles.

On various previous occasions, and in particular in Bulle-
tin No. 36, an attempt was made to show that an increase in
the production of cultivated annual fodder crops, aside from
Indian corn or maize, will tend to increase in an economical
way the general i:)roductiveness of our farm lands in case of
a mixed system of farm industry. The introduction of a
greater variety of reputed fodder crops, in particular of the
clover iixmWy {Leguminosoi) , it was stated, would prove with
us, as it had proved elsewhere, an efficient means to increase
not only in an economical way the general productiveness
of our farm lands, but tend to cheapen the cost of feed for all
kinds of farm live stock. A short abstract from the above-
stated bulletin may suffice on this occasion to show the stand-
point assumed in the matter : —

A careful inquiry into the history of agriculture has shown that
the original productiveness of farm lands in all civilized countries,
even in the most favored localities, has suffered in the course of
time a gradual decline. This general decline in the fertility of the
soil under cultivation has been ascribed, with much propriety in
the majority of instances, mainly to two causes, namely : —

A gradual but serious reduction iu tlie area occupied hy forage
crops, natnvviX pastiwes and meadoivs; and a marked decline iu the

64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

annual yield of fodder upon large tracts of lands but ill suited for
a permanent cultivation of grasses, — the main reliance of fodder
production at the time.

A serious falling off in the annual yield of pastures and meadows
was followed usually by a gradual reduction in farm live stock,
which in turn caused a falling off in the principal home resource
of manurial matter.

This chapter in the history of farm management has repeated
itself in most countries. The unsatisfactory results of that system
of farming finds still an abundant illustration in the present ex-
hausted condition of a comparatively large area of farm lands in
New England.

Careful investigations carried on during the past fifty years for
the particular benefit of agriculture have not only been instrumental
in recognizing and pointing out the principal causes of an almost
universal periodical decline of the original fertility of farm lands,
but have also materially assisted by field experiments and otherwise
in introducing efficient remedies to arrest the noted decline in the
annual yield of our most prominent farm crops.

As a scanty supply of manurial matter, due to a serious falling
off of one of the principal fodder crops, grasses, was found to be
one of the chief causes of less remunerative crops, and thus indi-
rectly has proved to be the main cause of an increase in the cost
of the products of the animal industry of the farm, milk and meat,
it is but natural that the remedies devised should include, as one
of the foremost x*ecommendations, a more liberal j^foduction of nu-
tritious fodder crops.

The soundness of this advice is to-day fully demonstrated in the
most successful agricultural regions of the world. An intensive
system of cultivation has replaced in those localities the extensive
one of preceding periods ; although the area under cultivation for
the production of general farm crops has been reduced, the total
value of the products of the farm has increased materially in con-
sequence of a more liberal cultivation of reputed fodder crops. The
change has been gradual and the results are highly satisfactory.

"N'iewing our own present coiidition, we notice that well-paying
grass land, good natural meadows and rich and extensive pastures
are rather an exception than the rule. The benefits derived from
indifferently yielding natural pastures are often more apparent
than real; tlie low cost of the production of the fodder is fre-
quently in a large degree set off by a mere chance distribution of
the manure produced.

A continued cultivation of but few crops upon the same land,
without a liberal, rational system of manuring, has caused in many

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 65

instances a one-sided exhaustion of the land under cultivation.
This circumstance has frequently been brought about in a marked
degree by a close rotation of mixed grasses (meadow growth) and
of our next main reliance for fodder, the corn (maize). Both
crops require potash and phosphoric acid in similar proportion
(4 potassium oxide to 1 phosphoric acid), and both require an
exceptional amount of the former.

Tliere is good reason to assume that the low state of productive-
ness of many of our farms, so often complained of, is largely due to
the fact that crops have been raised in succession for years, which,
like those mentioned, have consumed one or the other essential
article of plant food in an exceptionally large proportion, and
thereby have gradually unfitted the soil for their remunerative
reproduction, while a liberal supply of other equally important
articles of plant food is left inactive behind.

As the amount of available plant food contained in the soil rep-
resents largely the working capital of the farmer, it cannot be
otherwise but that the practice of allowing a part of it to lie idle
must reduce the interest on the investment.

Personal local observation upon the lands assigned for the use
of the station has furnished abundant illustration of the above-
described condition of farm lands. In one instance it was noticed
that apiece of old, worn-out grass land, after being turned under
and properly prepared, as far as the mechanical condition of the
soil was concerned, produced, ivithout any previous a2)2^licat>on of
manure, an exceptionally large crop of horse beans and lupine, —
two reputed fodder crops.

A similar observation was made during the past season, when
lands which for years had been used for the production of English
hay and corn were used for tlie cultivation of Southern cow-pea,
serradella and a mixed crop of oats and vetch, to serve as green
fodder for milch cows. The field engaged for the production of
these crops was not manured, because it was to be prepared for a
special field experiment during the following season. An area of
this land which, under favorable circumstances, would not produce
more than six tons of green grass at the time of blooming, yielded
nine to ten tons of green vetch and oats, ten tons of green Southern
cow-pea, and from twelve to thirteen tons of green serradella.

The exceptional exhaustion of our lands in potash has also been
shown abundantly by detailed description of experiments with
fodder corn in previous annual reports.

Our local results during past years tend to confirm the opinion
held by successful agriculturists that dry grass lands which are in
an exceptional degree inclined to a spontaneous overgrowing by

(jG agricultural experiment station. [Jan.

an inferior class of fodder plants and weeds, if at all fit for a more
thorough system of cultivation, ought to be turned by the plough
and subsequently planted with some hoed crop, to kill off the foul
growth and to improve the physical and chemical condition of the
soil. Such lands prove in many instances ultimately afar better in-
vestment when used for the raising of other fodder croj)s than grasses.

The less the variety of crops raised in succession upon the same
lands, the more one-sided is usually the exhaustion of the soil, and
the sooner, as a rule, will be noticed a decrease in their annual
yield. The introduction of a greater variety of fodder plants
enables us to meet better the differences in local conditions of cli-
mate and of soil, as well as the special wants of different branches
of farm industry. In choosing plants for that purpose, it seems
advisable to select crops which would advantageously supplement
our leading fodder crop (aside from the products of pastures and
meadows) , the fodder corn and corn stover.

Taking this view of the question, the great and valuable family
of leguminous plants, as clovers, vetches, lucerne, serradella, peas,
beans, lupmes, etc., is in a particular degree well qualified for that
purpose. They deserve also a decided recommendation in the
interest of a wider range for the introduction of economical systems
of rotation of crops, under various conditions of. soil and different
requirements of markets. Most of these fodder plants have an
extensive root system, and for this reason largely draw their plant
food from the lower portion of the soil. The amount of stubble
and roots they leave behind after the crop has been harvested is
exceptionally large, and decidedly improves both the physical and
chemical condition of the soil. The lands are subsequently better
fitted for the production of shallow growing crops, as grains, etc.
Large productions of fodder crops assist in the economical raising
of general farm crops ; although the area devoted to cultivation is
reduced, the total yield of the land is usually more satisfactory.

Believing in the soundness of the above-stated views, it
has been for years a special task of our work at the station
to investigate upon our farm lands the comparative merits, if
any, of a variety of fodder plants new to our locality and of a
fair reputation elsewhere, as may have been noticed in our
annual re})ort. From among those fodder plants which
showed a fair degree of adaptation to our soil and climate
"we have selected for several years past a few for cultivation
on a large scale, to increase our fodder supply during the
summer and winter season, either as green fodder or in the
form of ensilage and hay.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67

The new crops thus far selected for that purpose are all
annual leguminous plants (clover family), as summer vetch,
Scotch tares, soja bean, serradella, horse bean and Southern
cow-pea. These crops can claim a higher nutritive value than
the grasses, and they yield in the majority of cases a larger
return per acre. They are readily and with advantage in-
troduced into most local systems of rotation, they tend to
increase materially the nitrogen resource of the soil they are
raised on in an economical way, besides improving the phys-
ical and chemical conditions of the soil in various directions.

One of the principal aims in the cultivation of fodder crops
of every description ought to be an increase of their nitrogen
containing organic constituents as far as practical )le. This
result is of special interest in the dairy industry, for milch
cows, among full-grown animals, require an exceptionally
nutritious diet to do their best.

No class of farm crops shows in a more marked degree the
influence of a liberal use of manure. Both the quantity
and quality of these crops are materially improved when
raised upon lands in a fair state of fertility. Exhausted
lands produce invariably an inferior quality of fodder crops
of its kind, as far as the amount of their nitroo-en-containinof
organic constituents is concerned. A liberal production of
nutritious annual fodder crops of the right kind improves
our chances of supporting more farm live stocJc, tends to in-
crease our supply of home-made manure, and ultimately
becomes the chief reliance of a remunerative mixed farm
industry.

Our trials on a small scale with new fodder crops during
the past year include the following : —

Summer vetch, Blue lupine,

Soja bean, Yellow lupine,

Bokhara clover, White lupine,

Sanfoin, Silver- hull buckwheat.

Horse bean, Japanese buckwheat,

Cow-pea, Common buckwheat.

Yellow trefoil. Summer rape,

Serradella, Winter rape.

Prickly comfrey. Artichoke (Jerusalem) ,

Flat-pea or Lathyris sylvestris, Sugar beet.
Kidney vetch,

68 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Several of the above-enumerated more or less reputed
fodder plants have been for some years past successfully
cultivated upon the fields of the station, as may have been
noticed from previous communications. Some of them have
been raised ajjain during the past season on a l)ecoming scale
to increase our fodder supply for milch cows, etc., as green
fodder during summer and autumn and as ensilage during
winter and spring. A summary of our results may be
noticed in the following tal)ular statement. The estimate in
reijard to meadow orowth is l)asedonthe results obtained
by us on exceptionally good grass land (two tons of first cut
and one ton of second cut hay) . The annual average yield
of meadows for the entire State does not much exceed one
ton of hay. .

Yield

Dry Matter

Nitrogen in

Nitrogen

CRor.

yioi- Acre

per Acre

Dry Matter

per Acre

(Tuns).

(ruiiiids).

(I'er Cent.).

(founds).

Fodder corn (kernels

glazino-), .

18

31.47

11,329

1.02

116

Serradelhi,

12

17.97

4,313

2.42

104

Vetch and oats,

8.0.5

17.98

2,894

2.6.S

78

Soja bean,

11.1

20.. SO

5,949

1.19

71

Hay, ....

2

87.72

3,509

1.64

58

Rye, ....

7

37.89

4,41.6

0.85

37

Peas and oats, .

5

13.68

1,368

2.63

36

Rowen, ....

1

89.79

1,795

2.00

36

Hungarian (second crop

after rye), .

2.5

25.69

1,285

1.50

18

Rye, vetch and oats, peas and oats, part of soja bean, of
corn and of serradella have been fed as green fodder or as
hay, and the remainder of green corn and soja bean, ser-
radella and Hungarian, is on hand in silos as mixed ensilage
for Avinter use.

J?. Commercial Feed Stuffs.

The name commercial feed .'^tuff or concentrated commercial
feed stuffs is usually applied to a class of su))stances offered
for sale in our markets which, in the majority of cases, are
the waste or by-products of other l)ranches of industry.
Some of these articles, as brans, middlings and oil cakes
have been for years quite generally used in the daily diet of
all kinds of farm live stock ; others, as the oluten meal,

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 69

gluten feed, corn germ meal, dried brewers' grain, malt
sprouts, etc., are but recently more generally offered for a
similar purpose.

Their im})ortance as an additional valuable fodder supply
for the support of every l)ranch of animal industry on the
farm and elsewhere has l)ecome from year to year more
conspicuous, on account of a marked increase of the supply
of well-known articles, as well as of the introduction of
many new kinds. Their consumption is apparently daily
increasing, and seems to keep step with the supply.

The special value claimed for commercial feed stuffs as an
important source of fodder supj)ly rests in the main on their
fitness to supplement advantageously our coarse home-raised
fodder crop in the interest of a higher feeding effect and of
a better economy. A frequently good mechanical condition,
as well as an exceptionally valuable chemical composition,
adapt many of them in a high degree for that j)urpose.

As no single farm crop or any part of them has been
found to supply economically and efficiently to any
considerable extent -the particuhir wants of food of our
various kinds of farm live stock to secure the best possible
results, it becomes a matter of first importance from a mere
financial stand-[)oint to know how to supplement our current
farm crops to meet the wants of each kind of animals under
various circumstances in a desirable degree To secure the
highest feeding effect of each fodder article raised upon the
farm is most desiral)le in the interest of good economy.

Practical experience in the dairy has thus far abundantly
shown that the efliciency of a daily diet does not so much
depend on the mere use of more or less of one or the other
reputed fodder article as on the presence of suitable fodder
articles which contain the three essential groiqjs of food
constituents, i. e., organic nitrogenous, non-nitrogenous and
mineral constituents of plants, in a desira])le form, and in
such relative proportions and (|uantities as have been recog-
nized to 1)6 necessary to meet efficiently the food supply
of the dairy cow. Similar relations are known to exist in
regard to the diet best adapted in case of all kinds of
animals. An economical system of stock feeding has to
select among the suitable fodder articles those which famish
the required qualitj and x>^^portion of the three recognized

70 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

essential food constituents in a digestible form, at the lowest
cost.

Actual observations in stock feeding fully confirm the
correctness of the al)ove statement, that a judicious selec-
tion from among the current commercial feed stufls, for
the purpose of serving in connection with one or more of
our home-raised fodder plants as a fodder ingredient of the
daily diet, does, as a rule, tend not only to improve their
food value, but also lowers in the majority of cases the net
cost of the feed consumed. For more details regarding the
determination of the intrinsic value of fodder rations I have
to refer on the })resent occasion, for obvious reasons, to
preceding annual reports.

T/te majority of commercial feed stufs occupij in a
rational system of stock feeding a similar position to our
home-raised fodder crops, as is commonly conceded to the
cooninercial fertilizer, with reference to the barn-yard manure
for the production of farm crops; they serve for the prepara-
tion of a complete diet under different conditions and for
different purposes. The individual merits of each of them
become in the same degree better appreciated, as the
principles which govern animal nutrition are more generally
understood, and find a due recognition in our modes of
compounding the daily diet for different kinds as well as for
different conditions of the same kind of animals. They are
as a class to-day considered indispensable for a remunerative
management of every branch of animal industry on the farm
and elsewhere.

Many of the commercial feed stuffs contain, aside from a
liberal amount of phosphoric acid and potash, an exception-
ally large percentage of nitrogen. This circumstance gives
them a special claim, indei^endent of their respective food
value for animals. A lil)eral addition of these feed stuffs
to the daily diet of any kind of animal imi^arts to the
manurial refuse resulting from their use a corresponding
hiirher commercial and airricultural value as a valuable
source of plant food. A judicious and lil)eral introduction
of a quite numerous class of commercial feed stuffs into the
daily fodder supply of the animals kept on the farm is for
this reason deservedly recommended as a safe and economical

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

71

way to increase the home production of plant food in the
interest of an increase in the fertility of the farm lands.

As the financial success of a mixed system of farming in
particular depends to a considerable degree on the character,
the amount and the cost of production of the manurial
refuse secured in connection with the special farm industry
carried on at the time, it seems to need no further argument
to prove that the relation which exists between the temporary
inarhel cost of the particular feed stuff under consideration
and the market value of the manurial elements which it
contains deserves a serious consideration when devising an
efficient and at the same time an economical diet.

The character and commercial value of the manurial
refuse obtainable from any kind of feed stuff, under other-
wise corresponding conditions, stands in a direct relation to
more or less of the different essential fertilizing constituents
— phosphoric acid, potash, and in particular nitrogen — it
contains. The commercial value of these three important
articles of plant food found frequently in prominent com-
mercial feed stuffs equals in many instances more than one-
half of the market cost of the particular fodder ingredient
in question.

The subsequent tal)ular statement may serve as an
illustration of these relations between market cost and
fertilizing value of some current reputed fodder articles : —

NAME OF FEED STUFF.

Jlarkct Cost

Manurial Value

(per Ton)

(per Ton).

Corn meal,

$24 00

87 31

Gluten meal (Chicago),

28 00

14 72

Cliieago maize feed,

25 00

13 25

Buffalo gluten feed,

23 00

12 57

Cotton-seed meal, ....

28 00

23 52

Linseed meal (old process), .

26 00

19 22

Linseed meal (new process).

27 00

20 37

Wheat middlings, ....

17 00

9 50

Wheat bran

17 00

13 23

Dried brewers' grain, .

23 00

9 96

English hay (first cut of meadows),

15 00

5 92

Rowen (second cut of meadows),

15 00

7 00

Corn fodder,

7 00

4 55

Corn stover,

5 00

3 75

Corn ensilage, ....

2 50

1 53

Sugar beets,

5 00

1 21

Mangold roots, ....

4 00

1 01

72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The above-stated market cost is subject to periodical
changes, and the commercial value of their fertilizing con-
stituents varies more or less with the quality of each kind.
This feature does not aflect materially the force of the point
made.

A due appreciation of the previously pointed out favorable
features regarding the peculiar character of a numerous class
of commercial feed stuti's has caused a steady increase in
their consumption on the farm and elsewhere. Tlie money
invested hy farmers for securing commercial feed stuffs as an
additional food suppli/ for home consumption exceeds to-day
many times the amount spent for commercial fertilizers.

As no single commercial feed stuff can be expected to meet
our present demand for these articles, nor can claim to be
the most economical one under varying market conditions, and
with due appreciation of the varying character of our home-
raised fodder supply, it is but proper that every new addi-
tion in suitable kinds should receive a deserved attention,
and subsequently an actual trial to ascertain its individual
merits.

A consideral)le number of these feed stuffs has already
been tried at this station during past years, in connection
with our feeding experiments with milch cows, growing-
steers, lambs and pigs, as may have been noticed in our
periodical reports ; others are at present on trial. The ar-
ticles used on those occasions were as a rule l)ought in the
seneral market. A still larger numl)er of difierent kinds
have been analyzed by us at the request of farmers and
dealers in feed stuffs ; the samples were usually sent on for
that purpose. In regard to the former, there can be no
reasonable doubt a1)out their identity ; as far as the latter are
concerned, the responsibiUt}' of furnishing fair re[)resenta-
tive samples rests in some instances with the parties asking
for the analyses.

The results of our analyses of connnercial feed stuffs are
embodied in the sul)sequent tabular statement. The record
of the analyses is here i)ur])osely confined to the extremes
noticed, as far as the percentage o^fat and nitrogen-contain-
ing organic matter or crude protein arc concerned, to engage
a special attention in that direction : —

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

73

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74 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Articles marked * have l)een bought in the market, or were
raised on the land of the station, and there can be no rea-
sonable doubt about fair sampling. The remainder were
sent on with name recorded above.

A careful examination of the preceding partial analyses of
current commercial feed stuffs cannot fail to show the exist-
ence of most serious variation in the amount of the two most
costly food constituents, in case of the same hind. The differ-
ences noticed in that direction affect in many instances, in a
marked degree, the food value of the particular article as
well as its comparative money value. Some of these varia-
tions may be due to differences in the processes at the time
employed in the parent industry. The fact that the majority
of this class of feed stuffi'^ are ivaste or by-products of other
industries renders them in an exceptional degree liable to
changes in composition. This feature in their production
deserves a most careful consideration, from a financial point
of view, on the part of the buyer.

Commercial feed stuffs are usually bought for their high
percentage of cither nitrogen-containing organic matter or
fat, or both. They are used to enrich the daily diet of
various kinds of farm live stock in both directions. This
course is generally adopted on account of a well-known
deficiency of most of our home-raised coarse fodder articles
in regard to both food constituents, in particular of nitroge-
nous matter. Farmers that do not raise a lil)eral proportion
of clover-like fodder plants are in a particular degree in need
of concentrated commercial feed stuffs rich in nitrogenous
food constituents, to turn the excess of the non-nitrogenous
food constituents which most of our current home-raised
coarse fodder articles contain to the best possible account.

The liohility of pecuniary losses on the part of the buyer,
in consequence of exceptional variations in the percentage of
nitrogenous organic matter, crude 2)rotein or fat^ or of both,
is quite frequently greatly aggravated by most unexp)ected
serious fluctuations in the market cost of leading feed stuffs.

As we buy in the majority of cases the concentrated. com-
mercial feed stuffs on account of their large proportion of
nitrogen-containing food constituents, it becomes of special
interest to know at what cost a given quantity of nitrogen-

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75

containing food constituents can be l)ou<j;lit in the form of dif-
ferent feed stutfs equally well adapted under existing cir-
cumstances. A change in the marhet cost of one and the
same commercial feed stuif affects the cost of the nitrogen-
containing food constituent in particular as its supply is
more limited than that of the non-nitrogenous food constit-
uents which our home-raised coarse fodder articles contain
as a rule in abundance, and which therefore need not to l)e
secured from outside resources for cash.

The subsequent tabular statement assumes a constant cost
of digestible non-nitrogenous food constituents, — sugar,
starch, fat, etc., — and shows thereby the variations in the
cost of digestible nitrogen-containing food constituents, in
case of some prominent concentrated commercial feed stulfs
in our local market.

The majority of analyses stated are made of fodder articles
which have been used either during the past year in connec-
tion with some of our feeding experiments, or have been
raised upon the grounds of the station. Some articles sent
on by outside parties are added, on account of the special
interest they may present to others.

7(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Valuation of Fodder Article!^ on the Follotving Basis.

[Digestible cellulose and nitrogen-free extract matter, 1 cent per pound; digestible
fat, 2^ cent's per pound. The value of digestible protein determined the ditference
of the sum of both and the market cost of the fodder articles. (Calculation is
based on dry matter, 2,000 pounds )]

Protein

Market Cost.

per Pound
(Cents).

Corn meal,

131 00

€.88

Corn meal, .

29 00

5.84

Corn meal, .

24 00

8.24

Corn meal,

23 00

2.72

Wheat middlings.

20 00

3.13

Spring wheat bran.

19 00

3.04

Winter wheat bran.

21 (0

3.93

Chicago maize feed.

23 00

2.34

Dried brewers' grain, .

22 00

3.37

Old-process linseed meal.

26 00

2.20

New-process linseed meal.

27 00

2.68

Chicago gluten meal, .

28 00

2.46

Cotton-seed meal,

28 00

2.34

English hay,

12 00

1.36

English hay,

15 00

4.12

RoAven, ....

12 00

1.21

Rowen, ....

15 00

3.24

Corn stover,*

5 00

-

Corn ensilage,*

2 50

-

Mangold roots,*

3 00

-

Sugar beets,*

5 00

* The value of the digestible cellulose, nitrogen-free extract matter and fat, on the
above basis, exceeds the market cost.

Prices are apt to rise and to Jail without any reference to
the agricultural value of the article in question.

JTames may remain the same, and in fact do remain in
some instances, while the composition of the article suffers
serious changes in consequence of changes in the jjarent
industry.

Sales without due responsihility regarding the particular
quality of the goods delivered leaves the pecuniary risk-
involved in the transaction i)i an objectionable degree on the
side of the J)nyer.

Unaccounted for variations in the composition of feed
stuffs must prove a serious obstacle in the desirable introduc-
tion of a rational and economical system of stock feeding .

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 77

For these and other reasons previously pointed out it cannot
he claimed that the prevailing mode of selling and haijing
commercial feed stuffs rests on a just and fairly equitable
basis.

The tirade in commercial feed stuffs is to-day in a similar
unsatisfactory condition as icas the trade in commercial
fertilizers before the introduction of a system of State
inspection in regard to those articles.

The generally conceded success of the introduction of a
well-regulated system of State inspection in regard to com-
mercial fertilizers seems to suggest the adoption of a similar
course wilJt reference to the trade in commercial feed stuffs.

The l)est interests of both manufacturers and tarniers, in
fact of every one who keeps live stock for his acconunoda-
tion, render sucli changes desirable in the present mode of
selling and Iniying feed stuffs as will impose mutual and
equitable responsil)ility on all parties interested in the
transaction. The limited margins for profit in every branch
of animal industry carried on at our farms necessitates a
careful attention to all the details of the business. The
money interests involved are of an exceptional magnitude.

A due consideration of the present condition of our trade
in commercial feed stuffs has induced the Board of Control of
the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station to
request the writer to present the subject once more to the
consideration of all parties interested ; and to invite their
co-operation in devising suitable means to secure a fair
degree of mutual responsibility on the part of all parties
interested in the trade and the consumption of commercial
feed stuffs.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

November, 1892.

78 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

6. Analyses of Fodder Articles made at the Station

IN 1892.

Green Corn {1891).

[I., Pride of the North ; II., Stowell's Evergreen.]
[From station barn.]

Per

Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100° C

Dry matter,

71.86
28.14

83.91
16.09

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous matter,

100.00

3.78

25.67

2.24

7.62

60.69

100.00

6.73

26.03

3.26

8.09

55.89

100.00

100.00

Corn Stover (1891).

[I., Pride of the North; II., Stowell's Evergreen.]
[From station barn.]

Moisture at 100° C, .
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" protein, ....
Non-nitrogenous matter,

20.10
79.90

41.62

58.38

100.00

6.12

33.72

2.51

7.75
49.90

100.00

100.00

9.76

37.79

2.44

6.08

43.93

100.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

79

Corn Kernels (1891).

[I., Pride of the North ; II., Stowell's Evergreen.]
[From station barn.]

Pku Cknt.

I. II.

Moisture at 100" C,

Dry matter,

13.68
86.32

11.98
88.02

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, .......

" fat,

" protein, .......

Non-nitrogenous matter,

100.00

1.29

1.G9

4.11

10.42

82.49

100.00

1.63

2.41

9.56

12.57

73.83

100.00

100.00

Corn Cobs (1891).

[I., Pride of the North; II., Stowell's Evergreen.]
[From station barn.]

Pkr Cknt.

I.

II.

IMoisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

7.00
93.00

5.95
94.05

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, .......

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous matter, .....

100.00

1.42

37.84

0.35

1.46

58.83

100.00

2.53

34.19

0.77

1.73

58.78

100.00

100.00

80 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

StoweWs Evergreen Sweet Corn {1891).
[From station barn.]

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Ears (four) : —

Number of rows, ....

14

14

16

14

Moisture at 100° C,

11.98

11.98

11.98

11.98

Total weiglit of ear (grams),

116.3

104.6

111.5

79.3

Weight of kernels (grams), .

91.87

77.4

90.9

61.0

Per cent, of total weight.

78.99

73.99

81.52

76.92

Weight of cobs (grams) ,

24.43

27.2

20.6

18.3

Per cent, of total weight,

21.01

26.01

18.48

23.08

Corn Ensilage {1891).

[I., Pride of the North; II., Stowell's Evergreen.]
[From station liarn.]

Per Cent.

1. 1 II.

jNIoisture at lOO'^ C ,

Dry matter,

79.98
20.08

84.30
15.70

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ..... . .

" cellulose,

" faf,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous matter,

100.00

4.99

27.19

3.29

8.29

56.24

100.00

6.32

29.32

7.36

7.86

49.14

Acidity (as acetic acid) ,

100.00
1.18

100.00
1.33

Fertilizing Co'~isiiltien(s .

Moisture,

79.98

84.30

Nitrogen,

0.266

0.197

Phosphoric acid,

-

0.087

Potassium oxide, .......

-

0.406

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, ....

_

$1 05

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

81

Vetch and Oats^ green (1891).
[From station barn.]

Moisture at 100^ C.
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

» fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

Notes on Changes in Dry Matter during Growth.

Per Cent.

67.96
42.04

100.00

7.97
30.77

2.58

8.83

49.85

100.00

July 7, 1891.

July 22, 1891.' Aug. 3, 1891.

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

79.75
20.25

64.77
35.23

57.96
42.04

Soja Bean, green (1891),
[From station Ijarn.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

Per Cent.

72.22

27.78

100.00

6.39
31.49

3.39
13.71
45.02

100.00

Notes on Changes in Dry Matter during Growth.

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Aug.3,1891.!Aug.l7,1891.'Sept.2,1891.

80.24

19.76

72.22

27.78

70.22
29.78

82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Green Rye (1892).

[From station barn.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100''" C, 62.11

Dry matter, 37.89

Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . . ,

Fertilizing Constituents.

100.00

5.27

21.52

2.46

5.38

65.37

100.00

Moisture,

.

. 62.11

Niti-ogen,

. 0.327

Phosphoric acid, .

.

. 0.15

Potassium oxide, .

.....

. 0.734

Valuation per 2,000

pounds, ....

. %l 80

Hungarian Grass, green * {1892).
[From station barn.]
Moisture at 100° C,

Per Cent.
74.31

Dry matter, 25.69

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 8.94

" cellulose, 31.23

" fat, 2.43

" protein, 9.39

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 48.0-1

100.00

Fertilizing Coyistituents.

Moisture, . . . .
Nitrogen, . . . .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

74.31

0.385
0.159
0.549

$1 82

* Second crop after rye.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

83

Oreen Corn Fodder {1S92).

[From station barn.]

Moisture at 100'= C,

Dry matter, ....,..,

Per Cent.
68.53
31.47

100.00

Crude ash,

5.68

" celhilose, .......

. 22.99

" fat,

2.81

" protein,

6.22

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

, 62.30

Fe rtilizing Co Jistituents.

Moisture, ....
Nitrogen, ....
Phosplioric acid, ,
Potassium oxide, .
Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

100.00

68.53
0.31
0.055
0.149

II 12

Corn Stover {1892).
[From station barn.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Atialysis of Dry Matter

Crude ash, ....

" cellulose,
" fat, ....
" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter.

FertiUzi7ig Constituents

Moisture,

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide,

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, " . . .

Per Cent.
14.66
85.34

100.00

5

49

37

57

1

82

4

00

51

02

100.00

14.66
0.546
0.228
1.84
f3 55

84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Soja Bean, green* {1892).

[From station barn ]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

. 78.20

Diy inattei-, .

. 26.80

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, . . . •

" cellulose, .

" fat, ....

" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture, . . , ,
Nitrogen, . . . ,
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

100.00

6.80

30.54

2.29

6.82

53.55

100.00

r3.20
0.292
0.151
0.531

$1 52

Soja Bean Straw, Late Variety (1892).
[From station barn.]

Moisture at 100° C,

7.63

Dry matter,

. 92.37

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

. 10.72

" cellulose,

. 36.80

" fat,

3.49

" protein,

5.34

Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

. 43.65

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture,

. 7.63

Nitrogen,

. 0.789

Pliosi)lu)ric acid,

. 0.397

Potassium oxide,

. 1.322

Valuation per 2,000 jjounds,

. |4 19

* Late variety.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

85

Cotton-seed Meal.

[I. and II. sent on from Boston, Mass.; III., IV. and V. sent o« from Amherst,

I.

It.

111.

IV.

V.

]Moisture at 100° C, .

8.62

8.73

8.53

8.83

6.17

Dry matter,

91.38

91.27

91.47

91.17

93.83

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash.

6.44

5.94

7.54

4.72

5.34

" cellulose,

6.19

21.05

5.87

9.77

7.68

" fat, ....

10.69

6.23

11.67

9.47

14.19

" protein, .

44.45

26.97

48.23

42.43

44.89

Non-nitrogenous extract

matter, ....

32.23

39.79

26.69

33.61

27.90

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

jMoisture, ....
Nitrogen, . . . .
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,
Valuation per 2,000 pounds.

8.62

8.73

8.53

8.83

6.50

3.94

7.06

6.19

4.51

3.41

3.28

2.07

1.49

1.398

1.37

1.48

?25 80

$16 84

$26 02

$22 18

6.17
6.74
3.26
1.70
25 34

Cotton-seed Meal.
[From station barn.]

Per Cent.

I.

u.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

7.05
92.95

5.69
94.31

6.81
93.19

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

cellulose, . . . * .

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

5.40

6.15

13.82

.38.79

35.84

100.00

100.00

7.56

7.76

12.48

43.69

28.51

100.00

7.10

6.54

12.69

44.33

29.34

100.00

100.00

S6 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.
[I. sent on from North Amherst, Mass. ; II., III. and IV. from station barn.]

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

IMoisture at 100" C, . .
Dry matter, .....

8.82
91.18

8.97
91.03

6.33
93.67

6.82
93.18

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" protein, ....
Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

1.12

6.17

12.86

31.05

48.80

100.00

0.77

5.09

13.40

26.10

54.52

100.00

0.95

5.76

12.99

25.75

54.55

100.00

0.83

4.94

13.03

28.71

52.49

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Gluten Feed.

[I. sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II. sent on from North Amherst, Mass.,; III.
sent on from Chicago, 111.]

Pkr Cknt.

I.

i
ir.» 1 iii.t

Moisture at 100° C,

Dr}' matter,

6.81
93.19

7.87
92.13

13.98
86.02

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

1.81

6.39

11.73

28.43

51.64

100.00

100.00

1.97

1.58

l'i.48

25.03

60.94

100.00

100.00

0.75

1.80

16.34

38.68

42.43

100.00

Coon gluten feed.

t Pope's gluten feed.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

87

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Gluten Meal.

[Sent on from Glen Cove, L. I.]

rer Cent.

. . . 8.80

91.20

100.00

0.46
6.10
8.49
protein, . . . . . . . . . .18.18

. 66.77

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,
" cellulose,
" fat, .

Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

100.00

Dick Gluten Flour.

[Sent on from North Amberst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, 92.93

Per Cent.
7.07

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash, 0.91

" cellulose, 1.69

" fat, 17.11

" protein, 33.89

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 46.40

100.00

Corn Meal.
[I. sent on from Sherborn, Mass. ; II. from station barn.]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

12.38

87.62

13.96
86.04

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

100.00

1.76

1.92

4.69

10.83

80.80

100.00

1.26

1.49

3.97

11.11

82.17

100.00

100.00

88 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Corn Meal.
[I., yellow corn meal ; II., white corn meal ; sent on from Salem, Mass.]

Yv.K

:;ent.

I.

ir.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

10.45
89.55

7.20
92.80

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Ci'ude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

100.00

0.95

2.19

4.62

11.03

81.21

100.00

2.47

5.01

11.22

11.45

69.85

100.00

100.00

Corn Screenings.

[Sent on from Baldwinville, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100" C, 11.02

Dry matter, 88.98

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash.

100.00

2.39

cellulose, 3.27

4.48

8.29

81.57

" fat,

" protein, . . . .
Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

Corn Germ Meal.

[Sent on from Conway, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100" C, 7.55

Dry matter, 92.45

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, .

" cellulose,

" fat, .

" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

100.00

0.87
14.05
12.17
10.81
62.10

100.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

89

Maize Feed.
[From statioa barn.]

IMoisture at 100° C,

8.80

8.60

Dry matter,

91.20

91.40

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

0.65

0.92

" cellulose,

8.01

7.93

" fat,

6.84

7.90

" protein, .

25.69

29.40

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

58.81

53.85

100.00

100.00

Wheat Bran.

[From station barn.]

Pkr Cent.

I.

ir.

Moisture at 100° C

Dry matter,

10.01

89.99

10.18
89.82

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ........

" cellulose, .......

" fat

" protein,

Non-niti'ogenous extract matter, ....

100.00

6.58
11.77

5,04
18.06
58.55

100.00

6.65
12.04

4.49
17.05
59.77

100.00

100.00

90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Starch Feed.

[I. sent on from Boston, Mass. ; II. sent on from Chicago, 111.]

Per Cent.

I. II.

Moisture at 100° C ,

Dry matter,

7.. 37
92.63

5.48
94.52

Ajialyfiis of Dry Matter,
Crude ash, .

" cellulose,

" fat

" protein, .......

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, ....

100.00

0.62

5.84

12.35

35.61

45.48

100.00

0.90
15.21
11.30
11.28
61.31

100.00

100.00

Oat Feed.

[Sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 9.34

Dry matter, 90.66

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash, 4.40

" cellulose, 8.79

" fat, . . 8.23

" protein, , . . . . . . . . .14.06

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 66.52

100.00
Malt Sprouts.

[Sent on from South Acton, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 15.37

Dry matter, 84.63

100.00
Ajialysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 6.31

" cellulose, .14.75

" fat, ">.85

" protein, 27.17

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 47.92

100.00

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

91

Moisture at 100 C.
Dry matter, .

Ground Barley.

[From station barn.]

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat, .

" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

Per Cent.

10.91
89. ('9

100.00

3.19

4.10

2.13

13.33

77.25

100.00

Chicken Feed {Ground Meat Scraj)s).

[Sent on from North Hadley, Mass.]

Moisture at 100^ C,

Dry matter,

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat, .

" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter.

Per Cent.

3.71

9<3.29

100.00
35.61

20.31

40.08

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture,
Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .

8.71
6.51

2.29

92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

n.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH STEERS (TWO).

1889-92.

Introduction. — The two new feeding experiments briefly
descril)ed within a few subsequent jmges may be considered
as a continuation of a preceding one, reported in full in our
ninth annual report, 1891-92, pages 107 to 127. They were
planned chiefly for the purpose of ascertaining the cost of the
feed for the 'production of beef for the meat marl:et in case of
growing steers, under existing local market conditions of the
sujyphj of coarse arid fine feed stuffs and <f cost of beef

During our first experiment in the stated direction, four
young steers, grade Shorthorn, two one year old and two
two years old, served for our observation. They were
selected at different stages of growth, for the special purpose
of observing and comjyaring tJie feeding effect of one and the
same suitable daily diet on the rate of increase in live 2ceights
and on the cost of the feed consumed per pound of live
weiglit j)roduced, under specified conditions.

The coarse fodder articles "used on that occasion were home
raised, and consisted, from the beginning to the end of the
trial, of either dry fodder corn, or corn ensilage, or corn
stover, all obtained from the same variety of field corn, —
Pride of the North. The corn used for the production of
dry fodder corn and of corn ensilage was in both cases of a
corresponding stage of growth, — kernels glazing. The corn
stover was obtained from the fully matured crop.

The^ne or grain feed used in that connection in the }n"ep-
aration of the daily fodder rations consisted, as a rule, of
equal weights of either wheat bran and Chicago gluten meal,
or of wheat bran and old-process linseed meal, or of wheat
bran, old-process linseed meal and corn and col) meal. The
total quantity of the grain feed mixture used daily, per head,
varied from seven to nine pounds ; it never exceeded nine
pounds. The amount of_coarse_feed daily consumed per

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

93

head was controlled in every case by the aj^petite of each
animal on trial. Both lots of steers were kept in the stall
during the entire time occupied by the observation, — De-
cember, 1889, to April, 1890.

The most satisfactory results were noticed in case of both
lots, as far as the daily increase in live weight is concerned,
when corn ensilage was fed with a mixture of either wheat
bran and Chicago gluten meal or of wheat bran and old-
process linseed meal. During a period of from six to seven
weeks, when feeding the stated feed stuffs, the daily gain in
live weights in case of the yearlings reached in one instance
as high as 2.9 pounds per head, while in case of the two-
year-old steers it amounted under corresponding conditions
to 3.45 pounds per head. The live weight of the yearlinijs
at that time was from 650 to 700 pounds each, and that of
the older steers from 1,150 to 1,200 pounds each. The
vnarkel cost of the daily fodder rations used at the stated
time averaged, per head, in case of the yearlings, 13.79
cents, and ifs net cost was 5.03 cents; M'hile in case of the
two older steers the market cost of the daily fodder rations
averaged 18 cents per head, and its net cost was 7.04 cents.
We paid in case of both lots of young steers 3^^ cents per
pound of live weight, and sold at the close of the experiments
the older lot of steers to the butcher at 3| cents per pound
of live weight. The shrinkage noticed between live weight
and dressed weight varied from 34 to 36 per cent. Dressed
beef l)rought at that time from 5| to 6 cents per pound.

The financial result of the experiment, as far as the high-
est daily yield of live weight is concerned, at stated market
price, may be seen from the following summary : —

SUMMARY.

Yearlings.

Two-year-olds.

13.79 cents.
8.76 "
5.03 "
2.99 lbs.

11.21 cents.

18.00 cents.

10.96 "
7.04 "
3.45 lbs.

12.97 cents.

Market cost of daily fodder rations,
Obtainable manurial value per da}-,
Net cost of daily fodder rations,* .
Live weight produced per day,
Cash received for live weight produced
per day, .......

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of ths manurial value of the feed consumed
obtainable.

94 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

From these statements it will be noticed that the profit
secured by the operation consisted in the value of the ob-
tainable manure and in the disposition of our home-raised
fodder articles at fair local retail selling prices. The year-
lings proved more remunerative than the two-year-old steers.

Two facts were apparently fairly demonstrated Ijy our
first observation, namely : —

1. Yearlings increase at a higher rate in live loeight^
in case of a corresponding suitable diet^ than two-year-old
steers, taking the total temporary live weight of the animal
on trial as the basis for the comparison. The highest daily
increase in the live weight of the yearlings — 650 pounds
each — amounted in our first feeding experiment to 0.46
pounds per one hundred pounds of live iveight; and in that
of the two-year-old steers — 1,1 50 pounds each — to 0.3
pounds per one hundred pounds of live weight.

2. Our local market price of young steers and of dressed
beef necessitates not only an exceptiotial care in the selection
of efficient and low-priced feed stuffs, but also a careful atten-
tion in regard to a judicious combination of suitable feed
stuffs for the preparation of an economical diet, to r'ender
with us the pr'oduction of beef for the meat market remuner-
ative.

To assist in a desirable solution of that prol)lem is the
principal motive for continuing our observation in the stated
direction.

Some of the loading features in the management of our
first feeding experiment are retained in the course pursued
during our second experiment, which is farther on briefly
described. The difference between the latter and the first
feeding experiment consists in the following circumstances : —

1. One set of young steers — yearlings — served from
the beginning to the end of the experiment.

2. The ol)servation extended over a period of sixteen
months, including two succeeding winter seasons, with
summer pasturing between them.

3. The animals were kept in the stall, practically without
any out-door exercise, during the late autumn, the winter
and the earlier part of the spring. During the growing
season, from May to the middle of October, they were turned

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 95

for support into a good pasture ; no additional food from
any outside source was offered during that period.

4. A greater variety of coarse and fine fodder articles
was used in the preparation of the daily diet at different
stages of the experiments during the second winter season
than on the preceding occasion.

Second Feeding Experiment with Steers.
December, 1889, to March, 1891.

Two one-year-old steers, grade Shorthorn, of fairly cor-
responding general condition, served in the trial. They
were bought at 3|- cents per pound of live weight. No. 1
weighed 675 pounds, No. 2 weighed 600 pounds, when
bought. The systematic feedinsf beo'an durino; the middle
of December, 1889, both receiving as far as practicable at
all times the same daily fodder rations. The mode of feed-
ing was the same as described in the preceding experiment,
— twice a day ; water was offered two hours after feeding.

The grain-feed part of the daily diet was at all times a
definite one, and the same in quantity and quality in case of
both animals. The amount of the coarse feed consumed
daily was governed by the appetite of each animal. The
composition of the daily fodder rations used during the first
winter season, 1889-90, differed materially from those used
during the second winter season, 1890-91. This circum-
stance renders it advisable, in the interest of a due appre-
ciation of the feeding results in different stages of the trial,
to state our results with reference to its tJwee distinctly
different feeding periods; namely, feeding record of first
ivinter season, of su7nmer pasturing and of second winter
season.

96 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1. Feeding Record of First Winter Season,

Dec. 17, 1889, to May 9, 1890.

[Coarse fodder articles : dry fodder corn, corn ensilage, corn stover and sngar
beets ; fine fodder articles : wheat bran, Chicago gluten meal, old process linseed
meal and corn and cob meal.]

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Wheat bvan, $16 50

Gluten meal, Chicago, 23 00

Old-process linseed meal, . . . . . . . . 27 50

Corn and cob meal, 16 50

Corn stover, 5 00

Corn ensilage, 2 75

Corn fodder, 7 50

Sugar beets, 5 00

Analyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Food Analyses.

d

OS

"3

11

"5
= .0

>
0

5

bo

■a

1

.13

3

5

il

-5
5^

0
0

a

u

0

0

eg
bo

0
CD

MoiBture at 100° C

9.27

9.80

9.88

8.10

26.95

72.95

20.42

90.02

Dry matter

90.73

90. -iO

90.12

91.90

73.05

27.05

79.58

9.98

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude asii

7.47

1.25

7.39

1.47

5.80

6.48

7.40

11.84

" cellulose,

9.75

1.75

8.74

5.63

34.33

26.33

20.11

8.20

" fat

5.48

7.00

7.24

3.73

1.66

5.17

1.65

0.71

" protein, ....

17. .53

31.25

36.97

9.79

7.90

7.64

8.31

11.53

Non-nitrogeuous extract matter,

59.77

58.75

39.66

79.38

50.31

54.38

62.53

67.72

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4.^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

a

a

ca

a

■3

a
3
0

11

a

a 0
1"

C

9
0

a

Oi

bs

eI

0

0

»

-a

i2

a
0
0

3

m

Moiature,

9.27

9.80

9.88

8.10

26.95

72.95

20.42

90.02

Nitrogen,

2.545

4.510

5.. 331

1.439

0.923

0.330

1.U68

0.184

Phosphoric acid, .

2.900

0.392

1.646

0.603

0.303

1.138

0.510

0.086

PotaBBium oxide, .

1.637

0.049

1.162

0.441

1.320

0.301

0.760

0.462

Valuation per 2,000
pounds,

$13 60

$16 18

$21 15

$6 02

$4 69

$1 66

$4 89

$1 14

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

97

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during the
Six Successive Feeding Periods {First Winter Season, 1889-90) .

II.

December 17 to December 31.

January 4 to January 2

2,

Wheat bran (pounds) ,

2.25

Wheat bran (pounds) ,

3.88

Gluten meal (pounds).

2.25

Gluten meal (pounds),

3.88

Corn stover (pounds).

12.00

Corn ensilage (pounds),

;57.50

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:5.51

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:5.49

Total cost (cents),

7.45

Total cost (cents).

12.82

Manurial value obtainable

Manurial value obtainable

(cents), ....

5.68

(cents), ....

8.01

Net cost (cents), .

1.77

Net cost (cents), .

4.81

III.

IV.

January 2S to February 1 6.

February 21 to March 11.

Wheat bran (pounds) , . 4 . 00

Wheat bran (pounds), . 3.00

Old-process linseed meal

Old-process linseed meal

(pounds),. . . .4.00

(pounds),. . . .3.00

Corn ensilage (pounds), . 43.88

Corn and cob meal (pounds) , 3 . 00

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:5.69

Corn fodder (pounds) , . 9 . 00

Total cost (cents), . .14.76

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.93

JManurial value obtainable

Total cost (cents), . .12.45

(cents), .... 9.50

Manui-ial value obtainable

Net cost (cents) , . . .5.26

(cents), . . . .7.65

Net cost (cents), . . .4.80

V.

VI.

March 14 to April 21.

April 24 to May 9.

Wheat bran (pounds).

3.00

Wheat bran (pounds),

3.00

Old-process linseed meal

Old-process linseed meal

(pounds),.

3.00

(pounds),.

3.00

Corn and cob meal (pounds) ,

3.00

Corn and cob meal (pounds) ,

3.00

Corn stover (pounds).

6.00

Corn stover (pounds) ,

3.60

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:4,55

Sugar beets (pounds),

20.00

Total cost (cents).

10.58

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:4.49

Manurial value obtainable

Total cost (cents),

14.98

(cents), ....

6.92

Manurial value obtainable

Net cost (cents), .

3.66

(cents), . . . .

7.44

Net cost (cents), .

7.54

98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan.

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder
Rations iised.

[Cents.]

Fkkding Pkkiods.

I. 11.

111. .

IV. j

V.

VI.

Total cost,

Maniu'ial value obtainable,

Net cost,*

7.45

12.82

14.76

12.45

10.58

5.68

8.01

9.50

7 . i'ib

6.92

1.77

4.81

5.26

4.80

3.66

14.98
7.44
7.54

* Allowing ninety -two per cent, of the manurial value of the feed consumed
obtainable.

As the selling price of live weight per pound of matured
steers was 3| cents, it will be found that, to cover the daily
expenses for feed consumed in form of the six stated average
daily fodder rations, the following rate of a daily increase,
per head, in pounds of live Aveight, becomes necessary : —

Gain required in Pounds, per Day, of Live Weight, to cover
Expenses for Feed.

Fkedixg Periods.

1.

11.

111.

IV. V.

VI.

On total cost, * .

On net cost, ....

1.99
0.47

3.42

1.28

3.93
1.40

3.32 2.82
1.28 0.98

3.99
2.01

To what extent the various fodder rations have secured
the above-specitied increase in live weight may be seen from
the subsequent detailed feeding record of each steer on
trial : —

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

99

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

101

The first feeding period in case of both animals shows a
decided loss in live weight ; this result is presumably largely
due to the influence of an entire change in mode of keeping
and feeding, and cannot be charged to the daily diet.

2. Record of Summer Pasturing .
May 10, 1S90, to Sept. 30, 1890.

Date of turning steers into pasture,

Date of closing pasturing,

Number of days of pasturing,

Live weight of steers when turned into
pasture,

Live weight of steers at close of past
uring,

Total weight gain during pasturing,

Average gain in weight j)er day, .

Cost of feed jDer day, allowing forty
cents per week for use of pasture.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight
gained,

May 10,

1890.

Sept. 30,

1890.

144

895 lbs.

1,020

"

125

"

0.87

"

5.71

cts.

6.58

"

May 10, 1890.

Sept. 30, 1890.

144

840 lbs.

923 "

83 "

0.58 "

5.71 cts,

9.91 -

To meet the expenses for the use of the pasture, per head,
forty cents a week, requires a daily increase in live weight
of 1.52 pounds, or about twice as much as we actually
secured. The daily increase in live weight no doul)t varies
during the season more or less, in consequence of changes in
the weather and in the condition of the pasture. A mere
statement of the final results at the close of the season does
not show the degree of temporary adverse influence. Aside
from these circumstances, there is, however, another serious
source of loss in live weight ; apparently unavoidably con-
nected with a system of changing from stall feeding to pastur-
ing, and from the latter again to stall feeding. The loss in

102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan.

live weight due to these changes amounted in our case to
from twenty to twenty-five pounds, per head, on each occa-
sion and in case of both animals.

3. Feeding Record of Second Winter Season.
Oct. 14, 1890, to March 3, 1S91.

[Coarse fodder articles : upland meadow hay, barley straw, clover hay, corn ensi-
lage, turnips ; tine fodder articles : barley meal, wheat bran, cotton-seed meal.]

The steers, upon returning from the pasture, September 30,
were allowed for a week or more, some hours every day, an
out-door exercise, to make the change for a subsequent close
confinement and a systematic system of feeding a gradual
one. The mode of feeding was the same as during the pre-
ceding winter season. The daily grain-feed rations consisted
either of wheat bran and cotton-seed meal, 3.5 pounds each,
per head, or of wheat bran, barley meal and cotton-seed
meal, varying from 3 to 3.5 pounds each, per head, at dif-
ferent times. The daily coarse-feed ration consisted at
different times in varying proportions either of English hay,
or of English hay and barley straw, or of English hay, clover
hay and turnips, or of clover hay and corn ensilage ; the
amount consumed was controlled l)y the appetite of each
animal on trial. The subsequent detailed statement of
fodder rations used represents in each case the average com-
position of the daily diet during succeeding feeding periods.
The change from one daily diet to another is in all cases a
gradual one, to avoid as far as practicable serious disturb-
ances in digestion.

i

Local Market Cost per Tor
Wheat bran, .
Barley meal, .
Cotton-seed meal,
Barley straw, .
Hay,

Clover hay,
Turnips, .
Corn ensilage,

of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

. $23 50

30 00

27 50

5 00

15 00

12 00

4 00

2 75

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

103

Analyses of the Varioics Articles of Fodder used.

Food Analyses.

n

a

IS
>>

5
M

h

OS

S

>>

cn

>

o

Q

m
.S*
"a

u
p

a
W
H aj

O

Moisture at 100° C

12.11

14.62

10.13

11.44

9.72

17.41

89.32

80.53

Dry matter, ....

87.89

85.38

89.87

88.56

90.28

82.59

10.68

19.47

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash

7.40

3.18

8.22

5.30

6.43

14.98

9.54

6.73

" cellulose,

12.17

5.04

7.26

33.85

32.28

30.37

12.61

26.90

" fat, .'....

5.04

2.38

11.64

3.38

2.49

1.75

2.05

3.27

" protein

18.48

14.93

45.99

9.24

9.54

16.64

9.89

8.97

Xon-nitrogenou8 extract matter,

56.91

74.47

26.89

48.23

49.26

36.26

65.91

54.13

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constitueyits.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fektiuzer Analyses.

c
2
pa

£

>>

at

2

>>

a.

c

0.

el

o g

s
pa

>.

a

>
o

5

c

Moisture,

12.11

14.62

10.13

11.44

9.72

17.41

89.32

80.53

Nitrogen,

2.697

2.04

6.613

1.310

1.379

2.20

1.69

0.279

Phosphoric acid, .

2.870

0.660

2.090

0.303

0.352

0.603

0.092

0.096

Potassium oxide, .

1.620

0.341

1.620

2.086

1.541

1.962

0.358

0.226

Valuation per 2,000

pounds.

$12 71

$7 16

$23 60

$6 14

$5 92

$9 03

$0 93

$1 15

104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during
the Six Successive Feeding Periods {Second Winter Season,
1890-91).

II.

October 14 to October 25.

October 28 to November 10.

Wheat bran (pounds), 3.50

Wheat bran (pounds), . 3.50

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.50

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.50

Barley straw (pounds), . 6. 42

Hay (pounds), . . .15.68

Hay (pounds), . . .8.33

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.08

Nutritive ratio, . . 1 : 4 . 15

Totafl cost (cents), . .20.68

Total cost (cents), . .16.78

Manurial value obtainable

Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .10.11

(cents), .... 9.93

Net cost (cents), . .10.57

Net cost (cents), . . . 6.85

HI.

IV.

November 13 to December 1.

December 2 to December 15.

Wheat bran (pounds), . 2.50

Wheat bran (pounds).

2.50

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.50

Barley meal (pounds),

2.50

Hay (pounds), . . .7.53

Cotton-seed meal (pounds).

2.50

Clover hay (pounds), . .7.72

Hay (pounds).

7.04

Turnips (pounds), . .30.00

Clover hay (pounds), .

6.15

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:3.75

Turnips (pounds),

30.00

Total cost (cents), . .25.2

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:4.28

Manurial value obtainable

Total cost (cents).

25.10

(cents), . . . .12.38

jNIanurial value obtainable

Net cost (cents), . . .12.82

(cents), ....

10.75

Net cost (cents), .

14.35

V.

YI.

December 16 to January 19.

January 27 to March 2.

Wheat bran (pounds),

3.32

Wheat bran (pounds), . 3.00

Barley meal (pounds),

3.32

Barley meal (pounds), , 3.00

Cotton-seed meal (pounds),

3.32

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.00

Hay (pounds), .

6.44

Clover hay (pounds), , . 5.07

Clover hay (pounds),

5.34

Corn ensilage (pounds), .. 42.45

Turnips (pounds),

30.00

Nutritive ratio, . 1:4.11

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:4.01

Total cost (cents), .21.05

Total cost (cents),

27.48

Manurial value obtainable

Maniu'ial value ol)tainal)le

(cents), . . . .10.34

(cents), ....

11.89

Net cost (cents), . . .10.71

Net cost (cents), .

15.59

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

105

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder

Rations used.
[Cents.]

Fkkdixg Periods.

I.

ir.

III. IV.

V.

VI.

Total cost, .
Manurial value

able, .
Net cost,*

obtain-

1G.78

9.93
G.85

20. G8

10.11
10.57

25.20

12.38
12.82

25.10

10.75
14.35

27.48

11.89
15.59

21.05

10.34
10.71

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the manurial value of the feed consumed
obtainable.

Taking the selling price of dressed beef at 3| cents per
pound, it follows that, to cover the daily expenses for feed
consumed in the form of the above specified six daily fodder
rations, the following rate of daily increase in pounds of live
weight becomes necessary : —

Gain required in Pounds, per Day, of Live Weight, to cover
Expenses for Feed.

Feeding Periods.

I.

II. III. IV.

V.

VI.

On total cost,
On net cost, .

4.47
1.83

5.51

2.82

6.72
3.42

6.69
3.83

7.33
4.16

5.61

2.86

The subsequent detailed record of each steer on trial shows
to what extent each of the previously specified fodder rations
has realized the required increase in live weight.

Conclusion}^.
1. The rate of increase in live w^eio-ht was hiijhest durins^
the first winter season, 1889-90. The daily increase in live
weight averaged in case of steer No. 1, 2.5 pounds, and in
the case of .steer No. 2, 3.3 pounds, for a period of six weeks,
when fodder rations II. and III. were fed. The market
value of the stated daily increase in live weight, at 3| cents
per pound, would amount to 9.4 cents in case of steer No. 1,
and to 12.4 cents in case of steer No. 2. As the market
cost of these two fodder rations averao;es 13.8 cents and

106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

their net cost 5.03 cents, it will be noticed that the vahie
gained l)y the stated increase in live weight does in neither
case pay fully for the food consumed for its production ; yet
there remains a noticeal)le margin of profit on the net cost
of the daily feed in the form of obtainable manure; i. e.,
4.37 cents per day in case of steer No. 1, and 7.37 cents in
case of steer No. 2.

2. The averaije of the daily increase in the live weiijht
of the steers during the entire period of pasture feeding
amounted, in case of steer No. 1, to .87 pounds, and in the
case of steer No. 2 to .58 pounds. This increase in live
weight represents on an average a market value of 3,18 cents
in case of the former, and in that of the latter of 2.18 cents.
Our expenses for the use of the pasture, per head, w^as 40
cents per week, or 5,7 cents per day. We lost, per head,
3 cents per day, or 21 cents per w^eek, on each animal ; not
counting expenses for transportation to and from the pasture,
loss of interest on the investment, etc.

3. The financial results of the second winter feeding are
less satisfactory than those secured during the first winter
feeding. This fact is due to two circumstances, namely,
hia^her market cost of several coarse and fine fodder articles
used, and less nutritive efi'ect of the fodder rations experi-
mented with. The daily increase in live weight did at no
time exceed 2.33 pounds per head. The market cost of the
various daily fodder rations used during the time stated
varied fnmi 16.8 cents to 27,48 cents per head, wdiile their
net cost differed from 6,85 cents to 15,59 cents. The highest
temporary increase in live weight noticed, per day, 2.33
pounds, W'ould realize in our market only 12,37 cents, which
amount is still 4.5 cents less than the market cost of the
cheapest daily fodder ration, I, period, used.

The results of the second feeding experiment emphasize
the statements made in connection with the report of our
first experiment, namely, cheaper and more eflicient fodder
rations than most of our grass lands — meadows and pastures
— can furnish have to be devised to render the production
of beef for our meat markets remunerative.

Our observations with growing steers have been continued,
and feeding experiments carried on without the assistance
of summer pasturing arc well advanced.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

107

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108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

109

Third Feeding Experiment with Steers.
October, 1890, to May, 1892.

Three one-year-old steers, grade Shorthorn, were selected
for the trial. They were bought at oh cents per pound of
live weight on Oct. 14, 1890. No. 1 weighed G55 pounds.
No. 2 weighed 595 pounds and No. 3 weighed 629 pounds.

The mode of feeding and the general management of the
third experiment corresponded in all essentials with the
course adopted in the second feeding experiment, previously
described. The third experiment is divided, as the second,
and for similar reasons, into three distinctly different stages
of progress, namely, feeding record o^ first iDinter season,
o^ summer pasturing and of second ivinter season.

1. Feeding Record of First Winter Seaso7i.

Oct. 14, 1890, to April 20, 1891.

[Coarse fodder articles ; upland meadow hay, barlej^ straw, clover hay, corn ensi-
lage and turnips ; fine fodder articles : wheat bran and cotton-seed meal.]

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.
Wheat bran, .
Cotton-seed meal,
Barley straw, .
Hay,

Mixed fodder,
Turnips,
Corn ensilage.

27

50

5

00

15

00

12

00

7

00

2

75

Analyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

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Food Analyses.

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Moisture at 100° C, .

12.11

10.13

11.44

9.72

17.41

89.32

80.53

Dry matter

87.89

89.87

88.56

90.28

82.59

10.68

19.47

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

7.40

8.22

5.30

6.43

14.98

9.54

6.73

" cellulose

12.17

7.26

33.85

32.28

30.37

12.61

26.90

" fat

5.04

11.64

3.38

2.49

1.75

2.05

3.27

" protein

18.48

45.99

9.24

9.54

16.64

9.89

8.97

Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

56.91

26.89

48.23

49.26

36.26

65.91

54.13

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

110 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4J cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

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12.11

10.13

11.44

9.72

17.41

89.32

80.53

NitrogeD

2.60

6.613

1.31

1.379

2.20

0.169

0.279

Phosphoric acid,

2.87

2.09

0.303

0.352

0.603

0.092

0.096

Potassium oxide,

1.62

1.G2

2.086

1.541

1.962

0.358

0.226

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

$12 42

$23 60

$6 14

$5 92

$9 03

$0 93

$1 15

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during
the Seven Successive Feeding Periods (First Winter Season,
IS 90-91).

I.

II.

October 14 to October 25.

October 28 to November 10.

Wheat bran (pounds), . 2.00

Wheat bran (pounds), . 2.00

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 2.00

Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 2.00

Barley straw (jjounds), . 4.67

Hay (jwunds), . . .11.50

Hay (pounds), . . .5.95

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.48

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.56

Total cost (cents), . .13.73

Total cost (cents) , . . 10.73

Manurial value obtainable

Manurial value obtainable

.(cents), . . . .6.47

(cents), .... 6.27

Net cost (cents), . . .7.26

Net cost (cents) , . . . 4 . 46

III.

IV.

November 13 to December

Wheat bran (pounds) ,
Cotton-seed meal (pounds),
Hay (pounds).
Mixed fodder (pounds).
Turnips (pounds).
Nutritive ratio, . . 1
Total cost (cents) ,
Manurial value obtainable
(cents), . . . .
Net cost (cents), .

15.

2.00

2.00

5.43

5.66

20.00

:3.94

16.57

8.02
8.55

December 16 to January 19.
Wheat bran (pounds), . 3.00
Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.00
Hay (pounds), . . .5.08
IMixed fodder (pounds), . 4.83
Turnips (pounds), . .20.00
Nutritive ratio, . . 1:3.51
Total cost (cents), . .18.36
Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .9.26
Net cost (cents), . . .9.10

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

Ill

Average Composition, etc. — Concluded.

V.

YI.

January 27 to March 6.
Wheat bran (pounds), . . 3.00
Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.00
Mixed fodder (pounds), . 5.33
Corn ensilage (pounds), . 33.25
Nuti'itive ratio, . . 1:3.46
Total cost (cents), . .15.44
Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .8.99
Net cost (cents), . . .6.45

March 10 to March 24.
Wheat bran (pounds) , . . 3.00
Cotton-seed meal (pounds), 3.00
Hay (pounds), . . .6.84
Mixed fodder (pounds), . 6.52
Nutritive ratio, . . 1:3.24
Total cost (cents), . .16.66
Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .9.52
Net cost (cents) , . . .7.14

VII.

March 25 to April 20.

Wheat bran (pounds) , 5.00

Cotton-seed meal (pounds) , 3.00

Hay (pounds), 11.00

Nutritive ratio, 1:3.78

Total cost (cents), 16.69

Manurial value obtainable (cents), 9.58

Net cost (cents), 7.11

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder

nations used.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

III. 1 IV.

1

V.

VI.

VII.

Total cost,
Manurial value
obtainable, .
Net cost,*

10.73

6.27
4.46

13.73

6.47
7.26

16.57

8.02
8.55

18.36

9.26
9.10

15.44

8.99
6.45

16.66

9.52
7.14

16.69

9.68
7.11

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the manurial value of the feed consumed ob-
tainable.

112 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Accepting .is basis of calculation the selling price of
dressed beef, 3| cents per i)onnd, it will be noticed that, to
cover the daily expenses for feed consumed in form of the
previously specified seven daily fodder rations, the following
rates in the daily increase in pounds of live weight become
necessary : —

Gain required in Pounds, per Day, of Live Weight, to cover
Expenses for Feed.

Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

\^.

VII.

On total cost,
On net cost,

2.86
1.19

3.66
1.93

4.42

2.28

4.89
2.43

4.12
1.72

4.44

1.90

4.45
1.90

The following detailed record of each steer on trial shows
to w^hat extent each of the previously described fodder
rations has materialized the necessary increase in live

weight : —

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

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116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Record of Summer Pastu'>Hng.
April 27, 1891, to Nov. 5, 1891.

No, 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Date of turning steers into pasture,

April 27, 1891.

April 27, 1891.

April 27, 1891.

Date of closing pasturing, ....

Nov. 3, 1891.

Nov. 3, 1891.

Nov. 3, 1891,

Number of days of pasturing,

190

190

190

Live weight of steers when turned into
pasture

830 lbs.

805 lbs.

848 lbs.

Live weight of steers at close of pasturing, .

925 "

926 «'

955 "

Total weight gained during pasturing, .

95 "

121 "

107 "

Average gain in weight per day, .

0.50 "

0.64 "

0.56 "

Cost of feed, allowing twenty-five cents per
week for use of pasture, ....

$6 78

$6 78

$6 78

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

7.14 cts.

5.60 cts.

6.33 cts.

The average gain in live weight per day, per head, was
0.95 pounds. To meet the expenses for the use of the
pasture, which was 25 cents, per liead, for the weelv, requires
an increase in live weight of one pound, leaving our outlay
for moving the steers to the pasture and back again without
a return. Addino^ to this result the unavoidable falling off
in live weight, due to a change in mode of living, it is ap-
parent that pasturing without an additional supply of feed
from outside sources is apt to prove an unprofitable delay in
the maturing of young steers for the meat market.

To demonstrate, if possible, the correctness of this view,
our more recent experiments with feeding young steers for
the meat market are carried on without the assistance of the
pasture. The animal is fed in the stable during the entire
experiment, without any out-door exercise beyond the re-
CLuirements of good health.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 117

3. Feeding Record of Second Winter Season.

Nov. 10, 1891, to May 16, 1892.

[Coarse fodder articles : upland meadow hay, dent corn ensilage, sweet corn ensi-
lage, corn stover, sugar beets, globe mangolds and turnips ; fine fodder articles :
wheat bran, maize feed (Chicago) and gluten feed (Buffalo).]

The steers returning from the pasture November 3, were
for a week allowed out-door exercise l)ctween the times of
feeding, to make the change for subsequent close confinement
a o;raduaI one.

The system of feeding remained materially the same as
on previous occasion. The daily ration of grain feed was a
definite one for each period, and the same in quantity for
each animal at the time. It consisted during the first five
periods of equal weights of wheat bran and Chicago maize
feed, from 3.44 to 4 pounds each, and during the last feeding
period (VI.) of equal weights of wheat bran and Butfalo
gluten feed, 4 pounds each, per head, daily. The daily
coarse fodder ration consisted at diflferent times of either
English hay with roots, or of corn ensilage. The amount
of roots was a definite one, and the same in case of all
animals ; while the daily amount of hay and of corn ensilage
consumed was controlled l)y the appetite of each steer.

The following detailed description of the six fodder rations
fed during the succeeding feeding periods represents the
aveiTige composition of the daily diet. Changes from one
diet to another were made gradually for obvious reasons,
allowing six days to pass by before recording results.

Local Market Cost pe?' Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Wheat bran, $22 00

Maize feed, 2.5 00

Gluten feed, 23 00

Hay, 15 00

Turnips, 2 50

Globe mangolds, 4 00

Dent corn ensilage, . 2 50

Sweet corn ensilage, 2 50

Corn stover, 5 00

Sugar beets, 5 00

118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Fine Feed used.
[Grain Feed ]

Wheat
Food Analyses. Bran.

Maize
Feed.

Gluten
Feed.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, .......

10.01
89.99

8.70
91.30

8.97

91.03

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, ......

" fat,

" i^rotein, ......

Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

100.00

6.58
11.77

5.04
18.06
58 . 55

100.00

0.78

7.97

7.37

27.55

56.33

100.00

0.77

5.09

13.46

26.16

54.52

100.00 100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4J cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

Wheat
Brail.

Maize
Feed.

Gluten
Feed.

Moisture,

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide,

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

10.01
2.60

2.85

1.63

$12 40

8.70

4.03

0.70

0.43

$13 25

8.97
3.81
0.69
0.42
$12 67

Analyses of Coarse Fodder Articles used.

Food. Analyses.

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Moisture at 100° C

9.72

90.21

87.75

79.92

84.30

20.10

85.27

Dry matter, ....

90.28

9.79

12.25

20.08

15.70

79.90

14.73

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Anali/sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

6.43

8.47

9.06

4.99

6.32

6.12

5.95

" cellulose, ....

32.28

11.23

7.94

27.19

29.32

33.72

6.49

" fat

2.49

1.74

0.88

3.29

7.36

2.51

0.66

" protein

9.54

10.12

10.37

8.29

7. 86

7.75

10.97

Non-nitrogeuou8 extract matter,

49.26

68.44

71.75

56.24

49.14

49.90

75.93

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

i

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

119

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4J cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

1

3

a

^ .

a
o ao

ll

a

|1

>
o

&

a

u

o

O

pq

a

3

Moisture

9.72

90.21

87.75

79.92

84.30

20.10

85.27

Nitrogen,

1.38

0.17S

0 203

0.27

0.20

0.99

0.26

Phosphoric acid,

0.36

0.104

0.093

0.14

0.089

0.29

010

Potassium oxide,

1 57

0.385

0.383

0.33

0 41

140

0.48

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

$5 95

$0 99

$1 06

$1 26

$1 06

$4 55

$1 32

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during
the Six Successive Feeding Periods {Second Winter Season.,
1891-92) .

I.

II.

November 10 to December 22.

December 29 to January 30.

Wheat bran (pounds),

.. 3.44

Wheat bran (pounds), 4.00

Maize feed (pounds), .

. 3.44

Maize feed (iwunds), . . 4.00

Hay (pounds),

. 11.03

Hay (pounds), . . .9.17

Turnips (pounds),

. 17.38

Globe mangolds (pounds), . 15.00

Nuti'itive ratio,

1:5.83

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:5.42

Total cost (cents).

. 18.53

Total cost (cents), . .19.28

Manurial value obtaii

lable

Manurial value obtainable

(cents),

. 7.87

(cents), . . . .7.95

Net cost (cents) , .

. 10.66

Net cost (cents), . . .11.33

III.

IV.

January 19 to February

23.

March 1 to March 23.

Wheat bran (pounds).

4.00

Wheat bran (pounds).

4.00

Maize feed (pounds), .

4.00

]\Iaize feed (pounds), .

4.00

Dent corn ensilage (pounds) ,

33.88

Sweet corn ensil age (pounds)

,57.41

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

: 5. 25

Nutritive ratio, . 1

:5.92

Total cost (cents).

13.64

Total cost (cents).

16.58

Manurial value obtainable

Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .

6. 68

(cents), . . . .

7.52

Net cost (cents), .

6.96

Net cost (cents), .

9.06

120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.
Average Composition, etc. — Concluded.

V.

VI.

March 29 to April 9.

April 26 to May

16.

Wheat bran (pounds) , . 4.00

Wheat bran (pounds).

. 4.00

Maize feed (pounds), . .4.00

Gluten feed (pounds),

. 4.00

Corn stover (pounds), . . 11.23

Hay (pounds).

. 10.00

Nutritive ratio, . . 1:5.67

Sugar beets (pounds).

. 15.00

Total cost (cents), , .12.21

Nutritive ratio, .

1:5.83

Manurial value obtainable

Total cost (cents),

. 20.25

(cents), , . . .7.06

Manui'ial value obtainable

Net cost (cents), , .5.15

(cents), .

. 8.24

Net cost (cents) , .

. 12.01

Summary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder
Rations icsed.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI

Total cost, .
Manurial value

able.
Net cost,* .

obtain-

18.53

7.87
10.66

19.28

7.95
11.33

13.64

6.68
6.96

16.58

7.52
9.06

12.21

7.06
5.15

20.25

8.24
12.01

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the manurial value of the feed consumed
obtainable.

Gain required in Pounds^ per Day, of Live Weight, to cover
Expenses for Feed.

Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

On total cost.
On net cost,

4.94
2.84

5.14
3.02

3.64

1.86

4.42
2.42

3.26
1.37

5.4C
3.20

How far in the case of each steer these rates of daily in-
crease in their live weiijht have been realized in case of each
specified fodder ration may be seen from the subsequent de-
tailed feeding; record of each animal.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 121

Conclusions.

The results of the third feeding experiment with young
8teers do not materially differ in their general aspect from
those obtained in our two preceding experiments.

1. During the first winter season the daily gain in live
weight during the sixth feeding period reached 3.2 pounds
(steer No. 3), and it averaged for the entire lot of steers
(three) at that time 2.69 pounds per head. This gain repre-
sents 0.34 pounds on every one hundred pounds of live weight
of the animal on trial (800 pounds each).

2. During the second winter season the same lot of steers
gained, during one feeding period (I. period), on an aver-
age, 2.5 pounds of live weight per day ; in case of one steer
it w^as as high as 3.05 pounds per day. This rate of daily
increase in live weight is equal to 0.21 pounds on each
hundred pounds of live weight, with a total weight of 1,100
pounds per head.

3.' The total local market cost of the different stated
daily fodder rations used during the first winter season
varies from 10.7 to 18.36 cents, and their net cost from
4.46 to 9.10 cents, leaving manurial refuse equal in com-
mercial value to one-half of the local retail market cost of
the feed consumed.

4. The total local market cost of the daily fodder rations
used during the second winter season varies from 12.2 to
20.28 cents, and their net cost from 5.1 to 12.01 cents,
leaving a manurial refuse equal to two-fifths of the local re-
tail market cost of the fodder articles wiiich constitute the
stated fodder rations.

5. The average daily gain in live w^eight, taking the en-
tire experiment into consideration, is somewhat higher than
that noticed in the second experiment ; yet at no period of
the trial does the daily increase in live weight at 3| cents
market cost per pound of live weight equal the entire local
market cost of the feed consumed in connection with its
production. This result is due in some degree, no doubt, to
the contemporary high local market cost of some of the
fodder ingredients largely used in the making up of the
daily fodder rations.

122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The results of our experiments in this connection are, as
may be noticed from preceding reports, rather more in-
structive tlian remunerative. A market cost of 3| cents per
pound of live weight in cases of yearlings, with 3| cents per
pound of live weight in cases of matured steers, leaves, it
will be conceded, but a small margin of cash profits. The
largest daily increase in live weight, in case of any diet thus
far experimented with, was 0.46 pounds per one hundred
pounds of live weight, with yearlings weighing from 650 to
700 pounds per head ; while in case of two-year-old steers,
welshing from 1,100 to 1,150 pounds per head, it reached
but 0.3 pounds for every one hundred pounds of their live
weight. The highest daily increase in live weight during
any feeding period in case of j^earlings thus far secured by
us amounted to 2.9 pounds per head, and in case of two-
year-olds to 3.4 pounds per head. These results represent
a market value of live weight gained at above-stated local
meat market prices of 10.87 cents in case of yearlings, and
12.55 cents in case of two-year-old steers. Our results foil
behind daily, thus far, about one pound of gain in live
weioht to cover the market cost of the feed consumed for its
production; 14 to 15 cents in case of 3'earlings, 18 to 19
cents in case of two-year-old steers.

The necessity of efficient and cheap fodder rations ])eing
quite evident, it seems desirable to try, more generally, fodder
crops of a higher nutritive character than the majority of our
meadows and pastures furnishes at present.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

123

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124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

125

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126 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

III.

WINTER FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH LAMBS.

November, 1891, to May, 1892.

The experiment briefly described in a few succeeding
pages is the third one of a series designed for the purpose
of studying tlie feeding effect and general economy of differ-
ent combinations of grain feed stuffs when fed in connection
with the same or simihir kinds of coarse fodder articles for
the production of meat.

During our first experiment, corn meal, wheat bran and
gluten meal (Chicago) furnished in varying proportions the
grain feed part of the daily diet (see eighth annual report,
pages 67-90). During the second, corn meal, wheat bran,
old-process linseed meal and gluten meal (Chicago) served
for that purpose (see ninth annual report, pages 128-147) ;
while in the third ex])eriment, which is here under discussion,
ivheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed and Chicago maize feed have
been used as the grain feed part of the daily feed.

The coarse feed portion of the daily diet during the first
and second experiments consisted exclusively of rowen (hay
of the second cut of upland meadows) and of corn ensilage.
In the third experiment during one feeding period corn
ensilage was substituted by roots (globe mangolds). The
selection of lambs in all these trials was confined to our local
supply. From six to nine animals served in each case for
our observations.

Six lambs, wethers, grades of uncertain parentage, were
selected for the experiment here under consideration. Each
animal occupied a separate pen during the entire time of ol)-
servation ; none of them were shorn before entering upon
the trial.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

127

1. Live Weight and Cost of Lambs.

Live weight (pounds), .

Market cost at 5.5 cents per pound,

No.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

74.00
$4 07

68.50
$3 77

67.25
$3 70

73.50
$4 04

65.00
$3 58

77.75
$4 28

426.00
$23 44

2. Character and Cost of Fodder Articles.

The grain feed used consisted of wheat bran, Chicago
maize feed and Buffalo gluten feed bought in our local
market. These articles were of a fair quality and of a good
mechanical condition. Chicago maize feed, and Buffalo
gluten feed are waste products obtained from maize in con-
nection with the manufacture of glucose-sugar ; they are
valuable recent additions to our commercial resources of con-
centrated feed stuffs. The coarse feed stuffs, consisting of
rowen (hay of second cut of upland meadows), of corn ensi-
lage and of globe mangolds, were produced at the station,
and were of the same good quality as those described in a
previous bulletin (No. 42). The local market value and the
chemical composition of the various fodder articles used at
different times in the daily diet are recorded in the sub-
sequent tabular statements.

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Wheat bran, $22 00

Maize feed (Chicago) , 25 00

Gluten feed (Buffalo), 23 00

Rowen, 15 00

Globe mangolds, 4 00

Dent corn ensilage, 2 50

Sweet corn ensilage, . , 2 50

128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Food Analyses.

a
2

m

a)
Si

•a

01

0)

N

"a

•a

1

c

5

a

Globe Man-
golds.

c
^ i

O 00

OS.
ll

a
o a>

02

Moisture at 100° C, .

10.01

8.70

8.97

13.90

87.75

79.92

84.30

Dry matter, ....

89.99

91.30

91.03

86.10

12.25

20.08

15.70

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Ajialt/sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

6.58

0.78

0.77

8.28

9.06

4.99

6.32

" cellulose

11.77

7.97

5.09

28.88

7.94

27.19

29.32

" fat,

5.04

7.37

13.46

3.91

0.88

3.29

7.36

" protein, ....

18.06

27.55

26.16

13.45

10.37

8.29

7.86

Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

58.55

56.33

54.52

45.48

71.75

56.24

49.14

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

i

0)
N

8

c
v

3

a

Globe Man-
golds.

Dent Corn
Knsilage.

a
0 »

Moisture,

10.01

8.70

8.97

13.90

87.75

79.92

84.30

Nitrogen

2.60

4.03

3.81

1.853

0.203

0.27

0.20

Phosphoric acid.

2.85

0.70

0.69

0.464

0.093

0.14

0.089

Potassium oxide.

1.63

0.43

0.42

1.966

0.383

0.33

0.41

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

$12 40

$13 25

$12 57

$7 84

$1 06

$1 26

$1 06

3, Mode of Feeding.
The grain feed portion of the daily diet consisted in every
instance of equal weights of either wheat bran and Chicago
maize feed or of wheat bran and Butfalo gluten feed. The
amount of each used per head in the daily fodder ration
varied in dilferent feeding periods somewhat ; during the
earlier stages of the experiment it amounted to five ounces
of each, per head, during later periods to six ounces. All
animals received the same quantity at the same stage of the
observation.

1803. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

129

The daily coarse feed rations consisted either of rowen hay
or of rowen hay with either corn ensihige or roots (gk)l)e
mangolds). Whenever corn ensilage or roots were fed in
common with rowen hay, only one-half of the customary
daily rowen ration was given, while the consumption of corn
ensilage or of the roots was governed l)y the appetite of
each animal. One-half of the daily fodder ration — fine and
coarser feed — was fed in the morning and the other half
later in the afternoon. Water was given once a day, a few
hours after feeding (mornings).

The entire experiment extended over a period of one
hundred and eighty-three days, and was sul)divided into
five distinct feeding periods, varying in length from fourteen
to thirty-five days, with five days between the periods.

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations icsed during the
Six Successive Feeding Periods.

II.

November 17 to December 1.

December 5 to January 13.

Wheat bran (pounds) ,

0.34

Wheat bran (pounds) ,

0.33

Maize feed (pounds) , .

0.34

Maize feed (pounds), .

0.33

Rowen (pounds),

1.37

Rowen (pounds),

0.68

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:4.84

Globe mangolds (pounds),.

2.97

Total cost (cents),

1.83

Nutritive ratio, . . 1

:5.12

Manurial value obtainable

Total cost (cents) ,

1.88

(cents), ....

0.89

Manui'ial value obtainal)le

Net cost (cents), .

0.94

(cents), ....

0.78

Net cost (cents) , .

1.10

III.

IV

January 17 to February 22.
Wheat bran (pounds), . 0.35

Maize feed (pounds), . .0.35
Rowen (i^ounds), . . 0.77
Dent corn ensilage (pounds), 1.97
Nutritive ratio, . . 1 : 5 . 26
Total cost (cents), . . 1.65
Manurial value obtainable

(cents), . . . .0.80
Net cost (cents), . . .0.85

February 26 to March 23.
Wheat bran (pounds), . 0.38

Maize feed (pounds), . . 0.38
Rowen (pounds), . . 0.84

Sweetcorn ensilage (pounds) , 2 . 68
Nutritive ratio, . . 1:5.34
Total cost (cents), . . 1.86
]\Ianurial value obtainable

(cents), .... 0.88
Net cost (cents), . . .0.98

130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Average Com2)osition, etc. — Coucluded.

VI.

March 27 to April

'23.

April 2 7 to Maij 18.

Wheat bran (pounds),

,

0.40

Wheat bran (pounds),

0.40

Maize feed (pounds), .

0.40

Gluten feed (pounds),

0.40

Rowen (pounds),

.

1.40

Rowen (pounds).

.

1.37

Nutritive i-atio, .

1

:4.79

Nutritive ratio, .

1

:5.02

Total cost (cents) ,

.

1.99

Total cost (cents) ,

,

1.93

Manurial value obtainable

Manurial value obtain

able

(cents), .

.

0.98

(cents), .

.

0.95

Net cost (cents), .

1.01

Net cost (cents), .

•

0.98

Swrnmary of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder
Rations tised.

[Cents.]

Feeding

Periods

1.

II.

III.

IV.

V-

VI.

Total cost,

1.83

1.88

1.65

1.86

1.99

1.93

Manurial v:

hie obtainable, ....

0.89

0.78

0.80

0.88

0.98

0.95

Net cost,*

0.94

1.10

0.85

0.98

1.01

0.98

* Allowing ninetj'-two per cent, of tlie manurial value of the feed consumed ob-
tainable.

4. Gain in Live Weir/hi during Ex2)eriment.

[Pounds.]

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Average.

Live weight at beginning of experi-
ment

74.00

68.50

67.25

73.50

65.00

77.75

71.00

Live weight at close of experiment,

97.00

85.50

87.50

85.00

75.00

98.50

88.08

Live ■weight gained during experi-
ment

23.00

17.00

20.25

11.50

10.00

20.75

17.07

The live weight of the lambs (.six) enofaged in our first
experiment averaged, at the heginning of our experiments,
71 pounds; of those engaged in the second experiment (six)
it averaged 53.5 })()unds.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

131

Yield of Dressed Weight.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Total.

Pounds of dressed weight, .
Returns at 11 cents per pouud, .

52.25
$5 75

46.50 44.00
$5 11 $4 84

43.00

$4 73

36.00
$3 96

53.25
$5 86

275.00
$30 25

Yield of yVool.

No. 1. No. 2.

\

No. 3.

No. 4. No. 5.

No. 6.

Total.

Pounds of wool, .

Returns at 21 cents per pound.

6.50

. j $1 37

5.25
$1 10

5.75
$1 21

5.25
$1 10

6.25
$1 31

5.75
$1 21

34.75
$7 30

5. financial Results.

No.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Total.

Cost of lambs

Cost of feed consuined.

$4 11
3 67

$3 82
3 38

$3 75
3 41

$4 18
3 53

$3 73
2 75

$4 35
3 54

Value received for meat,
Value received for wool,
Value of obtainable manure.

$7 78

$5 75

1 37

1 73

$7 20

$5 11

1 10

1 59

$7 16

$4 84

1 21

1 60

$7 71

$4 73

1 10

1 67

$6 48

$3 96

1 31

1 28

$7 89

$5 86

1 21

1 66

$44 22

$8 85

$7 70

$7 65

$7 50

$6 55

$8 73

$47 08

Conclusions,

1. The average daily increase in live weight as compared
with that noticed in the two preceding experiments is not as
satisfactory ; lambs 4 and 5 fall not less than fifty per cent,
behind, when compared with the gain ol)tained in case of
iambs 1, 3 and 6.

2. The feeding effect of corn ensilage, when fed with the
same kind and amount of grain feed, compares well with
that of o-lobe manifold roots.

3. The market cost of the daily fodder rations al)ove
stated is in the majority of cases lower than that of those
used in our preceding experiments with ]anil)s ; it varies from
1.65 cents to 1.93 cents in diflerent feeding periods.

132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. The manurial value obtainable from the different daily
fodder rations varies from 0.78 to 0.98 cents ; it amounts to
one-half of the market cost of the daily diet.

5. The temporary ruling lo^v market cost of the grain
feed during the third experiment, as compared with those on
preceding occasions, and the high commercial value of the
ol)tainal)le manurial refuse, due to their rich nitrogenous
composition, have secured still a small profit over expenses
charged where the rate of producing meat was too low to en-
title to profit. In considering the stated financial results in
all our feeding experiments, thus far published, it ought to
be kept in mind that all our home-raised fodder articles are
charged at a liberal local market price per ton.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

133

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134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 17, 1891, to May
18, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

75.25 pounds wheat bran,

67.62

$0 83

$0 47

63 . 25 pounds maize feed,

57.75

0 79

0 42

12.00 pounds gluten feed,

10.92

0 14

0 08

189.50 pounds rowen, ....

103.15

1 42

0 74

128.00 pounds globe mangolds,

15.68

0 26

0 07

82.00 pounds dent corn ensilage, .

16.47

0 10

0 05

101.00 pounds sweet corn ensilage,.

15.87
347.46

0 13

0 05

$3 67

$1 88

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment
Live weight of animal at the time of killing.
Live weight gained during the exijeriment.
Average gain in weight per day (entire exijeriment) ,

Dressed weight of animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 46. 13 per cent., or .

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 15.11.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 15.96 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of
manurial value, 8 . 43 cents.

Pounds.

74.00
97.00
28.00
0.126
52.25
44.75

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

135

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136 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 17^ 1891, to May

IS, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial
Value.

65.62 pounds wheat bran,

56.62 pounds maize feed,
9.00 pounds gluten feed,
190.50 pounds rowen,
120.00 pounds globe mangolds,

78.50 jjounds dent corn ensilage,

65.00 jiounds sweet corn ensilage.

59.05

$0

72

$0 41

51.69

0

71

0 37

8.19

0

10

0 06

164.02

1

43

0 75

14.70

0

24

0 06

15.76

0

10

0 05

10.21

0

08

0 03

323.62

$3

38

$1 73

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Average gain in weight per day (entire experiment)

Dressed weight of animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 45.61 per cent, or .

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 jjound of live weight, 19.04.

Cost of feed i3er pound of live weight gained, 19.88 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of
manurial value, 10.53 cents.

Pounds.

68.50
85.50
17.00
0.093
46.50
39.00

1893. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

137

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138 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount oj Feed consumed from Nov. 17, 1891, to May
18, 1892.

-

Dry M.ittcr
(Pouiuis).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

67.00 pounds wheat bran,

60.29

fO 74

?0 42

58.00 pounds maize feed,

52.95

0 73

0 38

9 . 00 pounds gluten feed,

8.19

0 10

0 06

189.50 pounds rowen, ....

163.15

1 42

0 74

128.00 pounds globe mangolds,

15.68

0 26

0 07

66.50 pounds dent corn ensilage, .

13.35

0 08

0 04

63.00 pounds sweet corn ensilage, .

9.89

0 08

0 03

323.50

$3 41

$1 74

Pounds.

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exi>eriment, . 67.25
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . , . .87.50
Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . .20.25

Average gain in weight per day (entire experiment), . . 0.110

Dressed weight of animal, 44.00

Loss in weight by dressing, 49.71 per cent., or .... 43.50

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 15.97.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 16.84 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 jjer cent, of
manurial value, 8.93.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

139

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140 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 17, 1891, to May
18, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value .

67.50 iiounds wheat bran,

60.74

$0 7-4

$0 42

58.50 pounds maize feed,

53.41

0 73

0 39

9.00 230unds gluten feed,

8.19

0 10

0 06

198.50 pounds rowen, . . . •

160.91

1 49

0 78

128.00 pounds globe mangolds,

15.68

0 26

0 07

84.00 i^ounds dent corn ensilage, .

16.87

0 11

0 05

80.00 i^ounds sweet corn ensilage, .

12.56

0 10

0 04

328.36

$3 53

fl 81

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Average gain in weight per day (entire experiment),
Dressed w^eight of animal, ......

Loss in weight by dressing, 49.41 per cent., or .

Pounds of dry matter fed j^roduced 1 pound of live weight, 28.55.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 30.70 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of
manurial value, 16.17 cents.

Pounds.

73.50
85.00
11.50
0.063
43.00
42.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

141

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142 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 17, 1891, to May
IS, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

51.50 jJounds wheat bran,

46.34

fO 57

$0 32

44.00 pounds maize feed,

40.17

0 55

0 29

7.50 iwunds gluten feed,

6.83

0 09

0 05

144.25 pounds ro wen, ....

124.20

1 08

0 57

128.00 pounds globe mangolds,

15.68

0 26

0 07

84.50 i^ounds dent corn ensilage, .

16.97

0 11

0 05

75.00 poimds sweet corn ensilage,.

11.78

0 09

0 04

261.97

$2 75

fl 39

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Average gain in weight i>er day (entire experiment),

Dressed weight of animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 52.00 i^er cent., or .

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 26 . 20.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 27.50 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of
manurial value, 14.70 cents.

Pounds.

65.00
75.00
10.00
0.054
36.00
39.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

143

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144 AGRICULTURAL P:XPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 17^ 1S91, to May
18, 1892.

Dry Matter

(rouiuis).

Maiuirial
Value.

73.12 pounds wheat bran,

65.79

$0 80

$0 45

61.12 i)Ounds maize feed,

55.80

0 76

0 40

12.00 iiounds gluten feed.

10.92

0 14

0 08

174.50 i30unds rowen, ....

J50.24

1 31

0 68

128 . 00 pounds globe mangolds,

15.68

0 26

0 07

102.50 pounds dent corn ensilage, .

20.58

0 13

0 06

108.00 pounds sweet corn ensilage, .

16.96

0 14

0 06

335.97

$3 54

$1 80

Pounds.

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the expei-iment, . 77 . 75
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . . .98.50
Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . .20.75

Average gain in weight i^er day (entire experiment), . . 0.113

Dressed weight of animal, 53.25

Loss in Aveight by dressing, 45.94 i)er cent., or . . . .45.25

Pounds of dry matter fed jiroduced 1 pound live weight, 16.19.

Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 17.06 cents.

Xet cost of feed per jjound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of
manurial value, 9.06 cents.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 145

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS (TWO).

1891-92.

Introduction. — The results of fifteen different feeding ex-
periments with young pigs, grades and thoroughbreds, for
the meat market, have ah*eady been published in our pre-
ceding annual reports. The results of two new experiments
are reported on the present occasion.

We usually keep, the whole year around, one young pig
for every cow in the dairy, to dispose of our skim-milk.
On the average, five lots of young pigs are prepared for the
meat market every two years. The animals are usually
bought when from five to six weeks old, and weigh from
25 to 30 pounds per head. They are fed until they reach a
live weight of from 180 to 190 pounds, when they are sold
to the butcher.

From 112 to 125 days are usually required to produce the
desired live weight. Their daily gain in live weight has
been from 1.4 to 1.5 pounds. During spring, summer and
autumn one to two weeks less time is needed than during
the winter season to finish the operation. The shrinkage
from live weight to dressed weight varies usually from 18 to
21 per cent.

Our daily supply of skim-milk rarely exceeds five quarts
per head of young pigs. We usually begin feeding from
two to three ounces of corn meal with every quart of skim-
milk required at the time. As soon as the live weight has
reached from 60 to 70 pounds per head we increase the corn
meal to four ounces per quart of skim-milk consumed.

The additional feed subsequently called for has usually
been made of either a suitable mixture of several kinds of
commercial feed stuffs, as wheat bran and Chicago gluten
meal, or dried brewers' grain and gluten meal, or ground

146 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

barley and Chicago maize feed ; or some single feed stuff, as
Buffalo gluten feed or Chicago maize feed. The market cost
of the various feed stuffs suitable for the purpose largely
controls, for obvious reasons, their temporary selection.

During the present year (1892) Chicago maize feed and
Buffalo gluten feed have been chosen for our observation.
The market cost of the feed consumed per pound of dressed
pork produced has varied during past years from 4.3 to 6.4
cents.

The available manurial refuse has amounted to two-fifths
of the market cost of the feed consumed. Dressed pork has
of late sold at from 6|- to 7^ cents per pound. Allowing
20 per cent, of shrinkage —

7.25 cents pei- pound of dressed weight is equal to 5.8 cents per pound

live weight.
6.50 cents per pound of dressed weight is equal to 5.2 cents per pound

live weight.
6.00 cents per pound of dres.sed Aveight is equal to 4.8 cents per pound

live weig^ht.

Sixteenth Feeding Experiment with Pigs.
Septembevy 1891, to February, 1892.
Six pigs, grade Chester Whites, were purchased on Sept.
12, 1891, at $2.50 apiece. Three were sows and three
barrows. For a period of about nine weeks preceding
the experiment proper the pigs were fed on skim-milk
and potatoes. The potatoes were boiled and mashed with
the milk. The figures below are for the entire six pigs, no
individual records having been kept of this period.

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 22, 1891, to iVbu,

28, 1891.

Manurial
Cost. Value.

1,875.00 quarts skim-milk, . ...
1,752.00 pounds potatoes,

$8 44

5 25*

P 97
0 84

$13 69

$4 81

• At 15 cents per bushel, small, and not suitable for family use.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

U7

Total live weight of the six pigs September 22,
Total live weight of the six pigs November 28,
Total live weight gained, .....
Average gain in weight per day (entire period),
Average daily gain per j^ig, .....

Total cogt of feed per pound of live weight gained, 4.95 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 30 per cent, of
manurial value, 3.73 cents.

Pounds.

244.00

520.50

276.50

4.13

0.69

Local Market Cost of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Bai'ley meal, per ton.
Skim-milk, per gallon.
Wheat bran, per ton.
Maize feed (Chicago), per ton,

f30 00
0 018
22 00
25 00

Analyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

I'OOD AnALTSES.

Barley
Meal.

Skim-
milk.

Wheat
Bran.

Maize
Feed.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, .....

12.90
87.10

89.78
10.22

10.01
89.99

8.70
91.30

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" protein, ....
Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

2.30
7.11

1.94
10.80

77.85

100.00

6.85

3.82
31.60
57.73

100.00

6.58
11.77

5.04
18.06
58.55

100.00

0.78

7.97

7.37

27.55

56.33

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

iVIoisture,
Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

Barley
MeuL

12.90

1.507

0.664

0.342

$5 56

One quart equals 2.17 pounds.

148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Conclusions.

1. The entire lot of young pigs (six), weighing on an
average 40 pounds per head, gained in 69 days, when fed in
one pen together on boiled potatoes and skim-milk (one
pound of potatoes to every quart of milk consumed), 46
pounds in live weight per head, or 0.69 pounds per day, at
an average cost of 4.95 cents per pound of live weight
gained.

2. The same lot of pigs, when subsequently isolated
in six different pens and fed on a daily diet consisting,
as previously specified, of skim-milk, barley meal, wheat
bran and Chicago maize feed, gained on an average in 65
da^^s 95.5 pounds each, or 1.49 pounds per day, at an aver-
age total cost of 5.64 cents per pound of live weight, or
4.8 cents of net cost.

3. The high cost of feed per pound of live weight gained
in this experiment is due to two causes, namely, low rate of
daily increase in live weight during the first half of the time
occupied by the experiment, and to the high market cost of
the ground barley used in large quantities during the second
half of the experiment.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

149

Pig No. 1.

-1

°8 .

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u

Feeding Period.

o a
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1891-92.

Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

169.37

344.00

77.06

77.06

1:4.07

71.00

171.00

1.56

ToiaZ Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. i, 1891, to Feb. 5,

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial

Value.

169.37 pounds bai'ley meal,

147.52

$2 54

$0 47

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

76.29

1 55

0 73

77.06 pounds wheat bran.

69.35

0 85

0 48

77 . 06 pounds maize feed,

70.36

0 96

0 51

363.52

$5 90

?2 19

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing.
Live weight gained diu'ing the experiment.

Dressed Aveight of animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 23. 10 per cent., or .
Dressed weight gained during the experiment, .

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 3.64.

Pounds, of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 4.73.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 7 . 67 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 5 . 69 cents.

Pounds.

71.00

171.00

100.00

131.50

39.50

76.90

150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No.

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.

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1891-92.

Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

172.00

344.00

94.03

94.03

1:4.03

94.00

194.00

1.56

Total Amouyit of Feed consumed from Dec. 1, 1891, to Feb. 3,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial
Vaiue.

172.00 pounds barley meal,

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

94.03 pounds wheat bi'an,

94.03 pounds maize feed,

149.81
76.29
84.62
85.85

396.57

$2 58
1 55
1 03
1 18

$6 34

$0 48
0 73
0 68
0 62

$2 41

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exijeriment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing.
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 23.20 per cent., or
Dressed weight gained during the exiieriment,

Pounds of dry matter fed i)roduced 1 pound of live weight, 3.97.

Pounds of dry matter fed i^roduced 1 jjound of dressed weight, 5.16.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed Aveight gained, 8.25 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed Aveight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 6.05 cents.

Pounds.

94.00

194.00

100.00

149.00

45.00

76.80

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

151

Pig No. 3.

Si

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a o

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ii

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ount of
eed con-
unds).

d

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Feeding Period.

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1891-9S.

Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

172.00

344.00

90.66

90.66

1:4.06

99.50

192.50

1.45

To^a^ .^ynowni of Feed consumed from Dec. i, 1S91, to Feb. 5,

Dry Matter

(roiiiuib).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

172.00 jjounds barley meal,

149.81

$2 58

fO 48

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

76.29

1 55

0 73

90.66 pomids wheat bran,

81.58

1 00

0 56

90.66 pounds maize feed.

82.77

1 13

0 60

390.45

f6 26

$2 37

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Dressed weight of animal, .....
Loss in Aveight by dressing, 23.90 per cent., or .
Dressed weight gained during the experiment, .

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 4.20.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 5 . 52.

Cost of feed i^er pound of dressed weight gained, 8.84 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 6.50 cents.

Pounds.

99.50
192.50

93.00
146.50

46.00

70.77

152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEXT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 4.

Si
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Feeding Period.

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a o

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1891-98.

Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

172.30

344.00

80.34

80.34

1:4.08

92.75

185.00

1.44

ToiaZ ^mo?mf of Feed consumed from Dec. i, 1891^ to Feb. 5,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Jlanurial

Value.

172.00 pounds barley meal,

149.81

$2 58

$0 48

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

76.29

1 55

0 73

80.34 jjounds wheat bran,

72.30

0 88

0 50

80.34 pounds maize feed,

73.35

1 00

0 53

371.75

16 01

$2 24

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing.
Live Aveight gained during the experiment.
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 18.38 per cent., or
Dressed Aveight gained during the experiment,

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 4.03.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 j^ound of dressed weight, 4.94.

Cost of feed jjer pound of dressed weight gained, 7 . 98 cents.

Net cost of feed per jjound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 5.90 cents.

Pounds.

92.75
185.00

92.25
151.00

34.00

75.29

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

153

Pig No. 5.

cQ a

o§

°| .

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Feeding Period.

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Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

172.00

344.00

90.47

90.47

1:4.06

92.50

192.00

1.55

TbtoZ Amount of Feed consximed from Dec. 1, 1891 .^ to Feb. 5,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

M.iiiurial

Value.

172.00 pounds barley meal,

149.81

$2 58

$0 48

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

76.29

1 55

0 73

90.47 pounds wheat bran,

81.41

1 00

0 56

90.47 pounds maize feed,

82.60

1 13

0 60

390.11

16 26

$2 37

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.

Live weight of animal at the time of killing.

Live weight gained during the experiment.

Dressed weight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 26.04 per cent., or

Dressed weight gained during the experiment,

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 jDound of live weight, 3.92.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 ijound of dressed weight, 5 . 30.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 8.51 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 6 . 25 cents.

Pounds.

92.50
192.00

99.50
142.00

50.00

73.59

154 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 6.

Feeding Period.

o n
*j o
S "

Si

<5a?

Amount of

t Bran con-

(Pounds).

og
^ u •

O !U 5

ft

of Animal at
aing of Period
ds).

! =

« r

OO.S

u

■S.S 3
002--

oSg

.5

3

■30

H

H

H

&H

;25

0

1891-9a.

Dec. 1 to Feb. 3,

172.00

344.00

82.59

82.59

1:4.08

91.50

180.00

1.38

To^aZ ^?>ioi<nf 0/ Feed consumed from Dec. 1, 1891, to Feb. 5,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pountis).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

172.00 pounds barley meal,

149.80

$2 58

$0 48

344.00 quarts skim-milk, .

76.29

1 55

0 73

82.59 jDounds wheat bran.

74.32

0 91

0 51

82.59 pounds maize feed.

75.40

1 03

0 55

375.81

$6 07

$2 27

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing.
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 18.33 per cent., or
Dressed weight gained during the exiieriment,

Pounds of dry matter fed j^roduced 1 pound of live weight, 4 . 25.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 5 . 20.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 8.40 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of the manurial value, 6.20 cents.

Pounds.

91.50
180.00

88.50
147.00

33.00

72.28

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

155

Seventeenth Feeding Experiment with Pigs.
March, 1892, to July, 1892.
Six pigs, grade Chester Whites, were purchased on Feb.
23, 1892, at $3.00 a piece. No. 2 and No. 3 were barrows
and the rest were sows.

Local Market Cost of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Corn meal, per ton, $24 00

Skim-milk, per gallon, 0 018

Gluten feed (Buffalo), per ton, 23 00

The mode of feeding, as well as the general management
of the experiment, has been the same as on previous oc-
casions of a corresponding character.

Analyses of the Various Articles

of Fodder used.

Food Analyses.

Com Meal.

.Skim-milk,

GUiten
Fcpd.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, .......

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" pi-otein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

13.96
86.04

100.00

1.26

1.49

3.97

11.11

82.17

89.78
10.22

100.00

6.86

3.82
31.60
57.73

8.97
91.03

100.00

0.77

5.09

13.46

26.16

64.62

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

Com Meal.

Skim-milk.*

Gluten
Feed.

Moisture,

13.96

89.78

8.97

Nitrogen,

1.629

0.52

3.81

Phosphoric acid,

0.707

0.19

0.69

Potassium oxide,

0.435

0.20

0.42

Valuation per 2,000 pounds.

$5 76

|] 95

$12 57

* One quart equals 2.17 pounds.

156 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Conclusions.

1. The average weight of the young pigs at the begin-
ning of the experiment was 33 pounds per head, and their
average weight at the close of the experiment was 191
pounds per head.

2. The experiment extended over 122 days. The daily
gain in live weight averaged per head 1.56 pounds.

3. The total cost of feed consumed per pound of
dressed weight produced averaged 5.8 cents,' while the
net cost averaged 4.2 cents. The obtainable manurial
refuse amounted to two-fifths of the market cost of the diet
consumed.

4. The dressed pork sold in our local markets at 6|
cents per pound.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

157

Pig No. 1.

o a>

a

°i.

^■s

^<

oa

't 3

a."-

"SS

s 9

S-n-S

aiS

a ''

.O'S'

Feeding Periods.

O u «

lis

o8

O S 3
c3 3 g

>

3

•A

O Co
^^ 3

J3 T3 3

.2? Org
''Ed t_-

.Sf-S

a a

H

■" >.

a «

H

H

Eh

fe

O

1892.

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

1:3.10

35.00

71.50

0.76

May 10 to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

64.37

1:3.88

71.50

130.50

1.40

June 21 to July 28, .

119.81

222.00

36.56

1:4.69

130.50

184.50

1.46

ToiaZ Amount of Feed consumed from March 23, 1892, to July

28, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

■216.93 pounds corn meal, .

747.00 quarts skim-milk, .

90 . 93 pounds gluten feed.

186.65
76.34

82.77

$2 60
3 36
1 05

$0 62
1 58
0 57

345.76

$7 01

$2 77

Live Aveight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,

Live weight of animal at the time of killing,

Live weight gained during the experiment,

Dressed Aveight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 16.53 per cent., or

Dressed weight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 2.31.

Pounds of dry matter fed j)roduced 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.77.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 5.62 cents.

Net cost of feed i)er pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of manurial value, 4.06 cents.

Pounds.

35.00
184.50
149.50
154.00

30.50
124.79

158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 2.

<wa

— ■3

t« ,

■S-o

u

:a

*3 U A

-1

C M

a m

2T3-a

S(S

c i>

Feeding Periods.

A mou
Mealcoi
nds).

3o
o o

0)

^ S a

CS 1. o

« s s

=«.2 £

*^

"Si'Sio

^■3 5

>.

OOCS

oOS

S

1"

afi

H

&H

^

!z;

CiJ

1898.

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

-

1:3.10

33.00

72.50

0.82

May ID to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

55.12

1:3.88

72.50

133.50

1.45

June 21 to July 28, .

128.44

222.00

45.19

1:4.75

133.50

197.00

1.72

Total Amount of Feed consumed from, March 23, 1892, to Jidy 28,

1892.

Orv M

atter

Maniirial

(roiii

as).

Value.

225

56

pounds

corn meal, .

194

07

?2

71

$0 65

747

00

quarts

skim-milk, .

76

34

3

36

1 58

100

31

pounds

gluten feed,

91

31

1

15

0 63

361

72

1|7

22

%-2 86

rounds.

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, . 33.00
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, .... 197.00

Live weight gained during the e.xperiment, .... 164.00

Dressed weight of animal, ........ 144.00

Loss in weight by dressing, 26.90 per cent., or . . . .53.00

Dressed weight gained during the experiment, .... 119.88

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 2.21.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed Aveight, 3.02.

Cost of feed j^er 2)ound of dressed weight gained, 6.02 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of manurial value, 4.35 cents.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

159

Pig No. 3.

Feeding Periods.

O »

« a

ag

s a

o8

oi

ea

.2

^1

' Animal at

0-

■3P

rt a g

5g£

4)

"3

o 0.5
^ a

Eh

H

Eh

^

0

1898.

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

-

1:3.10

34.50

71.50

0.77

May 10 to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

52.87

1:3.88

71.50

125.50

1.29

June 21 to July 28, .

128.37

222.00

45.12

1:4.75

125.50

196.50

1.91

Total Amount of Feed consumed from March 23, 1S92, to July 28,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial
Cost- Value.

229.47 pounds corn meal, .

747.00 quarts skim-milk, .

97 . 99 pounds gluten feed,

197.44
76.34
89.20

$2 75

3 36
1 12

fO 66
1 58
0 61

362.98

f7 23

f2 85

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exi^eriment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 24.49 per cent., or
Dressed weight gained during the experiment,

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 2.25.

Pounds of diy matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.98.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 5 . 93 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of manurial value, 4.29 cents.

Pounds.

34.50
196.00
161.50
148.00

48.00
121.95

160 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 4.

*^ 3

OH

C3 0)

^1

P.

Feeding Periods.

o o

11

o a

« 0 1°

>
3

"" ~ 3

S a,
CO?

il

H

H

H

!zi

o

1892.

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

1:3.10

33.00

73.75

0.85

May 10 to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

55.12

1:3.88

73.75

133.50

1.42

June 21 to July 28, .

122.62

222.00

39.37

1:4.72

133.50

192.50

1.59

Total Amount of Feed consumed from March 23, 1892, to July 28,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

219.74: pounds corn meal, .
747.00 quarts skim-milk, .
94.49 pounds gluten meal,

189.06
76.34
86.01

$2 64
3 36
1 08

$0 63
1 58
0 59

351.41

f7 08

$2 80

rounds.

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, . 33.00
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, .... 192.50
Live weight gained during the experiment, .... 159.50

Dressed weight of animal, 148.00

Loss in weight by dressing, 23.12 per cent., or . . . .44.50
Dressed weight gained during the experiment, .... 122.62

Pounds of dry matter fed i^roduced 1 pound of live weight, 2.20.

Pounds of dry matter fed j)roduced 1 jDound of dressed weight, 2.87.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 5.77 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of maniu'ial value, 4.18 cents.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

161

Pig No. 5.

^°

«1

3 a

og

"^ 5

o a
^ o
c "

o

0) c

Feeding Periods.

£-3^

c:2 •

«

»- aC~

^'o

<n

?

a J. o

♦J On.

5 4,C-i

3

H

H

E-'

^

o

1892.

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

-

1:3.10

30.00

70.25

0.84

May 10 to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

39.37

1:3.88

70.25

120.00

1.18

June 21 to July 28, .

124.62

222.00

41.37

1:4.73

120.00

183.25

1.71

Total Amount of Feed consumed from March 23, 1892, to Jxdy 28,

1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurial
Value.

221.74 pounds corn meal,
747.00 quarts skim-milk, .
80.74 j)ounds gluten meal.

190.79
76.34

73.50

12 66
3 36
0 93

$0 64
1 58
0 51

340.63

$6 95

$2 73

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment,
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 21.42 per cent., or
Dressed Aveight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of diy matter fed produced 1 jjound of live weight, 2 . 22.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.91.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 5.77 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of manurial value, 4.18 cents.

1*0 Ul

lis.

Kperi.xxient, . 30

00

.

183

25

153

25

144

00

39

25

120

42

162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Picj No. 6.

o a)

o 2

i^S

«-S

«^

9)

OB
o a

d

"5 S
"5't-'

S Q)

1^

c u

-.J

<1 .
o°.S

J^a

Feeding Periods.

E«^

£=S •

§^i

«

"' M)X

l^S

~ a 3

"^ca

a S-a

a)

°-s-s

rtCL,

— s *

<:f^§

_t»

J3.S 3

.a ■a 3

" >.

a I. o

-= a O

SB Mo

S g(^

3

?ffl^

?W^

•3Q

H

Eh

E-

s^;

?-

?»

O

1893.

-

March 23 to May 10, .

34.12

273.00

-

1:3.10

35.00

79.50

0.93

May 10 to June 21, .

63.00

252.00

43.50

1:3.88

79.50

143.50

1.52

June 21 to July 28, .

131.81

222.00

48.56

1:4.45

143.50

200.75

1.55

Total Amoioit of Feed consumed from March 23, 1892, to Jidy 28,

1892.

Dry flatter
(Pounds).

Cost.

Manurlal
Value.

228.93 pounds corn meal, .

747.00 quarts skim-milk, .

92.06 pounds gluten feed,

196.97
76.34
83.80

$2 75
3 36
1 06

$0 66
1 58
0 58

357.11

%7 17

$2 82

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment.
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 21.79 per cent,, or
Dressed weight gained during the experiment,

Pounds of di-y matter fed produced 1 pound of live Aveight, 2, 15.

Pounds of diy matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.75.

Cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, 5.53 cents.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed Aveight gained after deducting
30 per cent, of manurial value, 4.01 cents.

Pounds.

35.00
200.75
165.75
157.00

43.75
129.63

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

163

Y.

COMPILATION OF THE AMOUNT OF DIGESTIBLE
NUTRIENTS CONSUMED DAILY IN THE DIF-
FERENT FEEDING EXPERIMENTS MADE AT
THE MASSACHUSETTS STATE EXPERIMENT
STATION (Compiled by Dr. J. B. Lindsey).

1886-92.

Milch Cows — Steers — Lambs.
1. Milch Coivs.

%

o
O

u

a

s

Kind op Feed.

•S

0

1

o

Eh

Digestible Matter con-
sumed Daily per
1,000 Pounds Live Weight.

o a

"il

O

■a
a

B

o

m
2 .

o o

a
3
o

o

1

>

Winter Season.

2

1886.

Grain and hay,

27.83

16.78

1.98

14.64

0.48

1:8.0

2

Grain, hay and corn fodder, .

24.61

16.49

1.96

14.00

0.53

1:7.8

2

Grain, hay and ensilage, ....

19.73

13.01

1.35

11.16

0.47

1:9.1

2

Grain, hay and roots

General average

26.70

17.94

2.29

15.22

0.42

1:7.1

24.72

16.05

1.89

13.75

0.47

1:7.9

3

1887.
Grain and hay

28.45

18.41

2.53

15.20

0.59

1:6.7

3

Grain, hay and ensilage

22.17

,18.29

2.48

13.27

0.87

1:6.2

3

Grain and corn fodder

24.35

17.18

2.11

14.50

0.57

1:7.6

3

Grain, hay and carrots

General average,

22.69

16.41

2.54

13.44

0.60

1:5.9

24.42

17.07

2.42

14.10

0.66

1:6.6

6

1888.
Grain and hay

25.47

16.12

2.35

13.40

0.58

1:6.3

6

Grain and corn fodder

23.80

16.33

2.43

13.23

0.67

1:6.2

6

Grain and corn stover

19.28

13.69

2.21

10.89

0.58

1:5.6

6

Grain, hay and ensilage,

General average,

21.63

22.54

14.71

2.30

11.83

0.59

1:6.0

15.21

2.32

12.34

0.61

1

1:6.0

164 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Milch Cows — Coutiuued.

o
o

a

3

•a

Digestible Matter con-
sumed Daily per
1,000 Pounds Live Weight.

Kind of Feed.

«

"3
o

H

a o
tsn.

O

-3

a
o

2
•9 =

6^

•a

0

3
O

ft.

1
a)
>

3

!z!

Winter Season.

1889.

9

Grain and hay

26.64

17.46

2.56

14.39

0.51

1:6.1

6

Grain and corn fodder

18.95

14.39

2.23

11.69

0.47

1:5.8

5

Grain and corn stover

19.42

14.77

2.16

12.15

0.46

1:6.1

7

Grain, hay and ensilage

24.58

17.83

2.54

14.41

0.88

1:6.5

5

Grain, hay and carrots, ....

22.52

' 16.53

2.42

13.62

0.48

1:6.2

5

Grain, hay and sugar beets, .

25.38

19.09

2.78

15.82

0.49

1:6.1

General average

22.91

16.68

2.45

13.68

0.55

1:6.1

1890.

6

Grain and rowan,*

27.31

17.25

3.11

13.47

0.68

1:4.88

3

Grain, hay and ensilage

26.32

18.26

2.69

14.57

0.99

1:6.30

5

Grain, corn fodder and carrots.

21.87

15.08

2.62

12.07

0.49

1-5.10

6

Grain, corn stover and carrots,

22.16

16.20

2.72

12.91

0.57

1:5.31

5

Grain, hay and turnijis

General average,

25.70
24.67

17.09

2.81

13.73

0.54

1:5.40

16.78

2.80

13.35

0.65

1:5.36

1891.

6

Grain and hay,*

24.98

16.17

2.39

13.33

0.f7

1:6.15

7

Grain and rowen.

26.52

16.30

3.09

13.07

0.78

1:5.00

6
5

Grain, hay and corn and soja bean ensi-
lage.
Grain and corn stover

General average, .....

29.10
22.36

19.14
15.91

3.77
2.31

14.29
12.98

1.08
0.61

1:4.50
1:6.30

25.74

16.88

2.89

13.42

0.76

1:5.30

Wolff's standard, ....

-

15.93

2.66

12.67

0.60

1:5.30

Summer Seasoti.

1887.

6

Grain and hay

26.85

16.44

1.79

14.06

0.51

1:8.52

3

Grain, hay and vetch and oats (green), .

31.39

17.46

2.32

13.36

0.67

1:6.63

3

Grain, hay and cow-pea

34.17

21.33

2.23

18.50

0.69

1:9.07

3

Grain, hay and serradella.

General average

33.02 i

17.40

2.67

14.13

0.60

1:5.85

31.36

18.16

2.25

15.01

0.62

1:7.40

* The absolute quantity of the different grains was constant throughout the year's
experiment. At times, however, one kind was substituted for another.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

165

Milch Cows — Concluded.

o
O

"S

5

Kind op Feed.

"a
o

Digestible Matter con-
sumed Daily per
1,000 Pounds Live Weight.

'So

o

-d

a

3

a o
o

a,

•a
a
a
o

Is

1

Summer Season.

5

1SS8.
Grain and hay

27.74

17.25

2.60

14.08

0.58

1:6.00

5

Grain and rowen,

29.50

18.49

3.27

14.56

0.63

1:4.93

5

Grain, hay and vetch and oats,

30.49

18.98

3.05

15.20

0.59

1:5.55

e

Grain, hay and cow-pea, ....
General average,

29.88

19.04

3.66

15.04

0.65

1:4.65

29.40

18.44

3.14

14.72

0.61

1:6.20

6

1889.

Grain and hay,

25.19

16.10

2.35

13.44

0.50

1 : 6.25

6

Grain, hay and eerradella.

25.88

17.05

3.17

13.37

0.58

1:4.57

6

Grain, hay and vetch and oats,

23.41

15.01

2.15

12.34

0.52

1:6.34

6

Grain, hay and cow-pea, ....
General average,

25.33

17.03

2.49

13.94

0.60

1:6.20

24.95

16.30

2.54

13.27

0.55

1:5.80

6

18»0.

Grain and rowen

28.42

18.13

3.26

14.17

0.70

1:4.9

6

Grain, hay and vetch and oats,

27.35

17.58

2.76

14.19

0.64

1:5.7

6

Grain, hay and soja bean,

General average,

31.05

19.36

3.59

15.62

0.65

1:4.8

28.94

18.36

3.20

14.66

0.66

1:5.1

1891.

5

Grain, rowen and vetch and oats, .

33.47

19.14

2.77

15.59

0.78

1:6.3

6

Grain, rowen and soja bean, .

General average

29.66

18.84

3.32

14.37

0.65

1:5.0

31.56

18.94

3.04

14.98

0.71

1:5.6

Wolff's standard, ....

-

15.93

2.66

12.67

0.60

1:5.3

166 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Steers.

^

Digestible

Matter con- j

i

bo

Kind of Feed.

•a

3

o

Eh

SUMED D

1,000 Pounds

AiLT per 1
Live Weight.

m
o

a)

e

a
"A

0)

a-s

o a
O

■a
a

s

il

II

O

T3

a

3

o

o

1
>

"3
tz;

1889-90.

2

1

Grain and corn stover,

13.72

9.83

1.78

7.G1

0.43

1:4.8

2

1

Grain and corn ensilage,

25.91

18.21

3.24

13.95

1.15

1:5.2

2

1

Grain and corn fodder,

19.63

13.63

2.47

10.56

0.60

1:4.9

2

1

Grain, corn stover and sugar beets, .
General average

14.86

11.15

2.13

8.54

0.48

1:4.6

18.53

12.95

2.41

10.16

0.67

1:4.9

3

1

1890-91. .

Grain and hay,

20.54

12.41

2.45

9.36

0.59

1:4.5

3

1

Grain, hay and roots

21.89

13.50

2.79

10.08

0.62

1:4.5

3

1

Grain, hay and ensilage.

General average, ....

20.49

12.50

2.75

9.03

0.72

1:4.0

20.97

12.80

2.66

9.49

0.64

1:4.3

Wolff's standard, ....

-

15.08

2.17

12.54

0.37

1:6.25

1889-90.

2

2

Grain and corn stover.

11.95

8.49

1.42

6.73

0.34

1:5.5

2

2

Grain and corn ensilage,

20.79

14.22

2.02

11.33

0.86

1:6.6

2

2

Grain and corn fodder.

General average, ....

15.51

10.89

1.94

8.48

0.47

1:4.9

16.10

11.20

1.79

8.85

0.56

1:5.7

1890-91.

2

2

Grain, hay and turnips,

19.87

12.68

2.55

9.59

0.55

1:4.3

2

2

Grain and ensilage

18.33

11.75

2.32

8.84

0.59

r:4.4

2

2

Grain and hay

General average

19.36

11.69

2.32

8.81

0.56

1:4.4

19.19

12.04

2.39

9.08

0.57

1:4.4

1891-92.

3

2

Grain, hay and roots

16.75

11.19

1.82

8.90

0.47

1:5.6

3

2

Grain and ensilage

13.48

9.44

1.63

7.24

0.36

1:5.3

3

2

Grain and corn stover,

14.23

9.92

1.65

7.83

0.44

1:5.4

General average

14.82

10.18

1.70

7.99

0.42

1:5.4

Wolff's standard, ....

-

15.08

2.17

12.54

0.37

1:6.25

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

167

Lambs.

5

a

a

o
u

a

s

c
o

a)

<

Kind of Feed.

•a

li

ft
3

o

Digestible Matter con-
sumed Daily per
1,000 Pounds Live Weight.

u
o

o a
t- —

o

73

3

2

0.

2 o

a

I

6
1

3

15

1889-90.

Karroio Ration.

3

8-12

Grain and ro wen, ....

31.37

20.15

3.88

15.38

0.89

1:4.5

3

8-12

Grain, rowen and corn ensilage, .

28.58

19.53

3.47

15.03

1.03

1:5.1

3

8-12

Grain and corn ensilage, .
General average.

23.68

27.88 !

15.81

2.89

12.90

1.02

1:5.3

18.49

3.41

14.44

0.98

1:5.0

Wide Ration.

3

8-12

Grain and rowen

27.48

14.60

2.31

14.68

0.61

1:7.0

3

8-12

Grain, rowen and ensilage,

21.42

14.50

1.71

12.15

0.64

1:8.0

3

8-12

Grain and ensilage, ....
General average.

22.26

15.54

2.55

12.05

0.94

1:5.6

23.72

14.88

2.19

12.96

0.73

1:6.8

1890-91.

Wide Ration.

3

8-12

Grain and rowen

28.85

19.16

3.09

15.26

0.81

1:5.7

3

8-12

Grain, rowen and ensilage.
General average.

23.60

17.04

2.16

14.24

0.64

1:7.3

26.22

18.10

2.62

14.75

0.73

1:6.5

Narrow Ration.

3

8-12

Grain and rowen

31.90

19.93

3.92

15.09

0.92

1:4.45

3

8-12

Grain, rowen and ensilage.
General average.

24.59

16.40

2.88

12.75

0.77

1:5.10

28.24

18.16

3.40

13.92

0.84

1:4.77

1891-92.

0

8-12

Grain and rowen, ....

22.38

14.38

2.62

11.05

0.71

1:4.8

6

8-12

Grain, rowen and ensilage.

20.38

13.53

2.33

10.49

0.71

1:5.2

6

8-12

Grain, rowen and mangolds, .
General average.

20.19

14.55

2.49

11.54

0.52

1:5.2

20.98

14.12

2.48

11.03

0.65

1:5.1

Wolff's standard.

-

17.68

3.08

14.08

0.42

1:5.0

T'A.TIT II.

ON

FIELD EXPERIMENTS

AND

OBSEEVATIONS IN VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND

PATHOLOGY.

1. Field Experiments to ascertain the Effect of the Exclusion op Evert Form

OF Nitrogen-containing Manurial Matter prom the Fertilizer applied
for the Production op a Leguminous Crop — Soja Bean — on its Yield per
Acre (Field A).

2. Field Experiments with Prominent Varieties of Grasses and with Grass

Mixtures under fairly Corresponding Circumstances (Field B).

3. Field Experiments regarding the Effect of Different Combinations op

Commercial Fertilizers on the Yield op Some Prominent Garden Crops
(Field C).

4. Observations regarding the Adaptation of a Variety of More or Less

Reputed Fodder Plants new to our Section of the Country (Field D).

5. Field Experiments with Different Commercial Phosphates, to study the

Economy of using the Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More Costly
Acidulated Phosphates (Field F).

6. Field Experiments with Mixed Forage Crops for Green Fodder and Hay,

Vetch and Oats, Canada Peas and Oats.

7. Observations on Permanent Grass Lands — Meadows.

8. Report on General Farm Work.

9. Report op Prof. James E. Humphrey on Various Diseases op Plants, with

Observations in the Field and Vegetation House.

170 AGEICULTURAL; experiment station. [Jan.

1. Field Experiments carried ox for the Purpose of

ASCERTAIXIXG THE EfFECT OF THE ExCLUSIOX OF

Every Form of Nitrogex-coxtaixixg Manurial
Matter from the Fp^rtilizer applied for the
Productiox of a Lkgumixous Crop (Clover-like
Plants) ox the Yield, as compared with the
Results obtaixed whex a Liberal Amount of
Various Nitrogex - containing Manurial Sub-
stances IS APPLIED UNDER OTHERWISE CORRE-
SPONDING Circu3istaxces for the Same Purpose.*

Field A.

The unbroken record of this field extends over more than
twenty years. The systematic treatment of the soil, as far
as modes of cultivation and of manuring are concerned, was
introduced during the season of 1883-84. The subdivision
of the entire area into eleven phits (one-eighth of an acre
each), of a uniform size and shape, one hundred and thirty
feet long and thirty feet wide, with an unoccupied and
unmanured s})ace of five feet in width between adjoining
l)lats, has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed
statement of the particular aim and general management of
our experiments, as well as of the results ol)tained in that
connection from year to year, forms a prominent part of our
contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to
refer for details.

Since 1889 the main object of observations upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance
from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite
additional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combi-
nation, on the character and yield of the crop selected for the
trial. The treatment of the soil adopted in preceding years
favored this new project for field observations.

Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive
any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes were retained
in that state, to study the effect of an entire exclusion of

* Soja bean served for the observation.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 171

nitrogen-containing manurial substances on the crop under
cultivation, while the remaining ones received as before a
definite amount of nitrogen in the same form in which they
had received it in preceding years ; namely, either as sodium
nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as organic nitrogenous
matter in form of dried blood. A corresponding amount of
available nitrogen was applied in all these cases.

Aside from the difterence regarding the nitrogen supply,
all plats were treated alike. They each received without an
exception a corresponding amount of available phosphoric
acid and of potassium oxide. The phosphoric acid was sup-
plied in form of dissolved bone-black, and the potassium
oxide either in form of muriate of potash or of potash-mag-
nesia sulphate. From 120 to 130 pounds of potassium
oxide, from 80 to 85 pounds of available phosphoric acid
and from 40 to 50 pounds of available nitrogen were supplied
per acre.

One plat marked 0 received its main supply of phosphoric
acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn-yard
manure ; the latter was carefully analyzed before being
applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far
as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of
essential fertilizing constituents. The deficiency in potas-
sium oxide and phosphoric acid was su})plied l)y potash-
magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The fertilizer
for this })lat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard manure,
32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18 pounds of
dissolved bone-black.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, — the general character of the
latter being the same, — the seeding, cultivating and harvest-
ing were carried on year after year in a like manner, and as
far as practicable on the same day in case of every plat
during the same year.

This course in the general management of the experiment
has been followed thus far for three successive years — 1889,
1890 and 1891 — in connection w^ith different crops : —

Corn (maize), in 1889 (see seventh annual report) ; oats,
in 1890 (see eighth annual report) ; rye, in 1891 (see ninth
annual report).

172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The following tabular statement shows the annual applica-
tion and special distri])ution of the nianurial substances with
reference to each plat since 1889. The fertilizers were in
every case applied broadcast as early as circumstances per-
mitted. They were slightly harrowed under before the seed
was planted in rows by a seed drill. Each })lat received the
same amount of seed.

Annual Suppl.v of Manurial Substances.

Plat 0,

Plat 1,

Plat 2,

Plat 3,

Plat 4,

Plat 5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,

Plat 8,

Plat 9,
Plat 10,

800 11)3. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodiuna nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48. 5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 60 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8 5 lbs. available iihosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 2r> lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosi)horic acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-lilack (= 8.5 lbs. availatjle phosphoric acid),
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (^4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 ll)s. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

H)S. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. availaljle phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 ll»s. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black {=^ 8.5 lbs. availalile phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. availalile phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (=: 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

1892.— The field was ploughed April 19 and 20. The
barn-yard manure was applied to Plat 0 April 15 ; the re-
maining plats, 1-10, received May G their different mixtures
of commercial fertilizers, broadcast, after which the entire
field was harrowed and rolled. The seed was sown in drills
two and one-half feet apart May IG, at the rate of seven
pounds to each })lat.

The soja bean seed, a late maturing variety, was bought of
J. M. Th()r])urn & Co., New York City, at eight cents per
pound. The crop was cut for ensilage September 8.

The young plants appeared above ground May 28 ; they
were cultivated and hoed June 3 and July 17, when they

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

173

shaded the ground (sufficiently to prevent any serious ap-
pearance of weeds. The variation in the coh:)r of the crop
was quite marked in different plats during the earlier stages
of its growth. Those plats which received an addition of
nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda showed a deeper green
color than those which received other forms of nitrogen,
in particular, sulphate of ammonia ; while those that received
no addition of nitrogen maintained a light green color until
the close of the season.

Height of the Plants upon Different Plats during the Season.

Plats

July 8.

July 15.

July 22.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

13

17

25

12

17

25

13

17

24

13

16

24

12

14

21

11

15

21

12

16

24

10

13

IS

8

9

13

9

10

18

12

14

21

July 29.

Aug. 5.

Inches.

Inches.

30

31

30

33

31

33

30

35

29

29.1

28

30

30

32

24

27

20

22

23

26

27

30

Aug.l2. Aug. 19.!Aug.26. Sept. 2.

Plat 0

Plat 1

Plat 2

Plat 3

Plat 4,

Plat 5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7

Plat 8

Plat 9

Plat 10

Inches.
36

Inches.

Inches.

41

44

40

44

40

43

41

45

34

38

36

40

39

42

35

40

29

33

32

37

39

42

Inches.
44

44

45

46

39

42

43

41

35

39

43

Yield of Crop on Different Plats.

c

CT September .7 and 8.

Weight of

Green Soja Bean

(Pounds).

Yield per Acre
(Tons).

Plat

0, .

2,210

11.050

Flat

1, .

2,290

11.450

riat

9

2,290

11.450

Plat

3, .

2,090

10.450

Plat

4, .

,

1,140

7.200

Plat

5, .

1,935

9.675

Plat

6, .

1,970

9.850

Plat

7, .

1,430

7.150

Plat

8, .

1,450

7.250

Plat

9, .

1,460

7.300

Plat 10, .

1,490

7.450

174 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analysis of the Plants from Plat 0.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 73.20

Dry matter, 26 . 80

100.00

Analysis of Drij Matter.

Crude ash, 6.80

" cellulose, 30.54

" fat, 2.29

" protein, 6.82

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 53.55

100.00

An examination of the above tabular statement of the
yield of each plat shows, in every case where no additional
nitrogen in any form has been applied in connection with
the phosphoric acid and potash used as fertilizer (plats
4, 7, 9), a decided falling off in the yield; fully one-third
less than where barn-yard manure and nitrate of soda have
furnished the nitrogen supply (plats 0, 1, 2, 3).

Plat 8 shows the same exceptional condition which has
been noticed in preceding years, when it seriously sufiered
from the attack of some parasitic enemy. The low yield of
Plat 10 is evidently due to the use of a lower rate of seed,
being the first plat to adjust the seed drill for a definite
amount of seed.

Conclusion. — The imiportance of a liberal additional sujp'
ply of nitrogen to the soil for a successful production of farm
crops under otherwise corresponding circumstances finds a
strong confirmation in our late exf)eriments in that direction,
as may he noticed in the subsequent compiled tabular state-
ment of the results of three years' observations.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

175

00

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b;

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176 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The crop when harvested, September 7 and 8, to serve for
the production of a mixed ensilage (soja bean and fodder
corn), showed no signs of seed pods or blossoms. It
diliered in this respect decidedly from other early matur-
ing varieties, white and black soja beans, which have been
raised and described by us in preceding annual reports.

The advantage, if any, of this new variety of soja bean
consists in the large amount of vegetable matter it produces,
as compared with the early maturing varieties.

[1. Analysis of an early variety of soja bean with pods (whole plant) ; 2. Analy-
sis of soja bean seed; 3. Analysis of soja bean straw (matured plant, early
variety').]

I'eb Ckxt

1. 1 2. 1 3.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, .......

10.90
89.10

14.17

85.83

7.63
92.37

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat

" ijrotein, ......

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

100.00

6.90
22.79

6.77
16.68
46.86

100.00

100.00

5.84

6.02

20.19

33.97

33.98

100.00

100.00

10.72

36.80

3.49

5.34

43.65

100.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

177

4>3 lbs. Dried Blood.

4-8/S.lbS. Pot&oli MAgncsiftSul.
50 lbs. Dis.Bon<z.BlaLck.

C^

25 lbs. Muriate of PotAsK,

SO Ib&.Dis. Bone Black.

(0

'22-^Ib5.-SulpKiat« AmmoniJi

25 Ibs.MuMAtituF Potft&h
50 lb&.Di&. Bone. BIacK.

CO

^

«o

25 1 bs. MuriAte oF Pota.&h.

50 Ibs.Dis. Bone B[&ck.

22>^lb&5u||3hate Ammoni'A.
-^5 I bs. Muriate of ffjifcaSh.
■SO lb6.Di6.Bona BI&cK.

22!^IbS.5ulfihA.t<s. Ammonia.

-48i^lb5.PM<&.shMA<
50

y 3. roc ^5 1
Ibs.DiS.BonAl

Saf

2

^

*0

25 Jbs.MuH4.tePot&sb.

50 Ibs.Dis.Bon&Bt&ck.

4-3 ibs.DH«d Bfood.

25 lbS.Mur8afcg> oF fVjtaftfn

50 lbs.pi^. Bone Brack.

C4

29 lbs. Nitrate of SodA.
■4S;^ IbS-Potas^i Hag»iie,aieL Gut.
50 lbs. Di& Bon«. Bl^ck.

•29 Ibs.Nitrftte of Sod*.
-25 — Ibs.Mui-iAt'e of Potash.

50 IbS.DiS. Bon«. Black,

8oo lb&. B«irnyard MAnwi-e.

IB |b»' Di6.Bon< &Uck

178 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Field Experiments with Prominent Varieties or
Grasses, raised either Single or in Mixture,
UNDER Otherwise Corresponding Conditions,
to ascertain their Economical Value as far
AS Yield and Co3iposition are concerned (1892).

FieW B.

This field occupies an area of one and seven-tenths acres,
and runs from north to south, nearly on a level. The soil
consists of a somewhat sandy loam of several feet in depth.
The systematic treatment of the area was inaugurated in
1884, when the present sul)division into eleven plats was
first introduced. The plats are 175 feet long and oo feet
wide (5,775 square feet, or two-fifteenths of an acre), of a
uniform shape, running fi-oni east to Avest, with a space of
five feet between adjoining plats. The numbering begins at
the north end Avitli 11, and closes at the south end with 21.
From 1884 to 1889 every alternate plat received annually
the same kind and the same amount of fertilizer, — 600
pounds of fine-ground bone and 200 pounds of uuiriate of
potash per acre. The space of five feet left between the
diflerent succeeding plats has l)een kept clean from any
growth by a constant use of the cultivator, and received at
no time any kind of manure.

The details of the work carried on upon Field B have
been thus far reported from year to year in our annual
reports. The chemical analyses of the crops raised upon
this field, on account of the amount (jf work involved, have
been quite frequently published in later bulletins or in
annual reports of the succeeding year.

A material change in the above-stated management of the
field was made in 18S!), with reference to the ])reviously
unmanured plats, 12, 14, 1(5, 18 and 20; they were subse-
quently annually manurectin exactly the same manner as the
remaining i)lats, receiving per acre GOO pounds of fine-
ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash. The
character of the crops raised upon the various plats from
1888 to 1892 may be seen from the following tabular state-
ment : —

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

179

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180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1891. — Previous to the year 1891 other crops than
grasses have been cultivated upon some phits at times. Of
late none l)ut single grasses or mixtures of reputed grasses
have been planted. The single grasses are raised as in pre-
vious years, in rows two feet apart ; grass mixtures are
seeded down broadcast. The manure in case of single
grasses is applied by hand l)ctween the rows, and is subse-
quently slightly ploughed in liy means of a cultivator \ in
case of grass mixtures the manure is applied as top dress-
ing earl}' in the spring. In both cases the first manure is
applied broadcast and ploughed under before seeding down
the grass.

Crops raised in 1892.

Plat 11,
Plat 12,
Plat 13,
Plat U,
Plat 15,
Plat 16,
Plat 17,
Plat 18,
Plat 19,
Plat 20,
Plat 21,

Kentucky blue-grass, sown Sept. 2-4, 1889.

Kentucky blue-grass and red top, sown Sept. 18, 1891.

English rye-grass and Italian rye-grass, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

English rye-grass and red top, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Herds grass and red top, sown April 23, 1891.

Italian rye-grass and red top, sown April 23, 1891

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 25, 1887.

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Hei-ds grass, sown Sept. 25, 1889.

Herds grass and red top, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Meadow fescue and herds grass, sown Sept. 18, 1891.

Akea of I

ACii Plat, 1

WO-FIFTEENTHS AcUE.

Yield of Ilay, First

and Second Cut

(rounds).

Rate per Acre
(Pounds).

Plat 11,

sown

Sept.

24,

1889, . . '.

335

2,513

Plat 12,

sown

Sept.

18,

1891,

3G5

2,737

Plat 13,

sown

Sept.

29,

1890,

255

1,913

Plat 14,

sown

Sept.

29,

1890,

225

1,688

Plat 15,

sown

April 23,

1891,

565

4,238

Platir.,

sown

April 23,

1.S91,

565

4,238

Plat 17,

sown

Sept.

25,

1887,

475

3,563

Plat 18,

sown

Sept.

29,

1890,

490

3,675

Plat 19,

sown

Sept.

25,

1889,

610

4,575

Plat 20,

sown

Sept.

29,

1890,

285

2,138

Plat 21,

sown
tal.

Sept.

18,

1891,

355

2,663

Tol

'

4,525

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 181

CN

CO

OQ <2

2

CO

Meadow Fescue and Herds Grass.

Herds Grass and Red Top.

Herds Grass.

Meadow Fescue.

Meadow Fescue.

Italian Rye-grass and Red Top.

Herds Grass and Red Top.

English Rye-grass and Red Top.

English Rye-grass and Italian Rye-grass.

Kentucky Blue-grass and Red Top.

Kentucky Blue-grass.

s:
o

CO

-a
o

6

15
o

182 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Field Experiments regarding the Effect of
Different Combinations of Commercial Fertil-
izers ON the Yield and the Character of
Several Prominent Gardp^n Crops (1892).

Field C.

1891. — The observations upon Field C with different
combinations of commercial fertilizers on the yield and
character of some prominent garden crops began during the
spring of 1891. The portion of Field C devoted to this
experiment during 1891 consisted of one-half of its entire
area, running from east to west along its south side (328
feet long and 88 feet wide). It was subdivided into five
plats of corresponding size and shape (88 by 62 feet), one-
eighth of an acre. These plats were separated from each
other and from other cultivated land adjoining by a space of
five feet of unmanured and unseeded land. The soil is sev-
eral feet deep, and consists of a rather light loam in a good
state of cultivation ; 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and
200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre were used for
several years previous to 1891 as the annual manure supply.
The field slopes gently from west to east. ,The plats were
numbered 1,2, 3, 4, 5, beginning at the east end of the
field. Each })lat received during the spring of 1891 a
manurial mixture of its own as fertilizer.

The difierence of the fertilizers applied consisted essen-
tially in the circumstance that nitrogen alid potash were used
in several of them in difterent forms. All plats received
practically the same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phos-
phoric acid, and every one of them received its phosphoric
acid addition in the same form, namely, dissolved bone-
l>lack. Some plats received their nitrogen supply in the
form of organic animal matter, dried blood ; others received
their nitrogen in the form of sodium nitrate. Chili salt-
petre ; others in the form of amm,onium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of nmriate of potash
and others in the form of the highest grade of potassium
sulphate (in our market 95 per cent.). The subsequent
tabular statement shows the quantities of the manurial sub-
stances applied to dill'erent plats : —

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 183

C 75 pounds dried blood.
Plat 1, . . . < 30 pounds muriate of potash.

(^40 pounds dissolved bone-black.

C 47 pounds nitrate of soda.
Plat 2, . . . < .'30 pounds muriate of potash.

(^40 pounds dissolved bone-black.

^38 pounds sulphate of ammonia.
Plat 3, . . . < 30 pounds muriate of potash.

(^40 pounds dissolved bone-black.

^47 pounds nitrate of soda.
Plat 4, . . . < 30 pounds high-grade sulphate of potash.

^ 40 pounds dissolved bone-black.

^"38 pounds sulphate of ammonia.
Plat 5, . . . < 30 pounds high-grade sulphate of potash.

(^40 pounds dissolved bone-black.

Pounds.

Per acre : Phosphoric acid, . . . . . . 50.4

Nitrogen, 60.0

Potassium oxide, ...... 120.0

The different fertilizers were applied In'oadcast, and sub-
sequently slightly ploughed under, in all cases on the same
day (April 22, 1891). All plats were planted in the same
order with the same kind of garden crops (eight). Every
plat was either planted with young plants or was sown
with the seed, as circumstances dictated, each kind on
the same day and in the same manner. The young plants
used for the experiment were raised under corresponding
conditions from seed in a hot-bed. The different kinds of
garden crops were ai'ranged in the following order, beginning
on the east side of each plat : —

Lettuce, White Tennis Ball, one row.

Spinach, Long Standing and Bloomingdale, cue row each.

Beets, Egyptian and Dewings, one row each, or two of a kind.

Celery, White Phnne, one row.

Kohlrabi, two rows.

Cabbage, Red Dutch and several white varieties, three rows in all.

Tomatoes, Boston Market, two rows.

Potatoes, Beauty of Hebron, five rows.

The details of the results are recorded in our ninth annual
report. Being the first year's observation, no serious
attempt was made to account for the differences in the yield
upon different plats.

1892. — During the spring of 1892 it was thought best to
make such alteration in the location of the plats as would

184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

secure as far' as practicable a corresponding level position
for all of them, and thereby remove the dejection of the
possible influence of a more or less inclined position and
different state of moisture of one or the other on the results.
For this purpose the entire width of Field C on its western
termination was selected for the future trial. The field thus
marked out covered an area 181) feet long and 164 feet wide.
It was subdivided into six plats of equal size and shape (SS
by 62 feet), corresponding thus in this particular with those
in the preceding year. Three plats of the previous year, 3,
4 and 5, remained unchanged; their numbers were altered
into 6, 5 and 4. The new plats were numbered 1, 2, 3,
lieginning at the west end of the field. The entire area was
ploughed April 19, and subsequently staked out as above
stated into six plats, with four feet unoccupied space between
them. The below specified fertilizer mixture was applied
to each plat broadcast, and the soil sul)sequently harrowed.
On May 10 it was rolled. All the crops were planted in
rows two and one-half feet apart ; the different crops were
seeded or planted each on the same day in all the plats.
The crops were arranged in all jdats in the same order,
which, in the interest of a desirable rotation, differed from
that in the preceding year (plats 4, 5, 6).

Plats.

Annual Supply of ^Manuriul Suljstances.

rounds.

c

Sulphate of ammonia,

.38

Plat 1,

\

Muriate of potash,

30

^)

Dissolved bone-black, .

40

,- (

Nitrate of soda, ....

47

Plat 2,

z\

IMui'iate of potash,

30

¥(

Dissolved bone-black, .

40

^1 c

Dried blood, ....

75

Plat 3,

i

IMuriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-))hick, .
Sulpliate of ammonia, .

30
40

38

Plat 4,

• ^1

Sulphate of potash.

30

fe^

Dissolved bone-black, .

40

-(

Nitrate of soda, ....

47

Plat 5,

•-^s

Sulphate of potash.

30

s^

Dissolved bone-black, .

40

- (

Dried blood, ....

75

Plat G,

•^H

Sulphate of ])otash,
Dissolved bone-black, .

30
40

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185

Plats 1, 2 and 3 have been treated with the stated fertilizers
this year only ; plats 4, 5 and G have been treated two years.

The following order in arranging the different crops was
adopted in 181)2, beginning in each })lat at its west end.
The rows run in all plats from south to north [SS feet
long) : —

Two rows of celery, variety Dwarf Golden Heart.

Two rows of lettuce, variety Hanson.

Two rows of spinach, variety New Zealand.

Four rows of beets, variety Edmund's Blood Turnip.

Four rows of cabbages, variety Savoy (one row) ; variety Fottler's

(two rows) ; variety Red Dutch (one row) .
Two rows of tomatoes, variety Essex Hybrid.
Five rows of potatoes, variety Beauty of Hebron.

Potatoes were i)lanted May 9 ; spinach and beets were
sown ]May 10 ; lettuce and cabbage plants were set out May
13 ; tomato plants were set out May 21 ; celery plants were
set out June 9.

The seeds in every case were taken from the same lot ; the
young plants were raised under corresponding conditions in
the same hot-bed, and a corresponding number transplanted
in each plat. All plats were kept clean from weeds and
treated in a like manner during the season. The crops
were harvested wdienever fit for the market. The subse-
quent tabular statements of the yield of the crops show
the date of maturity and the quantity obtained at different
dates : —

Yield of Celery ( Variety Dwarf Golden Heart) .

Number of
Perfect Heads

Plat 1 (two rows), .
Plat 2 (one row), .
Phit 3 (one I'ow), .
Plat 4 (two rows), .
Plat 5 (one row), .
Plat 6 (one i-ow), .

46
43
69
61
62
52

The plants were set out June 9 ; they were harvested
October 20.

186 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Lettuce ( Variety Hanson) ,

Plat 1 (two rows ;

seventy heads),

41i

Plat 2 (two rows ;

seventy heads), .....

36

Plat 3 (two rows ;

seventy heads), . • .

43

Plat 4 (two rows ;

seventy heads), .....

76

Plat 5 (two rows ;

seventy heads),

60

Plat 6 (two rows ;

seventy heads),

36

The plants were set out May 13 ; they were harvested
July 1.

Yield of Spinach {Variety New Zealand).

Plat 1 (two rows),
Plat 2 (two rows),
Plat 3 (two rows) ,
Plat 4 (two rows),
Plat 5 (two I'ows),
Plat 6 (two rows) ,

192
233
202
230
232
134

The seed was sown May 10 ; crop was harvested July 11.

Yield of Beets (Variety Edmund's Blood Turnip).

Plats.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (four rows),

Plat 2 (four rows),

Plat 3 (four rows),

Plat 4 (four rows), ,

Plat 5 (four rows),

Plat 6 (four rows), ........

3,50
345
515
455
509
495

The seed was sown May 10 ; crop was harvested October

14.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

187

Yield of Cabbages.

Savoy, One

Fottler's, Two

Ked Dutch, One

I'LATS.

Row in Plat.

Hows in Plat.

Kow in Plat.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Platl,

100

534

201

Plat 2

113

762

350

Plats,

116

5761

330

Plat 4,

107

458

325

Plats,

110

674

340

Plate,

107

586

241

The i)lants were set out May 13. Savoy cabbages were
harvested August 8 ; Fottler's cabl)age8 were harvested
August 12-29; Red Dutch cabbages were harvested Sep-
tember 29 ; fed to cows and steers.

Eiich plat contained : —

Heads.

31

62

Savoy cabbages, .
Fottler's cabbages,

Red Dutch cabbagres.

31

Yield of Tomatoes ( Variety Essex Hybrid) .

Plats.

Date ok IIauvksting.

I

s

3

4

5

6

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Potnids.

Pounds.

August 15, .

36

43|

40

36|-

391

16}

August 17, .

42}

49

48f

40|

48

35|

August 1^, .

27|

39i

30 1

291

38

14|

August 22, .

56

103

5U

691

109}

211

August 24, .

294

49

31|

301

451

7|

August 2!), ,

19

23

201

33

331

151

August 31, .

51|

54

36 1

631

511

391

September 2,

20|

21

21

2H

14

251

September 5,

40|

42

45 1

421

^H

381

September 8,

29

30

24

21

34

21

September 10,

341

44

39

571

391

26

September 16,

56

50

50

55

79

25

September 19,

21
464

19

28

15

18

47

Total, .

572

466

515

593

332

Seed was ()l)tained of Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass.
There Avcre two rows in each phit and twenty-two phmts in

188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

a row. The tomato plants were set out from the hot-l)ed
May 21, came in Ijloom June 23 and began to form tomatoes
July 7.

Yield of Potatoes ( Variety Beauty of Hebron) .

Plats.

rounds.

Plat 1 (five rows),

Plat 2 (five rows),

Plats (five rows),

Plat 4 (five rows),

Plats (fivei-ows),

Plat 6 (five rows) , ...

731
665
545
640
740
435

The i)otatoes were planted May 9 ; were dug August 17.

Field (7, Eastern Portion.

The portion of Field C east of the plats is 183 by 13-1
feet, and contains .55 acres. The fertilizer applied con-
sisted of 300 pounds of fine-ground bone and 100 pounds of
muriate of potash (rate of 600 pounds bone and 200 pounds
muriate of potash per acre). It was spread on broadcast
May 5, and harrowed in.

The western half of the piece was sown to carrots (variety
Danvers) and the eastern half to globe mangolds (variety
Yellow Globe) May 14, in drills two and one-half feet apart.
May 30 the young plants broke ground. The globe man-
golds were harvested October 17 ; yield, 9,635 pounds (rate
of 17 tons 1,680 pounds per acre). The carrots were har-
vested October 31 ; yield, 5,545 pounds (rate of 10 tons
530 pounds per acre).

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

189

01
0)
00

o

2

IV.

I.

n.

A'l.

III.

Carrots.

Globe Mangolds.

Carrots.

Globe Mangolds.

JZ

o

c

CO

O

CD

O
CO

190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. EXPERIMEXTS WITH A VaKIETY OF NeW FoRAGE CrOPS

(1892).
Field B.

This field is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide (east to west) ;
it covers an area of 22,9(30 square feet, or .527 acres.
During previous years it has been used for the cultivation
of a variety of annual farm and garden crops, and has been
manured most of the time annually with a mixture of
muriate of potash and ground l)one, at the rate of two
hundred pounds of the former and six hundred })ounds of
the latter per acre.

During the past season it has served for the raising of a
variety of reputed annual and perennial fodder crops, in the
majority of cases new to our section of the country, for the
purpose of studying their adaptation to our climate and soil.

The field was ploughed April 19, and manured with three
hundred pounds ground l)one and one hundred pounds
muriate of potash. It was harrowed and })rcpared for
planting May 10. The ditterent crops were jilanted in rows
two and one-half feet apart, to admit of the use of a horse
cultivator ; all were subsequently kept clean by means of
the cultivator and hoe. They were arranged in the field
in the following order, beginning at the west end of the
field : —

A.rtichoke, Jerusalem {Helianthus tuherosus) .

Prickley comfrey {Symphytum officinale).

Pyrethrum {Fyrethrum, roseum).

Forest pea {Lathyms sylvesti'is).

Stacby's tubers {Stachys affinis).

Kidney vetch {Anthyllis vulnerarid).

Winter rape {Brassica Napus).

Saiufoiu {Onobrychis sativa).

Yellow trefoil ( Trijolium agrarium) . ^

Spring vetch ( Vicia sativa) .

Bokhara clover (Melilotus alba).

Summer rape ( Brassica Napus) .

Common English horse bean {Vicia faba).

Serradella {Ornithopus sativas).

Soja bean {Soja hispida) .

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 1<»1

Cow-pea (Dolichos sinensis).

Jackson wonder beau.

Blue lupine {Lupinus cceruleus).

White lupine {Lupinus alba).

Yellow lupine {Lnpinus lutens) ,

Silver- hull buckwheat {Fagop)yrum esculentum) .

,1 i\\)nnese huckv^boat (Fagojjyruyn esculenttim) . ^

Common buckwheat (Fagojyyrum esculentum).

Artichoke, ten rows. The tubers for seed were presented
by Mr. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead, Mass., with the
request to ascertain the value of the plants as a forage crop.
They were planted May 4, two feet apart in the row. The
young plants appeared above the ground May 18 ; they
began to bloom September 23, and suffered from frost
October 10 (temperature 28.5° F. ). The tubers were dug
during the first week of November ; yield, six hundred and
fifty-nine ])ounds (rate of eight tons four hundred pounds to
the acre). Some of the blooming stalks with leaves were
cut and i)acked into suitable boxes, to ascertain their fitness
for ensilage. Analyses of tubers and ensilage will be pub-
lished later on.

Prickley comfrey {Symphytum officinale), one row. The
roots used for seed were from last year's growth, in Field C.
They were planted May 4. The young plants came up May
18, and bloomed June 8. The plants were cut July 8,
when they were thirty inches high, and presented a rank
growth of leaf and stem.

Forest pea {Lathyrus sylveslris) , three rows. The plants
used were from last year's growth, in Field C. They were
transplanted May 4 and came up May 21 ; they reached
a height of fifteen inches. The roots were remarkable in
size. They were nearly two feet in length ; large tubercles
were quite prominent.

Stachy's tubers (Stachys affinis), two rows. This is
the second year this plant has been raised on the station
grounds. The seed tubers of last year were obtained from
the United States Department of Agriculture ; those of this
year were from our own raising. They wintered well and
were vigorous in the spring. They were planted May 4.
May 18 the young plants appeared above ground. October

192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2 the foliage was injured by frost (temperature 33° F.).
The tubers produced were scarcely one-eighth of an inch
in diameter.

Kidney vetch, four rows. The seed was obtained of
Henry Nungesser, New York City. One pound of seed
was used, which was sown May 18. The plants came up
June 1. The growth was slow, scarcely measuring three
inches in the fall.

Winter rape (Brassica JVapus), five rows. The seed was
obtained of D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. This
plant is used quite extensively as a green fodder in sheep-
growing districts. The seed was sown May 18, and June
1 the young plants appeared al)ove ground. The growth
was heavy, reaching a height of twenty inches. August
6 the crop was cut for fodder.

Sainfoin {Onobrychis sativa), five rows. The seed was
sown May 18. The young plants appeared above ground
June 1. The growth was rather slight, measuring in the
fall only ten inches. The plants failed to develop blossoms.
The seed was bought of Henry Nungesser, New York City,
at six cents per pound.

Yellow trefoil, five rows. The seed was sown May 18.
The young plants broke ground eJune 1. The growth was
slow, reaching a height of only three inches. The plants
failed to bloom. The seed was obtained of Henry Nun-
gesser, New York City, at eleven cents per pound.

Spring vetch ( Vicia sativa), five rows. The seed was
sown May 18. The plants came up June 1, began to
blossom July 11 and to form pods August 1. The growth
was cut August 5, having attained a height of twenty-seven
inches. The seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn, New
York City, at four and one-half cents per pound. This
valuable fodder plant has served us for several years as
ereen fodder in connection with oats.

Bokhara clover {Meliloius alba), five rows. The seed
was sown May 18. The plants appeared aljove ground
June 1. The leaf development was rather light. October 7
the plants were cut, having reached a height of twenty-eight
inches. The seed was obtained of H. Nungesser, New York
City, at twenty cents per pound.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193

Summer rape (BynssicaJVapus), five rows. The seed was
sown ^Nlay 18. The phuits appeared al)ove ground June 1.
The character of the growth was very much the same as
that of winter rape, described above. Four rows were cut
for fodder August 6 ; the remaining row was left to deveh)p
farther, but was finally cut, the plants failing to blossom.
The seed was obtained of D. Landreth & Sons, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

Common English horse bean (Vicia Faba), hve rows.
The seed was sown May 18. The plants broke ground June
1, bloomed July 5 and began to develop pods August G.
The growth was characterized by large, coarse stalks and
small leaf development. Height of plants Septeml)er 7 was
forty-two inches. The seed was obtained of J. M. Thor-
burn. New York City, at nine cents per pound.

Serradella (Onii(hoj)us sativus), five rows. The seed
was sown May 18. The 3'oung plants appeared above
ground June 1 and came in l)loom July 21. The growth
was heavy and of good quality. This crop furnishes an
excellent green fodder. We have raised it this year at the
rate of twelve tons to the acre. A silo has been filled with
a mixture of serradella and Hungarian grass (3:1), which
will be reported upon in the future. The serradella seed
was obtained of H. Nungesser, New York City, at eight
cents per pound.

Soja bean (Soja hispida), five rows. The seed was sown
May 18. The young plants appeared above ground June 1
and 1>egan to bloom September 22. The growth was very
good, reaching a height of about three feet, but was very
light colored. October 2 the foliage was injured by frost
(temperature, 33° F.). The seed was bought of J. j\I.
Thorburn, New York City, at eight cents per pound.

'Cow-pea (Dolichos si7iensis), five and one-half rows. The
seed was sown May 18. The plants broke ground eTune 1,
came in l)loom August 23 and began to form pods Septeml^er
22. The plants were injured by frost Octol)er 2 (tempera-
ture, 33° F.). The seed was obtained of D. Landreth <!si
Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.

Jackson wonder l)ean, one-half row. The seed was sent
on for trial by the M. AY. Johnson Seed Company, Atlanta,
Ga. It was sown May 18. The young plants appeared

194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

above ground June 1, blossomed during the middle of July
and l)egan to form pods August 6. The growth resembled
very much the common pole bean.

Blue lupine (Lupinus coiruleus), five rows. The seed
was sown May 18. The young plants appeared above
ground June 1, blossomed July 19 and began to develop
pods July 27. The growth was heavy, reaching a height
of thirty-eight inches July 25. August 30 the plants were
cut for seed. The lupines are considered an excellent crop
for green manuring. The seed was bought of J. M. Thor-
burn, New York City, at fifteen cents per pound.

White lupine (Liipimis alba), three rows. The seed was
sown May 18 and came up June 1. July 7 the plants began
to bloom, and August 1 pods were forming. The growth
attained a height of thirty-three inches, being somewhat
lighter than that of the blue lu])ine. August 22 the plants
were cut for seed. The seed was bouiiht of J. M. Thor-
burn. New York City, at eleven cents per pound.

Yellow lupine (^Lupinus lutens), five rows. The seed
"was sown May 18. The plants broke ground June 1, came
in bloom July 21 and began to form pods August 1. This
lupine show^s the lightest growth of the three, reaching a
height of twenty-four inches. Seed was l)ought of H. Nun-
gesser, New York City, at seven cents per pound.

Silver-hull buckwheat, twelve rows. Seed w^as sown May
18, came up May 28. The plants made a rapid and heavy
growth, measuring, July 7, thirty-four inches. They began
to bloom June 25 and were cut for fodder July 11. The
seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn, New York City, at
six and one-fourth cents per pound.

Japanese buckwheat, twelve rows. The seed was sown
May 18, came up May 28. The plants began to bloom June
30 and were cut for fodder July 11 ; average height, thirty
inches. Seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn, at six and
one-fourth cents per pound.

Common buckwheat {Fagopj/riim ef^cnlentinn) , eleven
rows. The seed was sown ^Nlay 18. The young })lants
appeared above ground May 28, began to bloom June 23
and were cut for fodder July 11 ; average height, thirty-six
inches. The seed was bought of J. ]\L Thorburn, at six
and one fourth cents j)er pound.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

195

^w

0)
00

2
iZ

Artichoke.

Prickley Comfrey.
Pyrethrum.
Forest Pea.

Stachy's Tubers.
Kidney Vetch.

Winter Rape.

Sainfoin.
Yellow Trefoil.

Spring Vetch.
Bokhara Clover.

Summer Rape.
Horse Bean.

Serradella.
Soja Bean.

Cow-pea.

Jackson Wonder Bean.

Blue Lupine.
White Lupine.
Yellow Lupine.

Silver-hull Buckwheat.

Japanese Buckwheat.

Common Buckwheat.

IE

O

c

o
o

o

IX)

<D

15
o
CO

196 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2,775 pounds
acre) .

Field E (Potatoes).

This field is 2(50 feet long and 48 feet
wide; it contains .2.S6 acres. The field
was ploughed April 20. The follow-
ing fertilizer was applied April 27 : 250
pounds fine-ground bone, 75 pounds sul-
phate of })otash, high grade, ninety-five
. per cent, (rate of 600 })ounds bone, 200
c pounds sulphate of jiotash, high grade,
~ per acre a})i)roximately) .
1^ At the northern part of the field were
2 a few rows of violets under the care of
*■ Professor Humphrey. The remainder of
I the field {.2{} acres) was planted to pota-
" toes (variety Beauty of Hebron), April
30, in rows two and one-half feet apart.
Seven bushels of seed were used. On
account of the cold weather the potato
plants did not appear above ground until
May 28. August 4 the potato tops began
to die, and August 15 the tubers were
dug. They were more or less scal^by
and rather poor in quality ; total yield
(10,673 pounds, or 212 bushels, to the

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 197

5. Field Experiments with Different Cooiercial
Phosphates to study the Economy of using
THE Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates.

Field F.

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and
137 feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Pre-
vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well
worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of Eng-
lish hay. During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned
under and left in that state over winter. It was decided to
prepare the fiekl for special experiments with phosphoric
acid by a systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of
plant food. For this reason no manurial matter of any de-
scription was applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phos[)horic
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other
in the order stated.

1890. — The field was subdivided into five })lats, running
from east to west, each twenty-one feet wide, with a sj)ace
of eight feet between adjoining plats.

The manurial material applied to each of these five plats
contained, in every instance, the same form and the same
(juantity of potassium and of nitrogen, while the phosphoric
acid was furnished in each case in the form of a dift'erent com-
mercial phosphoric-acid-containing article ; namely, phos-
phatic slag, Mona guano, Florida phosphate, South Carolina
phos})hate (floats) and dissolved bone-black. The market
cost of each of these articles controlled the quantity applied,
for each plat received the same money value in its particular
kind of phosphate.

198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cost jier Ton.
Phosphatic slao;, ......

Mona guano (VV^est Indies),.

Florida rock jihospliate, . . . .

South Cai'olina jihosphate (floats) ,
Dissolved bone-black,

$15 00
15 00

15 00
15 00
25 00

Analyses of Phosphates xised.

[I., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano ; III., Florida phosphate ; IV., South Carolina
pho.sphate; V., dissolved bone-black.]

I'KR CKNT.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture,

0.47

12.52

2.53

0.39

15.96

Ash,

-

75.99

89.52

-

61.46

Calcium oxide,

46.47

37.49

17.89

46.76

-

Magnesium oxide, .

5.05

-

-

-

-

Ferric and aluminic oxides.

14.35

-

14.25

5.78

_

Total phosphoric acid, .

19.04

21.88

21.72

27.57

15.82

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

-

0.00

-

0.00

12.65

Reverted phosphoric acid,

-

7.55

-

4.27

2.52

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

-

14.33

-

23.30

0.65

Insoluble matter,

4.. 39

2.45

30.50

9.04

6.26

In 1890 potatoes were raised on the plats ; in 1891 winter
wheat was the crop experimented with (for details see ninth
annual report). The following fertilizing mixtures have
been applied annually to all plats, with the exception of
Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in 1891
no phosphate whatever : —

PLAT.S.

Annual Sii)i|)ly ul'Manurial Substances.

rounds.

Ground phosphatic slag,

127

Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square feet), )

Nitrate of soda.

43

Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

58

Ground Mona guano, .

128

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), . )

Nitrate of soda.

43i

Potash-magnesia suli)hate, .

59

Ground Florida phosphate, .

129

Plat ;J (6,636 square feet), .)

Nitrate of soda.

44

Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

59

South Carolina phosjihate, .

131

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), .)

Nitrate of soda,

44J

Potash-niagnesia sulphate, .

60

Dissolved bone-black, .

78

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), . }

Nitrate of soda,

45

Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

61

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

199

The pliosphatic slag, Mona iiuano, South Carolina phos-
phate and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850
pounds per acre ; dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500
pounds })er acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of
290 pounds to the acre, and potash-mairnesia sulphate at the
rate of 390 pounds per acre.

1892. — The field was sown to serradolla May 17, in
drills two and one-half feet apart ; thirty-two pounds of seed
were used for the entire piece. The seed was l)ought of
Henry Nungesser, New York City, at eight cents per pound.
May 28 the young plants a})pearcd a])ove ground and were
quite uniform in all the plats. July 20 the serradella came
in bloom, the average height lieing five inches. The growth
was slow at first, but during the hot days of August it made
rapid strides, and at the time of cutting (Septeml)er 9, 10)
the plants measured on an average thirty-one inches in
length, and covered the ground with a com}:)lete mat of
foliage. The serradella was cut, at the time stated above,
while perfectly green, and packed in a silo with Hungarian
grass. Following is a statement of the vie Id of the several
plats : —

Weight of Green
Serradella

(Moisture, 82.03
Per Cent.).

Yield per
Acre.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,

Tons.

13.69
11.29

9.05
10.10

9.36

Analysis of Serradella {Green).

[Station, Field F, 1892.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 82.03

Dry matter, 17.97

100.00

200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Per Cent.

Crude ash,
" cellulose,
" fat,
" protein,

9.59

26.28

2.59

15.13

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 46 . 41

Fertilizing Constituents.
Moisture, ......

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid, .....
Potassium oxide, .....
Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

100.00

82.03
0.435
0.126
0.379

$1 78

181)3.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33,

201

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0)
00

•u

o

^■^

m

0)

■ mm

T3

u.

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202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

0)
CO

o

6. Experiment with Vetch and Oats
FOR Green Fodder and Hay (1892).

Field G.

This field i.s 700 feet loni^ and 75 feet
wide; area, 52,500 square feet, or 1^
acres. The hind is nearly level and the
soil a loam several feet in depth. No
nianurial matter has l)een applied since
181>0, the o])ject l)eing to reduce the
stored-up plant food, and thereby pre-
})are the soil for future held experiments
with special fertilizers.

The tield was ploughed April 18, and
subsequently thoroughly harrowed. The
northern half of the field was sown to
vetch and oats April 2 1 . Two bushels of
oats and thirty-five pounds of spring vetch
were used for seed. The southern half of
the field was sown Juno 1, four bushels
of oats and thirty-five pounds of spring
vetch being used for seed. The plants
came up May 3 on the northern half and
June 6 on the southern half of the field.

We commenced cutting the crop for
green fodder June 28, when the vetch
was beginning to bloom and the oats to
head out, beginning at the north end.
The portion of the northern half cut over
in this manner Avas 109 by 75 feet, or
8,175 square feet. The yield was 3,020
pounds (rate of 8 tons to the acre). The
remainder of this half was cut and dried
for hay. Yield of well-dried hay, 1,195
pounds (rate of 2,900 pounds to acre).
The cutting of the southern half of the
field was commenced July 12. The total
yield of green fodder amounted to 3
tons 1,148 pounds (rate of 5 tons 1,900
l)ounds to the acre).

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 203

The analysis of vetch and oats will be found below : —

Vetch and Oats {Green).

Moisture at 100"= C,
Dry matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,
Non-nitrogenous extract matter,

Analysis of T)rij Matter.

100.00

9.31
29.80

2.79
16.77
41.33

100.00
Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture 82.02

Nitrogen, 0.482

Phosphoric acid, 0.132

Potassium oxide, .......... 0.418

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, $1 97

Canada Peas and Oats.

[Young orchard, east fields.]

The area occupied hj this crop was one acre approxi-
mately. The seed was sown broadcast April 29, 1892, two
bushels of Canada peas and four bushels of oats being used.
The peas were slightly ploughed in and the oats harrowed in.
The 3'oung plants appeared al)ove ground INIay G, and made
a ra})id and luxuriant growth. Began to cut the crop for
green fodder June 13, Avhen the peas were coming in bloom.
The plants attained a height of nearly three feet, and yielded
five and one-half tons per acre of green fodder of the follow-
ing composition : —

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter,

Analysis oj Canada Peas and Oats ( Green) .

[Station, 1892.]

Per Cent.

86.32
18.68

100.00
Analiisis of Brq Matter.

Crude ash, . . . \ . \ 6.90

" cellulose, 26.66

" fat, 2.29

" protein, 16.01

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 48.14

100.00

204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Expe;kiments with Grass Land (Meadows).

The permanent grass lands are by their location arranged
into two divisions, west and east of a public highway.
They cover at present a space of sixteen to seventeen acres.

The west side division consists of old meadows, kept for
over twenty years in grass. The area has for years been
steadily reduced in size by turning, as circumstances ad-
vised, more or less at a time into plats for field exjieriments.
In their present condition they surround our main field for
experimental purposes. They are in part underdrained,
and are kept, by a moderate annual top-dressing with barn-
yard manure, in a fair state of production, considering the
condition of the sod. The area comprises to-day approxi-
mately not more than seven acres.

The east side division of meadows comprises an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field to 1886 consisted of old,
worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth on
its more elevated portion, and covered with weeds and
sedges in its lower section. The improvement of the land
by underdraining and ploughing, and subsequently by the
use of a system of drill culture, began in some parts (north
end) in 1886 and in others (south end) in 1887. For the
details of this work see ninth annual report (1891). The
following seeds have been applied : —

In 1888, to the more elevated portions —

Two bushels herds grass (Phleuvi pratense).
Two bushels red top (Agrostis vulgaris).
Two bushels Kentucky blue-grass {Poa pratensis) .
Two bushels meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) .
Seven pounds sweet-scented vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odor-
atum) .

This was applied at the rate of from two to two and one-
half bushels per acre. The lower and more wet portion of
the meadow was seeded down with the following mixture
of irrass seeds : —

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

205

Twenty pounds soft brome grass {Bromus mollis).
Twelve pounds herds grass {Phleum pratense) .
Nine pounds red fescue {Festuca rubra).
Eight pounds fowl meadow grass {Poa serotina).
Seven pounds Rhode Island beat (Agrostis alba) .
Six pounds orchard grass {Dactylis glomerata) .
Five pounds crested dog-tail {Cynosurus cristatus).
Four pounds meadow soft grass {Holcus lanatus).
Two pounds sweet-scented vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odor-
atum).

In 1889, from four to five pounds of alsike clover per
acre were added ])y broadcast seeding to the meadow early
in the spring.

In 1890, from two to three pounds of alsike clover seed
were sown per acre on the entire meadow.

In 1892 the entire area was divided into four plats, num-
bered I., II., III., IV., beginning at the north end. The
following system of manuring was adopted : —

Plat I. (1.95 acres), 31,200 pounds barn-yard manure,
applied late in the fall of 1891 (rate of 8 tons to the acre).

Plat II. (2.02 acres), 24,240 pounds barn-yard manure,
applied ]March 4, 1892 (rate of 6 tons to the acre).

Plate III. (2.59 acres), 1,554 pounds ground bone, 518
pounds muriate of potash, applied April 18, 1892 (rate of
GOO pounds bone and 200 jwunds muriate of potash per
acre ) .

Plat IV. (3 acres), 3 tons unleachcd wood ashes, applied
April 15, 1892 (rate of 1 ton to the acre).

Following is the yield of hay (iirst and second cut) for
three consecutive years : —

Yield of Hay in 1S90.

1.92 acres,

14,625 jjounds, July 1.

3,790 pounds, Sept. 1.

Total yield of hay, 18,415 pounds.

Yiuld ])er acre, 9,591 pounds, or 4.80 tons.

206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, rjnn.

Yield of Hay in IS 90 — Concluded.

Plat 11.

First Cut.

Secoiiil Cut.

1 . 92 acres, .

12,480 pounds, July 1.

3,105 jiounds, Sept. 3.

Total yield of hay, 15,585 pounds.

Yield per acre, 8,117 jjounds, or 4.06 tons.

Plat III.

First Cut.

Second Cut.

2.41 acres, .

14,460 pounds, June 26.

3,535 jjounds, September.

Total yield of hay, 17,995 pounds.

yield per acre, 7,466 pounds, or 3.73 tons.

Plat IV.
(IV. and v., 1889.)

First Cut.

Second Cut.

3 acres, .

13,380 pounds, July 1.

4,080 pounds, Sept. 3.

Total yield of hay, 17,460 pounds.

Yield per acre, 5,820 jjounds, or 2.91 tons.

Yield of Hay in 1891.

Plats.

First Cut.

Second Cut.

Total.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Plat I., per acre, ....

6,528

1,446

7,974

Plat II., per acre, ....

5,988

1,440

7,428

Plat III., per acre, ....

4,641

1,015

5,656

Plat IV., per acre, ....

3,750

1,610

5,360

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

207

Yield of Hay in 1891 — Coucluded.

I'l.ATS.

Total Yikld.

Total Yield per Acre,

Tons.

Pounds.

Tons.

Pounds.

Plat I.,

Plat II.,

Plat III.,

Plat IV.,

7
7
7
8

1,549

1,004

649

80

3
3
2

2

1,974
1,428
1,656
1,360

Yield of Hay in 1892.

First

Cut.

Second Cut.

Plats.

total

WEIGHT.

RATE
PER ACRE.

TOTAL
WEIGHT.

RATS
PER ACRE.

Tons.! Pounds.

Tons.

Pounds.

Tons. Pounds.

Tons. Pounds.

Flat I., .
Plat II,
Plat III.,
Plat IV.,

5
5
6
6

805

895

50

1,087

2
2
2

2

1,541

1,394

652

362

2

1

1

3

45

1,975

1,320

110

1
1

74
1,968
1,282

36

Total Yield.

Total Yield
PER Acre.

Tons.

Pounds.

Tons. Pounds.

Plat I.,

Plat II.,

Plat III

Plat IV

7
7
7
9

850

870

1,370

1,197

3
.->
o

2
.3

1.615

1,362

1,934

398

Yield of Hay on West Side Division.

Tons.

Pounds.

First cut,

Second cut,

9
3

510
25

208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Following is the analysis of hay and rowen uiown on the
plats : —

[I., hay; II., rowen.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Mallei'.
Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous exti'act matter,

8.94
91.06

100.00

6.6 L
34.82

3.18
10.41
44.95

100.00

11.31
88.69

100.00

6.48
29.98

4.23
12.11
47.20

100.00

Fertilizing Constitueiits.

Moisture, . . . .
Nitrogen, . . . .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Valuation per 2,000 jjounds.

* Average in ninth report.

8.94
1.516
0.269*
1.55*
$6 24

11.31
1.717
0.432*
1.486*

$6 96

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 209

8. Eepoet on General Farm Work (1892).

The lands assigned for the use of the Massachusetts State
Agricultural Experiment Station cover an area of fifty acres.
Ten acres are natural woodlands, and forty acres, includ-
ing the space occupied by the buildings, are used for the
raising of farm crops. At present from fifteen to sixteen
acres are under cultivation, and from sixteen to seven-
teen acres are permanent grass lands. As every portion of
the land is at present serving for some special experiment,
the "eneral mana2:ement of the farm is to a controllino-
degree subjected to the recjuirements of the work called for
in connection with the various questions under investigation.
The adoption of a thorough mechanical preparation of the
soil, supported by a careful, clean cultivation of the crops
raised, has brought the lands into a fair condition for field
experiments. Each field has had for years its own system
of manuring, and becomes thereby from year to year more
valuable for experimental purposes. Wherever circum-
stances have been favorable, forage crops have been chosen,
for the purpose of studying the influence of various systems
of fertilization and cultivation on their growth and special
character. This practice has resulted already in the success-
ful introduction of some valuable forage plants new to our
locality, and has also materially assisted us in an economical
support of quite extensive experiments in stock feeding.
The beneficial effect of many of these crops on the physical
and chemical condition of our cultivated lands is everywhere
noticed, when compared with their previous general condi-
tion.

During the past season several varieties of sqja bean,
serradella, Canada peas and oats, summer vetch and oats
have been raised, to supplement our current farm crops, as
corn, rye, barley, Hungarian grass, etc., for feeding pur-
poses.

Tliree silos have been filled with mixtures of different
crops ; one silo is filled with equal weights of fodder corn
and soja bean, one with two parts soja bean and one part
fodder corn, and the third with three parts serradella and
one part Hungarian grass.

210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The character and amount of farm and garden crops
raised in 1892 may be seen from the subsequent statement : —

Tons.

Hay (first cut) , 35

Kowen (second cut), 11|

Fodder coi-n (green), 17|^

Corn stover, 4|

Corn (ears), . |

Roots (beets, 1| ; mangolds, 4| ; carrots, 2| ; turnips, \), . 9
Rye (643 pounds grain, 1,767 pounds straw), ... 1^
Barley (539 jjounds grain, 1,289 pounds straw), . . ^^
Oats (318 pounds grain, 1,227 pounds straw), , . . |

Potatoes, 31

Tomatoes, li

Cabbages, 3

Vetch and oats (green) , 5

"Vetch and oats (dry), 1

Soja bean (green), 10

Soja bean (straw, 770 jjounds ; beans, 240 pounds), . . i

Canada i^eas and oats (green) , 1|

Canada peas and oats (dry), |

Miscellaneous crops, ...... . . 2^

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 211

9. Department of Vegetable Physiology.

Report by Dk. James Ellis Humphrey.

As in previous years, the work of the department has
steadily continued since the last report. The results of the
year's investigations to lie described in the following pages
contain several matters of scientific interest and of practical
importance to various classes of cultivators. The work on
diseases of some leading winter crops has been continued,
and a consideralile part of the present report is occupied by
a discussion of the known fungous diseases of the cucumber
plant, both under glass and in the open air. Studies of
a disease of English violets are descril^d ; as also some
cultures of the "black-knot" fungus of the plum, with
suggestions for its practical control. Directions for avoiding
the attacks of the fungi known as powdery mildews will
also be found, and briefer notes on other disease-producing
fungi of importance.

The department has replied, during the year, to numerous
inquiries from various sources touching a wide range of sub-
jects, and has been able to be of considerable service to the
farmers and gardeners of the State in this way.

In closing his connection with the station with the comple-
tion of this report, the writer desires to express the hope
that the value of mycological investigations has been suffi-
cientl}' demonstrated to ensure their continuation at Amherst.

The subject-matter of the present report is arranged under
the following heads : —

I. Diseases of the cucumber plant.

1. Sclerotium disease (" timber rot ") .

2. Powdery mildew.

3. Downy mildew.

4. Damping off.

5. Leaf blight.

6. Leaf glaze.

7. Other diseases.

212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

II. A violet disease.

III. The black knot of plum and cbei'ry.

IV. Grain rusts.

A'. Various diseases.

1 . Powdery mildew of strawberry.
'1. Powdery mildew of gooseberry.

3. Cluster cup of gooseberry.

4. A hazel fungus.

VI. Treatment for powdery mildews.

As before, the " General Account of the Fungi," on pages
195 to 211 of the seventh report of this station, may l)e
found useful as an aid to the full understanding of the follow-
ing discussions.

I. Diseases of the Cucumbeu Plant.

1. A ScLEROTiuM Disease. — Sclerotinia Libertiana F'k'l (Plates

I. and 11.)

A subject concerning which many and urgent inquiries
have been addressed to the writer by growers of winter
cucumbers near Boston is the disease known amono- them as
" timber rot." * This trouble makes its appearance regularly
in the spring, when the plants are well grown and m bearing,
and is a cause of much loss. The first specimens showmg
the nature and effects of the disease were received in May
last, from W. W. Rawson, Esq., of Arlinglon ; and subse-
quently a visit was made to his greenhouses, where the dis-
ease was seen in various stages of development, and further
specimens for study were obtained.

The most cursory examination of good specimens makes
it evident that we have here to do with a fungous disease
of much interest. It attacks chiefly the stems of the host-
plants, sometimes the fruits. I am not aware that it ever
attacks this crop out of doors, l)ut in the warm and moist
atmosphere of the cucumber house the fungus finds very

* Concerning the origin of this name it is not easy to suggest an explanation.
Popular names of diseases serious enough to attract attention are usually in some
way descriptive or otherwise appropriate. The present name has little of such
quality to recommend it, and I have no clue to its origin, unless the appearance of
the fresh mycelial threads on the stem may have suggested that of the mycelium of
MeruUua lachrymans and other hymenomycetous species which attack wood.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 213

congenial conditions for luxuriant development. The earli-
est external sign of the presence of the fungus to which the
disease is due is commonly the appearance of dense white
mats of its mycelium at and near the nodes of the stem (PI.
I., a). Examination shows that the tissues of the stem are
thoroughly permeated ])y the fungus-threads, which have
here burst through the surface. At this stage the stem as
still green and plump (PI. I., a), Init as the disease pro-
gresses it ])egins to shrink (PI. I., b) and to turn yellow.
Later, its cellular tissue (parenchyma) undergoes what may
be termed a sort of gramtlar decay, shrivels, and finally dries
up, leaving hardly more than a withered mummy of the
original stem, consisting of the dried and yellow vascular
bundles and epidermis (PI. I., c).

In the interior of diseased stems may be found thick
masses of white mycelium, and in the later stages there
appear, especially near the nodes, hard, slender black bodies,
sometimes of considerable size, which remain after the dis-
appearance of the mycelium (PI. II., fig. 1). These serve
as a clue to the cause of the disease when only the dried
skeleton of the stem remains. Sometimes similar l)lack
bodies are developed in the mycelial mats on the exterior of
the stems (PI. I., fZ), but this is not commonly the case.
Where it does occur, these bodies, instead of being slender
and spindle-shaped, are usually rounded or irregular in out-
line, and more or less flattened. In either form they are
at once recognizalile as the characteristic resting stage of
certain fungi, known as sclerotia, and point strongly to the
probability that the disease is due to one of the parasitic
cup-fungi (^Discomyceles) of the genus Sclerotinia . The
young fruits are often attacked by the fungus, becoming soft
and watery, and their surfaces being covered by the white
mycelium. The rounded and flattened sclerotia are usually
quite freely developed on the rotted fruits (PI. I., fi'.),
and are often found adherino; to their shrunken remnants.
Sometimes two or more sclerotia of the surface form arise
so close to«;ether as to become united into an irre^'ular
mass (fig. 2).

These sclerotia arise from masses of fungus-threads which

214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

become closely intertwined, branching and increasing in
size until a compact structure is formed. This is at first
white, but its outer layers soon become changed, and their
cell walls thickened and blackened to form a protective rind
al)out the inner unchanged parts. A section through the
inner portion of a mature sclerotium shows that the con-
stituent threads have become so closely compacted that they
form a firm pseudoparenchyma (fig. 6). As they lie in all
directions, any section is sure to follow the course of some
of the threads, while others are cut at all angles. Thus the
apparent cells of the pseudoparenchyma vary in outline from
circular to much elongated. The cell cavities have abundant
protoplasmic contents, but neither starch nor oil can be rec-
ognized in them. When sections are submitted to Errera's
iodine test, however, they prove to be very rich in glycogen,
which doubtless serves as a reserve food material for the
future development of the sclerotia. These bodies are to
be regarded, then, as resting mycelia, which serve the same
purpose as the resting spores of some fungi in tiding over
periods unfavorable to active development, and thus keeping
alive the species from season to season.

In order to learn the history of their further development,
a numl)er of sclerotia were placed in moist chambers May
2Q, a part on rather poor soil and a part on pure quartz sand.
Both lots were kept about equally dam}), and stood side by
side in a north window ; but those on the sand began their
" germination" more promptly and carried it through more
satistactorily. As those on the soil gave no results difierent
from the others, and were subsequently transferred to sand,
where they did much better, they w^ill be neglected in the
followinir account. But it should be said that this result
was to be expected under the very artificial conditions of the
culture chaml^er, and cannot be held to ))e equally ai)plical)le
to the greenhouse. In a month one of the sclerotia on
quartz sand showed signs of further development. Two
slender stalks were growing upward from its upper side, and
two others were just breaking through its lower surface.
This would indicate that the points of origin of these stalks
are not determined by the amount of light to which they are

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 215

exposed. The rate of growth of the stalks maybe indicated
by the fact that two which were five millimeters long June
28 (fig. 3) had become nine millimeters long July 8, ten
days later. Two months after the beginning of the culture
several sclerotia showed from one to four stalks each, some
of them well developed. These stalks are bundles of nearly
parallel threads, arising from the inner tissue of the sclero-
tium and bursting through the rind. They are at first white,
except for a short distance above their bases, and their sides
are clothed by the short and delicate free ends of some of the
outer threads. If they assume an erect position from the
first, their basal portions are only slightly dark colored
(figs. 3 and 7) ; but if, as often ha})pens, they grow for a
time beneath the surface of the sand or soil, these portions
may have hardened and blackened surfaces (fig. 5). These
stalks, or their aerial portions, are very sensitive to light.
In cultures before a window the young stalks grew from the
first strongly toward the window. When the culture cham-
ber was turned through 180°, so as to make them point away
from the window, they very promptly responded to the stimu-
lus of the light, and in a single day showed strong helio-
tropic curvature. In two or at most three days they had l)ent
sharply upon themselves, and were again directing their tips
obliquely toward the light, in response to the com])ined in-
fluences of negative geotropism and positive heliotropism.
By the time a stalk reaches a length of about five milli-
meters above the surface of the sclerotium or of the soil, a
conical depression begins to appear in its upper end (fig. 7).
This depression arises and increases in size by greater growth
at the circumference than at the centre of the stalk, and the
final result is a shallow cup crowning the stalk. Some idea
of the rate of growth of these cups may be gained by com-
paring the stages a and h in figs. 4 and 5, in each of which
the condition shown at h represents the gain in four days
over a. Under favorable conditions the cups may reach a
diameter of as much as eight millimeters, and they have been
been even larger. Ordinarily, when they become larger
they are also much flattened, having often the form of disks,
with only slight depressions at their centres. When mature,

216 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

their outer surfaces remain of a white or slightly creamy
color, while their inner or upper faces are of a brownish or
clay-colored shade.

While still very young the cups may be seen to be the
spore-producing organs of the fungus. The body of a cup is
composed of threads, which are continuations of and similar
to those of the stalk ; but its inner surface is composed of
two kinds of threads, arising from the vegetative threads of
the outer portion and standing close together parallel to each
other and at right angles to the surftice, like the threads of
the ' ' pile " of velvet. A jxirt of these threads are essen-
tially similar to those from Avhich they arise, and these
terminate in blunt ends. They are known as parajjhyses.
The rest are much swollen, and when young have dense
protoplasmic contents. As they reach their full size the
bontents begin to show differentiation, and there finally ap-
pear in each of these spore-sacs eight colorless, elliptical
spores (lig. 8). When the spores are quite mature, one
may ol)serve tliat the tip of the spore-sac (ascus) appears
thickened and gelatinous. It is through this apical part of
the wall that the spores are discharged ; and after their
esca})e one may see the opening through which they have
passed out. The ejection of the spores from an ascus takes
place suddenly and explosively, and, as the tips of the asci
form the inner surface of the cup, they pass directly into
the air. If a cup be allowed to develop quite undisturbed
in a moist chamber for two or three days, and then be
slightly jarred, the esca})e of the spores from the numerous
asci that have ripened during the interval can be plainly
seen, like a tiny puff of white smoke from the surface of the
cup. If a glass slip, moistened with water, be held over
the cup when this occurs, the spores (fig. 8, sp.) can be
obtained very pure and in considerable quantity. As has
been said, the asci and spores begin to mature when the cup
is still very small, and the ripening of successive ones con-
tinues during and after the close of the growth of the cup,
for a period of three Aveeks or more. During this time the
number of spores produced l)y a single cup is enormous,
and quite beyond approximate estimations. In my cultures

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 217

of a few sclerotia produced on a single young fruit (PI. I.,
/}'.), they continued to give rise to successive new cups for
a period of four months.

A comparison of the structures which have been descri])ed
with the recorded facts concerning the known Sderotinioi
shows that in the form and structure of the sclerotia, in the
color, form and size of the cups, and in the form and size
of the spores, this fungus fully agrees with the European
species known as Sclerotinia Ziibertiana F'k'l., and described
by Brefeld * and DeBary f under the name Peziza Sderotio-
rum. Our first cultures with this fungus were made immedi-
ately after obtaining the material, with the only parts of the
plant then available, mycelium taken from diseased cucum-
ber stems, and sclerotia. On prune-gelatine a small bit
from a mass of mycelium gave rise to abundant threads,
ramifying through the substratum, and producing abun-
dantly the "attachment organs," to be described later, but
giving rise neither to sclerotia nor to any spore form. Thin
slices from the inner tissue of sclerotia sown on the same
substratum gave the same result. But when similar slices
were sown on sterilized bread, saturated with an infusion of
prunes, the bread became completely enveloped in a white
mycelial cloud. A week after the beginning of the culture
the mycelium had collapsed into a thick film over the surface
of the bread, and a few rather small sclerotia had formed on
the surface. Two weeks later, no further change having
been observaljle and all development having evidently ceased
some time before, the whole was removed from the moist
chamber, and it was found that beneath the superficial
mycelial film, and occupying the space originally occupied
by the substance of the bread, was an almost solid mass of
well-matured sclerotia, varving in size from that of small
shot to that of a large pea.

We may consider next the cultures with ascospores made
after the development of the spore cups from the sclerotia
afforded the means of obtaining them. When these spores
are sown in distilled water and protected from drying up,
they germinate promptly and show considerable growth by

* Botanische Untersuchungen iiber Schimmelpilze, IV. : 1881.
t Botanische Zeitung, 1886, Nos. 22-27.

218 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the end of the first day (fig. 9). They may continue to
grow for about two days, in which time the germ tulje may
become several times as long as the greater diameter of the
spore. If no nourishment l)e obtainable, growth ceases and
death follows. If, however, nourishment be provided in the
form of an infusion of prunes, for instance, the development
of the germ thread is very rapid, and the entire culture drop
is filled by a mat of strong and branching threads. The
difference in development due to absence or presence of
nourishment may be seen by comparing figs. 9 and 10,
which represent spores after one day's development under
these opposite conditions, respectively. Vigorous branches
of the mycelium grow upward into the air and downward
into contact with the glass slip supporting the culture.
No traces of spore formation could ever be detected on
the aerial threads, although carefully sought for. On the
l^ranches which come in contact with the glass are produced
in all nourished cultures, and very abundantly, certain
structures characteristic of this and related species of fungi,
and known as attachment organs. These organs a[)pear to
be formed whenever branches of a growing mycelium come
in contact with firm unyielding objects. They are produced
by the rapid and more or less exactly dichotomous branch-
ing of a thread, which, at the same time, becomes much
stouter and richer in protoplasmic contents than before.
The short and densely aa'o'regated branches form a thick
tassel, Avhicli becomes attached by the free ends of its
branches to the substratum (fig. 11). At this time these
organs are readily recognized by the naked eye as small
darker spots on the glass of the culture sli)) or vessel. A
day after its complete development one of these organs
shows signs of degeneration. Its dense contents beofin to
1)ecome watery and to disappear, and by the second day
there is left little but the empty outer walls, enclosing a
nearly or quite continuous cavity (fig. 12). The possible
or probable significance of these peculiar structures may be
discussed later. Slide cultures of spores in prune infusion
or similar fluid medium rarely yielded anything besides
mycelium and attachment organs ; 1)ut occasionally a small
sclerotium is developed. The vegetative development on

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 219

any nutrient substratum is accompanied by a remarkable
formation of the octahedral crj'stals of oxalate of lime,
which are produced in immense numbers in the interstices
between the threads.

Ascospores sown on sterilized bread saturated with an in-
fusion of prunes, in tost tubes, produced an abundant and
beautiful mycelium over the whole surface of the bread and
far above it. The l)ranches in many phices reached the
inner surface of the tubes, and there devek)ped great num-
bers of attachment organs. No spore formation ever oc-
curred ; })ut a week after the beginning of the culture dense
white masses were detected among the looser threads. On
examination these proved to. be very firm lumps of matted
threads ; and the following day they had become nearly
black in color. A day later, nine days from the sowing of
the spores, the cultures contained many larger and structu-
rally mature sclerotia. In this case the sclerotia were pro-
duced wholly upon the surfiice, and did not replace at all the
substance of the bread, as in a previously described instance.
Subsequent examination showed that no further development
occurred, the activity of the mycelium ceasing with the
formation of the sclerotia.

If ascospores be sown in water on the surface of a cu-
cumber stem, or at its growing point, it might be expected
that the germ tubes would promptly penetrate the tissues
and infect the plant, if it be really true that this fungus is
the efficient cause of the disease. But, although carefully
protected from drying, they utterly fail to attack the plant,
even though sown in a fresh cut reachino; to the active tissues
of the plant, when sown in water only. On the other hand,
if they be sown on a healthy and uninjured part of the plant,
in a drop of nutrient fluid, the result is very different.
Germination proceeds rapidly, attachment organs are formed
on the surface of the plant, and soon this surface is pene-
trated by fungus-threads which quickly spread through the
tissues. In this way infection takes place, and the plant is
lost. Even the leaves of a plant kept in a moist chamber
are in this way readily attacked. Three days from the
sowing of a small drop of prune infusion containing fresh
ascospores upon a large leaf of such a plant, the leaf was a

220 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

slimy mass of decay, while a neighboring one, sown with
spores in pure water at the same time, remained perfectly
sound. Two days later the whole plant had succumbed.
If a l)it of deca^'ed tissue, containing abundant and vigorous
threads of the fungus, be placed upon a healthy plant, the
latter is promptly attacked and destroyed. These results
furnish interesting confirmation of DeBary's conclusion* that
the spores of this fungus are unable to attack its host-plants
parasitically until their germ tu])es have been saprophyti-
cally nourished for a time. That is, the fungus may be said
to be in process of acquiring a truly parasitic habit which it
has not yet fully developed. There is no reason to doubt
that these spores, germinating on the rich soil of the green-
house, about the bases of the plants, find there all the
nourishment needed for the development of a mycelium
capable of parasitic invasion. It seems very prolialde, too,
that DeBary's explanation* of the significance and function
of the so-called attachment organs is the correct one. This
is to the effect that these organs, developed on the firm
surface of the host from the saprophytically nourished my-
celium, produce in the fluid which results from the breaking
down of their protoplasm, previously described, some sub-
stance which softens the cell walls and kills the cell contents
of the host. The fungus-threads are then alile to attack
these dead cells, and thence to penetrate farther and farther
into the tissues of the host-plant. After its establishment,
and the development of an abundant mycelium within the
host, the fungus forms its sclerotia just as in the cultures
above described, their form being somewhat modified by the
shape of the cavity when they develop in the inner spaces
of the i)lant.

AYe pass now to consider the question of other spore
forms of this fungus. It is a well-known fact that many
Ascomycetous fungi possess one or more secondary "sum-
mer spore " forms, known as conidia, pycnidia, etc. ; and
some such forms have been found to belong to those species
of fungi most closely related to the ])resent one. None has,
however, been heretofore proved to belong to the present
species. Therefore, when, in examining plants in Mr. Raw-

* Botanische Zeitung, 1886, Nos. 22-27.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 221

son's greenhouse, a young rotting cucuml^er was found which
bore, besides the white Sderotinia mycelium, the dark spore
threads and abundant spores of a Botvytis form, the question
of its genetic connection with the Sderotinia became a very
interesting one. The specimen was carefully preserved, and
the spores were obtained quite pure for a series of cultures.
When sown on prune-gelatine they produced a luxuriant
mycelium, whose growth was accompanied b}^ a characteris-
tic formation of crystals of oxalate of lime. From this
mycelium were developed numerous attachment organs, like
those above described, and spore threads, with spores, iden-
tical with the original Botrylis form. Except for its phys-
iological similarity in the production of oxalate of lime and
the structural similarity of its attachment organs, there was
no ground for suspecting any connection between this form
and the Sderotinia. Sown on bread saturated with prune
infusion, the original spores gave results precisely similar to
those above described. When sown on a solid block of
sterilized potato in a test tube, however, they produced not
only abundant attachment organs and spore threads, but
also sclerotia. Nine days after the beginning of a culture,
very dense masses of mycelium were seen at the angles of
the block of potato, and two days later well-formed young
sclerotial masses occupied the same positions. These ma-
tured fully, and showed, in their microscopic structure and
in their reaction for glycogen, complete identity with the
sclerotia developed from the ascospores of the Sderotinia.
The sclerotial masses did not form a rind on the side next to
the potato, and remained closely adhering to it; but this
was probably due merely to the character of the substratum.
It is of interest to note that the spores of the second genera-
tion from the original material failed to produce sclerotia
on any of the substrata mentioned ; but the positive evi-
dence of a single culture is worth any number of failures.
There is no possibility of the contamination of the success-
ful cultures by ascospores, for at the time they were made
not a single Sderotinia cup was or ever had been in existence
in the laboratory. The culture was made with a drop of dis-
tilled water containing a few spores, and showed no evidence
of the presence of any other mycelium or spore form than

222 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the Botrytis. I have preserved the block of potato with
Botrytis threads and sclerotia as evidence of the correct-
ness of these statements. It is, I believe, quite within
bounds to say that the results described raise a very strong
presumption in favor of the view that Sclerotinia Libertiana
possesses a conidial staije of the Botrytis type. This view
is further strengthened by the observations to the same eftect
made in the. study of a dit?ease of rape ])y Frank,* although
he identilied his Botrytis as one w^hicli is knowni to be con-
nected with another species of Sclerotinia.

As to the identity of the Botrytis in question, the indeli-
niteness of the descriptions of the various so-called species,
and the undoubted multiplication of specific names beyond
all reason, render it difficult to speak with certainty. But
the form on the cucumber appears to me to be identical in
all respects w^ith that previously described f as the cause of
the rotting of lettuce in the greenhouse, and believed to be
the form known as Botrytis vulgaris Fries. Some points
of its structure are poorly shown in fig. 13. Unfortunately,
I was not able to make infection experiments when living
spore material was availal^le ; but, in view of Kissling's
results \ with a closely related Botrytis, it seems probable
that the conditions which govern its attacks as a parasite are
similar to those above described for the ascosporic form.

Consideration of the life history above sketched shows
clearly that the key to the situation, so far as the control of
this disease is concerned, is to be found in the destruction
of the sclerotia. If plants which show the disease be
promptly removed and destroyed, and the development of
sclerotia be thus prevented, while careful w^atch is kept for
any sclerotia accidentally allowed to form, one need have little
fear of serious loss in future crops, even on the same soil.
It is only Avhere diseased plants are neglected, and sclerotia
are allowed to develop and fall to the ground to serve as
sources of infection for the next crop, that serious attacks
can continue from season to season. The control of this
disease does not require even the trouble of spraying, but

* Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen, p. 530: 1880.

t Ninth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 219.

X Hedwigia, 1889, p. 227.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 223

merely the practice of what should be ruling principles in
every greenhouse, cleanliness and watchfulness.

In conclusion, it may be of interest to review briefly the
Ivnown parasitic species of Sclerotinia. We need notice only
those which are capable of really parasitic life, and are thus
truly disease-producing fungi. Sclerotinia Libertiana F'k'l.,
the above-described species, was one of the earliest studies.
Our first exact knowledge of it is due toDeBary,* Brefeldf
and Mattirolo,$ who described the sclerotia and the perfect
form, while later DeBary § worked out the very interesting
conditions on which its parasitic life depends. He cultivated
it on a great variety of plants, including the turnip), l)eet,
carrot, radish, potato, petunia, zinnia, l)ean and others.
Brefeld found it attacking the Jerusalem artichoke, and
Frank || observed a disease of rape produced l)y it. It is
probal)le, too, that the disease of hemp oliserved l)y Ticho-
.mirofi" 1[ in Russia is due to the same species. The cucumber
has been found by Smith** to ])e attacked by a fungus which
he identified as Botrytis vulgaris, l>ut which he regarded as
only a saprophyte. It was })robaljly the conidial stage of
this Sclerotinia, and the discovery of its perfect form on the
same host is therefore very natural. Many additions to the
list of its host-plants are likely to be made.

Sclerotinia Fuckeliana DeBary is one of the best known
of these forms. It attacks especially the leaves and fruits
of the grape vine in Europe, and is found on the herbaceous
parts of various plants, chiefly in its conidial form, known
as Botrytis cinerea. Although, as in Scl. Libertiana, the
conidial form usually reproduces itself persistently, the
sclerotia give rise under fiivorable conditions, when just
matured, to the Botrytis form. When older, they })roduce
the spore cups of the perfect form. These facts make the
demonstration of the connection of the two forms much
easier than in Scl. Libertiana. A disease of onions de-

* Morphologie and Physiologic der Pilze, pp. 35, 60, 201 : 1866.

fBotan. Unters. ober Schimmelpilze, IV., p. 112: 1881.

J Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, XIV., 200 : 1882.

§ Botanische Zeitung, 1886, Nos. 22-27.

II Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen, p. 530 : 1880.
% Bulletin Soc. Naturalistes de Moscou : 1868.
** Gardeners' Chronicle, XXV., p. 173 : 1876.

22i AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

scribed by Sorauer* appears to be due to this species. Its
conidial form has been the sul>ject of important studies bj-
Klein, t Miiller-Thurgau J and Kissling.§

Sclerotinia Trifoliorum Eriks. has been shown by Kuhn,||
RehmTF and Ericksson** to cause a serious disease of vari-
ous species of clover. No conidial form has yet been con-
nected with it. From Wakker'sff account it would seem
that a very destructive disease of various bulbs (hyacinth,
narcissus, crocus, scilla, etc.) in the great propagating fields
of Holland is due to the same fungus. On either of its host-
plants it penetrates and destroys the tissues rapidly, leaving
finally only their shrivelled remains.

A disease of the European whortleberry was descril)ed by
Schroeter XX i^^ 1870, and by him attributed to one of these
fungi, Avhich he called Peziza baccarimi. The subject w^as
taken up later hj "Woronin, who has distinguished §§ four
closely related s})ecies that attack the fruits and leaves of
European Vaccinia. The one which he has studied in most
detail is Sclerotinia Yaccinii Woron. This species has a
summer spore form, not of the Bolrytis type, 1)ut very simi-
lar to our common fruit-rot fungus, Monilia fmctigena.\^\
There is no reason why these or similar S})ecies may not
be found attacking our American blueberries or cranberries,
and producing the " white blueberries," so often regarded,
and sometimes justly, as freaks or sports.

Finally, there may be mentioned, as of interest in this
connection, the disease of garden lilies studied by JNIarshall
Ward,!!!! and shown to l)e due to a Botrytis apparently dis-
tinct from those above mentioned, and very probably the
conidial stage of an unidentified Sclerotinia.

* Handbuch der Planzenkrankheiten, II., p. 294: 1886.

t Botanische Zeitung, 1885.

+ Lanawirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher, XVII., ]>. 83 : 1888.

§ Hedwigia, XXVIII., i). 227 : 1889.

II Hedwigia, IX., p. 50: 1870.

H Entwickelung eines Kleearten zerstor. Pilzes ; Gottingen, 1872.
** Kgl. Landsbr. Akad. Handlingar: 1880. See Bot. Centrall)!., I., 296.
tt" Allgem. Vereen. voor BloemboUencultur te Haarlem, 1883-4; and Archiv Neer-
landaises, XXIII.
++ Hedwigia, XVIII., p 177: 1879.

^^ MC'iu. Acad. 8ci. St. Petersburg, S6r. 7, t. XXXVI. : 1888 ; and Bericht. Deutschen
Bot. Gcscllscliaft, III., p. LIX. : 1885.

III! Eighth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 213; and PL II.
HH Annals of Botany, II., p. 319 : 1888.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 225

2. The Powdery Mildeav. — Erysiphe Cichoracearmn DC. (Plate

III.)

In the last report of this department* an account was
given of this disease, which was then described for the
first time in America. No new facts concerning it have
since been learned ; but as drawings intended to accompany
that account were unfortunately lost in the mail, new ones
have been prepared for pulilication in the present report,
and a brief recapitulation of some facts concerning it may
serve to explain these figures to those who have not the
previous report at hand.

Like all the powdery mildews, this plant is a surface
parasite, its vegetative threads running over the exterior
of the host (fig. 14). The epidermal cells of the latter are
pierced at intervals by short, thick branches, sent down-
ward from the vegetative threads, whose office is the absorp-
tion of nourishment for the fungus from the invaded host
cells (fig. 14, Jt). . From the vegetative threads are also
produced erect spore threads (fig. 14, sp.), which bear the
summer spores of the fungus. These are cut ofi:' in basipetal
succession by cross partitions, the apical spore being thus
always the oldest and falling from the chain as soon as it is
fully ripe (fig. 15). These ripe summer spores (fig. 16)
germinate quickly, and serve to spread the fungus rapidly.
The fact was mentioned in our previous report that the
spores on diseased cucumber leaves, received from Fitch-
burg, Mass., and from Ithaca, N. Y., respectively, did not
fully correspond in size and form, and may possibly repre-
sent different species of fungi. Their differences may be
seen by comparing the figures given. While all the other
figures are taken from the Massachusetts form, fig. 17 repre-
sents the larger summer spores of the New York one.

Before the publication of the previous account of this
fungus, only its summer spore form was known on the
cucumber, and its specific identity, which depends upon the
winter stage, was therefore undetermined. The appearance
of the winter form in our greenhouse has made this identifi-
cation possible, and has shown that the Massachusetts form,

* Ninth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 222.

226 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

at least, is one of the most common and widely spread mem-
l)ers of the uroup ErysipJie C ichoracearum. The winter
stage consists of tiny, dark-l)rown, rounded capsules, con-
sisting of a firm outer crust of compacted cells, enclosing a
group of spore sacs. Within these sacs, when mature, are
formed the spores. The structure of the perithecia, asci,
spores and haustoria of the cucumber fungus identifies it
beyond doubt as the species above named. I have not lieen
able to du})licate the lost drawings of a perithecium, l)ut fig.

18 shows a group of characteristic asci with spores, and fig.

19 a single ripe spore. These spores undoubtedly carry the
fungus over from season to season, but nothing is yet known
as to their germination and further development.

3. The Downy Mildew. — Plasmopara Cubensis (B. & C.) Humph
In a previous report of this station* will be found an
account, with figures, of this downy mildew of cucurljita-
ceous plants, which, though but recently recognized in this
country, has come to be a serious pest. • So far as I know,
its occurrence on the cucumber plant in the greenhouse has
not heretofore been mentioned, though it has often been
observed in the open air and in the hot-bed. This fungus
was received about October 1, in large quantity, on leaves
of greenhouse cucumbers, from Messrs. C. H. Chase & Son
of Clinton, who report that they have suffered from its
attacks for two years previous to the present. On leaves
attacked T)y this fungus, it is not commonly sufficiently
abundant to be recognized by the unaided eye, as the spore
threads are rather thinly scattered over the lower faces of
the leaves. But on the material above mentioned the
development of the fungus was very luxuriant, perhaps
from the peculiarly favorable conditions aff'orded by the
greenhouse. The lower leaf surfaces showed the distinctly
purplish tint, due to the abundant development of summer
spores, which characterizes the presence of various nearly
related fungi on other 'hosts. These individuals presented
no differences in structure from those developed out of doors,
but the difference in luxuriance of development was very
striking.

* Eighth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 210, and PI. II.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 227

This parasite is very destructive under favorable condi-
tions, but there is no reason to doubt that thorough and
timely spraying will control it, at least where the host-plants
are otherwise in a condition to make healthy growth.

4. Damping Off. — Pythium DeBaryanum Hesse.
Seeding plants of many species have long been known to
be destroyed in great numbers by the afiection known as
" damping off." To the number of those known to bo thus
affected was added in a previous report* the cucuml)er plant,
and the cause of the trouble was shown to be the same
fungus to which it is commonly due in Europe. The same
fungus has repeatedly been met with in the cucumber house
during the past two years, and has caused much loss of time
and of plants. Last fall seedlings which had started well in
a bed of fresh, rich soil, just taken from a compost heap
where it had lain for at least two years, were so generally
attacked that nearly all were lost. The attacks were so
nearly simultaneous that there can be no doubt that the
fungus was generally diffused throughout the soil ; and,
unless it is able to propagate itself in some way of which
we now know nothing, the spores from which the infection
originated must have remained alive in the compost for a
long time. L^nfortunately, no practicable treatment can be
recommended beyond the removal of affected seedlings,
with the surrounding soil, as quickly as possible after they
show the presence of the fungus.

0. The Leaf Blight. — Cladosporium cticumerinum Ell. & Arth.

(Plate IV.)

Early in October we received from Messrs. C. H. Chase
& Son of Clinton some cucumber plants whose stems and
roots were quite healthy, while the leaves were badly wilted,
and had a peculiar watery appearance. Everything indi-
cated that here was a definite disease, as leaves on a given
plant showed various stages in its progress, those in the
latest stages being reduced to a mass of decaying tissue^
while those in the earliest stages were just beginning to
wilt and to show translucent watery spots. The senders

* Eighth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 220, and PL II.

228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

reported the trouble as one quite new to them. They stated
that it may show itself on any part of the plant and spread
ra])idly over the W'hole, so that all the leaves are practicall}"
destroyed in two or three days. In spreading from plant
to plant, they observe, it seems somewhat erratic, attacking
one here and another there, Avithout order, but eventually
taking all in the bench. It will be seen that this is a very
serious aftection where conditions favor, and one of nuich
im}iortance, from the extent of its ravages and the rapidity
wnth which it does its w^ork.

It was impossible to recognize the presence of any fungus
with the unaided eye, and the fact of such presence was at
lirst doubted. But microscopic examination demonstrated
the presence on all diseased leaves, even in the earliest
stages, of the mycelium and spore threads of a fungus of the
imperfect form germs Cladospormm . The mycelium of the
fungus (figs. 25 and 26, oil) grows freely within the leaf
tissue, and after it is well developed sends branches to the
surface through the pores (stomata) of the lower surface of
the leaf. Frequently several of these threads come to the
surface through a single pore. Just at the mouth of the
pore there is usually formed a closely packed mass of small
cells, wdiich originates from the threads, but whose precise
development I have not followed. This may be called the
hyphal Jcnot (fig. 26, a), and is ordinarily large enough to
conceal, nearly or wdiolly, the guard cells of the pore. From
this knot arises a cluster of few or several erect spore threads
(fig. 25). These threads, at first simple, may remain so
indefinitely, cutting oft' the simple spores (fig, 25, sp.) from
tlunr ends ; or thoy may l)ranch, producing at their ends
short cells Avith all the characteristics of spores, which may
remain attached to the threads and undergo further dcA^'elop-
ment. This results in the most highly complicated form of
the spore threads, and consists in the successive acropetal
production of sprout buds from the originally terminal joints,
so that there are formed chains of successively smaller and
smaller cells, producing a much branched and very complex
appearance (fig. 2i)). All the cells thus produced appear to
be functional spores, juid the rai)id spread of the disease in
the greenhouse shows how promptly they are capa])le of

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 229

germinating and infecting fresh tissues. Unfortunately, I
had no suitable plants for infection at the time the material
was received ; but a careful study of the various stages of the
disease presented by the different leaves of a plant affords
little room for doubt that this fungus form is its efficient
cause.

The only mention of a disease of this host caused by a
similar fungus that has come to notice is that by Arthur,*
who has described the development of decayed spots on
cucumber fruits, observed by him in New York and Indiana.
In this case the cause of the decay, which was a source of
much loss, appeared to be a Cladosporium form, which the
writer called Cladosporium cncumerimnn Ell. & Arth. It
is impossible to say that our leaf-destroying form is the
same as this which attacks the fruits, but there is no reason
for assuming them to be different. On the other hand, it is
by no means certain that either the leaf or the fruit form is
distinct from forms previously known on other hosts. In-
deed, the accumulation of evidence that the common form
known as Clad, herbarwii, until very recently regarded as
only saprophytic, is capable of actively parasitic life, must
weaken one's doubt that most of the related forms possess
the same capacity. Our knowledge of the OJadosporiwn
forms is very fragmentary, and there can be no doubt that a
thorough study, based on detailed cultures of the various
forms, would result in a great reduction in the number of
so-called species. For the present, then, our parasite may
bear the name given by Ellis and Arthur, in the sense that
it is a CJadosporium, attacking cucumlier plants, without
any necessary implication as to its real distinctness from
forms attacking other host-plants.

It seems altogether probable that prompt spraying as soon
as this disease begins to appear will prevent its spread to
healthy plants. But, in view of its rapid progress, a very
little delay may be fotal.

* Sixth Report New York Experiment Station, p. 316, 1888; and Nineteenth Bull,
Indiana Station, 1889.

230 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

6. The Leaf Glaze. — Acremonium sj). (Plate IV.)

Early in ISDl cucuml^er leaves Avere received from Fitch-
burg, INIass., whose lower surfaces showed delicate glairy
films of fungus-threads, as described in our last report.*
These leaves came from very badly diseased plants, which
had received no benefit from the application of fungicides,
although it seemed probable that the accompanying fungus
bore some causal relation to the trouble. The fungus-threads
on the leaves were quite sterile when received, but, when the
leaf bearing them had lain two or three days in the moist
chamber, produced spores abundantly. Drawings showing
the structure of the fungus and the germination of its spores
were made at the time and laid aside, in the hope that addi-
tional material would make possible an extension of our
knowledge of the disease and of the relations of the fungus
in question to it. As it has not again been met with, no
further information can be given concerning it, and we can
only complete the record of our meagre knowledge of the
subject by publishing herewith the drawings mentioned.

The film on the leaves consists of numerous delicate,
colorless and closely interwoven threads. These give rise
in the moist chamber, and probably sooner or later under
natural conditions, to short simple threads at right angles
(fig. 27), at the slightly knobl^ed apex of each of which is
produced a single somewhat kidney-shaped spore (fig. 28).
In water these spores swell up and produce stout germ tubes
of considerable leno;th, similar to the original threads of the
film (fig. 29). This is all we know of the fungus. It is to
be hoped that some investigator may be a1)le to study it in
detail, with the disease it accompanies, and to answer the
many interesting questions concerning it which still await an
answer.

7. Othek Diseases.

Two other diseases of some importance, which have ngt
yot been observed in Massachusetts, but may at an}^ time l)e
met with, may be briefly mentioned in conclusion.

Halsted has descril)ed f a serious rotting of cucumbers and

* Ninth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, p. 227.

t Botanical Gazette, 1891, p. 303; and Twelfth Report New Jersey Station, p. 273.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 231

other cucurl)itaceous fruits, which is accompanied l)y and
seems to be due to a form of Bacterium. It a})pears to be
readily communicated by inoculation, and sometimes causes
very serious and rapid loss.

At various times and in various places the fruits, and
sometimes stems and leaves, of the cucumber have been ob-
served* to be attacked by a disease of the type now gener-
ally termed anthracnose, produced by some of the fungus
forms included under the name Gloeosporium. The forms
have been called by diflerent names by difterent writers, and
it may be doubted whether they are all identical. Some of
them appear capable, under some conditions, of great de-
structiveness. Nothing is known as to the perfect forms of
the fungi in whose life cycles they constitute stages.

II. A Violet Disease. — Phyllosticta Violm Desm.
In the summer of 1891 my attention was called by W. D.
Philbrick, Esq., of Newton Centre, to a disease of cultivated
violets {Viola odoraia), from which he and other growers
had suffered severely for several years. A visit to his and
neighboring grounds showed the plants, at that time growing
in the field, to l)e badly attacked. The leaves showed very
numerous circuhir Avhitish spots, averaging al)out an eighth
of an inch in diameter. In many instances these spots had
run together, and in the worst cases whole leaves were cov-
ered by the spots and involved in a general decay. From
the parts of the field where the trouble was most serious
there arose an almost sickening odor of decay, and here
nearly every plant was badly affected. It was very notice-
able that the most commonly grown variety, the Marie
Louise, was the greatest sufferer, while the dou])le Russian,
with its stockier foliage, was far less attacked, and the single
Russian least of all. Another striking fact, and one which
one would hardly expect to be a fact concerning a fungous
disease, is that plants growing in the shade of a tree and so
protected by it as to be still wet with dew in the afternoon
were the healthiest in the field, and showed hardly a trace
of disease. The impression made by an inspection of the

* Gardeners' Chronicle, 1876 : Y , pp. 438 and 505; VI., pp. 175, 269, 303, 336, 370,
400, 495. First Report Insect and Fungous Pests of Queensland, p. 175 : 1889.

232 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

fields was very decidedly in favor of the supposition that
the trouble in question was a disease of the leaves, due to the
organism causing the spots.

Close inspection of the spots showed tiny black pustules
on each ; and these proved to l)e the conceptacles or spore
fruits of the fungus, whose development in the leaves causes
the death of their tissue in certain regions, and thus pro-
duces the spots. The conceptacles appear to belong to that
fungus form known as PJiyllosticta Violce Desm. It is one
of the so-called " imperfect fungi," whose perfect or winter-
spore form and other summer-spore forms have not yet been
determined.

In the fall of 1801 both healthy and diseased plants were
received from Mr. Philbrick, and were set in a bench and in
a box in the greenhouse. Those which were diseased when
sent did not become established so readily as the others, and,
although they lived for a time, they eventually succumbed
and other diseased plants were set in their places. These
met the same fate. Plants with dead or dying foliage were
several times removed and carefully examined throughout.
In some cases the roots appeared perfectly healthy, but in
others there were plainly found the characteristic root galls
produced on many plants by a Nematode worm. These
were, however, abundant in no instance, and the roots were
never sufficiently involved to account for the death of the
plant.

With a thought of the possibility of a complication of the
fungous trouble by some other affection, Mr. Philbrick had
been asked to watch carefully for any abnormal appearance
of the roots, and especially for any root galls, when trans-
planting his violets from the held to the greenhouse. He
reported that, among three thousand plants, the roots of all but
six seemed quite healthy. These six plants were sent to the
station, and were found to bear the familiar Nematode galls
in small numbers. Four of the affected plants were set in a
box and submitted for a month to precisely the same treat-
ment. After they had become well established, they were
separated into two lots of two each by a heavy tin plate of
the full size of the box. The plants of one lot were now
watered every few days with about half a pint each of a solu-

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 233

tion of one part of permanganate of potash in two thousand
parts of water. Those of the other lot received none of the
permanganate, but an equal quantity of water, and were, in
otlier respects, under identical conditions. In three weeks
a dilFerence between the two lots was evident, and in a month
it had become very conspicuous. The foliage of the treated
plants was deeper green and much more abundant than that
of the others. Ultimately the plants which received no per-
manganate died completely, their leaves turning brown over
their entire surfaces, but showing no trace of the spot fun-
gus. The plants which received the permanganate remained
vigorous and healthy until taken out in the spring.

In view of this experience, ]\Ir. Philbrick was advised to
try the same treatment on a larger scale. This he did, and
reported, after an experiment extending through a large
part of Felu'uary and March, 1892, that he could see al)so-
lutely no difference between treated and untreated plants.
There is no reason for doubting and every reason for believ-
ing that this experiment was properly carried out, but its
results are puzzling, in view of our experience with a few
plants at Amherst. In the latter case the plants were in
excellent soil, and the result cannot be attributed wholly to
any possible fertilizing effect of the potash salt. It should be
said, too, that the plants which died had still an apparent
abundance of healthy roots, and their death did not appear
to be due to the few Nematodes which were present. This
view is sustained by the fact that plants died with the same
symptoms in the bench, which showed no trace of Nema-
todes or of any disease of the roots. It is, however, true
that the Nematodes in the roots of the treated plants disa})-
peared, presumably as a result of the treatment, which has
been used with success against root-attackinoj Nematodes.

In view of all the above facts, it seems most logical to
conclude that, in the case of Mr. Philbrick's A'iolets and in
the death of plants at Amherst, root Nematodes have little
or no share. We are left, then, to consider the only other
foreign organism observed in connection with the trouble,
the leaf-spot fungus. This, it may be said, has been l)elieved
by Mr. Philbrick from the first to be the efficient cause of
the disease. In April, 1892, a lot of plants, both healthy

234 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

and badly attacked by the leaf-fungus, both those which had
and those which had not been treated with permangate, were
received from j\Ir. Philbrick. These were divided, as is the
custom with violet growers, so as to leave a good portion
of root to each, and set in good soil on one of the station
plats. As they made new leaves no signs of the fungus
were seen, and it was determined not to spray them at all
unless the appearance of the fungus should demand it.
Unfortunately for our study of the disease, the fungus did
not appear during the summer, except on a very few leaves,
and no test of the efficacy of spraying as a preventive
of its spread was possible. Mr. Philbrick's experience was
difterent. He sprayed a part of his plants with the ammo-
niacal carbonate of copper until about the middle of August,
when a few days of warm, damp weather occurred, and the
<lisease spread rapidly and fatally. As he could see no
difference in the degree to which sprayed and unsprayed
plants suffered, he gave up the treatment in disgust, and
lost nearly all his plants. If it be true that the leaf-
spot fungus is the cause of this very destructive disease,
from which many violet growers near Boston suffer, — and
all the facts now at hand point to this as the correct conclu-
sion,— there is no apparent reason why thorough and
persistent spraying with one of the copper preparations
should not prove very efficient in holding it in check. And
Mr. E. O. Orpet of South Lancaster informs me that he
has had excellent success with this treatment. The failure
above quoted was probably due to some error in carrying
out the treatment. So far as I have been able to learn the
details, the intervals between the applications were apparently
so long as to leave the plants unprotected for a time in each
interval. One of these periods of exposure coming in
weather favorable to the s[)read of the fungus would be
quite sufficient to account for the result ; for, as has been so
often said, a plant once infected is lost. The secret of
inmumity lies in com})lete jorotection of the plants against
infection. A word more may not be out of place here. It
is a common practice of growers of violets to keep them
in activit}'- during the entire year, forcing the vegetative
orowth during the summer and fall, and forcing the blossoms

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 235

during winter and spring. That this practice is exceedingly
weakening to the plants, and renders them more susceptible
to the attacks of disease-producing organisms, cannot be
doubted. The more rational practice of, some growers, of
giving the plants a rest in the cold frame during a part of
the year, cannot fail to produce more sturdy plants ; and it
may be doubted if it is not in the long run more profitable,
when all factors are taken into account.

III. The Black Knot op the Plum. — Plowrightia morbosa
(Sz.) Sacc. (Plate V.)

"Work on other diseases has crowded out much which has
1)een planned in continuation of that already reported * on
this important trouble, but a few words may be added,
especially in regard to the practical treatment of the dis-
ease. During the past year cultures with the ascospores
and pycnospores of the fungus have been carefully repeated,
with results in every case identical with those reported in
our previous account. On bread saturated with an infusion
of prunes, pycnospores, taken from pycnidia developed from
ascospores on prune gelatine, produce a very luxuriant
mycelium. This mycelium, at first white, soon assumes a
salmon-red tint, and later becomes black. The first pycnidia
on such a culture were ripe in five days from the sowing of
the spores ; but others continued to form until the entire
surface of the substratum was covered by a compact pycnidial
crust. This pycnidial form seems to be very rarely devel-
oped under natural conditions, but there can be no doubt
that it belongs to the life cycle of the " black-knot" fungus.
It seems very probable that some relation exists between its
suppression and the facts next to be detailed, but this is not
the place for the discussion of such probabilities. Careful
experiments have been made as to the power of the pycno-
spores to infect the living tissues of the host-plant. It is
clear that one or more of the spore forms of the fungus must
possess such power, and it was ho[)ed that experiments with
each of the known forms might before now have l)een made.
But this has not been possible. In case of the pycnospores

* Eighth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, pp. 200-210, and PI. I.

236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

it has been found that they are quite incapable of attacking^
any of the living tissues of the host. They have been sown
on sound and on injured leaves, and on stems of various
ages, on those of the season and those of one, two and more
years old. Whether sown on the intact surface of the stem,
or allowed free access to the freshly exposed living tissues
of the inner bark (Phloem)^ the results have been the same.
No development of knots has followed any of the sowings,
nor has any trace of mycelial threads been found in the
tissues exposed to them. It seems pretty certain, then,
that they play no important part in the spread of the fungus.
Prevention. — Since we do not yet know the details of the
infection of the host-plant by this fungus, we are not in a
position to use fungicides intelligently. It is doubtless true
that spraying at intervals during the whole period of the
ripening and escape of both winter and summer spores,
namely,' from January to June, will largely prevent the
attacks of this disease. But it is hardly less to be doubted
that a complete filling of this important blank in the life
history of the fungus will enable us to reduce the period of
spraying to a relatively short one. On the other hand, I
am convinced that the disease can be largely controlled with-
out spraying, if fruit growers will learn to recognize its
earliest appearance. The great difficulty at present lies in
the fact that a few small knots, even when fully grown, often
escape notice, and so serve as sources of infection ; and
indeed, the average man does not realize that his trees need
attention and that the fundus is o-ettino- the better of them
until they are so covered with knots as to be practically
w(M'thless. While, as for the early stages of the knot, before
either of the spore forms have developed, no one thinks of
looking for them and removing them when removal is of
some avail. It is very rarely that a tree is badly attacked
the first season. Commonly the beginning is the appearance
of one or two smad knots, of very little consecjuence alone,
but sufficient to infect the whole tree in two or three years,
if left. After a very little experience any one can recognize
the forming knot even before it bursts the bark, and before
it has done serious mischief. No one would mistake the
larse knot on the middle branch in PI. V. ; but it has.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 237

matured two crops of spores and done its work, and to
remove it is a waste of time and labor. But just beneath it
on the l)ranch, and on each of the side branches, is a smaller
iind less conspicuous swelling, whose bark is just bursting.
These swellings are knots a year younger than the large one,
and have ripened no spores. The thorough removal of these
is preventive work of the best kind. I lirmly l)elieve that a
man who will start with healthy trees and will carefully
examine them for these young knots about the last of April
in every year (for the climate of Massachusetts), thoroughly
removing and burning all that are found, need have very
little fear of black knot. AYliere a small branch is attacked,
one need only cut it off some distance below the knot.
Where, as wall rarely happen if trees are carefully looked
after annually, a large branch whose removal would seriously
injure the tree is involved, the knot may be carefully dug
out until healtliy bark is reached in all directions. The
•exposed tissues may then be painted over with a heavy coat
of red oxide of iron in linseed oil. This coating will serve
as a protection, and will also, by its color, enable one to
readily find the treated spots and to watch them for any
further development of the fungus. The application of
kerosene to the knots, while doubtless fatal to the fungus,
is likely to be equally so to the tissues of the tree, and is
not to be recommended as a general practice.

For the greatest success in dealing with the black knot, it
is, of course, a prime necessity that sources of infection
shall l)e reduced to a mininumi. Neighboring plum or
cherry trees or wild plants of the various native species of
l^lums and cherries may serve as propagators of the fungus,
and make one's labors much greater and his chances of
success much smaller. The great desideratum in this
regard is an intelligent and active public sentiment, which
shall compel the destruction of all such plague-breeders.
A few of our States have accepted the suggestion that
the matter be made the subject of legislation, and have
enacted laws to compel the destruction of trees infected by
the black knot. One may, however, well doubt the utility
of such legislation. It is interesting, as showing the begin-
ning of toleration for subjects which, not long ago, would

288 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

have been thought unworthy of serious attention. But the
enforcement of thorough-goinir legislation is not possil)le
without the active support of pul)lic sentiment; and a
public sentiment sufficiently aroused to execute the law
would accomplish the desired result without legislation.

IV. Grain Rusts {Puccinia sp.).

Last spring an attempt was made by this department to
enlist the practical farmers and gardeners of the State in aid
of a plan for the organization of a system for the report
of the prevalence of plant diseases in any locality. It has
been manifestly impossible for the writer to travel about the
State, and, at the same time, to carry on studies in Amherst,
and the value of organized co-operation has been long real-
ized. Therefore a special circular to those concerned was
widely distributed, and it was hoped, in view of the interest
in the work of the department which had been shown in
some quarters, the response might be encouraging. It
proved, however, disappointing in a marked degree. While
five or six of the most intelliijent cultivators in the State
responded promptly, they remained the only persons who
did so. This test must prove interesting to pathologists at
least, as showing what support they may expect at present
from people reputed to possess a high average degree of
intelli2:ence. It is clear that as^riculturists and horticultur-
ists in general are not yet willing to go out of their way
even to aid work carried on in their interest and for their
benefit. And it is the experience of the writer that only
the most wide-awake of them are willing to avail them-
selves of the results of such work, if it involves the least
deviation from the old ruts. But it is noticeable that those
who are alive to the results of modern investigations are
not those who coni})lain that " iarming doesn't pay."

It had been hoped to obtain from correspondents i)retty
full information concerning the rusting of grains during
the season, as this constituted the special subject of inquiry
for the year of the International Phytopathological Commis-
sion. In the absence of infoi-mation from these sources, the
writer has l)een comi)elled to rely \\\n)\\ others, especially the
various official crop reports. It seems that, so tar as New

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 239

England is concerned, the season has been far less fiivorable
to the development of the rust fungi than in previous years.
The losses appear to have l)een very light from this cause,
and it has not been possible to obtain data of value concerning
them. The only crop distinctly mentioned as suffering at
all has been oats, and it is by no means certain that the
cause of its affection was one of the species of Puccima to
which the true rusting of grain is due. The season of 1892
must, therefore, be set down as one of unfavorable condi-
tions and negative results in New England.

V. Notes on Various Diseases.

1. The Powdery Mildew of tije Strawberry (Sphce-
roilieca Castagnei Lev. ?) (PL III.) Avas brought to my
attention on the experimental plats of the Agricultural
College, early last summer. The affection shows itself in
a peculiar curling or inrolling of the leaves, which causes
them to take a somewhat cup-like form. If the lower
surfaces of the curled leaves be carefully examined, they
will be seen to be frosted by minute white threads scattered
rather sparingly over them. They are not grouped in more
or less circumscribed spots, like those of the similar mildew
of the cucumber, previously described. But microscopic
examination shows that their structure is essentially like
those of the " OicUum" form of the latter. Erect threads
arising from the mycelium (fig. 20) cut off the summer
spores from their ends in basi petal succession, and these fall
off as they mature (fig. 21). The form and size of these
spores (fig. 22) confirm the impression produced by the
habit of growth that we have here to do with a species quite
distinct from that which attacks the cucumber. Although I
have not observed the perfect spore form, it is probable that
the fungus with which we have here to do is Sphcerofheca
Ca.stagnei.

This fungus does not appear to be very destructive to the
strawberry, or to have attracted much attention. It has
been briefly described by Arthur,* who observed it in New
York. He found it attacking the fruit as well as the foliage,

* Fifth Report New York Experiment Station, p. 291, 1887.

240 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

and indeed doing its chief harm in rendering the former
insipid and worthless. I have not seen it on tlie fruits, but
it may be likely to be found upon them, and in this aspect
the fungus may assume, under favoring conditions, consider-
able economic importance. Suggestions as to treatment
may be found on subsequent pages.

2. The Powdery Mildew of the Gooseberry (Sphce-
rotheca mors-uvoe (Sz.) B. & C.) (PL III.) was received,
last summer, from W. C. Strong, Esq., ofWaban, on the
leaves, twigs and berries of the " Triomphe " gooseberry, a
variety which has been claimed to be mildew-proof. In the
present case the utter groundlessness of such a claim was
strikingly shown, and aflbrded further evidence that we are
safe only in speaking of varieties as more or less liable to
the attacks of fungous diseases. It is not probal)le that any
of our horticultural varieties are in any absolute sense
disease-proof, and it may fairly be doubted if we shall ever
originate such, without sacrifice of more essential features,
even with constantly increasing understanding of the requi-
site qualities.

This fungus is very closely related to that last described,
and differs from it only in very unimportant particulars.
The mycelium forms a dense felt over the infected parts of
the host-plant, and in the early part of the season is nearly
colorless, and produces the " Oi(/a«w " form in abundance.
Later, the mycelium becomes quite dark-colored, and gives
rise to the perfect spore form (figs. 23, 24). As above
indicated, all the younger, succulent parts of the jolant may
be involved, and thus not only is the season's fruit destroyed,
but the normal production of new wood and preparation for
another season is prevented. This gives to the fungus
great economic importance, especially since it is widely dis-
tributed. It has been frecjuently mentioned by writers on
plant diseases, and the accounts by Arthur * and Halsted f
may be consulted for further information. Notes on the
treatment of this class of diseases are given later.

* Sixth Report New York Experiment Station, p. 349, 1888.
t Mycological Report, United States Department Agriculture, 1887, p. 373, with
plate.

1893. J PUBLIC DOCmiENT — No. 33. 241

3. The Cluster Cup of the Gooseberry (^cidium
Grossularice Solium.) occurred also on some of the leaves
sent by W. C. Strong, Esq., as mentioned in the previous
note. Gooseberry leaves and berries very badly attacked
■svere also received, about the same time, through the *' New
England Homestead," from Mr. C. C. Stickney of Ballard-
vale. From the facts which came to my notice during the
season, it would appear that this fungus has been more than
usually abundant this year. It may commonly be found in
early summer on gooseberry bushes, and occurs also on some
of our wild and cultivated species of currants (^Ribes) ; but it
is rarely very destructive. It may, however, as was seen this
year, assume serious proportions, practically destroying a
large part of foliage and fruit. It seems not to have
attracted much attention as a cause of loss, but has lately
been said by Pammel* to be quite destructive in Iowa. The
form we are considering is the ' ' cluster-cup " stage of one
of the rust fungi. The bright yellow cups occur in groups
on somewhat swollen and discolored portions of the leaves
"or berries, and contain the chains of spores by which the
further development of the species is accomplished. It is
probable that, as in other rusts, this ''cluster cup" is
followed by red-rust and black-rust forms. But, as these
are not known to be developed on the same host-plant, they
are probably produced on a second one. This would place
the present fungus among the heteroecious rusts. So long,
however, as we do not know its life history, we cannot avail
ourselves of all the means of combating it.

When the cluster cup begins to appear, in spring or early
summer, the harm for that season is done, and cannot be
avoided. Yet, if the discolored spots be watched for and
the affected parts picked and burned before the cups have
burst open and discharged their spore, one may hope to
escape attack in a considerable measure the following year ;
and the annual repetition of this practice should result in
comparative immunity from the fungus. This recommenda-
tion is based on the justifial)le assumption that the cluster-
cup form requires for its reappearance the development of

* Journal of Mycology, VII., p. 101, 1892.

242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the other spore forms of the fungus, and that this last
development cannot occur if the disseraiuivtion of cluster-
cup spores be prevented. That this is true has not yet
been proven, but, in the light of what we know of other
rust fungi, it may fairly be assumed until more positive
information is available.

4. A Hazel Fungus {Cryptosporella anomala (Pk.)
Sacc.) (PI. IV.) was left at the station in April by Mr.
Henry Graves of Palmer. He reported it as killing the
canes of the European hazel {Corylus avellana) in a planta-
tion owned by him, and as attacking an annually increasing
portion of the plantation. The fungus proved to be that
known by the above name, which was first described by
Peck,* who observed it on the same host at Albany, N. Y.,
as Diatrype anomala. It appears in the form of protuber-
ances with elliptical bases (fig. 30) that burst the bark and
arise rather thickly from the affected portion of the branch
(a, fig. 30), which is sunk below the surface of the healthy
part. A transverse section of the l)ranch passing through
one of these protuberances shows well the structure of the
fungus and its relation to the host-plant. The interior of
the protuberance, which is the fructificative part of the
fungus, is seen to contain numerous ])lack, flask-like struct-
ures, whose tips reach the surface of the protuberance (fig.
31). Within the cavities of these flasks are formed the
very numerous spindle-shaped spore sacs (fig, 32), each
containing, when ripe, eight colorless, elliptical spores. It
is very noticeable that, in the part of the branch occupied
by the fungus, the inner bark, elsewhere a distinct band
of tissue, is shrunken to a narrow black line between the
wood and outer bark (a, fig. 31). This reduction in the
thickness of the inner bark explains at once why the surface
of the affected parts is sunken below the rest of the surf;ice,
and shows that the chief seat of the vegetative activity of
the fungus is in the rich growing and conducting tissues of
this part of the branch. The destruction of these tissues
must, in any event, have serious consequences for the plant ;
and, if the entire circumference of a cane becomes involved,

* Twentj'-eiijhth Report New York State Museum, p. ~1, 1870.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243

the result is that it is girdled, and the whole of it beyond
the point of girdling dies. The attacks of this fungus on
its host-plant are essentially similar in their results to those
of the black knot on the plum, though the immediate effect
on the inner bark is here one of atrophy, while in the latter
case it is one of hypertrophy. The present fungus is also
nearly related to the black-knot fungus, but its life history
is not yet at all known. What other spore forms constitute
stages in its life cycle we have yet to learn. Therefore, it is
impossible to give any more definite suggestions for avoid-
ing it than to recommend that infected branches be cut
away well below the point of infection and burned as soon
as they are seen to be infected. This precaution, if taken
in season, will prevent the dissemination of the spores
described above, and should thus prevent the development
of other spore forms dependent on them, and the infection
of new branches,

VII. Treatment for Powdery Mildews.

In pursuance of the plan indicated in our last report,* we
conclude the present one with recommendations for the
avoidance of loss from the attacks of some chosen groups
of fungi. The group selected in the present case is that
embracing those fungi which are known as the powdery mil-
dews. These parasites attack a considerable number of
cultivated plants, and, as has been seen, sometimes cause
extensive losses. They are among the commonest fungi of
the greenhouse, but are equally common in summer, in the
open air. Among the plants most often attacked by some
one of the powdery mildews in the greenhouse are the
cucumber, grape, rose, verbena and other florist's plants.
Out of doors, the pea, gooseberry, strawberry, and young
plants of the apple and cherry often suffer from them.

The appearances produced on their host-plants by three
species of powdery mildews have already been described in
tills report. In general, it may be said that it is in the
summer spore stage that these fungi are most harmful as
disease producers. In this stage they may form dense white
"floury" patches on the host, usually on its leaves, or the

* Ninth Report Massachusetts Experiment Station, pp. 243, 244.

244 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

spore threads may be quite .sparingly developed, so that
only a faint frosting is to be seen. In attacks of much
severity there is commonly a discoloration, followed finally
by the drying up of the tissues affected. As has been seen
above in our discussion of some diseases due to these fungi,
they are surface parasites. The whole fungus grows on the
exterior of its host, except the small absorbing organs,
which penetrate only the superficial cells. And this fact
makes it much easier to deal with these fungi than with those
which are truly internal parasites, since practically the
whole of the fungus is exposed to the contact and action of
any fungicides applied to the surface of the host-plant.

It should not be necessary to insist upon the prime impor-
tance of healthy conditions, so rei^eatedly emphasized in
these reports, and it may be assumed that it is not necessary.
Supposing, then, that reasonable precautions against the
appearance of fungous disease have been taken, and that one
of the powdery mildews appears, what can be done? The
question may be discussed mider two heads, namely, What
can be done for plants in the greenhouse ? And for those in
the open air? If the disease appears in a greenhouse, either
of the applications to be recommended for out-of-door plants
may be used with equal success. But, if the house can be
tightly closed, we have at hand a simpler, and, from the tes-
timony of practical men, an even more satisfactory, means
of treatment. This consists in filling the air of the tightly
closed house with the vapor of sulphur, which is fatal to
these surface parasites, without injuring their host-plants,
if the exposure be not continued much beyond half an hour
at a time. After this treatment ventilators should be opened,
and the house given a thorough airing. The treatment may
be repeated whenever the reappearance of the fungus shows
it to l)e necessary. The sulphur vapor is easily produced
by heating the flowers of sulphur to a temperature some-
Avhat above its melting point, and kee})ing it at that i)oint as
long as desired. A porcelain-lined iron vessel for the sul-
phur and a small oil stove for heating constitute the entire
outfit needed for a small house. For a large one as many
such outfits may ])e used as are required to yield vapor
enough to saturate the atnios])hore of the room. Great care

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 245

must l)e taken that the sulphur does not become so hot as
to take fire, as a brief exposure to the fumes of burning
sulphur will kill cultivated plants, as Avell as fungi. But a
little experience will soon enable one to set the flame of the
oil stoves at such a height that it can be safely left to do its
work.

If the plants to be protected are out of doors, it is evident
that we cannot use sulphur vapor. Here we must rely on a
direct application to their surfaces. Dry flowers of sulphur
scattered upon the plants or blown upon them with a bellows
is often of considerable service. But a solution sprayed
upon the plants, by means of some of the spraying machines
recommended in previous publications of this department,*
is much more eflicient. Forumlte for several solutions may
be found in the publications just referred to,* but that most
generally applicai^le and most satisfactory in its application
and in its results is the ammoniacal carbonate of copper.
The formula for this fungicide may be, for convenience,
repeated here : mix one ounce carbonate of copper with five
ounces carbonate of ammonia, and dissolve in one quart hot
water. When dissolved, add sixteen gallons water. This
may be used to thoroughly spray the plants as often as the
presence of the fungus in harmful quantities shows it to be
necessary. For spraying a few plants only, such as a few
rose or gooseberry bushes, hand sprayers may be purchased
at a price much below that of the cheapest knapsack sprayer.
But care should be taken that the apparatus used throws a
very fine, mist-like spray. Full directions and suggestions
as to spraying in general may be found in the previous
publications of this department on the subject.

* See Bulletin No. 39, Massachusetts Experiment Station, and Ninth Report
Massachusetts Experiment Station, pp. 239, 240.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

[All ^gures are magnified 540 diameters, except where otherwise specified.']

PLATE I.

ScLEROTiuM Disease op Cucumber (ScUrotinia Libertiana F'k'l.).
Stems and young fruit attacked by the disease, showing mycelium of the fungus, chiefly
at the nodes of the stems, and some external sclerotia. o, an early stage, the stem still
green; 6, later, the internode shrinking, and a sclerotium near the upper node; c, a late
staue, the parenchyma largely destroyed, and the stem yellow; d and e, at about the same
stage as b; fr., a young fruit, showing mycelium and sclerotia. Natural size. From a
photograph of fresh specimens.

PLATE II.
Sclerotium Disease of Cucumber {Sclerotinia Libertiana F'k'l.).

Fig. !• An elongated sclerotium from the interior of a stem. Natural size.

Pig. 2. An irreguhir sclerotium from the exterior of the host-plant. Natural size.

Fig. 3. A sclerotium somewhat advanced in " germination," with two stalks. Natural
size.

Fig. 4. Two views (a and b) of the same sclerotium, with fruit stalks, b four days older
than «. Natural size.

Fig. 5. Two views of another " germinating" sclerotium, taken four days apart. Natu-
ral size.

Fig. 6. A section from the interior of a mature sclerotium. X 350.

Fig. 7. One of the fruit stalks shown in tig. 3, in vertical section. X 19.

Fig. 8. Three asci and two paraphyses from a well-developed cup. One ascus with
forming spores, one with fully formed spores, and one after the escape of its
spores, sp.

Fig- 9. Three ascospores germinated in water, after one day.

Fig. 10. Three ascospores after one day in jarune infusion.

Fig. 11. A well-developed young attachment organ. X 350.

Fig. 12. A part of an old attachment organ. X 350.

Fig. 13. Spore threads and conidi? {sp.) of Boirytis form, showing, y, young threads
before the formation of spores, and, o, old threads after the falling awaj' of
the spores. X 200. a, conidia more magnified. X 5-10.

PLATE III.
Powdery Mildews.
Figs. 14-19. Of cucumber {Erysiphe Cichoracearum D. C).
Fig- 14. Epidermis of upper surface of leaf, with mycelium, m, of fungus giving rise to

haustoria, h, and sjjore threads, sp.
Fig. 15. Three spore threads, with spores in various stages of development.
Fig- 16. Two ripe summer spores not yet fallen apart.
Fig. 17. Two ripe summer spores of a similar fungus from Ithaca, N. Y.
Fig. 18. A group of six spore sacs {asci), with spores, from the same perithecium.
Fig. 19. A ripe ascospore.

FigB. 20-22. Of strawberry (Sphcerotheca Castagnei Lev. ?).
Fig. 20. A bit of mycelium, with a spore thread. X 200.
Fig- 21. The upper part of a spore thread, with developing spores.
Fig- 22. Two ripe summer spores.

Figs. 23-24- Of gooseberry {Sphnerotheca .}fors-uv<f. (3z.) B. & C).
Fig. 23. The single spore sac produced in a perithecium, with spores.
Fig- 24. Four ripe ascospores.

PLATE IV.

Cucumber Diseases. — Hazel Fungua.
Figs. 25-26. Leaf blight (Cladosjyorium cucumerirtwn Ell. & Arth.).
Fig. 25. Epidermis of lower surface of leaf, with stoiuata, St., showing mycelium, m,

and hyphal knots, giving rise to spore threads, sp., detached spores of the

fungus.
Fig. 26. Mycelium, m, and hyphal knot, a, giving rise to spore threads, the lattei with

highly developed spore chains.
Figs. 27-29. Leaf glaze (Acremonunn sp.).
Fig. 27. Mycelium giving rise to numerous spore threads.
Fig. 28. Ripe spores, fallen from the threads.
Fig. 29. Spores germinating in water.

Figs. 30-33. Hazel fungus { Cryptosporella anomala (Pt.) Sacc).
Fig. 30. A piece of a branch of hazel, showing the depressed region occupied by the

fungus, a, and fourteen of its compound spore fruits. Natural size.
Pig. 31. A vertical section, showing five spore cavities, through a spore fruit lying at the

margin of the infested area, showing the wood of the branch, w, the inner

bark, a, in normal condition at the right and destroyed by the fungus at the

left, and the outer bark, o. X 3.
Fig. 32. An ascuB with its eight spores. X 940.
Fig. 33. Three ripe spores. X 940.

PLATE V.
The Black Knot of Plum and Cherry (Plotcrightia morbosa (Sz.) Sacc).
Three young branches from the wild black cherry (^Primus acrotina), taken about May 1,
showing two stages of the knot. In the large knot, o, the development and escape of the
winter spores has just been completed, and its activity is past. The three small knots, a,
just bursting the bark, are a year younger than the large one, and are about to begin the
production of their summer spores. Natural size. From a photograph.

PLATE I.

^>^^H

)CLEROTIUM DISEASE OF CUCUMBER.

PLATE II.

Kinnpftrey, oCcL

SCLEROTIUM DISEASE OF C'TJCUMBE"R.

PLATE in.

i-j :Kvh^ey, del.

POWDERY MILDEWS

PLATE IV.

jfu,rri,-pkr^, del.

CUCUMBER DISEASES. — HAZEL FUNGUS,

PLATE V.

BLACK KNOT OF PLUM.

PART III.

SPECIAL WOEK IN THE CHEMICAL LABOEATOEY.

I. Communication on Commercial Fertilizers: —

1. General Introduction.

2. State Law3 for the Regulation op Trade in Commercial Fertilizers.

3. List of Licensed Manufacturers and Dealers from Mat 1, 1892, to

Mat 1, 1893 (51).

4. Analtses op Licensed Fertilizers (185).

5. Analtses op Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial Substances sent

on fob Examination (114).

6. Miscellaneous Analtses (9).

II. Analtses op Milk sent on for Examination (113).
III. Analtses op Water sent on for Examination (109).

rv. Compilation of Analtses made at Amherst, Mass., of Agricultural Chemi-
cals AND Refuse Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes.
V. Compilation op Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., op Fodder Articles,
Fruits, Sugar-producing Plants, Dairt Products, etc.

[247]

248 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

I.

COMMUNICATION ON COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

1. Geueral introduction.

2. State laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fertil-
izers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1, 1892,
to May 1, 1893.

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers.

5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances
sent on for examination.

6. Miscellaneous analyses.

1. General Introduction.

The sale of commercial manurial substances, compound
and simple, has been quite extensive in our State. Fifty-
one manufacturers and dealers have applied and received a
license for the sale of their various brands in our State.
Thirty-three of them are residents of other States.

Two hundred and three samples of licensed articles have
been collected in all parts of the State by a duly authorized
agent of the station. One hundred and eighty-live of them
have been carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory of
the station, with the following results : no sample contained
all three essential constituents above the highest guarantee ;
sixteen .sani})les contained two of the essential constituents
above the highest guarantee ; sixty-two samples contained
one of the essential elements above the highest guarantee ;
thirty-eight samples contained all three essential elements at
the lowest guarantee ; sixty-four samples contained two
elements at the lowest guarantee ; fifty-two samples con-
tained one element at the lowest guarantee ; no sample con-
tained all three essential elements below the stated lowest
guarantee ; fifteen contained two elements below the stated

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 249

lowest guarantee ; fifty-seven contained one element below
the lowest stated i>uarantee. The deficiency in one or two
essential constituents was in the majorit}^ of instances com-
pensated for by an excess in the others.

The variations in the market price of the various prominent
fertilizer constituents have been, on the whole, during the
past year within the usual limits. Phosphoric acid in all
forms has been oftered at a somewhat lower cost towards the
close of the year, while that of nitrogen in its leading forms
has somewhat advanced.

The duties assigned to the director of the station, to act
as inspector of commercial fertilizers, render it necessary to
discriminate^ in official publications of the results of analyses
of commercial fertilizers and of manurial substances in
general made at the station, behceen analyses of samples col-
lected by a duly qualified delegate of the experiment station,
in conformity with the rules j^fescribed by the new laws, and
those analyses which are made of samples sent on for that
purpose by outside j^cirties. In regard to the former alone
can the director assume the responsil)ility of a carefully
prepared sample, and of the identity of the article in ques-
tion.

The official report of analyses of compound fertilizers and
of all such materials as are to be used for manurial purposes,
which are sold in this State under a certificate of compliance
with the present laws for the regulation of the trade in these
articles, has been restricted by our State laws to a statement
of chemical composition and to such additional information
as relates to the latter.

The practice of affixing to each analysis of this class of
fertilizers an approximate commercial valuation per ton of
their principal constituents has, therefore, been discontinued.
This change, it is expected, will tend to direct the attention
of the consumers of fertilizers more forcilily towards a con-
sideration of the particular composition of the different brands
of fertilizers offered for their patronage, a circumstance not
infrequently overlooked.

The approximate market value of the different brands of
fertilizers obtained by the current mode of valuation does

250 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

not express their respective agricultural value, i. e., their
crop-produciiig value ; for the higher or lower market price
of ditferent brands of fertilizers does not necessarily stand
in a direct relation to their particular fitness, without any
reference to the particular condition of the soil to be treated
and the special wants of the crops to be raised by their
assistance.

To select judiciously from among the various brands of
fertilizers offered for patronage requires, in the main, two
kinds of information ; namely, we ought to feel confident
that the particular brand of fertilizer in question actually
contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities of essential
articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and that it con-
tains them in such form and such proportions as will best
meet existing circumstances and special wants. In some
cases it may be mainly either phosphoric acid or nitrogen or
potash ; in others, two of them ; and in others again, all
three. A remunerative use of commercial fertilizers can
only be secured by attending carefully to the above-stated
considerations.

To assist farmers not yet familiar w^th the current mode
of determining the commercial value of manurial substances
offered for sale in our markets, some of the essential con-
siderations, which serve as a basis for their commercial
valuation, are once more stated within a few subsequent
pages.

The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances
is based on the average trade value of the essential fertil-
izing elements specified by analysis. The money value of
the higher grades of agricultural chemicals and of the higher-
priced conqjound fertilizers depends, in the majority of
cases, on the amount and the j)articular form of two or
three essential articles of plant food, i. e., phosphoric acid,
nitrogen and potash, which they contain. To ascertain by
this mode of valuation the approximate market value of a
fertilizer (i. e., the money worth of its essential fertilizing
ingredients), we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen,
etc., by. the trade value per pound; the same course is
adopted with reference to the various forms of phosphoric

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 251

acid and of pota.s.siuin oxide. We thus get the values per
ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together,
we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment
at points of general distribution.

The market value of low-priced materials used for ma-
nurial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime,
barn-yard manure, factory refuse and waste materials of
different description, quite frequently does not stand in a
close relation to the market value of the amount of essential
articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in
different localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation,
and more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a
speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their
selling price.

Thfe mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple
or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of
farmers, when articles of a similar chemical character are
offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization con-
trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions,
the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid "diflusion of
the different articles of plant food throughout the soil.

The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence
on the pecuniary value in case of one and the same kind of
substance. Two samples of fish fertilizers, although equally
pure, may differ from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com-
mercial value on account of mere difference in moisture.

Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers, and refuse
materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with
reference to the market price of their principal constituents,
taking into consideration at the same time their general fit-
ness for speedy action.

252 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEXT STATION. [Jan.

Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Haw Materials and
Chemicals (1892).

Cents
per Pound.

Nitrogen in ammoniates, , 17.5

Nitrogen in nitrates, . . . . . . 15.

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground lish, meat,

blood, 16.

Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and castor pomace, 15 .

Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . 15.
Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and

tankage, 12.

Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage, . . 9.5

Organic nitrogen in coarser bone and tankage, . . 7.5
Organic nitrogen in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish

scraps, ......... 7.

Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 7.5

Phosphoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate, . . 7.
Phosphoric acid in dry ground fish, fine bone and tank-
age, 7.

Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage, . 5.5

Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage, . . 4.5

Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, . . 3.
Potash as high-grade sulphate, and in forms free from

muriate or chlorides, ashes, etc., 5.5

Potash as kainite, 4.5

Potash as muriate, 4.5

The organic nitrogen in superphosphates, special manures
and mixed fertilizers of a high grade is usually valued at the
highest figures laid down in the trade values of fertilizing
ingredients in raw materials, namely, fifteen and a half cents
per pound ; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is
derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat,
blood, bones, or other equally good forms, and not from
leather, shoddy, hair, or any low-priced, inferior form of
vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. The
insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this connection at two
cents.

The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six
months preceding March, 1891, the respective ingredients
could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in
the raiv materials, which are the regular source of supply.

They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for
the six months ending ]\Iarch 1, plus about twenty per cent.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 253

in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations.
The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be
found to agree fjiirly with the retail price at the large mar-
kets of standard raw materials, such as : —

Sulphate of ammonia, Dry ground fish,

Nitrate of soda, Azotin,

Muriate of potash. Ammonite,

Sulphate of potash, Castor pomace,

Dried blood, Bone and tankage,

Dried ground meat. Plain superphosphates.

A large percentage of commercial materials consists of
refuse matter from various industries. The composition of
these substances depends on the mode of manufacture car-
ried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing industries
is liable to affect at any time, more or less seriously, the
composition of the refuse. To assist the farming community
in a clear and intelligent appreciation of the various sub-
stances sold for manurial purposes, a frequent examination
into the temporary characters of agricultural chemicals and
refuse materials offered in our markets for manurial pur-
poses is constantly carried on at the laboratory of the station.

Consumers of commercial manurial sul)stances do well to
buy, whenever practicable, on guarantee of composition with
reference to their essential constituents, and to see to it that
the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain. Any
mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be read-
ily adjusted, in that case, between the contending parties.
The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnishing an
article corresponding in its composition with the lowest
stated quantity of each specified essential constituent.

Our present laws for the regulation of the trade in com-
mercial fertilizers include not only the various brands of
compound fertilizers, but also all materials, single or com-
pound, without reference to source, used for manurial pur-
poses when offered for sale in our market at ten dollars or
more per ton. Copies of our present laws for the regula-
tion of the trade in commercial fertilizers may be had by all
interested, on application, at the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, ^Vmherst, Mass.

254 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. The Provisions of the Act are as follows :

[Chapter 296.]

An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers.
Be it enacted, etc., as follows :

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or mate-
rial used for manurial purposes sold, offered or exposed for sale
within this Commonwealth, the retail price of which is ten dollars
or more per ton, shall be accompanied by a plainly printed state-
ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fer-
tilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under which
the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or
importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis stat-
ing the percentage of nitrogen or its equivalent in ammonia, of
potash soluble in distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in
available form soluble in distilled water and reverted, as well as
the total phosphoric acid. In the case of those fertilizers which
consist of other and cheaper materials, said label shall give a
correct general statement of the composition and ingredients of
the fertilizer it accompanies.

Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of
which is ten dollars or more per ton, is sold, offered or exposed
for sale, the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be
sold or offered for sale within the state of Massachusetts, shall
file with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment
station, a certified copy of the statement named in section one of
this act, and shall also deposit witli said director at his request a
sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not less than one pound of
the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair average
sample thereof.

Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commercial fertilizer or material used for manurial pur-
poses, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall
pay for each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to
the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
an analysis fee of five dollars for each of the three following fer-
tilizing ingredients : namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
contained or claimed to exist in said brand or fertilizer : provided^
that whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid the
fee herein required for any person acting as agent or seller for
such manufacturer or importer, such agent or seller shall not be
required to pay tlie fee named in this section ; and on receipt of

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 255

said analysis fees and statement specified in section two, the direc-
tor of said station shall issue certificates of compliance with this
act.

Sect. 4. No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in the
state of Massachusetts, any pulverized leather, raw, steamed,
roasted, or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of any
fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed certificate of the
fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package
of such fertilizer or manure and to accompany or go with every
parcel or lot of the same.

Sect. 5. Any person selling, offering or exposing for sale, any
commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the first
section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer con-
tains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents
mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or respecting
the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing section have
not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first
oft'ence, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence.

Sect. 6. This act shall not aft'cct parties manufacturing, im-
porting or purchasing fertilizers fo-r their own use, and not to sell
in this state.

Sect. 7. The director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi-
ment station shall pay the analysis fees, as soon as received by
him, into tlie treasury of the station, and shall cause one analysis
or more of each fertilizer or material used for manurial purposes
to be made annually, and publish the results monthly, Avith such
additional information as circumstances advise : provided, such
information relates only to the composition of the fertilizer or
fertilizing material inspected. Said director is hereby authoi'ized
in person or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds
in weight, for analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or
any material used for manurial purposes which may be in the
possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but
said sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties
in interest or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a
number of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent, of
the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and then
divided into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels and
carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or
brand of the fertilizer or material sampled, the name of the party
from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place
of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the director or
his deputy and by the party or parties in interest or their represent-
atives present at the drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of

256 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan.

said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director aud the
other by the party whose stock was sampled. All parties violat-
ing this act shall be prosecuted by the director of said station ;
but it shall be the duty of said director, upon ascertaining any
violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer or im-
porter in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter
in which to comply with the requirements of this act, but there
shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of the fertilizer
or fertilizing material if the same shall be found substantially
equivalent to the statement of analysis made by the manufacturer
or importer.

Sect. 8. Sections eleven to sixteen inclusive of chapter sixty
of the Public Statutes are hereby repealed.

Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of September
in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. [^Approved May
3, 1888.]

Instructions to Manufacturers., Importers., Agents and Sellers of
Commercial Fertilizers or Materials used for Manurial Pur-
poses in Massachusetts.

1. An application for a certificate of compliance with
the regulations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and
materials used for manurial purposes in this State nnist be
accompanied : —

First, with a distinct statement of the name of each brand
offered for sale.

Second, with a statement of the amount of phosphoric
acid, of nitrogen and of potassium oxide guaranteed in each
distinct brand.

Third, with the fee charged by the State for a certificate,
which is five dollars for each of the following articles, nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, guaranteed in any
distinct brand.

2. The ()l)ligation to secure a certificate applies not only
to compound fertilizers but to all substances, single or com-
pound, used for manurial purposes, and offered for sale at
ten dollars or more per ton of two thousand pounds.

3. The certificate must be secured annually before the
first of ]\Iay.

4. Manufacturers, importers and dealers in connnercial
fertilizers can appoint in this State as many agents as they

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 257

desire, after having secured at this office the certificate of
compliance with our laws.

5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in
commercial fertilizers are held personally responsible for
their transactions until they can prove that the articles they
offer for sale are duly recorded in this office.

6. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish
a list of their agents.

7. All applications for certificates should bo addressed to
the Director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

Arrangements are made, as in previous years, to attend
to the examination of ol)iccts of general interest to the farm-
ing comnumity, to the full extent of existing resources.
Requests for analyses of substances — as fodder articles,
fertilizers, etc. — coming through officers of agricultural
societies and formers' clubs within the State will receive
hereafter, as in the past, first attention, and in the order
that the applications arrive at the office of the station. The
results will be returned without a charge for the services
rendered. Application of private parties for analyses of
substances, free of charge, Avill receive a careful considera-
tion whenever the results promise to be of a more general
interest. For obvious reasons, no work can be carried on
at the station of which the results are not at the disposal of
the managers for publication, if deemed advisable in the
interest of the citizens of the State.

All parcels and communications sent to "The Massa-
chusetts State Experiment Station " must have express and
postal charges prepaid, to receive attention.

258 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have
SECURED Certificates for the Sale of Commer-
cial Fertilizers ix this State during the Past
Year (May 1, 1892, to May 1, 1893), and the
Brands licensed by Each.

Adams & Thomas, Springfield, Mass. : —
Adams's Market Bone Fertilizer.

Allen Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Allen Fertilizer.

Ames Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.

II. ,J. Barker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
"A. A." Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Standard U N X L D Fertilizer.
Special Corn Manure.
Special Grass Manure.
Special Potato Manure.
Special Tobacco Manure.
Fine Raw Ground Bone.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Fine-ground Bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Manures.
Bowker's Ammoniated Bone Fertilizer.
Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone.
Bowker's Dry Ground Fish.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Brack's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

1893. j PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 259

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
X. L. Superphosphate of Lime.
B. D. Sea-fowl C4uano.
Original Coe's Superphosphate.
Farmer's New-method Fertilizer.
English Lawn Dressing.
High-grade Tobacco Manure.
Bradley's Complete Manures : —

For Corn and Grain.

For Potatoes and Vegetables.

For Top-dressing Grass and Grain.
Bradley's Potato Manure.
Pure Fine-ground Bone.
Fish and Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

W. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
Dry Ground Fish.
Fish and Potash.
Superphosphate.

Bryant & Brett, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Burgess & Roy, South Attleborough, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.

Joseph Church & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
Pure Dry Ground Fish (A Bi-and) .
Special Fertilizer (B Brand).
Standard Fertilizer (C Brand;.
Fish and Potash (D Brand) .

Clark Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —

Bay State Fertilizer.

Bay State Fertilizer, G. G.

Great Planet Manure.

King Philip Guano.

Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.

Fish and Potash.
Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —

Cleveland Potato Phosphate.

Cleveland Superphosphate.

260 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cleveland Linseed Oil Company, Worcester, Mass. : —
Cleveland Steam-cooked Linseed Meal.

E. Frank Coe, New York, N. Y. : —
Excelsior Gold Brand Guano.
High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Fish Guano and Potash.
Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Practical Superphosphate.
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.
Buffalo Supei'phosphate, No. 2.
Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Special Potato Manure.
Ground Bone Meal.
Pure Ground Bone.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Portland, Me. : —
Cumberland Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —

Darlilig's Animal Fertilizer.

Darling's Fertilizer for Gardens and Lawns.

Darling's Potato and Root Crop Manure.

Darling's Tobacco Grower.

Darling's Extra Bone Phosphate.

Darling's Pure Dissolved Bone.

Darling's Pure Fine Bone,
J. C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —

Nitrogenous Superphosphate.

Ground Bone Fertilizer.

Ground Bone.
Forest City Wood Ash Company, London, Ont. : —

Hardwood Ashes.
Wm. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —

Canada Unlcaclied Wood Ashes (Star Brand).
Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : —

Great Eastern General, for Grass and Grain.

Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizers.

Great Eastern General, Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down
Phosphate.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 261

Hargravos' Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : —

Meat and Bone.

Pure Fine-ground Bone.
Gilbert E. Holmes, New Worcester, Mass. : —

Pure Ground Bone.

John G. Jeffcrds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato INIanure.
Fine-ground Bone.

J. J. Joynt, St. Helens, Ont. : —

Canada Unleached Hardwood Ash-es.

A. Lee & Co., Boston, Mass. : —

Lawrence Fertilizer.

Ground Bone.
Lowell Bone Fertilizer Company, Lowell, Mass. : —

Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

James E. McGovern, West Andover, Mass. : —
West Andover Market Bone Phosphate.
Ground Bone.

Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New York,
N. Y. : —
Mapes Superphosphates.
Mapes Special Crop Manures.
Peruvian Guanos.
Bone Manures.
Sulphate of Potash.

Monroe, DeForest & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —

Hardwood Ashes.
National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —

Chittenden's Complete Fertilizer.

Chittenden's Universal Phosphate.

Chittenden's Fish and Potash.

Ground Bone.

Sulphate of Potash.

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, INIass. : — •
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Manure.

262 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —

Complete Manure.

Phosphate.

Dry Fish.

Dissolved Bone-black.

Nitrate of Soda.

Muriate of Potash.
Quinnipiac Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —

Quinnipiac Market-garden Manure.

Quinnipiac Corn Manure.

Quinnipiac Potato Manure.

Quinnipiac Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.

Quinnipiac Havana and Seed-leaf Tobacco Fertilizer.

Quinnipiac Onion Manure.

Quinnipiac Phosphate.

Quinnipiac Pure Bone Meal.

Quinnipiac Dry Ground Fish.

Quinnipiac Fish and Potash (c. f. Brand).

Quinnipiac Fish and Potash (Plain Brand).

Muriate of Potash.

Sulphate of Potash.
Benjamin Randall, East Boston, Mass. : —

Market-garden Fertilizer.

Standard Ground Bone.
Read Fertilizer Company, Syracuse, N. Y. : —

H. G. Farmers' Friend.

Strawberry and Small Fruit Special.

Read's Standard Phosphate.

Bone, Fish and Potash (Fish and Potash).
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md. : —

New England Favorite.

May Flower.

Columbus, A.

Pilgrim.

Potato Special.

Fish and Potash.
Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —

Sanderson's Formula A.

Sanderson's Formula B.

Sanderson's High-grade Sulphate of Potash.

Sanderson's Regular Sulphate of Potash.
Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : — ■

Steamed Bone.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 263

Springfield Fertilizer Company, Springfield, Mass. : —
H. L. Phelps' Complete Manures.

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, Mass. : —
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Compan}^, Boston, Mass. : —
Standard Superphosphate.
Standard Fertilizer.
Standard Guano.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Tobacco and Sulphur Fertilizer.

J. A. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. : —

Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.

Whittemore Bros., AYayland, Mass. : —
Whittemore's Complete Manure.

Sanford Winter, Broclvton, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

Lcander Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —
Ammoniated Bone PliosphatQ,
High-grade Fish and Potash.
Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Dry Ground Fish.

William & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
High-grade Special.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fine Wrapper Tobacco Grower.
Potato Phosphate.
Corn Phosphate.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Fish and Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potasli.
Sulphate of Potash.

2G4 AGKICULTURAL EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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272 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMExNT STATION. [J:im.

c n

2 °

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a a

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= ==' ■7;-5'3-^o?=-;

C C"

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'SooJ' 3 t^.S.S So'i — j- 3.i o o— t>2i

c-o-a.SCa:c&-fa^i^C — C Ci, i. ji^ ::; O JS O

:=e|-s2

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o o oca 3 o

•s -a -3 c K -a

c a 3 ts'- a

3 3 3- o 3
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Xaoitjaoqc'j

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

27S

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XjO'jcao^lB'j

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

275

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276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial
Substances sent on for Examination.

Wood Ashes.

p., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Lawrence, Mass. ; IV.,
sent on from Hudson, Mass. ; Y., sent on from Clifton, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide,

Calcium oxide.

Magnesium oxide, .

Ferric and aluminic oxides,

Phosphoric acid.

Insoluble matter (before calci-
nation), . . . .

Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

11.

III.

IV.

V.

16.12

8.71

18.00

15.94

3.94

5.77

4.51

4.71

30.38

36.95

33.25

31.65

2.G4

2.90

1.84

2.59

1.32

0.07

1.42

1.62

1.52

1.38

1.18

1.43

17.52

13.15

12.99

13.38

13.10

11.88

10.84

10.62

Wood Ashes.

p., sent on from South Framingham, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Townsend,
Mass. ; IV., sent on frem South Sudbury, Mass. ; V., sent on from Rock Bottom,
Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

11.

HI.

IV.

V.

]\Ioisturc at 100" C,

9.68

13.40

5.28

8.00

1.54

Potassium oxide.

5.48

4.36

5.75

5.41

5.14

Calcium oxide.

37.02

31 . 25

29.85

38.83

38.64

Maixnesium oxide, .

3.30

3.81

2.23

3.31

4.18

Ferric and aluminic oxides.

1.09

0.07

1.68

1.00

1.48

Phosphoric acid,

1.26

1.28

2.00

1.27

2.17

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

14.81

18.17

23.03

14.95

15.23

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

12.41

14.50

19.82

11.95

12.43

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

277

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

p., sent on from Clifton, Mass.; II., sent on from Beverly, Mass.; III., sent on
from Had.ey, Mass. ; IV., sent on fi-om Amherst, Mass. ; V., sent on from
Marblehead, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

iir.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

17.44

6.63

15.09

6.68

1.38

Potassium oxide,

5.06

4.12

4.35

5.85

4.81

Calcium oxide.

31.32

42.84

32.87

35.70

28.44

Magnesium oxide, .

1.48

2.20

2.89

3.83

2.26

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

0.51

0.45

1.45

0.82

1.66

Phosphoric acid,

1.39

0.84

1.69

1.65

3.47

Insoluble matter (befoi-e calci-

nation), ....

13.80

13.92

14. GO

11.54

33.08

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

10.4(5

12.43

12.07

9.13

26.78

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Tewk3l)ury, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Snnderland, Mass.;
IV. and v., sent on from North Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

13.90

17.54

3.50

7.46

14.15

Potassium oxide,

6.58

3.15

2.72

7.91

6.95

Calcium oxide,

83.81

29.66

21.23

38.58

31.88

INIagnesium oxide, .

2.19

3.28

2.39

2.59

1.73

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

1.10

2.62

2.14

0.65

1.25

Phosphoric acid.

1.74

1.87

1.65

1.25

1.42

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

10.00

17.90

44.80

8.11

11.10

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

8.65

12.98

39.69

6.04

8.99

278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Sunderland, Mass.; II., sent on from North Hatfield, Mass.; III.,
sent on from Chicopee, Mass. ; IV., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; V., sent on
from Millington, Mass.]

Tkr Cent.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

7.80

16.74

15.70

18.67

1.02

Potassium oxide,

4.44

5.24

4.67

4.90

7.78

Calcium oxide.

_*

33.41

_*

_*

_*

]\Iagnesium oxide, .

_*

3.40

_*

_*

_*

Ferric and alurainic oxides, .

_*

0.91

_*

_*

_*

Pliosplioric acid.

1.79

1.54

1.77

1.68

2.84

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

11.98

10.97

7.72

12.18

13.50

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

9.54

8. 05

7.27

9.83

12.55

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent (in from Boston, Mass.; II. and III., sunt on from Snnderland, Mass.; IV.
and v., sent on from Concord, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

v.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.78

3.94

17.82

11.81

16.20

Pota.ssium oxide.

.

8.13

4.96

4.04

5.77

5.02

Calcium oxide.

36.77

_*

_*

_*

31.64

Magnesium oxide, .

,

3.24

*

_*

_*

3.03

Ferric and ahuniiiic oxide

,

0.36

_*

_*

_*

0.74

Phosphoric acid,

1.60

2.28

1.71

1.68

1.65

Insolal>le matter (before c

ilci-

nation),

8.38

23.86

10.56

11.72

11.03

Insoluble matter .(after c

alci-

nation),

•

6.58

23.42

8.80

9.23

9.07

* Not determined.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

279

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Boston, Mass. ; II., sent on from South Deerfleld, Mass. ; III., sent
on from North Amherst, Mass.; IV., sent on from Concord, Mass.; V., sent on
from Sunderhind, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

10.41

7.05

19.63

10.49

12.60

Potassium oxide,

8.05

6.47

4.10

6.02

5.19

Calcium oxide,

36.10

40.54

33.67

32.42

31.53

Magnesium oxide, .

3.17

2.84

1.76

3.60

2.31

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

0.59

0.75

1.06

0.65

1.11

Phosplioric acid,

1.68

1.56

1.61

1.55

1.59

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

8.39

9.08

12.33

11.37

17.15

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

6.49

6.45

10.26

8.37

14.42

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Boston, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Sunderland, Mass. ; IV.
sent on from South Deertield, Mass. ; V., sent on from Sudbury, Mass ]

Per (!ent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

10.46

16 . 55

25.50

10.40

13.95

Potassium oxide.

5.08

3.36

3.54

4.60

4.04

Calcium oxide.

33.83

27.67

31.29

33.97

27.98

Magnesium oxide, .

3.19

1.84

2.14

2.93

4.43

Ferric and aluminic oxides.

0.78

0.94

0.60

1.35

1.59

Phosphoric acid.

1.46

1.54

1.41

1.29'

1.51

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

15.76

15.78

14.91

15.03

18.45

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

11.77

13.03

10.29

10.88

12.96

280 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent ou from South Deerfield, Mass.; II., sent on from Sudbury, M^iss, ; III.,
sent on from Hingham, Mass.; IV., sent on from Audover, Mass ; V., sent on
from Byfield, Mass.]

I.

11.

III.

1.80

18.25

4.95

G.19

3.36

5.64

40.00

30.49

33.17

3.21

2.52

_*

1.44

1.22

_*

2.24

1.30

1.28

11. C3

16.97

26.04

8.72

14.29

22.98

Moisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide,

Calcium oxide,

Magnesium oxide, .

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

Phos2)horic acid.

Insoluble matter (l)eforG calci-
nation), . . . .

Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

38.93

2.34

24.15

0.74
5.37
4.40

20.12

6.70

33.03

1.21

I
I

' 5.30
4.25

* Not determined.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Methuen, Mass.; II., sent on fi-om Amesbury, Mass. ; III., sent
on from Readville, Mass. ; IV., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; V., sent on from
Sudbury, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

ly.

V.

INIoisturc at 100° C,

20.92

19.17

20.60

17.50

20.52

Potassium oxide,

3.28

3.56

4.82

4.08

3.80

Calcium oxide,

31.60

26.80

33.60

33.40

31.20

Magnesium oxide, .

2.95

3.13

2.85

4.46

3.20

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

1.14

2.02

1.05

1.70

1.32

Phosphoric acid,

1.34

1.47

1.40

1.54

0.90

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

17.04

21.55

13.62

16.28

11.36

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), .....

14.43

18.46

12.21

13.44

9.14

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

281

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Waltham, Mass.; II., sent on from Hadley, Mass.; III. and IV.,
sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, .

12.58

14.39

9.04

18.90

Potassium oxide,

4.48

3.72

4.38

2.61

Calcium oxide,

33.12

34.12

27.94

37.90

Magnesium oxide, ....

_*

_*

_*

3.39

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

_*

_*

_*

1.47

Pliosplioric acid,

1.34

1.3G

1.16

1.16

Insoluble matter (before calcination), .

18.68

12.02

27.29

8.92

Insoluble matter (after calcination), .

17.55

9.34

23.45

7.15

Cotton-liull Ashes.
[I., sent on from Sunderland, Mass ; II. and III , sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Pek Cent.

I.

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.55

5.19

5.44

Potassium oxide,

26.68

32.28

12.03

Calcium oxide, . . . .

6.27

_*

6.24

Magnesium oxide,

8.48

_*

5.23

Ferric and aluminic oxides, ....

0.92

_*

4.93

Phosphoric acid,

8.55

7.42

6.12

Insoluble matter (l)efore calcination).

18.93

27.15

45.82

Insoluble matter (after calcination),

15.65

_*

34. 8G

* Not determined.

282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Cotton-hull Ashes.
[Three samples, sent on from Agawam, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C , .

Potassium oxide,

Calcium oxide, ....

Magnesium oxide,

Ferric and aluminic oxides,

Pliosphoric acid.

Insoluble matter (before calcination),

Insoluble matter (after calcination),

4.5S
21.75

9.66
10.95

3.29
10.2P6
19.20
16„27

* Not determined.

Ivory AsJies.

[Sent on from Springfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C, .

Potassium oxiile, ....

Calcium oxide, ....

Magnesium oxide.

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

Total j^hosphoric acid, .

Soluble phosphoric acid.

Insoluble matter (before calcination),

Insoluble matter (after calcination).

Per Cent.

1.75
2.44
2.70
0.83
2.33
2.05
0.19
89.14
71.48

Livie-kilii Ashes.

[Sent on from Sunderlaml, Mas

Moisture at 100° C

Potassium oxide, .....
Calcium oxide, .....

Phosphoric acid,

Insoluble matter (before calcination), .
Insoluble matter (after calcination), .

^•]

Per Cent.
0.00
2.12

56.28

1.21

15.11

12.63

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

283

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Corn-cob Ashes.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Potassium oxide, ....
Calcium oxide, ....
INIagnesium oxide.
Ferric and aluminic oxid(;s,
Phosphoric acid, ....
Insoluble matter (before calcination),
Insoluble matter (after calcination) , .

Per Cent.
1.20
7.08

11.70
_*

1.28

2.37

59.14

52.09

Ashes.

[Sent oil from Cambridge, Mass.]

]\Ioisture at 100° C, .

Potassium oxide,

Phosi^horic acid, . . . . .
Insoluble matter (before calcination),
Insoluble matter (after calcination), ,

Per Cent.
4.98

10.64

6.96

23.16

20.01

Wool Waste.

[Sent on from Nortli Amlover, Mass.]

Per Cent

Moisture at 100° C, 4.47

Potassium oxide, . . . * . . . . . . . 1.32

Nitrogen, 2.27

Insoluble matter, 39.30

Horn Shavings.

Moisture at 100° C,

[Sent on from Leominster, Mass.]

Per Cent.
4.83

Ash,

.

0.67

Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,

0.42
. 15.31

Insoluble matter.

* -Vi.t flptorminp,!

Trace.

284 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Tobacco Leaves.

Moisture at 100° C,

[Sent on froi

n Whately,

Mass

]

Per Cent.
13.05

Ash,

.

21.01

Potassium oxide, .

.

7.24

Calcium oxide,

4.17

]\Iagnesium oxide,

, ,

2.17

Ferric and alumiuic

oxides, .

0.32

Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,

•

0.43
2.75

Insoluble matter, .

4.17

J., Pine Needles; II., Pine Barren Grass.

[Sent on from Springfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

Moisture at 100"= C, .

9.48

8.48

Ash, . . . .

. • .

3.42

2.40

Phosphoric acid, .

0.12

0.18

Potassium oxide, .

0.03

0.07

Nitrogen,

0.46

0.10

Insoluble matter,

1.22

1.07

Peat.

"Sent on from AVeston, Mass.]

IVr Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

10.73

Ash,

17.26

Phosphoric acid, .

0.03

Potassium oxide, .

0.06

Nitrogen,

.......

1.73

Insoluble matter, .

10.14

Sludge.

[Sent on from Worcester, Mass.]

Moisture at 100^ C,
Ash,

Per Cent.
6.28

70.05

Phosphoric acid, 1.36

Calcium oxide, . . . 8.66

Feme and alumini(M)xide.s, . . 17.68

Nitrogen, 0.68

Insoluble matter, 38.03

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

285

5. Analyses, etc. — Oonlmued.

Muck.

[I , surface layer, one and one-half to four and one-half feet deep ; II., under layer,
four to six feet below surface, sent on from West Bridgewater, Mass.]

Per Cent.

r.

ir.

Moisture at 100° C,

76.18

87.78

Ash,

8.24

1.23

Phosphoric acid,

0.08

0.02

Calcium oxide, .

0.38

0.14

Nitrogen,

0.43

0.18

Insoluble matter,

6.45

0.63

Soot.

[Sent on from East "Walpole, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C'.,

Ash,

Potassium oxide, .

Calcium oxide.

Magnesium oxide.

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

Phosphoric acid, .

Insoluble matter (befoi-e calcination),

Insoluble matter (after calcination) ,

I'cr Cent.

8.00

88.98

0.56

3.50

0.83

2.01

0.83

82.52

80.72

Drainage from Manure Heajjs.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 93.25

Ash, 3,66

Phosphoric acid, 0.24

Potassium oxide, 0.88

Total nitrogen, 0.98

Nitrogen as ammonia, 0.65

286 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, ETC. — Oontinued.
Muriate of Potash.

[I., sent on from Ainberst, Mass.; II. and III., sent on from South Hadley Falls,

Mass.]

Per Cent.

I. II.

III.

Moisture at 100^^ C,

0.54

1.07

0.85

Potassium oxide,

51.44

49.60

50.24

Insoluble matter,

Trace.

Trace.

Trace.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide, .
Insoluble matter, .

Sulphate of Potash.
[Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

2.22

47.00

Trace.

Moisture at 100° C,
Calcium oxide,
Sulphuric acid.
Carbonic acid,
Insoluble matter, .

Gypsum {Land Plaster).

[Sent

1 from Millini^ton, Mass.]

Per Cent.
14.01

33.45

46.86

Trace.

0.63

Gypse {Calcium Carbonate').

[Sent on from Pitlsfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Calcium oxide,
Insoluble matter, .

Per Cent.

1.64

50.87
2.87

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

287

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Florida Phosphates.

[L, II. and III., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; IV., sent on from Marlborough,
Mass. ; V., sent on from Townsend, Mass. ; VI., from station barn.]

Tek

Oent.

I.

ir.

iir.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at lOO'^ C, .

1.38

0.36

1.51

2.24

3.08

2.53

Ash, ....

94.99

96.20

91.93

86.65

_*

89.52

Phosphoric acid,

36.80

36.26

33.88

17.71

17.24

21.72

Calcium oxide, .

46.21

51.78

45.53

14.64

25.62

17.89

Ferric and aluminic

oxides,

8.38

5.62

9.80

6.72

11.00

14.25

Carbonic acid,

_*

_*

_*

_*

4.45

1.83

Insoluble matter,

1.42

2.20

1.47

13.37

29.22

30.50

Virginia Phosphatic Marls.

[I. and II., sent on from Arlington, Mass. ; III., IV. and V., sent on from Enfield,

Mass.]

Per Cent.

1.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100^ C,

1.30

1.10

1.25

1.97

3.30

Ash,

94.85

90.94

_*

_*

_*

Total phosphoric acid, .

9.06

5.99

9.37

13.73

10.39

Soluble phosphoric acid,

0.26

0.08

0.00

0.00

0.00

Reverted phosphoric acid,

0.15

0.22

0.00

0.00

0.41

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

8.65

5.69

9.37

13.73

9.98

Potassium oxide.

-

1.14

0.24

Trace.

Calcium oxide,

20.47

19.74

25.78

19.16

_*

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

5.76

6.60

5.13

6.00

_*

Nitrogen, ....

_

_

_

_

i.eif

Insoluble matter, .

59.56

54.95

41.32

50.55

-

* Not determined. f Addition, from an outside source.

288 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau.

5. Analyses, ETC. — Continued.

Ground Bone.

[I., sent on from Northborougb, Mass.; 11. and III., sent on from Westborough,
Mass. ; IV., sent on from Towusend, Mass.]

Mechanical Analyses.

Fine,

Fine medium,

INIedium,

Coarse medium,

51.57
36.59
11.84

47.50
23.96
16.10
12.44

46.93
24.76
17.46
10.85

37.30

20.01
24.83
17.86

Chemical Analyses.

Moisture at 100" C

3.30

2.28

2.85

3.50

Asli, ....

57.56

62.86

65.61

72.43

Total phosphoric acid, .

23.50

26.07

27.07

26.23

Soluble phosphoric acid.

0.26

0.31

0.26

0.14

Reverted phosphoric acid,

7.43

8.16

9.10

5.28

Insoluble j)hosphoric acid,

15.81

17.60

17.71

20.81

Kitrogen,

4.02

2.71

2.90

2.12

Insoluble matter, .

1.14

Trace.

Trace.

0.30

Boyie Dust.

[Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Total phosphoric acid, .
Soluble phosphoric acid.
Reverted phosphoi'ic acid.
Insoluble phosphoric acid,
Kitrogen,
Insoluble matter, .

Per Cent.

9.70
26.39

0.15
14.32
11.92

3.74
Trace.

Ivory Dust.

[Sent on from Lincoln, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, . . 11.50

Ash, 52.63

Total phosphoric acid, 24.56

Soluble phosphoi'ic acid, . 0.97

Reverted phosphoric acid, 17.97

Insoluble i^hosjihoric acid, 5.62

Nitrogen, 6.64

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

289

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Blood, Meat and Bone

[Sent oil from Hol.yoke, Mass

Moisture at 100° C, .
Ash, ....
Total phosphoric acid, .
Soluble phosphoric acid,.
Reverted phosphoric acid,
Insoluble phosphoric acdd,
Nitro<i:en,
Insoluble matter, .

Per Cent.

19.91
19.76
7.16
0.51
• 3.78
2.87
7.44
0.52

Fish.

[I , sent on from Marshfield, Mass.; II., sent on from Danvers, Mass.; III., sent
on from Marblebead, Mass.]

]Moisture at 100° C, .

Ash

Total phosphoric acid.
Soluble phosphoric acid, .
Reverted phosphoric acid,
Insoluble phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen, . . . .
Insoluble matter,

37.88

6.96

33.68

19.69

5.45

8.14

Trace.

_*

1.09

_*

4.36

_*

5.13

8.70

0.21

1.07

6.17
33.75
15.10

7.16
2.77

/., Rat Guano {Virginia) ; II. and III., Bat Guanos (Virginia).

[Sent on from Lake Weir, Fla.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C

Ash,

Phosphoric acid, .......

Potassium oxide,

Niti'ogen,

Insoluble matter,

10.32

_*

2.30
6.85
3.32
1.15

12.15

_*

3.26
1.77
9.74
5.77

19.18

68.40

3.44

32.89

* Not determined.

290 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

i). AxALYSES, ETC. — Concluded.
Cotton-seed Meal.

[Sent on from Siinderhmd, Mass.]

I'KR Cent.

I.

11.

Moisture at 100° C,
Ash, , . _ .
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,
Insoluble mattei-.

5.83
6.77
8.33

2.01
6.66
0.28

Home-m ixed Fertilizers .
[I., sent on from Littleton, Mass. ; II., sent on from Eastliam, Mass.]

Pki: Cknt.

I. 11.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Ash, . . . .
Total phosphoric acid,
Soluble phosjjhorie acid,
Reverted phosphoric acid.
Insoluble 2)hosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter,

10.05
62.74
7.04
5.77
1.14
0.13
18.56
3.38
3.51

8.80
78.24
5.97
5.21
0.45
0.31
18.08
4.68
1.05

Complete Fertilizer.

[I., sent on from Norfolk, Mass.; II., sent on from Greenfield, Mass.; III. and
IV.,* sent on from Eastliam, Mass.]

Pek

?EXT.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

]\Ioisture at 100° C, . . . .

8.61

6.90

9.92

8.35

Ash, ....

60.23

-t

-t

-t

Total phosphoric acid .

9.98

8.32

9.34

20.60

Soluble phosjjhoric acid.

5.99

2.56

0.51

0.64

Reverted phosphoric acid.

3.45

3.46

3.71

8.19

Insoluble phosphoi'ic acid.

0.54

2.30

5.12

11.77

Potassium oxide, .

0.91

10.23

0.98

-

Nitrogen,

1.80

3.84

7.36

4.35

Insoluljle matter, .

7.67

-t

-t

-t

* Not a complete fertilizer, lacks potash.

t Not determined.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

291

6. ]\IlSCELLANEOr.S ANALYSES.

Exudation from an Elm Tree.
[Sent on from Greenfield, Mass ]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

. 10.92

Glucose, ........

. 10. oG

Sucrose,

. 72.<52

IMatter insoluble in water,

1.45

Resinous matter soluble in alcohol,

0.15

J., Skin or Husk Covering of the Cojfee-cherri/ ; IT., Parchment
Covering of the Coffee-bean.

[Sent on from Cambridge, Mass ]

INIoisture at 100° C,
Ash, .

Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter,

Baking Powder.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100" C, .
Sodium oxide.
Calcium oxide, .
Aluminium oxide.
Total carbonic acid, .
Available carbonic acid.
Phosphoric acid,
Sulphuric acid, ,
Nitrogen, .
Starch,
Insoluble matter.

Per Cent.

15.20
12.56

6.60

3.31
12.40
11.65
12.49
15.98

1.13
18.30

0.73

292 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jun.

6. MiscELLAXEOUs ANALYSES — Concluded.

Preservaline.

[Sent on from Briglitwood, Mass ]

Moisture

It 100° C,

5

56

3.96

Sodium oxide,

32

10

26.81

Potassium

oxide,

0

80

15.79

Calcium o

xide, .

Trace

Trace.

Chlorine

21

79

23.09

Nitrogen,

,

0

2G

4.90

Sulphuric

acid, .

1

04

1.43

Insoluble

matter,

0

08

0.09

Cider.

[Sent on from North Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Alcohol, 4.53

Acid calculated as acetic, . . 0.60

Solid residue, 1 . 79

Vinegar.

Per Cent,

Specific gravity, 1.00939

Acetic acid, 6.18

Solid residue, 1.33

Damaged Oats.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at lOO'^ C, 13.70

Dry matter, 86.30

100.00
Analysis of Dry Mailer.

Crude ash, 4.03

" cellulose, 12.44

" fat, 5.96

"• protein, . . 12.59

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 64.98

100.00

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

29^

II.

Analyses of Milk sent ox for Examination.

[Per Cent ]

Number

Solids

OF SAMPLK.

Solids.

Fat.

not ?'at.

Local it.v.

Kemarlvs.

1,

15.23

6.92

8.31

North Adams.

2,

7.79

0.41

7.38

Amherst.

Buttermilk.

l\

8.09

0.48

7.61

"

'■

4,

8.48

0.36

8.12

41

"

5,

8.62

0.82

7.80

"

"

6,

8.78

0.27

8.51

(I

"

7,

8.01

0.51

7.50

it

((

8,

13.25

4.25

9.00

Northborough.

9,

15.38

6.00

9.38

Worcester.

10,

11.72

3.69

8.03

Lancaster.

11,

10.00

1.84

8.16

"

12,

12.64

3.83

8.81

"

13,

11.35

2.86

8.49

"

14,

11.75

3.19

8.56

"

15,

11.76

4.09

7.67

»

16,

12.59

3.71

8.88

"

17,

10.36

2.90

7.46

"

18,

13.80

3.99

8.81

"

19,

12.30

3.40

8.90

"

20,

11.00

3.19

7.81

ti

21,

11.49

3.18

8.3;

"

22,

11.21

2.38

8.83

Chieopee.

23,

11.74

3.62

8.12

Warren.

24,

12.03

3.90

8.13

'•

25,

13.40

4.39

9.01

"

26,

11.15

2.90

8.25

"

27,

12.69

4.08

8.61

"

28,

12.56

4.01

8.55

"

29,

12.82

4.40

8.42

West Brookfiehl.

30,

12.58

3.79

8.79

'•

31,

14.72

5.52

9.20

New Braintree.

32,

14.36

5.02

9.34

"

33,

15.07

5.65

9.42

"

34,

16.50

7.17

9.33

"

35,

13.73

4.78

8.95

"

36,

13.92

4.86

9.06

"

37,

13.90

5.06

8.84

«

38,

13.21

4.36

8.85

"

39,

14.63

5.34

9.29

"

294 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Milk, etc. — Concluded.

NUMBKR
OF SaJH'LB.

Solids
iKit Kat.

40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
60,

61,
52,
53,
64,
65,
56,
57,
68,
69,
60,
61,
62,
63,
64,
65,
66,
67,
68,
69,
70,
71,
72,
73,
74,

15.54

G.33

9.21

12.83

4.17

8.66

13.31

4.61

8.70

12.28

3.25

9.03

12.27

3.25

9.02

15.18

4.67

10.51

11.86

3.01

8.85

12.54

3.49

9.05

12.43

3.32

9.11

14.93

6. 86

8.07

11.94

3.44

8.50

12.20

3.48

8.72

12.58

3.52

9.06

11.95

3.19

S.7G

12.13

3.54

8.59

13.82

4.09

9.73

12.09

3.62

8.47

13.02

4.14

8.8.S

11.61

2.98

8.63

11.98

3.35

8.63

12.55

3.68

8.87

11.93

3.34

8.59

12.47

3.81

8.66

12.07

3.62

8.45

12.42

3.68

8.74

11.43

3.12

8.31

10.63

2.86

7.77

11.65

3.53

8.12

11.62

3.31

8.31

12.33

4.17

8.16

11.56

3.11

8.45

11.51

3.76

7.75

11.86

3.76

8.10

13.35

4.71

8.64

13.13

4.14

8.99

New Braintree.

Warren.

Furnace.
Old Furnace.
Furnace.

South Lancaster.

Chicopee.
North Amherst.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

295

Analysis of Milk sent on for Examination.

[Babcock Mode.]

NrMBKK
OF SAMI'LE.

Fat
(Percent.).

Locality.

Nl'mbek
OF Sample.

Fat

(Percent.).

Locality.

1, .

6.30

Hadley.

21,

4.90

Amherst.

2, .

5.60

((

22,

3.70

"

3, .

5.25

"

23,

3.70

"

4, .

5.20

"

24,

3.80

"

5, .

4.25

"

25,

4.50

"

6,.

4.45

"

26,

3.30

"

7, .

5.40

"

27,

4.00

«

8, .

5.50

"

28,

4.10

((

9,.

5.50

»

29,

5.40

«

10,.

4.65

((

30,

3.30

((

11, .

4.40

"

31,

3.30

«

12, .

5.15

"

32,

3.60

((

13, .

5.80

"

33,

3.90

"

14, .

4.85

"

34,

3.40

((

15, .

5.60

"

35,

3.00

((

16, .

4.40

"

36,

3.00

(1

17, .

5.25

»

37,

3.30

«

18, .

2.80

Amherst.

38,

2.90

t(

19, .

3.00

«

39,

3.00

(1

20,.

2.10

"

296 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

IIL

Analyses of Water sext ox for Examixatiox.*

[Parts per million ]

.2
o

S

6

a

E

o

.5 :i

E =

6
a

o

5

1

0!

o

"3

QQ

0 .

IS?

p-1

Locality.

1

.004

.100

4.00

116.00

40.00

0.48

None.

Amherst.

2

.990

.440

15.00

164.00

54.00

2.47

None.

Weston.

3

.080

.270

9.00

105.00

45.00

2.73

None.

Weston.

4

.260

.964

34.00

237.00

130.00

-

-

Grafton.

5

.010

.096

8.00

90.00

30.00

2.08

None.

North Amherst.

6

.006

.106

5.00

110.00

60.00

1.95

None.

Amherst.

7

.066

.248

33.00

236.00

86.00

2.21

-

Amherst.

8

.020

.340

66.00

294.00

84.00

4.43

None.

Medway.

9

.100

.298

13.00

172.00

60.00

-

-

Worcester.

10

.146

.352

70.00

434.00

112.00

8.86

None.

Cochituate.

11

.010

.170

2.00

72.00

22.00

0.95

None.

Amherst.

12

.024

.112

8.00

70.00

20.00

2 86

None.

Amherst.

13

.217

.248

85.00

640.00

381.00

11.05

None.

Weston.

14

.047

.107

20.00

84.00

22.00

1.43

None.

Billerica.

15

.051

.595

3.00

206.00

90.00

5.57

None.

Amherst.

16

.020

.088

4.00

50.00

26.00

0.00

None.

Weston.

17

.044

.069

8.00

130.00

82.00

1.69

None.

Weston.

18

.226

.362

12.00

192.00

62.00

1.27

-

Prescott.

19

.096

.256

30.00

248.00

108.00

5.29

-

North Had ley.

20

.108

.238

7.00

276.00

136.00

-

-

Amherst.

21

.052

.438

6.00

150.00

30.00

2.47

None.

Littleton.

22

.576

.444

7.00

140.00

48.00

2.99

None.

Littleton.

23

.030

.225

65.00

474.00

264.00

14.21

None.

Barre.

21

.249

.163

28.00

320.00

176.00

2.73

-

South Deerfield.

25

.394

.472

2.00

106.00

32.00

0.63

None.

South Amherst.

26

-

-

-

-

-

-

None.

Amheret.

* Analysis of well water at the station Is confined
excess of foreign matter from sinks, barns, etc.

to chemical tests with reference to an

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

297

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

1

S
S
<

"a

a
<

"2
o

B a
B-S

3 o

<

a
*^
o

o

d

b

o

"o

GO

w

m

a M]

Locality.

27

.104

.128

24.00

128.00

64.00

2.99

None.

Concord.

28

.112

.180

64.00

440.00

168.00

6.00

None.

Concord.

29

.080

.128

22.00

232.00

96.00

2.73

None.

Concord.

30

.424

.612

44.00

496.00

216.00

5.14

None.

Concord.

31

.032

.068

9.00

114.00

80.00

3.12

None.

South Amherst.

32

.024

.096

5.00

44.00

17.00

-

-

Greenwich.

33

.078

.466

170.00

638.00

474.00

13.91

-

Orange.

34

.038

.114

10.00

60.00

28.00

1.68

None.

VVeeton.

35

.130

.164

44.00

154.00

50.00

0.76

None.

Montague.

36

.072

.228

6.00

124.00

52.00

2.21

-

Barre.

37

.070

.257

14.00

132.00

20.00

1.69

-

East Foxborough.

38

.016

.260

2.00

44.00

24.00

1.95

-

Shirley.

39

.008

.160

26.00

148.00

58.00

4.16

-

Shirley.

40

.020

.206

4.00

260.00

32.00

1.43

-

Shirley.

41

.012

.146

3.00

64.00

18.00

0.48

-

Shirley.

42

.061

.235

24.00

194.00

62.00

4.29

None.

Amherst.

43

.018

.128

5.00

90.00

48.00

1.11

None.

Barre.

44

.030

.077

9.00

122.00

46.00

0.92

None.

Boston.

45

.028

.248

20.00

210.00

60.00

3 25

-

Amherst.

46

.112

.370

5.00

50.00

6.00

0.00

None.

Concord.

47

.022

.344

4.00

54.00

10.00

0.16

None.

Concord.

4S

.050

.260

4.00

52.00

10.00

1.27

None.

Concord.

49

:022

.254

5.00

54.00

10.00

0.00

None.

Concord.

50

.004

.090

3.00

30.00

10.00

1.95

None

Hadley.

51

.005

.212

8.00

-

-

-

-

Iladley.

52

.036

.056

5.00

162.00

104.00

3.38

None.

Littleton.

53

.040

.130

20.00

208.00

78.00

4.03

None.

Littleton.

54

.072

.108

13.00

102.00

42.00

1.69

None.

Littleton.

55

.032

.232

24.00

204.00

80.00

4.43

None.

Littleton.

56

.024

.324

16.00

170.00

56.00

3.25

None.

Amherst.

57

.058

.085

9.00

86.00

18.00

1.43

-

East Foxborough.

58

.208

.132

20.00

196.00

66.00

4.86

None.

Amherst.

59

.240

.186

13.00

168.00

54.00

2.08

None.

Leverett.

60

.116

.096

36.00

280.00

34.00

3.38

None.

Amherst.

298 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

u

D

■f

a
a

<

"a
s

<

e
<

-a
o

.S A
S"5

P o

a s
<

Chlorine.

d
1

0

CO

a
"3

Locality.

61

.172

.552

11.00

150.00

30.00

1.95

None.

South AraherBt.

62

.076

.170

44.00

294.00

124.00

5.86

-

Amherst.

63

.072

.193

13.00

226.00

112.00

2.73

None.

Northampton.

64

.342

.612

46.00

-

-

-

-

Amesbury.

65

.012

.126

50.00

142.00

60.00

1.43

-

Amesbury.

66

.007

.060

9.00

190.00

140.00

6.14

-

Springfield.

67

.014

.162

18.00

190.00

64.00

2.60

-

South Amherst.

68

.027

.090

10.00

190.00

60.00

3.25

None.

Agawam.

69

.036

.088

15.00

168.00

78.00

1.56

Amherst.

70

.012

.042

3.00

72.00

28.00

0.63

-

North Amherst.

71

.022

.039

8.00

96.00

60.00

0.95

-

Amherst.

72

.016

.116

6.00

68.00

12.00

0.00

_

Westminster,

73

.000

.076

34.00

184.00

76.00

3.51

-

Concord.

74

.048

.088

14.00

140.00

52.00

2.21

-

Concord.

75

.012

.096

8.00

188.00

84.00

1.27

-

Concord.

76

.016

.080

46.00

336.00

124.00

4.16

-

Concord.

77

.040

.140

6.00

104.00

52.00

0.32

-

Concord.

78

.024

.112

8.00

-

-

3.90

-

Chesterfield.

79

.100

.216

30.00

328.00

72.00

6.86

-

South Deeifield.

80

.016

.060

14.00

176.00

96.00

2.21

-

Med way.

81

1.340

.140

10.00

344.00

116.00

5.14

-

Smithville.

82

.036

.444

5.00

116.00

44.00

2.21

-

Ludlow.

83

.116

.212

4.00

180.00

104.00

2.08

-

Ludlow.

84

.144

.236

5.00

204.00

70.00

1.95

-

Ludlow.

85

.000

.064

20.00

248.00

80.00

3.25

-

Amherst.

86

.012

.048

6.00

114.00

60.00

0.16

-

Amherst.

87

.048

.128

3.00

_

-

4.57

-

Amherst.

88

.012

.048

18.00

160.00

64.00

2.73

-

South Deerfield.

89

.156

.100

32.00

348.00

:i6.oo

6.71

-

South Deerfield.

90

.008

.176

12.00

196.00

68.00

0.63

-

Amherst.

91

.016

.088

14.00

172.00

100.00

3.51

_

Weston.

92

.176

.120

42.00

360.00

176.00

1.95

None.

Plainville.

93

.104

.076

24.00

-

-

7.29

None.

North Hadley.

94

.016

.084

4.00

244.00

132.00

2.34

-

North Amherst.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

299

Analyses of Water, etc.

Concluded.

a

d

1

a

PS

s

a
a
<

3
0
<

!2
'0

.2=j

a =
3 0

£3

<

9J

a
0
0

1

0

•a

!

a

"o
OQ

0 .

i 1

•0 0

W

■6

Locality.

95

.000

.148

6.00

160.00

44.00

0.32

None.

Bolton.

96

.108

.056

8.00

168.00

92.00

2.47

None.

Weston.

97

.000

.072

4.00

136.00

64.00

0.32

None.

Rockville.

98

2.032

.168

42.00

324.00

164.00

8.86

-

North Hadley.

99

.083

.123

8.00

304.00

156.00

6.29

-

Amherst.

100

.280

.264

16.00

268.00

164.00

1.82

-

South Sudbury.

101

.008

.116

36.00

-

-

3.51

-

Amherst.

102

.048

.112

8.00

124.00

48.00

1.69

-

South Deerfield.

103

.112

.120

8.00

200.00

88.00

2.47

-

Westford.

104

.040

.076

6.00

172.00

64.00

3.25

-

Weston.

105

.012

.068

8.00

142.00

46.00

2.34

-

Waltham.

106

1.46S

.368

26.00

543.80

312.00

8.00

-

North Andover.

107

.160

.272

103.00

472.00

143.00

8.71

-

North Andover.

108

.100

.123

10.00

180.00

68.00

3.25

-

North Andover.

109

.040

.128

15.00

100.00

2S.00

3.38

-

Templeton.

The analyses have l)een made according to Wancklyn's
process, familiar to chemists,, and are directed towards the
indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid
ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular.
(For a more detailed description of this method, see " Water
Analyses," l)y J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.)

Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode
of investigation is as follows : —

1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the
presence of filthy water.

2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in water, without
chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination.

3. More than five grains per gallon * of chlorine ( = 71.4
parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per
million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million
of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water

One gallon equals 70,000 grains.

300 EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '93.

is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine,
etc., and should l)e condemned.

4. Eight hundredth parts per million of free anmionia
and one tenth part per million of albuminoid annnonia
render a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine.

5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million,
ought to absolutely condemn a water which contains it.

6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed
forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million).

An examination of the previously stated analyses indicates
that Nos. 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28,
29, 30, 35, 46, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 79, 81, 83, 84, 89, 92,
93, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 106, 107 and 108 ought to be
condemned as unfit for family use; while Nos. 7, 8, 14, 15,
21, 23, 33, 36, 37, 42, 48, 53, 54, G2, 63, 82 and 109 must
be considered suspicious. From this record it will be seen
that over one-third of the entire number of well waters tried
proved unfit for drinking. Heating waters to the boiling
point not unfrequently removes immediate danger.

Parties sending on water for analysis should be very
careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The
samples should be sent on without delay after collecting.
One ijallon is desirable for the analysis.

IV. CoMriLATIOX OF ANALYSES MADE AT AmHERST,

Mass., of Agricultural Chemicals axd Refuse
Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

[As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.]

1868-1893.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1892,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those vears. C. A. G.

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Prepaued by C. S. Crocker.

A. Analyses of Fodder Articles.

B. Analyses of Fodder Articles with Reference

TO Fertilizing Ingredients.

C. Analyses of Fruit.

D. Analyses of Sugar-prodltcing Plants.

E. Dairy Products.

F. Insecticides.

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322 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

a
o

CIS

o

s

pq

tr)

M

^

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fn

^

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•epano£ OOO'Z

c<

jad noiiBn[B^

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a

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&:

fc^

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V

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S;

1

o

2

1

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o

a

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M

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a

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~

s

B

a

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

323

CO t* <0 -t C> (M

C^ CO Ol

Ci C; I- -1« 00 •-' O O

o o o o o to

O 'X3 O Cr- rM tD

I o o

%D a Vt

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to

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2 "H. a

o *J ^

o n o < i; ;-, «

324 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits.

NAME.

Date.

o
a

>.

>>
1

p

I"

a" .

5 *

a S •

a

u

s

6

3
a

0)

0

5

a

u
a
bD

3

3 h-

0

111

mo A

■aT3 0
0 J) 11

OQ

1877.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

c. c.

Apple (Baldwin), .

Sept. 1,

20.14

1.055

12-15

3.09

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin),

Oct. 9,

19.66

1.065

12—15

6.25

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin),

Nov. 27,

-

1.075

12-15

10.42

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

Sept. 1,

20.27

1.055

12—15

3.16

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

Oct. 9,

19.68

1.066

12—15

7.14

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening.f

Nov. 27,

20.25

1.080

12—15

11.36

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

Aug. 31,

15.00

1.060

12-15

4.77

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

Sept. 7,

16.55

1.060

12—15

5.68

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

Sept. 20,

1.065

12—15

8.62

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett), t

Sept. 22,

-

1.060

12—15

8.93

-

-

-

Cranberries,

-

10.71

1.025

15

1.35

-

-

-§

Cranberries,

1878.

10.11

1.025

15

1.70

-

-

-11

Early York Peach (ripe),

-

-

1.045

25

-

1.92

6.09

45

Early York Peach (nearly ripe)

-

10.9611

1.039

25

-

1.36

4.12

42.3

Crawford Peach (nearly ripe).

-

-

1.050

18

-

2.19

7.02

85.6

Crawford Peach (mellow),

-

11.3611; 1.055

18

-

1.70

8.94

76

Crawford Peach (not mellow),

-

11. 881T 11.045

22

-

1.67

5.92

61

One part Nas CO3 in 100 parts of water. § Free acid, 2.25 per cent,
t Picked October 9. || Free acid, 2.43 per cent.

J Picked September 7. IT In pulp, kept ten days before testing.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

325

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.

[Wild and cultivated grapes.]

XAME.

Date.

1

O
o

9

Pa

m

d

a <o
<a ha

0

1

s

•-s
a

s

3

5

Sugar in Dry
Matter.

*SodaSol. requir-
ed to neutralize
100 parts Juice.

1876.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C.C.

Concord

. July 17,

1.0175

31

8.30

.645

7.77

-

Concord

. July 20,

1.0150

31

8.10

.625

7.72

216

Concord, ....

. Aug. 2,

1.0200

25

9.94

.938

9.44

249

Concord, ....

. Aug. 16,

1.0250

28

•10.88

2.000

18.38

229

Concord, ....

. Aug. 30,

1.0500

25

15.58

8.620

55.33

120

Concord

. Sept. 13,

1.0670

23

17.48

13.890

79.46

55

Concord,

. Sept. 4,

1.0700

18

19.82

16.130

81.38

49.2

Wild Purple Grape,

. July 19,

1.020

31

9.00

.714

7.93

204

Wild Purple Grape,

. Aug. 4,

1.020

28

12.25

1.100

8.98

246

Wild Purple Grape,

. Aug. 16,

1.025

28

12.48

2.000

16.03

233

Wild Purple Grape,

. Aug, 30,

1.050

26

16.58

6.500

39.81

147.6

Wliite Wild Grape,

. Aug. 31,

1.050

26

16.48

9.260

56.18

98

Hartford Prolific, .

. Sept. 5,

1.060

22

17.39

13.89

79.87

88.8

Ivea' seedling, .

. Sept. 6,

1.070

26

20.15

15.15

75.14

88.6

lona, ....

. Sept. 7,

1.080

21

24.56

15.15

61.68

144

lona (mildewed), .

. Sept. 7,

1.045

26

15.41

6.25

40.56

204.4

Agawam, .

. Sept. 11,

1.075

20

20.79

17.24

82.92

94.8

Wilder, ....

. Sept. 11,

1.064

20

16.53

13.67

82.69

56

Delaware,

. Sept. 12,

1.080

24

23.47

17.86

76.09

74

Charter Oak, .

. Sept. 12,

1.080

24

15.98

8.77

54.94

168.3

Israella

. Sept. 16,

1.075

23

19.67

9.20

46.77

89.8

Bent's Seedling,

. Sept. 20,

1.080

21

20.65

16.13

78.11

181.8

Adirondack, .

. Sept. 20,

1.065

21

15.11

13.17

87.16

68

Catawba, ....

. Oct. 16,
1877.

1.080

13

23.45

17.39

74.16

82

Wilder, ....

. Sept. 11,

1.065

23

16.41

15.15

92.32

60

Charter Oak, .

. ' Sept. 12,

1.055

23

16.22

9.80

60.42

96

Concord

. Sept. 13,

1.065

24

15.90

13.16

82.76

102

Concord, ....

. Sept. 26,

1.075

24

19.34

15.43

79.78

70.8

Eumalan, ....

. Sept. 24,

1.065

16

19.62

13.16

67.07

73

Wild While Grape,

. Sept. 5,

1.050

22

15.57

7.20

46.24

140.8

Wild White Grape (shrivelle

d), . Sept. 20,

1.060

16

20.02

10.00

49.95

130

Wild Purple Grape (shrivell*

;d), . Sept. 20,

1.045

16

16.69

8.22

49.25

104

One part of pure Nao CO3 in 100 parts water.

326 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.

[Effect of girdling oa grapes.]

NAME AND CONDITION.

Date.

2

o

«
'S

CB

6
5S

u

a

"S .
So

b

'3

1-5

.5

o

o
o

3

5

>>

c .

02

*8oda Sol. requir.
ed to neutralize
100 parts Juice.

1877.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct. C. C.

Hartford Prolific, not girdled,

Sept. 3,

1.045

19

12.85

8.77

68.25 111.4

Hartford Prolific, girdled, .

Sept. 3,

1.065

19

17.18

12.50

72.76 100

Wilder, not girdled.

Sept. 3,

1.055

19

15.41

10.42

67.62 108.2

"Wilder, girdled, . . .' .

Sept. 3,

1.075

19

17.24

14.70

85.26

88.4

Delaware, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.065

19

15.75

11.76

74.66

101.2

Delaware, girdled, ....

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

19.14

15.15

79.16

94.4

Agawam, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.060

19

16.60

11.37

68.48

128.2

Agawam, girdled

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

18.45

16.31

87.42

114.8

lona, not girdled, ....

Sept. 6,

1.0625

22

16.60

13.51

68.31

131.4

lona, girdled,

Sept. 6,

1.085

22

21.48

1563

72.76

125.6

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 6,

1.045

22

13.46

7.46

55.42

182.4

Concord, girdled

Sept. 6,

1.070

22

17.53

13.88

79.18

102.8

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 26,

1.065

22

17.63

13.70

78.27

86

Concord, girdled

Sept. 26,

1.080

22

24.47

19.61

80.13

76.8

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 5,

1.075

12

20.92

17.50

85.37

42

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 5,

1.085

12

-

17.86

-

54

Date.

100

Parts

OF Gr

APES CO

XTAINED —

6

<s

a-a

.a

3

o

0

s

O

1889.

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 23,

84.69

6.2J

.75

Concord, girdled

Sept. 23,

.42

83.00

8.13

.85

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 8,

.53

84.51

6.09

.48

Concord, girdled

Oct. 8,
1890.

.37

82.69

8.50

.50

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 25,

.47

86.49

7.36

1.15^

Concord, girdled

Sept. 25,

.48

84.93

9.29

1.17

Concord, not girdled, .

Oct. 9,

.53

85.39

7.67

.71

Concord, not girdled, .

Oct. 9,

.59

85.11

6.65

.51

Concord, girdled

Oct. 9,

.54

85.15

9.12

.74

* One part of pure Na2 CO3 in 100 parts water.

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

327

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.

[Effect of fertilization upon tlie organic constituents of wild grapes.]

NAME.

Date.

1^

3

0)

(U to
3 <P
— ai

a ^

"a o

° o

go
o

a

■3

0

Remarks.

1877.

Wild Purple Grape Berries, .

Sept. 20,

16.31

-

-

8.03

-

Unfertilized.

Wild Purple Grape Berries, .

19.55

-

-

13.51

-

Fertilized.

Wild Purple Grape Juice, .

-

1.045

16

8.22

9.840

Unfertilized.

Wild Purple Grape Juice, .

-

1.065

16

13.51

1.149

Fertilized.

Wild White Grape Berries, .

20.02

-

-

-

-

Unfertilized.

Wild White Grape Berries, .

21.65

-

-

-

-

Fertilized.

Wild White Grape Juice, .

-

1.060

16

10.00

1.846

Unfertilized.

Wild White Grape Juice, .

-

-

-

14.29

.923

Fertilized.

[Effect of fertilization upon the ash constituents of grapes.]

NAME.

Date.

6
•15

6
HO

■d

e4
so

a

£3

6

1^
0.

IS

Remarks.

5

0

T3

0

0

0

9>

0

en

0
a

1876.

Wild Purple Grapes,

Sept. 13,

50.93

.15

22.23

5.59

.79

17.40

2.93

Unfertilized.

Wild Purple Grapes,

Sept. 20,

62.65

.85

14.24

3.92

.53

13.18

4.63

Fertilized.

Concord Grapes,

July 7,

41.73

5.04

25.03

7.80

.55

18.48

1.37

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

July 17,

47.34

1.13

24.21

.75

21.38

.43

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Aug. 18,

51.14

3.19

16.20

6.38

.65

20.77

1.67

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Sept. 13,
1878.

57.15

4.17

11.30

3.10

.40

12.47

11.82

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Oct. 3,

64.65

1.42

9.13

3.63

.50

14.87

5.80

Fertilized.

328 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Concluded.
[Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops.]

NAME.

Ash.

100 Parts of Ash contained-

a
o

P4

a
o

1

3

.2

a

IS

a
"S

u

.22

0

51.14

3.19

16.20

6.38

.65

20.77

50.85

.48

3.69

4.25

.10

6.43

40.69

-

6.85

6.24

-

9.04

7.70

.42

57.36

8.80

.08

24.40

6.71

-

-

3.03

-

17. 2»

20.91

-

20.20

8.45

-

17.75

24.71

.94

40.53

10.66

l.OS

17.10

22.57

-

9.72

4.28

-

14.07

49.76

-

3.50

2.53

1.19

13.56

58.45

3.51

13.34

7.37

.90

18.19

63.54

1.71

7.28

5.52

1.08

20.87

49.24

3.23

13.47

8.12

1.74

18.50

58.47

-

14.64

6.12

3.37

17.40

10.62

13.35

36.63

3.83

6.91

14.48

47.96

6.58

18.58

6.78

-

14.27

12.98

3.27

16.49

10.33

3.35

10.94

47.68

4.02

18.96

6.23

1.20

21.91

52.79

3.00

17.08

5.68

2.67

18.78

74.46

-

2.64

6.29

.58

16.02

71.30

-

4.68

5.49

.46

18.07

26.01

-

54.52

7.58

.52

11.37

15.67

-

64.23

10.28

1.45

8.37

38.07

12.84

18.64

3.98

.34

5.23

42.94

3.58

27.18

12.77

1.22

12.31

56.43

5.42

15.48

7.57

-

15.09

38.51

1.90

8.20

3.65

.58

15.80

Concord Grape (fruit),

Unfermented juice,

Fermented juice,

Skins and pulp, .

Seeds, .

Stems of grapes, .

Young branches,*

Wood of viue,t .
Concord Grapes, 1S91,J:
Clinton Gr.tpe (fruit),
Baldwin Apple, .
Strawberry (fruit) ,§ .
Strawberry (fruit) ,|| .
Strawberry vines.
Cranberry (fruit).
Cranberry vines, .
Currants, red, .
Currants, white,
Crawford Peach, sound,
Crawford Peach, diseased

Branch, sound, .

Branch, diseased.lT
Carnation Pinksfwhole plant).
Asparagus stems.
Asparagus roots,
Onions,

3.08
4.69

2.97
.55

3.34
.18

2.45
.47

.59

2.09
4.92
23.84
2.01

3.68
5.66

34.04

.24

.08

3.67

3.33

* With tendrils and blossomB. § Wilder,

t One year old. II Downing.

X Nitrogen in dry matter, .96 per cent. IT Yellows.

** Nitrogen in dry matter, 1.15 per cent.

181)3.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

329

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants.

[Composition of sugar beets raised upon the college grounds during the season of

1870 and 1871.]

NAME.

Date.

Brix

Saccharom-

eter
(Degrees).

Per Cent,
of Sugar.

Non-
saccharine
■Substances.

Electoral, .

Sept.

10,

14

12.30

1.75

Imperial, .

((

12,

15

12.59

2.41

Vilmoriu, . ^

"

13,

14.5

12.95

1.55

Imperial, .

"

18,

14

10.79

3.21

Imperial, .

Oct.

11,

15

12.05

2.95

Electoral, .

"

16,

15

12.22

2.78

Yilmorin, .

"

18,

16

13.13

2.87

Imperial, .

Nov.

14,

15

11.60

3.34

Yilmorin, .

"

21,

15.5

13.12

2.38

Vienna Globe,* .

Sept.

19,

11

8.00

3.00

Common Mangold,*

"

19,

9

5.00

3.97

* Fodder beets.

[Percentage of sugar in different varieties of sugar beets grown on college farm during
the season of 1882.]

N.\ME.

Source of
Seed.

Weight ill
Pounds.

Per Cent, of
Sugar in Juice.

I. Vilmorin,

Saxony, .

^ to ^

4 ^" 8

15.50

II. Yilmorin, .....

Saxony, .

f to 1

15.61

I. White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

1 to If

14.20

II. White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

If to 2

10.27

New Imperial,

Saxony, .

l\ to If

13.80

I. White Magdeburg,

Saxony, .

11 to 2

13.10

II. White Magdeburg,

Silesia, .

11 to If

10.06

Quedlinburg,

Saxon}', .

li to If

13.44

White Silesian,

Silesia, .

11 to 11

9.72

330 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

D. Analyses of S^ir/ar- producing Plants — Continued.
[Effect of soil and fertilization on Electoral sugar beets.*]

SOIL.

MANUKE.

Specific Gravity

BrIx

(Degrees).

Per Cent, of
Sugar in Juice.

J. 3

5 <«

55

.S si
II

CO 0,

-n

Sandy loam.

Fresh yard-manure,

16.5

12.50

4.00

75.08

Clayish loam, .

Fresh yard-manure,

15.5

11.05

4.45

71.30

Warm alluvial, .

Y a r d - m a n u r e and

chemicals, .

12.75

9.17

3.58

71.92

AVarni alluvial, .

Fresh hog-manure.

13.5

9.53

3.97

70.06

Light, sandy soil,

No manure, .

18.5

13.73

4.77

74.21

Alluvial soil,

Brighton fish.

14.5

11.15

3.35

76.90

Heavy soil,

Yard-manure,

12.25

8.15

4.10

66.53

-

-

13.5

9.90

3.60

73.33

* Not raised on college farm (Connecticut valley).

[Effect of fertilization on sugar beets.*]

Pkrcentages of Sugak

IN JDICE.

Kreeport.

Electoral.

Vilmoiin.

Fresh horse-manure, ....

11.96

9.42

7.80

Blood guano without potasli.

10.99

10.10

10.20

Blood guano with potash, .

12.55

13.24

10.50

Kainite and superphosphate,

13.15

12.16

10.50

Sulphate of potash, ....

14.52

14.32

12.78

Second year after stable-manure,

13.49

12.78

12.19

* All were grown on the same soil, — sandy loam (college).

1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

331

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Coutinued.
[Effect of different modes of cultivation on Electoral sugar beets.]

—

Brix

Per Cent.

Non-

Locality op Kkkt-field.

„ Saccharom-
Datc. eter

of Cane

saccharine

(Degrees).

Sugar.

Substances.

1.

Sing Sing, N. Y., .

1872-73

11

7.80

3.20

2.

Washington, N. Y., .

14

10.97

3.03

3.

South Hartford, N. Y.,

15

11.70

3.30

4.

Greenwich, N. Y., .

12

9.50

2.50

5.

Frankfort, N. Y., .

13.5

11.00

2.50

6.

Albion, X. Y.,*

18

15.10

2.90

Albion, N. Y.,t

14

9.70

4.30

* From beets weighing from 1 '2 to 2 pounds. f From beets weighing from 10 to 14 pounds.

1. Soil, loam resting on clayish hard-pan, had been for several years
in grass. Tomatoes had been the preceding crop. Five hundred
l^ounds of a j^hosj^hatic blood guano were applied before planting.

2. Soil, a clayish loam, had been ploughed seven inches deep. A
liberal amount of rotten sheep-manure was placed in trenches and
covered by running two furrows together, thus forming a ridge on
Avhich the seed were planted.

3. Soil, a gravelly loam, which had been richly manured with stable
compost and twi(;e ploughed before planting.

4. Soil, a sandy loam, underlaid by tine sand. The seed were planted
on ridges, Avhich covered trenches containing a little rotten stable-
manure.

5. Xo details of modes of cultivation received.

6. Soil, a dark, reddish-brown, rich, deep, sandy loam. Clover had
been raised for two years previous to a crop of carrots, which preceded
the sugar beets. The beets were the second crop after the application
of twenty loads of stable-manure per acre.

Compositwi of Canada-groivn Sugar Beets.
[1872 and 1873.]

Where Growx.

Weight of
Roots.

Specific

Gravity of

Juice

(Brix).

Tempera-
ture of
Juice.

Per Cent.

of Cane

Sujiar

in Juice.

Echaullon de Montreal, .
Riviere du Loup, .
Chambly, ....
Maskinonge, ....

2 to 2 J lbs.
2 to 3| lbs.
2 to 21 lbs.
2 to 3" lbs.

15.4°
14.5°

13.2°
13.4°

64° F.
63° F.
63° F.
63° F.

11.38

10.20

9.02

8.83

332 AGRICULTURAL P^XPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued.
[Early Amber Cane.]

Date.

CONDITION OF CANE.

2-^

S 01

3 2

.a bD

d

IP

1

5

u

a
bn

3
02

g

Soda solution re-
quired to neu-
IralizelOO parts
of Juice.

."2

1879.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C. C.

Perct.

Aug. 15,

No flower stalks in sight, *

4.2

27

2.48

None.

6.8

7.93

Aug. 16,

No flower stalks in sight, *

5.8

24

4.06

None.

9.0

11.10

Aug. 20,

Flower stalks developed,*

7.9

24

3.47

2.15

7.0

13.00

Aug. 24,

Flowers open,*

8.7

23

3.70

3.00

4.0 •

14.07

Aug. 27,

Plants in full bloom,*

10.0

25

3.65

4.13

10.0

15.48

Aug. 30,

Seed forming,*

9.5

30

4.00

3.81

9.5

16.14

Sept. 2,

Seed in milk,*

10.7

27

3.85

4.41

9.5

15.85

Sept. 9,

Seeds still soft,*

12.1

22

3.21

6.86

9.5

26.13

Sept. 9,

Stripped on Sept. 2,*.

12.8

22

3.77

6.81

9.5

26.75

Sept. 18,

Left on field without stripping,*

13.2

22

3.57

7.65

-

-

Sept. 18,

Tops renioved,*

13.8

22

3.16

8.49

-

-

Sept. 18,

Tops and leaves removed on Sept. 9,*

11.5

22

3.16

5.85

-

-

Sept. 18,

Tops removed ; left on field 9 days,*

12.8

22

10.00

.60

-

~

Sept. 21,

Juice from the above,*

13.0

21

-

-

-

Sept. 23,

Juice from the above,*

15.0

18

-

-

-

-

Sept, 25,

Left on field 3 weeks,!

19.8

21

11.91

6.27

-

-

Sept. 28,

Left on field 3 weeks.f

17.8

12

16.60

-

-

-

Oct. 4,

Left on field 3 weeks,!

16.1

17

8.62

6.16

12.0

-

Oct. V,

Freshly cut. Ground with leaves,!

16.7

20

4.16

9.94

6.8

Oct. 8,

Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,!

12.8

17

5.16

5.27

7.0

-

Oct. 9,

Fk-eshly cut. Stripped two weeks,!

18.4

17

7.57

-

10.6

-

Oct. 14,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

18.2

15

10.42

-

10.4

-

Oct. 18,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

15.1

23

7.57

-

-

-

Oct. 19,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

15.5

15

9.22

-

13.6

-

Oct. 22,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

16.2

16

8.30

-

-

Oct. 23,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

18.3

17

11.30

5.5

14.0

-

Oct. 24,

Several weeks old,! ....

16.6

15

8.63

-

9.0

-

100 Parts of Cane contained

-

o

i

o

3

5

a
C

1889.

a
■2

October,

Early Tennessee sorghum, mature,

77.43

1.79

3.21

5.00

2

October,

Price's new hybrid, ripe, .

77.80

2.92

3.7S

6.70

c ^

October,

Kansas orange, green.

80.67

2.38

3.63

6.01

October,

New orange, green

78.. 30

2.96

3.85

6.81

S O

October,

Honduras, green

77.55

3.08

4.01

7.09

* Raised on the college farm. t Raised by farmers in the vicinity of the college.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Concluded.
[Composition of the juice of corn stalks and melons.]

333

& c

iN'ovthern corn,*
Black Mexican sweet com,f .
Evergreen sweet corn,f .
Common sweet coni,J
Common yellow musk-melon, §
White-flesh water-melon.
Red-flesh water-melon, .
Red-flesh water-melon, .
Nutmeg musk-melon, II .
Nutmeg musk-melon,^ .
Nutmeg musk-melon,**

1.023

27

1.048

27

1.052

-

1.035

-

1.040

26

1.025

18

1.025

22

1.025

19

1.030

19

1.050

20

1.030

19

Per ct.
4.35

2.06
4.85
6.60
1.67
2.91
3.57
3.84
3.33
2.27
2.50

Per ct.

0.28
7.02
5.70
None.
2.65
2.16
2.18
1.77
2.11
5.38
1.43

Per ct.
15.18

17.44

20.38

* Tassels appearing.
■f Ears ready for the table.
X Kernels somewhat bard.
§ Fully ripe.

II Not ripe.
IT Ripe.
** Over-ripe.

334 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

s

ft;

«

s

^

^

•aSvia&Y

•tnnoiiaij^

•mninixBji

I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I I I ■<]< I I I I I I

I I I

I I I I I I I I

•aSeaaAV

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C^ CO C*l

c*i e«J CO CO CO

c^ en CO o)

^ CO lO

I J I

11(111

I I I I 00 I I I I I I I I

•oSeaaAY

•tuntnjxBji

h— «j- r*- CO r^

OJ c^ »—•—•— CO

•aSBjaAy

^ CD 05

cn c«J ^

04 CO CO

^ — C-l

I I I I I

t- 1-- r-*

I I I I

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a = -

a -2 a -2

^ = t. 3

m « O K

a a

♦ • • • •

*- a .5 ^
M « -o a
a 1^ a rt

a ? a - A!

. . 1 i: 1 f S .

1 1 .- -a 5

• • 1 t i> I "! •

1 1 •? S .2 .

IK

k, ....
k

rom Cooley Cieamer),

ilk cheese (Jersey),*
ilk cheese,*

om milk skimmed after t
om milk skimmed after t
om milk skimmed after tl
om milk skimmed after f
om skim-milk, with addit
oleomargarine cheese,*

U O O O O O

1803.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

335

•aopBuiuicxa aoj: no inag a

siqiiiosaj

I I I I I I I I

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Ot-'OO O OO — r

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mnisaaSBjij

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f r I CI I I I I I c:i I r

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ooo-+c^ot— ot—

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■opuoiqo

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„ ^;:^ c JPj^ c8 <u « II

=a 6/ o

336 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

N

aiqniosni

eapixQ ainiinnjy

•apixQ

•aptxo mnioiBQ

ooooooooi-iO c^c^aoc^

O CO 1-1
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'i: "C ■;: 'E n 'C 'C 'C ^ .=; ,r" ■'^ -= -o -° ;^ = — n
3«ac3c9assai^-oopoZo«aH

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 337

METEOROLOCiY.

1892.

The meteorological observations have been continued as
in previous years. The temperature, the force and the
direction of the wind and the amount of cloudiness are
recorded each day at 7 a.:m., 2 p.m. and 9 I'.m. During the
summer months the reading of a wet-bulb thermometer takes
place at the same times. Records are also taken of maxi-
mum and mininmm temperatures, rainfall, and of casual
meteorological phenomena.

Monthly and annual re})orts are sent to the head(|uar-
ters of the signal service at Washington, D. C, and to the
New England Meteorological Society. During the summer
months [)artial monthly reports have l)een furnished also for
the use of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

At the l)eginning of the year there was no snow on the
ground. After January 1 the total snowfall of the season
amounted to thirty-four inches. The heaviest snow-storm
during that time occurred on January 15, measuring seven
inches. A storm giving six inches of snow occurred on
Fel)ruary 11. The last storm, which was only a trace, fell
on A})ril 10.

The last frost of the season was on May 10, when the
mininunn thermometer registered 35^ F.

The mean temperature during the tirst four months was
31.43° F., being a little over one degree lower than that of
last year. The alisolute mininunn temperature was — 10°,
occurring on January 15.

Theniean monthly range for the four months was 18..S4° F.,
being 14.1(i° lower than that of the tirst four months of 1<S91.
The prevailing wind was N. N. E. for January and Fe))ruary,

338 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

and X. W. for March and April. During the following
four months, May, June, July and August, the mean tem-
perature was 65.32*^ F., being 1.67° lower than that of the
corresponding months of last year, while the mean range of
temperature was 5° greater.

The absolute maximum temperature, viz., 04.5°, occurred
on June 14. The minimum temperature Avas 30°, occurring
on May 1. The cold wave in May was unfavorable to the
germinatian of seeds, and was a set-back to general farming
operations.

The total preci[)itati()n during the months of May, June,
July and August was 17.!l7 inches. During the months of
June and July the precipitation was slightly below the nor-
mal, and there were extreme ranges of temperature. The
month of August was characterized by excessive rainfalls,
the precipitation being much above the normal, and 2.03
inches more than that for August, 1891.

The month of Se})tember was very fair and pleasant, l)eing
free from severe storms, and there was no frost until the
30th, which was the first of the season. The })recipitation
was far below the normal. The prevailing wind was S.
The temperature for October and November was about nor-
mal, while for December it was much below.

The precipitation for October and December was exceed-
ingly small, but for November was above the normal. The
total amount of snowfall during the month of November was
2.G8 inches, and for December 2.75 inches. The first trace
of snow for the season fell Novemlier 5. The total amount
of i)rocipitation during the year was below the normal, and
was unevenly distributed. The largest amount of water
falling in one month was 5.70 inches, — August; the
smallest amount, 0.64 of an inch, in October; and only 0.65
of an inch fell in April, Ix'ing an exceedingly small figure
for that month.

1893.1

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

339

1^

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340 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

P5 .

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3

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1893.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

341

Casual Phenomena. — Dates.

Thunder-storms.

Solar Hales.

Lunar
Uaios.

Aurora.

January, .

February,

March,

April,

May,

June,

July,

August,

September,

October, .

November,

December,

14, 17, 23, 30,

3, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29,

4, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 26,

26,

10

19,

."J, 16, 17, 22,

3, 5, 7, 8, 14,15,25

1,4, 5, 17, 26

8, 10, 11,13, 14,29

22,24

4, 10, 19, 21

15,20

9,29

16, 20, 31

10,
10,

n,

3, 5, 7,

4, 5,

13, 23, 26.

6, 24, 25.

23, 24, 25, 26, 29.

18.

342 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

January, February, March, April.

1891.

Date.

1892.

Date.

Mean temperature, .

1 33.20°

-

31.43°

-

Absolute maximum temperature,

77.00°

April 30,

76.00°

April 5.

Absolute minimum temperature,

—5.50°

Feb. 15,

—10.00°

Jan. 17.

Mean monthly range.

33.00°

-

18.84*

~

Total precipitation (inches), .

16.08

-

9.74

-

Total snowfall (inches),.

58.00

-

34.00

-

Last snowfall

! -

April 3,

-

April 10.

Prevailing wind,

N. E.

-

N. E. & X. W.

-

May, June, July, August.

Mean temperature

63.65°

-

65.32°

-

Absolute maximum temperature, .

90.00°

Aug. 11,

94.50°

June 14.

Absolute minimum temperature, .

25.00°

May 1,

30.00°

May 1.

Mean monthly range

25.26°

-

21.21°

-

Last frost,

June 25,

-

May 10.

Total raiufall (inches),

15.16

-

17.97

-

Prevailing wind

N. E

-

S.W.

-

September, October, November, December

Mean temperature, .

Absolute maximum temperature,

Absolute minimum temperature,

Mean monthly range.

First frost, .

Total precipitation (inches).

First fnowfall, .

Total snowfall (inches).

Prevailing wind,

46.00°
89.00°
4.00°
35.05°

Sept. 18,
Nov. 30,

Oct. 10,

1.50
S.E.

43.28°

79.00°

—1.00°

18.47°

7.50

5.43
N. W.

Sept. 18,

19, 25.
Dec. 27.

Sept. 30.

1

; Oct. 5.

Entire Year

Mean temperature, .
Total precipitation (inches),
Total snowfall (inches), .

47.62°
42.58
59.50

45.68°
35.21
39.43

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 343

ANNUAL REPORT OF C. A. GOESSMANN,

Tkeasvrer of the Massachusetts Agrici-ltvral Experiment Station,
For the Year ending Dec. 20, 1892.

Received.

Cash on hand from last year $3 31

Cash from State Treasurer, appropriation, .... 10,000 00

Cash from State Treasurer, Columbian Exhibition, . . 150 00

Cash from fertilizer account, 2,310 00

Cash from dairy bureau, 628 50

Cash from farm, 1,014 14

$14,131 95

Expended.

Cash paid salaries, $3,927 51

Cash paid laboratory supplies, 579 04

Cash paid printing and otHce expenses, .... 576 45

Cash paid farmer and farm labor, 2,254 96

Cash paid farm supplies, 1,749 21

Cash paid dairy bureau account, 402 06

Cash paid fertilizer account, 2,304 50

Cash paid construction and repairs, 774 56

Cash paid expense of Board of Control, .... 15234

Cash paid incidental expenses, 589 66

Cash paid library 358 99

Cash on band, . . 462 67

$14,131 95

Summary of the Property of the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station (Dec. 31, 1892).

Farm .

Live stock $628 88

Tools, implements and machinery 996 80

Produce on hand, 832 60

Fertilizers 31 60

Chemical Laboratory :

Laboratory inventory, 3,005 27

Office furniture, libraiy, etc., 1,978 50

Agricultural and Physiological Lalwratory :

Furniture, herbariums, library (tirst floor), . . . 734 35

Instruments, apparatus, etc. (tirst floor), .... 761 20

Furniture (second floor), 409 52

Instruments, apparatus, etc. (second floor), . . . 412 40

Buildings, land, etc., . 32,202 00

Total of inventory, $41,993 12

This is to certify that I have examined the books and accounts of Charles A. Goessmann,
Treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending
Dec. 31, 1892, and find them correct, and all disbursements properly vouched for, with a
balance in the treasury of four hundred and sixty-two sixty -seven one hundredths dollars,
which is shown to be in the bank.

WM. R. 8ES8I0NS,

Jan. 10, 1893. Auditor.

344 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

LIST OF EXCHAl^GES.

Rei^orts and Bulletins of the United States Department of A,o;ri-

culture, Washington, I). C.
Reports and Bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Stations of

the United States.
Bulletin of the State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Mass.
Bulletin of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass.
The American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.
The Holstein-Friesian Register, Boston, Mass.
Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass.
New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.
New England Homestead, Springfield, Mass.
The Home and Mart, East Boston, Mass.
New York Weekly World, New York, N. Y.
German Agricultural Horticultural Journal (German) , New York,

N. Y.
American Agriculturist, New York, N. Y.
TJie Rural New Yorker, New York, N. Y.
The Florists' Exchange, New York, N. Y'.
Vick's Magazine, Rochester, N. Y.
The American Analyst, New York, N. Y.
The Rural Critic, Garratsville, N. Y.
Naturalist Monthly Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa.
Tne Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Farm Journal, Piiiladelphia, Pa.
The National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.
Maryland Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.
The Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind.
The New Agricultural Era, Indianapolis, Ind.
The Orange Judd Farmer, Chicago, 111.
The Western Swineherd, Geneseo, 111.
The Monist, Chicago, 111.

German Agricultural and Horticultural Journal, Chicago, III.
Detroit Free Press (weekly), Detroit, IVIich.

1893.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 34.5

I'armers' Home Weekly, Dayton, O.

American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, O.

Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Societ}', Columbus, O.

The Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La.

The "Wisconsin Farmer, Madison, Wis.

The Weekly Journal, Sioux City, la.

Western Farmer and Stockman, Sioux City, la.

Hospoda (Bohemian journal), Omaha, Neb.

The Industrialist, Manhattan, Kan.

The Home and Farm, Louisville, Ky.

Tlie Industrial American, Lexington, Ky.

Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga.

West American Scientist, Los Angeles, Cal.

California Cultivator and Poultry Keeper, Los Augeles, Cal.

Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H.

Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill,

N. C.
The Journal of Agriculture, Montreal, Can.
Bulletins of the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Can.
Bulletins of Department of Agriculture, New South Wales,

Australia.
Bulletins of Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland.
Relatorio Annual da Estacao Argonomica de Campinas, Sao

Paulo, Brazil.
Ragguagli, Laboratorio Chimieo Agrario di Bologna, Bologna,

^ Italy.
Reglamento, etc., Estacion Agronomica del Institute Agricola de

Alfonso XII., Madrid, Spain.

INDEX

TO TENTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1892.

Adzinki beans, analyses of,

Alfalfa, analyses of, .

AigiE, analyses of,

Alsike clover, analyses of, .

Ammonia, sulphate of, analyses of,

Ammoniated marl, analysis of.

Ammonite, analysis of.

Analyses, compilation of, .

Apples, analyses of, .

Apple pomace, analyses of.

Artichoke, Jerusalem,

Ashes, cotton-hull, analyses of,
corn cob, analyses of,
from blue works, analyses of,
from sea-weed, analyses of,
hardwood, analyses of,
ivory, analyses of, .
lime-kiln, analyses of,
logwood, analyses of,
mill, analyses of, .
peat, analyses of, .
pine wood, analyses of,
railroad tie, analyses of,
spent tan-ljark, analyses of,

Asparagus, analyses of.

Bakery refuse, analysis oi,

Baking powder, analyses of,

Banana skins, analyses of, .

Barley, green, analyses of, •

Barley meal, analyses of, .

Barley and peas, analyses of,

Barley straw, analyses of, .

Barn-yard grass, anal3'ses of.

Barn-yard manure, analyses of,

Bat guano, analyses of,

Bean meal, analysis of,

Beets, yield of, .

Beets, fodder, analyses of, .

Beets, sugar, analyses of, .

Blood, dried, analyses of, .

Ljlood, meat and bone, analyses of.

Board of Control, members of,

Bokhara clover, analyses of.

73,91

103
103,

314

276-2

PAGE

315, 321

312, 313, 320

307

312, 320
302
303
305

301-336
321, 324, 328

317, 323

191

281, 282, 302

83, 302

303

303

281, 302
282
303
303
303
303
303
303
302
328
316
291
306
310

315, 322
311

313, 321
311
307

289, 304
315

314, 321
186

314, 321

305

289

5

313, 320

312,

110.

36,

348

INDEX.

Bokhara clover, as a crop,
Bone ash, analyses of,
Bone-black, analyses of,
Bone-black, dissolved, analyses of,
Bones, ground, analyses of,
Bone soup, analyses of,
Brewers' grain, analyses of.
Broom corn meal, analyses of.
Broom corn seed, analyses of,
Broom corn waste, analyses of.
Buckwheat, common, .
Buckwheat, silver-hull.
Buckwheat, Japanese,
Buckwheat, Japanese, analyses of,
Buckwheat hulls, analyses of,
Buckwheat middlings, analyses of.
Butter, analyses of.
Buttermilk, analyses of,
Cal.'bage, analysis of, .
Cabbage, yield of,
Caribbean guano, analyses of,
Carnallite, analyses of.
Carnation pinks, analyses of.
Carpet bug destroyer, analysis of,
Carrots, analyses of, .
Carrot tops, analyses of.
Castor bean pomace, analyses of,
Celery, yield of, .
Cheese, analyses of, .
Chestnuts, analyses of.
Chicken feed, analysis of, .
Cider, analysis of.
Clover, analyses of.
Cocoa dust, analyses of,
Cocoanut meal, analyses of.
Coffee husks, analyses of, .
Commercial feedstuflFs,
Corn and cob meal, analyses of.
Corn cobs, analyses of.
Corn fodder, analyses of, .
Corn germ feed, analyses of,
Corn germ meal, analyses of,
Corn kernels, analyses of.
Corn kernels, sweet, analysis of.
Corn meal, analyses of,
Corn screenings, analyses of.
Corn stover, analyses of.
Cotton hulls, analyses of.
Cotton-seed meal, analyses of.
Cotton waste, analyses of.
Cotton dust, analysis of,
Cow-pea,

Cow-pea, analyses of, .
Cow-pea vines, analyses of,
Cranljerries, analyses of.
Cream, analyses of.

35

i7,

18, 19,
3,85

17

47,

, 103

47,

78,
109

47

,73,

83

36, 96,

3, 87, 88,
, 96, 118,
110,290,

306,

PAGE
192

30t

304

198, 304

288, 305

305

317, 323

315

315

313, 323
194
194
194

312, 319
323

73, 316
334
334
47
186
304
302
328
336

314, 321

313, 321
306
185
334

315, 322
91

292

312,-319

317, 323

316

291

68-77

96, 315, 321

7S, 317, 323

310,312,319

. 73, 316

73, 88, 316

78, 315, 321

315

155, 315, 322

73, 88, 316

119,812,319

73, 317, 323

306, 316, 322

306

306

193

313, 320

311,318

324, 328

53, 55, 334

INDEX. 340

PAGE

Creamery record for the year 40-56

Analyses of cream, 5-5

Articles of fodder used 48, 49

Average quality of milk, 50, 51

Average milk analyses, 56

Conclusions, 54

Cost of skim-milk 53

Fertilizing constituents of fodder articles, 47

Fertilizing constituents of cream, 53

Fodder rations, 50, 51

Market cost of fodder articles used, 46

Value of cream, 52

Crops raised on station grounds, 210

Cuba guano, analyses of, 304

Cucumber plant, diseases of, '212-231

damping-otf of, 227

downy mildew of, 226

leaf blight of, 227

leaf glaze of, 230

other diseases of 230

powdery mildew of, 225

sclerotium disease (" timber rot") of, 212

Daidzu bean, analyses of, 315, 321

Dairy products, analyses of, 334

Daisy, white, analyses of, 313, 320

'■ Death to rose bugs," analyses of 336

Dried blood, analyses of, 305

Eel-grass, analyses of, . 306

Elm tree, exudation from, analysis of, 291

English hay, analyses of, . . .18,19,47,103,109,110,118,119,208,311,318
Ensilage, corn, .analyses of, 18, 19. 47, 80, 96, 103, 109, 110, 118, 119, 128, 310, 318

Ensilage of corn and soja bean, analyses of, 47,318

Ensilage of apple pomace, analyses of 317

Exchanges, list of, 344, 345

Farm crops, summary of, 210

Feeding experiments with lambs, 126-144

Analyses of fodder articles used, 127

Conclusions, 131

Cost of fodder articles, 127

Cost of rations, 130

Daily fodder rations, . . 129, 130

Feeding record, . . 133-144

Financial results, .131

Live weight and cost of laral)s, 127

Mode of feeding 128

Feeding experiments with milch cows, introduction, 14

Feeding experiments with milch cows, winter, I., dent corn vs. sweet corn ;

corn meal fs. maize feed (Chicago), 15-32

Analyses of fodder articles used, 17, 18

Analyses of milk produced, 27

Average quantity of milk produced, 26

Conclusions drawn, 28

Cost of fodder articles used, . . ..... 22

Daily fodder rations 21

Description of fodder articles, 16

Detailed feeding statement, ......... 29-32

3.50 INDEX.

Feeding experiments with milch cows, etc. — Concluded. tage

History of cows, 16

Live weight of animals, 27

Mode of feeding, . . 19

Summary of cost of rations, 22

Total cost of feed, etc., 25,31,32

Valuation of feed, 24

Feeding experiments with milch cows, summer, II., rye, Canada peas and
oats, vetch and oats, fodder corn and serradella; wheat bran, ButTalo

gluten feed and cotton-seed meal, 34-45

Analyses of fodder articles used, 35, 36

Analyses of milk, 39

Conclusions, 40

Cost of feed per quart of milk, 38

Daily fodder rations, 37

Feeding record, 41-43

History of cows, 34

Market cost of fodder articles 34

Quantity of milk produced, 38

Summary of cost of rations 38

Total cost of feed, etc., 44,45

Feeding experiments with pigs, 145-162

Introduction, 145

Sixteenth feeding experiment, 146-154

Analyses of fodder articles, 147

Conclusions, 148

Cost of fodder articles, 147

Feeding statement, 149-154

Seventeenth feeding experiment, 155-162

Analyses of fodder articles 155

Conclusions, 156

Cost of fodder articles, 155

Feeding statement, 157-162

Feeding experiments with steers, 92-125

Introduction, 92

First experiment, summary of, . . 93

Second feeding experiment, 95-108

First winter season, feeding record, 96

Analyses of fodder articles, 96

Cost of rations, 98

Daily fodder rations, 97

Summary, 99, 100

Record of summer pasturing, 101

Second winter season, feeding record, 102

Analyses of fodder articles 103

Cost of fodder articles 102

Cost of rations, 105

Daily fodder rations 104

Summary, 107, 108

Conclusions, 105

Third feeding cxi)eriment, , . . 109-125

First winter season, feeding record, 109

Analyses of fodder articles, 109

Cost of rations, Ill

Daily fodder rations, 110

Summary, . 113-115

Record of summer pasturing, 116

INDEX. 351

Feeding experiment with steers — Concluded.

Third feeding experiment — Concluded. page

Second winter season, feeding record of, 117

Analyses of fodder articles, 118

Cost of rations, 120

Diiily fodder rations 119

Summary, r23-12ri

Conclusions, . : 121

Felt refuse, analyses of, 30-5

Fertilizers, analyses of, official samples of, 2S4-275

sent on, analyses of, 299

inspection of, 248

instructions to dealers in, 256

law regulating sale of, .... = ... . 254

manufacturers of, 258

trade values of, 252

Field experiments, with soja bean 169-177

with grasses, 178-181

with garden crops, 182-189

with forage crops 190-196

with commercial phosphates, ..... 197-201

with vetch and oats, 202, 203

with grass lands 204-208

Fish, dry ground, analyses of 239

Fish chum, analyses of, 305, 306

Fodder articles and fodder supplies 62-77

Fodder corn, analyses of 36, 96, 310, 312, 319

Fodder corn, green, analyses of, 47, 78, 83

Forest pea, , 191

Fruits, analyses of, 324-327

Garden crops, analyses of, 328

Glucose refuse, analysis of, 306

Gluten meal, analyses of, . . . . 35, 47, 73, 86, 87, 96, 118, 128, 316, 323

Gluten feed, analysis of, 155

Gooseberry, cluster cup of. 241

Gooseberry, powdery mildew of 240

Grain rusts, 238

Grapes, analyses of, 325-328

Green sand marl, analyses of, 303

Guanos, analyses of, 289

Gypse, analyses of, 286, 303

Gypsum, analyses of 28;i, 303

Hairy lotus, analyses of, 313, 320

Hay, analyses of, . . . 18,19,47,103,109,110,118,119,208,311,312,319

Hazel fungus , . 242

Hen manure, analyses of, 307

Hellebore, analyses of, .... ■ 336

Hominy feed, analysis of, 322

Hominy meal, analyses of, ....... . 73, 315, 322

Hop refuse, analyses of, 306

Horn shavings, analyses of, 283, 305

Horn and hoof waste, analyses of, 305

H jrse bean, as a crop, 193

Horse bean, analyses of, 311, 318

Horse beans, analysis of, 315

Horse bean straw, analyses of, 313

Hungarian grass, analyses of, 82, 310, 311, 318

Insecticides, analyses of, 336

Introduction to report, 9-12

352 INDEX.

PAGE

Italian rj'e-grass, analyses of, 311, 318

Ivory dust, analyses of, 288, 30')

Jackson wonder bean, 193

Jerusalem artichoke, 191

Jute waste, analyses of, 307

Lactate waste, analyses of, 306

Letter of transmittal 3

Lettuce, yield of,- 186

Lime, gas-house, analysis of, 303

Lniie waste, analyses of, 303

Linseed meal, old-process, analyses of, 73, 316, 322

Linseed meal, new-process, analyses of, 47, 73, 96, 316, 322

Lobster shells, analyses of, 306

Lotus villosus, analyses of, 313, 320

Lucerne, analyses of, .... 312, 313, 320

Lupine, white, as a crop, 194

Lupine, blue, as a crop, 194

Lupine, yellow, as a crop, 194

Lupine, analyses of, 311, 319

Magnesia sulphate, analyses of, 302

Maize feed, analyses of, 14, 47, 73, 89, 118, 128, 147, 316

Malt sprouts, analyses of 73, 90, 317

Mangolds, analyses of, 128, 314, 321

Manure, barn-yard, analyses of, 307

Manure, ben, analyses of, 307

^lanure heap, drainage from, 285, 307

Map of the station farm 7, 8

Marls, analyses of 287, 303

Meadow fescue, analyses of, 311,319

Meadow hay, analyses of, . . 18,19,47,103,109,110,118,119,208,311,312,318

Meat mass, analyses of, 305

Medium clover, analyses of 312, 320

Melilot, analyses of 313, 320

Melons, analyses of 333

Meteorology, report on 336-342

Milk, analyses of, 39, 56-61, 293, 295, 334

Milk of ditfcrent breeds of cows, composition of, 57-61

Millet, analyses of, 310, 312, 313, 319

Millet meal, analysis of, 315

Millet seed, analyses of, 315,322

Mix, analyses of, 310, 318

Mona Island guano, analysis of, 304

Muck, analyses of, 285,307

Mud, analyses of, 307

Musk melon, analyses of, 333

Mussel mud, analyses of, 307

Navassa phosphate, analj'ses of, 304

Nicotinia, analysis of, 336

Nitrate of soda, analyses of, 302

Nitrate of potash, analyses of, 302

Nitre salt cake, analyses of, .... 302

North Carolina marl, analysis of, 303

Nutrients consumed daily, compilation o;, 163-167

Oat feed, analyses of, 73, 90, 316

Oats, analyses of, 310, 312, 318

Oats, damaged, analysis of, 292

Oats and peas, analysis of, 311

INDEX. 353

PAGE

Oleomargarine refuse, analysis of, SOo

Olive earth, analysis of, 303

Onions, analysis of, 32S

Orchard grass, analysis of, . .... .... 311,319

Palmetto root, analyses of 317, 323

Paris green, analyses of, 336

Parsnips, analyses of, 314, 321

Peat, analyses of, 284, 307

Pea meal, analyses of, . 315, 322

Peas and oats, Canada, analyses of, 36, 47, 203

Peaches, analyses of, 324, 328

Pears, analyses of, 32t

Perennial rye-grass, analyses ot^ 311, 318

Peroxide of silicate, analysis of, 336

Peruvian guano, analysis of, 304

Phosphate, acid, analysis of, 304

Phosphate, Brockville, analyses ui, 304

Phosphate, Navassa, analyses of, 304

Phosphate rock, Florida, analyses of, 287, 304

Phosphate rock, South Carolina, analyses V.1', 198,304

Phosphatic slag, analyses of, 198, 304

Pine barren grass, analyses of, 2S4, 307

Pine needles, analyses of 284, 307

Plaster, analyses of, - 303

Plum, black knot of, 235

Potash, muriate of, analyses of, 286, 302

Potash, nitrate of, analyses of, 302

Potash, sulphate of, analyses of, . 286,302

Potash-magnesia sulphate, analyses of, 302

Potatoes, analyses of, . . 314, 321

Potatoes, yield of, 188

Poudrette, analyses of, 307

Powdery mildews, treatment for, 243

Preservaline, analysis of, 292

Prickley corafrey, 191

Rape, analyses of, 47

Rat guano, analyses of, 289, 304

Raw wool, analyses of, 30-5

Red top, analyses of, 311,319

Report on general farm work, 209

Report on vegetable physiology, . . 217-245

Rock weed, analyses of, 307

Rowen, analyses of, 36,47,128,208,311,319

Ruta-bagas, analyses of, 314, 321

Rye bran, anah-ses of, 73, 316

Rye middlings, analyses of, 73, 316, 323

Rye, .inalyses of, 36, 47, 82, 310, 312, 319

Rye-grass, Italian, analyses of, . 311,3:9

Rye-grass, perennial, anal^'ses oT, . 319

Saddle beans, analyses of, 315,321

Sainfoin, analyses of, 313, 320

Sainfoin, as a crop, 192

Salt, analyses of, 335

Salt hay, analyses of, 312,319

Salt mud, analyses of, 307

Saltpetre waste, analyses of, 302

Scotch tares, analyses of, 313, 320

354 INDEX.

PAGE

Serradella, analyses of. 36, 47, 193, 198, 311, 313, 318, 320

Skim-milk, analyses of, 147, Ico, 334

Sludge, analyses of, 284, 307

Small pea, analyses of 313, 320

Soap grease refuse, analyses of, 305

Soja bean, analyses of, .... 47,81,84,174,176,311,313,318,320

Soja beans, analyses of 315, 321

Soja bean, as a crop, 193

Soja bean straw, analyses of 84, 176, 313, 320

Soot, analyses of, 285, 307

Sorghum, analyses of, 318

Spanish moss, analyses of, 311,318

Spinach, yield of, 186

Sponge refuse, analyses of, 305

Spring vetch, 192

Stachy's tubers, 191

Starch refuse, analyses of, 307, 317

Station staff, 6

Strawberry, powdery mildew of, 239

Strawberries, analj'ses of, 328

Sugar beets, analyses of, 18, 19, 47, 96, 118, 119, 329-331

Sugar beet pulp, analysis of, ... 317

Sugar cane, analyses of, 332

Sulla, analyses of, 313, 320

Sulphatine, analysis of, 336

Sumac waste, analysis of, 306

Summer rape, 193

Sweet corn, analyses of, 333

Tankage, analyses of, 30-5

Teosinte, analyses of, . 312, 319

Timothy, analyses of, 310,311,319

Tobacco leaves, analyses of, 284, 306

Tobacco liquor, analyses of, 336

Tobacco stems, analyses of, 306

Tomatoes, yield of, 187

Treasurer's report, 343

Turf, analysis of 307

Turnips, analysis of, 103,109,110,118.119,314,321

Vegetable physiology, report of department of, 217-245

Vetches, analyses of, 47, S13

Vetch and oats, analyses of, ... . 30, 47, 81, 203, 310, 311, 313, 318, 320

Vinegar, analyses of, 292

Vinegar mash, analyses of, 317

Violet disease, a, 231

Virginia marls, analyses of, 303

Water analysis, 296-300

Water-melons, analyses of, 333

Whale meat, analyses of, 306

Wheat bran, analyses of, . 17, 35, 47, 73, 89, 90, 103, 109, 110, 118, 128, 147, 316, 322

Wheat flour, analyses of, 322

Wheat kernels, analysis of, 73,315

Wheat middlings, analyses of, .73, 316, 322

Wheat straw, analyses of, 313

Winter rape, 192

Wool, raw, analyses of, 305

Wool washings, analyses of, 305

Wool waste, analyses of, 283, 305

Yellow trefoil, 192

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

BOARD OI^ CONTROL

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHERST, MASS.

1893.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL EEPORT

BOARD OF OOKTROL

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHERST, MASS

189;3.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

dCnmmanfacHltlj d P^assadjusttts^

BosTcx, Jan. 10, 1894.
To the Honorable Senate and Ho^ise of Iieprese7iiaiives.

In accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882 I have

the , honor to present the Eleventh Annual Report of the

Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment

Station.

WM. II. SESSIONS,

Sec7~elary.

MASSACHUSETTS STATE

AGEICULTUEAL EXPEEIMENT STATION,

AMHERST, MASS.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1893.
His Excellency Willl\m E. Russell,

Governor of the Commonwealth, President ex officio.

W. H. BowKEU of Boston, Term expires, 1895.

C. L. Haktshorn of AVorcester, .... Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by the State Board of Agriculture.

J. li. Demoni) of Nortliampton, .... Term expires, 189G.

E. D. Howe of Marlborougli, .... Term expires, 189G.

Apj/ointed by the Hoard of Trustees of the Massachusetts AijricuUurul College.

F. H. Appleton of Peabod}% .... Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

W. H. PoKTEU of Agawam, Term expires, 1894.

Appointed by tlie Massachusetts State Grange.

Wm. C. Strong of Newton Highlands, . . Term expires, 1894.

Apjioinied by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

H. H. Goodell, A.M., LL.D., Amlierst,

President of the Massachusetts Arjricullural College.

C. A. Goessmann, Ph.D., LL.D., Amherst,
Director of the Station.

Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden,

Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

OFFICERS ELECTED BY THE BOARD.
H. H. Goodell, Amherst,

Vice-President.

W.M. R. Sessions, Hampden,

Secretary and Auditor.

C. A. Goessmann, Amlierst,

Treasurer pro tern.

STATION STAFF.

C. A. GoESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.])., Director and Chemist, . . Amherst.
J. B. LiNDSEY, Ph.D., Associate Chemist {Feeding Department), . Amherst.

C. S. Crocker, B.S.,
H. D. Haskins, B.S.,
C. H. Jones, B.S., .
F. L. Arnold, B.S.,
C. H. Johnson, B.S.,
E. B. Holland, B.S.,
R. H. Smith, B.S., .
L. E. Goessmann,
David Wentzell,

Assistants.
General and Analytical Chemistry.

Assistant Chemist and Feeding Department.

Assistant Chemist and Field Experiments.

Assistant Chemist and Clerk.

Farmer.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

or TUE

MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION,

AMHERST, MASS.

To the Honorable Board of Control.

Gextle.^ien : — The work carried on at the State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station (hiring the past year compares
favorably with that of the preceding year. The various
lines of investigation })resented for your consideration and
indorsement at the different meetings of the Board have been
followed up to the full extent of the resources at my dis-
posal. The results obtained in some cases cannot fail to be
of more than ordinary interest to the farmers of our State,
while in others more time is needed for observation to draw
reliable conclusions from the results thus far secured.

The recent additions and improvements in the outfit of the
feeding department have aided materiall}^ in the investigation
of more intricate questions of animal nutrition. The eco-
nomical production of milk, beef, mutton, veal and pork has
received serious attention. New concentrated feed stuffs, as
well as coarse fodder articles raised upon the station grounds
and new to our section of the country, have been practi-
cally tested, to ascertain their relative economical value as
compared with current modes of feeding. The digestibility
of various concentrated feed stuffs has been carefully tested
by Dr. J. B, Lindsey in a series of trials with sheep. Ex-
periments for ascertaining the relative economy of feeding
skim-milk to young pigs and calves raised for the meat
market have been instituted. A detailed account of these
experiments will be found farther on under the following
headings : —

8 ACJIUCULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

P A K T I .

On Feeding Experiments.

I. Feeding experimeuts with milch cows (two).

1. General feeding experiments with milch cows : —

Grain feed : Buttalo gluten feed, Avheat bran and cotton-
seed meal.

Coarse feed : English hay, corn stover, and corn and sqja-
bean ensilage.

2. Summer feeding experiments with milch cows : —

Grain feed: Buflialo gluten feed, new-process linseed meal,

wheat bran and cotton-seed meal.
Coarse feed : rowen, green fodder com and green vetch and

oats.

3. Creamery record of the station I'or 1892 and 1893.

II. Feeding experiments with steers.

III. Feeding experiments with lambs.

IV. Feeding experimeuts with pigs (two) .
V. Feeding experiments with calves.

VI. Digestion experiments with sheep.
A'll. Feeding experiments with horses.

The past season was not (juite as favorable for the conduct-
ing of field exi)criments as some preceding years have been.
A serious drought at the close of the growing period affected
the results in a number of cases. Many of the results
obtained may, however, be considered satisfactory. The
following lines of investigation have been carried on in the
field.

Pakt II.

On Field Expekiments.

1. Field experiments to ascertain the effect of the exclusion of

every form of nitrogen-containing mannrial matter from
the fertilizer applied for the production of a grain crop
(oats) on its yield per acre (Field A) .

2. Field experiments with prominent varieties of grasses and

grass mixtures under fairly corresponding circumstances
and with different varieties on potatoes (Field B).

3. Field experiments regarding the effect of different combin-a-

tions of commercial fertilizers on the yield of some promi-
nent garden crops (Field C) .

4. Observations regarding the adaptation of a variety of more or

less reputed fodder plants new to our section of tlu' country
(Field D).

1894.] rUBLlC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 9

5. Field experiments witli different commercial phosphates, to
study the economy of using the cheaper natural phosphates
or the more costly acidulated phosphates (Field F).

G. Field experiments to show the effect of barn-yard manure on
the yield of corn (Field G).

7. Field experiments to determine the effect of various fertilizer

mixtures on leguminous and grain crops (East Field).

8. Observations on permanent grass lands, — meadows,
y. Report on general farm work.

10. On special fertilization with reference to some prominent in-
dustrial crops, fruits and garden vegetables.

The recently increased facilities for chemical analysis have
been tested to their full capacity, as may be seen from the
following enumeration of examinations called for: —

Fertilizers, official, . 214

Fertilizers, sent on, 50

Fertilizers, for station, ....... 24

Fodders, sent on, . 32

Fodders, for station, 31

Wood ashes, 108

Milk, for station, 295

Milk, sent on, 26

Cream, 46

Skim-milk, 24

Buttermilk, 8

Water, 93

Miscellaneous, 32

The entire work carried on in the chemical department will
be found in subsequent pages under the following heads : —

Part III.

Special Woek ix the Ciie31ical Laboratory.

I. Communication on conunercial fertilizers : —

1. General introduction.

2. State laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial

fertilizers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1,

1893, to .May 1, 1894 (52).

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers (214).

5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers aud manurial substances

sent on for examination (169).
G. jNliscellaneous analyses (7).
7. Miscellaneous fodder analyses (45) .

10 AGRICULTUllAL EXPERIMENT tSTA'N. [Jan.'94.

II. Analyses of milk sent on for examination (26).

III, Analyses of water sent on for examination (93).

IV. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of agri-

cultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing

purposes.
V. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of fodder

articles, fruits, sugar-producing plants, dairy products, etc.
VI. Table of the digestibilit}^ of American feed stuffs.

The meteorological observations for local purposes have
been continued, and the results reported to the authorities
in Boston and Washington. The periodical publications of
the Avork accomplished at the station have been continued,
seven bulletins having l)een issued during the year, treat-
ing mainly of analyses of fertilizers, feed stuffs, etc. The
ini crest in these }nil)lications has manifested itself ))y a
steady increase of ap[)lications from within the State as well
as other parts of the country.

The general condition of some of the buildings of the
experiment station is such that in the interest of good
economy serious attention for more extensive repairs seems
advisable at this time. As the existing tinancial resources
do not warrant the expenditures in that direction, I recom-
mend the application for suitable appropriation l)y the State
Legislature to meet these wants.

I feel it my pleasant duty to express to you my particular
satisfaction for the assistance 1 have received from all parties
engaged with me in the work accomplished during the past
year. Thanking you for your kind sup})ort in the perform-
ance of the duties assigned me, I am.

Yours very respectfully,

C. A. GOESSMANN,

Director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station.

PART I.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.

15 Y J. n. LIN USE Y.

I. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows (two).

II. Feeding Experiments avith Steers.

III. Feeding Experiments avith Lambs.

IV. Feeding Experiments with Pigs (tavo).
V. Feeding Experiments avitii Calaes.

VI. Digestion Experiments avitii Sheep.

VII. Feeding Experiaients avitii Horses.

12 AGIUCULTUKAL EXPElilMEXT tJTATlO.X. [Jan.

General Introduction.

The feeding experiments described in this report have been
conducted with a view to answering many of the practical
questions asked by tlie farmers of Massachusetts. Several
of them are a continuation of those })ul)lished in i)revious
reports, while others have l>een started to answer questions
of importance to the farming community. They are divided
as follows : —

/. Feeding Experiments ivith Milch Cows.
The principal objects of these experiments have been : —

1. To ascertain the comparative value of different kinds
of coarse fodders upon the economical production of milk
and cream.

2. To notice the effects of these foods, if any, upon the
composition of the milk and cream.

Many other facts are also brought out in the experiment,
as, for example, the numl)er of quarts of milk required to
l)roduce a s})ace of cream, etc.

The general ol)ject of all the experiments with milch cows
has been to find those methods of feeding best suited to
l^roduce milk and cream at the minimum cost, and to do
this by raising a greater variety of coarse fodder articles
upon the farm, and supplementing these fodders with con-
centrated feed stuffs.

//. Feeding Experiments ivith Steers.

These experiments have been in progress for several years,
with these objects in view : —

1 . To ascertain those fodder rations that would produce
the greatest growth i"or the least outlay of money.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13

2. To find out what it uctually costs to produce beef in
Massachusetts.

3. To compare the relative merits of soiling vs. pasture
for jirowiuir stock durinir the sunnner months.

///. Feeding Experiments vnth Lamhs ( Winler^.
The objects sought have l)ecn : —

1. To find the cost of producing live weight under a
rational system of feeding.

2. To find out if ensilage could be substituted to a con-
siderable extent for rowen in the coarse fodder rations.

lY. Feeding Experiments witJi Pigs.
Objects : —

1. To ascertain the value of Buffalo gluten feed and corn
meal when fed in connection with skim-milk.

2. The cost of producing pork.

V. Feeding Experiments witJi Calves.
01)jects : —

1. To ascertain whether it is more profitable to feed
skim-milk to growing calves or to pigs.

2, To find the rate of growth when calves are fed on
skim-milk alone, and when fed on skim-milk and grain.

In all the five experiments thus far mentioned, especial at-
tention is called to the value of the manure produced in con-
nection with a rational system of general fiirm management.
Upon the character of the food fed depends not only the
quantity of milk, l)eef, [)ork or mutton produced, l)ut also
the value of the manure obtained.

VI. Digestion Experiments loitli Sheep.

The object of these experiments has been to inquire into
the digestibility of English mixed hay and of the new con-

14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

centrated feed stuffs, such as Buffalo gluten feed, the new
and old process linseed meals, etc.

VII. Feeding Experiments vnth Horses.

This section contains facts in relation to the feedino- of
four horses at the stiilion during several years past

(1S88-98).

Farmers are especially requested to address the station if
questions arise relating to the experiments herein described,
or if any information is desired concerning any problem in
stock feeding. Any information at the command of the
station will l)e cheerfully given.

eT. B. LINDSEY.

181)4.]

PUBLIC i)UC UMEiX T — No .

15

I.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS

(TWO).

1. General Feeding Experiments with Milch C^ows.
October, 1892, to July, 1893.

[Grain feed: Buffalo gluten feed, wheat liran and cotton-seed meal; coarse feed:
English hay, corn stover and corn and soja-bean ensilage.]

Objects of the Experiment.

1. To study the comparative feeding effects of English
hay, corn stover and corn and soja-b'ean ensilage upon the
cost, quantity and quality of the milk produced.

2. The comparative feeding value of ro^\'en vs. hay of
peas and oats.

Attention is also called to the value of the manurial ingre-
dients ill the feed consumed, and to the value of the manure
produced l)y the different rations fed : also the quality of the
milk produced during the different feeding periods.

History of Coivs.

NAME OF
COW.

I5KKED.

Age
(Years).

I-AST C,

VLP DHOrPKI).

tils

.2 3
5 ^

May, . .

Native, ....

G 7

Jan.

15, 1892,

6-7

9

Gem, . .

Grade Shorthorn, ,

5

Dec.

6, 1S91,

11-12

10

Lucy, . .

Grade Ayrshire, .

6

eJune

2, 1891,

8-9

17

Florence, .

Grade Shorthorn, .

7

May

13, 1892,

10-11

5

Viola, . .

Native, ....

(?)

Feb.

10, 1892,

5-6

7

Anna, . .

Native, ....

(?)

Jan.

20, 1892,

5-6

8

Stella, . .

Grade Durham, .

11

Jan.

5, 1893,

16-17

_

Jennie,

Grade Jersey, , .

4

Dec.

25, 1892,

10-11

_

Julia, . .

Native, ....

9

Jan.

18, 1893,

12-13

_

Nora, . .

Grade Ayrshire, .

5

Mar.

25, 1893,

-

-

As will be seen from the above record, these cows are
grades of various descriptions and of different milking
periods. They probably represent average cows of the
various herds kept by farmers in this section of the State.

U AOKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It will be o])servp(I that only two of the cows, viz., Gem
and Florence, were retained during the entire experiment,
several having been dropped, owing to a too advanced stage
of milking, and new milch cows put in their places. The
records of all the cows on trial are, however, presented, as
they furnish data from which to judge of the comparative
feeding etlects of the several varieties of fodder.

Descrijjtion of Fodder Articles.

The grain feed remained constant throughout the entire
experiment, and consisted of Buffalo gluten feed, wheat
bran and cotton-seed meal. The chemical and mechanical
condition was good.

The coarse feed consisted of good hay of mixed grasses,
rowen (second cut of grass lands), well-cured hay of peas
and oats, corn stover, corn and soja-])ean ensilage and
globe mangolds.

The ensilage was made from ' ' Pride of the North " corn
and a late variety of soja liean, cut up into pieces several
inches in lenoth. The corn was cut for ensilao-e w^hen the
kernels had begun to glaze. The soja bean was a late
variety which failed to blossom. When cut it measured
three and one-half feet in height.

Silo No. 1 contained equal weight parts of corn and soja
bean, while silo No. 2 contained two parts of soja l)ean to
one part of corn. These ensilages are called respectively
corn and soja-l)ean ensilage and soja-bean and corn ensilage.
The silos were filled rapidly, and treated as described in
previous reports. Silo No. 1 was ranch larger, and con-
tained several times as much ensilage as No. 2.

The corn stover Avas obtained from the same variety of
corn as that put into the silo, and is the field-cured plant
remaining after the fully matured ears have been removed.
It was cut into short lengths before being fed. The hay of
peas and oats was the portion that remained over from the
sunnner green feeding, and was cut when in latci IjIossoui
and di'ied.

The following tables contain the analyses of the various
grains and coarse fodders, toirethcr with their fertili/iiiiji;
value obtainal)le after they have passed through the animal,
i. e., in the manure.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

17

Analyses of Fine Feed used.

KoDDEK Analyses.

Wheat
Bran.

Buffalo
Gluten

Food.

Cotton-
seed Meal.

Moisture at 100'^ C,

10.35

8.28

7.00

Dry matter, .......

89.65
100.00

91.72

93.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Mailer.

Cnule ash,

7.. 39

0.91

7.45

" cellulose,

11. GO

7.78

G.63

" fat,

5.72

13. Gl

12.20

" protein,

17.78

26.03

44.33

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

57.51
100.00

51.67

29.39

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertiuzkr Analyses.

■Wheat
Bran.

Buffalo
Gluten

Feed.

Cotton-
seed Meal.

Moisture,

10.35

8.28

7.00

Nitrogen,

2.45

3.82

6.59

Phosphoric acid,

2.85

0.46

2.33

Potassium oxide,

1.63

0.10

1.72

Valuation per 2,000 pounds.

$11 95

112 06

$23 88

Manurial value obtainable, ....

9 56

9 65

19 10

18 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Au<(h/ses of Coarse Fodder ArficJes vsed.

FODDEII .VXALYSLS.

>.

c

"SO

1^

>

o

6

c a*

pO to

t. c =

Cr/ia

o

c a
« o i

« - m

Globe

JNIangolds. j

Moisture at 100° C, .

9.00

11.31

12.30

14.66

77 77

80. .33

88.51

Dry matter, ....

91.00

88.69

87.70

85.34

22.23

19.67

11.49

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

6.G4

6.4S

6.90

r).49

9.48

11.91

12 88

" cellulose, .

34.82

29.98

26.66

37.07

26.63

20.00

9.98

" fat

3.18

4.23

2.29

1.82

3.75

3.02

1.14

" protein,

10.41

12.11

16.01

4.00

7.91

8.41

7.04

Non-nitrogenous extract
matter, ....

44 95

47.20

48.14

51.12

52 23

47.66

68.96

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100 00

100.00

Fertiliz'uKj Chnstitnentfi.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, ijliosjiborio acid 5.;^ cents, potassium oxide 4;^ cents, per pound.]

Si

C 3»
CJ 5J jj

■a to

c =
a =-^-

« o o

•a

a

Fertilizer Analy.se.s.

K

cO

o

5

Moisture, ....

9.00

1130

12.30

14.66

77.77

80.33

88.51

Nitrogen, ....

1.52

1.72

2.24

0.55

0.32

0.27

0.13

Phosphoric acid, .

0.35

0.46

0.65

0.23

0.12

0.12

0.10

Potassium oxide, .

1.54

1.97

2.10

1.K4

0.48

0.48

0.47

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,
Manurial value obtainable, .

$6 32
5 06

$6 56
5 25

$9 32
7 46

$3 55
2 84

f 1 52
122

$1 37
1 10

$0 92
0 74

■ Equal parts l)y weight. f Two parts soja bean to one part corn.

Mode of Feeding.
The entiro experiment is divided into two parts : Part 1
includes hay, liay and roots, corn stover, " corn and soja-l)ean
ensilage," and " soja-bean and corn ensilage." It covers
nearly eight nionlhs. The feeding ])eri()ds vary in length
from several weeks to several months in case of the corn and
soja-bean ensilage. Part 2 has only two feeding periods, and
extends over but one month of time.

1894.] PUBLIC D0CU]\1P:NT — No. 33. 19

The grain ration remained constant during the entire ex-
periment, and consisted of three pounds each of wheat l)ran,
Butialo gUiten feed and cotton-seed meal. One-half the
grain was fed at the time of milkinii' in the mornin*::, too'ether
with one-half of the coarse fodder ; and the other half, together
with the remainder of the coarse fodder, at the time of milk-
ing in the afternoon, about five o'clock.

The animals were watered twice each day, al)out two
hours after feeding.

The amount of coarse fodder fed depended upon the in-
dividual appetite of the dilierent animals. Hay constituted
the entire coarse feed in the first feeding period, and
amounted to fifteen pounds per day. In the second period
fifteen pounds of globe mangolds were added. The corn
stover consumed in the third period amounted to from twelve
to fourteen pounds daily. When first fed the animals con-
sumed somewhat more, but the amount gradually decreased
to twelve to fourteen pounds, which can be regarded as the
average daily consumption. During the fourth and fifth
periods the hay feed was limited to four pounds daily, while
the ensilage was fed ad libitum. This generally amounted
to from forty to sixty pounds per day, ^vith fifty pounds as a
fair average. During the sixth period the hay of peas and
oats consumed varied from fourteen to sixteen pounds daily,
and the rowen in the seventh period, from sixteen to eighteen
pounds per day.

For more details see the record of each cow.

Local Market Cost, per Ton, of the Various Articles of Fodder.

Wheat bran, $19 00

Buffalo gluten feed, 20 00

Cotton-seed meal, 28 00

Hay, 15 00

Rowen, 1,5 00

Hay of peas and oats, 15 00

Com stover, 5 00

Corn and sqja-bean ensilage, . 2 75

Sqja-bean and corn ensilage, 2 75

Globe mangolds, 4 00

The commercial vahte of the various fodder rations about
to 1)0 descril)od is based upon the above-stated markc^t cost.

20 AGRlCUI/rURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Bation.'^ iiscd during the
Seven Successive Feeding Periods (1892-1803).

3 pounds wheat bran equal 4 quarts.

3 pounds Buffiilo gluten feed equal 3 quarts.

3 pounds cotton-seed meal equal 2 quarts.

I.

II.

October IS to November 9.

November 14 to December 3.

Wheat bran,

. 3 lbs.

Wheat bran.

. 3 lbs.

Buffiilo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Cotton-seed meal.

. 3 "

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3 "

Hay,

. 15 "

Hay

. 15 "

Nutritive ratio, .

. I -A a

Globe mangolds.

. 15 "

Total cost, ....

21 3 cts.

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:4.9

Manurial value obtainable.

9.54 "

Total cost.

24.3 cts.

Net cost

11.76 "

Manurial value obtainable

10.10 "

Net cost.

14.20 "

III.

lY.

Decetnber 12 to Janua

■y 9.

January IS to April 4.

Wheat bran.

. 3 lbs.

Wheat Itran,

. 3 lbs.

Bufliilo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 '<

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3 "

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3 "

Corn stover,

. 15 "

•Hay

. 4 "

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:4.8

Corn and soja-ljean ensilage, . 50 "

Total cost, ....

13.85 cts.

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:4.9

Manurial value obtaiiuiI;le,

7.88 "

Total cost, .

19.90 cts.

Net cost

5.97 "

Manurial value oljtaiuable

9.81 "

Net cost,

10.09 "

V.

VI.

Ma7j 11 to May 2(

7.

Jtme S to June

21.

Wheat bran,

3 lbs.

Wheat bran,

. 3 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Cotton-seed meal.

, 3 "

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3 "

Hay

. 4 "

Hay of peas and oats.

. 16 "

Soja-bean and corn ensilage,

. 50 "

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:3.77

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:4.8

Total cost, .

22.05 cts.

Total cost

19.90 cts.

Manurial value obtainable

10.36 "

Manurial value obtainable,

9.51 "

Net cost.

11.69 "

Net cost, ....

1039 "

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83.

21

Average ComposUion oj the Daily Fodder Rations — Concludc'tl.

VII.

June 27 to July 6.

Wheat bran, 3 lbs.

Buffiilo gluten feed 3 "

Cotton-seed meal, 3 "

Rowen, 18 "

Nutritive ratio 1 : -t.ol.

Total cost, 23.5;") cts.

Manurial value obtainable, 10.48 "

Net cost 13.07 "

Summar>/ of Cost of the Average Daily Fodder Rations.

[Cents.]

Total CiKSt.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

I.

Grain and hay, .....

21.30

9.54

11.76

II.

Grain, hay and mangolds, .

24.30

10.10

14.20

III.

Grain and corn stover,

13.85

7.88

5.97

IV.

Grain, hay and ensilage, .

19.90

9.81

10.09

V.

Grain, hay and ensilage, .

19.90

9.51

10.39

VI.

Grain and hay of peas and oats,

22.05

10.36

11.69

VII.

Grain and rowen, ....

23.65

10.48

13.07

The total cost of a fodder ration is the sum of the mar-
ket costs of the different articles consumed per day. The
manurial value obtainable is tlie value of the nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash of the ration fed that will be found in
the manure. In case of milch cows this amounts on an
average to 80 per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients con-
tained in the feed. The other 20 per cent, goes into the
milk or flesh of the animal. The value of the nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash thus excreted is based upon the retail

22 AGKICULTUEAL EXPEKIxMENT STATION. [Jan.

cost of these articles in the open markets. When tlic experi-
ment was in operation this amounted to 15 cents per pound
for nitrogen, f)^ cents per pound for })hosphoric acid and 4|-
cents per pound for potash. The net cost of a ration is that
cost remaining after the value of the manure has been de-
ducted from the total cost. It is to be observed that the
value of the manure, i.e., its content of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash, depends entirely u})on the character of the
fodder articles fed. Thus, if the feed consists of corn meal
and hay, each of which articles have an obtainable manurial
value of about $5 per ton, the value of the manure will l)e
consideral)ly inferior to one where cotton-seed meal with an
ol)tainable manurial value of about $20 per ton or wheat bran
with an obtainal)le manurial value of $10 per ton are fed.

All the concentrated feed stuffs, such as linseed meal,
cotton-seed meal, gluten meal, gluten feed and wheat bran,
have a very high percentage of nitrogen, which greatly
increases the value of the manure produced by the animal.

Qtiaiititf/ cDtd Cost

Of

Milk

produced |je

r D

ay.

FEEUIXO PERIODS.

Mat.

^EM.

Lucr.

Viola.

Anna.

5 '5

6

ati

2

IS"

c

u

a

^ 3

o

O"

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Ots.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Part 1.

I.

Grain and hay, .

6.34

3.36

11.24

1.89

8.45

2.52

5.82

3.65

5.80

3.67

II.

Grain, hay and mangolds.

6.47

3.76

11.93

2.04

8.84

2.75

5.23

4.61

5.72

*3.60

III.

Grain and corn stover, .

4.94

2.71

9.26

1.45

6.69

1.95

3.74

3.78

4.75

2.73

IV.

Grain, hay and ensilage, .

-

12.21

1.55

7.30

2.27

-

-

-

-

V.

Grain, hay and ensilage, .
Part 2.

-

-

11.77

1.71

-

-

-

-

-

-

VI.

Grain and peas and oats,

-

-

10.32

2.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

VII.

Grain and rowen, .
Average,

-

-

11.03

2.07

7.82

2.37

-

-

5.42

-

5.92

3.28

11.11

1.82

4.98

4.01

3.33

• Cow consumed five pounds less hay per day during this period.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

23

QiKUitltij mid Cost of Jlilk 2^)'oduce(l 2^ei' Day — Continued.

Florence.

Julia.

Jennie.

NOKA.

TEEUlifG PEKIODS.

5 >-.

5 '3

p."

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

rart 7.
I. Grain and hay, .

II. Grain, hay and mangolds, .

III. Grain and corn stover,

IV. Grain, hay and ensilage, .

V. Grain, hay and ensilage.

Part 2.
VI. Grain and peas and oats, .

VII. Grain and rowen.

10.46
10.58
7.12
9.31
8.24

7.20
7.52

2.04
2.29
1.87
2.14
2.43

3.00
3.13

12.85
11.50

9.30

1.52
1.73

2.37

10.86
9.50

8.70
8.19

1.72
2.02

2.42
2.58

11.45

10.48
10.60

1.73

1.94

2 08

Average

8.63

2.41

11.22

1.87

9.31

2.18

10.84

1.92

Comments on the Above Results.

Remembering that during the entire experiment the grain
ration remained the same, and that the quantity of coarse
fodders fed was in all cases governed by the individual appe-
tite of the animal, the following points are worthy of
notice : —

1. That when the roots were added to the hay ration the
flow of milk in four cases out of six increased, in one case
remained constant and in one case slightly decreased. The
increased yield, however, was not sufficient to pay for the
extra cost of the roots, and the total cost of the milk per
quart was noticeably increased in this period.

2. The grain and hay ration produced a comparatively
fair yield, hut the average cost of production per quart in
the case of three cows whose record extends through the
three periods was above tliat for the corn stover and corn
and soja-bean ensilage rations. The cost per quart when hay
was fetl as the coarse fodder was 2.15 cents, with corn stover
but 1.76 cents and with ensilage 1.99 cents.

3. The yield of milk decreased on an average 25 })er
cent, during the corn-stover period ; but because of the low

24 AGKICULTURAL P:XPER1MENT STATION, [Jan.

market value of this fodder the average cost of producino-
one (juart of milk, in case of three cows, was lowest in this
})eriod, namely, 1.76 cents.

4. In feeding period IV. (corn and soja-bean ensilage),
where cows Gem, Lucy and Florence are considered, it will
be observed that the ensilage caused a marked increase in the
yield of milk from Gem, and not a very great decrease in the
case of the other two cows. These results, together with the
fact that the period lasted seventy-five days, during which
time the cows ^vould naturally shrink some in their yield, in-
dicates that the corn and soja-bean ensilage was instrumen-
tal in stimulating the flow of milk. This period produced
milk, in case of five cows whose average yield was 10,5
quarts per day, at 1.84 cents per quart, which may be con-
sidered fairly low.

f). In comparing the merits of rowen and the hay of peas
and oats, it will he observed that there is no great difl'erence
in the results. The yield of milk was slightly increased by
the rowen over the peas and oats, but rather more rowen was
consumed, making the cost per quart of milk a trifle higher.
It can be stated, however, that hay of well-cured peas and
oats compares very favorably with a good quality of rowen
for milk production.

6. That the cost of milk per (juart depends upon the abso-
lute yield is also worthy of notice. It is noticeable that
when the cows yield but 4 to 5 quarts of milk per day the
total cost of this milk is 3^ to 4 cents per quart ; and when 6
(|uarts are produced the cost is about 3 cents per quart. This
fact has been previously emphasized in the reports of the
station, namely, that a cow ceases to be profitable when she
yields but G quarts or less per day. If the farmer, therefore,
would make milk production profitable it is of the utmost im-
portance that he should select cows that are capable of giving
large and continuous yields of milk, A herd of cows in
which the average yield is but 7 to 8 quarts cannot be a very
profitable one,

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

25

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•^

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 27

At the beginning of the experiment, samples of the milk
were taken daily, but it was finally decided to make a com-
posite sample of three days' milk (Monday, Tuesday and
Wednesday) of each week, believing that in this way a
better knowledge of the composition of the milk produced
by the various cows could be o])tained.

Did the Coarse Fodders Influence the Quality of the 3Iilk f

By the quality of the milk the percentages of total solids
and of fat are referred to. A close study of the analyses of
the milk in the various periods leads to the conclusion that
the different coarse fodders exerted no decided influence
upon the composition of the milk. There were variations
from week to week, both in the percentage of total solids
and of fat, but no marked change is noticed in any one par-
ticular period, and the slight variations that do occur should
without doulit be attributed to the condition of the animal,
and the consequent influence u})on the secretion, rather than
to any particular influence due to the feed consumed.

General Conclusions.

This experiment confirms others made at the station, and
points out the economy of raising and feeding a greater
variety of coarse fodder articles, sul)stituting them for the
high priced hay.

Corn and soja-bean ensilage has proved itself to be fully
equal if not superior to hay in producing a yield of milk, with-
out aftecting the quality and at the same time decreasing the
absolute cost. This ration produced milk at less than two
cents per quart.

Roots, while they are beneficial to the health of the ani-
mals, especially those fed upon dry fodder, cannot ])g fed to
any extent economically, because of the increased cost of the
milk produced.

Hay of peas and oats proved itself to be nearly or quite
equal to a good quality of rowen for milk production.

The different coarse fodders have not influenced the com-
position of the milk to any noticeable extent.

28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

o
o

Q

!^

•(spuno.i) inrauiv
}0 jq^iajU 8ili5.i3AV

<N <M CO

C5 Oi o

•onua 8Anu)nx

1:4.5
1:4.9
1:4.6

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AJQ JO spuuoj

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CO CO CO

•(SJ.IB115) Ava
jod paDupwd iiiot

■^ t^ CO

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O O T^^

•(spunoa)
iCufi and p.")tniis
-1100 J a J ; u jt A'.iQ

21.88
23.60
19.69

-<

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•spioSucit

1 • 1

1—1

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CO

CO

1-1

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15.00
15.00

■\VSK
p33s-iio;}oo

o o o
o o o

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3.00
3.00
3.00

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oo o
o o o

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C

o

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a
a

1892-93.

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9,

Nov. 14 to Dec. 3,

Dec. 12 to Jan. 9,

uO ^ CO

O Oi oo
Ci Ci 05

lO 05 05

o

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1—1 1—1 tH

1:4.5
1:4.4
1:4.55

t> GO lO
l>CO 30

CO CO CO

oo kO

CO t^ t-

21.88
19.24

18.28

15.00

11.78

15.00
10.21

coco CO

oo o
oo o

CO CO CO

oo o
oo o

CO CO CO

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9,

Nov. 14 to Dec. 3,

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

29

•«

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1-1 1-1 C5 C^ ^ W' T-H

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p.jos-iiojjo3

■paj^ uajnio
ouuji'a

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o o o o

^^ ."^^ I I

CO CO CO <M CM CO CO

O O O Tt< GO o o
O O O C5 CO o o

CO CO CO CM CM CO CO

CO CO CO <M CM CO CO

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30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ts

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51.18

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15.43

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13.17

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1802-93.

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9,
Nov. 14 to Dec. 3,
Dec. 12 to Jan. 10,
Jan. 18 to April 4,
May 1 to May 26,
Juiie 8 to June 22,
June 27 to July 6,

18U4.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

31

•(spunoj) [Btnuiv

o -* CO
CO -+1 -+1

ju JijSw^vi aauJOAV

t^ t^ c^

o o o

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32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

o

H

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w

fin

O

o

H
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poonpo.id jiiijv'

CO lO «N
CO t^ t^

JO } a 11 11 1) jod

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paoj JO isoo

05 (N "O

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poa.,ijo4so3ii:4ox

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1 ^ 1

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1 1 ^

pa mils u () 3

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oo

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poransuoo a u h

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p a m n s u o 0

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ooo

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o o o

poiniisiKia p.w,^

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uajiiio o[i!iju}i

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ooo

p a ni n s u 0 3

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coco TjH

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■(swunf))

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paonpiud ^UK

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1—1 1—1 1—1

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$4 69
4 58
3 26

o

CO

382.00

330.00
281.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

CO CO "^

CX) C<1 h»

lO "O CO

128.14
99.41
86.12

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9,

Nov. 14 to Dec 3,

Dec. 12 to Jan. 4,

O^O (M

CO CO t^

CO CO o^

$4 69

285.00 3 93

2 97

271.00

330.00
194.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

66.00
57.00
69.00

OOO

oc t^ t-

O lO ^

127.07
108.30
109.25

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9

Nov. 14 to Dec. 3

Dec. 12 to Jan. 4,

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

33

Cb

•(sjnoo)
p 3 0 n p o .1 i[

aad paaj jo }soo

co^ ^ OC5 ^ ^+1

CO O -* O iX> o o
7-1 <M rH 1— 1 I-H (M (M

■paninsuoo paaj
JO jsoa liijox

CI (M !>. CO t^ "O O

CD « CO >0 CI Oi O

Tt< -^ CO ^ ^ <N IM
«& r-l

•(spunoj)

p 0 TO n S II 0 3

6pio3ut!j\[ 9qoio

285.00

•(spuuoj)
p a ra n s H 0 0
a3Bi!su5i u.ioo
pun UBaq-Blbs

1,293.00

•(spunoj)
p 9 ra n s II o D
aSBiisua WB^q
-tifos puB lUOO

3,285.00

•(spiinoj)

paTOllSUOO SJllQ
PUI! SBOJ JO XUII

206.00

•(spunoj)
p a ra n s 11 0 0
.1 a A o } tj 11 J 0 0

387.00

•(spunod)
paransuoa uaAvoH

154.00

•(spimoj)
paransuoa Jivn

330.00
285.00

304.00
100.00

•(spunoj)
paransuoa
l«ai\[paas-uo};oo

ooooooo
ooooooo

O t^ t^ CO G<> <M l^

O "O CO CM t- -* G<>
CM

•(spunoj)
paransuoa paa,.x
ua;nio oiujtfna

C' o o o o o o
o o o >o o o o

■^O t^ t~- CO CM <M t^

«0 »0 CO CM l^ -* c^
CM

•(spunoj)
paransuoa
uuaa JuaqAi.

O O' o o o o o
O O' o o o o o

^ t^ t^ CO CM 01 t^

CO lO CO CM L— '^ Ol

•(s^jEnf)) piaix

T-H CO O — ' CO Ol CO
T-l Ci CM G<l t^ CO O

1-H —1 CJ (M rH O i-H

,-H T-H T-H .-H 1—1 1—1

•(siJBnt))
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-^^ CO CO l^ -t< '^i C5

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CM CM (M Ci <M I-H

'A

a
o

K

w

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w
w

1892-93.

Oct. 18 to Nov. 9, .
Nov. 14 to Dec. 3, .
Dec. 12 to Jan 10, .
Jan. 18 to April 4, .
May 1 to ]\Iay 26, .
June 8 to Jiuie 22, .
Jime 27 to July 6, .

c<< lo t^ CO

lO t^05 (M

G^ CM iH CM

Ci (M O CO
CO CO 00 1-1

o

CO

CM
1 1 1 1

^

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1 1 1 1

o
o

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1 1 1 1

o o o
o o o

<~>iC, o

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CO <M tH

o o o o
o o oo

CO t^ t^ lO

CO "O CO t^

o o o o
o oo o

CO t^ t^ lO

CO lO GO t>-

o o oo
o o oo

CO 1^ t^ »0

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'O ^ lO o

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CO GO CO t^

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C» CO CTi CO

T-H T-H 1—1 tH

Ci"co o "O

1-H 1-1

Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Mar.

O O O Q

-tJ +J +J 4J

CO 'i* CM CO
1-H 1— 1 rH i-H

o o (o oi

34 ACaUCULTUllAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

c ?^

o
o

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O

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p 9 0 n p () .1 (I

■51IIW .JO IJH»5

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CO S5 t^ CO -^ <M to
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CO CO 00 i-H O O rH

^ ^^ CO lO XO CO c<»

•(sptmo.i)
p 3 ui n s U O 3
spioaUBJtt 81010

285.00

•(spunoj)
p 3 ra u s H 0 a
oSi!|isu5i ii.ioD
p u xj uuoq-ufcis

1,279.00

•(s\)tino,i)
p 3 HI n s u o 0

-i!fos puB luoo

3,789.00

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paransuoo sjuo

pUB SB3J JO .Cl'H

216.00

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p a ra 11 SHOO
J 3 A O 4 g II .1 o 3

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II • 1 1 1 1

v:

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•(spunoj)
p3mnsuo3 ua.vioa

172.00

•(spmio.i)
pnraiisuuo Xi;h

330.00
285.00

304.00
100.00

■(spun.).!)

p 3 TO 11 SHOO

[i:3Kpj3s-uoH00

o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o

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p3inilSUOD P30.^

u3}iito oiBjtma

o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o

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p 3 m n s 11 0 0
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JO a' I ! 1 " « " ?)

<M (M X CO O CO t-
1-1 O -* lO O CO CO

O T-l CO t^ 1^ O t^

CO O O O O O CO
<M G<« T^l t^ (M 1-1

FEEDING PERIODS.

Oct. 18 to Xov. 9, .
Nov. 14 to Dec. 3, .
Dec. 12 to Jan 10, .
Jan. 18 to April 4, .
May 1 to :Mav 26, .
June 8 to Jutie 22, .
June 27 to July 6, .

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

35

•(sjuoo)
p 3 0 n p o J d

did paaj JO jsoo

^ '^ t—

1^05 0

1-1 1-1 <N

•psmnsuoo poaj
JO :|soo ib;ox

00 >o CO

CO X) Oi

'^ C<1 1-1

•(spunoj)
pstansuoo

p u V uuaq-iifog

1,229.00

•(spunoj)
p 3 m n s u 0 3

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1 1 1

•(spiuioj)
poransiio3 s}i!0

PUK SBdJ JO A"l!H

o

o

1 • 1

a

•(spuno^)
p3innsuo3 U3AV0H

144.00

•(spuiio^)
p3rausuo3 A l! II

100.00

■(sputioa)

p 3 m 11 s 11 0 0
IB3M paas-uojjoo

75.00
42.00
27.00

•(sputioa)
paumsuoD paaj

u-nmo Ultima

75.00
42.00
27.00

•(spimoa)
psmnsuoD

75.00
42.00
27.00

•(sHT!n5) PI3IX

11.45

10.48
10.59

paonpojcl 5iiii\[
JO .<:jnu«n5

286.25

146.72

95.31

FEEDING PERIODS.

1803.

I\Iay 1 to May 26,
June 8 to June 22,
June 27 to July 6,

CO -H (M 1— 1

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Feb.
May
June

36 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Summer Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows.
July, 1892, to September, 1892.

[Coarse foilder articles: rowen, green vetch and oats and green corn fodder;
grain feed: wheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed, cotton-seed meal and new process lin-
seed meal.]

Object of the Experiment.

This experiment had for its object the studying of the
comparative value of three distinct fodder rations on the
economical production of milk and cream during the summer
season.

The first ration consisted of green vetch and oats ad libi-
tum, four pounds of rowen and three pounds each of wheat
bran, Buffalo gluten feed and cotton-seed meal.

The second ration consisted of rowen ad libitum and three
pounds each of wheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed and new-
process linseed meal.

The third ration consisted of four pounds of rowen, all the
corn fodder the animal could eat, and three pounds each of
wheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed and new-process linseed
meal.

The vetch and oats were cut when in bloom, and the corn
fodder when the kernels were beginning to glaze.

Four pounds of rowen were fed daily in connection with
the green fodder. The daily consumption of green fodder
was o()V(>rned by the individual appetite of the animals, and
usually decreased with the advancing stage of growth of the
fodder plant. The feeding of the green crops ceased atf soon
as they neared maturity, and they were then cut and made
into hay, or, in the case of corn fodder, })laced in the silo.

The cows were grades of various descri[)tion, and the gen-
eral management of the experiment was the same as in the
one immediately preceding.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

37

History of Cows.

Name

OF Cow.

Bbeed.

St

SKI
<

Last Calf dropped.

Daily Yield of
Milk at Begin-
ning of Trial
(Quarts).

"3

fc a

Jennie,

Gem,

Florence,

Julia,

Nora,

Nettie,

Grade Jersey,
Grade Shorthorn,
Grade Shorthorn,
Native,

Grade Ayrshire, .
Grade Holstein, .

Dec. 25, 1892,
Dec. 6, 1891,
May 13, 1892,
Jan. 18, 1893,
Mar. 25, 1893,
July 2, 1893,

8-9
7-8
9-10
9-10
10-11
15-16

7

17

14

6

4

Local Market Cost i^'r Ton c

Wlieatbran, .
Buflalo gluten feed.
Cotton-seed meal.
New-process linseed meal,
Rowen, ....
Vetch and oats (green).
Corn fodder (green), .

f the Variotis Articles of Fodder.

$18 00
19 00
28 00
26 00
15 00
2 75
2 50

Ancdyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

FoDDKK Analyses.

«

1

3

11
P5

s

"3
o

'S
3

u

■a

•a

C

o

Moisture at 100" C, .

12.00

9.38

8.71

10.62

11.30

79.16

80.89

Dry matter.

88.00

90.62

91.29

89.38

88.70

20.84

19.11

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Aiialysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .

7.70

0.98

7.62 5.89

6.48

8.80

6.29

" cellulose.

11.10

8.06

8.28 8.84

29.98

30.34

26.38

" fat, .' .

5.80

14.47

9.50

3.94

4.23

3.90

1.75

" protein, .

It. 83

25.79

43.56

40.79

12.11

13.27

6.05

Non-nitrogenous ex-
tract matter, .

57.57

50.70

31.04

40.54

47.20

43.69

59.53

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 17.i cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5^ cents, per pound.]

FiiRTii.izKR Analyses.

c
2
«

3

5

— *•

n

■a
a

°i

I. -a

''J
"A

c

o

CJ

o

C

c

■a
■a

o

Moisture, .

12.00

9.38

8.71

10.62

11.30

79.16

80.89

Nitrogen, .

2.51

3.74

6.36

5.84

1.72

0.44

0.19

Phosphoric acid.

2.85

0.46

3.17

1.95

0.47

0.13

0.15

Potassium oxide,

1.63

0.10

2.25

1.08

1.63

0.42

0.33

Valuation per 2,000
pounds, .

$13 39

$13 64

$27 90

$23 58

f8 28

$2 13

$1 17

Manurial value ob-

tainable, .

10 71

10 91

22 32

18 64

6 62

1 70

0 94

Avemge Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations used daring the
Three SHccessive Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

July 13 to July

24.

August 10 to August

28.

Wheat bran,

. 3 lbs.

Wheat bran.

. 3 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 "

Buffalo gluten feed, .

. 3 '«

Cotton-seed meal,

. 3 "

New-process linseed meal,

. 3 "

Rowen,

. 4 "

Rowen, ....

. 18 "

Vetch and oats, .

. 40 "

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:4.41

Nutritive ratio, .

. 1:3.79

Total cost, ....

22.95 cts.

Total cost, .

18.25 cts.

Manurial value obtainable.

12.00 "

Manurial value obtainable

11.32 "

Net cost, . . o .

10.95 "

Net cost.

6.93 "

III.

September 4 to September 28.

Wheat bran,

Buffalo gluten feed, .

New-process linseed meal,

Rowen,

Corn fodder,

Nutritive ratio, .

Total cost, .

Manurial value obtainable.

Net cost, . . . .

. 3 lbs.
. 3 "
. 3 "
. 4 "
. .55 "
. 1:5.06
19.33 cts.
9.95 "
9.38 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

39

Summary of Cost of the Average Daily Fodder Rations.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

ir.

HI.

Total cost,

Manurial value obtainable, ....

Net cost,

m

18.25

11.32

6.93

22.95
12.00
10.95

19.33
9.95
9.38

QiKintify of 31ilk produced per Day, and Cost of Sam,e

2>er QiiKii.

Jennie.

Gem.

Florence.

Julia.

KORA.

Nettie.

Feeding
Periods.

1^

1^

-1

■d

1?

i-, ■

p

6'^

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

cts.

I.,

II., .
III., .

7.36
7.12
6.43

2.40
3.22
2.81

6.87
8.94
8.40

2.75
2.41
2.18

9.37
7.02
6.01

2.02
3.28
3.09

9.00
8.05
8.26

1.96
2.54
2.19

9.64
9.02
8.89

1.83
2.55
2.09

14.27
15.83

1.61
1.25

40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

rii

a

s

eo CO f-H

CO o

H
S

fi<

CO CO CO

CO

CO CO

CO

H

K)

'A

2-S

°^

(N (M (N

(M

e< ci

t-^

«

oo

00

Ol 00 ^

o in

00

00 I~ M

1

CO o

OS

P^

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-*

CO -* ■*

CO (N

N

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o

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00

CO

c»

1^ !■-

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«t:

o -!• e^

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oS

CO

i^<a

l-H

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rn

fe

-*

'I'

■^ -^ -t

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-* •*

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D

^- !fl

«•> C-l 1-

00

oo 1-

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^

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^^

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ca

00

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n

fc

^

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o

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00 t-( -+

lO

(M

c-l 00 o

-*

pl(

o =

CO

CO

-^1 CO -*

-)<

-**

'^OQ

0

M

O)

o>

t~ o •*

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pt.

CO

CO

'*-*-*

^

CO T

-*

1^

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o

ifS

to o oo

k^

»o oo

0

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t—

t^

t~

»o t-"

o =

^OQ

r-(

_

m

00 <o t-

o>

O --1

0

»ra

(MOO

0

•-3

fe

>o

■o

^ ^ ^

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t-

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22

o

o

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iti in

ui

Hqq

*"*

*"*

^^-v '

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rH r-i

*"*

a

. .

C-3 •

m3 a •

em

"tj

■5>.2 •

■5).2 •

o

T3 ea

2. m

= ^1

1

Q

as

So

Ea QQ -

e « a

|2g .

E

<S

c

S"^

ii-

o > £

C

i

" C3

2E2 .

a

^ = §

a

jifc

c!-a eS

^ii

^^£

fs

n

^ V '

^

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"

1

a

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t

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c3

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>>

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s

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r£

M "^

►-^ £

^

1-1 >.

3

i

p

a

M

li

H

W

H

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 41

Results of the Experiment.

There is a gradual decline in the yield of milk in case of
four out of the six cows, owing to a rather advanced period
of lactation. Nevertheless, it is to l)e observed that all
three rations produced a very fair yield of milk, but the cost
of the same differs. The average cost per quart for the six
cows in the second feeding period, where rowen was the
coarse feed, was 2.60 cents. In the first feeding period,
where green vetch and oats was the chief coarse fodder, the
average cost in case of five cows was 2.19 cents per quart ;
while in the third period, where green fodder corn was the
chief coarse fodder, the average cost for the six cows was
2.30 cents per quart. In case, therefore, of feeding periods
I. and III., milk is produced at an average price of 2^ cents
per quart, which is fairly low, considering the advanced
period of lactation of three of the cows. In feeding period
II., on the other hand, the milk cost 2.60 cents per quart,
which shows that other cheaper coarse fodders must be sub-
stituted for the costly hay in order to produce milk at a
mhiimum cost.

As far as the effect of feed upon the quality of the milk is
concerned, there appears to be no distinct steady increase or
decrease in composition. Variations are noticeable, gener-
ally slight ones, from week to week in the composition of
each cow's milk. In one or two cases these differences are
quite marked, being as high as one per cent, in case of fat ;
but it is plainly evident that such variations are brought
about by the condition of the animal, and not by particular
influence of the feed.

Tlie results in previous years, with soja-bean. Southern
cow-pea, serradella, green rye and peas and oats have already
been published. They point out clearly the fact that a M^ell-
regulated system of feeding the dairy stock during the sum-
mer is necessary in order to secure the most satisfactory
results.

42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

o
o

S

oeo ^

lO <r> cc

•(spunoj) itiraiuv

t- t^ t-

JO lUSiaAV. 3yi3.iaAV

O — 'O

t^^o

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CO -* «o

^^^

■IliK JO WBnf) -Tod

O t- (>4

o CO c^

■iaM«M ^a JO spunod

cq CO to

CO <M CO

•(sjJBIlt))

CO l-H --H

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t- t^ o

lO 1— ( 1— (

»— 1 O t^

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patnnsiioD jaj}«j\I a-iq

oi -^ O

ri CN 1^1

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-li

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s

fe

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^^

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c

■rj^CC^

rH

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cu

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oo

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ssjaoad-Avajjj

1 • •

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paas - uo;}oo

• 1 1

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CO

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o o o

uajnio oiiujuy

CO CO CO

ooo

ooo

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CO CO CO

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• • •

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s

n -* x'ao"

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T— ( T— I

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i-j<5:z2

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o CO eo

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ooo

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3 -; <u

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ooo

lO ^ O

CO -* o

CO ^ o

tH rH .— 1

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<M -* lO

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t^ (M t^

COO o

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Ol »-i G<l

OO -+i

^ -H T-i

C-1 (M C^

CO

( 1 "t

•o

o

^ 1 1

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^

ooo

ooo

'^ CO -*

r-t

OO

coco

o

'='. 1 1

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ooo

ooo

CO CO CO

ooo

ooo

CO CO CO

:::

-(< X) CO

<N CM (M

July

Aug.
Sept.

ooo

coo^

rH 1— 1

^^t'c^

's s 5^

t-i-35a2

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

43

lo 00 oo

Oi O i— I

t^ 00 CO

S ^ CD
O O O

■*J -4-J +J

CO o -*

r-l r-l

s ■-; O)

O 00 <M

-+I -f CO

t^ c^ t^

t^ "*! O

CO ^ lO

-+ (M Oi

CO O 'X)

ai ci 00

o o o

O O' o

■* CC -*

-t -/D CC>
<M (M CM

CZ2

B2

s

CO o

'^

CO

o o

44 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMP:NT STATION. [Jan.

O

W
'<

a

o

?.ninj) .10(1 iwoj; ;o }soo

O CM i-<
^ <M 00

(?^ CO iM

•p.irans
-tl0.l p.i.).^ JO jsoo ifjox

$1 94
4 13
4 34

•(spiinoj) pamns

-II03 JSppo^if UJOO

1,145.00

•(spimo<j) p9tnnsuoo
sjiiQ puc najaA "33^0

396.00

•(spiinoj)

pOUinsUOJ ll3MOJ[

44.00

324.00

96.00

•(sptinoj) p3TTni<;
-uoa [ T! a i\[ p a a s 11 ! '^j

54.00
72.00

•(spiino^) parans
-iioo iBan paas-uo}}oo

33.00

•(spnnoj) pamnsuoa

33.00
54.00
72.00

• (spinioj)
patnnsuoo unaaiBaq^w

33.00
54.00
72.00

PI3L\ ^n^a sSBJa.vv

7.36
7.12
6.43

•(si.it!nri) paanp
-0.1(1 XUH }o Xniur.njy

80.96
128.16
154.32

Q
O

s

w
o

S

1893.

July 13 to July 24, .
Aug. 10 to Aug. 28, .
Sept. 4 to Sept. 28, .

CO I--. X
t^ -* rH

CM C^ CN

00 r^ Oi
o Oi CO

c<i CO -ti

1,189.00

495.00

44.00

303.00

96.00

54.00
72.00

<<•

33.00

"^^

Cb

33.00
54.00
72.00

33.00
54.00
72.00

l> '^ o
CO Ci ^

CO CO oo

75.57
160.92
201.60

July 13 to July 24, .
Aug. 10 to Aug. 28, .
Sept. 4 to Sept. 28, .

ff ■:< o
o o o

+i +3 +J

CO o -*

T-H T-H

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

45

O ^ CS

O O T-H

T-i <N (M

-H Ci ur3

oi o CO

^ -^ ^

o

O

o
o

CO

o o o
o o o

-* C5 CO
'^ — C5

CO

o o

o o

-»• CM

o

^ 1 1

c^ ' '
CO

o o o
o o o

CO -H (M

CO »o t^

o o o
o o o

CO -+ a<»
CO o i-^

O iQ «5
O Oa CN

O GO CO

O O 'tH

o .-1 oq

C5 — 1 GO
Ci O OJ

CN C^ (M

July
Aug.

Sept.

o _o o

CO o -^

T— 1 i-H

July
Aug.
Sept

CO '*< C75

CO »o o

i-H G^ G^

-* coo

en r-, -^

^ ':i< -^

o

1 1 ^

' ' CO

'"'

o

^ 1 1

CO

o o o
coo

'^ -f o

-* C<J C3^

CO

o o

1 "^^

o

^ 1 1

CO

CO

o o o
O C' o

CO -H (>»

CO lO t-

o o o

o o o

CO -^< (M

CO lO t^

^ (M C5

CO O GO

O Ci '33

'^ CO o

o CO CO

CO 5^ CO

c: CO —

^ rt CM

-+ -/D GO
(>< (M (M

July
Aug.

Sept.

O O O

+- +J 42

CO o ^

July
Aug.
Sept.

^ CO
CO CM

r^ T— 1

CO GO

l-H CO

o

o

1 1

o o
o o

^ CO
Ol Ci

CO

o o

o o

1 1

o o
o o

o o

o o

-+ Ol

ir^ CO

r-H I— 1

CO (M

CO 05

CO a>

xO t^

01 CO

32

o^

4G AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Creamery Record of the Station for 1892 axd

1893.
The cost of feed consumed is based on the market prices
stated 1)elow. The valuation of the whole milk is taken at
three cents per quart.

Loral 3rarket Cost 2}er Ton, of the Various Articles of Fodder

iised.

Wheat bran, ....

•

. 119 00

Bufialo gluten feed,

20 00

Cotton-seed meal, .

28 00

New-process linseed meal, .

26 00

Hay,

15 00

liowen,

15 00

Corn fodder (green) ,

2 50

Corn stover, ....

5 00

Corn and soja-bean ensilage.

2 75

Soja-bean and corn ensilage,

2 75

Serradella and Ilinigariau grass (

ensilage, .

2 75

Hay of peas and oats.

15 00

Hay of vetch and oats, .

15 00

Vetch and oats (green).

2 50

Buckwheat (green),

2 50

Vetch (green),

3 00

Globe mangolds, .

-i 00

FertiliziiKj

Coiistituejits.

[Nitrogen 17^ cents, phospboric acid 5 cents

, potassium oxide 5^ cents, per pound.]

o

<

"5,
2

6

o
S

1

2.85

1.63

0.05

0.10

2.76

1.98

1.95

1.08

0.35

1.54

0.47

1.63

0.15

0.33

3.23

1.84

0.12

0.48

0.12

0.48

0.12

0.48

0.65

2.10

0.65

2.10

0.13

0.42

0.08

0.38

0.21

0.17

0.10

0.47

Wheat bran, ....
Buftalo gluten feed,
Cotton-seed meal, .
New-process linseed mcial, .

Hay,

Rowen, . . ...

Corn fodder (green), .
Corn stover, ....
Corn and soja-bean ensilage,
Soja-l>ean and corn ensilage,
Serradella and llimgarian grass

ensilage,
Hay of ])eas and oats,
Hay of vetch and oats, .
Vetch and oats (green).
Buckwheat (green),
Vetch (green).
Globe mangolds, .

11.17

8.83

7.85

10.62

9.00

11.30

80.89

14.66

77.77

HO. 33

80.83
12.30
9.95
79.16
85.00
82.00
88.51

2.48
3.78
6.47
5.84
1.52
1.72
0.19
0.55
0.32
0.27

0.45
2.24
2.44
0.44
0.39
0.56
0.13

$13 31
13 80
27 57
23 58

7 36

8 28
1 17
7 17
1 77

1 59

2 22

10 80

11 50
2 13

1 86

2 35
1 07

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47

Fertilizing Constituents of Cream.

[Average Analysis.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 72.00-74-00

Nitrogen (17i cents per pound), 0.54

Phosphoric acid (5 cents per pound), . , . . 0.17

Potassium oxide (5^ cents per jjound), . . . . 0.12

The monthly value placed upon the cream is the price paid
for the same by the local creamery. The financial statement
is based on the local cost of feed, and does not take into con-
sideration interest on investment or cost of labor involved.

The results here presented are stated under the following
separate headings : —

1. Statement of articles of fodder used.

2. Record of average quality of milk and fodder rations.

3. Value of cream at creamery basis of valuation.

4. Cost of skim-milk on the basis of three cents per quart for
whole milk.

5. What the ci'eamery records show.

6. Analyses of cream and butter fat.

48 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

13

Co

^

•saScqqcQ

"sjaaa acSng

•Bliapcjaag

•adt!^

■91V.O

•qo}aA

•81TJO pnB

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jappo^ uoajQ

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paa8-no;i03

■paa^ aziBj^

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CO to -^

r-« if5 O

(N CO OS O

^ E

fri a <5 a

s

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o

>o

o

00

o

s

rr.

nn

on

o

00

-1 ■*

•w

>»

*"

to

'A Q

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33.

49

50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

e

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ft^

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1 1

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

51

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52 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Value of Cream at Creamery Basis of Valuation.

■a

Total Valueof Fertil-
izing Constituents
of Food consumed.

Value of Fertilizing
Constituents lost
in Cream.

Net Cost of Feed
for rroduction of
Cream.

Value of Cream pro-
duced.

1898.

January, .

$31 07

$17 51

$0 55

$14 11

$34 64

February,

34 38

18 36

0 62

16 64

38 95

March, .

38 50

20 95

0 76

18 31

45 04

April,

38 47

21 04

0 65

18 08

36 59

May,

35 23

20 13

0 67

15 77

31 65

June,

31 28

19 44

0 57

12 41

27 50

July, . . .

36 11

22 SO

0 58

13 89

28 69

August, .

39 94

23 95

0 56

16 57

32 22

September,

38 95

22 93

0 55

16 57

33 72

October, .

40 12

22 14

0 57

18 55

34 84

November,

43 33

21 29

0 45

22 49

31 00

December,

28 91
$36 36

17 03

0 41

12 29

29 02

Averages, .

$20 63

$0 57

$16 31

$33 65

1.S93.

January, .

$30 41

$22 81

$0 67

$7 27

$41 69

February,

32 44

20 05

0 80

13 19

49 39

March,

35 07

24 91

0 91

11 07

56 32

April,

33 59

25 42

0 70

8 87

. 41 24

May,

40 29

27 98

0 70

13 01

38 95

June,

38 27

28 48

0 62

10 41

32 80

July, . .

36 81

26 34

0 61

10 58

31 67

August, .

40 31

26 74

0 60

14 17

31 32

September,

33 61

18 99

0 55

15 17

32 88

October, .

41 57

28 68

0 61

13 50

34 84

Averages, .

$36 24

$25 08

$0 68

$11 72

$39 10

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

53

Cost of Skim-milk on the Basis of Three Cents x>er Quart for
Wliole Milk.

o

P.

o .

„'°

U

&

s
o

o
a,

in

S

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o 1- 2

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>

a

a

V

O
o

_D

"3
>
"3

1

Cost of Skim-milk per
Quart (Whole Milk at
ThreeCeiitsperQuart).

Total CoBt of Skim-
milk.

1892.

January,

1,460.3

845.0

248.5

1,211.8

4.10

2.38

$34 64

0.75

$9 16

February,

1,612.4

950.0

279.4

1,333.0

4.10

2.42

38 95

0.71

9 42

March, .

1,818.0

1,155.0

340.0

1,478.0

3.90

2.45

45 04

0.65

9 50

April, .

1,704.4

989.0

290.9

1,413.5

3.70

2.14

36 59

1.03

14 54

May, . .

1,806.7

1,021.0

300.0

1,506.7

3.10

1.73

31 65

1.50

22 55

June,

1,818.5

873.0

256.8

1,561.7

3.15

1.51

27 50

1.73

27 05

July, .

1,602.8

883.0

260.0

1,342.8

3.25

1.78

28 69

1.44

19 40

August, .

1,765.8

848.0

249.4

1,516.4

3.80

1.80

32 22

1.36

20 76

September, .

1,581.4

843.0

248.0

1,333.4

4.00

2.12

33 72

1.03

13 71

October, .

1,614.7

871.0

2.56.2

1,358.5

4.00

2.16

34 84

1.00

13 61

November,

1,408.7

756.0

222.3

1,186.4

4.10

2.20

31 00

0.94

11 26

December,

1,232.0

691.0

203.2

1,028.8

4.20

2.35

29 02

0.64
1.07

7 94

Averages, .

1,618.8

893.8

262.8

1,367.6

3.78

2.09

$33 66

$14 83

1893.

.

January,

1,625.2

981. 0

288.5

1,336.5

4.25

2.57

$41 69

0.53

$7 06

February,

2,007.4

1,176.0

345.9

1,651.5

4.20

2.46

49 39

0.66

10 83

March, .

2,332.5

1,341.0

394.4

1,938.1

4.20

2.41

66 32

0.70

13 65

April, .

2,008.7

1,031.0

303.2

1,705.5

4.00

2.05

41 24

1.11

19 02

May,

1,997.6

1,025.0

301.5

1,696.1

3.80

1.98

38 95

1.24

20 97

June,

1,668.6

911.0

267.9

1,400.7

3.60

1.96

32 80

1.23

17 25

July,

1,632.2

902.0

265.3

1,366.9

3.50

1.93

31 57

1.16

17 39

August, .

1,743.9

870.0

258.9

1,495.0

3.60

1.61

31 32

1,41

20 99

September, .

1,605.6

822.0

241.8

1,363.8

4.00

2.04

32 88

1.12

15 28

October, .

1,830.9

901.0

265.0

1,565.9

4.00

1.97

34 84

1.20

18 89

Averages, .

1,845.3

996.0

293.2

1,552.0

3.91

2.09

$39 10

1.03

$16 13

5. What the Creamery Records Show.

1. The nutritive ratio of the feed varied in 1892 from
l:3.70tol:5.70, with an average of 1 : 4.95 ; in 1893 from
1 : 3.50 to 1 : 5.00, with an average of 1 : 4.38.

2. The average monthly percentage of fat in the milk
varied in 1892 from 3.50 to 4.55, with an average of 4.01 ;
in 1893, from 4.42 to 4.84, with an average of 4. G2.

54: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. The average monthly percentage of total solids varied
in 1802 from 12.30 to 13.75, with an average of 13.12; in
1893, from 13.64 to 14.01, with an average of 13.82.

4. The relation of fat to solids not fat in 1^92 was
1 : 2.29, while in 1893 it was 1 : 1.99.

5. The total cost of feed for one quart of cream amounted
in 1892 to 13.84 cents and in 1893 to 12.36 cents.

6. The net cost of feed for one quart of cream amounted
in 1892 to 6.21 cents and in 1893 to 4.00 cents.

7. The value received for one space of cream varied in
1892 from 3.10 to 4.20 cents, with an average of 3.78; in
1893, from 3.50 to 4.25, w^ith an average of 3.91 cents ; which
amounted per quart (average) in 1892 to 12.85 cents, and
in 1893 to 13.29 cents.

8. The number of quarts of milk required to produce one
space of cream in 1892 was 1.81 and in 1893 1.85; or 6.16
quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream in 1892,
and 6.29 quarts of whole milk to produceone quart of cream
in 1893.

9. The net cost of feed per quart of cream averaged in
1892 6.21 cents and in 1893 4.00 cents. Received per quart
of cream in 1892 12.85 cents and in 1893 13.34 cents,
thereby securing a profit of 6.64 cents per quart in 1892 and
9.34 cents in 1893.

For further details concerning results in preceding years,
see ninth annual report, pages 76 to 82, and tenth annual
report, pages 48 to 55.

Our average statements for the current year apply in each
case to only ten months, due to the fact that the financial
settlement is made with our local creamery two months after
the cream is furnished.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

55

6", Creamery Record, 1892-93. — Analyses of Cream and Butter

Fat.

P W

Date of

Sampling.

Analysis or

Dbbam.

Analysis
OP Fat.

Average Daily Fodder
Rations.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids
not
Fat.

Vola-
tile
Acids.

Non-
volatile
Acids.

I.

Oct.

18,

25.63

16.00

9.63

-

-

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton-
seed meal, 15 pounds hay.

II.

Dec.

3,

25.28

16.90

8.38

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton-
seed meal, 15 pounds hay, 15
pounds sugar beets.

III.

Dec.

23,

25.55

17.00

8.55

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton-
seed meal, 15.9 pounds corn
stover.

IV.

Jan.
Jan.

19,
25,

28.52
26.30

20.66
18.00

7.86
8.30

5.63
5.77

88.75
87.45

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotlou-
eeed meal, 4 pounds hay, 48

Jan.

30,

27.50

18.83

8.67

5.57

87.42

pounds corn and soja-bean
ensilage.

Feb.

9>

27.03

18.55

8.48

5.73

87.00

Feb.

15,

27.19

19.55

7.64

5.48

87.33

Feb.

28,

28.23

20.23

8.00

5.98

86.80

March

6,

2P.17

21.20

7.97

5.57

88.30

March 15,

30.00

22.25

7.75

5.39

87.15

March 21,

27.10

19.13

7.97

5.48

87.46

March 28,

26.19

18.44

7.75

5.75

86.55

April

4,

26.66

18.80

7.86

5.91

86. GO

V.

May

May
May

3,
17,

23,

27.11
25.45
27.34

19.01
17.85
19.97

8.10
7.60
7.37

5.81
5.45
5.52

87.71
87.47
87.81

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton
seed meal, 4 pounds hay, 49.5
pounds soja-beau and corn
ensilage.

VI.

June
June
June

8.
14,
22,

25.18
27.31
25.53

18.02
19.08
18.56

7.17
8.23
6.97

5.04
5.38
4.95

88.49
87.45
88.17

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton-
seed meal, 14.64 pounds hay
of peas and oats.

VII.

June
July

28,
5,

29.87
24.86

22.48
16.85

7.39
8.01

4.79
5.72

87.57
88.25

3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds
gluten feed, 3 pounds cotton-
seed meal, 16.62 pounds
rowen.

56 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

6. Creamery Record^ 1893. — Analyses of Cream and Butter Fat.

1894.] PUBLIC D0CUME:NT — No. 33. 57

II.

FOURTH FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH STEERS.

1802-93.

General Description.

The experiment here described is a continiuition of those
published in our previous reports.

Two grades Shorthorn steers, yearlings, weighing al^out
six hundred pounds each, were vised in the experiment.
They were quite thin when first received, and cost 3.5 cents
per pound of live weight.

The coarse foods fed were raised upon the station grounds,
and consisted principally of corn ensilage, corn stover, hay,
green rye and a small quantity of roots.

The corn for ensilage was cut just as the kernels were
glazing. The corn stover was the corn plant remaining
after the fully matured ears had been removed.

The grains used were either equal weight parts of wheat
bran and Chicago maize feed or wheat bran and Buffalo
gluten feed.

The quantity of coarse fodders fed depended in all cases
upon the individual appetite of the animals.

The animals were fed and watered twice each day, l)etween
five and six o'clock in the morning and at five in the after-
noon, one-half of the food being given at each time.

Two distinct feeding periods are described, namely, the
first winter and spring seasons and the autumn and second
winter seasons.

On.TECTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The objects of the experiment were threefold : —

/. To ascerfcmi, if possible, those rations, i. e., cnnihina-

tions of food, that would produce the largest growth for the

least outlaij of money.

58 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

//. To .'secure facts relating to the actual, cost of heef pro-
duction in 3IassacJmsefts binder existing loccd conditions.

III. To compare the relative merits and cost of pasture
vs. soiling during the summer season.

1. Feeding Record of First Winter and Spring

Seasons.

Bee. 1, 1891, to June 12, 1892.

[Coarse fodders : bay, corn ensilage, corn stover, green rye, turnips, mangolds
and sugar beets ; grains : wbeat bi'an, Chicago maize feed and Buffalo gluten feed.]

Local Market Cost, per Ton, of the Various Articles of Fodder

used.

Wheat bran, .
Chicago maize feed,
Buffalo gluten feed,
Hay, . . .

Dent com ensilage,*
Sweet corn ensilage,
Dent corn stover,*
Green lye,
Turnips, .
Mangolds,
Sugar beets, .

$22 00

25 00

23 GO

15 00

2 50

2 50

5 00

2 50

2 50

4 00

5 00

* Pride of the North.

Analyses of Fine Feed used.

FoDDKB Analyses.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Maize Feed.

Buffalo
Gluten
Feed.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter, .......

10.09
89.91

8.70
91.30

7.65

92.35

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

6.62
11.91

4.76
17.55
59.16

0.78

7.97

7.37

27.75

56.33

0.86

5.42

13.23

25.95

54.54

100.00

100.00

100.00

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

59

Fertiliz in g Constitue nts .
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5J cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizing Analyses.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Maize Feed.

Buffalo
Gluten
Feed.

Moisture,

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide, ......

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

Manurial value obtainable, ....

10.09
2.52

2.85

1.63

$12 16

11 18

8.70
4.03
0.30
0.045
$12 41
11 41

7.65

3.88

0.30

0.045

$12 41

11 00

Analyses of Coarse Fodders used.

FoDUEu Analyses.

a 61)

I. be

>- a

o a

O-

•^s

" °

>>

cH

«w

«

H

fl

m

m

Moisture at 100° C, .
Dry matter,

Analy.fis of Dry ^fatter.
Crude ash,

•* cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Xon-nitrogeuous extract mat
ter, ....

9.72

79.92

84.30

90.28

20.08

15.70

100.00

100.00

100.00

6.43

4.99

6.32

32.28

27.19

29.32

2.49

3.29

7.36

9.54

8.29

7.86

49.26

56.24

49.14

100.00

100.00

100.00

20.10
79.90
100.00

6.12

33.72

2.51

7.75

49.90

62.11
37.89

100.00

5.27

21.52

2.46

5.38

65.57

100.00

8.47
11.23

1.74
10.12

68.44

100.00

87.75
12.25

100.00

9.06
7.94
0.88
10.37

71.75

85.27
14.73
100.00

5.95
6.49
0.66
10.97

75.93

100.00

Fertilizing Constitueyits.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide A^ cents, per pound.]

Fektilizer Analyses.

H

6

>

xn

I..
0

c
o

"5
5

Eh

"o

□

1^

u
a

01)

3

Moisture, .....

9.72

79.92

84.30

20.11

62.11

90.21

87.75

85.27

Nitrogen

1.38

0.27

0.20

0.99

0.327

0.178

0.203

0.26

Phosphoric acid.

0.36

0.33

0.41

1.40

0.734

0.385

0.383

0.48

Potassium oxide.

1.57

0.14

0.089

0.29

0.15

0.104

0.093

0.10

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

$5 95

$1-26

$1 06

$4 55

$1 80

$0 99

$1 06

$1 32

Manurial value obtainable.

5 47

1 16

0 97

4 19

1 66

0 91

0 97

1 21

60 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, [elan.

Average Conqwsifion of the Daily Fodder Rations used duriinj the
Seven Successive Feeding Periods.

(First Winter and Spring Seasons, 1891-92.)

I.

II.

December 1 to December 21.

December 26 to January

12.

Wheat Itran

2.5 lbs.

Wheat bran, .

2.5 lbs.

Chicago maize feed,

2.5 "

Chicago maize feed.

2.0 "

Hay, ....

8 "

Hay

8 "

Turnips, ....

15 "

Mangolds,

15 "

Nutritive ratio,

1 : 5.94

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 6.06

Total cost,

13.87 cts.

Total cost,

14.87 cts.

Manurial value ol)tainaI>le,

5.44 "

Manurial value obtainable,

5.64 "

Net cost, ....

8.43 "

Net cost

9.23 "

III.

IV.

January 'Jii to February

/ 21.

February 20 to Mar

ch

22.

Wheat bran, .

3 lbs.

Wheat bran, .

3 lbs.

Chicago maize feed,

3 "

Chicago maize feed,

3 "

Dent corn ensilage,

35 "

Sweet corn ensilage.

47 "

Nutritive ratio,

1:5.4

Nutritive ratio.

1:5.92

Total cost,

11.42 cts.

Total cost.

12.92 cts.

Manurial value obtainable.

5.39 "

Manurial value obtainable.

5.64 "

Net cost, ....

6.03 '<

Net cost, ....

7.28 "

Y.

VI.

March 28 to April J

0.

April 26 to May

2(

).

Wheat bran, .

3 lbs.

W^heat bran, .

3 lbs.

Chicago maize feed.

3 '<

Buffalo gluten feed,

3 "

Dent corn stover, .

10 '<

Hay, ....

10 "

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 5.65

Sugar beets.

12 "

Total cost,

. 9.55 cts.

Nutritive ratio.

. 1:5.95

Manurial value obtainable,

. 5.48 "

Total cost.

. 17.55 cts.

Net cost, ....

4.07 "

Manurial value o])tainable,
Net cost

. 6.75 "
. 10.80 "

VII.

June 1 to June 12.

Wheat bran, 3 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed 3 "

Green rye, 23 "

Nutritive ratio, 1 : 6.9

Total cost, 9-62 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, 5.33 "

Net cost 4.29 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

61

Points to be Noticed in Above.

1. The actual composition of the difterent rations and
the general proportion which the nitrogenous matter bears
to the non-nitrogenous, i. e., the nutritive ratio.

2. Notice how l)oth the total and net cost of the different
rations differ, and that wherever a considerable quantity of
hay is fed the cost of the ration increases.

Snmniari] of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder
• Rations.

[Cents.]

Feeding Teeiods.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

YI.

VII.

Total cost, .

13.87

14.87

11.42

12.92

9.55

17.55

9.62

Manurial value

obtainable,*

5.44

5.64

5.39

5.64

5.48

6.75

5.33

Net cost, .

8.43

9.23

6.03

7.28

4.07

10.80

4.29

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients of the feed to be
recovei-ed in the manure.

Gain required 'per Day in Pounds of Live Weight to cover Cost

of Feed.

Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

On total cost,
On net cost,

3.26

2.00

3.50
2.17

2.69
1.42

3.04
1.71

2.25
0.96

4.10
2.54

2.27
1.00

Live

Weight actually produced per Day.

2.21

1.77

1.78

1.15 0.70

2.00

0.87

Cost of Feed p)er Pound of Live Weight gained.
[Cents.]

Total cost, .

6.30

8.40

6.41

11.24

13.64

8.77

11.06

Net cost.

3.83

5.20

3.38

6.33

5.81

5.40

4.96

62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Itemarhfi.

These figures show that in no case have the animals
gained enough in live weight to cover the total cost of the
food consumed, but the weight gained was nearly sufficient
to cover the net cost of the feed.

Considering the merits of the different rations as far as
their relative cost and productive capacity are concerned,
the results are at least instructive.

Notice, first, that the larger the amount of hay fed the
higher the cost of the daily ration. In this experiment,
however, a moderate amount of hay in combination with
roots and grains has produced beef at a fairly low price.
Ration number III., consisting of ensilage and grains, has
also given very favorable results. In the latter case the
total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained was 6.35
cents and the net cost 3.38 cents. Many experunents have
demonstrated the fact that corn ensilage, when fed in com-
bination with concentrated feeds high in protein, produces
beef at as low a cost as any other known coarse fodder
article, and it proves itself an excellent fodder for winter
feeding.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — Xo. 33.

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1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

65

2. Feeding Eecord of Autumn and Second Winter

Seasons.
Sept, 5, 1892, to Feb. 28, 1893.

[Com fodJers : green fodder corn, green serradella, corn stover and corn and soja-
bean ensilage ; grains : wheat bran and Buffalo gluten feed.]

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Wheat bran, $20 00

Buffalo gluten feed, 21 00

Fodder corn (green) , 2 50

Serradella (green), 2 75

Corn stover, 5 00

Corn and soja-bean ensilage, 2 75

Anali/ses of the Various A)

•tides

of Fodder

(sed.

Fodder Analyses.

a
g

•6

a>
° a

a
o
O

"3

3
S

T3 a

a)

J3

= 1

•a
■a
o

a
o
O

oooH
O

Moisture at 100° C, .

8.71

7.18

68.53

82.03

14.66

11.11

Dry matter, ....

91.29

92.82

31.47

17.97

85.34

21. 'IZ

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysia of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

7.08

0.84

5.68

9.59

5.49

9.48

" cellulose.

12.10

7.50

23.00

26.28

37.57

26.63

" fat

5.64

12.75

2.81

2.59

1.82

3.75

" protein

17.73

26.28

6.22

15.13

4.00

7.91

Non-uitrogenous extract matter.

57.45

52.63

62.30

46.41

51.02

52.23

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Ferfilizirii/ Const itnents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5.^ cents, potassium oxide 4.;^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

i

n

•6

(O

° a

o

9

"3

■3

>
o

D 33 3

Si

(k3

1

C3

3

c
o

O

■~"oO
ccqH
O

•
Moisture,

8.71

7.18

68.53

82.03

14.66

77.77

Nitrogen

2.42

4.25

0.31

0.43

0.55

0.32

Phosphoric acid,

2.85

0.30

0.05

1.26

0.23

0.12

Potassium oxide,

1.63

0.04

0.15

0.38

1.84

0.48

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

$11 86

$13 13

$1 12

$1 78

$3 55

$1 52

Manurial value obtainable,

10 90

12 07

1 03

1 63

3 26

1 40

G6 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, rjan.

Avercuje Comjiosifion of (he Daihj Fodder Rations used diirinr/ the
Four /Successive Feeding Periods.

(^Aulumn and Second Winter Seasons, 1S92-93.)

II.

September 5 to September 12.

September 17 to September 2S.

Wheat bran, .

Buffalo gluten feed,

Fodder corn, .

Nutritive ratio.

Total cost,

Manurial value ol)tainable.

Net cost, ....

3 lbs.
3 "
70 "
1 : 8.70
14.90 cts.
7.00 "
7.90 "

Wheat bran, .

Buffalo gluten feed.

Fodder corn,

Serradella,

Nutritive ratio.

Total cost,

Manurial value obtainable.

Net cost, ....

3 ll)s.
3 "
40 "
20 "
1 : 6.60
13.89 cts.
7.10 "
6.79 "

III.

IV.

December 1 to Jamiary 9.

January/ 16 to February 2S.

Wheat bran, .

3 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed,

3 "

Corn stover, •

13 "

Nutritive ratio,

1 : 8.00

Total cost.

.

9.40 cts.

Manurial value

obtainable.

5.55 "

Net cost, .

3.85 "

Wheat bran, .

Buffalo gluten feed.

Corn and soja-bean ensilage.

Nutritive ratio.

Total cost,

Manurial value obtainaltle,

Net cost

4 lbs.
4 ..

43 "

1 : 5.80

13..57 cts.

7.60 "

5.97 "

Sanimarii of Cost of the Above-stated, Average Daih/ Fodder Eations.

[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Total cost,

Manurial value ol)tainable,*
Net cost,

14.90
7.00
7.90

13.89
7.10
6.79

9.40
5.55
3.85

13.57
7. GO
5.97

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients of the feed to be
recovered in the manure.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

67

Gain required x>er Dcuj in Pounds of Lire Weight to cover Cost of

Feed.

Feeding Pkriods.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

Total cost,

Net cost,

3.50
1.86

3.27
1.60

2.21

0.91

3.19
1.40

Live Weight actnalhj ^jroduced 2ier Day.

0.98 1.84

Cost of Feed per Pound of Live Weight gained.
[Cents.]

Total cost,
Net cost,

9.60
3.93

7.37
3.25

* Period too short to draw any conclusions.

Remarks on the Above Figures.

It again appears that the gain in live weight about covers
the net cost of the food consumed.

The comparison between corn stover and corn and soja-
bean ensilage is not strictly fair, for in case of ration IV.
two pounds extra of grain were fed. '

Notice that, while the growth was much slower when the
animals were fed corn stover, yet, l)ecause of its compara-
tive cheaimess and manurial value, the net cost of beef pro-
duced was fairly low.

Ration IV., consisting of grains and corn and soja-bean
ensilage, also gave very favorable results, producing beef at
a net cost of 3.25 cents per pound.

G8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

69

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70 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Conclusions,
In answer to question 1 : Wliat rations are best to jjvo-
duce the greatest growth for the least outlay of money f
The experiment indicates : —

a. That those coarse fodders should be grown and fed that
produce the largest amount of dry matter upon a given area ;
leguminous crops are especially valuable as coarse fodders.

b. Such coarse foods as corn fodder, corn ensilage, corn
and soja-bean ensilage, and vetch and oats take the place of
hay, and when fed in combination Avith concentrated nitroge-
nous feed stuffs, as in rations given, have produced very
favorable results.

c. Animals are more than machines, — they are living
beings, of so complicated a nature that they are very lial)le
to get out of order, or, not being in the proper condition,
they fail to respond to the foods fed as expected. Therefore,
one experiment is not in itself sufficient to enable any one
to judge with certainty as to the comparative merits of
difterent foods, but it serves rather as a link in the chain of
evidence. When the experiments in this line are com-
pleted, the combined evidence will be instrumental in point-
ing out lessons of permanent value.

II. THE COST OF BEEF PRODUCTION.

For a considerable time the idea has been prevalent among
intelligent farmers in Massachusetts that beef production
could not be carried on with profit. No extended observa-
tions have been made, however, or no accurate accounts
kept that would give any facts to show at what price beef
could actually be produced ; and in order to answer this
question, experiments have been carried on at the station
for several ^^ears. The following record is invsented as a
result of the ex})eriment with the two steers already de-
scribed. The steers were purchased Nov. 19, 1891, at 3^
cents per pound of live weight, and sold Feb. 28, 189o, at
4^ cents per pound of live weight. They were not put out
to pasture during the sunnner of 1892, but were kept in the
barn or turned into the yard, and were fed a variety of green
crops with grains.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

71

Steer No. 1.

Fodder Articles.

Feed
consumed

(P0ltlKl8).

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Local

Market

Cost.

Ma nu rial

Value

Obtainable.

Net (.'ost.

Wheat bran, .

1,403

1,262.7

$14 73

f7 71

$7 02

Chicago maize feed.

389

355.0

4 86

2 21

2 65

Buifalo gluten feed.

9G4

892.0

10 60

5 54

5 06

Cotton-seed meal, .

f)G

51.0

0 78

0 55

0 23

Hay

821

741.0

6 15

2 24

3 91

Com fodder, .

2,637

831.0

3 29

1 35

1 94

Com stover.

1,538

1,291.9

3 84

3 22

0 62

Dent corn ensilage.

1,178

235.6

1 47

0 68

0 79

Sweet corn ensilage,

1,2U

190.5

1 51

0 59

0 92

Corn and sqja-bean en-
silage, ....

2,130

472.8

2 92

1 49

1 43

Green rj-e,

474

179.6

0 59

0 39

0 20

Peas and oats (green), .

470

64.4

0 64

0 34

0 30

Vetch and oats (green) , .

1,160

208.8

1 59

1 04

0 55

Serradella (green),

523

95.0

0 72

0 42

0 30

Cabbages,

636

60.4

0 79

0 39

0 40

Turnips, ....

460

45.2

0 57

0 21

0 36

Mangolds,

306

37.3

0 61

0 15

0 46

Sugar beets, ,

366

53.8

0 91

0 22

0 69

Other green crops, .

427

59.9

0 53

0 26

0 27

7,127.9

f57 10

$29 00

$28 10

Live weight of animal when purchased,
Live weight of animal when sold, .
Total gain during the experiment, .

rounds.

588

1,255

667

12 AGRICULTURAL EXPLRIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Financial Statement.

Debit. Credit,

Original cost of steer, 588 pounds at 3i cents, .

Total cost of feed,

Selling price of steer, 1,255 pounds at 4] cents.
Value of manure produced,

$20 47
57 10,

|77 57

$53 34
2'J 00

$82 34

Total cost of feed required to produce 1 pound of live weight, 8 . 55 cts.
Net cost of feed required to produce 1 pound of live weight, 4.22 "
Average gain in Aveight per day, ...... 1.43 lbs.

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 10.64 "

Steer No. 2.

Fodder Akticles.

Feed
coiisiimod

Dr.v Matter
(I'ounds).

Local
Market

Mamirial

Value

Xct Cost.

(I'ounds).

Cost.

Obtainable.

Wheat bran, .

1,350

1,214.5

$14 17

$7 42

$6 75

Chicago maize feed,

389

854.0

4 86

2 21

2 65

Buffalo gluten feed.

911

841.5

10 01

5 23

4 78

Cotton-seed meal, .

56

51.0

0 78

0 55

0 23

Hav, ....

767

692.6

5 75

2 11

3 64

Corn fodder, .

2,638

831.0

3 29

1 35

1 94

Corn stover.

1,342

1,127.3

3 35

2 81

0 54

Dent corn ensilage,

1,169

233.8

1 46

0 68

0 78

Sweet corn ensilage.

1,400

220.0

1 75

0 67

1 08

Corn and soja-bean en-

silage

2,041

453.1

2 80

1 43

1 37

Green rye,

474

179.6

0 59

0 39

0 20

Peas and oats (green) , .

470

64.4

0 69

0 34

0 85

Vetch and oats (green) . .

1,160

208.8

1 59

1 04

0 55

Serradella (green).

483

86.9

0 66

0 39

0 27

Cabbages,

635

60.4

0 79

0 39

0 40

Turnips, ....

460

45.2

0 57

0 21

0 36

Mangolds,

306

37.3

0 61

0 15

0 46

Sugar beets, .

366

53.8

0 91

0 22

0 69

Other green crops, .

427

59.9

0 53

0 27

0 26

6,815.1

foo 16

$27 86

f27 30

Live weight cfr animal when purchased,
Live weight of animal when sold, .
Total gain during experiment,

Pounds.

595

1,215

620

LS94.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

Financial Statement.

Dft)it.

Credit.

Original cost of steer, 595 pounds, at 3i cents, .

Total cost of feed,

Selling price of steer, 1,215 poimds, at •IJ cents,
Value of manure i^roduced,

$20 82
55 16

$51 U

27 57

$75 98

f79 21

Total cost of feed required to produce 1 pound of live Aveight, 8.90 cts.
Net cost of feed required to i)roduce 1 pound of live weight, 4.40 "
Average gain in weight jjer daj-, . . , . . .1.32 lbs.
Dry matter required to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 10.99 "

Gonclusionff .

In answer to inquiry II. : — The cost of heef production .

a. The financial .statement shows that, excluding the cost
of hibov, the coarse fodder articles and grains have been
sold at market rates, and have been a trifle more than paid
for in the value of the beef and of the manure produced.
The value of the latter is calculated on the basis of the cur-
rent market rates for nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash.

h. Taking an average of the two steers, the total cost
of producing 1 pound of live weight was 8.7 cents and the
net cost 4 1 cents.

c. The average daily gain for the entire experiment
(4G7 days) was 1.37 pounds, and the dry matter required to
produce 1 pound of gain was 10.<S2 pounds.

d. These results are interestinij, if not encouraofincr.
The experiments are being continued, and it is hoped that in
the next report the results of the work in this direction for
tl^e past four years can be presented. The results of one
experiment are by no means conclusive. It is only when
the average of a considcral)le number of ex})erimcnts, in
which all or nearly all give practically the same results, that
the desired facts are obtained.

III. SUMMER SOILING vs. PASTURE.
The third object of the present steer-feeding experiment
was to ascertain the relative merits of summer soilinir vs.

74 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

pasture for growing steers. With this end in view the steers
were kept in the barn during the summer or turned into the
barn-yard and fed with a* variety of green crops raised upon
the station grounds in connection with grain. Steers 1 and
2 consumed practically the same amount of feed during this
period.

Feed consumed b;/ each Steer during Summer Soiling.

FoPDEK Articles.

Feed
consumed
(Pounds).

Local

Market

Cost.

Manurial
Value

Obtainable

Net Cost

Wheat bran, .

Bufl'alo gluten feed,

Hay,

Corn fodder, .

Green rye.

Peas and oats (green) ,

Vetch and oats (green)

Serradella (green).

Cabbages,

Sugar beets, .

Other green crops,

454
454
232

2,372
474
470

1,160
383
496
240
387

$4 59
5 04

1 74

2 96
0 59

0 69

1 59
0 52
0 62
0 60
0 53

fl9 47

$2 49
2 87

0 63

1 22
0 39

0 33

1 04
0 31
0 31
0 16
0 26

$10 01

$2 10
2 17
1 11
1 74
0 20
0 36
0 55
0 21
0 31
0 44
0 27

19 46

Summer Soiling compared ivith Pasture.

Soiling.

Pasture.

steer 1.

Steer 2.

Average
Two Steers.

1S90.

Average
ThreeSteers.

1801.

Date of beginning experiment, .

Mayl.

Mayl.

May 10.

April 27.

Date of ending experiment, ....

Sept. 30.

Sept. 30.

Sept. 30.

Nov. 3.

iTumber of days

153

153

144

190

Live weight of steers at beginning of ex-
periment

818

827

867

828

Live weight of steers at end of experiment,

1,040

1,015

971

935

Total weight gained

232

188

104

107

Average gain in weight per day, .

1.52

1.23

0.72

0.57

Total cost of feed per day, soiling (cents),

12.72

12.72

-

-

Xet cost of feed per day, soiling (cents) , .

6.18

6.18

-

-

Total cost of feed per day at 40 cents per
week for pasture (cents),

-

-

5.71

3.57*

Total cost of feed required to produce one
pound of live weight (cents),

8.39

10.35

8.24

6.36

Net cost of feed required to produce one
pound of live weight (cents),

4.08

5.03

-

-

* Allowing 25 cents per week for pasture.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75

Comments on the results of inquiry III.

The above experiment with soiling in case of growing
steers is the first tried at the station. Another experiment
with three steers is underway, and will ])e reported later.

It will be seen from the table that : —

1. The different steers gained from two to three times
as much in live weight per day when fed at home as when
pastured.

2. The price paid for the pasture will in a measure
govern the profit and loss of the operation.

3. The total cost of the feed required to produce one
pound of live weight was approximately the same in the
different experiments. In case of the three steers pastured
in 1891, the cost of feed per day, 6.36 cents, was less than
in the case of the soiling experiment, being duo to the low
price paid for the i)asture.

4. In case of soiling, the net cost of feed required to
produce one pound of live weight, 4 to 5 cents, proved to
be about one-half the total cost. In other words, the chief
gain seems to have been in the value of the manure produced.

Disadvantages of Pasture.

1. The uncertainty of the supply of food, being governed
(a) by the weather and (6) by the general poor condition
of the New England grazing lands.

2. The loss of the manure.

3. The loss of live weight, apparently unavoidably con-
nected with a system of changing from stall feeding to
pasturing and back again. This loss has generally amounted
to from 20 to 30 pounds of live weight per animal.

4. The slowness of the gain in live weight as compared
with soiling.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Soiling.
1. The experiment shows that nearly throe times as
much gain in live weight per day has been produced by soil-
ing as by pasturing.

76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. The chief disnd vantage would l)c in the cost of the
lal)or required to care for the animals during this period,
and the expense in growing the green crops.

3. An advantage would be found in the greatly increased
amount of fodder produced on the land in a state of culti-
vation.

It appears from the facts thus far shown that no absolute
rule can be laid down to govern all cases. The subject,
however, is worthy of the serious attention of the farmers,
though local conditions and circumstances will greatly affect
the decision as to which system is the more suitable for the
particular locality.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 77

in.

WINTER FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH LAMBS.

November, 1892, to March, 1893.

The experiment about to he described is the fourth in a
series designed to ascertain how best to feed the various
grains and coarse fodders in order to produce the greatest
live Aveight at the lowest possible cost.

Objects of the Experimext.
The objects of this experiment were threefold : —

I. To ascertain the economy of feeding a greater vs. a
less quantity of protein in the daily fodder rations, i. e., the
old question of wide vs. narrow rations.

II. To see if mutton could not be produced cheaper by
feeding ensilage as a part su])stitute for rowen, i. e., to get
cheaper fodder rations that would prove e<|ually eftective.

HI. To ascertain what it actually costs to produce a
pound of live or dressed weight.

1. General Description.

Six grade Southdown wethers were purchased Nov. 0,
1892, of Mr. G. L. Henry. Each sheep was kept in a
separate pen during the entire experiment.

The average weight was aljout 60 pounds, and they cost
C) cents per pound. The market price at this time was 5^
cents, but, as these animals had been on the road for several
days without much food, the seller considered G cents a fair
price. The sheep were kept in the stable for ten days, to
get them accustomed to their surroundings, and were fed

78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

during that time upon Buffixlo gluten feed and soja-bean
straw. They were sheared November 18, with the following
results : —

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Weight before Bhearing,

Weight after shearing

60.50

56.75

65.00
60.75

66.00
62.50

74.25
70.25

69.00
65.25

67.75
64.50

Weight of wool,

3.75

4.25

3.50

4.00

3.75

3.25

2. Fodder Articles Fed.

The grain feed consisted of Buffalo gluten feed and cotton-
seed meal of good average quality and condition.

The coarse fodder consisted of a fairly good quality of
rowen and an average quality of corn and soja-bean ensilage,
raised and prepared upon the station grounds.

3. Local Market Cost, per Ton, of the Various

Articles of Fodder used.

Buffalo gluten feed, $21 00

Cotton-seed meal, 28 00

Rowen, 15 00

Corn and soja-bean ensilage, 2 75

4. Mode of Feeding.
The animals were fed twice each day, about eight o'clock in
the morning and at five in the afternoon, one-half the feed
being given at each time. Water was ofiered ad libitum.
About five grammes (i- ounce) of salt were fed daily, mixed
with the grain.

I. TO ASCERTAIN THE ECONOMY OF FEEDING A
GREATER vs. A LESS QUANTITY OF PROTEIN
IN THE DAILY FODDER RATIONS.

The animals were divided into two lots of three each, each
sheep, as l)efore stated, being kept in a separate pen.

Lot L, consisting of sheep No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, was
fed a ration having a nutritive ratio of 1 : 4.5 during the
entire experiment, wliich began Nov. 19, 1892, and closed
March 13, 1893.

Lot XL, consisting of sheep No. 4, No. 5 and No. 6, was
fed a ration of 1 : 5.5 from Nov. 19, 1892, till Feb. 15, 1893,

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

79

when the ratio vras changed to 1:4.5, and so continued till
March 13, 1893.

Both lots received approximately the same amount ot"

digestible organic matter

Analyses of the Various Articles of Fodder used.

Fodder Analtsks.

Buffalo

Gluten

Feed.

Cotton -seed
Meal

IJoweii.

Corn and
Soja - bean
Ensilat'c.

Moisture at 100'^ C, . . .

7.18

6.20

11.30

77.77

Dry matter, . . . - .

92.82

93.80

88.70

22.23

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

0.84

7.37

6.48

9.48

" cellulose, ....

7.50

5.81

29.98

26.63

" fat,

12.75

13.04

4.23

3.75

" protein, ....

26.28

44.71

12.11

7.91

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

52.63

28.57

47.20

52.23

100.00

100.00

100 00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

Buffalo

G I u 1 1 n

Feed.

Cotton-seed
Meal.

Rowen.

Corn and
Soja - bean
Ensilage.

Moisture,

7.18

6.20

11.30

77.77

Nitrogen,

4.25

7.15

1.94

0.32

Phosphoric acid, ....

0.30

2.33

0.46

0.12

Potassium oxide, ....

0.04

1.72

1.97

0.48

Valuation per 2,000 pounds.

$13 13

|25 56

$8 10

$1 52

Manurial value obtainable, .

12 07

23 57

7 45

1 40

80

AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Average Gomposition of the Daily Fodder Rations used during the
Successive Feeding Periods.

Lot I.

Novembei- 19 to November 30.

Buffalo gluten feed, . . 0.62 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal, . . . 0.12 "

Rowen, 1.25 "

Nutritive ratio, ... 1 : 4.5

Total cost, . . . . 1.76 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, . 0.97 "

Net cost, .... 0.79 "

II.

December 1 to January .9.

Buffalo gluten feed.

Cotton-seed meal, .

Rowen, .

Nutritive ratio.

Total cost,

Manurial value obtainable,

Net cost,

0.87 lbs,
0 20 "
1.75 "

1:46
2.50 cts.
1.39 "
1.11 "

III.

January 24 to March 11

Buffalo gluten feed, 0.87 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal, 0.20 "

Rowen, 0.50 "

Corn and soja-bean ensilage, 3.00 "

Nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.7

Total cost, 1.97 cts.

Manurial value obtainal)le, 1.15 "

Net cost, 0.82 "

Lot II.

I.

II.

November 10 to Novem
Buffalo gluten feed,
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio,
Total cost,

Manurial value obtainable.
Net cost,

ber ;J0.

0.50 lbs.

1.75 "
1 : 5.5

1.81 cts.

0.95 "
. 0.86 "

December 1 to January 0.
Buffalo gluten feed, . . 0.62 lbs.

Rowen 2.00 «'

Nutritive ratio, . . . 1 : 5.5
Total cost, . . . .2.15 cts.
Manurial value obtainable, . 1.11 "
Net cost, .... 1.04 '«

III.

IV.

January 24 to February lo.
Bufi\ilo gluten feed, . . 0.62 llis.
Cotton-seed meal, . . . 0.12 "

Rowen, 0.50 «»

Corn and soja-bean ensilage, 4.50 "
Nutritive ratio, . . . 1 : 5.7

Total cost, . . . .1.78 cts.
Manurial value obtainable, . 1.01 "
Net cost, .... 0.77 "

February 20 to March 7.

Buffalo gluten feed,

0 90 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal, .

0.20 "

Rowen,

0.50 "

Corn and soja-bean ensilage.

3.00 "

Nutritive ratio,

1:4.7

Total cost

1.97 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, .

1.15 "

Net cost, ...

0.82 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

81

Digestible Matter in the Above Rations.
[Ounces.]

Feeding Periods.

Lot I.

Lot 11.

1.

II.

III.

I.

IL

HI.

IV.

Protein,

Fat, .

Carbo-hydrates,

-

5.40

2.0.3

19.91

4.66

2.18

16.49

-

4.16

1.48

19.08

3.82

1.86
17.00

4.66

2.18

16.49

Total, .

-

27.36

23.33

-

24.72

22.08

23.33

It will be noticed that Lot I. was fed with one exception
more protein than Lot II., thus giving the narrow ration.
The total amount of digestible organic matter, however,
remained essentially the same during each parallel period.
During the second feeding period both lots consumed more
feed daily than at any other time.

Summanj of Cost of the Above-stated Average Daily Fodder

Rations.

[Cents.]

Feeding Teriods.

Lot I.

Lot II.

I.

IL

in.

I.

II.

in.

IV.

Total cost, .

1.76

2.50

1.97

1.81

2.15

1.78

1.97

Manurial value
obtainable,* .

0.97

1.39

1.10

0.95

1.11

1.01

1.15

Net cost, .

0.79

1.11

0.87

0.86

1.04

0.77

0.82

* Allowing ninety-two per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients of the feed to be
recovered in the manure.

82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Comparisons of Lot I. (Ratio 1 :4.5) ivith Lot II. (Ratio 1 : 5,5).

Lot I.

Lot IL

Weight.

Weight.

Begirming of experiment, November 19, .

180.0 lbs.

200.0 lbs.

Close of exj)eriment, February 14, .

252.5 "

267.0 "

Gain during experiment,

72.5 "

67.0*"

The next step would be to inquire into the cost of feed
consumed by Lots I. and II., thus ascertaining the cost per
jiound of live weight gained.

Lot I.

Lot II.

h

o o

1-

<a

o

la

o

P5

a a .
. a

3

o o

<U a
a V

B_:

5^

•a a
a rt .

Feed consumed (pounds),

214.40

44.00

303.25

236.00

165.30

9.37

345.25

364.75

Total cost

$2 25

$0 62

$2 27

$0 32

$1 74

$0 13

$2 59

$0 50

Manurial value obtainable,

1 29

0 52

1 12

0 17

0 99

0 11

1 28

0 26

Net cost

0 96

0 10

1 15

0 15

0 75

0 02

1 31

0 24

Lot I. Lot II.

Live weight gained during experiment, . . 72.5 lbs. 67.0 lbs.

Total cost of feed, $5 46 f4 96

Net cost of feed, 2 36 2 32

Total cost of feed per jjound of live weight gained, 7.53 cts. 7.42 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, 3.25- " 3.48 "

* Sheep No. 6, in Lot II., sutTered from a severe cold during practically the entire
month of December, and, conseriuently, did not eat as well nor piin as rapidly as the
other two in this lot. Had No. 6 made the same average growth as sheep No. 4 and
No. 5, the gain in lire weight in Lots I. and II. would have been practically identical.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 83

Summary.

Lot L, narrow ration, 1 : 4.5.

Lot II., wider ration, 1 : 5.5.

Length of experiment, 88 days.

In answer to question I. viz., the economy of feeding
rations witli a nutritive ratio of 1 : 5.5 vs. one with a nutri-
tive ratio of 1 : 4.5, the experiment gives the following : —

1. The gain in live weight is somewhat in favor of Lot I.,
to which more protein was fed.

2. The total cost of producing one pound of live weight
with Lot I. was 7.53 cents and with Lot 11. 7.42 cents,
while the net cost with Lot I. was 3.25 cents, a little lower
than with Lot II., which was 3.48 cents.

3. The results of the experiment ar(f practically identical
in case of both lots. Had sheep No. 6 been in good health
during December, and made the same relative gain as No. 4
and No. 5, the results would have been rather in favor of
Lot II.

4. Sheep Nos. 4 and 5 were not slaughtered. Sheep No. 3
was the fattest. No. 6 next, then came No. 1 and lastly No. 2.
These results give no positive information, but would indi-
cate in this case that the constitutional tendency of the ani-
mal, rather than the feed consumed, governed the amount
of fat and flesh produced.

The Situation Briefly Stated.

This experiment would indicate, and it is l)orne out by
the majority of other experiments made with reference to
this point, that for the production of lean and fat in case of
"•rowing: animals a ratio of 1 : 5 to 1 ; 5.5 is about as eco-
nomical a one as can be fed.

In order to get more definite light upon this matter, one
must await tlie results of the carefully conducted experi-
ments with the so-called respiration apparatus now in prog-
ress, or a large number of animals mu.^t be experimented
with, and the average results taken.

It is certainly true that the constitution of the animal, no
less than the quantity and proportion in which the difterent
food components are fed, exerts a decided influence upon the
production of both lean meat and fat. Experiments, there-

84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

fore, after the manner of the one previously described, must
be conducted with a large number of sheep, in order to
eliminate as far as possible this source of error, and furnish
data that will throw more definite light upon the subject.
It is held l)y many who have good grounds upon which to
base their belief that rations with a ratio of 1 : 4 can be
economically fed.

OBJECT II. TO SEE IF LIVE WEIGHT COULD NOT
BE PRODUCED CHEAPER BY 8UF.STITUTINO CORN
AND SOJA-BEAN ENSILAGE TO A CONSIDERABLE
EXTENT FOR ROWEN.

Feeding Period I. The six sheep used in the experiment
were fed for seven weeks upon Buffalo gluten feed, cotton-
seed meal and rowen?

Feeding Period II. In this period corn and soja-bean
ensilage was substituted for the larger part of the rowen.

The following table gives the amounts of the several foods
consumed and the total and net cost of the same, as w^ell as
the total and net cost of feed required to produce one pound
of li\^ weight.

Feeding Period I.

Feeding Period II.

,

3

i*

OTJ

- a .

- a> a>

b

■ss

S^i

c

la

o a

c

a

*! a

^

^ ?

&

2 ° °

>>

n S

"Sa

o

i^

cS

o

°a2H

a

o

C3

G

«"

O

tf

O

Q

Feed consumed (pounds),

204.25

24.75

497.50

653.74

245.25

54.56

150.00

826.50

595.00

Total cost, ....

$2 14

$0 35

$3 75

-

$2 57

$0 76

$1 12

$1 13

-

Manurial value obtainable,

1 22

0 29

1 84

-

1 47

0 64

0 55

0 58

-

Net cost

0 92

0 06

1 91

-

1 10

0 12

0 57

0 55

-

Feeding Feeding

Period I. Period II.

Weight at the betrinning of the experiment, . 380.00 lbs. 485.75 lbs.

Weight at the end of the experiment, . . 461.50 " 565.00"

Gain in weight during experiment, . . 81.50 " 79.25 "

Total cost of feed $6 26 $5 58

Ket cost of feed, 2 89 2 34

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight

gained, 7.68 cts. 7.04 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight

gained • 3.55 " 2.95 "

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound of live

weight 8.00 " 7.51 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

85

Answer to Object II.

The result of the experiment is in favor of the corn and
soja-bcan ensilage as a substitute for a larger part of the
rowen.

The total and net cost of feed required to produce oiie
pound of live weight in Feeding Period I. was 7.68 cents
and 3.55 cents, while in Feeding Period II. it was but 7.04
cents and 2.95 cents.

The dry matter required to produce one pound of live
weight was also somewhat less in Feeding Period II. This
answer coincides with many other expei'iments made at this
station, and shows that in order to produce beef or mutton
at the lowest cost cheap fodders must barfed in place of costly
hay. Well-made corn ensilage proves a very excellent and
economical substitute.

OB.JECT III. TO ASCERTAIN, IN THE CASE OF GROW-
ING LAMBS, WHAT IT COSTS TO PRODUCE ONE
POUND OF LIVE OR DRESSED WEIGHT.

While this question has been in a measure answered under
II., still, it is well to make a complete financial statement
of the experiment. The feeding experiment proper began on
Nov. 19, 1892. The sheep were sheared on the day pre-
vious. They were fed till March 13, 1893, upon which date
they were again sheared, and sold at 11 cents per pound of
dressed weisht.

Live Weight gained during the Experiment (115 Days).
[Pounds.]

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Beginning of experiment,

56.75

60.75

62.50

70.25

65.25

6i.50

End of experiment,

95.50

87.75

93.50

102.00

96.50

89.75

Gain dnring experiment,

38.75

27.00

31.00

31.75

31.25

25.25

86 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Wixd and Dressed Weight.
[Pounds.]

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Yield of wool at beginning of
experiment,

3.75

4.25

3.50

4.00

3.75

3.25

Yield of wool during experi-
ment (115 days),

3.00

3.00

2.13

_*

_*

2.75

Yield of dressed weight.

48.50

43.75

48.25

-

_

45.25

* Retained for further experiments.

Feed consumed.

Manurial

Total Cost.

Value
Obtainable.

Net Cost.

525.0 jjounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

$5 51

$3 15

$2 36

87.3 pounds cotton-seed meal,

1 22

1 02

0 20

730.0 i:)ounds rowen, ....

5 47

2 70

2 77

1,449 . 0 i^ounds corn and soja-bean ensilage,

1 99

1 01

0 98

$14 19

$7 88

$6 31

Average Results.
Total weight at the beginning of the experiment (sheared), 380
Total weight at the end of the experiment, .

Total gain in live weight,

Average gain j^er sheep in live weight per day (115 days),
Average shrinkage (four sheep) in dressing.
Total cost of feed per jDound of live weight gained.
Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained.
Net cost of feed i)er pound of live weiglit gained,
Net cost of feed jicr pound of dressed weight gained,

380

00 lbs

565

.00 "

185

00 "

0

.27 "

49

.32 "

7

67 cts

15

13 "

3

41 "

6

70 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

87

Financial Statement.

Debit.

fircdit.

402.50 ijounds live weight, at 5i cents,

Cost of feed,

283. GO * x)ounds dressed weight, at 11 cents,
39.38 pounds of wool, at 21 cents, .
Value of manure produced, ....

$22 14
14 19

$31 20
8 27
7 68

Balance in favor of credit, ....

$36 33

$10 82

$47 15

* Assuming that Nos. 4 and 5 would shrink the same amount in dressing as Nos.
1, 2, 3 and 6.

Answer to Object III.

The results show {a) that the average total cost of feed
reqidred to produce one pound of live weight, on the retail
price of coarse fodders and grains, as previously stated, was
7.67 cents, and the net cost 3.41 cents; the total cost per
pound of dressed weight was 15.13 cents and the net cost
6.94 cents.

(h) The profit and loss account shows that the financial
advantages of feeding j^earlings during the winter are to be
found, first, in selling the coarse fodder articles at a fair
retail price ; and, second, in the value of the manure pro-
duced. It also makes this fact very emphatic, viz., that
the manure, solid as well as liquid, should be carefully
guarded from any loss. The manure is valuable chiefly for
the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash it contains, as
these ingredients cost respectively 15 cents, 51- cents and 4|
cents per pound in the markets. The manure, reckoned on
this basis, has been found to be equal to one-half the cost
of the feed consumed.

88 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Detailed Recori:> of Each Sheep.

Sheep No. 1.

Feed

CONSUMED (Pounds) [

oS"

u

>>-a «

.S:3

PER DaT.

SQ

d

^■2

q|3

SB

3

•O

•a a

a

M a

Feeding Periods.

m

ii

d
o

ag„-

C5.D M
002 f£]

P3
9

a
a'?

ounds 0 1
Matter pr
Jne Poun
Weight.

n

o

p:)

O

Q

15

O

a.

H

1892-93.

Nov. 19 to Jan. 10, .

0.79

0.16

1.53

-

2.24

1:4.5

0.375

5.97

19.50

Jan. 24 to March 14,

0.87

0.20

0.50

2.81

2.06

1:4.6

0.224

9.22

10.95

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 19, 1892, to March

14, 1893.

Dry

Maniirial

Total Cost.

Value

Net Cost.

ObtaiuabU'.

94.48 i^ounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

87.68

$0 99

$0 56

$0 43

20.02 pounds cotton-seed meal,

18.77

0 28

0 23

0 05

112.56 i)ounds rowen,

99.84

0 84

0 36

0 48

171.69 pounds corn and .soja-bean

ensilage,

39.17

0 23

0 10

0 13

245.46

$2 34

$1 25

fl 09

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at tlie end of the experiment, .
Live weiglit gained during the experiment.
Average gain in weight per day, .....

Dressed weight of animal, ......

Loss in weight l>y dressing, 47.56 i)er cent.,
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 i)Ound of live wciight.
Total cost of feed i)er pound of live weight gained, .
Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

.75
.50
.75
.31
.50
.00
.86
.54
.05

lbs.

cts.

* Exclusive of wool.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

89

Sheep No. 2.

.

Feed

coNsuMED (Pounds) |

n^

o .

i>.-a <B

°^

PER Day.

yp

.2

Q 3-J

bO

a a;

Feeding Periods.

3 S

§1

a
o

ca.Q so

• .2

a ts^

OtKM

>

■c

3

1°
a

•5«

Dunds of
Matter pr
One Poun
Weight.

«

o

a

O

o

!zi

C5

fa

H

1892-93.

Nov. 19 to Jan. 10, .

0.78

0.16

1.57

-

2.26

1:4.5

0.279

8.10

14.50

Jan. 24 to March 14,

0.87

0.20

0.50

2.13

1.91

1:4.4

0.189

10.12

9.25

Total Amount of Feed consumed pom Nov. 19, 1892, to 3farch

14, 1893.

Brj-
Matter.

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainaljlc.

Net Cost.

93.44 i)ounds Buffalo gluten feed,

86.73

$0 99

80 56

$0 43

20.06 i^ounds cotton-seed meal,

18.77

0 28

0 22

0 06

114.6-4 pounds ro wen,

100.68

0 86

0 37

0 49

135.62 pounds corn and soja-bean

ensilage,

30.15

0 19

0 08

0 11

236.33

$2 32

$1 23

U 09

Live ■weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.
Live weight of animal at the end of the experiment,
Live Aveight gained during the experiment, .
Average gain in weight per day, ....

Dressed weight of animal,

Loss in weight by di'essing, 48.37 per cent., .

Pounds of dry matter fed j^roduced 1 j^oundof live weight.

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, ,

60

75 lbs

84

75 "

24

00 "

0

21 "

43

75 "

41

00 "

9

84 "

9

66 cts

4

54 "

90 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Sheep

No.

3.

Feed consumed (Pounds)
PER Day.

6

3

be a

u

a

o

Pounds of Dry
Matter produced
One Pound Live
Weight.

no

Fekdino Periods.

3 .

Is

C3

■a

o

(U

ii

O

a
o

i-V a

otcH
O

a o)

o J -^

1892-93.

Nov. 19 to Jan. 10, .

Jan. 24 to March 14,

0.81
0.87

0.16
0.20

1.51
0.50

2.68

2.25
2.03

1:4.5
1:4.5

0.317
0.214

7.09
9.47

16.50
10.50

Toto? Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 19, 1892, to March

14, 1893.

Dry

Matter.

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

95 . 00 pounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

87.17

$0 99

$0 56

$0 43

20.54 pounds cotton-seed meal,

19.26

0 29

0 24

0 05

111.52 i^ounds rowen,

98.92

0 83

0 36

0 47

164.22 pounds com and soja-bean
ensilage,

36.50

0 22

0 10

0 12

241.85

$2 33

$1 26

$1 07

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, . 62.50 lbs.

Live weight of animal at the end of the experiment, . .91.50 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . . 29.00 "

Average gain in weight per day, 0.25 "

Dressed weight of animal, 48.25 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 47.26 percent., . . . . 43.25 "

Pounds of dr}^ matter fed produced 1 pound of live Aveight, . 8.54 "

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . .8.03 cts.

Net cost of feed per poimd of live weight gained, . . . 3.70 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

91

Sheep No. 4.

Feed consumed (Pounds)

«^

>,-a 9

.ss

PER Bay.

So

o

«F

tlO

T3

tjua

.^ o^

Feeding Periods.

ii
Is

a
<a

o

. a

-2 a-s-

3

"5 0

o a,p ■

O -a
o S

w

O

«

O

0

15

O

C-(

H

1893-93.

Nov. 19 to Jan. 10, .

0.60

-

1.88

-

2.22

1:5.5

0.298

7.45

15.50

Jan. 24 to Feb. 15, .

0.534

0.125

0.50

3.79

1.90

1:5.6

0.250

7.60

5.50

Feb. 15 to March 14,

0.875

0.20

0.50

2.96

2.10

1:4.7

0.324

6.93

8.75

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 19, 1892, to March

14, 1893.

Dry
Matter.

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

76.07 i^ouncls Buffalo gluten feed, .

70.60

$0 79

$0 46

fO 33

8.52 pounds cotton-seed meal,

7.98

0 11

0 09

0 02

129.76 pounds rowen,

115.10

0 97

0 41

0 56

211.80 jiounds corn and soja-bean
ensilage,

47.08

0 30

0 12

0 18

247.76

f2 17

$1 08

$1 09

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exj^eriment, . 70.25 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the end of the experiment, . . 99 . 00 "
Live weight gained dui'ing the experiment, . . . . 28.75 "

Average gain in weight i^er day, 0 . 25 "

Dressed weight of animal, -

Loss in weight by dressing, -

Pounds of diy matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, . 8.37"
Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . .7.54 cts.
Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 3.78 "

92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Sheep No. 5.

Feed consumed (Pounds)

og"

i~<

^"2"

2S

PER Day.

i^Q

.2

o|5

tJO

3

11

C3

Feeding TEnioDS.

H

§2

1
o

ago

■ 2,
a «^

a o

_>

3

a '^

ttunds 0 f
Matter pr
One Poun
Weight.

o a

_ > 3
122

m

o

QJ

o

Q

iz;

C3

cu

H ^

1892-93.

Nov. 19 to Jau. 10, .

0.60

-

1.96

-

2.29

1:5.5

0.332

6.90

17.25

Jan. 24 to Feb. 15, .

0.534

0.125

0.50

3.48

1.83

1:5.5

0.318

5.75

7.00

Feb. 15 to March 14,

0.875

0.20

0.50

2.55

2.01

1:4.6

0.213

9.44

5.75

Tbto? Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 19, 1892, to March

14, 1893.

Dry
Mattfr.

Total Cost.

Manurial

Yaiue

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

76 . 07 i^ounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

70.60

$0 80

$0 45

fO 35

8.52 jDounds cotton-seed meal,

7.98

0 11

0 09

0 02

133.92 pounds rowen,

118.79

1 00

0 42

0 58

211. G6 pounds corn and soja-bean
ensilage,

47.05

0 29

0 73

0 16

214.42

$2 20

$1 09

fl 11

Live Aveight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live Aveight of animal at the end of the experiment,
Live weight gained during the experiment,

Average gain in weight jjer day,

Dressed weight of animal, . . ...

Loss in weight by dressing, . ....

Pounds of dry matter fed j^roduced 1 pound of live weight.
Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,
Net cost of feed jier jKnind of live weight gained, .

65

25

lbs

93

.50

"

28

25

((

0

25

"

65 "
78 cts.
93 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

93

Sheep No. 6.

Feed consumed (Pounds)

s«

<u .

^1>

a^

PER Day.

sa

o

o.^

o=2

ao

FEEniNQ Periods.

3 .

II

o

11

o

ora and
3ojn - bean
Ensilage.

>
3

sea

a

junda of
Matter pro
One Poiinc

Weight.

pa

U

«

O

Q

^

cS

i-

^

1893-93.

Nov. 19 to Jan. 10, .

0.57

-

1.68

-

2.01

1:5.4

0.202

9.95

10.50

Jan. 24 to Feb. 15, .

0.534

0.125

0.50

3. S3

1.90

1:5.6

0.193

9.83

4.25

Feb. 15 to March 24,

0.875

0.20

0.50

2.61

2.02

1:4.6

0.148

13.63

4.00

TbiaZ Aynount of Feed consumed from JSfov. 19, 1S92, to March

14, 1893.

Mainirial

Matter.

Total Cost.

Value
Obtaiiiahlo.

Net Cost.

74.51 jjoimds Buffixlo gluten feed, .

69.14

$0 78

$0 45

?0 33

8.52 pounds cotton-seed meal, .

7.98

0 11

0 09

0 02

119.36 pounds rowen,

104.88

0 90

0 38

0 52

198.23 pounds corn and soja-bean
ensilage, . ....

45.39
227.39

0 28

0 12

0 16

$2 07

$1 04

$1 03

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, 64.50 lbs.

Live weight of animal at the end of the experiment, . . 87.00 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . . 22.50 "

Average gain in weight jjer day, 0.195 "

Dressed weight of animal, 45.25 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 47.93 per cent., .... 41.75 "

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, . 10.11 "

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 9.20 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 4.58 "

94 AGllICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

GENERAL SUMMARY OF FEEDING EXPERIMENTS
WITH GROWING LAMBS.

1890-93.

A series of winter feeding experiments has been carried
on at the station during the past four years, 1890-93, with
lambs born the previous spring.

Many spring lambs are not far enough advanced to be
sold during the late summer at good prices, and are there-
fore fed during the fall and winter and placed in the market
in the early spring.

These experiments have sought, among other things, to
ascertain : —

I. (1) The average cost of feed to produce a pound of
live weight.

(2) The average daily gain in live weight.

(3) The loss of weight in dressing.

(4) The dry matter required to produce a pound of live
weight.

II. The effect of wide vs. narrow fodder rations on the
gain in weight.

III. The coml^inations of grains and coarse fodder arti-
cles best suited to the economical production of lambs for
the market.

Eighteen sheep were used in the three experiments pre-
sented. The experiment conducted in 1892 is excluded, from
the fact that the results are so different from those of the
other three years. The time occupied by the different ex-
periments varied from 120 to 200 days.

The object here is simply to present a very brief 7'd^sum('.
of the results, referring the reader to the respective annual
reports for details.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

95

1. Cost of Production.

[Ceuts.]

18ni. 1893.

Average.

Total cost of feed to produce one pound
live weight,

Net cost of feed to i^roduce one pound
live weight,

12.2.5
6.19

11.03
6.31

7.67
3.41

10.32
5.30

2. Average Gain.
[Pounds ]

Average daily gain in live weight, .

0.19

0.21

0.27

0.22

5. Shrinkage.
[Per Cent ]

Loss in weight by dressing,

45.3

49.9

49.3

48.2

4. Dry flatter.
[Pounds ]

Dry matter required to produce one pound
live weight,

13.61

10.04

7.75

10.47

II. Wide vs. narrow rations. During the years 1890 and
1891 the eiiect of feeding wide and narrow rations was tried.
The wide rations contained less protein and more car]:)o-
hydrates than the narrow ones.

The wide rations had a nutritive ratio of 1 : 6.84 and the
narrwv rations of 1 : 4.71.

The six sheep were divided into two lots of three each.

= '-

•3 i) TS

■^ o r3

. a o •

o

c •

(S 3 c

^ 5 C

rM7.

OS

■5 •= ■H
^ -S 5

o-sS,

rMl

>
't.

"A

C3 O .^

Total Cos
per Toll
Weiglit
(Cents).

Net Cost
per Ton
Weight
(Cents).

Dry Ma

quired to
One Poi
Weight (

Lot L,

narrow ration,

1:4,71

0.22

11.30

5.51

11.35

Lot U.

, wide ration.

1:6.84

0.18

11.26

6.49

11.40

The cost of production of live weight is the same in each
case. The narrow rations give a hetter quality of manure,
and cause a somewhat increased srowth.

90 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan

III. Winter Fodder Rations for Groiving Lambs (^60 to
100 Founds).

The followinji; combinations of grains and coarse fodder have
proved vahiable as winter fodder rations for himl)s (yearlings) .

In general, where corn ensilage has been substituted for one-
half to two-thirds of the rowen the growth has been fully as
good and the cost of production of live weight somewhat less.

II.

Wheat bran, .
Chicago gluten meal,
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio,
Total cost (approximate),
Manurial value obtainable.
Net cost, ....

0.50 ll)s.
0.50 "
2.00 "

1 : 4.r)0
2.50 cts.
1.15 "
1.36 "

Wheat bran, .... 0.50 lbs.

Chicago gluten meal, . . 0 50 "

Rowen 1.00 "

Corn ensilage, .... 3.50 "

Nutritive ratio, . . . 1:5.09

Total cost (approximate), . 2 24 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, . 1.10 "

Net cost, 1.14 "

III.

IV.

Wheat bran, .... 0.50 lbs.

Linseed meal, .... 0.25 "

Rowen 1.50 "

Nutritive ratio, . . . 1:40

Total cost (approximate), . 2.08 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, . 1.02 "

Net cost 1.06 "

Wheat bran.

Linseed meal, .

Rowen, ....

Corn ensilage, .

Nutritive ratio,

Total cost (approximate),

Manurial value obtainable,

Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.

0 25 "

0.50 "

3.50 "

1 : 5.0

1.8 cts.

0.9 "

0.9 "

VI.

Corn meal.
Cotton-seed meal, .
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio.
Total cost (approximate) ,
Manurial value obtainable.
Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.
0.50 "
1.50 "

1 : 5.3
2 40 cts.
1 30 "
1.10 "

Buffiilo gluten feed, .
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio.
Total cost (approximate),
Manurial value obtainable,
Net cost

Vll.

0 75 lbs.
200 "
1:5.3
2.33 cts.
1.25 "
1.07 "

Buffalo gluten feed, .

Cotton-seed meal,

Rowen,

Coi-n ensilage, .

Nutritive ratio, .

Total cost (approximate),

Manurial value obtainable

Net cost, ....

0.75 lbs.
0.25 "
0.50 "
4.00 "

1:4.6
2.04 cts.
1.14 "
0.90 "

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 97

Eemarks on Above Rations.

Linseed meal, cotton-seed meal and Chicago gluten meal
can be substituted one for the other without very materially
chano-ino; the cost of the ration or its feedino- eft'ect. Buffalo
gluten feed and Chicaijo maize feed can also be used inter-
changeal)ly.

One-half pound of rowen and four to five pounds of corn
ensilage in a ration tends to cheapen the cost and is as
effective in feeding value as one and one-half to two pounds
of rowen. In general, four pounds of corn ensilage can be
reckoned an equivalent for one pound of rowen, so far as
dry matter is concerned.

The rations as given can be increased or decreased pro-
portionately in quantity to suit the appetite and size of the
animals fed.

General Conclusions.
The results of the three experiments during the years
1890, 1891 and 1893 with o;rowino- lanil)s have shown : —

1. That the average total cost of feed required to pro-
duce one pound of live weight was 10.32 cents and tlie net
cost 5.34 cents. The selling })rice of live weight during
these years was G cents per pound.

The same facts seem to hold good with sheej) as with
steers, viz., the coarse fodders and grains can l)e sold at
market rates and paid for in the value of the live weight
produced, and in the value of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash in the manure at the current market prices for
these articles.

This experiment and many others made at the station
make the following point very emphatic : since the manure
produced, both solid and liquid, figures so prominently in
the financial results, it is extremely important that it should
be carefully preserved.

2. Narrow rations, 1 : 4.7 (with a larger amount of
digestible protein than the w^ide rations), have produced a
s^reater gain in live weio:ht than wide rations, 1 : 7.0.

3. The total cost of feed required to produce one pound
of live weight w^as about the same in each case, namely, 11.30

98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

cents and 11.26 cents per day. The net cost in case of nar-
row rations was 5.51 cents per day, against 6.49 cents per
day for wider rations. Tliis shows that the chief advantage
of the very narrow rations in tliese experiments came from
the increased vuhie of the manure produced.

4. The dry matter required to produce one pound of live
weisrht was about the same in botli cases, namely, 11.35
and 11.40 pounds. With the present knowledge of animal
nutrition, rations with a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5 appear
to l>e the most economical to feed to growing lambs, as well
as to steers.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 99

TV.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS (TWO).
Eighteenth Experiment.

The following experiment is a continuation of those de-
scribed in previous reports of the station. In our experi-
ments with milch cows we have had considerable quantities
of skim-milk remaining after the removal of the cream, and
the question has ever been as to how this milk shall be dis-
posed of to the best advantage. This question is one that
confronts many of the farmers of our State, from the fiict
that the creamery system is so generally introduced. Some
farmers living near large towns have opportunity to dispose
of this milk at from one to two cents per quart, and it is
undoul)tedly more profitable to thus dispose of it than to
feed it to our farm animals. Still, to by far the larger num-
ber of farmers this opportunity does not present itself, and
the milk must be utilized upon the farm by feeding it to
pigs or other animals.

Object of This Experiment.

The results of our previous experiments have shown that
the various grains, such as corn meal, wheat bran, gluten
meal and maize feed, when fed in connection with skim-
milk, have furnished very excellent and profitable rations
for growing young pigs for the market. The object of this
experiment has been, among other things, to learn the value
of Buffalo gluten feed and corn meal when fed in connection
with skim-milk for the economical production of pork for
the market.

The skim-milk being a very nitrogenous article of food,
with a nutritive ratio of 1 to 2.15, the rations furnished the

100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

pigs were what might be termed narrow, varying from
1 : 3.3 to 1:5. Whether a narrow or a wide ration is
better for growing and fattening i)ig8 is still a matter of
some dispute among investigators. It is certain, however,
that the rations fed in our various experiments with pigs
have been productive of most excellent results, and we can
commend them to the serious attention of the farmers of the
State.

Descriptiox of the Experiment.

Six grade Chester White pigs, three sows and three bar-
rows, weighing from 25 to 30 pounds each, served us for
the experiment. They were kept in separate pens, and fed
three times per day, namely, in the morning at six o'clock,
at noon, and in the afternoon at live o'clock, with all the
food they would eat up clean. It was always our object to
supply them plentifully, but at the same time not to glut
them, and thus in a measure destroy their appetites.

The liquid food consisted of from three to six quarts of
skim-milk per day, depending upon the size of the pigs and
the quantity of milk at our disposal. It never exceeded six
quarts per day. The grain fed was corn meal and Buffalo
gluten feed. The gluten feed, being quite rich in protein,
served to keep our rations Avithin the limits desired when
the supply of skim-milk failed, and four ounces of gluten
feed was in a general way reckoned equal to one quart of
skim-milk.

Number of Feeding Periods.

The experiment was divided into three distinct feeding
periods. The first period continued till the i)ius reached 80
pounds in weight, and the food consisted of two ounces of
corn meal to every quart of milk, with a ratio of 1 : 3.3.
As our supply of milk at this season was rather limited,
four ounces of gluten feed was su])stituted for each quart of
milk, and this gradually increased the ratio to 1 : 4.

The second period began when the pigs reached about 80
pounds in weight and continued till 125 pounds w(>ight was
reached. The food consisted of the skim-milk at our dis-
posal, which varied somewhat, together with corn meal and
Buffalo gluten feed, to give the desired ratio of 1 : 4.5.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

101

The third and last period began when the pigs weighed
125 pounds and ended when 180 pounds was reached, at
which time they were slaughtered. The feed consisted of
skim-milk, and of a mixture of one and one-half parts corn
meal and one part Bufialo gluten feed, fed in sufficient quan-
tities to satisfy the appetite of the animals.

The following tables will, we believe, present sufficient
data to enable the reader to understand the experiment and
grasp the results obtained : —

Feeding
Periods.

Composition of Ration.

Duration of Period.

Nutri-
tive
Ratio.

Period I., .

2 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, .

20 to SO pounds live
weight.

1:3.3

Period II., .

4 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, and
4 ounces Buffalo gluten feed as a substi-
tute for quart milk.

80 to 125 pounds live
weight.

1:4.5

Period III.,

4 to 6 quarts milk and Tj parts corn meal
to 1 part Buffalo gluten feed to satisfy
animal.

123 to ISO pounds live
weight.

1:4.9

Aug. 9 to Aug. 16,
Aug. 16 to Aug. 23,
Aug. 23 to Aug. 30,
Aug. 30 to Sept. 6,
Sept. 6 to Sept. 13,
Sept. 13 to Sept. 20,
Sept. 20 to Sept. 27,
Sept. 27 to Oct. 4,
Oct. 4 to Oct. 11,
Oct. 11 to Oct. 18,
Oct. 18 to Oct. 25,
Oct. 25 to Nov. 1,
Nov. 1 to Nov. 8,
Nov. 8 to Nov. 15,
Nov. 15 to Nov. 22,
Nov. 22 to Nov. 28,

•5

Average Daily Rations.

27-31.2

36.5

43.9

49.5

56.1

63.0

71.6

80.3

89.0

101.7

112.7

126.0

143.0

151.7

175.2

182.8

ft ^

.59

.76

1.05

.80

.94

.99

1.23

1.24

1.24

1.81

1.56

1.90

2.40

2.40

2.20

1.08

102 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

We now wish to call attention to a summary of the results
obtained : —

Summary of Results. "^'of six pfgs"'^'

(Pounds).

Live weight, 182.8

Dressed weight, 144.6

Per cent of loss in dressing, 21.6

Live weight gained during experiment, 155.6

Dressed weight gained dvmng exjjeriment, .... 122.0

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound live weight, . . 2 . 27

Dry matter required to produce 1 jDound dressed weight, . . 2.91

Financial Statement.

732.15 pounds dressed pork actually produced during the ex-
periment, at 7^ cents per pound, f53 07

Cost of food re(]uired, 33 94

Profit from jjork actually jn-oduced, $19 13

Value of manure produced, 9 61

Total profit from six pigs, $28 74

Total jn'olit per jjig, 4 79

If we take into consideration the first cost of the pigs and
the dressed weight actually sold, we have the following : —

807 1 pounds dressed weight actually sold at 1\ cents, . . $62 91

Total cost of food consumed, f 35 19

Cost of pigs, at $3, 18 00

63 19

Total profit from pork, $9 72

Value of manure 2)roduced, 10 00

Total i)rofit from six pigs, $19 72

Total profit jjcr pig, 3 29

Cost of food to produce 1 pound live weight, . . . .3.64cts.
Cost of food to produc^e 1 pound dressed Aveight, . . . 4.64 "
Net cost of food to produce 1 pound dressed weight (ol)taiii('d

by deducting value of manure produced), . . . .3.30 "

The cost of the labor re(iuired to care for the pigs during
their growth, as well as the cost of preparing them for the
market, has not been deducted.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

103

Market Cost of Foods consumed.

Com meal, $24 00 per ton.

Buftalo gluten feed, 2o 00 per ton.

Skim-milk, , 1.8 cents per gallon.

Percentage of the Essential Fertilizer Constituents in the Above
Articles of Fodder, and the Commercial Value of the Constituents
in 2,000 Pou)uls of the Foods.

[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5^ cents, potassium oxide 4J cents, per pound.]

Corn Meal.

(iluteu Feed.

Skim-milk.

Vn- Cent.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Moisture,

11.38

6.82

90.50

Nitrogen,

1.80

3.81

0.52

Phosphoric acid, ....

0.70

0.30

0.19

Potassium oxide, ....

0.40

0.01

0.20

Valuation jier 2,0.00 pounds,

$G 5.'>

fU 81

$1 95

*Obtainable manurial value i^er ton,

1 57

8 28

1 36

* Allowing that thirty per cent of the nitrogen, ijotash and phosphoric acid Is retained in
the system of the growing animal.

104 AGRICULTUllAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

NINETEENTH FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH PIGS.

Detemher, 1892, to April, 1893.

Six pigs were used in this experiment. They were
divided into two lots of three each, and both lots were fed
for the first ten days upon skim-niilk and corn meal till they
became accustomed to their new quarters. Pigs 1 and 4
were barrows, and Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 Avere sows. The pigs
came from a Chester White sow, but as they grew Nos. 2, 3
and 6 showed plainly the Yorkshire characteristics. The
general mode of treatment was quite similar to that described
in the preceding experiment.

Object of the Experiment.

The object of the exi)eriment was : First, a continuation
of the many preceding experiments, in order to firmly estab-
lish facts relative to the most economical method of feeding
skim-milk in combination with various grains and new con-
centrated fodder articles ; in this case the experiment with
Buffalo gluten feed was continued. Second, a step was taken
in the direction of comparing the relative value of wide vs.
narrow rations for economical pork production. In the
many experiments heretofore made at this station, the gen-
eral mode of feeding lias been what might be termed narrow,
i. e., large quantities of nitrogenous matter in proportion to
the non-nitrogenous and starchy matter have been fed. The
feeding has generally begun with a ration of one part nitrog-
enous to three parts non-nitrogenous (1 : 3), and has been
twice increased during the later feeding periods, till in the
last of the three periods (in which the animal has increased
in weight from 125 to 180 pounds) the ratio has been one
part nitrogenous to four and one-half parts non-nitrogenous
(1 : 4.5). Only in one or two cases have Avider rations l)een
fed. This method of feeding has been productive of most
excellent results. The skim-milk has been most economi-
cally utilized, the animals have possessed uniformly good
health and the pork has been produced at a comparatively
Jew cost.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 105

In case of thi-ee pigs in the present experiment wider
rations were fed, beo:innin<2: with 1 : 4.25 and endino^ with
1:6.5.

From the results obtained in this one experiment no very
accurate conclusions can be drawn. What the experiment
indicates can be seen from the figures presented further on,
and it will be alluded to under our heading of * ' What our
experiments teach us."

Experiments of this kind will be repeated, we hope, in
ordet to UJaslnite to our farmers whether it is more economi-
cal to feed young growing pigs (from 25 to 180 pounds) in
the beo-inning rations containing one i)art of nitroo-enous to
three parts non-nitrogenous matter (1 : o), and ending with
one part nitrogenous to four and one-half parts non-nitroge-
nous (1 : 4.5), or whether they can be fed as well or better
with rations l)eginning with one part nitrogenous to four
and one-half parts non-nitrogenous (1 : 4.5), and ending with
one part nitrogenous to six and one-half parts non-nitrogenous
(1:6.5).

How THE Six Pigs were treated ix the Present
Experiment.
The pigs were divided into two lots of three each. Lot I.,
consisting of pigs 1, 2 and 3, was treated in practically the
same way as in our previously described experiment. AVe
had during a portion of the time a good supply of skim-
milk, and each pig in this lot received at one time as high as
ten quarts per day, in addition to his grain feed. The grain
consisted of corn meal, and four ounces of Buffalo gluten feed
as a substitute for one quart of milk, when the supply of the
latter was limited. In case of Lot II. the number of feed-
ing periods was the same, namely, three. During the first
period the pigs were fed six ounces of corn meal to each
(juart of milk, and this continued until the pigs had reached
a weight of 80 pounds, and were consuming four and one-
hal^ quarts of milk and twenty-seven ounces of corn meal
per day. In periods II. and III. the supply of milk was
kept at four quarts daily, plus two quarts of water to give
the necessary drink, and as mitch corn meal was added as
the animals would consume.

106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The following tables will, we believe, present concisely
and clearly our method of feeding and the results obtained : —

Lot I.

Feeding
Periods.

Composition of Ration.

Duration of Period.

Nutri-
tive
Ratio.

Period I., .

2 ounces corn meal to eacli quart milk,

27 to 75 pounds live
weight.

1:3

Period II.,.

4 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, and
4 ounces gluten feed as a substitute for
each quart milk.

75 to 120 pounds live
weight.

1:3.6

Period III.,

6 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, and
4 ounces gluten feed as a substitute for
each quart milk.

120 to 175 pounds live
weight.

1:4.5

In Period II. of Lot I. wc fed as high as ten quarts of
skim-milk per day in addition to grain, while in Period III.
the (juantity of skim-milk, because of the limited supply,
was reduced to four or five (piarts per day.

Lot LL

Feeding
Periods.

Composition of Ration.

Duration of Period.

Nutri-

tive

Ratio.

Period I., .

6 ounces corn meal to each quart milk,

27 In 80 pounds live
weight.

1:4.2

Period II.,.

4 quarts skim-milk and 2 quarts water,
corn meal ad libitum.

and

SO to 120 pounds live
weight.

1:5.3

Period III.,

4 quarts skim-milk and 2 quarts water,
corn meal ad libitum.

and

125 to 180 pounds live
weight.

1:6.5

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

107

Summary of Results.

The experiment lasted one hundred and twenty-six days,
and was productive of the following average results : —

Average Daily Gain.

Period I.

Period II.

Period III.

Daily Average of

One Hundred

and

Twenty-six Days

(Pounds).

(Pounds).

(Pounds).

(Pounds).

Lot I., ....

84

1.33

1.50

1.22

Lot II.,.

.92

1.30

1.60

1.27

Lot I.

Average

of Tliree Pigs

(Pounds).

Lot II.

Average

of Three Pigs.

(Pounds).

Live weight,

Dressed weight,

Per cent, of loss in dressing, ....
Live weight gained daring experiment,
Dressed weight gained during experiment,
Dry matter required to produce 1 pound live

weiglit,

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound dressed

weight,

172.71

140.75

18.53%
146.17
119.16

2.82

3.45

180.75
148.00

18.10%
152.00
122.47

2.57

3.18

No difterence in the amount of intestinal fat was observed

in either lot.

Financial Statements.

No. I.

Lot I.

Lot II.

Dressed pork actually iiroduced during experi-
ment (pounds),

Value at 7| cents per pound (market price).
Cost of food consumed,

357.0

$27 71

19 95

367.4

$28 47

18 02

Profit from pork actually produced, .

Value of manure produced, ....

$7 76
6 05

$10 45
4 41

Total profit from three pigs, ....
Profit per pig,

$13 81
4 60

$14 86
4 95

108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

If wc take into consideration the first cost of the pigs and
the dressed weight actually sold, we have the following
record for both lots : —

No. 11.
8GG . 25 pounds dressed pork actually sold, at 7f cents, . . . f 67 13

Total cost of food consumed, |39 05

Cost of pigs, at $2.25 each, 13 50

52 55

Profit from pork, . $14 68

Value of manure produced, 11 38

Total profit fi-om six pigs, f 25 96

Profit per i)ig, 4 33

Lot I.

(Cents).

Lot II.

(Cents).

Cost of food to produce 1 pound live weight, .
Cost of food to produce 1 pound dressed weight,
Net cost of food to produce 1 pound dressed weiglit
(obtained by deducting value of manure produced
from cost of food) , 3 . 88

3.95
4.91

3.90

3Tarket Cost of Foods consumed.

Corn meal, $23 00 per ton.

Gluten feed, 21 00 per ton.

Skim-milk, 1.8 cents per gallon.

The jjercenfages of the essential fertilizer constituents in
the above articles of fodder, their coramercial value in 2,000
pounds, as well as their approximate obtainable manurial
value when fed to growing pigs, may be seen from the fol-
lowins: : —

[Nitrogen at 17^ cents, phosphoric acid at o cents, and potassium o.xide at 5^ cents,
per pound.]

Per Cent.

Percent.

Per Cent.

IMoisture,

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid, ....

Potash, . ■

Valuation per 2,000 pounds.
Obtainable manurial value,

14.00
1.36
.707
.435

$5 95
4 17

7.55

3.55
„296
.045
$12 70
8 89

90.24
.51
.18

.19

$2 17
1 52

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 109

What oue Experiments teach.

Briefly stated, from a practical stand-point, these two
experiments and many others made at the station teach us
the following lessons : —

I. Skim-milk, together with corn meal, gluten meal,
wheat bran, gluten feed, maize feed, etc., combined as
above stated, have proved healthy and profitable foods for
the production of pork for our markets.

II. With skim-milk reckoned at 1.8 cents per gallon,
gluten feed from |21 to $23 per ton and corn meal at $23 to
$24 per ton, we have been enabled in these experiments to
produce dressed pork at from 4.6 to 5.3 cents per pound.
The net cost of the dressed pork produced (obtained by
deducting the value of the manure produced) was from 3.3
to 3.8 cents per pound.

III. Farmers having a quantity of skim-milk at their
disposal can utilize it profitably by feeding it to growing
pigs, as above descril^ed. If this milk can be sold, however,
at one cent per quart, or more, it would undoubtedly be
more profital)le to sell it than to use it in the production of
pork.

IV. Experiments made at this station have proved that
it is not profitable to feed pigs after they reach a weight of
180 to 1!J0 pounds, excepting perhaps when pork commands
an exceptionally high price. Fed beyond this weight, the
food consumed increases and the percentage of gain in live
weight steadily decreases, so that the daily cost of food con-
sumed is more than the value of the daily increase in weight.
This fact has since been confirmed by other stations.

V. In the last experiment, Lot II. gave slightly more
favorable results than Lot I. These results are not decisive
enough to enable us to make any deductions, especially when
the results of previous experiments at this station with nar-
row rations, and experiments elsewhere with both wide and
narrow rations, are considered. Repeated trials are neces-
sary to establish facts.

110 AGRICULTUKAL EXPEIilMENT STATION. [Jan.

Practical Rations for Pig Feeding.
When skim-milk is used as a part of the daily diet in
feeding pigs for the market, the station feels justified, in
view of its feeding experiments, in recommending the fol-
lowing practical rations as being valuable in producing pork

at a minimum cost : —

I.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Food.

Nutritive
Ratio.

20 to 80, .

80 to 125, .

125 to 190, .

2 ounces corn meal to each quart milk,*
4 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, .
G ounces corn meal to each quart milk, .

1:3.30

1:4.00
1:4.50

* Creamery buttermilk can be substituted for skim-milk as above with good results if it
can be had at a reasonable price, say 1.4 cents per gallon.

When skim-milk is in limited supply, from four to six

quarts per pig.

II.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Food.

Nutritive
Ratio.

20 to 80, .
80 to 120, .

125 to 190, .

Milk at disposal, and one part by weight
wheat bran, two parts by weight gluten
meal, to satisfy appetite.

Milk at disposal and following mixture : one
weiglit part corn meal, one weight part
wheat bran, one weight part gluten meal,
to satisfy animal.

Milk at disposal and following mixture : two
weight pai'ts corn meal, one weight jjart
wheat bran, one weight part gluten meal.

1:3.20
1:4.00

1:4.50

ni.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Food.

Xufritive
J{;iti.).

20 to 80, .

2

ounces corn meal to each quart of milk \
and 4 ounces gluten feed as a substitute >
for each quart milk. J

{

1:3.25

to

4.00

80 to 120, .

G

quarts skim-milk and a mixture of one^j
part by weight gluten feed and one part l
by weight corn meal. J

(

1:4.00

to

4.40

125 to 190, .

G

quarts skim-milk and a mixture of one^
part by weight gluten feed ana one and I
one-lialf parts by weight corn meal. J

(

1:4.4
to
4.9

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

Ill

Analysis of Fodder Articles used in our Pig-feeding
Experiments.

Corn Meal.
Average Analysis.

Used in 18th Ex-
periment.

Used in 19th Ex-
periment.

o 1 g

8>-s

ill
ill

"A "

0-

Moisture at 100° C, .

11.38

-

14.00

-

-

Dry matter, ....

88.62

-

86.00

-

-

100.00

-

100.00

-

-

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

1.G3

1.50

-

" cellulose.

2.13

2.58

O

o

40

" fat,

4.G3

o
1—1

2.44

o

76

" protein, ....

10.71

^

9.87

1—1

86

Non-nitrogenous exti-act matter,

80.90

83.61

95

100.00

100.00

-

112 AGKICULTUKAL KXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.

Average Analysis.

Used in ISth Ex-

Used in 19th Ex-

isS

periment.

periment.

to -S

£ o

ill

ll

|ll

p

~ 6
ll

Per Cent o
bility of
ents of
Feed.

Moisture at 100° C, .

6.82

-

7. 55

-

-

Dry matter, ....

93.18

-

92.45

-

-

100.00

100.00

-

-

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .....

0.83

0.85

-

" cellulose, . . ' .

4.91

10.06

40

" fat,

13.03

CO

12.48

o

GO

76

" protein, ....

28.71

-^

23.86

^

86

Non -nitrogenous extract matter,

52.49

52.75

95

100.00

100.00

-

Skivi-viilk.
Average Analysis.

Used in 18th Ex-
periment.

Used in 19th Ex-
periment.

111

5 § g

IS.

ill

~ .2

2 S

o

5 .2

1^

j;3 g

Moisture at 100° C, .

90.50

-

90.24

-

-

Dry matter, ....

9.50
100.00

-

9.76

-

-

_

100.00

_

_

Analysts of Dry Matter.

1

Crude ash,

6.82

8.09

-

" fat,

4.00

2.66

CO

100

" protein, ....

31.50

--1

32.66

rH

100

Non-nitrogenous extract matter.

57.68

56.59

100

100.00

100.00

-

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

113

EIGHTEENTH EXPERIMENT.

Detailed Recokd.

Pig No. 1.

^

c 1^

c tl

S -n

A

S he's

11

c. ^

FEEDING PEKIODS.

S -3

S "%
g 3

C3

"^ 'i 1

o '5) i^

ti) " 'S

•r *j CU

o

a:

O

J^;

■^

^

O

1892.

Aug. a to Oct. 4, .

38.25

2G8.00

9.50

1:3.37

25.50

78.00

0.94

Oct. 4 to Nov. 1, .

58.00

140.00

26.63

1:4.47

78.00

126.00

1.71

Nov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

91.88

113.00

62.31

1:4.81

126.00

182.50

2.02

Total Amoxint of Feed consumed from Aug. 9 to Nov. 29, 1S92.

Dry Matter
(Poumls).

Total Cost

Mauurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

188.13 pounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
98.44 pounds gluten feed, .

161.77

107.63

91.67

301.07

$2 26

2 34
1 13

$5 73

fO 42

0 77
0 43

$1 84

1 57
0 70

|1 62

$4 11

Live weight of animal at the Ijeginning of the experiment, 25.50 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . . 182.50 "
Live weight gained during the experiment, .... 157.00 "

Dressed weight of animal, 143.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 21.64 per cent, . . . . 39.50 "
Dressed weight gained dui'ing the experiment, . . . 123.02 "
Pounds of dry matter fed pi-oduced 1 jiound of live weight, 2.30 "
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed

weight, 2.94 "

Total cost of feed per joound of dressed weight gained, . 4.66 cts.
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 jjer cent of manurial value, . . . . 3.35 "

114 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 2.

^ '*- •

8 '2

o -S

1 ^

6

.§ te a

2 ^

=• ^

FEEDING PERIODS.

S 3

>

< 5 -S
If?

la i

■£ 3

o S

3

4 « Ch

s -g —

•5 a

u

CC

5

'A

'^

0

1892.

Aug. 9 to Oct. 4, .

38.25

2G8.00

9.50

1:3.37

28.50

81.00

0.94

Oct. 4 to Nov. 1, .

58.00

140.00

26. G3

1:4.47

81.00

127.75

1.67

Nov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

85.25

113.00

55.50

1:4.85

127.75

183.75

2.00

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 0 to Nov. 29, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Maniirial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

181.50 i^ounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
91. 03 pounds gluten feed, .

156.07

107.63

85.38

349.08

$2 18

2 34
1 05

$0 41

0 77
0 41

fl 77
1 57
0 64

$5 57

$1 59

$3 98

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exj^eriment, 28 . 50 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . .183.75 "
Live Aveight gained during the exi^eriment, .... 155.25 "

Dressed weight of animal, 145.25 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 24.80 per cent, .... 38.50 "
Dressed weight gained during tjie experiment, . . . 116.75 "
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 j)ound of live weight, 2.25 "
Pounds of dry matter fcnl produced 1 jjound of dressed

weight, 2 98 "

Total cost of feed i)er pound of dressed weight gained, . 4.77 cts.

Net cost of feed jjer pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent of manurial value, .... 3.41 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

115

Pig No. 3.

FEEDING PEKIODS.

S T3

3

o ■6

2

1 1° J

11

u

5 3

6 1

E i

S 3

1 1

u

•S ■" Cu

•5 Q

o

CC

o

"A

fe^

o

1892.

Aug. 9 to Oct. 4, .

38.25

268.00

9.50

1:3.37

30.50

84.00

0.96

Oct. -4 to Nov. 1, .

58.00

140.00

26.63

1:4.47

84.00

130.00

1.67

jSTov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

88.75

113.00

57.69

1:4.94

130.00

183.75

1.92

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 9 to Nov. 29, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Maiuuial

Value
Obtainable.

185.00 pounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skini-milk,
93 . 82 pounils gluten feed,

159.08
107.63

87.42

3.54.13

$2 23
2 34
1 08

|5 65

50 42
0 77
0 41

$1 60

II 81
1 57
0 67

$4 05

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,

Live weight of animal at the time of killing,

Live weight gained during the exjjeriment, .

Dressed weight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 21.36 i^er cent, .

Dressed weight gained dui'ing the experiment.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of di'essed

Aveight, 2

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, , 4
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 i^er cent of manurial value, .... 3

30
183
153
144

39
119

9

50 lb:

75
25
50
25
68
31

"2 cts

^ 116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 4.

FEEDING PERIODS.

C to

0 -a

O c
3

1 £

s 1

E 3

«.■ s

1 i

3

6

ill

° 'IS"

a-g

a. ^

il C
f ^

"3 «
O

I8»2.

Aug. 9 to Oct. 4, .

38.25

2C8.00

9.50

1:3.37

24.00

82.00

1.04

Oct. 4 to Nov. 1, .

68.00

140.00

26. G3

1:4.47

82.00

125.00

1.54

Nov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

88.88

113.00

58.00

1:4.94

125.00

181.50

2.02

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 9 to Nov. 29,1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost. '

185.13 pounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
94.13 pounds gluten feed, .

159.19

107. G3

87.71

$2 23

2 34
1 09

10 42
0 77
0 41

$1 SI

1 57
0 68

354.53

$5 GG

11 60

$4 06

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, 24.00 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . .181.50 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, .... 157.50 "

Dressed weight of animal, 144.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 20.66 per cent, . . . . 37.50 "
Dressed weight gained during the experiment, . . . 124.97 "
Pounds of dry matter fed i^roduced 1 pound of live Aveight, 2.25 "
Pounds of dry matter fed pi'oduced 1 pound of dressed

weight, 2.84 "

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 4.53 cts.
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weiglit gained, after

deducting 30 per cent of manurial value, . . . . 3.28 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

117

Pig No. 5.

5 =

S d

2

'3 ° In

11

FEEDING PERIODS.

S •^

M 2

M

"J G O

II

s a

.3 1

1 i

3

"51 ■"■ ■■-

■aw s

"S *^ ""^

a a
■3 Q

u

a;

O S^

0

1892.

Aug. 9 to Oct. 4, .

38.25

268.00

9.50

1:3.37

24.50

75.75

0.92

Oct. 4 to Nov. 1, .

58.00

140.00

26.63

1:4.47

75.75

124.75

1.75

Nov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

90.00

113.00

59.56

1:4.94

124.75

182.25

2.05

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 9 to Nov. 29, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Mamirial

Value
Obtainable.

Net Cost.

186.25 liounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
95.69 jjounds gluten feed, .

160.16
107.63

89.16

$2 23

2 34
1 10

$0 42
0 77
0 41

fl 81

1 57
0 69

356.95

$5 67

$1 60

$4 07

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, 24.50 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . . 182.25 "

Live weight gained during the fxjoeriment, .... 157.75 "

Dressed weight of animal, 144.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 20 . 98 per cent, . . . . 38 . 25 "
Dressed weight gained during the experiment, . . . 124.73 "
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, 2.26 "
Pounds of dry matter fed j^roduced 1 i^ound of dressed

weight, 2.88 "

Total cost of feed per pound of di-essed weight gained, . 4.55 cts.
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent of man uiial value, . . . . 3.21 "

118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 6.

FEEniNd PEKIODS.

U —

s 1

c t^

3

a 2

ll

1

=5 o O

c = S
<! = p

II

s "g

.i;

-w - -

P s

S 3

3 £

'■^

■Sj"* '1

Tt.W 0

~ >>

O (O

S 3

3

u « B.

j^ cS -^

•3 Q

u

Oi

5

^

P

o

18»2.

Aug. 9 to Oct. 4, .

38.2.")

268.00

9.50

1:3.37

30.00

81.00

0.91

Oct. 4 to Nov. 1, .

.5.S.00

140.00

26.63

1:4.47

81.00

124.00

1.54

Nov. 1 to Nov. 29, .

89.37

113.00

58.75

1:4.94

124.00

183.00

2.11

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 9 to Nov. 29, 1892.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial

Value

Obtainable

185.62 i^ounds corn meal,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
94.88 pomids gluten feed,

159.61

107.63

88.41

$2 23
2 34
1 09

|0 42
0 77
0 41

355.65

$5 66

$1 60

fl 81
1 57
0 68

$4 06

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exjieriment, 30.00 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . . 183 . 00 "

Lfv'^e weight gained during the experiment, .... 153.00 "

Dressed Aveight of animal, 147.00 "

Loss in Aveight by dressing, 19.67 i^er cent, . . . . 36.00 "
Dressed Aveight gained during the experiment, . . . 1.23 "
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live Aveiglit, 2.32 "
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed

Aveight, 2.88 "

Total cost of feed j^cr pound of dressed Aveight gained, . 4 . 60 cts.
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed Avcight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent of manurial value, . . . . 3.26 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

119

NINETEENTH EXPERIMENT.

Detailed Eecord.

Pig No. 1.

c 1?

c -2

5 -3

d

1 ^1

•;2 -3

^ 1

J^ O'

ci

-< '5 o

■< t! ^

§1

FEEDINfJ PEKIODS.

S V

■** -d

s %

11^

o _ -a

O m
O

1 a

O

s i

CO

l^s

IP

1892-93.

Dec. 13 to Feb. 7,

43.25

6.25

321.00

1:3.00

27.50

77.00

0.88

Feb. 7 to Mar. 14,

49.00

33.25

198.00

1:3.65

77.00

122.50

1.28

Mav. 14 to Apr. 18,

120.00

27.81

247.00

1:4.50

122.50

175.00

1.53

Total Amount of Feed consumed fro-m Dec. 13, 1892, to April 18, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Mamirial

Value

Obtainable.

212.25 pounds corn meal,
67.31 pounds gluten feed,
766.00 quarts skim-milk,

182.54

62.23

162.23

J2 44
0 71
3 45

10 44

0 30

1 26

407.00

$6 60

$2 00

f2 00
0 41
2 19

$4 60

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment, 27.50 lbs.
Live weight of animal at the time of killing, . . . 175.00 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, .... 147 . 50 "

Dressed weight of animal, 144.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 17.95 per cent., .... 31.50 "
Dressed weight gained during the expei'iment, . . . 121.45 "
Pounds of dry matter fed i^roduced 1 i:)Ound of live weight, 2.78 "
Pounds of dry matter fed i^roduced 1 pound of dressed

weight, 3.35 "

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 5.43 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 80 per cent, of manurial value, . . . , 3.79 "

120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig

No. 2.

FEEDING PERIODS.

o "I
■o S

s 1

II

3 a
o

I 1

ii

6
«

3

1 3: =

S S3 -r

Weiglit of Animal
at End of Period
(Pounds).

0. ^

i 1

1893-93.

Dec. 13 to Feb. 7,

43. 2§

6.25

321.00

1:3.00

25.25

69.50

0.79

Feb. 7 to Mar. 14,

51.50

35.00

206.00

1:3.65

69.50

113.50

1.26

Mar. 14 to Apr. 18,

126.89

30.81

253.00

1:4.50

113.50

176.00

1.78

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 13, 1892, to Ajjril 18, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Mannrial

Value

Obtainable.

221.64 pounds corn meal,

74.56 pounds gluten feed, .
780.00 quarts skim-milk,

190.61

6S.93

165.20

p^ 55
0 72
3 51

fO 46

0 33

1 28

424.74

78

$2 07

$2 09
0 39
2 23

$4 71

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the exi^eriment, 25 .

Live weight of animal at the time of killing.

Live weight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed Aveight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 20.45 per cent., .

Dressed weight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 i)ound of dressed

weight, 3

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 5
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent, of manurial value, .... 3

176
150
140
36
119
9

25 lbs.

00 "

75 "

00 "

00 »

92 "
82 "

,54 "
65 cts.

93

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

121

Pig

No. 3.

FEEDING rEia01>S.

O :c

i 1
- 1

^ i
1 s

3 5

C "to

0 ■£

^ 2

1 '

.i i

02

>

"5 o "S"

= - 3
^ = £

tt "* 'i^

Weight of Animal
at End of reriod
(Pounds).

li

0

189a-93.

Dec. 13 to Feb. 7,

43.25

6.25

318.00

1:3.00

26.75

77.75

0.91

Feb. 7 to Mar. li,

51.50

35.00

20G.00

1:3.(30

77.75

125.25

1.36

]\Iar. 14 to Apr. 18,

111.50

21.75

251.00

1:4.40

125.25

167.00

1.19

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 13, 1892, to April 18, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial

Value
Oljtainable.

206.25 pounds forn meal,

63.00 ijounds gluten feed,
775.00 quarts skim-milk.

177.36

58.24

164.14

$2 37
0 66
3 49

399.74

16 52

50 43

0 28

1 27

fl 98

$1 94
0 38
2 22

$4 54

Live weight of animal at tlie beginning of the exj)eriment, 26.75 lbs

Live weight of animal at the time of killing,

Live weight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed weight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 17.22 per cent., .

Dressed weight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight,

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed

weight,

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained,
Ket cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent, of manurial value, .... 3

167

00 "

140

25 "

138

25 "

28

75 "

116

11 "

2

85 "

3

.45 "

5

61 cts

91

122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pig No. 4.

FEEDINCl PERIOn.S.

o 1
— 3

Skim-milk con-
sumed (Quarts).

.2

Weight of Animal
at lU'ginning of
Period (Pounds).

Weight of Animal
at End of Period
(Pounds).

a. ^

^ 1
c ■;-

S «
3 O

O

1892-93.

Dec. 13 to Feb. 7,

7;"). 38

201.00

1:4.20

30.00

SI. 00

0.91

Feb. 7 to Mar. 14,

9S.13

140.00

l:;j.30

81.00

127.00

1.30

Mar. 14 to Apr. 18,

172.50

138.00

1:6.50

127.00

188.00

1.74

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 13, 1892, to April 18, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

Net Cost.

34G.00 i^ounds corn meal,
479.00 quarts skim-milk,

297. 5G
101.45
399.01

$3 98
2 15

$0 72
0 78

$3 26
1 37

f6 13

$1 50

f4 63

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment,

Live Aveight of animal at the time of killing,

Live Aveight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed weight of animal, ....

Loss in weight by dressing, 20.00 per cent, .

Dressed weight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weiglit.

Pounds of dry matter fed ])roduced 1 })()und of dressed

weight, 3

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 5
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent, of manurial value, .... 3

30.
188.
158,
150,

37

120,

2,

00 lbs.

00 "

00 "

50 "

50 "

51 "

52 "

31 "
09 cts.

,84 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

123

Pig No. 5.

FEEDINti PERIODS.

o 1

— o

a Oh

3 ?

r 5
o S

c 'S

Nutritive Ratio.

Weiglit of Animal
at Beginning ot
Period (Pounds).

<t ■

o

1893-9S.

Dec. 13 to Fel). 7,

75.38

201.00

1:4.20

26 . 25

81.00

0.98

Feb. 7 to Mar. 14,

97. SS

139 .00

1:5.30

81.00

126.00

1.30

Mar. 14 to Apr. 18,

1612.44

137.00

1:6.45

126.00

173.00

1.34

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 13, 1892, to April 18,1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainaljlo.

Net Cost.

335.70 pounds corn meal,
477.00 quarts skim-milk,

288.70
101.02

$3 86
2 14

$0 69
0 78

$3 17

1 36

389.72

$6 00

$1 47

$4 53

Live weiglit of animal at the beginning- of the experiment,
Live weight of animal at the time of killing,
Live weight gained during the experiment, .
Dressed weight of animal, ....
Loss in weight by dressing, 17.05 i^er cent, .
Dressed weight gained during the experiment,
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight-
Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed

weight, 3

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 4
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent, of manurial value, .... 3

26
173
146
143

29
121

9

.25 lbs.

,00 "

,75 "

,50 "

50 "

73 "

66 "

,20 "
93 cts.

,72 "

124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pfg No. 6.

c -q

tt

6

•3 "5^

11

c. ^

3

iS C

5

■'St,

<'Z^

To "2

'E 3

FEEDING PERIODS.

c ^

o

o '5)iir

c ^ -a

= 3

O l«

a 1

s i

CO

1

S (S .2

1 «^

■r, •*-» C-

o

189a-93.

Dec. 13 to Feb. 7,

75.38

201.00

1:4.20

30.00

70.00

0.82

Feb. 7 to Mar. 14,

93.38

132.00

1:5.30

70.00

121.50

1.30

Mar. 14 to Aj^r. 18,

157.68

138.00

1:6.40

121.50

181.25

1.71

Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 13, 1892, to April 18,1893.

Dry Matter
(I'oiiiuls).

Totii! Cost.

Manurial

Value
Obtainable.

Net Cost.

320. 44 2)oun(ls com meal,
471.00 quarts skim-milk,

280.74
99.75

$,3 70
2 12

|0 07
0 77

$3 09

1 35

380.49

$5 88

$1 44

U 44

Live weight of animal at the beginning of the experiment.

Live weight of animal at the time of killing,

Live weight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed weight of animal, ....

Loss in weight bj^ di-essing, 17.24 per cent., .

Dressed weight gained during the experiment.

Pounds of diy matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight

Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of dressed

weight, 3

Total cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, . 4
Net cost of feed per pound of dressed weight gained, after

deducting 30 per cent, of manurial value, .... 3

30
181
151
150

31
125

9

00 lbs.

25 "

25 "

,00 "

25 "

17 "

52 "

.04 "
70 cts.

55

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 125

Y.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH CALVES.

One of the chief sources of profit to Massacliusetts farmers
is the dairy industry. The creamery system is now gen-
erally in vogue, and there remains upon the farms the skim-
milk, the cream having been taken to the factory. How to
economically utilize this milk is a very important question,
for upon its disposition depends in no small degree the profit
or loss from the herd of cows.

Object of the Experiment.

For a number of years experiments have been carried on
at the station with growing pigs. The pigs were fed the
skim-milk in combination with various grain rations, and one
of the objects aimed at was to ascertain the returns per quart
for the skim-milk fed. Further on will be found a statement
of the results obtained on the basis of the different selling
prices of dressed pork.

With the facts in hand, the next oljject was to see wJiat
price could he ohtained per quart for the sMm-milk when fed
to young calves, either alone or in combination with various
other materials. Following these brief remarks is a descrip-
tion of the experiment.

Description of the Experiment.
A detailed statement of the record of each calf will be
found at the end of the experiment. Calves Nos. 1, 2, 3 and
4 were fed for the first seven to ten days equal parts of fresh
and skim milk ; then they were quickly brought to a skim-
milk diet exclusively. The milk was always given luke-
warm. After the first few weeks, in addition to the milk
various grains were fed ad libituin, and with one exception
in a dry state. It is well known that the stomachs of young

126 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

calves are exceedingly delicate. During the tirst two months
of their lives they are not able to digest any large quantities
of grain ; but if the grain is placed before them in a dry
state, they will not consume enough to injure them. Begin-
ning with one-fourth of a pound per day, the calves consumed
as high as one pound daily by the time they were eight weeks
old. These calves drank ten to twelve quarts of milk daily
in addition to the grain consumed. The object in feeding
the grain was to furnish in a measure the car])ohydrates
necessary to prevent the rapid destruction of the albuminoids
in the animal system that would otherwise follow.

Skim-milk has a nutritii^e ratio of about 1:2. With a
ratio of l)ut two carbohydrates to one of protein, it would
not be possible to produce any amount of fat ; neither is a
feed with such a narrow ratio the most economical one.
The calves, however, were not able to consume o-rain enouo-h
to widen the ratio sufficiently to enable them to put on the
fat desired.

Scours were noticed in case of calves 2 and 3, which pre-
vented the best results, but the trouble was eventually over-
come.

Calves Nos. 5, 6 and 7, with the exception of the first ten
days, when equal parts of whole and skim milk were fed,
had no other food than skim-milk during the enth'c experi-
ment. Calf 5, however, for a brief period received a small
amount of grain, and calf 7 a small quantity of cod liver oil,
to see if any benefit could be observed from its use, both
from its general effect U})on the system and from its fat-pro-
ducing qualities. A small quantity (tablespoonful) of lime
water was added to the skim-milk at each feeding.

At the beginning of the experiment they consumed six
quarts of milk daily, while at the end, with skim-milk as an
exclusive food, they drank from sixteen to twenty quarts per
day.

The time required to teach the calves to drink was about
three days. The calves were kept in separate pens, and
weighed weekly. They were kept until they were eight to
eleven weeks old.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

127

Record of Calves.

S?io2rinr/ Price per Quart obtained for Skim-milk fed.

Calf 1.

Age when received : three days.

Breed : grade Shorthorn, bull

Grain stirred into the milk.

Foods fed : equal parts of whole milk and skim-milk for
the first few days, then skim-milk only, with as nuicli corn
meal as the animal would consume.

Fmancial Slatemeiit.

Debit.

Credit.

Orii^inal cost of calf,

$1 00

-

55.2 pounds corn meal, at $2o pci- ton,

0 G.3

-

10 quarts fresh milk, at 3 cents, ....

0 30

•-

177 pounds live weight, at \\ cents, ....

-

$7 96

489 quarts skim-milk returned, .....

6 03

-

17 96

17 96

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, . . . . . 1 . 23
Price returned jjer quart for skim-milk fed, when live weiglit

brings 4 cents per pound, 1.05

Calf 2.

Age when received : three days.

Breed : grade Jersey, heifer.

Grain consumed dry.

Foods fed : equal parts of skim and whole milk for two
weeks (for one week only whole milk, on account of scours),
later skim-milk with corn meal, and afterwards equal parts
of Buftalo gluten feed and old-proces.-? linseed meal ad Uhitum.

128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jaiu

Calf 2 — Concluded.
Fmancial Sialement.

Debit.

11

00

0

09

0

08

0

11

2

50

4

11

$7 89

Original cost of calf,

8. 10 pounds corn meal, at $23 jier ton, .
8.44: pounds gluten feed, at $20 ])ev ton,
8.44 i)ounds old-process linseed meal, at$
83.50 quarts Avhole milk, at o cents, .
177.50 pounds live weight, at 4 J- cents,
555.50 quarts skim-milk returned.

() p(!r toi

$7 89

$7 89

Cents.

Price I'eturned per quart for skim-milk fed, 0.74

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, wlicii live weiglit

brings 4 cents 2)er pound, O.GO

Calf 3.

Age when received : two days.

Breed : grade Ayrshire, heifer.

Grain fed dr}^

Foods fed : equal parts of whole milk and skim-milk for
the first tw^o weeks (for one week whole milk only, on
account of scours), and later skim-milk with equal parts of
Buflalo gluten feed and old-process linseed meal.

Financial Statement.

Debit.

$1 00

0 16

0 20

2 81

3 54

$7 21

Original cost of calf,

16. 10 pounds gluten feed, at f 20 per ton,

16 . 10 jwunds old-pi'ocess linseed meal, at $26 i)er toi

77.00 quails whole milk, at 3 cents,

160.25 pounds live Aveight, at 4^ cents,

799.00 quarts skim-milk returned.

$7 21
17 21

Cents.

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, . . » . .0.44
Price returned jier cpiart for .skim-milk fed, when livo Aveight

brings 4 cents per jiound, 0.34

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 23.

129

Calf 4.

Age when received : two days.

Breed : grade Durham, heifer.

Grain consumed dry.

Foods fed : equal parts of fresh and skim milk during
first nine days, then skim-milk and wheat flour, followed for
a few days by skim-milk and equal parts of wheat flour and
old-process linseed meal, and finally skim-milk and equal
parts of Buffalo gluten feed and wheat middlings.

FiJiancial Statement.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of calf,

$1 00

-

6. oG pounds wheat Hour, at 2 cents,

0 13

-

1 . 90 pounds old-process linseed meal, at $26 per ton.

0 03

-

13.31 pounds gluten feed, at f20 per ton.

0 13

-

12.44 pounds Avheat middlings, at f22 per ton,

0 14

-

32.00 quarts fresh milk, at 3 cents, ....

0 96

-

185.00 pounds live weight, at 41- cents,

-

$8 32

873.00 quarts skim-milk returned, ....

5 93

-

$8 32

f8 32

Price returned per quai"t for skim-milk fed, 0.68

Price returned per quart for slvim-milk fed, when live weight

brings 4 cents per pound, 0.57

Calf 5.

Age when received : three days.

Breed : grade unknown, heifer.

Foods fed : equal parts of fresh and skim milk for the
first week, and after that (excepting skim-milk and a small
amount of equal parts of Bufialo gluten feed and wheat
middlings) skim-milk entirely.

130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 5 — Concluded.
Financial Statement.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of calf,

$1 00

-

2.40 pounds wheat middlings, at $22 per ton.

0 03

-

2.40 pounds gluten feed, at $20 per ton,

0 02

-

27.00 quarts fresh milk, at 3 cents, ....

0 81

-

189 . 25 i:)Ounds live weight, at \\ cents,

-

$8 51

936 . 50 quarts skim-milk returned, ....

6 65

-

$8 51

$8 51

Cents.

Price returned i^er quart for skim-milk fed, 0.71

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, Avhen live weight

brings 4 cents per pound, 0.61

Calf 6.
Age when received : three days.
Breed : grade Holstem, heifer.

Foods fed : for first nine days equal parts of whole and
skim milk and then skim-milk only.

Financial Statement.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of calf,

40.00 quarts fresh milk, at 3 cents, ....
166.50 pounds live weight, at 4 cents,
617.00 quarts skim-milk returned, ....

%\ 25
1 20

4 21

$6 66

$6 66

$6 66

Cents.

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, 0.68

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, when live weight

brings 4^ cents per pound, . . 0.82

189-4.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

131

Calf 7.

Age when received : three days.

Breed : grade Shorthorn, heifer.

Foods fed : for first nine days equal parts of whole
and skim milk, afterwards skim-milk exclusively, excepting
twenty-five ounces of cod liver oil in addition to milk during
nineteen days.

Financial Stateynent.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of calf,

$1 00

-

25.00 ounces cod liver oil, at 2.4 cents, .

0 60

-

34.00 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .

1 02

-

157.25 jiounds live weight, at 4 cents.

-

$6 28

621.00 quarts skim-milk returned, ....

3 66

-

$6 28

$6 28

Price returned jjcr quai't for skim-milk fed, 0.59

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed, when live weight

brings 4| cents per pound, 0.72

Summary of Above Results.

1. Price returned per quart for skim-milk, when live
weight sells at 41^ cents per pound : —

Cents.

Calves 1, 2, 3 and 4 (grain and skim-milk), 0.77

Calves 5, 6 and 7 (skim-milk alone), 0.75

Average of seven calves, .0.76

2. Price returned per quart for skim-milk, when live
weight sells at 4 cents per pound : —

Cents.

Calves 1, 2, 3 and 4 (grain and skim-milk), 0.64

Calves 5, 6 and 7 (skim-milk alone) , 0.63

Average of seven calves, 0.63

132 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Additional Ixterestixg Facts (Average of Seven Calves).

Average daily gain in live Aveight, . . . ,1.49 pounds.

Dry matter required to i^roduce 1 pound live weight, . 1.77 pounds.
Dry matter required to produce 1 pound dressed ■\veiglit, . 2 . 98 jjouuds.

Shrinkage in dressing, 44.22 i^er cent.

Average number of weeks fed, 10

Price obtained for Skim-milk per Quart when fed

TO Pigs.
Below are the average results obtained from experiments
with forty pigs, being six distinct lots, fed during the years
1890-91 and 1892-93. In this numl)er grade Chester Whites
predominated, but several Yorkshires, Berkshires, Poland
Chinas and Tamworths are also included. During this time
the grains fed had the following average cost per ton : —

Corn meal, $24 50

Wheat bran, 22 30

Buffalo gluten feed, 24 40

Chicago gluten meal, 25 00

The system of pig feeding developed at the station is gen-
erally known. Those not familiar with the experiments will
find the methods described in this report at the end of the
feeding experiments with pigs under the heading " Practical
rations for pig feeding."

To obtain the returns per quart for skim-milk, the original
cost of tlie pig plus the cost of the grains fed are deducted
from the value obtained for the dressed weight. The dif-
ference represents the value of the skim-milk. See also the
same method in the calf experiment.

Statement.

[Cents.]

5}i 6 6>i
Dressed Pork sold at — „ ^ , „ .
Cents. Cents. Cents.

7
Cents.

Cents.

8
Cents.

Price returned per quart for

skim-milk fed, . . . 0.21

0.30

0.46 0.58

0.70 0.81

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133

COMaiENTS ON THE RESULTS.

The experiDients have shown that calves grown upon skim-
milk alone or upon skim-milk and grains during the first
eight weeks of their lives make good gains in live weight,
namely, from 0.9 to 2.13 pounds per day, with an average
of 1.49 pounds. These animals, however, put on very little
fat, either when fed on skim-milk alone or when fed on skim-
milk and grains. They were not able to digest the necessary
amount of corn meal, Buftalo ghiten feed, or wheat flour or
middlings, when fed in connection with the nitrogenous milk,
to promote the formation of fat.

The meat of the animals thus described was quite white in
appearance, but not as tender as calves that were fed whole
milk. The ribs and flanks of animals thus fed were thinner
than those consuming whole milk, and the shrinkage in
dressing is from 5 to 7 per cent. more.

Butchers oflered from 4 to 4.V cents per pound of live
weight, whole-milk veal being worth at the time 5^ to Q
cents per pound. It is to be remarked, however, that at
retail as much per pound was charged for the skim-milk as
for the whole-milk veal. It will be noticed that when skim-
milk veal, so called, brought 4 cents per pound of live weight,
an average of 0.63 of a cent per quart or 2.52 cents per
oallon was obtained for the skim-milk fed ; while when live
weight brought 4^ cents per pound the return for the skim-
milk was 0.76 of a cent per quart, or 3 cents per gallon.
When the skim-milk was fed to pigs, and dressed pork
brought 5h cents per pound, there was a return of 0.2 of a
cent per quart for the milk ; and when dressed pork brought
7 cents per pound, 0.6 of a cent was obtained per quart for
the milk, and 0.7 of a cent was obtained when dressed pork
brought 7^ cents per pound.

These results are interesting and instructive, and worthy
of the careful consideration of dairy farmers. It must be
admitted that calves require rather more attention than pigs.
The milk must not be sour and must be fed warm, and their
condition must be carefully w^atched lest they be attacked
with scours. A small quantity of lime water added to the
milk at each feeding seems to act as a preventive.

134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

No beneficial results were noticed when cod liver oil was
fed in small quantities to calf 7. Its smell and taste were
obnoxious to the calf, and quite often he refused the milk
containing it.

The experiment indicates that, in order to secure the great-
est profit, it is not wise as a rule to feed calves as above
described after they have reached 160 pounds of live weight.
The daily gain decreases and the food consumption steadily
increases, so that the commercial value of a pound of live
weight is about balanced by the cost of the food consumed
to produce it.

This experiment is presented as the beginning of a series
designed for the purpose of studying the most economical
waj^ in which to feed skim-milk to growing calves, especially
to calves intended for veal. Whole milk forms a complete
food for calves, and by its use they can be sold from five to
seven weeks from birth in a fat condition. How to secure
a food equal in its effect to whole milk by utilizing the skim-
milk and substituting a cheaper fattening material in place
of the cream removed, is the problem for future solution.

Tables showing Average Daily Food Consumption and Gain
IN Live Weight.

Calf 1.

Avcriitte Daily

Average Daily Amount of

■WEEKLY PERIODS

Weight
of Animal
(Pounds)

Amount of

<lrain
coiisunifii
(Ouiici's).

Milk cf

NSIMED

(Dates).

FrcsliMilk
(Quarts).

.Skim-milk

((Jiiarts).

April 4-7,

-

-

3.33

4.70

1^

99.50

7.14

-

8.86

21,

117.25

10.00

-

10.00

28,

132.25

12.86

-

10.00

May 4,

160.25

16.71

-

11.43

11,

167.75

20.00

-

9.71

18,

180.25

28.57

-

8.00

25,

177.00

21.14

-

7.57

27,

177.00

28.00

-

8.00

Total gain

ill 54 days.

77.50

18.05

—

8.70

Average daily gain, .

1.43

-

-

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

135

Calf 2.

WEEKLY PERIODS

(Dates).

Weight
of Animal
(I'lmiids).

Average Daily
Amount of

Grain
consumed
(Ounces).

Average Daily Amount of
Milk consumed.

Fresh Milk
(Quarts).

Skim-milk
(Quarts).

April 18,

74.00

-

-

-

24,

77.25

-

1.64

3.21

May 4,*

88.00

-

5.40

0.05

11,

105.75

-

2.57

7.14

18,

117.75

-

-

12.00

25,

125.75

3.57

-

11.14

June 1,

137.50

12.14

-

10.00

8,

152.00

8.72

-

9.57

15,

163.75

9.58

-

10.00

22,

173.25

10.86

-

10.00

26,

175.50

16.50

-

9.50

Total gain

in 70 days,

101.50

10.23

-

8.26

Average d

xily gain, .

1.45

-

-

-

* Ten-day period.

Calf

3.

April 21, .

53.25

-

-

-

May 4,*

59.00

-

3.53

1.13

11, .

73.25

-

3.43

5.30

18, .

84.25

-

-

11.00

25, .

92.25

-

-

11.43

June 1, .

99.25

-

-

12.00

8, .

109.50

7.58

-

10.71

15, .

118.25

7.14

-

10.00

22, .

125.25

6.86

-

10.00

29, .

137.25

10.86

-

9.71

July 6, .

148.00

12.00

-

10.00

13, .

155.50

15.72

-

10.00

21, .

160.25

13.00

-

11.75

Total gain i

n 92 days,

107.00

10.45

-

8.78

Average daily gain, .

1.16

-

-

-

* Fifteen-day period.

136 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 4.

Average Daily

AvERACK Dai

LY Amount of

WEEKLY PERIODS

Weight
of Animal
(PouiKls).

Amount of

Grain
consumed

JIiLK CONSUMED.

(Dates).

Fresh Milk

Skim-milk

(Ounces).

(Quarts).

(Quarts).

June 10, .

70.75

_

_

_

16, .

78.75

-

3.14

3.14

23, .

88.25

-

1.43

8.00

30, .

101.25

-

-

10.57

July 7, .

118.75

-

-

9.00

14, .

127.00

7.43

-

9.71

21, .

142.00

8.14

-

10.00

28, .

152.00

8.57

-

10.00

Aug. 4, .

154.50

7.43

-

11.14

11, .

163.25

8.57

-

12.00

18, ,

175.00

10.00

-

12.00

25, .

180.75

11.14

-

12.00

Sept. 4, .

185.00

12.60

-

12.00

Total gain i

n 87 clays.

114.25

9.23

-

9.96

Average daily gain, .

1.31

-

-

-

Calf 5.

July 22, . . . .

70.00

-

-

_

28, .

83.50

-

4.74

4.14

Aug. 4, .

96.00

-

-

10.86

11, .

108.75

~

-

12.00

18, .

112.50

-

10.71

25, .

122.75

3.14

-

9.30

Sept. 1, .

128.25

7.71

-

10.50

8,.

141.50

-

-

12.86

15, .

157 . 25

-

-

17.71

22,

178.50

-

-

20.00

Oct, 1, .

189.25

-

-

20.00

Total gain i

n 72 days.

119.25

-

-

12.81

Average daily gain, .

1.63

-

-

-

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

137

Calf 6.

Average Daily

Average Daily Amoi-nt of

WEEKLY PERIODS

Weight
of Animal

Amount of
Grain

JIlI.K C(

NSUMED.

(Dates).

(Pounds).

consumed

Fresli jnik

Skim-niilk

(Ounces).

(Quarts).

(Quarts).

Sept. 29, .

G8.00

-

-

-

Oct. 5, .

83.75

-

3.71

3.71

12, .

95.25

-

2.00

8.00

19, .

110.50

-

-

11.29

20, ....

126.50

-

-

13.71

XOY. 2, .

137.00

-

13.71

9, .

152.50

-

-

14.86

19

169.50

-

16.00

Total gain in 52 clays,

101.50

-

-

11.61

Average daily gain, .

1.95

-

-

-

Calf 7.

Oct. 1, .

74.25

-

-

-

7

83.75

-

4.00

4.57

14, .

95.75

-

0.86

9.43

21, .

108.50

-

-

11.71

28

120.50

-

-

13.14

Nov. 4, .

126.50

-

11.68

11, .

141.50

-

12.29

18, ....

155.50

-

-

14.00

24, .

157.25

• ~

-

13.67

Total gain in 55 clays.

83.00

-

-

11.31

Average daily gain, .

1.51

-

-

-

138 AGlilCULTUllAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tables givixg Detailed Record of Each Calf.

Calf 1.

S

-^

■s-

*n

a 0

21

a
■3

w
•a
o

Date

a

a
O

■3 0

a 0
c S^

'.5°

C5

■3 •

■2^0

OP Periods.

11

a

111

0 CO
*J 0
j3-a =

o

S

00

a

a

<

at Mo

1'

0

I.

April 4 to April 21,

10.00

156.00

120.00

CO

99.50

132.25

1.82

3.32

II.

April 22 to May 5,

-

150.00

227.00

0

132.25

160.25

2.00

3.00

III.

May 6 to May 27,

-

183.00

536.00

c-i

160.25

177.00

0.76

7.22

Total Ainoiiid of Feed consumed from

Ap7-il 4 to May 21

', 1893.

Dry iMiitter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Mamirial

Value
Obtainable.

10,00 quarts whole milk,
489.00 quarts skim-milk, ....
65.20 pounds corn meal, ....

2.97

100.72

43.80

$0 30
2 20
0 63

$0 02

0 81
0 10

147.49

f3 13

fO 93

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment, 99 . 50 lbs.

Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment, . 177 . 00 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . . 77.50 "

Dressed weight of the animal, 100.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 43.50 per cent., . . . 77.00 "

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 1.93"

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pomid of dressed Aveight, 3 . 37 "

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 4.04 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of li^^e weight gained, . . 3.00 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

139

Calf 2.

CS

so

a

u
a

•a

3

e 2

KC4

a o

aoi

It

a—i

a ^

"5
O

J -3

o

1

tic

a

Date
OF Periods.

i

a

3

O

"5
a)

Qi
fa

k4S
S 3

o

O

< bo •
It-, a m
or -o

S.9§

o o-a

^ a

r^T3 3

'3 •

?,•"
^o^

^ll?

§
fa

o

a

DQ

o
O

3

5

<3

b/j sup M a o

'53 ^ ~S 'S fa ti

-; :d 3

I.

Apr. 18 to May 12,

83.50

90.50

-

-

-

§

CO

74.00

105.75

1.27

9.17

11.

May 13 to Juue 2,

-

230.00

130.00

-

-

105.75

137.50

1.51

3.55

III.

June 3 to June 16,

-

137.00

-

69.00

69.00

o

o

137.50

163.75

1.87

2.73

IV.

June 17 to June 26,

-

98.00

-

66.00

66.00

(M

163.75

175.50

1.17

4.56

Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 18 to June 26, 1893.

Diy Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Maiiurial

Value

Obtainable.

83.50 quarts whole milk,

24.81

$2 51

|0 15

555.50 quarts skim-milk, ....

116.01

2 50

0 93

8.10 jjounds corn meal.

6.94

0 09

0 02

8.44 i^ounds Buftalo gluten feed, .

7.65

0 08

0 04

8.44 pounds old-process linseed meal, .

7.49

0 11

0 06

162.90

$5 29

$1 20

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment
Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment.
Live weight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed weight of the animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 48 per cent.,
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight.
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 jiound of dressed weight,
Total cost of feed per j^ound of live weight gained, .
Net cost of feed per jjound of live Aveight gained,

, 74.00 lbs

. 175

50

. 101

50

. 92

00

. 83

50

1

60

, 3

04

5

21

cts

4

02

"

140 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf

B

o

•c

Date
OF Pkkiods.

C3

3

is

u

a

3

G*

M

g

0)

a

3

o

<o

□
s

C3

•a

2 1

_ a

2 3

0 ^
0.2

23

i

It of Animal at

inning of Period

unds).

ht of Aninnalat

d of Period

unds).

a
'3

>.

'3 •
•a

ost of Feed per
Pound ot Live
Weight Gained
(Cents).

O

J3

n

■3

a,—

"S P2 ?-i 'S VI ~,

s^

fe

'^

IS

a

0

0

-<

<<

y

I.

Apr. 21 to June 2,

77.00

294.00

10.00

-

-

0
""0

53. 2«

99.25

1.10

7.89

n.

June 3 to June 30,

-

281.00

-

113.50

113.50

0^

99.25

137.25

1.36

3.76

in.

July 1 to July 21,

-

224.00

-

144.00

144.00

^

137.25

160.25

1.10

5.28

Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 21 to Jnly 21, 1893.

«

Dry Matter
(Pouniis).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value
Obtainable.

77.00 quarts whole milk,

22.88

$2 31

$0 14

799.00 quarts skim-milk

1GG.87

3 59

1 34

0. 62 pounds corn meal,

0.53

0 01

-

16 . 10 pounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

14.59

0 16

0 08

16.10 pounds old-i>roeess linseed meal,.

14.30

0 21

0 12

219.17

$6 28

$1 67

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment,
Live weight gained during the experiment, ....

Dressed weight of the animal,

Loss in weight by dressing,

Pounds of dry matter to pi-oduce 1 pound of live weight, .
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight.
Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, .
Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

53.25 lbs.
160.25 "
107.00 "

2.03 "

5,87 cts.
4.30 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

141

Calf 4.

^

o

•a

Em

a

0)

-1

11

a
'5
O

a o
3 a

•o

3

c5

s
O

5 S

3

o

.aO

s
Zi

So

>.

^2

■c

a
-3

fa

Date '
OP Periods.

s

o

.a

s
J

3
O

ci

„ a
oil'

O

■a
c

3

a

<1 °

'SO"

C3
■3

SO

— 30

o~ a
1=^

I.

June 10 to June 30,

32.00

152.00

-

-

-

-

70.75

101.75

1.48

5.30

II.

July 1 to July 14,

-

131.00 44.00

-

-

-

o

101.75

127.00

1.80

2.51

III.

July 15 to Aug. 11,

-

302.00

61.00

30.00

76.00

62.00

§

127.00

163.25

2.13

4.37

IV.

Aug. 12 to Sept. 4,

-

288.00

-

-

137.00

137.00

CI

163.25

185.00

0.90

7.14

Total Amount of Feed consumed from June 10 to Sept. 4, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value
Obtainalile.

32.00 quarts whole milk,

9.49

$0 96

$0 08

873.00 quarts skim-milk, ....

180.18

3 85

1 43

G. 56 pounds wheat flour,

5.73

0 13

0 02

1.90 pounds old-process linseed meal, .

1.69

0 02

0 01

13.31 i^ounds Buffalo gluten feed, .

12.06

0 13

0 06

12.44 pounds wheat middlings,

11.06

0 13

0 05

220.21

f5 22

$1 65

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the exi^eriment.
Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment.
Live weight gained during the experiment, .

Dressed weight of the animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 45 per cent..
Pounds of diy matter to produce 1 pound of live weight,
Pounds of diy matter to jDroduce 1 pound of dressed weight,
Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, ,
Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

t, 70

.75 lbs.

. 185

00

"

. 114

25

. 101

00

. 84

00

1

93

3

51

4.

57

cts.

3.

12

ct

142 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 5.

a
•a
o

be

a

1

Date
OP Periods.

3

o

a
a

!3

CO

a
a

<u

a

3

5

a

"^ A.

3 S

*j a

C3 3
4).-,

3

a-
<1

ll

■M c 3
.3-3
SB JO o

It

.IS

o o-a

S "O 3

a
'3

'5 •

■3
g o

<

Cost of Feed per
Pound of Live
Weight Gained
(Cents).

I.

July 22 to Aug. 4.

27.00

105.00

-

-

70.00

96.00

1.86

4.83

n.

Aug. 5 to Sept. 1,

-

297.50

38.00

38.00

§

96.00

128.25

1.12

4.34

III.

Sept. 2 to Sept. 15,

-

214.00

-

-

128.25

157.25

2.09

3.32

IV.

Sept.16 to Oct. 1,

-

320.00

-

-

157.25

189.25

2.00

4.50

Total Amount of Feed consumed from

July 22 to Oct. 1,

1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

27.00 quarts whole milk,

8.02

$0 81

fO 05

936.50 quarts skim-milk, ....

195.58

4 21

1 57

2 . 40 iJountls Buffalo gluten feed, .

2.18

0 02

0 01

2.40 pounds wheat middlings,

2.13

0 03

0 01

207.91

$5 07

$1 64

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment,
Live Aveight of the animal at the end of the experiment,
Live weight gained during the experiment, .
Dressed weight of the animal, ......

Loss in weight by dressing, 43 per cent., ....

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live Aveight, .
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight.
Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, .
JTet cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

70

.00 lbs

189

25 "

119

25 "

108

.00 "

81

.25 "

1.

74 "

2

67 "

4

25 cts

3

72 "

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo.

143

Calf 6.

.2

Date

5

2

o

< be •

3o

11

a

'3

>>

"a •

Feed per

of Live

ht Gamed

<— <

OF Periods.

— rt

0-ST3

»"§

^--e 51-?

a

g«

.a .2 3

St3 3

s-s

°°-z°

"3
O

o

B

<1

tea °

I.

Sept. 29 to Oct. 13, .

40.00

92.00

o

68.00

95.25

1.82

5.92

n.

Oct. 14 to Oct. 27, .

-

179.00

■^ci

95.25

125.50

1.68

2.66

III.

Oct. 28 to Nov. 19, .

-

346.00

.:;"

125.50

166.50

1.78

3.79

Total Amrmnt of Feed cotisumed from Sept. 29 to Nov. 19, 1893.

Di-j- Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

40.00 quarts whole milk,
617.00 quarts skim-milk, . . , .

11.89
128.86

|1 20

2 77

$0 07
1 04

140.74

$3 97

fl 11

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the exi^eriment,
Live weight of the animal at the end of the exi^eriment.
Live weight gained during the exiDeriment, .

Di'essed weight of the animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 45 jjer cent..
Pounds of dry matter to jjroduce 1 pound of live weight,
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight
Total cost of feed j)er pound of live weight gained, .
Net cost of feed jDcr pound of live weight gained,

68

00 lbs

6(3

50 "

98

50 "

90

.00 "

46

50 "

1

43 "

2

37 "

4

03ets

2

90 "

lU AGRICULTUllAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 7.

us

3

■§

O

3

c5 a

a ■-

n
■ffl

« > 0)

m

c!

Szi

c ^

•3^4

O
60

Date
OP Periods.

&

3

0)

2
^

u
> A

5«

« o

1 °

-a

o

s

02

<

1?

2 o

<1

I.

Oct. 1 to Oct. 13, .

34.00

86.00

-

o

74.25

95.75

1.65

6.62

II.

Oct. 14 to Oct. 27, .

-

174.00

25.00

■^^

95.75

120.50

1.77

5.59

III.

Oct. 28 to Nov. 24, .

-

361.00

-

r-1

120.50

157.25

1.31

4.39

ToiaZ Amoimt of Feed constimed from Oct. 1 to Nov. 24, 1893.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Slaiun-ial
Total Cost. Value

Obtainable.

84.00 quarts -whole milk,
621.00 quarts skim-milk,
25.00 ounces cod liver oil.

10.24

129.69

1.56

$1 02
2 79
0 60

$0 06
1 04

141.49

$4 41

$1 10

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment, 74 . 25 lbs.

Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment, . 157.25 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . . 83.00 "

Dressed weight of the animal, 91.00 "

Loss in Aveight by dressing, 42 iser cent., . . . . 66.25 "

Pounds of di-y matter to produce 1 jjound of live Aveight, . 1.70 "

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.94 "

Total cost of feed per i)ound of live weight gained, . . 5.31 ets.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 3.99"

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder

nsed.

Corn meal, $23 00

Buffalo gluten feed, . . 20 00

Old-process linseed meal, 26 00

AVheat middlings, 22 00

Skim-milk, per gallon, .- 1.8 cts.

Whole milk, per (juart, 3.0 cts.

Wheat flour, jier pound, 2.0 cts.

Cod liver oil, per gallon, $3 00

1«94.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

145

Analyses of Fodder Articles used.

Fodder Analyses.

Corn
Meal.

Buffalo
Gluten
Feed.

Old-
process
Linseed
Meal.

"Wheat
Mid-
dlings.

Sliim-
milk.

Whole
Milk.

Moisture at 100° C, ....
Dry matter

14.24*
85.76

9.38
90.62

11.21

88.79

11.12

88.88

90.42
9.58

86.18
13.82

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" ct'llulose

'« fat

" protein,

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

100.00

1.63

1.93

3.27

10.26

82.91

100.00

0.9S

8.06

14.47

25.79

50.70

100.00

6.97

8.21

8.27

36.75

39.80

100.00

3.48

3.97

5.92

20.07

66.56

100.00
8.14

2.61
35.23
54.02

100.00
5.35

33.43
25.33
35.89

100,00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

* MoUture, as fed to calf 1, 20.67.

Fertilizing Constituents.
[Nitrogen 17^ cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5^ cents, per pound.]

Fertilizek Analyses.

Wheat
Flour.

Corn
Meal.

Buffalo
Gluten
Feed.

Old-
process
Linseed

Meal.

Wheat
Mid-
dlings.

Skim-
milk.

Whole
Milk.

Moisture, .
Nitrogen, .
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,
"Value per 2,000 pounds,
Manurial value obtainable,*

12.60
1.90
0.24
0.18

14.24
1.41

0.70

0.40

$6 08

4 26

9.38
3.73
0.46
0.10

11.21
5.22
1.78
1.21

$13 63 $21 38
9 54 14 97

11.12

2.84
1.54
0.87
$12 44
8 71

90.42
0.52
0.18
0.19

$2 21
1 55

86.18
0.56
0.19
0.17

$2 34
1 64

* Allowing thirty per cent, of the fertilizing constituents to be retained in the system of
the growing animal.

146 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

VL

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

By J. B. LiNDSEY.*

Experiments to determine the digosti])ility of various foods
have been conducted quite extensively in Germany for the
last twenty-five years, and during the past ten years many
experiments of a similar nature have been carried out by
various experiment stations in the United States.

Value of Digestion Experiments.

1. A food is valual)lc as a source of nourishment, only in
so far as its various constituents can be digested and assimi-
lated. Two kinds of hay, one early and the other late cut,
might be consumed in equal quantities by an animal, yet the
early cut hay, having from ten to fifteen per cent, more di-
gestible matter, would prove the more valuable fodder.

For one to form an intelligent opinion as to the value of
difierent fodder stuffs, the amount of digestible matter they
contain must be known.

2. It has been demonstrated that, in order to keep a milch
cow of one thousand pounds live weight in good condition
and to enal)le her to give the largest quantity of milk, she
needs approximately 2.5 to 3 pounds of digestible protein,
.5 pound of digestible fat and 12.5 pounds of digestible
carbohydrates daily.

In combining the various foods so as to furnish approxi-
mately such a ration, it is absolutely essential that one should
know the various percentages of the different digestible con-
stituents they contain.

* It is desired to acknowledge the efficient and painstaking services rendered by
Messrs. E B. Holland, C. H. Johnson, C. H. Jones and H. D. Haskins. Mr. John-
son assisted in the stable and lal)oratory, Messrs. Jones and Haskins in the labora-
tory, and Mr. Holland in the laboratory and in collating the data.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147

What the Excreta of an Animal is.

The feces are nothing more than the undigested portion
of the food. It is the portion that has resisted the action
of the various secretions of the stomacli and digestive fluids
and bacteria of the intestines, and is consequently excreted
by the animal as so much worthless material. The urine is
entirely distinct from the faeces. It contains the water, and
the end products of the digestion of the nitrogenous portion
of the food, — the urea and hippuric acid, — which have
l)een removed from the blood by the kidneys. It also con-
tains about one-third of the phosphoric acid and nearly all
of the alkalies of the food consumed that have not been
retained in the animal's system, and small quantities of other
materials that it is unnecessary to consider in this connection.

How the Digestible Matter of a Food is Determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the food
consumed by an animal in a given length of time, also the
amount and composition of the fieces or undigested portion
excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difl'erence between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
digestion coeflicients. •

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT EXPERIMENT.

It has been found that ruminants — cows, steers, sheep,
etc. — digest very nearly equal quantities of the same foods.*
Sheep being easier to work with, the experiments here re-
ported were conducted with these animals. The animals
were grade Southdown wethers. Nos. I. and II. were three-
year-olds, and Nos. HI. and IV. yearlings. They weighed
about one hundred pounds each.

* See exception to this in Pennsylvania Station Report, page 46, 1890. This
experiment showed that sheep digested fourteen to fifteen per cent, less dry matter,
cellulose and nitrogen-free extract matter, and only one-half as much protein, as di(,'
steers, in case of ensilage made from Burrell and Whitman corn.

148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The animals were fed a certain weighed quantity of food
for fourteen days. The first seven days Avere regarded as
a preliminary period. This preliminary time allowed the
animals to become accustomed to the new feed, and to elim-
inate all the previous foods from the intestines. The animals
were fed a so-called maintenance ration, which is a quantity
of food sufficient to keep them in good health and condition,
without either oainino; or losino; in weight. Durino; the last
seven days the fteces were carefully collected and accurately
weighed, and an aliquot part — one-tenth — dried daily and
preserved for analysis.

The temperature of the barn, amount of water drank and
the amount and specific gravity of the urine were also care-
fully noted.

The food fed was weighed out in advance for the entire
period, carefully sampled, moisture determinations made at
once, and a sample reserved for complete analysis. The
animals were wei<>hed at the beginning and end of each
quantitative period.

Method employed ix Collecting the F.eces and Urine.

The cut presented in connection with this experiment
gives a clear idea of the arrangement. The animals were
confined in wooden stalls, forty-two inches long by twenty-
four inches wide, raised fourteen inches above the barn
floor.

By means of a light leather harness a rubber bag is
securely attached behind, to collect the faeces, and a rubber
funnel conducts the urine down into a bottle placed beneath
the stall. The animal stands upon cushions of about one
and one-half inches in thickness.

Water is before the animal at all times, contained in a
galvanized-iron pan, placed on a bracket, as in figure I.

The food is given in a large zinc pan, which is made to fit
tightly into the stall and can be removed at will (see just
below figure 4).

The faeces were collected twice daily in large glass-stoppered
bottles, and every morning one-tenth of the twenty-four
hours' collection was dried and preserved.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149

Analytical Methods.

At the close of the period these daily "tenths," after
being weighed in an approximately air-dry condition, were
mixed, and after he'mr^ once run through a coarse grinding
mill to break the pellets, duplicate dry matter determinations
were made and the material then ground fine for a complete
analysis.

Moisture determinations were made in an air bath at a
temperature of 102° to 103° C, about seven grams of sub-
stance being taken. Total nitrogen was determined by the
Kjeldahl method. The fat was extracted with anhydrous
ether. The methods for the determination of ash and cellu-
lose were those described by the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists.

The Feeds tested.
The object in making these experiments has been to obtain
a knowledge of the comparative digestibility of the various
concentrated by-products, so called, that are being so exten-
sively offered for sale in our Massachusetts markets. The
digestibility of hay of mixed grasses grown upon the station
grounds was first determined, and then a certain amount of
the concentrated food was substituted for an equal amount
of the hay, as the data that is to follow will show.

Brief Description of the Feeds tested.
Hat/ of Mixed Grasses.
The hay is intended to be a fair average of that grown
upon the station grounds. It was harvested the latter part
of June, when the various grasses were in blossom. The
grasses composing the same were principally herd's grass,
red top, Kentucky blue-grass, meadow fescue, sweet-scented
vernal grass and a fair sprinkling of clover.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.
This is a by-product in the manufacture of starch from
corn. The starch is separated from the yellow or albuminous

150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

part of the grain by means of water. The hulls and germs
are separated by screening. After the starch is removed
the yellow or flinty portion is mixed with the germs and
hulls. The mixture is kiln dried and partially ground.

New and Old Process Linseed Meals.
Linseed meal is that part of the seed of the flax remaining
after the oil has been removed. In case of the new-process
meal the fat is more thoroughly removed. Both products
were in good mechanical condition, and after a few days the
animals consumed them eagerly.

Dried Breivers' Grrains.
This is that part of the barley remaining after the starch
has been largely removed by sprouting and fermentation.
In order that the grains can be transported they are eventually
kiln dried. The sample was in excellent condition.

Corn Cobs.
These cobs were ground as fine as was practicable by our
local miller. When fed they were mixed with about one-
half their weight of linseed meal.

Spring and Winter Wheat Brans.
These brans were in good condition, and, so far as chemical
analysis indicates, had approximately the same composition.

Wlieat Middlings.

This was a very good quality of middlings, being ground
as fine as flour. It was quite light in color.

The table of analysis of the above feeds will be found a
few pages farther on.

A SINGLE ILLUSTRATION

Showing how the digestibility of a fodder is determined.
Solid manure equals the undigested part of food.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

151

English Hay.

Dry

Matter
(Grams)

Crude
Cellulose
(Grams).

Crude

Fat

(Grams).

Crude
Protein
(Grams).

Extract

Matter

(Grams),

900 grams hay fed, equal to .

369.3 grams manure excreted, equal to

765.36
337.95

250.58
107.00

23.57
12.81

82.58
34.64

348.69
145.89

Amount of hay digested.

Per cent, digested, ....

427.41

55. S4

143.58
57.30

10.76
45.65

47.94
58.05

202.80
58.16

A detailed account of the various digestion experiments
made at this station during the past year will be found in
the pages following. In the table below is presented a
resume of the results obtained : —

152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [,Tan.

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1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 153

Brief Remarks on the Above Results.

The Buffalo gluten feed proves to be quite digestible. The
fat has approximately the same degree of digestibility as in
corn meal, while the protein appears even more digestible.
The cellulose and extract matter, however, fall somewhat
below those of the corn meal, as would be expected.

The new and old process linseed meals compare very favor-
ably with each other, only slight differences being ol)served.

Corn coljs appear fully as digestible as a good quality of
English hay, with the exception of the protein, of which they
contain but a small amount.

Dried brewers' grains and wheat bran approach each other
very closely in the amount of dry matter digested. The
digestibility of the protein in both cases appears practically
identical. The fiit in the brewers' grains appears rather more
digestible than that in the bran, while in case of the extract
matter the opposite is the result.

Winter wheat bran- generally costs about two dollars per
ton more in the retail markets than does the spring bran,
and it was our object to see if analysis and digestibility war-
ranted this extra price. So far as composition is concerned,
the two brans are practically alike. We regret that at pres-
ent positive conclusions cannot be drawn from the digestion
experiments. In case of the winter wheat bran, through an
unfortunate circumstance only the results obtained with one
sheep can be presented. From the results offered it will be
noticed that the protein and extract matter have almost iden-
tical coefficients, but the fat appears rather more digestible
in the spring In-an, and the cellulose more digestible in the
winter l>ran. As these two latter ingredients are of minor
impartance, however, because of their com})arative small
absolute percentage when compared with the protein and
extract matter, the comparative value of the two brans
would not be seriously affected. Therefore the results thus
far would indicate no material difference between the two
l)rans. The experiment will be repeated, however, at an
early date, and as soon as more decisive results arc obtained
they will be pulilished.

The finer grade of wheat middlings coincides very closely
in digestibility with Buffalo gluten feed. The chief difference
between the two feeds is that the Buffalo gluten feed contains
about four per cent, more protein than the wheat middlings.

154 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Details of the Experiment.

Dry Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the

Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Manure Excreted.

Sheep I.

Periods.

a

3

5

2. -a

i 1

2 a

CD on

a

5. "2
•a g
O

1

s
o
O

■a "S

OS

0)

a

■5
•a

- i

a
<o
si

1

3

III., .

85.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.51

VI., .

85.34

-

88.10

-

87.95

-

-

-

-

92.47

VII.,

86.60

-

-

-

-

89.68

-

-

-

95.34

X

87.24

-

-

-

-

-

-

86.94

-

94.39

Sheep II.

I., .

84.24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

79.33

92.07

II., .

83.51

90.59

-

-

-

-

-

-

77.67

88.78

Ill

85.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.56

IV

87.73

-

88.28

-

-

-

-

-

-

94.53

v., . . .

86.23

-

-

87.28

-

-

-

-

-

94.79

VI

85.34

-

88.10

-

87.89

-

-

-

-

91.40

VII., . .

86.60

-

-

-

-

89.68

-

-

-

93.36

vra., .

87.24

-

-

-

-

-

87.31

-

-

95.12

Sheep III.

a

_3

5

a
3

a

OS

.a

si

■3

Periods

a

B -6
a 0)

IS

m

o

M a
a a

a
o

a!
1

o>

3

a

I

85.50

-

-

-

-

-

-

74.28

92.75

m.,

85.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.33

IV., . .

87.73

-

88.28

-

-

-

-

-

94.10

V

86.23

-

-

87.28

-

-

-

-

94.67

VIII., . .

87.24

-

_

-

87.31

-

-

-

95.04

Sheep IV.

I

85.50

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

92.60

II.,

88.05

90.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.00

III.,

85.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

90.87

V

87.73

-

-

88.00

-

-

-

-

94.58

IX.,

86.23

-

-

-

-

86.49

-

-

95.60

X., . .

87.24

-

-

-

-

-

86.94

-

95.13

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

155

Composition of Feed Stvffs.
[Dry Matter.]

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude

Cellulose

(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cfent.) .

Crude
Protein

(Per
Cent.).

Extract
Matter

(Per
Cent.).

Hay(rt),. . .

6.58

30.33

3.48

11.10

48.51

Hay(i)

7.83

32.74

3.08

10.79

45.56

Buffalo gluten feed,

0.78

8.38

14.29

26.35

50.20

New-procesB linseed meal,

5.S4

8.59

4.01

40.40

41.16

Old-process linseed rneal.

6.97

8.21

8.27

36.75

39.80

Corn cobs.

1.92

27.17

1.28

3.86

65.77

Dried brewers' grains, .

3.59

14.52

7.81

22.99

.51.09

Spring wheat bran,

6.13

11.48

5.40

17.60

59.39

"Winter wheat bran,

6.24

9.32

4.57

17.04

62.83

Wheat middlings, .

1.50

3.53

6.10

21.06

67.81

Waste from Sheep II.,*

15.07

27.78

2.97

11.84

42.34

Waste from Sheep II. ,t

12.85

28.47

2.93

11.28

44.48

Waste from Sheep III.,*

14.68

18.02

3.79

14.98

48.53

* Period I.

t Period II.

Comiwsition of the Forces.

[Dry Matter.]

Sheep I.

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Cellulose

(Per
Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cent.).

Crude

Protein

(Per

Cent.).

Extract

Matter

(Per

Cent.).

Period III.
Hay,

11.13

31.66

3.79

10.25

43.17

Period VI.

Day, new-process linseed meal and
corn cob

8.28

27.53

2.62

11.37

50.20

Period VII.

Hay and dried brewers' grains, .

11.99

25.52

2.82

11.55

48.12

Period X.

Hay and wheat middlings, .

11.80

27.89

3.75

11.83

44.73

Sheep II.

Hay,

Period I.

Period II.
Hay and Buffalo gluten feed, ' .

28.72

156 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Sheep II. — Cojicluded,

[Jan,

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Cellulose

(Per
Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Protein

(Per
Cent.).

Extract
Matter

(Per
Cent.).

Period HI.
Hay * . .

10.33

32.16

3.62

10.06

43.83

period IV.

Hay and new-process linseed meal, .

12.02

30.50

3.35

12.81

41.32

Period Y.

Hay and old- process linseed meal,

12.29

30.05

3.45

12.00

42.21

Period VI.

Hay, new-process linseed meal and
corn cob

8.77

26.63

2.60

11.07

50.93

PeHod VII.

Hay and dried brewers' grains, .

11.30

26.68

3.02

10.66

48.34

Period VIII.

Hay and spring-wheat bran.

11.57

29.65

3.58

10.16

45.04

Sheep III,

Period I.

Hay

10.30

27.48

4.83

10.62

46.77

Period III

Hay,

11.28

31.47

3.65

10.69

42.91

Period IV.

Hay and new-process linseed meal, .

12.68

28.89

3.41

13.06

41.96

Period V.

Hay and old-process linseed meal,

12.32

28.84

4.11

11.13

43.60

Period VIII.

Hay and spring-wheat bran,

13.46

29.01

3.62

10.10

43.81

Sheep IV.

Period I.

Hay

10.99

27.72

4.. 50

10.43

46.36

Period 11.

Hay and Buffalo ghiten feed.

9.21

20.90

6 22

12.42

45.25

Period III.

Hay

11.50

31.17

3.68

10.50

43.15

Period V.

Hay and old-process linseed meal,

11.92

2S.31

3.80

12.56

43.41

Period IX.

Hay and winter wheat bran.

12.80

25.92

4.15

10.61

46.52

Period X.

Hay and wheat middlings, .

12.33

.28.88

• 4.25

11.54

43.00

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

157

Tables slioviing Food fed and Water drank Daily, the Daily

Amount of 3fanure and Urine excreted and the Temperature

of the Stables.

Period I. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 900 grains hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

March 31, .

April 1, .

3, .

4, . .

5, .

6, .

Dcjrrecs.
45.0

43.0

46.0

36.0

45.0

50.0

44.0

44.1

Grams.
900

882

693

869

711

776

817

Gniins.
90.0

88.2

69.3

86.9

71.1

77.6
81.7

Grams.
34.30

34.61

27.04

33.69

28.84

31.54

34.02

Grams.
1,106

1,102

1,017

977

1,071

1,054

1,003

1.0303
1.0331
1.0337
1.0356
1.0342
1.0340
1.0358

Grams.
1,915

1,855

1,820

1,650

1,532

1,780

1,480

Averages,

807

80.7

32.06

1,047

1.0338

1,719

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

110.75 lbs.
110.75 "

Period I. Sheep III.
[Fodder consumed daily : 900 grams hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure
excreted
Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

May 9,

10, . .

11, .
12,

13, . .

14, . .

15, . .

Degrees.
64.0

69.5

72.5

72.5

60.0

64.0

69.5

Grams.

918

817
806
757
653
719
846

Grams.
91.8

81.7

80.6

75.7

65.3

71.9

84.6

Grams.
32.29

31.98

32.59

30.97

26.78

29.15

32.45

Grams.
1,033

1,073
893

1,108
917

1,104
878

1.0301
1.0324
1.0340
1.0291
1.0344
1.0306
1.0321

Grams.
1,753

2,350

2,645

3,153

2,725

1,675

1,978

Averages,

67.4

788

78.8

30.89

1,009

1.0318

2,326

Weight of animal at beginning of period.
Weight of animal at end of period.

104.50 lbs.
105.25 "

* The amount of urine here reported includes the water used to wash the inside of the
rubber funnel. This amounted to 194-3 grams daily.

158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pehioi) I. Sheep IV.

[Fodder consumed dailj' : 900 grams haj' and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine *

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed
Daily.

1893.

May 9,

10, .

11, .

12, .

13, .

14, .

15, .

Dojrrcps.
64.0

69.5

72.5
00.0
C4.0
69.5

Grams.
783

928

852
818
702
753
803

Grams.
78.3

92.8

85.2

81.8

70.2

75.3

80.3

Grams.
30.04

33.50

32.74

31.92

32.93

30.41

32.72

Grams.
1,319

1,282

1,183

1,613

1,343

1,291

1,429

1.02.39
1.0266
1.0272
1.0231
1.0259
1.0262
1.0268

Grams.
1,617

2,332

2,395

1,438

2,415

1,850

2,155

Averages,

67.4

818

81.8

32.05

1,351

1.0257

2,027

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of jjeriod,

102.25 lbs.
101.50 "

Period II. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 300 grams Buffiilo gluten feed and 5

grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

April 15, .

16, .

17, .

18, .

19, .

20, .

Decrees.
44.5

49.0

43.0

46.0

40.5

43.5

Grams.
897

781

807

704

724

709

770

Grams.
89.7

78.1

80.7

70.4

72.4

70.9

77.0

Grams.
35.07

31.26

30.33

24.43

27.67

26.77

29.26

Grams.
1,141

1,004

901
1,180
1,150

1.0310
1.02.54

1 .0323
1.0257
1.0270

Grams.
1,950

1,763

1,787

1,905

2,062

1,726

Averages,

45.4

1,075

1.0283

1,866

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

111.00 Ib.s.
110.75 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

159

Period II. Sheep IV.

[Fodder consumed dail}*: 600 grams hay, 250 grams Buffalo gluten feed and 5

grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

"Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

June 10, .

11, .

12, .

13, .

14, .

15, .

Defrroes.
79.5

82.0

75.5

72.5

77.0

80.0

Orams.
833

781

753

629

689

743

Crams.
83.3

78.1

75.3

62.9

08.9

74.3

flrums.
26.45

26.51

26.85

26.79

27.82

28.95

Grams.

1,309
1,470
1,000

1,512

1.0195
1.0125
1.0260

1.0183

(4rams.

3,316
3,350
2,541
2,193
3,154

Averages,

77.8

738

73.8

27.23

1,323

1.0191

2,911

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weiglit of animal at end of period,

102.50 lbs.
104.50 "

Period III. Sheep I.

[Fodder consumed dailj- : 900 grams hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

1893.

September 25, .

26, .

27, .

28, .

29, .

30, .
October 1, .

Averages,

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Degrees.
60

56

50

58

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

(Jrams.
975.0

Grams.
97.5

Grams.
35.69

974.0

97.4

39.06

807.0

86.7

35.88

861.0

86.1

36.86

823.0

82.3

35.47

869.0

86.9

37.03

863.0

86.3

38.74

890.3

89.03

36.96

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Grams.
1,548

1,831

1,451

1,716

1,816

1,982

1,773

1,731

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

1.0229
1.0191
1.0209
1.0191
1.0180

1.0132

Water

consumed

Daily.

Grams.
2,248

2,435

1,975

2,395

1,932

2,406

2,083

2,211

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period, .

94.00 lbs.
92.75 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

160 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period III. Sheep II.
[Fodder consumed daily : 900 grams hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

September 19, .

20, .

21, .

22, .

23, .

24, .

25, .

Degrees.
60

70

01

58

60

62

60

Grams.
770.0

745.0

832.0

867.0

734.0

775.0

824.0

Grams.
77.00

74.50

83.20

86.70

73.40

77.50

82.40

Grams.
37.57

35.89

39.80

30.92

34.58

36.60

38.35

Grams.
1,165

1,114

1,314
1,135

1,201 ■

1.0304
1.0295

1.0285
1.0318
1.0286

Grams,
1,740

1,775

1,279

1,525

1,510

Averages,

62

792.4

79.24

37.53

1,186

1.0297

1,566

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weiglit of animal at end of period,

98.75 lbs.
98.50 "

Period III. Sheep III.

[Fodder consumed dailj- : 900 grams hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine *

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

September 19, .

20, .

21, .

22, .

23, .

24, .

25, .

Degrees.
60

70

61

58

60

62

60

Grams.
753.0

764.0

798.0

896.0

816.0

787.0

857.0

Grams.
75.3

76.4

79.8

89.6

81.6

78.7

85.7

Grams.
37.72

37.59

38.55

38.38

35.84

32.46

39.54

37.15

Grams.
943

896

916

1,092

1,010

976

1,090

1.0344
1.0342
1.0333
1.0314
1.0330
1.0329
1.0335

Grams.
1,077

1,635

1,875

1,687

1,603

Averages,

62

810.1

81.01

989

1.0333

1,585

Weight of animal at beginning of jjoriod,
Weiglit of animal at end of period,

94 lbs

95 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

161

Period III. Sheep IY.

[Fodder consumed dailj- : 900 grams hay and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine *

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1S93.

September 19, .

20, .

21, .

22, .

23, .

24, .

25, .

Uesrees.
60

70

61

58

60

62

60

(iniiiis.
949.0

782.0

827.0

759.0

722.0

794.0

745.0

(jraiiis.
94.9

78.2

82.7

75. »

72.2

79.4

74.5

Grams.
42.23

35.68

37.98

35.61

34.11

38.32

36.31

Grams.
1,198

1,375

1,334

1,328
1,321

1,248
1,555

1.0291
1.0262

1.0259
1.0252
1.0270
1.0201

Grams.
* 1,835

1,930

1,806

1,653

1,603

Averages,

62

796.9

79.7

37.18

1,337

1.0256

1,765

Weight of animal at beginning of jjeriod,
VVeiglit of animal at end of period,

102.00 lbs.
102.25 "

Period IY. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 250 grams new-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

D.-iily.

1893.

November 6, .

7, ■

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

12, .

Dfgrcps.
47.0

46.0

38.0

47.5

43.5

44.5

40.0

Grams.
742

743

771

825

819

819

855

Grams.
74.2

74.3

77.1

82.5

81.9

81.9

85.5

Grams.
31.25

29.34

30.19

30.07

29.24

28.02

29.80

Grams.
1,141

1,156

1,025

1,001

954

943

1,044

1.0330
1.0337
1.0359
1.0354
1.03S7
1.0379
1.0364

Grams.
1,295

1,454

1,481

1,320

1,254

1,843

1,565

Averages,

43.8

796

79.6

29.70

1,038

1.0359

1,459

Weight of animal at beginning of i)eri()d, .
Weight of animal at end of period.

99.25 lbs.
100.25 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

1G2 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period IV. Sheep III.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams bay, 250 grams new-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

November 6, .

7, .

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

12, .

Degrees.
47.0

46.0

38.0

47.5

43.5

44.5

40.0

Grams.
6o5

739

640

644

676

653

698

Grams.
65.5

73.9

64.0

64.4

67.6

65.3

69.8

Grams.
29.68

31.35

28.17

27.93

27.88
28.12
29.04

Grams.
1,108

1,079

982

1,069

1,140

1,054

1,001

1.0358
1.0346
1.0377
1.0349
1.0338
1.0379
1.0366

Grams.
1,125

1,120

1,381

1,205

1,336

720

1,760

Averages,

43.8

672

67.2

28.88

1,062

1.0359

1,235

Weight of animal at beginning of ijeriod,
Weight of animal at end of jieriod,

95.75 lbs.
96.25 "

Period V. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 250 grams old-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper.

ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

pxcreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

November 20, .

21, .

22, .

23, .

24, .

25, .

26, .

Degrees.
41.5

35.0

45.0

46.0

38.0

37.0

37.0

40.1

Grams.
811

716

751

746

668

656

837

Grams.
81.1

71.0

75.1

74.6

66.8

65.6

83.7

Grams.
30.45

28.00

30.98

30.60

28.76

27.97

34.24

Grams.
1,072

839

8G6

955

880

956

944

1.0350
1.0420
1.0-100
1.0415
1.0405
1.0420
1.0400

Grams.
393

1,795

1,368

1,081

1,293

1,204

1,148

Averages,

741

74.1

30.14

930

1.0401

1,183

Weight of animal at beginning of jieriod.
Weight of animal at end of period,

100.25 lbs.
99.50 "

* Bee foot-note on page 157.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

163

Period V. Sheep III.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 250 grams old-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

November 20, .

21, .
22

23, .

24, .

25, .

26, .

Dcirrees.
41.5

35.0

45.0

46.0

38.0

37.0
37.0

Grams.

660

617
637
694
543
647
682

Grams.
66.0

61.7

63.7

69.4

54.3

64.7

68.2

Grams.
29.15

27.54

27.57

30.23

25.88

28.68

29.18

28.32

Grams.

974

867
951
990

1,191
987

1,133

1.0410
1.0405
1.0410
1.0400
1.0310
1.0390
1.0340

Grams.

728

1,715
1,110
1,499
1,222
697
1,017

Averages,

40.1

640

64.0

1,013

1.0381

1,141

Weight of animal at l)egiuning of period,
Weight of animal at end of j^eriod,

95.50 lbs.
96.50 "

Period V. Sheep IV.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 250 grams old-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

November 6, .

7, .

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

12, .

Defrrces.
47.0

40.0

38.0

47.5

43.5

44.5

40.0

43.8

Gr.ams.

752

762
846
737
809
739
645

Grams.
75.2

76.2

84.6

73.7

80.9

73.9

64.5

Grams.
29.29

29.31

33.02

28.05

30.95

30.73

25.99

Grams.
1,376

1,610

1,163

1,150

1,174

1,235

1,271

1.0254
1.0216
1.0295
1.0292
1.0301
1.0296
1.0289

Grams.
1,954

1,731

1,113

1,427

1,390

1,450

1,825

Averages,

756

75.6

29.62

1,283

1.0278

1,556

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

102.75 lbs.
104.00 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

164 AGlilCULTUliAL EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period VI. Sheep I.

[Fodder consumed daily : 450 grams hay, 400 grams corn cobs, 250 grams new-
process linseed meal and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Dally,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

18»3.

October 13,

DcKrecs.
61

Grams.
942.0

Grams.
94.2

Grams.
36.65

Grams.
1,332

1.0227

Grams.
2,428

14,

68

956.0

95.6

38.71

1,074

1.0274

2,320

15,

58

1,032.0

103.2

39.12

1,132

1.0276

1,875

16,

50

918.0

91.8

35.57

971

1.0315

2,330

17,

54

1,127.0

112.7

41.68

967

1.0313

1,362

18,

56

1,019.0

101.9

35.87

1,024

1.0286

1,605

19,

51

1,142.0

114.2

39.66

1,045

1.0280

1,953

Averages,

57

1,019.4

101.9

38.18

1,078

1.0282

1,982

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of iieriod,

92.75 lbs.
94.75 »

Period VI. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 400 grams haj', 400 grams corn cobs, 200 grams new-
process linseed meal and 5 grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper

ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

October 6,

8,

9,

10,

11,

12,

Decrees.
59

67

61

65

61

01

70

Grams.
829.0

1,004.0

946.0

999.0

1,076.0

1,040.0

1,229.0

Grams.
82.9

100.4

94.6

99.9

107.6

104.5

122.9

Grams.
35.33

39.92

33.. 39

35.86

36.07

34.80

38.09

Grams.
726.0

857.0

810.0

739.0
751.0
780.0

1.0337
1.0319
1.0320

1.0357
1.0345
1.0374

Grams.
2,018

1,852

1,510

1,765

1,696

2,080

1,070

Averages,

63

1,018.3

101.8

36.29

777.1

1.0342

1,713

Weiglit of animal at beginning of period,
WiMght of animal at end of period,

95.75 lbs.
97.00 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

165

Period VII. Sheep I.

[Fodder consumed dail.r : 500 grams hay, 400 grams dried l)rewcrs' grains and 5

grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Dally.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1S93.

November 24, .

25, .

26, .

28, .

29, .

30, .

Degrees.
38.0

37.0

37.0

30.0

51.0

43.5

47.0

40.5

Grams.
892

875

995

7S7

883

955

1,014

Grams.
89.2

87.5

99.5

78.7
88.3
95.5
101.4

Grams.
34.92

33.61

36.02

30.07

32.62

36.93

36.66

Grams.
1,384

1,437

1,693

1,370

1,179

1,157

1,659

1.0180
1.0190
1.0170
1.0210
1.0205
1.0210
1.0160

Grams.
2,392

1,887

1,515

2,363

963

1,846

2,065

Averages,

914

91.4

34.49

1,411

1.0189

1,862

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

9(5.00 lbs.
9.5.75 "

Period VII. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 500 grams hay, 400 grams dried brewers' grains and 5

grams salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure
excreted
' Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine *

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1803.

October 21,

Degrees.
60.0

Grams.
908.0

Griims.
90.8

Grams.
35.91

Grams.
791

1.0307

Grams.
1,560

22,

52.0

939.0

93.9

38.44

780

1.0311

1,882

23,

62.0

856.0

85.6

35.09

801

1.02S8

1,328

24,

64.0

825.0

82.5

35.95

786

1.0298

1,390

25,

62.0

911.0

91.1

38.74

787

1.0301

1,910

26,

47.0

897.0

89.7

35.41

911

1.0286

1,485

27,

-

1,028.0

102.8

39.29

835

1.0292

1,133

Averages,

57.8

909.1

90.91

36.98

813

1.0298

1,527

Weight of an

imal at I

)eginninc

^ of period, .

. 9'

).001bs.

Weight of an

imal at e

nd of pe

riod,

•

. 10(

).25 "

* See foot-note on page 157

16G AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period VIII. Sheep II.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 300 grams spring-wheat bran and 5 grams

salt.]

Date.

Stable

Temper.

ature

(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine *

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

December 5, .

6, .

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

Dofrrces.
26

32

33

30
29
37
32

Grams.
842.0

983.0

854.0

1,065.0

1,107.0

1,106.0

1,160.0

1,016.7

Grams.
84.2

98.3

85.4

106.5

110.7

110. e

116.0

101.7

Grams.
30.21

35.64

31.48

36.81

37.40

36.01

38.13

35.10

Grams.
1,157

1,020

894

936

840

908

915

1.0280
1.0310
1.0360
1.0295
1.0360
1.0340

Grams.
1,703

897

1,897

1,1S1

1,407

1,484

1,425

Averages,

31

953

1.0324

1,428

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

99.7olbs.
100.25 "

Period VIII. Sheep III.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 300- grams spring-wheat bran and 5 grams

salt.l

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

December 5, .

6, .

7, .

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

Degrpos.
26.0

32.0

33.5

30.5
29.0
37.5
32.5

Grams.
750

988

918

965

965

881

1,000

Grams.
75.0

98.8

91.8

96.5

96.5

88.1

100.0

Grams.
29.04

38.69

34.30

35.09

35.07

33.13

37.36

Grams.
911

973

754

744

796

880

897

1.0345
1.0345
1.0400
1.0345
1.0370
1.0380

Grams.
1,105

40

1,597

1,709

880

1,318

1,020

Averages,

31.6

924

92.4

34.67

851

1.0364

1,096

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

98.25 lbs.
97.75 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

167

Period IX. Sheep IV.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 300 grams winter-wheat bran and 5 grams

salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Dally.

189».

November 21, .

22

23, .

24, .

25, .

26, .

Desroes.
35.0

45.0

46.0

38.0

37.0

37.0

30.0

Grams.

082

924

1,246

706

973

1,258

1,083

Grams.
98.2

92.4

124.6

70.6

97.3

125.8

108.3

Grams.

32.87

30.76
41.04
25.10
33.57
32.91
34.71

Grams.
1,114

1,235

1,194

1,081

1,182

1,156

1,309

1.0239
1.0220
1.0260
1.0270
1.0260
1.0260
1.0250

Grams.
1,928

1,790

1,738

2,178

1,151

1,443

1,530

Averages,

3S.3

1,026

102.5

32.99

1,182

1.0251

1,680

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

105.25 lbs.
104.50 "

Period X. Sheep I.

[Fodder consumed daily : 600 grams hay, 300 grams wheat middlings and 5 grams

salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1S93.

December 8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

12, .

13, .

14, .

Defrrpos.
30.5

29.0

37.5

32.5

29.0

23.5

15.0

Grams.

825

934
912
877
880
970
797

Grams.
82.5

93.4

91.2

87.7
8S.0
97.0
79.7

Grams.
29.24

32.60

29.48

30.16

29.73

33.37

26.51

Grams.
1,606

1,929

1,416

1,799

1,809

1,124

1.0165
1.0145
1.0140

1.0160

1.0230

Grams.
2,271

2,237

2,411

2,32.5

2,317

2,345

Averages,

28.1

885

88.5

30.16

1,614

1.0168

2,318

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of jjeriod,

95.00 lbs.
93.75 "

See foot-note on page 157.

1G8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [J:in.

PeUIOD X. SlIEEl' IV.

[Fodder consnmed daily : 600 grains Lay, 300 grams wheat iniddtings and 5 grams

salt.]

Date.

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample

pre-
served.

Sample
Air Dry.

Urine*

excreted

Daily,

plus Wash

Water.

Specific
Gravity
of Urine.

Water

consumed

Daily.

1893.

December 6, .

7,

8, .

9, .

10, .

11, .

12, .

Deuroos.
32.0

33.5

30.5

29.0

37.5

32.5

29.0

30.6

Grams.
774

723

S60
784
741
786
712

Grams.

77.4

72.3
86.0
78.4
74.1
78.6
71.2

Grams.
26.20

25.88

31.53

30.30

27.70

28.92

27.05

Grains.
964

1,354

932

962

791

975

983

1.0260
1.0240
1.0260
1.0295
1.0400

1.0300

Grams.
1,479

1,285

1,0,54

1,326

1,077

1,581

964

Averages,

769

76.9

28.23

994

1.0293

1,267

Weight of animal at beginning of i^eriod.
Weight of animal at end of period,

103.50 lbs.
103.25 "

* See foot-note on page 157.

The data furnished in the preceding tables enable lis to
calculate the coefficients of dirjeMihility for the various
foods, which will be found in the following pages.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

169

English Hay (a) . Period I.
Sheep II.

Dry
Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crti^e
Fat.

Crude

rrotein.

Extract
flatter.

000 grams hay fed, .
1 1 . 43 grams waste,*

Grams.

758.16
8.88

Grams.

229.98
2.47

Grams.

26.38
0.26

Grams.

84.16
1.05

Grams.

367.79
3.76

Total consumed, .
320.06 grams manure air dry,

749.28
294.67

227.51

84.62

26.12
11.22

83.11
30.49

364.03
132.99

Grams digested.
Per cent, digested, .

454.61
60.67

142.89
62.80

14.90
57.04

52.62
63.31

231.04
63.46

Sheep III.

900 grams hay fed, .
20.71 grams waste,*

769.50
15.38

233.39

2.77

26.77

0.58

85.42
2.30

373.30

7.48

Total consumed, .
308.9 grams maniu'e air dry, .

754.12
286.50

230.62

78.73

26.19
13.84

83.12
30.43

365.82
134.00

Grams digested.
Per cent, digested, .

467.62
62.00

151.89
65.86

12.35
47.15

52.69
63.39

231.82
63.37

Sheep IV.

900 grams hay fed, .

769.50

233.39

26.77

85.42

373.30

320.5 grams manure air dry, .

296.78

82.27

13.36

30.95

137.58

Grams digested,

472.72

151.12

13.41

54.47

235.72

Per cent, digested, .

61.43

64.73

50.09

63.76

63.14

Average per cent, digested, .

61.37

64.46

51.43

63.49

63.32

Average nutritive ratio of i*ation for tliree sheep, 1 : 7.79.

* It will be noticed that in Period I., Sheep II. and III., and in Period II., Sheep
II., small amounts of hay (the coarser portions) were not consumed ; these amounts
were carefull}' collected, weighed, dry matter tests and complete analyses made.

170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Buffalo Gluten Feed. Period II.
Sheep II.

•

Dry

Crude

Crude

Crude

Extract

Matter.

Cellulose.

Fat.

Protein.

Matter.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

GOO grams hay (a) fed, .

501.06

151.97

17.44

55.62

243.06

12.5 grams waste,* .

9.71

2.76

0.28

1.10

4.32

Play consumed,

491.35

149.21

17.16

54.52

238.74

300 grains Buffalo gluten feed.

271.77

22.77

38.83
55.99

71.61

136.43

Total consumed, .

763.12

171.98

126.13

375.17

292.55 grams maniu'e air dry.

259.73

69.19

14.26

30.06

116.65

Grams digested,

503.39

102.79

41.73

96.07

258.52

Minus 600 grams hay digested.

298.10

93.70

9.79

34.52

151.50

Buffalo gluten feed digested, .

205.29

9.09

31.94

61.55

107.02

Per cent, digested, .

75.53

39.92

82.25

85.97

78.44

* See note on preceding page.

Sheep IV

600 grams hay fed, .

250 grams Buffalo gluten feed,

Total consumed, .
272.28 grams manure air dry,

Total digested, .

Minus 600 grams hay digested,

Buffalo gluten feed digested, .

Per cent, digested, .

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, . . . .

528.30
225.00

753.30

247.77

505.53
324.54

180.99
80.44

77.98

160.23
18.86

18.38
32.15

179.09
66.65

112.44
103.71

8.73
46.28

43.10

50.53

15.41

35.12

9.21

25.91
80.58

81.41

58.65
59.28

117.93

30.77

87.16
37.39

49„77
83.94

84.95

256.28
112.95

369.23
112.12

257.11

161.82

95.29
84.37

81.40

Average nutritive ratio of I'ation for two sheei?, 1 : 5.03.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

171

English Hay (b) . Period III.
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude

Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract

Matter.

900 grams hay fed, .

369.3 grams manm-e air dry, .

Grams.

765.36
337.95

Grams.

250.58
107.00

Grams.

23.57
12.81

Grams.

82.58
34.64

Grams.

348.69
145.89

Amount digested, .
Per cent, digested, .

427.41
55.84

143.58
57.30

10.76
45.65

47.94
58.05

202.80
58.16

SUEEP II,

900 grams hay fed, .
375.3 grams manure air dry,
Amount digested, .
Per cent, digested, .

765.36

250.58

23.57

82.58

343.62

110.51

12.44

34.57

421.74

140.07

11.13

48.01

5.5.10

55.90

47.22

58.13

348.69

150.61

198.08

56.80

Sheep III.

900 grams liay fed, .
371.54 grams manure air dry,
Amount digested, .
Per cent digested, .

765.36

250.58

23.57

82.58

339.33

106.78

12.38

36.27

426.03

143.80

11.19

46.31

55.56

57.38

47.47

56.08

348.69

145.60

203.09

58.24

Sheep IV.

900 grams hay fed, .

765.36

250.58

23.57

82.58

348.69

371.77 grams manure air dry,

337.83

105.30

12.43

35.47

145.77

Amount digested, .

427.53

145.28

11.14

47.11

202.92

Per cent, digested, .

55.86

57.98

47.26

57.04

58.19

Average per cent, four sheep
digested, ....

55.57

57.14

46.90

57.32

67.85

Average nutritive ratio of ration for three sheep, 1 : 7 . 89 .

172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

By feeding the following grains in connection with English
hay (b) we arc enabled to find their coefficients of digesti-
bility.

New-process Linseed Meal. Period IV.

Sheep II.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, .

Grams.

526.38

Grams.

172.34

Grams.

16.21

Grams.

56.79

Grams.

239.82

250 grams new-process linseed
meal, ....

220.70

18.96

8.85

89. IG

90.84

Total consumed, .

747.08

191.30

25.06

145.95

330.66

297.01 grams manure air dry.

280.76

85.63

9.40

35.96

116.01

Amount digested, .

466.32

105.67

15.66

109.99

214.65

Minus 600 grams hay digested,

290.06
176.26

96.33

7.65

33.02

136.24

Remains linseed meal digested.

9.34

8.01

76.97

78.41

Per cent, digested, .

79.86

49.24

90.50

86.32

86.31

Sheep III.

Total consumed, as above, .
288.81 grams manure air dry.

747.08
271.77

191.30

78.52

25.06
9.27

145.95
35.49

330.66
114.04

Total digested, .
;Minus 600 grams liay digested,

475.31
293.01

112.78
98.90

15.79
7.69

110.46
31.85

216.62
139.67

Remains linseed meal digested.

Per cent, digested, .

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, ....

182.30
82.60

81.23

13.88
73.21

61.23

8.10
91.52

91.01

78.61
88.16

87.24

76.95
84.71

85.51

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 3.30.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

173

Olcl-jyrocess Linseed Meal. Period V.
Sheep II.

Pi-y Crude

Jliittcr. Collulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 gfams hay fed, .

250 grams old-process linseed
meal, ....

Grams.

517.38
218.18

Grams.

169.42
17.91

Grams.

15.94
18.04

Grams.

55.83
80.18

Grams.

235.72

86.83

Total consumed, .
301 . 43 grams manure air dry, .

735.56

285.76

449.80
285.10

187.33

85.87

33.98

9.86

136.01
34.29

322.55
120.62

Total digested,
Minus 600 grams hay digested.

101.46
94.69

24.12

7.52

101.72
82.46

201.93
133.91

Remains old-process linseed
meal digested,

Per cent, digested, .

164.70

75.48

6.77
37.80

16. GO
92.01

69.26
86.38

68.02
78.33

Sheep III.

Total consumed, as above, ,
283.20 grams manure air dry,

735.56

268.10

187.33

77.32

33.98
11.02

136.01
29.84

322.55
116.89

Total digested.
Minus 600 grams hay digested.

467.46

288.00

110.01
97.21

22.96

7.57

106.17
31.31

205.66
137.29

Remains old-process linseed
meal digested,

Per cent, digested, .

179.46

82.25

12.80
71.47

15.. 39
85.30

74.86
93.36

68.37

78.73

Sheep IV.

600 grams hay consumed,

250 grams old-process linseed
meal,

526.38
220.00

172.34
18.06

16.21
18.19

56.79
80.85

239.82
87.56

Total consumed, .
296 . 2 gi'ams manure air dry, .

746.38
280.20

190.40
79.32

34.40
10.65

137.64
35.19

327.38
121.64

Total digested, .
Minus 600 grams hay digested.

466.18
294.04

111.08
99.92

23.75
7.66

102.45
32.40

205.74
139.56

Remains old-i)rocess linseed
meal digested.

Per cent, digested, .

Average jier cent, three sheep
digested, ....

172.14

78.24

78. 6G

11.16
61.79

57.02

16.09

88.45

88.59

70.05
86.64

88.79

66.18
75.58

77.55

Average nuti-itive ratio of ration for three sheep, 1 : 3.59.

17J: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Corn {Maize) Cobs. Period VI.
Sheep I.

Dry
Matter.

Crude

Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude

Trotein.

Extract
Matter.

450 grams liay fed, .

400 grams corn cobs,

250 grams new-iiroccss linseed
meal,

Total consumed, .

381.8 grams manure air (\vj,

Total digested,

Minus 450 grams hay di-'^
gested, ....

Minus 250 grams new-process
linseed meal digested, .

Remains corn cobs digested,

Per cent, digested, .

Grams.

384.03
351.56

220.25

Grams.

125.72
95.51

18.92

955.84
353.05

240.15
97.19

Grams.

11.83
4.50

8.83
25.16

9.25

Grams.

41.44
13.57

88.98
143.99

40.14

602.79

390.34

142.96

81.36

15.91

13.39

103.85

100.88

212.45
60.43

61.60
64.60

2.52
56.00

2.97

21.88

Grams.

174.96
231.21

90.65
496.82
177.23
319.69

180.00

139.59
60.37

Sheep II.

400 grams hay fed, .

334.48

109.50

10.30

36.09

152.39

400 grams corn cobs.

351.56

95.51

4.50

13.57

231.21

200 grams new-process linseed
meal, ....

177.14

15.22

7.10

71.56
121.22

72.91

Total consumed, .

863.18

220.23

21.90

456.51

362.94 grams manure air dry,

331.73

88.34

8.62

36.72

84.50

168.95

Total digested.

531.45

131.89

13.28

287.56

Minus 400 grams hay digested, "j

Minus 200 grams new-process j
linseed meal digested, . J

325.76

68.70

11.29

82.75

149.49

Remains corn col)s di<rcsted, .

205.69

63.19

1.99

1.76

138.07

Per cent, digested, .

58.51

66.16

44.22

12.89

59.71

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, ....

69.47

05.33

50.11

17.38

60.04

Nutritive ratio of ration. Sheep I., 1: 4.84; nutritive ratio of ration,
Sheep II., 1: 5.36.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

175

Dried Brewers' Grains. Period VII.
Sheep I.

Dry
Matter.

Crude

Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein

Extract
Matter.

500 grams hay fed, .

Grams.

433.00

Grams.

141.76

Grams.

13.34

Grams.

46.72

Grams.

197.27

400 o^rams bi-ewer.s' frrains.

358.72

52.09

28.02

82.47

183.27

Total consiimetl, .

791.72

193.85

41.36

129.19

380.54

344.9 grams maniii'e air chy, .

328. S3

83.91

9.27

37.98

158.23

Total digested,

462.89

109.94

32.09

91.21

222.31

Minus 500 grams hay digested,

241.79

81.23

6.09

27.12

114.73

Remains brewers' grains di-
gested,

221.10

28.71

26.00

64.09

107.58

Per cent, digested, .

61.63

«

55.11

92.79

77.71

58.70

Sheep II.

Total consumed, as above, .

791.72

193.85

41.36

129.19

380.54

355.47 grams manure air dry,

331.87

88.54

10.00

35.38

160.42

Total digested,

459.85

105.31

31.36

93.81

220.12

Minus 500 grams hay digested,

238.59

79.24

6.30

27.16

112.05

Remains bt'ewers' grains di-
gested,

221.26

26.07

25.06

66.65

108.07

Per cent, digested, .

61.68

50.04

89.43

80.82

58.96

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, ....

0)1.65

52.57

91.11

79.26

67.83

Average juitritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 4.40.

176 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STxVTION. [Jan.

S2yring Wheat Bran. Period VIII.
Sheep II.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, .

Grams.

523.44

Grams.

171.37

Grams.

16.12

Grams.

56.48

Grams.

238.48

300 grams spring-wheat bran,

261.93

30.07

14.14

46.07

155.56

Total consumed, .

785.37

201.44

30.26

102.55

394.04

350.97 grams manure air dry,

333.84

98.98

11.95

33.92

150.36

Total digested.

451.53

102.46

18.31

68.63

243.68

Minus GOO grams iiay digested,

288.44

95.79

7.61

32.84

135.48

Remains spring-wheat bran
digested, ....

163.09

6.67

10.70

35.79

108.20

Per cent, digested, .

62126

22.18

75.67

77.68

69.55

Sheep III.

Total consumed, as above, .
346 . 69 grams manui'e air dry.

Total digested.

Minus 600 grams hay digested,

Remains spring-wheat bran
digested.

Per cent, digested, .

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, ....

785.37

201.44

30.26

102.55

329.49

95.58

11.93

33.28

455.88

105.86

18.33

69.27

291.38

98.34

7.65

31.68

164.50

7.52

10.68

.37.59

62.80

0.25

75 . 53

81.59

62.53

23.59

75.60

79.63

394.04
144.35
249.69
138.90

110.79
71.22

70.38

Nutritive ratio of ration for two .sheep, 1 : 5.75.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

177

Wintei- - IVIieat Bran. Period IX.
Sheep IV.

Dry

Crude

Crude

Crude

Extract

Matter.

Cellulose.

Fat.

Protein.

Matter.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

600 grams hay fed, .

517.38

169.39

15.94

55.82

235.72

300 grams winter-wheat bran,

259.47

24.18

11.86

44.22

163.03

Total consumed, .

776.86

193.57

27.80

100.04

398.75

329 . 94 grams manure air dry,

315.42

81.75

13.09

33.47

146.74

Total digested,

461.43

111.82

14.71

66.57

252.01

Minus 600 grams hay digested.

289.01

98.21

7.53

31.84

137.18

Remains winter-wheat bran

digested, ....

172.42

13.61

7.18

34.73

114.83

Per cent, digested, .

66.45

56.28

60.54

78.54

70.43

Nutritive ratio of ration, 1 : 6.02.

178 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Wheat Middlings.
Sheep I.

Dry
Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, .

300 grams wheat middlings, .

Grams.

523.44

260.82

Grams.

171.37
9.21

Grams.

16.12
15.91

Grams.

56.48
54.93

Grams.

238.48
176.86

Total consumed, .
301.56 grams manure air dry,

784.26
284.64

180.58
79.39

32.03
10.67

111.41
33.67

415.34

127.32

Total digested,
Minus 600 grams hay digested.

499.62
292.30

101.19
98.19

21.36
7.36

77.74
32.79

288.02
138.70

Remains wheat middlings
digested, ....

Per cent, digested, .

207.32
79.48

3.00
32.57

14.00
87.99

44.95

81.83

149.32
84.43

Sheep IV.

Total consumed, as above, .

784.26

180.58

32.03

111.41

415.34

282.26 grams manure air dr'y,

268.51

77.54

11.41

30.99

115.46

Total digested.

515.75

103.04

20.62

80.42

299.88

Minus 600 grams hay digested.

292.40

99.35

7.62

32.22

138.78

Remains wheat middlings
digested, ....

223.35

3.69

13.00

48.20

161.10

Per cent, digested, .

85.63

40.06

81.71

87.75

91.08

Average per cent, two sheep
digested, ....

82.55

36.31

84.85

84.79

87.75

Average nutritive ratio of ration for both sheep, 1 : 5.61.

A resume of the coefficients will be found on page 152.

A compilation of the results of all digestion experiments
made in the United States will be found in the rear portion
of this report.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

179

YII.

NOTES ON FEEDING FARM HORSES.

1888-93.

Rations for Farm Horses.

The following data are presented in order to show how the
horses kept at the station have been fed during the past few
years. Tlie two farm horses, Fan and Bess, do an average
amount of work during the spring, summer and autumn. In
the winter season the work is light. Molly, whose record
first appears in January, 1892, has been used for driving and
express work.

During the winter of 1892, wlien the horses had compara-
tively little to do, the grain rations were reduced one-third.
The so-called provender consists of cracked corn and oats
mixed in the proportion of four hundred pounds of corn to
fifteen bushels of oats. The horses were weio;hed weeklv,
and the average monthly weights will be found in Table III.
The horses have been in uniform aood condition durini>- the
several years.

Table I. (Horses Fan, Bess and Molly.)

I., Aug., 188S, to June, 18S9,
II., June, 1889, to Jan., 1892,

III..
IV.,

Jan., 1892, to May, 1892,
May, 1892, to Jan., 1894,

Food consumed Daily
(Pounds).

m

18.00
20.00
15.00

15.00

2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00

Ch

6.00
6.00
4.00
6.00

1:7.92
1:7.99
1:7.22

1:7.81

Eh

23.23
25.03
18.78
21.43

j3 0) 3

14.39
15.41
11.42
13.26

23.34
24.84
18. 49
22.09

The above table shows the daily rations fed during the
several years, the nutritive ratios of the feed, the average

180 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

amount of dry matter and digestible matter consumed daily
and the average daily cost of the rations.

The following table shows the pounds of digestible nutri-
ents in Ration IV., as compared with Wolff's standard for
horses of one thousand pounds live weight, doing average
work and hard work : —

Table II.

Digestible

Protein

(Pounds).

Digestible I Digestible
P . I Carbo-

(Pounds). I (Pounds) .

Total
Digestible

Matter
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

Ration TV.,

Wolff's standard, average
work,

Wolff's standard, very hard
work,

1.58

1.55
2.12

0.43 11,25 13.26

0.55

0.83

10.85

12.63

12.95

15.58

1:7.81

1:7.80

1:7.00

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 181

'e

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182 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '94.

Remarks.

It will be noticed that the average weight of the horses
has been well sustained by the various rations fed. Table

III. makes this very clear. Slight variations are noted at
times, due probably to the fact that the horses were obliged
to do rather more than the average work for a short time.

Ration III., fed when the horses were doing very light
work, proved sufficient to keep them in good condition, and
costs several cents less per day than the others. Ration

IV. gives very good results, and costs somewhat less than
Rations I. and 11. The cost of the several rations is based
on an approximate average market cost of the several foods.
This averao;e will be found below. Ration IV. contains
about the same amount of digestible nutrients as given by
Wolfi* for horses doing average work.

Acerafje Market Cost of the Various Foods fed.

Hay, f 15 00 per ton.

Wheat bran, 20 00 "

Cracked corn, 24 00 "

Oats (thirty-two pounds per bushel), . . . 0 45 per bushel.

xiverage Composition of Fodder Stuffs.

■Wlieat
Bran.

Moisture at 100^ C, .

Dry matter, .....

Ajialysis of Dry Matter.
Crude asli,

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" i^i'otein, ....

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .

10.15
89.85

100.00

6.21

32.15

2.38

9.67

49.59

100.00

10.49
89.51

100.00

7.01

10.89

5.00

17.78

59.32

100.00

12.16

87.84

100.00

2.58

6.96

5.11

12.25

73.0^

100.00

PART II.

T^IEX^D EXPERIMENTS.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

1. Field Experiments to ascertain the Effect of the Exclusion of Evert Form

OF Nitrogen-containing Manxjrial Matter from the Fertilizer applied
FOR the Production of a Grain Crop — Oats — on its Yield per Acre
(Field A).

2. Field Experiments with Prominent Varieties of Grasses and Grass Mix-

tures UNDER FAIRLY CORRESPONDING CiRCUBISTANCES AND WITH DIFFERENT

Varieties of Potatoes (Field B).

3. Field Experiments regarding the Effect op Different Combinations of

Commercial Fertilizers on the Yield of Some Prominent Garden Crops
(Field C).

4. Observations regarding the Adaptation of a Variety op More or Less

Reputed Fodder Plants new to our Section of the Country (Field D).

5. Field Experiments with Different Commercial Phosphates, to study the

Economy op Using the Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More Costly
Acidulated Phosphates (Field F).

6. Field Experiments to show the Effect op Barn-yard Manure on the Yield

OP Corn (Field G).

7. Field Experiments to determine the Effect of Various Fertilizer Mix-

tures ON Leguminous and Grain Crops (East Field).

8. Observations on Permanent Grass Lands — Meadows.

9. iiEPORT on General Farm Work.

10. Observations on Special Fertilization with Reference to some Prominent
Industrial Crops, Fruits and Garden Vegetables.

184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1. Field Experiments carried on for the Purpose of

ASCERTAINING THE EfFECT OF THE EXCLUSION OF

Every Form of Nitrogen-containing Manurial
Matter From the Fertilizer applied for the
Production of Oats on the Yield, as compared
with the Results obtained when a Liberal
Amount of Various Nitrogen-containing Manu-
rial Substances is applied under Otherwise Cor-
responding Circumstances for the Same Purpose.

Field A.

The unbroken record of this field extends over more than
twenty years. The systematic treatment of the soil, as far
as suitable modes of cultivation and of manuring are con-
cerned, was introduced durino; the season of 1883-84. The
subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats (one-eighth
of an acre each), of a uniform size and shape, one hundred
and thirty feet long and thirty feet wide, with an unoccupied
and unmanured space of five feet in width between adjoining
plats, has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed
statement of the particular aim and general management of
our experiments, as well as of the results obtained in that
connection from year to year, forms a prominent part of our
contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to
refer for details.

Since 1889 the main object of observations iqjon the same
field has been to studi/ the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance
from the soil wider cultivation, as ivell as of a definite
additional supply of nitrogen in difierent forms of cotnbi-
nation, on the character and yield of the crop selected for the
trial. The treatment of the soil adopted in preceding years
favored this new project for field observations, as may be
noticed from the following remarks.

Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive
any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes were retained
in that state, to study the efl'ect of an entire exclusion of
nitroffen-containing manurial substances on the crop under

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185

cultivation, while the remaining ones received as before a
definite amount of nitrogen in the same form in which they
had received it in preceding years ; namely, either as sodium
nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as organic nitrogenous
matter in form of dried blood or of barn-yard manure. A
corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied in
all these cases.

Aside from the difference regarding the nitrogen supply,
all plats were treated alike. They each received without an
exception a corresponding amount of available phosphoric
acid and of potassium oxide. The phosphoric acid was sup-
plied in form of dissolved bone-black, and the potassium
oxide either in form of muriate of potash or of potash-mag-
nesia sulphate.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used Annually per Acre.

C Nitrogen, 45 pounds.

80 jiounds.
125 pounds.

none.

80 pounds.

125 i^ounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, -{ Phosphoric acid,
[ Potassium oxide,

f Nitrogen, .
Plats 4, 7, 9, . . . ^ Phosi^hoi'ic acid,
^^ Potassium oxide.

One plat marked 0 received its main supply of phosphoric
acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn-yard
manure ; the latter was carefully analyzed before being
applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far
as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of the
three essential fertilizing constituents. The deficiency in
potassium oxide and phosphoric acid was supplied l)y
potash-magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The
fertilizer for this plat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard
manure, 32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18
pounds of dissolved bone-black.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, — the general character of the
latter being the same, — the seeding, cultivating and harvest-
ing were carried on year after year in a like manner, and
as far as practicable on the same day in case of every plat
during the same year.

186 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The subsequent tabular statement shows the annual appli-
cation and special distribution of the manurial substances
with reference to each plat since 1889. The fei-tilizcrs were
in every case applied broadcast as early as circumstances per-
mitted. They were well harrowed under before the seed was
planted in rows by a seed drill.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat

0,

Plat

b •

Plat

2, .

Plat

3, .

Plat

4, .

Plat

5, 0

Plat

6, .

Plat

7, •

Plat

8, .

Plat

9, .

Plat 10, .

800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 2.i lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 ll>s. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-l)lack (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (=: 8.5 lbs. availa))le phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. availal)le phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. availalile phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (=: 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

1I)S. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 ll)s. potash-magnesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black {=• 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) .

Cost of Fertilizers applied to Field A.

Cost per Plat.

Cost per Acre.

Plat 0,

$2 28

f22 75

Plat 1,

1 99

19 90

Plat 2,

2 43

24 30

Plat ;},

2 09

20 90

Plat 4,

1 23

12 30

Plat 5,

2 4G

24 58

Plat G,

2 02

20 18

Plat 7,

1 23

12 30

Plat S,

2 02

20 18

Plat 9,

1 23

12 30

Plat 10,

2 53

25 30

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

187

The above-described course of tjie general management of
the experiment has been followed thus far for five consecu-
tive years (1889-93, inclusive).

Corn (maize),

in 1889

Oats,

. . . . .in 1890

Rye,

in 1891

Soja bean,

in 1892

Oats, .

in 1893

For details regarding earlier years (1889-92), see corre-
sponding annual reports.

Summari/ of Four Yearn Observations upon Field A (1889-92).

1889.
Corn.

1890.

Yield or Oats.

1891.

Yield of Rte.

1893.

Number op
Plat.

Q ° •

o a) c

•a
a

3
o

e-.

o.
o

6

o

ll

a
e ^ .

S ■- =3

o -^ ja

a
'3 .

o 5

2-?

■a

c

3
g

O

o

a

ODp.

a °*»

fetEO

a

"S .

o §

-ap

Yield of Green
Soja Bean
(Pounds).

Plat 0,.

-

315

38.10

61.90

120

195

470

30.21

69.79

142

328

2,210

Plat 1,.

648

362

35.36

64.64

128

234

570

27.02

72.98

154

416

2,290

Plat 2,.

577

365

35.34

64.66

129

236

525

25.52

74.48

134

391

2,290

Plat 3,.

618

345

33.62

66.38

116

229

475

27.37

72.63

130

345

2,090

Plat 4, .

381

260

34.61

63.39

90

170

390

27.44

72.56

107

283

1,440

Plat 5, .

488

360

39.20

60.80

141

219

530

27.36

72.64

145

385

1,935

Plat 6,.

542

385

32.21

67.79

124

261

400

25.50

74.50

102

298

1,970

Plat 7,.

526

320

34.40

65.60

110

210

450

24.22

75.78

109

341

1,430

Plat 8,.

359

220

26.82

73.18

59

161

-

-

-

-

1,450

Plat 9,.

476

290

34.83

65.17

101

189

425

25.65

74.35

109

316

1,460

Plat 10, .

640

395

35.44

64.56

140

255

425

29.41

70.59

125

300

1,490

Plat 8 has shown, as has been repeatedly pointed out
throughout the entire experiment, exceptional conditions,
due apparently to injury by insects in the early stage of the

growth.

The low yield of Plat 10 in 1892 is evidently due to the
use of a lower rate of seed, being the first plat to adjust the
seed drill for a definite amount of seed.

188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

An examination of the above tabular statement of the
annual yield of the various crops upon the different plate
shows that as a rule those plats (4, 7, 9) which had not
received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes yielded
much smaller crops than those that received annually in some
form or other an addition of available nitrogen. It seemed
but proper to sum u}) in our last annual report our results in
the following statement : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
1889, '90, '91 and '92 show condusiveli/ the importance of
a liberal supply to the soil of an available form of nitrogen, to
serve a successful and remunerative cultivation of farm crops
under otherwise corresjionding favorable conditions. For even
a leguminous cropy the soja bean, ichen for the first time
raised upon Field A, did not furnish an exception to our
observation.

The stated conclusion is in full accord with careful obser-
vations of others when raising upon a field for the first time
clover or clover-like plants. A deficiency of the soil in
regard to the peculiar lower organisms, which in case of
clover-like plants are recognized as the medium to assist in
the conversion of the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous
plant food, is usually considered the cause of the results.
This class of crops frequently does better on a second trial
upon the same lands.

A liberal introduction of annual leguminous crops into
our system of raising field crops is known to improve the
nitrogen resources of the farm lands in an economical way.

1893. — The main object of our experiment upon Field A
during this season was to observe the after-effect of the cul-
tivation of soja bean (a leguminous crop) on the nitrogen
resources of the soil which served for its production. It
seemed of interest in our case to ascertain whether the rais-
ing of the soja bean upon Field A had increased the amount
of available nitrogen stored up in the soil to such an extent
as to affect the yield of the succeeding crop upon those plats
(4, 7, 9), which as a rule did not receive at any time an ad-
dition of available nitrogen from any other manurial source
but the atmospheric air and the roots of the soja beans left
in the soil after harvesting the crop.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

189

Oats were selected as the crop suital)le to serve for that
purpose. The general management of the experiment, as
far as the preparation of the soil, manuring and seeding-
down are concerned, was the same as in preceding years, as
will be seen from the subsequent description of the operation.

The field was ploughed Sept. 22, 1892 ; during the suc-
ceeding March the barn-yard manure was applied broadcast
to Plat 0, and April 29 the entire field was again ploughed.
The remaining plats, 1-10, received their different fertilizer
mixtures broadcast on May 4. The entire field was harrowed
and pulverized a few days later. The oats were sown May
15, in drills two and a half feet apart, at the rate of three
and two-thirds pounds per plat. The seed when tested by
germination showed eighty-two per cent, of live seed. The
young plants appeared above ground May 22. June 2 and
again June 17 all plats were cultivated and hoed.

Height of the Oats vpon the Different Plats of Field A during

the Season {1893).

[Inches.]

July 3.

July 10.

July 17.

July 24.

July 31.

August 7.

Plat 0,

20

25

34

44

44

45

Plat 1,

23

30

39

45

46

46

Plat 2,

24

27

39

44

46

46

Plat 3,

20

27

38

44

46

47

Plat 4,

18

20

34

36

40

41

Plat 5,

23

24

36

45

45

46

Plat 6,

20

23

33

40

43

47

Plat 7,

19

23

36

41

44

46

Plat 8,

14

17

29

35

40

46

Plat 9,

19

22

35

38

42

44

Plat 10,

23

31

39

47

48

48

The color of the crop varied on different plats considerably
throughout the season. Those receiving no nitrogen appeared

190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

yellowish-green, while those which received nitrogen in the
form of dried blood were especially dark-green colored. The
crop raised on the plats which received nitrogen in the form
of sulphate of ammonia retained the green color somewhat
longer than that of the remaining plats.
The crop was cut August 14, 15.

Yield of Oat Crop on Different Plats (1S93).
[Pounds.]

Weight

of

Oats.

Weight of

Oats
per Acre.

Weight

of Straw

and

Chaff.

Weight

of
Grain.

Weight

of

Straw and

Chaff
per Acre.

Weight of

Grain
per Acre.

Plat 0,

530

5,300

399

131

3,990

1,310

Plat 1,

690

6,900

555

135

5,550

1,350

Plat 2,

600

6,000

454

146

4,540

1,460

Plat 3,

700

7,000

534

160

5,340

1,660

Plat 4,

590

5,900

430

160

4,300

1,600

Plat 5,

630

6,300

551

79

5,510

790

Plat 6,

600

6,000

498

102

4,980

1,020

Plat 7,

550

5,500

431

119

4,310

1,190

Plat 8,

420

4,200

325

95

3,250

950

Plat 9,

480

4,800

370

110

3,700

1,100

Plat 10,

610

6,100

485

125

4,850

1,250

Ratio of Grain to St ran

Plat 0, .

. 1:3

Plat 6, .

. 1:4.9

Plat 1, .

. 1:4.1

Plat 7, .

. 1:3.6

Plat 2, .

. 1:3.1

Plat 8, .

. 1:3.4

Plat 3, .

. 1:3.2

Plat 9, .

. 1:3.4

Plat 4,

. 1:2.7

Plat 10, .

. 1:3.9

Plat 5, .

. 1:7

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 191

Conclusions. — An examination of the results given above
shows that the total crop on those plats to which no nitrogen
was applied (4, 7 and 9) averaged 800 pounds less than in
case of the plats which received their regular supply of ni-
trogen in some form or other.

Plat 8 shows again the exceptional conditions of previous
years, for, although fertilized in a like manner as Plat 6, its
total yield was 1,800 pounds less.

In yield of grain those plats which received their nitrogen
in the form of sulphate of ammonia (5, 6 and 8) averaged
92 pounds ; those in the form of organic nitrogen (0, 6 and
8), 140| pounds; those in the form of nitrate of soda (1
and 2), 140^ pounds.

The best results in relation of total yield to yield of grain
were obtained in the case of those plats receiving organic
nitrogen (dried blood and barn-yard manure), or nitrogen
in the form of nitrate of soda ; while in the case of sulphate
of ammonia the ratio of grain to straw was too wide to give
the best satisfaction.

The total ^deld of crop on the plats receiving no nitrogen
addition, as compared with those receiving a nitrogen supply,
was : —

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less ;
With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less ;
With soja bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less ;
With oats in 1893, one-seventh to one-eighth less.

From this it will appear that the introduction of a legu-
minous crop into our rotation has somewhat reduced the dif-
ference in yield lietween the plats receiving no nitrogen and
those receiving it, yet has not entirely obliterated it.

These experiments will be continued another year, with
some modifications.

192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

00
O)
CO

Q)

4-3 l\»S. Dried Blood.

SO lbs. Dis.&on«,&l&ck.

Ow

CO

25 I be. MuriAt* of PotA&K.

'50 Ibft.Dis.BoTk^BUck.

'22^1bS.-Sul(^hAt« Ammonia

25- lbs.MuFftat<t »^ Putft&h
'50 ib6.Di&. Bone Kl&cK.

"25 I bs. MuriAt* of Pot&&h.

5Q 1 bs. Dis. Bone B[a.ck ,

■SO

lO

2Z>2 IbaSoljshAtc AmmoniA.
-SO lb6.Di6.Bonc BI&cK.

22!^lbs. SulpKiA.t'e Ammanr*..
- 485^1 b«. Pot ^.s^ MAgncstASui.
50 Ibs.Dis. Bona Brd.ck..

!Z5 Jbs.Muri4.t«Pat&&b.

50 Ibft.Dis.Bone Blauck.

*0

<M

4-3 Ibs.DHcd BFood,

g5 lbS.Muti*fc<>cf FVttfcSfi.

50 lbs.pi^. Kane BfACk.

29 Ib6.Niti-a.t« of SodA.

50 JbS. Di& Bon«. BlA^ckr.

•29 Ib&.NitfAte of Sod*.

25 Ibg.Mui-ifctc uf FVjtaitjIi.

50 lbs. Di&. Bon«. ^lack.

8oO lb&^Arny«M-d MaLMc»i-«

IB Ibft- Di6.&on< BUck

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193

2. Field Experiments with Several Prominent Vari-
eties OF Grasses and of Potatoes.

Field B.

This field occupies an area of one and seven-tenths acres,
and runs from north to south, nearly on a level. The soil
consists of a somewhat sandy loam of several feet in depth.
The systematic treatment of the area was inaugurated in
1884, when the present subdivision into eleven plats was
first introduced. The. plats are 175 feet long and 33 feet
wide (5,775 square feet, or two-fifteenths of an acre), of a
uniform shape, running from east to west, with a space of
five feet between adjoining plats. The numbering begins at
the north end with 11, and closes at the south end with 21.
From 1884 to 1889 every alternate plat received annually
the same kind and the same amount of fertilizer, — GOO
pounds of fine-ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of
potash per acre.

From 1889 to the close of the season of 1892 all plats
were treated alike, as far as the system of cultivation and
of manuring is concerned. The previously stated unma-
nured plats (12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) received from 1890, like
the remaining plats (11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21), as manure
annually at the rate of 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and
200 pounds of muriate of potash, applied broadcast either as
a top dressing o'r thoroughly ploughed under, as circum-
stances admitted.

For details regarding the work carried on upon Field B
previous to 1892, see tenth annual report.

The character of the crops raised during 1892 may be
noticed from the subsequent tabulai: statement : —

194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Crops raised in 1S9J.

Plat 11,
Plat 12,
Plat 13,
Plat 14,
Plat 15,
Plat 16,
Plat 17,
Plat 18,
Plat 19,
Plat 20,
Plat 21,

Kentucky blue-grass, sown Sejjt. 24, 1889.

Kentucky blue-grass and red top, sown Sept. 18, 1891.

English rye-grass and Italian rye-grass, sown S(!])t. 29, 1890.

English rye-grass and red to]), sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Herds grass and red toj), sown April 23, 1891.

Italian rye-grass and red top, sown April 23, 1891

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 25, 1887.

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Herds grass, sown Sept. 25, 1889.

Herds grass and red top, sown Sept. 29, 1890.

Meadow fescue and herds grass, sown Sejit. IS, 1891.

AUEA OF Kach Tlat, Two-kifteentms A(U:E.

Yield of Hay, First

aiiil Second Cut

(I'uiiiuis).

Kate per Acre
(roiiiuls).

Plat 11, sown Sept. 24, 1889,
Plat 12, sown Sept. 18, 1891,
Plat 13, sown Sept. 29, 1890,
Plat 14, sown Sept. 29, 1890,
Plat 15, sown April 23, 1891,
Plat 16, sown April 23, 1891,
Plat 17, sown Sept. 25, 1887,
Plat 18, sown Sept. 29, 1890,
Plat 19, sown Sept. 25, 1889,
Plat 20, sown Sept. 29, 1890,
Plat 21, sown Sept. 18, 1891,

335
365
255
225
565
565
475
490
610
285
355

2,513
2,737
1,913
1,688
4,238
4,238
3,563
3,675
4,575
2,138
2,663

Total,

4;525

At the close of the season (1892) it was decided to raise
hereafter other crops than grasses upon plats 11, 13, 14, 15,
16 and 20. For this reason they were ploughed after the
rowen had been secured, while plats 12, 17, 18, 19 and 21
remained in grass for another season.

189:L— Flats 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 20, which had been
used for several preceding years for the production of
grasses, were at an early date prepared to serve for experi-
ments with several prominent varieties of potatoes. They
were ploughed in August, 1892, and were again ploughed for
the final preparation April 25, 1893.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

195

It was proposed to compare the yield, as far as quantity
and quality are concerned, under otherwise corresponding
circumstances. Three varieties of potatoes. Beauty of
Hebron, Clark's, New Queen, were chosen for the trial.
The seed potatoes were obtained of J. J. H. Gregory & Son,
Marblehcad.

Two plats, 15 and 16, were assigned for the cultivation of
Beauty of Hebron ; two, 13 and 14, for that of New Queen ;
and two, 11 and 20, for that of Clark's variety.

One plat in each case received its potash supply in form
of muriate of potash (plats 11, 13 and 15), and one in each
case in that of high-grade sulphate of potash.

The actual amount of potassium oxide used in all cases
remained the same.

Statement of Fertilizers used (Pounds),

Per riat. Per Acre

Plats 11, 13

c Muria
^ Bone,

Muriate of potash, .

c Sulphate of i)otash (hig-h o-rade), .
Plats 14, IG, 20, 5 ^ ^ V o fe y
c Bone,

54
SO

54

80

400
GOO

400
600

Composition of Fertilizers ?/.<

^ed.

Nitrogen.

Potash.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Fine-ground bone, ....

4.02

-

22.96

Sulphate of potash, ....

-

50.20

-

Muriate of potash, ....

-

46.00

-

Market Cost of Fertilizers.

Per Acre.

Plats 11, 13, 15,
Plats 14, 16, 20,

$17 93
19 95

196 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

The final mechanical preparation of the different plats was
the same in all cases. The fertilizer was applied broadcast,
and subsequently thoroughly harrowed in before planting.
The potatoes were planted INIay 10 on all plats at the rate of
nineteen bushels per acre, or two and one-half bushels pota-
toes per plat. Potatoes used were either whole ones of
medium size, or when larger were cut in pieces of sizes cor-
responding to the former. Plats 11 and 20 were planted
with Clark's variety ; plats 13 and 14 were planted with New
Queen variety ; plats 15 and IG were planted with Beauty
of Hebron variety.

The crop began to break ground May 26, and was subse-
quently cultivated and hoed June 5 and June 20. The pota-
toes were in bloom June 24, and the tops began to die August
14. The crop was harvested August 23 and 24.

The potatoes were in all cases of a superior appearance ;
only one-eighth to one-ninth of the entire crop was not mar-
ketable as a first-class article, on account of small size.

Yield ok Crop.

A. Potash applied in the Form of Muriate.
Yield of Potatoes in Poimds.

AMonNT PRR Plat.

Rate per Acre.

VARIETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Plat 11, Clark's,

1,450

225

1,675

10,875

1,688

12,563

Plat 13, New Queen, .

1,620

210

1,860

12,150

1,800

13,950

Plat 15, Beauty of Hebron,

2,160

190

2,350

16,200

1,425

17,625

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels {60 Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 11, Clark's,

-

-

-

181

28

209

Plat 13, New Queen, .

-

-

-

203

30

233

Plat 15, Beauty of Hebi-on,

-

-

-

270

24

294

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

197

Yield of Crop — Concluded.

B, Potash apjdied hi the Form of High-grade Sidphaie.
Yield of Potatoes in Pounds,

Amount per Tlat.

Katk vv.-r Acrk.

VARIETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Plat 20, Clark's,
Plat 14, New Queen, .
Plat 16, Beauty of Hebron,

1,510
1,860

2,190

230
190
210

1,770

2,050
2,130

11,550
13,950
16,425

1,725
1,425
1,800

13,275
15,375

18,225

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels {GO Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 20, Clark's,

-

-

-

193

29

222

Plat 14, New Queen, .

-

-

-

233

24

257

Plat 16, Beauty of Hebron,

-

-

-

274

30

304

An examination of the above tabular statement of the yield
of the different varieties of potatoes on trial reveals the follow-
ing facts : —

1. The yield of potatoes is in every instance larger in
case sulphate of potash has furnished the potash of the fertil-
izer used, than where muriate of potash has served for that
purpose.

2. The yield of the three varieties of potatoes on trial,
although raised under a corresponding system of cultivation
and of manuring, differs seriously. Beauty of Hebron pro-
duces nearly one-sixth more in weight than the New Queen
variety, and one-third more than the Clark variety.

Plats 12, 17, IS, 19 and 21, which remained in grass in
previous years, received as top-dressing, muriate of potash,
200 pounds, and ground bone, 600 pounds, per acre, at an
early date in the spring, 1893. The grass was cut June 27
and 28. As the weeds began to infest the plats, the experi-
ment of studying a variety of grasses was closed, and the
sod turned under during the month of August. Dry lands

198 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

do not favor for any length of time an economical and clean
cultivation of the majority of our best grasses.

Yield of Fii-Ht Cat of Gras.s, JRn/ {1896').

Plat 12, Kentucky blue-grass,

Plat 17, Meadow fescue, .

Plat 18, Meadow fescue, .

Plat 19, Herds grass.

Plat 21, Meadow fescue and herds grass.

sown Sept. 24, 1889.
sown Sept. 2o, 1887.
sown Sei^t. 29, 1890.
sown Sept. 25, 1889.
sown Sept. 18, 1891.

Plat 12,
Plat 17,
Plat 18,
Plat 19,
Plat 21,

Yield per Plat
(Pounds).

280
280
240
430
410

Rate per Acre
(Pounds).

2,100
2,100
1,800
3,225
3,075

Valne of Grans Fertilizer

-.

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Plats 12, 17

18, 19, 21,

$2 39

$17 93

Some of our o])servations with grasses upon Field B de-
serve serious consideration of farmers in our section of the
country : —

1. Italian rye grass is less lialile to be winter-killed with
us than English rye grass.

2. ]\Ieadow fescue furnishes a valuable grass, as far as a
continuation of a healthy growth during a series of years is
concerned, and excels in that resi)ect the herds grass.

3. Grass mixtures as a rule yield larger crops than the
same varieties when cultivated by themselves.

1,S94.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

199

ci

Meadow Fescue and Herds Grass.

O

CI

Clark's.

S

Herds Grass.

00

CO

Meadow Fescue.

0)

2 -

Meadow Fescue.

d ^

Beauty of Hebron.

Field '

14 15

Beauty of Hebron.

New Queen.

CO

New Queen.

w

Kentucky Blue-grass and Red Top.

=

Clark's.

SI

o

E

•a
o

6

o
(J)

200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Field ExrERiMENTS to ascertain the Influence of
Different Mixtures of Commercial Fertilizers
ON the Yield and General Character of Sev-
eral Prominent Garden Crops.

Field C.

The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 189
feet lonji: and 164 feet wide; it is siilxlivided into six plats
of uniform size (88 by (32 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of five feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land. They are
arranged in two parallel rows, running from west to east.
Nos. 1, 2 and 8 are along the north side of the field, begin-
ning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats Nos. 4, 5 and 6
are located along its south side, beginning with Plat 4 on the
west end. The soil is several feet deep, and consists of a
light, somew^hat gravelly loam, and was in a fair state of
productiveness when assigned for the experiment here under
consideration.

The entire field occupied by the experiment is nearly on a
level. Its past history (since 1885), as far as mode of culti-
vation and manuring is concerned, is well known. Ground
bone and muriate of potash, 600 pounds of the former and
200 pounds of the latter per acre, have been used for more
than six years preceding 1891 as general fertilizer. No
stable manure of any description has been applied to the field
for seven years preceding. General field crops, as grain
crops, leguminous plants, potatoes, etc., have been raised
upon the grounds in suitable rotation during that period.

The observation with raising garden crops, by the aid of
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats 1, 2 and 3
during that of 1892. The difference of the fertilizers applied
consisted in the circumstance that different foi-ms of nitro-
gen and i)t)tash were used for their preparation. All ])lats
received essentially the same quantity of nitrogen, potash

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

201

and phosphoric acid, and every one of them received its phos-
phoric acid addition in the same form, namely, dissolved
bone-black. Some plats received their nitrogen supply in
the form of organic animal matter, dried blood ; others
received their nitrogen in the form of sodium nitrate, Chili
saltpetre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash
and others in the form of the highest grade of potassium
sulphate (in our market 95 per cent.). The subsequent
tabular statement shows the quantities of the manurial sub-
stances applied to the diiferent plats : —

Plats.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Pounds.

Sulphate of ammonia,

38

Plat 1, . )

Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .

30
40
47

Plat 2, . )

Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood,

30
40
75

Plat 3, . }

Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black.
Sulphate of ammonia.

30
40
38

Plat 4, . )

Sulphate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .

30

40
47

Plat 5, . )

Sulphate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black.
Dried blood.

30
40
75

Plat 6, . )

Sulphate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,

30
40

This proportion corresponds per acre to : —

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid (available) , 50.4

Nitrogen, 60.0

Potassium oxide, 120.0

Beets, cabbages, celery, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes and
potatoes have been raised upon the field. One or more of
noted varieties of each, as specified in our previous annual
reports for 1891 and 1892, have thus far been tried. The
field results of 1891 and 1892 have been published without

202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

comment, to enable us to accumulate more fticts for the
support of our conclusions. Upon a few sul)sequent pages
will be found a description of the management of the experi-
ments during the season of 1893, accompanied by a brief
compilation and discussion of all the results thus far obtained.

The entire field was ploughed April 26, and the fertilizer
mixtures given in the previous tabular statement w^ere applied
broadcast to the plats. The soil Avas subsequently harrowed
and pulverized. All the crops were sown or planted as cir-
cumstances advised in rows two and one-half feet apart.
Each of the different crops was sown or planted on the same
day in all cases. Celery, cabbages, lettuce and tomatoes
were raised in hot-beds, and afterwards transplanted to the
different plats ; while with spinach, beets and potatoes the
seed w^as sown directly ui)on the plats.

The following order in arranging the different crops was
adopted, beginning in each plat at its western end : —

Two rows of spiuacb, variety New Zealand.

One row of celery, variety Dwarf Golden Heart.

One row of lettuce, variety Hanson.

One row of red cabbage, variety Red Dutch.

Two rows of beets, variety Edmund's Blood Turnip.

Five rows of potatoes, variety Beauty of Hebron.

Two rows of beets, variety P^dmund's Blood Turnip.

Three rows of cabbages, variety Fottler's.

Two rows of tomatoes, variety Essex Hybrid.

The order of arrangement of the dilierent crops within each
plat was the same in all of them for the same year. They
occupied, however, a different position relative to each other
in successive years, to introduce, as far as practicable, a
system of rotation of crops.

Order of arrangement of crops in plats : —

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

203

1892.

1893.

Celery.

Lettuce.
Spinach.

Beets.

Cabbages.
Tomatoes.
Potatoes.

Spinach.

Celery.
Lettuce.
Red Cabbage.
Beets.

Potatoes.
Beets.

White Cabbage.
Tomatoes.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the following average
relative proportion of the three above-stated essential ingredi-
ents of plant food : —

Niti'ogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain,
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

4.1 i)ouiids of nitrog'on.

3.9 ijounds of potassium oxide.

1 . 9 pounds of pliosphoric acid.

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vege-
tables when harvested control under otherwise corresponding
conditions the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement
here beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one.

204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The various mixtures of fertilizers used l^y us in the
experiments under discussion provide by actual supply for
one-half of the available nitrogen actually called for to meet
the demand as above pointed out. A liberal cultivation of
peas and beans cannot fail to benefit the nitrogen resources
of the soil.

Potatoes were planted May 10 ; spinach and beets were
sown May 15 ; lettuce and cabbage plants were set out May
15 ; tomatoes were set out May 29 ; celery plants were set
out June 20. The seeds in every case were taken from the
same lot ; the young plants were raised under corresponding
conditions in the same hot-bed, and a corresponding number
transplanted in each plat. All plats were kept clean from
weeds and treated in a like manner during the season. The
crops were harvested whenever fit for the market. The
sul>sequent tabular statements of the yield of the crops show
the date of maturity and the cjuantity oljtained at different
dates : —

Yield of Spinach {Variety Neiu Zealand).

ri.ATS.

rounds.

Plat 1 (two rows), .

167^

Plat 2 (two rows),.

182

Plat 3 (two rows), .

180|

Plat 4 (two rows),.

57

Plat 5 (two rows), .

210

Plat 6 (two rows) , .

198^

The seed was sown May 10 ; the crop was harvested July
12. The low yield of Plat 4 was due to poor germination
of the seed.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

205

Yield of Beets (Variety EdmuncVs Blood Turnip).

Plats.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (four rows),

Plat 2 (four rows), .

Plat 3 f four rows),

Plat 4 (four rows) ,

Phit 5 (four rows),

Piatt) (four rows),

284^

382

2411

371-1

468^

447

The seed was sown May 15, came up May 22, and the
roots were harvested October 17.

Yield of Red CahJjage (Variety Red Dutch).

Plats.

Perfect Heads.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (one row
Plat 2 (one row-
Plat 3 (one row
Plat 4 (one row
Plat 5 (one row
Plat G (one row

thirty-live plants), .
thirty -five plants), .
thirty-five plants), .
thirty-five plants), .
thirty-five plants), .
thirty-five plants), .

29
29
28
27
27
32

2G6|
213^
1781-
180i
188|
2151-

The plants were set out May 15 and harvested October 2.

Yield of ^V^lite Cabbage (Fottler's).

Perfect Heads.

Pounds.

77

GOo

77

5974

87

GOOf

70

G74|

87

711

86

730|

Plat 1 (three rows; thirty-four plants each),
Plat 2 (three rows ; thirty-four plants each).
Plat 3 (three rows ; thirty-four plants each).
Plat 4 (three rows; thirty-four phmts each).
Plat 5 (three rows ; thirty-four j)lants each).
Plat G (three rows ; thirty-four plants each) ,

The plants were set out May 15
September 1 to October 2.

they were hai'vested

206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Potatoes

( Variety Beauty

of Hebron

)•

Pounds.

Plats,

Marketable.

Small.

Total.

Plat 1 (five rows), .

3U

86

400

Plat 2 (five rows), .

458

62

520

Plat 3 (five rows).

309

81

390

Plat 4 (five rows).

455

70

525

Plat 5 (five rows) ,

462

58

520

Plat 6 (five rows),

475

105

580

The potatoes were planted May 10, one ])U8liel of seed
being used per plat ; they were dug August 19.

Yield

of Celery ( Variety Dtoarf Golden Hear

0.

I't.ATS.

I'erffct HcaJs

Pouiuls.

Plat 1 (one row

eighty plants),

*

*

Plat 2 (one row

eighty-four plants),

*

*

Plat 3 (one row

eighty-four plants),

*

*

Plat 4 (one row

eighty-four plants),

*

*

Plat 5 (one row

eiglity-f our jjI ants),

*

*

Plat 6 (one row

eighty-four plants),

*

*

* Practically a failure on account of the drought.

The plants were set out June 20.

Yield of Lettuce ( Variety Hanson) .

Plats.

Perfect Heads.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (one row

seventy-five i^lants),

65

37^

Plat 2 (one row

seventy-five plants),

67

40

Plat 3 (one row

seventy-thi'ee plants), .

68

45

Plat 4 (one row

seventy-seven plants), .

71

62|

Plat 5 (one row

seventy-five plants).

73

75

Plat 6 (one row

seventy-five plants),

67

52

The plants were set out May 15 ; they were harvested
July 6.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

207

Yield of Tomatoes ( Variety Essex Hybrid) .

Plats.

Date of IIakvksting.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

0.

August 8 (matured), .

Pounds.
22

Pounds.

20

Pounds.

151

Pounds.

12i

Pounds.

9

Pounds.

151

August 11 (matui'ed), .

25

181

2-ti

^H

26^

18

August IG (matured), .

38

35

48

551

52

49

August 21 (matured), .

3(U

m

25J

49

48|

63

August 25 (matured), .

321

461

47

53

53^

65^

August oO (matured) , .

45

80

to

72

lOOf

57

SejDtember 1 (matured).

101

651

61

861

851

32|

September 5 (matured),

19

47

77

95

112

60^

Sejitember 11 (matured).

26

83

89

621

1221

39

September 15 (matured).

191

111

m

71

92

191

Sei3tember 20 (matured),

2fii

111|

931

100.1

154 1

35

Total weight of matured
tomatoes,

3061

6601

640

681-1

7561

4371

September 23 (greeu) , .

561

214

1671

137

2221

81

Total Aveight of tomatoes,
both matured and green.

363

8741

807^

818^

978f

5151

There vrere two rows in each phit, and from twenty-two
to twenty-three plants in each row. The plants were set
out from the hot-bed May 29 ; they came in l)loom June 16,
and beijan to form tomatoes June 29.

Potatoes (^Variety Beauty of Hebron).

Pounds.

Pl.AT.S.

1891.

189a.

1893.

Plat 1 (five rows), ....

-

585

400

Plat 2 (five rows), ....

-

665

520

Plats (five rows). ....

-

545

390

Plat 4 (five rows), ....

735

640

525

Plat 5 (five rows), ....

780

740

520

Plat 6 (five rows), ....

-

435

580

208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tomatoes {Variety Essex Hybrid).

POLNDS.

1891.

1808.

1893.

Plat 1 (two I'ows), ....

-

464

339

Plat 2 (two rows), ....

-

,572

874^

Plat .') (two rows), ....

-

466

807

I'lat -4 (two rows) , . . . .

641

515

783

Plat 5 (two rows), ....

647

593

928i

Plat 6 (two rows), , . . .

-

332

515

Lettuce {Variety Hanson).

Seventy Plants.

1893.

1893.

Plat 1

(one row), .

411

401

Plat 2

(one row),

36

42

Plat 3

(one row),

43

46

Plat 4

(one row),

76

62

Plat 5

(one row),

60

70

Plat 6

(one row),

36

55

Cabbages ( Variety Fottlefs) .

Sixty. TWO Plants.

189S.

1893.

Plat 1 (two rows),

534

490

Plat 2 (two rows),

762

484

Plat 3 (two rows),

576

428

Plat 4 (two rows),

458

595

Plat 5 (two rows),

674

508

Plat 6 (two rows),

586

527

1894.J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

20^)

Spi)iach (^Variety JSfeio Zealand).

Plats.

1893.

1893.

riat 1

(two rows),

.

192

1671

Plat 2

(two rows),

233

182

Plat ;]

(two I'OWS),

202

180,^

Plat 4

(two i-ows),

230

-

Plat 5

(two rows),

232

210

Plat G

(two row^s),

134

198^.

Beets {Variety EdmumVs Blood Tuiiup),

I'LATS.

1892.

1893.

Plat 1 (four rows),

350

2S4-I

Plat 2 (four rows),

345

3S2

Plat 3 (four rows),

515

2411

Plat 4 (four rows) ,...,..

455

37U

Plato (four rows), ......

509

4681-

Plato (four rows),

495

447

An examination of the preceding results shows the serious
influence of the dry weather throughout a large part of the
past season, as affecting the total yield of the different plats
as compared with eacli other. Potatoes, cabbages, beets and
spinach show" a marked decrease in total yield over last year,
while lettuce and tomatoes show a considerably larger yield.
The relative yield of the plats for both seasons is only slightly
affected.

Field C, Eastern Portion,
The portion of Field C east of the plats is 183 by 131
feet, and contains .55 acre. The fertilizer applied con-
sisted of 300 pounds of fine-ground bone and 100 pounds

210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of muriate of potash, applied broadcast. On May 8 the
field was sown to vetch and oats, 25 pounds of vetch and
2J bushels of oats being used for seed. The crop made an
even and rapid growth. About two-fifths of the crop was
used for green fodder July 6 to 18. The remainder was
cut as hay. The area cut for green fodder yielded 5,053
pounds, or 21,800 pounds per acre ; that cut as hay weighed
1,750 pounds, or 5,469 pounds per acre. On July 28
the land was again ploughed. A fertilizer mixture, com-
posed of 100 pounds of nitrate of potash and 300 pounds
of ground bone, was applied broadcast and harrowed in.
August 4 the field was sown to buckwheat; this came in
bloom September 1. The crop liegan to be cut for green
fodder when in full bloom, Septem5)er 11, and the cutting
was completed September 29. The yield of green fodder
was 3,870 pounds, or 7,036 pounds of green fodder per
acre.

Anab/sis of Vetch and Ont^ {Green).

Moisture at 100" C, 79.16

Dry matter, 20.84

100.00
Annlrjfti^i of T)ru Matter.

Crude ash, 8.80

" cellulose, 30.34

" fat, 3.90

" protein, 13.27

Nitrogen-free extract matter, . . » . . . .43.69

100.00

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

211

TV.

CO
CO

o

2
0

in

V.

n.

"VT.

in.

Vetch and Oats.

O

c

CO
O

O

o

CO

212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. Experiments with a Variety of New Forage
Crops (1893).

Field D.

This iield has been used for the past two years for the
raising of a variety of reputed annual and perennial fodder
crops, in the majority of cases new to our section of the
country, to study their adaptation to our climate and soil.
Some of them have since been raised on a larger scale success-
fully and profitably for the support of our dairy stock.

The field is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide, covering an
area of 22,960 square feet, or .527 acre. The land was
ploughed April 24 and May 10. The fertilizer used con-
sisted of a mixture of 600 pounds of ground bone and 200
pounds of muriate of potash, which was applied broadcast
and harrowed in before seeding. The dificrent crops were
planted in rows two and one-half feet apart, and were kept
free from weeds throughout the season. They were arranged
in the field during the past season in the following order,
beginning at the west end : —

White lupine (Liqiinns albns).

Yellow lupine {Liijx'iins lutens).

Prickley comf rey {Sipnjyhi/tum officinale) .

Forest pea or flat pea {^Lathyrus sylvestn's) .

Late-maturing soja beau {Soja Idsinda).

Kidney vetch {AntlnjlUs vulneraria) .

Early-maturing wliite soja bean {Soja Ju'sp/'da).

Sainfoin (Onohrychi.s sativa).

Early-maturing black soja bean {Soja hisi)i(ht).

Cow-pea (Dolichos sinensis).

Serradella {Ornithopus sativus).

Spring vetch ( Vicia satiirt) .

Bokhara clover (Mdilotus alba).

Horse bean {Vicia faha).

Kallir corn.

Common buckwheat {Far/opyrum escnJenfum) .

Japanese buckwheat {FiKjopyrum esculent am).

Silver-hull buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum) .

Summer rape {Brassica Napus).

Carrots {Daucxs carota).

White lupine {Lnpiuus aJha), four rows. The seed was
sown i\lay 19. The young plants broke ground May 29;

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 213

they were considerably affected by the drought of July and
August. The plants proved to be of a late variety, blossom-
ing the latter part of September. The seed was bought of
J. M. Thorburn, New York City, at eleven cents per pound.

Yellow lupine {Lupinus Jutens), four rows. The seed
was sown May 19 and came up May 29. The plants began
to blossom July 29, pods commenced forming August 5, and
ripened seed throughout the month of September. Large,
well-formed tubercles were found on the roots of this, as well
as on those of the preceding variety.

Both varieties of lupine deserve a high recommendation
for green manuring, having served us well for that purpose.

Prickley comfrcy (6['/nq)h//lum officinale), one row. The
roots remained in the ground from last year, and wintered
well during the winter of 1892-93. The plants started into
growth early in the spring, and blossomed June 13 ; July 24
they were cut. The plants were again cut early in the fall.
Both cuttings showed a liberal, vigorous growth. This fod-
der plant offers but little inducement for home cultivation
when compared with many of our annual leguminous plants.

Forest pea or flat pea (Lafhyrus sylvestris), three rows.
The roots remained in the ground from last year;- they were
pai-tially winter-killed. The crop blossomed June 24 and
was cut July 27, at which time the growth was large and
rank. A second growth was cut during* the fall. Our re-
sults thus far are but little encouraging.

Late-maturing soja bean (^Soja hisjjida), two rows. The
seed was sown May 19, the young plants appearing above
the ground May 29. They made a vigorous and leafy growth,
blossoming September 15. This variety is apparently of
much less feeding value than the earlier blooming varieties.
The seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn of New York City,
at eight cents per pound.

Kidney vetch {AnthyUis vulneraria), four rows. The
roots remained in the ground from last year, and wintered
very well. The plants blossomed for the first time since
seeding June 13 ; they were cut July 24. No second cut
was obtained. It is a very attractive plant when in bloom.
Seed was bought of D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.

Early-maturing white soja bean (Soja hispida), ten rows.

214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

THe seed was sown May 19 and came up May 29. Tlie plants
began to blossom July 17 ; they were cut August 19. The
seed was of our own raising. This variety has served us well
for several years as hay and as ensilage (see previous reports) .

Sainfoin ( Onohrychis sativa) , five rows. The crop wintered
well from last year. The plants began to blossom June 5
and were cut July 27. A second growth was produced.
The seed was bought of Henry Nungesser, New York City,
at six cents per pound.

Early-maturing black soja bean (^/Soja /iisj)ida), five rows.
The seed was sown May 19 and the young plants broke
ground May 29. They came into bloom July 17 and were
cut August 19. The only marked difference between the
black and the white varieties consists in the color of the seeds
and of more foliaceous growth in the case of the black variety.
It is a valuable fodder plant and stands our climate well.
The seed used was of our own raising.

Cow-pea {DolicJios sinensis), five rows. The seed was
sown May 19, the young plants appearing above ground
May 2G. August 26 the plants l)lossomed and were cut for
fodder. Most varieties of this plant do not produce ripe
seed with us. The seed was obtained of D. Landreth & Sons,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Serradella (^Ornitliopus safivus), five rows. The seed was
sown May 19 and came up ISiaj 29 ; blossoms appeared July
11 and the crop was cut for fodder August 14, The growth
was very rank and heavy. The crop has supplied us for
years with a good green fodder. I'lie seed was obtained of
Henry Nungesser, New York Cit}-, at eight cents per pound.

Spring vetch (Vicia sativa), five rows. The seed was
sown May 19, the plants appearing May 26 and beginning to
blossom July 1 1 . August 4 the growth was cut for fodder.
Vetch with oats has furnished us for several years an excellent
material for green fodder and hay. The seed was obtained of
Henry Nungesser, New York City, at eight cents per pound.

Bokhara clover (3IeUlotus alba), five rows. The seed was
sown May 19. The plants appeared above ground May 26,
and were cut August 12, at which time there were no signs
of blooming. There was a small second gro^vth. The plant
with us is apt to grow rank and too woody to furnish an

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 215

acceptable fodder article for any length of time. The seed
was bought of Henry Nungesser, New York City, at twenty
cents per pound.

Horse bean ( Mciafaba), five rows. The seed was sown
May 19 and came up May 29. The plants began to bloom
July 11. During the summer a blight attacked some of the
leaves, turning them black. The plant furnishes a good
green fodder when raised in connection with oats or barley
and vetch. The seeds are very nutritious. The plants were
cut September 28. The seed was ol)tained of J. M. Thor-
burn & Sons, New York, N. Y., at nine cents per pound.

Kaffir corn, one row. The seed was sent on for trial from
Lawa'ence, Kan. It was planted May 19 and began to come
up May 30 ; August 26 the plants began to head out. They
reached a height of five feet, and were characterized by slender
but very leafy stems. No great agricultural merit could be
obtained in our section of the country, as the plant does not
mature.

Common buckwheat (^Fagopyrurn ef^cKlejifiUJ/), five rows.
The seed was sown INIay 19. The plants broke ground May
27 and came in bloom June 24. This buckwheat made a
smaller gro^\i;h than either of the others. It was cut for fod-
der July 31. We have used common buckwheat with good
results as second crop after vetch and oats or summer grain,
to serve as green fodder for cattle during the latter part of
the season.

Japanese buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum) , five rows.
The seed was sown May 19 and came up May 25. The plants
came in blossom June 24. The grow^th was very heavy, the
leaf development being greater than in the case of either of
the two other varieties of buckwheat. The plants were cut
for fodder, when beginning to form seed, on August 2. This
variety deserves the serious attention of farmers as a substi-
tute for our common buckwheat. The seed was obtained of
J. M. Thorburn, New York, N. Y., at six cents per pound.

Silver-hull buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum) ^ five rows.
The seed was sown May 19. The plants broke ground May
27 and canie into bloom June 24. July 29 they were cut
for fodder. The seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn, New
York City, at six and one-fourth cents per pound.

21 G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATI(3N. [Jan.

Summer rape (Bi^assica JVapus) , five rows. The seed was
sown ]\Iay 19 and came up May 25. The plants were cut for
fodder August 7, at which date they showed no signs of
blooming. A second growth was cut early in the fall. Both
cuttings showed a healthy and abundant growth. The seed
was obtained of D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.

Carrots (^Daucus carofa). The seed was sown June 1,
appearing above ground June 10. The plat (.155 acres) was
weeded and hoed July 10. The crop w^as harvested Novem-
ber 2. Yield, 5,540 pounds, or 13-14 tons per acre.

Analyses of Crops raised upon Field D (1893).

[I., common buckwheat {Fcujojjyrum esculentum) : dried; cut when iu ))loom
II , silver-hull l)uckwhcat {Faf/opi/nim escidentum) : dried; in bloom. Ill, Jap-
anese buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum) : dried; in bloom. IV., summer rape
{Brassica Napus) : dried; cut before blooming. V., prickley comfrey {S>/mphi/tii>n
officinale) : second growth ]

I'EU C'EXT.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.50

8.91

5.71

11.13

86.79

Dry matter, ....

91.50

91.09

94.29

88.87

13.21

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

AnnhjHs of Dry Matter.

Crude asli, ....

11.03

10.17

12.36

18.25

21.12

" cellulose,

19.35

27.07

36.02

18.15

11.03

" fat, ....

3.0-1

2.55

2.22

3.79

2.06

" protein,.

17.90

12.22

10.80

14.43

17.49

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

45.08

47.99

38.60

45.38

48.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moistiu-e at 100° C,

8.500

8.910

5.720

11.130

86.790

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, ....

2.866

1.954

1.727

2.310

2.800

Potassium oxide,

3.504

2.612

3.521

5.254

5.745

Calcium oxide, .

_*

2.514

3.625

4.153

2.263

Magnesium oxide.

_*

.577

.446

.587

.310

Phosphoric acid,

.547

.OU

.903

.643

.870

Insoluble matter,

_♦

.507

.400

.781

_*

» Not determined.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

217

Analyses of Crops raised upon Field D (1893) — Continued.

[I., yellow lupine (Luphius lutens) : in bloom. II., white lupine {Lupinus albus) :
in bloom. III., sainfoin ( Onobrychis sativus) : dried ; in bloom. IV., Bokhara clover
(Melilotus alba) : dried; in bloom. V., serradella {Omithopus sativa) : green; in
bloom. VI., kidney vetch {Anthyllis vulneraria) : second growth; in bloom.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100° C, .

86.05

85.35

12.17

7.43

82.41

80.85

Dry matter,

13.95

14.65

87.83

92.57

17.59

19.15

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, .

11.14

5.03

8.54

7.66

10.99

13.28

" cellulose,

27.10

31.18

26.95

30.57

30.08

14.94

" fat, .

1.87

2.41

4.49

3.32

2.41

3.51

" protein, .

17.84

18.71

17.70

13.37

15.01

18.43

Nitrogen-free extract
matter, .

42.05

42.67

42.27

45.08

41.13

49.84

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

]\Ioisture at 100° C, .

85.05

85.350

12.170

7.430

82.410

80.850

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen,

2.662

2.993

2.880

2.133

2.632

2.939

Potassium oxide, .

2.949

1.730

2.299

1.979

2.414

1.754

Calcium oxide.

1.926

3.070

1.320

1.927

2.636

4.736

Magnesium oxide.

.328

.730

.489

.374

,384

.287

PhosiJhoric acid, .

.603

.350

.854

.602

.804

.443

Insoluble matter, .

1.076

.900

.535

.061

.557

.809

218 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Crops raised upon Field D {1S93) — Concluded.

[I., flat pea (Lafhyrus sylvestris) : in bloom. II., flat pea {Lathyrus sylvesfris) :
second growth. III., common vetch (Vicia sativa) : in bloom. IV., horse bean
{Vida faba) : with pods forming. V., soja bean (Soja hlspida) : with pods form-
ing. VI., cow-pea (Dolichos sinensis) : with pods forming.

Per

Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100° C, .

8.96

78.62

9.90

84.83

76.42

80.31

Dry matter,

91.10

21.38

91.10

15.17

23.58

19.69

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, .

9.39

8.91

8.24

5.75

7.74

9.29

" cellulose.

31.76

20.38

30.27

28.17

26.47

21.67

" fat, .

1.78

5.00

2.50

2.31

4.84

4.06

" jjrotein, .

24.04

30.65

15.09

16.68

16.45

17.05

Nitrogen-free extract
matter, .

33.03

35.06

43.80

47.09

44.50

47.93

100.00

100.00

100,00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100"-" C, .

Dry matter contains : —
Nitrogen,
Potassium oxide, .
Calcium oxide.
Magnesium oxide.
Phosphoric acid, .
Insoluble matter, .

8.96

78.62

9.90

84.83

76.42 1

3.846

4.904

2.414

.675

2.476

2.572

2.100

3.010

1.370

1.151

1.791

1.412

1.860

1.370

2.945

.498

.411

_*

.620

1.257

.900

.655

.810

.330

.711

2.011

1.155

.560

2.040

_*

1.796

1.042

2.964

.756

.579

.914

* Not determined.

Spring Vetch (Vicia sativa).
July, 1891. Pods forming.

Early-maturing Soja Beax (Soja Jiispida).
September, 1893. With pods formed.

Flat Pea {iMthyrus syltestris).
August, 1893. In bloom.

Kidney Vetch (AnthyUis vainer aria).
August, 1893. In bloom.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

219

Field " D." — Arrangement of Crops raised.
1892. 1893.

Artichoke.

Prickley Comfrey.
Pyrethrum.
Forest Pea.
Stachy's Tubers.
Kidney Vetch.

Winter Rape.

Sainfoin.
Yellow Trefoil.

Spring Vetch.
Bokhara Clover.

Summer Rape.
Horse Bean.

Serradella.
Soja Bean.

Cow-pea.

Jackson Wonder Bean.

Blue Lupine.
White Lupine.
Yellow Lupine.

Silver-hull Buckwheat.

Japanese Buckwheat.

Common Buckwheat.

w

Minnesota Corn.

White Lupine.

Yellow Lupine.

Prickley Comfrey.

Pyrethrum.

Forest Pea.

Late Soja Bean.

Kidney Vetch.

Early White Soja Bean.
Sainfoin.

Early Black Soja Bean.
Cow-pea.

Serradella.

Spring Vetch.

Bokhara Clover.

Horse Bean.

Kaffir Corn.

Common Buckwheat.

Japanese Buckwheat.

Silver-hull Buckwheat.

Summer Rape.

E

Carrots.

Scale, 50 feet to I inch.

220 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Field E {Rye) .
This field is 200 feet long and 48 feet
wide, containing .286 acre. In Septem-
ber of 1892 the field was ploughed and
the following fertilizer mixture applied :
200 pounds of fine-ground bone and 70
pounds of high-grade sulphate of potash.
The field was then sown to rye and winter
rape, two-thirds of a bushel of rye and ten
pounds of rape l^eing used for seed. Both
the rye and the rape came up and made a
fair fall growth. The rye wintered well,
l)ut the rape entirely winter-killed.* The
rye headed out ]\Iay 29 and was cut July 12.

Yield of Rye.

Grain,

Straw and chaff,

Grain,

Straw and chaff.

Rale i^cr Acre.

Pounds.

336
1,243

1,175
4,246

* Judging from the experiment, the seed sowu proved to Ijc summer rape instead
of winter rape, as supposed.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 221

5. Field Experiments with Different Commercial
Phosphates to study the Ecoxo.aiy of using
THE Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates.

Fiehl F.

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and
137 feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Pre-
vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well
worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of Eng-
lish hay. During the autunni of 1887 the sod was turned
under and left in that state over winter. It was decided to
prepare the field for special experiments with phosphoric
acid by a systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of
plant food. For this reason no manurial matter of any de-
scription was applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other
in the order stated.

1890. — The field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each twenty-one feet wide, with a space
of eight feet l)etween adjoining plats.

The manurial material applied to each of these five plats
contained, in every instance, the same form and the same
quantity of potassium oxide and of nitrogen, while the
phosphoric acid was furnished in each case in the form of
a diiferent commercial phosphoric-acid-containing article,
namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano, Florida phosphate,
South Carolina phosphate (floats) and dissolved bone-l)lack.
The market cost of each of these articles controlled the
quantity applied, for each plat received the same money
value in its particular kind of phosphate.

222 ACxRlCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cost 2^er Ton.

Phosphatic slag, $15 00

Mona guano (West Indies), 15 00

Florida rock phosjjhate, 15 00

South Carolina phosphate (lloal s) , 15 00

Dissolved bone-black, 25 00

Analyses of Phosphates used.

[I., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano ; III., Florida phosphate ; IV., South Carolina
I)hosphate ; V., dissolved bone-black.]

I'KR CkNT.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture,

0.47

12.52

2.53

0.39

15.96

Ash,

_

75.99

89.52

_

61.46

Calcium oxide,

4G.47

37.49

17.89

46.76

_

Magnesium oxide, .

5.05

-

_

_

_

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

14.85

_

14.25

5.78

_

Total phosphoric acid, .

19.04

21.88

21.72

27.57

15.82

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

-

12.65

Reverted phosphoric acid.

-

7.55

-

4.27

2.52

Insoluble phosj^horic acid,

-

14.33

_

23.30

0.65

Insoluble matter,

4.:>9

2.45

30.50

9:04

6.26

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annually
to all the plats, with the exee|)tion of Plat 8, which received
in 1890 ground apatite and in 1<S!)1 no phosphate whatever : —

Pl.ATS.

Animal Supply of Manuriul Substances.

Pounds.

(

Ground phosphatic slag.

127

Plat 1 (south,6,4;»4 s<juarc fc

^t),^

Nitrate of soda.

43

(

Potash-magnesia suli)hate, .

58

<>
1

Ground Mona guano, .

128

Plat 2 (6,565 square fe(!t).

Nitrate of sochi,

43^

Potash-niagn(>sia suli)liate, ,

59

(

Ground Florida pliospliate, .

129

Plat.". (6,6:!6 S(iu:in! feet).

.\

Nitrate of soda.

44

(

Potash-magnesia sulpliate, .

59

(

South Carolina jihosphate, .

131

Plat 4 (6,707 square fiUit),

■]

Nitrate of soda, .

44^

I

Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

60

(

Dissolved bone-black, .

78

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet),

.]

Nitrate of soda, .

45

I

Potash-magnesia sulphate, ,

61

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

223

The phosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phos-
phate and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850
pounds per acre ; dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500
pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of
250 pounds per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the rate
of 390 pounds per acre.

Potatoes were raised upon the plats in 1890 ; in 1891 win-
ter wheat was employed (for details see ninth annual report) ;
in 1892 serradella was the crop experimented with (see tenth
annual report) .

1893. — The field was ploughed April 29. May 6 the
fertilizers Avere applied broadcast to tlie various plats, and
the land was afterwards thoroughly harrowed and pulverized.
May 20 corn, variety " Pride of the North," was planted in
hills, eighteen quarts being used. The crop was cultivated
three times, and hoed twice during the months of June and
July. The corn came in bloom August 1 and was cut Sep-
tember 8. It remained in the field until October 10-13,
when the ears of corn were picked. During the entire season
Plat 1 a})pcared to make a larger and more rapid growth than
any of the other plats.

Height

of Pin

its during the

Season.

Plats.

July 3.

July 10.

July 17.

July 24.

July 31.

Aug. 7.

Plat 0 (inches), .

10

12

16

23

25

39

Plat 1 (inches), .

20

32

44

54

73

86

Plat 2 (inches) , .

1?,

20

2G

40

63

80

Plat;) (inches), .

10

U

19

31

46

69

Plat 4 (inches), .

11

15

23

41

57

79

Plat 5 (inches), .

13

17

27

45

55

81

224 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Crop.

Amount per Plat.

Ratk per Acre.

Plats.

Ears.

stover.

Total.

Ears.

stover.

Total.

Plato,

-

G50

G50

-

3,G60

3,GG0

Plat 1, . . .

4701

1,190

i,nC)Oi

3,195

7,985

11,180

Plat 2,

571

sio

1,381

3,791

5,378

9,1G9

Plat 3,

432

915

1,347

2,834

G,002

8,836

Plat 4,

5791

890

l,4G9i

3,7G7

5,785

9,552

Plat 5,

542|

780

1,322^

. 3,486

5,015

8,501

Plat 1, .
Plat 2, .
Plat 3, .
Plat 4, .
Plat 5, .

Relative Rati

0 of Ears to Stover,

1:2.5
1:1.4
1:2.1
1:1.5
1:1.4

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

225

CO
00

2
LI

226 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

CO
0)
00

6. Experiments with Corn.

Field G.

This field is 700 feet long and 75 feet
wide; area, 52,500 square feet, or 1^
acres. The land is nearly level and the
soil a loam several feet in depth.

May 1 barn-yard manure was applied
to the field at the rate of ten tons per
acre. A few days later the field was
ploughed, harrowed and prepared for
planting. The southern end of the field
for a distance of fifty feet was planted to
artichokes. The remainder of the field
was planted to corn, variety "Pride of
the North." The corn was planted in
hills May 20, sixteen quarts of seed
being used. The crop was cultivated
June 5 and June 23. August 1 the
stalks began to bloom. The crop was
cut September 9. Owing to the wet
condition of the soil on a portion of
the field, the corn on that portion (108
feet of the length of the field) was used
for green fodder. The remainder of the
crop (.92 acre) stood in the field until
October 20, when it was husked.

Yield of Crop {per Acre).

rmiiuls.

2,920

Ears,

Stover, 5,917

Total, 8,837

The artichokes were planted ]May 20
and cultivated throughout the season
with the corn. They blossomed late in
September. The roots will remain in
the ground over winter and are to be
dug in the spring.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 227

7. Field Experoients to cojipare the Effect of Home-
jviADE Mixed Stable Manure, of Unleached Wood
Ashes and of Various Mixtures of ComjViercial
Fertilizing Materials on the Yield of Some
Pro3iinent Farm Crops, when applied as Manure
under Otherwise Fairly Corresponding Condi-
tions (1888-94).

East Field.

The land used for these observations covers an area of
from seven to eight acres, and is located along the east side
of the farm of the station. On its western termination it
borders on a meadow in fair condition, and on its eastern
side it is separated from a natural thrifty grove by a private
road from thirty-five to forty feet wide.

The soil consists of a somewhat sandy loam, with indica-
tions of light springs in various parts of the field. The
more prominent springs are connected by drain pipes with
the main drain of the adjoining meadow since the experi-
ment began.

The entire field slopes gently and quite uniformly from
east to west. Corn and grasses represent in the main the
crops raised upon the ground in years preceding 1887.

The inferior yield and character of the crops of later years
raised upon the land pointed towards an indifferent manage-
ment,' as far as the selection of crops and of manure is
concerned. To destroy weeds and other objectionable local
growths, it became advisable to introduce a thorough system
of drill cultivation.

In the autumn of 1887 the sod which covered the entire
area was turned under by ploughing, and subsequently, by a
repeated use of a wheel harrow, was thoroughly broken up.
One ton of unleached wood ashes (per acre), applied broad-
cast and slightly ploughed in before the close of the season,
served as manure for the coming year (1888).

The succeeding spring, after a thorough mechanical prep-
aration of the soil by ploughing and harrowing, the follow-
ing crops were planted : potatoes, barley, oats and corn.

228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

They Avcre sown in rows running alono; the sloping grounds
from north to south, to secure favora])le conditions for an
advantageous and liberal use of a horse cultivator in the
interest of clean cultivation.

The crops raised during that season showed a fairly uni-
form state of productiveness of the entire field here under
discussion.

1889. — The field experiments with different manures,
which are the special subject of this chapter, began during
the spring of that year.

The lands previously described are divided l)y a grass road
into two parts, a north and a south field. The former
occupies a space of from five to six acres and the latter three
to four acres. Each of these fields, running from north to
south, w as subsequently subdivided into five plats, which were
kept separate from each other by a space of land fourteen
feet wide, running along the entire length of each plat from
east to west. The spaces between adjoining plats were
cultivated and planted in connection with the main plats.
They received, however, at no time manure of any descrip-
tion during the entire experiment.

The crops selected for the experiment were in all cases
planted in the same manner across the five plats set apart
for the observation. They occupied in every case, as far as
the same crops are concerned, the same area. The mechan-
ical preparation of the soil was alike in case of the same crop ;
the same statement applies to the special treatment, as culti-
vating, etc., during the growing season, and to the mode of
harvesting.

TJie difference in the treatment of tJie five 2'>lats icas entirely
confined to a different mode of siq:)phjing plant food to the
cr<yps raised; each plat ivas treated year after year in the
following manner (1889 to 1894) : —

Fertilizer applied Each Year from lS<-^9 to 1S94.

Plat I. — Ilonie-made mixed bars-yard manure, 18,000 pounds
(rate of 10 tons per acre).

Plat II. — Wood ashes, 1,800 pounds (rate of 1 ton per acre).
Plat Hi. — No fertilizer.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

229

Plat IV. — Ground bone, 540 pounds (rate of 600 pounds per
acre) ; muriate of potash, 180 pounds (rate of 200 pounds per
acre ) .

Plat V. — Ground bone, 540 pounds (rate of 600 pounds per
acre) ; sulphate of potash and magnesia, 360 pounds (rate of 400
pounds per acre).

Composition of Fertilizers iised.

Pku Cent.

Nitrogen.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Barn-yard manure, ....

.508

.688

.523

Wood ashes,

-

1.45

7.63

jNIuriate of potash, ....

-

-

40.00

Sulphate of potash and magnesia.

-

-

24.32

Fine-ground bone, ....

4.02

22.96

-

The basis of the valuation of the essential fertilizing
ingredients contained in barn-yard manure is the same as
adopted in case of feed stufl's, viz. : —

Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide.

Cents
per Pound.

. 17^
5
5i

Market Cost at Amherst of Fertilizers used.

Cost

Cost

per Plat.

per Acre.

Plat I., . . . •

129 34

$32 60

Plat II.,

9 90

11 00

Plat IV

11 16

12 40

Plat v.,

14 83

16 48

The ]iarn-yard manure was applied broadcast in the fall
and ploughed in early in the spring. The wood ashes and
commercial fertilizers were applied broadcast and harrowed

230 AGRICULTURAL EXPERTISIENT STATION. [Jan.

in before seeding down. The amount of barn-yard manure
(plat I.) used is an exceptional one, for the purpose of
securing its highest eliect. The annual amount of the
remaining fertilizers in case of plats II., IV. and Y. is
within customary farm practice.

Xame of Crop raised (18Si)).

Entire Area

occupied
by tlio Crop.

Area occupied
by the Crop
in Each Plat.

Barley (in drills two feet aj^art),

Barley (broadcast),

Dent corn, " Pride of the North " (rows three
feet three inches apart) ,

Amount of Seed used per Acre.

Pounds.

Barley, in drills, 57

Barley, broadcast, 70

Dent corn, " Pride of the Xorth '' (rows three feet three inches

apart), 27

Yield of Crojys in Each Plat, ccdcidated for One Acre.
[Pounds.]

Whole Crop.

Plat I.

Plat II.

Plat III.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

Barley, in drills (matured), .
Barley, broadcast (matured) , .
Dent corn (kernels glazed), .

3,00C

2,192

18,875

3,753

2,459

19,246

2,975

2,192

15,461

3,500

2,959

20,735

2,405

2,658

19,644

Drilled barley when cut contained 44.4 per cent, of solid
matter; corn when cut contained 25.4 per cent, of solid
matter.

Conclusion. — The generally fair state of productiveness
of the lands at the beginning of the experiment shows itself
in the fact that the unfertilized plat (III.) yields but little
less than some of the fertilized plats.

1890. — The system of manuring and the general treat-
ment ot the soil was the same as in the preceding year.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

231

Name of Crop raised (1890).

Entire Area

occupied bj'

Crop.

Area occu-
pied by Crop
in Each Plat.

Vetch and oats (broadcast), ....
Scotch tares (in drills three feet three inches

apart),

Soja bean (in drills three feet three inches apart) ,

Acres.

.88

.81
2.08

Acres.

.158

.146
.374

Amount of Seed used per Acre.
Vetch and oats, 80 pounds of oats and 40 i^ounds of vetch.
Scotch tares in drills, ...... 47 pounds.

Soja bean in drills, 50 pounds.

Yield of Crops in Each Pled, ccdculated for One Acre.
[Pounds.]

Wholk Crop.

riat I.

riat II.

Plat III.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

Vetch and oats (green, bloom-
ing when cut),

Scotch tares (hayed, blooming
when cut), ....

Soja bean (green, blooming
when cut) , .

11,924
2,842
9,037

8,266
3,322
9,556

7,190
1,884
7,313

10,355

3,219

10,603

11,411

3,664
10,305

Vetch and oats when cut contained 20 j^er cent, dry matter.

Soja bean when cut contained 22 per cent, dry matter.

Scotch tares when cut and dried contained 80 per cent, dry matter.

Conclusions.

1. The effect of the commercial manures applied in case
of plats IV. and V. on the yield of crops compares very
favorably with that of barn-yard manure (plat I.).

2. Wood ashes have given in our case on the whole quite
satisfactory results.

3. The presence in the soil of a lil^eral amount of
organic vegetable matter in all plats, due to the sod turned
under (1888-8!)), has in all prol^ability brought the highest
possible manurial effect of wood ashes and commercial fertil-
izers (plats II., IV., v.).

4. The sulphate of potash-magnesia has given us, in case
of leguminous plants, in two out of three cases a better
yield of crops than the muriate of potash. The crops are in
the majority of cases leguminous plants (clover-like plants).

232 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. The decline in the yiekl of the unfertilized as com-
pared with that of the fertilized plats becomes more ap-
parent than in the preceding year.

1891. — The system of manuring and the general treat-
ment of the soil corresponded to that in preceding years.

Name of Crop raised (1891).

Entire Area

occupied
by the Crop.

Area occupied
by the Crop
in Each Phxt.

Barley (in drills two feet apart),

Oats (in drills two feet apart), ....

Oats (broadcast), .......

Acres.

1.68

.92

1.19

Acres.

.302
.165
.214

Amount of Seed used per Acre.

Barley, in drills,
Oats, in drills, .
Oats, broadcast,

Pounds.

68
65

78

Yield of Crops in Each Plat, calculated for One Acre.
[Pounds.]

Plat I

Plat II.

Plat III.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

f straw,
1
Barley.in drills, •; grain.

2,000
1,113

1,952
1,060

1,526
692

2,179
1,133

2,219
1,043

[ Total,

f straw,

Oats, in drills,-; grain,

3,113
2,263
1,248

3,012
2,558
1,170

2,218

1,636

729

3,312
2,878
1,333

3,262
2,448
1,188

t Total,

f straw,

Oats, broadcast, -J grain,

3,511

3,192

897

4,089

3,728
2,481
696 ■

2,365
1,729

467

4,211
3,140
1,065

3,636

2,977

991

L Total,

3,177

2,196

4,205

3,968

Weight of Strcuu and Grain reduced to a Percentage (1S91).

Plat I.

Plat II.

Plat III.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

( straw.

64

65

69

66

6d

Barley, in drills,

grain.

36

35

31

34

32

( straw,

64

69

69

68

67

OatB, in drills,

[ grain,

36

31

31

32

33

( straw,

78

78

79

75

75

Oats, broadcast.

t grain, .

22

22

21

25

25

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

233

An examination of the above-stated results leads to the
following conclusions : —

1. Seeding in drills has in every instance given a larger
percentage of grain than seeding broadcast.

2. The yield of the crop on the fertilized plats exceeds
as a rule about thirty-three per cent, that of the crop
obtained on the unfertilized plat.

3. The results obtained by the aid of commercial manures
applied to plats IV. and V. com])arc very favorably with
those obtained with barn-yard manure or wood ashes.

4. Muriate of potash as potash source of plant food in
case of grain crops as a rule leads in yield of crops the
sulphate of potash-magnesia.

1892. — The system of manuring was the same as in pre-
ceding years. The general treatment of the soil was alike
in all }xlat8.

Name of Crop raised (189'2).

Entire Area

occupied
by tlie Crop.

Area occupied
by tlie Crop
in Each I'lat.

Canada peas and oats (broadcast),

Soja bean (in drills two and a half feet apart),

Dent corn, " Pride of the North " (in drills two
and a half feet apart, two feet apart in row), .

Acres.

.81

3.31

.158
.146

,596

Amount of Seed used j)e/- Acre.
Canada jieas, 2 bushels, and oats, -1 bushels.
Soja beans, .... 60 pounds.
Dent corn, .... 14 quarts (26 to 28 pounds).

Yield of Crop in Each Plat., calculated for One Acre.
[Pounds.]

Plat I.

Plat II.

• Plat III. 1 Plat IV.

Plat v.

Canada peas and oat8 (green, in full
bloom)

Soja bean, . ....

' Kernels glazing.
Dent corn ^ Stover, ....

. Ears, ....

*
25,034

13,861 11,291

* *

20,025 1 13,674

15,101
*

t
8,121
1,557

14,829

*

t
8,020
1,200

* Not weighed, being fed during August and September.
t Cut for silo.

234 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Dent corn when cut for the silo (kernels glazed but soft)
contained from 2G to 28 per cent, of dry vegetable matter ;
peas and oats when cut (in bloom) contained from 15 to 16
per cent, of dry vegetable matter. As the vetch and oats
raised upon the same plats in 1890 contained 20 per cent,
of dry matter when cut, it will be seen that this crop under
fairly corresponding conditions compares well with that of
Canada peas and oats, as far as their yield is concerned.

Analyses of : —

1. Vetch and oats (1890).

2. Canada peas and oats (1892).

3. Early-maturing soja bean (when blooming) (1892).

• Pee Cent.

1.

2.

3.

Moisture at 100" C, .

Dry matter,

76.21
23.79

86.32
13.68

72.90
27.10

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" protein, .....
Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

100.00

7.25

31.73

3.37

7.70
49.95

100.00

6.90
26.66

2.29
16.01
48.14

100.00

11.05
24.73
7.22
13.64
43.36

100.00

100.00

100.00

1S93. — The system of manuring the same as in the pre-
ceding year ; the general preparation of the soil and of the
same crops in all plats alike.

0 Name of Crop raised (1893).

Entire Area

occupied
by the Crop.

Area occupied

by Crop
in Each Plat.

Soja bean (broadcast),

Vetch and oats (broadcast), ....
Barley (broadcast),

Acres.

1.68
1.38
1.94

Acres.

.303
.248
.349

Amount of Seed u»ed per Acre.
Soja beans (broadcast), 103 pounds.
Vetch, 60 pounds ; oats, 4f bushels.
Barley, 2| bushels.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

235

Yield of Crops in Each Plat, calculated per Acre.

[Pounds.]

Plat I.

Plat II.

Plat III.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

Soja bean (hayed in bloom),

Vetch and oats (hayed, cut in full
bloom)

Barley, total (dry, matured),

3,564

4,234
3,837

3,498

5,325
2,579

825

2,944
2,178

2,442

4,315
2,894

4,092

6.210
2,149

A comparison of the yield of all the fertilized plats with
that of the yield of the unfertilized plat shows the following
difference in yield per acre, in pounds : —

Plat I.

Plat II.

Plat IV.

Plat V.

1889.

Barley in drills,

31

778

525

—570

Barley broadcast,

*

267

767

466

Dent corn (green) ,

3,354

3,785

5,274

4,183

1890.

Vetch and oats (green), ....

4,734

1,076

3,164

3,221

Scotch tares (hay) ,

958

1,438

1,338

1,780

Soja bean (green),

1,724

2,243

3,310

2,992

1891.

Barley, sti-aw and chaff, ....

474

426

653

693

Barley, grain,

421

368

441

351

Oats in drills, straw and chaff", .

631

922

1,242

812

Oats in drills, grain,

519

441

604

459

Oats broadcast, straw and chaff.

1,463

752

1,411

1,248

Oats broadcast, grain, ....

430

229

598

524

1892.

Canada peas and oats (green), .

-

2,570

8,810

3,533

Dent corn (green),

11,360

6,351

-

-

1893.

Soja bean (hay), . . ...

2,731

2,673

1,617

3,267

Vetch and oats (hay) , ....

1,290

2,379

1,371

3,266

Barley (matui*ed, whole crop), .

1,659

401

716

—29

* No difference.

236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Conclusions.

1. Soja beans should be planted in drills, to keep the
weeds down. They grow too slowly to shade the ground
sufficiently against objectionable vegetation.

2. Vetch and oats yield larger crops, suitable for green
fodder, than soja bean, at an early part of the season. They
yield also a larger crop of dry fodder for winter use.

3. Both crops, vetch and oats and soja bean, produce a
valuable ensilage. Two weight parts of corn, cut when the
kernels are glazing, and one weight part of early-maturing
soja bean, have furnished us a valuable ensilage for winter
and spring use.

1. Analysis of fodder corn for ensilage.

2. Analysis of corn and soja-bean ensilage.

Per

Cent.

1.

2.

Moisture at 100° C,

68.53

77.42

Dry matter,

31.47

22.58

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

5.68

9.72

" cellulose,

22.99

25.01

" fat,

2.81

4.29

" pi'otein,

6.22

6.82

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

62.30

54.16

100.00

100.00

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

237

8. EXPERBIEXTS WITH GrASS LaND (MeADOWS).

The meadows under consideration comprise an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field to 1880 consisted of old,
worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth on
its more elevated portion and covered with weeds and
sedges in its lower section. The improving of the land by
underdraining and ploughing, and subsequently by the use
of a system of drill culture, began in some parts (north end)
in 1886 and in others (south end) in 1887. For details of
this work, see ninth and tenth annual reports (1891-92).

1893. — In the spring of this year a change was made in
the area and mode of manuring of the grass plats. The
area was divided into three plats, Plat 1 (3.97 acres) being
the area heretofore covered by plats 1 and 2 ; Plat 2 (2.59
acres) and Plat 3 (3 acres) correspond to plats 3 and 4 of
former years.

The system of manuring adopted was as follows : —

Plot 1. — Wood ashes, 1 ton to the acre.
Plat 2. — Barn-yard manure, 8 tons to the acre.
Plat 3. — Six hundred pounds fine-ground bone and 200 pounds
muriate of potash to the acre.

Yield of Hay (IS 93).

Yield per Plat.

Eate per Acre.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

First cut, ....
Second cut, . . . ~' .

9.60

2.99

5.34
2.22

5.80
2.67

2.28
.77

2.62

.86

1.94

.64

Total yield, .

12.59

7.56

8.47

3.05

3.48

2.58

238 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Hay (1889-93).

Rath per Acre (Tons).

First
Cut.

Second
Cut.

Total.

1889.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 18 tons to acre,

2.73

1.14

3.87

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre,

2.38

1.21

3.59

Plat o, GOO pounds of steamed bone and 200

pounds mui'iate of jiotash,

2.50

1.03

3.56

•

1890.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 14 tons to acre,

3.80

1.00

4.80

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 11 tons to acre,

3.26

1.34

4.59

Plat 3, as in 1889,

3.00

.73

3.73

Plat -4, wood ashes, 1 ton to acre, ....

2.23

.68

2.91

1891.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre,

3.2G

.72

3.98

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, G tons to acre.

2.99

.72

3.71

Plat 3, as in 1890,

2.32

.51

2.83

Plat 4, as in 1890,

2.32

.51

2.83

1892.

Plat 1, as in 1891,

2.77

1.04

3.81

Plat 2, as in 1891,

2.70

.98

3.68

Plat 3, as in 1891,

2.33

.64

2.97

Plat 4, as in 1891,

2.18

1.02

3.20

1893.

Plats 1 and 2, wood ashes, 1 ton to acre.

2.28

.77

3.05

Plat 3, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre.

2.62

.86 '

3.48

Plat 4, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds
muriate of potash to acre,

1.94

.64

2.58

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 239

9. Eepoet ox General Farm ^YoRK (1893).

The lands assigned for the use of the Massachusetts State
Agricultural Experiment Station cover an area of fifty acres.
Ten acres are natural woodlands, and forty acres, including
the space occupied by the buildings, are used for the raising
of farm crops. At present from fifteen to sixteen acres are
under cultivation, and from sixteen to seventeen acres are
permanent grass lands. As every portion of the land is at
present serving for some special experiment, the general
management of the farm is to a controlling degree subjected
to the requirements of the work called for in connection with
the various questions under investigation. The adoption of
a thorough mechanical preparation of the soil, supported by
a careful, clean cultivation of the crops raised, has brought
the lands into a fair condition for field experiments. Each
field has had for years its own system of manuring, and
becomes thereby from year to year more valuable for experi-
mental purposes. Wherever circumstances have been favor-
able, forage crops have been chosen, for the pui-pose of
studying the influence of various systems of fertilization and
cultivation on their growth and special character. This
practice has resulted already in the successful introduction
of some valuable forage plants new to our locality, and has
also materially assisted us in an economical support of quite
extensive experiments in stock feeding. The beneficial efiect
of many of these crops on the physical and chemical condi-
tion of our cultivated lands is everywhere noticed, when
compared with their previous general condition.

During the past season several varieties of soja bean, vetch
and oats and buckwheat have been raised. The vetch and
oats was fed in part green and in part as hay to dairy cows.
The soja bean was fed as hay.

Twenty tons of corn have been put into the silos, and the
remainder has been fed in part as fodder corn, or has Ijeen
harvested when matured, and the corn stover obtained will
serve for the support of dairy stock in place of hay.

240 AGRICULTURAL EXPEROIEXT STATIOX. [Jan,

The character and amount of farm and garden crops raised
in 1893 may be seen from the following statement : —

Tons.

Hay (fir.stcut), 31^

Rowen, 10^

Potatoes, ... 7|

Oats (1,368 pounds grain, 5,032 pounds straw), . , . . S^

Vetch and oats (hay), . . 3|

Vetch and oats (green), 2 J

Fodder corn (green), 2f)|

Corn stover, 5|

Corn (ears), 2|

Soja bean (haj-), -2^

Barley, 2^

Rye (226 pounds grain, 1,243 pounds straw), |

Buckwheat (green), IJ

Tomatoes, , ' ^i

Cabbages, IJ

Si^inach, |

Lettuce, J

Roots (carrots, 5,540 i)ounds ; Ijeets, 2,194 jiounds ; turnips, 2,157

pounds), 5

Miscellaneous, 3

112^

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 241

10. On Special Fertilization avith Eeference to Some
Prominent Industrial Crops, Fruits and Garden
Vegetables.

One of the first requirements for a healthful condition and
subsequent successful propagation of any plant consists in
adopting a well-devised system of fertilization.

A system of manuring may l)e called well devised or
rational when it is based upon the results of a careful exam-
ination into the composition of the plant under cultivation,
and on a due consideration of its natural qualifications for
availing itself of the needed plant food both from the atmos-
phere and the soil in question. "When raised under other-
wise corresponding circumstances, plants with a well-de-
veloped and extensive root system may prosper where those
with a compact one will fail ; the same statement applies
with equal force to the character of their leaf systems.

To ascertain with certainty the composition of a plant,
especially with reference to its soil constituents, requires
repeated examinations in difierent stages of its growth and
when raised upon difierent kinds of soil. The relations of
the various mineral constituents of the plant to its successful
development must l)e fairly understood to know what ele-
ments of plant food ought to be present in the soil, in an
available form, to render success possible.

]\Iost of our farm plants have been carefully investigated,
and their requirements regarding kind and amount of the
various articles of plant food for their successful production
may be considered fairly well understood. This circum-
stance cannot be claimed with the same certainty regarding
the so-called "garden crops" and fruit-producing plants.
Our stock of information with regard to these is in an excep-
tional degree unsatisfactory. The slowness of the exhaustive
action of fruit trees on the soil, on account of their extensive
root systems, and the beneficial eflect of a frequent rotation
of crops in case of garden plants, in connection with a cus-
tomary liberal supply of vegetable refuse material and of
home-made manures, have apparently delayed the need of a
scientific inquiry into the special wants of the garden and

242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

orchard on the part of agricultural chemists. A surplus in
the quantity of manurial matter has no doubt quite frequently
provided for special wants ; and in this view is secured an
intelligent explanation of the results. There is no scarcity
of valuable testimony to the fact of exceptionally good suc-
cess in raising fruits and garden crops by the aid of a liberal
supply of compound manurial matters, such as barn-yard
manure, vegetable compost of various descriptions, wood
ashes and others of a similar varying and thus ill-defined
composition ; yet it is equally well understood that but little
satisfactory explanation can be given in many instances re-
garding the particular relation which exists between the con-
stituents or conditions of such manurial substances applied
and the quantity and quality of the crops raised by their aid.

The world-wide reputation of barn-yard manure and wood
ashes dates back not merely one or two centuries ; their good
eflects have been known for thousands of years ; and we
have very good reason to believe that their general reputa-
tion rests on their complex character and their beneficial
influence over various physical and chemical qualities of the
soil. They contain in the majority of cases more or less of
all the essential soil constituents which our cultivated farm
and garden plants need, and they supply on that account, to
some extent at least, not only known but also unknown
deficiencies of plant food. They may thus ensure, other
circumstances being favorable, for a longer or shorter period
of time, reasonable success when applied in suitable quanti-
ties.

Experience has shown that refuse manurial matter, like
barn-yard manure, is most efficient when used for the repro-
duction of those crops which contributed materially to its
manufacture ; a similar view may l)e maintained with refer-
ence to the manurial value of vegetable compost and ashes.
The exceptional occurrence of these favorable conditions
materially limits, in the light of our present information,
their claim of being the best of manures for farm and garden
under all circumstances, and needing no further supplement-
ing to meet any special deficiencies of plant food. The
whole aspect of the question how to manure efficiently has
gradually but decidedly changed within the last fifty years.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243

We prefer to-day to speak of feeding plants. To secure
the best possible results in feeding plants requires informa-
tion with regard to the three following points : namely, with
relation to the physical and chemical character of the soil in
question ; a knowledge of the special wants of the plant
under cultivation, as regards the absolute and relative pro-
portions of the various essential articles of plant food re-
quired ; and a familiarity with the composition and the gen-
eral physical properties of the different kinds of manurial
matter at our disposal.

A brief statement of the principal results of a systematic,
scientific examination into the circumstances w^hich control a
healthy and vigorous growth of plants may not be out of
place here.

First. All our cultivated plants on the farm, in the garden
and in the orchard contain the same elementary constituents,
yet no two of them in the same absolute amounts and relative
proportions. The list comprises carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium,
magnesium, silicon, chlorine (manganese?).

Seco7id. These plant constituents are furnished in part by
the surrounding atmosphere, in part by the soil, and some in
varying proportions by both.

Third. The essential plant constituents are not needed
in different plants in the same invariable proportions at the
various successive stages of growth, but are wanted at differ-
ent stages of growth in different al)solute amounts and rela-
tive proportions. Each kind of plant has its especial wants
at different stages of its development. (Grains require much
nitrogen in an available form during their later period of
growth, when blooming and forming seed, while grape vines
need a large amount of potash during the growing and matur-
ing of the fruit, etc )

Fourth. The absolute amount of the essential mineral
constituents may vary in the same kind of plant when raised
on different soils and in different climates without, as a rule,
affecting the general character of the plant ; y-et it appears,
however, that not one of the essential elements can to any
extent replace another one without affecting more or less
seriously the amount and relative proportion of the organic

244 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

constituents of the plant. It has been noticed that many of
our cultivated plants are more or less susceptible of chansre
in that direction, owing to a liberal application of one or the
other essential constituent.

Fifth. It has also been shown that the particular form
of the various articles of plant food, as well as the special
associations in which they may Ijc applied, exerts quite fre-
quently a decided influence, not only on the quantity of the
crop, but also on its quality.

The observations referred to above (^fourth andjjfth) de-
serve particularly the serious attention of all parties engaged
in the raising of industrial crops, as well as garden crops and
fruits ; in fact, wherever a special quality of the product
aflects the commercial value of the same. We know that
whenever such changes are made they are as apt to be in our
favor as against our best interests. The history of the suc-
cessful production of many of our industrial crops furnishes
us with an abundance of illustrations of the existence of
such relationships, as in the case of sugar-producing plants,
tobacco, etc.

Sixth. The natural resources of the soil in available plant
food have proved, as a rule, ultimately insufiicient for a
remunerative management of the farm, the garden and the
orchard. Older systems of agriculture have failed on account
of a scanty supply of plant food, and many failures in our
present SA'stem of management will most likely be ascribed
at some future day to an indifferent application of the essen-
tials of plant food.

From the foreijoino; record of well-established conclusions,
derived from actual observation in the vegetation house, the
field and the garden, we can draw, if we desire, some valu-
able lessons for our guidance in the practical management of
the various branches of agricultural and liorticultural industry.

A careful consideration of the points stated cannot fail to
impress all interested parties with the fact that to manure
our lands efficiently means to-day something more than to
incorporate into the soil an exceptionally liberal amount of
some incidental refuse matter of ill-defined composition, as
l)arn-yard manure, vegetable compost or wood ashes. Both
good economy and the desirability of securing a successful

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 245

and thus economical production of the various farm and
garden crops strongly advise the change from an indifferent
system of manuring to a more rational one in every branch
of agriculture and horticulture.

The steadily increasing consumption of agricultural chem-
icals and of commercial manurial compounds, for the })urpose
of supplementing our home resources of manurial matter, is
a gratifying endorsement of the good service which syste-
matic, scientific, experimental investigation into the causes of
a successful production of remunerative crops have rendered
to practical agriculture and horticulture.

Much has thus far been accomplished, considering the
short period of time since our views regarding these points
have changed ; yet much more work is still necessary to
secure a reasonably adequate control of the subject under
discussion. To promote these interests it seems to be
desirable that agricultural chemists render themselves more
familiar with the best current modes of a successful horti-
cultural practice, and that horticulturists make themselves
familiar with the more recent results of the scientific in-
vestigations made in their interests by giving them a fair
and careful trial in the practical pursuit of their business.

Every attempt at a rational and remunerative system of
cultivation should begin with an inquiry into the location
of the lands and the general condition of soil and climate,
to ascertain the special fitness of each for the contemplated
industry ; and, in case the lands have already been under
cultivation for years, their past history with regard to the
system of cultivation carried on, as well as the character of
the crops raised, ought to be consulted before any particu-
lar course of operation is decided upon. Inquiries in these
directions cannot fail to give us some valuable insio;ht into
the character and extent of existing and available circum-
stances regarding plant food and the possibilities of success.

A due consideration of the character and amount of the
existing available plant food of the soil, and some definite
information in regard to the composition of the plant we
propose to cultivate, ought to guide us in the selection of
the kind and the quantity of the manurial substance. As
plants require at different stages of growth different quanti-

24G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ties of the essential articles of plant food, it must be the aim
to provide a liberal amount of those essential constituents
to meet these periodical wants. The well-known fact that
liberal mauurins; pays better than a scanty one finds its
explanation in the existence of the above conditions. The
heavier the crop the larger should be the return of the
constituents carried off from the soil, for that essential
article of plant food which is present in the soil in less
quantity than the growth of the plant requires controls the
final result.

It has been the aim of the wTiter, since the establishment
of the agricultural institutions at Amherst, to furnish object
lessons to our i'arming community in regard to a rational
system of fertilization by carrying on a series of field ex-
periments with a variety of farm crops.

The local conditions of the soil with reference to the
existing amount of plant food had to be, as far as prac-
ticable, determined by actual field trials before the special
lines of investigation could be entered upon. Our earlier
reports furnish abundant proof of the importance ascribed
to a suitable preparation of each experimental plot for the
special line of inquiry decided upon.

The natural inherent resources of the soil were usually
ascertained by raising for several years in succession, without
any manurial addition from outside sources, crops requiring
difierent proportions of the essential articles of plant food,
thereby reducing the soil to its normal condition regarding
the amount of plant food present, as far as practicable.

Most prominent among the experiments carried on are
those with relation to the eftect of a liberal supply of the
different forms of potash on sugar beets,* sorghum, f
grapes, i potatoes § and several leguminous and grain crops ;||

* See eighth, ninth and eleventh annual reports of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College for the years 1871, 1872 and 1874.

t See sixteenth annual report of tlie Massachusetts Agricultural College for
the year 1879.

X See thirteenth annual report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for
the year 1876.

§ For details see annual reports of the Board of Control of the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station for the years 1884-93.

II For details see annual reports of the Board of Control of the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station for the years 1884-89.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 247

those with relation to the eftect of the different forms of
nitrogen (ammonia salts, nitrates and organic nitrogen) on
the yield and character of grain crops and leguminous
plants ; * those to determine the economy of using natural
and commercial phosphates in the production of corn and
grain crops ; f experiments with permanent grass lands
(meadows ) .

Of late our attention has been turned to a special study of
the effect of different forms of nitrogen and potassium oxide
on the gro^\i:h of a series of prominent fruit and garden
crops, and the results of two years' ol^servations regarding
the latter are already reported in detail upon preceding
pages (Field C).

To explain the striking differences noticed in the yields of
some of those crops, in particular lettuce and tomatoes, when
raised' with the assistance of either muriate or sulphate of
potash, it seemed advisable for confirmation of the results to
transfer the investigations to the vegetation house, where,
under better-deiined circumstances, the special effect of the
kind and form of the various articles of plant food supplied
could be more clearly demonstrated. A few notes regarding
the results thus far olitained are subsequently stated, to
invite co-operation on the part of persons interested in the
questions involved.

Observations in the plant house with lettuce and spinach,
during the winter of 18U2-93, were conducted as follows : —

•The soil used in the vegetation house was a sandy loam
taken a few feet below the surface from a locality which at
no time had received an additional supjdy of manurial matter
from an outside source. It was sent through a screen before
being used, to remove coarse vegetable matter (roots, etc.)
as far as practicable. The beds of the vegetation house
were divided into boxes thirty-two inches square and eight
inches deep. They were filled with the earth to the depth
of six inches, about three hundred pounds being used for the
purpose.

* For details see annual reports of the Board of Control of the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station for the years 1889-93.

t For details see annual reports of the Board of Control of the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station for the years 1890-93.

248 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Each box received a fertilizer mixture of its own, nothing
but commercial fertilizers and chemicals which had been
carefully analyzed being used in their compounding. The
amount of potassium oxide, phosphoric acid and nitrogen
was the same in each case, the phosphoric acid in all cases
being supplied by dissolved bone-black, while the potassium
oxide in some cases was in the form of muriate of potash
(I., II. and III.), in others of high-grade sulphate (lY., Y.
and VL), and in the remainder (VII., VIII. and IX.) by
potash-magnesia sulphate. The nitrogen was supplied in
the form of sulphate of ammonia (II., IV. and VII), nitrate
of soda (I., V. and VIII.) and dried blood (III., VI. and
IX) . These fertilizer mixtures were thoroughly incorporated
with the soil. Each box was planted in part with lettuce
and in part with New Zealand spinach. The same lot of
seed sufficed for the whole, and the seeding took place on
the same day. Throughout the growing period the boxes
were treated similarly, as far as temperature and time and
amount of waterinn: were concerned.

The relative proportion of fertilizer applied was : of potas-
sium oxide, 3 parts ; of phosphoric acid, 1 part ; and of
nitrogen, 1 part. The percentage of the different ingredients
added to the soil was as follows : —

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, , .00026

Phosphoric acid, 00009

Nitrogen, 00009

Fertilizer
Box I.
90 grams muriate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
100 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 11.
90 grams muriate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
100 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box III.
90 grams mui'iate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
140 srrams dried blood.

Mixtures used.

Box IV.
90 grams sulphate of jiotash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
75 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box V.
90 grams sulphate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
100 grams nitrate of soda.

Box VL
90 grams sulphate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
1 iO grams dried blood.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

249

Fertilizer Mixtures used — Concluded.

Box VII.
160 grams potash-magnesia sul-
phate.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
75 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box VIII
160 grams potash-magnesia sul-

2)hate.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
100 (rrams nitrate of soda.

Box IX.
160 gi'ams potash-magnesia sulphate.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
110 frrams dried blood.

The lettuce seeded in the boxes containing muriate of
potash as the potash source proved a complete failure, as
the young plants attained a height of only one and one-half
inches, the color of the leaves changed into various shades
of red, and growth ceased. In the other boxes the results
were less striking, but the most satisfactory gro^i;h was
obtained in those boxes in which sulphate of potash or sul-
phate of potash-magnesia furnished the source of potash.

Less marked was the difference in growth of the New
Zealand spinach, the plants growing in the boxes containing
muriate of potash being less vigorous, yet the difference at
the close of the experiment was less marked, except in
regard to the time required to reach perfection. The most
striking thing noticed with regard to these preliminary
experiments was in relation to the apparently injurious
effect of muriate of potash on lettuce. This result induced
us to repeat the experiment in the vegetation house during
the winter of 1893-94, for the exact quantities required to
give the most beneficial results can obviously only be ascer-
tained by a series of observations.*

• The soil in boxes 1,
with the following result

2 and 3

was analyzed at the close of the observation^

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid, .

Per Cent.
.142

.119

Per Cent.
.136

.137

Per Cent.
.143

.163

250 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Observations during the Winter of 1893-94.

The soil turned to account in these experiments was
obtained two feet below the surface of an abandoned past-
ure, which had not receiA'ed any addition of mauurial matter
from an outside source for many years.* The soil was
screened, thus being freed from coarse material of every
description. It consisted of a light loam. Twelve boxes,
corresponding in size to those of the previous year (32 by
32 by 8 inches), were employed, each containing about three
hundred pounds of the soil, being filled to within one inch
of the top. To secure a thorough mixing of the fertilizer
and soil, thej^ were worked together with the shovel and the
mixture sent twice through the screen. The addition of the
fertilizer to the soil was made two weeks in advance of the
seeding. A greater variety of fertilizer mixtures was turned
to account, including those of the preceding year. The
potassium oxide was furnished by muriate of potash (1, 2
and 3), sulphate of potash (4, 5, 6 and 12), carbonate of
potash-magnesia (7, 8, 9 and 10) and phosphate of potash
(11). The phosphoric acid was supplied by dissolved bone-
Mack (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9), odorless phosphate (6),
double superphosphate (10), phosphate of potash (11) and
phosphate of ammonia (12). The nitrogen was added in
the form of nitrate of soda (1, 4, 7, 10 and 11), sulphate of
ammonia (2, 5 and 8), phosphate of ammonia (12) and
organic nitrogen (dried blood) (3, 6 and 9). The relative
ratio of essential fertilizing constituents applied was four
parts potassium oxide, one part phosphoric acid and one part
nitrogen. The percentage of the essential elements of plant
food applied to the soil was as follows : —

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, 0004

Phosphoric acid, 0001

Nitrogen, 0001

Following is a statement of the fertilizer mixtures
used : —

• Analysis of this soil showed : moisture, 14.25 per cent. ; potassium oxide, .084
per cent. ; and phosphoric acid, .1-34 per cent.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

251

Box 1.
128 grams muriate of i:)otash.
lOG grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 2.
128 grams muriate of potash.
lOG grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 3.
128 grams muriate of jjotash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
155 grams dried blood.

Box 4.
128 grams sulphate of potash.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 3.
128 grams sulphate of potash.
loG grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 6.
128 grams sulphate of potash.
90 grams odorless phosphate.
155 srrams dried blood.

Box 7.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 8.
860 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
lOG grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 9.

360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
1.55 grams dried blood.

Box 10.
136 grams double suj^erphosphate.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 11.
200 gi'ams phosphate of potash.
212 gi-ams nitrate of soda.

Box 12.

145 grams j^hosphate of ammonia.
128 grams sulphate of potash.

Analyses of chemicals used in compounding the above
mixtures will be found below : —

Potassium

Phosphoric

Oxide.

Aciil.

Nitrogen.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Muriate of potash, ....

46.00

-

-

Sulphate of potash, .

50.20

-

-

Potash-magnesia sulphate,

24.82

-

-

Carbonate of potash-magnesia.

18.48

-

-

Phosphate of potash, .

32.56

35.70

-

Dissolved bone-black,

—

13.88

—

Odorless phosphate, .

-

18.42

-

Double superphosi^hate, .

-

47.80

-

Phosphate of ammonia,

_

43.86

10.37

Dried blood.

-

4.02

10.00

Nitrate of soda, .

_

_

14.28

Sulphate of ammonia,

-

-

19.59

252 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A greater variety of irarden veijetables was selected for
trial. Each box was planted on October 11 with seed of the
following : —

Lettuce, variety Hanson.
Spinach, variety New Zealand.
Beets, variety Egyptian.
Tomato, variety Essex Hybrid.

The boxes were treated similarly with regard to tempera-
ture and time of watering. To control the experiment, part
of the vegetation house was turned to account to raise the
same varieties of vegetables in the same soil, properly
manured with vegetable compost from a successfully man-
aged hot-bed. On October 17 the lettuce and spinach
appeared, and by Octol)er 20 the remaining seeds had
sprouted. The following notes relating to the difierent
garden vegetables on trial may not be without interest in
this connection, although still of a preliminary character : —

Lettuce. — The seed germinated well in all cases except
with box 12, in which tlie number was somewhat scanty.
During the first two or three weeks of growth the difference
in the boxes was not very marked, although on November
20 1, 2 and 3 were noted as being generally of poorer
quality than the others, with 4, 5 and 6 next. Nos. 2
and 5 were the poorest in their respective groups, as were
.the other boxes (8 and 12) in which the nitrogen was
furnished by ammonia salts. On December 26 the lettuce
was taken from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, to make room for other
plants ; 1,2 and 3 showed perhaps a less satisfactory^
growth than the others. January 10 the lettuce was
removed from 9 and 10, having made a very satisfactory
growth, and on January 10 from 7 and 8, also with a
good gro^\i;h.

Beets. — The seed germinated well in all cases, and
during the first part of the growing period no very great
differences were ol^scrvcd in the general appearance of the
various boxes. The following table gives the heights of the
plants at different dates : —

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

253

Height of Beets.
[Inches.]

DATE.

Boxes.

1.

3.

3.

4.

3.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

la.

Pecember 5, .
December 19, .

2i
4

2?
2J

4
5

61
81

3
3

43
6

8
10

9

?»

II

35

85

3|

^3

The plants were taken out of boxes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 on
December 26, having apparently ceased their growth. They
remained longer in box 4, which is provided with an arrange-
ment for sub-irrigation, where they made a slightly larger
growth. January 31 the plants were removed from boxes
7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, proving to be the best in 7 and 10.

Spinach. — This crop grew better in proportion in all the
boxes than either of the others. In 1, 2 and 3 it made a fair
growth, although not as vigorous as in the remaining boxes ;
4, 5 and 6 showed a more vigorous and rapid growth, while
7, 8 and 9 proved to be still more vigorous. Boxes 10 and
11 showed a corresponding relative increase in growth, the
plants being removed on January 3, when in bloom.

Tomatoes. — The growth of the tomatoes in 1, 2 and 3
was less satisfactory than in most of the others. An opinion
resardino^ the degree of growth under the influence of the
diflerent fertilizers may be noticed from the following table,
expressing the height of the plants at diflerent periods of
the observation : —

Height of Tomato Plants.
[Inches.]

DATE.

Boxes.

1.

S.

3.

4.

3.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

December 5, .
December 19, .
January 9, . . .

26

2|
10

3

7
25

8
18
36

5
10
22

5

111
22

28

81
14
31

8
14
32

131

24

45

9
21
44

8|
21
43

The plants came in bloom as follows : in box 10, on
December 18; in box 11, on Deeeml)er 20; in box 12, on
December 23 ; in boxes 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 on January 1 ;
and in boxes 1 and 3 on January 3. The plants in box 2
tcame in bloom February 15.

254 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Fruit was formed first on the plants in box 10, noticed on
January 17. It first appeared in box 12 on January 18 ; ia
boxes 4 and 9 on January 21 ; in box 3 on January 24 ; in
box 1 on January 27 ; in box 8 on February 5 ; and in box

7 on February 28.

Fruit ripened in box 10 on February 20; in boxes 3, 4
and 12 on February 28 ; in box 9 on March 1 ; and in box

8 on March 7.

The plants grown in the soil manured with vegetable com-
post, as a sort of control experiment, made a very vigorous and
healthy growth, but blossomed late and had formed no fruit up
to March 8, although retaining their promising appearance.

Besides the above, the investigations during the close of
the present winter season have been extended to the following
garden vegetables, namely : peas, beans, onions, cauliflower,,
radish and turnip.

Some General Considerations for Garden Farmers,

1. Garden crops have usually a short period of growth,,
and for this reason need a soil rich in available plant food of
various kinds, to meet periodical wants.

2. An excessive accumulation of half-decayed vegetable
matter, as stable manure and compost prepared from the
healthy refuse material of the garden, should be guarded
against, in order to prevent, as far as practicable, the de-
velopment of objectionable parasitic growths. Both sources
of manurial matter are very valuable in their way, if used in
limited quantities and properly supplemented by chemical
manures and commercial fertilizers, to meet the special wants
of the crops under cultivation.

3. A liberal use of connncrcial fertilizers and chemical
manures for the production of garden vegetables and fruits
deserves commendation, for they enable us to meet more di-
rectly the special wants of any soil for the production of crops
raised in succession during the same season on the same lands.
An excessive accumulation of soluble salines has, however, ta
be avoided, for some garden vegetables, as lettuce, etc., arc
very sensitive to their influence (see our observation).

4. It is advisable wherever practicable to change the
position of difierent garden crops from season to season, to
reffulatc the accumulation of the various essential constitu-

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 255

ents of plant food by raising vegetables consuming them in
diflerent proportions.

5. Wherever the quality of a crop controls its economical
and commercial value, it seems advisable that care should be
taken to secure the exclusion of an accumulation of soluble
saline substances not called for by the crop. This circum-
stance deserves particular attention in cultivation under
glass, where the body of soil is limited, and the removal of
such substances by percolation to the lower layers offers but
little chance of relief. In our experiment above described
this view of the question of supplying plant food in the
greenhouse has guided us in selecting a series of concen-
trated chemical manures, which for the above reason are now
recommended for patronage.

6. There are, for ol)vious reasons, no unfailing receipts
for a general fertilizer mixture best adapted to all kinds of
soil for the production of field and garden crops, yet there
are certain relative proportions of the essential articles of
plant food which seem to recommend themselves for the rais-
ing of vegetables for the market. A mixture containing the
proportion of twenty-four per cent. })otassium oxide, twelve
per cent, phosphoric acid and twelve per cent, nitrogen
deserves a careful trial. In some cases it has been found
advisable to add nitrogen at different times in small quanti-
ties in the form of nitrate of soda. This should be added
at diflerent stages of growth, and has been found desirable
in the case of cabbages, turnips, cucumbers, onions, lettuce,
asparagus, strawberries, grapes, fruit trees, etc. Peas, beans
and all leguminous crops need no such addition, for after
reaching a certain size they are qualified, l^y bacterial action
upon their roots, to benefit by the elementary nitrogen of the
atmosphere in sufficient amounts to secure success.

7. A regular periodical addition of a moderate amount
of organic animal and vegetable refuse matter, as barn-yard
manure and vegetable compost, may form an efficient part of
the system of manuring adopted.

8. It has been found advantageous, in starting the culti-
vation of garden vegetables and orchards upon new lands,
to enrich the lower layers of the soil by deep ploughing,
together Avith the addition of a liberal sui)ply of natural and
commercial phosphates (South Carolina, Florida or odorless

256 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

phosphates, etc.), a treatment which may be repeated from
time to time whenever practicable.

9. A periodical application of burnt lime or carbonate of
lime has been found as a rule advantageous to lands used for
the cultivation of garden vegetables wherever an excessive
accumulation of organic vegetable matter is apt to occur
(from one thousand to fifteen hundred pounds per acre may
be used ) . The presence of a liberal amount of calcium car-
bonate in our cultivated lands is known to assist in many
instances in the lil)eration of plant food from the soil and
refuse vegetable material, and also to favor a beneficial bac-
terial life in the soil under cultivation.

The subsequent tabular statement of the composition of
various garden crops, taken from the tables of E. Wolff and
from observations made at Amherst, may not be without
interest in this connection : —

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Fruits and Garden Croj)s.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

(Jhenopodiacece : —

Mangolds,

G

2.3

♦Mangolds, .

•4.2

2.1

Mangold leaves,

4.5

3

Sugar beets,

4.2

1.8

* Sugar beets.

4.8

2.2

Sugar beet tops.

1 2.3

1.7

Sugar beet leaves.

1 5.7

4.3

Sugar beet seed.

1 1.5

-

*Red beets, .

1 4.1

3.3

Spinach,

1 1.7

3.1

♦Spinach,

1 19.2

6.8

Composilce : —

Lettuce,

1 5.3

-

♦Lettuce,

1 , 7.G

4

Head lettuce.

3.9

2.2

Roman lettuce, .

2.3

1.8

♦Jerusalem artichoke.

1

2.8

2.7

Convolvulacece : —

Sweet potato, ....

1

4.6

3

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

257

Relative Proportions of Phosjyhoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Fruits and Garden Crops — Continued.

riiosplioric
Acid.

rotassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Cruciferce : —

White turnips, ....

3.6

2.3

*Wliite turnips, .

3.9

1.8

White turnip leaves.

3.1

3.3

*Ruta-bagas,

4.1

1.6

Savoy cabbage, .

1.9

2.5

White cabbage, .

4.1

1.7

*White cabbage, .

11.0

7.6

Cauliflower,

2.3

2.5

Horse-radish,

3.9

2.2

Radishes, .

3.2

3.8

Kohlrabi, .

1.6

1.8

Gucurbitacece : —

Cucumbers, ....

2

1.3

Pumpkins,

.6

.7

Ericacece, : —

*Cranberries, ....

3

_

*Cranberries, ....

1

3.4

2.6

Graminece : —

Corn, whole plant, green, . , 1

3.7

1.9

*Corn, whole 2>lant, green,

2.2

2.8

Corn kernels, ....

.6

2.8

*Corn kernels, ....

1

.6

2.6

*Corn, whole ears,

! 1

.8

2.5

*Corn stover, ....

iA

3.7

Legurninosce : —

Hay of i^eas, cue green, . . 1

3.4

3.4

*Cow-pea (Doliehos), .

3.1

2.9

*Small pea (Lathyrus),

3.4

4.2

Peas (seed).

1.2

4.3

Pea straw, ....

2.S

4

Garden beans (seed),

1.2

4

Bean straw.

3.3

-

Liliacece : —

Asparagus, ....

1

1.3

3.6

Onions, 1

1.9

2.1

*Onions, 1

2.6

-

258 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phospliorlc Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Fruits and Garden Crojjs — Concluded.

Phosphoric

Potassium

Acid.

Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Rosacece. : —

Apples, .....

1

2.7

2

*Apples,

I 1

1.9

1.3

*Peaclies,

1.3

-

Pears, .

3.6

1.2

Strawberries,

lA

-

*Strawbei'ries,

2.6

-

*Strawbeny vines.

.7

-

ClieiTies, .

3.3

-

Plums,

4.3

-

Saxifragacece : —

*Currants, white,

2.8

-

* Currants, red, ....

2.1

-

Gooseberries, . . . •

1.9

-

Solanacea- : —

Potatoes,

3.6

2.1

♦Potatoes,

4.1

3

Potato tops, nearly ripe.

2.7

3.1

Potato tops, unripe, .

3.7

0.3

♦Tomatoes, .

8.7

4.5

Tobacco leaves,.

6.2

5.3

Tobacco stalks, .

3.1

2.7

Tobacco stems, .

10.7

3.8

Umbelliferce : —

#

Carrots, .....

2.7

2

*Carrots,

5.7

1.7

Carrot tops.

2.9

5.1

*Carrot tops, dry,

8

5.1

Parsnips, .

1

3.8

2.8

♦Parsnips, .

1

3.3

1.2

Celery,

1

3.0

1.1

Vitacece : —

Grapes,

1

3.6

1.2

Grape seed, ....

1

1

2.7

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

259

Fertilizirig Constituents
[Average amounts in 1,000

of Fruits and Garden Crops.
parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

6

D

O
S

a

<u
Ml

o

a

Hi

a

oO
•D

3 .

a

3 .

s

3h

o

3 .

02

o

o

Chenopodiacem : —

Mangolds, .

880

1.8

9.1

4.8

1.5

.3

.4

.8

.3

.9

♦Mangolds, .

873

1.9

12.2

3.8

1.3

.6

.4

.9

-

-

Mangold leaves,

90o

3.0

14.6

4.5

2.8

1.6

1.4

1.0

.8

2.3

Sugar beets.

805

1.6

7.1

3,8

6

.4

.0

.9

.3

.3

*Sugar beets,

869

2.2

10.4

4.8

.8

.6

.4

1.0

.1

-

Sugar beet tops,

840

2.0

9.6

2.8

2.3

.9

1.1

1.2

.2

.3

Sugar beet leaves, .

897

3.0

15.3

4,0

2.0

3.1

1.7

.7

.8

1.3

Sugar beet seed,

146

-

45.3

11,1

4.2

10.2

7.3

7.5

2.0

1.9

*Ued beets.

877

2.4

11.3

4.4

.9

.5

.3

.9

-

-

Spinach, .

903

2.4

16.0

2.7

5.7

1.9

1.0

1.6

1.1

1.0

♦Spinach, .

922

3.4

9.6

9.6

2.1

.6

.5

.5

-

-

Compositece : —

Lettuce, common, .

940

-

8,1

3.r

.8

.5

.2

.7

.3

.4

Head lettuce, .

943

2.2

10.3

3.9

.8

1.5

.6

1.0

.4

.8

*nead lettuce, .

970

1,2

-

2.3

.2

.3

.1

.3

_

_

Roman lettuce.

925

2.0

9.8

2.5

3.5

1.2

.4

1.1

.4

.4

Artichoke,

811

-

10.1

2.4

.7

1.0

.4

3.9

.5

.2

♦Artichoke, Jerusalem,

775

4.6

-

4.8

-

-

-

1.7

-

-

Convolvulacece : —

Sweet potato

758

2.4

7.4

3.7

.5

.7

.3

.8

.4

.9

Cruci/ereB : —

White turnips.

920

1.8

6.4

2,9

.6

.7

.2

.8

.7

.3

*White turnips.

895

1.8

10.1

3.9

.8

.9

.3

1.0

1.0

_

White turnip leaves.

898

3.0

11.9

2.8

1.1

3.9

.5

.9

1.1

1.2

*Ruta-baga8,

891

1,9

10.6

4.9

.7

.9

.3

1.2

_

_

Savoy cabbage.

871

5.3

14.0

3.9

1.4

3.0

.5

2.1

1.2

1.1

White cabbage.

900

3.0

9.6

4.3

.8

1.2

.4

1.1

1.3

.5

*White cabbage.

984

2.3

-

3.4

.3

.2

.1

.2

_

_

Cabbage leaves.

890

2.4

15.6

5,8

1.5

2.8

.6

1,4

2.4

1.3

Cauliflower,

904

4.0

8.0

3.6

.5

.5

.3

1.6

1.0

.3

Horse-radish, .

767

4.3

19.7

7.7

.4

2.0

.4

2.0

4.9

.3

Radishes

933

1.9

4.9

1.6

1.0

.7

.2

4,5

.3

.5

Kohlrabi

850

4.8

12.3

4.3

.8

.4

.8

2.7

1.1

.6

260 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits and Garden Crops — Continued.

[Averajie amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-diy substance.]

3
o

a
o

o

.a
<

a

a .

|5

S

•ax

oO

a

3 .

o

a,

o

u

QQ

O

o

CucurbitaceoR : —

Cucumbers, ....

956

1.6

5.8

2.4

.6

.4

.2

1.2

.4

.4

Pumpkins, ....

900

1.1

4.4

.9

.9

.3

.2

.7

.3

.4

Ericncect : —

♦Cranberries

996

-

1.8

.9

.1

.3

.1

.3 -

-

♦Cranberries, ....

894

.8

-

1.0

-

.2

.1

.3 -

-

Graininece : —

Corn, whole plant, green.

829

1.9

10.4

3.7

.5

1.4

1.1 1.0 1 .3

.5

*Corn, whole plant, green,

786

4.1

3.8

.5

1.5

.9

1.5 -

-

Corn kernels, ....

144

16.0

12.4

3.7

.1

.3

1.9

5.7 .1

.2

*Corn kernels, ....

100

18.2

-

4,0

.3 .3

2.1 7.0 -

-

*Corn, whole ears, .

90

14.1

-

4.7

.6

.2

1.8

5.7 -

-

*Corn stover, . . . •

282

11.2

37.4

13.2

7.9

5.2

2.6

3.0

-

-

Leguniinosce : —

Hay of peas, cut green.

16- «l 22.9

62.4

23.2

2.3

15.6

6.3

6.8

5.1

2.0

*Cow-pea (Dolichos), green, .

788 2.9

3.1

.6

3.0

1.0

1.0

-

-

♦Small pea (Lathyrus), dry, .

90 38.5

-

25.7

4.7

17.9

5.0

9.0

-

-

Peas (seed), ....

143 |35.8

23.4

10.1

.2

1.1

1.9

8.4

.8

.4

Pea straw, ....

160 10.4

43.1

9.9

1.8

15.9

3.5

3.5

2.7

2.3

Garden beans (seed),

150 39,0

27.4

12.1

.4

1.5

2.l' 9.7 1.1

.3

Bean straw

166

40.2

12.8

3.2

11.1

2.5! 3.9 1.7

\ 1

3.1

Liliace(r. : —

Asparagus, ....

933 3.2

5.0

1.2

.9| .6

_2

.9 .3

.3

Onions

860 2,7

7.4

2.5

.2

1.6

.3

1.3 .4

.2

♦Onions

892

4.9

1,8

.1

.4

.2

.7 -

-

Rosacem : —

Apples

831

.6

2.2

.8

.6

.1

.2

.3

.1

-

♦Apples

799

1.3

4.1

1,9

.3

.3

.3

.1

-

-

♦Peaches

884

-

3.4

2.5

-

.1

.2

.5 -

-

Pears

831

.6

3.3

1.8

.3

.3

.2

.5 .2

-

Strawberries

902

-

3.3

: .7

.9

.5

-

.5 .1

.1

♦Strawberries

-

-

5.2

2.6

.2

.7

.4

1,0

-

-

♦Strawberry vines, .

-

-

33.4

3.5

4.5

12.2

I.:;

4.8

-

-

Cherries

825

-

3.9

2.0

.1

.3

.2

.6

.2

.1

Plums

838

-

2.9

1.7

-

.3

.2

1 ••

.1

"

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

261

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits and Garden Crops — Concluded.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

6

5

o

c

an
o

1

J3
<

3 .

J -a

a

— •73

oO

OQ

a

— '5

a

aO

.2

o .

o
u

•S'H

CO

3<5
QQ

6

a

o

Suxifragacea : —

*Currants, white,

-

-

5.9

3.1

.2

1.

.3

1.1

-

-

*Currants, red

871

-

9

4.1

1.9

.2

.8

.3

.9

-

-

GooBeberries, ....

903

-

3.3

1.3

.3

.4

.2

,7

-

-

Solanacece : —

Potatoes

750

3.4

9.5

5.8

.3

c3

.5

1.6

.6

.3

♦Potatoes,

798

2.1

9.9

2.9

.1

.1

,2

.7

-

-

Potato tops, nearly ripe,

770

4.9

19.7

4.3

.4

6.4

3.3

1.6

1.3

1.1

Potato tops, unripe,

825

6.3

16.5

4.4

.3

5.1

2.4

1.2

.8

.9

♦Tomatoes, ....

940

1.7

-

3.6

-

.3

.2

.4

-

-

Tobacco leaves.

180

34.8

140.7

40.7

4.5

50.7

10.4

6.6

8.5

9.4

Tobacco stalks.

180

24,6

64.7

28.2

6.6

12.4

.5

9.2

2.2

2.4

♦Tobacco stems,

106

22.9

140.7

64.6

3.4

38.9

12.3

6.0

-

-

Uinbellifene : —

Carrots

850

2.2

8.2

3.0

1.7

.9

.4

1.1

.5

.4

♦Carrots,

898

1.5

9.2

5.1

.6

.7

.2

.9

-

-

Carrot tops

822

5.1

23.9

2.9

4.7

7.9

.8

1.0

1.8

2.4

Carrot tops, dry, .

98

31.3

125.2

48.8

40.3

20.9

6.7

6.1

-

-

Parsnips

79S

5.4

10.0

5.4

.2

1.1

.6

1.9

.5

,4

♦Parsnips, .....

803

2.2

-

6.2

.1

.9

.5

1,9

-

-

Celery,

841

2.4

17.6

7.6

-

2.3

1.0

2,2

1.0

2.8

Vitacea : —

Grapes

830

1.7

8.8

5.0

.1

1.0

.4

1.4

.5

.1

Grape seed

110

19.0

22.7

6.9

.5

5.6

1.4

7.0

.8

.1

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of
E. Wolff'. Those marked * are from analyses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

PART III.
SPECIAL WORK IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

I. Communication on Commercial Fertilizers : —

1. General Introduction.

2. State Laws for the Regulation of Trade in Commercial Fertilizers.

3. List of Licensed Manufacturers and Dealers from Mat ], 1S93, to

Mat 1, 1894 (52).

4. Analtses of Licensed Fertilizers (214).

5. Analtses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial Substances sent

ON FOR Examination (169).

6. Miscellaneous Analtses (7).

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses (46).

II. Analyses of Milk sent on for Examination (26).

III. Analyses of Water sent on for Examination (93).

IV. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., op Agricultural Chemi-

cals AND Refuse Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes.
V. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of Fodder Articles,
Fruits, Sugar-Producing Plants, Dairy Products, etc.
VI. Table of the Digestibility of American Feeding Stuffs (compiled by J. B.
Lindsey) : —

A. Experiments avith Ruminants.

B. Experiments avith Swine.

264 AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT 8TATIOX. [Jan.

I.

CO:\IMUNICATION ON COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

1. General introduction.

2. State laws for tlie regulation of trade in commercial fer-
tilizers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1,
1893, to May 1, 1894.

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers.

5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances
sent on for examination.

6. Miscellaneous analyses.

7. Miscellaneous fodder analyses.

1. General Introduction.

Fifty-two manufticturers and dealers have applied for and
received licenses for the sale of their various brands in our
State. Twenty-four of them are residents of other States.

Two hundred and thirty-five samples of licensed ai-ticles
have been collected in all parts of the State by authorized
agents of the station. Two hundred and fourteen of them
have been carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory of
the station, with the following results : one sample contained
all three essential constituents above the highest guarantee ;
seventeen samples contained two of the essential elements
above the highest guarantee ; forty-five contained one essen-
tial element above the highest guarantee ; sixty-eight con-
tained three essential elements at the lowest guarantee ;
fifty-seven contained two essential elements at the lowest
guarantee ; thii-ty-one contained one element at lowest guar-
antee ; one sample contained three essential elements below
the lowest stated guarantee ; foui-teen samples contained two
essential elements below the lowest stated guarantee ; fifty-
one contained one element below the lowest stated guarantee.

181)4.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 265

The deficiency in one or two essential constituents was in
the majority of instances compensated for by an excess in
the others.

The variations in the market price of prominent fertilizer
constituents have been, on the whole, during the past year
within the usual limits. Phosphoric acid in all forms has
been offered at a somewhat lower figure than last year, while
nitrogen in its leading forms has been somewhat higher.

The duties assigned to the director of the station, to act
as inspector of commercial fertilizers, render it necessary to
discri7?iinate, in official publications of the results of analyses
of commercial fertilizers and of manurial substances in gen-
eral made at the station, between analyses of samj)les col-
lected by a duly qualified delegate of the experiment station,
in conformity tuith the tmles prescribed by the new laws, and
those analyses lohich are made of samples sent on for that
purpose by outside parties. In regard to the former alone
can the director assume the responsibility of a carefully
prepared sample, and of the identity of the article in ques-
tion.

The official report of analyses of compound fertilizers and
of all such materials as are to be used for manurial purposes,
which are sold in this State under a certificate of compliance
with the present laws for the regulation of the trade in these
articles, has been restricted by our State laws to a statement
of chemical composition and to such additional information
as relates to the latter.

The practice of affixing to each analysis of this class of
fertilizers an approximate commercial valuation per ton of
their principal constituents has, therefore, been discontinued.
This change, it is expected, will tend to direct the attention
of the consumers of fertilizers more forcibly towards a con-
sideration of tJte particular composition of the different brands
of fertilizers offered for their patronage, a circumstance not
infrequently overlooked.

The approximate market value of the different brands of
fertilizers obtained by the current mode of valuation does
not express their respective agricultural value, i. e., their
crop-producing value ; for the higher or lower market price

266 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of different brands of fertilizers does not necessarily stand
in a direct relation to their particular fitness, without any
reference to the particular condition of the soil to be treated
and the special wants of the crops to be raised by their
assistance.

To select judiciously from among the various brands of
fertilizers offered for patronage requires, in the main, two
kinds of information, namely, we ought to feel confident
that the particular brand of fertilizer in question actually
contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities of essential
articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and that it con-
tains them in such form and such proportions as will best
meet existing circumstances and special wants. In some
cases it may be mainly either phosphoric acid or nitrogen or
potash ; in others, two of them ; and in others again, all
three. A remunerative use of commercial fertilizers can
only be secured by attending carefully to the above-stated
considerations.

To assist farmers not yet familiar with the current mode
of determining the commercial value of manurial substances
offered for sale in our markets, some of the essential con-
siderations, which serve as a l^asis for their commercial
valuation, are once more stated within a few subsequent
pages.

The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances
is based on the average trade value of the essential fertil-
izing elements specified by analysis. The money value of
the higher grades of agricultural chemicals and of the higher-
priced compound fertilizers depends, in the majority of
cases, on the amount and the particular form of two or three
essential articles of plant food, i. e., phosphoric acid, nitro-
gen and potash, which they contain. To ascertain by this
mode of valuation the approximate market value of a fertil-
izer (z. e., the money worth of its essential fertilizing in-
gredients), we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen,
€tc., by the trade value per pound; the same course is
adopted with reference to the various forms of phosphoric
acid and of potassium oxide. We thus get the values per
ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together,

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 267

we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment
at points of general distribution.

The market value of low-})riced materials used for ma-
nurial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime,
barn-yard manure, factory refuse and waste materials of
different description, quite frequently does not stand in a
close relation to the market value of the amount of essential
articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in
different localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation,
and more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a
speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their
selling price.

The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple
or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of
farmers when articles of a similar chemical character are
offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization con-
trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions,
the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid difl'usion of
the different articles of plant food throughout the soil.

The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence
on the pecuniary value in case of one and the same kind of
substance. Two samples of fish fertilizers, although equally
pure, may difler from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com-
mercial value on account of mere diflereuce in moisture.

Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers, and refuse
materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with
reference to the market price of their principal constituents,
taking into consideration at the same time their general fit-
ness for speedy action.

Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Haw Materials and
Chemicals^ 1893.

Cents
per Pound.

Nitrogen in ammonia salts, 17

Nitrogen in nitrates, 15 1

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat,

blood, and in high-grade mixed fertilizers, . 17J

Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and

castor pomace, 16^

Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . 15
Organic niti'ogen in fine-ground medium bone and

tankage, 12

268 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients, etc. — Coucluded.

Cents
per I'oiiiid.

Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage, . . 9

Organic nitrogen in coai'se bone and tankage, . . 7
Organic nitrogen in hair, horn shavings and coarse

fish scraps, 7

Phosjjhoric acid soluble in water, ..... Gi

Phosi^horic acid soluble in ammonium citrate, . . G

Phosphoi'ic acid in fine bone and tankage, ... G

Phosi^horic acid in fine medium bone and tankage, . 5

Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage, . . 4

Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, ... 3
Phosphoric acid in fine-ground fish, cotton-seed meal,

linseed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, . . 5
Phosphoric acid insoluble (in ammonium citrate) in

mixed fertilizers, 2

Potash as high-grade sulphate, and in mixtures free

from muriate, ........ 5J

Potash as muriate, 4 J

The manurial constituents contained in feed stuffs are
valued as follows : —

Cents
per Pound.

Organic nitrogen, \1\

Phosphoric acid, 5

Potash, 51

The organic nitrogen in superpjiosphates , sjiecial manures
and mixed fertilizers of a high grade is usually valued at the
highest figures laid down in the trade values of fertilizing
ingredients in raw materials, namely, fifteen and a half cents
per pound ; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is
derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat,
blood, bones or other equally good forms, and not from
leather, shoddy, hair or any low-priced, inferior form of
vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. The
insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this connection at two
cents.

The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six
months preceding March, 1893, the respective ingredients
could be bought at retail for cash in our large marlxets, in
the raw materials, which are the regular source of supply.

They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for
the six months ending March 1, plus about twenty per cent.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 269

in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations.
The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be
found to agree fairly with the retail price at the large mar-
kets of standard raw materials, such as : —

Sulphate of ammonia, Dry ground fish,

Nitrate of soda, Azotia,

Muriate of potash. Ammonite,

Sulphate of potash. Castor pomace.

Dried blood. Bone and tankage.

Dried ground meat, Plain superphosphates.

A large percentage of commercial materials consists of
refuse matter from various industries. The composition of
these substances depends on the mode of manufacture car-
ried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing industries
is liable to affect at any time, more or less seriously, the
composition of the refuse. To assist the farming community
in a clear and intelligent appreciation of the various sub-
stances sold for manurial purposes, a frequent examination
into the temporary characters of agricultural chemicals and
refuse materials offered in our markets for manurial pur-
poses is constantly carried on at the laboratory of the station.

Consumers of commercial manurial substances do well to
buy, whenever practicable, on guarantee of composition
with reference to their essential constituents, and to see to
it that the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain.
Any mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be
readily adjusted, in that case, between the contending parties.
The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnishing an
article corresponding in its composition with the lowest
stated quantity of each specified essential constituent.

Our present laws for the regulation of the trade in com-
mercial fertilizers include not only the various brands of
compound fertilizers, but also all materials, single or com-
pound, without reference to source, used for manurial pur-
poses when offered for sale in our market at ten dollars or
more per ton. Copies of our present laws for the regula-
tion of the trade in commercial fertilizers may be had by all
interested, on application at the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

270 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. The Provisions of the Act are as follows :

[Chapter 296.]

An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers.
Be it enacted, etc., as folloius :

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or mate-
rial used for manurial purposes sold, offered or exposed for sale
withiu this Commouwealth, the retail price of which is ten dollars
or more per tou, shall be accompanied by a plainly printed state-
ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fer-
tilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under which
the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or
importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis stat-
ing the percentage of nitrogen or its equivalent in ammonia, of
potash soluble in distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in
available form soluble in distilled water and reverted, as well as
the total phosphoric acid. In the case of tliose fertilizers which
consist of other and cheaper materials, said label shall give a
correct general statement of the composition and ingredients of
the fertilizer it accompanies.

Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of
which is ten dollars or more per ton, is sold, offered or exposed
for sale, the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be
sold or offered for sale within the state of Massachusetts, shall
file with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment
station, a certified copy of the statement named in section one of
this act, and shall also deposit with said director at his request a
sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not less than one pound of
the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair average
sample thereof.

Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commercial fertilizer or material used for manurial pur-
poses, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall
pay for each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to
the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
an analysis fee of five dollars for each of the three following fer-
tilizing ingredients : namcl}', nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
contained or claimed to exist in said brand or fertilizer : provided^
that whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid the
fee herein required for any person acting as agent or seller for
such manufacturer or importer, such agent or seller shall not be
required to pay tlic fee named in this section ; and on receipt of

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 271

said analysis fees and statement specified in section two, tlie direc-
tor of said station shall issue certificates of compliance with this
act.

Sect. 4. No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in the
state of Massachusetts, any pulverized leather, raw, steamed^
roasted, or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of any
fertilizer or manure, witliout an explicit printed certificate of the
fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package
of such fertilizer or manure and to accompany or go with every
parcel or lot of the same.

Sect. 5. Any person selling, offering or exposing for sale, any
commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the first
section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer con-
tains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents
mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or respecting
the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing section have
not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first
offence, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence.

Sect. 6. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, im-
porting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use, and not to sell
in this state.

Sect. 7. The director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi-
ment station shall pay the analysis fees, as soon as received by
him, into tlie treasury of the station, and shall cause one analysis
or more of each fertilizer or material used for manurial purposes
to be made annually, and publish the results monthly, with such
additional information as circumstances advise : provided^ such
information relates only to the composition of the fertilizer or
fertilizing material inspected. Said director is hereb}' authorized
in person or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds
in weight, for analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or
any material used for manurial purposes which may be in the
possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but
said sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties
in interest or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a
number of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent, of
the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and then
divided into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels and
carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or
brand of the fertilizer or material sampled, the name of the party
from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place
of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the director or
his deputy and by the party or parties in interest or their represent-
atives present at tlie drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of

272 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director and the
other by the party whose stock was sampled. All parties violat-
ing this act shall be prosecuted by the director of said station ;
but it shall be the duty of said director, upon ascertaining any
violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer or im-
porter in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter
iu which to comply with the requirements of this act, but there
shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of the fertilizer
or fertilizing material if the same shall be found substantially
equivalent to the statement of analj'sis made by the manufacturer
or importer.

Sect. 8. Sections eleven to sixteen inclusive of chapter sixty
of the Public Statutes are hereby repealed.

Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of September
in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. l^Ajoj^roved May
3, 1888.^

Instructions to Manufacturers, Importers, Agents and Sellers of
Commercial Fertilizers or Materials used for Manurial Pur-
poses in Massachusetts.

1. An ap})lication for a certificate of compliance with
the regulations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and
materials used for manurial purposes in this State nuist be
accom})anied : —

First, witli a distinct statement of the name of eacli brand
offered for sale.

Second, with a statement of the amount of pliosphoric
acid, of nitrogen and of potassium oxide guaranteed in each
distinct brand.

Third, Avitli the fee charged by tlie State for a certificate,
which is five dollars for eacii of the following articles, nitro-
gen, phosplioric acid and potassium oxide, guaranteed in any
distinct brand.

2. The obligation to secure a certificate applies not only
to compound fertilizers l)ut to all substances, single or com-
pound, used for manurial purposes, and offered for sale at
ten dollars or more i)er Ion of two thousand pounds.

3. The certificate must be secured annually before the
first of May.

4. Manufacturers, im])orters and dealers in commercial
tertilizers can appoint in this State as many agents as they

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 273

desire, after having secured at this office the certificate of
compliance with our hiws.

5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in
commercial fertilizers ' arc held personally responsible for
their transactions until they can prove that the articles they
offer for sale are duly recorded in this office.

G. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish
a list of their agents.

7. All applications for certificates should be addressed to
the Director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

Arrangements are made, as in previous years, to attend
to the examination of o1)iects of general interest to the farm-
ing community, to the full extent of existing resources.
Requests for analyses of su1)stances — as fodder articles,
fertilizers, etc. — coming through officers of agricultural
societies and farmers' clul)s within the State will receive
hereafter, as in the past, first attention, and in the order
that the applications arrive at the office of the station. The
results will be returned without a charge for the services
rendered. Application of private parties for analyses of
substances, free of charge, will receive a careful considera-
tion whenever the results promise to be of a more general
interest. For obvious reasons, no Avork can be carried on
at the station of which the results are not at the disposal of
the managers for publication, if deemed advisable in the
interest of the citizens of the State.

All parcels and communications sent to "The Massa-
chusetts State Experiment Station " must have express and
postal charges prepaid, to receive attention.

274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. List of Manufacturers and Dealers avho have
SECURED Certificates for the Sale of Commer-
cial Fertilizers in this State during the Past
Year (May 1, 1893, to May 1, 1894) and the
Brands licensed by Each.

Allison, Stroup & Co., New York, N. Y. : —
Odorless Phosphate.
Canada Wood Ashes.

Ames Fei'tilizer Compau}', Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Pure Fine Bone.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
" A A " Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Special Potato Manure.
Special Grass Manure.
Special Tobacco Manure.
Special Corn Manure.
Pure Ground Bone.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer,

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker 's Hill and Drill Phosphate.

Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate, or Ammoniated Bone.
Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Dried Ground Fish.
Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 275

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bradley's XL Phosphate.
BD Sea Fowl Guano.
Bradley's Potato Manure.
Original Coe's Superphosphate.
Bradley's Complete Manures.
Breck's Fertilizer.
High-grade Tobacco Manure.
Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer.
Farmer's New Method P'ertilizer.
Bradley's Fish and Potash.
Bradley's Pure Fine-ground Bone.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

W. J. Brightmau & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
Dry Ground Fish.
Fish and Potash.
Superphosphate.

Bryant & Brett, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Burgess & Roy, South Attleborough, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.

Joseph Church & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : — •
Special Fertilizer (B Brand).
Standard Fertilizer (C Brand).
Fish and Potash (D Brand).

dark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Fertilizer, G. G.
Great Planet " A" Manure.
King Philip Guano.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.

276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.
Potato Manure.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.

Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cleveland Superphosphate.
Cleveland Potato Phosphate.
Cleveland Corn and Grain Phosphate.
Cleveland Fertilizer.

Cleveland Linseed Oil Company, Cleveland, O. : —
Tobacco Fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe, New York, N. Y. : —
Alkaline Bone Phosphate.
Special Tobacco Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.

Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Fish Guano and Potash.
Gold Brand Excelsior Guano.
Red Brand Excelsior Guano.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : ^
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato, Tobacco and Hop Phosphate.
Special Potato Manure.
Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Practical Superphosphate.
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.
Lawn Fertilizer.
Pure Ground Bone.
Ground Bone Meal.

Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, Me. : —
Cumberland Superphosphate.
Cumberland Potato Fertilizer.
Cumberland Fertilizer.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 277

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —
Darling's Animal Fertilizer,
Darling's Extra Bone Phosphate.
Darling's Potato and Root Crop Fertilizer.
Darling's Lawn and Garden Fertilizer.
Darling's Tobacco Grower.
Darling's Pure Fine Bone.
Darling's Pure Dissolved Bone.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Dow's Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Dow's Ground Bone.

Forest City Wood Ash Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Canada Unleached Hardwood Ashes.

William E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Star Brand Canada Wood Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : —
Great Eastern General, for Grass and Grain.
Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Great Eastern General, Oats, Buckwheat and Seediug-down
Phosphate.

James J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass. : —
Gregory's Combination Fertilizer.
Gregory's Corn Fertilizer.
Gregory's Potato Fertilizer.

Hargraves' Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Edmund Hersey, Hiugham, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : —
Meat and Bone.
Bone Meal.

27 S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Jobu G. Jefferds, ^Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fei'tilizer.
Potato Manure.
Ground Bone.

John Joynt, St. Helens, Ont. : —

Canada Hardwood Unleached Ashes.

F. R. Lalor, Dunnville, Ont. : —

Canada Hardwood Ashes (Maple Brand) .

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

Low'ell Bone Fertilizer Company, Lowell, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

Mapcs Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, NewYork, N.Y. : —
Mapes Superphosphates.
Mapes Special Crop Manures.
Peruvian Guanos.
Bone Manures.
Sulphate of Potash.

James E. McGovern, Lawrence, INIass. : —
Ground Bone.
West Andover Market Bone Phosphate.

Monroe, DeForest & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —
Hardwood Ashes.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Chittenden's Complete Fertilizers.
Chittenden's Universal Phosphate.
Chittenden's Fish and Potash.
Chittenden's Ground Bone.

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Pacific Guano.
Potato Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Hiffh-grade General Fertilizer.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 279

Joba J. Peters, Long Island City, N. Y. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Tankage.

Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.

Preston Fertilizer Company, Greeupoint, Long Island : —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.

Quiunipiac Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Quinnipiac Phosphate.
Quinnipiac Potato Manure.
Quinnipiac Market G.arden Manure.
Quinnipiac Corn Manure.

Quinnipiac Fish and Potash (Crossed Fishes).
Quiunipiac Fish and Potash (Plain) .
Quinnipiac Havana Fertilizer.
Quinnipiac Onion Manure.
Quinnipiac Bone Meal.
Quinnipiac Grass Fertilizer.
Quinnipiac Dry Ground Fish.
Quinnipiac Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

The Read Fertilizer Company, Syracuse, N. Y. : —
Read's Standard Phosphate.
H. G. Farmer's Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine Phospliate.

John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md. : —
New England Favorite.
Potato Special.
Pilgrim.
Mayflower.
Columbus A.

280 AGRICULTUllAL EXPP:RIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Lucieu Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Formula A.
Formula B.

H. G. Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate Potash-magnesia.
Dry Ground Fish.
Blood, Meat and Bone.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, Mass. : —
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Superphosphate .
Standard Fertilizer.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Complete Manure.
Standard Guano.

Chas. Stevens, Napanee, Ont. : —

" Beaver Bi-and " Canada Hardwood Ashes.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Sturtevant's Tobacco and Sulphur.

J, A. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. • —

Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.

Walker, Stratman &. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. : —
Potato Special.
Tobacco Special.
Banner Fertilizer.
Four-fold Fertilizer.

Whittemore Bros., Wnyland, Mass. : —
Whittemore's Complete Manure.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 281

Leander "Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —

Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Auimoniated Bone Pbospliate.
H. G. Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish Guano.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
High-grade Special.
Lawn Dressing.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fine Wrapper Tobacco Grower.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Prolific Crop Producer.
Potato Phosphate.
Corn Phosphate.
Grass Manure.
Onion Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Fish and Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. fJan.

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310 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial

Substances sent on for Examination.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Marblehead, Mass. ; II., sent on from Westminster, Mass. ; III.,
sent on from South Sndbury, Mass.; IV., sent on from Sontli Deerfield, Mass.;
v., sent on from Concoi'd, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C ,

18,06

6.51

4.80

4.67

15.40

Potassium oxide,

4.17

5.27

3.42

2.12

7.73

Calcium oxide.

24.68

38.92

43.40

49.36

34.27

Phosphoric acid,

.79

1.23

1.71

.61

1.13

Insoluble matter (before calci-

. nation), ....

27.66

21.09

10.51

5.63

12.45

Insoluble matter (after calcina-

tion),

25.06

19.32

9.02

4.04

11.11

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Concord, Mass.; III., sent on from Rock Bottom, Mass.
IV. and v., sent on from Sunderland, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

in.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

11.39

7.87

19.85

11.15

16.17

Potassium oxide,

8.39

5.56

3.66

5.83

5.94

Calcium oxide,

33.05

37.93

_*

_*

_*

Phosphoric acid,

1.74

.74

.95

1.83

Trace

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

16.11

19.02

1G.S9

23.85

31.13

Insoluble matter (after calcina-

tion),

14.27

17.64

13.24

18.17

20.02

* Not detei'mined.

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Lowell, Mass. ; III. and IV., sent on from Boston, Mass.
v., sent on from Amherst, Mass ]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

7.30

4.97

.46

17.98

3.39
5.52
2.11

15.72

16.59

6.45
.77

6.02

9.51

5.72

.56

13.25

24.63
7.63

.82

.46

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phcsphoric aciil,
Insoluble matter(after calcina-
tion),

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

311

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Wood Ashes.

[I , sent on from Tewksbury, Mass.; II. and III., sent on from Concord, Mass.
IV. and v., sent on from North Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

1.

II.

III.

IV.

Y.

IVIoistui-e at 100"

c,

11.30

15.01

8.49

18.13

14.25

Potassium oxide,

,

,

6.80

8.05

7.10

5.05

5.95

Phosphoric acid,

1.69

.67

.31

.92

1.43

Insoluble matter

(before calei-

nation),

.

16.56

18.38

16.97

15.33

15.03

Insolulile mattei

( after

calci-

nation) ,

•

13.66

15.84

15.25

13.46

12.75

Woc

xl AsJu

s.

[I., sent on from Wincheiidon, Mass.; II., sent on from North Hadley, Mass.; III.,
sent on from Concord, Mass. ; IV., senton from Fraraingham, Mass.; V., sent on
from North Sudbury, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide.

Calcium oxide,

Phosplioric acid.

Insoluble matter (before calci-
nation), . . . .

Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

23.07
2.87

33.04
1.48

10.96

9.29

Per Cent.

III. IV.

4.48

6.75

37.32

1.82

15.53

13.72

16.16

5.88

32.46

1.07

15.34

13.09

16.39
4.83

35.52
1.33

10.07

9.28

17.74
6.45

33.76
1.00

13.37

12.13

Wood Ashes.

[1. and II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent on from Eastham, Mass ; IV.
sent on from Westljorough, Mass. ; V., sent on from Sunderland, Mass ]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100" C,

8.96

13.00

15.33

20.57

19.52

Potassium oxide.

3.00

8.74

5.96

5.93

6.21

Calcium oxide.

25.60

36.44

36.14

32.03

29.51

Phosphoric acid.

.97

1.79

.26

1.48

1.83

Insoluljle matter (before calci-

nation), ....

36.93

8.44

12.91

10.05

13.47

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), . ■ . .

34.89

6.40

10.38

8.09

10.85

312 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Waltham, Mass.; III., sent on from Westminster, Mass.;
IV. and v., sent on from Montague, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

8.97
6.86
1.56

17.07

23.75

4.68
.90

17.43

3.13
4.73
1.33

22.03

16.53
4.24
1.15

15.73

26.80
4.00
1.20

13.. 55

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent on from North Amherst, Mass.
IV., sent on from Hadley, Mass ; V., sent on from Sudlniry, Mass.]

Per Cext.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

20.98

9.39

17.35

13.43

11.48

Potassium oxide,

3.23

7.64

7.07

5.76

4.10

Calcium oxide,

46.44

39.00

35.51

_*

_*

Phosphoric acid.

1.02

1.69

1.64

1.54

1.66

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

15.73

15.44

8.60

_*

_*

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

14.10

13.95

6.30

10.23

15.33

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from North Amherst, Mass.; Ill , sent on from Westborough,
Mass.; IV., sent on from Acton, Mass.; V., sent on from South Framingham,

Mass.]

I.

II.

III.

IV.

8.21

11.28

5.50

23.49

5.99

6.81

6.93

3.56

39.48

40.24

45.20

-*

1.13

1.28

1.41

1.25

10.33

10.58

10.57

11.02

9.15

9.33

8.57

9.11

Moisture at 100= C,

Potassium oxide,

Calcium oxide,

Phosphoric acid,

Insoluble matter (before calci-
nation), . . . .

Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

6.58
4.79

_*

1.02

12.49

» Not determined.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

313

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from South Sudbury, Mass. ; III. and IV., sent on from Concord,
Mass. ; v., sent on from Acton, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I. II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter (before calci-
nation), ....

10.61
5.24
1.20

29.60

20.80

4.19

.67

25.39

10.85
4.33

3.75

12.00

17.09
5.00
1.05

18.42

21.30
4.00
1.13

8.97

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Southampton, Mass.; III. and IV., sent on from Concord,
Mass.; v., sent on from Sunderhmd, Mass]

Per Cknt.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

jNIoisture at 100° C,

6.72

16.75

13.01

22.21

37.56

Potassium oxide,

5.72

4.58

9.46

4.40

1.51

Calcium oxide,

_*

_*

35.88

34.24

_*

Phosphoric acid.

.38

1.51

1.13

.56

.67

Insoluble matter (before calci-

nation), ....

_*

_»

8.72

16.15

_*

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

7.22

26.37

6.90'

13.65

10.38

Wood Ashes.

[I and II., sent on from Concord, Mass.; III., sent on from East Whately, Mass.
IV., sent on from WestNorthfield, Mass. ; V., sent on from Sunderland, Mass ]

Moisture at 100^ C,
Potassiimi oxide,
Calcium oxide, «
Phosphoric acid.
Insoluble matter (befoi'e ealci

nation).
Insoluble matter (after calci

nation), ,

19.43

4.55

35.48

.81

17.58

14.79

14.04
6.57

34.55
1.60

13.50

1 1 . 28

11.06
4.81

_*

.82

5.04

6.35

_*

1.54

5.76 i 13.55

21.83
6.12

_ *

1.74

11.78

* Not determined.

314 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Wood Ashes.

[I. aiul IT., sent on from Concdtd, Mass.; III., sent on from Hadley, Mass.; IV.,
sent on from Sunderland, Mass.; V., sent on from West Nortbfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100« C,

Potassium oxide,

Calcium oxide,

Phosphoric acid,

Insoluble matter (before calci-
nation), . . . .

Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

14.16
5.78

32.47
l.Gl

15.46

13.06

16.19
6.36

34.16
1.00

14.35

12.27

10.44

6.38
_*

1.28

23.08

15.79
6.86

_*

.95

18.17

10.44
5.46

_*

.05

25.08

* Not determined.

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from West Nortlifield, Mass ; III., sent on from Amherst, Mass.
IV., sent on from Boston, Mass. ; V., sent on from Pelbam, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide, . .
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . . . .

10.92
5.07
1.07

5.36
7.00
1.97

21.19 18.65

9.52
4.31
1.23

14.35

8.11
4.88
1.31

16.18

11.22
4.95
1.64

15.21

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II , sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent on from Danvers, Mass. ; IV
sent on from Amherst, Mass.; V., sent on from Westborough, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter (after calci-
nation), . - . .

16.38

6.55

.51

9.90 10.49
7.44 5.57
1.71 1.07

10.16 16.79

11.25

16.18
3.39
1.28

15.36

15.33
6.25
1.20

9.07

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

315

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III , sent on from Hudson, Mass. ; IT.,
sent on from Hingham, Mass.; V., sent on from Granby, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

4.87

11.22

17.70

2.37

11.07

Potassium oxide,

4.82

4.10

4.13

4.79

4.40

daleium oxide,

37.00

32.60

33.20

32.80

42.80

Phos]>lioric acid,

1.40

1.28

1.28

1.16

1.80

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

22.81

18.06

14.31

30.38

13.91

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from North Amherst, Mass. ; III., sent on from South Deerfleld,
Mass.; IV , sent on from Concord, Mass.; A'., sent ou from South Sudlmry,
Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

.30

1.65

3.60

7.35

29.48

Potassium oxide,

5.30

9.22

5.56

4.74

2.38

Calcium oxide,

_*

_*

41.97

42.40

37.71

Phosphoric acid,

3.08

1.54

.77

1.66

1.08

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

5.12

10.90

21.23

16.78

3.75

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Hadlev, Mass. ; lY
sent on from North Amherst, Mass. ; V., sent on from West Northfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I. II.

!

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C ,

13.57

16.85

30.38

18.05

9.19

Potassium oxide.

7.63

5.88

4.48

4.04

5.70

Calcium oxide,

32.51

36.42

26.55

_*

36.00

Phosphoric acid,

1.45

1.51

1.22

1.15

1.41

Insoluble matter (after calci-

nation), ....

32.57

4.46

11.01

11.41

12.58

* Not determined.

316 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — ConUmied.
Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Marlborough, Mass. ; II., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; III., IV
and v., sent on from Marblehead, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III. IV.

V.

Moisture at 10(P C,
Potassium oxide,
Calcium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter,

2.98

4.98
37.26

1.15
25.25

4.21
3.82

31.14
2.98

18.97

20.97

5.12

31.80

.70

14.73

12.72
5.48

37.00
1.22

15.12

11.30
4.60

40.40
1.79

10.60

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Hudson, Mass. ; II., sent on from Hingham, Mass. ; III. and IV
sent on from Granby, Mass.; V., sent on from Amesburj-, Mass.]

I'EK Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide.
Calcium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter, .

17.70
4.13

33.20
1.28

14.31

2.37
4.79

32.80
1.16

30.38

11.07
4.40

42.80
1.80

13.91

1.17
4.31

25.60
1.54

39.49

10.41

4.33

32.67

.90

16.65

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Merrimac, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Boston, Mass. ; IV
sent on from Clinton, Mass. ; V., sent on from Fall River, Mass.]

I'tR Cent.

I

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

10

67

5.18

9.81

25.28

9.78

Potassium oxide,

5

74

5.93

4.90

3.72

4.71

Calcium oxide,

38

60

39.40

44.40

_*

_*

Phosphoi-ic acid.

1

28

.96

1.66

1.25

1.51

Insoluble matter, .

11

75

6.97

1.40

12.38

18.52

* Not determined.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

317

5. Analysks, etc. — Continued.
Cotton-hull Ashes.

[I. and II , sent on from Boston, Mass.; III., sent on from Amherst, Mass.; IV.,
sent on from Agawam, Mass.]

Per Cknt.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Potassium oxide,

Pliosphovic acid,

Insoluble matter,

9.87
24.06

7.68
15.38

7.77
20.40

7.83
11.78

14.78

23.96

7.93

10.10

13.92

24.12

9.21

9.33

Ashes from Cremation of Sivill.
[Sent on from Lowell, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

It.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C

.51

.07

.04

.11

Potassium oxide,

1.73

8.83

7.03

1.25

Calcium oxide,

24.79

28.18

33.74

47.60

Magnesium oxitle, ....

1.87

_*

_* .

_*

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

3.57

7.63

6.25

1.06

Phosphoric acid,

16.61

17.18

2G.09

32.26

Insoluble matter (before calcination),

39.60

18.49

14.40

15.13

Insoluble matter (after calcination) , .

29.72

16.53

11.41

13.20

* Not determined.

Logwood Ashes.
[Sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide, .
Calcium oxide,
Magnesium oxide.
Ferric and aluminic oxides,
Phosphoric acid, .
Carbonic acid,
Insoluble matter, .

Seivage.

[Sent on from Danvers, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C.
Potassium oxide, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,

Per Cent.

.55

.26

58.26

1.46

1.46

.70

32.95

3.09

Per Cent.
99.959

.0033
.0012
.0028

318 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Peat.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Nitrogen,

Florida Muck.

[Sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Niti'ogen,

I'd- Cent.

27.51
.12

Per Cent..
5.94
1.07

Per Cent^

60.9a

Canal Mud.

[Sent on from North Amherst, Mass.]

]\Ioisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide, -

Phosi^horic acid, .28

Nitrogen, .15

Insoluble matter, 32.67

Muck.

[I , sent on from Rockbottom, Mass. ; II , sent on from Pansy Park, Mass ]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100° C,

Nitrogen,

78.06
.43

81. 09=
A-2

Horse Manure.
[Sent on from Westborongh, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C ,
Potassium oxide, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter, .

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Calcium oxide,
Magnesium oxide.
Insoluble matter, .

Boiler Soot.
[Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

11.25

2.82

1.46

.74

12.60

Per Cent.
18.80

.54

1.60

2.31

1.19

58.91

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

319

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Castor Pomace.

[I., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; II., sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter,

* Not determined.

Muriate of Potash.
[I., sent on from Nortli Amlierst, Mass. ; II., sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Pkr Cknt.

I.

11.

Moisture at 100° C ,

Potassium oxide,

Insoluble matter,

1.98

52.00

.26

.30

36 00

.18

Saltpetre.
[Sent on from South Acton, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen, . .

Saltpetre ^Vaste.
[Sent on from Townsend Harbor, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C.
Potassium oxide,
Sodium oxide,
Chlorine,
Nitrogen,

Moisture at 100° C,
Water of combination,
Suliihuric acid,
Insoluble matter, .

Sulphate of Soda.
[Sent on from Denver, Col.]

rer Cent..

.66
45.74
11.88

Per Ont.

1.90

6.24

43.01

43.69

1.5&

I'er Cent..

1.38

.99

54.93

.16.

320 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Nitrate of Soda.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Nitrogen,

Insohiljlu matter,

Per Cent.

1.82

14.72

.12

Carbonate of Potash.
[Sent on from Amherst, Mass. J

Water of combination,
Potassimii oxide.
Magnesium oxide, ,
Insoluble mattei , .

Per Cent.

26.8.S

18.48

19.52

.39

Odorless Phosphate.

'£!., sent on from Hattield, Mass. ; II., sent on from Marshfield, Mass. ; III., sent on
from Amherst, Mass ]

Per Cent.

I. 1 II.

III.

]\Ioisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide,

Phosplioric acid, ......

Calcium oxide,

Carbonic acid, .......

Insoluble matter, ......

1.12

.32

18.40

49.00

2.67

7.20

.60

.52

19.45

61.30

2.25

5.12

.63

_*

18.42

48.27

5.53

Concentrated Phosphates. ,

[I., double superpliosphate ; II., phosphate of ammonia ; III., jiliosphate of potash ;
sent on from New York, N. Y.]

Per Cent

I.

11.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

5.74

6.05

3.76

Potassium oxide,

-

-

32.56

Calcium oxide, .

16.00

.-

-

Total phosphoric acid.

47.80

43.86

35.70

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

38.38

_*

_*

ilevert(Ml jihosphoric acid.

9.04

_♦

_*

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

.38

_*

_*

Nitrogen, ....

-

10.37

-

Insoluble matter,

.60

.82

.92

* Not (leterminci

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

321

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Florida Phosphates.

[Sent on frum Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I. I II.

Moisture at 100° C,

Total jjliosphoric acid,

Soluble phosphoric acid, ......

Reverted phosphoric acid,

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

Insoluble matter, .......

.95
23.87

.16

1.37

22.34

31.77

2.52

21.72

_*

_«

_*

30.50

South Carolina Floats

on from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

.83

.

. 23.39

. Trace

2.33

. 21.06

. 20.16

Ground Bone.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Total phosphoric acid, .
Soluble jihosphoric acid,
Revei'ted phosphoric acid.
Insoluble phosjjhoric acid.
Insoluble matter, .

[I., sent on from New Bedford, Mass. ; II., sent on from Pealiod.r, Mass. ; III., sent
on from Northljorongh, Itlass ]

Per Cext.

I.

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

5.94

4.62

4.85

Total phosphoric acid,

25.33

25.68

22.96

Soluble phosphoric acid,

.32

.52

.29

Reverted phosphoric acid. .....

15.16

18.23

9.77

Insoluble phosphoric acid, ....

9.85

6.93

12.90

Nitrogen,

2.96

2.18

4.02

Lisoluble matter,

1.02

_*

.70

* Not determhied.

322 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Co7itinued.
Ground Bone.

[Sent on from Concord, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

III.

INIoisture at 100° C,

Total phosphoric acid, .....

Soluble phosphoric acid,

Reverted jihosi^horic acid, .....
Insoluble iDhosphoric acid, ....
Nitrogen, ........

9.23

21.80

12.96
8.84
3.54

8.71
20.29

10.20

10.09

3.70

3.21
23.46

.47

12.21

10.78

3.22

Cot to ) i -seed Meal.

[I., II. and III., sent on from Amherst, Mass.; IV. and V., sent on from Hatfield,

Mass ]

Per Cknt.

I.

II. III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen,

8.65
2.25
3.17
6.50

7.78
1.78
3.15
6.24

6.48
2.50
2.68
6.88

6.47

_*

_*
7.23

7.08

_*

_*
6.62

* Not determined.

Mill Sweepings.
[Sent on from Westborough, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.49

Potassium oxide, ......

66

Phosphoric acid,

1.18

Nitrogen, .......

3.76

Insoluble matter,

5.01

Home-mixed Fertilizers.

[I., animal meal and tankai;c ; II., tankage and potash, sent on from Eastham,

Mass.]

Peu Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide,

Phosphoric acid,

Nitrogen,

3.20

19.71
4.48

6.20

6.75

15.35

3.93

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— Xo. 33.

323

5. Analyses, etc. — Coudaded.

An imal Fertilizers.

[I., sent on from New Bedford, Mass.; II., sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Tku Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Total phos])horic acid,
Soluble phosphoric acid, .
Reverted i)liosphoric acid, ,
Insoluble phosphoric acid, .

Nitrogen,

Insoluble matter,

4.69

13.22

.19

7.72

5.31

1.75

11.92

12.87

9.08

_*

_*

_♦

8.16

* Not determined.

Complete Fertilizers.

[1., sent on from Cleveland, Ohio; II., sent on from South Sudbury, Mass.; III.,
sent on from Springfield, Mass. ; IV., sent on from West Berlin, Mass.]

I'ER

'KN'T.

1.

11.

„,.

IV.

:\Ioisture at 100° C, .

8.50

11.25

12.47

11.03

Total phosphoric acid, .

6.13

11.83

14.14

12.77

Soluble phosphoric acid,

.32

2.30

1.85

7.52

Reverted phosphoric acid, .

5.30

8.95

9.78

3.24

Insoluble phosphoric acid, .

.51

.58

2.51

2.01

Potassium oxide, .

6.68

2.44

7.22

1.40

Nitrogen, ....

4.53

4.69

4.11

2.39

Complete Fertilizers.

[I. and II., sent on from North Hadley, Mass ; III. and lY., sent on from Hudson,

Mass ]

I.

II.

III.

IV.

:\roisture at 100° C, .

6.00

7.62

9.87

4.34

Total phosphoric acid, .

8.60

9.77

12.54

11.16

Soluble phosphoric acid,

3.74

3.22

4.96

4.76

Reverted phosphoric acid.

2.51

3.58

4.30

3.38

Insoluble lihosj^horic acid,

2.35

2.97

3.28

3.02

Potassium oxide, .

5.59

6.64

5.99

6.66

Nitrogen,

2.29

2.46

3.20

3.94

324 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jj

in.

6. Miscellaneous Analyses.

Oriental Fertilizer and Bug Destroyer.

[Sent on from Amlierst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C
Solid mattei", .
Arsenic oxide,
Potassium oxide,
Sodium oxide,
Nitx'ogen,
Chlorine,
Sulphuric acid,

Non-poisonous Potato-hug Destroyer.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Nitrogen,

Ash, ....

Potassium oxide, .

Calcium oxide,

Magnesium oxide.

Ferric and aluminic oxides.

Phosphoric acid, .

Insoluble matter (before calcination).

Insoluble matter (after calcination).

Clay {so called).
[Sent on from Lynn, Mass.]

Moisture at 100- C,
Calcium oxide.
Magnesium oxide,
Ferric and aluminic oxides.
Phosphoric acid, . . .
Carbonic acid.

Organic and volatile matter,
Insoluble matter, .

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

325

Miscellaneous Analyses — Concluded.
Soil.

[Sent on from Springfield, Mass.]

Per

"IKNT.

I.

IL

Moisture at 100^ C,

2.39

8.15

Potassium oxide,

.21

.15

Calcium oxide,

.56

.54

f Phosphoric acid,

.18

.16

Nitrogen,

.154

.147

Wheat Flour.

[From station barn.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 14.46

Potassium oxide, 179

Pliosphoric acid, 230

Nitrogen, 1.840

Buttermilk.

[Sent on from Shelburne, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 91.130

Nitrogen, 510

Asli, 810

Potassium oxide, .046

Phosphoric acid, 041

Calcium oxide, 045

32G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. ]VIiscELLA]srEOus Fodder Analyses.

[I., corn ensilage, sent on from Marlborough, Mass. ; II., oat and pea ensilage, sent
on from Marlborough, Mass. ; III., corn ensilage, sent on from Amherst, Mass. ;
IV., ensilage of Panicum miliaceum, sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; V., ensilage
of Pmiicum crus-galli, sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Pbr Cent.

I.

ir.

III. IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

79.98

38.02

71.27

78.01

76.75

Dry matter, ....

20.02

61.98

28.73

21.99

23.25

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Brxj Matter.

Crude ash, ....

5.50

9.19

6.05

8.32

8.57

" cellulose,

25.24

31.34

22.89

31.80

36.93

" fat, ....

3.20

3.94

4.8G

3.34

2.74

" protein,.

8.22

13.72

10.00

7.46

7.89

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

57.84

41.81

56.20

49.08

43.87

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

[I., millet (Panicutn crus-galli), sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II., soja bean
(late), sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; III., soja bean (early green), sent on from
Amherst, Mass.; IV., soja bean (eai'h" white), sent on from Amherst, Mass.;
v., soja bean (medium black), sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

I'KK Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

75.11

79.78

69.84

66.56

76.87

Diy matter, ....

24.89

20.22

30.16

33.44

23.13

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

9.75

21.33

12.97

15.25

12.66

" cellulose,

29.51

23.62

23.51

27.12

21.73

» fat, ....

2.79

2.25

3.87

2.77

6.76

" protein,.

11.45

18.56

19.35

17.63

21.67

Nitrogen-free extract mattei", .

46.50

34.24

40.40

37.23

37.18

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

189-4.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

327

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

p., soja-bean straw, sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II., Japanese radish (tneritiia),
sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; III., Japanese radish {nii/ashir/e), sent on from
Amherst, Mass. ; IV., soja-bean meal, sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; V., cotton-
seed hulls, sent on fi'om Boston, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I-

II. IIL

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

13.97

93.26

92.58

10.80

8.15

Diy matter, ....

86.03

6.74

6.74

89.20

91.85

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

5.57

10.32

9.87

5.04

2.81

" cellulose.

46.51

10.27

9.79

5.01

46.60

" fat, ....

1.17

1.05

.96

18.17

1.79

" i^roteiu,

5.73

7.47

6.51

41.18

4.10

Kitrogen-free extract matter, .

41.02

70.89

72.87

30.60

44.70

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

[I., ground oats, sent on from Baldwinville, Mass. ; II., wheat bran, sent on from
Amherst, Mass.; III., dried brewers' grain, sent on from Boston, Mass.; IV.,
new-process linseed meal, sent on from North Amherst, Mass.; V., cotton-seed
meal, sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I. IL

in.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.71

9.85

7.99

10.19

6.48

Dry matter, ....

90.29

90.15

92.01

89.81

93.52

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

3.93

7.11

_*

_*

7.16

" cellulose,

9.29

11.82

_*

_*

5.60

" fat, ....

3.51

5.30

6.04

2.89

11.04

" i:)rotein, ....

13.20

18.17

18.74

38.84

46.08

Nitrogeu-free extract matter, .

70.07

57.60

_*

_*

30.12

100.00

100.00

-

-

100.00

* Not determined.

328 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

[I., Richardson glucose feed, sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; II., glucose refuse, sent
on from Boston, Mass.; III., starch feed (Pope), sent on fi-om Amherst, Mass.;
IV., rye feed, sent on from North Dartmouth, Mass.; V., oat feed, sent on from
Baldwinville, Mass.]

PliR CK.NT.

1.

II.

IIL

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

6.32

6.71

5.48

9.63

9.47

Dry matter, ....

93.68

93.29

94.52

90.37

90.53

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

1.13

1.20

.90

2.62

3.98

" cellulose,

5.00

4.77

15.21

3.52

8.06

" fat, ....

11.67

10.55

11.30

2.79

4.28

" protein, ....

23.12

21.06

11.28

13.56

15.60

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

59.08

62.42

61.31

77.51

69.08

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

[I., proteina, sent on from Noi'th Amherst, Mass.; II., proteina, sent on from
Weston, Mass. ; III., proteina, sent on from Bolton, Mass.; IV., cooked feed
(oats and corn), sent on from Worcester, Mass. ; V., excelsior feed, sent on from
Holden, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.04

6.80

8.63

5.55

7.08

Dry matter, ....

91.96

93.20
100.00

91.31

94.45

92.92

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

2.80

3.24

2.13

4.04

4.43

" cellulose,

12.33

10.18

_*

8.73

14.65

" fat, ....

7.74

8.24

8.53

5.34

5.42

" i^rotein, ....

24.47

27.23

24.57

14.75

9.75

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

52.66

51.11

_*

67.14

65.75

100.00

100.00

-

100.00

100.00

• Not determined.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

329

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

[I., gluten feed (Pope), sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II., gluten feed, sent on
from Marlborough, Mass- ; III. and IV., gluten feed, sent on from Amherst,
Mass. ; Y., gluten feed, sent on from Sunderland, Mass.]

Per <}knt.

I.

II. in.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

13.98

7.64

8.06

8.99

9.39

Dry matter, ....

86.02

92.36

91.94

91.01

90 61

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

.75

1.14

_*

_*

_*

" cellulose,

1.80

5.78

_*

_*

_*

" fat, ....

1C.34

9.18

7.57

7.71

13.71

" protein, ....

38.68

21.11

27.19

27.33

27.45

Kitrogen-free extract matter, .

42.43

62.79

_*

_*

_*

100.00

100.00

-

-

-

[I., gluten meal, sent on from North Amherst, Mass.; II., gluten meal, sent on
from Agawam, Mass. ; III., gluten meal, sent on from Sunderland, Mass. ; IV.,
gluten meal, sent on from South Acton, Mass. ; V., gluten meal, sent on from
Boston, Mass.]

I.

II. m. IV.

V.

]\Ioisture at 100^ C,

6.93

5.93

6.85

7.29

6.15

Dry matter, ....

93.07

94.07

93.15

92.71

93.85

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

.69

.50

_*

_*

_*

" cellulose.

9.08

5.80

_*

_*

_*

" fat

9.81

12.08

10.67

7.07

16.52

" protein..

14.51

30.63

25.43

32.56

29.47

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

65.91

50.99

_*

_*

_*

100.00

100.00

-

-

-

* Not determined.

330 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Concluded.

[I., pea bran, sent on from Great Barrington, Mass.; II., Louisiana rice bran, sent
on from Sudbury, Mass.; III., bran, sent on from South Acton, Mass.; IV., oat
meal and barley refuse, sent on from Amherst, Mass.; V., cranberries, sent on
from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

7.U

10.25

6.67

7.76

89.41

Dry matter, ....

92.86

89.75

93.33

92.24

10.59

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

3.33

10.59

_*

3.84

1.99

" cellulose,

46.16

14.86

_*

22.30

11.63

" fat, ....

1.16

9.66

5.04

3.80

5.61

" protein, ....

10.31

9.82

17.88

7.45

4.40

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

39.01

55.07

_*

62.61

76.37

100.00

100.00

-

100.00

100.00

* Not determined.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

31

II.

Analyses of Milk sent on for Examination,

[Per Cent.]

Number
OF Sample.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids
not Fat.

Locality.

Ktmarks.

1,

11.77

3.03

. 8.74

Westborough.

2,

12.29

3.37

8.92

Westborough.

3,

12.83

3.61

9.22

Marblehead.

4,

13.19

3.93

9.26

INIarbleheacl.

5,

12.24

3.38

8.86

Berlin.

c,

13.30

4.62

8.68

Barre.

"»

11.71

3.36

8.35

Furnace.

8,

10.34

3.11

7.23

Northampton.

9,

12.98

3.90

9.08

Barre Plains.

iO,

12.78

3.80

8.98

Barre Plains.

11,

10.53

1.28

9.25

Barre Plains.

12,

14.11

5.07

9.04

Barre Plains.

13,

4.62

.28

3.43

Amherst.

Whey.

14,

6.32

-

-

Adams.

Whey.

15,

12.60

3.36

9.24

Westborough.

16,

12.70

3.50

9.20

Gilbertville.

17,

12.53

4.02

8.51

Furnace.

IS,

13.29

4.27

9.03

Barre Plains.

19,

12.06

3.21

8.85

Granby.

20,

9.24

.30

8.94

Granby.

Skim-milk

21,

12.50

3.81

8.69

Gilbertville.

22,

13.07

4.31

8.76

Barre.

23,

13.43

4.48

8.95

Barre Plains.

24,

12.66

3.81

8.85

New Braintree.

25,

11.68

1.80

9.80

Westborough.

26,

11.76

2.05

9.71

Westborough.

332 AGlllCULTUR^M^ EXPERBIENT STATION. [Jan.

III.

Analyses of Water sent on for Examination.*

[Parts per million.]

K

S
!2i

.2
'3

O

S

3
»
<1

a

"2
o

O J

■§•3

3 2
£3
<

6
a

d

o

o

a

o

V

a

•a
a>
CS

a
n
!2
o

5 ^

2 "

i

Locality.

1

.012

.140

2.00

108.00

50.00

1.11

-

Barre.

2

.052

.128

26.00

112.00

72.00

2.08

-

North Amherst.

3

.012

.072

3.00

88.00

56.00

-

-

Barre.

4

.248

.220

4.00

192.00

92.00

3.38

-

East Amherst.

5

.028

.084

6.00

104.00

48.00

3.25

-

Amherst.

6

.088

.144

4.00

170.00

82.00

2.34

None.

Littleton.

7

.008

.140

7.00

70.00

36.00

.79

-

Prescott.

8

.016

.092

6.00

116.00

60.00

2.34

None.

, Littleton.

9

.012

.152

4.00

112.00

44.00

.63

None.

Littleton.

10

.052

.360

18.00

180.00

60.00

2.60

-

Upton.

11

.080

.160

8.00

100.00

40.00

2.08

-

Leverett.

12

.076

.316

15.00

330.00

130.00

6.86

-

Westminster.

13

Trace.

.340

15.00

740.00

316.00

46.60

-

Weston.

14

.012

.104

8.00

120.00

40.00

1.95

-

Weston.

15

.020

.180

14.00

120.00

36.00

2.73

-

Nichawong.

16

.048

.084

25.00

220.00

56.00

5.29

-

Glohe Village.

17

1.660

.760

43.00

366.00

126.00

7.43

-

Globe Village.

18

.016

.080

34.00

310.00

100.00

6.43

-

Globe Village.

19

.028

.080

14.00

126.00

46.00

4.03

-

Framingham.

20

Trace.

.104

10.00

238.00

74.00

5.71

None.

Amherst.

21

.028

.092

6.00

120.00

56.00

4.57

-

Plaiufield.

22

.184

.336

16.00

200.00

84.00

5.86

-

East Templeton.

23

.660

.268

34.00

310.00

70.00

10.75

-

Templeton.

24

.136

.192

76.00

220.00

100.00

11.50

-

Charlton Depot.

25

Trace.

.116

2.00

128.00

50.00

1.56

-

Chatham.

26

.568

.162

40.00

286.00

130.00

10.60

-

Amherst.

* Analysis of well water at the station is confined to chemical tests with reference to an
excess of foreign matter from sinks, barns, etc.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

333

Analyses op Water, etc. — Continued.

.2

a
o

<

6

a

K

a

s

g
<
"a

<

2

O

a =

3 O

£a
<

a
O

o

o

'a
o

T3

n si

a

4)

Locality.

27

.776

.172

40.00

300.00

60.00

8.86

-

Concord.

28

.300

.240

224.00

956.00

200.00

10.90

-

Concord.

29

.160

.240

10.00

200.00

60.00

1.56

-

Concord.

30

.056

.108

6.00

-

-

1.43

-

Amherst.

31

.072

.100

26.00

220.00

100.00

5.43

-

Amherst.

32

.672

.308

98.00

640.00

200.00

9.43

~

Amherst.

33

.044

.096

50.00

360.00

100.00

10.00

-

Concord.

34

.116

.168

66.00

340.00

90.00

10.75

-

Concord.

35

.064

.248

36.00

240.00

80.00

4.71

-

Concord.

36

.100

.184

36.00

410.00

130.00

7.43

-

Concord.

37

.024

.176

12.00

140.00

56.00

4.29

-

South Acton.

38

Trace.

.092

8.00

256.00

80.00

7.43

None.

South Acton.

39

.240

.180

8.00

230.00

90.00

4.03

-

South Amherst.

40

None.

.060

4.00

200.00

52.00

4.29

-

Oakdale.

41

.040

.064

20.00

200.00

40.00

1.95

-

Amherst.

42

None.

.292

3.00

104.00

40.00

1.95

-

South Deerfield.

43

.020

.140

20.00

160.00

64.00

2.73

-

Concord.

44

.040

.124

6.00

120.00

72.00

1.95

-

Concord.

45

.052

.128

42.00

260.00

100.00

5.71

-

Concord.

46

,044

.136

15.00

160.00

92.00

2.21

-

Concord.

47

Trace.

.160

22.00

240.00

100.00

4.86

-

Barre.

48

.082

.324

20.00

286.00

58.00

4.86

-

Amherst.

49

.024

.186

17.00

250.00

80.00

4.43

-

Amherst.

50

.032

.086

13.00

140.00

28.00

1.69

-

Concord.

51

.372

.100

7.00

144.00

86.00

.48

-

North Andover.

52

.344

.326

8.00

128.00

52.00

1.11

-

North Andover.

53

.080

.184

15.00

236.00

100.00

4.03

-

Shirley.

54

.036

.266

4.00

96.00

54.00

-

-

Amherst.

55

.022

.256

-

62.00

36.00

-

-

Amherst.

56

.078

.160

6.00

64.00

14.00

-

-

Amherst.

57

.028

.120

24.00

224.00

120.00

5.14

-

Amherst

58

.100

.104

10.00

140.00

64.00

3.51

-

Westfield.

59

.028

.150

3.00

124.00

64.00

2.86

-

South Deerfield.

60

.016

.092

10.00

100.00

32.00

1.82

-

Weston.

61

.060

.132

11.00

112.00

44.00

2.60

-

Weston.

334 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Water, etc. — Concluded .

.3

'c
o

a

<

d

'a
o

• 63

S

a
<

3

•0

o

.a a
a'S

P o

aa

<

6

a

_s

S3

Q

o
o

el

•a
"3

GO

•a

5 .
§ 2

■a o

a

■a
S

Locality.

62

.094

.190

22.00

236.00

140.00

4.71

-

Barre.

63

.072

.164

S.OO

200.00

52.00

2.47

-

Wellesley Hills.

64

.204

.244

4.00

132.00

48.00

1.11

-

Petersham.

65

.052

.120

7.00

110.00

32.00

2.08

-

Chelmsford.

66

.032

.244

3.00

160.00

90.00

.79

-

North Brookfield.

67

.032

.084

14.00

152.00

42.00

1.95

None.

North Amherst.

68

3.200

1.300

35.00

260.00

44.00

6.00

-

South Deerfield.

69

Trace.

.136

6.00

84.00

28.00

1.95

-

Leverett.

70

.132

.100

6.00

96.00

56.00

.32

-

South Sudbury.

71

.084

.148

4.00

116.00

24.00

-

-

South Deerfield.

72

2.560

1.456

5.00

112.00

16.00

1.11

-

South Deerfield.

73

.016

.076

2.00

76.00

24.00

2.08

-

Concord.

74

.020

.096

4.00

60.00

24.00

.16

-

Amherst.

75

.272

.296

4.00

136.00

96.00

1.69

-

Littleton.

76

.040

.144

18.00

160.00

72.00

1.69

-

Littleton.

77

.272

.208

7.00

176.00

92.00

3.25

-

Littleton.

78

.040

.088

8.00

120.00

36.00

2.60

-

Littleton.

79

.036

.068

24.00

240.00

140.00

5.43

-

Littleton.

80

.240

.200

4.00

260.00

120.00

6.86

-

Littleton.

81

2.400

1.300

33.00

276.00

52.00

6.57

-

South Deerfield.

82

.032

.152

2.00

100.00

36.00

2.60

-

Holyoke.

83

.044

.068

2.00

104.00

40.00

4.86

-

Holyoke.

84

.036

.172

2.00

76.00

32.00

2.21

-

Holyoke.

85

.088

.096

3.00

164.00

20.00

7.43

-

Holyoke.

86

.020

.084

6.00

168.00

32.00

5.86

-

Framingham.

87

.012

.108

3.00

136.00

72.00

3.38

-

Chelmsford.

88

.028

.096

20.00

184.00

44.00

2.99

-

Westminster.

89

.020

.084

7.00

220.00

108.00

3.25

-

Littleton.

90

Trace.

.078

8.00

140.00

40.00

3.51

-

Littleton.

91

.064

.072

10.00

776.00

100.00

4.86

-

Framingham.

92

.020

.076

8.00

112.00

52.00

2.47

-

Westminster.

93

.040

.068

2.00

96.00

56.00

1.11

-

Westminster.

The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's
process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 335

indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid
ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular.
(For a more detailed description of this method, see " Water
Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.)

Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode
of investigation is as follows : —

1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the
presence of filthy water.

2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in water, without
chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination.

3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine ( =71.4
parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per
million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million
of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water
is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine,
etc., and should be condemned.

4. Eight-hundredths parts per million of free ammonia
and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia render
a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine.

5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million,
ought to absolutely condemn a water which contains it.

G. The total solids found in the water should not exceed
forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million).

An examination of the previously stated analyses indicates
that Nos. 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 2(J, 27, 28,
29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
56, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 72, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82 and 84 ought
to be condemned as unfit for family use ; while Nos. 1, 2, 6,
7, 9, 31, 47, 58, 59, 61, 65, 69, 70, 71, 76 and 85 must be
considered suspicious. From this record it will be seen that
one-half of the entire number of well waters tried proved
unfit for drinking. Heating waters to the boiling point not
unfrequently removes immediate danger.

Parties sending on water for analysis ought to be very
careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The
samples should be sent on without delay after collecting.
One gallon is desirable for the analysis .

* One gallon equals 70,000 grains.

IV. COMPILATIOX OF AxALYSES MADE AT AmHERST,

Mass., of Agricultural Chejiicals and Refuse
Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

[As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.]

1868-1894.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1893,
contained in the reports of the Secretarj- of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those years. C. A. G.

338 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION, rjan.

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1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

365

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366 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits.

NAME.

Date.

o
a

0

>>

P o
S3 =1-. :-

a

'3
n
o
o

5

a

3

" 3 oo

o a 3

CO o o.
CQ

1877.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

c. c.

Apple (Baldwin),

. Sept. 1,

20.14

1.055

12—15

3.09

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin), .

. Oct. 9,

19.66

1.065

12—15

6.25

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin),

. Nov. 27,

-

1.075

12—15

10.42

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

. Sept. 1,

20.27

1.055

12—15

3.16

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

. Oct. 9,

19.68

1.066

12—15

7.14

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening.f

. Nov. 27,

20.25

1.080

12—15

11.36

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Aug. 31,

15.00

1.060

12-15

4.77

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Sept. 7,

16.55

1.060

12—15

5.68

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Sept. 20,

-

1.065

12—15

8.62

-

-

Pear (Bartlett), J

. Sept. 22,

-

1.060

12—15

8.93

-

-

-

Cranberries,

.

10.71

1.025

15

1.35

-

-

-§

Cranberries,

1S7S.

10.11

1.025

15

1.70

-

-

-II

Early York Peach (ripe),

.

-

1.045

25

1.92

6.09

45

Early York Peach (nearly

ripe).

10.9611

1.039

25

-

1.36

4.12

42.3

Crawford Peach (nearly r

ipe).

-

1.050

18

-

2.19

7.02

85.6

Crawford Peach (mellow)

, .

H.36ir

1.055

18

-

1.70

8.94

76

Crawford Peach (not mel

ow),

11.8811,1.045

(

22

-

1.67

5.92

64

* One part Naj CO3 in 100 parts of water,
t Picked October 9.
J Picked September 7.

§ Free acid, 2.25 per cent.
II Free acid, 2.43 per cent.
IT In pulp, kept ten days before testing.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

367

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.
[Wild and cultivated grapes.]

6

2^

C

Dry

NAME.

Date.

O
O

<u
a,

02

a o

O

o
o

3

5

a .

CD

ca a
^^
m

ill

■O TJ o
O Oil

1876.

Perot.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C.C.

Concord,

July 17,

1.0175

31

8.30

.645

7.77

-

Concord,

July 20,

1.0150

31

S.IO

.625

7.72

216

Concord

Aug. 2,

1.0200

25

9.94

.938

9.44

249

Concord

Aug. 16,

1.0250

28

10.88

2.000

18.38

229

Concord,

Aug. 30,

1.0500

25

15.58

8.620

55.33

120

Concord

Sept. 13,

1.0670

23

17.48

13.890

79.46

55

Concord

Sept. 4,

1.0700

18

19.82

16.130

81.38

49.2

"Wild Purple Grape,

July 19,

1.020

31

9.00

.714

7.93

204

"Wild Purple Grape,

•Aug. 4,

1.020

28

12.25

1.100

8.98

246

"Wild Purple Grape,

Aug. 16,

1.025

28

12.48

2.000

16.03

233

"Wild Purple Grape,

Aug. SO,

l.*050

26

16.58

6.500

39.81

147.6

"White "Wild Grape,

Aug. 31,

1.050

26

16.48

9.260

56.18

9S

Hartford Prolific

Sept. 5,

1.060

22

17.39

13.89

79.87

88. 8

Ives' seedling

Sept. 6,

1.070

26

20.15

15.15

75.14

88.6

lona

Sept. 7,

l.OSO

21

24.56

15.15

61.68

144

lona (mildewed), ....

Sept. 7,

1.045

20

15.41

6.25

40.56

204.4

Agawam,

Sept. 11,

1.075

20

20.79

17.24

82.92

94.8

"Wilder,

Sept. 11,

1.064

20

16.53

13.67

82.69

56

Delaware, .....

Sept. 12,

1.080

24

23.47

17.86

76.09

74

Charter Oak

Sept. 12,

1.080

24

15.98

8.77

54.94

168.3

Israella

Sept. 16,

1.075

23

19.67

9.20

46.77

89.8

Bent's Seedling

Sept. 20,

1.080

21

20.65

16.13

78.11

181.8

Adirondack,

Sept. 20,

1.065

21

15.11

13.17

87.16

68

Catawba

Oct. 16,
1877.

l.OSO

13

23.45

17.39

74.16

82

"Wilder

Sept. 11,

1.065

23

16.41

15.15

92.32

60

Charter Oak,

Sept. 12,

1.055

23

16.22

9.80

60.42

96

Concord

Sept. 13,

1.065

24

15.90

13.16

82.76

102

Concord

Sept. 26,

1.075

24

19.34

15.43

79.78

70.8

Eumalan,

Sept. 24,

1.065

16

19.62

13.16

67.07

73

Wild "White Grape,

Sept. 5,

1.050

22

15.57

7.20

46.24

140.8

"Wild "White Grape (shrivelled), .

Sept. 20,

1.060

16

20.02

10.00

49.95

130

"Wild Purple Grape (shrivelled), .

Sept. 20,

1.045

16

16.69

8.22

49.25

104

One part of pure Na2 CO3 in 100 parts water.

3G8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.
[Effect of girdling on grapes.]

NAME AND CONDITION.

Date.

1

In

O
C

6

o •

2 2

"cS
u

0)

o

o
u

'3
a

i

s

5

a .
o

5-"5'3
♦

1 877.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C.C.

Hartford Prolific, not girdled,

Sept. 3,

1.045

19

12.85

8.77

68.25

111.4

Hartford Prolitic, girdled, .

Sept. 3,

1.065

19

17.18

12.50

72.76

100

"Wilder, not girdled,

Sept. 3,

1.055

19

15.41

10.42

67.62

108.2

"Wilder, girdled

Sept. 3,

1.075

19

17.24

14.70

85.26

88.4

Delaware, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.065

19

15.75

11.76

74.66

101.2

Delaware, girdled, ....

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

19.14

15.15

79.16

94.4

Agawam, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.060

19

IG.GO

11.37

68.48

128.2

Agawam, girdled, ....

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

IS. 45

10.31

87.42

114.8

lona, not girdled, ....

Sept. 6,

1.0625

■22

16.60

13.51

68.31

131.4

lona, girdled

Sept. 6,

1.085

22

21 .43

15.63

72.76

125.6

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 6,

1.045

22

13.46

7.46

55.42

182.4

Concord, girdled, ....

Sept. 6,

1.070

22

17.53

13.88

79.18

102.8

Concord, not girdled,

Sept. 26,

1.065

22

17.63

13.70

78.27

86

Concord, girdled

Sept. 26,

l.OSO

22

24.47

19.61

80.13

76.8

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 5,

1.075

12

20.92

17.50

85.37

42

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 5,

1.0S5

12

-

17.86

-

54

Date.

100

Pa UTS

OF Gr

\PES CO

NTAINED —

i

6

0-3

*^

3

"o

o

o

3

Tartar
Acj

1889.

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 23,

-

84.69

6.24

.75

Concord, girdled, ....

Sept. 23,

.42

83.00

8.13

.85

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 8,

.53

84.31

6.09

.48

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 8,
1890.

.37

82.69

8.50

.50

Concord, not girdled, .

Sept. 25,

.47

86.49

7.36

1.15

Concord, girdled, ....

Sept. 25,

.48

84.93

9.29

1.17

Concord, not girdled,

Oct. 9,

.53

85.39

7.67

.71

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 9,

.59

85.11

6.65

.51

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 9,

.54

55.15

9.12

.74

♦ One part of pure Na^ CO3 in 100 parts wafer.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38.

369

C. Analyses of Fruits — Contiuued.
[Effect of fertilization upon the organic constituents of wild grapes.]

NAME.

Date.

C

"a

ft

3

0) to

■~ o
3 O

£ .

a
o o

o

u

a

M

2

Remarks.

1877.

"Wild Purple Gr^pe Berries, .

Sept. 20,

16.31

-

-

8.03

Unfertilized.

"Wild Purple Grape Berries, .

19.55

-

-

13.51

Fertilized.

Wild Purple Grape Juice, .

-

1.045

16

S.22

9 840

Uufertilized.

"Wild Purple Grape Juice, .

-

1.035

16

13.51

1.149

Fertilized.

Wild White Grape Berries, .

20.02

-

-

-

Unfertilized.

Wild While Grape Berries, .

21.65

-

-

-

-

Fertilized.

Wild White Grape Juice,

-

1.060

16

10.00

1.846

Unfertilized.

Wild White Grape Juice,

-

-

-

14.29

.923

Fertilized.

[Effect of fertilization upon the ash constituents of grapes.]

Wild Purple Grapes
Wild Purple Grapes
Concord Grapes,
Concord Grapes,
Concord Grapes,
Concord Grapes,

Concord Grapes,

1876

Sept. 13, \ 50.93
Sept. 20, 1 62.65
July 7, I 41.73
July 17, 47.34

Aug. 18,
Sept. 13,

1878.

Oct. 3,

51.14
57.15

.15
.85
5.04
1.13
3.19
4.17

22.23
14.24
25.03
24.21
16.20
11.30

SO

5.59
3.92
7.80

638
3.10

"C "B

o

u

o

a

17.40

2.93

13.18

4.63

18.48

1.37

21.38

.43

20.77

1.67

12.47

11.82

14.87

5.80

Remarks.

Unfertilized.

Fertilized.

Unfertilized.

Unfertilized.

Unfertilized.

"Unfertilized.

Fertilized.

370 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Concluded.
[Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops.]

NAME.

100 Parts of Ash contained —

M

o

51.14

3.19

50.85

.48

40.69

-

7.70

.42

6.71

-

20.91

-

24.71

.94

22.57

-

49.76

-

58.45

3.51

63.54

1.71

49.24

3.23

58.47

-

10.62

13.35

47.96

6. 58

12.98

3.27

47.68

4.02

52.79

3.00

74.46

-

71.30

-

26.01

-

15.67

-

38.07

12.84

42.94

3.58

56.43

5.42

38.51

1.90

5<5

Concoid Grape (fruit),

Unfermented juice,

Fermented juice.

Skins and pulp, .

Seeds, .

Stems of grapes, .

Young branches,*

"Wood of vine,t .
Concord Grapes, 1891, t
Clinton Grape (fruit),
Baldwin Apple, .
Strawberry (fruit), § .
Strawberry (fruit), || .
Strawberry vines,
Cranberry (fruit),
Cranberry vines.
Currants, red, .
Currants, white,
Crawford Peach, sound,
Crawford Peach, diseased

Branch, sound, .

Branch, diseased, 11
Carnation Pink8(whole plant).
Asparagus stems,
Asparagus roots,
Onions,

3.08
4.69

2.97
.55

3.34

.18

2.45

.47

.59

16.20
3.69

20.20

40.53

9.72

3.50

13.34

7.28

13.47

14.64

36.63

18.58

16.40

18.96

17.08

2.64

4.68

54.52

64.23

18.64

27.18

15.48

8.20

6.38
4.25
6.24
8.80
3.03
8.45
10.66
4.28

0.02
8.12
6.12
3.83
6.78

10.33
6.23
5.08
6.29
5.49
7.58

10.28
3.98

12.77
7.57
3.65

1.19
.90
1.08
1.74
3.37
6.91

3.35

1.20

2.67

.58

.46

.52

1.45

.34

1.22

20.77
6.43
9.04
24.40
17.20
17.75
17.16
14.07
13.56
18.19
20.87
18.50
17.40
14.48
14.27
10.94
21.91
18.78
16.02
18.07
11.37
8.37
5.23
12.31
15.09
15.80

1.32
.29
2.09
4.92
23.84
2.01

3.68
5.66

34.04

.24

.08

3.67

3.33

* "With tendrils and blossoms. § Wilder.

t One year old. |{ Downing.

J Nitrogen in dry matter, .96 per cent. IT Yellows.

** Nitrogen in dry matter, 1.15 per cent.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

371

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants.

[Composition of sugar beets raised upon the college grounds during the season of

1870 and 1871.1

NAME.

Date.

Brix
Saccliarom-

eter
(Degrees).

Per Cent,
of Sugar.

Non-
saccharine
Substances.

Electoral, .....

Sept. 10,

14

12.;50

1.75

Imperial,

" 12,

15

12.59

2.41

Vilmorin,

" 13,

14.5

12.95

1.55

Imperial,

" 18,

14

10.79

3.21

' Imperial,

Oct. 11,

15

12.05

2.95

Electoral,

" 16,

15

12.22

2.78

Yihnorin,

" 18,

16

13.13

2.87

Imperial,

KOT. 14,

15

11.60

3.34

Yilraorin,

" 21,

15.5

13.12

2.38

Vienna Globe,* ....

Sept. 19,

11

8.00

3.00

Common Mangold,* .

" 19,

9

5.00

3.97

* Fodder beets.

[Percentage of sugar in different varieties of sugar beets grown on college farm during
the season of 18S2.]

NAME.

^

Source of
Seed.

Weight in
rounds.

Per Cent, of
Sugarin Juice.

I. Vilmorin,

Saxony, .

4 'O 8

15.50

II. Vilmorin,

Saxony-, .

1 to 1

15.61

I. White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

1 to If

14.20

II. White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

If to 2

10.27

New Impei'ial,

Saxony, .

li to If

13.80

I. White Magdeburg,

Saxony, .

11 to 2

13.10

II White iNIagdeburg,

Silesia,

l\ to 1|

10.06

Quedlinbui'g,

Saxony, .

11 to If

13.44

AVhite Silesian,

Silesia, .

11 to 11

9.72

372 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

D. Analyses of SMfiar-producivg Plants — Continued.
[Effect of soil and fertilization on Electoral sugar beets.*]

SOIL.

MANURE.

la

c

Non-saccharine
Substances.

5 i

II

5 1

Sandy loam,

Fresh yard-manure.

16.5

12.50

4.00

75.08

Clayish loam, .

Fresh yard-manure.

15.5

11.05

4.45

71.30

Warm alluvial, .

Y a r d - m a n u r e a n d

chemicals, .

12.75

9.17

3.58

71.92

Warm alluvial, .

Fresh hog-manure,

13.5

9.53

3.97

70.06

Light, sandy soil,

Xo manure, .

18.5

13.73

4.77

74.21

Alluvial soil,

Brighton lish.

14.5

11.15

3.35

76.90

Heavy soil,

Yard-manure,

12.25

8.15

4.10

66.53

-

-

13.5

9.90

3.60

73.33

Not raised on college farm (Connecticut valley).

[Effect of fertilization on sugar beets.*]

Pkrckntages of Sugar

IN JniCE.

Freeport.

Electoral.

Vilmoiin.

Fresh horse-manure, ....

11.96

9.42

7.80

Blood guano -without j^otash.

10.99

10.10

10.20

Blood guano willi i)otash, .

12.55

13.24

10.50

Kainite and superphosphate,

13.15

12.16

10.50

Sulphate of potash, ....

14.52

14.32

12.78

Second year after stable-manure,

13.49

12.78

12.19

* All were grown on the same soil, — sandy loam (college).

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

373

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued.

«
[Effect of different modes of cultivation on Electoral sugar beets.]

Locality of Bekt-field.

Date.

Brix
Saccharom-

etei-
(Degrees).

Per Cent,
of Cane
Sugar.

Non-
saccharine
Substances.

1.

Sing Sing, jST. Y , . . . | 187-2-73

11

7.80

3.20

2.

Washington, N. Y., .

•

U

10.97

3.03

3.

Soutli Hartford, N. Y.,

"

1.")

11.70

3.30

4.

Greenwieli, N. Y., .

"

12

9.50

2.50

6.

Franlvfort, N. Y., .

"

13.5

11.00

2.50

6.

Albion, N. Y.,*

"

18

15.10

2.90

Albion, N. Y.,t

((

1-1

9o70

4.30

* From beets weighing from 1'^ to 2 pounds. f From beets weighing from 10 to 14 pounds.

1. Soil, loam resting on clayish hai"d-pan, had been for several years
in grass. Tomatoes had been the preceding crop. Five hnndred
pounds of a phosphatic blood guano were ai)plied before planting.

2. Soil, a clayish loam, had been i:)longhed seven inches deep. A
liberal amount of rotten sheep-mantire was placed in trenches and
covered by running two furrows together, thus forming a ridge on
which the seed were planted.

3. Soil, a gravelly loam, Avhich had been richly manured with stable
compost and twice jjlouglied before planting.

4. Soil, a sandy loam, underlaid by fine sand. The seed w^ere jilanted
on ridges, which covered trenches containing a little rotfen stable-
manure.

5. No details of modes of cultivation received.

6. Soil, a dark, reddish-brown, rich, deep, sandy loam. Clover had
been raised for two years previous to a crop of carrots, which preceded
the sugar beets. The beets were the second crop after the application
of twenty loads of stable-manitre j)er acre.

Composition of Canada-grown Sugar Beets.
[1872 and 1873.]

Whkrk Grown.

Weight of
Koots.

Specific

Gravity of

Juice

(Brix).

Tempera-
ture of
Juice.

Per Cent.

of Cane

Sugar

in Juice.

Echaullon de INIontreal,
Riviere du Loup, .
Chambly,
Maskinonge, .

2 to 21 lbs
2 to 31 lbs.
2 to 2i lbs.
2 to 3" lbs.

15.4°
14.-5°
13.2=
13.4°

64° F.
63° F.
63° F.
63° F.

11.38

10.20

9.02

8.83

374 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Coutiuued.

[Early Amber Cane.]

Date.

CONDITION" OF CANE.

5 «

u

6

9
% 1

Id

i

o

3
O

1
C

3)

3
CO

o
a

OS

O

Soda solution re-
quired to neu-
tralize 100 parts
of Juice. 1

!2
"o
cc

1879.

Per ct.

r-er ct.

C. C.

Perct.

Aug. 15,

No flower stalks in sight, *

4.2

27

2.48

None.

6.8

7.93

Aug. 16,

No flower stalks iu sight, *

5.8

24

4.06

None.

9.0

11.10

Aug. 20,

Flower stalks developed,*

7.9

24

3.47

2.15

7.0

13.00

Aug. 24,

Flowers open,*

8.7

23

3.70

3.00

4.0

14.07

Aug. 27,

Plants in full bloom,*

10.0

25

3.65

4.13

10.0

15.48

Aug. 30,

Seed forming,*

9.5

30

4.00

3.81

9.5

16.14

Sept. 2,

Seed in milk,*

10.7

27

3.85

4.41

9.5

15.85

Sept. 9,

Seeds still soft,*

12.1

22

3.21

6.86

9.5

26.13

Sept. 9,

Stripped on Sept. 2,* .

12.8

22

3.77

6.81

9.5

26.75

Sept. 18,

Left on field without stripping,*

13.2

22

3.57

7.65

-

Sept. 18,

Tops removed,*

13.8

22

3.16

8.49

-

-

Sept. 18,

Tops and leaves removed on Sept. 9,*

11.5

22

3.16

5.85

-

-

Sept. IS,

Tops removed; left on field 9 days,*

12.8

22

10.00

.60

-

-

Sept. 21,

Juice from the above,*

13.0

21

-

-

-

-

Sept. 23,

Juice from the above,*

15.0

18

-

-

-

-

Sept. 25,

Left on field 3 weeks,!

19.8

21

11.91

6.27

-

-

Sept. 28,

Left on field 3 weeks.f

17.8

12

16.60

-

-

-

Oct. 4,

Left on field 3 weeks,!

16.1

17

8.62

6.16

12.0

-

Oct. 7,

Freshly cut. Ground with leaves,!

16.7

20

4.16

9.94

6.8

-

Oct. 8,

Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,!

12.8

17

5.16

5.27

7.0

-

Oct. 9,

Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,!

1S.4

17

7.57

-

10.6

-

Oct. 14,

Several weeks old,! . . . .

18.2

15

10.42

-

10.4

-

Oct. 18,

Several weeks old,! ....

15.1

23

7.57

-

-

-

Oct. 19,

Several weeks old,! ....

15.5

15

9.22

-

13.6

-

Oct. 22,

Several weeks old,! ....

16.2

16

8.30

-

-

-

Oct. 23,

Several weeks old,! ....

18.3

17

11.30

5.5

14.0

-

Oct. 24,

Several weeks old,! ....

16.6

15

8.63

-

9.0

-

1(

OPar

rs OF Cane coi

fTAINED

-

a

u
3

'o

i

o

3

5

a 1
O

1889.

j

' .2

October,

Early Tennessee sorghum, mature,

77.4

3

1.79

3.21

5.00

a

October,

Price's new hybrid, ripe, .

77.8

0

2.92

3.78

6.70

— j;

October,

Kansas orange, green.

80.6

7

2.38

3.63

6.01

_ a

October,

New orange, green

78.3

0

2.96

3.85

6.81

O 3

October,

Honduras, green

77.5

5

3.08

4.01

7.09

S 50

o

* Raised on the college farm. ! Raised by farmers in the vicinity of the college.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

375

D. Analyses of Sngar-i^roducing Plants — Concluded.
[Composition of the juice of corn stalks and melons.]

^

d

C

£ -^

u

VARIETY.

-2 "

a 6

3 o

2 60

6

ce -g

g

1 Q

o

<D '^

4

i_

S v^

=

5

"o

S^

^

-J

C

cc

Tor ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Northern corn,* ....

1.023

27

4.35

0.28

15.18

Black Mexican sweet corn,f .

1.048

27

2.06

7.02

17.44

Evergreen sweet corn,f .

1.052

-

4.85

5.70

20.38

Common sweet corn,|

1.035

-

6.60

None.

-

Common yellow musk-melon, §

1.040

26

1.67

2.65

-

White-flesh water-melon,

1.025

18

2.91

2.16

-

Red-flesh water-melon, .

1.025

22

3.57

2.18

-

Red-flesh water-melon, .

1.025

19

3.84

1.77

~

Nutmeg rausk-melon,|| .

1.030

19

3.33

2.11

-

Nutmeg musk-melon,^ .

1.050

20

2.27

5.38

-

Nutmeg musk-melon,**

1.030

19

2.50

1.43

-

* Tassels appearing,
t Ears ready for the table.
J Kernels somewhat hard.
§ Fully ripe.

II Not ripe.
IT Ripe.
** Over-ripe.

376 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

o

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

377

aiqniosuj

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■ 3 b( O

378 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '94.

'«

^
s
s

•jancH

aiqnioeni

O O O O O O O O i-l O rH C^C^0O(N.

•sapisooiatinniY
puB ouja^

0.90

1.38
0.23
0.01

•apixQ

rantsBB'joj;

0.26
3.50

6.55
16.34

9.15

•apixQ ninioiBQ

18.60
17.76

68.20
3.07
1.47

4.45

41.18

•anuomo

Ill 1 1 '^j ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

O CO

•pioy ounqding

CO lO cc -tc <e

t— CO ■* ^ ^

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . • ■ • 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 ■

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48.28
34.53

•Xjnoaaji

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '~^ r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

o

•aniloDiij

2.12
0.53
4.55
4.82

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enoiaasJY

62.55
61.40
61.15
53.91
61.25
61.21
59.92
54.80

2.38
0.57

a!

'S

1.30
1.41
1.40
1.15
1.34
1.31
1.15
1.27
1.40
2.95
95.81
87.14

37.71
40.89

10.00

1.65

•

r_

Iroyt

«4I

11^

ir" S s ^r

Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
" Sulphatine," .
" Death to Rose Bug
" Professor De Graff
" Oriental Fertilizer
" Non. poisonous Pot
Tobacco liquor.
Tobacco liquor.
Tobacco liquor.
Tobacco liquor,
" Nicotinia,"
Hellebore, .
Hellebore, .
" Peroxide of Silicat

VI. Tables of the Digestibility of American Feed-
Stuffs.

Experiments made in the United States.

Compiled by J. B. LINDSEY.

I. Experiments with Ruminants.

II. Experiments with Swine

Dec. 31, 1893.

380 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

r/5

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a

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ta

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

387

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388 AGRICULTURAL EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Remarks ox the Above Tables of Digestibility.

The various reports and bulletins published by the dif-
ferent experiment stations in the United States have been
examined, and results of the digestion experiments reported
carefully tabulated. It is believed that in many cases these
fi_o-ures can be taken as a very fair representation of the
digestibility of American feed stuffs. The writer recognizes
the great amount of work done by German investigators in
this line, and believes further that in many cases it would
not be advisable to repeat this w^ork. It has been suggested,
for example, that our climatic conditions being to a consider-
able degree different from those prevailing in Germany, such
influences w^ould cause a considerable difterence in the com-
position and digestibility of many of our fodder articles. It
must not be lost sight of, however, that our own country
possesses very much wider ranges of climate than are to be
found in the entire German empire ; and, if climatic influ-
ences do cause noticeable variations, then a wider variation
would exist between the grass grown in Maine and in North
Carolina than between that grown in Hohenheim and Munich.
There are, however, many coarse fodder articles and by-
products peculiar to the United States which are w^ell worthy
of study, and upon Avhich considerable work needs to be
done.

It can be stated that in the digestion experiments here
tabulated the coarse fodders have with few exceptions been
fed alone, while in the case of grains, by-products and
roots, the digestibility of hay has flrst been determined,
and then a certain portion of the hay replaced by roots or
grains.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 389

LITERATURE.

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stutfs : —

Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,

1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.
Reports of the Penns^'lvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,

1889, 1890.

Bulletins 87 fZ, 80 c and 81 of the North Carolina Experiment
Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of tlie Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 26 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon p]xperiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 20 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh Annual Report (1893) of the Massachusetts State Ex-
periment Station.

390 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

METEOKOLOGY,

C . H . Johnson.

1 Sirs.

The meteorological observations have been continued as
in previous years. The temperature, the force and the
direction of the wind and the amount of cloudiness are
recorded each day, at 7 a,3i., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. During
the summer months the reading of a wet-bulb thermometer
takes place at the same time. Records are also taken of
maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and of casual
meteorological phenomena.

Monthly and annual reports are sent to the headquarters
of the New Eng-land Weather Service at Boston, and during
the summer months partial monthly reports have been fur-
nished for the use of the secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture.

The most conspicuous meteorological phenomena of the
past year (1893) will l^e briefly considered here, while the
following tables will show the average monthly temperature,
precipitation, prevailing direction of the wind, etc.

The winter of 1893 was exceptionally cold, the mean
temperature of January, February and INIarch being 21.88".

There was no snow on the OTound at the beoinning of the

O CO

year, the first fall worthy of mention occurring on January
10, giving 5.5 inches. The heaviest snowfall of the year
was on February 22, amounting to 17 inches. The total
amount of snow falling during the season was 71.25 inches.
As the weather remained cold, the amount of snow after the
first fall did not decrease very much, and the ground was
protected until the heavy rains of the 12th and 15th of
March.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 391

The mean temperature for January was 14.39", it being
the coldest month since January, 1888, when the mean was
12.5", as recorded at this station. The mean temperature
from the 4th to the 24th of January, 1893, was 8.23%
the absolute minimum temperature during that time being
— 13", on the 17th, which was the coldest day of the season.
There being no snow on the ground until January 10, the
frost penetrated to a depth of 4 feet in places.

The month of February was also characterized by low
temperature, the mean being 21.57", which is about 3" below
the average for that month. The total snowfall for the
month of February, viz., 48 inches, was much above the
average. A storm occurred on the 10th, giving 10 inches,
and one on the 22d, giving 17 inches. The latter was
accompanied by a heavy wind, which piled the snow in
drifts.

The first of March there was snow on the ground to the
depth of 15 inches, but heavy rains of the 12th and 15th
removed nearly all of it, leaving the ground protected only
in sheltered places. There was a thunder-storm the night
of March 14.

The mean temperature of April and May was 48.82",
being about 2 ' below the average. The month of April was
unusually cold, with strong north-westerly winds. Seven
inches of snow fell during the month, and on the morning
of the 2Gth the surface of the ground was frozen to the
depth of 1 inch, the temperature going as low as 25".
Thus, owing to the low temperature of this month, the
spring season was backward.

The average mean temperature for June, July and August
was 67.38", being about the normal. The total precipita-
tion amounted to 8.91 inches, being 3.55 inches below the
normal.

The rainfall for July, viz., 2.59 inches, was 2 inches below
the average.

Thunder-storms were of frequent occurrence during July
and August, but were of short duration. The want of rain
injured the vegetation in this section.

On the 24th and 29th of August there were rain-storms,
accompanied by unusually heavy winds, which did consider-

392 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

able damage to crops, blowing much fruit from the trees and
injuring many fruit and shade trees.

The mean temperature for September, viz., 55.70", was
4° below the normal. There was a slight frost on the 3d,
which was the first of the season, but there were no damag-
ing frosts during the month. The rainfall was about 1 inch
below the normal.

The mean temperature for October was about 3" al)ove the
normal, while the rainfall was about the normal.

The mean temperature for November was about the normal,
while the precipitation was 1 inch below. There was a slight
fall of snow on the 3d, some of the surrounding hills being
white.

The mean temperature for December was 24.60", being 2°
lower than that for December of last year. The minimum
temperature of the month ( — 13° F.) came on the 14th. A
snow-storm on the 4th, giving about 6 inches, with small
additions at intervals, furnished good sleighing during the
month.

1894.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

393

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394 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan..

Summary of Meteorological Observations, 1893.
January^ February, March, April.

1893.

Date.

1893.

Date.

Mean temperature.

31.43°

-

26.89°

Absolute maximum temperature,

76.00°

Apr. 5,

66.00°

Apr. 1.

Absolute minimum temperature,

-10.00°

Jan. 17,

—13.00°

Jan. 17.

Mean monthly range,

18.84°

-

19.34°

-

Total precipitation (inches).

9.74

-

15.53

-

Total snowfall (inches),

34.00

-

71.25

-

Last snowfall (inches), .

trace

Apr. 10,

trace

Apr. 21.

Prevailing wind

N. E.&N.W.

-

N. W.

-

May, June, July, August.

Mean temperature,

Absolute maximum temperature.

Absolute minimum temperature.

Mean monthly range,

Last frost, . . . . ,

Total precipitation (inches),

Prevailing wind

65.32°
94.50°
30.00°
21.21°

17.97
S. W.

-

64.47°

June 14,

94.00°

May 1,

31.00°

~

24.12°

May 10,

-

-

13.38

N.

Aug. 10,
May 8.

May 8.

Sejitemher, October, November, December.

Mean temperature.

Absolute maximum temperature,

Absolute minimum temperature,
Mean monthly range,

First frost

Total precipitation.
First snowfall (inches),
Total snowfall (inches),
Prevailing wind

43.28°

79.00° !

— 1.00°
18.47°

7.50

trace

5.43

N. W.

-

42.29°

Sept. 18,
19, 25,

1 81.0°

Dec. 27,

—13.0°

-

21.82°

Sept. 30,

-

-

14.31

Nov. 5,

trace

-

15.25

-

N.W.

Sept. 10.
Dec. 14.

Sept. 3.

Entire Year.

Mean temperature.

Total precipitation (inches).

Total snowfall (inches).

1894.]

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596 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

. ANNUAL REPORT OF C. A. GOESSMANN,

Tkeasvuer of the Massachusetts State Aguicultukal Experiment Station

For the Year Ending Dec. 20, 1893.

Receited.

Cash on hand from last year, §462 67

Cash from State Treasurer, appropriation 10,000 00

Cash from fertilizer account, 2,730 00

Cash from dairy bureau, 13 00

■Cash from farm, 1,109 45

Expended.
Cash paid salaries,
Cash paid laboratory supplies.
Cash paid printing and office expenses.
Cash paid farmer and farm labor,
Cash paid farm supplies.
Cash paid fertilizer account, .
Cash paid construction and repairs.
Cash paid expense of Board of Control,
Cash paid incidental expenses,
Cash paid library, ....
Cash on hand, ....

$4,879 98

356

18

763

4.1

2,430 82

1,778

21

2,726 03

450

19

142

91

325

99

208

75

252

65

$14,315 12

$14,315 12

Summary of the Property of the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station (Dec. 31, 1893).

Live stock $527 00

Tools, implements and machinery, 978 30

Produce on hand, 738 59

Fertilizers, 186 70

Laljoratory inventory, 3,526 27

Oflice furniture, library, etc., 2,138 50

Furniture, herbariumsj library and collections, . . . 1,530 87

Photographic supplies 175 00

Greenhouse apparatus, 117 50

Mycologists' apparatus, 486 20

Chemical apparatus and supplies, 326 85

Buildings, land, etc 32,202 00

$42,933 78

This ia to certify that I have examined the books and accounts of Charles A. Goessmann,
Treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending
Dec. 20, 1S93, and find them correct, and all dinbursements properly vouched for, with a bal-
ance in the treasury of two hundred and fifty-two and sixty-five one-hundredths dollars,
iwhich is shown to be in the bank.

WM. U. SESSION'S,

.Jan. 10, 1S94. Auditor.

1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMEJS^T — No. 33. 397

XIST OF EXCHAIS^GES.

Reports and Bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.
Reports and Bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the

United States.
Bulletins of the State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Mass.
The American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.
The Holsteln-Friesian Register, Boston, Mass.
Farm-Poultiy ISIonthly, Boston, Mass.
Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, ]\Iass.
New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.
The Home and Mart, East Boston, Mass.
The American Nation, Boston, Mass.
New England Homestead, Springfield, Mass.
Farm Folks, Springfield, Mass,
Mirror and Farmer, Mancliester, N. H,
New York Weekly World, New York, N. Y.
German Agricultural and Horticultural Journal (German) , New York,.

N. Y.
American Agi'iculturist, New York, N. Y.
The Florists' Exchange, New York, N. Y.
Vick's Magazine, Rochester, N. Y.
The American Analyst, New York, N. Y.
Naturalist Monthly Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Farm Joui'nal, Philadelphia, Pa.
The National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.
Journal of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa.
Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Veterinary Magazine, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mai-yland Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.
Creamery and Dairy, Watei-loo, Iowa.
The Agricultural p43itomist, Indianapolis, Ind.
The New Agricultural Era, Indianapolis, Ind.
The Clover Leaf, South Bend, Ind.
The Orange Judd Farmer, Chicago, 111.
The Western Swineherd, Geneseo, 111.

398 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'X. [Jan. '94.

The Dairy Messenger, Chicago, 111.

The Dairy World, Chicago, 111.

German Agiicultural and Horticultural Journal, Chicago, 111.

Detroit Free Press (weekly), Detroit, Mich.

University Record, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Farmers' Home Weekly, Dayton, Ohio.

American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Columbus, Ohio.

The Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La.

Hoard's Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis.

The Wisconsin Farmer, INIadison, Wis.

The Weekly Journal, Sioux City, Iowa.

Hospoda (Bohemian Journal), Omaha, Neb.

The Industrialist, Manhattan, Kan.

The Home and Farm, Louisville, Ky.

The Industrial American, Lexington, Ky.

.Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga.

Monthly Florida Bulletin, Tallahassee, Fla.

West American Scientist, Los Angeles, Cal.

California Cultivator and Poultry Keeper, Los Angeles, Cal.

Journal of the Geographical Society of California, San Francisco, Cal.

Pul)lications of the Department of Agriculture, Quebec, Canada.

The Journal of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada.

Bulletins of the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

Industrial Journal of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada.

Agricultural Students Gazette, Cirencester, England.

Berichte der Landwirtschaftliche Verssuchstation, Halle, Germany.

Bulletins INlinistere de I'Agriculture, Paris, France.

Bulletins of the College of Agriculture, Tokio, Japan.

.Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, Australia.

Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales, Australia.

Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland,

Australia.
'Garden and Field Journal, South Australia.
Journal of the Council of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania.
Helatorio Annual da Estacao Agronomica de Campinas, Sao Paulo,

Brazil.
Kagguagli, Laboratorio Chimico Agrario di Bologna, Bologna, Ital}-.
•Reglamentb, etc., Estacion Agronomica del Instituto Agricolo de Alfonso

XII., Madrid, Spain.

IXDEX

TO ELK^ENTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1893.

PAGE

Adzinki beans, anal.vses of, 354, 3G3

Alfalfa, analyses of, 351, 361

Alga3, analyses of 344

Alsike clover, analyses of, 351, 361

Ammonia, sulphate of, analyses of, 251, 338

Ammonia, phosphate of, analyses of, 251, 338

Ammoniated marl, analysis of, 340

Ammonite, analysis of, 341

Analyses, compilation of, 338, 389

Apple pomace, analyses of, 357, 365

Apples, analyses of, 260, 354, 363, 366, 370

Artichoke, Jerusalem, analyses of, 259, 353, 362

Ashes, cotton-hull, analyses of, 317, 339

corn cob, analyses of, 339

from Ijlue works, analyses of, 339

from sea-weed, anal3'ses of, 339

hardwood, analyses of, 310-316, 339

lime-kiln, analyses of, 339

logwood, analyses of, 317, 339

mill, analyses of, 339

peat, analyses of, 339

pine wood, analyses of, 339

railroad tie, analyses of, 339

spent tan-bark, analyses of, 339

swill, analyses of, 317, 339

Asparagus, analyses of, 260, 370

Bakerj' refuse, analyses of, 357

Banana skins, analysis of, 343

Barley, green, analyses of, 349, 351

Barley meal, analyses of, 355, 363

Barley and peas, analyses of, 349

Barley straw, analyses of, 352, 361

Barn-yard grass, analyses of, 350

Barn-yard manure, analj'ses of, 345

Bat guano, analyses of 340

Bean meal, analysis of 355

Bean straw, analysis of, 260

Beans, analyses of, 2G0, 340, 358

Beets, fodder, analyses of, 352, 363

Beets, red, analyses of 259, 352, 363

Beets, sugar, analyses of, 59, 259, 352, 363, 371-373

Blood, dried, analyses of, 341

Blood, meat and bone, analysis of 342

Board of Control, members of, 5

Bokhara clover, analyses of, 217, 351, 361

400 INDEX.

PAGE

Bone ash, analyses of, 34L

Bone-black, analyses of, 341

Bone-black, dissolved, analyses of, 222,251,311

Bone soup, analyses of, 342'

Bones, ground, analyses of, 19.j, 321, 322, 342

Brewers' grain, analyses of, 155, 327, 343, 357, 364

Broom corn meal, analyses of, 355

Bi"oom corn seed, analyses of, 354

Broom corn waste, analyses of, 357, 364

Buckwheat, common, analyses of, 216, 351, 359, 360

Buckwheat, Japanese, analyses of, 216, 351, 360

Buckwheat, silvei'-hull, analyses of, 216, 351, 360

Buckwheat hulls, analyses of 365

Buckwheat middlings, analyses of, 355

Butter, analyses of, 376

Butter fat, analyses of, 55, 56

Buttermilk, analyses of, 325, 365, 376

Cabbage, analyses of, 259

Cabbage leaves, analyses of, 259

Carbonate of potash-magnesia, analysis of, 251, 320, 338

Caribbean guano, analyses of, 340

Carnallite, analyses of, 338

Carnation pinks, analysis of 370

Carpet bug destroyer, analysis of, 378

Carrot tops, analyses of, 261,353,361

Carrots, analyses of 26.1, 353, 362

Castor bean pomace, analyses of, 319, 343

Cauliflower, analysis of, 259

Celery, analysis of, 261

Cheese, analyses of, 376

Cherries, analyses of, 260

Chestnuts, analyses of 354, 363

Clay, analysis of, 324, 340

Clover, analyses of, 351, 360

Cocoa dust, analyses of, 357, 364

Cocoanut meal, analyses of, 356

Cooked feed, analyses of, 328, 354

Corn and cob meal, analyses of, 354, 362

Corn cobs, analyses of, 155, 357, 365

Corn fodder, analyses of, 357, 360

Corn germ meal, analyses of, 356

Corn germ feed, analyses of, 356

Corn kernels, analyses of, 259, 353, 362

Com kernels, sweet, analyses of 353

Corn, whole ears, analysis of, 260

Corn meal, analyses of, 103,108,111,145,354,363

Corn screenings, analyses of, 356

Corn stover, analyses of, 18,46,59,65,260,351,360

Cotton hulls, analyses of 327, 357, 361

Cotton-seed meal, analyses of, . . . 17, 37, 38, 46, 79., 322, 327, 343, 355, 364

Cotton waste, analyses of, 343

Cotton dust, analyses of, 343

Cow-pea, analyses of, 218, 260, 352, 361

Cow-pea vines, analyses of, 349, 359

Cranberries, analyses of, 260, 330, 354, 363, 366, 370

Cream, analyses of, 47, 55, 56, 376

INDEX.

401

Creamery record for the year, .

Analyses of cream and butter fat,

Average qualitj' of milk,

Composition of fodder articles,

Cost of fodder articles,

Cost of skim-milk.

Fodder rations.

Statement of fodder used, .

Value of cream, .

"What record shows,
Cuba guano, analyses of, .
Cucumber, analyses of.
Currant, white, analysis of,
Curi'ant, red, analysis of, .
Dairy products, analyses of,
Daisy, white, anah'ses of, .
" Death to rose bugs," analyses of,
Digestion experiments with sheep,

Composition of fajces, .

Composition of feed stufls.

Description, .

Details, ....

Digestibilitj^ of foods, .

Feeds tested.
Double superphosphate, analj'ses of,
Dried blood, analyses of, .
Eel-grass, analyses of,
English hay, analj'ses of, .
Ensilage, apple pomace, analyses of.
Ensilage, corn, analyses of,
Ensilage, corn, sweet, analysis of,
Ensilage, corn and soja-bean, analyses of,
Ensilage, oat and pea, analyses of, .
Ensilage of Panicum miliaceum, analysis of.
Ensilage of Panicum crus-galli, analysis of,
Ensilage, serradella and hungarian grass.
Excelsior feed, analysis of,
Exchanges, list of.
Farm crops, summary of, .
Feeding experiments, general introduction,
Feeding experiments with calves.

Analyses of fodder articles used, .

Comments on results, .

Daily food consumption,

Description, ....

Detailed record of calves, .

Object,

Record of calves, .

Snmmarj' of results, .
Feeding experiments with lambs.

Analyses of fodder articles used.

Conclusions, .

Cost of fodder articles.

Cost of rations,

Daily fodder rations, .

Feeding record,

Financial results, .

Mode of feeding, .

18,

10, G

PAGE

46-5G

45

50,51

40

4G

53

50,51

48,49

52

53

340

260

261, 370

361, 370

376

352, 361

378

146-178

155

155

147

154-178

152

149

341, 351

251

343

350, 359

357

348, 358

59

, 79, 234, 348, 358
326, 348, 358
326, 348, 358
326, 348, 358
46
328, 356
397, 398
240
12-14
125-145
145
133
134-137
125
138-144
125
127-131
131
77-98
79,80
97
78
81
80
88-93
87
78

323,

18,
59, 326,

402

INDEX.

Feeding experiments with milch cows, gener
bran and cotton-seed meal; English 1
soja-bean ensilage, .
Anal3'scs of fodder articles nsed,
Cost of fodder articles used,
Daily fodder rations, .
Description of fodder articles.
Detailed feeding statements.
General conclusions, .
History of cows, .
Mode of feeding, .
Quality of milk produced, .
Quantity and cost of milk produi
Summary of cost of rations.
Total cost of feed, etc.,
Feeding experiments with milch cows, sumrae:
and green corn fodder; wheat bran, B
meal and new-process linseed meal,
Analyses of fodder articles used.
Composition of milk, .
Daily fodder rations, .
Feeding record, .
History of cows, .
Market cost of fodder articles,
Quantity of milk produced,
Summary of cost of rations,
Feeding experiments with pigs, .
Analj'ses of fodder articles used.
Rations, ....
What our experiments teach,
Eighteenth feeding experiment.

Cost of fodder articles, .

Description, .

Detailed record.

Object, ....

Rations, ....

Summary of results.
Nineteenth feeding experiment,

Cost of fodder articles, .

Description, .

Detailed record,

Object

Rations, ....

Summary of results.
Feeding experiments with steers, fourth,
Conclusions, ....
Cost of beef production,
General description,
Objects, ....

Pasture vs. summer soiling.
Record of first winter and sprin.

Analyses of fodiler artii:Ies,

Cost of beef production.

Cost of rations.

Daily fodder rations.

Feeding statement,

Remarks,

Bulfido gluten feed, wheat
, corn stover and corn and

row
ffiilo

en, gr

gluten feed, cotton-seed

PAGE

15-35

17, 18
19

20,21
16

28-31
27
15
18

25, 2G

22, 23
21

32-35

een vetch and oats

3G-76

37, 38

40

38

42,43

37

37

3P

39

99-125

111, 112

110

109

99-103

103

100

113-118

99

101

102

104-108

108

105

119-124

104

106

107

57-76

70

70-73

57

57

73-76

58-64

58,59

58

61

60

63,64

62

INDEX.

403

Feeding experiments with steers, fourth — Concluded.
Record of autumn and second winter seasons,
Analyses of fodder articles,
Cost of fodder articles, .
Cost of rations.
Daily fodder rations,
Feeding statement,
Remarks,
Felt refuse, analyses of,
Fertilizers, inspection of,

instructions to dealers in,
law regulating sale of,
licensed, analyses of,
manufacturers of,
sent on, analyses of,
trade values of.
Field experiments, with corn, .

with commercial phosphate;
with forage crops,
with garden crops,
with grass lands,
with grasses,

with leguminous and grain crops
with oats,
with potatoes.
Fish, dry ground, analyses of, .
Floats, South Carolina, analyses of,
Fodder articles sent on, analyses of

Fodder corn, gi'een, analyses of 37,

Fruits, analyses of, . . .

Garden ci'ops, analyses of, .

Glucose feed, Richardson, analyses of.

Glucose refuse, analyses of, . , .

Gluten feed, Buffalo, analyses of, 17, 37, 38, 46, 58, 59, 6,

Gluten feed, Pope, analyses of, .
Gluten meal, analyses of, .
Gluten meal, Chicago, analyses of,
Gooseberries, analysis of, .
Grape seed, analysis of,
Grapes, analyses of, .
Green sand marl, analyses of.
Guanos, analyses of, .
Gypse, analysis of.
Gypsum, analyses of, .
Hairy lotus, analyses of.
Hay, analyses of,
Ilelleiwre, analyses of.
Hen manure, analj^ses of, .
Hominy feed, analyses of, .
Hominy meal, analyses of.
Hop refuse, analyses of,
Horn shavings, analyses of,
Horn and hoof waste, anal3-ses of.
Horse bean, analyses of.
Horse beans, analyses of, .
Horse bean straw, analyses of, .
Horse manure, analysis of.
Horse-radish, analysis of, .

PAGE

65-69

65

65

66

66

68,69

67

341

264-309

272

270-272

282-309

274-281

310-323

266

221-226

221-225

211-219

200-211

237, 238

193-199

227-238

184-192

194-197

342, 343

341

326-330

38, 46, 6-5, 236, 260, 348, 358

366-370

259-261

328 356

328,343,357 364

, 79, 103, 108, 111, 145, 155,

329, 356, 364

629, 356

329, 355, 364

355

261

261

261, 367-370

340

340

339

339

351,361

17, 46, 59, 155, 350, 359

378

345

363

355

343

341

342

218, 349, 358

354

352

318, 345

259

404

INDEX.

Horses, farm, notes on feeding, .

Composition of fodder articles,

Cost of fodder articles.

Rations for, .

Remarks,
Hungarian grass, analyses of.
Insecticides, analj^ses of,
Introduction to report,
Italian rye-grass, analyses of.
Ivory dust, analyses of,
Japanese radish, anah'ses of.
Jute waste, analyses of,
Kentucky blue-grass, .
Kianite, analysis of, .
Kibi, analyses of,
Kidney vetch, analyses of.
Kohlrabi, analysis of, .
Krugite, analysis of, .
Lactate waste, analysis of,
Lathyrus sylvestris, analj'ses of,
Letter of transmittal, .
Lettuce, analyses of, .
Lime, analyses of,
Lime, gas-house, analysis of,
Lime waste, analyses of.
Linseed meal, old-process, analyses of.
Linseed meal, new-process, analyses of,
Lobster shells, analyses of,
Lotus villosus, analyses of.
Lucerne, analyses of, .
Lupine, white, analyses of,
Lupine, yellow, analyses of
Maize feed, Chicago, analyses of
Malt sprouts, analyses of,
Mangolds, analyses of.
Mangold leaves, analyses of.
Manure, barn-3'ard, analyses of,
Manure heap, drainage from, analysis of.
Marls, analyses of.
Meadow fescue, analyses of,
Meat and bone, analysis of.
Meat mass, analyses of,
Melilot, analyses of, .
Meteorology, report on.
Milk, analyses of.
Mill sweepings, analyses of;
Millet, analyses of,
Millet meal, analyses of.
Millet seed, analyses of,
Millet straw, analyses of,
Mona Island guano, analyses of;
Muck, analyses of.
Mud, analyses of.
Musk melon, analyses of,
Mussel mud, analyses of,
Nicotinia, analysis of,

PAGE

179-182
182
182
179
182
349, 350, 359
378
. 7-10

350, 360
341

527, 353, 362
344
359
338
348, 358
317, 349, 359
259
338
343
218, 349, 352, 361
3
259
339
339
339
145, 155, 3.55, 363
37, 38, 46, 155, 327, 355, 363
343

351, 361
351, 361

217, 349, 359

217, 349, 359

58, 59, 356

357

18, 46, 59, 259, 353, 362

259

345

345

339, 340

350, 360
342
342

351, 361
390-395

26, 40, 47, 18, 145,331, 370
322, 343
326, 348, 350, 352, 358, 360
355
354, 363
353, 361
222, 340
318, 344
318, 344
375
344
378

INDEX. 405

PAGE

Nitrate of soda, analyses of, 251,320,339

Nitrate of potash, analyses of, 339

Nitre salt cake, analyses of, 339

North Carolina marl, analyses of, 340

Oat feed, analyses of, 328, 356

Oat meal and barley refuse, analyses of, 330, 357

Oats, analyses of, 327,348,350,351,351,355,358,303

Oats and peas, analyses of, 349

Odorless phosi)hate, analyses of, 251, 320, 341

Oleomargarine refuse, analyses of, 341

Olive earth, analysis of, 340

Onions, analyses of, 2G0, 370

Orchard grass, analyses of, 350, 360

" Oriental fertilizer and bug destroyer," analysis of, .... 324, 378

Palmetto root, analyses of, 357, 365

Paris green, analyses of, 378

Parsnips, analyses of, 261,353,362

Pea bran, analysis of, 330, 355

Pea meal, analj-ses of, 355, 363

Pea straw, analysis of, 260

Peaches, analyses of, 260, 366, 370

Pears, analyses of, 260, 366

Peas, analyses of, 260, 352, 361

Peas and oats, analyses of, 18, 46, 234, 349

Peat, analyses of, 318, 344

Perennial rye-grass, analyses of, 350, 360

Peroxide of silicate, analysis of, 378

Peruvian guano, analyses of, 340

Phosphate, acid, analysis of, 341

Phosphate, Brockville, analyses of, 341

Phosphate, Navassa, analyses of, 341

Phosphate of ammonia, analyses of, 251,320,338

Phosphate of potash, analyses of, 251,320,338

Phosphate rock, Florida, analyses of, 222, 321, 341

Phosphate rock. South Carolina, analyses of, 222, 341

Phosphatic slag, analyses of, 222, 341

Pine-barren grass, analyses of, 343

Pine needles, analyses of, 343

Plaster, analyses of, 339

Plum, analysis of, 260

Potash-magnesia carbonate, 251, 320

Potash, muriate of, analyses of, 195, 251, 319, 338

Potash, nitrate of, analyses of, 319, 338

Potash, sulphate of, analyses of, 195,251,338

Potash-magnesia sulphate, analyses of, 251, 338

Potatoes, analyses of, 261,353,362

Potato, sweet, analyses of, 259

Potato tops, analyses of, 261

" Potato-bug destroyer, non-poisonous," analysis of, .... 324, 378

Poudrette, analyses of, 345

Prickley comfrey, analyses of, 216, 345, 359

" Proteina," analyses of, 328, 356, 364

Pumpkin, analysis of, 260

Radish, analysis of, 259

Rape, analysis of 216, 351, 360

Rat guano, analyses of, 340

400 INDEX.

PACK

Kaw wool,anal.yscs of, 342

Red top, analyses of, 350, 359

Refuse, manger, analyses of, 357

Relative proportions of essential constituents in fruits, etc., , . . 256-258

Report on general farm work, 239, 240

Rice bran, Louisiana, analyses of, 330, 356, 361

Roclcweed, analyses of, 344

Rowen, analyses of, 18, 37, 38, 46, 79, 350, 359

Ruta-bagas, analyses of, . . 259, 353, 362

Rye l)ran, analyses of, 355

Rye middlings, analyses of, 355, 364

Rye, analyses of, 59, 318, 351, 358

Rye feed, analyses of, 328, 356, 364

Rye-grass, Italian, analyses of, 350, 300

Rye-grass, perennial, analyses of, 350, 360

Saddle beans, analyses of, 354, 363

Sainfoin, analyses of, 217, 351, 361

Salt, analyses of, 376

Salt hay, analyses of, 350, 360

Salt mud, analyses of, 344

Saltpetre waste, analyses of, 319, 338

Scotch tares, analyses of, 352, 361

Serradella, analyses of 65,217,349,352,361

Sewage, anah'sis of, 317

Sheep manure, analysis of, 345

Skim-milk, analyses of, 103,108,111,145,365,376

Sludge, analyses of, 344

Small pea, analj^ses of, 352, 361

Soap-grease refuse, analyses of, 342

Soil, analyses of, 249, 250, 325

Soja bean, analyses of, 218,231,326,349,351,358,361

Soja beans, analyses of, 354, 363

Soja-bean meal, analyses of, 327, 355, 363

Soja-bean straw, analyses of, 327, 352, 361

Soot, analyses of, 318, 345

Sorghnm, analyses of, 348, 358

Soup from animal refuse, analyses of, 342

Spanish moss, analj'ses of, 349, 359

Special fertilization of fruits, garden crops, etc., 241-261

Spinach, analj'ses of, 259

Sponge refuse, analyses of, 341

Starch feed, analyses of, 328, 356

Starch refuse, analyses of, 344, 357

Station staff, 6

Strawberries, analyses of, 260, 370

Strawberry vines, analyses of, 260, 370

Sugar beets, analyses of, 59, 259, 352, 363, 371-373

Sugar-beet leaves, analysis of, 259

Sugar-beet pulp, analysis of, 357

Sugar-beet seed, analysis of, . 259

Sugar-beet tops, analysis of, 259

Sugar cane, analyses of, 374

Suha, analyses of 351,361

Suliihate of soda, anal^'sis of, 319, 338

Sulpliatine, analysis of 378

Sumac waste, analysis of, 343

INDEX. 407

PAGE

Summer rape, anah'ses of, 351, 360

Sweet corn, analyses of 375

Teosiiite, analyses of, 351, 360

Timothy, analyses of, 349,350,359

Tobacco leaves, analyses of, 261

Tobacco liqnor, analyses of, 37S

Tobacco stalks, anah'sis of, 261

Tobacco stems, analyses of, 261, 343

Tomatoes, analj'ses of, . 261

Treasurer's report, 396

Turf, analyses of, 344

Turnip leaves, anal.vses of, 259

Turnips, analyses of, 59, 259, 353, 362

Vetches, analyses of, 46, 218, 352, 361

Vetch and oats, analyses of, ... . 37, 38, 46, 210, 234, 349, 352, 358

Vinegar mash, analysis of, 357

Virginia marls, analyses of, 340

Water analysis, 332-335

Water-melons, analj'ses of, 375

Whale meat, analyses of, 343

Wheat, damaged, analyses of, 357, 364

Wheat bran, analyses of, . . . . 17, 37, 38, 46, 58, 59, 65, 327, 355, 364

Wheat bran, spring, analyses of, 155, 353

Wheat bran, winter, analyses of, 155, 353

Wheat flour, analyses of, 325, 363

Wheat kernels, analyses of, 353

Wheat middlings, analyses of, 145, 155, 355, 364

Wheat straw, analyses of, 352

Whey, analyses of, 365

Wool, raw, analj'ses of, 34.2

Wool washings, analyses of, 342

Wool waste, analyses of, 342

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

TWELFTH ANNUAL EEPOET

BOARD or CONTROL

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHERST, MASS.

1894.

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Ofkick Sqiiake.
1805.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33

TWELFTH ANNUAL EEPORT

BOARD OF CONTROL

STATE AGRICULTDRAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

AMHERST, MASS.

1894.

BOSTON:
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.
1895.

Commauto^altlj 0f ^tassatljusetts.

Boston, Jan. 10, 1895.
To the Honorable Henate and Jlozise of Eei:>resentatives.

In accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882 I have

the honor to present the Twelfth Annual Report of the

Board of Control of the State Agficultural Experiment

Station.

WM. E. SESSIONS,

Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS STATE

AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

AMHERST, MASS.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1894.
His Excellency Frederic T. Grkenhalge,

Governor of the Commonicealth, President ex officio.

W. H. BowKER of Boston, Term expires, 1895.

C. L. Hartshorn of Worcester, .... Term expires, 1897.

Appointed by the State Board of Agriculture.

J. H. Demond of Northampton, .... Term expires, 1896.

E. D. Howe of Marlborough, .... Terra expires, 1896.

Appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

F. H. Appleton of Peabody, .... Term expires, 1897.

Appoifited by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

W. H. Porter of Agawam, Terra expires, 1895.

Appoi7ited by the Massachusetts State Orange.

Wm. C. Strong of Newton Highlands, . . Terra expires, 1897.
Appointed by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

H. H. Goodell, A.m., LL.D., Amherst,

President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

C A. GoESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Amherst,
Director of the Station.

Wm. E. Sessions, Hampden,

Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

OFFICERS ELECTED BY THE BOARD.
H. H. Goodell, Amherst,

Vice President.

Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden,

Secretary and Auditor.

C. A. GoESSMANN, Amherst,

Treasurer.

STATION STAFF.

C. A. GoESSMANN, Fh.J)., ILL,.!)., Director' and Chemist, . . Amherst.
J. B. LiNDSEY, Ph.D., Associate Chemist (Feeding Department) , . Amherst.

C. S. Crocker, B.S ,
H. D. Haskins, B.S ,
C. H. Jones, B.S ,
F. L. Arnold, B.S.,
C. H. Johnson, B.S.,
E. B. Holland, B.S.,
R. H. Smith, B.S ,
l. e. goessmann,* .
David Wentzell, .

Assistants.
General and Analytical Chemistry.

Assistant Chemist in Feeding Experiments.
(( II It i(

Assistant Chemist and Clerk.
Farmer.

Resigned July 1, 1894.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

or THE

MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION",

AiVIHERST, MASS.

To the Honorable Board of Conlrol.

Gentlemen : — The different lines of investigation de-
cided upon in preceding years have been pursued during the
past year. No material changes have been introduced in
reofard to the ijeneral character of the work assigned. The
different plans for the experiments presented from time to
time at the quarterly meetings for your endorsement have
been carried out as far as practicable to the full extent of
the means at hand. The results obtained in this connection
compare well with those of preceding years. The advanced
stage of some of the experiments imparts to the results
obtained for obvious reasons from year to year an increased
interest, and may claim for our reports a due consideration
on the part of our farming community as well as students of
agricultural progress in general.

The feeding experiments with different kinds of farm live
stock, inaugurated soon after the establishment of the
Experiment Station, have received ever since most careful
attention. The inquiries into the economy of substituting
several reputed forage crops, new to our section of the coun-
try, for meadow hay in the daily diet of milch cows, have
been continued during the past year with much success.
Several new kinds of waste products of corn (maize) and
other grains have been tested with reference to their degree
of fitness to serve as ino;redients in efficient o-rain rations for
different kinds of fiirm live stock. Much work has been
accomplished in connection with the use of the Babcock
apparatus for the determination of fat in milk and cream.

8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The question of using skim milk supplemented in various
ways for the production of veal has been studied in a series
of experiments with calves.

The digestion experiments with sheep, for the purpose of
ascertaining the rate of digestibility of the various food con-
stituents of some new coarse and fine feed stuffs peculiar
to our markets, have been materially increased in number.
The detailed record of these and other observations of
interest in this connection, which have been under the
special supervision of Dr. J. B. Lindsey, associate chemist
of the Experiment Station, furnishes the first part of the
accompanying annual report, under the following head-
ings : —

Part I .

Feeding Experiments.
I. A practical talk about feeding.
II. Objects of the different experiments.
III. Feeding experiments with milch cows (two).
IV. Hay substitutes.
V. The Babcock v. the space system, etc.
VI. Feeding experiment with steers.
VII. Feeding calves for veal.
VIII. Digestion experiments.

1. Digestion experiments with slieep.

2. The digestibility of the pentosans

The experiments in the field and in the vegetation house
have been quite numerous and of a varying character.
Some of them are a continuation of those of former years,
while others are new. Much attention has been devoted to
the raising of nutritious forage crops fit for green fodder,
hay and ensilage ; the results are gratifying, and cannot fail
to exert a desirable influence on the future supply of coarse
fodder for farm live stock, as far as quantity as well as cost
of production and valuable composition is concerned. The
good success noticed in the field during the first part of the
summer season was in some instances seriously checked by
a severe drought during the month of August. A descrip-
tion of the different experiments carried on in this connec-
tion by the writer forms the second part of the succeeding
annual report, under tlie following-named headings : —

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 9

Part II.

Field Experi3iexts.

1. Field experiments for the purpose of studying the economy

of raising leguminous plants (clover, etc.) as a means of
enriching the soil in nitrogen in the interest of the subse-
quent raising of grain crops (Field A).

2. Field experiments with several prominent varieties of pota-

toes and some prominent mixed forage crops (Field B).

3. Field experiments to ascertain the influence of different mix-

tures of commercial fertilizers on the yield and general
character of several prominent garden crops (Field C).

4. Experiments with forage crops (27), to study their fitness

for our climate (Field D).
■5. Trial of an early maturing variety of Minnesota dent corn
(Field E).

6. Field experiments with different commercial phosphates, to

study the economy of using the cheaper natural phosphates
or the more costly acidulated phosphates (Field F) .

7. Experiments with forage crops (vetch and oats and Hun-

garian grass, Field G).

8. Field experiments to study the effect of phosphatic slag and

nitrate of soda as compared with ground bone on the yield
of oats and corn (east field).

9. Experiments with permanent grass lands (meadows).

10. Orchard. Experiments with home-made stable manure, un-

leached wood ashes and several mixtures of fertilizing
materials on the growth and yield of several varieties of
fruit trees.

11. Observations in the vegetation house.

12. Report on general farm work.

The work in the chemical hiboratory of the station is
steadily increashig. The progress of the work hi the field,
the barn and the vegetation house in some cases calls for
much analytical chemical work, and the applications of the
citizens of the State for free analyses of fodders, fertilizers,
well water and a variety of Avaste products are from }'ear to
vear more numerous. The amount and character of the

10 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

work in the chemical laboratory may be judged from the
following statement, which represents the third part of
the report : —

Part III.

Special Work ix the Chemical Laboratort.

I. Communieatiou on commercial fertilizers : —

1. General introduction.

2. State laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial

fertilizers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1,

1894, to May 1,1895 (58).

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers (253) .

5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and mannrial substances

sent on for examination (145).

6. Miscellaneous analyses (4).

7. Miscellaneous fodder analyses (69).

The chemical analyses made in connection with investigations
carried on at the station are reported in the description of the
work.

II. Analyses of milk sent on for examination (40).

III. Analyses of water sent on for examination (200).

IV. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of agri-

cultural chemicals and refuse substances used for fertil-
izing purposes.

V. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of fodder
articles, fruits, sugar-producing plants, dairy products^
etc.

VI. Table of digestibility of American feed stuffs.

The weather observations for local })urposcs have ])een
continued, and copies of our records have been regularly
sent to the United States department, according to direc-
tions. The periodically published bulletins have been as-
many as in i)revious years. The number of regular appli-
cants for co})ies is increasing. The supply of copies of
previous years is in many cases exhaiislod.

The condition of the buildings pointed out in my preced-
ing report has not been changed ; some of the farm build-
ings need repairing of roofs and repainting. The laboratory

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. U

buildings (brick) are in a fair condition ; their outtit has not
been materially increased, for economical reasons.

In concluding, it gives me particular pleasure to acknowl-
edge the satisfactory assistance I have enjoyed from all par-
ties associated Mith me in carrying out the work assigned.
Thanking you for the kind consideration received in the
past, I am.

Yours very respectfully,

C. A. GOESSMANX,

Director.
Amherst, Mass., Jan. 1, 1895.

12 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '95.

ANNUAL REPORT OF C. A. GOESSMANN,

Treasurer of the Massachisetts State Agricvltiral Experiment Station,
For the Year ending Dec. 20, 1S94.

Received.
Cash on hand from last .year,
Cash fi'oin State Treasurer, appropriation, .
Cash from fertilizer account,
Cash from dairy bureau, ....

Cash from farm,

Cash from miscellaneous sources,

Expended

Cash paid salaries,

Cash paid laboratory supplies.

Cash paid printing and office expenses,

Cash paid farmer and farm labor,

Cash paid farm supplies, ....

Cash paid fertilizer account, ....

Cash paid construction and repairs.

Cash paid expense of Board of Control,

Cash paid incidental expenses.

Cash paid library,

Cash on hand,

$2o2 6")

10,000 00

3,090 00

11 00

1,153 42

79 95

$4,287 18

660 79

887 63

2,379 84

1,764 24

3,090 00

544 50

90 54

382 92

277 84

221 54

$14,587 02

$14,587 02

Summary of the Propekty' of the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station (Dec. 20, 1894).

Live stock, $645 00

Tools, implements and macliinery, 843 90

Produce on hand, 364 00

Fertilizers, 196 00

Lalioratory inventor}-, 3,500 00

OtBce furniture, library, etc., 2,095 00

Furniture, herbariums, library and collections, . . . 1,300 00

Photographic supplies, 150 00

Greenhouse apparatus, 200 00

Mycologists' apparatus, 350 00

Chemical apparatus and supiilies, 300 00

Buildings, land, etc., 30,570 00

$40,513 90

This is to certify that I have cxaniined the books and accounts of Charles A. GocBsmann,
treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending
Dec. 20, 1894, and find them correct, and all disbursements properly vouched for, with a
balance in the treasury of two hundred and twenty -one liftyfour one hundredths dollars,
which is shown to be ia the bank.

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Jan. 15, 1895. Auditor.

PART I.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS

AND

3DA.IRY STUDIES.

BY J. B. LIXDSEY.

I. A Practical Talk about Feeding.
11. Objects of the Different Experiments.

III. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows (two)

IV. Hay Substitutes.

V. The Babcock v. the Space System, etc.
VI. Feeding Experiment with Steers.
VII. Feeding Calves for Veal.
VIII. Digestion Experiments.

1. Digestion Experiments with Sheep.

2. The Digestibility of the Pentosans.

14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOxV. [Jan.

I.

1. A BRIEF PRACTICAL TALK ABOUT SOME OF
THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN FEEDING
OUR FARM ANIMALS.

In order to feed the live stock of the farm to the best
advantage, it is important that the farmer he familiar with
the elementary principles of animal nutrition.

Now the body of the animal is made up, generally speak-
ing, of four distinct groups of substances, namely, (1)
water, (2) flesh (lean meat), (3) fat, (4) ash.

The percentage of water in difterent animals in different
stages of growth varies in round numbers from 40 to So
per cent. ; the percentage of bone framework of the body
from 6 to 12 per cent. ; the flesh, not including blood and
entrails, composes from 30 to 48 per cent. ; wdiile the fat
varies from 5 to 40 per cent.

An average composition of the various farm animals would
be somewhat as follows : bones, 8.9 per cent. ; flesh and
teeth, 40.1 per cent. ; fat that can be removed by mechan-
ical means, 23.9 per cent. ; and blood, hair, horns, entrails,
including foods contained therein, 27.1 per cent.

The milk, an animal product, contains approximately 87
per cent, of water, 3.5 per cent, of casein and albumen or
nitrogenous matter, of which the lean meat of the animal is
also a tj'pe, 0.7 per cent, of ash and about 8.5 per cent, of
fat and milk sugar.

The flesh or lean meat is composed of nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, suli)hur and ])hosphorous ; its character-
istic element is the nitrogen. Small quantities of ash also
enter into its composition. The bones are made up partly
of nitrogenous matter, such as glue, gelatine, etc., partly of
fat and partly of ash. The ash or earthy part of the bone.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15

:as some call it, is composed principally of phosphate of
lime. The fat contains no nitrogen, but has as high as 76
per cent, of carbon, the balance consisting of oxygen and
hydrogen.

The ash constituents of the body consists essentially of
dime, potash, soda, magnesia, iron, phosphoric acid and
sulphuric acid. The phosphate of lime })redominates.

Now, these various substances, making up the animal
T^mly, — flesh, fot, ash and water, — are formed or obtained
•direct with the aid of the oxygen of the air from the sub-
stances termed foods that the animal consumes. Our neat
stock, for example, consume the various coarse fodders and
grains and have the power within them of converting these
vegetable foods into flesh, fat and bone.

Recognizing, then, the composition of the animal body,
both as regards its groups of sul)stances and the more
•elementary substances that make up these groups, let us
turn our attention to a brief study of the foods from which
the body is built up.

Classification axd Composition of Cattle Foods.

(a) Classification.

For our purpose cattle foods may divide into : ( 1 ) coarse
fodders, («) those rich in carbohydrates (cellular matter,
starch, etc.) and low in protein, and about 50 to 65 per
cent, digestible, (b) the legumes w^hen cut in bloom, rich in
protein and about as digestible as («) ; (2) root crops, also
rich in carbohydrates and low in protein, but very digesti-
ble ; (3) concentrated foods with a digestibility of from 75
to 85 per cent. The concentrated foods should be sub-
divided into (a) those rich in carbohydrates and compar-
atively low in protein, such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and
corn ; and (b) those that are rich in protein and compar-
atively low in carbohydrates, as peas, beans, gluten feeds
and meals, cotton-seed meal, linseed meals, peanut meal,
<3tc.

16 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

Table of Classification.

Coarse Foods.

(«)
Low iu protein,
high in carbo-
hydrates; 50-
65 per cent,
digestible.

Hays of various
grasses, straws,
corn fodder,
corn straw,
corn ensilage.

(6)
High in protein,
medium in car-
bohydrates ;
50-65 per cent,
digestible.

Clovers, peas,
beans, soya
bean, vetches,
serradella, etc.

Roots.

Low in protein,
rich in carbo-
hydrates ; very
digestible.

Mangolds, sugar
beets, turnips,
potatoes, car-
rots, etc.

Concentrated Foods.

(a)
Low in protein,
high in carbo-
hydrates; 75-
85 per cent,
digestible.

Wheat, rye,
barley, oats,
corn.

Very high in pro-
tein, low in
carbohydrates ;
75-S5 per cent,
digestible.

Pea and bean
meal, gluten
feeds and
meals, cotton-
seed meal, lin-
seed meals,
peanut meals,
etc.

(b) Composition.

All of our cattle foods have been divided into five groups
of substances : (1) crude ash, (2) crude cellulose, (3) crude
fat, (4) crude protein, (5) extract matter. Water is always
present, and might be called a sixth group.

Each one of the first five groups can be resolved into
more simple substances. With some of the substances or
compounds making up the groups we have only a partial
knowledge.

(i) Crude Ash.

By crude ash is meant the mineral ingredients of the plant
or seed remaining behind after the organic portion has been
destroyed by fire. The ash or ashes of a plant consist
essentially of lime, potash, soda, magnesia, iron, phosphoric
acid, sulphuric acid, etc.

Functions of the Ash. — It is these various mineral in-
gredients that serve to build up the bony structure of the
animal ; they also enter into and are necessar}-- components
of the flesh itself.

{2) Crude Cellulose.
The crude cellulose is the coarse or woody part of the
plant; "we may term it the framework of the plant. Its
elementary composition is carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and a
small percentage of ash. The crude cellulose is largely
present in straws and hays ; the various grains, on the other

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17

hand, contain ])ut a small percentage. Cows, oxen, slieep
and lionscs have a dige8ti\e tract so arranged as to be able
to consume and digest large quantities of such coarse fod-
ders.

Functions of the Cellulose. — It cannot form flesh, but
serves to produce vital energy and fat.

(5) Crude Fat.

By crude fat is meant not only the fats and oils found in
the various foods, but also the waxes, resins, etc. It has
also been termed " ether extract," because it is that portion
of the plant soluble in ether. Its elementary composition
is carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, with a much higher per-
centage of carbon than cither the cellulose or extract matter.

Functions of the Fat. — It serves the same purposes as
the cellulose ; it furnishes, however, two and one-half times
as much heat or energy as the cellulose.

{4) Crude Protein.

Protein is a general name for all the nitrogen-containing
bodies found in our common agricultural plants. It might
be called "vegetable meat." It corresponds, generally
speaking, to the lean meat of the animal body. All protein
or albuminoids contain on an average about 16.5 percent, of
nitrogen. It is, other things being equal, the most valuable
food constituent of the plant. Its elementary composition
is carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus and
sulphur.

Functions of the Protein. — The protein is a source of
energy, and is the only source of Jfesh. It also has been
considered a source of fat, although much doubt has lately
been thrown upon this idea.

(5) Extract Matter.

The so-called non-nitrogenous extract matter consists of
the starch, sugars and gums. A large part of the extract
matter of the coarse fodders (one-third to one-half) consists
of the wood gums or pentosans. It has been shown that in
the majority of cases the pentosans are as valuable for food

18 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

as other carbohydrates. The elementary composition of the
extract matter is carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Functions of the Extract Matter. — The sugars, starch
and gums furnish energy, and serve as sources of fat. The
crude cellulose and the extract matter, having the same
functions in the animal economy, namely, the production of
energy and fat, have been termed carbohydrates. The ash,
"while a necessary ingredient of all complete foods for live
stock, is not generally considered in compounding suitable
daily diets for our farm animals ; so that, for practical pur-
poses, we really have to do with but three groups: (1)
protein, (2) carbohydrates, (3) fat.

Having noted the different groups of substances of which
our agricultural plants are composed, let us briefly turn our
attention to the value of these groups as sources of nourish-
ment. No one of them is of itself a suital)le food for our
farm animals, nor will any one of them sustain life for any
Icuiith of time.

Digestibility of Cattle Foods.

Foods are valuable as sources of nourishment only in so
far as their various constituents or groups can ])e digested
and assimilated. Two kinds of hay, one early and the other
late cut, might be consumed in equal quantities by an
animal, yet the early cut hay, having more digestible mat-
ter, would prove the more valuable fodder. In order to
combine the A^arious fodders into what has been termed a
fodder ration, it is important to know how large a part
or per cent, of the various groups is digestible. A great
many digestion experiments have been made Avith A^arious
cattle foods, especially in Germany ; during the last six or
seven years a considerable numl)er haA^e been carried out in
the United States. A tabulated list of all American experi-
ments will be found at the end of this report.

rioiv tlie Digestible Matter of a Food is determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the food
consumed l)y an animal in a given length of time, also the
amount and composition of the fseces or undigested portion

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

19

excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difference between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
digestion coefficients.

A. /Single Illustration, showing how the Digestibility of a
Fodder is determined.

[Solid manure equals the undigested part of food.]
English Hay.

Dry

Matter
(Grams).

Crude'
Cellulose
(Grams).

Crude

Fat

(Grams).

Crude
Protein
(Grams).

Extract
Matter
(Grams)

900 grams hay fed, equal to .

369.3 grams manure excreted, equal to

765.36
337.95

250.58
107.00

23.57
12.81

82.58
34.64

348.09
145.89

Amount of hay digested.

Per cent, digested

4-27.41
55.84

143.58
57.30

10.76
45.65

47.94
58.05

202.80
58.16

Having noted the various groups of substances going to
make up our cattle foods, and recognizing that these groups
are valualile as sources of nourishment only in so far as
they are digestible, let us next inquire into the proper way
of combining these foods, so as to produce properly balanced
daily diets or

Fodder Eations for the Animals of the Farm.

A great many experiments have been made in order to
study the behavior of the protein, carbohydrates and fat in
the animal body, and their specific influences upon the for-
mation of flesh, fat and milk. We will not attempt in this
connection to give in detail the results of these studies, but
simply state that they have led to the combining of our
coarse and concentrated foods in such a way as to obtain
in the daily diet of the animal the digestible protein, fat and
carbohydrates in certain reasonably definite proportions.

The German investigator Wolff, who has made a close
study of all experiments along this line, has concluded that
a milch cow, for example, in order to produce a large and
well-sustained yield of milk, should be fed about 2.5 pounds

20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of digestible protein, .5 pound of digestible fat and 13
pounds of digestible carbohydrates daily, on the basis of
1,000 pounds live weight. In preparing fodder rations for
milch cows, then, it should be our aim to so combine the
coarse and concentrated foods as to obtain these groups in
the approximately correct proportions. Variety and palata-
bility of food must also be taken into consideration.

Hoiu Fodder Rations are made iq).
In order to show how fodder rations are put together, we
will construct one from English hay, corn meal, cotton-seed
meal and wheat bran. We must know (1) the analyses of
the fodders and (2) their digestibility. These data are to be
found in the table following : —

Table showing Composition and Digestibility.

English
Hat.

Corn Meal.

Cotton-seed
Meal.

Wheat
Bran.

a
o

1

a

o

.3

a
o

1
p.

a

o
O

.3

OJ (1)

a
o

1

p<

a

o
O

.3

a
o

"3
o

a

a to

Moisture, ....

15.00

-

14.00

-

7.00

-

10.00

~

Dry matter, ....

85.00

-

86.00

-

93.00

-

90.00

-

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

_

Dry matter contains : —

Crude ash

6.20

notdet.

1.62

notdet.

7.30

notdet.

7.50

notdet.

*• cellulose,

31.00

60

2.15

77

7.70

-

11.00

25

" fat

2.80

49

3.83

85

12.00

97

5.00

72

" protein.

10.00

60

11.00

72

44.00

88

18.00

78

Extract matter.

50.00

60

81.40

94

29.00

64

58.50

68

100.00

-

100 00

-

100.00

-

100.00

-

The average composition and the average per cent,
diofestiblc of all cattle foods are to l)c found in tables at
the end of this report.

Rules for compounding Properly Balanced Fodder Rations.

1. A milch cow of 1,000 pounds live weight needs
approximately 2.5 })ounds of digestible protein, .5 to .75
pound of digestil)le fat and 13 pounds of digestible car-
bohydrates daily.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21

2. Calculate the rations on the basis of 1,000 pounds
live weight. Cows weighing but 700 to 800 pounds will
need only seven-tenths or eight-tenths as much. (This is
not always true. Example : very thin cows fresh in milk
would need rather more, and cows in fair to good condition
towards tlie end of lactation less.)

3. Use 21 pounds of English hay or its equivalent of
some other coarse fodder as a basis. (This will furnish
1 pound of digcstil)le protein, and it is now necessary to
make up tlie necessary amount of protein by the addition
of concentrated fodders. In doing this the necessary car-
bohydrates not furnished l)y the hay will also be added.)

4. Use 8 to 10 pounds of two or three different grains,
about one-third of each kind. (Not over 3 pounds of corn
meal should be added. The various gluten feeds can often
take the place of corn meal to advantage. It is almost
always economical to use 3 pounds of bran. As the third
grain 2 to 3 pounds of one very high in protein should
be used, such as cotton-seed meal, or one of the gluten or
linseed meals.)

5. Reduce the quantity of each of the substances to be
fed to dry matter, by multiplying by the average per cent,
of dry matter in such substances, as found in the tal)les.

6. Multiply the amount of dry matter in each of the
foods by the average percentages of cellulose, fat, protein
and extract matter it contains, and these products by the
digestion percentages of these same groups. The last prod-
ucts will be the amount of digestible cellulose, fat, protein
and extract matter contained in each of the several foods.
Add the several dio-estible amounts as found in the various
foods together, and the sum will be the total digestible cel-
lulose, fat, protein and extract matter in all of the feeds
going to make up the daily ration.

7. To calculate the nutritive ratio of the ration, multiply
the amount of digesti])le fat by 24, and add the product
to the digestible cellulose and extract matter; divide this
sum l)y the digestible protein, and the dividend will be the
ratio required.

22 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A Practical Example.
Fodder Ration for a Milch Goto of 1 ,000 Pounds Live Weight.

Digestible.

Protein.

Fat.

Carbohydrates.

Total.

Needed, ....

Pounds.

2.50

Pounds.

0.50

Pounds.

13.00

Pounds.

16.00

Ration shall be composed of: —

21 pounds English hay.

3 pounds corn meal.

3 pounds cotton-seed meal.
3 pounds wheat bran.

Hay, .
Corn meal,
Ootton-seofl meal,
Wheat bran,

Total,

Hay, .

Corn meal,
Cotton-8ei-ii meal.
Wheat bruu,

Total,

Hay, .
Corn meal,
Cotton-seed meal.
Wheal bran,

Total,

Hay, .
Corn meal.
Cotton-seed meal.
Wheat bran.

Total,

Fodders.

1-^

21 X

3X
3X
3X

21X
3X
3X
3X

21 X
3X
3X
3X

21 X
3X
3X
3X

93=
90=

85=
86=
93=
90=

93=

90=

85=
86=
93=
90=

17.85X
2.60X
2. SOX
2.70X

17.85X
2.60X
2.80X
2.70X

17.snx

2.60X
2.80X
2.70X

17.85X
2.60X
2.80X
2.70X

Fodder Constituents.

o

..Q

•a

a

<v a>

O iJ)

3

o

S«

Ch

cu

^Q
o'-'

(H

(a) Cellulose.

31.00=
2.15=
7.70=

11.00=

5.53X

60=

0.06X

77=

0.22X

00=

0.30X

25=

3.31

0.05
0.00
0.07

3.43

(ft) Fat.

2.80= 0.50X

3.8:;= O.IOX

12.00= I 0.34X

5.00= 0.13X

0.25
0.09
0.30
0.09

0.73

(c) Protein.

10.00=
11.00=
44.00=
18.00=

1.78X

60=

0.29X

72=

1.23X

85=

0.49X

78=

1.07
0.21
1.04
0.38

.70

{d) Extract Matter.

.50.00=
81.40=
29.00=
58.50=

8.92X
2.11X
0.81X
1.58X

60=
94=
95=

5.. 35
1.98
0.77
1.07

9.17

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23

Summary.

Pounds,

Total digestible protein, 2.70

Total digestible fat 0.73

Total digestible cellulose and extract (carbohydrates), .... 12.60

Total digestible organic nutrients, 16.03

These figures correspond very closely with the amounts required (see top of page 22).

Calculating the Nutritive Ratio.

Pounds.

Carbohydrates, 12.60

Fat, .73 pound X '-^i = 1-82

Total, 14.42

14.42 pounds carbohydrates ~ '1.1 pounds protein = .5.34, or as 1 protein is to 5.34
carbohydrates (1:5.34).

TJie Real Meaning of Nutritive Ratio.

Nutritive ratio is simply the numerical relation which the
fat and carbohydrates bear to the protein which is taken as
unity ; or, stated in the form of a problem, how many more
units of carbohydrates and fat reduced to carbohydrates are
present in the ration than units of protein ?

It has been demonstrated by experiment that, other
things being equal, the best returns can be secured in case
of milch cows, for example, if the various fodders are so
combined as to produce a ration containing 4.5 to 5.5 times
as much carbohydrates as protein ; or, in other words,
rations having a nutritive ratio of 1 : 4.5 to 5.5.

While this proportion should be kept in mind in making
up the fodder ration, palatability and variety should by no
means be lost sight of.

Rations with a nutritive ratio of 1 :4.5 to G are termed
narrow rations ; those with ratios of 1 : 6 to 1 : 10, wide
rations.

24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. SOME GOOD FODDER RATIONS FOR FARM

ANIMALS.

I. Milch Cows and Growing Neat Stock.

These animals sliould have 16 pounds of dig'estiljle organic
nutrients daily divided into ; digestible protein, 2.50 to 3.00
pounds; digestible ftit, .50 to 1.00 pounds; digestible car-
bohydrates, 12 to 13 pounds; on the basis of 1,000 pounds
live weight. These various ingredients will l)e found in the
correct proportions in the following combinations : —

/. Basal Rations.

(«) {b) (c)

English lui}',* 18 pounds. English hay, 21 pounds. English hay, . 4 pounds.

Roots, . • 15 pounds. Corn stover, . 4 pounds.

Corn ensilage, 40 pounds.

{d) (e) (/)

Hay, . . 5 pounds. Hay of vetch Green orops,t 'yO-lO pounds.

Dry corn fodder, 2;") pounds. and oats, 10 jiounds.

Englisli hay, 5 pounds.

Corn stover, G pounds.

These coarse fodders for practical purposes can generally
be fed ad libitum; i. e., the animals can be given all they
Avill consume. There are, of course, some exceptions, but
the practised eye of the feeder will control such cases.

11. Grain Rations.

The following grain rations are combined to go with the
a])ove coarse fodders. These should alwa^'s be weighed or
measured out : —

* The many experiments at this station have shown that hay is too costly to be
fed in large quantities to cows and growing stock. Its place should be taken by
other coarse fodders.

t In case green leguminous crops are fed, only one-half to one-thu-d of the grain
ration that follows need be given.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25

(a) " (6)

Cotton-seed meal, . . 100 pounds. Chicago gluten meal, . 100 pounds.

Wheat bran, . . .100 " Wheat bran, . . .100 "

Corn meal,* . . .100 " Gluten feed,* . . .100 "

Mix and feed 9 quarts daily. Mix and feed 9 quarts daily.

(0) {d)

Linseed meal,t • . 100 puuiuls. Linseed meal,t . . . 100 poiiiuls.

Wlieat l)ran, . . . 100 " Pope or King gluten meal, 100 "

Ground wheat, . . 100 " Wheat bran, . . .200 «

Mix and feed 9 quarts tlaily. Mix and feed 9 quarts daily.

The maize or gluten feeds can be used interchangeably
one for the other ; the linseed meal and Chicago gluten meal
can also be substituted one for the other. Cotton-seed
meal, King gluten meal and Pope gluten meal should not
be couibined (especially in summer) with other concentrated
foods rich in fat, and it is better to feed but one of
these in any daily grain ration. To be on the safe side, we
would not advocate more than 2 or at the utmost 3 quarts
of these feeds daily.

In making up the grain rations, cost must be considered,
and farmers will have to use judgment in this respect.
Thus, if cotton-seed meal costs $24 per ton and Chicago
gluten meal $26, the cotton-seed meal would be much more
economical.

The following figures show the approximate relative com-
mercial values of the grains, figured on the basis of the
amount of digestible protein they contain. By this is
meant that if corn meal was worth $21 per ton Chicago
gluten meal would be worth $28, etc. This does not mean
that these two grains, side by side, would have the same
feeding effect, but the figures are presented as a basis to be
used in purchasing : —

Per Ton.

Com meal, $21 00

Wlieat braus, 18 00

(Jluten feeds, 23 00

Gluteu meals, 28 00

Cotton-seed meal, 30 50

New-process linseed meal, 29 00

Old-process linseed meal, 28 25

* Three quarts of either Buffalo gluten feed, Peoria gluten feed or Chicago maize
feed can hQ substituted with good effect for the corn meal,
t Old or new process.

26 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

II. AViNTER Fodder Rations for Growing Lambs (60
TO 100 Pounds).

The following combinations of grains and coarse fodder
have proved vahial)le as winter fodder rations for himbs
(yearlings).

In general, where corn ensilage has been substituted for
one-half to two-thirds of the rowen the growth has been
fully as good and the cost of production of live weight
somewhat less.

II.

Wheat bran, .
Chicago gluten meal,
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio,
Total cost (approximate),
Manurial value ol)tainable.
Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.
0.50 "
2.00 "

1 : 4 50
2.50 cts.
1.15 "
1.36 "

Wheat bran,

Cliicago gluten meal,

Rowen,

Corn ensilage, .

Nutritive ratio.

Total cost (approximate) ,

Manurial value obtainable

Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.
0 50 "
1.00 "
3.50 "

1:509
2.24 cts.
1.10 "
1.14 '<

III.

IV.

Wheat bran, .
Linseed meal, .
Rowen, ....
Nutritive ratio.
Total cost (ajiproximate),
Manurial value obtainable,
Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.
0.25 "
1.50 "

1:4.0
2.08 cts.
1.02 "
1.06 "

Wheat bran, .
Linseed meal, .
Rowen, ....
Corn ensilage, .
Nutritive ratio.
Total cost (approximate),
Manurial value obtainable.
Net cost, ....

0.50 lbs.

0.25 "

0.50 "

3.50 "

1:5.0

1.8 cts.

0.9 "

0.9 "

V.

VL

Corn meal.

Cotton-seed meal, .

Rowen, ....

Nntritivc ratio,

Total cost (aiiproximate),

Manurial value obtainable,

Net cost, ....

0.50 11)S.
0 50 "
1.50 "

1 : 5.3
2 40 cts.
1.30 "
1.10 "

EuflTalo gluten feed,

Rowen

Nntritivc ratio,
Total cost (approximate),
Manurial value obtainable.
Net cost, ....

0.75 ll)s.
2.00 lbs.
1:5.3
2.33 cts.
1.25 "
1.07 "

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

VII.

27

BuflFalo gluten feed, 0.75 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal, 0.25 "

Roweu, . . » . = 0.50 "

Corn ensilage, 4.00 '•

Nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.6

Total cost (approximate) , 2.04 cts,

Manurial value obtainable, , « 1.14 "

Net cost 0.90 "

Linseed meal, cotton-seed meal and Chicago gluten meal
can be substituted one for the other without very materially
chano-inof the cost of the ration or its feeding effect. Buffalo
gluten feed and Chicago maize feed can also be used inter-
changeably.

One-half pound of rowen and four to five pounds of corn
ensilage in a ration tend to cheapen the cost and are as
eftective in feeding value as one and one-half to two pounds
of rowen. In general, four pounds of corn ensilage can be
reckoned an equivalent for one pound of rowen, so far as
dry matter is concerned.

The rations as given can be increased or decreased pro-
portionately in quantity to suit the appetite and size of the
animals fed.

III. Practical Rations for Pig Feeding.
When skim-milk is used as a part of the daily diet in
feeding pigs for the market, the station feels justified, in
view of its feeding experiments, in recommending the fol-
lowing practical rations as being valuable in producing pork
at a minimum cost : —

I.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Food.

Nutritive
Ratio.

20 to 80, .

80 to 125, .

125 to 190, .

2 ounces corn meal to each quart milk,*
4 ounces corn meal to each quart milk, .
6 ounces corn meal to each quart milk. .

1:3.30
1:4.00
1:4.50

* Creamery buttermilk can be substituted for skim-milk as above with good
results if it can be had at a reasonable price, say 1.4 cents per gallon.

When skim-milk is in limited supply (from four to six
quarts per pig) , feed as follows : —

28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

n.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

20 to 80, .

80 to 125,

125 to 100,

Milk at disposal, and one part by weight
wheat bran, two parts by weight gluten
meal, to satisfy appetite.

Milk at disposal and following mixture : one
weight part corn meal, one weight part
wheat bran, one weight part gluten meal,
to satisfy animal.

Milk at disposal and following mixture : two
weight parts corn meal, one weight part
wheat bran, one weight part gluten meal.

1:3.20

1:4.00

1:4.50

ni.

Weight of Pigs
(Pounds).

Food.

Nutritive
Katio.

20 to 80, .

2

oiuices corn meal to each quart of milk"^
and 4 ounces gluten feed as a substitute >
for each quart milk. )

C 1:3.25
} to
( 4.00

80 to 125, .

6

quarts skim-milk and a mixture of one~^
part by weight gluten feed and one part >
by weight com meal. )

C 1:4.00
) to
( 4.40

125 to 190, .

6

quarts skim-milk and a mixture of one"^
part by weight gluten feed and one and >
one-half parts by weight corn meal. )

C 1:4.4
I to
( 4.9

IV. Rations foii Farm Horses.

While we have never carried out any direct experiments
with horses, the following rations, fed to our farm horses,
have <riven very excellent results (basis 1,000 pounds live
weight) : —

(a) Light WorJc (Winter).

Pounds.

Hay, 15

Wheat V)ran, 2

Provender, 4

(&) Medium Work.

Pounds.

Hay, 15

Wheat bran, 3

Provender, 6

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 29

(c) Hard Work.

Pounds.

Hay, 15 ■

^^^leat bran, 4

Provender, 8

The provender consists of cracked corn and oats, in the
proportion of 400 pounds of the former to 15 bushels of the
latter.

The following table shows the pounds of digestible
nutrients in our ration for medium work, as compared with
Wolff's for horses of 1,000 pounds live weight, doing medium
work and hard work : —

Diprcstiblc
Protein
(Pounds).

Digestible

Fat
(Pounds).

nigestible
Carbo-
hydrates
(Pounds).

Total
Digestible

Matter
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Kivtio.

Medium work.

1.58

0.43

11.25

13. 2G

1:7.81

WoltT's standard, medium
woi-k,

1.55

0.55

10.85

12.95

1:7.80

"Wolff's standard, hard work, .

2.12

0.83

12.63

15.58

1:7.00

30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

II.

OBJECTS OF THE FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTS.

III. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows.
1. October to December, 1893.

To note the comparative feeding eifects of English hay,
hay of vetcli and oats and soja bean and l)ai-ley straw upon
the production and cost of milk.

Grain feed was constant, and consisted of wheat bran,
Buflalo gluten feed and new-process linseed meal.

2. January to May, 1894.

(«) To determine how much digestible protein can be
economically fed to milch cows.

(J)) To determine the effect of different quantities of pro-
tein upon the quantity and quality of the milk.

3. Creamery Record of the Station.

The tal>ulated results of the station herd for 1893 and
1894.

IV. Hay Substitutes.

A resume of some experiments with vetcli and oats and
peas and oats, calling attention to their value for milk pro-
duction, as compared with English hay.

V. The BAiicocK v. the Space System as a Basis tor
Payment in Massachusetts Creameries.

The object of this experiment is to call attention to the
composition of cream from various patrons raised by the
deep-setting process, in order to see if the payment for
cream by the space (or fraction of an inch) is equally just
to all parties. The Babcock method is contrasted with the
space system.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 31

VI. Feedixg Experiments with Steers.

(a) To note the effect of distinct fodder rations upon the
production of live weight.

(6) To secure facts relative to the actual cost of beef
production in Massachusetts under existing local conditions.

(c) To compare the relative merits and cost of pasture
V. soiling during the summer season. (A resume of all our
experiments with steers follows this experiment.)

VII. Feeding Calves for Veal.

(a) To see if it were possible to replace the l)utter fat
removed in the cream by some cheaper fat or oil, thus pro-
ducing a mixture resembling in composition whole milk.

(b) To see if such a mixture would fatten calves eco-
nomically.

VIII. Digestion Experiments with Sheep.

1. To study the digesti1)ility and consequent VL^ue as a
source of food of a variety of concentrated cattle foods.

2. The digestibility of the pentosans. An investigation
into the value as a source of food of a group of substances,
called pentosans, found in most of our cattle foods, concern-
ing which our knowledge heretofore has ])een very limited.
This article at the present time has rather more of a scientific
than practical interest.

32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

III.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS.

1. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT COARSE

FEEDS.

By J. B. LiNUSEY.

October-December, 1893.

[Grains fed : wlieat bran, Buffalo gluten feed, new-process linseed meal, ('oarse
feeds : hay, dry vetch and oats, soja-bean hay and barley straw.]

Object of the Experiment.

To note the comparative effect of English hay, dry vetch
and oats, soJa-bean hay and ])arley straw upon the produc-
tion and cost of milk.

Results of the Experiment.

The average cost of producing milk from six cows of the
station herd in different periods of lactation was 2.3 cents
per quart; the average yield was 9.4G <]uarts i)er day.

Hay of vetch and oats compared very favorably Avith
English hay for milk production.

The com[>ositi()n of the milk was a})parently not affected
by the dilfcrcnt coarse fodders.

The Expertmknt.

The analyses of the foods fed and Iheii' fcrtili/jiig vahie,
the history and feeding record of the individual cows, etc.,
will be found at the end of the experiment.

Six cows were used in the trial ; they were grades of
various breeds in different periods of lactation, yielding from
7 to 15 quarts of milk daily.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

33

The fodder articles were all in good condition, and may
be considered fair samples of their kind.

During the entire feeding trial the grain ration remained
constant, the coarse fodders alone being changed. The
cows were fed, watered and milked twice daily, one-half the
food being given at each feeding. They were allowed out-
door exercise on every pleasant day. They were weighed
once a week, after the morning's feeding and milking but
before being watered.

A composite sample of the milk was taken three days
of each week during the trial, thus furnishing the average
of every six milkings out of fourteen. This at least gives a
good average for each week.

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations (1893-94).

II.

October 5 to October 16.

Wheat bran, . . . 3.00 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed, . . 3.00 "

New-process Unseed meal, 3.00 <'

Hay, 17.63 "

Nutritive ratio, . . . . 1 : 4.40

Total cost, .... 22.97 cts.

Manurial value o))tainable, 10 85 "

Net cost 12.12 "

October 25 to November 21.

Wheat bran, . . . 3.00 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed, . . 3.00 "

New-process linseed meal, 3.00 "

Hay of vetch and oats, . 16.52 "

Nutritive ratio, ... 1 : 4.20

Total cost, .... 22.14 cts.

Manurial value obtainable, 11 28 "

Net cost 10.86 ♦'

III.

December 9 to January 2.

Wheat bran, 3.00 lbs.

Buffiilo gluten feed, 3.00 "

New-process linseed jneal, 3.00 "

Soja-bean hay, 10.81 "

Barley straw, 4.56 "

Nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.13

Total cost, 20.14 cts.

Manurial value obtainaljle 10.79 "

Net cost 9.35 "

Three pounds wheat bran equal 4 quarts ; 3 pounds Buffalo gluten feed equal 3
quarts ; 3 pounds new-process linseed meal equal 2^ quarts.

The total cost of a fodder ration is the sum of the mar-
ket costs of the different articles consumed per day. The
manurial value obtainable is the value of the nitrogen, phos-

34 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

phoric acid and potasli of the ration fed that will l)e found
in the manure. In case of milch cows this amounts on an
average to 80 per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients con-
tained in the feed. The other 20 per cent, goes into the
milk or flesh of the animal. The value of the nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash thus excreted is based upon the retail
cost of these articles in the open markets. When the experi-
ment was in operation this amounted to 15 cents i)er pound
for nitrogen, 5^ cents per pound for phos})horic acid and 4J
cents per pound for potash. The net cost of a ration is that
cost remaining after the value of the manure has been de-
ducted from the total cost.

Quantity and Cost of Milk lyroduced Daily.

Nettie .

Jennie.

Gem.

JuUA.

Nob A.

Nellie.

AVBEAQE.

Feedino
Periods.

2

2

♦i 3

*j 3

•73

^ 3

Se-
ed

.J 3

2

'3^

SO*

"6

M

o

tt

o

«

o

«

o

Q

o

«

u

«

o

Qt8.

CtB.

Qts.

Ct8.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

Qts.

Cts.

I., .

14.40

1.61

6.82

3.19

8.87

2.62

8.64

2.69

8.82

2.64

13.77

1.67

10.22

2.25

II., .

12.69

1.87

5.88

3.47

9.14

2.42

8.46

2.62

8.26

2.69

12.17

1.82

9.43

2.35

III., . .

n.24

1.81

5.11

3.72

8.85

2.36

7.53

2.80

8.10

2.44

11.54

1.71

8.73

2.31

If we notice the averages in the above table, it will be
seen that the cows declined slightly and regularly in the
yield of milk during the three months of trial. There was a
decrease of 7.8 per cent, in the milk production between the
tirst and second periods and a further decrease of 6.8 per
cent, between the second and third periods, making a total
decrease of 14.6 per cent, during the three months of trial.
This is by no means excessive. Five of the six cows gave
an average increase of 19 pounds each in live weight during
the vetch and oats period. When it is also remembered in
cases of the hay and the vetch and oats periods that the
former lasted but 12 days and the latter 84 days, the differ-
ence in yield in favor of the hay would be still further
reduced. The cost of feed per quart of milk is about the
same in all three periods, a very slight difference in favor

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 35

of the hay period being observed, which would probably
be counterbalanced when the longer vetch and oats period
and the natural decline in yield are considered. The vetch
and oats hay compared, then, quite well with the first cut
hay of upland meadows.

While the soja-bean hay and Ijarley strau" compared very
favora))Iy with the other coarse fodders, it is hardly to be
commended, because of the tendency of the bean leaves of
the soja-bean plant, like all leguminous crops, to dry up
and fall oft' in the process of curing. The soja bean can be
much better preserved in the silo mixed with corn fodder.

36 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37

In case of cows Nettie, Jennie and Gem the percentage
of solids and fat remained very constant during the three
periods, while the solids and fat of the milk of cows Julia,
Nora and Nellie show a decrease in the last two periods.
This decrease can only be explained on the ground that the
change of feed interfered for a time with the process of
secretion. Towards the end of each period it is noted that
the composition of the milk of two of three cows approached
that of the first period again. Cows Nora and Nellie
seemed for quite a while to produce milk of a varying fat
content.

38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

H

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W

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a

o

w

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1:4.40
1:4.10

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1.62
1.86
1.90

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14.40
12.69
11.24

poiuustioo .ia4}i!n^ A'j([

23.36
23.65
21.32

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1893-94.

Oct. 5 to Oct. 16, .
Oct. 25 to Nov. 27, .
Dec. 9 to Jan. 2, .

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ooo

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poo

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Oct.
Oct.
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1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

39

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40 AGRICULTUIIAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

History of Coivs.

NA3ME OF COW.

Breed.

Age
(Years).

Last Calf r)ROPi"i;i).

Daily Yield of
Jlilk at Begin-
ning of Trial
((Quarts).

Nettie, .
Jennie, .
Gem,
Julia,
Nora,
Nellie, .

Grade Hoi stein,
(irade Jersey,
Grade Shorthorn, .
Native, .
(irade Ayrshire,
Native, ,

5
4
6
9

5
8

Julv 2, 1893,
Dec. 25, 1892,
Dec. G, 1891,
Jan 18, 1893,
Mar. 25, 1S93,
Aug. 15, 1893,

15

7

8-9

9-10

10

14

Local -Market Cost, per Ton, of the Various Articles of Fodder

Fed.

"V\Tieat bran, $19 00

Buffalo gluten feed, 19 00

New-process linseed meal, 27 00

Hay, 15 00

Hay of vetch and oats, 15 00

Sqja-bean hay, 15 00

Barley straw, 10 00

Analyses of Fodder Articles.

u

^

to -a

it «

to

C-3

.a

03

Fodder Analyses.

_o s

'r-s

J. >.

>,

^

k3

Moisture at 100° C, .

12.42

8.30

10.62

15.00

16.67

16.21

12.80

Dry matter, ....

87.58

91.70

89.38

85.00

83.33

83.79

87.20

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

r,.io

0.91

5.89

7.83

11.38

12.62

4.94

" cellulose, .

11. OG

7.9(1

8.84

32.74

30.15

27.73

39.84

" fat, ....

G.IO

14.25

3.94

3.08

3.45

2.55

2.49

" protein,

18.29

22.48

40.79

10.79

13.51

14.89

6.21

Nitrogen-free extract, .

r)8.45

54.40

40.54

45.56

41.51

42.21

46.52

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

41

Digestion Coefficients.

•d

!»•«

Si

B

i

s ^

^ w

OS

Ph

>^

M

X!

U

it— S

rt

c —

S'5

'fi

|3

;*?;

M

K

K

M

Crude cellulose, .

25

43

61

60

66

58

56

" fat, ....

72

81

91

49

19

14

42

" protein,

78

85

87

60

60

64

20

Nitrogen-free extract, .

68

81

86

60

54

61

54

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Nitrogen 17^ cents, pliosplioric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5^ cents, ]ier pound.]

B

■d

j3

a

C3

5

a

^^4

c s

2 "

El

,o

Ol

1

id 3

i:^%

^

c?3

~c

I?

m3

'A

hM

K

to

«

Moisture, ....

12.42

7.32

10.89

15.00

16.67

16.21

12.80

Nitrogen, ....

2.56

3.33

5.83

1.47

1.81

2.00

0.86

Phosphoric acid, .

2.46

0.37

1.95

0.27

0.50

0.50

0.12

Potassium oxide, .

1.60

0.11

1.08

1.50

1.24

1.24

2.60

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

$13 18

$12 15

$23 55

$7 07

$8 20

$8 86

$5 99

Manurial value obtainable, .

10 54

9 72

18 84

5 66

6 56

7 09

4 79

42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. EFFECT OF FOOD UPON THE COST AND QUALITY

OF MILK.

By J. B. LiNDSEY.

January— May ^ 1894.

Objects of the Expeiii3Iext.

I. To determine how much digestible protein can be
economically fed to milch cows.

II. To determine the efiect of different quantities of
protein upon the quantity and quality of the milk.

Brief Explanation of the Objects Sought.

By digestible protein is meant the nitrogenous part of the
food consumed and digested. The non-nitrogenous part, i.e. ,
that which is not protein, is the cellulose, starch, sugars,
gums and fatty substances.

Very much is being said at the present time by our ex-
periment stations and intelligent dairy farmers about the
value of different rations for the dairy cow. What is the
most suitable nutritive ratio * of these fodder rations, or how
much protein sliall be fed in the ration, is a question of
economical importance, for the protein is the most costly of
all the fodder constituents.

Again, the writer deems it advisable, partly as an object
lesson and partly for more light on the subject, — recogniz-
ing at the same time the work already accomplished, — to
note the effects of different amounts of protein ujjon the com-
position or quality of the milk.

General Teachings of the Experiment.
1. The amount of protein fed in the various fodder
rations varied from 1.3 to 3.76 pounds daily to cows aver-
aging 871 ])ounds live Aveight. The ration containing the
most protein produced milk at a less cost per quart in each

* By nutritive ratio is meant tlie proportion wliicli the nitrogenous bears to the
non-nitrogenous part of the food.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43

of the three series of experiments, besides furnishing a better
quality of manure.

2. During the autumn, winter and spring months from
2.5 to 3 pounds of protein can be fed daily to dairy cows
in good condition (on a basis of 1,000 pounds live weight)
with economy and consequent profit. During the summer
months it might not be advisable to feed over 2.5 pounds of
digestible protein in the fodder ration in case of stall-fed
cows, and one should be especially careful at that season
about feeding grains containing an excess of fat (see caution
elsewhere).

3. When as low as 1.3 pounds of protein were fed daily,
the total digestible organic matter at the same time being
sufficient for the animal's daily needs, the cjuality of the
milk, especially its fat content, was below that produced by
a ration containing 2.5 to 3 pounds of digestible protein.

4. When 3 pounds of protein were fed in the daily
ration there was an indication that its influence upon the
quality of the milk ceased to be felt.*

5. All of the cows were not aft'ected alike by the same
fodder ration.

. 6. The total solid matter in the milk was much less
affected than the fat.

7. This experiment points out the economy of feeding
properly balanced rations in order to secure maximum and
long-continued milk yields, as well as the l)est quality of
manure.

General Introduction.

The German investigator, E. von Wolff, f who has closely
studied the results of all German investigators concerning
the most suital)le fodder rations for milch cows, has given
the following standard ration on a basis of 1,000 pounds
live weight : —

Digestible protein, 2.50 lbs.

Digestible fat, 0.60 "

Digestible carbohydrates, 13.00 "

Nutritive ratio, 1:5.4

* It is hoped that it will be possible to still fiu-ther study this qticstion of the
effect of food and especially protein upon the quality and quantity of the niillc pro-
duced.

t Die Ernahmng der Landwirthschaftliche Niitzthiere, 1870, p. 548.

44 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

lie claims that about 2.-5 pounds of diircstiblc ])rotein
should be contained in the ration fed in order to keep the
animal in good condition and to keep up the quantity of
milk for the longest possil)le time.

Marcker and Morgen,* as a result of their experiments
with live difterent herds of cows, claim that more protein
than the current usage and feeding standards call for can
be economically fed, thus : —

Digestible protein Cpounds),
Digestible fat (pounds s
Digestible cai-bohydrates (pounds),
Nutritive ratio, ....

"While this might be economically true in sections of Ger-
many, it does not necessarily hold that it is economically
true in Massachusetts.

Woll f has made quite a thorough inquiry into the rations
fed by successful dairymen in ditlerent sections of the
United States, and calls the average of his results the
American standard ration, which he believes to be correct
for the larger part of the United States. It is as follows : —

Digestible protein, .
Digestible fat,
Digestible carbohydrates,
Nutritive ratio,

2.15 lbs.
0.74 "
13.27 «
1:6.9

He furnishes no results of experiments to prove this to be
the case, simply basing his conclusion upon the opinion of
dairy farmers. Whether the judgment of dairy farmers is
correct or not we will not at this jioint express an opinion,
but it seems to the writer a rather peculiar position for a
scientific in(|uirer to take.

During the winters of 1892-93 and 1893-94 Messrs.
Woods and l'heli)s| made investigations concerning the

* Tl6siim6 in Experiment Station Record, March, 1892.
t Bulletin No. 38, Wisconsin Experiment Station.
J Bulletin No. 13, Storr's Experiment Station.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45

fodder rations fed by many prominent dairymen in Connecti-
cut, and found them containing about 2.5 pounds of diges-
tible protein and 17.5 pounds of total digestible nutrients.
Where rations poorer in protein were fed than the above,
the milk produced was noted, then a change in the ration
was suggested, and later the production of the herd was
again accurately observed.

They recommended, as a "tentative ration," 2.5 pounds
of digestible protein -and 16 pounds of total digestible or-
ganic matter, — practically the German standard.

The many experiments already carried out at the Massa-
chusetts station have shown the economy of feeding at least
2.5 pounds of digestible protein in the daily ration.

There appears, however, to be a diiference in opinion as
to the amount of protein that can be economically fed to
our dairy cows, and the investigation that follows is a step
towards the solution of the problem.

In the second place, we have endeavored to note if the
varying amounts of protein in rations that contain sufficient
total digestible organic nutrients have had any noticeable
effect upon the quality of the milk produced.

E. Wolft"* and G. Kiihn f during the years 1868-76 made
this subject a special study. The results of their investiga-
tion may be stated concisely as follows : —

That milk production is dependent, in the first place,
upon the individuality of the cow and upon the develop-
ment of the milk glands. It is impossible to radically
change the composition of the milk by means of food, to
transform a " butter cow" into a " cheese cow" at will, etc.
On the other hand, there are cows whose milk can be in-
fluenced by the foods fed, but only to a limited degree. In
the thirty cows that were accurately studied there were
only two wdiere such an influence of the fodder was de-
cidedly proved. With some of the other cows very slight
changes only were noticed. Of all the milk components,
the fat was by far the most influenced by the food supply.

* E. "Wolff, " Die Verssuchsstation Hohenheim," Berlin, 1870.
f Journal fiir Landw , 1874; Landw. Verssuchsstation, 1869; Resume in Die
Ernahruug der Laudwii-thschaftliclie Nutztliiere, E. Wolff, 1876.

46 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The one-sided increase in the milk fat in case of individual
cows was parallel with the increased supply of digestible
protein. Different concentrated feeds appeared also to
have increased the percentage of fat.* A previously well-
fed cow, fed so as to be poorly nourished,! would decrease
in her flow, and the quality of the milk Avould be, as a rule,
gradually impaired, though not radically affected. Upon
these experiments of Wolff and Kiilm is based our present
knowledge of the sul)jcct under consideration.

In 1891 W. Fleischmann| presented the results of his
studies upon a large herd of cows. He did not study this
especial point, namely, the effect of increasing amounts of
protein on the quality of the milk ; but he makes, in con-
nection with his conclusions, the followinii" interestino; ol)ser-
vation : "The fact long believed to be true in practice,
namely, the increasing the amount of food nutrients to
make the milk of cows richer in fat absolutely as well as
relatively, would seem to l)e fully confirmed."

Kochs and Ramm § studied this subject in 1891, using
three cows of different breeds, and concluded that in case of
their experiment the food had no effect upon the fat content
of the milk.

From 2.2 to 4.4 pounds of digestible true protein were fed
daily, and approximately 21 to 23 pounds of total digestible
organic matter, on the basis of 1,000 pounds live weight.
The weakness of this experiment is at least twofold : first,
because of the few cows used ; and second, because each
cow was not fed with the exact ration belonging to her, but
the entire food weighed out for the three cows was given to
them collectively.

It will be noticed that the smallest amount of protein was
2.25 pounds. The amount of total digestible organic matter
fed w^as, however, above Wolff's standard, so that the nutri-
tive ratio was 1 : 8.00.

* Palmnut meal and I)ean meal.

t I wish to state that a milcli cow can be poorly nourished in two ways : first, by
not gettinjj sufficient food to cat ; and second, while slie may get enough to eat, the
food for milk production might be what is termed an improperly balanced one.
Hay, for example, contains a large excess of carljohydratcs and not enough protein.

X Landw., Jahrb., 20, 1891, Supplement II ; Ii(isum6 in Experiment Station Record,
Vol. Ill, p. 421.

§ Landw., Jahrb., lid. xxi, 1802, p. 809.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47

W. H. Jordan * gives the results of several trials. In the
first experiment three cows were used. The animals were
fed in the second period of 14 days on hay and corn meal,
and in the first and third periods 2 pounds of cotton-seed
meal were substituted for 2 pounds of corn meal. Other-
wise the food W'as alike in all three periods. The corn meal
ration contained .87 pound of digestible protein and 12.45
pounds total digestible organic nutrients for cows weighing
925 to 950 pounds, — clearly an insufiicient amount, as the
experimenter states. The cotton-seed ration contained 1.47
pounds of digestible protein and 12.41 pounds of total diges-
tible organic nutrients, also insufiicient in quantity, but still
somewhat improved. Two of three cow^s showed a slight
increase in the solid matter of the milk on the cotton-seed
ration, and one a decrease. Tlie percentage of fat in the
milk of the same two cows, on a basis of 13 per cent, total
solid matter, w^as quite uniform for all three periods. The
milk of the cow that showed a decrease in per cent, of solid
matter on the cotton-seed ration showed at the same time a
slight decrease in the fat percentage, on the basis of 13 per
cent, total solids.

We have here another example of how diflferent cows are
diiferently aflfected by similar foods. This experiment w^as
repeated the next year with four cows, but as far as the
components of the milk were concerned very little change
was noted.

In 1893 the same investigator published the results of
experiments with three cows. The total digestible nutrients
fed were sufiicient, and each period lasted 35 days. The
milk w^as analyzed the last five days of each period.

The wa'iter thinks it would have l)een l)etter to have had
the results of the composition of the milk for five days of
each week for every period.

Only the very briefest resume is iiere given : —

* Maine Experiment Station, reports for 1885-86, 1886-87, 1893.

48 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Wide ration, ....
Narrow ration,

Percentage increase of narrow
over wide ration,

Pounds
fed.

1.18
2.09

Total Solids in Milk of Cows.

Cow
A.

Per cent.

13.39
14.11

Cow

Per cent.

13.64
13.92

Cow
L. S.

Average,
Three
Cows.

Per cent.

13.50
14.27

Per cent.

13.51
14.10

4.37

Per Cent, of Fat in Milk on a Basis of Femrteen Per Cent. Solids.

Wide ration, ....
Narrow ration.

Percentage increase of narrow
over wide ration,

1.18
2.09

4.43

4.68

5.64

4.45

4.77

7.19

4.43
4.72

6.54

4.43
4.73

6.50

This experiment would indicate that the increase of protein
in the food had somewhat increased the per cent, of fat in
the milk.

The experimenter draws the following conclusion: "In
general, the milk was richer while the cows were fed the
ration rich in protein, though with one cow it showed the
largest per cent, of solids during the third period, while she
was eating the corn-meal ration.

" In general, the proportion of fat increased throughout the
experiment, without regard to what the cows were fed, and
no evidence is furnished in support of the notion that by-
changing the food it is possible to produce more butter fat
without an accompanying increased production of other milk
solids."

Armsby * carried out similar experiments with three cows
during the years 1885 and 1886. The digestible [)rotoin fed
during 1885 was from 1.5 to 2 pounds daily and the total
digestible organic nutrients 13.5 pounds daily to cows of about
850 pounds live w^eight. These rations were sufficient in
quantity. During 18<s6 1.1 to 1.8 pounds digestible protein
and 12.7 pounds of total organic nutrients were fed. The
weight of the animals is not given, but probably they were
about the same as in the previous experiment. Armsby

* Wisconsin Experiment Station, reports for 1885 and 1886.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

49

failed to find any change in the composition of the milk that
could be traced to food influence.

The New Hampshire Experiment Station * failed to note
any decided improvement in the quality of the milk when
rations containing sufficient digestible organic nutrients
were fed, hy varying the digestible protein from 2 to 3
pounds daily.

The Iowa Experiment Station in 1891 published the results
of an experiment made " to determine the effect of food upon
the quality of milk," without apparently endeavoring to note
the eflect of any particular group of constituents in the fodder
ration. They compared the eflfect of corn meal (low in pro-
tein) with gluten meal (high in protein). They really fed
one ration containing but 1.05 pounds of digestible protein
and another containing 2.18 pounds. Four cows, averaging
1,000 pounds in live weight, were used in the experiment, —
three grade Shorthorn and one grade Holstein. It is impos-
sible, for lack of data, to calculate accurately the amount
of digestible nutrients fed, but an attempt has been made
below to get an approximate idea. It appears that neither
the corn fodder nor the clover hay was tested for moisture
or subjected to analysis.

Ration I.

Ration II.

Pounds.

Pounfls.

Com and cob meal, .

12i

Sugar (gluten) meal.

10

Com fodder,

12

Com fodder, .

12

Clover hay,

4

Clover liay,

4

* Bulletins 9 and 10.

50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Ration I.

Ration II.

Per Cent.
Increase of
II. over I.

Digestible protein (pounds), .

1.05

2.18

-

Total nutrients fed (pounds), .

14.09

13.51

-

Nutritive ratio,

1:13.10

1:5.71

-

Total jdeld of milk (pounds),.

3,.302.50

3,399.50

2.94

Total solids (pounds), ....

392.08

428.21

9.21

Fat (pounds),

111.25

134.39

20.80

Per cent, of solids in milk.

11.93

12.63

5.87

Per cent, of fat in milk, ....

3.37

3.94

1G.90

Milk on basis of 12 per cent, total solids

(pounds).
Fat, per cent., basis 12 per cent, solids, .

3,283.20
3.39

3,578.00
3.74

8.97
10.32

So far as one is able to judge from the data presented,
these rations, other things being equal, were not sufficient
for cows of 1,000 pounds live weight that had had calves
but a short time previous to the experiment, and yielding
12 to 15 quarts of milk daily. They should apparently have
received at least 3 pounds more of total digestible organic
matter daily. This insufficient food would of itself have had
a tendency to produce a poor quality of milk. In the corn
and cob meal ration the protein supply was quite low, and it
is surprising that the animals did not shrink more than 9 per
cent, in their yield of milk on the basis of 12 per cent, solids
below the sugar-meal ration. The milk of Ration I. shows
the effect not only of lack of protein but of lack of sufficient
food as well. In the sugar-meal ration the replacing of a
pound of carbohydrates by a pound of protein is seen in the
increase of the solid matter, and especially of the amount of
fat. The weight of the animals at the beginning and end
of the periods (21 days) is not given, l)ut it is stated that
"the variations were not greater than usually appear in the
live weight of such animals, and did not surely indicate gain
or lo.ss."

It hardly seems possible to the writer that animals fresh

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51

in milk, with an average weight of 1,000 pounds, could be
fed on such a food combination as Ration I. and not show
the effect of it in a very short time. The data given show
that the quantity of the milk was increased and the quality
improved, especially its fat content, by increasing the sup-
ply of protein in the daily ration. The poor quality of the
milk in Ration I. was due in all probability partly to the
lack of food and partly to the small amount of protein pres-
ent. The experiment teaches nothing new, as the investiga-
tors seem to think. It has long been recognized that when
insufficient rations are fed, and they are at the same time
especially lacking in protein, the milk of many cows will
show a decrease in quality. The fat has a tendency to be
more affected than the other ingredients.

The experiment made at the Massachusetts State Experi-
ment Station about to be described in the following pages
is intended first as an object lesson to our dairymen, and
secondly it was made with a view of obtaining additional
information of an economical as well as of a scientific nature
upon this still somewhat disputed question.

Plan of the Experiment.

The experiment was divided into three periods, known as
Series I., II. and III. The preliminary feeding generally
lasted seven days, and the period itself fourteen. In Series
I. it required longer than seven days to get the cows
accustomed to the ensilage. In Series III. a and 6, the
periods themselves lasted but nine days.

The distinct rations fed will be stated further on. In
Series I. «, 2.58 pounds of protein (N.R. 1 : 4.8) were fed,
and in Series I. 6, 1.31 pounds of protein (N.R. 1: 10).
The ration b represents the way a great many New England
farmers feed, while ration a is not far from the German
standard. In Series II. a, 2.55 pounds of protein were fed,
essentially the same as in Series I. a; and in Series II. 5,
2.24 pounds of protein (N.R. 1 : 5.8) were fed, rather less
in amount, and furnishing, consequently, a somewhat wider
nutritive ratio. In this period also we get a direct compari-
son of the relative effect of Buffalo gluten feed and corn

52 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

meal. In Series III. a, 2.91 pounds of protein (N.R.
1 : 4.4) were fed, and in Series III. h, 3.76 pounds of pro-
tein were fed, being relatively large amounts of protein with
correspondingly narrow rations.

Strictly speaking, these series, so far as the yield of milk
is concerned, can be compared only with themselves, but not
with each other, for Series I. a and h was in operation dur-
ing the latter part of January and the first half of February,
Series II. a and h was completed al)out the end of March,
and Series III. a and h about May 1. During this time the
cows would naturally shrink some in their milk yield. In
order to overcome so far as possible the natural milk shrink-
age in comparing the effect of the rations in the three series
on the total yield from the herd, the following plan was
adopted: take, for example, Series I. a and h. Cows 1, 2
and 3 were fed the narrow ration, Series \. a, during the
two weeks that cows 4, 5 and 6 received the wide ration.
Series I. h ; and then the operation was reversed, cows 1, 2
and 3 receiving the wide ration, Series I. &, while cows 4,
5 and 6 received the narrow ration, Series I. a. This plan
was continued throuo:h the entire series.

History of Cows.

NAirp: OF
cow.

Breed.

Age
(Years).

Last Calf dropped.

Daily Yield
of Milk at
Bcjrinniiig
of Trial
(Quarts).

Nettie, .

Grade Holstein,

8

July, 1893,

11

Mary, .

Grade Durham,

8

Dee. 17, 1894,

12

Gem,

Grade Shorthorn, .

(5

Dec. 6, 1891,

9

Sarah, .

Grade Jersey, .

G

Dec., 1893,

8^

Nora,

Grade Ayrshire,

6

Mar. 25,1893,

7

Nellie, .

Native, .

9

Aug. 15, 1893,

lOJ-

Hattie, .

Grade Jersey,

6

Mar. 23, 1894,

13

The cows were six in numl^er; during the last period
Hattie was substituted for Sarah.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

53

What the Cows- were Fed.

In Series I. and II. the coarse fodder consisted of 3 to 4
pounds of dry corn stover and corn ensilage ad libitum.
The corn ensikige was made from Pride of the North corn,
and was cut and put in the silo when the kernels were glaz-
ing. It was of good quality. In Scries III. the coarse
fodder consisted of corn stover and a good quality of rowen.

The grains consisted of wheat l)ran, corn meal, Buffalo
gluten feed, cotton-seed meal and Chicago gluten meal, all
of good quality. One ounce of salt was fed daily. Its
beneficial effect upon the appetite and circulation is gen-
erally acknowledged.

How THE Cows were Fed and Kept.
The food was given in two portions, one-half about six
o'clock in the morning and the other al)out four o'clock in
the afternoon. The grains were fed dry. The cows were
watered twice daily, after eating in the morning and before
eating in the afternoon. The animals were well carded and
allowed several hours' exercise in the yard whenever weather
permitted. The animals were weighed weekly, in the morn-
inor before being watered.

Sampling the Milk.
A composite sample of the milk was made for three days
of each week (six mil kings), and this was taken to represent
the average composition of the milk for the week.

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations {1894).*

Series Lf

a.

b.

AVheat bran, .

. 3.00 lbs.

Wheat ))ran, .

,

4.50 lbs.

Buffalo gluten feed,

. 3.00 "

Corn meal,

4.50 "

Cotton-seed meal, .

. 3 00 "

Corn stover, .

4 00 "

Cora stover, .

, 4.00 "

Corn ensilage.

.

43.50 "

Corn ensilage.

. 42.78 "

Nutritive ratio.

1:10

Nutritive ratio,

1 : 4.80

Total cost.

.

14.99 cts.

Total cost.

. 15.95 cts.

Manurial value

olitainable.

5.84 "

Manurial value obtainable,

. 8.46 "

Net cost, .

.

9.15 «

Net cost

. 7.46 "

* See digestible nutrients fed to each cow, further on.
■f Periods 14 days long.

54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Average Composition o/ the Daily Fodder Rations — Coucluded.

Sekiks II.*

a.

h.

Wlicat bran, .

. 3.00 lbs.

Wheat bran, .

. 3.00 lbs.

Biiiralo gluten feed.

. 3.00 "

Cotton-seed meal.

. 3.00 "

Cotton-seed meal, .

. 3.00 "

Corn meal,

. 3.00 "

Corn stover, .

. 4.00 "

Corn stover, .

. 4.00 "

Corn ensilage.

. 42.97 "

Corn ensilage.

. 46.41 "

Nutritive ratio,

1 : 4.8

Nutritive ratio.

1:58

Total cost.

. 15.97 cts.

Total cost.

, 16.40 cts.

Mannrial value obtainal lie, . 8 47 "

Manurial value obtainable.

. 8.00 «'

Net cost, .

. 7.50 "

Net cost, .

•

. 8.40 "

Semes IILf

a.

b.

"Wheat bran, .

. 3.00 lbs.

BuflFalo gluten feed.

. 3.00 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal, .

. 3.00 "

Chicago gluten meal,

. 3.00 "

Corn meal.

. 3.00 "

Cotton-seed meal, .

. 3.00 "

Rowen, .

. 9.00 "

Rowen, .

. 14.00 "

Corn stover, .

. 6.56 "

Corn stover, .

. 4.00 «

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 4 14

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 3.06

Total cost.

. 19 38 cts.

Total cost,

. 20.13 cts.

Manurial value obtaina)

le, . 10.12 '<

Manurial value olrtainab

le, . 11.13 "

Net cost, .

. 9.26 "

Net cost, .

. 9.00 «

* Periods 14 days long.

t Periods 9 days long.

Jan. 16 to Tan. 29,
Feb. 6 to Feb. 19,

Dates of the Series.

SERIE.S I. a.

Cows 1, 2 and 3.
Cows 4, 3 and 6.

Series I. 6.
Cows 4, 5 and 6.
Cows 1, 2 and 3.

Feb. 27 to March 12,
Marcli 19 to April 1,

Series II. a.
Cows 1, 2 and 3.
Cows 4, 5 and 6.

Series II. b.
Cows 4, 5 and 6.
Cows 1, 2 and 3.

April
April

8 to .Viiril 16,
22toA^)ril 30,

Skrik.s III. a.
Cows 1, 2 and 3.
Cows 4, 5 and 6.

Series III. b.
Cows 4, 5 and 6.
Cows 1, 2 and 3.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

55

Table I.

(a) liesult of the Inqxdry as to the Amount of Protein that can
be Economically fed to Milch Cows daily.

Qnantitij and Coftt of Milk xiroduced 2^cr Day.

Nettie.

Mart.

Ge

M.

Sarah.

Nora.

Nellie.

I,

^.1

t.

u

U

u

Feeding
Periods.

•T3

1^

5^

•a

p."
or?

•9

p. ^

or?
O

T3
1^

1^

•a

p."

OO"

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

Cts.

Qts.

cts.

Series I. a,

11.54

1.42

11.16

1.39

9.48

1.67

8.75

1.71

7.81

2.08

10.81

1.51

Series I. b.

9.65

1.55

9.75

1.65

8.40

1.78

8.32

1.66

7.26

2.08

10.65

1.41

Series II. a,

10.61

1.53

10.21

1.70

9.32

1.69

7.21

2.01

7.04

2.20

9.32

1.66

Series II. b,

9.45

1.73

8.26

2.12

8.54

1.02

7.94

1.95

7.29

2.30

10.32

1.60

Series III. a,

8.37

2.18

6.87

2.65

7.47

2.41

*13.75

1.50

7.24

2.85

8.92

2.31

Series III. &,

10.36

2.07

8.94

2.52

9.22

2.32

13.28

1.40

7.34

2.55

9.17

2.05

* Hattie, new cow.

Table II.

Summary for the Six Cows.

Feeding

Periods.

Pounds
Protein

fed
Daily.

Average
Weight.

Total

Yield of

Milk.

Total
Cost per
Quart.

Net

Cost per

Quart.

Total
Amount

of

Butter

Fat.

Total
Cost per
Pound.

Pounds.

Quarts.

Cents.

Cents.

Pounds.

Cents.

Series I. a,* .

2.60

878

837.56

1.60

0.77

82.17

16.30

Series I. b,*

1.30

867

756.51

1.66

1.02

67.37

18.67

Series II. a* .

2.55

871

758.60

1.77

0.84

78.20

17.12

Series 11. b* .

2.24

873

725.04

1.90

0.97

70.09

19.66

Series III. a, t .

2.91

874

473.44

2.21

1.06

45.25

23.12

Series III. b,\ .

3.76

802

524. P4

2.11

0.93

50.95

21.69

* Period 14 days. t Period 9 days.

The above summary furnishes some very instructive les-
sons.

Series 1. a and b.
Series I. b shows how a great many farmers feed. The
ration contained some corn stover, with corn ensilage ad
libitum, and 4.5 pounds each of wheat bran and corn meal.

56 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

This ration contains l)ut 1.3 jjounds of digestible protein.
Series 1. a shows a properly l)alanced ration, consisting of
the same coarse fodders as b and three pounds each of wheat
bran, Buffalo gluten feed and cotton-seed meal. The ap-
proximate total cost of b was 15 cents and the net cost 9.15
cents, while the total cost of ration a was 16 cents and the
net cost 7.5 cents. AVhilo the total cost of ration a was a
trifle more, the net cost was fully 1.5 cents less, due to the
fact that this ration furnished a much better manure.

Ration a produced 837.5 quarts of milk, at a total cost of
1.6 cents per quart ; and ration b produced 756.5 quarts of
milk, at a total cost of 1.66 cents per quart. Note also that
the net cost of a quart of milk in ration a was .72 cent and
in ration b 1.02 cents. Thus not only were 81 quarts more
of milk produced during the ration a period, but both the
total and net cost of the milk were less.

Again, ration a produced 82.17 pounds of butter fat, and
at a cost of 16.3 cents per pound ; while ration b produced
but 67.37 pounds, at a cost of 18.67 cents per pound.
AVhether or not the quality of the milk was afiected by the
different foods will l)e discussed further on.

The six cows fed on ration b showed an average decrease
of eleven pounds in live weight. It is certain, however,
that more flesh and fat were lost than the scales specified,
for during Series I. b the animals looked thin and had every
appearance of being improperly nourished. In all prob-
ability flesh and fat were replaced by water. It is very
clear, then, that a ration containing 2.60 pounds of protein
was more economical to feed than one containing approxi-
mately one-half that amount. This experiment deserves the
serious attention of our farmers.

Series II. a and b.
Tins series can hardly be compared with Scries I., as it
was later and the animals had naturally shrunk some in their
milk production. In ration a 2.55 pounds of protein were
fed and in ration & 2.24 pounds, the only difference in the
grain ration being that in ration b 3 pounds of corn meal
took the place of 3 pounds of Buffalo gluten feed. The live
weight of the animals remained constant during this series..

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57

In ration a 35 quarts more of milk were produced, at .13 cent
less per quart tlian in ration h. The net cost of the milk
was correspondingly less. In ration a also 8 pounds more
of butter fat were produced at 1.5 cents less per pound.
These figures show the butter and milk producing power of
the Buflalo gluten feed over the corn meal, or, more cor-
rectly speaking, the influence of even .25 pound more of
digestible protein and also possibly the eflect of the increased
fat, in the daily fodder ration.

Series III. a and b.

The periods in this series lasted only nine days. In
ration a 2.91 pounds of digestible protein were fed and in
ration 6 3.76 pounds. Here again we see the influence of
the extra amount of protein in the fact that 51 quarts more
of milk were produced during the nine-day period (equiva-
lent to 78 quarts during 14 days), at .1 cent less per quart.
The net cost of the milk in ration a was correspondingly
less. In ration a 5.7 pounds more of butter fat were pro-
duced than in ration h, at 1.43 cents less per pound.

So far, then, as this one set of experiments is con-
cerned, the largest amount of protein fed daily, viz., 3.76
pounds, was the most economical*. It must be admitted
that in feeding so much protein the animal is asked to
do her best, and it is a question for how long a time
she would be able to continue. The writer believes, how-
ever, that during the late fall and winter months cows
that are in good condition can be fed from 2.5 to 3
pounds of digestible protein daily with profit. It probably
would not be advisable to feed over 2.5 pounds daily to
animals that are soiled during the spring, summer and early
autumn.

Farmers are especially cautioned not to feed too large an
amount of grain during the summer that contains a high per-
centage of fat. A large amount of fat in the daily ration at
this season tends to overheat the animal and produce inflam-
mation of the milk glands. Among such grains may be
mentioned cotton-seed meal, Buffalo gluten feed, cream
gluten meal, King gluten meal, etc. Not above 4 to 5

58 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

quarts of the Bufftilo gluten feed or 2 quarts of any of the
others should enter into any one daily grain ration during
the summer months.

While 2.5 pounds or more of protein have been shown to
be economical in the present experiment, the writer believes,
with Wolff, that it is also necessary to keep uj) the flovj of
milk for the longest possible time. The demands upon the
cow that produces 10 to 12 quarts of milk daily are severe,
and she must be well supplied with sufficient digestible pro-
tein to meet these demands.

I

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

59

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60 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

61

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62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

One cannot fail to note the variations in the composition
of the milk obtained in the different series. The percentage
increase or decrease in the per cent, of total solids is rela-
tively small, being in most cases from 5 to 3 per cent. The
percentage variations in the per cent, of fat, on the other
hand, are much wider, in some cases as high as IG per cent,
or more being noted. With some of the cows, in cases
where more protein was fed, the percentage of solids not fat
shows a steady decrease, the fat, on the other hand, increas-
ing even more, showing that the solids not fat were somewhat
depressed at the expense of the fat. "With other cows this
variation in solids not fat was very .slight.

Series I. a and h.

In Series I. 5, when but 1.30 pounds of digestible protein
were fed in the daily ration, the amount of fat in the milk is
noticeably lower than in Series I. a, when double tne amount
of protein was consumed daily. The percentage increase in
the per cent, of the fat in Series I. a is also high, varying
from 4 to 20 in case of the first five cows.

The total solids were also increased in a. but to a much
less degree.

The solids not fat showed a percentage of decrease in case
of the first three cows of some 6. per cent., and with the last
three a slight increase appeared. The ratio of fat to solids
not fat should by no means pass unnoticed. In case of the
first five cows, in a it was as 1 : 1.95, while in 6 as 1 : 2.36.

The cows also differed in what may be termed their sus-
ceptibility to the influence of the different fodder rations.
The percentage of fat increase in the milk in case of cows
Sarah and Nora was not so great as in case of the first three
cows ; while in case of Nellie the extreme food changes
seemed to have had a comparatively small influence on the
composition of the milk. The animal appeared, however,
to feel more than any of the otlier cows the bad effect of the
improperly combined ration h. Her whole general appear-
ance told of a non-suitable food supply. This coav illustrates
quite clearly the fact that the composition of the milk of dif-
ferent cows can be differently affected by the same food com-
binations. Although she gave every appearance of receiving

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

63

improper nourishment, she still maintained the quality of her
milk. It is to be noticed that the milk of the last three cows
appeared to be less affected than that of the first three. This
mio;ht in a measure at least be due to other than food influ-
ences, for the two lots of cows received the same rations at
different dates. The temperature of the stable showed no
wide variations during either a or 6.

Series II. a and h.
Here the differences are not so marked. Nettie, Sarah,
Nora and Nellie show, however, a higher percentage of fat
in case of ration «, when more protein and fat were fed.
The total solids of Nettie, Sarah and Nora are also higher,
but the percentage increase is not nearly as marked as in
case of the fat. The solids not fat on the whole appear to
have been little affected. The ratio of fat to solids not fat
for the six cows fed on ration a is as 1 : 1.88 ; while ration b
was fed the ratio is as 1 : 2.03.

Series III. a and h.

The ratio of fat to solids not iat in a is as 1 : 2.10 and in h
as 1 : 2.07, showing practically identical results. The vari-
ations in the per cents, of both the solids and the fat are in
nearly every case quite small.

In order to get a better illustration of the effect of the food
or protein upon the fat of the milk, the following ta])le is
presented, showing the fat percentage on the basis of 13 per
cent, of solid matter in the milk : —

Table V.
Showing Fat Percentages on Basis of 13 Per Cent. Total Solids.

,-^

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a

a

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CL,

CL,

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Series I. a

2.60

4.15

4.69

4.58

4.36

4.27

3.93

Series I. &, ....

1.30

3.48

4.10

3.92

4.25

4.11

4.11

Percentage increase a over b, .

-

+13.51

+14.40

+16.84

+2.59

+3.89

—4.38

Series II. ci

2.. 55

4.32

4.65

4.60

4.83

4.66

4.16

Series 11. b

2.24

4.18

4.68

4.51

4.36

4.18

3.88

Percentage increase a over b, .

_

+3.35

±

+2.00

+10.78

+11.48

+7.22

Series lit. a, . . . .

2.91

4.25

4.42

4.26

4.51

3.96

3.81

Series III. b

3.76

. 3.98

4.64

4.18

4.44

4.11

4.14

Percentage increase b over a, .

-

-6.35

+4.97

—1.88

—1.55

+3.78

+8.66

64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The same remarks that were made in relation to the pre-
vious table apply with equal force here. In Series I. the fat
percentage is distinctly higher in a than in &, the per cent,
increase in percentage of fat in case of five cows being from
2.5 to nearly 17 per cent. In Series II. a, when 2.55
pounds of protein were fed, the per cent, increase in the
percentage of fat is from 2 to 11.50 per cent, above that
obtained in b, when 2.24 pounds of protein Ave re consumed.
In Series III. no distinctly noticeable effect of the food is to
be seen on the percentage of fiit in the milk.

In Series I., II. and III. a, when from 2.55 to 2.91
pounds of digestible protein were fed daily, the percentage
of fat in the milk of each of the cows appears to be very
even. Two cows show rather wide variations at times, but
this can be accounted for only from the condition of the
cow, and not from the food influence.

It is well known that the fat content of the milk will vary
from time to time when the same fodder ration is fed.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

65

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G6 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The above table j^resents the average results obtained
from the six cows in each of the three series. The average
weight of the herd remained quite constant during the four
months' trial, showing a slight decrease in Series I. b, when
a small amount of protein was fed, and another slight de-
crease in Series III. h, when a very large amount of protein
was consumed. The total amount of organic matter fed in
each series is practically the same, and, so far as the total
digestible nutrients are concerned, the animals can be said
to have been well nourished.

Series I. a and h.

The table shows that, with the same amount of total
organic matter consumed daily, only one-half the digestible
protein (1.50 pounds) was fed in ration h that was con-
sumed in ration a.

The milk production in h decreased 12. GO per cent, on
the basis of 13 per cent, solid matter, the total solid matter
12.52 per cent, and the total fat 21.49 per cent. The per-
centage decrease in the composition of the milk in b was in
case of the total solids but 1.71 per cent., while in case of
fat it was 8.52 per cent, with milk containing 13 per cent,
solids. In this Series a the average results show the solids
not fat were decreased only 4.10 per cent. Attention has
already been called to the fact that some cows in this series
showed a percentage decrease in the percentage of solids
not fat of from 5 to 7 per cent.

The figures would seem to indicate that the lack of protein
caused a decrease in the total milk yield, and also a de-
crease, although not so much, in the composition of the
milk itself, especially in the fat content.

Series II. a and b.
The same is true of this series as of the former one. The
variation in the protein supply is not so great, the difference
being in the substitution of 3 pounds of corn meal for
3 pounds of Bullalo gluten feed. Ration a, when more
protein was fed, produced 5.92 per cent, more milk w^ith
13 per cent, solids and 5.78 per cent, more solid matter.
The amount of fat increased 11.58 per cent, with ration a.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67

A percentage increase of 1.23 per cent, in the per cent, of

total solids was noted, and a percentage increase of 5.35

per cent, in the per cent, of total fat on the basis of 13 per

cent, solids.

It is quite possible that the high percentage of fat in the

Buffalo gluten feed might have been instrumental in causing

part, at least, of the increase in the fat percentage of the

milk.

Series III. a and h.

In this series the amount of protein fed Avas very high.
The maximum increase in the fat percentage in the milk
appears to have been reached, for 4.32 pounds of protein
did not seem to cause any increase in either the total solids
or fat of the milk. Neither is any increase in the fat per-
centage to be noted in this period above the other periods,
when 3 pounds of digestible protein were fed, being an
indication at least that, other things being equal, more than
3 pounds of digestible protein daily ceases to exert any
influence on the increase of flit in the milk.*

The increase in the protein supply, however, caused
apparently 11.10 per cent, increase in the total yield of
milk.

Concluding Obseevations.

This experiment has some weak points, but it is believed
they are not of such a serious nature as to interfere with its
general teaching.

For example, the temperature of the stable was not a con-
stant one, not being artificially heated. Again, the cows
were divided into two lots, and one lot produced rather
more milk daily than the other, but the difference was not
excessive.

The milk should have been sampled for four or five days
at least in every seven, instead of but for three days.

In the last series different coarse fodders were used from
those fed in the two previous ones. The last series was of
too short duration, and the first two series might have been

* In this series cow Hattie was substituted for Sarah. This cow gave milk of
essential!}' the same fat content as did Sarah ; still, it is not strictly fair to compare
one series with another, for this reason.

68 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

at least a week longer. The daily supply of protein in each
of the series should have l)een rather more regular in quan-
tity, thus, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 pounds, etc. Some
rations contained more fat than others, which should have
been avoided, for one cannot with certainty say that this
increase in the fat supply of the food did not have an influ-
ence in increasino- the fat in the milk.

The writer would of course draw no particular conclusion
from this one experiment as to the effect of food, or any one
group of food constituents, upon the quality of the milk.
The results are simply presented just as they were found,
and show what the six cows did in this particular case.

The experiment certainly indicates that rations so put
together as to contain 2.5 to 3.5 pounds of digestible protein
can be fed with greater profit to the farmer than rations con-
taining 2 pounds.

The milk was principally affected in the first series, when
the change from 1.5 to 3 pounds of digestible protein was
made. If the change had been more gradual, it is possible
that but little change in the milk would have been noted.
It would have been interesting to note what the effect would
have been on the milk composition if at the end of the three
series the ration containing but 1.5 pounds of digestible
protein had again been fed.

This experiment coincides with many previous investiga-
tions, only in our case the cows seemed to have been more
generally affected l)y the different rations than in case of
Kiihn's or Wolff's various experiments.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

69

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

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udjniO oSuDuio

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o o o
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paransuoa paaj

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•(spnnoa)

o o o o o
o o o o o

uuja lB3qj(i

CN CO <N (M I^

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•(■sjjBtit)) piaix

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^ 1 1 1! CI aSeaaAy

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CO (M O CO lO CO

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paanpn.td j^mvi;
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cc

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CM (M TjH Tt". CO O

CM Oq CM i?q r-l CM

592.06
73G.54
761.32
768.74

O O O O CO CO

o o o o crs C5

CO CO CO CO CO i-H
»0 O »0 lO CO <M

81.00
126.00

63.00

42.00
27.00

o o o o o
o o o o o

-cH -iH -+ (M (M

27.00

42.00
42.00

27.00

oo c o o
o o o o o

CM CO CM CM t^

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CO iC-l CO t^ -H
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1—1 I-H rH I-H

Series 1. n,

lb,....

II. a

n. 6, . . . .

in. «,....

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

73

t~ GO OS C<> T-l o^
CO l^ CO O -<* CO

1-1 iH

^ 1-1 CM CM

r^ o T-i (M oi 00

c<i o o; <N CO OS

1-1 CM (M (M i-H i-H

336.88
606.20
579.46
589.26

O O O O 02 CO

o o o o -^ o

CN CO CO CO en lO

CO ^ o »o »o T— f

81.00
126.00

o

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42.00
27.00

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42.00
42.00
27.00

27. UO

27.00

o

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42.00
27.00

o o o o o
o o o o o

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CM CO '^ -* (M

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o oo

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t^

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C>J UO -ti --- oo

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to rH o^ »o r^

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C-1 CM CM CM 1-1 rH

621.04
635.74
690.06
546.98

O OOO —1 — 1

O O O O o o

CO CO CO CO CO t^
lO O "O "0 uO 1— 1

81.00
126.00

63.00
42.00

27.00

o o o o o

o o o o o

CM CM C^l t^ 1--.

-rti -* -tl CM CM

27.00

42.00

42.00
27.00

o o o o o
o o o o o

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CO 1-1 Crs -H -H -t<

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t^ t^ t^ t^ t> C^

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O O O 05 CO CO

Series J. b,
1. a,

11. b

II. a, . . . .
III. b, , . . .
in. a, . . .

74 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

a

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o
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kj
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p 0 ui 11 s- 11 o 0

aSu[!sua ujo;)

•(spunoj)
pamusuoo
aaAo;s u-ioo

1-H 1— I 1— I rH C^ C^

CC 05 O 00
1— I CO lO G<1
?0 -O O «3

I I

■(sptmo,!)
potnnstioo uoavoji

I I I I

■(spiinoj)
p 0 in u s II o 0
[ V a j\[ u J () ,

•(spuno.i)
p a ra u s u o a
tuan paas-iiojjoo

•(spunoj)

paninsuoo]i;on[

•(spunoj)
pamnsuoa paa j;
uajnio ouujnji

•(spnnoj)
p a m n s u o D
u I! J a } c a q AV

o o o

o o o

• I • • I

C<l CI t^

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paanpo.itl 5iin\r

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O T-i T*< ixi (N O

■<* lO '^ CO GO CO

CO

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

75

Average Analyses of the Vario^ls Articles of Fodder.*

FoDDBR Analyses.

a

•a

V

"3

c

>

s

m

a

is

o

o a
O

£

o

&
1

a
%^
o

O

Pry Matte?-.

Crude ash, .

7.01

0.94

0.14

7.31

1.29

7.62

7.14

4.53

" cellulose, .

11.17

8.18

1.73

6.14

1.98

26.09

33.38

33.30

" fat, .

5.89

14.27

4.60

10.63

4.90

3.28

1.59

4.28

" protein.

17.92

23.45

37.09

48.64

11.07

14.42

9.91

6.31

Nitrogen-free extract .

58.01

53.16

56.44

27.28

80.76

48.59

47.98

51.58

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

* Several lots of some of the different grains were purchased, but tliey varied so little in
composition that only an average analysis is here presented.

Digestion Coefficients.

a

3

-3

C

,^

2

eo

a

to

Si

.Stc

-S °

*13

o a>

li

s

a
(a

>
o

w.
a

u

a

^

o

o

m

O*"

o

o

«

O

O

Crude cellulose, .

25

43

-

-

77

64

67

63

" fat, .

72

81

88

97

85

46

52

80

" protein,

78

85

87

88

72

62

52

53

Nitrogen-free extract, .

68

81

91

64

94

66

64

68

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Nitrogen 1.5 cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassinm oxide 5 cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

a

m

1

P5

H

0 a
0

T3

0

1
1

a
0

0
P3 •

u

>

1
a
0
0

c
H

0— •

0

Moisture

13.00

9.00

9.00

8.00

16.00

12.00

17.00

79.00

Nitrogen,

2.49

3.42

5.38

7.16

1.49

2.03

1.32

0.21

Phosphoric acid.

2.46

0.35

0.42

2.37

0.70

0.62

0.05

0.03

Potassium oxide.

1.58

0.06

0.07

1.70

0.40

1.83

1.82

0.41

Valuation per 2,000 pounds, .

$11 51

$10 67

$16 65

$25 55

$5 57

$8 54

$5 83

$1 05

Manurial value obtainable.

9 21

8 54

13 32

20 44

4 46

6 83

4 66

0 84

7() AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Dry-matter Determinations of Foods Fed.

C3

2
n

en

CI

<o

B

5

6

as

"3

<a

a

a

u

o
O

>
2.
m
a
o
O

(0

a

a
W
c
o

Series I. j ^;

Cows ],
Cows 4,

2
6,'

3.(
6, i

85.68

91.80

-

93.20

82.51

-

82.85

20.87

Series I. | *;

Cows 1,
Cows 4,

2,
5.

3,;

6.i

87.35

91.80

-

93.20

83.59

-

82.85

20.87

Series II. j ^J

Cows 1,
Cows 4,

2,
5.

§:!

86.80

89.59

-

92.38

84.14

-

82.85

21.80

Series II. j *■

Cows 1,
Cows 4,

2,
6,

i:l

86.80

89.50

-

91.46

83.94

-

82.85

21.80

Series III. | ^•

Cows 1,
Cows 4,

2,

5,

3.?
6,i

87.12

89.50

90.28

91.90

86.30

88.00

82.85

-

Series III. | ^;

Cows 1,
Cows 4,

2,
6,

3, >
6.i

87.60

89.00

91.00

92.80

86.30

88.00

82.00

-

Dry Matter in Refuse left in Mangers.

Feeding Periods.

Nettie.

Mary.

Gem.

Sarah.

Nora.

Nellie.

Series I. a

23.00

21.00

50.00

21.00

22.00

28.00

Series 1. b

19.00

19.00

38.00

22.00

21.00

23.00

Series II. a,

34.00

25.00

30.00

25.00

24.00

30.00

Series II. 6

31.00

21.00

39.00

21.00

26.00

32.00

Series III. a,

77.00

79.00

78.00

88.00*

80.00

81.00

Series III. 6

85.00

85.00

86.00

68.00*

72.00

72.00

* Hattie, new cow.

Average Composition of the Waste ( Dry Jifatter) .

Per Cent.

Crude ash, 6.10

" cellulose, 39.00

"fat, 1.70

" protein, . 6.70

Nitrogen-free extract, 47.50

100.00

The waste in all of the periods was of the same character,
viz., the cmir.ser portion of the corn stalks from the corn
stover and ensilage. The amount left by each of the cows

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

77

in each series was carefully sampled and tested. It proved
to be so identical in composition that one average analysis is
given, which it is believed will fairly represent the composi-
tion of the whole.

Local Market Cost per Ton of the Varions Articles of Fodder,

Wheat bran, ........... $19 00

Buffalo gluten feed, 19 00

Chicago gluten meal, 25 00

Cotton-seed meal, 26 00

Corn meal, 19 00

Rowen, 15 00

Com stover, 5 00

Corn ensilage, 2 50

Temperature of Stable (Fahr.).

Date.

Tempera-
ture.

Date.

Tempera-
ture.

Series I.

, Jan. 16, .

45

Series II., March 8, . . .

47

n.

42

9,

60

18,

38

10,

55

19,

44

11,

54

20,

42

12,

52

21,

41

19,

62

22,

46

20,

55

23,

42

21,

50

24,

45

22,

53

25,

42

23,

48

26,

37

24,

45

27,

40

25,

49

28,

89

26,

42

29,

35

27,

42

Feb. 6,

35

28,

41

7,

38

29,

45

8,

46

30,

45

9,

45

31,

47

30,

46

April 1,

47

11,

43

Series III., April 8,

45

12,

36

9,

44

13, .

34

10,

46

14.

34

11,

45

15,

37

12,

44

16,

34

13, .

48

17, .

30

14,

52

18,

43

15, .

56

19,

42

16, .

55

Series II.

Feb. 27,

28,

March 1,

2,

3,

•*,

5,

6,

7, .

40
41
45
47
49
49
51
57
56

22, .

23, .

24, .

25, .

26, .

27, .

28, .

29, .

30, .

59
59
58
58
60
65
64
61
63

78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. CREAMERY RECORD OF THE STATION^

1893-94.

The cost of feed consumed is based on the market prices
stated below. The vakiation of the whole milk is taken at
three cents per quart.

Local Market Cost per Ton o

fihe

Vai

'ious

Articles

of Fodd

Wheat bran, .....

. $19 00

BuflTalo gluten feed,

20 00

Peoria gluten feed, .

20 00

King gluten meal, .

25 00

Chicago gluten meal.

25 00

Cotton-seed meal, .

26 00

New-process linseed meal,

28 00

Com meal.

19 00

Corn and cob meal,

18 00

Mixed grains.

22 00

Hay, ....

15 00

Rowen, ....

15 00

Green fodder com, .

2 50

Com stover, .

5 00

Com ensilage.

2 50

Soja-bean hay.

15 00

Vetch and oats (dry), .

15 00

Barley straw, .

10 00

Green rye.

2 50

Vetch and oats (green),

2 50

Hungarian grass (green),

2 50

Buckwheat (green).

2 50

IVIixed green crops, . . . .

2 50

Potatoes, . . c „

.

2 50

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

79

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide o cents, per pound.]

Fektilizku Axaltses.

Wheat bran, .

Buffalo gluten feed,

Peoria gluten feed,

King gluten meal,

Chicago gluten meal,

Cotton-seed meal, .

New-process linseed meal,

Corn meal, .

Corn and cob meal,

Mixed grains.

Hay, . . .

Rowen, .

Green fodder com.

Corn stover, .

Com ensilage,

Soja-bean hay.

Vetch and oats (dry),

Barley straw,

Clreeu rye,

Vetch and oats (green),

Ilungai'ian grass (partly dry)

Buckwheat (green),

Mixed green crops,

Potatoes,

11.00

8.80

8.50

7.80

8.50

8.00

11.00

16.00

23.00

12.00

15.00

12.00

80.00

17.00

79.00

16.00

17.00

13.00

72.00

75.00

60.00

85.00

80.00

80.00

'A

2 ^

p. S

o 5

48
78
50
69
10
6.47
5.83
1.49
1.23
3.50
1.47
1.72
0.19
1.32
0.21
2.00
1.81
0.86
0.30
0.44
0.60
0.44
0.43
0.33

.2 "^

2.85

1.63

0.05

0.10

0.05

0.10

0.69

0.08

0.42

0.05

2.75

1.98

1.95

1.08

0.70

0.40

0.70

0.40

1.30

l.CO

0.27

1.50

0.47

1.63

0.15

0.33

0.05

1.82

0.03

0.41

0.50

1.24

0.50

1.21

0.12

2.60

0.12

0.64

0.13

0.42

0.24

0.80

0.09

0.54

0.15

0.35

0.13

0.59

Fertilizing Constituents of Cream.
[Average analysis.]

Moisture at 100° C, .
Nitrogen (15 cents per pound), .
Phosi^horic acid (5 cents per pound), .
Potassium oxide (5 cents per poimd),

Per Cent.

72.00-74.00
0.54
0.17
0.12

The monthly vahie placed upon the cream is the price paid
for the same by the local creamery. The financial statement
is based on the local cost of feed, and does not take into con-
sideration interest on investment or cost of labor involved.

80 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The results here presented are stated under the following
separate headings : —

1. Statement of articles of fodder used.

2. Value of cream at creamery basis of valuation.

3. Cost of skhn-niilk ou the basis of three ceuts per (piart for
whole milk.

4. Analyses of milk and cream.

5. What the creamery records show.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

81

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82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

83

'S

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o

Q
ft
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Eh

H

84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Value of Cream at Creamery Basis of Valuation.

c 1

1 8

Total Value ofFertil-
Izing Constituents
of Food consumed.

Value of Fertilizing
Constituents lost
in Cream.

Net Cost of Feed
for Production of
Cream.

g
s

u

O

z -

1893.

January, ....

f 50 41

f22 81

%0 67

$12 83

$41 69

February,

32 44

20 05

80

17 20

49 39

March, ....

35 07

24 91

91

16 05

56 32

April, ....

33 59

25 42

70

13 95

41 24

May, ....

40 29

27 98

70

18 61

38 95

June, ....

38 27

28 48

62

16 11

32 80

July, ....

36 81

26 34

61

16 35

31 .57

August, ....

40 31

20 74

GO

19 52

31 32

September,

33 61

18 99

55

18 97

32 88

October, ....

41 57

28 68

61

19 24

36 32

Xovember,

40 10

30 93

bb

15 91

32 72

December,

39 56

26 75

51

18 67

30 76

Averages, .

136 84

^25 67

$0 65

$16 95

$38 00

1S94.

.January, ....

$31 43

fl7 65

$0 70

$18 01

$36 97

February,

28 08

16 33

60

15 62

31 35

March, ....

31 21

19 39

66

16 36

33 47

April, ....

33 90

23 31

61

15 86

28 bCj

May, ....

29 72

21 91

64

12 83

27 55

Jime, ....

38 47

22 06

59

21 41

24 92

July, ....

36 44

22 32

50

19 08

22 25

August, ....

40 49

21 12

62

24 21

30 28

September,

29 42

16 71

47

16 52

25 29

October, ....

29 16

21 29

46

12 59

25 92

Averages, .

$32 83

820 21

$0 59

$17 25

$28 66

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

85

Cost of Skim-milk on the Basis of Three Cents per
Quart for Whole Milk,

o

&.

i

il

S
a

o

<u

c

Quarts of Cream (One
Quart equals 3.4
Spaces).

a

E

o
«

«

3
&

a
P.

a «
£ a

>

Value of Cream per
Quart of Milk
(Cents).

c

C3

6

"o
<u

_3

"a
>

"3

O

Cost of Skim milk per
Quart (Whole Milk
at Three Cents per
Quart).

E
3

o
o

1893.

January,

1,625.2

981.0

288.5

1,336.5

4.26

2.57

$41 69

0.53

$7 06

February, .

2,007.4

1,176.0

345.9

1,651.5

4.20

2.46

49 39

0.66

10 83

March, .

2,332.5

1,341.0

394.4

1,938.1

4.20

2.41

56 32

0.70

13 65

April, .

2,008.7

1,031.0

303.2

1,705.5

4.00

2.05

41 24

1.11

19 02

May, .

1,997.6

1,025.0

301.5

1,696.1

3.80

1.98

38 95

1.24

20 97

June, .

1,668.6

911.0

267.9

1,400.7

3.60

1.96

32 80

1.23

17 25

July, .

1,632.2

902.0

265.3

1,366.9

3.50

1.93

31 57

1.16

17 39

August,

1,743.9

870.0

258.9

1,495.0

3.60

1.61

31 32

1.41

20 99

September, .

1,605.6

822.0

241.8

1,363.8

4.00

2.04

32 88

1.12

15 28

October,

1,811.3

908.0

267.1

1,544.2

4.00

2.01

36 32

1.17

18 02

November, .

1,694.8

818.0

240.6

1,454.2

4.00

1.93

32 72

1.25

18 12

December, .

1,626.3

769.0

226.2

1,400.1

4.00

1.89

30 76

1.29

18 03

Averages, .

1,812.8

962.8

283.4

1,529.4

3.93

2.07

$38 00

1.07

$16 39

1894.

January,

1,879.5

973.0

286.2

1,593.3

3.80

1.97

$36 97

1.22

$19 42

February, .

1,569.3

836.0

253.8

1,315.5

3.75

2.00

31 35

1.20

15 73

March, .

1,637.9

917.0

269.7

1,368.2

3.65

2.04

33 47

1.15

15 67

April, .

1,639.2

850.0

250.0

1,.389.2

3.36

1.74

28 56

1.48

20 62

May, .

1,903.0

889.0

261.5

1,641.5

3.10

1.45

27 55

1.77

29 54

June, .

1,905.1

817.0

240.3

1,664.8

3.05

1.31

24 92

1.94

32 23

July, .

1,683.5

704.0

207.1

1,476.4

3.16

1.32

22 25

1.91

28 26

August,

1,633.3

865.0

254.4

1,378.9

3.50

1.85

30 28

1.35

18 72

September, .

1,593.7

657.0

193.2

1,400.5

3.85

1.59

25 29

1.68

22 52

October,

1,480.0

648.0

190.6

1,289.4

4.00

1.75

25 92

1.43

18 48

Averages, .

1,692.5

815.6

240.7

1,451.8

3.52

1.70

$28 66

1.51

$22 12

8Q AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. Analyses of Milk and Cream.

The station herd consisted of six cows of various grades,
purchased in the vicinity, and are fair representatives of the
cows kept by average farmers of this section. Here follows
the monthly average of the composition of the milk.

As some of the cows were replaced by others during the
year, no particular conclusions can be drawn relative to the
dift'erence in the solids and fat percentages.

Fat.

January,

February,

March,

April,

May,

June,

July,

August,

September,

October,

13.49
13.65
13.71

13.76
13.49
13.36
13.48

13.85

4.33

4.17
4.66
4.47
3.93
4.12
4.44

3.87*
4.47

* Cows not in good condition

fat percen

age noticeably affected.

eani.

Composition of Or
The station cream, ol)tained by the Cooley process, when
properly treated and the skim-milk carefully drawn, contains
about 18.50 per cent, of fat.

5. "What the Creamery Record Shows.

1. The nittritive ratio of the feed varied in 1893 from
1 : 3.50 to 1 : 5.00, with an average of 1 : 4.38 ; in 1894
from 1 : 4.50 to 1 : 5.50, with an average of 1 : 5.00.

2. The average monthly percentage of fat in the milk
varied in 1893 from 4.37 to 4.84, with an average of 4.59 ;
in 1894 from 3.87 to 4.47, with an average of 4.27.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 87

3. The average monthly percentage of total solids varied
m 1893 from ;^3.64: to 14.01, Avith an average of 13.84; in
1894 from 13.36 to 13.85, with an average of 13.60.

4. The relation of fat to solids not fat in 1893 was
1 : 2.02, while in 1894 it was 1 : 2.18.

5. The total cost of feed for one cjuart of cream amounted
in 1893 to 13.00 cents and in 1894 to 13.64 cents.

6. The net cost of feed for one quart of cream amounted
in 1893 to 5.98 cents and in 1894 to 7.17 cents.

7. The value received for one space of cream varied in
1893 from 3.50 to 4.25 cents, with an average of 3.93 cents ;
in 1894 from 3.10 to 4.00 cents, with an average of 3.52
cents, which amounted per quart (average) in 1893 to 13.36
cents, and in 1894 to 11.97 cents.

8. The number of quarts of milk required to produce one
space of cream in 1893 was 1.88 and in 1894 2.08 ; or 6.39
quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream in 1893,
and 7.07 quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream
in 1894.

9. The net cost of feed per quart of cream averaged in
1893 5.98 cents and in 1894 7.17 cents. Keceived per
quart of cream in 1893 13.36 cents and in 1894 11.97 cents,
thereby securing a profit of 7.38 cents per quart in 1893
and 4.80 cents in 1894.

Our average statements for the current year apply in each
case to only ten months, due to the fact that the financial
settlement is made with our local creamery two months after
the cream is furnished.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

TV.

HAY SUBSTITUTES.

By J. B. LiNDSEY.

Yetch axd Oats axd Peas axd Oats.

The many experiments made at this station have pointed
out the costliness of English hay as a coarse fodder for milk
production, and the substitution of other coarse fodders in its
place . Among those fodders with which good success has been
obtained may be mentioned vetch and oats and peas and oats.
These fodders have given quite satisfactory results, both when
fed green and when made into hay.

The results of two experiments may be cited. In one case
rowen and hay of peas and oats were compared, and in
another good English hay and hay of vetch and oats. The
grain fed was constant in each case during the entire experi-
ment.

I.

[Tlowen vs. liay of peas and oats. Summer of 1893. Average results from four
cows. Lenntli of rowen iieriod, 9 days ; peas and oats period, 1-1 days.]

Peas and Oats.

Average daily yield of milk,
Average cost per quart,

9.3.3 qts.
2.47 cts.

9 . 30 qts.
2 . 35 cts.

II.

[English hay vs. hay of vetch and oats. Autumn of 1894. Average results from
six cows. Length of English hay period, 12 days ; vetch and oats period, 34 days.]

English Haj-.

Vetch and Oats.

Average daily yield of milk,
Average cost of milk per quart,

10.22 qts.
2.25 cts.

9.43 qts.
2.35 cts.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 89

In case of I. the yield and cost of milk are practically
identical, while in II. the hay has slightly the advantage.
This is, however, largely ofiset when it is noted (see sum-
mary above) that the vetch and oats period was four times
as long as the hay period ; cows would naturally shrink
somewhat in their yield during this time. The cows gained
in flesh during the vetch and oats period.

Yield ^jer Acre of Vetch and Oats.

We have succeeded in raising on an average about three
tons of hay per acre. It begins to bloom between the 25th
of June and the 10th of July, depending of course on the
season. It can be fed as a green fodder for some ten days,
and the remainder made into hay, or it can l)e cut directly.

Several lots of seed can be sown some ten days apart in
the spring, and green fodder thus secured for nearly a month.

After cutting the vetch and oats the land can be ploughed
and planted to a second fodder crop. We followed vetch
and oats this year with Hungarian grass, and in spite of the
extremely dry season succeeded in getting one ton per acre
of Hungarian hay. Had there been a fair amount of rainfall,
this yield would certainly have been doubled. By this
method four tons of hay per acre of an equal value with
good English hay were secured. The land was manured with
ten tons of barn-yard manure in the spring, and received no
other fertilizer during the season. In place of the manure
six hundred pounds of ground l)one with two hundred pounds
of muriate of potash would have answered the same purpose.

jSeed j)6r Acre.

It has been found that four bushels of oats and fifty pounds
of vetch are about the right quantities and proportion for one
acre. Both seeds are sown at the same time, and harrowed
in. In our case an Acme harrow was used.

90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Composition of English Hay and Vetch and Oats compared.

Dry Jlattcr.

EiigUsh Hay.

Vetch and Oats.

Crude ash, .......

6.58

10.65

" cellulose,

30.33

35.95

"fat,

3.48

2.61

" protein,

11.10

13.42

Nitrogen-free extract,

48.51

37.37

100.00

100.00

Digestibility .

The percentages of digestibility of the different ingredi-
ents in each of the above hays are the results of actual
estimations at this station.

Coefficients of Digestibility.

English Hay.

Vetch and Oats.

Crude cellulose,

60

66

" fat,

49

19

" protein,

60

58

Nitrogen-free extract,

60

54

Pounds of Digestible Matter in 2,000 Pounds of the Perfectly

Dry Hays.

English hay, .
Vetch and oats,

1,113
1,043

It will thus be seen that the vetch and oats furnish very
nearly as much digestible matter in a ton as an extra quality
of hay. The digestible protein in the vetch and oats is fully
one per cent, higher than in the hay.

1895. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 91

The hay grown upon the station grounds is of extra
quality, having a considerable sprinkling of clover, and
showing at best two per cent, more protein than the average
hay grown upon New England farms.

Vetch and oats has the advantage over peas and oats in
that the vetch stands up much better, and can be easily cut
with a mowing machine. To secure the best results, the
crops should be cut when in early to middle bloom. If cut
when in late bloom the oats will have developed a consider-
able amount of woody fibre, rendering them less palatal)le
and diofestible.

92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Y.

THE BABCOCK vs. THE "SPACE" SYSTEM, AS
A BASIS FOR PAYMENT IN MASSACHUSETTS
CREAMERIES.

By J. B. LiNDSEY.

By the Babcock system is meant the weighing of each
patron's daily cream, raised or separated by whatever proc-
ess, taking a fair sample of it, with a suitable sampler,
preserving the daily samples, and once in ten days to two
wrecks testing this average sample for the percentage of
butter fat by means of the Babcock tester. The percentage
of butter fat found, multiplied by the pounds of cream,
gives the pounds of butter fat actually in the cream.

The directors of the creamery, having a certain sum of
money to divide, and knowing the total number of pounds
of butter fat collected, divide the former amount by the
latter; the quotient resulting represents the price per pound
to be paid for the butter fat. The value of a pound of
butter fat for the month having been in this way deter-
mined, is nudtiplied by the pounds of butter fat furnished
by the patron, and the product represents the money he is
entitled to each month for his cream. By this method the
value of the cream is based entirely upon its content of
butter fat.

The space system is familiar to all. The milk in deep-
setting cans is submerged in ice water, and after a certain
time the number of spaces of cream on each can is read by
means of a strip of graduated glass set in the side of the
can. A "space" is a circular volume of cream, i| of an
inch thick, and 8^ inches in diameter. It is assumed by
those who favor this system that a space of cream has com-
paratively the same value, no matter from what milk it is
raised. A given quantity of poor milk may furnish fewer

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 93

spaces than the same quantity of rich milk, it is argued, but
the quality of the space would be equally as valuable for
butter purposes.

The Babcock test as a basis for payment is used almost
exclusively in the West. According to Professor Jordan,*
the larger number of Maine creameries are using this system.
In Vermont a very large portion of the milk and cream sold
is paid for on the basis of butter fat it contains. In Con-
necticut the creameries are gradually adopting the Bal)cock
system, and the writer has heard of several Massachusetts
creameries employing it. Many inquiries have been made
during the past year as to the comparative merits of the
Babcock and the " space" systems, and the writer thought it
advisable, therefore, to make an investigation, and to pre-
sent the results obtained as an object lesson to those inter-
ested in this all-important branch of farm industry. Such
an investigation had already been made by the Connf cticut
Experiment Station, and the results published in Bulletin
119. That station has recommended the Babcock system
for general use in Connecticut creameries.

The Investigation.
TJie Cream collected and tested for Butter Fat.

The writer personally accompanied the cream gatherers of
a large creamery in this locality, and took as fiiir a sample as
possible of the cream of one hundred and sixty-five different
patrons, by means of a small glass rod run into the mixed
cream after the milk had been drawn, care being taken to
draw off the milk as thoroughly as possible in each case.
The sample of cream was run into small numbered glass
bottles, and tested for butter fat by the Babcock method on
the same day. The weight of the cream was also noted, as
well as the number of spaces, and the temperature of the
water in the tank. The result of this inquiry is presented
in Table I. : —

* See report of Prof. AV. H. Jordan's lecture before Connecticut farmers in "New
England Homestead," Feb. 15, 1894.

94 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table I.

Columns —

1

»

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

a
o

o

a

3

15

a

OS

a
O
"o
a)

a

Q.

a

a

o

'S

■o
a

3

o

a

i

o

a a
oS
SO

a

o .

■a es

1"

.H"S

•4-c a
o a .
«0Q a

•n es

gSo

■35
II.

o O

3'= O,

>

U.DOO a •

>

-2 sE I. J, a

1

54

40.00

18.70

7.48

13.86

$1 65

$1 63

— $0 60

2

39

29.50

20.00

5.99

15.35

1 19

1 31

+3 60

3

20

15.00

17.10

2.56

12.80

61

56

—1 50

4

80

61.75

16.90

10.43

13.04

2 44

2 28

-4 80

5

8

6.25

20.00

1.25

15.62

24

27

+ 90

e

28

23.25

15.70

3.65

13.00

85

79

-1 80

7

34

24.25

21.60

5.23

15.41

1 04

1 14

+3 00

8

20

15.00

15.00

2.25

11.25

61

49

—3 60

9

29

22.00

IS.l'O

3.98

13.74

88

87

- 30

10

10

8.50

18.00

1.53

15.30

30

33

+ 90

11

26

20.00

18.90

3.78

14.54

79

82

+ 90

12

57

43.25

17.20

7.44

13.05

1 74

1 62

—3 60

13

8

7.00

16.80

1.17

14.70

24

26

+ 60

14

24

19.00

21.40

4.06

16.98

73

89

+4 80

15

89

69.75

19. SO

13.81

15.52

2 71

3 01

+9 00

16

77

57.50

17.80

10.23

13.29

2 35

2 23

—3 60

17

67

62.50

19.00

9.97

14.89

2 04

2 17

+3 90

18

47

37.50

16.70

6.26

13.32

1 43

1 37

—1 80

19

35

26.25

16.00

4.38

12.52

1 07

95

—3 60

20

108

82.75

19.00

15.72

14.56

3 29

3 43

+4 20

21

67

53.25

19.60

10.44

15.57

2 04

2 28

+7 20

22

51

38.00

20.20

7.68

15.04

1 56

1 68

+3 60

23

48

39.00

16.70

6.51

13.56

1 46

1 42

—1 20

24

68

47.75

19.70

9.40

13.82

2 07

2 05

— 60

25

28

23.00

20.20

4.65

16.60

85

1 01

+4 80

26

37

27.50

20.20

5.55

15.00

1 13

1 21

+2 40

27

42

33.00

18.50

6.10

14.54

1 28

1 33

+1 50

2S

32

24.50

17.10

4.19

13.10

93

91

-2 10

29

14

14.25

14.60

2.08

14.80

43

45

4- 60

30

22

19.50

17.10

3.33

15.16

67

73

+1 80

31

15

11.25

18.50

2.08

13.87

46

45

— 30

32

29

22.75

17.10

3.89

13.42

88

85

— 90

i

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

95

Table I.

Continued.

Columns —

1

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

n
o

1
1

3

a

a
a>

O

o

%

a.

s

a

o

a

3

a

u

a

1
"S .

r

.5 o

^ a
o a^

nOQ a
•a a

s ^

cacoM
>

Value of Cream by
Babcock Test at
21.83 Cents per
Pound Butter
Fat.

Payment by Bab-
cock Test would
give + or — than
by Space System
for 30 Bays.

33

24

19.25

18.2

3.53

14.71

$0 73

$0 77

+$1 20

34

25

21.25

19.3

4.10

16.40

76

89

+3 90

35

37

30.25

19.3

5.83

17.58

1 13

1 27

+4 20

36

182

126.75

17.2

21.80

12.00

5 55

4 76

—23 70

37

70

50.50

18.5

9.34

13.34

2 14

2 04

-3 00

38

48

35.50

19.1

6.84

14.24

1 46

1 49

+ 20

39

24

16.50

21.6

3.62

15.18

73

79

+1 80

40

28

19.00

18.6

3.53

12.62

85

76

—2 70

41

80

58.63

18.6

10.91

13.63

2 44

2 38

—1 80

42

42

34.00

11.0

3.74

8.90

1 28

82

—13 80

43

64

48.75

20.4

9.94

15.53

1 95

2 17

+6 60

44

35

27.40

19.8

5.46

15.61

1 07

1 19

+3 60

45

30

24.00

20.5

4.92

16.40

92

1 07

+4 50

46

18

15.50

17.2

2.66

15.41

55

5S

+ 90

47

23

18.75

14.4

2.73

11.87

70

60

—3 00

48

41

32.25

18.3

5.90

14.39

1 25

1 29

+1 20

49

35

27.50

18.3

5.03

14.37

1 07

1 10

+ 90

50

84

66.75

18.3

12.21

14.54

2 56

2 66

+3 00

51

40

31.25

16.2

5.08

12.72

1 22

1 12

—3 00

52

24

22.00

17.3

3.80

15.83

73

83

+3 00

53

29

22.75

17.9

4.02

13.89

88

88

±

54

17

12.50

20.2

2.52

14.85

52

55

-f 90

55

20

15.50

20.4

3.16

15.81

61

69

+2 40

56

26

20.00

19.3

3.86

14.85

79

84

+1 50

57

17

14.75

15.3

2.26

13.27

52

49

— 90

58

24

18.00

20.0

3.60

15.00

73

78

+1 50

59

105

85.63

19.2

16.44

15.66

3 20

3 59

+11 70

60

136

97.50

21.5

20.96

15.41

4 15

4 57

+12 60

61

28

20.00

19.5

3.90

13.93

85

85

±

62

25

20.00

16.0

3.20

12.80 ;

76

70

—1 80

63

14

10.75

18.3

1.97

14.00

43

43

±

64

57

43.50

18.2

7.91

13.88

1 74

1 73

1

— 30

96 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table I, — Continued.

1

3

3

4

5

6

''

8

9

a
o

"S

o

a
3
iz;

s

a
9
6

"0

0
0

CS

a

OQ

s

a
0

0
0

fl4

a

m

0

a S

a
a

"o .
^ 3
■c a
c 2
50
Oh

£0

*^ 0

Op.-
"CD 5

00 ?

3 2-^
Oh

a 3

E^

" m

0 2

og

0 g

acoGQ
>

Value of Cream by
Babcock Test at
21.83 Cents per
Pound Butter
Fat.

Payment by Bab-
cock Test would
j^ive + or— than
by Space System
for 30 Days.

65

21

17.00

18.6

3.16

15.90

$0 64

$0 69

+$1 50

66

24

15.50

19.0

2.94

12.27

73

64

—2 70

67

29

21.50

18.4

3.95

13.64

88

86

— 60

68

17

13.25

17.2

2.27

13.41

52

50

— 60

69

20

15.00

19.1

2.86

14.32

61

62

+ 30

70

14

11.00

17.5

1.92

13.75

43

42

— 30

71

33

22.00

18.6

4.09

12.40

1 01

89

—3 60

72

22

13.50

21.0

2.83

12.89

67

62

—1 50

73

36

32.00

15.3

4.89

13.60

1 10

1 07

— 90

74

26

20.00

20.3

4.06

15.62

79

89

+3 00

75

21

17.00

16.5

2.80

13.35

64

61

— 90

76

47

33.50

20.9

7.00

14.90

1 43

1 53

+3 00

77

30

21.50

17.8

3.82

12.76

92

83

—2 70

78

38

26.50

19.4

5.14

13.53

1 16

1 12

—1 20

79

70

52.75

17.8

9.39

13.41

2 14

2 05

—2 70

80

27

20.50

17.3

3.54

13.13

82

77

—1 50

81

127

94.50

17.6

16.63

13.09

3 87

3 63

—7 20

82

31

21.25

20.2

4.29

13.85

95

94

— 30

83

94

6.00

19.6

1.17

12.38

29

26

— 90

84

31

24.00

19.0

4.56

14.71

95

1 00

+1 50

85

7

5.00

19.2

0.96

13.71

21

21

±

86

17

12.50

22.0

2.75

16.18

52

60

+2 40

87

49

34.00

18.2

6.18

12.63

1 49

1 35

—4 20

88

22

16.80

17.7

2.97

13.51

67

65

— 60

89

39

32.00

15.0

4.80

12.31

1 19

1 05

—4 20

90

25

20.25

16.4

3.32

13.28

76

72

—1 20

91

28

22.50

16.7

3.75

13.42

85

82

— 90

92

29

25.00

18.8

4.70

16.21

88

1 03

+4 50

93

29

22.50

16.8

3.78

13.04

88

82

—1 80

94

46

37.75

17.7

6.68

14.52

1 40

1 46

+1 80

95

10

9.25

11.2

1.03

10.38

31

22

—2 70

96

58

46.00

16.9

7.77

13,40

1 77

1 70

—2 10

1895 ]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83.

97

Table I. — Continued.

Columns-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

a
o

o
a

g

s

a

(O

u
O

o

(U

c.

a

ca
t
O

o

a

3

o

a
o

i i
1^

.2

O .

^ a

Cl,

.5-3

a^

o 2

O 0)

£°. o.

>

Value of Cream by
Babcock Test at
21.83 Cents per
Pound Butter
Fat.

Payment by Bab-
cock Test would
give +or — than
by Space System
for 30 Days.

97

42

34. UO

18.2

6.19

14.73

$1 28

$1 35

-f $2 10

98

58

44.00

20.2

8. 89

15.31

1 77

1 94

+5 10

99

28

23.75

18.0

4.27

15.27

85

93

+2 40

100

29

21.50

15.2

3.27

11 27

88

71

-5 10

101

21

18.63

16.4

3.05

14.55

64

67

+ 90

102

38

27.00

17.9

4. S3

12.72

1 16

1 05

—3 30

103

9

8.75

15.6

1.36

15.17

27

30

+ 90

104

14

9.75

21.6

2.10

15 00

43

46

+ 90

105

25

16.80

20.2

3.33

13.32

76

73

— 90

106

15

10.25

17.1

1.75

11.68

46

38

—2 40

107

14

12.25

18.2

2.23

15.92

43

49

+1 80

108

56

41.50

18.3

7.59

13.. i6

1 71

1 66

—1 50

109

61

48.75

17.8

8.68

14.22

1 86

1 89

-f 90

110

14

12.50

17.2

2.15

15 36

43

47

+1 20

111

12

9.00

17.0

1.53

12.75

37

33

—1 20

112

13

10.75

16.4

1.76

13.56

40

38

— 60

113

13

9.75

16.7

1.62

12.52

40

35

—1 50

114

22

15.00

17.0

2.55

n..59

67

66

—2 70

115

12

10.25

16.4

1.68

14.00

37

37

±

116

21

14.50

20.9

3.13

14.93

64

68

+ 1 20

117

13

9.75

19.5

1.90

14.02

40

41

+ 30

118

19

14.50

21.4

3.10

16.33

58

68

+3 00

119

52

40.75

19.0

7.74

14.89

1 59

1 69

+3 00

120

51

38.00

18.4

6.99

13.71

1 56

1 53

— 90

121

4S

35.50

18.8

6.67

13.110

1 40

1 45

— 30

122

51

42.25

17.9

7.56

14.82

1 56

1 66

+3 00

123

10

8.50

16.8

1.43

14.28

31

31

±

124

28

22.50

16.5

3.71

13.26

85

82

— 90

125

9

9.50

16.7

1.58

17.63

27

34

+2 10

126

38

26.50

20.1

5.33

14.02

1 16

1 16

±

127

29

23.00

17.0

3.91

13.48

88

85

— 90

128

38

25.50

17.2

4.39

11.54

1 16

96

-6 00

98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table I. — Continued.

Columns —

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

a
o

c:
t<

o

o

B

3

ounds of Creaiu.

er Cent, of Fat in
Cre.an.

a

a

"o ^

m S
■n a
c £

oa. ■

aitn §

•a ?>
no?;

§25

« „
3=0.

cJ«GQ

ulueof (Jreara by
Babcock TcBt at
21.83 Cents per
Pound Butter
Fat.

ayment by Bab-
cock TeBt would
jiive + or — than
by Space System
for 30 Days.

V^

W

C-

Ph

fn

t,

>

>

^

129

1

7.25

15.10

1.09

15.64

$0 21

$0 24

+$0 90

130

25

19.25

15.50

2.98

11.93

76

65

—3 30

131

15

11.00

17.50

1.92

12.83

46

42

—1 20

132

8

7.75

15.80

1.22

15.31

24

27

+ 93

133

11

9.00

15.00

1.35

12.27

34

29

—1 50

134

12

10.00

17.40

1.74

14.50

37

38

+ 30

135

10

8.50

14.10

1.19

11.98

31

26

—1 50

136

7

5.25

16.30

0.86

12.22

21

19

— 60

137

41

32.25

17.80

5.74

14.00

1 25

1 26

4- 30

l.^S

10

8.25

17.60

1.45

14.52

31

32

+ ao

139

15

13.. 50

14.50

1.96

13.05

46

43

— 90

140

11

9.50

14.50

1.37

12.52

34

30

—1 20

141 '

13

10.25

16.20

1.66

12.77

40

36

—1 20

1-12

11

8.50

18.00

1.53

13.91

34

33

— 30

1J3

43

34.03

17.80

6.14

14.29

1 31

1 34

— 90

144

35

29.. 50

15.70

4.63

13.23

1 07

1 01

—1 80

145

54

41.50

19.60

8.13

15.04

1 65

1 78

+3 90

146

56

42.00

19., 50

8.19

14.03

1 71

1 79

-1-2 40

147

18

14.00

17.50

2.45

13.61

55

53

— 60

148

24

19 75

17.80

3.51

14.23

73

77

-rl 20

149

30

26.00

17.20

4.47

13.91

92

98

•4-1 80

150

26

19.50

18.10

3.53

13.58

79

77

— 60

151

35

26.75

19.60

5.24

14.98

1 07

1 14

+2 10

162

6

3.50

18.80

0.66

10.97

18

14

— 1 20

1.53

36

26.00

18.00

4.68

13.00

1 10

1 02

—2 40

1,')4

62

45.50

18.80

8.55

13.79

1 89

1 87

— 60

l.iS

18

15 .50

16.40

2.54

14.12

55

55

±

156

IS

13.50

17.05

2.42

13.46

55

53

— 60

157

16

12.. 50

19.00

2.37

14.84

49

52

4- 90

1,58

19

18.00

14.40

2.59

13.64

58

56

— 60

1.59

22

Ifi.OO

19.40

3.10

14.11

67

68

-h 30

160

26

18.50

18.00

3.33

12.69

79

73

—1 80

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

99

Table I. — Concluded.

Columns -

1

»

3

4

S

6

7

8

9

C3

2

o
u

V

a

3

!z5

a

0!

O
"o

o

«

c

02

g
5

0)

5

o

□

i

1
o

= a

Pounds of Fat in
Cream.

.S"o

If

o «

S§|

acoSQ
>

Value of Cream by
Babcock Test at
21.83 Cents per
Pound Butter
Fat.

Payment by Bab-
cock Test would
give + or — than
by Space System
for 30 Days.

101
162
163
164
165

21
51
55
55
37

16.5
37.0
44.5
46.5
28. 5

12.80
19.60
15.70
IS. 00
18.80

2.11

7.25
6.98
8.37
5.36

10.06
14.22
12.70
15.22
14.48

$0 64
1 5G
1 68
1 68
1 13

$0 46
1 59
1 53
1 83

1 17

— $5 40
-f 90
-4 50
-f4 50
-fl 20

5,659

-

790.77

-

$172 61

$172 60

-

Comments on Table I.

Column 1 represents the number of each pcatron ; cohimn
2, the number of spaces ; column 3, the pounds of cream -,
column 4, the per cent, of fat in cream ; column 5, the pounds
of fat actually furnished by each patron in one day's cream.
Column 6, showing the pounds of butter fat in 100 spaces
of each patron's cream, is calculated for the sake of compari-
son. Column 7 represents the value of the cream at the
price per space paid by the creamery at the time. Column
8 shows the value of the cream by Babcock test, on the basis
of 21.83 cents per pound of butter fat. This vahie per
pound of fat was determined by taking the value of the
cream as represented by the space system, and dividing it
by the number of pounds of butter fat actually found in the
cream. Tiic quotient showed the price per pound of butter
fat. Column 9 shows whether payment by the Babcock test
would be more or less than by the space system for thirty
days.

It will be seen that the percentage of fat in the cream
varies very much. The extremes are 11 and 22 per cent.

The pounds of butter fat in 100 spaces of each patron's
cream differ also widely, the extreme being 8.90 pounds
and 17.63 pounds.

100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Attention is also called to the last column, which makes
emphatic that by the Babcock system those patrons furnish-
ing the l)ctter to best qualities of cream would be paid more,
and those furnishing the i)oorer qualities would be paid less,
than by the present system.

Summary of Table I., showing Butter Equivalent from 100 Spaces
of Graded Cream, and Value of Same.

Pounds of Butter Fat from 100
Bljaces of Cream.

Number
of Patrons.

Per Cent, of
Patrons.

Equivalent
to Butter.

Pounds.

Value of But-
• ter at

25 Cents
per Pound.

8-1-2,

10

6.1

13.42*

$3 35

12-13,

23

14.0

14.58

3 64

13-14

52

31.5

15.75

3 94

14-1.5,

41

24.9

16.92

4 23

15-16

30

18.2

18.08

4 52

16-18

9

5.5

19.83

4 96

* Figured on the basis of 11.5 pounds of butter fat.

This sunnnary gives us at least a comparative idea of the
difierent qualities of cream furnished, and their a})proximate
values in butter. It brings out the variations in a very
striking manner, and needs no further explanation.

Is the Weight of the ^^Sjiace" Constant?
In order to show the variations, the weight per space of
the cream collected from thirty-six different patrons on two
consecutive days is given in Table II. Beginning from the
left, each fraction of a pound shoAvs the weight of a space of
each patron's cream.

Table II.
First Day.

00

■o

a
a
o
Ph

a
a

t3

a

a

&

a

3
O

■a

a

§

o

•a

c

9

(2

13

a

■a
a

3

<2

T3

a

3

(2

Patrons 1-9, ....

.713

.948

.682

.785

.802

.833

.662

.695

.714

'• 10-18

.-840

.760

.768

.750

.705

.685

.775

.704

.758

" 19-27, ....

.766

.743

.786

.788

.809

.716

-

.720

.773

'• 28-36

.800

.971

.875

.725

.785

.765

.862

.792

.709

Average weight of a space,

.750 pounds.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT -No. 33.

101

Table II. — Concluded.
Second Day.

73

p

3

(2

•a
a
a
o

•a

a
P

•a
a

o

ai

•d
a

3
O

Ph

□

3

■a
a

3
O

Cli

■a
a

3
O

a

3

o

Ph

Patrons 1-9

.741

.756

.750

.772

.781

.830

.713

.750

.758

" 10-18, ....

.850

.770

.759

.875

.791

.783

.747

.784

.798

" 19-27, ....

.750

.766

.795

.745

.8'l3

.702

.822

.743

.786

28-36

.766

1.020

.887

.760

.785

.802

.850

.818

.696

Average weight of a space,

.766 pounds.

Comments on Table II.

Having noted in Table I. the data, showing the wide dif-
ferences existing in the composition of the space as furnished
hy different patrons, one has. only to examine Table II. to
note equally as wide differences in the weight of the space.
One could not fjiil to note these differences when weiuhin«c
the different lots of cream, twenty-five spaces from one
patron often showing a different weight from a like amount
furnished by another.

Is the Babcoch test reliable 9

Can a pjound of butter ahvays be 7nade from the same
number of sjxtces ?

In order to illustrate these points, the cream of three
patrons was churned separately. No. 1 was a poor cream,
No. 2 a good cream and No. 3 a cream of fair quality. The
cream was weighed, the number of spaces noted, as well as
the per cent, of butter fat it contained. The butter pro-
duced from each cream was also weighed, as well as the
buttermilk, and tested for the per cent, of butter fat. The
per cent, of water in each of the different samples of butter
was also determined.

102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table III. — Showing Results of the Test.

i

a

a
O

a

a

i-i

a

a

M

J,

u .

0)

ft
OQ

1^

3

a

s

n

0

3 '3

Number.

O
u
<a

S

*i a
be o

o

fa

O .

a) ^
■C 3

5 2:

o

11

o

o .

to D

■a t;

3
tt

a

■eg

C 1,

a 2

^^

so

so

§ 3

SM

o-^

o

o *

!zi

Ph

Cl,

Oi

d,

d,

Ph

H

1

17

14

12.0

1,68

2.50*

61.45

1.53

17.5

0,14

1.67

2

25

17.5

20.4

3.57

4.50

76.73

3.45

15.0

0.05

3 50

3

25

19.5

17.0

3.32

4.25

75.30

3.20

33.5

0.03

3.23

* Not salted, but equal to about 2.60 pounds salted butter.

The al)ove table shows the reliability of the Babcock test.
Please notice that in the cream churned there were 1,68, 3.57
and 3.32 pounds of butter fat respectively, and Ave accounted
for l)y means of this test 1.67 pounds, 3.50 pounds and 3.23
pounds. In the process of ma-nipulation small fractions are
of course lost ; the results, however, tally very closely, and
as near as one could expect or ask for.

Composition of the Butter.

Xo. 3.

Water,
Fat, .
Salt and ciird,

17.80

75.30

6.90

* Calculated on salt and cnrd liasis of No. 2; this luitter was not salted.

Attention is called to the very large amount of water in
No. 1, and the con8e(]ucnt low percentage of butter fat. The
Initter maker reported that it was impossible to work out
more water. The 1)utter had a very inferior appearance.
Numbers 2 and 3 looked well.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

lUo

Sjyaces to the Pound.
(a) Butter Maker's Report.

I.

ir.

III.

Spaces per pound salted, .

6.41

5.55

5.88

(b) On the Basis of Same Amount of Water asfou)i.d in No. IE.

Spaces per pound salted, . . . 8.29

5.55

6.19

These results make very clear that, other thiniis ])eing
equal, the numl)er of spaces required to make a pound of
butter of like valer content dej)ends eutircly u[)on the
amount of Ijutter lat in the cream ; and it is very strange
that farmers will be so l)]ind to their own interest as
to fail to recognize this fact. Cream will make butter hi
proportion to the amount of butter Jal it eonlains.

Conclusions.

The results o])tained fully confirm the investigations made
along this line elsewhere.

They show conclusively that the space of cream is of very
variable composition, and is not a true measure of the value
of cream for butter purposes. The value of cream for butter,
other things being equal, depends entirely itpon the amount
of butter fat it contains. The number of spaces of cream
re(|uired to make a pound of butter depends also upon the
butter fat content of the cream.

The Babcock test is perfectly reliable, and this sj^stem
can be ap])lied practically to determine the value of cream
raised by the deep-setting process.

104 AGRICULTURvVL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

YI.
I. FIFTH FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH STEERS.

Br J. B. LiNDSEY.

1893-94.

General Description.

The experiment here described is a continuation of those
published in our })revi()us re[)orts.

Three grade Durham steers, yearlings, weighing about
600 pounds each, were used in the experiment. They were
quite thin when first received, and cost 3 69 cents per pound
live weight.

The coarse foods fed were raised upon the station
grounds, and consisted principally of corn ensilage, corn
stover, vetch and oats and a variety of green crops with
some roots. The corn for ensilage was cut just as the
kernels were glazing. The corn stover was the corn plant
remaining after the fully matured ears had been removed.
The grains fed were wheat bran, Buffalo gluten feed, new-
process linseed meal, corn and cob meal, cotton-seed meal
and oat feed. The quantify of coarse fodders fed depended
in all cases upon the individual appetite of the animals

The animals were fed and watered twice each day, be-
tween six and seven o'clock in the morning and at five in
the afternoon, one-half of the food beinc: m\Q\\ at each time.
About one ounce of salt was added to the grain feed daily.
Whenever the weaflier })eriniftcd, the steers were allowed
the use of the barn-y.'ird for at least one-half a day. They
were kejit well carded.

The weights of fhe animals were taken weekly, before
being watered in the morniuir.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

105

The Reasons for the Experiment.

I. To note the effect of distinct fodder rations upon the
production of live weight.

II. To secure facts relating to the actual cost of lieef
production in Massachusetts under existing local conditions.

III. To compare the relative merits and cost of pasture
vs. soilius: during the summer season.

Effect of Distinct Foddkr Rations
Production of Live Weight.

uroN the

Average Composition of the Daily Fodder Rations {1893-94').

May 16 to June 8,

Buffalo fjlnteii feed,

New-process linseed meal,

Soja-bean and corn ensilage,

Nutritive ratio,

Total cost,

Manurial value obtaina))le.

Net cost, ....

3 00 11 >s.

2 00 "
39 38 "

1 : 5.51
10 80 cts.

(\ i)9 "

3.87 "

II.

June 21 to July 4.

Buffalo ghiten feed.

New-process linseed meal,

Ilowen, ....

Nutritive ratio,

Total cost,

Manurial value ohtainulilc,

Net cost,

3 00 Urs.

2.00 •'
1100 "

1 : 4.64
15 95 cts.

9 32 "

6.63 "

III.

IV.

November 7 to November 20.

November 2S to January 2.

Wheat bran, ....

3.00 lbs.

Wheat l)ran, .

3 00 lbs.

New-process linseed meal,

3.00 "

New-process linseed meal.

3.00 "

Corn stover, ....

15.33 "

Corn stover, .

12.07 "

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 6 29

Roots,* ....

15.00 "

Total cost, ....

10.57 cts.

Nutritive ratio,

1:6.10

Manurial value obtainable.

10.18 "

Total cost.

12.75 cts.

Net cost,

0.39 "

Manurial value ol)tainable.

10 45 "

Net cost.

2.30 "

V.

YI.

Jammry 27 lo February 11.

March 1 to March

27.

Buffalo ffluten feed,

4.00 lbs.

Cotton-seed meal.

4 00 ll)s.

Oat feed,

4.00 "

Corn and cob meal.

4.00 "

Corn stover, .

4.00 "

Corn stover, .

. 4.00 '<

Corn ensilaice, .

2S.91 "

Corn ensilai^e.

42.39 "

Turnips, ....

15.00 "

Nutritive ratio,

1 : 6.25

Nutritive ratio.

1 : 8.73

Total cost.

15.,30 cts.

Total cost,

15.49 cts.

Manurial value obtainable,

10 10 "

Manurial value obtainable.

10.61 "

Net cost,

5.20 "

Net cost, ....

4.88 "

* Potatoes or manffolds.

106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Summary of Cost of the Average Daily Fodder Rations.
[Cents.]

Feeding Periods.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Tolal cost,

Mniiiirial value obtainable,*

Net COBt

10.86
6.99
3.87

15.95
9.. 32
6.63

10.. 57
10.18
0.39

12.75
10.45
2.30

15.49
10.61
4.88

15.30
10.10
5.20

Oaiji requ

ircd iicr Day in Pounds of Live Weight to cover

Cost of Feed.

Total cost

Net cost

2.82
1.00

4.14

1.72

2.74
0.10

3.31
0.60

4.02
1.27

4.00
1.35

Live Weight act7ially jirodnced per Day.

1.50

0.88

0.93

0.95

1.87 0.81

Cost of Feed per Pound of Live Weight gained.

Total cost,

Net cost

7.24
2.56

18.01
7.53

11.36
0.43

13.42
2.42

8.29
2.61

18.88
6.42

* Allowing 90 per cent, of the fertilizing ingredients to be recovered in the manure.

The periods in which ensilage was fed as the coarse fodder
])roduced distinctly the laruest gains in live weight. The
hay ration (Period II.) was the most costly one.

II. What it has cost to produce Beef.

Below is presented a detailed account of the cost of the
foods consumed. The cost of labor, interest on the money
involved, etc., is not added.

The steers were purchased March 28, 1893, at 3. 09 cents
per pound li\e Aveight, and were sold April 4, 1894, for 3.85
cents per pound live Aveight. It is to be noted that these
animals wei-e bought when l)eef was high and of necessity
^old Avhen it was low, which will naturally not be favorable
to a successful financial operation. They were soiled during
the summer of 1893.

The three steers consumed nearly the same amount of food,
only slight differences being noted in the coarse fodders.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT- -No. '63.

107

Record of Feed consumed.

[Average.*]

FoDDEK Articles.

Feed
cotisumed
(founds).

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Lofal

Market

Cost.

Maniirial

Value
Obtainable.

Net
Cost.

Wheat bran,

Buffalo gluten feed,

New iiroccss linseed meal,

Cottonseed meal.

Corn and cob meal,

Oat feed,

Kowen, ....

Sojaliean and corn ensilage

Corn euhilage,

Corn slover, .

(-orn fodder,

Vetc-h and oats, .

Buckwheat, .

Cabbage,

Other ureen crops,

Turnips and potatoes,

Beets, ....

675

476

705

168

161

96

8fi9

2,569

2,725

1,256

314

552

1,3S9

1,200

1,652

735

615

600.75
4.37.92
.630.13
154.56
123.97

89.28
770.80
570.03
572.20
954.. 56

59.66
138.00
208.3.)
156.00
330.00

90.00
100.24

$6 41
4 52
9 52

2 26
1 45

91
6 51

3 52
3 41
3 13

39

76

1 74

1 50

2 07
92

1 23

$3 98
2 70
7 47

2 13
47
34

3 37

2 04
1 42

3 77
14
47

1 33

1 34

1 49

40

50

$50 25 I $33 36

$2 43

1 82

2 05
13
98
57

3 14
1 48
1 99

64
25
29
41
16
58
52
73

$16 SO

* The steers consumed approximately the same quantities of food during the entire
experiment, only slight difference in coarse fodders being noted.

Sleer I.

Live weitrht of animal when purt'hased, .

Live weight of animal when sold, .

Total gain during experiment,

Average gain in weight per day.

Dry matter required to produce one pound live weight,

Pounrts.

.

557. (lU

1,107.00

550.00

, ,

1.47

ight.

12.26

Financvd Slatemcnt.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of steer, .....

Total cost of feed,

Selling price of steer, 1,107 poimds, at 3.85

cents.
Value of nianure produced, . . .

$20 55
50 25

$42 61
33 36

$70 80

$75 97

Total cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced,
Net cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced.
Total cost to us of one pound live beef, ....

Cents.

9.14
3.07
6.39

108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Steer II.

Live weif::ht of animal when purchased, .

Live weiji^ht of animal when sold, . . . . •

Total <rain during,- experiment, ......

Average gain in weight per day, . . , . .
Dry matter required to produce one pound live weight,

Financud Statement.

Pounds.

517.00

1,045.00

528.00

1.41

12.78

Debit

Cioilit

Original cost of steer, . . . . ,

Total cost of feed, ......

Selling price of steer, 1,045 j)ounds, at 3.85

cents.
Value of manure produced, ....

$19 08

50 25
$69 33

$40 23

33 36

$73 59

Total cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced,
Net cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced.
Total cost to us of one pound live beef, ....

Steer III.

Live weight of animal when purchased, ....
Live weight of animal when sold, .....

Total gain during experiment,

Average gain in weight per day, .....
Dry matter required to produce one pound live weight, .

FiiKDicial Statoiioit.

Cents

9.52
3.20
6.63

rounds.

550.00

1,137,00

587-00

1.57

11.49

])ol)it.

Credit.

Original cost of steer,

Total cost of feed,

Selling price of steer, 1,137 pounds, at 3.85

cents.
Value of manure produced, ....

$20 30
50 25

$43 77
33 36

$70 55 $77 13

Total cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced.
Net cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced,
Total cost to us of one pound live beef, ....

Cents,

8.57
2.87
6.20

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

109

Summary of Three Steers.

Live weight of animals when purchased,

Live weight of animals when sold,

Total gain during experiment,

Average gain in weight per day,

Dry matter required to jiroduce one ])ouud live weight.

Pounds.

1,624.00

3,289.00

1,665.00

1.48

12.32

Financial Statement.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost of steers, . . . . .
Total cost of feed, ......

Selling price of steers,

Value of manure produced, ....

$59 93
150 75

$126 61
100 08

$210 68

$222 69

Total cost of feed per poimd live weight actually prodiiced.
Net cost of feed per pound live weight actually produced.
Total cost to us of one pound live beef, ....
Net cost to us of one pound live beef, ....

Cents.

9.08
3.04
6.41
3.36

The total cost of the 3,289 pounds of live beef actually sold
was 6.41 cents per pound, and the net cost, found by deduct-
ing the manure reckoned at a maximum value, is 3.36 cents.
The steers were sold at 3.85 cents per pound live weight.
The animals gained 1.48 pounds live weight daily during the
entire experiment. We hardly think it possible to secure
better results with the average grade steer. The results,
however, make an unfavorable financial showing. (See dis-
cussion of results in the general summary of steer-feeding
experiments. )

110 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

III. Summer Soiling v.s. Pasture.

This experiment was an exact repetition of the one described
in the report for 18il3.

The three steers were kept in the barn or turned into the
barn-yard during the summer and fall months, and fed upon
a variety of green crops raised upon the station grounds in
combination with various grains.

Fted consumed by Each Steer during Summer Soiling.

[As the different steers consumed practicallj' the same amount of feed, one state-
ment for the three will suftice.]

Fodder Articles.

Feed
Consumed
(Pounds).

Local

Market

Cost.

Manurial

Value
Obtainable.

Net Cost.

Buffalo gluten feed, .

New-proceflS linseed meal.

Wheat bran,

Soja-bean and corn ensilage,

Rowen, ....

Vetch and oals (green), .

Other green crops.

Buckwheat,

Corn fodder.

Cabbages, ....

253.50
367.00
205.50
160.70
677.00
552.00
1,442.00
1,389.00
314.00
800.00

$2 40

4 95

1 95

2 20

5 07
76

1 80

1 74

39

1 00

$22 26

$1 43
3 89
1 21

1 27

2 62
47

1 30

1 33

14

90

$14 56

$0 97

1 06
74
93

2 45
29
50
41
25
10

$7 70

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

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112 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

The results make as o:ood if not a better showino; than
those reported last year. The comparative iiicrits of soil-
ing ??.s\ pasture are brieiiy discussed in the general summary
of steer-feeding experiments.

Additional Data of the Experiment

Local Market Cost, per Ton, of the Viirious A

Wheat bran, .

Bufialo gluten feed,

New-process linseed meal,

Oat feed,

Cotton-seed meal, .

Corn and cob meal,

English hay, .

Vetch and oats (dn-), .

Rowen, ....

Corn and sqja-bean ensilage

Turnips,

Potatoes,

Mangolds,

Corn stover, . . .

Corn ensilage.

Other green crops,

Analyses of Fine Feed.

tide.

of Fodder

fl9 00

19 00

27 00

19 00

27 00

18 00

15 00

15 00

15 00

2 75

2 50

2 50

4 00

5 00
2 50
2 50

Fodder Analyses.

n
«
o

Si

p
«)

3

5

11

pq

c

11

V cc

■a
«

o

o

a
o

o

O

o
O

a
a ••

Moialure at lOO'C,

11.00

8.00

10.62

7.00

9.00

28.00

Dry mutter,

8P.00

92.00

89.38

93.00

91.00

77.00

luo.uo

luO.OO

100. UO

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry ^fatter.

Crude ash

8.00

1.00

5.89

4.61

7.10

1.64

" cellulouc,

11.00

7.00

8.84

17.73

5.53

7.54

" fat

5.00

14.30

3.94

3.95

9.66

4.19

" protein,

18.00

23.60

40.79

11.02

50.34

10.00

Nitrogen free extract

5S.O0

.54.10

40.-54

62.69

27.37

76.63

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100. OO

100.00

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

113

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Per Cent.]
[Nitrogen 17^ cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5 cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

□
a
u

w

a)

a

3

5

.2 -a
•Z 't

a

5.-3

-a
<u

O

Cotton-seed Meal.

J3
O

O

■a
a

"a

Moisture,

11.00

8.00

10.62

7.00

s.oo

23.00

Nitrogen

2.55

3.47

5.83

1.63

6.88

1.23

Phosplioric acid

2.46

0.35

1.95

1.25

2.37

0.70

Potassium oxide

1.58

0.10

1.08

0.80

1.70

0.40

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

$13 12

$12 14

$23 53

$7 83

$32 24

$5 44

Manurial value obtainable,

11 81

11 34

21 18

7 05

29 00

4 90

Analyses of Coarse Fodder Articles.
[Per Cent.]

02 .-2

i

a

C

Fodder Analyses.

a

■o a
<

a

>
o

m

o.

«

2
o

&

g

2

a

CJ

a

o

o

o

D

o

«

o

O

O

H

^

a

Moisture at 100° C

11.30

77.77

79.00

24.00

90.00

78.67

83.71

Dry matter,

88.70

22.23

21.00

76.00*

10.00

21.33

16.29

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100. UO

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

6.48

9.48

4.53

7.14

8.83

4.76

6.79

" cellulose, ....

30.00

26.63

33.30

33.38

11.75

2.30

5.84

" fat

4.23

3.75

4.28

1.59

1.68

0.62

0.71

" protein, ....

12.11

7.91

6.31

9.91

10.37

9.56

10.27

Nitrogen -free extract,

47.18

52.23

51.58

47.98

67.37

82.70

73.39

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

* Eiglity-three per cent, dry matter during January, February and March.

114 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents.

[Per Cent.]
[Nitrogen 17^ cents, ])liosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5 cents, per j)onnd.]

C3 V

■■r- io

a

u

■a

o

Fertilizer Analyses.

c

5^

a

s

CD

n,

o
o

2

O

is

ES

a

n

c

£3

n

o

o

O

«

o

O

O

H

Pj

1^

Moisture,

11.30

77.77

79.00

20.00

90.00

78.67

83.71

Nitrogen,

1.72

0.32

0.21

1.27

0.16

0.33

0.35

Pliosplioric acid, ....

0.46

0.12

0.03

0.30

0.12

0.13

0.11

Potaesium oxide,

1.97

0.48

0.41

1.70

0.3S

0.59

0.46

Valuation per 2,000 pounds,

.-JiS 64

$1 77

$1 17

$6 67

$0 96

$1 94

$1 82

Manurial value obtainable,

7 7Y

1 59

1 05

6 00

86

1 75

1 64

Fertilizing Constitnenta of " Other Green Crops."

[Per Cent.]
[N'itro^-en 17^ cents, pliosplioric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5 cents, per pound.]

Fertilizer Analyses.

13

a
a

>

C8
3

m

to

o

<v

•o
■o
o

a
o
O

a
a

HI

H

o

Moisture

75.00

85.00

87.00

81.00

80.00

Nitrogen

0.44

0.44

0.53

0.18

0.43

rhoaphoric acid,

0.13

0.09

0.21

0.15

0.15

Potassium oxide,

0.42

0.54

0.39

0.33

0.35

Vahiation per 2,000 pounds,

$2 13

$2 15

$2 50

$1 01

$2 00

Manurial value obtainable, .

1 70

1 93

2 25

90

1 80

The various leguminous and non-leguminous crops above
referred to were fed in small <iiiantities, and it has'only been
possible to attempt an approximate manurial value.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115

2. GENERAL SUMMARY OF FEEDING EXPERI-
MENTS AVITH GROWING STEERS.

By J. B. Lestdsey.

1890-94.

A series of feeding experiments with growing steers has
l^een carried on at the station since December, 1890, and the
details published in the successive annual reports. The last
experiment was comjjleted in April, 1894. It seems proper
at this tune to attempt to present a general summari/ of the
results obtained.

The steers experimented with during these four to fiv^e
years were ten in number, of which seven were grade Short-
horns and three grade Durhams. They were generally
bought in the autumn, and weighed about 600 })ounds each.
These were termed "yearlings." At the beginning of the
second winter season they had increased to about 1,000
pounds weight, and were termed "two-year-olds." There
was one exception in case of the three steers fed during
1893 ; these were purchased in the spring of 1893, soiled
during the summer and sold in the spring of 1894, Five
of the steers were pastured during the summer and five were
soiled.

Among the questions to which answers were sought were
the following : —

I. What are the most economical fodder rations for beef
production ?

II. The actual cost of beer production in Massachusetts
under existing local conditions,

III. The average daily gain in live weight during an
entire experiment.

IV. Dry matter required to produce one pound of live
weight.

V. The relative merits and cost of pasture r.s. soiling
during the summer season.

116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Results of the Experiment.

The Most Economical Rations for Beef Pi'odnclkni.

Yearlings.

Articles op Fodder.

Average Daily Gain in Live Weight
(Pounds).

1889-90.

1890-91.

1891-92.

Average.

Grain and corn Btover

1.30*

-

0.75

1.03

Grain and corn ensilage

2.92

1.40

1.55

1.96

Grain and corn fodder, ....

1.55*

-

-

1.55

Grain, corn stover and sugar beets,

0.78

-

-

0.78

Grain, hay and roots, ....

-

1.49

2.04

1.76

* More than the ordinary amount of grain.

Digestible Matter m Above Rations.

Digestible Matter consumed Daily per 1,000
Pounds Live Weight (Pounds).

Articles op Fodder.

Organic
Matter.

Protein.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Fat.

Nutritive
Ratio.

Grain and corn stover

Grain and corn ensilage,

Grain and corn fodder.

Grain, corn stover and sugar beets, .

Grain, hay and roots, ....

Wolff's standard,

9.95
13.96
13.63
11.15
13.52
15.08

1.69
2.56
2.47
2.13
2.49
2.17

7.81
10.60
10.56

8.54
10.42
12.54

0.43
0.85
0.60
0.48
0.59
0.37

1:5.20
1:5.10
1:4.90
1:4.60
1:5.00
1:6.25

Tioo-y ear-olds.

Average Daily Gain in Live Weight (Pounds).

Articles op Fodder.

1889-90.

1890-91.

1891-98.

189a-93.

1893-94.

Average.

Grain and corn stover,

-

-

-

0.98

0.93

0.95

Grain and corn ensilage, .

3.84

1.57

1.44

1.84

1.15

1.97

Grain, hay and straw,

-

1.61

-

-

-

1.01

Grain, hay and roots, .

-

1.65

1.15

-

-

1.40

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

117

Digestible Hatter in Above liations.

Digestible Matter consumed Daii.t per 1,000
Pounds Live Weight (Pounds).

Aktici.es of Foudku.

Organic
Matter.

Protein.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Fat.

Nutritive
Ratio.

Grain and corn stover, ....
Grain and corn ensilage,

Grain, hay and straw

Grain, hay and roots

10.27
11. S9
13.27
11.94

1.53
1.94
2.61
2.18

8 36
9.22
9.93
9.24

0.38
0.70
0.72
0.51

1:6.2
1:5.6
1:4.5
1:5.0

Suinmanj of Cost of the Average Daihj Fodder Rations.
Yearlings.

Akticles of Fekd.

Total Cost.

Xct Cost.

Cents.

Conts.

Grain and corn stover,

10.06

3.86

Grain, corn stover and sugar beets, .

14.98

7.54

Grain and corn ensilage,

13.47

5.96

Grain and com fodder,

12.45

4.80

Grain, hay and roots,

15.92

8.83

Two-year-olds.

Grain and corn stover,

9.98

2.12

Grain and com ensilage,

15.81

6.92

Grain, hay and straw,

16.78

6.85

Grain, hay and roots,

22.63

12.79

118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cost of Feed i^er Pound of Live Weight gained.
Yearlings.

Articles of Feed.

Total Cost.

Xet Cost.

Cents.

Cents.

Grain and corn stover, ......

9.77

3.14

Grain, corn stover and suyar l)eets,

19.20

9.06

Grain and corn ensilage,

6.87

2.10

Grain and corn fodder,

8.04:

3.10

Grain, hay and roots, ......

9.05

5.02

Ti(U)-ijear-ol(ls.

Grain and corn stover,

Grain and corn ensilage, . . . .

Grain, hay and straw,

Grain, hay and roots,

What the Above Tables teach.
(a) Relative Average Gain.

The chief coarse fodders fed were corn stover, corn fodder,
corn ensilage and hay and roots. It is to be observed that in
case of both yearlings and two-year-olds the greatest daily gain
was made when the coarse fodder consisted of corn ensilage.
Corn fodder and hay and roots also made a very fair showing.
In comparing the table of growth and digestible matter con-
sumed it Avill be ol)servcd that a very close relation exists
between them. The more digestil)le matter consumed, the
greater the daily gain. Thus in the case of l)oth yearlings
and two-year-olds in 1889-90 the gain in live weight during
the ensilage period was exceptionally high.

On referring to the tables published in the annual report
for 1892, page IGG, it will be seen that the steers consumed
a very large amount of food during that time, and to this

i

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119

lar<>e food consumption must be attributed the large gain in
weitJ-ht. In case of corn stover as a coarse feed the orain
with one exception was small, being about nine-tenths of
a pound daily. This is due without doubt to the fact that
the total amount of digestible matter consumed during the
corn-stover period was relatively small. Corn stover, when
fed as a part of the daily coarse fodder ration, makes a valu-
able food, but when given as a coarse feed exclusively the
animals will not consume a quantity sufficient to produce the
re(|uisite gain. It has not the sweet taste of the hay, nor
the sour, appetizing taste of the ensilage.

On comparing the daily gains with the amount of digest-
ible matter consumed daily, it must be admitted that for an
equal amount of digestible matter the corn ensilage rather
exceeds all other coarse fodders.

{h) Cost of Daily Gain.

In comparing the cost of feeds required to produce one
po.und of live weight, it will be seen that flie relative cost was
higher with two-year-olds than u'ith yearlings. This is in
accordance with general teaching.

Again, live weight was produced at the lowest cost both
with yearlings and two-year-olds when corn ensilage was the
principal coarse fodder of the daily ration. The corn fodder
ration is the next higher in cost, and then follow the corn
stover and finally, as the highest, the hay ration. When the
net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained is consid-
ered, the corn-stover period compares very favorably with
the ensilage and corn- fodder periods.

In the grain addition to the coarse fodders the point has
been to so combine them as to get from 2 to 2.5 pounds of
digesti))le protein in the daily ration.

I. To produce beef, then, at the lowest cost, grow and
feed those coarse fodders that yield the largest returns of
digestible matter per acre at the least cost of production.
Such coarse fodders are corn ensilage, corn fodder and, when
properly fed, corn stover.

II, These coarse fodders must be supplemented with con-
centrated feeds, so as to secure 2 to 2.5 pounds of digestible

120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

protein per 1,000 pounds live weight, thus furnishing a ration
having a nutritive ratio of 1 : 5 to 1:6.

111. In order to secure maximum <>:rowth the rations must
be palatable as well as properly balanced.

We have no long feeding periods with green crops except-
\n(y corn fodder : but our observations teach that vetch and
oats is an excellent economical green fodder. Experiments
are in progress to ascertain those green crops that are best
suited to our conditions and will give a large yield of pala-
table fodder.

Daily Fodder Rations for Groioing Steers.
Ycdrlinxjs,

I.

II.

Bufiiilo glnten feed, .
Cotton-seed meal,
Corn stover (dry).
Hay, ....

. 3 qts.
. . li "

, 8 lbs.
. 5 "

AVheatbran,
Buffalo gluten feed,
Corn ensilage,

. 4 qts.
. 3 "
. 40 lbs.

III.

IV.

Chicago gluten meal, .
Wheat bran.
Corn fodder,

. 2 qts.
. 4 "
. 35 lbs.

Wheat bran.

New-process linseed meal, .

Green fodder.

. 4 qts.
. 2 '<
. 40 lbs.

Two-yc

ar-olds.

I.

II.

Buffalo gluten feed, .

W^heat bran,

Corn stover,

Vetch and oats (dry) , .

. 4 qts.
. 5 "
. 9 lbs.
. 7 "

Wheat bran.
Cotton-seed meal,
Corn ensilage.

. 5 qts.

. 2 "

50-60 lbs.

III.

IV.

Chicago gluten meal, .
Wheat bran.
Corn fodder.

. 3 qts.
. 5 "
. 50-60 lbs.

Corn meal, ....
New-process linseed meal, .
Green fodder,

. 4 qts.
. 3 "
. 60 lbs.

The grain feed in the above rations can be used inter-
chanireably with the coarse fodders. They are so combined
as to furnish the necessary amount of protein. One must
select the various irrains with reference to their cost at the

time of feeding them.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 33.

121

TJie Cost of Beef Production.

In the following table will be found a sumniaiy of the
financial returns from the ten steers.

It will be remembered that five of the steers were pastured
during the summer and five were soiled. The object ever
has ])eon to coml)ine the feeds so as to get low-cost rations
that Avould at the same time produce maximum growth.

Financial Statement.

Original cost of steers, G,237 pounds, at 3.55 cents.

Total cost of feed,

Selling price of steers, 1 1 ,874 pounds, at 3.88 cents.
Value of manure produced, .....

$221 27

-

59G 23

-

-

$460 91

-

302 53

$817 60

$763 44

Total gain in live weight, 5,637. 00 lbs.

Total cost of feed to produce one poimd live weight, . . 10.58 cts.

Net cost of feed to produce one pound live Aveight, . . 5 . 56 "

Total cost to us of one pound live beef, . . . . 6.89 "

Net cost to us of one pound live beef, 4.34 "

Average gain in weight per day, 1.24 lbs.

Dry matter required to produce one pound live weight,* . 11.32 "

* For five steers that were soiled.

liemarks on the Above Figures.

It is to be observed that the above results are not at all
encouraging. The first cost of the steers plus the feed con-
sumed amounts to more than the returns from the beef plus
the value of manure reckoned at a maximum price.

The cost of feed to produce a pound of live weight has
been 10.58 cents, while the total cost to us of a pound of
live weight (obtained by adding to the original cost of the
steers the cost of the feed consumed, and dividing by the
pounds of live weight sold) is 6.81) cents. The net cost to

122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

us of a i)()und of live beef reckoned in the same way is 4.34
cents. Only l)y reckoning the maiuire at a maximum vahie
have we been able to produce live beef at 4.34 cents per
pound, the cost of attendance not being included. It must
be rememl)ered, however, that our coarse fodders and grains
were charged at market rates.

While the results do not present a favorable financial show-
ing, they teach several lessons. In the first place, the writer
thinks it would be policy to begin with calves instead of 600-
pound steers. The rate of growth of very youug stock is
much more rapid, and it would be interesting to .see if they
could not be grown cheaper than they could l)e purchased.
In the second place, more attention must be gi\'cn to the
kind of steer grown. We must have steers that will grow
more rapidly than those experimented with. Just as there
are good and poor milch cows, so there are good and poor
growing steers. Feed, it must be remembered, is only sec-
ondary. We must first have the cow bred with a capacity
for milk production, and then help her to produce maximum
yields by properly feeding her ; and in just the same way we
must have the steer so bred as to grow rapidly, then, by judi-
cious and economical feeding, seek to get the greatest growth
at the mininnmi cost for feed. The writer believes that by
beginning with young calves from animals that have extra
reputation for rapid growth, and following a judicious sys-
tem of feeding, it will yet be possible to produce beef eco-
nomically in Massachusetts.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOC^UMENT — No. 33.

123

2 tJ

2=0 S

< ^

% ai

S,

MO)

t— o a> 1-1

C51

o

< &

S

2Q

P. ^

^ ;^

124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It Avill he seen from the above tal)le that the animals
soiled made fully two and one-half times the daily gain as did
the pasture lots. This is probably due to an abundance of
food on the part of the soiled steers. The pastures were
what were termed " good " by the average farmer.

The total cost of feed to produce a pound of live weight is
about the same in each case. In case of the soiled animals,
however, the manure is left upon the farm. If one might
assume that the value of the manure from a commercial stand-
point would about pay for cost of attendance, the conditions
would appear to be about equal. It must not be forgotten,
however, that all of the coarse fodders grown upon the place
were charged at market rates.

The writer thinks, judging from the above results, that no
absolute rule can be laid down to govern all cases. Local
conditions and circumstances would undoubtedly be the deter-
minino- factors. Other things being equal, steers can at least
be as economically grown by soiling as by pasturing.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83. 125

YII.

FEEDING CALVES FOR VEAL.

By J. B. LiNDSEY.

In our annual report for 1893 was presented an experiment
in feeding very vouno; calves with skim-milk alone and with
skim-milk combined with various grains. The calves were
sold for veal when from seven to ten weeks old. The object
was to inquire into the price that could be obtained for the
skim-milk per quart when fed to calves and pigs. The results
were as follows : —

Calves. — Summary of Results.

1. Price returned per quart for skim-milk, when live
weight sells at 4^- cents per pound : —

Cents.

Calves 1, 2, 3 and 4 (grain and skim-milk), 0.77

Calves f), 6 and 7 (skim-milk alone), 0.75

Average of seven calves, . . . 0.76

2. Price returned per quart for skim-milk, when live
weight sells at 4 cents per pound : —

Cents.

Calves 1, 2, .S and 4 (grain and skim-milk), 0.64

Calves 5, 6 and 7 (skim-milk alone), 0.63

Average of seven calves, .0.63

Price obtained for Skim-milk per Quart when fed

TO Pigs.

Here follow the average results obtained from experiments
with forty pigs, being six distinct lots, fed during the years
1890-9 1 andl892-93. In this number grade Chester Whites
predominated, but several Yorkshires, Berkshires, Poland
Chinas and Tamworths are also included.

126 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

Statement.
[Cents.]

Pressed Pork sold at —

Cents.

6

(;ents.

6>i

Cents.

7
Cents.

Cents.

8
Cents.

Price returned per quart for
skim-milk fed, .

0.21

0.30

0.46

0.58

0.70

0.81

CoivrMENTS ON Calf-feeding Experiment (1893).

The experiment has shown that calves grown upon skim-
milk alone or upon skim-milk and grains during the iirst
eight weeks of their lives make good gains in live weioht,
namely, from 0.0 to 2.13 pounds per day, with an average
of 1.49 pounds. These animals, however, put on very little
fat, either when fed on skim-milk alone or when fed on skim-
milk and grains. They were not able to digest the neces-
sary amount of corn meal, Buffalo gluten feed, wheat flour
or middlino;s, when fed in connection with the nitrogenous
milk, to promote the formation of fat.

The meat of the animals thus described was quite white in
appearance, but not as tender as calves that were fed whole
milk. The ril)s and flanks of animals thus fed were thinner
than those consuming whole milk, and the shrinkage in
dressing was from 5 to 7 per cent. more.

Objects of the Present Experevient (1894).

I. To see if it were possible to replace the butter fat
removed in the cream by some cheaper fat or oil, thus pro-
ducing a mixture resenil)ling in composition whole milk.

IT. To see if this mixture would fatten calves economi-
cally.

Resutlts of the Experevient.

I. By feeding, in addition to skim-milk, oleomargarine,
cotton-seed oil, corn oil and brown sugar, calves were grown
to weigh 160 pounds when seven weeks old. These calves
were fairly fat, showing a better condition than calves fed
on skim-milk entirely, but were not c(]ual to sucking calves.

i

J

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

127

II. The experimen-t was not a financial success, however,
the increased price obtained for tlie calves being more than
counterbalanced by the cost of the fats and the extra labor
in preparing the food.

III. In one case (calf 7), where oleomargarine and brown
sugar were fed in addition to the skim-milk, the result was
decidedly encouraging. The calf was in good condition,
and returned 0.91 of a cent per quart for the skim-milk fed.

The Experiment Explained.

IIoio the Artificial Milk was prepared.

The object was, if possible, to make an emulsion of the fat
or oil with the skim-milk. For this purpose a tin vessel,
very much resembling the ordinary creamery can, was made.
It was twenty-two inches deep and six inches in diameter.
There was a " dasher," which consisted simply of a rod about
eight inches longer than the depth of the can, made of tin (or
wood) , to one end of which was fastened a perforated tin disk.
The disk was of such a diameter that it could be worked up
and down easily in the can, which was provided with a cover
with a hole in the centre, through which the rod protruded.
A cheap grade of oleomargarine was first used. It was
added to the skim-milk and the latter heated to 110^ F.
This melted the " oleo," and the solution was then trans-
ferred to the tin churn and worked for several minutes. By
this method the oil was quite well mixed with the milk, and
the resulting solution had a very pleasant smell, closely re-
semblina: that of new milk. It was fed in a Small's calf-
feeder, and the calves drank it readily. The artificial milk
had practically the following composition, as compared with
ordinary pure milk : —

Artificial Millc
(Per Cent.).

Pure Mills
(PfrCent.).

Water, .

Total solids, .

Fat,

86.60

13.40
3.78

87.00
13.00

4.00

128 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The above analysis of artificial milk represents one ounce
of " oleo " to each quart of skim-milk. Scarcely any of the
calves ai)pcare(l to be a1)le to take more than this amount per
quart without disturbing their digestion. When one and a
half ounces per qviart were fed indigestion nearly always
resulted, and the manure voided contained an excessive
amount of fat, fatty acids and similar substances. During
the last few weeks of the calf's life one and a quarter ounces
were fed for each (|uart of the skim-milk.

Other Oils substituted.

Onl}'-* one-half ounce of either cotton-seed or corn oil
could be fed per quart of milk without producing bad effects.
One calf was fed with one-half ounce of ' ' oleo " and one-half
ounce of cotton-seed oil per quart of milk. Another was fed
with one-half ounce of ' ' oleo " and two ounces of brown sug-ar
per quart of skim-milk.

Following comes the financial record of the seven calves.
Five were fed skim-milk and " oleo," one skhn-milk and
cotton-seed and corn oils, and one skim-milk, "oleo" and
brown sugar.

Financial Results.
Calf 1.
Age when received : three days.
Breed : Jersey, bull.

Foods fed : whole milk for the first four days, and then
gradually changing to skim-milk mixed with oleomargarine.

Financial Siatonent.

Original cost-,

2:5.00 (juarts whole milk, at 3 ctMits, .

23.88 pounds " oleo," at 10| cents,
13-i.OO pounds live weiji^ht, at 5 cents,
332.00 quarts skini-milk returned,

Price returned jjcr cpiart for .skim-milk fed,

0.7G cents.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

129

Calf 2.

Age when received : two days.
Breed : Jersey, bull.
Foods fed: same as No. 1.

Financial Statement.

Original cost, .....

45.00 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .

34.70 pounds " oleo," at 10^ cents, .

91.00 pounds dressed weight, at 7 cents,
44G.00 quarts skim-milk returned.

$1 00
1 35
3 64

38

37

86 37

37

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed,

0.08 of a cent.

Calf 3.

Age when received : three days.
Breed : grade Durham, bull.
Foods fed: same as No. 1.

Financial Statement.

Original cost,

75.50 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .
36.33 pounds " oleo,"' at 10 J cents,
86.00 poimds dressed weight, at 1\ cents,

521.00 quarts skim-milk returned.

Doliit.

$1 00

2 27

3 81

$7 08

$6 45
—0 63

$7 08

130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 4.
Age when received : three days.
Breed : grade Ayrshire, heifer.
Foods fed : same as No. 1.

Finroirial ^latcrnfnt.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost,

$1 00

-

75.50 quarts wliole luilk, at o cents, .

2 27

-

33.24 pounds "oleo," at IQi cents, .

3 49

-

86.50 pounds dressed weight, at 7.^ cents,

$G 48

474.00 quarts skim-milk returned,

-

—0 28

$6 76

$6 76

Calf 5.
Age when received : seven days.
Breed : grade Holstein, bull.

Foods fed : whole milk first five days, and then gradually
changed to skim-milk mixed with oleomargarine, cotton-seed

and corn oils.

Financial Slatcmenl.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost, .......

$1 00

-

50.00 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .

1 50

-

5.38 pounds "oleo," at 10 J cents, .

56

-

224.00 ounces cotton-seed oil, at 8 cents, .

1 79

-

42.00 ounces corn oil, at 8 cents,

34

-

152.00 pounds live weight, at 4 cents.

-

$6 08

442.50 quarts skim-milk returned.

89

-

$6 08

$6 08

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed,

. 0.20 of a cent.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

131

Calf 6.
Age when received : ten days.
Breed : grade Holstein, bull.
Foods fed : same as No. 1.

Finmirial Statement.

Original cost,

$1 00

50.00 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .

1 50

25.81 pounds " oleo," at 10 J cents, .

2 71

-

73.00 pounds dressed weight, at 8 cents, .

""

$5 8i

303 . 00 quarts skim-milk returned.

63

-

$5 84

$5 84

Price retiimed per quart for skim-milk fed.

0.21 of a cent.

Calf 7.
Age when receired : three days.
Breed : grade Durham, bull.

Foods fed : whole milk for first five days, then skim-milk
mixed with difierent amounts of tallow, oleomargarine and

brown sugar.

Financial Statement.

Debit.

Credit.

Original cost,

81 00

-

42.00 quarts whole milk, at 3 cents, .

1 26

-

6 . 69 pounds jacket tallow, at 6 cents,*

40

-

8.50 pounds "oleo," at lOi cents, .

89

-

8.06 pounds sugar, at 4 cents, .

32

-

153.50 pounds live weight, at 4| cents,

-

$6 91

334.00 quarts skim-milk returned, . ...

3 04

-

$6 91

$6 91

Price returned per quart for skim-milk fed,

0.91 of a cent.

* Jacket tallow was not satisfactory ; it crystallized out rapidly from the emul-
sion, and was consequently only partially consumed.

132 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

General, Coxclusioxs.

1893.

1894.

Average daily gain in live weight (pounds), .

1.49

1.55

Dry matter required to produce one pound live
weight (pounds),

1.77

1.G7

Dry matter required to produce one jjound dressed
weight (pounds),

2.98

3. 09

Shrinkage in dressing (per cent. , .

44.22

44.57

Average number of weeks fed, .....

10

7

Average weight of calves when sold (pounds),

177

150

The financial results of the experiment are not satisfac-
tory. The average return for the skim-milk in case of the
seven calves was but 0.28 of a cent per quart. Last year,
when skim-milk alone was fed, a return of from 0.63 to 0.73
of a cent per quart was secured. Although the condition of
these calves was superior to those grown on skim-milk alone,
our local butcher refused to give much if any more, simply
because they were not "suckers." Whole-milk veal being
worth six cents, live weight, these calves were certainly
worth five cents, while from nearly all of them but from four
to four and a half cents could be obtained. If five cents per
pound live weight had been obtained the financial showing
would have been better, but even then not satisfactory.
The condition of the calves fed on artificial milk was, as
above mentioned, much more satisfactory than those fed on
the skim-milk. They were not, however, e(]iial in fatness
to sucking calves.

Calf 1 was in a very fair condition. The kidneys were
quite well covered with fat. Calves 3 and 4 were equal to
No. 1. Calf 5 was fed partly on cotton-seed oil as a source
of fat. When the oil was first fed the calf seemed to im-
prove in condition, and his coat took on a glossy appearance ;
but continued feeding of the oil did not appear to be favor-
able, and when slaughtered his carcass contained very little

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 3,3.- 133

fat. Calf 7, fed on skim-milk with one part '< oleo " to two
parts brown sugar as cream substitute, gave by far the best
results. He grew rapidly, making an average daily gain of
2.04 pounds, and he returned 0.91 of a cent per quart for
the skim-milk fed. His kidneys were quite well covered
with fat.

It is intended to note the effect of this mixture on other
calves. It must be admitted that considerable labor is
required to feed calves as described, and when pork brings
from six and a half to seven cents per pound dressed weight
it will undoubtedly be more profital)le to feed the skim-milk
to pigs. The average farmer would not find it profitable to
attempt to fatten veal calves by this method.

If the mixture of skim-milk, ' ' oleo " and brown sugar or
skim-milk and brown sugar gives approximately as good
results with the average calf as it did in case of calf 7 of
the present experiment, fatting veal by this process might
prove profitable to a limited number when circumstances
were favorable.

When pork is below six and a half cents per pound,
dressed weight, it would undoul)tedly be profitable to feed
the skim-milk alone to calves after they are a week old,
provided the}^ will bring four cents per pound live weight.
When eight to nine weeks old they will weigh about 160
pounds.

Skim-milk can also be fed with decided profit to calves
that are intended to be raised to maturity upon the farm.
As soon as the animals are old enough to consume grain in
addition to the milk, equal parts of Buffalo gluten feed and
corn meal or cream gluten meal and corn meal can be fed
dry.

134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tables showing Average Daily Food Consumption and Gain
IN Live Weight.

Calf 1.

Average Dailt Akocnt of Feed

Weight
of Animal

CONSl^JTED.

WEEKLY PERIODS

(1>ATES).

Whole Milk

Skim-milk

"Pleo"

(Quarts).

(Quarts).

(Pounds).

May 5-7,

66.75

4.33

0.33

0.02

14,

78.50

1.43

5.43

0.36

21, .....

87.00

-

7.43

0.47

28,

99.00

-

9.00

0.50

June 4, .....

114.00

-

10.43

0.68

11

130.25

-

11.57

0.97

13,

134.00

-

12.00

1.05

Average daily gain.

1.68

-

-

-

Calf 2.

May 5-7,

68.75

4.33

-

-

14,

74.50

3.43

1.29

0.11

21,

87.00

1.14

5.86

0.40

28,

97.50

-

8.86

0.50

June 4,

115.00

-

10.43

0.68

11,

130.25

-

11.57

0.97

18,

144.00

-

12.00

1.05

25,

157.00

-

12.00

1.05

26,

156.00

-

12.00

1.05

Average daily gain.

1.65

-

-

-

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

135

Calf 3.

Average Daily Amount of Feed

Weight
of Animal

CONSUMED.

WEEKLY PERIODS
(Dates).

Whole Milk

Skim-milk

"Oleo"

(Pounds).

(Quarts).

(Quarts).

(Pounds).

June 13,

60.50

6.00

-

-

18,

70.00

6.00

-

-

25,

79.50

2.57

3.43

0.22

July 2,

80.00

0.29

5.86

0.38

9,

92.00

-

8.14

0.53

16,

105.00

-

9.57

0.63

23,

119.50

-

10.14

0.66

30,

<

137.50

-

11.14

0.73

Aug. 6,

146.50

2.79

9.43

0.31

15,

153.00

-

13.00

0.99

Average daily gain.

!

! 1.45

~

-

Calf 4.

June 18,

75.00

4.00

-

-

25,

75.00

4.71

-

-

July 2,

82.25

3.29

2.29

0.15

9,

94.00

-

8.43

0.56

16,

105.00

-

9.57

0.63

23,

121.25

-

10.14

0.66

30,

136.50

-

11.14

0.73

Aug. 6,

142.50

2.79

9.43

0.31

13,

157.75

-

13.00

0.99

15,

156.00

-

13.00

0.99

Average daily gain.

1.37

-

-

laG AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 5.

Average Dailt Amount of

Feed consumed.

AVcifjlit
of Aiiini.nl
(I'oiimls).

■WEEKLY rEUIODS

(Dates).

Whole Milk

Skim-milk

"Oleo"

Cotton-seed

Oil
(Ounces).

Corn Oil

(Quarts).

(Quarts).

(Pounds).

(Ounces).

Aug. U, .

71.00

3.00

-

-

22,

83.50

5.13

0.75

0.05

-

-

28, .

94.25

1.00

6.00

0.38

-

-

Sept. 4, .

102.00

-

8.14

0.29

3.57

-

10, .

118.00

-

9.00

0.13

7.00

-

18, . . .

123.50

-

9.25

-

5.63

-

24, .

130.50

-

9.75

-

7.17

0.50

Oct. 1, .

137.50

-

9.00

-

3.86

3.00

8, .

148.50

-

8.57

-

3.43

2.57

11, .

152.00
1.37

~

12.00

-

6.00

-

Av. daily gain.

-

-

-

-

-

Calf 6.

Weight
of Animal
(Pounds).

Average Daily Amount of Feed
consumed.

(Dates).

■Whole Milk Skim-milk
(Quarts). (Quarts).

" Oleo "
(Pounds).

Aug. 14, .

22, .

28, .
Sept. 4, .

10, .

17

24, .

26, ....

87.00
98.50
109.00
115.00
122.50
131.50
138,50
144.00

3.00
5.13
1.00

0.75
6.00
8.14
9.00
9.57
9.86
11.00

0.05
0.38
0.73
0.84
0.90
0.88
0.69

Average daily gain, .

1.30

-

-

-

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

137

Calf 7.

Weight
of Animal
(Pounds).

Average Daily

Amount of

Teed coxsi'med.

WEEKLY PERIODS

(Dates).

Whole Milk
(Quarts).

Skim-milk

(Quarts).

Jacket Tal-
low
(Pounds).

"Oleo"
(Pounds).

Sufrar
(Pounds).

Sept. 4, .

70.00

-

-

-

-

-

10, .

77.00

5.00

-

-

17, .

87.00

1.71

4.57

0.29

-

24, .

98.00

8.14

0.51

-

Oct. 1, .

118.00

-

9.86

0.16

0.41

0.05

8, .

137.50

-

11.14

-

0.38

0.47

15, .

153.50

-

12.14

-

0.38

0..59

Av. daily gain,

2.04

-

-

-

~

-

138 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tables giving Detailed Recoud of Each Calf.
Calf 1.

V

«■''

a

•a -a

"m*

.^

a o

= o

n «

«

?

-~-

so!

1'^
E ©

O

1

o*

3

a

^

°"S

>»

iS

•c

a

Date
of pebiod8.

01

&

S

a
o

2

a
B

S.2

-J o
£-0 D

C8

SP3

■a '3

<U

o

Si

E

02

?

0-3

t*J«o

Map

0C4

23 5

I.

May 5 to May 28,

23.00

154.00

10.00

1:4

66.75

99.00

1.34

7.53

II.

May 29 to June 13,

-

178.00

13.83

1:4.4

99.00

134.00

2.20

6.43

Tbirt^ Amount of Feed consumed f-om May 5 to June 13, 1894.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Manurial

Value
Obtainable.

23.00 quarts whole milk, .
332.00 quarts skim-milk,
23 . 83 pounds " oleo," .

6.83
69.34
23.83

K» 09 $0 04

1 49 4^

I

2 50

100.00 I $4 68

$0 53

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment

Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment,

Live weight gained during the experiment^

Dressed weight of the animal, .....

Loss in weight by dressing, 44.78 per cent..

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight,

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

66.75 lbs.
134.00
67.25
74.00
60.00

1.29

2.69

6.9.5 cts.

6.17 "

1895.]

PUBLIC D0CUMP:NT — No. 33.

135)

Calf

a>

- "a

- "O

c

•c -o

t.

"i

'u

a »

&

■c

"5

3

w

&> Si

e J3

I

bo
a

Date
OP Periods.

i

a

£

1
S2

<1 °

2P3

abo
■C o

•a
1

o

J3

a

V

6

II

<1

60 a o

£ o

238

I.

May 5 to May 28,

45.00

112.00

7.50

1:4.25

68.75

97.50

1.20

9.19

11.

May t29 to June 11,

-

154.00

11.60

1:4.2

97.50

130.25

2.34

5.84

III.

June 12 to June 26,

-

180.00

15.60

1:4.6

130.25

156.00

1.72

9.61

Total Amount of Feed consumed from May 5 to June 26, 1894.

Drv Matter
(Pounds). Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

45.00 quarts whole milk, ....

446.00 quarts skim-milk, ....

34.70 pounds " oleo," . ....

13.37
93.14
34.70

$1 35

2 01

3 64

$0 07

66

141.21

$7 00

$0 73

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment, 68. 75 lbs.

Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment, . 156 . 00 "

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . 87 . 25 "

Dressed weight of the animal, 91.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 41.67 per cent., . . . 65.00 "

Pounds ot dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 1.62 "

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.77 "

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 8.02 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 7.19 "

140 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 3.

m

•3 -3

3,

i*

■a

3

s S

C3

3 a
Pi ^

•a

c?

3

^

n>M

C:^

oja

o
as

Date
OF Periods.

2

a

o

a

V. 6

<1 °

0--2
n.2 5

ht of A
d of 1
unds).

■a

1^^

•a
o

o

a

OQ

O

Ma o

"5 a Si

<1

JoB

I.

June 13 to July 9,

56.00

122.00

8.01

1:4.2

60.50

92.00

1.17

9.75

II.

July 10 to July 23,

-

138.00

9.06

1:4.1

92.00

119.50

1.96

5.72

III.

July 24 to Aug. 15,

19.50

261.00

19.26

1:4.3

119.50

153.00

1.46

11. -JO

TotoZ Amount of Feed consumed from June 13 to Aug. lo, lS'f/4.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Miinuriiil

Value

Obtainable.

75.50 quarts whole milk,
521.00 quarts skim-milk,
36.33 pounds " oleo," .

22.43
109.77

36.33
168.53

12 27 ' $0 12

2 34 77

3 81

^8 42 $0 89

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment
Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment,
Live weight gained during the experiment,

Dressed weight of the animal,

Loss in weight by dressing, 43.79 per cent.,

I'ounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight,

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

'Set cost of feed per poimd of live weight gained,

60.50 lbs.

153.00 '•

92.50 "

SH.OO "

67.00 '•

1.82 "

3.24 "

;» . 10 cts.

8.14 «

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33.

141

Calf 4.

^

>

^■S

^•«

a

■a -a

u

"?

•

*J-

a'S

"T

O

3 a

■a
o

3

a

3

a

3

!25

8(2

a ^

>»

Ph 510

fe3

Date

O"

3

ii>

<! °

a .

p. so

a

a

OF Periods.

a

h

a

a
Si

OO.S

3^ =

o

o

II
<

.S^ on.

<uCU

<1

o-rta

I.

June 18 to July 16,

56.00

142.00

9.32

1:4.2

75.00

105.00

1.03

10.99

II.

July 17 to July 30,

- •

149.00

9.78

1:4.1

105.00

136.50

2.25

5.39

III.

July 31 to Aug. 15,

19.50

183.00

14.14

1:4.4

136.50

156.00

1.22

14.82

Total Amount of Feed consumed from June 18 to Aug. 15, 1894.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value
Obtainable.

Ib.bO quarts whole milk, ....

22.43

12 27

$0 12

474.00 quarts skim-milk, ....

98.99

2 13

70

33 . 24 pounds " oleo,"

33.24

3 49

-

154.66

$7 89

$0 82

Live weiijht of the animal at the beginning of the experiment

Live weight of the animal at the end of the exijeriment,

Live weight gained during the experiment,

Dressed weight of the animal, ...

Loss in weight by dressing, 44.55 per cent..

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight,

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

Js et cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

75.00 lbs.

156.00 "

81.00 "

86.50 »

69.50 '•

1.91 "

3.44 "

9.74 cts.

8.73 "

U-2 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf o.

"m

—

>

«^

^1

n
"5

•OT3

•a

a

a

O

B

3

a Oh

C3 —

So

.2

em

Date

OF Periods.

i

a

3
o

o
a

O

0) .

o 3

(2
5

0!
S

« 6

«*-l **~* 'm'

o o-S

o

o

.a

a

- o

a
o
O

II

<

> ^

8?a

I.

Aug. 14 to Sept. 4,

50.00

99.00

4.63

1.56

-

71.00

102.00

1.41

8.49

II.

Sept. 5 to Sept. 18,

-

128.00

0.75

5.44

-

■^

102.00

123.50

1.54

6.28

III.

Sept. 19 to Oct. 11,

-

215.50

-

7.00

2.62

123.50

152.00

1.24

7.72

Total Amount of Feed consumed froiii Aug. 14 to Oct 11, 18,94

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Mamirial

Value

Obtainable.

50.00 quarts whole milk, ....

14.86

$1 50

$0 08

4i2. 50 quarts skim-milk, ....

92.41

1 99

65

5.38 pounds "oleo,"

5.38

56

-

224.00 ounces cottoQ-seed oil,

14.00

1 79

-

42.00 oimees corn oil, ....

2.63

34

-

129.28

$6 18

$0 73

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment.
Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment,
Live weight gained during the experiment, ....
Dressed weight of the animal, ......

Loss in weight by dressing, per cent

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight, .
Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight.
Total cost of feed per pound of live Aveight gained,
Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained,

71.00 lbs.
152.00 "
81.00 "

1.60 '■■

7.63 cts.
6.73 "

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

143

Galf 6.

m

^

O

■3 ft

a
'3
O

■n-a
a <u
3 a
°'3

•o

a

•o

s

8(2

t>^

Cj M

'fc-

Date
or Periods.

a

o a

2
g
"3 6

11

j3 .^ 3 ^"3 3

a

A 50

■a '3

o

Si

a

IS

O

2„°

<

I.

Aug. 14 to Aug. 22,

44.00

6.00

0.37

«5

87.00

98.50

1.28

12.04

II.

Aug. 23 to Sept. 10,

6.00

147.00

12.41

O

98.50

122.50

1.26

8.93

III.

Sept. 11 to Sept. 26,

-

150.00

13.03

-

122.50 144.00

1.34

9.50

Tofdl Amount of Feed consumed from Aug. 14 to Sept. 26, 1894.

Dry JIatter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Jlaiuinal

Value

Obtaiaaljle.

50.00 quarts whole milk, ....

14.86

$1 50

fO 08

303.00 quarts skim-milk, ....

63.28

1 36

45

25 . 81 pounds " oleo,"

25.81

2 71

-

103.95

$5 57

$0 53

Live weight ol'the animal at the beginning of the experiment, S7 . 00 lbs.

Live weight of tlie animal at the end of the experiment, . 144 . 00 '•

Live weight gained during the experiment, . . . 57.00 "

Dressed weight of the animal 73 . 00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 49.31 per cent., . 71.00 "

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight, 1.82 '■

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weigiit, 3.51 ''

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 9.77 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 8.84 "

144 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Calf 7.

■?

>

^1

-OT!

p a

-a
o

Date

05
P

a

o

•o

a

a

3

p

S ^

^1-

P '-

3

'a

P.W)

■a 'S

OF Periods.

a

a
M 6

^1 =

G 0.g

ja "O p

5?p

1^-^

1

o

a

OQ

o

60

p

i3

<

o~ a

I.

Sept. 4 to Sept. 24,

42.00

89.00

5.56

-

■^

70.00

98.00

1.33

7.12

II.

Sept. 25 to Oct. 1,

-

69.00

1.13

2.88

0.37

O

98.00

118.00

2.86

3.48

III.

Oct. 2 to Oct. 16,

_

176.00

_

5.62

7.69

M

118.00

153.50

2.33

4.70

'^

To^r/Z Amount of Feed cons/iuied fro)ti Sept. 4 to Oct. 10', 1S94.

Dry Matter
(Pounds).

Total Cost.

Manurial

Value

Obtainable.

42.00 quarts whole milk, . . .

12.47

$1 26

$0 06

334.00 quarts skim-milk, ....

69.75

1 50

49

(). 69 jjounds Jacket tallow.

6.69

40

-

8.50 pounds "oleo,"

8.50

89

-

8 . OC pounds sugar, .....

8.06
105.47

32

-

$4 37

fO 53

Live weight of the animal at the beginning of the experiment, 70 . 00 lbs.

Live weight of the animal at the end of the experiment, . 153.50 "

Live weight gained during the exjierimeut, . . . . 63.50 "

Dressed weight of the animal, 87.00 "

Loss in weight by dressing, 43.32 per cent., . . . 66.50 "

Pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight, . l.()6 "

Poimds of dr}- matter to produce 1 pound of dressed weight, 2.93 "

Total cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 6.88 cts.

Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . 6 . 05 "

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

145

Average Analyses of Milks.

FonDER Analyses

Skim-milk.

■miole Milk.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

90.42
9.58

86.18
13.82

Ar/alysis of Dry Matter.
Cnule ash, ........

" cellulose,

"fat,

" protein, .......

Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . •. .

100.00

8.14

2.61
85.23
54.02

100.00

5.35

33.43
25.33
35.89

100.00

100.00

FertiKziug Const ittients.
[Nitrogen 15 cents, phosphoric acid 5 cents, potassium oxide 5 cents, per pound ]

Fertilizkk Analyses.

Moisture,
Nitrogen, ...
Phosjshoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Value per 2,000 pounds,
Mauurial value obtainable,*

90.42
0.52
0.18
0.19

HI 93
1 35

86.18
0.56
0.19
0.17

$2 04
1 43

* Allowing thirty per cent, of the fertilizing constituents to be retained in the sys
tern of the growing animal.

Local Market Value of the Various Foods.

AA"'hole milk (per gallon) ,
Skim-milk (per gallon) , .
Cotton-seed oil (per gallon).
Corn oil (per gallon).
Oleomargarine (per pound) ,
Jacket tallow (per poimd) ,
Brown sugar (per pound) ,

12.0 cts.

1.8 "

$1 00

1 00

10.5 cts.

5.5 "

4.0 "

14G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

YIII.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS.
1. DIGESTION EXPERIMP:NTS WITH SHEEP.

By J. B. LiNDSEY, R. H. Smith and E. B. Hollakd.

During the past year we have continued the study of the
digestibility of the concentrated by-products so freely ofiered
for sale in our eastern markets. Especial attention has been
given to the gluten feeds and meals. The results obtained
with the gluten feeds are not as yet decisive. The coeffi-
cients of digestibility, in case of different samples of these
feeds, appear to vary considerably. Whether this is caused
by the method of preparation is not as yet clear. Additional
tests will be made.

Value of Digestiox Experiments.

1. A food is valuable as a source of nourishment only in
so far as its various constituents can be digested and assimi-
lated. Two kinds of hay, one early and the other late cut,
mioht be consumed in e(]ual quantities by an animal, yet the
early cut hay, having more digestible matter, would prove
the more valua])le fodder.

For one to form an intelligent oi)iuion as to the value of
different fodder stuffs, the amount of digestible matter they
contain must be known.

2. In order to ('oml)ine the different fodder stuffs so as to
obtain properly balanced rations for our farm stock, one
should know the percentages of the different digestible con-
stituents contained in each of the several foods.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo.

147

The Excreta of ax Animal, — what they are.

The faeces are nothing more than the undigested portions of
the food. They are the portions that have resisted the action
of the various secretions of the stomach and digestive fluids
and bacteria of the intestines, and are consequently excreted
by the animal as so much worthless material. The urine is
entirely distinct from the faeces. It contains the water and
the end products of the digestion of the nitrogenous portion
of the food, — the urea and hippuric acid, — which have
been removed from the blood by the kidneys. It also con-
tains about one-third of the phosphoric acid and nearly all
of the alkalies of the food consumed that have not been
retained in the animal's system, and small quantities of other
materials that it is unnecessary to consider in this connection.

How the Digestible Matter of a Food is determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the food
consumed by an animal in a given leng-th of time, also the
amount and composition of the freces or undigested portion
excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difference between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
diirestion coefficients.

A 8ingle Ulusiration^ sJioiuing hoiv the Digestibility of a
Fodder is determined.

[Solid manure equals the undigested part of food.]

English Hay.

Dry
Matter
(Grams).

Crude
Cellulose
(Grams).

Crude

Fat

(Grams).

Crude
Protein
(Grams).

Extract
Matter
(Grams).

900 grams hay fed, equal to .

369.3 grams manure excreted, equal to

765.36
337.9.5

250.58
107. no

23.57
12. ST

82.58
34.64

348.69
145.89

Amount of hay digested,

Per cent, digested, ....

427.41
55.84

143.58
57.30

10.76
45.65

47.94
58.05

202.80
58.16

148 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

]Methods Employed.

Four sheep were used. Nos. 1 and 2 were four years old,
and Nos. 3 and 4 two years. The full details of the method
will be found fully described in the eleventh report of this
station, 1893.

Feeds Tested.

Ilau of Mixed Grasses.

The hay is a fair average of that grown upon the station
ijrounds. It was harvested the latter part of June, when
the various grasses were in blossom. The grasses of which
it was composed were principally herds grass, red top,
Kentucky blue grass, meadow fescue, sweet-scented vernal
grass, together with a fair sprinkling of clover. It was fed
alone, and as a coarse fodder in coml)ination with the differ-
ent grains tested.

VeicJi and Oats.

The vetch and oats are fed by us as a substitute for hay.
They were sown at the rate of 4 bushels of oats and 40
pounds of vetch per acre a])out the middle of April. These
were cut in late blossom, and made into hay. If cut in
early bloom they would proljal^ly prove somewhat more
digestible.

JSTeiv-process Linseed Meal.

Linseed meal is the flaxseed remaining after the oil has
been removed. In case of the new-process meal the oil is
extracted by naphtha or some similar solvent, and is in con-
sequence more thoroughly removed than by pressure.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.

This is a by-product in the manufacture of starch from
corn. The starch is separated from the yellow or albumi-
nous part of the grain by means of water. The hulls and
germs are separated l)y screening. After the starch is re-
moved the yellow or flinty portion is mixed with the germs
and hulls. The mixture is kiln-dried and partially ground.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149

Peoria Gluten Feed.

Similar in appearance to the Buffalo, but the sample tested
was rather interior in composition. It is probably prepared
from corn, in much the same way as the Buffalo gluten feed.

Chicago Maize Feed,

This feed is also prepared from corn. It is said to be a
mixture of the yellow albuminous portion and the hulls
without the germ. It contains, therefore, somewhat less fat
than the gluten feeds. The hulls are not ground quite as
fine.

Chicago Gluten Meal.

This is the yellow albuminous portion of the corn kernel.
It contains much less fat than the other gluten meals. It
was in good mechanical condition, and quite dry.

King Gluten Meal.
This meal was ground very fine. It contained a very high
percentage of fat (19 per cent.).

Atlas Meal.

This is a by-product obtained from corn or grain in the
process of the manufacture of alcohol. The starch of the
grain is converted into sugar by the action of diastase, and
finally into alcohol by fermentation. The hull, gluten and
germ are left behind. The meal is probaljly composed of
these, together with an admixture of malt sprouts. It is rich
in fat and albuminoids. It is made hy the Atlas Distilling
Company, Peoria, 111.

Peanut Feed,

This material appears to be peanut shells finely ground,
with a small admixture of the nut. It contained over 50 per
cent, of cellulose.

150 AGRICUI/rUIiAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Sojo.-bean Meal.

The beans were raised upon the grounds of the Hatch
Experiment Station. The quantity necessary for the ex-
periment was supplied through the kindness of Professor
Brooks.

Rye Meal.

The rye was raised upon the station grounds, and was of
good average quality.

Winter Wheat Bran.
A fair sample of genuine winter bran.

Results of the Experiment.

Digestibility of the Foods.

«- a

o a

1.1!

o ^

is

a
m

n so
!z;

a

u

V

9>

•a 0)

o

.H
'S .

o

I.
so

So

a

Hay of mixed grasses {a).

1

4

59

62

50

58

69

Hay of mixed grasses {il),

1

3

55

57

47

58

57

Average of both samples,

2

7

57

60

49

58

58

Vetch and oats, .

1

2

58

66

19

60

54

New-process linseed me-ii.

1

2

77

99

102?

83

87

Buffalo gluten feed, .

1

2

90

100

94

89

89

Peoria gluten feed, .

1

2

86

78

79

83

90

Chicago maize feed, .

1

2

87

82

92

85

88

Chicago gluten meal.

2

93

22

97

91

97

King gluten meal,

2

85

_

95

92

84

Atlas meal,

2

80

106?

91

73

84

Peanut feed,

2

32

12

90

71

49

Soja-bean meal, .

2

82

71

86

91

76

Rye meal, .

2

87

-

64

84

92

Winter wheat bran, .

2

62

U

67

73

72

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 151

Comments ox the Results.
Hays.

The hays prove to Tie a])out as digestible as those tested a
year ago, and correspond in digestibility very closely to the
figures given l)y Wolff.

YetcJi and Oats.

The vetch and oats hay appears, with the exception of the
fat, to be about as digestible as good English hay.

J^e^c-jyrocess Linseed Jleal.

This test corresponds fairly with those made a year ago.
The animal appeared to have very thoroughly assimilated
the fat of the meal.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.

This sample gives distinctly higher digestion percentages
than the one tested a year ago. The reason for this cannot
be given. The parallel tests in each case agree closely.
Other samples will be procured and further tests made.

Peoria Gluten and Chicago Maize Feeds.
These two gluten feeds correspond very closely one with
the other in the amounts of digestible matter they contain.
The Peoria feed was inferior in composition to the maize
feed.

Chicago Gluteii Meal.

As there is comparatively no cellulose in this and the
King gluten meal, that ingredient is not to be considered.
The Chicago meal shows an exceptional degree of digesti-
bility, 93 per cent, of the entire meal having been assimi-
lated.

King Gluten Meal.

The King gluten meal was also quite digestible, 85 per
cent, of the total dry matter beins^ assimilated.

152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan;

Jltlas Meal.

This meal has 80 per cent, of digestible matter. The pro-
tein is about 73 per cent, digestible. It is somewhat inferior
to the gluten meals in digestibility, although, with the ex-
ception of the increased percentage of cellulose present, it
resembles them in composition. The cellulose appears in
this test to have been all digested. This meal is a valuable
addition to our feed-stuif supply, if it can he bought at a
reasonable price. Additional digestion tests will be made.

Peanut Feed.

This material is unquestionably of inferior feeding value.
Its dry matter was but 32 per cent, digestible, and it con-
tained 54 per cent, of cellulose, of which but 12 per cent,
were digested. The fat and protein were quite well assimi-
lated, but the percentages contained — especially that of the
protein — w^ere comparatively small. The extract matter
was only 49 per cent, digestible.

Soja-hean Meal.

The test of this meal w^as not entirely satisfactory'^, the
variations in the percentages of cellulose and fat digestible
in case of the two sheep being too large. Wolff gives the
results of but two single trials with this meal, which corre-
spond fairly with the figures found in our trial.

Rye Meal.

"Wolff gives no direct digestion coefficients for rye. Our
results make it appear practically as digestible as the corn
meal, the protein even more so.

Winter Wlieat Bran.

The digestibility of this bran is practically the same as
the spring bran reported last year. As these two brans
appear to have also the same percentage composition, they
should be worth the same price per ton. Different seasons
might exert some influence on composition and digestibility.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

153

Details of the Experiment.

Dry Matter Determinations made at the Time of Weighing out the
Different Foods, and Dry Matter ?/i Manure excreted.

Sheep I.

n

j3

a

a

^

hJ

<a

o

3

a

» --

s

A

Periods.

a
H

O 31
0.-3

? ^

5
(2

5 .

"a
.£2

O .

"a

4)

fScS

6
a

o

s

0]

I

8S.48

-

-

-

-

~

-

84.30

90.26

11

87.81

-

-

-

-

_

-

-

91.14

IV

85.99

89,39

-

-

-

-

-

-

92.98

VI., ....

88.40

-

90.08

-

-

-

-

-

91.84

VIII

86.28

-

_

-

90.31

-

-

93.27

IX., ....

36.49

-

91.62

-

-

-

-

91.77

JCIII

87.19

-

-

-

85.74

-

-

94.95

XIV

86.31

-

-

-

-

-

86.29

93.25

Sheep II.

I

88.48

-

-

-

-

-

-

89.58

II., ....

87.81

-

-

-

-

~

-

-

91.33

VIII

86.28

-

-

90.31

-

-

-

93.14

IX., ....

86.49

-

-

91.62

-

-

-

-

91.17

XIII

87.19

-

-

-

-

85.74

-

-

95.14

XIV

86.31

-

-

-

-

86.29

-

93.14

Sheep III.

a

a

S

a
O
•a

a)

3

5

'3

V

3

"3

•a

Periods.

a

°-3

«-?

5

a

3

i

d

>>

w

>

a

C3

A

QQ

a

a

I., . . .

88.48

-

-

-

-

-

-

85.40

91.00

II

88.40

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.91

III., .

-

85.12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

91.71

v., .

86.28

-

91.86

-

-

-

-

-

-

93.48

VII.,

86.49

-

-

89.72

-

-

-

-

-

91.34

X

84.66

-

-

-

-

91.04

-

-

94.56

XI., .

87.85

-

-

-

-

-

90.43

-

-

94.31

XII.,

86.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

90.22

-

93.20

154 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

SUEEP IV,

a

a

Is

o

^3

o

C3

O

5

a

3

•a

a

Periods.

c
a

.a

.2-3

o •

0)

IS

3

6
-a

a

i

>

P5

2^

(2

a

a

P-i

'o

c
a

I., .

88.48

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

93.08

II., .

88.40

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

92.04

III., .

-

85.12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

90.73

v., .

86.28

-

91.86

-

-

-

-

-

93.20

VI., .

87.19

-

-

-

89.72

-

-

-

-

94.88

VII.,

86.49

-

-

89.72

-

~

-

-

-

91.49

X., .

84.66

-

-

-

-

91.04

-

-

-

94.46

XI., .

87.85

-

-

-

-

-

90.43

-

94.14

XII., .

86.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

90.22

-

93.20

Comx)osition of Feed Stuffs.
[Dry Matter.]

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude

Cellulose

(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Protein

(Per
Cent.).

Extract
Matter
(Per
Cent.).

Hay (a)

7.09

32.09

3.23

11.17

46.42

Hay (,h)

7.09

32.50

2.29

9.74

47.48;

Hay (c)

7.28

33.43

2.54

9.74

47.01

Hay (c?) (average b and c).

7.63

32.96

2.41

9.74

47.24

Vetch and oats.

10.65

35.95

2.61

13.42

37.37

Winter -wheat bran.

7.59

10.64

4.97

15.61

61.19

Soja-bean meal,

6.20

4.50

18.89

38.47

31.94

New-process linseed meal,

6.02

8.04

4.30

41.38

40.26

Chicago maize feed.

0.80

9.06

9.00

26.13

55.01

Buffalo gluten feed.

0.40

8.46

13.32

22.93

54.89

Peoria gluten feed.

0.84

8.30

6.27

19.24

65.35

Chicago gluten meal, .

0.14

1.73

4.60

37.09

56.44

King gluten meal, .

1.50

1.41

19.68

38.57

38.84

Peanut feed, .

5.06

54.40

5.54

12.06

22.94

Rye meal,

1.16

1.79

1.79

13.63

81.63

Atlas meal.

1.03

9.73

42.63

15.77

30.84

Waste, Sheep I., .

10.91

30.88

3.42

12.21

42.58

Waste, Sheep III.,

9.95

32.16

3.10

11.37

43.42

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 155^

Composition of Fceces.

[Dry Matter.]

Sheep I.

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude

Cellulose

(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Protein

(Per
Cent.).

Extract
Matter

(Per
Cent.).

Period /..

Hay («)

9.01

29.92

3.89

11.21

45.97

Period XIV.

Hay (a) and winter wheat bran, .

11.41

28.19

4.61

10.57

45.22

Period VIII.

Hay (a) and Chicago gluten meal, .

9.01

28.41

3.86

13.84

44.88

Period IX.

Hay (a) and King gluten meal.

9.50

27.28

4.73

12.68

45.81

Period IV.

Hay (a) and new-process linseed
meal

10.00

29.78

3.26

14.50

42.46

Period II.

Hay (6)

11.40

31.34

2.65

9.06

45.55

Period YI.

Hay (d) and Peoria gluten feed, .

10.75

29.88

3.47

10.94

44.96

Period XIII.

n.08

30.05

3.20

10.44

45.23

Sheep II.

Period I.

Hay (a)

8.37

29.96

3.75

11.54

46.38

Period XIV.

Hay (a) and winter wheat bran, .

11.78

27.33

3.58

10.73

46.58

Period VIII.

Hay (a) and Chicago gluten meal, .

8.86

29.28

3.84

12.94

45.08

Period IX.

Hay (a) and King gluten meal.

9.06

29.21

3.87

12.19

45.67

Period II.

Hay (6)

11.92

30.40

2.57

10.18

44.93

Period XIII.

Hay (d) and rye meal, .

10.24

29.49

3.10

9.72

47.45

156 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Sheep HE.

Crude
Ash
(Per

Cent.).

Crude

Cellulose

(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Fat
(Per

Cent.).

Crude
Protein

(Per
Cent.)

Extmct

Matter

(Per

Cent.).

Period I.

Hay (a)

9.30

28.94

4.35

11.75

45.66

Period XII.

Hay (a) and soja-bean meal, .

11.21

25.89

6.26

12.54

44.10

Period V.

Hay (a) and Buffalo gluten feed, ,

8.76

28.81

4.50

12.72

47.21

Period VIZ.

Hay (a) and Chicago maize feed, .

8.26

27.29

4.29

13.81

46.35

Period III.

Vetch and oats

11.81

29.88

5.18

12.51

40.62

Period II.

'Hay(c)

10.67

31.53

3.07

9.18

45.65

Period XI.

Hay (d) and peanut feed,

9.70

49.96

1.92

7.25

31.17

Period X.

Hay {d) and atlas meal, .

11.39

27.49

3.24

15.21

42.67

Sheep IV.

Period I.

Hay (a),

9.23

28.96

3.89

10.90

47.02

Period XII.

Hay (a) and soja-bean meal, .

9.77

25.76

5.17

12.61

46.69

Period V.

Hay (a) and Buffalo gluten feed, .

8.85

26.47

4.20

12.89

47.59

Period VII.

Hay (o) and Chicago maize feed, .

7.87

27.48

4.13

13.31

47.21

Period III

"Vetch and oats, • . . .

12.12

28.43

4.96

13.31

41.18

Period II.

Hay (c)

11.93

31.26

2.99

8.94

44.88

Period XI.

Hay (d) and peanut feed,

8.07

48.75

1.95

7.37

33.86

Period VI.

Hay id) and Peoria gluten feed, .

11.45

28.04

3.84

10.60

46.07

Period X.

Hay (</) and atlas meal, .

12.32

26.21

3.49

15.38

42.60

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

157

Tables shoiving Food fed and Water drank Daily, the

Amount of Manure excreted and the Temperature

Stables.

Period I.

[Food consumed daily : 900 grams hay (a) and 5 grams salt.]

Daily
of the

"

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep I.

Sheep II.

Date.

^^"""■•^ Sample

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

March 29,

30,

31,

April 1,

3,
4,

Degrees.
37.0

44.0

35.5

54.5

46.0

37.5

41.5

Grams.
874

865

805

833

819

908

808

Grams.
34.06

37.78

31.30

34.06

30.58

39.99

32.13

Grams.
2,035

2,068

2,055

2,128

2,202

2,167

2,047

Grams.
926

1,010
989

1,040
903
834
812

Grams.
33.30

48.08

37.86

36.76

34.60

34.55

32.93

Grams.
2,002

1,780

1,542

1,860

1,490

1,570

1,610

Averages,

42.3

845

34.27

2,100

931

36.87

1,693

* One-tenth preserved as daily sample in all cases except Period IV.

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep II. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep 11. at end of period, .

115.00 lbs.
117.00 "
114.50 "
117.50 "

[Food consumed daily : 900 grams hay (a) and 5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep III. 1

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Dally.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sanjple ^Tranl^
^'•■Dry. p^iiy_

1894.

March 29,

30,

31,

April 1,

2,

3,

4,

Degrees.
37.0

44.0

35.5

54.5

46.0

37.5

41.5

Grams.
823

890

909

1,158

897

791

733

Grams.
31.55

37.04

33.00

39.31

31.97

32.75

30.45

Grams.
1,935

2,258

1,682

1,319

1,428

1,670

1,943

Grams.
687

621

690

739

709

642

680

Grams.
33.71

31.44

33.07

35.37

34.47

29.83

32.35

Grams.
1,415

1,694

1,263

1,609

1,990

1,159

1,690

Averages, .

42.3

886

33.72 1 1,748

681

32.89

1,546

Weight of Sheep in. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at beginning of period.
Weight of Sheep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of jjeriod,

115.25 lbs.
115.75 "
118.50 "
117.25 "

158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period II.

[Food consumed daily : 900 grams hay (b) and 5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep I.

Sheep II.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

18»4.

September 27, .

28,.

29,.

30,.

October 1, .

3,.

Degrees.
68.0

64.0

69.5

62.0

59.5

Grams.
900

933

914

998

903

982

1,003

Grams.
36.93

40.81

39.00

43.41

37.23

41.55

40.85

Grams.
1,685

1,861

1,838

2,208

1,353

2,078

1,645

Grams.
1,176

1,182

1,037

Grams.
41.69

40.84

36.10

Grams.
1,693

1,749

1,531

Averages, .

62.6

948

39.98

1,810

1,132

39.54

1,658

Weight of SheeiJ I. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep 11. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep 11. at end of period, .

* Not determined.

116.50 lbs.
114.00 "
116.50 "

[Food consumed daily : 900 grams hay (c) and 5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.) .

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Dally.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

October 7,

8,
9,
10,
llf
12,
13,

Desi'ees.
58.0

57.0

62.5

52.5

55.0

57.5

51.0

Grams.

804

814
753
806
880
740
812

Grams.
39.75

39.39

37.48

40.56

41.37

36.15

39.73

Grams.
1,090

950

1,325

1,193

1,175

1,063

1,200

Grams.

993

1,134

1,003

909

1,081

813

778

Grams.
39.86

39.16

38.88

37. 2«

37.82

36.57

35.53

Grams.
1,685

1,548

1,402

2,202

468

1,951

1,787

Averages,

56.2

801

39.20 1,U2

959

37.87

1,577

Weight of Sheep III. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheej) lY. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

118.75 lbs.
116.50 "
118.00 "
116.50 "

1805.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

159

Teriot) ITT.
[Food consumed daily : 900 grams vetch and oats and 5 grams salt.]

Stable

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

(Fahr.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Watpr
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

September 23, .
24,.
25,.
26,.

27,.
2S, .
2J, .

Desrrees.
64.0

64.0

61.0

57.0

58.0

64.0

62.0

Grams.
842

903

1,262

1,311

1,061

1,046

1.029

Grams.
30.84

34.65

41.04

35.93

36.36

37.52

3S.83

Grams.
2,115

2,435

2,500

2,500

3,160

2,062

1,538

Grams.
1,003

1,086

966

1,018

1,049

1,018

1,017

Gnims.
33.58

39.97

34.04

35.30

34.48

34.32

35.69

Grams.
2,325

2,500

2,500

2,500

3,483

2,063

2,321

Averages, .

61.4

1,065

37.88

2,330

1,022

35.34

2,. 527

Weight of Sheep III. at beginning of iJeriod,
Weight of Sheej) IV. at beginning of jieriod,
Weight of Slieep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

119.50 lbs.
118.50 "
119.00 "
117.00 "

Period TV.

[Food consumed daily : 600 grams hay (a), 200 grams new-process linseed meal and

5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fabr.).

Sheep I.

Date.

Manure
excreted
Daily.*

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

May 31

Dei,'roes.
50. 5

Grams.
5G7

Grams.
58.80

Grams.
2,358

June 1,

62.0

536

49.43

2,500

2

57.5

680

62.82

1,700

3

64.0

562

49.30

1,388

4,

70.0

583

52.35

2,450

5, .... .

59.5

679

56.59

2,455

6

56.0
60.8

558

50.12

1,935

Averages, ....

695

54.20

2,112

* One fifth of total amount excreted preserved as daily sample; in all other periods one-
tenth preserved.

Weight of animal at beginning of period,
Weight of animal at end of period,

117.00 lbs.
115.75 "

IGO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Peuiod V.

[Food consumed daily: (500 grams hay (a), 250 grams Buffiilo gluten feed and 5

grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.) .

Sheep III.

Sheep I"V.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

"Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted
Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894,

May 2, .

3, .

4, .

5, .

6, .

7, .

8, .

Degrees.
76.5

70.0

61.5

55.0

70.0

71.5

Grams.
544

519

588

647

624

535

600

Grams.
24.67

24.28

25.29

28.06

27.08

23.67

24.13

Grams.
2,077

1,865

1,928

1,588

1,829

1,938

1,961

Grams.
572

521

471

598

511

511

565

Grams.
25.82

23.05

22.36

27.84

24.44

23.99

27.11

Grams.
2,013

2,337

2,093

1,865

2,078

1,372

1,754

Averages,

67.4

580

25.31

1,884

536

24.94

1,930

Weight of Sheep m. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

115.75 lbs.
116.50 "
115.00 "
115.50 "

Period VI.

[Food consumed daily by Sheep I.: 550 grams hay (cJ), 2.50 grams Peoria gluten
feed and 5 grams salt ; food consumed daily by Sheep IV. : 600 grams hay (d), 250
grams Peoria gluten feed and 5 grams salt.]

Sheep I.

Sheep IV.*

Date.

TeSeVf,-rJ Sample

Water
drank
Daily.

Stable
(Fahr.).l ^"''y-

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

October 12, .

13,.
14,,
15,.
16,.
17,,
18,.
19,.

Degrees.
56.0

51.0

54.0

48.0

48.0

55.5

51.0

Grams.
534

641

649

768

730

694

655

Grams.
22.10

26.51

25.73

33.69

30.05

28.07

28.18

Grams.
1,638

1,080

1,105

2,100

1,840

892

1,687

Degrees.

36.5
41.5
48.0
44.0
39.0
39.0

Grams.

569
600
628
497
607
844
850

Grams.

26.61
28.00
28.59
24.23
25.81
33.10
28.79

Grams.

943

632

647

1,181

1,625

825

1,133

Averages,

52.1

667

27.76

1,477

41.3 656

27.88

998

The period for Sheep IV. occupied the dates November 13-19 inclusive.

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of period.
Weight of Sheep IV. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

111.75 lbs.
113.50 "
113.50 "
113.25 "

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

161

Period VII.

[Food consumed daily: 600 grams hay (a), 250 grams Chicago maize feed and

5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894

May 15,

16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,

1.

Degrees.
60.5

58.0

64.0

65.0

64.5

63.0

57.0

61.7

Grams.
694

573

537

613

528

351

1,054

Grams.
27.00

26.21

23.92

28.40

24.93

15.76

37.09

Grams.
2,137

2,114

1,730

1,770

1,640

1,784

1,255

Grams.
611

507

667

523

518

586

620

Grams.
28.73

23.24

28.00

25.93

23.68

27.31

29.44

Grams.
2,325

2,441

2,013

1,330

2,319

1,507

1,125

Average

s>

607

26.20

1,776

562

26.62

1,866

Weight of Sheep III. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

117.00 lbs.
117.00 "
119.50 "
120.00 "

Period Vm.

[Food consumed daily: 650 grams hay («); 200 grams Chicago gluten meal and 5

grams salt.]

Stable

Sheep I.

Sheep II.

Date.

Temper-

ature
(Faiir.).

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

May 1, .

2, .

3, .
4,

5, .

6, .
7., .

Degrees.
70.0

76.5

70.0
61.5
55.0

70.0
71.5
67.8

Grams.
534

642

636
658
669

777
714

Grams.
24.12

26.72

25.65

26.51

26.97

29.15

24.47

Grams.
2,253

2,457

3,423

2,160

1,963

2,3.52

2,.50O

Grams.
794

820

821

727

822

684

723

Grams.
23.08

26.74

26.60

25.37

28.83

24.39

26.28

Grams.
2,109

2,426

2,105

1,864

1,774

1,915

2.115

Averages,

661

26.23

2,444

770

25.90

2,044

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of period. .
Weight of Sheep II. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep I. at end of pei'iod, .
Weight of Sheep 11. at end of period, .

113.25 lbs.
117.25 "
112.75 "
117.75 "

162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

[Food consumed daily ;

Period IX.

650 grams hay (a), 200 grams Kint
grams salt.]

^luten meal and 5

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep I.

Sheep II.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water

drank
Daily.

189 J

May 15,

16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,

Degrees
60.5

58.0

64.0

65.0

64.5

63.0

57.0

Grams.
645

647

677

499

653

590

657

Grams.
28.45

30.42

29.57

21.20

28.27

26.67

29.26

Grams.
3,008

3,721

1,968

2,500

2,406

2,218

2,252

Grams.
682

675

670

789

673

710

810

Grams.
2S.71

32.47

27.60

29.35

26.47

25.86

28.93

Grams.
1,838

2,167

2,123

2,065

1,869

1,952

2,016

Average

Si

61.7

624

27.69

2,582

716

28.48

2,004

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of period, .
Weight of Sheep IT at beginning of period,
Weiglit of Slieep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep II. at end of pei'iod, .

114.75 lbs.
118.00 "
116.50 "
119.25 "

Period X.

[Food consumed daily : 650 grams hay (d), 200 grams atlas meal and 5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

^^°"/« Sample

Water
drank
Daily.

189«.

December 1,

2,

3.
4,
5,
6,
7,

Dofrrees.
32.0

41.0
33.0
31.5
27.0
33.0

Grams.
610

526

606

684

635

626

692

Grams.
34.89

25.87

30.06

32.16

30.22

28.91

29.05

Grams.
57

2,264
968
897 '
873
690

1,397

Grams.
994

754

671

856

747

556

624

Grams.
33.00

29.19

24.72

35.23

33.49

26.00

29.22

Grams.
1,103

1,758
936

1,597
730

1,372

1,292

Averages,

32.9

626

30.17

1,021

743

30.12

1,255

Weight of Sheep ITT. at beginning of period,
Weight of Slieep lY. at beginning of i)eriod,
Weight of Sheep TIT. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

117.00 lbs.
113.50 "
119.50 "
117.50 «

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

163

Period XI.

[Food consumed daily: 550 grams hay (d), 300 grams peanut feed and

salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure
excreted
Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

e.xcreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894,

October 28,

29,

30,

31,

N'overuber 1,

2,

3,

Dcffreps.
48.0

57.0

51.0

56.5

52.5

60.0

59.0

54.9

Grams.
820

788

813

792

784

773

852

Grams.
42.72

43.03

44.49

40.17

42.29

40.53

45.43

Grams.
988

1,213
928

1,150

1,285
994

1,080

Grams.
762

808

766

735

685

777
704

Grams.
46.61

46.38

43.47

42.. 39

38.81

41.89

38.98

Grams.
7.50

1,068

2,038

25

1,677

875

1,912

Averages,

803

42.67

1,091

748

42.65

1,192

Weight of Sheep III. at beginning of period,
Weight of Slieep IV. at beginning of period,
Weiglit of Slieep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

114.50 lbs.
118.00 "
115.00 "
113.00 "

[Food consumed dail}' :

Period XII.

coo grams hay (d), 250
grams salt.]

grams soja-bean meal and 5

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep III.

Sheep IV.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

April 13, .

14, .

15, .

16, .

17, .

18, .

19, .

Degrees.
46.0

50.0

55.5

56.0

59.5

58.0

60.0

Grams.
697

727

559

577

679

583

705

Grams.
26.70

34.55

29.00

24.20

28.17

24.25

29.45

Grams.
1,828

1,669

1,280

1,645

2,066

1,187

1,905

Grams.
629

649

729
590
603
634
697

Grams.
25.40

25.09

36.68

24.42

22.84

22.92

26.39

Grams.
1,705

2,133

1,886

1,530

2,091

2,255

2,322

Averages,

55.0

647

28.05

1,654

648

26.25

1,989

Weight of Sheep III. at beginning of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at beginning of j)eriod,
Weight of Sheep III. at end of period,
Weight of Sheep IV. at end of period,

114.00 lbs.
118.50 "
112.75 "
114.00 «

164 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period Xm.

[Food consumed daily : 550 grams hay (d), 300 grams rye meal and 5 grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

. Sheep I.

Sheep II.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drauk
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

November 13, .

14, .

15, .

16, .

17, .
18,.
19, .

Dpfrrees.
36.5

41.5

48.0

44.0

39.0

39. 0

Grams.
680

584

598

638

585

618

608

Grams.
28.44

25.34

27.21

25.73

23.76

24.50

24.09

Grams.
1,088

1,250

1,220

1,490

1,780

1,121

836

Grams.
588

644

646

616

617

583

663

Grams.
25.33

27.35

27.50

27.10

26.66

25.09

27.99

Grams.
670

883

692

1,065

1,327

354

1,092

Averages, .

41.3

616

25.58

1,255

622

26.72

869

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of period, .
Weight of Slieep II. at beginning of jjeriod,
Weiglit of Sheep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep 11. at end of jjeriod, .

113.00 lbs.
113.00 "
113.00 «
113.00 "

Period XIV.

[Food consumed daily: GOO grams hay (a), 300 grams winter wheat bran and 5

grams salt.]

Stable
Temper-
ature
(Fahr.).

Sheep I.

Sheep 11.

Date.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

Manure

excreted

Daily.

Sample
Air Dry.

Water
drank
Daily.

1894.

April 13, .

14, .

15, .

16, .

17, .

18, .

19, .

DopTces.
46.0

50.0

55.5

56.0

69.5

58.0

60.0

Grams.
1,181

989
1,002

978
1,080

959
1,057

Grams.
38.21

31.82

33.28

32.47

34.40

32.19

33.40

Grams.
1,644

1,869

2,225

2,108

2,145

2,161

2,304

Grams.
1,017

1,093

983

1,116

1,172

1,124

1,167

1,096

Grams.
31.64

34.24

30.62

33.30

34.45

33.09

32.48

32.83

Grams.
1,669

1,523

2,061

2,009

1,803

1,847

2,193

Averages,

55.0

1,035

33.68

2,065

1,872

Weight of Sheep I. at beginning of periocl,
Weiglit of Sheep 11. at beginning of pcsriod,
Weiglit of Sheep I. at end of period, .
Weight of Sheep TI. at end of period, .

114.25 lbs.
117.00 "
113.75 «
117.00 "

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT^- No. 33.

165

The data presented in the preceding tables enable us to
calculate the diuestion coefficients, which follow : —

Period I.

English Hay (a).
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract

Matter.

900 grama hay fed, ....
72 grams waste, .....

796.32
60.69

255.53

18.74

25.72
2.08

88.94
7.41

369.64
25.84

Total consumed, ....
342.71 grams manure air dry,

735.63
309.47

236.79
92.59

23.64
12.03

81.53
34.69

343.80
142.16

Grams digested

Per cent, digested, ....

426.16
67.93

144.20
60.90

11.61
49.11

46.84
57.45

201.64
58.65

Sheep II.

900 grams hay fed,

368.66 grams manure air dry,

Grams digested, .

Per cent, digested.

796.32

255.53

25.72

88.94

330.54

99.03

12.39

38.14

465.78

156.50

13.33

50.80

58.49

61.24

51.82

57.11

369.64
153.30

216.34

58.52

Sheep m.

900 grams hay fed, ....
73 grams waste

796.32
62.34

255.53
20.04

25.72
1.93

88.94
7.08

369.64
27.06

Total consumed, ....
337.27 grams manure air dry.

733.98
307.02

235.49

88.85

23.79
13.35

81.86
36.07

342.58
140.19

Grams digested,

Per cent, digested

426.96
58.17

146.64
62.27

10.44

43.88

45.79
55.88

202.39
59.07

Sheep IV.

900 grams hay fed,

328.91 grams manure air dry,

Grams digested,

Per cent, digested.

Average per cent, digested, .

796.32
306.02

490.30
61.57
59.04

255.53
88.62

166.91
65.32
62.44

25.72
11.90

13.82
53.73
49.63

88.94
33.35

55.59
62.49.
58.23

369.64
143.89

225.75
61.07
59.33

Average nutritive ratio 'of ration for four slieep, 1 : 8.00.

166 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period II.

English Hay (h).
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

900 grams hay fed, ....
399.76 grams manure air dry,

790.30
364.34

256.84
114.19

18.10
9.65

76.97
32.97

375.24
166.00

Grams digested

Per cent, digested, ....

425.96
53.89

142.65
55.54

8.45
46.67

44.00
67.16

209.24
55.76

Sheep II.

900 grams hay fed

395.43 grams manure air dry.

790.30
361.15

256.84
109.79

18.10
9.29

76.97
36.76

375.24
162.27

Grams digested,

Per cent, digested

429.15
64.33

147.06
57.25

8.81
48.65

40.21
62.23

212.97
56.76

English Hay (c).
Sheep m.

900 grams hay fed

392.01 grams manure air dry,

795.60
360.26

265.96
113.60

20.21
11.06

77.49
33.07

374.01
164.10

Grams digested

Per cent, digested, ....

435.34
54.72

152.36
57.30

9.15
45.28

44.42
57.32

209.91
66.12

Sheep IV.

900 grams hay fed, ....

795.60

265.96

20.21

77.49

374.01

378.69 grams manure air dry,

348.44

108.92

10.41

31.15

156.38

Grams digested,

447.10

157.04

9.80

46.34

217.63

Per cent, digested

56.20

59.04

48.50

59.82

58.19

Average per cent, digested, .

54.94

57.29

46.62

58.10

56.69

Average nutritive ratio of ration for Sheep T., ITT. and TV., 1 : 8.59.

Hays h and c w^rc from the same lot, but the tests were
made at difl'ercnt times and two separate samples were taken.
The average of the analyses of the two analyses and of the
digestion coefficients from Sheep I., TIL and IV. was used in
computing the digestibility of the grains fed. This average

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

167

has been called hay d. Sheep II., while the results are
given above, was not included in the average. The period
in case of this sheep lasted but three days, and the amount
of protein digested is too low.

Period III.

Vetch and Oats.
Sheep III.

Dry

Matter.

Crude

Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

900 grams vetch and oats fed,
364.5 grams manure air dry,

766.08
321.21

275.41

95.98

19.99
16.64

102.81
40.18

286.30
130.48

Grams digested

Per cent, digested, ....

444. S7
58.07

179.43
65.16

3.35
16.75

62.63
60.92

155.82
54.42

Sheep IV.

900 grams vetch and oats fed.

766.08

275.41

19.99

102.81

286.30

353.4 grams manure air dry,

320.68

91.17

15.91

42.68

132.06

Grams digested,

445.40

184.24

4.08

60.13

154.24

Per cent, digested, ....

58.14

66.88

20.40

58.48

53.88

Average per cent, digested, .

58.10

66.02

18.57

59.70

54.15

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 5 . 64.

Period IV.

New-jyrocess Linseed Meal.
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, . . . .
200 grams new-process linseed meal, .

516.00
178.80

165.60
14.38

16.66
7.68

57.63
73.98

239.42

71.98

Total consumed, ....
271.04 grams manure air dry.

694.80
252.06

179.88
75.06

24.34
8.21

131.61
36.54

311.40
107.02

Amount digested, .
Minus hay digested

442.74
304.63

104.82
103.39

16.13

8.27

95.07
33.. 57

204.38
142.04

Remains linseed meal digested, .
Per cent, digested

138.11
77.24

1.43
99.47

7.86
102.20?

61.50
83.12

62.34
86.60

Nutritive ratio of ration for one sheep, 1 : 3 . 68.

168 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period V.

Buffalo Gluten Feed.

Sheep III.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed,

250 grams Buffalo gluten feed,

517.63
229.82

166.12
19.44

16.72
30.61

57.82
52.69

240.31
126.15

Total consumed,
253.11 grams manure air dry,

747.50
236.61

185.56
63.43

47 ."33

10.64

110.51
30.10

366.46
111.70

Total digested,
Minus hay digested,

510.89
305.64

122.13
103.72

36.69
8.30

80.41
33.67

254.76
142.57

Remains gluten feed digested,
Per cent, digested,

205.25
89.35

18.41
94.69

28.39
92.74

46.74
88.69

112.19
88.93

Sheep IV.

Total consumed, as above, .

747.50

185.56

47.33

110.51

366.46

249.43 grams manure air dry.

232.46

61.51

9.76

30.00

110.65

Total digested

615.04

124.05

37.57

80.51

255.81

Minus hay digested

305.64

103.72

8.30

33.67

142.57

Remains gluten feed digested.

209.40

20.33

29.27

46.84

113.24

Per cent, digested

91.11

104.56?

95.61

88.88

89.76

Average per cent, two sheep digested,

90.23

99.60

94.17

88.78

89.34

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 6.85.

Period VI.

Peoria Gluten Feed.

Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

550 grams hay fed,

250 grams Peoria gluten feed.

486.20
225.20

160.30
18.69

11.76
14.12

47.35
43.32

229.97
147.16

Total consumed,
277.61 grams manure air dry,

711.40
254.96

178.99
76.19

25.88
8.84

90.67
27.89

377.13
114.64

Amount digested, .
Minus hay digested,

456.44
267.11

102.80
91.83

17.04
5.51

62.79
27.51

262.49
130.37

Remains gluten feed digested,
Per cent, digested,

189.33 10.97
84.07 58.69

11.53
81.63

35.28
81.42

132.12
89.77

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

169

Period VI. (Peoria Gluten Feed) — Concluded.
Sheep IV.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, ....

523.20

172.50

12.66

50.96

247.47

250 grams Peoria gluten feed,

224.30

18.62

14.06

43.15

116.58

Total consumed

747.50

191.12

26.72

94.11

394.05

278.76 grams manure air dry.

264.49

74.16

10.16

28.03

121.85

Amount digested

483.01

116.96

16.56

68.08

272.20

Minus hay digested, ....

287.44

98.82

5.93

29.60

140.29

Remains gluten feed digested,

195.57

18.14

10.63

36.48

131.91

Per cent, digested, ....

87.19

97.44

75.58

84.53

89.99

Average per cent, two sheep digested.

85.63

78.06

78.60

82.97

89.88

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 6.50.

Period VII.

Chicago Maize Feed.
Sheep III.

Dry Crude
Matter. Cellulose.

Crude

Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

GOO grams hay fed,

250 grams Chicago maize feed.

518.94
224.30

166.52
20.32

16.76
20.19

67.96
58.60

240.89
123.39

Total consumed,
261.96 grams manure air dry,

743.24
239.27

186.84
65.29

36.95
10.26

116.56
33.04

364.28
110.90

Amount digested, .
Minus hay digested,

503.97
306.38

121.55
103.98

26.69
8.32

83.52
33.75

253.38
142.92

Remains gluten feed digested,
Per cent, digested.

197.59
88.09

17.57
86.45

18.37
91.00

49.77
84.92

110.46
89.52

Sheep IV.

Total consumed, as above.

743.24

186.84

36.95

116.56

364.28

266.19 grams manure air dry.

243.. 53

66.92

10.05

32.41

114.97

Total digested, ....

499.71

119.92

26.90

84.15

249.31

Minus hay digested, ....

306.38

103.98

8.32

33.75

142.92

Remains gluten feed digested, . ,

193.33

15.94

18.58

50.40

106.39

Per cent, digested, ....

86.19

7S.48

92.03

86.00

86.22

Average per cent, two sheep digested,

87,14

82,46

91,51

85,46

87.87

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 5 . 25.

170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period VIII.

Chicago Gluten Meal.
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude Crude
Cellulose. Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

650 grams hay fed,

200 grams Chicago gluten meal,

560.82
180.60

179.96
3.12

18.11
8.30

62.64
66.98

260.33
101.93

Total consumed,
262.27 grams manure air dry,

741.42
244.62

183.08
69.49

26.41
9.44

129.62
33.85

362.26
109.78

Total digested,
Minus hay digested, . .

496.80
331.11

113.59
112.37

16.97
8.99

95.77
36.47

252.48
154.45

Remains gluten meal digested,
Per cent, digested,

165.69
91.74

1.22
39.04

7.98
96.05

59.30
88.52

98.03
96.17

Sheep II.

Total consumed, as above.

741.42

183.08

26.41

129.62

362.26

258.84 grams manure air dry,

241.08

70.58

9.26

31.19

108.68

Total digested

500.34

112.50

17.15

98.43

253.58

Minus bay digested

331.11

112.37

8.99

38.47

154.45

Remains gluten meal digested, .

169.23

.13

8.16

61.96

99.13

Per cent, digested, ....

93.70

4.16

98.22

92.49

97.23

Average per cent, two sheep digested,

92.72

21. BO

97.13

90.50

96.71

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 4.21.

Period IX.

King Gluten Meal.

Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

650 grams hay fed,

200 grams King gluten meal,

562.18
183.24

180.40
2.58

18.15
36.06

62.79
70.67

260.96
71.17

Total consumed,
276.91 grams manure air dry,

745.42
254.12

182.98
69.32

64.21
12.02

133.46
32.22

332.13
116.41

Amount digested, .
Minus hay digested,

491.30
331.91

113.66
112.64

42.19
8.97

101.24
36.56

215.72
154.82

Remains gluten meal digested.
Per cent, digested,

159.39
86.9S

1.02
39.47

33.22
92.12

64.68
91.52

60.90
85.57

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

171

Period IX. {King Gluten 3Ieal)
SuKEP n.

Concluded.

l>ry
Matter.

Crude

Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

Total coDBumed, as above, .

745.42

182.98

54.21

133.46

332.13

284.84 grams manure air dry,

259.68

75.85

10.05

31.65

118.60

Amount digested

485.74

107.13

44.16

101.81

213.53

Minus hay digested

331.91

112.64

8.96

36.56

154.82

Remains gluten meal digested, .

153.83

-

35.20

65.25

58.71

Per cent, digested, ....

83.96

-

97.63

92.34

82.44

Average per cent, two sheep digested.

85.47

-

94.87

91.93

84.00

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 4.26.

Period X.

Atlas Meal.

Sheep HI.

Dry
Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

650 grams hay fed,

200 grams atlas meal, .

Total consumed,
301.66 grams manure air dry.

Total digested,
Minus hay digested.
Remains atlas meal digested,
Per cent, digested.

550.35

182.08

181.45
17.72

13.31
28.70

53.60
77.62

732.43
285.25

199.17
78.41

42.01
9.24

131.22
43.38

447.18
302.36

144.82
79.53

120.76

103.95

16.81

94.88

32.77
6.23

87.84
31.14

26.54
92.43

56.70
73.04

260.32
56.15

316.47

121.72

194.75
147.58

47.17
84.00

Sheep IV.

Total consumed, ae above, .

732.43

199.17

42.01

131.22

316.47

301.21 grams manure air dry.

•284.52

74.57

9.92

43.76

121.21

Total digested, ....

447.91

124.60

32.09

87.46

195.26

Minus hay digested, ....

302.36

103.95

6.23

31.14

147.58

Remains atlas meal digested.

145.55

20.65

25.86

56.32

47.68

Per cent, digested, ....

79.75

116.50

90.06

72.56

84.91

Average per ceot. two sheep digested.

79.64

105.70

91.24

72.80

84.45

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 4.55.

172 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Period XI.

Peanut Feed.

Sheep III.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

550 grams hay fed,

300 grams peanut feed, .

Total consumed,
426.66 grams manure air dry.

Total digested,
Minus bay digested.
Remains peanut feed digested.
Per cent, digested.

483.17
271.29

159.30
147.58

11.69
15.03

47.06
32.72

228.54
62.23

754.46
402.39

306.88
201.03

26.72

7.72

79.78
29.17

290. V7
125.41

352.07
265.45

105.85
91.26

19.00
5.47

50.61
27.34

165.36
129.56

86.62
31.93

14.59
9.88

13.53
90.01

23.27
71.12

35.80
57.52

Sheep IV.

Total consumed, as above, .

754.46

306.88

26.72

79.78

290.77

426.47 grams manure air dry.

401.48

195.70

7.82

29.59

135.95

Total digested

352.98

111.18

18.90

50.19

154.82

Minus hay digested, ....

265.45

91.26

5.47

27.34

129.56

Remains peanut feed digested, .

87.53

19.92

13.43

22.85

25.26

Per cent, digested, ....

32.26

13.49

89.36

70.00

40.59

Average per cent, two sheep digested.

32.09

11.68

89.68

70.56

49.05

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 6.27.

Period XII.

Soja-bean Meal.
Sheep HI.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grams hay fed, ....
250 grams soja-bean meal, .

617.86
225.55

166.18
10.15

16.72
42.61

57.84
86.69

240.29
72.04

Total consumed, ....
280^6 grams manure air dry.

743.41
261.39

176.33
67.67

59.33
16.36

144.53
32.78

312.33
115.27

Total digested

Minus hay digested

482.02
305.75

108.66
103.76

42.97
8.34

111.75
33.68

197.06
142.62

Remains soja-bean meal dii;ested.
Per cent, digested, ....

176.27
78.15

4.90
48.27

34.63
81.28

78.07
89.97

54.44
75.57

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

173

Period XII. (Soja-bean Meal) — Concluded.
Sheep IV.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

Total consumed, as above, .
262.49 grams manure air dry,

743.41
244.64

176.33
63.01i

59.33

12.65

144.53
30.85

312.33

114.22

Total digested

Minus hay digested

498.77
305.73

113.31
103.76

46.68
8.30

113.68
33.68

198.11
142.62

Remains soja-bean meal digested,
Per cent, digested, ....
Average per cent, two sheep digested.

193.04
85.58
81.86

9.55
94.09
71.18

38.38
90.09
85.68

80.00
92.20
91.08

55.49
77.02
76.29

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 3.73.

Period XIII.

Eye Meal.

Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

550 grams hay fed,
300 grams rye meal,

479.00
257.22

158.12
4.60

11.61

4.60

46.71
35.04

226.85
209.97

Total consumed,
255.81 grams manure air dry,

736.82
242.89

162.72

73.00

16.21 81.75
7.77 25.35

436.82
109.86

Total digested.
Minus hay digested,

493.73
263.49

89.72
90.58

8.44
5.43

56.40
27.14

326.96

128.60

Remains rye meal digested,
Per cent, digested,

230.24
89.51

-

3.01
65.37

29.26
83.46

198.36
94.47

Sheep IT.

Total consumed, as above,
267.15 grams manure air dry.

Total digested,
Minus hay digested.
Remains rye meal digested,
Per cent, digested.
Average per cent, two sheep digested,

736.82
254.21

162.72
74.96

482.61
263.49

87.76
90.58

219.12
85.18
87.34

16.21

7.88

8.33
5.43

2.90
62.98
64.17

81.75
24.70

57.05
27.14

29.91
85.31
84.38

436.82
120.60

316.22
128.60

187.62
89.34
91.90

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two sheep, 1 : 7 . 60.

174 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Peuiod XIV.

Winter Wheat Bran.
Sheep I.

Dry

Matter.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Extract
Matter.

600 grama hay fed, ....
300 grams winter wheat bran,

517.86
258.81

166.18
27.53

16.72
12.86

57.84
40.40

240.29
158.37

Total consumed, ....
336.73 grams manure air dry.

776.67
313.86

193.71

88.47

29.58
14.46

98.24
33.17

398.66
141.93

Total digested

Minus hay digested, ....

462.81
305.75

105.24
103.76

15.12
8.30

65.07
33.68

256.73
142.62

Remains winter wheat bran digested.
Per cent, digested, ....

157.06
60.68

1.48
5.37

6.82
53.02

31.39

77.69

114.11
72 05

Sheep n.

Total consumed, as above, .

776.67

193.71

29.58

98.24

398.66

328.31 grams manure air dry,

305.69

83.54

10.94

32.80

142.39

Total digested

470.98

110.17

18.64

65.44

256.27

Minus hay digested

305.75

103.76

8.30

33.68

142.62

Remains winter wheat bran digested,

165.23

6.41

10.34

31.76

113.65

Per cent, digested, ....

63.83

23.29

80.39

78.65

71.76

Average per cent, two sheep digested,

62.25

14.33

66.70

78.17

71.90

Average nutritive ratio of ration for two slieej), 1 : 6.23.

See tables containing compilation of all American diges-
tion cxperimcntH, at tlie end of this report.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 175

2. CONCERNING THE DIGESTIBILITY OF THE
PENTOSANS.

By J. B. LiNDSEY AND E. B. Holland.

During the past five or six years much attention has been
given to the study of the pentosans. Fischer, Tollens,
Schulze, Stone and many others have investigated their
chemical character, and noted their very general occurrence
in our woods and agricultural plants and seeds.

The pentosans have the composition (G-,Hj.04)n, and by
inversion with dilute mineral acids yield, so far as known,
two sugars, namely, xylose and arahiiiose, CyHnjO^. The
pentosan which yields xylose is more generally found in our
agricultural plants. Pentoses* {C.-)l^(f)-^ have been found
to exist in the juices of a great variety of growing plants.
Whether they are formed by direct assimilation, or from the
hexoses, is not yet fully settled- Xylan and araban belong,
generall3^ speaking, to the so-called hemicelluloses. E.
Schulze f has applied this name to those portions of the cel-
lular structure of plants that are not solul)le in water, but
in dilute mineral acids. That they cannot always be strictly
considered as hemicellulose is made clear from the recogni-
tion by Schulze and Winterstein | of a pentosan in amyloid^
a substance extracted with water from the seeds of Tropa?-
olum majus. In some cases, also, they approach in char-
acter the true cellulose. § Schulze || has also recognized the
pentosans in the cotyledons and endosperms of many seeds,
and they undoubtedly serve, just as do galactan, starch, etc.,
as a reserve material, supporting the life of the young plant

* G. de Chalmot, Am. Chem. Jour., 15, 21.

t Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie, 14.

X Zeitschr. f. ph.ysiol. Chemie, 13; Berichte der chem. Ges., a4, 2277-

^ Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chemie, 16 ; also Winterstein loco citato.

II Loco citato.

17G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

during the process of germination. That the pentosans in
the matured plants and seeds form a part of the cell walls
and are dissolved during germination is quite clear from
the numerous microscopic investigations made T)y Professor
Cramer * and Dr. Pfister f in connection with Schulze's
work.

Concerning the value of the pentosans as a source of food
for animals, the results of two investigations have been pub-
lished. Stone I fed corn meal and bran to rabbits, and found
that al)out 60 per cent, of the pentosans were digested. A
like conclusion was drawn by Stone and Jones, § as a result
of the examination of the food and fa3ces of sheep fed upon
the hay of different grasses. Ebstein || has also shown that
both xylose and arabinose are but little assimilated by human
beings, these sugars being recognized in the urine a few
hours after being eaten.

During the spring and autumn of 1893 the writer made
digestion experiments with hay, corn cobs, brewers' grains
and several concentrated fodder articles. These results have
already been published. TT We have thought it of sutficient
interest to determine the amount of pentosans in each of the
foods fed and in the fieces excreted, and thus note their
degree of digestibility.**

The method employed for determining the furfurol, and
consequently the pentosans, was the one described by Flint
and Tollens,-|-f being a modiiication of the method originally
introduced T)y de Chalmot and Tollons.U

Pentosans differ from true carbohydrates in yielding fur-
furol instead of Isevulinic acid when boiled with hydrochloric

* Zeitschr. phvsiol. Cliein., 14, '2'27

t Zeitschr. i)li3siol. Cheiii., 19, 44.

X Am. Clicm. Jour., 14, 9.

(J Ap-ifultural Science, 5, (5.

II Arcliiv. patliol. Anat., li», 401.

H Massachusetts State Experiment Station, Eleventh Annual Report, 1803.
** W'hile it is possible to estimate the amount of furfurol in the faeces with a fair
degree of accuracy, it must l)e admitted that it is by no means certain that this fur-
furol is a true indicator of the amount of pentosans present; i.e., it has not as yet
been shown whetlicr tlie pentosan molecule remains entirely intact durini^ tlie diges-
tive process. From our ])resent knowledge it must be assumed tliat such is tlie case.

ft E. K. Flint, Inaugural Dissertation, Gottingen, 1892; Landw. Vers. Stat., 48,
398.

+J; Inaugural Dissertation, Gottingen, 1891

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

177

acid of a certain strength. Their detection and estimation
depends upon the production and separation of furfurol, and
its subsequent precipitation with phenjl-hj^drazin as furfurol
hydrazon.

Method.
Weigh out 3 to 5 grams (depending on the amount of
pentosans present) of the finely ground material, and trans-
fer to a 300 cubic centimeter flask. After adding 100 cubic
centimeters of hydrochloric acid of LOG specific gravity, con-
nect with a Liebig condenser, and distil 30 cul)ic centimeters,
takino; ten to fifteen minutes for the distillation. Instead of
putting the flask in Rose's metal to diffuse the heat, as Flint
and others suggest, we have placed it upon a piece of gauze
with equally satisfactory results. Now add 30 cubic centi-
meters more acid by means of a separatory funnel (the stem
of which passes through the cork into the flask), and so con-
tinue the process until a drop of the distillate gives no red
coloration on filter paper that has been moistened with ani-
line acetate (a few drops of aniline in a little 50 per cent,
acetic acid). Ten to eleven distillations are generally suffi-
cient. Flint has shown that for constant results the pres-
ence of a certain amount of salt in a definite quantity of
solution is essential. Furfurol hydrazon is more insoluble
with 81 grams of sodium chloride in 400 cubic centimeters
of distillate than when less is present, and these propor-
tions should be always used. Add to the obtained distillate,
brought into a 700 to 800 cubic centimeter beaker, the neces-
sary amount of salt and water to raise it to this standard (see
table following) .

Distillate
(Cubic Centi-
meters).

Water (Cubic
Centimeters).

Salt to be added
(Grams).

Distillate
(Cubic Centi-
meters).

Water (Cul)ic
Centimeters).

Salt to be added
(Grams).

400

350
300
250
200

50
100
150
200

10.15

20.30
30.45
40.60

150

100
50

250
300
350
400

50.75
GO. 90
71.05
81.20

178 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Neutralize exactly the 400 cubic centimeter solution with
sodium carbonate, covering the beaker with a watch glass dur-
ing the process, and make up to 500 cubic centimeters with
water. Add now 10 cubic centimeters of phenyl-hydrazin
solution,* precipitating the furfurol as furfurol hydrazon.f
Stir thirty minutes, preferably with an automatic stirrer, and
filter the solution, using suction, into glass drying tubes about
three-quarters of an inch in diameter and six to seven inches
long, drawn out at the lower end and filled with about one-half
inch of glass wool in preference to asbestos. Remove adher-
ing particles with a feather, and do not use over 100 cubic
centimeters of wash water. Dry the precipitate in a specially
constructed air bath (see cut) at 55° to 60° C. for three
hours. To hasten and perfect the drying a partial vacuum is
made by drawing dry air slowly through the tubes by aid of a
suction pump, the air supply being regulated by pinchcocks.
The air before entering the tubes is conducted through
sulphuric acid to dry it, and through a glass tube containing
small pieces of marble to remove any sulphuric acid that
might be carried over mechanically. Cool the tubes in a
desiccator and weigh. Dissolve out the precipitate with hot
alcohol and reweigh, and consider the loss in weight as
fiirfurol hydrazon. (See cut of apparatus at end of this
article.)

For the conversion of furfurol hydrazon to furfurol use the
following factors : —

Fnrfnrol = furfurol hydrazon X 0.538,

Arabinose = furfurol hydrazon X 1-229 + 0.0177.

Xylose = furfurol hydrazon X 1.031—0.001.

T'entose (averafce ai-abinose and xylose) = furfurol hydrazon X 1.13 + 0.0083.

Pentosan = pentose X 0.88.

Formulas.

Furfurol = C ' H ^ O — C O II.
I'heuyl-liydrazin = C » H » — Nil — NH '.
Furfurol hydrazon = C ■• II 3 O CH C « 11 ^ N « II.
Pentose =(C'iH'»0'i)n.
Pentosans = (C ^ H » O ^) n.

* Twelve grams of phenyl-hydrazin and 7.5 grams of glacial acetic acid tilled
to 100 cubic centimeters witli water and well shaken.

t After the addition of the phenyl-hydrazin reagent, the solution should react
slightly acid. In case this is not so, add the necessary acetic acid.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

179

In Table I. will be found the percentages of furfurol,
pentosans and extract matter found in the feeds consumed.
It will be seen that the pentosans equal from one-third to
one-half of the extract matter.

Table II. shows the percentages of pentosans in the excreta
of the sheep during the diifereut feeding periods.

Table I.

■ Pentosans in Food tested.

•d

Foods Tested.

'a ^

No. of Grams
taken for Fur-
furol Estima-
tion.

AiR-DRT Mate-
rial.

Dry Matter.

o

d

Furfurol

Hydrazon found

(Grams).

SI"!

3 £ n

Hi

> o

"3 I. □

Per Cent.
Nitrogen-
free Ex-
tract.

a.

b.

1

Hay (a)

94.09

4

0.7633

0.7656

10.93

20.41

48.51

2

Buffalo gluten feed, .

92.92

6

0.7968

0.7913

9.20

17.16

50.20

3

Hay (6)

93.63

3

0.6140

0.6393

12.00

22.43

45.56

4

New-process linseed meal,

91.75

4

0.4860

0.4950

7.19

13.49

41.16

5

Old-process linseed meal.

90. SI

4

0.4807

0.4916

6.54

13.49

39.80

6

Corn cobs, ....

92.27

3

0.8643

0.8651

16.80

31.34

65.77

7

Dried brewers' grains,

93. -46

4

0.9205

0.9111

13.17

24.57

51.09

8

Spring wheat bran, .

92.72

3

(0.8188(
1 0.7902i

0.8111

15.60

29.07

59.39

9

Winter wheat bran, .

91.49

3

(0.6877J
( 0.6675i

0.6620

13.17

24.63

62.83

* In a former article, published in "Agricultural Science," concerning the digestibility of
the pentosans, the percentages of pentosans were calculated by multiplying the per cent, of
furfurol by 1.38. This was the old way, and if none of the pentosans were destroyed in the
process of distillation it would give the correct percentage. It gives, however, considerably
lower percentages than when the formula as suggested by Flint is used. The digestion
coefficients would not be affected, however. In the present calculations we have used ITlint'e
formula, believing it to be much nearer correct.

180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table II. — Pentosans in Manure excreted.

II.

ni.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

Foods Tested.

Sheep II.,
Sheep III.,
Sheep IV.,

nay (a).

Buffalo Oltiten Feed.
Sheep II.,
Sheep IV.,

iray (i).

Sheep I., .

Shfpp II.,
Sheep III.,
Sheep IV.,

New-process Linseed Meal.

Sheep II

Sheep III., ....

Old-process Linseed Meal.
Sheep II., ....

Sheep III., ....
Sheep IV., ....

Sheep I., .
Sheep II.,

Corn Cobs.

Dried Bren^ers' Grains.

Sheep I ,

Sheep II., ....

Spring W/ieat Bran.
Sheep II.,
Sheep III.,

Winter Wheat Bran.
Sheep IV.,

2 ^ a

92.96
92.34

91.54
92.20

92.59
92. 3S
91.74

94.62
94.57

94.62
94.48
94.90

93.25
92.71

95.51
94.43

94.76
94.73

O

Air-dry Mate-
rial.

Furfurol

Hydrazon found

(Grams).

0.6996
0.6990
0.7395

0.8520
0.8758

0.6880,
0.6920'
0.7390
0.6804
0.6657

0.5210
0.6387

0.6762
0.6677
0.6520

0.5940
0.6057

0.8705
0.8756

0.8573
0.8240

0.7810

b.
0.7210

0.7060
0.7368

0.8620
0.8824

0.7190

0.7310
0.7149
0.6696

0.6476
0.6390
0.6415

0.5950
0.6140

0.8500
0.8817

0.8623
0.8400

Dry Matter.

SCO
7 a> s

S = a

10.27
10.12
10.74

10.07
10.26

10.67
10.15
9.71

9.83
9.08

9.41
9.29
9.17

11.43
11.80

12.20
12.52

12.20
11.82

19.20
18.92
20.08

18.76
19.13

19.94
18.98
18.16

18.45
16.97

17.60
17.40
17.15

21.40
22.08

22.60
23.34

22.76
22.04

The data furnished in the ahove tallies enahle ii.'^ to calcu-
late the diaet^til)ility of the pentosans, as found in the tables

following : —

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

181

^

O

<
CO
O
H

w
Ph

fa
o

H

n

H
CO

td

O

m

H

Pentosans
in Food con-
sumed and
Manure
excreted.

ino5<no

a
1

c

I

'3

769.50 grams liay eaten,
296.78 grams manure excreted, .
Grams pentosans digested, .
Per cent, pentosans digested.

Hi

a

a
a
CO

Pentosans
in Food con-
sumed and
-Alanure

excreted.

l.-).3.91
54.20
99.71
64.80

a

'3

754.12 grams hay eateu,
286.50 grams manure excreted, .
Grams pentosans digested, .
Per cent, pentosans digested,

X

CO

Pentosans
in Food con-
sumed and
Manure
excreted.

C5 o CO o
c-i o CO CO
ira lO C5 o

Q
1

o

a

749 28 grams hay eaten,
294.67 grams manure excreted, .
Grams pentosans digested, .
Per cent, pentosans digested,

E^

Ci

^

^ 3 g

1 2 i

i i ^

1Z Q H

r^ 00 CO t^ C2 o iM CO
oco-ti-*05cocooo

^ a .=p.x;'

rl o

a a a

5 • a o >«
= -^'1^2

t^2 23 S S

i^":- s a o

ioc3Hc5HSOpH

oo_

coo oj

00 lO rl

OO-tiiMCOCSOO— lO

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a ^3
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aPll

i _• cs a oj tH

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is

EdScO

■«t<(M H t

182 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

555

S

•*-(
'«

•a .

g-d-s

-11

t^(M iCO

0 "O i—l .-H

i
ill

.-< CO CO Q
t^ CO 0 CD

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u

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rt

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a

S

a

>>

te

oa

1

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c

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1

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zt

02

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>.

^'2.1^

'3

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M

765.-36 grams hay
343.62 grams mai
Grams pentosans
Per cent, pentosa

■^ -3

0 "2 ii
^ 3 £

O-t-^ CD 0

•= "3 S

CD Cj 1-; t-;

m ^ "^

-H CO 1^ c-5

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t^COO CD

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1 i|

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337.95 grams manui
Grams pentosans di
Per cent, pentosans

1^1!

!^ 5 gi

t^>^ (M 0

1 " ^

= a S^

CD CO CO CO

.-i f-i d •*

t^CD^CO

" S b

0 c =

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'c

0

t.

rt

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w

t

tC'

*i

••T3 • •

dt

■i^ "^

a

g - <u

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* CJ r< re

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ay fed,
lanure
ns dige
isans di

0

^ ^ -» 0

'- " S ■"

en ;n 0 a

S £-S S

JS ci S .

a&=^^

^sggs

^ ^ -W

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= a S

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s ? '^

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— 0 «

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a

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t.

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765.36 grams hav
339.33 grams man
Grams pentosans
Per cent, jjentosai

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

183

^■s

ta

5 S

t^OSOC-l'+lGOOO

Ot^CO^t^t-^ClCi

(O

ooot^cc^cct^co

.-1 (M -t< ■* O t- IM C3

X

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n

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s

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Id

m

K

• a

l_

^ bT

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a

•9 1 c -^^

^ P .S ., a,

^2

grams hay fed,

grams new-process
consumed,

grams manure exci
5 digested,

pentosans digested
5 pentosans digested
ut. pentosans digest

cOO^r^rjSc?!

cot^cjt-a^c=-'

-3-3

In

rt ;_

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o t^cocooo -H CO

X

s =^

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s

^ ^ -'^ :

a

s lii

cret

d in

d,

sted

ca

d,
roces

re ex

geste
geste
dige

R

526.38 gnuns liay fe
220.70 grams new-p
Total coni^^'.uned,
280.76 grains nianu
Grams digested.
Minus pentosans di
Grams pentosans d
Per cent, pentosans

■n ="3

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184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

a

s a

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0)

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c3 o o ■
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rn sj S o C

3 o C S f^

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Cb

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III

oioooot^oiC'Tfiira

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1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

185

o _
o i
i^ 5

s a "

^ -a 3

» C; X

egg

° a ^
■S o «

rH ■>*< lO C<1 CO 00 O C

t~^ CD CO C-5 O CO h-1 c<i

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— "■•^ .

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bo ~

X

o3 03 g
be teg
co-i; oi

cs • 23 a g

a ^^ 5 So
=p^oog

^"S

"J' C3 ^ :r

186 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Resume of Results.

Comparison of the digestibility of the pentosans with the
digestibility of the other fodder constituents : —

Kind of Food.

's
bo

0)

is,

•s s

o

Extract Matter
(Percent).

Pentosans (Per
Cent.).

Hay of mixed grasses (a) ,

61

64

61

63

63

63

Haj of mixed grasses (6),

66

57

47

57

58

62

Buftalo gluten feed,

78

43

81

85

81

79

New-process linseed meal,

81

61

91

87

86

89

Old-process linseed meal,

79

67

89

89

78

86

Corn cobs,

59

65

50

17

60

64

Dried brewers' grains, .

62

63

91

79

59

66

Spring wheat bran.

63

24

76

80

70

62

Winter wheat bran,

66

56

61

79

70

64

The above figures show that the pentosans in six out of
nine cases are practically as digestible as any of the other
groups of fodder substances.

In both samples of hay the pentosans are fully as digestible
as either the cellulose or protein. In case of the dried
brewers' grains and the two brans the fat and protein are
noticeably more digestible than the pentosans.

With the more concentrated foods it will be observed that
the pentosans are as digestible as cither the fat, protein or
extract matter. The resuJts make dear thai asfiociation has
a great deal to do ivith digestibility. In the hays, corn cobs
and brewers' grains, where the woody substance (lignin) is
present to a considerable extent, the digestil)ility of the
pentosans is noticeal)ly less than when the incrusting sub-
stance is absent. Whether or not the pentosans are chemi-
cally united to the incrusting substances is not known, but it
is not at all improbable. It is certainly clear that the in-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 187

crusting substances perceptibly interfere with the digestibility
of the xylan or araban. This has also been proved to be the
case with cellulose, first indirectly hy Henneljerg and Stoh-
mann * and later directly by F, Lehmann,f who found that
when the fibre was freed from all incrusting substances the
cellulose was practically all digestible.

Stone has already shown, in case of hays, bran and such
fodders, that the pentosans have an average digestibility of
60 per cent., and our results with similar fodders simply
confirm his investigations. AVith the more concentrated
feeds, where little incrusting substance is present, the pen-
tosans arc as digestible as any other of the fodder groups.
One might assume that if the pentosans were isolated and fed
to animals they would be fully as digestible as starch or pure
cellulose.

AVhile from GO to 90 per cent, of the pentosans in the
present experiment have been removed from the digestive
tract in the process of digestion, it has certainly not been
demonstrated that they have been assimilated and have a food
value equal to that of starch and similar substances. In case
of human beings Ebstein has already proved to the contrary.
We hope to be able to throw additional light upon this point
in the near future.

* Futteniiis der W'iederkauer, 1860.
t Journal f . Laudw. 48, 435.

188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '95.

■< a

Ofa

SCO

B u

1-1 a

B D

pa

PART II.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

1. Field Experiments for the Purpose of studying the Economy of raising

Leguminous Crops (Clover like Plants) as a Means of enriching the
Soil in Nitrogen in the Interest of the Subsequent Raising of Grain
Crops (Field A).

2. Field Experiments with Several Prominent Varieties of Potatoes and

Some Prominent Mixed Forage Crops (Vetch, Oats and Horse Bean,
Vetch and Oats and Vetch and Barley) (Field B).

3. Field Experiments to ascertain the Influence of Different Mixtures

OF Commercial Fertilizers on the Yield and General Character of
Several Prominent Garden Crops (Field C).

4. Experiments with Forage Crops (Field D), illustrated with Cuts op Roots

OF Four Prominent Leguminous Crops (Vetch, Soja Bean, Lupine and
Horse Bean).

5. Trial of an Early Maturing Variety of Minnesota Dent Corn, Huron

(Field E).

6. Field Experiments with Different Commercial Phosphates, to study the

Economy of using the Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More Costly
Acidulated Phosphates (Field F).

7. Experiments with Forage Crops (Vetch and Oats and Hungarian Grass)

(Field G).

8. Field Experiments to study the Effect op Phosphatic Slag and Nitrate of

Soda, as compared with Ground Bone, on the Yield of Oats and Corn
(East Field).

9. Experiments with Permanent Grass Lands (Meadows) (East Field).

10. Orchard Experiments with Home-made Stable Manure, Unleached Wood

Ashes and Several Mixtures of Fertilizing Materials on the Growth
and Yield of Several Varieties of Fruit Trees.

11. Observations in Vegetation House.

12. Report on General Farm Work.

190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1. Field Experiments for the Purpose of studying
THE Economy of raising Leguminous Crops
(Clovers, etc.) as a Means of enriching the
Soil in Nitrogen in the Interest of the Sub-
sequent raising of Grain Crops.

Field A.

The systematic treatment of the field here under con-
sideration, as far as suitable modes of cultivation and of
manuring are concerned, was introduced during the season
of 1883-84. The subdivision of the entire area into eleven
plats (one-tenth of an acre each) of a uniform size and
shape, one hundred and thirty-two feet long and thirty-three
feet wide, with an unoccupied and unmanured space of five
feet in width between adjoining plats, has been retained
unaltered since 1884. A detailed statement of the particular
aim and general management of our experiments, as well as
of the results obtained in that connection from year to year,
forms a prominent part of our contemporary printed annual
reports, to which I have to refer for details.

Since 1889 the main object of observations ujoon the same
field has been to study the infiuence of an entire exclusion of
any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance from
the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite additional
supply of nitrogen in different forms of combination^ on the
character and yield of the croj) selected for the trial.

Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive
any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes were retained
in that state, to studj' the effect of an entire exclusion of
nitrogen-containing manurial substances on the crop under
cultivation, while the remaining ones received, as l^efore, a
definite amount of nitrogen in the same form in which they
had received it in preceding years ; namely, either as sodium
nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as organic nitrogenous
matter in form of dried blood or of barn-yard manure. A
corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied in
all these cases.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 191

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used Annualhj per Acre.

( Nitrogen, .... 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, <* Phosphoric acid, ... 80 pounds.

[potassium oxide, . . .125 pounds.

{Nitrogen, .... none.

Phosphoric acid, ... 80 pounds.
Potassium oxide, . . . 125 pounds.

One plat, marked 0, received its main supply of phos-
phoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn-
yard manure ; the latter was carefully analyzed before being
applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far
as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of the
three essential fertilizing constituents. The deficiency in
potassium oxide and phosphoric acid was supplied by
potash-magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The
fertilizer for this plat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard
manure, 32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18
pounds of dissolved bone-black.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, — the general character of the
latter being the same, — the seeding, cultivating and harvest-
ing were carried on year after year in a like manner and
as far as practicable on the same day in case of every plat
during the same year.

The subsequent tabular statement shows the annual appli-
cation and special distribution of the manurial substances
with reference to each plat since 1889. The fertilizers were
in every case applied broadcast as early in the spring as
circumstances permitted. They were well harrowed under
before the seed was planted in rows by a seed drill.

192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Plats .

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat 0,

Plat 1,

Plat 2,

Plat 3,

Plat 4,

Plat 5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,

Plat 8,

Plat 9,
Plat 10,

800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (== 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (=: 8 5 lbs. available j)hosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) .
25 lbs. muriate of potash (=: Ig to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 llis. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-l)lack (:=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. availal)le phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (== 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Cost of Fertilizers applied to Field A.

Cost per Plat.

Cost per Acre.

Plat 0, .
Plat 1, .
Plat 2, .
Plat 3, .
Plat 4, .
Plat 5, .
Plat 6, .
Plat 7, .
Plat 8, .
Plat 9, .
Plat 10, .

$2 28

1 99

2 43
2 09

1 23

2 46
2 02

1 23

2 02

1 23

2 53

122 75

19 90
24 30

20 90
12 30

24 58
20 18
12 30
20 18
12 30

25 30

The above-described course of the general management of
the experiment has been followed thus far for live consecu-
tive years (1889-93, inclusive).

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193

Kind of Crops raised.

Com (maize), . . . . ' in 1889.

Oats, in 1S90.

Rye, in 1891.

Soja bean, in 1892

Oats, in 1893.

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed that as a rule those plats (4, 7, 9) which had not
received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes yielded
much smaller crops than those that received annually in some
form or other an addition of a corresponding amount of
available nitrogen .

The results of our observations were stated as follows : —

TJte experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
1889, ^90, ^91 and '92 shoio conclusively the importance of
a liberal supply to the soil of an available form of nitrogen, to
secure a successful and remunerative cultivation of farm crops
under othenvise corresponding favorable conditions. For
even a leguminous crop, the soja bean, when for the first time
raised upon Field A, did not furnish an exception to our
observation ( 1 892) .

1893. — The main object of our experiment upon Field A
during that season was to oliserve the after-effect of the cul-
tivation of soj'a bean (a leguminous crop) on the nitrogen
resources of the soil which served for its production. It
seemed of interest in our case to ascertain whether the rais-
ing of the soja bean upon Field A had increased the amount
of available nitrogen stored up in the soil to such an extent
as to affect the 3'ield of the succeeding crop upon those plats
(4, 7, 9) which as a rule did not receive at any time an
addition of available nitrogen from any other manurial source
but the atmospheric air and the roots of the soja beans left
in the soil after harvesting the crop.

A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suitable to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manurin<>-
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in preced-
ing years (see tenth annual report).

194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Oat Crop on Different Plats {1893).
[Pounds.]

Weight

of

Oats.

Weight of

Oats
per Acre.

Weight

of Straw

and

Chaff.

Weight

of
Grain.

Weight

of

Straw and

Chaff
per Acre.

Weight of

Grain
per Acre.

Plat 0,

5:50

5,300

399

131

3,990

1,310

Plat 1,

GOO

6,900

555

135

5,550

1,350

Plat 2,

GOO

6,000

454

146

4,540

1,460

Plat 3,

700

7,000

534

166

5,340

1,660

Plat 4,

590

5,900

430

160

4,300

1,600

Plat 5,

630

6,300

551

79

5,510

790

Plat 6,

600

6,000

498

102

4,980

1,020

Plat 7,

550

5,500

431

119

4,310

1,190

Plat 8,

420

4,200

325

95

3,250

950

Plat 9,

480

4,800

370

110

3,700

1,100

Plat 10,

610

6,100

485

125

4,850

1,250

Bnfio of Gnn'n to Straw

Plat 0, .

. 1:3

Plat 6, .

. 1:4.9

Plat 1, .

. 1:4.1

Plat 7, .

. 1:3.6

Plat 2, .

. 1:3.1

Plat 8, .

. 1:3.4

Plat 3, .

. 1:3.2

Plat 9, .

. 1:3.4

Plat 4, .

. 1:2.7

Plat 10, .

. 1:3.9

Plat 5, .

. 1:7

Conclusions. — An examination of the results given above
shows that the total crop per acre on those plats to which no
nitrogen was applied (4, 7 and 9) averaged 800 pounds less
than in case of the plats which received their regular supply
of nitrogen in some form or other.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195

Plat 8 shows again the exceptional conditions of previous
years, for, although fertilized in a like manner as Plat G, its
total yield was 1,800 pounds less.

In yield of grain those plats which received their nitrogen
in the form of sulphate of ammonia (5, G and 8) averaged
92 pounds; those in the form of organic nitrogen (0, 6 and
8), 140| pounds; those in the form of nitrate of soda (1
and 2), 140^ pounds.

The best results in relation of total yield to yield of grain
were obtained in the case of those plats receiving organic
nitrogen (dried blood and barn-yard manure), or nitrogen
in the form of nitrate of soda ; while in the case of sulphate
of ammonia the ratio of grain to straw was too wide to give
the best satisfaction.

The total jdeld of crops on the plats receiving no nitrogen
addition, as compared with those receiving a nitrogen supply,
was during the succeeding years as follows : —

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less ;

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less ;

With soja bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less ; and

With oats in 1893, one-seventh to one-eighth less.

From this it will appear that the introduction of a legu-
minous crop into our rotation had somewhat reduced the dif-
ference in yield between the plats receiving no nitrogen and
those receiving it, yet had not entirely obliterated it.

It was decided to continue the observation by repeating
the raising of soja beans in 1894 and oats in 1895.

1894. — To secure, if possible, more decisive results re-
garding the presence and absence of nitrogen, it was decided
to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid and potassium
oxide, as compared with preceding years.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients applied per Acre during 1894.

f Nitrogen, .... 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, <{ Phosphoric acid, . . . 160 pounds.

i^ Potassium oxide, . . . 250 pounds.

( Nitrogen, .... none.

Plats 4, 7, 9, . . .<J Phosphoric acid, . . . 160 pounds.

^^ Potassium oxide, . . . 250 jjounds.

196 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Jlanurial Substances Applied.

Plat

0,

Plat

1,

Plat

2

Plat

3,

Plat

4,

Plat

5,

Plat 6,

Plat

7,

Plat

8,

Plat

9,

Plat 10,

800 lbs. barn-yard mam:re, 80^ lbs. potash-magnesia sulphate and 77

lbs. dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrosren) , 54 lbs. muriate of potash

(=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 16 to 17 lbs. phosplioric acid).
29 lbs. nitrate of soda (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 97 lbs. potash-magnesia

sulphate (=25 to 26 llts. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
43 pounds dried blood (= 5 to 6 llis. nitrogen) , 54 lbs. muriate of potash

(=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
54 lbs. muriate of potash (=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114

lbs. dissolved Ijoiie-Iilack (== 16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
22^ lbs. ammonium suljihate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 97 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (^=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs.

dissolved bone-I)lack (^16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
22^ lbs. ammonium sulphate (^4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen) , 54 lbs. muriate of

potash (=25 to 26 ll3s. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (=16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
54 lbs. muriate of potash (=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114

lbs. dissolved bone-black (=16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
22i| lbs. ammonium sulphate (^4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 54 lbs. muriate

of potash (=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved

l)one-black (= 16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid).
54 lbs. muriate of potash (=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114

lbs. dissolved bone-black (=16 to 17 lbs. phosphoi-ic acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 97 lbs. sulphate of potash-
magnesia (=25 to 26 lbs. potassium oxide), and 114 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 16 to 17 lbs. phosphoric acid) .

An early maturing variety of white soja bean was the
crop employed for the experiment. The held was ploughed
April 18, the barn-yard manure having been previously
applied to Plat 0, and a quantity of lime to Plat 8.* Plats
1-10 received their fertilizer mixtures applied broadcast on
May 10. After proper preparation of the soil the soja beans
were planted on May 12 in drills two and one-half feet
apart, six pounds of seed being used per plat. The plants
appeared above ground INIay 21. June 5 the field was culti-
vated and hoed, and also on the 16th and 2.5th and July 12.

* This plat had suffered for years, as noted in previous reports, from a serious
attack of parasitic growth affecting the yield of the crop, and the lime was added to
correct the condition of the soil and prevent, if possible, the return of the failure.
The purpose for which it was applied was evidently served, for the yield of the
crop was very satisfactory.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

197

Height of Soja-hean Plants upon the Different Plats of Field A
diiring the Season (1894).

[IiK-Iies.]

July 3.

July 10.

July 24.

Plat 0,

12

Ifi

24

Plat 1,

12

16

25

Plat 2,

12

19

26

Plat 3,

11

15

26

Plat 4,

11

14

25

Plat 5,

13

17

25

Plat 6,

11

16

26

Plat 7,

10

14

24

Plat 8,

12

15

27

Plat 9,

10

14

25

Plat 10,

11

16

26

The color of the crop varied somewhat on the different
plats. Those receiving no nitrogen addition had a yellowish
appearance throughout the season, while No. 8, which in
previous years had been of inferior growth and color, ap-
peared to do as well as any during the entire growing period.
The plants l)egan to bloom July 25. Owing to the pro-
tracted drought of July and August the crop did not get
that fulness of growth which might have been ol)tained under
more favorable conditions. The crop was cut August 28,
being put into a silo with corn for the production of a mixed
silao'e.

Yield of Soja Bean on Different Plats (1894).
[Pounds.]

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Plat 0,

600

6,000

Plat 1, .

625

6,250

Plat 2, .

700

7,000 ■

Plat 3, .

525

5,250

Plat 4, .

405

4,050

Plat 5, .

645

6,450

Plat 6, .

615

6,150

Plat 7, .

480

4.800

Plat 8, .

680

6,800

Plat 9, .

470

4,700

Plat 10, .

570

5,700

198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Conclusions.

1. A comparison of the above-stated yield of the different
plats shows that those pLats (4, 7 and 9) which received no
nitrogen addition from an outside source yielded on an
average from 1,400 to 1,500 pounds less per acre than those
receiving a nitrogen addition.

2. From these figures it appears that the increased cost
of the fertilizer in the case of the plats receiving nitrogen
(45 pounds nitrogen at 13 cents =$(>.75) exceeds the value
of the increase in crop produced by its application (allowing
$5 per ton of green material containing 34.02 per cent, dry
matter).

3. An increase of twice the amount of the phosphoric
acid and potassium oxide as compared with earlier years
(see report for 1892) has not affected the relative yield of
the crop.

Analysis of Early Maturing Soja Bean.

[Raised on Field A ; collected when crop was cut, Aiig, 28, 1894.]

Per Cent.

Moistare at 100° C, 65.98

Dry matter, 3^.02

100.00
Ajialysis of Dry Matter.

Cnideash, ^-^^

" fibre, 17.28

"fat, 2.96

" protein, . 20.13

Nitrogeu-free extract matter, 49 . 94:

100.00

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

199

•4>3 ll>5. Dried Blmmd.
^"^ lbs. Dis. bono. Bla^k.

Ov

^^ lbs. rluriAt* of PotAsK^

'/^ lbs. Dis.BoTi^BUck.

CO

'22^1bs.-Sul|%heitc Ammoniac
'f^ Ibs.DlS.Bone BlAck.

00

v/<^ I bs. M ur i^te oF Pot&&h.

a^ Ibs.DiS. Bon^BIa^ck.

>0

to

2Z>^ lb&5olt3ha.te Ammonia

2Z^lbS. SulflliA,t°« Ammonia..
//fA lb&. Di&y Bone BldLCk^

^5^ lbs. Muriate Pot ASh.

//^ Ibs.Dis.Bone Bta^ck.

*0

4.3 lbs. Dried Bfoocf.

liH:-/^' IbS.Mur iat^ of fataAlt.

ftU- Ib&Pis. Bone, Er&ck,

N

29 Ibe.Niti-a^tc op Socfdi.
///^ lbs. Di& Bon«. Bl^ck.

•29 Ibs.Nitr-Ate of SbdA,
-\j'^^*bg'.Mm-i»t* of Pu^aSh.
/ft/^ Ib&.DiS. Bona ^lack.

600 I

77 lbs. pi6.&on< Bi*e.k

200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Field Experiments with Several, Varieties of
Potatoes and Some Prominent Mixed Forage
Crops.

Field B.

[a. Potatoes : Beauty of Heljron, Clark's and Ne\v Queen ; b. Mixed forage crops :
vetch, oats and horse bean, vetch and oats and vetch and barley.]

This field occupies an area of one and seven-tenths acres,
and runs from north to south, nearly on a level. The soil
consists of a somewhat sandy loam of several feet in depth.
The systematic treatment of the area was inaugurated in
1884, when the present subdivision into eleven plats was
first introduced. The plats are 175 feet long and 33 feet
wide (5,775 square feet, or two-fifteenths of an acre), of a
uniform shape, running from east to west, with a space of
five feet between adjoining plats. The numbering begins at
the north end with 11, and closes at the south end with 21.

For details regarding the work carried on upon Field B
previous to 1892, see tenth annual report.

The character of the crops raised during 1892 may be
noticed from the subsequent tabular statement : —

Crops raised in 1892.

Plats.

1S92.

Yield of Hay,

First and

Second Cut

(Pounds).

Rate per

Acre
(Pounds).

Plat 11,
Plat 12,
Plat 13,
Plat 14,
Plat 15,
Plat 16,
Plat 17,
Plat 18,
Plat 19,
Plat 20,
Plat 21,

Kentucky blue-grass, sown Sept. 24, 1889, .

Kentucky blue-grass and red top, sown Sept. 18, 1891,

English rye-grass and Italian rye-grass, sown Sept.

29, 1890.
English rye-grass and red top, sown Sept. 29, 1890, .

Herds grass and red top, sown April 23, 1891,

Italian rye-grass and red top, sown April 23, 1891,

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 25, 18S7, ....

Meadow fescue, sown Sept. 29, 1890

Herds grass, sown Sept. 25, 1889

Herds grass and red top, sown Sept. 29, 1S90,

Meadow fescue and herds grass, sown Sept. 18, 1S91,

Total

335
365
255
225
565
565
475
490
610
285
355

2,513
2,737
1,913
1,688
4,238
4,238
3,563
S,675
4,575
2,138
2,663

4,525

-

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

201

At the close of the season (1892) it was decided to raise
hereafter other crops than grasses upon plats 11, 13, 14, 15,
16 and 20. For this reason they were ploughed after the
rowen had been secured, while plats 12, 17, 18, 19 and 21
remained in grass for another season.

1893.— hats 11, 13, 14, 15, 1(5 and 20, which had been
used for several preceding years for the production of
grasses, were at an early date prepared to serve for experi-
ments with several prominent varieties of potatoes. They
were ploughed in August, 1892, and were again ploughed
for the final preparation April 25, 1893.

It was proposed to compare the yield, as far as quantity
and quality are concerned, under otherwise corresponding
circumstances. Three varieties of potatoes, Beauty of
Hebron, Clark's, New Queen, were chosen for the trial.
The seed potatoes were obtained of J. J. H. Gregory &
Son, Marblehead.

Two plats, 15 and 1(3, were assigned for the cultivation of
Beauty of Hebron ; two, 13 and 14, for that of New Queen ;
and two, 11 and 20, for that of Clark's variety.

One plat in each case received its potash supply in form of
muriate of potash (plats 11, 13 and 15), and one in each case
in that of high-grade sulphate of potash (plats 14, 16, 20).

The actual amount of potassium oxide used in all cases
remained the same.

Statement of Fertilizers used (Pounds) .

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Plats 11, 13, 15,
Plats 14, 16, 20,

c Muriate of potash, ....
( Bone,

c Suljihate of jjotash (high grade) , .
( Bone,

54

80

54

80

400
600

400
600

i>02 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Composition of Fertilizers used.

[Per Cent.]

Nitrogen.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Fine-ground bone,
Sulphate of potash,
Muriate of jiotash.

4.02

22.96

50.20
46.00

Jfarket Cost of Fertilizers.

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Plats 11, 13, 15,

Plats 14, 16, 20, .

12 39

2 66

$17 93
19 95

The final mechanical in-eparation of the difierent plats was
the same in all cases. The fertilizer was applied broadcast,
and subsequently thoroughly harrowed in before planting.
The potatoes were planted May 10 on all plats at the rate of
nineteen bushels per acre, or two and one-half l)ushels pota-
toes per plat. Potatoes used were either whole ones of
medium size, or when larger were cut in pieces of sizes cor-
responding to the former. Plats 11 and 20 were planted
with Clark's variety ; plats 13 and 14 were planted with New
Queen variety ; plats 15 and 16 were planted with Beauty of
Hebron variety.

The crop began to break ground jMay 26, and was subse-
quently cultivated and hoed June 5 and June 20. The pota-
toes were in bloom June 24, and the tops began to die
August 14. The crop was harvested August 23 and 24.

The potatoes were in all cases of a superior appearance ;
only one-eighth to one-ninth of the entire crop was not mar-
ketable as a first-class article, on account of small size.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

203

Yield of Crop.

A. Potash applied in the Form of Muriate.
Yield of Potatoes in Pounds.

Amount pkr Plat.

Rate per Acre.

VARIETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Plat 11, Clark's,

1,450

225

1,675

10,875

1,688

12,563

Plat 13, New Queen, .

1,G20

240

1,860

12,150

1,800

13,950

Plat 15, Beauty of Hebron,

2,160

190

2,350

16,200

1,425

17,625

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels {60 Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 11, Clark's,

-

-

-

181

28

209

Plat 13, New Queen, .

-

-

-

203

30

233

Plat 15, Beauty of Hebron,

-

-

-

270

24

294

B. Potash applied in the Form of High-grade Sidphate.
Yield oj Potatoes in Poujids.

Amount per Plat.

Rate per Acke.

V-UtlETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Plat 20, Clark's,
Plat 14, New Queen, .
Plat 16, Beauty of Hebron,

1,540

1,860
2,190

230
190
240

1,770
2,050
2,430

1

11,550
13,950
16,425

1,725
1,425

1,800

13,275
15,375
18,225

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels {GO Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 20, Clark's,

-

-

193

29

222

Plat 14, New Queen, .

-

-

-

233

24

257

Plat 16, Beauty of Hebron,

-

-

-

274

30

304

204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

From an examination of the above tabular statement of the
yickl of the diftereut varieties of potatoes on trial we arrived
at the following conclusions : —

1. The yield of potatoes is in every instance larger in
case sulphate of potash has furnished the potash of the fer-
tilizer used than where muriate of potash has served for that
purpose.

2. The yield of the three varieties of potatoes on trial,
although raised under a corresponding system of cultivation
and of manuring, differs seriously. Beauty of Hebron pro-
duces nearly one-sixth more in weight than the New Queen
variety, and one-third more than the Clark variety.

Plats 12, 17, 18, 19 and 21, which remained in grass in
previous years, received as top-dressing, muriate of potash,
200 pounds, and ground bone, 600 pounds, per acre, at an
early date in the spring, 1893. The grass was cut June 27
and 28. As the weeds began to infest the plats, the experi-
ment of studying a variety of grasses was closed, and the sod
turned under during the month of August. Dry lands do
not favor for any length of time an economical and clean
cultivation of the majority of our best grasses. For details,
see eleventh annual report for 1893.

A. Observations ivith Potatoes (^1894).

During the present season the experiments of the preced-
ing year with potatoes were repeated, and several varieties
of mixed forage crops sul)stituted for the grasses. Beauty
of Hebron, Clark's and New Queen were the varieties of
potatoes used in the trial, the seed tubers l^eing selected from
our crop of the previous 3'ear. Beauty of Hebron were
grown on plats 12 and 21, New Queen on 17 and 18, and
Clark's on 19 and 20. One plat in each case was supplied
with potash in the form of muriate of potash (17, 19 and 21),
and one in each case in the form of high-grade sulphate of
potash (12, 18 and 20).

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33,

205

Fertilizer used.

[Pounds.]

Plats 12, IS, 20,

Suliiliate of potash (high grade) ,
Bone,

Plats 1'

', 19, 21, j

Muriate of potash,
Bone,

54

80

54

80

400
600

400
600

Composition of Fertilizer used.

Xitrogen.

Potash.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Fine-ground bone, ....

4.09

-

21.86

Sulphate of potash, ....

-

50.80

-

Muriate of potash, ....

-

52.20

-

Market Cost of Fertilizers.

Per Acre.

Plats 12, 18, 20,
Plats 17, 19, 21,

$17 80
15 80

The field was ploughed April 11, the fertilizer was applied
hroadcast April 20, and harrowed in. The potatoes were
planted April 24, at the rate of two and one-half bushels
per plat, or nineteen bushels per acre. As far as possible
medium-sized whole potatoes were used for seed, and when
larger ones were used they were cut in pieces corresponding
in size to the former. May 11 the crop began to appear
above ground, but was somewhat nipped by the frost of the
15th. The field was cultivated and hoed May 30 and June
18, on which latter date the first appearance of blooming
was noticed on the various plats, Beauty of Hebrcm leading.
Owing to the severe drought during the latter part of the

206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

grooving period, the crop did not turn out as good as at first
indicated, there being a serious falling otf in yield and an
unusually large proportion of small tubers.

Yield of Crop (1894).

A. Potash applied in the Form of 3furiate.

Yield of Potatoes in Potmds.

Amount per Plat.

Rate per Acre.

VARIETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market- „ „ „
jjj^jg Small. Total.

Plat 19, Clark's, .

870

539

1,409

6,660

4,064 10,724

Plat 17, New Queen, .

1,161

563

1,724

8,754

4,245

12,999

Plat 21, Beauty of Hebron, .

9G2

449

1,411

7,253

3,384

10,637

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels (GO Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 19, Clark's, .

-

-

-

Ill

67

178

Plat 17, New Queen, .

-

-

-

146

70

216

Plat 21, Beauty of Hebron, .

-

-

-

121

56

177

B. Potash applied in the Form of High-grade Sulphate.
Yield of Potatoes in Pounds.

Amount per Plat.

Rate per Acre.

VARIETY.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Market-
able.

Small.

Total.

Plat 20, Clark's, .

741

627

1,268

5,587

3,973

9,560

Plat 18, New Queen, .

1,183

610

1,693

8,920

3,845

12,765

Plat 12, Beauty of Hebron, .

1,230

511

1,741

9,274

3,853

13,12T

Yield of Potatoes in Bushels (00 Pounds per Bushel).

Plat 20, Clark's, .

-

-

93

66

159

Plat 18, New Queen, .

-

-

-

149

64

213

Plat 12, Beauty of Hebron, .

-

-

154

64

218

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

207

Comparison of Yield for 1893 and 1894.
Total Yield (Bushels 2)c}- Acre) .

1893.

1894.

Percentage

of
Decrease.

Clark's, -with muriate of potash,
New Queen, with muriate of potash.
Beauty of Hebron, with muriate of potash,
Clark's, with suljihate of potash,
New Queen, with sulphate of potash.
Beauty of Hebron, with sulphate of potash.

209
283

294
222
257

304

178
21G
177
159
213
218

14.84
7.30
19.80
28.38
17.12
27.60

Percentage of Marketable Potatoes.

Clark's, with muriate of potash.

8G.60

62.36

24.24

New Queen, with muriate of potash.

87.12

67.59

19.53

Beauty of Hebron, with muriate of potash,

91.83

68.36

23.47

Clark's, with sulphate of potash,

8G.92

58.49

28.43

New Queen, with sulphate of j^otash,

90.66

70.00

20.66

Beauty of Hebron, with sulphate of potash.

90.13

70.64

19.49

The crop of 1894 as compared with that of 1893 is in
every case smaller, owing to the exceptionally dry season.

The relative proportion of marketable tubers is consider-
ably greater in 1893 than in 1894, owing to a premature
cessation of growth during the drought.

The difference in yield of the plats receiving muriate, as
compared with those receiving high-grade sulphate of pot-
ash, is but slight.

The severe drought has affected results to such an extent
that no further conclusions can 1)e drawn with reference to
the fertilizer used.

208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

B. Observations ii'ith Mixed Forruje Crops (7894).

Plats 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16, which were used for the pro-
duction of potatoes during 1803, were set apart for the rais-
ing of mixed forage crops during 1894. Plats 11, 13 and
15 were fertilized at the rate of 400 pounds of muriate of
potash and 600 pounds of ground bone per acre, while plats
14 and 16 were fertilized with 400 pounds of high-grade sul-
phate of potash and 600 pounds ground bone. Vetch, oats
and horse bean were raised on Plat 11, vetch and barley on
plats 13 and 14 and vetch and oats on plats 15 and 16.
The plats were prepared for planting at the same time and
in a similar manner as those used for the raising of potatoes.

Vefch and Barleij. — Plats 13 and 14 were prepared for
the raising of vetch and barley. Plat 13 was fertilized with
muriate of potash and bone and Plat 14 with sulphate of
potash and bone. The seed was sown April 2(\, at the rate
of 45 pounds vetch and 3 bushels barle}' per acre. The
plants appeared above ground ]May 4.

Height of Plants on Plats.

[Inches.]

Plat 13
(Muriate).

Plat 14
(Sulphate).

June 12,

June 18,

20
28

20

28

The barley began to head out June 20, and June 23 the
crop was cut for hay, the vetch being just in bloom. The
yield of hay was as follows : —

Plat 13, ,
riat 14,.

Per Plat
(Pounds).

765

677

Per Acre
(Pounds).

5,737
5,077

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

209

Analyses of Vetch and Barley.
[Equal nnmber of plants of each ; collected June 22, 1894.]

Pkr Cent.

Plat 13.

Plat 14.

Moisture at 100° C,

78.23

77.70

Dry matter, .... = ...

21.77

22.30

Analysis of Dry Matter.

100.00

100.00

Cnide ash,

4.64

7.80

" fibre,

32.25

32.58

"fat,

2.12

2.56

" protein,

14.44

13.36

Xitrogen-free extract matter, ....

46.55

43.70

100.00

100.00

Vetch and Oats. — Plats 15 and 16 were set aside for the
raising of vetch and oats. Plat 15 was fertilized with 400
pounds muriate of potash and 600 pounds ground bone per
acre, and Plat 16 with 400 pounds of high-grade sulphate of
potash and GOO pounds ground bone. The land was prepared
as for the other plats. The seed was put in April 6, at the
rate of 45 pounds vetch and 4 bushels of oats per acre. May
4 the plants appeared above ground.

Height of Plants on Plats.
[Inches.]

riat 15
(Muriate).

Plat 16
(Sulpluite).

June 12,

June 18, ........

June 26,

20
26
33

20
24
33

210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The oats began to head out June 25, and the crop was cut
for hay July 2, the vetch being then on the point of bloom-
ing. The yield of hay was as follows : —

Pounds.

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Plat 15,

Plat 16,

1,068
940

8,051

7,088

Analyses of Vetch and Oats.
[Equal number of plants of each ; collected July 5, 1894.]

Per Cent.

Plat 1.5.

Plat It;.

Moisture at 100° C,

76.24

75.29

Dry matter, ........

23.76

24.71

100.00

100.00

Ajialysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

9.59

8.69

" fibre, .

29.83

31.28

" fat,

3.13

2.63

" protein, .......

18.88

15.16

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

38.57

42.24

100.00

100.00

Vetch, Oats and Horse Bean. — Plat 11, which was used
for growing the above crop, was fertilized at the rate of 400
pounds of muriate of potash and 600 pounds of ground bone
per acre, the preparation of the plat for the seed l)eing the
same as for the other plats. May 8 the seed was sown, at
the rate of 60 pounds vetch, 60 pounds horse bean and 136
pounds of oats per acre. On ]\Iay 16 the vetch and oat
plants were coming up, and the horse bean appeared on
the 21st.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

211

Height of Plants

[Inches.]

June 18,
June 26,

15
22

June 28 the horse-bean plants began to bloom, and Jul}^
2 the crop was cut. The plat yielded 835 pounds of hay,
at the rate of 6,294 pounds per acre.

Analysis of Vetch, Oats and Horse Bean.

[Three plants each of vetch and of oats and one of horse bean ; collected July 9, 1894.]

Per Cent.

82.13

17.87

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Ayialysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein,
Nitrogen-free extract matter.

100.00

10.36
30.07
2.70
18.93
77.94

100.00

Conclusions.

On the tvhole, vetch and oats leads vetch and barley, on
account of the larger and more foliaceous character of the oafs
as compared with the barley. Vetch, oats and horse bean
leads in nitrogenous matter, and no doid)t icill exceed in regard
to the nutritious character of the crop as soon as the amount of
horse bean has been doubled, as indicated above. {Every one
of these crops coinpares well with clover hay.)

The large yield of these crops per acre, their high nutritive
value and special adaptation for green fodder, hay or ensilage,
merit serious attention for the support of farm and dairy stock.

The early date of maturity p)resents exceptionally good
chances of raising a second crop for fall supply, or for a
timely preparation of the soil for winter crop)s.

212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

00

CO

2

CD

^

Ck

0^

N,

l^-t-CU^^ly ^

CAL-ou-f^—f^iJa^

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1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 213

3. Field Experiments to ascertain the Influence of
Different Mixtures of Commercial Fertilizers
ON THE Yield and General Character of Sev-
eral Prominent Garden Crops.

Field C.

The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide ; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size (89^ by 0)2 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of five feet
of unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land. They are
arranged in two parallel rows, running from west to east.
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are along the north side of the field, begin-
ning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats Nos. 4, 5 and G
are located along its south side, beginning with Plat 4 on the
west end. The soil is several feet deep, and consists of a
light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a fair state of
productiveness when assigned for the experiment here under
consideration.

The entire field occupied by the experiment is nearly on
a level. Its earlier history can be learned from previous
annual reports.

The observation with raising garden crops, by the aid of
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats Nos. 1, 2 and 3
during that of 1892. The difference of the fertilizers applied
consisted in the circumstance that clifierent forms of nitro-
gen and potash were used for their preparation. All plats
received essentially the same quantity of nitrogen, potash
and phosphoric acid, and every one of them received its
phosphoric acid addition in the same form, namely, dis-
solved bone-black. Some plats received their nitrogen sup-
ply in the form of organic animal matter, dried blood ;
others in the form of sodium nitrate, Chili saltpetre ; others
in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some plats received

214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

their potash in the form of muriate of potash and others in
the form of the highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per
cent.). The subsequent tabular statement shows the quan-
tities of the manurial substances applied to the different
plats : —

Plats.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Pounds.

Sulphate of ammonia, .....

38

Plat 1, . }

Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black, .
Nitrate of soda, .

30
40
47

Plat 2, . ^

Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood.

30
40
75

Plat 3, . 4

Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black.
Sulphate of ammonia.

30
40
38

Plat 4, . )

Sulphate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .

30
40

47

Plat 5, . 5

Sulphate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black.
Dried blood.

30
40
75

Plat 6, . 5

Sulphate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,

1

30
40

This proportion corresponds per acre to : —

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid (available), 50.4

Nitrogen, 60.0

Potassium oxide, 120.0

Beets, cabbages, celery, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes and
potatoes have thus far been raised upon the field.

The order of arrangement of the different crops within
each plat was the same in all of them for the same year.
They occupied, however, a different position relative to each
other in successive years, to introduce, as far as practicable,
a svstem of rotation of crops.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

Order of arrangement of crops in plats : —

215

1892.

Celery.
Lettuce.

Spinach.
Be.ets.

Cabbages.
Tomatoes.
Potatoes.

1893.

1894.

Spinach.

Celery. ^^""

Lettuce.

Red Cabbage.
Beets.

Potatoes.

Potatoes.

Beans.

Tomatoes.
Spinach.

Beets.

White Cabbage.

Lettuce.
Onions.

Tomatoes.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the following average
relative proportion of the three above-stated essential ingredi-
ents of plant food : —

Nitrogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, 1-0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain,
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

4 . 1 pounds of nitrogen.

3.9 pounds of potassium oxide.

1.9 pounds of phosphoric acid.

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vege-
tables when harvested control under otherwise corresponding
conditions the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement
liere beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the foct that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty

210 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity.

The various mixtures of fertilizers used by us in the
experiments under discussion provide liy actual supply for
one-half of the available nitrogen actually called for to meet
the demand as above pointed out. A liberal cultivation of
peas and beans cannot fail to benefit the nitrogen resources
of the soil.

1894. — The field was ploughed April 22, and the fertil-
izer mixtures previously given were applied broadcast the
23d and thoroughly harrowed in. Potatoes, beans, tomatoes,
spinach, lettuce and onions were the crops selected for trial
in each plat, being arranged as follows, beginning at the
west side of each plat : —

Five rows of potatoes (Beautj^ of Hebron).

Six rows of beans.

Two rows of tomatoes (P>ssex Hybrid) ,

Two rows of spinach (New Zealand) .

One row of lettuce (Hanson) .

Four rows of onions (Yellow Globe Dauvers) .

Lettuce and tomato plants were raised in the hot-bed and
subsequently transferred to the plats. The work of seed
sowing and transplanting was done for each particular kind
on the same day. April 25 the potatoes were planted, one
bushel of seed being used per plat ; the spinach and onion
seed were put in April 26 ; the beans on ]May 7 ; May 18
the lettuce plants were set out from the hot-bed, and the
tomato plants on jNla}' 19. The onion plants began to
appear INIay 7 ; the spinach plants jMay 9 ; the potatoes
appeared on the 11th, being touched by the frost of the 15th ;
the beans began to appear May 17, Imt owing to poor ger-
mination on plats 2, 3, 5 and 6 additional seed was put in
about the last of ]\Iay. All crops were kept free from weeds
and treated similarly throughout the season. The various
crops were harvested whenever fit for the market. A severe
drought during the months of July and August affected seri-
ously the yield of crops and the time of harvesting. The
subsequent statements give data regarding date of maturit}'
and yield of the different crops.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

217

Yield of Spinach ( Variety Neio Zealand) .

Plats.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (two rows),

101

Plat 2 (two rows) ,

216

Plat 3 (two rows) ,

1G5

Plat 4 (two rows),

IClf

Plat 5 (two rows).

253

Plate (two rows),

113f

The seed was sown April 26 ; the crop was harvested
July 2.

Yield of Lettuce ( Va^'iety Hanson) ,

Plats.

Perfect
Heads.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (one row ;

eighty-one plants).

45

331

Plat 2 (one row ;

one hundred and two plants),

97

76|

Plat 3 (one row ;

one hundred and six plants) ,

81

541

Plat 4 (one roAV ;

one hundred and two jjlants).

95

'H

Plat 5 (one row ;

one hundred and six plants) ,

104

981

Plat 6 (one row ;

ninety-two plants).

71

43

The plants were set out May 17 ; they were harvested
June 29.

218 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Potatoes (^Variety Beauty of Hebron).

PO0NDS.

Plats.

Marketable.

Small.

Total.

Plat 1 (five rows), ....

205

115

320

Plat 2 (five rows), '. . . .

240

175

415

Plat 3 (five rows) , . . . .

220

150

370

Plat 4 (five rows), ....

220

170

395

Plat 5 (five rows), ....

195

195

390

Plat 6 (five rows) , . . . .

240

155

395

The potatoes were planted April 25 ; they were, harvested
Ausrust 7.

Yield of Beans.

Plat 1 (six rows).
Plat 2 (six rows),
Plat 3 (six rows) ,
Plat 4 (six rows),
Plat 5 (.six rows),
Plat 6 (six rows),

45
32
41
20
37
49

The beans were planted ]\Iay 7. The germination on plats
2,3,5 and 6 was very imperfect, and May 27 extra seed was
put in on these plats. June 25 first of plants came into
bloom ; they were threshed August 17.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

219

Yield of Onio7is ( Variety Yelloiv Globe Danvers) .

Plats.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (four rows),

156

Plat 2 (four rows),

249

Plats (four rows).

251

Plat 4 (four rows),

256

Plats (four rows),

266

Plat 6 (four rows) ,

204

The seed was sown April 26 ; the crop was harvested
September 24.

Yield of Tomatoes ( Variety Essex Hybrid) .

POtJNDS.

Date of Harvestixg.

1.

3.

3.

4.

5.

6.

August 10 (raatiired), .

-

3

10

9

7

8

August 14 (matured), .

8

25

12

13

12

12

August 17 (matured), .

29

77

40

52

60

31

August 20 (matured) , .

38

71

82

81

79

69

August 23 (matured) , .

22

431

47

41|

48

38

August 27 (matured) , .

56

77

61

93

74

69

August 31 (matured), .

54

70

56

92

76

66

September 4 (matured).

31

45

40

46

50

bQ

September 10 (matured) ,

60

68

54

85

112

66

Total weight of matured
tomatoes,

402

298

489

512

618

415

September 11 (green), .

54

70

56

92

76

56

Total weight of green and
matured, ....

352

659

458

604i

594

571

There were two rows of tomatoes in each plat, with 22
plants in each row. They were set out May 19 and began
to bloom June 5.

220 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Potatoes ( Variety Beauty of Hebron) .

Pol

NDS.

Plats.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

Plat 1 (five rows),

-

585

400

320

Plat 2 (fire rows) , . . .

-

665

520

415

Plats (five rows),

-

. 545

390

370

Plat 4 (five rows),

735

640

525

395

Plat 5 (five rows) , . . .

780

740

520

390

Plat 6 (five rows) , . . .

-

435

580

395

Tomatoes ( Variety Essex Hybrid) ,

Pounds.

Plats.

1891.

189S.

1893.

1894.

Plat 1 (two rows),

-

464

363

352

Plat 2 (two rows),

-

572

874|

559

Plat 3 (two rows) , . . .

-

466

807

458

Plat 4 (two rows) , . . .

641

515

818

604

Plat 5 (two rows),

647

593

978|

594

Plat G (two rows).

-

332

515

571

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

221

Lettuce ( Variety Hanson) .

Seventy Plants.

Plat 1 (one row),

41^-

401

29

Plat 2 (one row),

36

42

62

Plat 3 (one row) ,

43

46

36

Plat 4 (one row),

76

62

50

Plat 5 (one row) ,

60

70

68

Plat G (one row),

36

55

33

Spinach ( Variety Neio Zealand) .

Plats.

1893.

1893.

1894.

Plat 1 (two rows) , . . . .

192

167|

101

Plat 2 (two rows) , . . . ,

233

182

216

Plat 3 (two rows), ....

202

1801

165

Plat 4 (two rows), ....

230

-

161|

Plat 5 (two rows), ....

232

210

253

Plat 6 (two rows), ....

134

1981

113|

From our observations as above reported, extending over
three years, we may draw the following conclusions : —

Potash in the form of sulphate has given the most satisfac-
tory results, as compared with muriate, in the case of pota-
toes, tomatoes, lettuce and spinach, and with onions during
the present season.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda has given us, with-
out regard to the potash source, the most satisfactory returns
in case of spinach, lettuce, potatoes and tomatoes, and witL
onions during the present season.

222 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Lettuce {sampled July 6,1893).

Platl
(Percent.).

Plat 4
(Percent.).

Moisture at 100° C,

96.93

96.97

Dry matter,

3.07

3.03

Analysis of Dry Matter.

100.00

100.00

Crude ash,

17,84

15.66

" fibre,

13.35

14.11

"fat,

3.36

3.44

" protein,

23.83

26.85

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

41.62

39.94

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

96.930

96.970

Calcium oxide,

.026

.026

Magnesium oxide,

.005

.003

Sodium oxide,

.015

.018

Potassium oxide,

.241

.233

Phosphoric acid,

.017

.036

Nitrogen,

.117-

.130

Insoluble matter,

.124

.104

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

223

S2>inach {sampled July 12, 1893),

Plat 1 Plat 4

(Percent.). (Per Cent.).

Moisture at 100° C, .

Dry matter,

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein,
Kitrog'en-free extract matter.

92.80
7.20

100.00

29.47
12.49
2.42
25.45
30.17

100.00

91.63
8.37

100.00

29.06
11.77
2.12
28.53
28.52

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100^ C,

92.800

91.630

Calcium oxide,

.054

.065

Magnesium oxide,

.049

.052

Sodium oxide,

.199

.230

Potassium oxide,

.838

1.076

Phosphoric acid,

.046

.055

Nitrogen,

.293

.382

Insoluble matter, .......

.273

.272

224 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Beets.

Piatt

Plat 4

(Per Cent).

(Per Cent ).

Moisture at 100° C,

79.54

82.91

Dry matter,

20.46

17.09

100.00

100.00

Analt/sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

5.46

5.72

" fibre,

5.68

5.88

" fat,

.33

.36

" protein, .......

14.56

13.59

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

73.97

74.45

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constitue^its.

Moisture at 100° C,

79.540

82.910

Calcium oxide,

.143

.077

Magnesium oxide,

.031

.025

Sodium oxide,

.098

.125

Potassium oxide, ..'.....

.524

.450

Phosphoric acid,

.136

.113

Nitrogen,

.476

.368

Tnsoliible matter, .

.109

.106

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

225

Cabbage.

Plat 1

Plat 4

(Percent.).

(PerCtnt.).

Moisture at 100° C,

92.95

93.74

Dry matter

7.05

6.26

100.00

100.00

Atiali/sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

9.76

6.80

" fibre, ........

15.69

14.57

"fat,

1.95

2.46

" protein, .......

3.16

3.85

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

69.44

72.32

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

92.950

93.740

Calcium oxide, .......

.026

.024

Magnesium oxide,

.010

.010

Sodium oxide,

^ .040

.029

Potassium oxide,

.363

.299

Phosphoric acid,

.017

.036

Nitrogen,

.223

.241

Insoluble matter,

.217

.165

226 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tomatoes.

pi.it 1

Plat 4

(Per Cent.).

(Percent.).

^Moisture at 100° C,

93.51

94.44

Dry matter,

0.49

5.56

100.00

100.00

Ayialysis _of I>ry Matter.

Crude ash, ........

7.99

7.18

" fibre, ........

9.71

9.40

"fat,

4.96

4.95

" i^rotein,

16.57

20.85

Kitrogen-free extract matter, ....

60.77

57.62

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

93.510

94.440

Calcium oxide, .......

.030

.024

Magnesium oxide,

.019

.014

Sodium oxide, .......

_*

_*

Potassium oxide, .......

.353

.356

Phosphoric acid,

.045

.039

Nitrogen,

.170

.185

Insoluble matter, .

.011

.021

* Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

227

Potatoes

Platl
(Percent.).

riat 4
(Per Ceut).

Moisture at 100° C,

80.71

81.17

Dry matter,

19.29

18.83

Analysis of Dry Matter.

100.00

100.00

Crude ash, ,

4.71

4.64

" fibre,

2.26

2.35

" fat,

.54

.42

" protein, .......

10.98

10.06

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

81.51

82.53

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

80.710

81.170

Calcium oxide, .......

.018

.020

Magnesium oxide,

.044

.041

Sodium oxide,

.029

.024

Potassium oxide,

.607

.553

Phosphoric acid, .......

.065

.048

Nitrogen, .

.338

.303

Insoluble matter,

.026

.048

228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Field C\ Eastern Portion.

The part of Field C east of the experiment plats is 183 by
131 feet, and contains .55 acre, being divided into two equal
portions by the strip of uncultivated land passing through
the centre of the field. The fertilizer applied consisted of
300 pounds of fine-ground bone and 100 pounds of muriate
of potash. A strip 20 feet vride was set ofi:' at the western
side of the portion for special trials with vegetables, etc.
The northern portion remaining was used for the production
of carrots and the southern portion for globe mangolds. In
both cases the seed w^as put in May 4 and the young plants
appeared above ground the 14th. The field was kept free
from weeds during the growing season, and the mangolds
were harvested on October 9, yielding 3,840 pounds of
roots, or 15,368 pounds per acre. The carrots were har-
vested October 11, giving 5,563 pounds, or 22,363 pounds
per acre. The space w^est of the mangolds was used for
trials with oats. Three varieties, sent on by J. A. Everett,
Indianapolis, Ind., w^ere tested. They were: No. 1, Col-
garry Gray; No. 2, Rust Proof; and No. 3, White Supe-
rior Scotch. Two rows of each (89 feet long) were planted.
The oats were sown in drills May 4 and germinated May 10.

Height of Oat>!.

[Inches.]

June 12. I June 26.

July 3.

Xo. 1, Colgarry Gray, .

No. 2, Rust Proof,

No. 3, White Superior Scotch,

15
12
15

23

18
20

30
20
30

The oats were somewhat affected by rust during the season.
No. 2 suffering more than the others. June 29 the oats began
to head out. Nos. 1 and 3 were cut July 16 ; No. 2, several
days later.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT^ No. 33.

229

Yield of Oats.
[Pounds.]

Total
Weight.

Grain.

Straw.

Per Cent.
of Grain.

No. 1, Colgarry Gray, .

No. 2, Rust Proof, .

No. 3, White Superior Scotch,

38
43
41

15

7A

23

381

331

39.50
10.40
18.30

The space west of the carrots was given to the raising of
peas, Wisconsin tree bean, bush lima bean and potatoes.
The peas were sent on for trial bj James J. H. Gregory &
Son, Marblehead, Mass., and were numbered 1, 2 and 3,
there being one row of each. They were planted May 4,
coming up about the 11th. June 11 No. 1 began to bloom,
and June 14 Nos. 2 and 3, the diflerent rows having then the
following heights : —

Indies.

No. 1, 12

No. 2 6

No. 3, 11

June 25 there were pods ready for picking on No. 1 ; June
29, on No. 2, with a few on No. 3. No. 1 proved to be the
best yielder.

West of the peas was one row each of bush lima beans and
Wisconsin tree beans. The lima beans were sent on by the
United States Department of Agriculture and the Wisconsin
tree beans by J. A. Everett. The Wisconsin tree beans came
into bloom June 25 and the bush lima beans on July 9, but
the latter failed to reach maturity.

The remaining row was planted to a variety of potatoes,
Nos. 1-6 of which were sent on by J. A. Everett, Indianap-
olis, Ind., and No. 7 by Richard Nott, Burlington, Yt. They
were planted May 4, and May 17 No. 1 began to appear;
Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 on the 20th ; No. 7 on the 23d and No. 4
on the 24th. July 5 Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6 were noted as com-
ing into bloom, the others being a little later. August 22
the tubers were dug, and yielded as follows : —

230 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

No.

Name.

No. of
Hills.

No. of
Tubers.

Total
Weight.

Market-
able
Tubers

Weight.

Small
Tubers.

Weight.

1

Early Everett, .

5

68

lbs. oz.
10 14

34

lbs. oz.
7 12

34

lbs. oz.
3

2

Rural New Yorker, .

6

53

9 12

39

8 10

14

1 4

3

Colossal,

7

74

13 12

43

10 12

31

3

4

Heavy Weight, .

6

77

7 14

15

3

62

4 14

5

Everett's Sis Weeks,

5

64

5 11

16

2 13

48

2 14

6

Green Mountain,

6

68

12 4

40

9 15

2S

2 5

7

Nott's Seedling No. 7,

2

19

3 9

13

3 3

6

6

o

CO

o

jj/

^x.

JLL

J ' L

QXZ^

(f^fiAC)-^, (Ti-«^a^, e^Ze<,

^L/>-i^ /i(oc^yu>tLj

L>(X.^-x.,^^M4/^

r.
o

c

CD

O

o
(f)

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 231

4. Experiments with Forage Crops (Twenty-seven).

Field D.

This field has lieen used for the past three years for the
raising of a variety of reputed annual and perennial fodder
crops, in the majority of cases new to our section of the
country, to study their adaptation to our climate and soil.
Some of them have since been raised on a larger scale success-
fully and profitably for the support of our dairy stock, as
southern cow-pea, serradella, early-maturing soja bean, late-
maturing soja liean, summer vetch and oats, summer vetch
and barley, and vetch, oats and horse bean.

The field is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide, covering an
area of 22,960 square feet, or .527 acre. The field was
ploughed April 30, and May 1 a fertilizer mixture was
applied at the rate of 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and
200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The fertilizer
was applied liroadcast and harrowed in. The difterent crops
were planted in rows two and one-half feet apart, and were
kept free from weeds throughout the season. They were
arranged in the field during the past season in the following
order, begiunino; at the west end : —

Prickly comfrey {Symphytum officinalis) .

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).

Kidney vetch {Antliyllis vulneraria) .

Forest pea or flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestt-is) .

Crimson clover {Trifolium incarnatum).

Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).

Medium red clover ( Trifolium medium) .

Sainfoin {Onobrychis sativa).

Japanese clover (Lespedeza striata).

Winter rape {Brassica napiis) .

Dwarf Essex rape (Brassica napus).

Serradella {Ornitliopus sativus).

Vetch ( Vicia sativa) .

Bokhara clover (Melilotus alba) .

Yellow lupine (Lupiyius lutens) .

Blue lupine (Lupinus perennis) .

White lupine (Lxipinus alba) .

Southern cow-pea (Dolichos sinensis).

232 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Horse bean ( Vicia faba) .
Early-maturing soja beau {Soja hispida) .
Late-inatiiriug soja bean {Soja hispida).
Silver-hull buckwheat (Fagojjyrum esculentum) .
Japanese buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum).
Common buckwheat {Fagopyrum escidentum).
Hog millet.
Golden wonder millet.
Spanish peanut.

Prickly coinfrey ( Symphytum officinalis) , one row. The
roots remained in the ground and wintered well during the
winter of 1893-94, but were moved to their present position
before the field was ploughed during the spring. The crop
made a good growth, coming into bloom June 1. June 14
a part of it was cut for feeding (containing 86.67 per cent,
moisture) ; the remainder was cut June 21. A second growth
was made, which was cut during the fall. Following is
given the analysis of the crop : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 86.67

Dry matter, 13.33

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" fibre, ......

" ftit,

" protein, .....
Nitrogen-free extract matter.

100.00

21.12
11.03
2.06
17.49
48.00

100.00
Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100= C, 86.79

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.80

Potassium oxide, 6.76

Phosphoric acid, .87

This plant has been recommended as a forage crop for
dairy stock which can be grown upon lands where legu-
minous crops fail to give satisfactory results.

Alfalfa {jSTedicago safiva), five rows. The seed was pur-
chased of J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, at twenty cents
per pound. The seed was sown May 10, appearing above

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 233

ground May 17. The plants were twelve inches high July
3, fourteen inches high July 10. They suffered greatly from
the effects of the dry weather. Following is an average
analysis of the crop as hay : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C 9. GO

Dry matter, 91.40

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash 8.11

" fibre, 29.72

"fat, 1.65

" protein, 14.22

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 4(3.20

100.00
Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.21

Potassium oxide, 1.55

Phosphoric acid, .56

We have experimented with alfalfa at different times dur-
ing the existence of the station, as will be noted from pre-
vious annual reports, with but little encouragement, as the
crop suffered seriously from winter-killing.

Kidney vetch (Anl/ujUis vulneraria) , five rows. The
seed was sown May 10, the plants appearing May 25.
Being a perennial, the growth of the present season was but
slight. Below is given an analysis of the second growth,
<5ut when in bloom : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100=^ C, 80.85

Dry matter, 19.15

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 13.28

" fibre, 14.94

" fat, 3.51

" protein, 18.43

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 48.94

100.00
Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.94

Potassium oxide, 1.75

Phosphoric acid, .44

234 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

This plant prospers particularly upon a sandy soil, where
other kijuminous plants fail to give satisfactory returns.
Its cultivation has of late received considerable attention in
leading agricultural districts of Europe, for the above reason.

Flat pea or forest pea (Lathi/rus sylvestris)^ six rows.
Four rows remained in the ground from last season, but,
having winter-killed somewhat, they were combined into
two. On May 10 four rows were sown with seed obtained
of Delano Bros., Lee Park, Neb. The young plants began
to appear above ground June 6. The two rows of older
plants made a good growth, coming into bloom June 18.
It was cut July 12 for feeding, having then formed a number
of pods. The sample for analysis was taken at this time : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 78.80

Dry matter, 21.20

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash, 9.35

" fibre, 28.27

"fat, 3.29

" protein, 27.26

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 31.83

100.00
Dr}^ matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 4.36

Potassium oxitle, 2.57

Phosplioric acid, .90

Our results thus far obtained are not encouraging as far as
adaptation to our clime and soil is concerned. The plant
grows slowly during its earlier period, and has suffered
repeatedly from winter-killing. Its high nutritive value
may be judged from the above analysis. Whether it is
acceptable to dairy stock as green fodder is somewhat in
question. Judging from the observations of others, its best
use is as silage.

Crimson clover {Trifolium rncar)iafum) , six rows. The
seed was sown May 10, appearing above ground the 15th.
The growth during the early part of the season was promis-
ing, but the dry weather made practically a failure of it as

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 235

far as yield was concerned. The seed was purchased of
J. M, Thorburn & Co., New York, at twelve and one-half
cents per pound. As the crop had suffered from the drought
considerably when reaching its maturity, the analysis was
left for another season.

Alsike clover {TrifoUum hyhridum^, six rows. The seed
was sown May 10, the young plants beginning to appear
above ground May 17. This crop was also seriously affected
by the drought. The seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn
& Co., New York, at 25 cents per pound. An average
analysis of the dry material is given below : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C 9.93

Dry matter, 90.07

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

. 11.90

" fibre,

. 26.17

"fat,

2.58

" protein, .......

. 16. G3

Xitrogen-free extract matter, ....

. 42.72

100.00

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen,

2.48

Potassimu oxide, .......

2.47

Phosphoric acid,

.74

This variety of clover has served us well in our meadows,
it being seeded every two years at the rate of three to four
pounds per acre, applied in the spring.

Medium red clover {Trifolium medium'), five rows. The
seed was sown ^lay 10, first appearing above ground May
17. The crop did not make sufficient growth, on account of
the dry weather, so that it was not cut. The seed was pur-
chased of J. M. Thor])urn & Co., New York, at fifteen
cents per pound. Below is given an analysis of the dry
fodder : —

r Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 11.41

Dry matter, 88.59

100.00

236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Per Cent.

Crude ash,

9.84

" fibre,

. 27.51

"fat

2.13

" protein,

. 15.75

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

. 44.77

Dry matter contains : —
Nitrogen,
Potassium oxide, .
Phosijhoric acid, .

100.00

2.37

2.48
.48

As this is the standard variety of clover for use on grass
lands, no further discussion with regard to its merits is
needed.

Sainfoin {Onohrychis sativa), four rows. The sainfoin
remained in the ground from last year, the five rows being
reduced to four. It started into growth well, and May 19
had commenced to bloom. It was sampled for analysis
on May 28 and June 7, being cut for feeding June 11,
when thirty inches high. It made a very good second
growth, coming into bloom July 17.

May 28
(Percent.).

June 7
(l^er Cent.).

Moisture at 100° C, .
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Hatter.
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein,
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

79.49

76.27

20.51

23.73

100.00

100.00

8.06

9.56

22.62

22.49

2.83

2.78

15.95

18.11

50.55

47.06

100.00

100.00

1895.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — Xo. 33. 237

Fertilizing Constituents.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 12.17

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.99

Potassium oxide, 2.29

Phosphoric acid, .86

This crop requires a calcareous soil and dry subsoil to do
its best.

Japanese clover (Lespedeza striata) , five rows. Seed sown
May 10, first appearing above ground June 1. Being a per-
ennial, the plant did not make sufficient growth to permit of
an analysis. The seed w^as sent on by the United States
Department of Agriculture.

Winter rape (^Brassica 7iapus), five rows. The seed was
sown May 10, the young plants appearing alcove ground
May 15. The seed was obtained of D. Landreth & Sons,
Philadelphia, Pa. July 6 a portion of the rape was cut and
fed out, being about fourteen inches high. Analysis at this
period : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 83.34

Dry matter, 16.66

100.00
Analysis of Dry Mattel'.

Crude ash 22.44

" fibre, 12.26

"fat, 3.06

" iH'otein, 15.16

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 47 . 08

100.00

Dwarf Essex rape (^Brassica najms), five rows. The seed
was sown May 10, appearing above ground May 17. It
made a good growth. July 6 one row was cut for feeding,
being twenty-three inches high at the time. Analysis of a
sample taken at this time showed it to have the following
composition : —

Per Cent.

Moistiire at 100° C, 94.57

Dry matter, . . . 6 . 43

100.00

238 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A nail/ sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein,
Xitrogeu-free extract matter.

Per Cent.

IG.ll

18.96

3.80

12.86

42.27

100.00

Both varieties of rape are known as valuable fodder plants,
as well as suitable crops for green manuring. Neither of
these varieties come to blooming during the present season.
They are expected to furnish valuable green fodder during
the coming season.

Serradella (Orniihopus sativus), five rows. The seed was
«own May 10, the plants appearing above ground May 21.
The crop made a good growth, coming into bloom July 5.
July 10 the plants were eleven inches high. The seed was
purchased of Henry Nungesser, New York, at ten cents per
pound. Following is given an average of the analyses of
serradella made at the station : —

Moisture at 100^ C,
Dry matter, .

Per Cent.
82.41
17.59

Analijsis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" fibre, . . . . - .

" fat,

" protein, ......

Nitrogen-free extract matter.

Fi' rtilizing Constituents.
Diy matter contains : —

Nitrogen,

Potassium oxide, ......

Phosphoric acid, ......

100.00

10.99
30.08
• 2.41
15.01
41.51

luo.oo

2.40

.70
.84

We have used serradella for several years as a fodder crop
for ffrecn fodder as w^cU as silajre. It has been raised in
drills three feet six inches apart, yielding nine and one-half
tons of green fodder per acre.

1895.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

239

Spring vetch ( Vicia sativa). The vetch was sown April
26, the seed coming up May 4. Seed was used at the rate
of forty- tive pounds per acre. The vetch came into lilooni
June 23, when twenty-eight inches high. The seed was
purchased of J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, at seven
cents per pound. Analysis of the dried crop shows it to
have the following composition : —

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100- C,

Dry matter contains : —
Nitrogen, .......

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide, ......

Moisture at 100^ C,

9.90

Dry matter, ..........

91.10

100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

8.24

'• fibre,

30.27

" fat, . . .

2.50

" protein,

l.-).09

Kitrogen-free extract matter, ......

43.80

100.00

8.21

2.40

.86
3.00

Bokhara clover {Melilohis alba)^ five rows. This crop
remained in the ground from last year. It started into
growth early, and on May 28 about twelve feet from the
north end of each of the rows was cut for feeding, being
about thirty inches high. June 7 another portion was cut
for feeding, being thirty-six inches in height. June 18 the
plants were coming into bloom at forty-five inches in height.
June 22 the remaining portion was cut and fed out, being
five feet in height. The seed was bought of Henry Nun-
gesser. New York, at twenty cents per pound. Analysis
of the crop collected at diiiereut dates gave the following
results : —

240 AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Per Cent.

Jlay 28.

June 7.

June 22

Moisture at 100° C,

87.43

80.99

75.86

Dry matter,

12.51

19.01

24.14

100.00

100.00

100.00

Analijsis of Drij Matter.

Crude ash,

11.67

10.21

7.71

" fibre,

24.43

29.98

33.99

"fat,

3.51

2.76

2.88

" protein, ......

23.37

18.62

17.18

Nitrogen-free extract matter.

37.02

38.43

38.24

100.00

100.00

100.00

This crop furnishes a liberal amount of fodder the first
and second years. It should be cut before the plant reaches
blooming, to preserve its succulent character. When ad-
vanced beyond that stage of growth it becomes coarse and
is rejected by cattle.

Yellow lupine {Lupinus hdens), six rows. The seed was
sown May 9, coming up May 23, but not germinating very
well. July 12 the plants were coming mto bloom, being
about one foot in height. The seed was obtained of D.
Landreth & Son, Philadelphia. Analysis of the plant
shows it to have the following composition : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100" C, 86.05

Dry matter, 13.95

100.00

Aiialysis of Br
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein.
Nitrogen-free extract matter.

•y Matter.

11.14
27.10
1.87
17.84
42.05

100.00

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 241

FertiUziiKj Constituents.

Dry matter contains : — Per ce^t.

Nitrogen, 2.66

Potassium oxide, 2.96

Phosphoric acid, .61

Blue lupine (Lnpinns coeruleus), three rows. The seed
was sown May 9, the plants appearing above ground May
19. The plants came into bloom July 12, when al)out two
feet in height. The seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn,
New York, at fifteen cents per pound.

White lupine {Lupinus albus), six rows. The seed was
sown May 9, the young plants appearing above ground May
19. The plants came into bloom June 28. July 10 it waij
noted as being twenty-five inches high. The seed was pur-
chased of D. Landreth & Son, Philadelphia, at six cents per
pound. The composition of the plant is stated below : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 85.35

Dry matter, 14.65

100.00
Amihisis of Dry Mdttcr.

Crude ash, 5.03

" tibre, 31.18

"fat, 2.41

" protein, 18.71

Nitrogen- tree extract matter, 42.67

100.00

FertiUzing Coiistituenis.

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.99

Potassium oxide, 1.73

Phosphoric acid, . .35

The lupines have served us well as green manuring crops.
They may be seeded the beginning of INIay and are ready to
be ploughed under the beginning of June, or may be seeded
the latter part of August and are ready for ploughing under
the latter part of September.

242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Southern cow-pea (DoUchos sinensis), five rows. The
seed was sown May 9, the young phmts appearing above
ground May 19. The crop made a good growth, and was
sampled for analysis on August 28 and October 2. The
seed was purchased of D. Landreth & Son, Philadelphia.
The analysis of the crop showed the following composi-
tion : —

A 11 trust 28
(TcT Ci'iit.).

October 2
(Per Cent.).

Moisture at 100° C,

81.81

80.60

Dry matter,

18.19

19.40

Analijsis of Dry Mutter.

100.00

100.00

Crude ash,

11.20

9.96

" fibre,

17.87

20.52

"fat,

4.C3

3.81

" protein,

17.19

16.41

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

49.11

49.30

100.00

100.00

Two prominent varieties (Clay and Whippoorwill) have
been raised successfully for a number of years, and have
served us well as fodder crops either green or in the form
of silage. None of these varieties mature seed in our sec-
tion of tlie country.

Horse l)ean ( Vicia faha), five rows. The seed was sown
May 9, and first appeared above ground May 21. The
plants first l)egan to blossom June 28. July 10 the plants
had reached a height of twenty-one inches. Belo>v is given
an analysis of the crop with pods forming : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 84.83

Dvy matter, 15 . 17

100.00

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243

Analysis of Dry Matter. Per cent.

Crude ash, 5.75

" fibre, 28.17

"fat, 2.31

" protein, 16.68

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 47 . 09

100.00

Horse bean stands our climate extremely well, the medium-
sized variety seeming to be the best for us. We have during
the past year raised it as a mixed crop with vetch and oats,
and are pleased with the results.

Early-maturing soja bean (Soja hispida), raised on Field
A. The seed was planted May 12, in drills two and one-half
feet apart, at the rate of sixty pounds per acre. The young
plants began to appear INIay 21. July 24 the plants on the
different plats began to bloom. The yield of the crop was
affected considerably hy the dry weather. The crop was cut
August 28, being put into a silo with corn for the production
of a mixed silage. Below is given the analysis of the above
crop : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100" C, G5.98

Dry matter, 34.02

100.00
Analysis of Di'y Matter.

Crude ash 9.69

" fibre, 17.28

"fat, 2.96

" protein, 20.13

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 49.94

100.00

Later-maturing soja bean {Soja hispida)^ five rows. The
seed was sown May 9, the young plants first appearing above
ground May 21. The crop made a very vigorous growth,
and was sampled for analysis at two diflerent periods. The
seed was obtained of J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.
The results of the examination of the samples collected are
as follows : —

244 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Dry matter,

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude asli, .....

" fibre, .....

" fat,

" protein, ....
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

August 28
(Per Cent.).

70.91
29.09

100.00

10.34
21.09
3.11
27.49
37.97

October 28
(Per Cent).

68.11

31.89

100.00

100.00

8.43
21.20

2.34
23.16
44.84

100.00

Fertilizing Constittients.

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen,

Potassium oxide,

Phosphoric acid,

3.70

* Not determined.

The above samples were raised on Field A, in 1892, in
drills two and one-half feet apart, using seventy pounds of
seed per acre, and securing on an average nine to ten tons
per acre, which served as mixed ensilage with corn. The
addition of leguminous plants, as clover, soja beans, serra-
della, etc., to corn for silage tends to counteract the acid
reaction of the corn silage and furnishes a most acceptable
article for feeding.

Silver-hull buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculentum) , eight
rows. The seed was sown ]\Iay 9, the young ])lants appear-
ing above ground May 16. It came into bloom June 18,
and was cut for feeding out July 14, when about three feet
in height. The seed was purchased of J. M. Thorburn &
Co., New York, at ten cents per pound. An analysis of the
dried crop, cut when in bloom, gave the following results : —

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 245

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 8.91

Dry matter, 91.09

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude a:^h, 10.17

" fibre, 27.07

" fat, 2.55

" protein, 12.22

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 47 . 99

100.00
Fertilizing Liyrcdients.

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 1.95

Potassium oxide, . . . . . . . . . . 2.61

Phosphoric acid, . . . .94

Japanese buckwheat {Fdgopyrum esculentimi^ , seven rows.
The seed was sown May 9, the young plants appearing al)ove
ground May 16. The first blossoms appeared June 18, and
the crop was cut for green fodder July 14. The seed was
purchased of J. M. Thorl^urn & Co., New York, at ten
cents per pound. Below is given an analysis of the air-
dried material, collected when in bloom : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 5.71

Dry matter, 94.29

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter,

Crude ash, 12.36

" fibre, 36.02

" fat, 2.22

" protein, 10.80

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 38.60

100.00
Fertilizing Cotistituents.

Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 1.72

Potassium oxide, 3.51

Phosphoric acid, .90

Both the silver-hull and Japanese varieties of l)uckwheat
are on the whole larger plants and more foliaceous, and
consequently yield a larger amount per acre. The Japanese
variety seems to be the better of the two.

246 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Common buckwheat (^Fagopyrmn esculentum)^ seven rows.
The seed was sown May 9, the young plants appearing above
ground May 18. June 18 the plants came into bloom. July
13 the crop was cut and fed out. The seed was obtained of
D. Landreth & Son, Philadelphia, at five cents per pound.
Below is given an analysis of the dried material : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, . 8.50

Dry matter 91.50

100.00
Analiisis of Dry Ifaiter.

Crude asli, 14.03

" fibre, 19.35

" fat, 3.04

" i)rotein, ■ 17.90

Kitrogen-free extract matter, 45.08

100.00
FcrtilizuKj (Jo7isiUue)Us.
Dry matter contains : —

Nitrogen, 2.866

Potassium oxide, 3.504

Phosphoric acid, .547

Common buckwheat yields somewhat less than the pre-
viously mentioned varieties, yet its nutritive character,
under a corresponding system of cultivation and manuring,
exceeds that of either one.

Hog millet, five rows. The seed was sown May 9, and
began to come up ^lay 17. This variety did not make as
satisfactory growth as the next. It commenced to head out
July 10, when twenty-four inches high. The seed was sent
on by the Northrup, Braslon, Goodwin Company, Minne-
apolis, Minn.

Golden wonder millet, five rows. The seed was sown
May 9, and began to come up May 17. The crop made a
very good growth, and July 9 l)egan to head out, when
twenty-six inches high. The seed was sent on by the
Northrup, Braslon, Goodwin Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

The millets both yield a large crop, but, as the seed was
somewhat mixed, no weights have been taken.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 247

Spanish peanut (AracMs JiT/pogcea), two rows. The pea-
nuts were planted May 10, coniino; into bloom July 16. As
the amount of seed received and used was small, no data
are given with regard to yield, etc. The peanuts were sent
on by the United States Department of Agriculture.

We have seeded down during the early part of September,
1894, rye, winter vetch and rye and dwarf Essex rape, to
secure, if possible, a supply of valuable green fodder during
the middle or latter part of May. The winter vetch used for
this purpose was especially imported, to test its adaptation
to our climate. Previous experiments in this direction
failed, as we suppose, on account of getting summer vetch
in place of winter vetch.

248 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Field "D."

1892.

Artichoke.

Prick ley Comfrey.

Pyrethrum.
Forest Pea.

Stachy's Tubers.
Kidney Vetch.

Winter Rape.
Sainfoin.

Yellow Trefoil.
Spring Vetch.

Bokhara Clover.
Summer Rape.

Horse Bean.
Serradella.

Soja Bean.
Cow-pea.

Jackson Wonder Bean.
Blue Lupine.

White Lupine.
Yellow Lupine.

Silver-hull Buckwheat.

Japanese Buckwheat.

Common Buckwheat.

W

Arrangement of
1893.

Minnesota Corn.
White Lupine.

Yellow Lupine.

Prickley Comfrey.
Pyrethrum.

Forest Pea.
Late Soja Bean.
Kidney Vetch.

Early White Soja Bean.

Sainfoin.

Early Black Soja Bean.

Cow-pea.
Serradella.

Spring Vetch.
Bokhara Clover.

Horse Bean.
Kaffir Corn.

Common Buckwheat.
Japanese Buckwheat.

Silver-hull Buckwheat.
Summer Rape.

Carrots.

Crops raised.

1894.
W

Prickly Comfrey.
Alfalfa.

Kidney Vetch.
Lathyrus sylvestris.
Crimson Clover.
Alsike Clover.
Medium Red Clover.
Sainfoin.
Japanese Clover.
Winter Rape.
Essex Rape.
Serradella.
Bokhara Clover.
Yellow Lupine.
Blue Lupine.

White Lupine.
Southern Cow-pea.
Horse Bean.
Late Soja Bean.
Silver-hull Buckwheat.

Japanese Buckwheat.
Common Buckwheat.

Hog Millet.

Golden Wonder Millet.
Spanish Peanut.

Scale of length, 50 feet to I inch.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

249

Compilation of Analyses of Fodder Articles raised (1894).

100 Parts

OP Dry Matter

Dry Matter

CONTAIN

—

CONTAINS —

Name of Crop.

4) '

o

o
a

^

P o

a

.fl

ja

s

a
'a
o

&2
cW2

o
o

O

<

E=H

f^

Oi

l2i

^

Ph

/. Lequminous Plants.

Flat pea {Lathyrua sylves-

trls),

21.20

9.35

28.27

3.29

27.26

31.83

4.36

.90

2.57

Late-maturing soja bean, .

29.09

10.34

21.09

3.11

27.49

37.97 ■

4.39

-

-

Late-maturing soja bean, .

31.89

8.43

21.20

2.34

23.18

44.84

3.70

_

_

Early-maturing soja bean, .

34.02

9.69

17.28

2.96

20.13

49.94

3.22

_

_

Bokhara clover, .

12.57

11.67

24.43

3.51

23.37

37.02

3.73

-

_

Bokhara clover, .

19.01

10.21

29.98

2.76

18.62

38.43

2.97

_

_

Bokhara clover (in bloom),

24.14

7.71

33.99

2.88

17.18

38.24

2.90

_

_

Kidney vetch,

19.15

13.28

14.94

3.51

18.43

48.94

2.94

.44

1.75

White lupine,

14.65

5.03

31.18

2.41

IS. 71

42.67

2.99

.35

1.73

Yellow lupine, .

13.95

11.14

27.10

1.87

17.84

42.05

2.66

.61

2.96

Southern cow-pea.

18.19

11.20

17.87

4.63

17.19

49.11

2.75

.58

1.04

Alsike clover,

90.07

11.90

26.17

2.58

lfi.63

42.72

2.48

.74

2.47

Medium red clover, .

88.59

9.84

27.51

2.13

15.75

44.77

2.. 37

.48

2.48

Sainfoin

23.73

9.56

22.49

2.78

18.11

47.06

2.99

.86

2.29

Spring vetch,

91.10

8.24

30.27

2.50

15.09

43.80

2.40

.86

3.00

Serradella

17.59

10.99

30.08

2.41

15.01

41.51

2.40

.84

.70

Alfalfa, ....

91.40

8.11

29.72

1.65

14.22

46.20

2.21

.56

1.55

//. 3fisceUaneons Crops.

Common buckwheat, .

91.50

14.63

19.35

3.04

17.90

45.08

2.87

.55

3.50

Silver-hull buckwheat.

91.09

10.17

27.07

2.55

12.22

47.99

1.95

.94

2.61

Japanese buckwheat, .

94.29

12.36

36.02

2.22

10.80

38.60

1.7-.i

.90

3.51

Prickly comfrey.

13.33

21.12

11.03

2.06

17.49

48.00

2.80

.87

5.76

Dwarf Essex rape,

5.43

16.11

18.96

3.80

12.86

42.27

2.05

-

-

Winter rape.

16.66

22.44

12.26

3.06

15.16

47.08

2.42

-

-

Dry Matter contains

—

a

« ^

Name of Crop.

C

.a*

2

o

is

a

<i

S

f^^

Ph

s§

a

a

mS

•a

-a

-a

9ri C

a

3

3

3

.t:Hii

O

O

O

O

O

Iz;

///. Mixed Crops {Dried).

Vetch and oats. Field G, 1894

91.05

4.48

27.78

2.62

22.56

42.56

Vetch and oats, Field B, Plat 15, 1894, .

90.64

9.59

29.83

3.13

18.88

38.57

Vetch and oats. Field B. Plat 16, 1894, .

90.65

8.69

31.28

2.63

15.16

42.24

Vetch and barley, Field B, Plat 13, 1894, .

91.51

4.64

32.25

2.12

14.44

46.55

Vetch and barley. Field B, Plat 14, 1894, .

90.76

7.80

32.58

2.56

13.36

43.70

Vetch, oats and horse bean, B'ield B, Plat 11,

1894

89.81

10.36

30.07

2.70

18.93

77.94

The raising of fodders richer in nitrogenous constituents
than our meadow growth (upland meadow hay) and pasture
growth enables us to reduce the expenses for commercial con-
centrated feed stuffs to produce the desired well-balanced
nutritive fodder rations for our farm live stock.

250 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

How can Forage Croj)S assist in improving the Productive-
ness of our Farm Lands 9

The consideration of this important question claims the
serious attention of every thinking and progressive farmer,
for nobody questions the correctness of the view that a suc-
cessful termination of his work depends in a controlling
degree on a correct appreciation of the extent and character
of his resources of plant food and on a liberal and intelligent
use of the latter.

An insufficient supply of suitable manurial matter, required
for the successful and liberal production of the crops to be
raised, is at present universally recognized as being the most
fatal circumstance in any system of farming for profit.
Adopting this conclusion as the correct verdict of past and
present experience in agricultural industries, it becomes most
desirable, in the interest of satisfactory pecuniary returns,
that every available manurial resource of the farm should be
turned to account to its full extent. To secure this end we
are advised to begin the work with a timely thorough mechani-
cal 2:)re2xiration of the soil under cultivation; to select the
crops to be raised^ as far as practicable, with reference to their
tendency of economizing existing natural resources of plant
food; to increase the latter to the full extent of suitable home-
made manure on hand, and to supplement the latter liberally by
buying commercial concentrated fodder articles and comtnercial
fertilizer, as far as circtimstances advise.

To again discuss * briefly one of the means of developing
and economizing manurial sources of the farm is the object
of this chapter.

On Production and Selection of Fodder Crops.

A careful inquiry into the history of agriculture, down to
the middle of the present century, has shown that the original
productiveness of farm lands in all civilized countries, even
in the most favored localities, has suflered in the course of
time a gradual decline. This general decline in the fertility
of the soil under cultivation has been ascribed, with much

* See annual reports for 1889 (page 189) and 1890 (page 135) ; also Bulletin No. 36.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 251

propriety in the majority of instances, mainly to two causes,
namely : a gradual but serious reduction in the area occupied
by forage crops, natural pastures and meadows ; and a
marked decline in the annual yield of fodder upon large
tracts of land but ill suited for a permanent cultivation of
grasses, — the main reliance of fodder production at the time.
A serious falling off in the annual yield of pastures and
meadows was followed usually by a reduction in farm live
stock, which in turn caused a falling off in the principal
home resource of manurial matter. This chapter in the
history of farm management has repeated itself in most
countries. The unsatisfactory results of that system of farm-
ing find still an al)undant illustration in the present exhausted
condition of a comparatively large area of farm lands in New
England.

Scientific investigations carried on during the past fifty
years for the particular benefit of agriculture have not only
l)een instrumental in recognizing the principal causes of an
almost universal periodical decline of the original fertility
of ftirm lands, but have also materially assisted by field
experiments and otherwise in introducing efficient remedies
to arrest the noted decline in the annual yield of our most
prominent farm crops. , As a scanty supply of manurial
matter, due to a serious falling off of one of the principal
fodder crops (pastures and meadow growth), was found to be
one of the chief causes of less remunerative crops, and thus
indirectly has proved to be the main cause of an increase in
the cost of the products of the animal industry of the farm,
— milk and meat, — it is but natural that the remedies
devised should include, as one of the foremost recommenda-
tions, a more liberal production of nutritious fodder crops.
The soundness of this advice is to-day fully demonstrated in
the most successful agricultural regions of the world. An
intensive system of cultivation has replaced in those locali-
ties the extensive one of preceding periods ; although the
area under cultivation for the production of general farm
crops has been reduced, the total value of the products of
the farm has increased materially in consequence of a more
liberal cultivation of reputed fodder crops. The change has
been gradual and the results are highly satisfactory.

252 AGKICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Viewing our own present condition, we notice that well-
paying grass land, good natural meadow, with rich and
extensive pastures, are rather an exception than the rule.
The benefits derived from indifferently yielding natural
pastures are more apparent than real ; the low cost of the
production of the fodder is frequently, in a large degree, set
off l)y a mere chance distribution of the manure produced.
A continued cultivation of one and the same crop upon the
same land, without a liberal, rational system of manuring,
has caused in many instances a one-sided exhaustion of the
land under cultivation. This circumstance has frequently
been brought about in a marked degree by a close rotation
of mixed grasses (meadow growth) and of our next main
reliance for fodder, — the corn (maize). Both crops require
potash and phosphoric acid in similar proportion (four parts
potassium oxide to one part phosphoric acid), and both
require an exceptional amount of the former. There is
good reason to assume that the low state of productiveness
of many of our farms, so often complained of, is largely due
to the fact that crops have been raised in succession for
years, which, like those mentioned, have consumed one or
the other essential article of plant food in an exceptionally
large proportion, and thereby have gradually unfitted the
soil for their remunerative production, while a liberal sup-
ply of other important articles of plant food is left inactive
behind. As the amount of available plant food contained in
the soil represents largely the working capital of the farmer,
it cannot be otherwise but that the practice of allowing a
part of it to lay idle must reduce the interest on the invest-
ment.

Our personal observation upon the lands assigned for the
use of the station has furnished abundant illustration of the
above-described condition of farm lands. In one instance it
was noticed that a piece of old worn-out- grass land, after
being turned under and properly prepared, as far as the
mechanical condition of the soil was concerned, produced,
without any previous application of manure, an exception-
ally large crop of horse beans and lupine, — two reputed
fodder crops. A similar observation was made during the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 253

past season, when lands which for years had been used for
the production of English hay and corn were used for the
cultivation of southern cow-pea, serradella and a mixed crop
of oats and vetch, to serve as green fodder for milch cows.

The field engaged for the production of these crops was
not manured, because it was to be prepared for a special field
experiment during the present season. An area of this land,
which, under favorable circumstances, would not produce
more than six tons of green grass at the time of blooming,
yielded nine to ten tons of green vetch and oats, ten tons of
green southern cow-pea and from twelve to thirteen tons of
green serradella. The exceptional exhaustion of our lands in
potash has been shown by detailed description of experiments
with fodder corn in previous annual reports. (Field A,
annual reports IV., V. and VI., 1886-88.)

The results obtained during past years tend to confirm the
opinion held hy successful agriculturists, that dry grass lands
which are in an exceptional degree inclined to a spontaneous
overgrowing by an inferior class of fodder plants and weeds,
if at all fit for a more thorough system of cultivation, ought
to be turned by the plough and subsequently planted with
some hoed crop, to kill off the foul growth and to improve
the physical and chemical condition of the soil. These lands
prove in many instances ultimately a far better investment
when used for the raising of other farm crops than grasses.
The less the variety of crops raised in succession upon the
same lands, the more one-sided is usually the exhaustion of
the soil, and the sooner, as a rule, will be noticed a decrease
in the annual yield. The introduction of a greater variety
of fodder plants enables us to meet better the difierences in
local conditions of climate and of soil, as well as the special
wants of difierent branches of farm industry. In choosing
plants for that purpose it seems advisable to select crops
which would advantageously supplement our leading fodder
crop (aside from the products of pastures and meadows), —
the fodder corn and corn stover.

Taking this view of the question, the great and valuable
family of leguminous plants, as clovers, vetches, lucerne,
serradella, peas, beans, lupines, etc., is, in a particular

254 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

degree, well qualified for that purpose on account of its fitness
to secure largely its nitrogen from the elementary nitrogen
of the air by the aid of bacterial action. The photographs
of the roots of several prominent leguminous forage plants,
which accompany this chapter, show the swellings (tuber-
cules) due to the bacterial action, — summer vetch, blue
lupine, horse bean, serradella.

The following table may serve as an illustration of the
relative economical value of various prominent fodder and
forage crops.

The manurial value of the various crops mentioned depends
for obvious reasons on the temporary current prices of their
fertilizing constituents in the general market of commercial
fertilizers.

C.l.CJ.

No. 1. Summer Vetch (J'icia saliva).

1

_j

No. 2. SujA Bean (Soja hispidti).

C.I.GJ.

No. 3. Blue Lupine {Lnj>inus cuvu/eits).

cj.d

No. 4. Horse Bean ( Vicia Faba).

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUJMENT — No. 33.

255

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256 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

». Trial of an Early Variety of Min-
nesota Dent Corn (Huron).

Field E.

The field is 260 feet long and 48 feet
wide, containing 28G acres. The field was
ploughed April 24 ; it was fertilized May 7,
at the rate of 600 pounds of fine-ground
bone and 300 pounds of muriate of potash
per acre, applied broadcast and harrowed
in. May 8 the corn (variety Huron) was
planted, six quarts of seed being used for
the plat. The corn appeared above ground
May 19. The field was cultivated and hoed
June 7 and 26. September 1 part of the
corn was cut and stocked, while the re-
mainder was fed out. Owing to the dry
season, this trial with the com was not a
fair one, as the development of the crop
was greatly retarded.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 257

6. Field Experiments with Different Commercial
Phosphates to study the Economy of using
the Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates.

Field F.

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and
137 feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Pre-
vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well
worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of Eng-
lish hay. During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned
under and left in that state over winter. It was decided to
prepare the field for special experiments with phosphoric
acid by a systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of
plant food. For this reason no manurial matter of any de-
scription was applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other
in the order stated,

1890. — The field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each twenty-one feet wide, with a space
of eight feet between adjoining plats.

The manurial material applied to each of these five plats
contained, in every instance, the same form and the same
quantity of potassium oxide and of nitrogen, while the
phosphoric acid was furnished in each case in the form of
a difiereut commercial phosphoric-acid-containing article,
namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano, Florida phosphate,
South Carolina phosphate (floats) and dissolved bone-black.
The market cost of each of these articles controlled the
quantity applied, for each plat received the same money
value in its particular kind of phosphate.

258 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cost per Ton.

Phosphatic slag, $15 00

Mona guano (West Indies), 15 00

Florida rock phosphate, 15 00

South Carolina phosphate (floats), 15 00

Dissolved bone-black, 25 00

Analyses of Phosphates used.

[I., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano; III., Florida phosphate ; IV., South Carolina
phosphate ; V., dissolved bone-black.]

I.

ir.

iir.

IV.

V.

Moisture, .....

0.17

12.52

2.53

0.39

15.96

Ash,

-

75.99

89.52

-

61.46

Calcium oxide,

46.47

37.49

17.89

46.76

-

Magnesium oxide, .

5.05

-

-

-

-

Ferric and aluminie oxides, .

14.35

-

14.25

5.78

-

Total phosphoric acid, .

19.04

21.88

21.72

27.57

15.82

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

-

—

-

-

12.65

Reverted phosphoric acid.

-

7.55

-

4.27

2.52

Insoluble j^hosphoric acid.

-

14.33

-

23.30

0.65

Insoluble matter,

4.39

2.45

30.50

9.04

6.26

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annually
to all the plats, with the exception of Plat o, which received
in 1890 ground apatite and in 1891 no phosphate whatever : —

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square feet).
Plat 2 (6,565 square feet) ,
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet),
Plat 4 (6,707 square feet),
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet),

Ground phosphatic slag,
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Ground Mona guano, .
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Ground Florida phosphate,
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate.
South Carolina phosphate.
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Dissolved bone-black, .
Nitrate of soda.
Potash-magnesia sulphate.

127
43
58

128
43i
59

129
44
59

131
44i
60
78
45
61

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 259

The pliosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phos-
phate aiul Florida photsphate were applied at the rate of 850
pounds per acre ; dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500
pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of
250 pounds per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the
rate of 390 pounds per acre.

Potatoes w^ere raised upon the plats in 1890 ; in 1891 win-
ter wheat was employed (for details see ninth annual report) ;
in 1892 serradella was the crop experimented with (see tenth
annual report) ; and in 1893 a variety of Dent corn, Pride
of the North (see eleventh annual report).

1894. — During the preceding season it was decided to
ascertain the after-eft'cct of the phosphoric acid applied
during previous years by excluding it from the fertilizer
applied. In addition, to secure the full effect of the phos-
phoric acid stored up, the potassium oxide and nitrogen
were increased one-half, as compared with preceding seasons.
A grain crop (barley) calling for a liberal amount of phos-
phoric acid was chosen for the trial. The field was ploughed
April 17, the fertilizer being applied broadcast April 2'',
and harrowed in. Below is given a statement of fertilizer
applied : —

Plat 1 (6,494 square feet) ( 641 pounds of nitrate of soda.

(81 pouudii of potash-maguesia sulphate.

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet) | 65^ pounds of nitrate of soda.

^ ^ (88 pounds of potash-maguesia sulphate.

Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), | 66 pounds of nitrate of soda.

' (89 pouuds of potash-maguesia sulphate.

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet) j 665 pounds of nitrate of soda.

^ (90 pounds of potash-magnc'sia sulphate.

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet) j 67| pounds of nitrate of soda

^ ' ( 90J pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

May 2 the barley was sown in drills two feet apart, at the
rate of two bushels })er acre. INIay 8 the barley was coming
up on the plat. The field was kept free from weeds by cul-
tivation.

Height of Plant fi.

[Indies.]

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Plat 4.

Plat 5.

June 12,
June 18,
June 26,

14
18

28

260 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

June 26 the plants on plats 1, 2, 4 and 5 were beginning
to show heads ; No. 3 was somewhat behind the others.
July 30 the barley was cut. The yield of barley from the
different plats is given .below : —

Yield of Crop {1894).

Grnin nnd

St law
(Pouutlg).

Grain
(Pounds).

Straw and

Chuff
(Pounds).

Percentage Percentage
of Grain. of Straw.

Platl,
Plat 2,
Plat 3.
Plat 4, ,
Plat 5,

490
405
290
460
390

169
148

144

118

221
251
212
216
272

34.49
34.07
26.89
31.30
30.26

65.51
65.93
73.11
68.70
69.74

Summary of Yield of Crop {1890-94) ,

Plats.

1890.

Potatoes.

1891. 1892.

Wheat. Serradella.

1893.

Corn.

1894.

Barley.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,

1,600
1.415
1.5U0
1,830
2,120

380
340
215
380
405

4,070
3,410
2,750
3,110
2,920

1,660
1,381
1,347
1,469
1,322

490
405
290
460
390

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field.
[Pounds.]

* None.

Conclusions.
From the previous statement of comparative yield we find
that the plat receiving dissolved bone-black leads in yield
during the first two years, while for the third, fourth and
fifth years the plats receiving insolul)le phosphates are ahead,
phosphatic slag being first, South Carolina floats second and
Mona guano third.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

261

00

2

262 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Experiments with Forage Crops (Vetch and Oats
FOR First Crop, Hungarian Grass for Second).

0)
00

o

®

Fkhl G.

The field is 700 feet long and 75 feet
wide, and contains 52,500 square feet,
or 1^ acres. The field was ploughed
Oct. 25, 1893. April 17 the arti-
chokes were removed from the southern
end of the field (see preceding annual
report). It was fertilized with barn-
3^ard manure, applied at the rate of ten
tons per acre. The field was again
ploughed April 18. Vetch and oats
was the crop selected for trial, being
sown at the rate of forty-five pounds
of vetch and four bushels of oats per
acre. The field was seeded in two
portions. The seed was sown on the
northern portion April 20, coming up
April 28. The southern portion of the
field was seeded May 11, the plants
appearing above ground May 19. The
crop made a very satisfactory growth,
and on eJune 23 the feeding of the
green material from the northern por-
tion began (the vetch being in bloom
and the oats heading out), continuing
until July 2, when that remaining was
cut for hay. July 6 the cutting from
the southern portion l^egan, continuing
until the 18th, when that remaining
was cut for hay. Following is given a
statement of the j'ield from the field : —

Pounds.

Green material fed (19. 12 per cent, dry

matter), 6,875

Hay of vetch and oats (73. 6G percent.

dry matter), i,980

at the rate of 5,000-6,000 pounds of hay per acre.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

263

Analysis of the material collected July 2 showed the fol-
lowing composition : —

Moisture at 100° C
Dry matter, .

Per Cent.

80.88
19.12

100.00

Anali/sis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .........

4.48

" fibre,

. 27.78

"fat,

2.62

" protein, ........

. 22.56

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

. 42.56

100.00

July 21 the field was again ploughed and harrowed, and
on the 2od was sown to Hungarian grass, which began to
appear above ground July 28. Its growth was very materi-
ally affected by the dry weather. The crop was cut for
feeding from September 25 to October 16, the total weight
obtained being 4,456 pounds, having an average of 60 per
cent, of dry matter.

Conclusions.

From the above figures it will be seen that the practice of
introducing early- maturing mixed crops like vetch and oats
in connection with valuable second crops like Hungarian,
etc., deserves serious attention, on account of their superior
fitness for dairy stock.

264 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

8. Field Experiments to study the Effect of Phos-
PHATic Slag and Nitrate of Soda as compared
WITH Ground Bone on the Yield of Oats and

Corn.

East Field.

The field used for this experiment is situated south of the
orchard and of the centre roadway. The soil consists of a
loam, and has been under careful cultivation for several
years. Its management during previous years can be seen
from preceding annual reports.

1894. — During that season the operations on the field
were as follows. (See accompanying diagram.) One acre
on the upper (eastern) side was fertilized with : —

Plat I.

600 povmds of fine-ground bone and
200 pounds of muriate of potash.

The remaining portion (1.8 acres) was fertilized at the
rate of : —

/- 800 pounds of odorless phosphate,
Plat II. <? 200 pounds of miu'iate of potash, and
C2OO pounds of nitrate of soda per acre.

This corresponds per acre to : —

No. 2.
(Phosphate).

Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen,

104

166

31

Composition of Fertilizer Applied.

Per Cent.

Nitrogen.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Groimd bone, .....
Odorless phosphate, ....
[Muriate of potash, ....
Nitrate of soda,

4.09
15.79

21.86

20.84

62.20

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

265

Cost of Fertilizers.

Ground bone and muriate of potash,

Odorless phosphate, nitrate of soda and muriate of potash,

Per Acre

112 40
15 70

April 6 the odorless phosphate was applied to the lower
portion of the field. The field was ploughed April 20-23.
April 27 the remainder of the fertilizer was applied, and oats
were sown on one acre set off at the north end of the field.
May 5 the oats began to come up.

Height of Oats.
[Inches.]

June 5 I .
June 18, .
June 26, .

. 10
. 19

. 24

The oats began to head out June 25, and on July 25 they
were cut, yielding as follows : —

Up2:)er Part {Bone and Muriate) ., .35

Acre.

Per Plat.

Per Acre.

Total weight when threshed (pounds) , . , .
Grain (pounds), ........

760

186

2,171
531

Lower Part {Odorless Phosphate, etc.), .65 Acre.

Per Plat. Per Acre.

Total weight when threshed (pounds) ,
Grain (pounds),

2,120
670

3,261

876

The remaining portion of the field was planted to corn
(Pride of the North) on May 15 ; May 26 the corn was
coming up. The field was cultivated and hoed June 8 and

266 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

21 and July 2 and 11. August 29 the corn was cut for
silage, yielding as follows : —

The upper part (bone and muriate), .7 acre, yielded 11,406
pounds, or 16,294 pounds per acre; the lower part (odorless
phosphate, etc.), 1.2 acres, yielded 24,730 pounds, or 20,608
pounds per acre.

Summary of Yield {1894).
[Pounds.]

Per Ache.

Plat 1
(Bone, etc.).

Plat 2

(Odorless

Phosphate, etc.).

Oats (grain),

Oats (straw),

Corn,

531

l,6i0

16,294

876

2,385

20,608

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

267

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268 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

9. Experiments with Permanent Grass Lands
(Meadows).

The meadows under consideration comprise an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field up to 1886 consisted of old,
worn-out grass lands, overrun with a Avorthless growth on its
more elevated portion and covered with weeds and sedges in
its lower portion. The improvement of the land by under-
draining was commenced in 1886 and continued during the
succeeding years. For details of the work see ninth and
tenth annual reports (1891-92).

In the spring of 1893 a change was made in the mode of
manuring of the grass plats. It was decided to study the
effect of a rotation of the three kinds of manures jpreviouslu
applied upon the fields. The area was divided into three
plats, Plat 1 (3.97 acres) being the area heretofore covered
by plats 1 and 2; Plat 2 (2.59 acres) and Plat 3 (3 acres)
correspond to plats 3 and 4 of previous years. The system
of manuring adopted was as follows : —

Plat 1. — "\Yood ashes, 1 ton to the acre.
Plat 2. — Barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre.
Plat 3. — Six hundred pounds fine-ground bone and 200
pounds muriate of potash per acre.

1894. — The above arrangement of plats was continued
during the present season, and the fertilizers were applied in
the same proportion to the same plats.

Yield of Hay (1894).

Per Plat

Per Acre.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Platl. 1 Plat 2.

Plat 3.

First cut, . . . .
Second cut, ....

9.94
1.41

7.41
1.33

7.62
.56

2.50
.37

2.86

.51

3.37

2.54
.IS

Total yield, .

11.35

8.74

8.18

2.87

-.72

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

269

Yield of Hay (1889-94).

Rate per Acre (Tons).

First
Cut.

Second
Cut.

1889.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 18 tons to acre, . . 2.7.S

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre, . . 2.38
Plat o, 600 pounds steamed bone and 200 pounds

muriate of potash, 2.50

1890.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 14 tons to acre, . . 3.80

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 11 tons to acre, . . 3.25

Plat 3, as in 1889 (bone and muriate of potash), . 3.00

Plat 4, wood ashes, 1 ton to acre, . . . .2.23

1891.

Plat 1, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre, . . 3.26

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 6 tons to acre, . . 2.99

Plat 3, as in 1890 (bone and muriate of jjotash), . 2.32

Plat 4, as in 1890 (wood ashes), . . . .2.32

1892.

Plat 1, as in 1891 (barn-yard manure), . . . 2.77

Plat 2, as in 1891 (barn-yard manure), . . .2.70

Plat 3, as in 1891 (bone and muriate of potash), . 2.33

Plat 4, as in 1891 (wood ashes), . . . .2.1:

1893.

Plats 1 and 2, wood ashes, 1 ton to acre, . . 2.28
Plat 3, bam-jard manure, 8 tons to acre, . . 2.62
Plat 4, 600 poimds ground bone and 200 pounds

muriate of potash to acre, 1.94

1894.

Plats 1 and 2, wood ashes, 1 ton to acre, . . j 2.50
Plat 3, barn-yard manure, 8 tons to acre, . . 2.86
Plat 4, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds
muriate of potash to acre, 2.54

1.14
1.21

1.03

1.00

1.34

.73

.68

.72
.72
.51
.51

1.04
.98
.64

1.02

.77
.86

.64

.37
.51

.18

3.87
3.59

3.56

4.80
4.59
3.73
2.91

3.98
3.71
2.83
2.83

3.81
3.68
2.97
3.20

3.05
3.48

2.58:

2.87
3.37

2.72

The past season was marked by a severe drought, begin-
ning with the month of July and extending into the fall,
Avliich affected the yield of the crop (second cut) to a serious
extent.

270 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

10. Orchard. Experiments with Home-made Stable
Manure, Unle ached Wood Ashes and Vari-
ous Mixtures of Fertilizing Materials on the
Growth and Yield of Several Prominent Vari-
eties OF Fruit Trees (AprLES, Pears, Peaches
AND Plums).
The land used for the experiments described below is
situated along the east side of the station farm. It borders
on the west on a meadow, and on the eastern side is sepa-
rated from a natural grove by a private road thirty-live to
forty feet wide.

The soil consists of a somewhat sandy loam, with indica-
tions of light springs in various parts of the field. The
more prominent springs have been connected by drain pipes
with the main drain of the adjoining meadow since the ex-
periment began.

The entire field slopes gently and quite uniformly from
east to west. Corn and grasses represent in the main the
crops raised upon the ground in years preceding 1887.

The inferior yield and character of the crops of later years
raised upon the land pointed towards an indiiferent manage-
ment, as far as the selection of crops and of manure is
concerned. To destroy weeds and other objectionable local
growths, it became advisable to introduce a thorough system
of drill cultivation, Avhich was begun in 1888.

In 1889 a series of field experiments with different manures
was instituted, which has been continued up to the present
time. The system of manuring employed from 1888 to 1894
is given below : —

Fertilizer applied Each Year from 18S9 to 1894.

Plat I. — Home-made mixed baru-yavd manure, 18,000 pounds
(rate of 10 tons per acre).

Plat II. — Wood ashes, 1,800 pounds (rate of 1 ton per acre).

Plat III. — No f ertihzer.

Plat IV. — Ground bone, 540 pounds (rate of 600 pounds per
acre) ; muriate of potash, 180 pounds (rate of 200 pounds per
acre).

Plat V. — Ground hone, 540 pounds (rate of GOO })ounds per
acre) ; sulphate of potash and magnesia, 360 pounds (rate of 400
pounds per acre) .

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

271

The details of the management of the field under discussion
may be found in our annual report for 1893. In 1890 the
main portion of the northern part was laid down as an
orchard, a number of ju'ominent varieties of apples, pears
and peaches being set out in the order indicated in the accom-
panying diagram of the field. To these a number of varieties
of plum trees was added in the fall of 1893. The system of
cultivation was kept up as indicated in previous reports, bar-
ley and corn being raised (l)etween the trees) in 1889 ; vetch
and oats, Scotch tares and soja bean in 1890 ; barley and oats
in 1891 ; Canada peas and oats, soja bean and Dent corn in
1892 ; vetch and oats, soja bean and barley in 1893 ; and
in the fiill of 1893 the orchard was seeded down to rye and
grass. The space about four feet wide around the trees will
be kept free from growth by means of the hoe, while the
system of manuring as above will be continued for years to
come, to ascertain the efiect, if any, of the difierent systems
of manuring on the growth and healthfulness of the stated
varieties of trees under corresponding circumstances. The
fertilizer will be applied as a top-dressing to each plat either
in the spring or fall, as circumstances may advise.

Arrangement of Trees in Plats of Orchard.

Each plat contains the following varieties of trees, begin-
ning at the south. The rows run east and west, and there
are three trees in each row of apples, pears and peaches, and
two in a row in case of plums : —

Apple.

Peach

Pear.

Gravenstein,
Baldwin,

( I Early Rivers,
Beer's Smock,

Coolidge Favorite,
Karly Crawford,

Roxbury Russet, .
Rhode Island Greening,

Old Mixon, .

Stump of the World, .

Late Crawford, .

Flemish Beauty,
Seckel,

Sheldon,
Bartlett,

D'Anjou,
Lawrence, .

Buerre Bosc,

German Prune.
German Prune.

Green Gage.
Imperial Gage.

Jefferson.
Lombard.

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11. Observations in the Vegetation House.

1. Observations with different forms of potash, phosphoric acid
and nitrogen on garden crops (C. A. Goess>[ann).

2. Experiments with Philadelphia tankage and dried blood
as a nitrogen source for the raising of winter grain (rye) (C. A.
Goessjiann) .

3. Leather refuse, — its value in agriculture (J. B. Lindsey).

From preceding descriptions of experiments carried on
upon the fields of the station it will be noticed that our
attention has been turned of late to a special study of the
effect of different forms of nitrogen and potassium oxide
on the growth of a series of promhient fruit and garden
crops. The results of three years' observations regarding
the latter are already reported in detail upon preceding
pages (Field C).

To explain the striking differences noticed in the yields of
some of those crops, in particular lettuce and tomatoes, when
raised with the assistance of either muriate or sulphate of
potash (upon Field C), it seemed advisable for confirmation
of the results to transfer the investigations to the vegetation
house, where, under better-defined circumstances, the special
efl'ects of the kind and form of the various articles of plant
food supplied, as well as the most suitable quantity of each
(nitrogen, potassium oxide and phosphoric acid), could be
more clearly demonstrated. General oljservations with fer-
tilizers in the vegetation house began four years ago.

1. Observations with Different Forms of Potash, Phos-
phoric Acid and Nitrogen on Garden Crops.

By C. a. Goessjianx.

The first systematic attempt in the aljove-stated direction
was made during the winter of 1892-93. The soil used in
the vegetation house during that year was a sandy loam
taken a few feet below the surface from a locality which at
no time had received an additional supply of manurial mat-
ter from an outside source. It v/as sent through a screen
T)efore being used, to remove coarse vegetable matter (roots,

274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

etc.). Lettuce and Keir Zealand spinach were used for the
observation.

The relative proportion of fertilizer applied was : of
potassium oxide, 3 parts ; of phosi)horic acid, 1 part ; and
of nitroo^en, 1 part. The percentage of the diflerent ingre-
dients added to the soil was as follows : —

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, 00U26

riiosphoric acid, 00009

Nitrogen, 00009

The lettuce seeded in the boxes containing muriate of
potash as the potash source proved a complete failure, as
the 3"oung plants attained a height of only one and one-
half inches, the color of the leaves changed into various
shades of red, and growth ceased. In the other boxes the
results were less striking, but the most satisfactory growth
was obtained in those boxes in which sulphate of potash
or sulphate of potash-magnesia furnished the source of
potash.

Less marked was the difference in growth of the New
Zealand spinach, the plants growing in the boxes containing
muriate of potash being at first less vigorous ; the difference
in the yield at the close of the experiment was not so marked,
except in regard to the time required to reach perfection.
The most striking fiict noticed with regard to these prelimi-
nary experiments was the apparently injurious effect of
muriate of potash on lettuce. This result induced me to
repeat the experiment in the vegetation house during the
winter of 1893-94 (see annual report).

The soil turned to account during that season was obtained
two feet below the surface of an abandoned pasture, which
had not received any addition of manurial matter from an
outside source for man}' years. The soil Avas screened, thus
being freed from coarse material of every description. It
consisted of a light loam. Twelve boxes (marked from 1 to
12), corresponding in size to those of the previous year (32
by 32 by 8 inches), were employed, each containing about
three hundred j^ounds of the soil, being filled to within one

1805.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 3;^.

275

inch of the top. To secure a thorough mixing of the fertil-
izer and soil, they were worked together with the sho\el
and the mixture sent twice through the screen. The addition
of the fertilizer to the soil was made two weeks in advance
of the seeding. A greater variety of fertilizer mixtures was
turned to account, including those of the preceding year.
The potassium oxide was furnished by nuiriate of potash
(1,2 and 3), sulphate of potash (4, 5, (3 and 12), carbonate
of potash-magnesia (7, 8, 9 and 10) and phosphate of potash
(11). The phosphoric acid was supplied by dissolved bone-
black (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9), odorless phosphate (6),
double superphosphate (10), phosphate of potash (11) and
phosphate of ammonia (12). The nitrogen was added in
the form of nitrate of soda (1, 4, 7, 10 and 11), sulphate of
ammonia (2, 5 and 8), phosphate of ammonia (12) and
organic nitrogen (dried blood) (3, 6 and 9). The relative
ratio of essential fertilizing constituents applied was four
parts potassium oxide, one part phosphoric acid and one
part nitrogen. The percentage of the essential elements of
plant food applied to the soil in boxes 1-9 (inclusive) was
as follows : —

Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen, .

Tor Cent.

.0U04
.0001
.0001

The proportions for the remaining boxes are given
below : —

Pkh Cent.

Box 10.

Box 11.

Box 12.

Potassium oxide, ....
Phosphoric acid, ....
Nitrogen,

.0004

.0004
.0001

.0004
.0004
.0002

.0004
.0004
.0001

27fi AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.
Folio wino; is a statement of the fertilizer mixtures used : —

Box. 1.
128 grams muriate of potash.
1(J6 grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 2.
128 grams muriate of potasli.
ion grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 3.
128 grams muriate of potash.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
155 grams dried blood.

Box 4.
128 grams sulphate of potash.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 5.
128 grams sulphate of potash.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulpliate of ammonia.

Box 6.
128 grams sul^ihate of potash.
90 grams odorless phosphate.
155 grams dried blood.

Box 7.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 8.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
106 grams dissolved bone-black.
78 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 0.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
100 grams dissolved bone-black.
155 grams dried blood.

Box 10.
136 grams double superphosphate.
360 grams carbonate of potash-
magnesia.
106 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 11.
200 grams phosphate of potash.
212 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 12.
145 grams phosphate of ammonia.
128 grams sulphate of potash.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

277

Analyses of chemicals used in compounding the above
mixtures will be found below : —

Potassium
Oxide.

Pliosplioric
Acid.

Xitrogen.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Muriate of potash,

46.00

-

-

Sulphate of potash,

50.20

-

-

Potash-maguesia sulphate,

24.32

-

-

Carbonate of potash-magnesia,

18.48

-

-

Phosphate of potash, .

32.56

35.70

-

Dissolved bone-black,

-

13.88

-

Odorless phosphate, .

-

18.42

-

Double superphosphate, .

-

47.80

-■

Phosphate of ammonia.

-

43.86

10.37

Dried blood,

-

4.02

10.00

Kitrate of soda, .

-

-

14.28

Sulphate of ammonia.

-

-

19.59

A greater variety of garden vegetables was selected for
trial. Each box was planted on October 11 with seed of
the following : —

Lettuce, variety Hanson.
Spinach, variety New Zealand.
Beets, variety Egyptian.
Tomato, variety Essex Hybrid.

The boxes were treated similarly with regard to tempera-
ture and time of watering. To control the experiment, ])art
of the vegetation house was turned to account to raise the
same varieties of vegetables in the same soil, properly ma-
nured with vegetable compost from a successfully managed
hot-bed. On October 17 the lettuce and spinach appeared,
and by October 20 the remaining seeds had sprouted. The
following notes relating to the ditlerent garden vegetables
on trial may not be without interest in this connection,
although still of a preliminary character : —

278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau.

Lf-ffnrp. — The seed germinated well in all cases except
with box 12, in which the number Avas somewhat scanty.
Durino- the tirst two or three weeks of growth the difference
in the boxes was not very marked, although on November 20
1, 2 and 3 were noted as being generally of poorer quality
than the others, with 4, 5 and 6 next. Nos. 2 and 5 were
the poorest in their respective groups in which the nitrogen
was furnished by ammonia salts. In boxes 8 and 12 the
same fiiilure was noticed.

The lettuce was removed from 9 and 10 January 10, hav-
ing made a very satisfactory growth, and on January 20
from 7 and 8, also with a good growth.

Beets. — The seed germinated well in all cases, and dur-
ing the first part of the growing period no very great differ-
ences were observed in the general appearance of the various
boxes. The plants in 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 proved the most
satisfactory, being removed January 31.

SpinacJi. — This crop grew better in proportion in all the
boxes than either of the others on trial. In 1,2 and 3 it
made a fair growth, althouoh not as via'orous as in the
remaining boxes ; 4, 5 and 6 showed a more vigorous and
rapid growth, while 7, 8 and 9 proved to be still more
vigorous. Boxes 10 and 11 showed a corresponding rela-
tive increase in growth, the plants being removed on Janu-
ary 3, when in bloom.

Tomatoes. — The growth of the tomatoes in 1, 2 and 3
was less satisfactory than in most of the others. The degree
of growth under the influence of different fertilizers may be
noticed from the following table, expressing the heights of
the plants at different periods of the observation : —

Height of Tomato Plants.
[Inches.]

Boxes.

DATE.

1.

«■

3.

1 *'

1 ^'

«.

8.

9.

10.

II.

12.

December 5, .

54

23

3

8

5

5

64

84

8

134

9

84

December 19, .

9i

64

■^

13

10

114 11

14

14

24

21

21

January 9, . . .

26

10

25

30

22

22 28

31

32

45

44

43

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 279

The plants came in hloom as follows : in box 10, on
December 18; in box 11, on December 20; in box 12, on
December 23; in boxes 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, on January 1 ;
and in boxes 1 and 3, on January 3. The plants in box 2
came in bloom February 15.

Fruit was formed first on the plants in box 10, noticed on
January 17. It first appeared in box 12 on January 18 ; in
boxes 4 and 9 on January 21 ; in box 3 on January 24 ; in
box 1 on January 27 ; in box 8 on February 5 ; and in box
7 on February 28.

Fruit ripened in box 10 on February 20; in boxes 3, 4
and 12, on February 2H ; in box 9, on March 1 ; and in box
8, on March 7.

The plants grown in the soil manured with vegetable com-
post, as a sort of control experiment, made a very vigorous
and healthy growth, but blossomed late and had formed no
fruit up to March 8, although retaining their promising
appearance.

Conclusions.

Lettuce did best in boxes 10, 9, 7 and 8 ; beets did best
in boxes, 7, 10, 8, 4 and 11 ; spinach did best in boxes 10,
11, 7, 8 and 9 ; tomatoes did best in boxes 10, 12, 4 and 9.

1894-95. — During the past summer the boxes of the
vegetation house were removed and replaced by others some-
what larger. The arrangement for sub-irrigation previously
used in l)ox 4 gave such good satisfaction that all of the
boxes were similarly equipped.

The soil used for filling the boxes was obtained about six
inches below the surface of land which had not been under
cultivation for a considerable period. This soil was carefully
screened, to remove coarse particles. Each box received
about seven hundred and fifty pounds of the earth, to which
the fertilizer had been applied and carefully mixed before
filling in. The proportion of essential fertilizing ingredients
applied to the soil is as follows : —

Boxes 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7 and 8.

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, . . , . .0056

Phosplioric acid, . . . . . . . . . . .0014

Nitrogen, 0014

280 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Boxes 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 ami 15.

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, .0056

Phosphoric acid, 0056

Nitrogen, 0014

Below is given a statement of the various fertilizer mixt-
ures emplo^^ed, the amounts stated being for one thousand
pounds of soil : —

Box 1.
512 grams muriate of potash.
424 grams dissolved bone-black.
620 grams dried blood.

Box 2.
512 grams muriate of potash.
424 grams odorless phosphate.
620 grams di'ied blood.

Box 3.
512 grams sulphate of potash.
424 grams bone-black.
620 grams dried blood.

Box 4.
512 grams sulj^hate of potash.
424 grams odorless phosphate.
620 grams dried blood.

Box 5.
1,440 grams potash-magnesia car-
bonate.
136 grams double superjihos-

phate.
620 grams dried l)lood.

Box G.
1,440 grams potash-magnesia car-
bonate.
424 grams o'dorless phosphate.
620 grams dried blood.

Box 7.
512 grams sulphate of potash.
136 grams double superphos-
phate.
424 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 8.
1,440 grams potash-magnesia car-
bonate.
136 grams double superphos-
phate.
424 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 9.
544 grams double superphos-
phate.
1,440 grams potash-magnesia car-
bonate.
424 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 10.
580 grams phosphate of ammo-
nia.
512 grams sulphate of potash.

Box 11.
800 grams phosphate of ])otash.
312 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 12.
544 grams double superphos-
phate.
312 grams sulphate of ammonia.
512 grams muriate of potash.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

281

Box 13.
100 pounds comijost.

Box 14.
580 grams phosphate of ammonia.
512 grams suljihate of potash.

Box 13.
800 grams phosphate of potash.
312 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 16.
100 pounds compost.

The analyses of the chemicals used in compounding the
above mixture are given on a preceding page. The analyses
of the soil used in filling the boxes, and of the compost
applied (13 and 16), will be found below : —

.Soil.

Compost.

■

Moisture at 100° C

7.610

25.750

Phosphoric acid, .......

.195

.432

Potassium oxide,

.233

.375

Nitrogen, ........

.065

.458

Organic and volatile matter, ....

11.380

41.570

Insoluble matter,

85.800

55.150

The boxes were planted October 11 and 12 with the fol-
lowing varieties of vegetables : —

Tomato (the Lorillard) .

Turnip (Early American Red Top).

Lettuce (Rawson'.s New Hot-house).

February 1, tomatoes are looking best in boxes 9, 10, 11
and 8, in the order named; fruit has set on 9 and 10, also
on 3 and 4, although the plants have not made a very stocky
growth. Turnips are developed most in boxes 13, 16, 14,
15 and 11, in the 'order named; 9, 10, 2, 3, 4 and 7 have
made considerable leaf growth, but have not much root
■development.

282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Following is given a summary of results to April 1, 1895.
The detailed statement must of necessity be left for future
presentation.

Turnips.
[Harvested Feb. 21, 189.-).]

NumbPi- of
Kocits.

Average
Diameter of

Roots.

Total

Weight of

Roots.

Total

Weiglit of
Leaves.

14.00

48.00

16.00

37.00

18.00

44.00

20.00

46.00

17.50

48.00

7.00

33.00

8.50

29.00

26.00

42.00

7.50

31.00

60.50

25.50

57.00

50.00

48.00

64.00 1

45.00

21.00

Average
Lengtli of
Leaves.

Box 1,
Box 2,
Box 3,
Box 4,
Box 5,
Box 6,
Box 7,
Box 8,
Box 9,
Box 10,
Box 11,
Box 12,
Box 13,
Box 14,
Box 15,
Box 16,

2.5
2.5

2.7

1.7
2.1
2.9
2.0
4.3
4.3
3.8
4.0

17.25
14.50
14.60
15.80

15.00

13.40
15.50
17.00
14.00
15.75
17.25
16.25
14.75

Roots in boxes 5, 6 and 8 have not been harvested.

Tomatoes.
[Summary of observations to April 1, 1895.]

In Bloom.

Fruit Set.

Ripe.

In Bloom.

Fruit Set.

Ripe.

Box 1, .

March 25.

-

-

Box 9,

Jan.

7.

Jan. 20.

March 15.

Box 3, .

March 20.

April 2.

-

Box 10,

Jan.

1.

Jan. 20.

March 10.

Box 3, .

Jan. 6.

•Jan. 22.

-

Box 11,

Jan.

4.

Feb. 1.

March 26.

Box 4, .

Jan. 8.

March 5.

-

Box 12,

Jan.

20.

March 5.

March 12..

Box 5, .

April 2.

-

-

Box 13, .

Jan.

4.

March 1.

-

Box 6, .

April 2.

-

-

Box 14.

Jan.

10.

March 1.

-

Box 7, .

Feb. 7.

April 1.

-

Box 15,

Jan.

&.

March 20.

-

Box 8, .

Jan. 15.

March 1.

-

Box 16,

Jan.

8.

March 1.

-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 283

2. Experiments with Phit>adelphia Tankage and Dried Bi.ood

AS A Nitrogen Source for the raising of Winter Grain

(Rye).

Bt C. a. Goessmann.

1893-94. — The experiments described below were carried
on for the purpose of comparing the vahie of dried blood
and Philadelphia tankage as a nitrogen source for the raising
of winter rye. The soil used in the experiment was obtained
from a locality not under cultivation, and was carefully
screened before use. Six boxes were filled, each with about
seventy-five pounds of the earth.

Boxes 1 and 4 were fertilized with 180 grams of the fol-
lowing mixture : —

Parts.

Double superphosphate, 40

Muriate of potash, 100

Dried blood, 100

Boxes 2 and 3 were fertilized with 180 grams of the fol-
lowing mixture : —

Parts.

Double superphosphate, ......... 40

Muriate of potash, 100

Philadelphia tankage, 100

The other two boxes received no fertilizer addition.

Sept. 21, 1893, winter rye was sown in the boxes. This
began to appear above ground September 25, and October 12
the plants were thinned to five in a row, three rows in a box.
During the winler the boxes were kept in the unheated por-
tion of the vegetation house, and, to get as nearly as possi])le
the outside conditions, snow was placed on the boxes at
intervals, its melting furnishing the only water the boxes
received during the winter. At the opening of spring the
boxes were again regularly watered, during the summer
receiving about four hundred culiic centimeters of water daily.
No very striking diiferences were noticed in the appearance
of the fertilized boxes, the average height being about thirty-
six inches. The boxes receiving no fertilizer averaged thirty

284 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

inches in height. The plants were in bloom May 25. They
were harvested July 27. They were kept until October 9,
when the following weights were taken : —

Weight ( Grams) .

Tankage.

Blood.

Nothing.

Boxes

2.

3.

1.

4.

5.

6.

Number of heads,

41

41

51 1 41

25

18

Total weight

10.67

13.10

12.50

9.07

8.25

5.02

Number contaiaing grain,

24

32

26

23

21

13

Number empty heads, ....

17

9

25

18

4

5

Weight of straw,

22.17

22.57

33.45

22.80

16.70

11.60

1894-95. — The experiments with winter crops were
continued during the winter of 1894-95, as follows : —

Ten boxes were filled with the same kind of earth used in
the beds of the hot-house, about 100 pounds being used per
box, together with the following fertilizer mixtures : —

Box 1.
7 . 68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams bone-black.
24.38 oframs nitrate of soda.

Box 6.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams odorless phosphate.
40.22 s:rams dried blood.

Box 2.

7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
2i.38 grams odorless phosphate
24.38 grams nitrate of soda.

Box 3.
7.6S grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams bone-black.
18.72 grams sulphate of ammonia.

Box 4.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams odorless jjhosphate.
18.72 grams sul^ihate of ammonia.

Box 5.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
21.38 grams bone-black.
4' 1.22 grams dried blood.

Box 7.
7 . 68 grams sulphate of jjotash.
24 . 38 grams bone-black.
51 . 16 grams Philadelphia tankage.

Box S.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grains odoi'less phosphate.
51.16 grains Philadelphia tankage.

Box D.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams bone-blAck.
56.64 grams leather refuse.

Box 10.
7.68 grams sulphate of potash.
24.38 grams odorless 2)hosphate
56.64 grams leather refuse.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 285

The chemical composition of the above fertilizing ingre-
dients can be ascertained from the table on page 277. The
Philadelphia tankage contained seven and one-half per cent,
nitrogen.

October 2, crops were planted in the boxes as follows : —

Boxes 1 and 2, winter rape.

Boxes 3 aud 4, winter vetch.

Boxes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 aud 10, wiuter rye.

The seed germinated well and the plants made a good
growth before winter, being left in the cold house and cov-
ered with snow during the wiuter season, to imitate as nearly
as possible the outside conditions.

."). Leather Refuse, — its Value in Aokiculture.*

Bt J. B. LiNDSEY.

During the past few years claims have been made at
various times that large quantities of leather shavings and
the like have found their way into the so-called commercial
fertilizers that are so widely used by the farmers of the
United States. The writer has no means of knowing
whether this claim is true or not. It should be the object
of the fertilizer manufacturer to utilize all kinds of waste
products that possess distinct manurial value. By so doing
he not only benefits himself, l)ut the farmer as well.

It was very early assumed from its chemical character,
without any exact experiments upon which to base the
assumption, that leather refuse would yield its nitrogen as
plant food very slowh', if at all.

/. Historical JRevieiv.
1. Methods employed to make the Nitrogen available to Growing

Plants.

The first method suggested, so far as the writer has been
able to ascertain, was that prescribed by F. O. AVard f of
England, in 1857, for turning to account woollen rags,

* A portion of this article has already appeared in Agricultural Science, Vol. 8,
Xos. 2 and 3, 1894.

t Report by the Juries of the International Exhibition, 1862. Reporter, A. W.
Hoflfman. Repertory of Patent Inventions, August, 1857, page 137.

286 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

wool, silk and leather clippings. The i)rocess as described
was as follows : the refuse was introduced into an ordinary
autoclave digester, and there kept for about three hoars,
surrounded by steam heated to a pressure of from three to
five atmospheres. Wool required a higher temperature than
leather, and silk than wool. The materials condensed a por-
tion of the steam and absorbed its heat. This joint action
converted the animal matter into a friable substance, which,
however, still retained its original form and aspect. It was
then ground fine, sifted and bagged. "The details of the
process, the fuel and labor-saving arrangements that have
been learned, point by point, by costly manufacturing ex-
perience, cannot," says Ward, " with propriety be divulged."
The final j^roduct is described as a dark-colored powder.
The nitrogen in the finished product is said to exist to a
small extent as ready foruied ammonia, being in comljination
with ulmic and humic acids developed during the process.
It was stated at the time that this manufacturing process was
carried on at large works on the Thames. The material for
the most part was sold to manure manufacturers, who used
it as an ingredient of their several fertilizing compounds,
and it was " used by many farmers who are not aware of the
fact." Ward says that, " while this material is not as active
as some other forms of organic nitrogen, it possessed distinct
value as a fertilizer." *

Edw. Toynbec,! in 1858, also described a process whereby
leather and wool waste could be cooked in sulphuric acid,
and l)e made more available as a fertilizer. He said that " to
one centner of sulphuric acid four or five centners of wool or
leather waste could bo added." The writer does not see how
such a large amount of leather could be added to the acid, as
will be shown further on. L. Meyer | speaks of dissolving
all such refuse substances in warm sul})huric acid, and neu-
tralizing the moiiiit mass with bone.

A. Lipowitz § notes the fact that the Posner fertilizer

* The writer does not know whether this process is still in operation in England
for utilizin.rj tlie leather, wool and silk wastes.

t Repertory of Patent Inventions, 1858, page 389. Jahresbericht Agric. Chem.,
1859.

+ Jahresbericht Agric. Chein., 18.^9, 228.

§ AllgeiD. Zeitung fiir deutsche Land, nnd Forstwirthe, 1859, 153.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 287

factory utilizes all such kinds of waste as have already been
referred to.

Eunge * speaks of rendering leather and wool more avail-
able by dissolving them in a mixture of Glauber's salt and
quick-lime. This chemist manufactured a fertilizer upon a
large scale fi'om these materials.

Keichardt f describes his method of subjecting the leather
refuse to steam pressure, and then drying it quickly. After
such a treatment he found 15.75 per cent, of the material to
be soluble in boiling water, and that, after standing for some
time, 20 per cent, could he dissolved. By treating the dry
leather that had been subjected to steam with 20 to 40 per
cent, sulphuric acid, he was enabled to dissolve from 22 to
29 per cent, of the leather in water. With a five per cent,
solution of crystallized soda, 28.8 per cent, could be brought
into solution. He therefore concluded that the best method
was to subject the leather to the action of a weak soda
solution.

Coignet's | method was reported in 1874 by H. Mangon.
Briefly stated, it is as follows : the refuse material is placed
in a room having a cubic area of 20 meters. Directly out-
side of the room is a coke oven, connected with a chimney
that has an opening into the room containing the material
to be treated. Into this chimney are conducted jets of
steam, so that the room is heated from 150° to 100° C.
for several hours by this moist chimney air. Under these
conditions the leather swells somewhat, and becomes dark,
brittle, and can easily be rubbed to a powder.

Storer § says : " It is evidently with reference to this
process that the statement has recently been made that
certain manufacturers of fertilizers at Paris devote them-
selves particularly to the preparation of torrefied wool, horn,
leather and even bone, the leather having first been steamed
strongly to remove oil and gelatine."

L'Hote II describes a method whereby such waste ♦material

* Jaliresbericht A^ric. Chem., 1865.

t Zeitschrit't fur deutsche Landwirtschaft, 1865, 136. Jahresbericht Agric. Chem.,
1865.

X Organ der Vereinf. Riibenz. Industrie in OSster-Ungarn, 1874, 32. Jahres-
bericht Agric. Chem., 1873-1874, 37.

§ Agriculture I., 382.

II Centralblatt far Agric. Chem., 5, 258. Illustrirte Landw. Zeitung, 1874, No. 2, 18.

288 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

as wool, leather, etc., can be converted into sulphate of
ammonia. He suggests dissolving the material in a ten per
cent, solution of caustic soda in the cold. The substances
will be partly dissolved, or their structure more or less
destroyed. The jelly-like mass is then mixed with caustic
lime till it becomes of a doughy Consistency. It is then
brought into iron retorts, and heated at first at as low a tem-
perature as possible, in order to prevent the dissociation of
the ammonia, which is caught in sulphuric acid. After the
gas has been nearly driven off, the retorts are subjected to
red heat. At the end of the operation a white powdery
substance is- left behind, consisting of carbonate of soda and
caustic lime. By cooking this substance with water, caustic
soda is formed and can be again utilized. By this method
all the nitrogen is obtained. The resulting sulphate of am-
monia is somewhat colored.

For utilizing leather Riimpler * suggests the following
method : in lead or iron jacketed kettles, sulphuric acid of
b(P B. is heated very hot, and leather stirred in till a dark-
brown fluid is o])tained. This fluid is then used to dis-
solve the phosphate of lime. He remarks that "the nitro-
gen is saved, and without doubt is much more available
from the fact that the tannin is destroyed."

Erhardt f suggests that such refuse material be slowly
burned in closed ovens, and the gas collected in moist muck
till the latter becomes saturated. This muck mixed with
su})erphosphate gave, he says, a quick-acting manure.

Deherain J says that this leather refuse can be dissolved in
sulphuric acid, and the excess of acid neutralized with phos-
phate of lime. In this way he claims a very active fertilizer
can be obtained at a low cost.

The writer understands that this latter method has been in
quite general use for many years by European manufacturers.
Not only has leather been thus treated, but also a great
variety 'of nitrogen-containing refuse materials. American
manufacturers also subject various waste materials to the
action of sulphuric acid, in order to render them more quickly
available.

* Kaiifliche Dongestoffe. H. Riimpler, 1875 (Thaer Bibliothek).
t Jahrcsbericht Agric. Chem., 1880, 337.
+ Deherain, Chiinie Agricole [1892], 624.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 289

From the many methods suggested for the utilization of
leather waste, it is evident that in the older countries,
specially England, France and Germany, this material, after
having been submitted to some mode of treatment, is quite
generally used, to a greater or less degree, in the manufact-
ure of commercial fertilizers.

Petermann * says that "it is well known that certain Bel-
gian and French manufacturers use leather in their products,
but that such goods contain, in addition, nitrogen in other
forms, such as blood, horn, meal, sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda." He further states that the " factories pro-
ducing this material are numerous, and a considerable quantity
is produced annually."

2. Manuricd Value of Prepared Leather Waste.

The different experiments made to prove the value of
leather have been conducted either with untreated finely
ground leather, with torrefied leather, or with leather
steamed under pressure.

Three different methods have been used in testing the
agricultural value of leather: (a) by directly testing its fer-
tilizing effect cither in pot or plat experiments ; (J)) by arti-
ficially digesting it with a pepsin solution ; (c) by noting
the length of time required to nitrify it. The first method
is by far the most interesting, and leads to direct results.
The other two serve at least to confirm the results obtained
by the first method.

A. Pot and Plat Experiments.

Very early experiments are not to be found in literature.

The first experiment recorded was made by Ladureau,f
and lasted but a single season. He found that 2,500 kilos,
of torrefied leather yielded 30,100 kilos, of sugar beets,
testing 8.83 per cent, of sugar; and 2,500 kilos, of the
same leather plus 200 hectolitres of lime gave 38,600 kilos,
of beets, with 10.10 per cent, sugar. The same area of land
without leather yielded 20,000 kilos, of sugar beets, testing

* Recherches de Chimie et Physiologie [1885], 144.
+ Ammles Agron., 1878; Loc. cit., 146.

290 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

10.93 per cent, sugar. Petermann remarks on these results
as follows : "In spite of the increased yield obtained by
using the leather, the experiment was not a success finan-
cially, and, further, the beets produced with the aid of the
leather were poorer in quality than those without it."

In 1880 Petermann * carried out a series of experiments
with ground steamed leather, to test its manurial value. It
was very dry and brittle, and contained 7.51 per cent, of
nitrogen and 0.81 per cent, of phosphoric anhydride soluble
in hydrochloric acid.

The experiments were carried on in the plant house in
pots, with oats ; in the garden, with the horse bean ( Vicia
faba) ; and in the field, with sugar beets.

Experiments with Oats iji Pots.

Each test was made in duplicate. The soil was what
might be called a sandy clay, each pot holding 4,000 grams.
The fertilizer was mixed with three-fourths of the soil of
each pot. To the soil in each pot were added 0.25 gram
of nitrogen, 0.30 gram of phosphoric acid and 0.20 gram
of potash.

Eesulls (Average of the Duplicates, expressed in

Grams)

Entire
Plant.

Straw.

Chaff.

Grain.

Unmanured,

22.34

15.19

.95

6.20

Series I.

Mirogen.

(a) Leather,
(6) Dried blood,

34.85
51.91

26.65
36.68

1.25
1.82

6.95
13.41

Series II.

Mtrogen + Phonphoric Acid.

C'i) Leather 4-precipitatcd phosphate,

39.93

31.28

1.15

7.50

(6) Blood + precipitated phosphate, .

51.97

36.45

1.91

13.61

• Loc. cj7., 144 Centrabl. Agric. Chem., lo, 590.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

291

Series III.

Entire
Plant.

Straw.

Chaff.

Grain.

Nitrogen + Phosphoric Acid + Potash.

(a) Leather + precipitated phosphate + mu-
riate of potash.

30.55

21.90

1.09

7.56

(6) Dried blood + precipitated phosphate +
muriate of potash.

37.40

29.65

1.82

15.93

In observing the results of the experiments we notice
especially, with reference to the grain produced, that the
leather did not increase tlje yield to any appreciable extent
over that of the unfertilized })ots. When phosphoric acid
and potash were applied with the leather a slight increase in
the yield of grain was noticed, while in case of the dried
blood plus the phosphoric acid and potash the yield was
twice that of the unfertilized pot.

Garden Exiieriments with Horse Beans,

The soil was the same as in the previous experiment.
Size of plats, GO square meters. The fertilizer applied was
leather and nitrate of soda. Nitrogen was applied at the
rate of 58.5 pounds per acre.

Eesidts per Flat.

Stems and
Pods in
Kilos.

Beans in
Kilos.

Beans per
Acre in
Kilos.

Unmanured, 9,869

Leather : 12,822

Nitrate of soda i 11,465

1,131
1,178
2,035

37,700
39,268
67,832

It will be observed that the leather produced only a slight
increase in the yield of beans.

Field Experiments icilh Sugar Beets.
Same soil as in previous experiments. Each plat meas-
ured one are. The fertilizer was applied at the rate of 42^
pounds of nitrogen and 52.8 pounds of phosphoric acid per
acre.

202 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Iiesult.t per Hectare.

I Percentage
Kilos. j Iiicn-asc over
Unmanurcd.

Unmanured, .......

Soluble phosphoric acid, ....

Water and citrate soluble i^hosphoric acid,

Citrate soluble phosphoric acid, .

Unmanured, .......

Leather -J- soluble phosphoric acid,

Leather -|- -water soluble -)- citrate soluble phos-
phoric acid
Leather -|- citrate soluble j^hosphoric acid, .

Unmanured, ........

Nitrate of soda -j- soluble phosphoric acid, .

Xitrate of soda -\- water -|-citi-ate soluble phos-
phoric acid.
Nitrate of soda -|- citrate soluble phosphoric acid.

34,830
34,380
34,290
34,380
33,840
37,890
37,180
35,910
32,940
43,380
42,070
43,830

-1.5
-1.2
-1.5

11.9

10.7

6.0

28.1
24.2
29.4

AVhile the leather has shown its effect, it runs far behind
the nitrate of soda. Petermann says that from a financial
stand-point the leather sliows a loss and the nitrate of soda a
gain. Of his results the experimenter makes the following
resume : " "With horse Ijean the leather shows practically no
influence the first year ; with oats and sugar beets an increase
is noted, but this is slight when compared with that from
blood and nitrate of soda." In a later publication Peter-
mann says that in his experiments from 1880 to 1885 the
various forms of nitrogen have shown the following relative
worth: 1, nitrate of soda; 2, blood; 3, dissolved wool; 4,
ground bone ; 5, raw wool ; G, leather.

Deherain * gives the results of the following experiments
conducted in the field at Grignon with ground leather. The
results with wheat in 1880 and 1881 show the residual effect
of the leather applied to potatoes in 1879 : —

Chimie Agricole (1892), 619.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

293

Potatoes.

Weieat.

1879.

1880.

1880.

1881.

1881.

Hectolitres.

Grain
(Qtm.).»

Straw
(Qtm.).

Grain
(Qtm.).

Straw
(Qtm.).

Unfertilized, .

224

25.0

37.25

16.4

20.5

Leather, 2,000 kilos.,

295

27.5

40.00

23.4

38.7

Leather, 1,000 kilos.,

277

25.0

38.00

23.0

37. G

Deherain remarks that his experiments make it clear that
the leather yields its nitrooen very slowly. He does not
state whether the leather used had l)eeii steamed, roasted or
was untreated.

Mtintz f and Girard, in connection with their experiments
on the nitrification of various nitrooen-containinof orofanic
substances, carried out also a series of field experiments
with various nitrogenous materials. Each plat had an area
of one are and received 1.25 kilos, of nitrogen the first year,
together with the necessary quantity of phosphoric acid and
potash. No manure was applied the second year. The
soil was light and sandy, being quite favorable to nitri-
fication. The plats were planted with fodder corn during
l)otli vears.

Fodder Corn grown upon One Are {Dry Matter).

FORM OF NITROGEN.

1888.
Kilos.

1889.

Kilos.

Average of
Both Years.

Nitrate of soda,

143

47

190

Dried blood,

130

48

178

Eoasted horn,

123

52

175

Roasted leather, .....

91

Gl

152

No nitrogen, .....

69

43

102

The above results show that leather, even when roasted,
is quite inferior in its action to dried blood and nitrate of
soda.

* Qtm. (quintal metriqiie) = 100 kilograms.

t Ann. Agron., 17, 289-304; Biedermann's Centralblatt, ao, G.j6.

294 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Milrcker * gives the following results obtained by SeyjOfert,
at Halle, with cole-rape : —

FORM OK NITROGEN'

No nitrogen,

Leather,

Steamed bone meal.

Blood, .

Nitrate of soda, .

In order to control the above experiment another test was
carried out with oats by Julius Albert-Miinchenhof : —

Yield.

FORM OF NITROGEN.

Grain
(Grams).

straw
(Grams).

Roots
(Grams).

Total
(Grams).

No nitrogen,

5.2

15.7

14.3

38.2

Nitrate of soda, ....

48.9

62.6

27.9

139.4

Dried blood,

24.8

44.5

18.5

87.8

Leather,

13.3

22.2

13.6

49.1

Leather, fermented.

21.5

36.4

17.2

75.1

Marcker remarks that leather produced but a slight
increase over the unfertilized, and that tlic quality of the
grain was poorest when no nitrogen was used, or when
leather was applied.

Dr. Wm. Frear very concisely presents the work done by
Storer f as follows : —

Storer tested the manurial value of sheepskin and sole-
leather, raw and roasted, on several soils in pots, applying
various phosphatic and potassic salts in solution. The crop

• Jahresbericht Agr. Chemie, 1883, 241.
t LuUetiu Bussey Institution, 2, 58-71.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

295

used was buckwheat. The results were as follows (expressed
in weight of total crop in grams ) : —

With
Rain-
water.

With
Sulphate

of
Potash.

With

Phosphate

of

Potash.

WithPhos

phate of

Potash and

Nitrate of

Lime.

No leather used : —

In Berkshire saud, ....

.200

.200

.155

.665*

In Provincetown saud

.170

-

.105

3.050

In loam and sand, .....

.270

-

.160

5.830

Raw sheepskin (20) : —

In Berkshire sand (1,300), .

.100

.130

.055

.640*

In Provincetown sand (1,450),

.080

-

.100

1.400

In loam and sand (1,320),

.170

.120

4.020

Raw sole-leather (40) : —

In Berkshire sand (1,300), .

.110

.115

.120

.280

In Provincetown sand (1,450),

.120

-

.110

2.820

In loam and sand (1,320),

.130

-

.150

3.720

Roasted sheepskin (20) : —

In Berkshire sand (1,300), .

.105

.190

.060

.250

In Provincetown sand (1,450),

.250*

-

.470*

.345*

In loam and sand (1,320),

.850

-

.700

3.060

Roasted sole-leather (40) : —

In Berkshire sand (1,300), .

.220*

.230

.210*

.360*

In Provincetown sand (1,450),

.910

-

1.750

3.120

In loam and sand (1,320),

2.120

-

1.980

4.785

* Immature when harvested.

Storer says : "It will be seen plainly enough that, while
neither the sheepskin nor the sole-leather supplied any ni-
trogenous food to the buckwheat plants, some nitrogen was
unquestionably olitained by the plants from the roasted
leathers, a little from the roasted sheepskin and a decidedly
larger amount from the roasted sole-leather. ... In all
cases the light, bulky material tended to interfere with the
growth of the plants. The roasted-leather jars exhibited a
marked growth of fungus, the raw-leather jars showed none,
corroborating the evidence as to the existence of available
products in the roasted leather. There is but little in the

296 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

results above given to encourage the belief that roasted
leather can have any definite money value as a manure."

Wagner * has made an exhaustive study of the value of
difl'erent forms of nitrogen, having conducted 366 plat and
pot experiments. The experiments were carried on for
sev(!ral successive years in a soil rich enough in lime to
favor nitrification, and every effort was made to have the
conditions equal in all cases. But a very brief resume can
be given at this time. One experiment was conducted for
three successive years upon small plats of soil. Summer
rye was planted the first year, summer wheat the second and
carrots the third year. Placing the value of the returns
from the nitrate of soda plats at 100, the other forms of
nitrooen had the followino- relative worth : —

First Year.

Average

First and

Second Year.s.

Average
Three Years.

Nitrate of soda,

100

100

100

Blood,

67

67

69

Fish, . . -

ol

59

64

Steamed bone meal, ....

42

53

61

Leather,

13

12

20

Experiments were also conducted in pots with various
soils, but the results cannot be noticed here.

In concluding his remarks relative to this subject Wagner
says : —

AVheii I take all things into consideration, ... I think I
may present the following figures as an expression of the rela-
tive value of nitrogen in different forms of nitrogeu-coutaiuiug
material : —

Nitrate of soda, ....
Sulphate of ammonia.
Blood, horn meal and green crops,
Fine-ground bone, fish and tankage.
Stable manure, ....

Wool dust,

Leather,

100
90
70
60
45
30
20

* Die Stickstoff-diingung, etc., page 255.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 297

So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, Wagner
does not state the form of the leather used.

Taking the price of nitrogen in nitrate of soda at 14.8
cents, a pound of nitrogen in stable manure would be ^\'orth
G.7 cents and in leather 2.8 cents.

B. Artificial Digestion Expekimexts with Leather.
Stutzer and Klinkenberg were the first to propose this
method. They argued that the amount of nitrogenous
material that could be dissolved or digested would give a
fairly correct idea of the value of the substance as a source
of nitrogen for growing plants. They prepared the diges-
tive fluid by extracting the inner lining of a pig's stomach,
cut fine, with five litres of 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric acid
for two days, filtering the solution, and preserving in glass-
stoppered bottles, adding a few grams of salicylic acid to
prevent fermentation. They submitted a variety of materials
to the action of this solution. A few results are given
below : —

Per Cent.

of Nitriigen

disested.

Blood,

Leather (cooked, and then roasted),
Kaw bone, .....
Steamed bone, ....

89.75
39.19
98.70
90.50

Drs. Shepard and 'Chazal * afterwards submitted a great
variety of nitrogen-containing materials to the action of
Stutzer's solution. Several of the results obtained are pre-
sented below : —

Tcr Cent, of Xitrojren
digested.

Roasted leather meaLf 37.80

Dried blood (black), 78.61

Fish scrap, . 88.(17

* See Report of Connecticut Experiment Station, 1885, page 117

t The authors remark that " this prepared leather was an excellent article, so far

as preparation goes, and one capable of being used in the fertilizer trade without

much fear of detection."

298 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

Johnson, Farrington and Winton,* instead of using Stut-
zer's solution, dissolved 5 grams of Golden Scale Pepsin in
1,000 cubic centimeters of 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric acid,
and digested a variety of substances in this fluid. Their in-
vestigation is the most valuable we possess in this direction..
A few of their results may be cited : —

Per Cent, of Nitrogea
digested.

. 97.30

. 71.20

. 23.40

. 35.90

. 33.30

Dried blood (two samples),

Dry ground fish, ....

Leather No. 3,f

Leather treated by benzine process,

Leather treated by superheated steam,

Mixed fertilizer A, containing 2.02 per cent, leather

nitrogen, 23.40

Mixed fertilizer B, containing 2.00 i)er cent, leather

nitrogen and 1.75 per cent, blood nitrogen, . .55.60

In this connection it might be in place to mention the ex-
periments recorded on the putrefiiction of ammoniates, at
first suggested by A. Morgen.| He put leather and horn
meal in water to which a small amount of fecal extract had
been added, and then allowed the solution to stand for thirty-
one days at 30° C. The nitrogen made soluble was then
estimated : —

In Experiment I., 10 grams material -j- 1,000 cubic centimeters water
■were used.

In Experiment IT., 5 grams material -|- 1,000 cubic centimeters water
-f- 5 cubic centimeters fecal extract.

In Experiment III. the same, with 10 grams material -|- 5 culjic centi-
meters fecal extract.

Per Cent, of

Soluble Nitrogen-
Leather meal, average of three experiments, . . 34.56
Horn meal, average of three experiments, . . 61.62

Johnson * repeated Morgen's work on a very large number
of substances ; a few of the results are given below. He
allowed his solution to stand two weeks : —

* Loc. cit.

t Fine and brittle, Tint method of preparation not known.

+ Landw. Vers. Stat., 1880, .-so; Biedermann's Centralblatt, 9, 801.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

299

Blood, .

Fish,

Fish, .

Bone, .

Leather No. 3,

Steamed leather,

" Prepared ammoniate " (probably leather)

Per Cent. Nitrogen
Soluble.

76.80
78.10
54.60
79.00
12.20
42.30
35.70

Johnson remarks that " this test of putrefaction draws the
same line between those chisses of ammoniates that was
drawn liy the pepsin digestion."

C. Nitrification Experiments with Leather.

These experiments were carried out by Miintz and Girard *
with quite a numljer of nitrogen-containing substances.
Tliey were conducted in the laboratory, and care was taken
to see that the soil was properly aired, and that moisture,
temperature, etc., were favorable to the experiment. Ordi-
nary soil was at first used, the amount of nitrates present
being carefully noted, and a small amount of the substances
to be nitrified then added. After a certain time the nitrates
were washed out with water and estimated. A very short
resume is here presented : —

Nitroyen NUrijird, per lOO P(uis of Nitrogen added to the Soil.

I.

Thirt}' Days.

II.

Thirty-nine
D.-iys.

HI.

Thirty-two
Days.

Sulphate of ammonia.

75.00

83.76

83.76

Dried blood, .....

72.44

73.56

84.50

Roasted horn,

71.03

73.17

46.82

Roasted leather,

11.62

16.47

13.26

In order to study the influence of difierent kinds of soil
upon the process of nitrification, the experiment was re-
peated with soils from various sections of the country : —

* Ann. Agron., 17, 290; Agric. Science, 7, 408-412. Delierain, Chimie Agricole,
page 621.

300 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Nitric Nitrogen found in Di

fcrcnt Soils icithin

a Certain

Time.

Light Soil

of Joinville

(Grams).

Challiy Soil
(Grams).

Garden

Earth
(Gi-ams).

Very Heavy

Limey Clay

(Grams).

Marsh Soil,

Sour,

Bri'tasjne

(Crams).

Sulphate of ammonia,
Blood,

Roasted horn, .
Roasted leather,

2.69

1.62

1.22

.41

1.78
.73

.24

1.08
.55

.510
.036
.029
.036

None.

These experiments in general coincide with field and pot
experiments as well as with artificial digestion experiments.
It is worthy of note that the light sandy soil was most favor-
able to the jirocess of nitrification, while the very heavy clay,
and especially the sour marshy soil, was decidedly unfavor-
able to the action of nitrifying organisms.

//. Investigations concerning the Value of Leather lie/use
made at this Station.

1. Can Leailier he identified in Fertilizer Mixtures?

If one were to depend upon the microscope, it would
certainly be an impossibility to recognize leather in finely
ground fertilizer mixtures. Even if material of a fibrous
structure were detected it would be nothing strange, for all
flesh presents such a structure. After leather has been sul)-
mitted to heat or pressure all structure is destroyed. Able
microscopists, who have attempted to identify the leather
under the microscope, report it an impossibility.

With chemical reagents one is more successful. At least,
tannic or gallic acids, from their ^veil-known reaction with
an iron salt, are easily recognized ; and, while one i)erhaps
could not po.sitively declare that the tannic or gallic acids
present were derived from leather, it certainly would be
highly prol^able.

Dr. C. \s\ Dabney,* when director of the North Carolina

* North Carolina Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 3, 1883 : Horn, Leather and
Wool Waste.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo, 33. 301

Experiment Station, published a bulletin in which he sug-
o-ests that the l:)est reagent for recognizing the tannic acid is
a phosphoric acid solution of phosphate of iron. He states
that, if leather be present in the substance examined, a
purple color will soon appear if a few drops of this solution
be added to the alkaline solution of the leather extract. The
phosphoric acid solution of phosphate of iron was prepared
as follows : ten grams of ferric chloride were dissolved in
water, and sodium phosphate added till all the iron was
precipitated as phosphate of iron. The phosphate of iron
must be freshly prepared, otherwise it will dissolve slowly,
if at all. The phosphate of iron was filtered and washed
quite thoroughly with water, and both filter and precipitate
brought into a beaker containing 400 cubic centimeters of
^vater, to which had been added 40 grams of glacial phos-
phoric acid. A gentle heat dissoh'es the iron phosphate
quite readily.

If a drop of pyrogallic acid is added to water, the solution
made slightly alkaline with ammonia and then a cubic cen-
timeter of the iron phosphate solution added, a dark purple
color appears. If tannic acid is substituted for the pyro-
gallic acid, a dark wine color results. In order to recog-
nize leather in a mixture, a small amount (one gram) of the
substance supposed to contain it is placed in a beaker with
30-40 cubic centimeters of water, a few drops of sulphuric
acid added, the liquid brought to 1)oiling, filtered, a little of
the iron phos[)hate sohition added, and the solution then
made slightly alkaline with ammonia. If leather is present,
a dark purple to wine color will soon appear.

Should leather l)e present in a mixed fertilizer containing
soluble phosphate of lime, the latter will of course be pre-
cipitated on the addition of ammonia, but this in no way
interferes with the color reaction. The writer examined
during the summer of 1893 quite a number of fertilizers
ofiicially collected in Massachusetts, liut in no case was
leather to be detected. When, however, ten per cent, of
leather was added to a mixed fertilizer, and then tested
with the phosphate of iron solution, the dark color, due
to the presence of tannic or gallic acids, very distinctly
appeared.

302 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

During the early summer of 1803 several samples of
leather were received at the station. It was stated that
large quantities of the material were on the market, and one
could surmise, at least, that it might be used as a source
of nitrogen in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers,
organic nitrogen at the time being quite high in price. It
was thought wise to submit the samples to several tests,
and, for the sake of comparison, pure sole^leather, obtained
by the writer at the cobbler's, and dried blood were also
included.

Dcscriptiofi of the Samples,

I. Sole-leather. — This leather was ground fine for future
tests. Under the microscope it showed a distinct fibrous
structure. It contained 2.76 per cent, of fat and 7.94 per
cent, of nitrogen.

//. Steamed Leather. — Some of the finely ground leather
was placed in pressure bottles, water added, and heated for
six hours at 110° C The leather was virtually subjected to
three atmospheres of steam pressure. After treatment it
had become very dark in color, and appeared as a jelly-
like, amorphous mass. The microscope showed it to be
devoid of any fibrous structure. The tannic or gallic acids
were still easily recognized, showing that they had not been
destroyed by the heat and pressure. When dry it became
quite brittle, crumbling easily.

///. Coarse Leather sent to the Station. — This leather
came in pieces, from the size of a walnut to that of a small
hen's egg. It contained 37.47 per cent, of fat and 4.52 per
cent, of nitrogen. The large amount of fat completely con-
cealed its structure.

IV. Philadelphia Tankage. — The sample was very
finely ground and quite dry. It contained 1.05 per cent, of
fat, 7.80 per cent, of nitrogen and traces only of pnosphoric
acid. Its smell and general appearance indicated clearly
that it was leather that had been roasted or steamed. To
the eye it appeared to be lacking in fibrous structure, and
with the microscope it appeared simply as a gelatinous mass.
V. Dried Blood. — It was an excellent sample, contain-
ing 12.71 per cent, of nitrogen and .64 per cent, of fat.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 303

2. Artificial Digestion of Different Leathers.

The artificial digestion of the substances above described
was carried out according to Stutzer's method. In the first
series of trials both the pepsin and pancreas solutious were
used. The preparation of the pepsin solution has already
been described.

The pancreas solution was prepared by taking the fresh
pancreas of an ox, cutting it fine, mixing it with sand and
allowing it to stand twenty-four to thirty-six hours exposed
to the air. It was then rubbed with lime water and glycerine
(to every 1,000 grams of the pancreas-sand mixture use 3
litres of lime water and 1 litre of glycerine of 1.23 specific
gravity), and the resulting fluid allowed to stand with occa-
sional stirring for five days. It was then filtered through
cloth to remove the coarse portions, heated to 40° C. for
two hours, and finally filtered through folded filters and pre-
served in bottles. To prepare the pancreas solution used in
the process of digestion, 250 cubic centimeters of the above-
described solution were mixed with 750 cubic centimeters of
soda solution. The soda solution contained 5 grams of car-
bonate of soda dissolved in 750 cubic centimeters of water.
The pancreas solution thus prepared was heated for one to
two hours at 37°-40'° C, filtered to remove any flocky pre-
cipitate, and 100 cubic centimeters used for each test.

The results of the pepsin-pancreas digestion were as
follows : —

Per Cent, of Nitro-
gen digested.

I. Sole-leather finely ground, 80.98

II. Same leather after being heated six hours at 110°

C. in pressure bottles with water, . . .97.23
in. Coiirse leather (free from fat), .... 52.00

IV. PhiladeljDhia tankage, 90.64

'Y. Dried blood, 99.13

The above results are all very high, but this is not sur-
prising, for the action of dilute alkalies on leather is well
known and has been several times referred to. In the pres-
ent case, after the various leathers had been submitted to
the pepsin digestion there appeared to be no very great
change either in their appearance or bulk. Blood, on the

304 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

other hand, was nearly all dissolved by the pepsin solution.
As soon, however, as the leathers were submitted to the ac-
tion of the i^ancreas solution a decided change was noted ;
the solution became quite dark in color and the larger part
of the leather went into solution. While this method indi-
cated a greater availability on the part of the sole-leather
after it had been submitted to *steam pressure, it nevertheless
did not give a correct idea of the digestibility and conse-
quent availability of the leather when compared with the
dried blood.

The substances were therefore submitted to the action of
the pepsin solution alone, with results as follows : —

Percentage Digest!

bility of Nitrogen.

I.

Sole-leather,

. 13.70

II.

Sole-leather after steam pressure, .

. 34.40

ni.

Coarse leather,

_

IV.

Philadelphia tankage, ....

. 42.30

V.

Dried blood,

. 97.80

These results coincide very closely with those obtained by
other investigators. The sole-leather itself proved very in-
digestible. It is possible that it might have proved some-
what less so it" no hydrochloric acid had been added during
the digestion.* The sole-leather after being subjected to the
action of the steam pressure had a digestibility of 34.40 per
cent., which coincides with results ol^taiued by others for
prepared leather, as the following samples show : —

Percentage of Nitro-
gen digested.

Leather cooked and roasted (Stutzer), . . . .89.19

Roasted leather meal (Shepard and Chazal), . . 37.80

Leather by benzine process (Johnson), . . . .35.90

Leather by superheated steam (Johnson), . . .33.30

While, then, the action of steam and heat renders the
leather somewhat more digestible and probably more avail-
able in the soil, it still has a digestibility below 50 per cent.
Only the very poorest kinds of animal matter reach this low_
tigure (50). The so-called Philadelphia tankage was also
below 50 per cent, digestible, and may be classified with

* Connecticut Experiment Station, 1886, page 122.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 305

the steamed or roasted leathers as regards its vahie. It is
to be noted, as before mentioned, that the dried blood was
nearly all digested by the action of the pepsin solution, and
may be regarded as a very excellent standard with which to
compare the various leathers.

General Conclusions relative to Haw, Boasted or Steayned Leather.

The results of the combined experiments in the field and
in pots, together with artificial digestion experiments, and
nitrification experiments, indicate that leather, either raw,
roasted or steamed, is a very slow-acting form of nitrogen as
a source of plant food. It certainly would be fraudulent to
sell it in mixed fertilizers as a source of organic nitrogen, and
the Massachusetts fertilizer law distinctly forbids it to be thus
utilized. Carefully conducted experiments by Wagner give
it a relative value of twenty, nitrate of soda being equal to
one hundred. From the mass of evidence at our command
it would seem that this figure about expresses its relative
worth as a direct source of plant food. If it is ofiered for
sale as a fertilizer, it should be sold as leather. AYhen nitro-
gen in organic matter has a value of sixteen to eighteen
cents per pound, nitrogen in raw, steamed or roasted leather
should be worth but three to six cents per pound.

5. Action of Sulphuric Acid on Leather.

Deherain and others suggest that if leather be dissolved in
sulphuric acid its nitrogen will be made as valuable as that
in any form of animal matter. No experiments, however,
are brought forward to prove such a statement, but it is
generally understood that many European manufacturers
thus turn leather waste to account. In order to study this
question more closely a number of experiments were carried
out by the writer, a few of which are presented below : —

Experiment I. — Sixty-five grams of 50° B. sulphuric
acid were heated in a porcelain dish over a water bath of
about 90° C, and 12 grams of leather gradually added. A
dark, thick fluid resulted. Thirty cubic centimeters of water
were then added to dilute the thick fluid somewhat, and bone
ash was employed to dry ofl' the resulting semi-fluid mass.

306 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

One hundred and thirty-six grams of sxiperphosphate were
obtained, which gave no tannic acid reaction.

Experiment II. — To 30 grams of 50° B. sulphuric acid,
heated as above described, were added 12 grams of leather.
A dark, thick paste was obtained, to which were added
25 culiic centimeters of water and 33 grams of bone ash.
Seventy-three grams of superphosphate were obtained.
The reaction of tannic acid was not strong.

Analyses of the two products were made as follows : —

I.

Per Cent.

ir.

Per Cent.

Moistiire,

18.03

15.59

Soluble jihosplioric acid,

14.84

11.80

Reverted phosphoric acid,

.69

1.50

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

1.43

3.38

Total phosphoric acid,

16.96

16.68

Nitrogen,

.70

1.20

Experiments III, IV., V., VI. — The previously described
Philadelphia tankage was used in these experiments, and
South Carolina floats in place of ])one ash. The objects in
view were to see (a) how much leather could be used with-
out giving a tannic acid reaction, (b) to note, if possible, to
what extent the leather interfered with the action of the sul-
phuric acid upon the floats, (c) to notice the approximate
percentage of available phosphoric acid and nitrogen result-
ing, (d) to see if any nitrogen in the resulting superphos-
phates was soluble in water, (e) to note the amount of nitro-
gen in the superphosphate artiticially digestible by Stutzer's
sohition. To make this latter estimation (e), 5 grams of
superphosphate were stirred with water, filtered, and washed
till the wash water was no longer acid. The portion not
solul;le in water was treated with pepsin solution.

Experiment III. — To 30 grams of 50° B. sulphuric acid,
after heating, previously described, Avere added 12 grams of
Philadelphia tankage. A thick, black dough resulted. It

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

307

was diluted with 25 cubic centimeters of water, appearing
then as a thick, black fluid. To this fluid were added 60
grams of floats. The resulting superphosphate, after drying
in the air for twenty-four hours, weighed 102 grams. The
tannic acid reaction was quite strong.

Experiment IV. — To 30 grams of 50° B. acid were added
25 cubic centimeters of water and 70 grams of floats. The
dry superphosphate weighed 101.5 grams.

Experiment V. — To 30 grams of 50° B. acid were added
9 grams of Philadelphia tankage, which resulted in a medium
thick paste. Twenty cu1)ic centimeters of water and 48.5
grams of floats were afterwards added. The dry superphos-
phate weighed 88 grams, and gave no tannic acid reaction.

Experiment VI. — To 30 grams of 40° B. acid 9 grams
of Philadelphia tankage were added, resulting in a medium
thick paste. This paste was diluted with 20 cubic centi-
meters of water, and 50 grams of floats were put in.
Seventy-nine grams of superphosphate were obtained, which
gave a strong tannic acid reaction.

These several products were analyzed : —

nr.

I'lii- Cent.

IV.
Per Cent.

V.

Per Cent.

vr.

Per Cent.

Moisture,

Soluble phosphoric acid,
Reverted j)hosphoric acid.
Insoluble phosphoric acid, .
Total phosi^horic acid, .
Total nitrogen, ....
Nitrogen after artificial digestion.
Per cent, of total nitrogen digested.
Soluble nitrogen, ....

14.14

6.78

1.22

5.50

13.50

.81

.37

54.00

trace

14.13

7.30

1.60

6.66

15.56

14.86

7.80

.44

4.94

13.18

.87

.25

71.00

trace

1.03

.41

60.00

It would appear that 9 grams of leather were all that
could be added to 30 grams of sulphuric acid without getting
the tannic-acid reaction. When, as in Experiment III., 12
grams of leather were added, the reaction for tannic acid was
quite marked, and the nitrogen in the superphosphate had a
digestibility of 1)ut 54 per cent. Experiment VI. indicates
that 40° B. sulphuric acid was not quite strong enough to

308 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

thoroughly disintegrate the 9 grams of leather, for the tan-
nic acid in the superphosphate was easily recognized, and
the nitrogen was but 60 per cent, digestible. When 9 grams
of the Philadelphia tankage were dissolved in 30 grams of
50° B. acid, no tannic acid could be recognized, and 70 per
cent, of the total nitrogen was digestible. This is probably
the average percentage of organic nitrogen that would be
found digestible in mixed fertilizer, as offered for sale in our
markets. Such a result is quite encouraging. It would
seem from the analysis of IV. that the leather had not seri-
ously interfered with the action of the sulphuric acid upon
the floats. We have in the four experiments above cited
added rather too much phosphate roclc and water, and in the
two following experiments less were added.

Exjyeriment VII. — To 30 grams of 50° B. acid 9 grams
of Philadelphia tankage were added, and then 12 cubic cen-
timeters of water. To the thick fluid resulting 41 grams of
floats were added. After standing twenty-four hours the
material could be easily handled, and weighed 71.5 grams.

Experiment VIII. — To 30 grams of 50° B. acid 9 grams
of Philadelphia tankage were added, producing a thick,
pasty mass. W^ithout the addition of water 28 grams of
floats were stirred in, and after twenty-four hours the mass
weighed 63 grams. The phosphate was quite black in color
and sticky. It needed at least 5 to 7 grams more floats
before it could be easily handled. It was plain that the sul-
phuric acid was not all neutralized. If no water were added
to dilute the thick, pasty mass, it would be very difiicult to
work in the floats should large quantities be mixed.

Analyses.

Moisture,

Soluble phosphoric acid,
lieverted phosphoric acid,
Insoluble phosj^horic acid,
Total phosi)horic acid.
Total nitrogen, .

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 309

In Experiment VII. 8.95 per cent, of available phosphoric
acid was obtained, with but 1.94 per cent, of insoluble acid
and .90 per cent, of nitrogen; the phosphate was also in
STood mechanical condition and gave no tannic-acid reaction.
The proportions of water, sulphuric acid, floats and leather
appear to be about correct, and the percentages of available
phosphoric acid and nitrogen as high as could be expected,
with floats as a dryer.

Experiment IX. — In experiments III. to VIII. Philadel-
phia tankage was used as a source of leather.

In this experiment pure fine-ground sole-leather was used,
to see if the sulphuric acid acted as strongly upon the pure
leather as upon the prepared article. To 30 grams of 50*^ B.
acid were added 9 grams of sole-leather, 20 cubic centimeters
of water and 60 grams of floats.

The resulting phosphate weighed 98.5 grams.

Analysis gave the following results : —

Per Cent.

Total nitrogen in tlie superphosphate, 710

Total nitrogen after digestion, 220

Total nitrogen digested, 69.000

Nitrogen soluble in water 047

Per cent, of soluble nitrogen, 6.620

No tannic acid could be detected in this superphosphate.
The artificial digestion of the nitrogen was made by taking
5 grams of the substance, washing out the soluble phosphoric
acid with water, and proceeding in the usual manner.

It is to be noted from the above figures that the nitrogen
in the sole-leather thus treated was as digestible as is the
average animal matter sold for fertilizing purposes.

Practical Deductions.
The various experiments made would indicate that leather,
sulphuric acid, water and floats should be mixed in about the
following relative proportions : —

Pounds.

Sulphuric acid, 50^ B 2,000

Ground leather, 600

Water 800

Floats, 2,700

310 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The resulting mixture, when in fairly dry condition, would
weigh approximately 5,000 pounds, shrinking about 18 to
20 per cent. It would have aj)proximately the following
composition : —

Per Cent.

Moisture, 18.00

Available pliosi^horic acid, 8.50

Insoluble phosphoric acid, 2.00

Total phosphoric acid, 10.50

Total nitrogen, . . .90

Two thousand pounds of sulphuric acid will not take up
more than 600 pounds of leather and render the leather 70
per cent, digestible. If more is added, part of the latter,
whether roasted or raw, will not ])e thoroughly acted upon
by the acid. With GOO pounds of leather a thick paste
results, which must be dihitcd somewhat with water in order
to allow the sulphuric acid to act freely upon the floats. If
bone ash should be used as a dryer, in place of ground phos-
phate rock, a higher percentage of available phosphoric acid
and of nitrogen would result, as experiments I. and II.
indicate.

Before submitting the leather to the action of the sulphuric
acid, it would undoubtedly be better, after extracting the fat,
to steam or roast it, in order that it may be easily pulverized.
Raw, untreated leather is ground only with difiiculty, and if
the mechanical condition of the leather were poor, the action
of the sulphuric acid would be imperfect.

Pot Experiments with Dissolved Leather.
By J. B. LiNDSEY AND R. H. Smith.

In oi-der to still further study the availability of the nitro-
gen in dissolved leather, pot experiments were instituted,
and the result of our first year's trial is here presented.

The Pots vsed.

The pots were made of thin galvanized iron, and were
seven and three-quarters inches in diameter and eight inches
deep. A galvanized-iron tube, half an inch in diameter,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 311

extended from the top to the bottom of the pot, connecting
at the base with a second tube of the same material, one
inch in diameter. This latter tube extended along the bot-
tom of the pot and was perforated with small holes. The
object of these tubes was to supply water partially from the

bottom.

The Soil.

In order to test the availability of different sources of
nitrogen, the soil to be used for such a purpose should be as
poor in this ingredient as possible. If not naturally in such
a condition, it should be rendered so by previous cropping.
As we had not an ideal soil at hand for such a purpose, a
sandy subsoil was selected that was poor in all of the several
ingredients of fertility. It had the following composition : —

Per Cent.

Moisture when tested, 14.25

Phosphoric acid, . .13

Potassium oxide, , OS-

Nitrogen, 09

The Fertilizers used.

In order to turn the nitrogen to the very best account,
phosphoric acid and potash must be supplied in excess.

The sources of nitrogen were nitrate of soda, dissolved
leather and Philadelphia tankage. The Philadelphia tankage
has already been described. The dissolved leather was pre-
pared as follows : to 210 grams of c. p. sulphuric acid of
50° B., heated to 80° C, were added 63 grams of finely
ground sole-leather. The mixture was thoroughly stirred,
and allowed to stand for half an hour ; a dark pasty mass
resulted. Forty-nine grams of water were added to thin the
paste somewhat, and then finely ground calcium carbonate
(marble) was added, to take up the excess of sulphuric
acid, and enable us to secure a dry, easily handled material.
We used the carbonate instead of the phosphate of lime as a
dryer, in order to avoid an excess of phosphoric acid. After
standing twenty-four hours the substance had dried out
sufficiently to be easily handled and ground.

Double superphosphate was used as a source of phosphoric
acid, and the potash was applied in the form of the double
sulphate of potash and magnesia.

312 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Cnmioosition of the Fertilizers.

Dissolved
Leather.

Philadel.

phia
Tankage.

Nitrate
Soda.

Double
Superphos-
phate.

Sulphate
of Potash

and
Magnesia.

Moisture, ....

_*

_,

2.09

5.74

8.10

Nitrogen, ....

.97

7.80

14.28

-

-

Soluble phosphoric acid,

-

-

-

38.38

-

Reverted phosphoric acid,

-

-

-

9.04

-

Available phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

47.42

-

Insoluble phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

.38

-

Total phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

47.80

-

Potassium oxide, .

-

-

-

-

24.32

* Not determined.

Arrangement of the Experiment.
Eighteen pots were used in the experiment, fertilized as
follows : —

Pots.

Source of Nitrogen.

Amount

of Nitrogen

applied

(Grams).

Amount of

Available

Phosphoric

Acid applied

(Grams).

Amount

of Potassium

Oxide

applied

(Grams).

Pots 1,2, 3,
Pots 4, 5, 6,
Pots 7, 8, 9,
Pots 10, 11, 12, .
Pots 13, 14, 15, .
Pots 10, 17, 18, .

Soil nitrogen,
Philadelphia tankage, .
Nitrate soda, .
Nitrate soda, .
Dissolved leather, .
Dissolved leather, .

.60
.30

.60

.30
.60

1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.-20
1.20

2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40

Pots 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, IG were infected with a small quan-
tity of cultivated soil, in order to note if the infection facili-
tated the nitrification of tlie organic nitrogen in case of our
experiments. To each of these pots were also added 10
grams of air-slacked lime.

Filling the Pots.
About an inch of good clean gravel was first added to the
pots, and tiien five centimeters of the well-mixed soil (three
and one-half pounds) . The fertilizer (one-half of the nitrate

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83. 313

of soda only at this time) was tlien thoroughly mixed with
six and one-half pounds of the soil and added ; this addition
increased the depth nine centimeters. Two pounds of the
mixed soil (three centimeters) were next put in, and finally
the oats (one gram of seed per pot) were scattered in and
covered with one-half pound of the soil. Twelve and one-
half pounds of soil were therefore added to each pot, and
filled it to within one centimeter of the top. After each
addition of soil the pot was somewhat shaken, hut the soil
was not at all pressed in. The filling and planting were
completed on April 25.

General Care of the Experiment.

The pots were set into a wagon running on an iron track.
The floor of the wagon was surrounded with sides six inches
deep. The space between the pots was filled with sawdust,
which was kept moist, in order to keep the soil in the pots
as cool as possible during the hot summer weather. The
pots were carefully watched and kept sufficiently watered.
A portion of this water was supplied from beneath, and the
remainder was added to the surface with a sprinkling pot.
Sometimes it became necessary to water twice daily. The
pots were kept in the open whenever the weather permitted.
During wet or windy weather, and at night, they were run
under cover.

Notes.

The oats appeared April 30. When they were about two
inches high, twelve plants were removed from each pot, as
they appeared rather thick.

Appearance June 1.

Pots 1, 2, 3. Oats were eleven to thirteen inches high.
They began to appear light green, up to yellow, and
spindly.

Pots 4, 5, 6. Oats were but very little better in appear-
ance than those in pots 1, 2 and 3.

Pots 7, 8, 9. Plants were dark green, stocky, and eleven
to thirteen inches high.

314 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Pots 10, 11, 12. Plants appeared dark green, very
stocky, and were eleven to fifteen inches high.

Pots 13, 14, 15. Leaves liroad, very dark green, and
plants twelve to fifteen inches high.

Pots 1(), 17, 18. Same as pots 13, 14, 15.

On June 4 pots 7, 8, 9 began to show nitrogen hunger, by
appearing a lighter green ; the ends of the leaves were turn-
ing yellow. The other half of the nitrate of soda was there-
fore added in 350 cubic centimeters of water to pots 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 and 12. From this time on (June 4) the plants in
pots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and G grew quite slowly, had a light-
green and spindly appearance. On June 22 the oats in all
the pots (excepting 10, 11, 12) began to head. The latter
showed the heads about a week later.

The plants retained their same relative appearance till
harvested.

The plants in pots 10, 11, 12 were a deep rich green and
stocky, but failed to mature much grain, as our tabulated
results will show.

Harvesting.

The plants were harvested as they matured. The oats in
pots 1, 2, 3 were cut, for example, July 23, while those in
pots 10, 11, 12 not till August 10. They were cut close to
the soil, put in large paper bags, and hung away to dry.

The photographs that follow show the relative appearance
of the plants in pots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, a
short time before harvesting. The photographs of the
plants ill pots 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18 are not presented, for
reasons that will be stated further on.

Comments.

Pots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (see first photograph) have the
same general appearance, though the latter contain a trifle
more foliage. Pots 7, 8, 9, fertilized with .30 grams of
nitrogen from nitrate of soda, and pots 13, 14, 15, with the
same amount of nitrogen in the form of dissolved leather
(see second photograph), compare to the eye very favorably
one with the other. The plants in the nitrate pots are not
(juite as tall, but more stocky.

M

(

1^,.,.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 315

The Results.

After the product from each pot was thoroughly air dry,
the grain wa3 carefully removed, weighed, coarsely ground,
and dry-matter determinations made. The straw was cut
into short lengths, and together with the chaff tested for
dry matter. Finally, both grain and straw were ground fine,
and nitrog-en determinations made.

316 AGRICULTURAL p:XPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1895.] rUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 317

Comments on Table I.

The first four columns in the table show the weight of
straw and grain (dry matter) produced by each pot, and
the average from each three pots. The next three columns
indicate the gain in dry matter over those pots containing
only soil nitrogen. Then follow the comparative yields,
nitrate of soda beino: rated at 100. When the average of
both straw and grain is considered, it will be seen that the
dissolved leather yielded 60.7 per cent, as much as the same
quantity of nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda. The
Philadelphia tankage, on the other hand, gave but a slight
increase over the no-nitrogen pots ; this slight gain was in
the yield of straw.

In case of the last six pots, where .60 gram of nitrogen
was applied in the forms of nitrate of soda and dissolved
leather, we find a large amount of straw produced, but very
little grain. This, in all probability, can be attributed to
two causes : in the first place, in case of the nitrate of soda,
one-half the quantity was not applied till early June, and
this application might have been too late to enable the plants
to take it up and work it over into grain ; in the second
place, there might not have been phosphoric acid and potash
enough present to have enabled the plants to turn the nitro-
gen to account. Twice as much phosphoric acid and four
times as much potassium oxide as nitrogen were applied ;
the coming year these amounts will be doubled, in order to
make sure that a sufiicient quantity is present. The results
from these latter pots, therefore, are simply stated, but not
further considered.

318 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 319

Comments on Table II.

The first two columns show the sources of nitrogen and
the quantity apj)lied to each pot. Tlie third column shows
the total average nitrogen found in the dry matter pro-
duced by each pot. Where no nitrogen was applied, the
soil yielded of itself .0945 gram, and the excess over
this amount obtained in the other series represents the
amount that the plants succeeded in getting from the
nitrogen applied. The next column shows that for every
100 parts of nitrogen applied in the form of nitrate of soda
70 parts were obtained in the grain and straw ; the other 30
parts would probalily largely if not entirely be found in the
roots. For every 100 parts of nitrogen applied in the form
of dissolved leather 39 parts were returned, while for every
100 parts applied in the form of Philadelphia tankage but 5.3
parts were recovered. The next column shows that, if the
amount of nitrogen returned in case of the nitrate of soda
pots be represented by 100, then the amount returned in case
of dissolved leather would be 56, and in case of Philadelphia
tankage 7.6. The last column indicates the parts of grain
produced for every 100 parts of straw. Notice that where
no nitrogen was applied only 21.6 parts of grain were pro-
duced to 100 parts of straw ; but when .30 gram of
nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda was added, 36 parts of
grain were obtained to 100 parts of straw.

Resume. — Action of Sulphuric Acid on Leather.

Artificial digestion tests show that nitrogen in either raw,
steamed or roasted leather, after being acted on by 50° B.
sulphuric acid, has a digestibility of 70 per cent. This test
would class it, as regards availability, with the average qual-
ity of animal matter sold for fertilizing purposes.

The result of our first year's test with pot experiments
indicates that, when nitrate of soda as a source of nitrogen
is rated at 100, the nitrogen in the form of dissolved leather
would be rated at about 60. The return from the Philadel-
phia tankage was very slight. The experiment will be con-
tinued the coming year.

320 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

12. Report on General Farm Work (1894).

The lands assigned for the use of the Massachusetts State
Agricultural Experiment Station cover au area of fifty acres.
Ten acres are natural woodlands, and forty acres, including
the space occupied by the buildings, are used for the raising
of farm crops. At present from fifteen to sixteen acres are
under cultivation, and from sixteen to seventeen acres are
permanent grass lands. As every portion of the land is at
present serving for some special experiment, the general
management of the farm is to a controlling degree subjected
to the requirements of the work called for in connection with
the various questions under investigation. The adoption of
a thorough mechanical preparation of the soil, supported by
a careful, clean cultivation of the crops raised, has brought
the lands into a fair condition for field experiments. Each
field has had for years its own system of manuring, and
becomes thereby from year to year more valuable for experi-
mental purposes. Wherever circumstances have been favor-
able, forage crops have been chosen, for the purpose of
studying the influence of various systems of fertilization and
cultivation on their growth and special character. This
practice has resulted already in the successful introduction
of some valuable forage plants new to our locality, and has
also materially assisted us in an economical support of quite
extensive experiments in stock feeding. The beneficial efiect
of many of these crops on the physical and chemical condi-
tion of our cultivated lands is everywhere noticed, when
compared with their previous general condition.

During the past season soja bean, vetch and oats, vetch
and barley, and vetch, oats and horse bean have l)een raised.
The vetch and oats was fed in part green and the remainder
was converted into hay for dairy cows. The soja bean was
used in a mixed silage with corn. The vetch and barley and
vetch, oats and horse bean were used for hay.

Twenty-six tons of corn have been ]xit into the silos,
about three to four tons being in the form of mixed silage
with soja bean. Of the remainder, part was fed green and
the rest harvested at maturity.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33. 321

During the past season the area of the orchard has been
laid down in permanent grass land. From three to four
feet space around each tree has been left open for cultivation.

The amount and character of farm and garden crops
raised in 1894 may be seen from the following statement : —

Tons.

Hay (first cut), 33

Rowen, G^

Potatoes, C.^

Oats (756 pounds grain, 2,224 pounds straw), .... IJ

Vetch and oats (hay), 3|

Vetch and oats (green), . . . . . . . . S\

Vetch and barley (hay), -^^

Vetch, oats and horse bean (hay) , |

Fodder corn (green), 29

Soja bean (green), S]

Hungarian grass (green), 2^-

Barley (G57 pounds grain, 1,378 pounds straw), .... 1

Rye (2,576 pounds grain, 11,U72 ijounds straw), .... 6^

Tomatoes, 2j

Onions, iV

Carrots, 2|

Globe mangolds, 1 =,^o

Spinach, . ^

Lettuce, |

Miscellaneous, . 3

1094

P»ART III.
SPECIAL WORK IN THE CHEMICAL LABOEATOEY.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

I. Communication on Commerciai, Fertilizers: —

1. General Introduction.

2. State Laws tor the Regulation of Tradk in Commercial Fertilizers.

3. List op Licensed Manufacturers and Dealers from May 1, 1894, to

May 1, 1S95 (58).

4. Analyses op Licensed Fertilizers (253) (compiled by H. D. Haskins).

5. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial Substances sent

ON for Examination (145) (compiled by C. 8. Crocker).

6. Miscellaneous Analyses (4) (coMriLED by C. 8. Crocker).

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses (69) (compiled by C. S. Crocker).
II. Analyses of Milk sent on for Examination (40) (compiled by C. S. Crocker).

III. Analyses op Water sent on for Examination (200) (compiled by R. H.

Smith).

IV. Compilation op Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., op Agricultural Chem-

icals AND Refuse Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes (compiled
by C. 8. Crocker).
V. Compilation op Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., op Fodder Articles,
Fruits, Sugar-producino Plants, Dairy Products, etc. (compiled by C.
S. Crocker).
VI. Table of the Digestibility of American Feeding Stuffs (compiled by J.
B. Lindsey) : —

A. Experiments with Ruminants.

B. Experiments with Swine.

324 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

I.

COMMUNICATION ON COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

1. General iutrod action.

2. State laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fer-
tilizers.

3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers from May 1,
1894, to May 1, 1895.

4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers.

5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances
sent on for examination.

G. Miscellaneous analyses.

7. Miscellaneous fodder analyses.

1. General Introduction.

Fifty-eight manufacturers and dealers have applied for and
received licenses for the sale of their various brands of fer-
tilizers in our State. Twenty-five of them are residents of
other States.

Two hundred and seventy-four samples of licensed articles
have been collected in all parts of the State by an authorized
aofeut of the station.* Two hundred and liftv-three of them
have been carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory of
the station, with the following results : four samples con-
tained all three essential constituents above the highest
guarantee ; twenty-five contained two of the essential ele-
ments above the highest guarantee ; sevent}' contained one
essential clement above the highest guarantee ; thirty-four
contained three essential elements above the lowest guar-
antee ; seventy-four contained two essential elements above
the lowest guarantee ; eighty-seven contained one element
above the lowest guarantee ; one contained three essential
elements below the lowest stated guarantee ; seventeen con-
tained two essential elements below the lowest stated guar-
antee ; seventy-six contained one element below the lowest

* Mr. H. D. llaskins, a graduate of tlie Massachusetts Airricultural rollciie, of the
class of '90, and for four years past an assistant iu the chemical laboratory of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 325

stated guarantee. The deficiency in one or two essential
constituents was in the majority of instances compensated
for by an excess in the others.

The variations in the market price of prominent fertilizer
constituents have been, on the whole, during the past year
within the usual limits. Potash in its different forms, as w^ell
as nitrogen, has advanced in price compared with last year's
quotations, while phospl;oric acid has remained about the
same.

The duties assigned to the director of the station, to act
as inspector of commercial fertilizers, render it necessary to
discriininate, in official publications of the results of analyses
of commercial fertilizers and of manurial substances in gen-
eral made at the station, between analyses of samples col-
lected by a duly qualified delegate of the experiment station^
in conformity ivitJt the rules prescribed by the new laws, and
those analyses tvhich are made of samples sent on for that
purpose by outside parties. In regard to the former alone
can the director assume the responsibility of a carefully
prepared sample, and of the identity of the article in ques-
tion.

The official report of analyses of compound fertilizers and
of all such materials as are to be used for manurial purposes,
w4iich are sold in this State under a certificate of compliance
with the present laws for the regulation of the trade in these
articles, has been restricted by our State laws to a statement
of chemical composition and to such additional information
as relates to the latter.

The practice of affixing to each analysis of this class of
fertilizers an approximate commercial valuation per ton of
their principal constituents has, therefore, been discontinued.
This change, it is expected, will tend to direct the attention
of the consumers of fertilizers more forcibly towards a con-
sideration of the particular composition of the different brands
of fertilizers offered for their patronage, a circumstance not
infrequently overlool:ed.

The approximate marhet value of the difierent brands of
fertilizers obtained by the current mode of valuation does
not express their respective agricultural value, i. e., their
crop-producing value ; for the higher or lower market price

326 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of different brands of fertilizers does not necessarily stand
in a direct relation to their particular fitness, without any
reference to the particular condition of the soil to be treated
and the special wants of the crops to be raised by their
assistance.

To select judiciously from among the various brands of
fertilizers offered for patronage requires, in the main, two
kinds of information, namely, we ought to feel confident
that the particular brand of fertilizer in question actually
contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities of essential
articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and that it con-
tains them in such form and such proportions as will best
meet existing circumstances and special wants. In some
cases it may be mainly either phosphoric acid or nitrogen or
potash ; in others, two of them ; and in others again, all
three. A remunerative use of commercial fertilizers can
only be secured by attending carefully to the above-stated
considerations.

To assist farmers not yet familiar with the current mode
of determining the commercial value of manurial substances
offered for sale in our markets, some of the essential con-
siderations, which serve as a l^asis for their commercial
valuation, are once more stated within a few subsequent
pages.

The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances
is based on the average trade value of the essential fertil-
izing elements specified by analysis. The money value of
the higher grades of agricultural chemicals and of the higher-
priced compound fertilizers depends, in the majority of
cases, on the amount and the particular form of two or three
essential articles of plant food, i. e., phosphoric acid, nitro-
gen and potash, which they contain. To ascertain by this
mode of valuation the approximate market value of a fertil-
izer (i. e., the money worth of its essential fertilizing in-
gredients), we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen,
etc., by the trade value per pound; the same course is
adopted with reference to the various forms of phosphoric
acid and of potassium oxide. We thus get the values per
ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 327

we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment
at points of general distribution.

The marlvet value of low-priced materials used for ma-
nurial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime,
barn-yard manure, factory refuse and waste materials of
different description, quite frequently does not stand in a
close relation to the market value of the amount of essential
articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in
dift'erent localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation,
and more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a
speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their
selling price.

The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple
or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of
farmers when articles of a similar chemical character are
offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization con-
trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions,
the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid diflusion of
the different articles of plant food throughout the soil.

The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence
on the pecuniary value in case of one and the same kind of
substance. Two samples of fish fertilizers, although equally
pure, may difler from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com-
mercial value on account of mere difference in moisture.

Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers, and refuse
materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with
reference to the market price of their principal constituents,
taking into consideration at the same time their general fit-
ness for speedy action.

Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Maw Materials and
Chemicals, 1894.

Cents
per Pound.

Niti'ogen in ammonia salts, 19

Nitrogen in nitrates, 14 1

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat,

blood, and in Iiigli-grade mixed fertilizers, . . 18 1-
Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and

castor pomace, 15

Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . ICj
Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and

tankage, 15

328 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.
Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients^ etc. — Concluded.

Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage,
Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage,
Organic nitrogen in liair, horn shavings and coars(

fish scraps,

Phosphoric acid solul)le in Avater, ....
Phosjihoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate.
Phosphoric acid in fine bone and tankage,
Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage,
Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage.
Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, .
Phosphoric acid in fine-ground fish, cotton-seed meal

linseed meal, castor jiomace and wood ashes, .
Phosphoric acid insoluble (in ammonium citrate) in

mixed fertilizers,

Potash as high-grade sulphate, and in mixtures free

from muriate, .......

Potash as muriate,

Cents
per round.

12

7
6

^

3

2

5i

The manurial constituents contained in feed stuifs are
valued as follows : —

Cents
per Pound.

Organic nitrogen, 16

Phosijhoric acid, 5

Potash, 5

The organic nitrogen in superpJiosphates, special manures
and mixed fertilizers of a high grade is usually valued at the
highest figures laid down in the trade values of fertilizinsr
ingredients in raw materials, namely, fifteen and a half cents
per pound ; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is
derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat,
blood, bones or other equally good forms, and not from
leather, shoddy, hair or any low-priced, inferior form of
vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. The
insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this connection at two
cents.

The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six
months preceding March, 1894, the respective ingredients
could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in
the raiu materials, which are the regular source of supply.

They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for
the six months ending March 1, plus about twenty per cent.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. H3. 329

in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations.
The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be
found to agree fairly with the retail price at the large mar-
kets of standard raw materials, such as : —

Sulphate of ammonia, Dry ground fish.

Nitrate of soda, Azotin,

Muriate of potash, Ammonite,

Sulphate of potash, Castor pomace.

Dried blood. Bone and tankage,

Dried ground meat. Plain superphosphates.

A large percentage of commercial materials consists of
refuse matter from various industries. The composition of
these substances depends on the mode of manufacture car-
ried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing industries
is liable to affect at any time, more or less seriously, the
composition of the refuse. To assist the farming community
in a clear and intelligent appreciation of the various sub-
stances sold for manurial purposes, a frequent examination
into the temporary characters of agricultural chemicals and
refuse materials offered in our markets for manurial pur-
poses is constantly carried on at the laboratory of the station.

Consumers of commercial manurial substances do well to
buy, whenever practicable, on guarantee of composition
with reference to their essential constituents, and to see to
it that the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain.
Any mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be
readily adjusted, in that case, between the contending parties.
The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnishing an
article corresponding in its composition with the lowest
stated quantity of each specified essential constituent.

Our present laws for the regulation of the trade in com-
mercial fertilizers include not only the various brands of
compound fertilizers, but also all materials, single or com-
pound, without reference to source, used for manurial pur-
poses when offered for sale in our market at ten dollars or
more per ton. Copies of our present laws for the regula-
tion of the trade in commercial fertilizers may be had by all
interested, on application at the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

330 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. The Provisions of the Act are as follows :

[Chapter 296.]

An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers.
Be it eyiacled, etc., as follows :

Section 1 . Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or mate-
rial used for manurial purposes sold, offered or exposed for sale
within this Commonwealth, the retail price of which is ten dollars
or more per ton, shall be accompanied by a plainly printed state-
ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fer-
tilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under Avhich
the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or
importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis stat-
ing the percentage of nitrogen or its equivalent in ammonia, of
potash soluble in distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in
available form soluble in distilled water and reverted, as well as
the total phosphoric acid. In the case of those fertilizers which
consist of other and cheaper materials, said label shall give a
correct general statement of the composition and ingredients of
the fertilizer it accompanies.

Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of
which is ten dollars or more per ton, is sold, offered or exposed
for sale, the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be
sold or offered for sale within the state of Massachusetts, shall
file witli the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment
station, a certified copy of the statement named in section one of
this act, and shall also deposit with said director at his request a
sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not less than one pound of
the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair average
sample thereof.

Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commercial fertilizer or material used for manurial pur-
poses, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall
pay for each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to
the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
an analysis fee of five dollars for each of the three following fer-
tilizing ingredients : namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
contained or claimed to exist in said brand or fertilizer : provided^
that whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid the
fee herein required for any person acting as agent or seller for
such manufacturer or impoi'ter, such agent or seller shall not be
required to pay the fee named in this section ; and on receipt of

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 331

said analysis fees and statement specified in section two, the direc-
tor of said station shall issue certificates of compliance with this
act.

Sect. 4. No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in the
state of Massachusetts, any pulverized leather, raw, steamed,
roasted, or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of any
fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed certificate of the
fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package
of such fertilizer or manure and to accompany or go with every
parcel or lot of the same.

Sect. 5. Any person selling, offering or exposing for sale, any
commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the first
section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer con-
tains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents
mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or respecting
the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing section have
not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first
offence, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence.

Sect. 6. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, im-
porting or purchasing fertilizers foi* their own use, and not to sell
in this state.

Sect. 7. The director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi-
ment station shall pay the analysis fees, as soon as received by
him, into the treasury of the station, and shall cause one analysis
or more of each fertilizer or material used for manurial purposes
to be made annually, and publish the results monthly, with such
additional information as circumstances advise : provided, such
information relates only to the composition of the fertilizer or
fertilizing material inspected. Said director is hereby authorized
in person or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds
in weight, for analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or
any material used for manurial purposes which may be in the
possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but
said sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties
in interest or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a
number of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent, of
the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and then
divided into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels and
carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or
brand of the fertilizer or material sampled, the name of the party
from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place
of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the director or
his deputy and by the party or parties in interest or their represent-
atives present at the drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of

332 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director and the
other by the party whose stock was sampled. All parties violat-
ing this act shall be prosecuted by the director of said station ;
but it shall be the duty of said director, upon ascertaining any
violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer or im-
porter in writiug, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter
in which to comply with the requirements of this act, but there
shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of the fertilizer
or fertilizing material if the same shall be found substantially
equivalent to the statement of analysis made by the manufacturer
or importer.

Sect. 8. Sections eleven to sixteen inclusive of chapter sixty
of the Public Statutes are hereby repealed.

Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of September
in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. [^A2)2>roved May
5, 1888.^

Instructions to Manufacturer's, Importers, Agents and Sellers of
Commercial Fertilizers or Materials used for Manurial Pur-
poses in Massachusetts.

1. An application for a certificate of compliance with
the regulations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and
materials used for manurial purposes in this State must be
accompanied : —

First, with a distinct statement of the name of each brand
offered for sale.

Second, w^ith a statement of the amount of phosphoric
acid, of nitrogen and of potassium oxide guaranteed in each
distinct brand.

Third, with the fee charged by the State for a certificate,
w'hich is five dollars for each of the following articles, nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, guaranteed in any
distinct brand.

2. The obligation to secure a certificate applies not only
to compound fertilizers but to all substances, single or com-
pound, used for manurial purposes, and offered for sale at
ten dollars or more jx-r ton of two thousand i)ounds.

3. The certificate must be secured annually before the
first of May.

4. Manufacturers, im})orters and dealers in commercial
fertilizers can appoint in this State as many agents as they

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 333

desire, after having secured at this office the certificate of
compliance with our laws.

5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in
commercial fertilizers are held personally responsible for
their transactions until they can prove that the articles they
offer for sale are duly recorded in this office.

6. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish
a list of their agents.

7. All applications for certificates should be addressed to
the Director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

Arrangements are made, as in previous years, to attend
to the examination of olijects of general interest to the farm-
ing community, to the full extent of existing resources.
Requests for analyses of substances — as fodder articles,
fertilizers, etc. — coming through officers of agricultural
societies and farmers' clubs within the State will receive
hereafter, as in the past, first attention, and in the order
that the applications arrive at the office of the station. The
results will be returned without a charge for the services
rendered. Application of private parties for analyses of
substances, free of charge, will receive a careful considera-
tion whenever the results promise to l)e of a more general
interest. For obvious reasons, no work can be carried on
at the station of which the results are not at the disposal of
the managers for publication, if deemed advisable in the
interest of the citizens of the State.

All parcels and communications sent to "The Massa-
chusetts State Experiment Station " must have express and
postal charges prepaid, to receive attention.

334 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have
SECURED Certificates for the Sale of Commer-
cial Fertilizers in This State during the Past
Year (May 1, 1894, to May 1, 1895), and the
Brands licensed by Each.

Allison, Stroup & Co., New York, N. Y. : —
Odorless Phosphate.
Canada Wood Ashe?.

Ames Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Strawberry Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
Special Potato Manure.
Special Grass Manure.
" A A " Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Special Tobacco Manure.
Special Corn Manure.
Standard A X C D Fertilizer.
Special Strawberry Manure.
Pure Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash,

C. A. Bartlett, "Worcester, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.

J. L. Bonzey, Auburn, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker's Lawrt and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 335

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Dried Ground Fish.
Bowker's Fresh Ground Fish.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
X L Phosphate.
Potato Manure.
B D Sea Fowl Guano.
Complete Manures.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade Tobacco Manure.
English Lawn Fertilizer.
Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Circle Brand Bone and Potash.
Eclipse Phosphate.
Fine-ground Bone.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

W. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
High-grade Potato and Root Manure.
Superphosphate.
Fish and Potash.
Menhaden Fish Guano.

Bryant & Brett, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Joseph Church & Co., Tiverton^ R. I. : —
Church's Fish and Potash.
Church's " B " Special Fertilizer.
Church's " C " Standard Fertilizer.

336 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Fertilizer, " G G."
King Philip Guano.
Potato and Tobacco.
Great Planet "A."
Bay State Potato Manure.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
White Oak Pure Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Corn and Grain Phosphate.
Cleveland Fertilizer.
Cleveland Potato Phosphate.
Cleveland Superpliosphate.

Cleveland Linseed Oil Company, Cleveland, O. : —
Connecticut Wrapper Fertilizer.
Coarse Linseed Meal.

E. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Alkaline Bone.

High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Red Brand Excelsior.
Gold Brand Excelsior.
Special Tobacco Fertilizer.
High-grade Potato Fertilizer.
F'ish and Potash.
Special Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Special Potato Manure.
Pure Ground Bone.

Ammoniated Practical Superphosphate.
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
Lawn Fertilizer.
Ground Bone Meal.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 337

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Concentrated Phosphate.
Cumberland Fertilizer.
Potato Phosphate.
Superphosphate.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Bone Phosphate.
^ Potato and Root Crop Manure.
Lawn and Garden Manure.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.

Davidge Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Special Favorite.
Wheat and Coi'n Phosphate.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Vegetator.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Dow's Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Dow's Ground Bone.

Forest City "Wood Ash Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Canada Uuleached Wood Ashes.

Wm. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Wood Ashes (Star Brand).

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : —
Great Eastern General for Grain and Grass.
Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco.
Great Eastern General, Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down.
Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash Fertilizer.

Hargraves Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : —
Bone Meal.
Meat and Bone.

S38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.

Thos. Kirley, South Hadley Falls, Mass. : — ■
Pride of the Valley.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

Lowe Bros. & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. : —
Bone.

Lowell Bone Fertilizer Company, Lowell, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New York,
N. Y. : —
The Mapes Bone Manures.
Peruvian Guano.
The Mapes Superphosphates.
The Mapes Special Crop Manures.
Sulphates of Potash.
Economical Manure.
Nitrate of Soda.

Mason, Chapin & Co., Providence, TJ. I. : —
Odorless Chemical Compound Fertilizer.

James E. iMcGovern, Lawrence, Mass. : —
West Andover Market Bone Phosphate.
Ground Bone.

McQuade Bros., West Auburn, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Munroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —
Canada AVood Ashes.
Swift's Ground P>one.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Complete Fertilizers.
Universal I'hosphate.
Fish and Potash.
Ground Bone.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. Sa. 339

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Pacific Guano.
Potato Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade General Fertilizer.

John J. Peters, Long Island City, N. Y. : —
Sheep Fertilizers.

Powers, Gibbs & Co. : —
Special Potato Guano.
X X X X X Peerless Ammoniated Guano.
Sea Bird Ammoniated Guano.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Tankage.
Dissolved Bone-black.

Preston Fertilizer Company, Greeupoint, L. I. : —
Potato Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Quinnipiac Phosphate.
Quinnipiac Potato Manure.
Quinnipiac Market-garden Manure.
Quinnipiac Fish and Potash, Crossed Fishes.
Quinnipiac Fish and Potash, Plain Brand.
Quinnipiac Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Quinnipiac Havana Tobacco Fertilizer.
Quinnipiac Corn Manure.
Quinnipiac Grass Fertilizer.
Quinnipiac Bone Meal.
Quinnipiac Dry Ground Fish.
Quinnipiac Onion Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

340 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dissolved Boue-black.
Tankage.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Read's Standard.
Higli-grade Farmer's Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine.

John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md. : — •
Potato Special.
New England Favorite.
Pilgrim.

N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Formula "A."
Formula "B."

High-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Regular Sulphate of Potash.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : —
F'ine-ground Bone.

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, INIass. : —
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.
Standard Guano.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Standard Fertilizer.
Standard Superphosphate.

T. L. Stetson, Randolpli, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Tobacco and Sulphur Fertilizer.

Henry F. Tucker, Boston, Mass. : —

Original Bay State Bone Superpliosphate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Special Potato Fertilizer.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 341

Walker, Stratmaa & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. : —
Potato Special.
Tobacco Special.
Banner.
Four Fokl.

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Paitland, Vt. : —
Corn Fertilizer.
Potato Manure.
Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.

AVliitteniore Bros., AYaj^land, Mass. : — •
Wliittemore's Complete Manure.

Leander Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —

Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Amraoniated Bone Superphosphate.
High-grade Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

Williams & Clark, Boston, Mass. : —
Potato Phosphate.
Grass Manure.
High-grade Special.
Americus Corn Phosphate.
Americus Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Pi'olific Crop Producer.
Americus Fish and Potash.
Fish and Potash, No. 1.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Onion Manure.

Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Dry Ground Fish.
Pure Bone Meal.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Tankage.

Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dis'solved Bone-black.
Double Sulphate of Potash.

342 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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a

5

2

2

C5

5
.3
61)

5

0?

'3

ja"

0

0

^

0

J3

ja

J=

C3

S

a

J3

ja

JS

a

^ •

C3

a

C5

o

a

a

cT

0

a

1

of

a

eS

a

oT

C?

a a

o

I

T3
O

O

«4-l

;^

<

■3
0
02

(^

0

0

13
0

ca

0

•a
0

00

<

•a
0
02

-a
0

OQ

0 "^

o

o

o

o

0

a)

0

0

0

0

0

0

"o

0

0

0)

"o

CM

0

0 "S

CO

o

0

0

0

C3

C3

0

C3

0

a

GJ

-2 ^

a

.2

■3

.3

ja

.a

.a

a

.3

.9

.s

a

.2

a

XI

■3

a

.2 a

o

D4

d*

Lm

Q*

'tH

'fc-

u

'k<

u

k,

;- I-

3

3

a

«

3

"3

OQ

3

CB

g

"a
m

3

3

a

1

a

a

2

3

CB

^

i

a 1

'Jt

>qran>j

n

CO

^

"oo"

01

(N

TH

t — *<

^

in

"oo"

~

CO

~jI7

~

>n

■M

o> •*

<N

-*

•*

■»

■0 e-i

<N

10

01

o>

CO

Tt< >ra

.Cio

;BjoqB7

c^

"""

(?>

(N

(N

c^ Ol

370 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial
Substances sent on for Examination.

Wood Ashes.

[I., II. and III., sent on from Concord, Mass.; lY. and Y., sent on from Lowell,
Mass. ; Yl., sent on from Amherst, Mass]

Per Cent.

I.

ir.

III.

IV.

V.

VI

Moisture at 100° C, .
Calcium oxide, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter, .

6.75
42.72
1.66
6.02
7.71

If.. 38

43.00

1.10

5.23

8.84

6.05

1.43
6.54
9.74

23.00

33.88

1.02

3.01

10.88

19.10

30.32

1.02

5.18

13.38

7.97

18.70

2.04

7.48

22.03

Wood Ashes.

[Ir and II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent on fi-om Concord Junction,
Mass. ; lY., sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; Y., sent on from Rock Bottom,
Mass. ; YL, sent on from Walpole, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III. IV.

V.

VI

Moisture at 100° C, .

14

96

9.86

5.93

1.29

14.69

16

06

Calcium oxide, .

29

52

32.74

40.48

32.26

_

-

Phosphoric acid, .

1

79

1.48

1.77

4.04

1.28

1

33

Potassium oxide,

5

25

6.17

7.84

9.20

5.04

5

20

Insoluble matter,

13

18

18.96

7.21

11.22

12.29

14

31

Wood Ashes.

[L. sent on from North Andover, Mass.; II., sent on from Hudson, Mass.; III.,
sent on from Westborough, Mass. ; lY., Y. and Yl., sent on from Concord,
Mass.]

Per (

;;en-t.

1

•

II.

m.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100" C, .

19

11

19

22.26

7.80

14.52

16.08

Calcium oxide, .

38

20

36

70

30.24

83.00

36.50

32.61

I'otassium oxide.

5

98

3

96

5.04

4.47

5.13

4.50

Phosphoric acid, .

1

28

90

1.15

1.13

1.68

1.22

Insoluble matter.

13

12

14

61

_*

10.28

11.03

13.70

* Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

377

5. Analyses, etc.

Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Beverly, Mass.; II., sent on from Boston, Mass.; ITT, and IV.,
sent ou from Concord, Mass.; V. and VI., sent on from Waltham, Mass.]

ir.

III.

IV,

V.

2.52

11.61

4.88

.57

34.46

35.05

30.20

28.17

4.31

4.59

4.80

6.02

.67

.87

1.41

1.65

12.63

15.97

15.61

16.87

Moisture at 100
Calcium oxide, .
Potassium oxide,
Phosplioric acid, .
Insoluble matter,

C.

6.44
_*

5.28

1.28

15.40

10.92

33.13

4.46

1.42

23.65

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent on from Granhr, Mass. ; IV.,
sent on from Lakeville, Mass. ; V., sent ou from Sunderland, Mass. ; VI., sent
on from Leverett, Mass.]

Per (

:^EXT

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moistiu'e at 100° C, .
Phosi)lioric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

9.67
1.43
7.32
8.94

11.13
1.43
5.22

23.13

20.51
1.36

5.62
17.08

6.45
.51

5.96
_*

12.59

.82

7.54

_*

16.69
1.59
5.98

_*

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Beverly, Mass. ; IV
and v., sent on from South Deeriield, Mass. ; VI., sent ou from South Sudbury,

Mass.]

Ter Cemt.

I,

II.

1
III. IV. 1 V.

VI.

Moisture at 100'^ C, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

12.32 10.17
1.42 1.61
6.4t) i 5.21

10.27 -*

2.05
1.79

4.(14

2.33
1.54
6.09

13.65
1.46

4.68

_*

33.2-3

.90

4.09

9.79

* Not determined.

378 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Waltham, Mass. ; III. and IV., sent on from Northfleld,
Mass. ; V., sent on from Sunderland, Mass. ; VI., sent on from South Hadley,
Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C.
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassiiim oxide,
Insoluble matter,

11.75

9.25

12.20

6.25

1.71

1.38

1.38

1.33

5.10

4.32

5.18

4.65

_*

23.78

17.16

24.44

20.60
1.56
4.78

2.35
1.71
3.46

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from South Sudbury, Mass.; II., sent on from South Framini^liam,
Mass.; III., sent on from South Amherst, Mass.; IV., sent on from Concord,
Mass. ; V., sent on from North Hadley, Mass. ; VI., sent on from "West North-
lield, Mass.]

Per Cent. ^

I.

II.

ni.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

11.77
1.44
5.20

19.40

3.23
1.26
4.12

_* -

17.20
1.66
4.24

13.05

10.38

1.28

5.76

_*

11.41
1.62
6.12
9.34

18.30
1.40
5.20
8.87

Wood Ashes.

[I. and II., sent on from Beverly, Mass. ; III., sent on from Lawrence, Mass. ; IV.,
sent on from Danvers, Mass. ; V., sent on from Lunenburg, Mass. ; VI., sent on
from Arlington, Mass.]

I'KR

[^ENTl.

I.

II.

III. 1 IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter.

2.62
1.28
4.73

_*

6.10
1.54
5.84
8.85

19.52
1.50
6.04

12.48

10.87

.56

6.32

20.22

18.73
1.02
8.71

10.94

7.05

1.36

5.81

23.82

• Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

379

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Wood Ashes.

[I., sent on from Bernardston, Mass. ; II., sent on from Concord, Mass. ; III., sent
on from Amiierst, Mass. ; IV., sent on from Methuen, Mass. ; V. and VI., sent
on from Concord, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

n.

III.

IV.

A'.

VI.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

20.58
1.36
3.68
9.80

12.32
1.42
6.40

10.27

7.57
1.60
8.50
8.48

15.39
1.80
4.60

_*

13.60
1.18
5.39

17.48

17.80
1.36
5.75

10.36

Wood Ashes.
[All sent on from Concord, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Phosphoi'ic acid.
Potassium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

15.22

21.36

1.07

-

6.07

1.20

12.46

3.66

19.48

.98

6.08

9.90

Cotton-hidl Ashes.

[I., sent on from North Hadley, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Hatfield, Mass.
IV., sent on from Sunderland, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

n.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide, .....
Insoluble matter, .....

8.72

9.40

25.50

6.08

9.45

9.96

25.48
_*

11.00

6.84

15.40

_*

7.89

5.46

26.36

_*

* Not determined.

380 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Lime-Mln Ashes.
[I., scut on from Suiulerland, Mass. ; II. and III., sent on from Amherst, Mass]

Per Cent.

I.

. n.

III.

Moisture at 100^ C, .
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,
Calcium oxide, .
Insoluble matter,

,

.68
1.48
5.20

_*

24.09

1.57

1.57

36.69

11.76

15.01
.77
.77

45.28
3.31

* Not determined.

Simll Ashes {from Cremation Furnace),
[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

ir.

III.

IV.

VII.

Moisture at 100° C.
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble matter,

2.43

1.59

25.89

17.93

19.46
1.78
6.22

30.81

12.48
3.35
6.50

31.54

.37

4.27

12.97

34.91

7.57

3.96

13.92

19 . 96

14.24
5.09
6.86

37.76

8.05

4.92

13.22

24.52

Lime and Ashes.

[Sent on from Boston, Mass.]

IVr Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 65

Calcium oxide, 57.17

Pota.ssium oxide, .77

Phosphoric acid, . 1.02

Insoluble matter, 13.86

Coal Ashes.

'

[Sent on from Framin,<rham.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

. 32.37

Potassium oxide, .

.42

Phosphoric acid, .

.37

Xitrojxcn,

.33

Insoluble matter, .

. 34.52

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

381

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Refuse Materials.

[I , refuse from calico works, sent on from Seekonk, Mass. ; II., hair waste, sent on
from Concord, Mass. ; III. and IV., cotton waste, sent on from Concord, Mass. ;
"\'., wool waste, sent on from Lawrence, Mass.]

Pkr Cknt

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100^ C.,.

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide,

Nitrogen,

4.07
11.95

4.28

72.81

.61

.32

1.79

10.01

.31

1.20

3.43

10.93

1.80
1.51
9.33

2.23

.38

3.50

.96

Muck.

[Sent on from North AVilbraliam, Mass. ; I., light colored ; II., dark colored.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100" C

Calcium oxide,

Potassium oxide, ........

Phosphoric acid,

Nitrogen,

Insoluble matter,

63.06
.73
.05
.04
.52

38.35

80.4-2
.22

!o6

.05

.44

6.06

Muck.

[I., sent on from Sontli Amherst, Mass. ; II., sent on fronr Plymouth, Mass. ; III.
sent on from Miller's Falls, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

Ash,

Nitrogen,

70.02

11.54

.69

61.53

30.05

.43

76 . 75
4.38

.40

Soot.

[.Sent on from South Lancaster, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide, .
Phosphoric acid,

Per Cent.

6.39
.52
.90

382 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.

Residue from Water Filter.
[Sent on from East Walpole, Mass.]

MoistTire at 100'- C,
riiosphoric acid,
Kitrogen,

Per Cent

94.22
.05
.12

Moistiire at 100° C.
Nitrogen,

Vegetable Mould.

[Sent on from Springfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

77.64
.30

Soot.
[Sent on from Lj-nn, Mass. ; I., black ; II., brown.]

n.

Moisture at 100= C,
Phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
!Nitrogen,

2.09
.74
.46

1.05

.13

2.10

.59

Moisture at 100° C.
Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter, .

Barnyard Manure.
[Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

72.080

.304

.641

.541

2.730

Goose Manure.

[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Pliosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,

Per Cent.

49.820
.957
.810
.213

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

383

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Hen House Refuse.

Moisture at 100° C,
Phosijhoric acid, .
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,

[Sent on from Fitchburg, Mass.]

Per Cent.
3.43

1.28
.60
.98

Moisture at 100° C,
Calcium oxide,
Insoluble matter, .

Waste Lime.
[Sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

.80

74.12

.38

Potash Magnesia Sulphate.
[Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

n. ni.

Moisture at 100° C,

Potassium oxide, ......

5.34
26.80

4.73
26.32

1.19
27.28

Muriate of Potash.

[I. and II., sent on from Sunderland, Mass. ; III., sent on from Leverett, Mass.
IV., sent on from Hudson, Mass.]

Pei! Ckxt.

I. 1 n.

m.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Potassiimi oxide,

.91
52.50

.13
49.00

1.20
52.60

1.05
51.16

384 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Conthmed.
Florida Phosphate.

[I., soft variety, sent on from Boston, Mass.; II., sent on from Brookliiie, INIass. ;
III., sent on from Sonth Hadley Falls, Mass.; IV., soft variety, sent on from
South Chelmsford, Mass.]

IT,

Moisture at 100° C, .
Calcium oxide,
Phosphoric acid, .
Ferric and aluminic oxides,
Potassium xide, .
Insoluble matter, .

3.35
30.22

19.94:

9.96

.2!)
30.86

1.20
82.80
24.49

6.93

23.91

3.69

9.03

_*

_*

20.79

18.54

_*

_*

25.48

26.55

* Not determined.

TanJicige.

[I., II., Ill , lY. and Y., sent on from Boston, Mass. ; YI., sent on from Concord,

Mass.]

Ill IV

VI.

Moistiire at 100° C.
Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,

9.24

10.84

6.94

9.23

12.28
8.27

14.95

10.23

8.72

9.01

12.60

8.26

6.27

11.25

7.51

10.33
4.03
9.16

Fish Waste.

[I , II. and TIT., sent on from Gloucester, Mass. ; lY. and Y., sent on from Boston,

Mass.]

Tek Cent.

I.

II. in. 1 IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Phosphoric acid,

jS'itrogeu,

10.37

8.96

10.80

6.17

5.38

11. U8

6.86

11.90

9.12

20.71

15.91

5.97

11.95

13.93

7.69

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

385

5. Analyses, etc. — Continued.
Ground Bone.

[I., sent on from West Berlin, Mass.; II., III., IV. and V., sent on from Lincoln,

Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Total phosphoric acid,
Available jihosjihoric acid,
Insoluble phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen, ....

4.97

3.76

4.31

4.0J

15. «1

28.78

28.66

25.64

15.71

-

-

-

.10

_

_

-

2.82

3.50

3.54

4.21

3.64
20.98

3.23

Ground Bone.

[I., sent on from Salisbury, Mass. ; II., sent on from Townsend Harlior, Mass. ;
III., sent on from AVest Newljury, Mass.; IV., dissolved bone, sent on from
Lancaster, Mass.]

Ter Cen't.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, .

34.55

5.84

8.95

8.79

Total phosphoric acid,

n.42

27.90

2C..55

14.12

Availaljle jihosphoric acid, .

_*

26.51

21.75

13.61

Insoluble jihosphoric acid, .

_*

l.,39

4.80

.51

Nitrogen,

4.04

2.87

2.09

.59

Mechanical Analysifi.

Fine bone,

_*

39.27

58.35

_*

Fine medium bone, ....

_*

32.43

25.95

_*

Medium bone, .....

_*

25.00

15.70

_*

Coarse medium bone, , . . .

_*

3.30

-

_*

-

100.00

100.00

-

* Not determined.

Cotton-seed Meal.

[I. and IT., sent on from Hatfield, Mass. ; III., sent on from Hadlev, Mass. (dam-
aged) ; IV., sent on from Amherst, Mass.]

Tkr

^'ENT.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

8.

75

8.23

12.57

9.01

2.

12

3.08

2.48

2.11

1

51

1.94

1.66

2.38

7

70

7.17

6.68

7.11

Moistiire at 100° C ,
Total phosjihoric acid,
Potassium oxide, .
Nitrogen,

386 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Analyses, etc. — Concluded.
Commercial Fertilizers {Complete).

[I. ami II., sent on from Granby, Mass.; ITT., sent on from Dii,'liton, Mass. ; IV.,
sent on from Concord, Mass. ; V., sent on from Ilatlield, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100^ C

12.81

12.46

8.29

19.76

6.20

Total phosphoric acid,

10. 02

9.39

11.85

10.59

2.89

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

.26

5.99

G.12

1.97

-

Reverted i)hosphoric acid,

10.01

2.43

4.61

7.01

1.56*

Insoluble phos])horic acid,

.35

.97

1.13

1.64

1.33

Potassium oxide.

2.78

10.03

10.11

3.78

11.26

Nitrogen,

2.28

3.55

3.69

3.13

4.05

* Available.
Commercial Fertilizers ( Co7n2)lete) .

[I., sent on from Hatfield, Mass. ; II., sent on from Pittsfield, Mass. ; III , sent on
from Lancaster, Mass.; IV., sent on from Hatfield, Mass.; V., sent on Irom
East Lexington, Mass.]

Per Cekt.

I. II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

Total phosphoric acid.

Available phosphoric acid.

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide.

Nitrogen,

5.61
6.75

_*

_*
9.12
2.60

11.07

11. .S2

11.31

.51

5.26

3.02

10.39
10.64

8.77
1.87
5.86
2.29

6.54

12. G2

_*

_*

11. S2

6.42

5.36
8.37
6.91
1.46
9.44
2.90

* Not determined.

Commercia I Ft rt il izers ( Comj^lete ) .

[I., sent on from East Lexington, Mass.; II., III., IV. and Y., sent on from East-
ham, Mass.]

Peu Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Total ])hosphoric acid,

Availal)le ])liosphoric acid,

Insolul)le pliosplioric acid,

Potassium oxide.

Nitrogen, . . ...

5.63
5.94
4.35
1.59
6.08
2.16

.76

27.12

1.40

25.72

1.48

.06

19.76
2.82
2.30
.52
9.00
1.35

15.21
.64
.64

9.32
2.18

9.17

14.96

14.70

.26

1.51

.09

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

38;

6. Miscellaneous Analyses.

Cooking Soda.

' [Sent on from South Acton, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Total carbonic acid, 48.25

Available carbonic acid, 15.25

Sulphuric acid, .31

Hydrochloric acid, .23

Insoluble matter, Trace.

Available carbonic acid,
Aluminic oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Ammonia,
Sulphuric acid,
Calcium oxide,

Baking Powder.

[Sent on from Nortli Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

c acid,

8.40

3.49

4.76

.75

5.41

6.08

Soil Deposit.

[Sent on from Shu-lej', Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100^ C, 6.13

Calcium oxide, .38

Ferric and aluminic oxides, . ....... .79

Potassium oxide, .18

Phosphoric acid, .04

Insoluble matter, 83.18

Soil.

[Sent on fi"om Gardner, Mass.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 8.33

Calcium oxide, .44

Ferric and aluminic oxides, 1.20

Potassium oxide, .18

Phosphoric acid, .14

Nitrogen, .87

Insoluble matter, 58.49

388 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIxMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses.

A. Analyseti of Food Articles {Human Food),

Quaker Self-raising Buckwheat Flour.

[Sent on from llavenna, 0.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

Aiiali/si.<t of Dry MdUcr,
Crude ash,

" fibre, .

" fat,

" ijrotein,
Nitrogen-lree extract matter.

Per Cent.

13.36
86.64

100

00

5

.21

.42

.90

6

.35

87

12

Hacker's Hominy.

[Sent on from New York, N. Y.]

Moisture at 100 C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Bry Matter.
Crude ash,

" fibre,

"fat,

" i^rotein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter, . . . .

Macaroni {Royal Egg Brand).

[Sent on from Minneapolis, Minn.]

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,

" fibre,

"fat,

" protein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

100.00

Per Cent.

9.56
90.44

100.00

.22
.45

.83

9.02

89.48

100.00

Per Cent.

9.07
90.93

100.00

.34

.57

12.88

86.21

Farina (a ^VJleat Product).
[Sent on from Wilminirton, Del.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

100.00

Per Cent.
10.65

89.35

100.00

1895.1

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

389

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Per Cent.

Crude ash, .06

" fibre, 74

"fat, 1.98

" protein, 11.62

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 85.60

Condensed Milk.

[No. 1, Milkmaid Brand; No. 2, Eagle Brand.]

100.00

Per Gent.

No. 1.

No. 2.

Moisture at 100° C, . . . .

24.48

26.88

Total solids,

75.62

73.62

Fat,

8.95

7.01

Cosein,

9.31

_*

Milk sugar,

13.04

10.04

Cane sugar,

37.43

42.46

Gelatine.
[Sent on from Johnstown, N. Y.]

Per Cent.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Rose-
colored.

Moisture at 100° C, .

Nitrogen,

Ash,

15.39

14.28
1.40

15.36

14.28

1.48

13.94

14.68
1.88

14.09

14.40

1.74

Timelier' s Sugar of Milk Baking Powder.*

Per Cent.

Available carbonic acid, 13.96

Milk sugar, 3.80

Peanut Meal.

[Sent on from Washington, D. C]

Moisture at 100- C,

Dry matter, 92.00

Per Cent.
8.00

100.00

* Completely soluble in water.

390 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Fodper Analyses — Continued.

Anal 11 sis of Dry Mailer.

Per Cent.

Cnuleash, 4.29

" librc, 3.76

" fat, 11.69

" protein, 53.26

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 27.00

100.00

Fcrlilizinij CunsHlttctds.

Moisture at 100° C, 8.00

Potassium oxide, 1.27

rhosphoric acid, 1.54

Nitrogen, 7.84

B, Analyses of Fodder Articles.
The names of the articles described below arc those given
by the parties sending them for analysis. As the food
value of concentrated feed stuffs depends materially on the
amount of crude protein and crude fat present, the analysis
has been confined in several instances to the determination
of these two constituents.

[I., cotton-seed meal, sent on from North Amherst, Mass. ; II., cotton-seed meal,
sent on from Hatfield, Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein.
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

Fertilizing Constituents.
Moisture at 100° C, .

Phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,

8.99
91.01

100.00

7.10

5.53

9.66

50.34

27.37

100.00

.99

7.33

9.45
90.55

100.00

11.20
•10.92

9.45
8.65

2.34
5.93

* Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83.

391

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

[I., cottou-seecl meal (undecorticated), sent on from Hatfield, Mass.; II., cotton-
seed bran, sent on from New York, N. Y.]

Per Cent.

/

I.

II.

Moisture at 100^^ C,

Dry matter,

10.77
89.23

10.10
89.90

100.00

100.00

Anal lists of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, . .

" fibre, .........

" fat,

" jjrotein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

_*

_*

5.41

23.69
_♦

3.58
31.09

3.17
11.82
50.34

-

100.00

Fertilizing Constitue?its.

Moisture at 100° C,

Phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide,

Nitrogen,

10.77
2.04
2.18
3.38

10.10

_*

_*

1.70

[I., Chicago gluten meal, sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II., Chicago gluten meal,
sent on from Boston, Mass. ; III., King gluten meal, from station barn ]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

9.33

90.67

10.22

89.78

7.18
92.22

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

" fibre, .......

"fat,

" protein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

100.00

.14

1.73

4.60

37.09

56.44

100.00

_*

_*

8.74

43.86

_*

100.00

1.50

1.41

19.68

38.57

38.84

100.00

-

100.00

* Not determined.

392 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

Atlas Meal.

[Dry distillery feed, sent ou from Peoria, 111.]

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100 J C, 11.21

Dry matter, 88.75

100.00
Anahjsis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .41

" fibre, 11.94

" fat 15.28

37.30

35.07

" protein,
Nitrogeu-free extract matter,

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C, 11.21

Potassium oxide, .16

Phosphoric acid, .23

Nitrogen, 5.30

This article is new in our market. German experiment
station reports speak of two kinds of dry distillery feed,
one obtained in connection with the manufacture of alcohol
from rye and one from maize ; the former contains consider-
able less crude protein (from twenty-two to thirty per
cent.) than the latter (from thirty to thirty-four per cent.).

[I., Buffalo gluten feed, from station barn ; II., golden gluten, sent on from Boston,
Mass. ; III., Chicago maize feed, sent on from Boston, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IMoisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

8.34
91.66

9.89
90.11

7.19
92.81

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

•' fibre,

"fat,

" protein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

100.00

.91

8.61

14.76

25.09

50.63

100.00

_*

_*

15.78

29.13
_*

100.00

1.06

9.34

7.39

27.07

55.14

100.00

100.00

* Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

393

7. Miscellaneous Foddek Analyses — Continued.

[I., gluten feed, sent on from Lincoln, Mass.; II , oil cake, sent on from Boston,
Mass. ; III., gluten feed, sent on from Lincoln, Mass.]

Per Cekt.

I.

n.

HI.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.52

11.01

8.52

Dry matter,

91.48

88.99

91.48

100.00

100.00

100.00

Anal//sis of JJri/ Mailer.

Crude ash,

_*

2.35

_ *

" fibre,

_*

8.37

_*

" fat, ........

15.94

18.32

14.58

" protein,

24.21

25.21

22.15

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

_*

45.75

_♦

-

100.00

-

[L, Peoria glnten feed, sent on fi"om Peoria, 111. ; II., Chicago gluten, sent on from
Lincoln, Mass. ; III., gluten feed, sent on from Lincoln, Mass.]

Pkr Cent.

I.

11.

III.

Moisture at 100° C,

7.07

9.22

9.79

Dry matter,

92.93

90.78

90.21

100.00

100.00

100.00

A?iali/si>t of Drii Matter.

Crude ash,

1.16

_*

_*

" fibre, .......

8.30

_♦

_*

"fat,

14.33

8.98

9.07

" protein,

22.71

22.87

21.00

Nitrogen-free extract matter.

53.50

_*

_♦

100.00

-

-

* Not determined.

394 AGKICULTUEAL EXPElilMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. MiscMXANEous FoDDEK ANALYSES — Continued.

[I., comljinatiou horse feed, sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II., corn, oats and
barle\' chop, sent on from Springfield, Mass. ; III., ground corn and oats cliop,
sent on from Springfieki, Mass.; IV., Iowa gluten meal, sent on from Amherst,
Mass. ; Y., cotton-seed meal, sent on from Amherst, Mass.J

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100" C,

10.84

9.85

7.98

8.31

7.29

Dry matter, ....

89.16

90.15

92.02

91.69

92.71

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

A)/ali/sis of Drii Mdttcr.

Crude ash, ....

5.69

4.14

2.35

1.24

7.63

" cellulose,

19.92

8.48

14.62

4.52

5.91

" fat, ....

1.74

5.54

3.83

10.97

8.41

" protein, ....

11.22

13.75

9.13

36.40

48.79

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

61.43

68.09

70.07

46.87

29.26

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

[I., Chicago maize feed, sent on from Boston, Mass. ; II., Peoria gluten feed, sent on
from Peoria, 111.; III., Buffalo gluten feed, from station barn; IV., wheat bran,
from station barn; V., barley meal, from station barn.]

Pek Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C, .

7.19

7.07

9.37

9.15

11.17

Dry matter, ....

92.81

92.93

90.63

90.85

88.83

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Ajialysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

1.06

1.16

.86

6.10

2.79

" cellulose,

9.34

8.30

8.17

11.06

8.03

" fat,

7.39

14.33

14.71

6.10

2.51

" protein, ....

27.07

22.71

23.16

18.29

9.99

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

55.14

53.50

53.10

58.45

76.68

100.00

100.00 j 100. 00

100.00

100.00

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

395

7. Miscellaneous Foddek Analyses — Continued.

[I. and II., cotton-seed meal, sent on from Longmeadow, Mass. ; III., cotton-seed
meal, sent on from Williamsbm-g, Mass. ; IV., Chicago germ feed, sent on from
Weston, Mass ; V., oat feed, sent on from North Amherst, Mass. : VI., ground
oats, sent on from North Amherst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100" C, .

6.87

5.82

6.35

7.35

6,75

8.89

Dry matter, .

94.13

94.18

93.65

92.65

93.25

91.11

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Anali/sis of Drij Mailer.

Crude fat, .

11.55

10.85

9.30

13.18

4.83

4.52

" protein,

50.19

47.78

51.38

11.06

11.93

11.93

[I., gluten feed, sent on from Lincoln, Mass. ; II., gluten feed, sent on from Lincoln,

Mass.]

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein.
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

I.

IT.

8.52

91.48

100.00

14.59
22.15

8.61

91.39

100.00

12.70
16.81

* Not determined.

396 AGIUCULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Foddeh Analyses — Continued.
[I., peanut cake (Germany) ; II., peanut husks from Amiierst, Mass.]

Per Cent.

I.

n.

Moisture at 100° C ,

Dry matter, ........

-

12.98
87.02

-

100.00

Analysis of Drij Matter.

Crude ash,

" fibre,

"fat,

" protein, ........

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

_

8 — 12
42-52

1.36

75.91

1.90

5.74

15.09

_

100.00

Fcrtilizimj Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C ,

Phosphoric acid, .

Potassium oxide,

Nitrogen,

G— 8

12.98
.13

.48
.80

[I., Peoria gluten feed, sent on from North Amherst, Mass. ; II., King gluten meal,
sent on from New York, N. Y. ; III., Iowa gluten meal, sent on from Beverly,
Mass. ; IV., rye feed, sent on from Westborough, Mass. ; V., oat feed, from sta-
tion barn.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

:\roisture at 100° C, .

Dry matter, ....

7.50
92.50

6.65
93.35

7.33

92.67

8.23
91.77

6.50
93.50

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash

" cellulose,

" fat, ....

" protein

Nitrogen-free extract matter, .

100.00

.90

8.86

13.62

21.35

65.27

100.00

2.19

1.62

21.44

36.19

38.56

100.00

_*

_*

16.08

31.56

100.00

3.34

3.62

3.04

16.62

73.38

100.00

10.02
17.73
3.95
11.02
57.28

100.00

100.00

-

100.00 100.00

* Not determined.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

397

Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

[I., peanut feed, sent on from Granby, Mass. ; II., peanut feed, sent on from Boston,

Mass.]

Pkk Cknt.

I.

IL

Moisture at 100° C,

9.08

10.92

Dry matter, .

90.92

89.08

100.00

100.00

Analysis of Dn/ Matter.

Crude asli,

2.25

3.60

tibre,

62.48

62.82

" fat,

7.61

4.49

" protein, .

10.31

9.54

Nitrogeu-free extract matter, .....

17.35

19.56

100.00

100.00

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.07

10.92

Phosphoric acid,

.23

_*

Potassimn oxide,

.79

_*

Nitrogen,

1.50

1.36

[I., meat meal, sent on from New York ; II., German analysis, sent on.]

Pee Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.00

Dry matter, . .

92.00

-

100.00

_

Anahi-ns of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, .

_*

-

" fibre,

_*

-

" fat,

20.73

12.70

" protein, ........

76.15

73.50

Nitrogen-free extract matter, . . . ...

_*

-

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.00

-

Pliosphoric acid, .

.73

-

Potassium oxide,

.30

—

Nitrogen,

11.21

11.70

* Not determined.

This meal is a refuse from the mamifiictiire of Liebig's
extract of meat. In the process of manufacture it has lost
its salines, and in feeding the meal these are replaced in the
form of chemicals.

398 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Continued.

[I., late soja bean, station, cut July 10, 1893, twelve to thirteen inches high, not in
l)looni ; II., early black soja bean, station, cut July 10, 1893, sixteen to seven-
teen inclies high, on point of blooming; III., early white soja bean, station, cut
July 10, 1893, fourteen inches high, just before blooming; IV., early white soja
bean, station, cut July 10, 1893, sixteen to seventeen inches high, before blooming.]

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C, . . .
Dry matter,

77.09
22.91

100.00

14.36

16.47

3.34

22.16
43.67

100.00

3.54
.79

82.21
17.79

100.00

12.86
25.06
3.38
16.18
42.62

100.00

2.59
.55

79.51
20.49

74.97
25.03

Anahjftis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose, ....

" fat,

" protein, . . . •
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

Total nitrogen, ....
Amide nitrogen, ....

100.00

14.36
23.41
2.97
14.34
44.92

100.00

2.29
.68

100.00

11.85
23.23
2.16
13.81
48.95

100.00

2.21
.31

[I., rowen from station barn ; II., carrots, raised on station grounds ; III., beets,
raised on station grounds.]

Per Cent.

I, ^

ir.

III.

Moisture at 100" C,

Dry matter,

18.64
81.36

100.00

7.62
26.09

3.28
14.42
48.59

88.01
11.99

100.00

7.98
9.00
2.03
7.29
73.70

83.71
16.29

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash,

" cellulose,

" fat,

" protein,

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

100.00

6.79

5.84

.71

13.27

73.39

Fertilizing Constituents.

Moisture at 100° C

Potassium oxide, ......

Phosphoric acid,

Nitrogen,

Insoluble matter,

100.00

18.640

1 . 682

.574

1.876

1.5:^3

100.00

88.010
.411
.095
.140
.029

100.00

83.710
.463
.111
.346
.111

1895. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

399

7. Miscellaneous Fodder Analyses — Conchided.

[I., potatoes, station, raised on Plat 1, Field C, with muriate of potash ; II., pota-
toes, station, raised on Plat 4, Field C, with sulphate of potash ; III., potatoes
from station barn.]

n.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Dry matter, .

80.71
19.29

81.17

18.83

78.67
21.33

Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein.
Nitrogen-free extract matter.

100.00

4.71

2.20

.54

10.98

81.51

100.00

Starch, .

Starch in dry matter.

Fertilizing Constituents

Moisture at 100° C,
Calcium oxide.
Magnesium oxide,
Potassium oxide, .
Sodium oxide.
Phosphoric acid, .
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter, .

13.44
69.66

80.710
.018
.044
.607
.029
.065
.338
.026

100.00

4.64

2.35

.42

10.06

82.53

100.00

13.15
70.31

81.170
.020
.041
.553
.024
.048
.303
.048

100.00

4.76

2.30

.62

9.56

82.76

100.00

78.670

.589
_*

.134
.326
.036

* Not determined.

Apple Pomace.

[Sent on from Sherljorn, Mass.]

Per Cont.

Moisture at 100° C, 87.51

Dry matter, 12.49

100.00
Amtl>/sis of Dn/ Matter.

Crude ash, . . . ..." 3.36

" fibre, 21.67

"fat, 5.93

" protein 5.75

Nitrogen-free extract matter, . . . . . . .63.29

100.00

400 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C Discussion on Commercial Feed Stuffs.
By C. a. Goessmann.

The name commercial feed stuff or concentrated commer-
cial feed stuffs is usually applied to a class of substances
offered for sale in our markets which, in the majority of
cases, are the waste or by-products of other branches of in-
dustry. Some of those articles, as brans, middlings and oil
cakes, have been for years quite generally used in the daily
diet of all kinds of farm live stock ; others, as the gluten
meal, gluten feed, corn germ meal, dried brewers' grain,
malt sprouts, dry distillery feed, etc., have been but recently
more generally ofl'ered for a similar purpose.

Their importance as an additional valuable fodder supply
for the support of every branch of animal industry on the
farm and elsewhere has become from year to year more con-
spicuous, on account of a marked increase of the supply of
well-known articles, as well as of the introduction of many
new kinds. Their consumption is apparently daily increas-
ing, and seems to keep step with the supply.

The special value claimed for commercial feed stuffs as an
important source of fodder supply rests in the main on their
fitness to supplement advantageously our coarse home-raised
fodder crop in the interest of a higher feeding effect and of
a better economy. A frequently good mechanical condition,
as well as an exceptionally valuable chemical composition,
adapt many of them in a high degree for that purpose.

As no single farm crop or any part of it has been
found to supply economically and efficiently to any consid-
erable extent the particular wants of food of our various
kinds of farm live stock, to secure the best possible results,
it liecomes a matter of first im})ortance from a mere finan-
cial stand-point to know how to supplement our current
farm crops to meet the wants of each kind of animals under
various circumstances in a desirable degree. To secure the
highest feeding effect of each fodder article raised upon the
farm is most desiral)le in the interest of good economy.

Practical experience in the dairy has thus far abundantly
shown that the efficiency of a daily diet does not so much

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 401

depend on the mere use of more or less of one or the other
reputed fodder article as on the presence of suitable fodder
articles which contain the three essential groups of food con-
stituentSy i. e., organic nitrogenous, non-nitrogenous and
mineral constituents of plants, in a desirable form, and in
such relative proportions and quantities as have been recog-
nized to be necessary to meet efficiently the food supply of
the dairy cow. Similar relations are known to exist in re-
gard to the diet best adapted in case of all kinds of animals.
An economical system of stock feeding has to select a7nong the
suitable fodder articles those rvhich furnish the required qual-
ity and proportion of the three recognized essential food con-
stituents in a digestible form, at the lowest cost.

Actual observations in stock feeding fully confirm the
correctness of the above statement, that a judicious selec-
tion from among the current conmiercial feed stuffs, for the
purpose of serving in connection with one or more of our
home-raised fodder plants as a fodder ingredient of the daily
diet, does, as a rule, tend not only to improve their food
value, but also lowers in the majority of cases the net cost
of the feed consumed. For more details regarding the de-
termination of the intrinsic value of fodder rations I have to
refer on the present occasion, for obvious reasons, to preced-
ing annual reports.

TJie majority of commercial feed stuffs occupy in a rational
system of stock feeding a si^nilar position to our home-raised
fodder crojis as is commonly conceded to the commercial
fertilizer loith reference to the barn-yard manure for the pro-
duction of farm, crops; they serve for the preparation of a
complete diet under different conditions and for different pur-
p)oses. The individual merits of each of them become in
the same degree better appreciated as the principles which
govern animal nutrition are more generally understood, and
find a due recognition in our modes of compounding the
daily diet for different kinds as well as for different condi-
tions of the same kind of animals. They are as a class to-
day considered indisjiensablefor a remunerative management
of every branch of animal industry on the farm and elsewhere.

Many of the commercial feed stuffs contain, aside from a
liberal amount of phosphoric acid and potash, an exception-

402 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ally large percentage of nitrogen. This circumstance gives
them a special claim, independent of their respective food
value for animals. A liberal addition of these feed stuffs to
the daily diet of any kind of anjmal imparts to the manurial
refuse resulting from their use a corresponding higher com-
mercial and agricultural value as a valuable source of plant
food. A judicious and liberal introduction of a quite nu-
merous class of commercial feed stuffs into the daily fodder
supply of the animals kept on the farm is for this reason
deservedhj recommended as a safe and economical way to
increase the home production of plant food in the interest
of an increase in the fertility of the farm lands.

As the financial success of a mixed system of farming in
particular depends to a considerable degree on the character,
the amount and the cost of production of the manurial refuse
secured in connection with the special farm industry carried
on at the time, it seems to need no further argument to
prove that the relation which exists between the temporary
market cost of the particular feed stuff under consideration
and the market value of the manurial elements which it con-
tains deserves a serious consideration when devising an effi-
cient and at the same time an economical diet.

The character and commercial value of the manurial refuse
obtainable from any kind of feed stuff, under otherwise cor-
responding conditions, stand in a direct relation to more or
less of the different essential fertilizing constituents — phos-
phoric acid, potash and, in particular, nitrogen — it contains.
The commercial value of these three important articles of
plant food found frequently in prominent commercial feed
stuffs equals in many instances more than one-half of the
market cost of the particular fodder ingredient in question.

The subsequent tabular statement may serve as an illus-
tration of these relations between market cost and fertilizing
value of some current reputed fodder articles : —

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

403

Market Cost

NAJIE OF FEED STUFFS.

(per Toil).

(per Ton).

Corn meal,

S24 00

$7 31

Gluten meal (Chicago),

28 00

14 72

Chicago maize feed,

25 00

13 25

Buffalo gluten feed,

28 00

12 57

Cotton-seed meal

28 00

23 52

Linseed meal (old process), .

2G 00

19 22

Linseed meal (new process).

27 00

20 37

Wheat middlings, ....

17 00

9 50

Wheat bran,

17 00

13 23

Dried bx'ewers' grain, .

23 00

9 96

English hay (first cut of meadows),

15 00

5 92

Rowen (second cut of meadows).

15 00

7 00

Corn fodder,

7 00

4 55

Corn stover, .....

5 00

3 75

Corn ensilage, ....

2 50

1 53

Sugar beets,

5 00

1 21

Mangold roots, ....

4 00

1 01

The above-stated market cost is subject to periodical
changes, and the commercial value of their fertilizing con-
stituents varies more or less with the quality of each kind.
This feature does not affect materially the force of the point
made.

A due appreciation of the previously pointed out favora-
ble features regarding the peculiar character of a numerous
class of commercial feed stuffs has caused a steady increase
in their consumption on the farm and elsewhere. The money
invested by farmers for securing commercial feed stuffs as an
additional food supply for home consumption exceeds to-day
many times the amount spent for commercial fertilizers.

As no single commercial feed stufi' can be expected to
meet our present demand for these articles, nor can claim
to be the most economical one under varying market condi-
tions, and with due appreciation of the varying character of
our home-raised fodder supply, it is but proper that every
new addition in suitable kinds should receive a deserved
attention, and subsequently an actual trial to ascertain its
individual merits.

A con5^idera])le number of these feed stuffs has already
been tried at this station during past years, in connection
with our feeding experiments with milch cows, growing

404 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

steers, lambs and pigs, as may have been noticed in our
periodical reports ; others are at present on trial.

Commercial feed stuffs are usually bought for their high
percentage of either nitrogen-containing organic matter or
tat, or both. They are used to enrich the daily diet of
various kinds of farm live stock in both directions. This
course is generally adopted on account of a well-known
deficiency of most of our home-raised coarse fodder articles
in regard to both food constituents, in particular, of nitroge-
nous matter. Farmers that do not raise a liberal proportion
of clover-like fodder plants are in a particular degree in need
of concentrated commercial feed stuffs rich in nitrogenous
food constituents to turn the excess of the non-nitrogenous
food constituents which most of our current home-raised
coarse fodder articles contain to the best possible account.

The liability of pecuniary losses on the part of the buyer,
in consequence of exceptional variations in the percentage of
nitrogenous organic unatter, crude protein or fat, or of both,
is quite frequently greatly aggravated hy most unexpected
serious fluctuations in the marhet cost of leading feed stuffs.

As we buy in the majority of cases the concentrated com-
mercial feed stuffs on account of their large proportion of
nitrogen-containing food constituents, it becomes of special
interest to know at what cost a given quantity of nitrogen-
containing food constituents can be bought in the form of dif-
ferent feed stuffs equally well adapted under existing cir-
cumstances. A change in the market cost of one and the
same commercial feed stuff affects the cost of the nitrogen-
containing food constituent in particular, as its su[)ply is
more limited than that of the non-nitrogenous food constit-
uents which our home-raised coarse fodder articles contain,
as a rule, in abundance, and which, therefore, need not be
secured from outside resources for cash.

The subsc((uent tabular statement assumes a constant cost
of digestible non-nitrogenous food constituents, — sugar,
starch, fat, etc., — and shows thereby the variations in the
cost of digestible nitrogen-containing food constituents in
case of some prominent concentrated commercial feed stuffs
in our local mai'ket.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

405

The majority of unalyses stated are made of fodder articles
which have been used either during the past years in connec-
tion with some of our feeding experiments, or have been
raised upon the grounds of the station. Some articles sent
on l)y outside parties are added, on account of the special
interest they may present to others.

Valuation of Fodder Articles on the Following, Basis.

[Digestible cellulose and nitrogen-free extract matter, 1 cent per pound ; digestible
fat, 2^ cents per pound. The value of digestible protein determined tlic difference
of the sum of both and the market cost of the fodder articles. (Calculation is
based on dry matter, 2,000 pounds.)]

Protein

Market Cost.

per I'ouiid
(Cents).

Corn meal,

$31 00

6.88

Corn meal, .

29 00

5.84

Corn meal, .

24 00

3.24

Corn meal, .

23 00

2.72

Wheat midcllinjxs,

20 00

3.13

Sprinji' wheat bran,

19 00

3.04

"Winter wheat bran.

21 00

3.93

Chicago maize feed.

23 00

2.34

Dried brewers' grain, .

22 00

3.37

Old-process linseed meal.

26 00

2.20

New-process linseed meal.

27 00

2.68

Chicago gluten meal, .

28 00

2.46

Cotton-seed meal,

28 00

2.34

English hay,

12 00

1.36

English hay,

15 00

4.12

Rowen, .
Rowen, .

12 00
15 00

1.21
3.24

Corn stover,*

5 00

_

Corn ensilage,*

2 50

_

Mangold roots,*

3 00

_

Sugar beets,*

5 00

—

* The value of the digestible cellulose, nitrogen-free extract matter and fat, on

the above basis, exceeds the market cost.

The present condition of the trade in commercial concen-
trated feed stuffs deserves the serious attention of dealers
and consumers for the followino; reasons : —

Prices are apt to rise and to fall without any nference to
the agricultural value of the article in question.

Names may remain the saine, and in fact do remain in
some instances, while the co7nposition of the article suffers

406 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [.Tan.

serious changes in consequence of changes in the parent
industry.

Sales ivithout due responsibiliti/ regarding the particular
quality of the goods delivered leave the pecuniary risk in-
volved in the transaction in an objectionable degree on the
side of the buyer.

Unaccountedfor variations in the comp)Osition of feed stuffs
must prove a serious obstacle in the desirable introduction of
a rational and economical system of stock feeding .

For these and other reasons p)reviously pointed out it cannot
be claimed that the prevailing mode of selling and buying
commercial feed stuffs rests on a just and fairly equitable
basis.

TJie trade in commercial feed stuffs is to-day in a similar
unsatisfactory condition as was the trade in commercial fer-
tilizers before the introduction of a system of State inspection
in regnrd to those articles.

The best interests of both manufacturers and farmers, in
fact of every one who keeps live stock for his accommoda-
tion, render such changes desirable in the present mode of
sellino; and buying feed stuffs as will impose mutual and
equitable responsibility on all parties interested in the
transaction. The limited margins for profit in every branch
of animal industry carried on at our farms necessitate a
careful attention to all the details of the business. The
money interests involved are of an exceptional magnitude.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

407

II.

Analyses of

Milk

SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.

[Ter Cent.]

Number of
Samiik'S.

SoUds.

Fat.

Solids not
Fat.

Locality.

Kemarks.

1,

12.50

3.69

8.81

Northborough.

2,

12.13

4.27

7.86

Westborough.

3,

12.19

4.50

7.69

Westborough.

4,

11.62

4.25

7.37

Westborough.

5,

12.20

3.39

8.81

Westborough.

6,

13.18

4.23

8.95

"Westborough.

7,

12.55

3.36

9.05

New Braintree.

8,

12.78

4.05

8.73

Westborough.

9,

U.31

5.03

9.28

North Amherst.

10,

12.85

3.51

9.34

Barre.

11,

10.20

2.10

8.10

Barre.

12,

12.12

3.64

8.48

Barre.

13.

12.50

3.71

8.89

Barre.

14,

12.61

3.71

8.90

Barre.

15,

13.04

4.19

8.85

Barre.

16,

11.54

3.42

8.12

Barre.

17,

12.71

3.82

8.89

New Braintree.

18,

12.10

3.25

8.85

New Braintree.

19,

10.76

2.13

8.63

New Braintree.

20,

11.15

2.88

8.27

New Braintree.

21,

12.18

3.65

8.63

New Braintree.

408 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Milk sen-t on for Examination — Concluded.

Number of
Siimples.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids not
Fiit.

Locality.

Kemarks.

22,

13.30

3.65

9.65

New Braintree.

23,

12.52

3.18

9.34

New Braintree.

24,

12.59

3.68

8.91

New Braintree.

25,

13.78

4.37

9.41

New Braintree.

20,

13.39

4.13

9.20

New Braintree.

27,

10.99

2.50

8.49

Westborough.

28,

11.38

3.00

8.38

Westborough.

29,

11.53

3.00

8.53

Westborough.

30,

10.63

2.10

8.53

Westborough.

31,

11.14

2.90

8.24

Westljorough.

32,

12.03

3.30

8.73

Westborough.

33,

13.01

4.60

8.41

Westborough.

34,

11.08

2.80

8.28

Westborough.

35,

11.68

3.20

8.48

AVestborough.

36,

12.90

3.60

9.30

Barre Plains.

37,

17.20

7.90

9.30

Norton.

38,

12.83

4.06

8.77

Barre Plains.

39,

12.14

3.66

8.48

Gilbertville.

40,

12.25

3,61

8.64

Barre Plains.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

409

in.

Analyses of Water sent on for Examination.*

[Parts per million.]

.2
'S
o

<

d

a

(3

a

g

"o

iZ3 ^

5 ,

o
o

rH

■a
(2

Locality.

"3

3

: a -3

3 O

as
<

a

T3

"o

"o

1

.040

.112

3.00

3.25

176.00

56.00

-

Concord.

2

.036

.184

8.00

2.21

104.00

28.00

-

Northborough.

3

.056

.112

6.00

.79

116.00

32.00

-

Northborough.

4

.012

.028

2.00

1.82

104.00

86.00

-

Leverett.

5

.180

.234

6.00

.71

62.00

28. UO

-

Barre.

6

.024

.104

25.00

9.71

330.00

134.00

-

Barre.

7

.068

.148

41.00

11.35

484.00

1G6.00

-

Barre.

8

.066

.194

14.00

3.51

156.00

44.00

-

Barre.

9

Trace .

.134

13.00

4.43

186.00

94.00

-

Weston.

10

.134

.144

5.00

.56

50.00

16.00

-

Barre.

11

.030

.060

5.00

.24

40.00

12.00

-

Barre.

12

.176

.100

104.00

7.14

3S0.00

168.00

-

Amherst.

13

.040

.088

8.00

1.56

108.00

60.00

Kone.

AtnherBt.

14

.056

.152

6.00

3.25

188.00

92.00

-

Amherst.

15

.048

.088

9.00

.16

84.00

28.00

-

Northfleld.

16

.072

.096

20.80

4.57

160.00

64.00

-

Northfield.

17

.044

.096

13.00

2.86

164.00

68.00

-

Littleton.

18

.038

.044

4.00

.32

56.00

16.00

-

Holyoke.

19

.044

.036

4.00

-

80.00

24.00

-

Holyoke.

20

.072

.080

6.00

.16

60.00

36.00

-

Holyoke.

21

.084

.080

26.00

4.16

80.00

32.00

-

Westminster.

22

.060

.020

5.00

10.35

292.00

148 00

-

Springfield.

23

Trace.

Trace.

5.00

5.43

196.00

124.00

-

Springfield.

24

.016

.012

5.00

11.80

300.00

1.50.00

-

Springfield.

25

.022

.012

20.00

2.60

112.00

20.00

-

North Amherst.

* Analysis of well water at the station is confined to chemical testa with reference to an
excess of foreign matter from sinks, barns, etc.

410 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

'a
o

a

a
<

"2

3

§

a

w

•a
0

D

a
<

"a

3

<

■3

•sS
S'S
a 0

£ a

<

0

S '2'
a bu

a
m

"H
"o

00

0

•0
a

Locality.

26

.008

.008

7.00

5.43

118.00

48.00

-

Leverett.

27

.024

.052

4.00

1.95

52.00

32.00

-

South Deerfield.

28

.024

.040

12.00

1.82

94.00

40.00

-

"Weston.

29

.020

.036

10.00

1.82

-

-

-

WeBton.

30

1.000

.920

24.00

7.02

308.00

104.00

-

South Deerfield.

31

.440

.208

10.00

3.12

140.00

68.00

-

Litil(*ton.

32

.296

.184

14.00

1.69

130.00

40.00

-

Littleton.

33

.036

.136

6.00

.49

144.00

60.00

-

Littleton.

34

.160

.288

40.00

9.71

470.00

168.00

-

Lancaater.

35

.116

.128

8.00

2.21

78.00

46.00

-

New Braintree.

36

.012

.148

6.00

1.43

62.00

20.00

-

New Braintree.

37

.016

.180

12.00

2.21

96.00

12.00

-

Brockton.

38

.312

.360

14.00

3.64

176.00

74.00

-

East Lexington.

39

.120

.116

6.00

1.11

55.84

-

-

Lowell.

40

.020

.384

6.00

1.11

90.00

26.00

-

Springfield.

41

.128

.520

6.00

.95

76.00

20.00

-

Springfield.

42

.032

.168

4.00

1.95

80.00

26.00

-

Amherst.

43

.020

.108

5.00

.95

140.00

60.00

-

Hadley.

44

.024

.102

8.00

1.95

104.00

48.00

-

Amherst.

45

.024

.180

10.00

1.95

-

-

-

Amherst.

46

.008

.096

4.00

.95

72.00

24.00

None.

Amherst.

47

.004

.092

4.00

.95

80.00

28.00

-

Amherst.

48

.016

.086

7.00

2.21

112.00

52.00

-

Kendall Green.

49

.008

.060

6.U0

1.95

112.00

52.00

-

Kendall Green.

50

.016

.144

4.00

1.95

104.00

28.00

-

Kendall Green.

51

.144

.264

8.00

-

100.00

20.00

-

Pelham.

52

.036

.201

6.00

-

-

-

-

Pelham.

53

.016

.192

4.00

-

-

-

-

Pelham.

54

.0:52

.068

22.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

55

.060

.096

4.00

4.80

76.00

24.00

-

Greenfield.

56

.300

-

12.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

57

.076

.084

96.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

58

.008

.068

40.no

-

-

-

-

Had ley.

59

.120

-

8.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

411

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

a

A

"5
o

a
a
<

"3

<

a

;a
'o

£•=

3 O

:£ 9

a

o

2

3

S 2
so

6

o
-^^

O
CO

a
o

w

■a

a
m

"o

Locality.

60

.028

.152

18.00

-

-

-

Present.

Amherst.

61

.036

.084

34.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

62

None.

.040

12.00

4.03

-

-

-

Amherst.

6S

.076

.496

18.00

-

-

-

Amherst.

64

.024

.092

20.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

65

.028

.124

7.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

66

.024

.244

8.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

67

.072

.064

14.00

5.14

196.00

64.00

-

Springfield.

68

.040

.308

4.00

.48

160.00

60.00

-

Springfield.

69

None.

.092

6.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

70

.096

.112

8.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

71

.022

.242

8.00

-

-

~

-■

South Deerfield.

72

.212

.108

6.00

5.29

-

-

-

Lawrence.

73

.088

.232

8.00

2.99

-

-

-

Lawrence.

74

.144

.184

12.00

2.99

-

-

-

Lawrence.

75

.024

.092

36.00

-

-

_

-

Amherst.

76

.010

.162

5.00

-

-

-

-

Pelham.

77

.004

.044

7.00

-

-

-

-

Medway.

78

None.

.072

18.00

4.29

-

-

-

Worcester.

79

Trace.

.082

16.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

80

1.840

-

16.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

81

.012

.448

4.00

.95

134.00

30.00

-

Pelham.

82

.040

.188

14.00

-

-

-

Amherst.

83

.016

.320

12.00

4.57

-

-

-

Am'herst.

84

.008

.184

4.00

.95

-

-

-

Amherst.

85

.006

.040

7.00

1.69

46.00

4.00

-

Worcester.

86

.318

.128

6.00

1.27

29.00

8.00

-

Weston.

87

.032

.136

20.00

3.51

174.00

40.00

-

Dighton.

88

.108

.920

19.00

6.29

280.00

80.00

-

Templeton.

89

.076

.104

60.00

4.29

-

-

-

Amherst.

90

.120

.064

10.00

6.71

-

-

None.

Amherst.

91

.024

.068

7.00

-

-

-

-

North Amherst.

92

.044

.148

10.00

-

-

-

-

North Amherst.

93

.016

.164

15.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

412 AGKICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

a

121

e3
1

Q

a
<

s
"8

<

a
<

'o

.2 «

So

3 O

aa

□
3

i3
o

3
5

W

6

o

o

a

12

"o

02

o

a

•a
a)

«

"o
05

Locality.

94

.240

.120

10.00

-

-

-

-

South Deerfield.

95

.540

.440

16.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

96

.044

.080

12.00

-

-

-

Amherst.

97

.465

.210

4.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

98

.012

.176

22.00

5.43

272.00

36.00

-

Springfield.

99

.120

.056

18.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

100

Trace.

.072

27.00

-

-

-

Amherst.

101

Trace.

.100

86.00

10.00

-

-

Amherst.

102

.032

.120

21.00

6.43

-

-

-

Amlierst.

103

.052

.061

14.00

2.60

-

-

-

Amherst.

104

.064

.042

10.00

1.43

132.00

60.00

-

Barre.

105

.072

.152

12.00

2.21

-

-

-

Methuen,

106

.016

.088

9.00

2.73

-

-

-

Amherst.

107

.004

.250

16.00

2.34

-

-

-

Amherst.

108

.380

.260

31.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

109

.460

-

19.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

110

.010

.2*8

4.00

96.00

24.00

-

Pelham.

in

Trace.

.070

20.00

5.29

-

-

-

Amherst.

112

None.

.110

13.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

113

.074

.106

37.00

10.30

-

-

-

Newburyport.

114

2.300

-

34.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

115

.024

.108

51.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

116

.044

.072

6.00

-

-

-

None.

North Amherst.

117

.072

-.172

6.00

-

-

-

-

Petersham.

118

.030

.150

8.00

.95

-

-

-

Amherst.

119

.024

.178

5.00

.79

-

-

-

Coldbrook Springs.

120

.004

.044

12.00

-

-

-

None.

Amherst.

121

.016

.140

7.00

4.29

-

-

-

Amherst.

122

.012

.074

16.00

2. OS

140.00

42.00

-

Amherst.

123

.048

.068

4.00

-

-

-

-

Leverett.

124

.008

.064

9.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

125

.004

.064

6.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

126

.008

.056

10.00

-

-

-

-

Berlin.

127

.046

.164

30.00

-

226.00

76.00

-

Amherst.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

413

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

a

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a

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a

o

a

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a

u
a

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o

o

o
m

a
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o

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Locality.

128

.120

.190

12.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

129

Trace.

.076

8.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

130

.020

.100

6.00

-

-

-

-

Petersham.

131

.108

.264

9.00

-

-

-

-

South Amherst.

132

Trace.

.253

5.00

-

-

-

-

Holyoke.

133

Trace.

.070

8.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

134

None.

.084

10.00

-

-

-

Amherst.

135

.060

.040

9.00

3.77

-

-

Westford.

136

.680

.350

9.00

5.57

-

-

-

Westford.

137

.016

.116

10.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

138

.200

.152

16.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

139

.076

.312

7.00

~

-

-

-

Northborough.

140

.084

.240

6.00

1.11

78.00

46.00

-

Pelham.

141

.016

.385

20.00

-

-

-

-

East Lexington.

142

.008

.054

9.00

2.99

-

-

-

Amherst.

143

None.

.020

7.00

.48

-

-

-

Amherst.

144

.080

.060

9.00

1.82

-

-

-

Amherst.

145

.014

.026

8.00

.48

-

-

Present.

North Brookfield.

146

.008

.088

12.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

147

Trace.

.352

8.00

-

-

-

Present.

Amherst.

148

.136

.224

18.00

6.86

-

-

-

Amherst.

149

.012

.120

10.00

4.03

160.00

58.00

-

North Hadley.

150

.008

.188

16.00

7.43

238.00

104.00

-

Williamsburg.

151

.068

.100

4.00

1.95

84.00

12.00

-

Westhampton.

152

.012

.240

4.00

.56

70.00

20.00

-

Amlierst.

153

.622

-

166.00

-

-

-

North Hadley.

154

.128

.208

5.00

-

-

-

-

Monterey.

155

.040

.264

3.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

156

.024

.264

3.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

157

.012

.072

9.00

2.73

88.00

20.00

-

Chehasford.

158

-

.200

5.00

-

74.00

20.00

-

Amherst.

159

.176

.192

5.00

.79

76.00

12.00

-

Amherst.

160

.072

.076

50.00

9.14

274.00

104.00

-

North Andover.

161

.040

.208

8.00

-

-

-

-

West Acton.

414 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Analyses of Water, etc. — Continued.

Pi
n

1

a
o
B

a

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s

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d

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w

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Locality.

162

.012

.180

4.00

-

60.00

22.00

-

Northfield.

163

.304

.184

6.00

-

60.00

22.00

-

Northfield.

164

.060

.096

4.00

4.86

76.00

24.00

-

Greenfield.

165

.040

.076

3.50

2.73

70.00

22.00

-

Greenfield.

166

.256

.072

18.00

3.51

166.00

32.00

-

Boston.

167

.036

.064

7.00

2.73

120.00

34.00

-

Boston.

168

.208

.176

5.00

.48

78.00

-

-

Araherst.

169

.208

.192

5.00

.48

80.00

20.00

-

Amherst.

170

.010

.214

4.00

.48

60.00

24.00

-

Amherst.

171

.028

.184

5.00

2.21

70.00

39.00

-

Greenfield.

172

.016

.144

4.00

3.90

104.00

64.00

-

Greenfield.

173

.036

.080

5.00

1.69

64.00

16.00

-

Greenfield.

174

.112

.080

7.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

175

.008

.120

11.00

3.25

124.00

38.00

-

Amherst.

176

None.

.092

18.00

5.14

246.00

96.00

-

Amherst.

177

Trace.

.252

8.00

4.29

128.00

76.00

Amherst.

178

.068

.160

26.00

-

-

North Amherst.

179

.064

.100

4.00

-

-

-

-

North Amherst.

180

-

-

-

4.03

138.00

90.00

-

Amherst.

181

.058

.088

21.00

9.43

270.00

112.00

Westford.

182

.050

.036

15.00

10.90

264.00

134.00

-

Westford.

183

.016

.248

5.00

.80

76.00

24.00

Amherst.

184

.012

.236

6.00

.80

76.00

20.00

-

Amherst.

185

.024

.120

6.00

4.29

384.00

60.00

-

Amherst.

186

.024

.032

8.00

2.73

96.00

36.00

-

Amherst.

187

.020

.108

28.00

2.21

184.00

48.00

-

Amherst.

188

.080

.220

12.00

1.69

84.00

28.00

-

South Framingham.

189

Trace.

.064

18.00

7.14

312.00

72.00

-

South Framingham.

190

.020

.128

8.00

2.73

68.00

28.00

-

South Framingham.

191

None.

.140

14.00

4.03

172.00

52.00

-

Amherst.

192

.016

.152

16.00

4.03

212.00

30.00

-

Amherst.

193

.012

.068

6.00

5.14

148.00

48.00

-

North Wilbraham.

194

.020

.136

32.00

6.29

260.00

92.00

-

North Araherst.

195

.148

.200

42.00

9.71

360.00

116.00

-

North Amherst.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

415

Analyses

OF "Water, etc. — Concluded.

m

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.096

1.00

.48

48.00

24.00

-

Westford.

197

.048

.084

4.00

-

68.00

36.00

-

Amherst.

198

.036

.056

12.00

-

196.00

40.00

-

Amherst.

199

.012

.024

4.00

1.43

68.00

28.00

-

Amherst.

200

.156

.060

10.00

-

-

-

-

Amherst.

The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's
process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the
indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid
ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular.
(For a more detailed description of this method, see " Water
Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.)

Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode
of investigation is as follows : —

1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the
presence of filthy water.

2. Free and all>uminoid ammonia in water, without
chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination.

3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine (=71.4
parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per
million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million
of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water
is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine,
etc., and should be condemned.

4. Eight-hundredths parts per million of free ammonia
and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia render
a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine.

5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million,
ought to absolutely condemn a water which contains it.

6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed
forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million).

* One gallon equals 70,000 grains.

41G AGEICULTUIIAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '95.

An examination of the previously stated analyses indicates
that Nos. 2, 5, 7, 8, 14, 30, 31, 32, 34, 3fi, 37, 38, 40, 41,
42, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, G(], 68, 71, 72, 73, 74,
7(5, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 8S, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 105,
107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 117, 118, 119, 127,128, 131, 132,
136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156,
158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, 183, 184,
188, 192 and 195 ought to be condemned as unfit for
family use; while Xos. 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20,
33, 35, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 55, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70,
75, 78, 79, 87, 89, 90, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 112, 113, 115,
121, 130, 137, 149, 151, 152, 160, 164, 166, 172, 174, 175,
179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 194, 196 and 200 must be con-
sidered suspicious.

Parties sending on water for analysis ought to be very
careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The sam-
ples should be sent on without delay after collecting. One-
half gallon is desirable for the analysis.

The examinations of water, carried on at the station by
request, are for various reasons confined simply to a chemical
examination regarding the presence or absence of foreign
injurious matter due to infiltration from objectionable
sources (sewage, etc.). The recognition of the presence and
absence of objectionable bacterial growth is left to experts
in that direction.

IV. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst,

Mass., of Agricultural Chemicals and Eefuse

Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

[As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.]

1868-1895.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1894,
contained in the reports of the Secretary' of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those rears. C. A. G.

418 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

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425

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v. compilatiox of analyses of fodder articles,

Fruits, Sugar-producing Plants, Dairy

Products, etc..

MADE AT

AMHERST, MASS

1868-1895.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

A. Analyses of Fodder Articles.

B. Analyses of Fodder Articles ^vith Reference

to Fertilizing Ingredients.

C. Analyses of Fruit.

Z>. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants.

E. Dairy Products.

F. Insecticides.

428 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLAIEXT STATION. [Jan.

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O

*Soda Sol. requir-
ed to neutralize
100 parts Juioe.

1877.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C. C.

Apple (Baldwin), .

. Sept. 1,

20.14

1.055

12—15

3.09

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin), .

. Oct. 9,

19.66

1.065

12—15

6.25

-

-

-

Apple (Baldwin), .

. Nov. 27,

-

1.075

12—15

10.42

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

. Sept. 1,

20.27

1.055

12—15

3.16

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,

. Oct. 9,

19.68

1.066

12—15

7.14

-

-

-

Rhode Island Greening,t

. Nov. 27,

20.25

1.080

12—15

11.36

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Aug. 31,

15.00

1.060

12—15

4.77

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Sept. 7,

16.55

1.060

12-15

5.68

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),

. Sept. 20,

-

1.065

12—15

8.62

-

-

-

Pear (Bartlett),^:

. Sept. 22,

-

1.060

12—15

8.93

-

-

-

Cranberries,

.

10.71

1.025

15

1.35

-

-

-§

Cranberries,

1878.

10.11

1.025

15

1.70

-

-

-II

Early York Peach (ripe),

•

-

1.045

25

-

1.92

6.09

45

Early York Peach (nearly

ripe).

10.9611

1.039

25

-

1.36

4.12

42.3

Crawford Peach (nearly r

ipe).

-

1.050

18

-

2.19

7.02

85.6

Crawford Peach (mellow)

, .

11.361T

1.055

18

-

1.70

8.94

76

■Crawford Peach (not mel

ow),

11.881T 1.045

22

-

1.67

5.92

64

* One part Na2 CO3 in 100 parts of water,
t Picked October 9.
J Picked September 7.

§ Free acid, 2.25 per cent.
II Free acid, 2.43 per cent.
IT In pulp, kept ten days before testing.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

447

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.

[AVild and cultivated grapes.]

NAME.

Date.

t
o

s

'S

6

2 2

u
'a

1

n

o

o
o

a

5

a .

a c3
^^
02

. 3 £
0 »i-i

1876.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

C.C.

Concord,

July 17,

1.0175

31

8.30

.645

7.77

-

Concord

July 20,

1.0150

31

8.10

.625

7.72

216

Concord

Aug. 2,

1.0200

25

9.94

.938

9.44

249

Concord

Aug. 16,

1.0250

28

10.88

2.000

18.38

229

Concord,

Aug. 30,

1.0500

25

15.58

8.620

55.33

120

Concord

Sept. 13,

1.0670

23

17.48

13.890

79.46'

55

Concord

Sept. 4,

1.0700

18

19.82

16.130

81.38

49.2

"Wild Purple Grape,

July 19,

1.020

31

9.00

.714

7.93

204

Wild Purple Grape,

Aug. 4,

1.020

28

12.25

1.100

8.98

246

Wild Purple Grape,

Aug. 16,

1.025

28

12.48

2.000

16.03

233

Wild Purple Grape,

Aug. 30,

1.050

26

16.58

6.500

39.81

147.6

White Wild Grape,

Aug. 31,

1.050

26

16.48

9.260

56.18

98

Hartford Prolific

Sept. 5,

1.060

22

17.39

13.89

79.87

88.8

Ives' seedling,

Sept. 6,

1.070

26

20.15

15.15

75.14

88.6

lona,

Sept. 7,

1.080

21

24.56

15.15

61.68

144

lona (mildewed)

Sept. 7,

1.045

26

15.41

6.25

40.56

204.4

Agawam,

Sept. 11,

1.075

20

20.79

17.24

82.92

94.8

Wilder,

Sept. 11,

1.064

20

16.53

13.67

82.69

56

Delaware,

Sept. 12,

1.080

24

23.47

17.86

76.09

74

Charter Oak

Sept. 12,

1.080

24

15.98

8.77

54.94

168.3

Israella

Sept. 16,

1.075

23

19.67

9.20

46.77

89.8

Bent's Seedling

Sept. 20,

1.080

21

20.65

16.13

78.11

181.8

Adirondack

Sept. 20,

1.065

21

15.11

13.17

87.16

68

Catawba

Oct. 16,

1877.

1.080

13

23.45

17.39

74.16

82

Wilder

Sept. 11,

1.065

23

16.41

15.15

92.32

60

Charter Oak,

Sept. 12,

1.055

23

16.22

9.80

60.42

96

Concord

Sept. 13,

1.065

24

15.90

13.16

82.76

102

Concord

Sept. 26,

1.075

24

19.34

15.43

79.78

70.8

Eumalan

Sept. 24,

1.065

16

19.62

13.18

67.07

73

Wild White Grape,

Sept. 5,

1.050

22

15.57

7.20

46.24

140.8

Wild White Grape (shrivelled), .

Sept. 20,

1.060

16

20.02

10.00-

49.95

130

Wild Purple Grape (shrivelled), .

Sept. 20,

1.045

16

16.69

8.22

49.25

104

One part of pure Na^ CO3 in 100 parts water.

448 AGllICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.

[Effect of girdling on grapes.]

NAME AND CONDITION.

Date.

a

'S
a

d

a as

'a

u

1.

b

t. r-l

P

o

a

"i
§

3

3

a .

a a
^^
OQ

£•« 3

lot

*

1877.

Per ct.

Perct.

Per ct.

c.c.

Hartford Prolific, not girdled,

Sept. a,

1.045

19

12.85

8.77

68.25

111.4

Hartford Prolific, girdled, .

Sept. 3,

1.065

19

17.18

12.50

72.76

180

Wilder, not girdled,

Sept. 3,

1.055

19

15.41

10.42

67.62

108.2

Wilder, girdled, ....

Sept. 3,

1.075

19

17.24

14.70

85.26

88.4

Delaware, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.065

19

15.75

11.76

74.66

101.2

Delaware, girdled

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

19.14

15.15

79.16

94.4

Agawam, not girdled, .

Sept. 4,

1.060

19

16.80

11.37

68.48

128.2

Agawam, girdled, ....

Sept. 4,

1.075

19

18.45

16.31

87.42

114.8

lona, not girdled

Sept. 6,

1.0625

22

1S.60

13.51

68.31

131.4

lona, girdled,

Sept. 6,

1.085

22

21.48

15.63

72.T6

125.6

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 6,

1.045

22

13.46

7.48

55.42

182.4

Concord, girdled

Sept. 6,

1.070

22

17.53

13.8S

79.18

102.8

Concord, not girdled.

Sept. 26,

1.065

22

17.63

13.70

78.27

86

Concord, girdled, ....

' Sept. 26,

1.080

22

24.47

19.61

80.13

76.8

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 5,

1.075

12

20.92

17.50

85.37

42

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 5,

1.085

12

-

17.86

-

54

■

Date.

100

Parts

OF Gr

APES CO

XTAINED —

.a

6
'5

5

a

1889.

Conoord, not girdled.

Sept. 23,

-

84.69

0.24

.75

Concord, girdled

Sept. 23,

.42

83.00

8.1C

.85

Concord, not girdled.

Oct. 8,

.53

84.51

6. OS

.48

Concord, girdled

Oct. 8,
1890.

.37

82.69

8.5C

.50

Concord, not girdled, .

Sept. 25-,

.47

86.49

7.36

1.15

Concord, girdled

Sept. 25,

.48

84.93

9.2S

1.17

Concord, not girdled, .

Oct. 9,

.53

85.39

7.67

.71

Concord, not girdled, .

Oct. 9,

.59

85.11

6.65

.51

Concord, girdled, ....

Oct. 9,

.54

85.15

9.15

.74

One part of pure Naj CO3 in 100 parts watxjr.

1.^95.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

449

C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued.
[Effect of fertilization upon the organic constitnents of wild grapes.]

Date.

Wild Purple Grape Berries, .
Wild Purple Grape Berries, .
]Wild Purple Grape Juice, .
"VTild Purple Grape Juice, ,
Wild White Grape Berries, ,
Wild White Grape Berries, .
Wild White Grape Juice,
Wild White Grape Juice,

1877.

Sept. 20, 16.31
" i 19.5-5

20.02
•21.65

_

8.03

-

-

13.51

1.043

16

8.22

1.035

16

13.51

-

_

-

Unfertilized.
Fertilized.

9 840 Unfertilized.

i
1.149 FertiUzed.

I
- ' Unfertilized.

Fertilized.

1.846 Unfertilized.

.923 Fertilized.

[Effect of fertilization upon the ash constitnents of grapes.]

XAMK.

Date.

I — '

i 4

50

t

|-5

si

Remarks.

:-

X C

1

1

0

p.

1876.

Wild Purple Grapes,

Sept. 13,

50.93

.15 22.23

5.59

.79

17.40

2.93

Unfertilized.

WUd Purple Grapes,

Sept. 20,

6235

J&o 14.24

3.92

.33

13.18

4.63

Fertilized.

Concord Grapes,

July 7,

41.73

5.04 23.03

7.80

..55

18.48 1J37

j

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

July 17,

47.34

1.13 ' 34.21

-

.73

21.38 .43 ! Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Aug. 18,

31.14

3.19 16.20

6.38

.65

20.77' 1.67 Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Sept. 13,
1878.

57.15

4.17 11.30

3.10

.40

12.47

11.82

Unfertilized.

Concord Grapes,

Oct. 3,

e4.65

1.42 9.13

3.63

.50

14.87

5.30

Fertilized.

4f)0 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

C. Analyses of Fruits — Concluded.

[Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops.]

NAME.

Ash.

100 Parts of Ash contained-

J3

a
o

CS

■n
o

51.14

3.19

50.85

.48

40.69

-

7.70

.42

6.71

-

20.91

-

24.71

.94

22.57

-

49.76

-

58.45

3.51

63.54

1.71

49.24

3.23

58.47

-

10.62

13.35

47.96

6.58

12.98

3.27

47.68

4.02

52.79

3.00

74.46

-

71.30

-

26.01

-

15.67

-

38.07

12.84

42.94

3.58

56.43

5.42

38.51

1.90

.3
a

6

.22

O

6.38

.65

20.77

4.25

.10

6.43

6.24

-

9.04

8.80

.08

24.40

.",.03

-

17.20

8.45

-

17.75

10.66

1.08

17.16

4.28

-

14.07

2.53

1.19

13.56

7.37

.90

18.19

5.52

1.08

20.87

8.12

1.74

18.50

6.12

3.37

17.40

3.83

6.91

14.48

6.78

-

14.27

10.33

3.35

10.94

6.23

1.20

21.91

5.68

2.67

18.78

6.29

.58

16.02

5.49

.46

18.07

7.58

.52

11.37

10.28

1.45

8.37

3.98

.34

5.23

12.77

1.22

12.31

7.57

-

1.1.09

3.65

.58

15.80

Concord Grape (fruit),

Unfermented juice,

Fermented juice,

Skins and pulp, .

Seeds, .

Stems of grapes, .

Young branches,*

Wood of vine,t .
Concord Grapes, 1891, t
Clinton Grape (fruit),
Baldwin Apple, .
Strawberry (fruit) ,§
Strawberry ( fruit) ,|]
Strawberry vines.
Cranberry (fruit).
Cranberry vines,
Currants, red, ,
Currants, white,
Crawford Peach, sound,
Crawford Peach, diseased.lT

Branch, sound, .

Branch, diseased.lT
Carnation Pinkg( whole plant),**
Asparagus stems.
Asparagus roots,
Onions,

3.34
.18

2.45
.47
.59

16.20
3.69
6.85

57.36

20.20

40.53

9.72

3.50

13.34

7.28

13.47

14.64

36.63

18.58

16.49

18.96

17.08

2.64

4.68

54.52

64.23

18.64

27.18

15.48

8.20

1.32
.29
2.09
4.92
23.84
2.01

3.68
5.66

.24

.08

3.67

3.33

* With tendrils and blossoms. § Wilder.

t One year old. || Downing.

X Nitrogen in dry matter, .96 per cent. IT Yellows.

** Nitrogen in dry matter, 1.15 per cent.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

451

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants.

[Composition of sugar beets raised upon the college grounds during the season of

1870 and 1871.]

NAME.

Date.

Brix
Saccliarom-

eter
(Degrees).

Per Cent,
of Sugar.

Non-
saccharine

.Subst-ances.

Electoral, .

Sept. 10,

u

12.30

1.75

Imperial, .

" 12,

15

12.59

2.41

Vilmorin, .

" 13,

14.. 5

12.95

1.55

Imperial, .

" 18,

14

10.79

3.21

Imperial, .

Oct. 11,

15

12.05

2.95

Electoral, .

" 16,

15

12.22

2.78

Vilmorin, .

" 18,

16

13.13

2.87

Imperial, .

Nov. 14,

15

11.60

3.34

Vilmorin, .

" 21,

15.5

13.12

2.38

Vienna Globe,* .

Sept. 19,

11

8.00

3.00

Common Mangold,*

" 19,

9

5.00

3.97

* Fodder beets.

[Percentage of sugar in different varieties of sugar beets grown on college farm during
the season of 1882.]

N.4.ME.

Source of
Seed.

Weight in
Pounds.

Per Cent, of
Sagarin Juice.

I. Vilmorin,

Saxony, .

f to I

15.50

II. Vilmorin,

Saxonj^, ,

f to 1

15.61

I. White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

1 to If

14.20

II. "White Imperial, ....

Saxony, .

If to 2

10.27

New Imperial,

Saxony, .

n to If

13.80

I. White Magdeburg,

Saxony, .

]i to 2

13.10

II. White Magdeburg,

Silesia, .

li to If

10.06

Quedlinburg,

Saxony, .

n to If

13.44

White Silesiau, .....

Silesia, .

1\ to 11

9.72

452 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

D. Analyses of Siigar-producing Plants — Continued.
[Effect of soil and fertilization on Electoral sugar beets.*]

SOIL.

MANl-RE.

Specific Gravity
(I)fgroes).

= 1
I 1

Ii

J. 3

5 ^

55

— o
~ a

3 S

i 1

Sand}' loam,

Fresh yard-manure.

16.5

12.50

4.00

75.08

Clayish loam, .

Fresh yard-manure.

15.5

11.05

4.45

71.30

Warm alluvial, .

Y a r d - m a ii u re an d

chemicals, .

12.75

9.17

3.58

71.92

Warm alluvial, .

Fresh hog-manure,

13.5

9.53

3.97

70.06

Light, sandy soil,

Xo manure, .

18.5

13.73

4.77

74.21

Alluvial soil,

Brighton fish,

1-4.5

11.15

3.35

76.90

Heavy soil,

Yard-manure,

12.25

8.15

4.10

66.53

-

-

13.5

9.90

3.60

73.33

* Not raised ou college farm (Conuecticut valley).

[Etfect of fertilization on sugar beets.*]

FKRTILIZEKS.

I'ERCENTAGES OF SUGAK IN JDICE.

Freeport. Electoral, i Vilmoiiii.

Fresh horse-manure, ....

11.96

9.42

7.80

Blood guano without jiotash.

10.99

10.10

10.20

Blood guano with potash, .

12.55

13.24

10.50

Kainite and superphosiihate.

13.15

12.16

10.50

Sulphate of potash, ....

14.52

14.32

12.78

Second year after stable-manure,

13.49

12.78

12.19

All were grown on the eame soil, — sandy loam (college).

181)5.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

453

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued.
[Effect of different modes of cultivation on Electoral sugar beets.]

Locality of Kket-field.

Date.

Brix
Saccharom-

eter
(Decrees).

Per Cent,
of Cane
Sugar.

Non-
saccharine
Substances.

1.

Sino; Sino-, X. Y.,

1872-73

11

7.80

3.20

2.

Washington, N. Y., .

14

10.97

3.03

3.

South Hartford, N. Y.,

15

11.70

3.30

4.

Greenwich, N. Y., .

12

9.50

2.50

5.

Frankfort, N. Y., .

13.5

11.00

2.50

6.

Albion, N. Y.,*

18

15.10

2.90

Albion, N. Y.,t

14

9.70

4.30

* From beets weighing from l'^ to 2 pounds. f From beets weighing from 10 to 14 pounds.

1. Soil, loam resting on clayish hard-pan, had been for several years
in grass. Tomatoes had been the preceding crop. Five hundred
jDounds of a phosphatic blood guano were applied before planting.

2. Soil, a clayish loam, had been jjloughed seven inches deej). A
liberal amount of rotten sheep-manure was placed in trenches and
covered by running two furrows together, thus forming a ridge on
which the seed were planted.

3. Soil, a gravelly loam, which had been richly manui'ed with staljle
compost and twice ploughed before planting.

4. Soil, a sandy loam, underlaid by fine sand. The seed were planted
on ridges, Avhich covered trenches containing a little rotten stable-
manure.

5. No details of modes of cultivation received.

6. Soil, a dark, reddish-brown, rich, deejj, sandy loam. Clover had
been raised for two years previous to a crop of carrots, -which i)receded
the sugar beets. The beets were tlie second croi^ after the ai)2)lication
of twenty loads of stable-manure per acre.

Comjjosilion of Ccmada-grown Sugar Beets.
[1872 and 1873.]

Wherk Grown-.

Weight of
Roots.

Specific

Gravity of

Juice

(Brix).

Tempera-
ture of
Juice.

Per Cent.

of Cane

Sugar

in Juice.

Echaullon de Montreal, .
Riviere du Loup, .
Chambly, ....
Maskinonge, ....

2 to 21 lbs.
2 to d\ lbs.
2 to 21 lbs.
2 to 3" lbs.

15.4°

14.5°
13.2°
13.4°

64° F.
63° F.
63° F.
63° F.

11.38

10.20

9.02

8.83

454 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued.

[Early Amber Cane.]

Date.

COXDITIOX OF CANE.

a

^

o

<u

so

o

no

'

M

fa

b

a -■ »J C i;

o

m

18/

o.

Aug.

15,

Aug.

16,

Aug.

20,

Aug.

24,

Aug.

27,

Aug.

30,

Sept.

2,

Sept.

9>

Sept.

9,

Sept.

18,

Sept.

18,

Sept.

18,

Sept.

18,

Sept.

21,

Sept.

23,

Sept.

25,

Sept.

28,

Oct.

4,

Oct.

7,

Oct.

8,

Oct.

9,

Oct.

1+,

Oct.

18,

Oct.

19,

Oct.

22

Oct.

23

Oct.

24,

No flower stalks iu sight, *
No flower stalks iu sight, *
Flower stalks developed,*

Flowers open,*

Plants in full bloom,*

Seed forming,*

Seed in milk,*

Seeds still soft,*

Stripped on Sept. 2,*

Left on field without stripping,*

Tops removed,*

Tops and leaves removed on Sept. 9,*
Tops removed ; left on field 9 days,*
Juice from the above,*
Juice from the above,*
Left on field 3 weeks, t
Left on field 3 weeks,!
Left on field 3 weeks, f
Freshly cut. Ground with leaves.f
Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,!
Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks, f
Several weeks old.f . . . .
Several weeks old,t . . . .
Several weeks old,t . . . .
Several weeks old,f . . . .
Several weeks old,t . . . .
Several weeks old,t . . . .

4.2
5.8

8.7
10.0

9.5
10.7
12.1

12.8
13.2
13.8
11.5
12.8
13.0
15.0
19.8
17.8
16.1
16.7
12.8
18.4
18.2
15.1
15.5
16.2
18.3
16.6

Per ct.
2.48
4.06
3.47
3.70
3.65
4.00
3.85
3.21
3.77
3.57
3.16
3.16
10.00

11.91

16.60
8.62
4.16
5.16
7.57

10.42
7.57
9.22
8.30

11.30
8.63

Per ct.

None.

None.
2.15
3.00
4.13
3.81
4.41
6.86
6.81
7.65
8.49
5.85

6.16
9.94
5.27

9.0
7.0
4.0
10.0
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5

Perct.
7.93
11.10
13.00
14.07
15.48
16.14
15.85
26.13
26.75

7.0
10.6
10.4

14.0
9.0

100 Parts of Cane contained -

1889.

October, Early Tennessee sorghum, mature,
October, Price's new hybrid, ripe,
October, Kansas orange, green,

October, I New orange, green,
October, HoDduras, green.

77.43
77.80
80.67
78.30
77.55

1.79
2.92
2.38
2.96
3.08

3.21
3.78
3.63
3.85
4.01

5.00
6.70
6.01
6.81
7.09

* Raised on the college farm. f Raised by farmers in the vicinity of the college.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

455

D. Analyses of Sugar-prodiicing Plants — Concluded.
[Composition of the juice of corn stalks and melons.]

VAIUETY.

'Z

Tomperature C.
(Degrees) .

6
o

3

C'.iue Sugar in
Juice.

3
o

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Northern corn,* ....

1.023

27

4.35

0.28

15.18

Black Mexican sweet corn,f .

1.048

27

2.06

7.02

17.44

Evergreen sweet corn,f .

1.052

-

4.85

5.70

20.38

Common sweet corn, J

1.035

-

6.60

None.

-

Common yellow musk-melon, §

1.040

26

1.67

2.65

-

White-flesh watei'-melon.

1.025

18

2.91

2.16

-

Red-flesh water-melon, .

1.025

22

3.57

2.18

-

Red-fle.sli water-melon, .

1.025

19

3.84

1.77

-

Kutmeg musk-melon, II .

1.030

19

3.33

2.11

-

Nutmeg musk-melon,^ .

1.050

20

2.27

5.38

-

Nutmeg musk-melon,**

1.030

19

2.50

1.43

-

* Tassels appearing.
■f Ears ready for the table.
J Kernels somewhat hard.
§ Fully ripe.

II Not ripe.
IT Ripe.
** Over-ripe.

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t, Lincoln Coun
fine and boiled
fine and boiled
fine and boiled
d table salt, As
a dairy salt, .
, Bulletin 26, I.
, Bulletin 26, II

a

S

Rock sal
Rock sal
Bolar sal
Solar sal
Solar sal
Solar sal
Solar sal
Common
(yOmmon
Common
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Fine salt
Fine salt

"3
a

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Onondag
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Royal sa
Excelsio
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Bradley
Higgius'
■WorCest

458 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA'N. [Jan. '95.

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Paris green,
Paris green,
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Paris green,
I'nris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
Paris green,
" Sulphatine," .
" Death to Rose Bug
" Professor De Graf
" Oriental Fertilizer
" Non-poisonous Pot
Tobacco liquor.
Tobacco liquor,
'J'obacco liquor.
Tobacco liquor,
"Nicotinia,"
TTellebore, .
Hellebore, .
" Peroxide of Bilicat

VI. Tables of the Digestibility of American Feed-
Stuffs.

Experiments made in the United States.

Compiled by J. B. LINDSEY.

I. Experiments with Ruminants.

II. Experiments with Swine.

Dec. 31. 1894.

400 AGKICULTUKAL EXPERI]\IENT STATION. [Jan.

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1895.J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 4G9

LITERATURE.

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the cligestibilitj of American feed
stuffs : —

Reports- of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,

1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.
Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,

1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893.

Bnlletins 87 c7, 80 c, 81 and 97 of the North Carolina Experi-
ment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 26 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 20 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

470 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

METEOEOLOGY

C. H, Johnson.

1894.

The meteorological observations have been continued as
in previous years. The temperature, the force and the
direction of the wind and the amount of cloudiness, are
recorded each day, at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. During
the summer months the reading of a wet-bulb thermometer
takes place at the same time. Records are also taken of
maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and of casual
meteorological phenomena.

jNIonthly and annual reports are sent to the headquarters
of the New England Weather Service at Boston.

The most conspicuous meteorological phenomena of the
past year (1894) will be briefly considered here, while the
following tables will show the average monthly temperature,
precipitation, prevailing direction of the wind, etc.

The mean temperature for January, February and INIarch,
viz., 28.03^, was above the normal, and 6. 15"^ above that
for the first three months of 1893. The precipitation, viz.,
6.28 inches, was about 4 inches below normal, and 5.59
inches below that for the same season in 1893.

There were 4 inches of snow on the ground at the begin-
ning of the year, but this had nearly all disappeared by the
loth of January. On the 27th of January 5 inches of snow
fell, and on the 29th and 30th tiiere was a storm giving 10
inches, so tliere were 13 inches of snow on the ground at
the end of the mouth.

The daily mean temperature for Januar}', viz., 25.43°,
was about 5° above the normal, and was 10.95° above that
of January, 1893, as recorded at this station. The precipi-
tation was much below the normal.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 471

The mean temperature for February, viz., 19.68*^, was
about 4° below the average. On the morning of the 25th
the minimum reading was — 18"^. The mean temperature for
the 24th was — 1° and for the 25th — 2.5°, these being the
two coldest days of the year. The precipitation was much
below the normal, but the ground was well protected with
snow during the greater part of the month.

The month of March was warm and dry. The daily mean
temperature, viz., 39°, was nearly 10° above the normal,
and was 9.4° above that of March, 1893. The precipitation,
viz., 1.G8 inches, was nearly 2 inches below the average.

April was also characterized by being unusually warm and
pleasant. The daily mean temperature, viz., 45.6°, was
about 2° above the normal. The precipitation, viz., 1.60
inches, was 2 inches below the average for that month.
There was a storm on the 8th giving 4 inches of snow, and
one on the 12th and 13th giving 2 inches. This was the last
snowfall of the season. April being so warm and dry,
farmers were enabled to get most of their land in condition
for planting, and some had planted potatoes, onions, mixed
forage crops, etc., by the 25th.

The mean temperature for IMay was about the average.
The mercury reached the freezing point several times. On
the morning of the 15th the minimum reading was 28°. The
precipitation was about normal, but most of it occurred
during the last week of the month. The dry weather during
the first two weeks of the month retarded the germination
of seeds and growth of plants. Frosts on the 15th and
22d injured those crops that were up, and damaged fruit,
especially on low lands. The frost of the 22d was the last
of the season.

The mean temperature for June, viz., 67.53°, was about
3° below the normal. The rainfall was 5 inches below the
average, and most of it occurred during the first and last
part of the month, while the middle was hot and dry. The
month was favorable for the growth of all crops. Haying
was quite general by the 15th.

The month of July was hot and dry. The daily mean
temperature, viz., 71.9°, was about 4° above the normal,
while the rainfall, viz., 1.60 inches, was nearly 3 inches

472 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

below, and 1 inch below that for Julj, 1893. The absolute
maximum temperature was 98°, occurring on the 20th.

August was extremely dry. The mean temperature was
about normal, while the precipitation, viz., 32 inches, was
nearly 4 inches below.

The continued drought of July and August caused great
damage to farmers, seriously injuring crops, drying up wells
and springs, so that in many instances the water supply was
almost or entirely shut off.

The first frost of the season occurred on the 22d of August,
and slightly injured vegetation on low lands.

The mean temperature for September and October was
about 3° above normal, and the rainfall about normal. These
months were favorable for the ripening and harvesting of
crops.

The mean temperature for November was about normal,
while the precipitation was 5 inches below. A trace of snow
fell on the 5th, which was the first of the season.

For December the mean temperature was about normal,
while the precipitation was slightly below.

The precipitation has not been sufl5cient to fill up the wells
and springs, and now there is a scarcity of water in many
localities.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

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1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

475

Summary of Meteorological Observations, 1894.
Jayiuary, February^ March^ April.

1893.

Date.

180 1.

Date.

Mean temperature,

26.89°

-

32.43'

-

Absolute maximum temperature, i^

66.00°

April 1,

77.00°

April 27.

Absolute minimum temperature.

—13.00°

Jan. 17,

-18.00°

Feb. 25.

Mean monthly range,

19.34°

-

20.99°

-

Total precipitation (inchcB)

15.53

-

7.88

-

Total snowfall (inches),

71.25

-

46.45

-

Last snowfall (inches),

trace

April 21,

2.00

April 12.

3Iay^ June, July, August.

Mean temperature

64.47°

-

65.69°

-

Absolute maximum temperature.

94.00°

Aug. 10,

98.00°

July 20.

Absolute minimum temi)erature,

31.00°

May 8,

28.00°

May 15.

Mean monthly range

24.12°

-

25.52°

-

Last frost

-

May 8,

-

May 22.

Total precipitation (inches), ....

13.38

-

9.15

-

September, October, November, December,

Mean temperature.
Absolute maximum temperature,
Absolute minimum temperature,
Mean monthly range, .
First frost, ....
Total precipitation (inches).
First snowfall (inches),
Total snowfall (inches),

42.29°

81.00°

-13.00°

21.82°

14.31
trace
15.25

Sept. 10,
Dec. 14,

Sept. 3,

Nov. 4,

44.07°

91.00°

—7.00°

19.25°

15.05
trace

25.00

Sept. 10.
Dec. 28, 30.

Aug. 22.

Nov. 5.

Entire Year.

Mean temperature,

Total precipitation (inches).

Total snowfall (inches),

44.55°
43.22
86.50

47.39°
S2.08
71.45

^76 AGKICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

LIST OP excha:n'Ges.

Reports and Bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.
Eeports and Bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the

United States.
Bulletins of the State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Mass
Bulletins of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
The American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.
The Holstein-Friesian Register, Boston, Mass.
Farm- Poultry Monthljr, Boston, Mass.
Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass.
Kew England Farmer, Boston, Mass.
The Home and Mart, East Boston, Mass.
The American Nation, Boston, Mass.
Xew England Homestead, Springfield, Mass.
Farmers' Advocate, St. AJbans, Vt.
Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H.
New York Weekly World, New York, N. 1^.
German Agricultural and HorticulturalJournal (German), New York,

N. Y.
American Agriculturist, InTsw York, N. Y.
The Florists' Exchange, New York, N. Y.
Yick'3 Magazine, Rochester, Is. Y.
The American Analyst, New York, N. Y.
Naturalist Monthly Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.
The National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University oi

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Veterinary Magazine, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dorset Quarterl}^ Washington, Pa. .
Chester County Village Record, West Chester, Pa.
Maryland Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.
Creamery and Dairy, Waterloo, Iowa.
The Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind.
The New Agricultural Era, Indianapolis, Ind.
The Clover Leaf, South Bend, Ind.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— -No. 33. 477

The Orange Judd Farmer, Chicago, 111.

The Westex'u Swineherd, Geneseo, 111.

Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin, 111.

The Dairy Messenger, Chicago, 111.

The Dairy World, Chicago, 111.

German Agricultural and Horticultural Journal, Chicago, 111.

Detroit Free Press (weekly), Detroit, Mich.

University Record, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Farmers' Home Weekly, Dayton, Ohio.

American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Journal of Columbus Horticultural Society, Columbus, Ohio.

The Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La.

Hoard's Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis.

Hospoda (Bohemian Journal), Omaha, Neb.

The Industrialist, Manhattan, Kan.

The Home and Farm, Louisville, Ky.

The Industrial American, Lexington, Ky.

Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga.

Monthly Florida Bulletin, Tallahassee, Fla.

AVest American Scientist, Los Angeles, Cal.

California Cultivator and Poultry Keeper, Los Angeles, Cal.

Journal of the Geographical Society of California, San Francisco, Cal.

Publications of the Department of Agriculture, Quebec, Canada.

The Journal of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada.

Bulletins of the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

Industrial Journal of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada.

Agricultural Student's Gazette, Cirencester, England.

Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science, Bath, England.

Lawes and Gilbert, Rothamstead, England.

British Dairy Farmers' Association, London, England.

British Dairy Farmer and Dairy World, London, England.

Landwirtschaftliche Blatter, Cassel, Germany.

Jahresbericht der Samen Control Station, Vienna, Austria.

Berichte der Landwirtschaftliche Verssuchstation, Halle, Germany.

Bulletins Ministere de I'Agriculture, Paris, France.

Bulletins of the College of Agriculture, Tokio, Japan.

Bulletins of the Department of Agricvilture, New South Wales, Australia,

Agricu-ltural Gazette, NeAV South Wales, Australia.

Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland,

Australia.
Garden and Field Journal, South Australia.
Journal of the Council of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania.
Relatorio, Annual da Estacao Agronomica de Campinas, Sao Paulo

Brazil.
Ragguagli, Laboratorio Chimico Agrario di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Reglamento, etc , Estacion Agronomica del Institute Agricolo de Alfonso

XII., Madrid, Spain.
Bulletins, Sculola Superiore d' Agriculture, Portugal.

INDEX

To Twelfth Annual Report, 189J:.

Adzinki beans, anal3-ses of, .

Alfalfa, analyses of, .

Alga% anal3'ses of,

Alsike clover, analyses of, .

Ammonia, sulphate of, analyses of.

Ammonia, phosphate of, analyses of,

Ammoniated marl, analysis of,

Ammonite, analysis of.

Analyses, compilation of, .

Apple pomace, analyses of, .

Apples, analyses of.

Artichoke, Jerusalem, analyses of,

Ashes, coal, analyses of,

cotton-hull, analyses of,

corn cob, analyses of,

from blue works, analyses of,

from sea-weed, analyses of,

hardwood, analyses of,

lime-kiln, analyses of,

logwood, analyses of,

mill, analyses of,

peat, analyses of,

pine wood, analyses of,

railroad tie, analyses of,

spent tan-bark, analyses of,

swill, analyses of,
Atlas meal (distillery feed), analyses of,
Babcock vs. " space" systems in creamery
Bakery refuse, analyses of, .
Baking powder, analj-sis of.
Banana skins, analysis of, .
Barley, green, analyses of, .
Barley meal, analyses of.
Barley and peas, aruilyses of.
Barley straw, analyses of, .
Barn-yard grass, analyses of,
Barn-yard manure, analyses of,
Bat guano, analyses of,

practice.

233,

23;

40

PAGE

434, 443

49, 252, 431, 441

. 424

249, 252, 431, 441

276, 418

276, 418

. 420

. 421

417-458

379, 437, 445

434, 443, 446

433, 442

. 380

379, 419
. 419
. 419
. 419

G-379, 419

380, 419
419
419
419
419
419
419

380, 419
54, 392, 43G, 444
72-103
437
389
423
255, 429, 431
394, 435, 443
. 429
, 41, 79, 433, 441
430
425
420

480

INDEX.

Bean meal, analysis of,

Beans, analyses of,

Beets, fodder, analyses of, .

Beets, red, analyses of.

Beets, sugar, analyses of, .

Black grass, hay of, analj'sis of,

Blood, dried, analyses of, .

Board of Control, members of,

Bokhara clover, analyses of,

Bone ash, analyses of, .

Bone-black, analyses of.

Bone-black, dissolved, analyses of.

Bone soup, analyses of,

Bones, ground, analyses of.

Brewers' grain, analyses of.

Broom-corn meal, analyses of,

Broom-corn seed, analyses of.

Broom-corn vraste, analyses of,

Buckwheat, common, analyses of,

Buckwheat, Japanese, analyses of,

Buckwheat, silver-hull, analyses of,

Buckwheat hulls, analyses of,

Buckwheat flour, analysis of,

Buckwheat middlings, analyses of.

Butter, analyses of,

Buttermilk, analyses of.

Cabbage, analyses of, .

Calico works, refuse from, analysis of,

Carbonate of potash-magnesia, analysis of.

Caribbean guano, analyses of,

Carnallite, analyses of.

Carnation pinks, analysis of.

Carpet bug destroyer, analysis of.

Carrot tops, analyses of.

Carrots, analyses of, .

Castor bean pomace, analyses of.

Cheese, analyses of, .

Chestnuts, analyses of.

Clay, analysis of , .

Clover, analyses of, .

Cocoa dust, analyses of,

Cocoanut meal, analyses of,

Commercial feed stuffs, discussion on

Compost, analyses of, .

Cooked feed, analyses of.

Cooking soda, analysis of, .

Corn and cob meal, analyses of, .

Corn cobs, analyses of.

Corn fodder, analyses of, .

Corn germ meal, analyses of.

Corn germ feed, analyses of,

79,

PAGE

. 435
431, 442
22G, 255, 433, 442
433, 442
433, 442
. 430
27G, 421
5
239, 249, 429, 431, 441
. 421
. 421
258, 276, 421
422
385, 422
423, 437, 444
. 435
. 434
437, 445
114, 246, 249, 431, 439, 440
245, 249, 255, 431, 440
244, 249, 431, 440
. 445
. 388
435
. 45G
445, 456
114, 225
381, 423
276, 418
. 420
. 418
. 450
. 458

433, 441
255, 398, 433, 441

. 423
. 456

434, 443
. 420

235, 249, 252, 431, 440

437, 445

. 437

400-406

. 280

. 435

. 387

70, 112, 113, 434, 442

437, 445

r9, 114, 255, 431, 440

. 436

. 436

INDEX.

481

Corn kernels, analj'ses of, .

Corn kernels, sweet, analyses of,

Corn meal, analyses of,

Corn screenings, analyses of,

Com stover, analyses of, . . . .75,

Cotton hulls, analyses of, .

Cotton-seed meal, analyses of, 20, 75, 79, 112, 1

Cotton-seed bran, analyses of, .
Cotton waste, analyses of, .
Cotton dust, analyses of,
Cow-pea, analyses of, .
Cow-pea vines, analyses of,
Cranberries, analyses of.
Cream, analyses of , .
Creamery record for the year,

Analyses of milk and cream,

Composition of fodder articles,

Cost of fodder articles,

Cost of skim-milk,

Fodder articles used, .

Value of cream, .
Cuba guano, analyses of,
Dairy products, analyses of,
Daisy, white, analyses of, .
"Death to rose bugs," analyses of,
Digestion experiments with sheep.

Calculation of digestion coefficients,

Composition of feed stuffs, .

Details,

Feeds tested,

Kesults of experiments,
Digestibility of the pentosans, .

Pentosans in foods tested, .

Pentosans in manure excreted,

Statement of digestibility,

Kesume of results,
Double superphosphate, analyses of,
Dried blood, analyses of, .
Eel-grass, analyses of,

English hay, analyses of, . . . . 20
Ensilage, apple pomace, analyses of.
Ensilage, corn, analyses of,
Ensilage, corn and soja-bean, analyses of.
Ensilage, millet and bean, analyses of.
Ensilage, oat and pea, analyses of.
Ensilage of Panicum miliaceum, analysis of.
Ensilage of Panicum crus-galli, analysis of,
Excelsior feed, analysis of, .

Exchanges, list of,

Farina, analysis of , , . . . .

PAGE

434, 442

. 434

. 20, 75, 79, 434, 443

. 436

79, 113, 114, 255, 431, 440

437, 445

13, 385, 390, 391, 394, 395,

423, 435, 444

391, 435

381, 423

, 423

242, 249, 255, 432, 441

429, 439

434, 443, 446

79, 456

. 78-87

. 86, 87

79

78

85

. 81-83

84

. 420

. 456

432, 441

. 458

146-174

165-174

154-156

157-164

148-150

. 150

175-188

179

. 180

180-185

. 186

76, 310, 421

276, 421

. 424

40, 41, 79, 90, 154, 430, 439

. 437

79, 113, 114, 428, 438

113, 114, 428, 438

428, 438

. 428

428, 438

428, 438

. 436

476, 477

. 388

482

INDEX.

Feeding, a practical tallv about, ....
Classification and composition of cattle foods,
Compounding of rations.
Digestibility of cattle foods.
Nutritive ratio,
Feeding calves for veal,

Daily food consumption, etc.,
Experiment explained, .
Financial results, .
Objects of experiments,
Summary of results.
Feeding experiments vrith milch cows : wlieat bran, Bu
feed, new-process linseed meal, dry vetch and oat:
hay and barley straw.
Analyses of fodder articles, .
Cost of fodder articles.
Description of experiment, .
History of cows, .
Object of experiment, .
Quality of milk produced,

Kesults,

Feeding experiments with milch cows (eflect of food on
quality of milk),
Analyses of fodder articles, .
Average results,
Cost of feed per quart of milk.
Cost of fodder articles.
Daily fodder rations.
Daily feeding records, .
History of cows, .
Introduction,
Objects of experiments.
Plan of experiments.
Quality of milk produced,
Quantity and cost of milk produced.
Feeding experiments with steers,

Fifth feeding experiment with steers.

Analyses of fodder articles.

Cost of fodder articles, .

Daily fodder rations.

General description.

Reasons for the experiment.

Record of feed consumed.

Record of steers, .

Summary of cost of rations.

Summer soiling vs. pasture,
General summary of steer feeding experiments,

Cost of beef production,

Cost of daily fodder rations,

Cost of feed per pound of live weight

Most economical rations.

Summer soiling cs. pasture.

alo
soj

cost and

PAGE

14-2.3

15

20

18

23

125-145

134-147

. 127

128-131

. 120

125

luten
-l)ean

32-41
40
40

32-35
40
32
36
32

42-77

75

G5-G7

72-74

77

53

fi9-71

52

43

42

51

59-64

65-58

104-124

104-114

112-114

112

105

104

105

107

07-109

106

110, 111

115-124

121

117

118

117

123

INDEX.

483

Feed stuffs, American, tabic of digestibility of,
Felt refuse, analyses of.
Fertilizers, inspection of, .

instructions to dealers in,

law regulating sale of,

licensed, analyses of,

manufacturers of,

sent on, analyses of,

trade values of, .
Field experiments, with corn,

with commercial phosphates
with forage crops,
with grass lauds,
with oats,
with potatoes.
Fish, dry ground, analyses of.
Flat pea, analyses of, .
Floats, South Carolina, analyses of.
Fodder corn, green, analyses of.
Fruits, analyses of, .
Gelatine, analyses of , .
Germ feed, Chicago, analyses of,
Glucose feed, Richardson, analyses of,
Glucose refuse, analyses of,
Gluten feed, Buffalo, analyses of, 40, 41

Gluten feed, Peoria, analyses of.

Gluten feed, Pope, analyses of, .

Gluten, golden, analyses of.

Gluten meal, analyses of,

Gluten meal, Chicago, analyses of.

Gluten meal, Iowa, analyses of, .

Gluten meal. King, analyses of, .

Goose manure, analyses of.

Grapes, analyses of.

Green sand marl, analyses of.

Guanos, analyses of, .

Gypse, analysis of.

Gypsum, analyses of, .

Hair waste, analysis of,

Hairy lotus, analyses of,

Hairy vetch, analyses of.

Hay substitutes, vetch and oats, peas and oats,

Hay, analyses of, 20,

Hellebore, analyses of,
Hen manure, analyses of.
Hen-house refuse, analyses of.
Herds grass, analyses of.
Hominy, analysis of, .
Hominy feed, analyses of.
Hominy meal, analyses of,
Hop refuse, analyses of.

234,

PAGE

459-46;>

. 421

323-375

. 332

330-332

342-375

324-341

375-380

. 327

256, 2G4-2G7

257-261

200-212, 262, 263

268, 269

264-267

200-212

384, 423

240, 429, 432, 439, 441

421

79, 114, 255, 428, 438

446-450

. 389

. 395

. 436

423, 437, 444

70, 112, 113, 154, 392, 394,

436, 444

79, 154, 393, 394, 396, 436

. 436

. 392

436, 444

79, 436, 444

394, 396

596, 436, 444

. 425

447-450

420

420

419

419

424

431, 441

432

88-91

54, 430, 439

458

425

425

255

388

443

435

423

79,

75,

154, 391,

40, 41

90,

484

INDEX.

Horn shavins?s, analyses of,

Horn and hoof waste, analyses of,

Horse bean, analyses of,

Horse beans, analyses of, .

Horse bean straw, analyses of, .

Horse feed, combination, analyses of

Horse manure, analysis of , .

Hungarian grass, analj'ses of.

Insecticides, analyses of, .

Introduction to report,

Italian rye-grass, analyses of.

Ivory dust, analyses of,

Japanese radish, analyses of.

Jute waste, analyses of,

Keiserite, analysis of, .

Kentuckj' blue-grass, analyses of,

Kianite, analj^sis of, .

Klbi, analyses of, .

Kidney vetch, analyses of, .

Krugite, analysis of, .

Lactate waste, analysis of, .

Lathyrus sylrestris^, analyses of, .

Leather refuse, its value in agriculture,

Leather, dissolved, pot experiments with

Letter of transmittal, .

Lettuce, analyses of, .

Lime, analyses of,

Lime, gas-house, analysis of.

Lime, waste, analyses of,

Linseed meal, old-process, analyses of.

Linseed meal, new-process, analyses of,

Lobster shells, analyses of, .

Lotus vUlosus, analyses of, .

Lucerne, analyses of, .

Lupine, white, analyses of.

Lupine, yellow, analyses of.

Macaroni, analyses of,

Maize feed, Chicago, analyses of,

Malt sprouts, analyses of, .

Mangolds, analyses of.

Manure, barn-yard, analyses of, .

Manure, goose, analyses of.

Manure heap, drainage from, analysis of.

Marls, analyses of, . . .

Meadow fescue, analyses of,

Meadow hay, low, analysis of, •

Meat and bone, analyses of.

Meat mass, analyses of.

Meat meal, analyses of,

Melilot, analyses of, .

Meteorology, report on.

234,

40, 41

PAGE

. 422
422
243, 429, 438
. 434
. 432
. 304
. 425
79, 255, 429, 430, 439
. 458
. 7-11
430-440
. 422
433, 442
. 424
. 418

430, 439
. 418

428, 438
233, 249, 429, 439
. 418
. 423
249, 429, 432, 439, 441
285-309
310-319
3
. 222
. 419
. 419
383, 419
435, 443
79, 112, 113, 435,443
. 423

431, 441
431, 441

241, 249, 429, 439
241, 249, 430, 439
. 388
54, 392, 394, 436
. 437
13, 114, 255, 433, 442
382, 425
. 382
. 425
. 420

430, 440
. 430
. 423
. 422
. 397

431, 441
470-475

INDEX.

485

Milk, analyses of,

Milk, condensed, analyses of,

Mill sweepings, analyses of,

Millet, analyses of, 255,

Millet meal, analyses of,

Millet seed, analyses of.

Millet straw, analyses of,

Mona Island guano, analyses of.

Muck, analyses of.

Mud, analyses of, .

Musk melon, analyses of.

Mussel mud, analyses of,

Nicotinia, analysis of, .

Nitrate of soda, analyses of.

Nitrate of potash, analyses of,

Nitre salt cake, analyses of, .

North Carolina marl, analyses of,

Oat feed, anal3'ses of, .

Oat meal and barley refuse, analyses of,

Oats, analyses of, c

Oat kernels, analyses of,

Oats, ground, analysis of, .

Oats and peas, analyses of, .

Odorless phosphate, analyses of,

Oleomargarine refuse, analyses of,

Olive earth, analysis of.

Onions, analyses of.

Orchard grass, analyses of, .

" Oriental fertilizer and bug destroyer," analysis of.

Palmetto root, analyses of, .

Paris green, analyses of.

Parsnips, analj^ses of, .

Pea bran, analysis of , .

Pea meal, analyses of, .

Peaches, analyses of, .

Peanut cake, analysis of,

Peanut feed, analyses of.

Peanut husks, analyses of, .

Peanut meal, analyses of, .

Pears, analyses of, . . .

Peas and oats, analyses of, .

Peat, analyses of, ...

Perennial rye-grass, analyses of.

Peroxide of silicate, analysis of, .

Peruvian guano, analyses of.

Phosphate, acid, analysis of.

Phosphate, Brockville, analyses of.

Phosphate, Navassa, analyses of,

Phosphate of ammonia, analyses of,

Phosphate of potash, analyses of.

Phosphate rock, Florida, analyses of

428,

112,
255,

113,

428,

PAGE

,36, 407, 408, 456
. 389
. 423
431, 433, 438, 440
435
434, 442

433, 441
. 420

381, 425
. 425
. 455
. 424
. 458
276, 418
. 418
. 419
. 420

195, 396, 436
. 437

431, 435, 438

434, 442
. 395

429

421

. 421

. 420

. 450

430, 440
. 458

437, 445
. 458

433, 442
. 435

435, 443
. 446
. 396

154, 397, 437, 445

437, 445

389, 435, 443

. 446

. 429

. 425

430, 440

. 458

. 420

421

. 421

. 421

. 418

. 418

. 421

486

INDEX.

Phosphate rock, South Carolina,, analyses of,

Phospliatic slag, analyses of,

Pine-barren grass, analyses of,

Pine needles, analyses of, .

Plaster, analyses of, .

Potash-magnesia carbonate,

Potash, muriate of, analyses of, .

Potash, nitrate of, analyses of, .

Potash, sulphate of, analyses of, .

Potash-magnesia sulphate, analyses ol

Potatoes, analyses of, .

" Potato-bug destroyer, non-poisonous," analy

Poudrette, analyses of,

Prickly comfrey, analyses of,

" Proteina," analyses of ,

Rape, dwarf Essex, analysis of, .

Rape, summer, analyses of.

Rape, winter, analyses of, .

Raw wool, analyses of.

Red top, analyses of , .

Refuse, manger, analyses of,

Report on general farm wtn-k,

Rice bran, Louisiana, analyses of,

Rockweed, analyses of,

RoAven, analyses of, .

Ruta-bagas, analyses of.

Rye bran, analyses of, .

Rye middlings, analyses of.

Rye, analyses of , .

Rye feed, analyses of, .

Rye-grass, Italian, analyses of, .

Rye-grass, perennial, analyses of,

Saddle beans, analyses of, .

Sainfoin, analyses of, .

Salt, analyses of, .

Salt hay, analyses of, .

Salt mud, analyses of, .

Saltpetre waste, analyses of,

Scotch tares, analyses of, .

Serradella, analyses of, ... 238

Sheep manure, analysis of, .

Skim-milk, analyses of.

Sludge, analyses of, .

Small pea, analyses of.

Soap-grease refuse, analyses of,

Soja bean, analyses of, 40, 41, 79, 108, 243, 24

Soja beans, analyses of,
Soja-bcan meal, analyses of,
Soja-bean straw, analyses of,
Soot, analyses of, ...

PAGE

421
421
424
424
419
27G, 418
276, 383, 418
. 418
276,418
27(5, 310, 383, 418
79. 113, 114, 227, 399
s of, . . . 458
425
232, 249, 429, 439

436, 444
237, 249, 432

431, 440
249, 432

. 422
430, 439

. 437
320, 321

437, 444
. 424

79, 113, 114, 398, 430, 439
255, 433, 442
. 435
435, 444
79, 429, 431, 438
154, 396
430, 440
430, 440
434, 442
236, 249, 431, 441
. 457
430, 440
. 424
. 418

432, 441
249, 255, 429, 432, 439, 441

. 425
445, 456

. 424
432, 441

. 422
2.55, 398, 429, 432, 438,
439, 441
434, 443

. 154
432, 441
381, 382

INDEX.

487

Sorghum, analyses of, .

Soup from animal refuse, analyses of

Spanish moss, analyses of.

Spinach, analyses of, .

Sponge refuse, analyses of,

Starch feed, analyses of.

Starch refuse, analyses of.

Station staff.

Strawberries, analyses of,

Strawberry vines, analyses of,

Sugar beets, analyses of,

Sugar-beet pulp, analysis of.

Sugar cane, analyses of,

Sulla, analyses of.

Sulphate of soda, analysis of,

Sulphatine, analysis of.

Sumac waste, analysis of.

Summer rape, analyses of,

Sweet coi'n, analyses of.

Tankage, analyses of, .

Teosinte, analyses of, .

Timothy, analyses of, .

Tobacco leaves, analyses of.

Tobacco liquor, analyses, of.

Tobacco stems, analyses of,

Tomatoes, analyses of, . .

Treasurer's report,

Turf, analyses of,

Turnips, analyses of, .

Vegetation house, observations in.

Vetch and barley, analyses of.

Vetch and oats, analyses of, . 40,41,79,

Vetch, oats and horse bean, analyses of,

Vetches, analyses of, .

Vinegar mash, analysis of, .

Virginia marls, analyses of.

Water analysis, .

Water filter, residue from, analy

Water-melons, analyses of, .

Whale meat, analyses of.

Wheat, damaged, analyses of.

Wheat bran, analyses of, . . 20,40,41,75,

Wheat bran, spring, analyses of,

Wheat bran, winter, analyses of.

Wheat flour, analyses of.

Wheat kernels, analyses of.

Wheat middlings, analyses of.

Wheat straw, analj-ses of, .

Whey, analyses of.

Wool, raw, analyses of,

Wool washings, analyses of,

Wool waste, analyses of.

154,

is of.

249^
239.

79,

112

PASE

428, 438
. 422

430, 439
. 22(>
. 421

436, 437
424, 437

6
. 450
. 450
433, 442
. 437
. 454

431, 441
. 418
. 458
. 423

431,440
. 455
384, 431, 440
431, 440
429, 430, 439
423
458
423
226
6
425
114,433,442
273-319
209, 249, 432
429, 432, 438, 441
211, 249, 432
249, 255, 432, 441
. 437
. 420
409-416
. 424
. 455
. 423

437, 444
394, 435, 444

. 435
154, 435
. 443
. 434
435, 445
. 433
. 445
. 422
. 422
381, 422

113,

113,