fis YY oateetisirs! Se AN aed NS S iwi ers % SSS ie$3 4 x 4 9; ¢} cs Hee ia rt eine 3 pen if és fi BeLaas LG i’ Fae a Eas ii a rie iee ic oe 10 a Bae spre he See « as E a i ‘ie a Pet vee aye ere Pe ; My Se Fs < Fey i aes eet 4 y . ar re en, ‘wt 2 Sars - FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE * NEW YORK A Agricultural Experiment Station, (GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY.) POM THE YEAR 1S o)5, With Reports of Director and Other Officers. van TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MARCH 138, 1896. ~~ . ; WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS, ALBANY AND NEW YORK. 1896. STATE OF (NEWMayY OBK* | 1 . et —?_ | No. 70. ao” ti tod i | | . IN ASSEMBLY, Marcu 13, 1896. FourTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. STATE OF NEW YORK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Apany, March 15, 1896. To the Assembly of the State of New York: I have the honor to herewith transmit the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law, Chapter 338 of the Laws of 1893. I am, respectfully yours, FRED. C. SCHRAUB, Commissioner of Agriculture. Ta.9 5. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION. BOARD OF CONTROL. GOVERNOR MORTON........--------------- Albany. CHARLES JONES ........------------------- Geneseo, Livingston County. WILLIAM C. BARRY..---.-.-----.------------- Rochester, Monroe County. PHILIP N. NICHOLAS ....-...--------------- Geneva, Ontario County. FAUIDRVIOAUN, RU Bion 2 Som me cicic anne eee n= Watkins, Schuyler County. So be AM MOND: 2252. .s2 sce sss. -- 22s cee son Geneva, Ontario County. WILLIAM D. BARNS. ..-.--.-.--.---..-------- Middle Hope, Orange County. MARTIN V. B. IVES ..----.----------- ------ Potsdam, St. Lawrence County. LUMAN D. OLNEY......--------------------- Watertown, Jefferson County. A. C. CHASE. .....--.---.------ -----+ +--+ ---- Syracuse, Onondaga County. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. MARTIN V. B. IVHS.~ .. .22 222.2 oon en cece een wens cece ee President. Wi. OU HANLON. - o-oo 2 ces vemees cme nen cones > ---- erence Secretary and Treasurer. CHARLES JONES, Puriie N. NICHOLAS, Pere LeROND ST) CVT NOME Po Sect se ecole Executive Committee. L. D. OLNEY, W. C. BARRY, ADRIAN TUTTLE, STATION STAFF. Acting Director and Chemist....----.-------------- LL. LL. VANSiyxg, Pu. D. Hara LPASSinhanite seen cee eae t ek te ee Hee eee cee ce.) Se WELLIAM' Po WHEELER: Horticulturist ---.-..-..-. SC Sao wes bobo SaSRooee S. A. Bracu, M. S. Assistant Horticulturist ....--.-------------------- WENDELL PADDOCK, B.S. Entomologist......---.-------------- +--+ -+---+----- *F. A. SIRRINE, M. S. Entomologist..--...----.---------++---+-+-----+---- * Victor H. Lowe, B. S. Mycologist .....----------- ------ -+---- ------+----- *F. C. STEWART, M. S. INGSISTAND CHEMISG, .-2 soe stemiseise sie alelciine a slo emo =i C. G. JENTER, PH. C. ASiigimiy (OliGHiT Ei oapeeeonccoc[ o5ccDdmonermosserose A. L. Knistry, M., S$. Assistant Chemist. ....-..----.------------ e-0----- tA. DuCook, PH. C: ASSIStaTh CHOMUIStS) oe sone = ec mete ewe senele moines (= === tH. H. SEEty, A. B. Assistant Chemist ....-...----..----- ---.---------- tW. H. ANDREWS, B. S. Agriculturist ...--.---..------2------------2--- .--- GEORGE W. CHURCHILL. Clerk and Stenographer....-..---------------------- FRANK E. NEWTON. * Connected with Second Judicial District Branch Station. +Connected with Fertilizer Control. oe ye ae =i eto eo bs an ii i TAREE. OF CON TEN bo: PAGE. MTOR SULCLINM ICE DOLUs. ei sale tccrere cs « cle cterete silelete cae armcteleveratcistereis «, c stetere-ciere cut il Benorear ocune Hirector/ and Chemist.0. . 0 l eis cle ieee sine renee 520 Prevention of cabbageclub-roo0t-cim. see ee eee eee eee 525 Spraying, tomatoes. ~~ Matte id's Siok SG byes «6 hala 16,403 06 TVR CRAY Rete cial cen ss «Stele POM ns. dual a ls a « aca aes 260 23 iby mannre and fertilizer ec! isi... aglow shee 303 15 By miscellaneous expenses 24.0.2. 0 6... ep ae GlA ities 692 87 LD yy SOuslalel ie Get A SR SR eee One Seamer poe eos 3,823 47 o ReEporT OF THE TREASURER OF THE JER 3) OF Sq ee AMAL MIN int a USA Ae DIA AI $1,016 47 JEN ASEUE ot) aaa eRe TSR neat CRA A Ut FEN le 14,249 44 Baye SUALLOWOUY. £0 e's. d/o (2!) aise Wa nuanle hae Re RRR ci 146 08 iby telegraph and telephone, yleo gyre ne eee 86 97 ys CrAWelING EXPENSES. <2 1s ey lae ono leet muses A 795 98 BOWES 55) A caet i5 Rea ar ie ale svacals sha ie eae ela 456 00 yetarmand ,CKOUNds sy. c's vag she sae tae ene 615 01 Poy ONEEMMNOUSERE 04 Glew. armhatle (olen a eae teste ae emake 1,052 17 HSyepcientific/apparatusy. 6... Leafs. \laer ole eben eid eee 263 83 PMI ISLOCO fetva- seek eseliydyys ego) cow ol c.t:> Sueteqee payee ee eae 129 25 JB avy AVE Doge A eee MI RRMEAT ES LIS Ca ia Cc 11650: ibalanceron, hand: October 1, 1895). 22.5 oe ares ee 2,579 89 STNG ent hes aye A Sere OO oS CI lr ee Ca lage $50,680 73 Expense of Bulletins and Enforcing Provisions of Chapter 437 of the Laws of 1890. ReEcerpts. To balance on hand Oetober 1, 1894 .............. $97 20 To amount received from Comptroller ............. 7,500 00 MNO Mets SAG ss ats cs areeeg lel arc -olraen te cle ii ate cape entee ae $75,597 20 EXPENDITURES. Bagge OMI CAS. i) 6d. sla ethnetd is eke ienky oe eck Eee $323 99 iyichemical apparatus <2. ( KOglap “++ fasutan4) sions s AOSI1O 7 sieieriane Aasaap? snares 2 ASSO. ree UOAaGT Pievees 2): AOSTONe “s+ amlysrfy +e WOAaCT Niet SA ORION recess Kosiap ees HOAaCT “++ Sasuiony “++ Kasurany Gach S Kas. (? * Wloy-410y9 -*°* aiqsaA Vy “++ Aostaany + 55+ yoAag "7" GLOOTAIOPTHD “"qoajag swUBpLyy BIAB[Y SSoyUNOD ** JOIBD 8.410q TV "* [OIBD §.419q[V “** VL SolAauat) “* UIT VW BaBqaieg “TG MOTT SSI “""9TH) SOIADUDK) “BIABLY SSOJUNO’D ** Ud[T VY Blvqiegd Le eee eee ee gHOT "** PLOW 9949S0} " qOaTAg BTA *GIAGT YT SSOVUNOL © "9" TIOT Asqog “9G MOTT SSTHY "7" * plo o7Jasoy ET no Te 16 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE We will treat the subject under consideration under the follow- ing heads :' SEAS eae a Comparative profits derived from milk and butter. Comparative profits derived from milk and cream. Comparative profits derived from milk and cheese. Comparative profits derived from butter and cream. Comparative profits derived from butter and cheese. Comparative profits derived from cream and cheese. 1 ComparATIvVE Prortts Drrtvep rrom MiLK AND CHEESE. NAME OF COW. Junietta Peerless...--. atta Betsey Othe ~-cescico se Queen Duchess .--.--2. 222: Countess Blavias. 2222225222 Netherland Constance.. .--- BarparavAlleninssceseee os Mantonpbelllese.s.s, sesceens Queen!Duchess:---=.------- Gulderbloomececeecssecetens Beauty led een ss oes - ORiOlese te ee eee cae ee Manton Bellesseccse -e2eee RoseubemWord! 2.22 ss ooneee (OVE SSeS RS eae ee CoumtbesstPlaviaiecc ce eoceee dunietta Peerless! ..2...).22- Mantonybellerseseseecse eee MaererGthiscsmcelsce sac ise Barbarapallentreseeeeeeee Betsey Oth seesccoeee eee Mapocie these se es eee ee Shella iSelects sae soctee oeeee MAS MelObhet acceso. Lene GenoviewsiGitt sosce..-. 2. - 2 Amount of/Amount of Period | Profit de- | Profit de- |profit from|profit from of lacta- |tived from|tived from|selling milkjselling but- tion selling milk. selling lover selling ter over sell- ; butter. butter. ing milk. Third. . $36 19 $33 05 Eeablet Second. 35 23 AS FSO a peeareee $38 07 Seconda. 30 69 25 8b CO geen EE Fourth. 29 81 5% B65 fal ih gee oe 24 80 First. . 29 62 19 55 10 07 aay saves Third.. 29 04 ASTOST Me cee rte 19 89 Fourth. 28 89 26 93 12963). First -- 27 53 27 38 Ou1b | ae Third.. 26 55 ALS5O I Saccicces 17 95 Second. 26 31 ANE OM ileaieyscie 15 02 Second. 26 25 4 lai |) Geos ades 18 80 First .: 25 63 26182 WWeaaneya te 119 First -- 25 62 Petr pase ewe en ee 1 11 Third.. 25 00 23 68 DU PFE iets aS Second. 24 47 4551S ee sem sacs 20 66 First -- 24 02 S618 i] shoes 12 16 Second. 2397 ate) 2G) esas sees 14 46 Second. O84 FHL 14 35 SL GN ee ie First -- 20 29 16 638 S GONE aes Third.. 20 07 14 78 29) peers Sys eeeee Third.. 19 64 3 fersiial aces SACS 18 21 First -- 18 66 OOM ese ates 1 04 Second. 17 92 14 25 SOC eee First -- 17 89 QOD) lore ee oe 10 06 Second. 17 87 BO" San |eeeeeee 8 48 Second. 17 70 16 80 0:90 | seeee eee Second. 16 85 O42 85 ll eae saece 8 00 Burst. 16 50 By bora Ree eeerey es 17 75 First .- 15 78 AGNSBi vasa 1 05 Third.. 15 36 DW A535 oul Wgeeoctso op. 2 19 First -. 15 34 20) 86i||neseeeeee 5 52 Second. 14 80 30).649)|aeeeeee 15 84 First -- 14 06 7 53 GlSSahe eee eee Second. 13 96 8 95 SNOT a a eces re iaes Fourth. 13 55 L5OSi Mee aera 1 48 First .. 13 23 Z3esoulMeseeee oe 10 10 First -- 13 23 Q5a9 ON hes tees 12 67 Second. 10 71 DINOOM esses 10 29 First -. 9 61 DEON ea es 2 09 First. -. 9 26 OP} TTI VG) aiee ners a= 13 64 First --. 9 22 SOOM ieee. 3 78 Birst: 22 8 85 715 1 70 Seooct First -. 8 10 iA Sia|hine estes 4 38 Second. 4 78 SCHOO ssn yeees 3 22 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a We call attention to the following points of interest : 1. In 14 periods of lactation, representing 7 different indi- viduals of 3 different breeds, the profit derived from selling milk was greater than that derived from selling butter. The amount of excess varied from $0.15 to $10.07 and averaged $4.07. 2. In 30 periods of lactation, representing 15 different indi- viduals of 7 different breeds, the profit derived from selling butter was greater than that derived from selling milk. The amount of excess varied from $1.04 to $24.80 and averaged $10.13. 3. If we average all the results, we find that the amount of profit from selling milk averaged $19.80 for each lactation period of each individual, while the profit from selling butter averaged $25.64; that is, an amount equal to $5.84 more was realized from butter than from milk for each cow. Stated in another form, for _every dollar of profit derived from selling milk, the sum of $1.30 was derived from selling butter. 2. ComPARATIVE Prorirs Drerivep rrom Mitk AND CREAM. SSS SS Amount of | Amount of “ Profit de- | Profit de- NAME OF COW period rived from | rived from profit from prone from q : of lacta- selling selling selling mi selling tion, over selling| cream over milk. crear: cream. selling milk. Junietta Peerless .....----- Third . $36 19 S9Or SSH eeecmees $54 14 Betso yen Oiheesrs to aocsetee= = Second. 35 23 NOS ADE leo eaawer 67 92 Queen Duchess ..-.....----- Second. 30 69 COMUS |) Seeeneee 45 07 Countess Flaviasc.s.. -.-2-. Fourth. 29 81 1LSH OSU eeseectes 88 22 Netherland Constance..---. First. .. 29 62 (PRCEN ES ae eae 42 8&2 Barbars Allen. 5.22058 5.-4 Third . 29 04 G3) ll possesses 83 59 Manton Belleu2 sc 26 S..2 Fourth. 28 80 THe Zan \hoaceiocts 48 35 Queen Duchess ---.-------- First .. 27 53 0 9D | anne cee 50 46 Gilderblaomin eons ess os ee Third . 26 55 LOU Of pene 74 49 Beauty Pledge. ..........-. Second. 26 31 HOM S84 eee a cele 715 53 Onlole sat Saath cacao ee eee Second. 26 25 Oy Pea a ae Sao 78 66 IV ORE h race metine asta wreteeerae First -- 25 63 GSiGSiy See ee ae 43 05 WSOMe Odes oe at since ewes aeee First -. 25 62 (St aQuivecsce ee 52 77 Manton Belle... 322 sssssce Third .. 25 00 thsh Zhe Beene 53 78 IPONGITOWHOLG soc ctelaacaneee Second. 24 47 NOS} 15s yececiee 84 68 OnrOle macs eah es oe cs Loco coats First .. 24 02 | SAQA Saee ae 60 35 Countess Flavia ....-...---- Second. 23 97 O1F'92 | 2S aeae 67 95 Junietta Peerless ---..------ Second. 23 11 | 5Se5D || eoeaaae 35 44 Manton? Belles so... -'-. = First .. 20 29 56.:3)s || se eeees 36 02 Maisneblow Dtle.-cacsscnc ce Third. . 20 07 |} 58:20 lpeneneace 38 13 @ountesssblavia ..s+<------ Third.. 19 64 | 89.94 ees hee 70 30 Api alianteee sn cicesc cs sc. 3 First -- 18 66 | 60: Ole esse cece 41 35 Mantourbelle.cesesccce ess Second. 17 92 al ise 39 98 osebie: HOrde sew ccs coe < First --. 17 89 C2 Do enselee sta 54 64 Madame Select ..---.------ Second. 17 87 SOUT eisai. wc 71 85 Maggie 6th......-.--...--- Second. 17 70 MAE |e ers eceratate 41 66 Barbara Allem acess once. == Manton Belle << cca. =~ Third... 60 82 5 55 5D pase ae Sell mselecthyosea ceo ee oe = BES tats GoraSi|Pecesens- Gay AS) linseseciece Aubert) Carol c 8.5 DOMPPNONO = asetos =e he = oh Seis tise None. 152.5 89.9 10.1 The data embodied in the foregoing table appear to justify the following statement of results : 1. In every instance the use of a fertilizer increased the yield of potatoes. This increase varied from 5.4 to over 81 bushels per acre. 2. The use of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer an acre produced a larger crop in some instances and a smaller one in others than did the use of 1,000 pounds an acre. The largest increase of yield in any one case was 83 bushels more (plot 23) by the use of 2,000 pounds than by the use of 1,000 pounds. In one case the larger application gave 35 bushels less (plot 13). It was noticed that on the plots where the larger amounts of fertilizer were used, the potatoes came up unevenly and in some cases not at all. This was undoubtedly due to the fact that the seed-potatoes were injured by contact with the fertilizer. 3. The increased application of fertilizer generally produced a larger proportion of marketable potatoes. The proportion of marketable potatoes varied from 83.5 to 93 per cent. of the entire: 3 84 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE yield. The proportion of culls was largest on plot 1, where no fertilizer was used; though on plot 26, where no fertilizer was used, the proportion of marketable potatoes was larger than on plot 1. In most cases the fertilizer increased the marketable quality of potatoes even when it did not affect the yield in bushels. 5. Revation oF YIELD oF Portators To Cost oF FERTILIZERS UseEp. The essential point to be considered is the cost of production. The increase of yield may be misleading. We must know how much it costs us to increase our production before we can determine whether the increase is made at a profit or loss. In the following table, we give the cost of fertilizer used for each bushel of potatoes produced and also the cost for each bushel pro- duced as compared with the plots on which no fertilizer was used. We call the average yield of plots 1 and 26, 1514 bushels, this being the yield where no fertilizer was used. Increased Cost of fer- number of | Cost of each Valero . t Cost of fer- tilizer for bushels of | bushel of po- t 50 Gain or loss No. of | tilizer used | each bushel | potatoes re- | tatoes result- ae from use of plot. | on one acre. | of potatoes | sulting from | ing from use paahe r fertilizer. produced. | useof fertil- | of fertilizer. Wee izer. Cents Bushels. Cents 1Fs| SASS Sec Reo eee Ses set Matin Seo een MEO AS a8 ey $7530 (sos -cseeee 2 $14 66 8.31 45.8 32.0 98 65 $8 29 3 21 99 13.09 36.9 59.6 94 20 *3 54 4 29 32 15.27 64.8 45.2 108 15 3 08 5 14 66 7.96 56.0 26.2 103 75 13 34 6 21 99 12.55 45.6 48.2 98 55 81 7 29 32 16.50 48.3 60.7 99 90 Opa 8 14 25 8.72 28.5 50.0 90000) 34 see 9 28 50 16.22 Sal ates 89.6 91 65 *12 60 10 17 00 9.88 41.9 40.6 96 70 3 9d abit 34 00 19.85 67.7 50.2 109 60 *15 12 19 00 10.48 D2AO 36.2 102 00 5 25 13 38 00 24.35 1729 212.9 84 70 *29 05 14 16 50 9.08 43.0 38.4 97 25 5 00 15 33 00 19.80 36.0 91-7 93 75 *15 00 16 girs) 10.41 38.3 45.7 94 90 1 65 17 35 00 20.00 44.8 78.1 98 15 *12 60 18 17 50 oD 42.2 | 41.5 96 85 3 60 19 35 00 20.58 39-9 | 87.7 95 70 *15.05 20 15 00 10.80 5.4 277.7 78 45 *12 30 21 30 00 21.30 6.9 435.0 79 20 *26 55 22 18 00 10.00 49 .0 37.0 100 25 6 50 23 36 00 Ug (sex/ 81.6 44.1 116 55 4 80 24 16 00 8.92 50.3 31.8 100 90 9n15 25 32 00 1OBTS 36.4 87.9 93795 *13 80 GM eeials Seescloe | Mets, 2. @ Sree eta Nec itciod> SianeT |) Beemer yee 1G 25 eee ee New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 From the foregoing table we can make the following summarized statement : 1. The cost of fertilizer for each bushel of potatoes produced varied from 7.96 cents on plot 5 to 24.35 cents on plot 13. In no case was the increase of yield proportionate to the amount of fer- tilizer used when more than 1,000 pounds an acre was applied. 2, There was in every case an increased yield due to the appli- cation of fertilizer. This increase varied from 5.4 bushels on plot 20 to 81.6 on plot 23 over the yield on the unfertilized plots. 3. The cost of the increased yield due to the use of fertilizers varied from 26.2 cents (on plot 5) to $4.35 (on plot 21) for each bushel of potatoes produced in excess of the yield of the unferti- lized plots. 4. The money value of the crop at 50 cents a bushel varied from $75.30 on plot 1 to $116.55 on plot 23. 5. If we calculate the amount of money received for extra yield of potatoes due to the use of fertilizers and compare this amount with the money expended for the fertilizers used, we find that on plot 5 there was the greatest gain, amounting to $13.34 in yield over the cost of fertilizer used. In other words, the extra yield was enough to pay for the fertilizer and $13.34 more. From this amount there was a variation down to an actual loss of $29.05 (on plot 13); that is, on this plot the extra yield of potatoes due to the use of fertilizer was insufficient by $29.05 to pay for the fertilizer used. In no ease did an application of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer produce as economical yields as did the application of 1,000 pounds. In every case except two (plats 4 and 23), the use of 2,000 pounds was attended by actual loss. 6. Comparison oF Resutts in Appiyinc FeEertinizeErs Broapoast AND IN THE Row. On plots 2, 3 and 4 the fertilizer was applied broadcast, while on plots 5, 6 and 7 the applications were made in the row. The amounts of fertilizer applied are given below. 36 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE. “Taste SHowina Comparison or Dirrerent Meruops or APPLY- ING FERTILIZERS. Pounds of fer- Bushels of NUMBER OF PLOT. tilizer applied Sr atiehil me five! on pro- Dees: She a reeMahators ekgueasin. ore ote 1,000 | Broadcast.... oie Dy ieee de aes ies Sev stoieiniay steers 1, 0005) In- row... 2.2.2)" 2S SS eR SATA ae eae A eae 1,500 | Broadeast.... 188.4 IEA ES isneit suatete Gila Aineks 1500) laasrow ie re 197.1 ss CAS RRC A PRS Pot 2,000 |-Broadcast.... 216.3 Ts GLE AO Si ia ton es 2. 000M) Imcrow s-sest 199.8 From a comparison of the foregoing data, it is seen that better results were obtained with the smaller amounts of fertilizer when the fertilizer was applied in the row. On the other hand, when 2,000 pounds of fertilizer were used, better results were obtained from applying it broadcast. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that a large amount of fertilizer applied in the row comes more or less into contact with the seed-potatoes and injures their germinating power. It was apparent on most of the plots where the larger amounts were applied that the potatoes came up more or less uneven and some failed altogether to come up. It remains for us to ascertain in the future to what extent the fertilizers used in excess remain available in the soil. It also remains for us to try similar experiments upon lighter soil. There is some reason for believing that there is too much neglect in keeping abundance of humus in the soil, especially where the soils are of the character common on Long Island. It is quite probable that fer- tilizers can be used most economically in smaller quantities than half a ton an acre, provided the soil is kept supplied with humus. These points, however, can be definitely settled only by our future work. In, conclusion, it is suggested by way of precaution that these results of our preliminary experiments must not be regarded as con- clusive upon any of the points tested. Different results might have been obtained on a soil differing in character and history from the one used. The present results are rather to be regarded as helpful suggestions for future lines of investigation. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ent, IX. The Chemistry of Plants, Plant-foods and Soils. I. Tue Constituents oF Pants. Chemical Elements.—All matter is composed of about seventy different chemical elements. A chemical element is any substance which cannot, by any known means, be separated into two or more different kinds of matter. Yor example, gold is an element, because, in whatever manner it may be treated, we cannot get any- thing out of it but gold; pure gold contains nothing but gold. So nitrogen is an element, because, as far as we able to find out, it con- tains only one thing, that is, nitrogen. Similarly, carbon, sulphur, potassium, oxygen and iron are elements. Just as the twenty-six letters of our alphabet are combined in various ways to form the words of a whole language, so these seventy elements or simple substances, constituting nature’s alphabet of mat- ter, are capable of being united to produce all the different chemical compounds that go to make up the countless forms of matter. The number of different combinations possible between these seventy elements is practically infinite. Elementary Composition of Plants——When we state what elements any substance contains, we give its elementary composition. For example, sugar contains the elements, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; this is a statement of the elementary composition of sugar. So, when we state what elements a plant contains, we give its ele- mentary composition or analysis. The term ultimate composition means the same as elementary composition. We will now consider the elementary composition of plants. The exact number of different kinds of plants growing on the earth has never been definitely ascertained; but the number prob- ably exceeds 200,000. Of this large nnmber, only a few have been subjected to careful chemical analysis, and yet so uniform in all its great variety are nature’s methods of working and building, that we can quite safely say that, so far as the elementary composition of plants is concerned, little remains to be learned. Chemical analysis shows that, ef the seventy elements known to exist, only fourteen are essential to produce all the different forms of vegetable life. While all plants contain certain chemical compounds in common, such as cellulose, albuminoids, etc., it may be that each plant con- tains in some one or all of its parts one or more chemical compounds peculiar to itself, so that there may be as many distinct chemical 88 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE compoundsin the vegetable kingdom as there are different species of plants. This, of course, can not be known absolutely until all plants in existence have been carefully analyzed ; but, whether the number of different chemical compounds in the vegetable kingdom bea few thousand or a few hundred thousand, we know that they are almost entirely made up of fourteen elements, and these, therefore, form the chemical alphabet of the vegetable kingdom, all the different vegetable compounds, like words from letters, being formed by the union of two or more of these elements. The fourteen elements which are regarded as being necessary to the perfect growth and development of every plant are the follow- ing: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine, Silicon, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, and Sodium. The element fluorine is of frequent occurrence in very small quantities ; and the following elements are of rare or doubtful occurrence: Aluminum, barium, bromine, cobalt, copper, iodine, lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, tin, titanium, and zinc; but their occurrence is a matter of curiosity rather than of practical import- ance, for, unlike the fourteen named above, they seem in no way to be necessary to plant life. To chemical analysis we owe all that we know about what plants contain or are made of. Eighty years ago not a single vegetable substance had been accurately analyzed; and, although, in the thirty years following, much was learned about the different elements con- tained in plants, it was not until after the investigations of Liebig that our knowledge of the chemistry of plants progressed with any satisfactory degree of rapidity Classification into Air-Derived and Soil-Derived Elements.— The elements that are necessary to the growth of plants may be divided into two quite distinct classes, which have important and marked differences. These two classes are: (a) Air-derived or organic elements. (b) Soil-derived or inorganic elements. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 39 (a) Air-Derived Elements. (b) Soil-Derived Elements. Carbon. Phosphorus. Hydrogen. Sulphur. Oxygen. Chlorine. Nitrogen. Silicon. : Calcium. Tron. Potassium. | Sodium. Magnesium. Manganese. It is usual among writers on agricultural chemistry to call these classes organic and inorganic elements, but this use of these words is extremely inaccurate; for any element may be either organic or inorganic, according ‘as it is or is not a part or product.of an organ- ized body. Oxygen, as it exists in the air, is inorganic matter; but when, through vital processes, it becomes part of an animal or plant, it is organic. These two classes of elements differ in three important particulars, as follows: first. The elements of the first class are derived exclusively from the air, either directly or indirectly ; while those of the second class come exclusively from the soil. Second. Air-derived elements disappear, for the most part, in the form of gases, when a plant is burned; while the soil-derived ele- ments, usually the smaller part, are left in the form of a residue or ash, upon which further heating will not have any effect. Some earbon and oxygen and nitrogen are always found in the ash, while slight quantities of chlorine, sulphur and phosphorus are apt to be driven off by heating. The two elasses of elements are, therefore, not so sharply defined in this regard as they are in respect to the sources from which they come. Third. These two classes differ very noticeably in regard to the quantities in which they are present in plants. Thus, the air-derived elements constitute, at least, ninety-five per cent of the whole veg- etable kingdom, while the soil-derived elements occur in small quan- tities, varying from a fraction of one per cent up to ten per cent., or even more in some cases. Because the soil-derived elements occur 40 Report OF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE in small quantities, it does not follow that their presence is of less importance ; in their absence, vegetation would disappear. We will now consider each of these elements in order, and men- tion briefly some of the more important characteristics of each; but. before doing this, it is desirable to explain the meaning of two or three chemical terms which we shall have occasion to use. ) Classification into Acid-forming Elements and Metals.— Of the fourteen elements which are found in plants, some are spoken of as non-metallic elements or acid-forming elements, because, - in certain combinations, these elements form well-known acids. The other elements are known as metallic elements or metals. (a) Acid-forming Elements. (6) Metals. Carbon. Calcium. Hydrogen. Potassium. Oxygen. Sodium. Nitrogen. Tren. Phosphorus. Magnesium. Sulphur. Manganese. Chlorine. Silicon. Acids and Salts.—(a) An acid is a compound containing an acid-forming element combined with hydrogen and oxygen, or in some cases, with hydrogen alone. The following examples will serve to illustrate: Nitrogen with oxygen and hydrogen forms nitric acid (aquatortis). Phosphorus with oxygen and hydrogen forms phosphoric acid. Sulphur with oxygen and hydrogen forms sulphuric aced (oil of vitrol). Ohlorine and hydrogen form hydrochloric acid (muriatie acid). (b) A Salt is a compound formed by putting a metal in the place of the hydrogen of an acid ; that is, an acid differs from a salt simply in having a metal where the acid has hydrogen. Every acid has a salt corresponding to it. For example, as stated above, nitric acid consists of nitrogen and oxygen and hydrogen. Now, if we put the metal potassiwm in the place of hydrogen we have a com- pound containing Nitrogen and oaygen and potassium (in place of hydrogen). This compound is the potassiwm salt of nitric acid and is called potas- sium nitrate or nitrate of potash. Again, / New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4t Phosphoric acid consists of phosphorus and oxygen and hydrogen; in place of hydrogen put one of the metals, as calciwm, and we have a compound containing Phosphorus and oxygen and calcium (in place of hydrogen), which is the calcium salt of phosphoric acid and is called calcium phos- phate or phosphate of lime. Similarly, if a metal, as magnesium, is put in the place of the hydrogen of sulphuric acid, we have the magnesium salt of sul- phurie acid or magnesium sulphate, familiar to us as Epsom salt. If in hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, we put some metal as sodium in place of the hydrogen, we have a compound consisting of sodium and chlorine, which is the sodiwm salt of hydrochloric acid and is ealled sodium chloride, sometimes muriate of soda, familiar to us as common salt. The word ‘‘salt”’ as used in chemistry applies to a great number of compounds, and many of the substances we have to deal with in» speaking of fertilizers are chemical salts; that is, substances formed by putting some metal in place of the hydrogen of some acid. Carbon.—(«) /mportance.—The element carbon may be called the central element of all animal and vegetable substances ; for there is not a living thing, from the smallest cell to the giant tree, which’ does not contain carbon as a necessary constituent. That all vege- table and animal substances contain carbon can easily be shown by» simply heating them sufticiently, and thus causing them to blacken> or char. When, for example, wood is heated, the different elements of which it is composed are driven off in one form or another, but the carbon is the last to go, and remains behind as a black substance or charcoal, unless heated higher, when it disappears or burns up. (b) Occurrence.—Carbon usually occurs in nature united in com- pounds with other elements. Thus, most products of plant life con- tain carbon combined with the elements hydrogen and oxygen ; such are starch, sugar, and cellulose or woody fibre. Carbon combined with oxygen occurs in the air in the form of carbon dioxide, com- monly called carbonic acid gas. Carbon, when combined with ogygen and some element such as calcium, occurs in the form of carbonates ; for example, marble, limestone, and chalk are chemically known as calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Carbon by itself or in the free condition, that is, not united with any other elements, is familiar to us in several different forms; the most common of these are (1) diamonds; (2) graphite, which is used 42 Report of THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE in the manufacture of lead-pencils; (8) ordinary wood-charcoal ; (4) lamp black; (5) animal charcoal; (6) mineral coal. Excepting dia- mond these forms of carbon are more or less impure, containing some other things mixed with the carbon. Hydrogen.— (a) Occurrence.—The element hydrogen is nearly always found combined with other elements. It combines with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen also occurs in most animal and vegetable substances, such as various kinds of wood, fruits, ete., in which it is combined with the elements, carbon and oxygen. Hydro- gen is always present in all kinds of acids. (6) Description.—Hydrogen, in the uncombined form, is a gas that resembles air in that it has neither color, smell, nor taste. Oxygen.— (a) Occurrence.—Oxygen is the most abundant of all the elements. The compounds which contain no oxygen are few in number. Oxygen forms nearly one-half of the crust of the earth; eight-ninths of water; about one-fifth of air; and one-third of all animal and vegetable matter. Oxygen occurs in the air uncombined with other elements. Oxygen, combined with the elements carbon and hydrogen, or with carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, is found in substances which go to make up animals and vegetables. (b) Description—As might be inferred from knowing that oxygen in the uncombined state forms part of the air, oxygen is a gas having no color, taste or smell. Oxygen is a very active substance from a chemical point of view. It tends to unite with nearly all of the elements. In all forms of burning, the oxygen of the air is simply uniting with other ele- ments. Thus, in a coal fire the oxygen unites with the carbon of the coal. The heat is produced by the union of the two elements. Nitrogen.— (@) Occurrence.—Nitrogen occurs in nature in the following forms: (1) As a constituent of az. (2) In the form of ammonia. (3) In the form of nitric acid and nétrates. (4) In various other forms in plants and animals. (1) Nrrrocen ry Arr.— Nitrogen, uncombined with other elements, forms about four-fifths of the air. Since the nitrogen in the air is not combined, we can perceive its properties for ourselves, and our obser vation shows us that it isa gas, which has neither color, taste nor smell. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 43 (2) Nrrroeen 1x Ammonta.—Nitrogen combined with the ele- ment hydrogen forms ammonia. Ammonia is present in the air in very small quantities. Ammonia is formed when vegetable and animal substances containing nitrogen decompose. Ammonia is a colorless gas, and it is this gas dissolved in water which is familiar to us as ammonia water or “ Spirits of Hartshorn,” and which causes the peculiar odor of “ hartshorn.” Ammonia unites with different acids and forms salts somewhat as metals do; these salts we call ammonium salts, compounds which do not generally have any odor like ammonia. Thus, ammonia combined with sulphuric acid forms ammonium sulphate, commonly ealled sulphate of ammonia; ammonia, combined with hydrochloric acid, forms ammonium chloride, sometimes called muriate of ammonia, also known as sal ammoniac. (3) Nirrogen iy Nrrrates.—Nitrogen, combined with hydrogen and oxygen, forms nitric acid or aqua fortis. If in nitric acid a metal as sodium, for example, takes the place of hydrogen, we have formed a sodium salt of nitric acid or a nitrate, called sodium nitrate, or nitrate of soda. When animal and vegetable substances decompose in rather warm, moist places, the nitrogen is changed into nitrates. This change of the nitrogen of organic matter into nitrates is caused by germs called bacteria, which are very small living vegetable organisms, and which exists everywhere in enormous numbers. The process is known as “ netrification.” (4) Nirrocgen 1n Animats and Prants or Orcanic Nirro- @EN.—Nitrogen, combined with the elements, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen occurs in plants and in animals. Such substances for example are the casein or curd of milk, the gluten or gummy portion of wheat, the fibrin of blood, the white of egg, ete. When such compounds decompose, the nitrogen is first changed into ammonia, and then, under proper conditions of warmth, moisture and access of air, into nitric acid or nitrates. The nitrogen existing in ani- mals and plants is generally called organic nitrogen. (b) In what Forms Nitrogen is Useful to Plants.—Plants can use nitrogen in three different forms, viz. : (1) As nitrogen gas or uncombined nitrogen. (2) In the form of ammonia. (8) In the form of nitrates. 44 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE All plants can not use nitrogen in any of these three forms equally well, but each form is found specially suited to certain kinds of plants as will be noticed: (1) Nrrrogen Gas usep By Piants.—Although we have nitrogen gas or uncombined nitrogen existing in the air in enormous quantities, still the number and kinds of plants which can use the nitrogen of the air is not large. In general, those plants which are called leguminous, such as the bean, pea, clover, alfalfa, ete., can take un- combined nitrogen from the air. Upon the roots of such crops are found certain lumps or warts or tubercles. These tubercles contain large numbers of micro-organisms derived from the soil and these micro-organisms have the power of bringing the nitrogen of the air into such combinations as the plant can use. (2) Nirrocen or AMMONIA USED BY Pxrants.—The leaves of some plants have the power of absorbing ammonia directly from the air and obtain nitrogen in this way, but only in very small quan- tities. Some plants obtain nitrogen from ammonium salts through the soil, but in general, the compounds of ammonia are changed into nitrates in the soil before being used by plants. (8) Nirrocen or Nrrrares vsep By Prants.— The largest part of the nitrogen obtained by most plants is taken up by their roots from the soil in the form of nitrates ; that is, nitric acid com- bined with some metal, as sodium or potassium. As already stated, most of the nitrates used by plants are formed by changing into nitrates ammonia compounds and organic substances in the soil by the process called nitrification. Hence, nitrogen, in the form of nitrates, is the most available form for most plants; that is, it can be most readily taken up and used by plants. Phosphorus. — (a) Description.— Phosphorus, when uncom- bined with other elements, is a yellowish, waxy-looking, solid sub- stance. It is soft and can be cut as easily as ordinary beeswax. It is very poisonous. It takes fire very easily and, therefore, has to be kept under: water. When phosphorus burns, it simply unites with the oxygen of the air, forming a compound which contains oxygen and phosphorus; this compound of oxygen and phosphorus is commonly called phosphoric acid. (b) Occurrence.— Phosphorus is always found in nature com- bined with other elements. It ozcurs combined with oxygen and calcium (or lime) and this compound is called calciwm phosphate or phosphate of lime. - It also occurs in soils as phosphate of magnesia, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45 phosphate of alumina and iron. Calcium phosphate or phosphate of lime is found in some minerals and in the bones of animals. (ce) Importance of Phosphorus Compounds.— The phosphates, like the nitrates, are found everywhere in the soil and are of. great value in their relations to plants. The phosphates found in the bones are taken into the animal body in the food. All plants used as food contain small quantities of phosphorus compounds which they get from the soil. The phosphates taken into the body are partly given off in the excrement and urine. Sulphur.— (@) Occurrence.—Sulphur uncombined with other elements, is found near voleanoes. Combined with other elements, sulphur is found in a great many minerals. Sulphur is also found in vegetable and animal products, combined with the elements carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The properties of the element sulphur are too well known to need any description. (6) Compounds.— When sulphur is combined with hydrogen and oxygen in certain proportions it makes sulphuric acid, com- monly called od of vitrol. When the hydrogen of sulphuric acid has its place taken by any metal, a sulphate is formed. For example, when the metal potassium takes the place of the hydrogen of. the sulphuric acid, a salt is formed known as potasiwm sulphate, com- monly called sulphate of potash; from sulphuric acid and the metal calcium is formed the salt caleiwm sulphate, commonly known as sulphate of lime. Chiorine. — (a) Description. — Chlorine, when not combined with other elements, is a greenish-yellow gas, having a very suffocat- ing odor. The gas is very poisonous and has very active chemical power. : (6) Occurrence—Uneombined chlorine is never found in nature. We commonly know chlorine only in its compounds. Chlorine combined with hydrogen forms hydrochloric or muriatic acid. Chlo- rine combined with any metal forms chlorides commonly known also as muriates. For example, chlorine combined with the metal sodiwm forms a compound which is called sodiwm chloride or chloride of sodium, or muriate of soda; and this sodium chloride is the common salt familiar to us in every-day experience. Chlorine combined with the metal potassium forms potassium chloride commonly called muriate of potash. Silicon.— Oceurrence.—Silicon, next to oxygen, is the most abun- dant element in nature. It does not occur uncombined with other 46 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE elements. Silicon combined with oxygen forms a compound com- monly called sé/éea. Quartz and sand are nearly pure silica. Silicon combined with oxygen and several of the metallic elements, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, etc., forms compounds which are called sélzcates. The feldspars are silicates ; clay is a silicate. Ordinary glass consists of a mixture of silicates. Calcium.— Oceurence—The metal calcium is always found in nature combined with other elements. The compounds of calcium are ordinarily known as lime compounds, because calcium, when combined with oxygen to form a compound known as calcium oxide, was called lime, and this calcium oxide or lime was supposed to be present in calcium compounds. Calcium combined with oxygen and carbon forms a compound which is known as caletwm carbonate or carbonate of lume. Lime- stone, marble, chalk, eggshells and coral consist of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Calcium and sulphuric acid form a compound known as calcium sulphate or sulphate of ime; gypsum and plas- ter of Paris are familiar forms of calcium sulphate ; itis often called simply “ plaster.” Calcium combined with oxygen, as already noted, forms calcium oxide, which is commonly known as lime or quicklime. This is made by burning some form of calcium carbonate, as limestone, oyster shells, coral rock, ete.; the carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) is driven off by the heat, and calcium oxide or quicklime remains. When quicklime is exposed to the air, it slowly absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide and is changed back into calcium carbonate. When quicklime is changed into calcium carbonate (carbonate of lime), the lime is said to be ar-slackhed. Potassium.— Occurrence.—The metal potassium is never found uncombined in nature. It is a constituent of many minerals. The decomposition of these minerals give rise to the presence of potas- sium compounds everywhere in the soil. It is taken up by plants; and when vegetable material is burned, the potassium remains behind, chiefly as potassium carbonate. When wood-ash is treated with water, or “leached,” the potassium carbonate is dissolved out, forming “lye,” and this, evaporated to dryness, leaves impure potas- sium carbonate, which is commercially known as potash. In using the term potash in connection with fertilizers, potassium oxide is always meant. The compounds of potassium are commonly New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 47 called potash compounds, because it was formerly supposed that potassium oxide or potash was present in all of them. Potassium combined with chloride forms potassium chloride or chloride of potash or muriate of potash, ete. Potassium and sul- phuric acid form potassium sulphate or sw/phate of potash. Potas- sium and nitric acid form potassium nitrate, also called nitrate of potash and saltpeter. Sodium.— Ocewrrence.—Sodium occurs in nature mostly in com- bination with the element chlorine in the form of sodiwm cholride or common salt. It is found everywhere in the soil, but usually in small quantities. Sodium and nitric acid form sodiwm nitrate or nitrate of soda, commonly known as Chili saltpeter. Magnesium, Iron and Manganese.—These elements, especially magnesium and iron, are present as essential constituents of plants. They exist in various forms of combination with other elements. 2. CLASSIFICATION AND DerFIniTION oF TERMS USED IN CoNNECTION witH FERTILIZERS. A Fertilizer may be defined as any substance which, by its addi- tion to the soil, is intended to produce a better growth of plants. The materials which come under the head of fertilizers are numerous in kind, and different both in form and the manner in which they act. The following tabulated classification, while not strictly accurate in every respect, will serve to give a good general idea of the num- ber and relations of the terms used in speaking of fertilizers : ( Stable manure. Refuse vegetable matter. Green crops for plowing under. Cotton-seed. Muck, marls, ete. La Complete or 1. Natural . general. b. Incomplete or special. OR Commercial, NUTRITIVE. 2. Artificial. Chemical, or Prepared. de | FERTILIZERS OR Gypsum. II. InprrReEctT ( Lime. STIMULANT. (Salt, ete. These terms are, in general, loosely and indiscriminately used, as their meaning is often misunderstood; and so an attempt will be °48 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND. CHEMIST OF THE made here to define iets in accordance with the best usage of the terms. A Direct Fertilizer as one that contains elements of plant-food, which are available at once, that is, which can be taken up and used -immediately by plants. ' The term Available is applied to plant-food which is soluble, that is, in such a condition that the roots of the plant can take it up readily in solution. Plant-food is Unavailable, when it is in an énsoluble form, so that the roots of the plant fail to take up any part of it. A large proportion of plant-food present in the soil is unavailable, but by the action of air, water, carbonic acid, etc., it is gradually changed to soluble or available forms, which the plant can take up and use. As will be noticed later, phosphoric acid in the form of imsoluble eal- cium phosphate or phosphate of lime is unavailable as plant-food, but when converted into a superphosphate or soluble calcium phos- ‘phate, it becomes available. Unavailable plant-food is potenteal food or food in reserve. ~ _ An Indirect Fertilizer 7s one which does not furnish to the soil any needed plant-food and which may not be plant-food at all, but which is characterized by the way in which vt acts on the matter al- ready in the soil, changing more or less of it from unavailable plant- food to an available form. For example, lime, gypsum, salt, etc., are indirect fertilizers, as they are generally used by farmers. Later some attention will be given to the action of some of the most familiar indirect fertilizers. They are commonly used by farmers, not because the elements they furnish are lacking in the soil, but because they can act upon unavailable plant-food and render it available, or because they may have some beneficial influence upon the mechanical condition of the soil. Natural Fertilizers include the solid and liquid excrement of animals, all kinds of vegetable refuse, green crops for plowing under, cotton-seed, mucks, marls, etc. Artificial Fertilizers are also known by such names as commercial fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, etc., and are artificial preparations or mixtures of fertilizing materials sold under trade names. The fertilizing materials used in making these mixtures include the substances found in natural deposits and by-products of numerous industries, which are obtainable by farmers only through the channels of trade. Some substances which might be classed as | mre a " 7 . yo i ‘ - - ms ? : New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 49 natural fertilizers, such as cotton-seed meal and tobacco stems, are also included among the materials of artificial fertilizers. Complete Fertilizers, known also as general Jertilizers, are those which contain nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Incomplete Fertilizers, also called special fertilizers, are those which contain only one or two of the three constituents, nitrogen, phosphorie acid and potash. There is a common practice among farmers and dealers of eall- ing all commercial fertilizers “ phosphates,” regardless of whether they contain any phosphates at all or not. The practice is clearly objectionable, because a phosphate is not the only fertilizing con- stituent presented in commercial fertilizers,—in some cases it may be entirely absent. The term “superphosphates” applies truth- fully to many commercial fertilizers, but even these can not be correctly spoken of as simply ‘ phosphates.” This common usage of the term “phosphate” for any form of fertilizer emphasizes the fact that there has been a tendency to overestimate the value and importance of this constituent, resulting in large applications of it without regard to the needs of soil or crop. / 3. THe Revations oF THE DirrERENT ELEMENTS OF PLANTS TO FERTILIZERS. Carbon.— We know that carbon must be an important element in plant-food, since it forms nearly one-half of the solid portions of plants. Notwithstanding the fact that carbon forms so large a_por- tion of plants, it has no importance as an active food constituent of direct fertilizers. This statement may appear strange and the ques- tion may be asked, “ Why is not carbon to be regarded as an essen- tial constituent of direct fertilizers?” The answer is that the ear- bon of plants comes from the carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) of the air, and the air furnishes an inexhaustible and available supply of this substance. We do not, therefore, need to add carbon to the soil in order to supply the needs of plants. However, some forms of carbon possess value as ¢ndirect fertilizers. When vegetable or animal matter undergoes decomposition in the soil more or less ecar- bon dioxide is formed. Thisis taken up by the soil-water and acts asa solvent, changing unavailable into available forms of plant-food. Hydrogen and Oxygen.—As already stated, water is formed by the union otf two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. These elements are 4 50 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE supplied to plants in the form of water. Growing plants contain a larger amount of water than of any other constituent. More or less of the oxygen and hydrogen of the water is separated in the plant, and in this way plants secure the hydrogen and oxygen which they need to build up their tissues. In this manner water acts as a direct Jertilizer. The water is supplied to the soil by rains; from the soil it is taken into the plant through the roots. In regions adapted to agriculture, plants receive all the hydrogen and oxygen needed, and usually much more, from the rains. Therefore, these elements are not regarded as important parts of fertilizers. When water is supplied to plants by irrigation, it can very prop- erly be called a fertilizer, and an extremely important one. Nitrogen.— Experiments have shown that nitrogen is essential to the growth of plants; that the quantities of nitrogen available as plant-food are very small; that nitrogen is one of the first elements in the soil to be used up; that, of all fertilizing elements, nitrogen is and always has been the most expensive. Phosphorus.— The fact that phosphorots compounds are abso- lutely necessary for the maturity of plants indicates that phosphates are essential to complete fertilizers. Soils become deficient in avail- able phosphates quite rapidly, especially in grain-growing regions. Sulphur.— Sulphur is known to be an essential constituent of plant-food. So far as known, plants take it up and use it in the form of sulphates. Asa rule, there appear to be in all soils amounts of sul- phates sufficient to supply indefinitely all the demands of crops. As the quantity of sulphur used by plants is very small, soils do not readily become exhausted of this element. Therefore, we do not need, in general, to add sulphur compounds to the soil. Calcium sulphate (sulphate of lime) and potassium sulphate (sulphate of potash) are often present in commercial fertilizers, but they are generally used not on account of the sulphur they contain. Some forms of sulphur compounds render a soil barren, when present in any considerable quantity. Chlorine.— While chlorine is known to be an essential constituent of plant-food, the circumstances which require its addition to the soil appear extremely rare, except in some cases where it may be used for an indirect benefit. It is added to fertilizers in consider- able quantities in the form of potassium chloride (muriate of potash) but this is largely because this happens to be the cheapest form in New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51 which potash can usually be obtained. It_is the effect of the potash, not of; the chlorine, that is desired. An excess of compounds of chlorine in soils renders them barren. Silicon, in the form of silica and silicates, is abundant in all soils, and does need special attention in connection with fertilizers. Calcium.—All plants require calcium or, as it is more commonly called, lime. Most soils appear to contain an inexhaustible supply’ of this’element, and only in exceptional cases does it need special attention in connection with furnishing a supply of plant-food. Cal- cium is not, therefore, regarded as an essential constituent of a direct fertilizer, but some of its compounds are known to be valuable under certain conditions as indirect fertilizers. Potassium.— Experiments show that when potassium (or potash) compounds are lacking in the soil, the plant suffers greatly, though it does not‘necessarily die. The development of the woody parts of plants and the fleshy portions of fruits seems to be largely dependent on the influence of potassium compounds. As potash is taken up by vegetation, most soils under constant cultivation sooner or later become deficient in potash, and this loss must be supplied by means of fertilizers. Therefore, potassium (potash) compounds are regarded as essential constituents of direct fertilizers. Sodium in the form of sodium chloride (common salt) is found in small quantities in all soils. While it appears as a regular, though small, constituent of plants, it is generally held that it is not a neces- sary constituent of plant-food, and that the requirements of plants do not call for the addition of sodium compounds to fertilizers. In the case of nitrate of soda, it is not the sodium, but the nitrogen in the form of nitrate, which gives the compound its value as plant- food. It merely happens that the nitrate can be furnished most cheaply in this form. The application of sodium chloride as an indirect fertilizer has been found, under some conditions, to be attended with beneficial results. Magnesium is a necessary constituent of plants, but, so far as known, it rarely needs to be added to a soil. There are some mag- nesium compounds existing as impurities in the German potash salts, and when these latter are used, some magnesium is added to the soil incidentally. Iron, though used by plants in very small quantities, is an essen- tial constituent of plant-food. It is rarely, if ever, absent from 52 ReEpoRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE cultivable soils,and hence does not need to be considered in con- nection with commercial fertilizers. 4. Tue Sprcirio Action or Dirrerent ELements or Pxiant-Foop upon Pants. The question is often asked in connection with the different con- - stituents of plant-food regarding the function each performs in plant growth. It is well known that each element contributes to the building of definite compounds contained in the plant, and that each has one or more special offices to fulfill. While the specitie action and functions of the different elements are not clearly understood in all details, much is known, and we now present a brief outline of the facts relating to this subject, so far as known. Carbon is a constituent of nearly all the compounds, except water, found in plants, such as starch, fibre, sugar, fat or oil, albuminoids, acids, ete. Hence, its function is to supply its necessary part of the material found in such compounds. The carbon dioxide is taken into the leaves of plants, and in the presence of sunshine is decomposed, its carbon uniting with other elements to form various compounds, its oxygen being largely returned to the air. Oxygen, next to carbon, is the most abundant element found in plants, and there are very few compounds occurring in plants which do not contain more or less oxygen. The chief function of oxygen is to supply the various compounds of plants with the needed por- tion of this material. Plants require oxygen about as much as do animals. Green plants can not flourish without a supply of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents the germination of seeds. Con- siderable quantities of oxygen are absorbed from the air by the opening buds of trees. More or less oxygen in the soil is necessary for the active life of roots. In the act of flowering, the absorption and chemical action of oxygen in the blossom is so marked, in some eases, as to develop sufficient heat to be measured by a thermometer. Water (Hydrogen and Oxygen).— In the combination of oxygen with hydrogen in the form of water, these two elements perform important functions. In the first place, nearly all the hydrogen found in the different compounds of plants comes from water. More or less of the oxygen is also supplied this way. In addition to furnishing materials with which to build other compounds, water acts as a carrier within the plant in transferring from one part of the plant to another, as needed, the various products contained in Se New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 53 the plant, just as the blood in the animal body carries to every por- _ tion the nutriment adapted to each organ and part. Nitrogen.—The influence of nitrogen in its various forms upon plant growth is shown by at least three striking effects. First. The growth of stems and leaves is greatly promoted, while that of buds and flowers is retarded. Ordinarily, most plants, at a - certain period of growth, cease to produce new branches and foliage, or to increase those already formed, and commence to produce flowers and fruits, whereby the species may be perpetuated. If a plant is provided with as much available nitrogen as it can use just at the time it begins to flower, the formation of flowers may be checked while the activity of growth is transferred back to and renewed in stems and leaves, which take on a new vigor and multiply with remarkable luxuriance. Should flowers be produced under these circumstances, they are sterile and produce no seed. Second. The next effect of nitrogen upon plants is to deepen the color of the foliage, which is a sign of increased vegetative activity and health. Third. Another effect of nitrogen is to increase in a very marked degree the relative proportion of nitrogen in the plant. Phosphorus.— Experiments have shown that plants will die before reaching maturity, unless they have phosphoric acid com- pounds to “feed upon. Phosphates appear to perform three distinet functions in plants. first. They aid in the nutrition of the plant by furnishing the needed quantities of phosphorus. Second. They aid the plant, in some way not well understood, to make use of or assimilate other ingredients. Phosphorus is found in the seeds of plants, and, as already stated, a plant does not come to maturity and so does not produce seeds, unless phos- phates are present in the soil for the plants to feed upon. The liberal application of available phosphate compounds appears to hasten the maturity of plants. Third. Certain forms of phosphates render the albuminoids sufficiently soluble to enable them to be carried from the growing parts of plants to the seeds, in which they accumulate in quantity. Sulphur is required by plants in order to produce the albuminoids and many of the vegetable oils, such as those contained in horse- radish, mustard, turnips, onions, ete. Otherwise, it is not clearly known what functions sulphur may perform in plant development. 54 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE ° Chlorine.—The function of chlorine in connection with the development of plants is not satisfactorily settied. There are some reasons for believing that some of the compounds of chlorine, especially the potassium chloride (muriate of potash), are instru- mental in transferring starch from the leaves, where it is formed, to the flower and fruit. Silicon.— It is an unsettled question as to what silicon does in plant growth. Some have thought that its functions might be to give stifiness to slender stems in the case of such plants as grasses, sedges, etc., but there are some serious objections which interfere with the complete acceptance of such a proposition. Calcium forms a part of several compounds found in plants. Its chief function appears to be that of strengthening cell-walls. It is often found united with different acids forming calcium (or lime) salts. Thus, in beet leaves, we find the salt calcium oxalate. In what specific way it otherwise affects the growth of plants, we do not vet know definitely. Potassium compounds are essential to the formation and trans- ference of starch in plants. Starch is known to be first formed in the leaves of plants, after which in some way it becomes soluble enough within the plant-cells to enable it to pass through the cell- walls gradually and later to be carried into the fruit,jwhere it accumulates and changes back to its insoluble form. It is well established that potassium compounds are intimately connected with the formation of starch in the leaves and with its transference to the fruit. No other element can take the place of potassium in per- forming this work. For the carrying of starch a minute amount of calcium (lime) and chlorine appears to be needed in addition to the potassium. Potassium compounds are important on account of their influence upon the development of the woody parts of stems and the fleshy portions of fruit. Again, potassium compounds are present in those plant juices, which are rather sour; in these cases, the potassium is combined as an acid salt with such acids as citric, malic, tartaric, oxalic and other acids. Iron is essential to the formation of the green-coloring-matter of plants called chlorophyl. In the absence of iron, leaves lose their green color and become pale or white and no starch is formed. Magnesium closely resembles calcium in many ways, but can not replace it in plants. Magnesium appears to be associated with nitro- genin the formation of protoplasm; it also appears to have some New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 55 effect upon the formation of the green coloring-matter or chloro- phyl of plants. 5 Tue Revations oF THE DirrereENT ELEMENTS oF Puant-F oop . To SoILs. General Composition and Origin of Soils.—Of the fourteen elements necessary to perfect plant growth, ten come exclusively from the soil, as previously indicated. These have already been described, and we do not need to give further attention to them in this place. The soil-derived elements, though forming on an aver- age only about five per cent. of the whole vegetable kingdom, are of the utmost interest and importance to the farmer; for, while the atmosphere is in itself entirely beyond his control, he can, through the medium of the soil, influence the amount of air-derived con- stituents taken up by plants. Soils consist of decomposed rocks mixed in varying proportions with organic matter called humus, formed by the decay of animal and vegetable substances. The principal part of the soil was once solid rock, and the first step toward the formation of soil was the powering of the rock. The conversion of.rocks into soil has been accomplished by means of various agencies, such as heat and frost, moving water and ice, chemical action of airand water, and the in- fluence of animal and vegetable life. The value of a soil for agri- cultural purposes depends largely upon the original material from which it was made, and upon the state of fineness to which it has been reduced. Food Constituents and Mechanical Constituents of Soils.— The constituents of soils can be divided into two general classes, which we will call (a) food constituents and (b) mechanical constituents. (a) Food constituents include the ten soil-derived elements which are essential tothe development of plants. They may be divided into two kinds, avadlable and wnavailable food constituents. The food constituents of the soil are avaélable when they are soluble ; that is, when they are in such forms as the plant can take in and use. They are wnavailable when they are in an insoluble ‘condition and can not be used at once by the plant. (6) The mechanical constituents of the soil include (1) clay, (2) sand, and (8) humus. These act as a mechanical support to plants and as indirect fertilizers. 56 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE (1) Clay has the power of absorbing and retaining a large amount of water, thus preserving a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil. Clay has the power also of holding ammonia and some mineral salts and again giving them up to plants. Clay, therefore, acts on the available elements of the soil as a sort of regulating material, retaining or yielding them by turns as the earth passes from a state of drought to one of excessive moisture. (2) Sand serves, when mixed with clay, to diminish its compact- ness and makes it more porous and permeable to the air. (8) Zumus is the organic matter in the soil formed by the decay of animal and vegetable matter. It is brown or black in appear- ance ; leaf-mold, swamp-muck and peat are varieties of humus, differ- ing in appearance according to the condition of their origin and formation. The decay of roots, the plowing under of sod and stubble, and the application of manure cause the formation of humus in the depths of the soil. The composition of humus is somewhat doubt- ful. Itis probably avariable mixture of several substances. Humus is extremely valuable as an indirect fertilizer, for the following reasons : First. Humus absorbs water much more extensively than any other ingredient of the soil, and thus promotes moisture of the soil. Second. Humus aids in the decomposition of the mineral matters of the soil, changing unavailable into available plant-food. Third. Humus fixes ammonia in the soil, so as to prevent it from being carried off by the rains; it afterwards gives up this ammonia to plants. Hummus is, therefore, a very desirable constituent of the soil, and the beneficial effects of stable-manure and green manure are often doubtless due,in no small degree, to the abundance of humus which they furnish to the soil. Fourth. Humus improves the mechanical condition of heavy soils by making them lighter, more porous and less adhesive. ‘It also is helpful on sandy soils, serving to bind together the loose particles of soil, enabling it to retain moisture and preventing excessive leach- ing of plant-food. Amount of Plant-food in Soil_—_The proportion of plant-food even in a fertile soil is comparatively small. One thousand pounds of a good soil may contain : Phosphoric Acid, 14 Ibs. Nitrogen, 14 Ibs. Potash, 2 lbs. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57 Some soils may contain larger quantities than these. But when we consider the total amount of plant-food in one acre of soil, the amounts appear large. While the weight of soil in an acre of different kinds of iand varies, we may take the average weight of dry soil in one acre to the depth of nine inches as approximating about 3,000,000 to 8,500,000 pounds. One acre of soil containing the proportions of plant-food given above would, therefore, contain the following aggregate amounts: aerite Nitrogen, 4,500 Ibs. Phospherie Acid, 4,500 Ibs. Potash, 6,000 Ibs. A large portion of the plant-food in the soil is not available. The character of the soil affects very considerably the available condition of the plant-food. For example, a sandy soil is rendered fertile by a smaller amount of plant-food than is a clay soil, owing, in part to the greater development of roots in a sandy soil, and, in part, to the different condition in which the mineral food exists in the sandy soil. The insoluble condition of plant-food in the soil prevents its rapid loss by leaching. Loss of Fertilizing Constituents from the Soil. — Without going into a detailed explanation in regard to the causes, we will consider briefly the extent to which the three chief forms of plant- food are liable to be lost from soils. (a) Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates—The ordinary form of calcium phosphate being insoluble in water, is not, to any appre- ciable extent, removed from the soil by the drainage water. The soluable form of caletum phosphate would probably be lost to some extent in drainage water, were it not for the fact that it is quickly changed in the soil to the “reverted” or less soluble form and, in this “reverted” condition, the phosphate is not apt to be carried away in drainage water. (b) Nitrogen Compounds.— Since ammonia compounds and nitrates dissolve easily in water, is there not danger of their being carried away in drainage water from the upper soil out of reach of the plants? Experiments have been made to settle the question, and results indicate that ammonia compounds are largely retained in the soil. WVitrates are apt to be washed out and lost in the case of bare fallow land ; but, when the soil is covered with vegetation, there is little or no loss, for the reason that the roots of growing 58 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE plants absorb nitrogen very readily. Some nitrogen may be lost also by organic matter in the process of decay, escaping into the air as free nitrogen. (c) Potash in Potassium Compounds is not apt to be lost to any extent in drainage waters, since most soils have the power of chang- ing soluble forms of potash into forms less soluble, which are gradually redissolved and given up for the use of plants. In addition to the preceding statements, it may be said, in general, that loss of plant-food is greatest in sandy soils; the coarser the sand, the greater the loss, other conditions being the same. Clay and humus have very marked power in retaining plant-food. Relations of Plants and Soils.— We have seen that a very small part of the soil furnishes the most important constituents of plant- food. The soil also performs other functions than furnishing plant-food. We can summarize as follows the general offices which the soil fulfills in its relation to plants: First. The soil acts as a mechanical support for plants ; the roots of the plants penetrate the soil downwards and sideways, and brace the plant firmly to its upright position. Second. The soil furnishes directly all the soil-derived elements used by the plant, and is thus immediately connected with the nutrition of plants. In addition, the soil serves as a medium for conveying to the plant a considerable portion of the air-derived elements. Third. The soil contributes to the development of plants by modi- fying and storing the heat of the sun, by regulating supplies of food, and, in various ways, by securing those conditions which must be present and unite to produce the fully developed plant. fourth. The soil acts like a’sponge to hold water for the use of plants. Analysis of Soils.—It is ordinarily supposed that a chemist has only to make an analysis of a soil in order to tell just what the soil needs and what elements should be added to it to make it most pro- ductive. What chemical analysis does actually tell is what elements are present in the soil and in what quantities they are present; it does not tell whether the elements are available as plant-food, and it is just this point which one should know in order to supply to a soil what is needed. Few agricultural chemists to-day place unlimited confidence in the chemical analysis of a soil to find out its needs in the line of plant-food. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ot > X. Description of Materials Used as Fertilizers. ite Forms OF PLANr-Foop EssENTIAL TO FERTILIZERS. In the absence of iron in the soil, plants turn yellow and cease to grow; other elements, as chlorine, sulphur, ete., are essential to the complete development of a plant. But these elements are used by plants in very small quantities, and, moreover, they occur abun- dantly everywhere in soils, as already indicated. Therefore, it is unnecessary to supply these elements artificially to soils, and we do not need to consider them in connection with fertilizers. The elements of plant-food which experience most often shows to be lacking in soils are these three: Nitrogen, Potassium (contained in potash compounds) and Phos- phorus (contained in phosphoric acid compounds or phosphates). 2. StioLant or [nprrect FERTILIZERS. A Stimulant or Indirect Fertilizer is one which does not in itself furnish directly to the soil any needed plant-food, but whose chief -value depends upon the power it possesses of changing unavailable into available forms of plant-food. The stimulant or indirect fer- tilizers which have been most commonly employed are lime, gypsum and common salt. Gypsum or Land Plaster, known also as calcium sulphate or sul- phate of lime, has been much used in fertilizing crops. Its value is due to its action as an indirect fertilizer. There has been much difference of opinion as to the manner in which gypsum acts. Probably it acts in at least three different ways, as follows: First. It has the power to form compounds with ammonia, in which the ammonia is no longer in danger of loss by evaporation. This power of fixing ammonia is probably of little value when plaster is applied to the surface of the soil, but it may be of much value when scattered over a heap of fermenting manure, and moistened with water, when it will retain the ammonia which would otherwise escape. For the same reason, plaster is useful to distri- bute about stables, so that it may mix with the manure. Second. lt has been shown recently that gypsum in some manner aids the process of nitrification, by which ammonia and the nitrogen of organic matter are converted into nitric acid and nitrates. Third. Gypsam acts upon the insoluble forms of potash and some other elements of plant-food, converting them into soluble 60 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE and available forms which plants can readily take up and use. This is probably the most important effect of plaster as an indirect fertilizer. In whatever way gypsum may act, it is well established that it is of value when applied on certain soils to certain crops, such as clover, peas, lucern and similar plants. All forms of superphosphate contain more or less gypsum, as will be explained later. Quicklime.—Quicklime or burnt lime or calcium oxide, com- monly called lime, is known to be valuable as an indirect fertilizer. It produces changes in both the physical and the chemical character .of soils. It changes the mechanical condition of soils by loosening heavy clay soils and also by holding together and giving body to light sandy soils. Freshly burned lime acts chemically upon soils by decomposing vegetable and mineral matter already present in the soil and changing them into forms which are available as food for the plant. Thus, lime acts upon insoluble mineral substances con- taining potash, soda, etc., and converts them into soluble forms which plants can use. Lime aids in the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter, such as vegetable mold, stable manure, etc., and tends to convert them into available plant-food. In this change from insoluble to soluble forms, any food not taken up by plants during the season may be washed away before another season and thus lost. In using lime, care should be taken not to use too large quantities, and ordinarily it is best to use it in connection with | liberal applications of nutritive fertilizing substances. Lime can be used to advantage on freshly drained swamp lands and also on lands newly cleared. Common Salt has an indirect fertilizing value which is mainly due to the fact that it has the power of changing unavailable forms of plant-food, especially potash, into available forms. Danger in using Stimulant Fertilizers.—It should be kept in mind that these stimulant fertilizers are not used for the plant- food contained in them; hence, as used, they do not furnish needed plant-food. The chief value of their use lies in the fact that they ean change unavailable into available forms of plant-food. It can readily be seen that, when stimulant fertilizers are used exclusively for a term of years, the soil each year loses nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus compounds, which are not replaced. The inevitable result of such treatment is the exhaustion of these important food constituents from the soil. This affords an explanation of the ae ~~ New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61 question often raised now as to why the application of land-plaster does not give such results in crop yields at present as in former days. When Jand-plaster was the only fertilizing material added to soils for years in succession, it. was possible to produce increased crops, so long as there were in the soil. enough compounds of nitro- gen, potassium and phosphorus to be rendered available by the action of the land-plaster. When, therefore, these forms of plant- food were largely removed, there was nothing for the land-plaster to act upon, in order to increase the supply of available food material. The land-plaster furnished no needed food but simply helped the crops to use up more rapidly the store of plant-food present in the soil. -8. Nourririve og Direct Ferrinizing Materiats. Nutritive or Direct Fertilizers contain forms of plant-food, which contribute directly to the growth and substance of plants. Such materials may contain either nitrogen or potash or phosphoric acid compounds, or any two, or all three of these forms of nutriment. We shall consider these various materials under the following heads: (a) Commercial fertilizing materials containing nitrogen com- pounds. (b) Commercial fertilizing materials containing phosphoric acid compounds. (c) Commercial fertilizing materials containing potash compounds. (d) Farm-produced fertilizing materials. This division is not sharply defined, since one material may con- tain more than one form of nutriment; however, in most cases, each kind of material contains some one of the three forms of plant- food in much larger proportions than any other form. Owing to the value of farm-produced manures and to the importance of calling special attention to their value, we treat this subject under a separate head in connection with the forms of materials used in commercial fertilizers. (a) Fertilizing Materials Containing Nitrogen Compounds. The various materials which are used to furnish nitrogen in com- mercial fertilizers are derived from three general sources, which we can indicate as follows: (1) Mineral nitrogen compounds. 62 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE (2) Vegetable nitrogen compounds. (5) Animal nitrogen compounds. (1) Commercial Fertilizing Materials containing Mineral Nitrogen Compounds. The forms of mineral compounds containing nitrogen, most com- monly found in the market, are nztrate of soda and sulphate of am- monia. Much less common are nitrate of potash and muriate (chloride) of ammonia. Nitrate of Soda, known alsoas “ Chili saltpeter,” is found in large deposits which have been formed in the rainless regions of Chili and Peru. As it is mined, the nitrate of soda is quite impure, the chief impurity being common salt. Before being sent to market, it is purified, and the form in which farmers purchase it generally con- tains from 95 to 96 per cent. of real nitrate of soda. Stated in another way, 100 pounds of good commercial nitrate of soda contain from 151 to 16 pounds of nitrogen. Sulphate of Ammonia is formed from waste materials produced in the manufacture of illumimating gas. This is the most highly concentrated form of nitrogen commonly found in the market. One hundred pounds of sulphate of ammonia contain about 25 pounds of ammonia, which is equivalent to about 20} pounds of nitrogen. (2) Commercial Fertilizing Materials Containing Vegetable Nitrogen Compounds. While nitrogen may be supplied by many forms of vegetable matter, only a few substances of this kind are used in commercial fertilizers, chief of which are cottonseed-meal, castor-bean pomace and tobacco stems. Cottonseed-Meal is the product formed by removing the oil from the seed by pressure, after which the material is dried and ground. It has been used at the South mainly for fertilizing pur- poses. One ton of cottonseed-meal contains about 140 pounds of nitrogen, 60 pounds of phosphoric acid and 40 pounds of potash. It is valued highly as a food for cattle, and, when thus fed, prac- tically all of the fertilizing value is recovered in the manure. When it can be purchased at a moderate price, it makes a valuable fertili- zer to be applied directly to the soil. The hulls of the cottonseed .also possess considerable fertilizing value. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63 Castor-Bean Pomace is a by-product of castor-oil factories ; it is made by about the same process as that used in producing cotton- seed-meal. As a rule, it has less fertilizing value than cottonseed- meal, one ton containing about 110 pounds of nitrogen, 40 pounds of phosphoric acid and 20 pounds of potash. 8) Commercial Fertilizing Materials Containing Animal Nitro- g gen Compounds. Probably the larger proportion of the nitrogen occurring in com- mercial fertilizers is furnished by animal matter in one form or another. This material comes mainly from slaughter houses, ren- dering works and fish-oil factories. The following list contains most of the substances of animal origin commonly used: Azotin or ammonite, dried blood, dried fish, fish-scraps, ground fish, hair, hoof-meal, horn-dust, leather-scraps,. nitrogenous guanos, tankage, wool-waste, ete. Azotin or Ammonite consists of dried and ground meat, tendons, membranes, etc., from which fat has been extracted. It usually contains over 10 per cent. of nitrogen along with 3 or 4 per cent. of phosphoric acid. Dried Blood consists of blood obtained from slaughtering animals; it is prepared for market by evaporating, drying and grinding. The- color varies with the degree of heat employed in drying, ranging from red to black. That from hogs is usually more red than that from cattle. One hundred pounds of dried blood contain from 10 to 15 pounds of nitrogen. Dried Fish, Fish-Scraps, and Ground Fish consist of refuse from fish-oil works; it is dried and ground for market. /t is more valuable according as it is finer and drier. Dried. ground fish, of good quality, contains from 7 to 8 per cent. of nitrogen, together with as much or more phosphoric acid. Hair is obtained from slaughter-houses; it is oft mixed with dried blood and other forms of animal matter. % contains about 15 per cent. of nitrogen. Hoof-Meal and Horn-Dust are by-producS containing 10 to 15 per cent. of nitrogen and about 2 per ce. Of phosphoric acid. They are sometimes treated with superheate Steam or with sulphuric acid, the treatment rendering the nitroge’ Compounds more readily -available. - 64 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Leather-Scraps and Leather-Meal are waste products of vari- ous factories. When treated with superheated steam and dried or roasted, they can be very finely ground. - Roasted, finely ground leather is used to adulterate dried blood, having much the same appearance. The use of these materials in commercial fertilizers is forbidden by law in this State, except the fact be stated on the package. Meat-Scraps, Tankage, etc., are slaughter-house refuse, dried and ground. It differs from azotin and ammonite in usually con- taining more bone and, hence, more phosphoric acid. Good tank- age contains 10 per cent. or more of nitrogen and often 10 per cent. or more of phosphoric acid. Nitrogenous Guanos are formed in dry regions. The Peruvian guano was rich in nitrogen, containing 7 per cent. or more, mainly in the form of sulphate of ammonia. Guanos of this kind have largely disappeared from the market. The following table gives the approximate quantities of nitrogen contained in various fertilizing materials: Taste Giving APPROXIMATE Amount oF NirRoGEN IN FERTILIZING MATERIAL. Pounds of nitro- MATERIALS CONTAINING NITROGEN. Average per j|genin 2000 pounds cent. of nitrogen. of material. (1) Mineral materials. NimErate Olam Ona seo) Ss aan cise see sees 25 to 26 500 to 520 Nitratejoh potash. 3522055. oe eames meee 18 to 14 160 to 280 Nitratevonsod avs. <) 365652. 2 So ssh seas cee ees 154 to 16 310 to 320 - wl phateota mm oniaz-=seee—. feteeecepeaaeecee 19 to 204 380 to 410 (2) Vegetable materials. | Wotuomxeedinmicallc oo cacti ee ea 6 to 7 120 to 140 Castor ben POMACE. S232 5a sB- see eee eee Heston 2G 100 to 120 Topacco sthys. J... -1 2. a-5 UE See SS Tee 2 to 24 40 to 50 (3) Animal materg]s, BAU UTM ed UNIV © TNT apr TP Re erie ooo 2 ere Mer eS 10 to 12 200 to 240 Wriedibloodee sm) se Aeon ile 10 to 15 200 to 300° Ded sis bias e cle eee Rue ee a aareee as TiubOWnS 140 to 160 Jali? SQ SAS eames Cor Cane caine oi TC ease ies awa as ana 14 to 16 280 to 320 Hoormeal, horn dust\ ue ian s ye) ey 10 to 15 200 to 300 Leather scraps, leathet\yeaq) __.. 22.22... Times 140 to 160 IMG AILISGLUPS [ojo -\=)-\orm ii ee ell os baal 10 to 12 200 to 240 Nitrogenous Suan OS=\--\-— Ne ee ee ie bOURS 140 to 160 Oleomargarine refuse ----\ ee 10 to 12 200 to 240 Tankage ..--------------- Pk CARE IEA YL Tt0, 9 140 to 180 WiC OE WaASLO creat i= -,ai=1n'si> rm miim) ha ae ee i LOMO 100 to 120 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. _ 65 (0) Fertilizing Materials Containing Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Phosphoric acid is generally found in combination with lime (calcium), forming, at least, three different compounds, viz. : (1) Insoluble phosphate of lime. (2) Soluble phosphate of lime. (3) Reverted phosphate of lime. (1) Insoluble Phosphate of Lime. This is known under several other names, as “insoluble calcium phosphate,” “normal calcium phosphate,” “ tri-calcium phosphate,” “bone phosphate of lime,” ete. This form of calcium phosphate is called insoluble because it does not dissolve in water. It is found in nature in large quantities in several minerals, which will be noticed later. It also constitutes about 85 per cent. of the . ash or inorganic matter of bones. It is also contained in the excre- ment of animals, as in guano, ete. -Insoluble phosphate of lime is found everywhere in the soil. However, in this form, calcium phosphate has the least value for the farmer, because it is not easily dissolved and can not, therefore, be taken up and used by plants, except very slowly. To make the insoluble phosphate available for plants so that they can take it up, the insoluble phosphate must be converted into some form which is soluble, that is, which dissolves in water. This can be done by treating it with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). (2) Soluble Phosphate of Lime. This is known under several other names as “acid phosphate of lime,” “acid calcium phosphate,” “ acid phosphate,” “ superphosphate of lime,” “superphosphate,” ‘‘ mono calcium phosphate,” ete. It is not found naturally occurring. As indicated above, the soluble calcium phosphate is made by treating insoluble calcium phosphate with sulphuric acid. By this — treatment, a portion of the calcium is removed from the phosphate and unites with the sulphuric acid, forming calcium sulphate or sulphate of lime, in addition to the soluble phosphate. This mix- ture of the soluble phosphate and sulphate of calcium is known as “superphosphate of lime.’ The phosphate in this form, being easily soluble in water, can be readily taken up by plants and is, 5 66 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE therefore, of great value as a fertilizer. The sulphate of lime is also known to have value as a fertilizer. In plain superphosphate of lime, there are generally formed about 116 pounds of sulphate of lime for each 100 pounds of soluble phosphate of lime. The value of superphosphates depends upon the amount of soluble phosphate contained in them. (8) Reverted Phosphate of Lime. Reverted phosphate of lime is known also as “reverted calcium phosphate,” “precipitated phosphate of lime,” “ di-caleium phos- phate,” “‘ citrate-soluble phosphate,” ete. When soluble phosphate of lime is allowed to stand for sometime, it will happen under certain conditions that some of the soluble phosphate is changed into a less soluble form of phosphate. This is not the same form as ordinary insoluble calcium phosphate above described; tor a reverted phosphate, while insoluble in water, can be readily dissolved by weak acids or by water containing carbonic acid or salts of ammonia. Since the soil and plant roots generally contain acids sufliciently strong to dissolve reverted phosphates, phosphoric acid in this form is generally regarded as very nearly equal to soluble phosphates in value as a fertilizer. The term “reverted” was introduced to express the fact that the phosphoric acid in this form had once been soluble in water but that it had “reverted” or “ gone back” to a form insoluble in water. The reverted form of phosphoric acid is often found in small quantities in connection with insoluble phosphates, and in larger amounts, in guanos; it is also found to a considerable extent in bones and other forms of organic matter. Summary.—Of the forms of phosphate of lime which are used as food for plants, we have First, the ordinary insoluble phosphate of lime, which can be changed by treatment with sulphuric acid into Second, the soluble phosphate of lime, and this, on standing, may, under certain conditions, undergo change, forming Third, the reverted phosphate of lime, which is insoluble in pure water but soluble in the acids of the soil and plants and in water containing carbon dioxide. The soluble andreverted forms of phosphoric acid, taken together, are called available phosphoric acid. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 67 ‘Cue mca Dirrerences or 18 Taree Puosrnares or Live. : Calcium. | Phosphorus.} Oxygen. Hydrogen. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent, Insoluble phosphate of lime -. Insoluble calcium phosphate -- Normal calcium phosphate. . -- 38.7 20.0 41.3)" | 20 eae ‘Tri-caleium phosphate..-..--.. Bone phosphate of lime, ete... Soluble phosphate of lime -.-.- Acid phosphate of lime -.----- Superphosphate of lime-...-.-.- alv/e| 26-5 54.7 ted Mono-ealcium phosphate. ..--- | Acid ealeium phosphate, ete -- Reverted calcium phosphate -- c 7 Precipitated phosphate of lime. ae 22-00 47.0 0.8 We notice the following points of difference in composition : First. The insoluble phosphate of calcium contains the largest amount of calcium, the smallest amount of phosphorus, the smallest amount of oxygen and no hydrogen. Second. The soluble phosphate of calciwm contains the smallest amount of calcium and the largest amount of phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen. Third. The reverted calcium phosphate contains amounts of eal- cium, phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen which are intermediate between the other two forms. With regard to phosphorus, which is the most valuable element in these phosphates of lime, the soluble phosphate of lime contains most of this element; the insoluble phosphate of lime the least; and the reverted phosphate is second in regard to the amount of phosphorus contained in it. Having called attention to the different kinds of compounds in which phosphoric is found, we are now prepared to consider more intelligently the different materials in which the phosphoric acid compounds of commerce are supplied for fertilizers. The materials which furnish the greatest proportion of phosphoric acid used in making fertilizers are the following: Bones, bone-ash, bone-black, bone-meal, phosphatic guano, rock-phosphate, superphosphates, ‘Thomas slag, ete. 68 Report or THE ActTING DirRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Bones.—Bones consist of two quite different kinds of material. The hard portion consists mostly of calcium phosphate or phosphate of lime, and constitutes from one-half to three-fifths of the weight of the bone. The remaining portion consists largely of a soft, flesh- like substance called ossein, or, more commonly, gelatin. It is dis- tributed throughout the entire mass of bone and is rich in nitrogen. When bones are burned, the nitrogenous matter is driven off and only the mineral portion or phosphate of lime remains. Bones, such as are used in making commercial fertilizers, contain 4 to 5 per cent. of nitrogen and from 20 to 25 per cent. of phosphoric acid, equivalent to 45 to 55 per cent. of phosphate of lime. Bone-Ash.— 555 t OON UP LIOTa SCRE it 2 OIE EOS SOT EC ie "=o" >"=-ouens Bqng PESO AOS EOC AGS OFA CR p OUBRS WRaqgqueg a te SOE I oe Riker ater "77" (poAlosstp) [voul-ou0g Sagar gic oa 2s tia ----(A10J0BT ONS UrOAT) TVoMl-omOg Bates Spats rida aI (9p WOdIf 991F) [VOI-9uN0g Bes CaS euiais ciple Salers so Shoot ieee [voul-9 log ae ee AES SO SOO (PAA lOSSTp) You[q-saog SBE RON OAc ten Sor Qoeeet Saeo Be IOI yO ECL 3 | Silane insesei icon) =i=i= PIES SORES CSS Bisge Saal - -yse-o0og ween ence ence cern n PaRI9 SiGe SS siniee's © = SON INOW: quedo 19g ‘dlOy OINOHdSOHY ATAVTIVAY ‘dIOV OINOHdSOHd YNINIVLINOOD STVINALVA “SSTVINGLV] ONIZITILAG Y NI GIOY OLYOHdSOH YT HO LNOOWY ALVWIXOUdd WY ONIATY) WIV 7, { \ i Nv ‘| : f hs 72 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE (¢) Fertilizing Materials Containing Potash Compounds. The more common sources of potash compounds for use as fer- tilizers, found in the market, are the following: Carnallite, cotton- seed hull ashes, green-sand marl, kainit, krugite,muriate of potash, nitrate of potash, sulphate of potash, sulphate of potash and mag- nesia, tobacco stems, wood-ashes, ete. Carnallite is one of several products, containing potash com- ~ pounds, which come from the mines in and around the town of Stassfurt, northern Germany. The supply of potash compounds of various kinds seems practically inexhaustible. Carnallite contains from 20 to 22 per cent. of muriate of potash, equivalent to 13 to 14 per cent. of actual potash, together with chloride of magnesia and a very small amount of sulphate of potash and magnesia. It is essen- tially a mixed chloride or muriate of potash and magnesia. The material is generally purified and concentrated before reaching market. Cottonseed Hull Ashes were produced in the south at the cotton- ‘seed-oil factories where the hulls, after being removed from the cottonseed, were used as fuel. Such ashes contain from 15 to 25 per cent. of potash,in addition to from 7 to 10 per cent. of phos- phoric acid. They formed a very valuable fertilizer and were much used south in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. This material is not commonly found now. Green-Sand Marl of New Jersey contains, on an average, about 5 per cent. of potash, which is in an insoluble form, and is, there- fore, slow in acting as a fertilizer. Kainit is the most common product of the German potash mines. It is a mixture of several different compounds, containing — 23 to 26 per cent. of sulphate of potash, equivalent to 12 to 14 per cent. of actual potash, together with about 35 per cent. of common salt, some sulphate and chloride of qua nesie and a small amount of gypsum. Krugite is a low-grade potash compound obtained from the German potash mines. It contains from 14 to 16 per cent. of sul- phate of potash, equivalent to 8 to 9 per cent. of actual potash, together with considerable gypsum, sulphate of magnesia and some salt. Muriate of Potash, also a product of the Stassfurt mines, is the main source of supply of potash for commercial fertilizers in our market. As taken from the mine it varies in purity, but is Pe ‘ New Y¥orK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. f(s: purified and concentrated for market. The muriate of potash most common in the market contains 80 to 85 per cent. of this product, which is equivalent to 50 to 53 per cent. of actual potash. , . gear (PAE BS Al ee Be ad j ¥ : te ; 5 ; f Ay de i ie at Lay 82 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE © TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE ComposITION oF Sotip anp Liquip MANURES. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. | PorasH. Solid. Liquid. Solid. Liquid. | Solid. Liquid. COWS) Aes soe isis siete cs 0.29 0.58 OP Tiere ae ee | 0.10 0.49 IEIGINGR oe setac ee aces st 0.44 1.55 (OA) Ly g) parse ei 0.35 1.50 To) 02) Sy oye ee URy et ae i ea 0.55 1295 0.31 0.01 0.15 2.26 PSV ALiD ES Aye oy CU ER a 0.60 0.43 0.41 0.07 0.13 0.83 TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MIXED STABLE MANURE. Pounds |Per cent.} Pounds of Pounds Ter con of nitro- | of phos- | phosphoric Fer beter of potash aa genin | phorie |acidin one} 9 P°Y | in one 8 one ton. acid. ton. Bite ton. NG GAS pee alae ia Sas ers ei hue 0.4 | 8 0.2 4 0.4 8 (GMEALES eee NN 0.75 15 0.4 8 0.75 15 Ln 0.50 10 | 0.25 5)’ 0.50 tee ao XI. The Purchase and Use of Fertilizers. One of the questions, most commonly addressed to us by farmers seeking information, is, “‘ What fertilizer will give me the best results for this or that crop?” It is, of course, impossible to give any definite answer to such a general question involving, as it does, so many different conditions, none of which is clearly known. .The composition and physical properties of the soil, the extent and man- ner in which it has been previously cropped and fertilized, the kind of crop one wishes to grow, all these conditions need to be known and, even then, it will require some special experimenting on the part of the farmer to determine what forms and amounts of fer- tilizers he can use most economically. The present almost universal method employed by farmers in this State in selecting fertilizers is to select some brand of complete fertilizer that has been recom- mended to him by some neighbor or dealer. He has no clear ideas regarding the condition of his soil, and the needs of different crops. He thinks that he must have more fertilizer in order to secure better crops and he buys blindly. Under such circumstances, it is safest, as a rule, for a farmer to select a complete fertilizer. However, in so doing, he may be throwing money away by purchasing what his. . ~ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83 soil and crop may not need, for only one or two of the three chief fertilizing constituents (nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid) may be needed ; and, indeed, it may be that some physical condition of the soil is wrong and that plant-food of any kind is not really needed at all. In selecting fertilizers for use, we need to consider several im- portant questions, such as the following: 1. Under what circumstances a fertilizer should be used. What constituents of plant-food are needed. In what forms it is best to buy such plant-food as is needed. . What amount of each fertilizing constituent is needed. . Specitic mixtures for different crops. 6. Which is more advantageous, to purchase complete fertilizers or to purchase separate ingredients 4 7. To what extent home-mixing is practicable. 8. Special suggestions in connection with the purchase of separate ingredients. 9. Methods and seasons of applying fertilizers. 10. The most advantageous methods of using farm-produced manures. OR oY bo 1. UnpER wHat CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD A ComMERCIAL FER- TILIZER BE USED. One must resort to the use of commercial fertilizers when he has exhausted all of the resources of the farm in producing his own fertilizing materials and finds that the use of commercial fertilizers will result in increased crops and profit. When the farmer’s crops can not get from the soil as much nitrogen, potash and phosphorie acid as they need, snd when the manure made on the farm can not supply the constituents in sufficient quantity, then one may resort successfully to the use of commercial fertilizers. However, one must distinguish between lack of plant-food in the soil and other conditions which prevent good crops, for lack of food © is not the only cause that makes crops suffer. In some soils there is insufficient porosity, which causes the developement of the roots to be checked. Lack of moisture, caking of soil, retention of stagnant water, deficiency of humus, lime, ete., unfavorable weather and other conditions may interefere with the healthy growth of plants and thus cause diminished crops, even when the plant has within reach all the food it needs. Under such circumstances, the unfavor- able conditions wust be removed to secure good crops, which, Weve, * 84 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE according to the demands of special cases, may be done by irrigating, draining, deep culture, better ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, marling, mucking, ete. It may often happen that the soil contains an abund- © ance of plant-food, most of which is still unavailable. Under such circumstances an effort should be made to bring this food into an available condition as rapidly as the plants can use it, and this may be done by an improved system of tillage, together with the appli- cation of such indirect fertilizers as have the power to inake insolu- ble plant-food available, to which attention has already been called. It will thus be seen that it is not always so simple a matter to tell when one should use commercial fertilizers. But the general rule will be to use them when their use is attended with increased profit coming from increased crops. 9. Wuat Constituents oF Puant-Foop ARE NEEDED. When it has been clearly settled that a soil needs the addition of plant-food in order to grow crops more successfully, the question at once presents itself as to what kinds of plant-food are required. Does some form of nitrogen need to be supplied, or is it phosphoric acid that is needed, or is it potash? It may be only one, it may be some two, or it may be all three of these constituents are necessary to grow crops to the best advantage. How can we ascertain what kind of plant-food is required ? Analysis of Soils.—It was formerly thought that an analysis of the soil would answer this question beyond doubt. But it is now known not to be especially helpful except, perhaps, in a negative way by making known the fact when there is little or no plant-food in the soil. A chemical analysis may show an abundance of plant- food in the soil, and yet this may be mostly unavailable, a fact which is not readily ascertained by our methods of chemical analysis. Again, there may be an abundance of nitrogen, potash and phos- phorie acid compounds in the soil in an available condition, and yet the soil may be unproductive from lack of humus, from need of proper drainage, from lack of porosity, or from some other cause which affects the mechanical or physical condition of the soil in such a way as to unfit it for plant growth. Again, we may put upon an acre of soil an amount of fertilizing constituents that will greatly increase the crop, and yet an analysis of the soil before and after the application will show no appreciable difference in the quantity of plant-food present in the acre of soil. However deli- / New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85 cate may be the methods of chemical analysis, the methods of plants are still more delicate and plants are able to show differences in soil where chemical analysis distinguishes none. Indications of Needs of Soil Afforded by Crops.—It is im- possible to give any fixed rules which will cover all cases and enable a farmer to tell without any experiment on his part what food constituents his soil lacks. In a general way, the crops them- selves may give some valuable suggestions. (a) Asa rule, lack of nitrogen is indicated, when plants are pale- -green in color, or when there is a: small growth of leaf or stalk, other conditions being favorable. (b) A bright, deep-green color, with a vigorous growth of leaf ‘ or stalk, is, in case of most crops, a sign that nitrogen is not lacking, but does not necessarily indicate that more nitrogen could not be ~used to advantage. (c) An excessive growth of leaf or stalk, accompanied by an imperfect bud, flower, and fruit development, indicates too much nitrogen for the potash and phosphoric acid present. (d) When such crops as corn, cabbage, grass, potatoes, etc., have a luxuriant, healthful growth, aw abundance of potash in the soil is indicated ; also, when fleshy fruits of fine flavor and texture can be successfully grown. (e) When a soil produces good, early maturing crops of grain, with plump and heavy kernels, phosphoric acid will not generally be found deficient in the soil. Such general indications may often be most helpful, and crops should be studied carefully with these facts in mind. Experiments in Ascertaining Needs of Crops.—In order to ascertain with greater certainty what food elements are lacking in the soil, the surest way is for each farmer to do some experimenting on his own soil and crops. Apply different kinds of fertilizing materials in different combinations, using for example, potash com- pounds alone in one place, phosphoric acid compounds in another, nitrogenous materials in another. Then different combinations can be made on other portions of the crop. Some portions of the field can be left without application of any kitid. The results can then be studied in the yield of crop. It is generally found that the appli- cation of phosphoric acid gives excellent results on fields which have long been cropped with grain without keeping up the supply of plant-food. In other places, it is found that best results are P ' 86 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE j obtained with application of potash compounds. And many cases require a liberal supply of all three forms of plant-food. In carrying on such field-tests, several difficulties may be met. The season may frequently be such as to interfere seriously with the favorable action of the fertilizing materials applied. Thus, a serious drouth may counteract all other conditions and prevent a satisfactory yield. | The difference of mechanical condition of the soil on the same farm or even in the same field may prevent a fair comparison of the action of different kinds of fertilizing materials and elements. But, notwithstanding such difficulties, valuable suggestions will be gained - from an experimental study of one’s soils through the behavior of the crops. 3. In Wuar Formsis it Best to Buy PLant-Foop? We have previously seen that we can obtain nitrogen in several different forms, such as nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, tankage, fish-scrap, etc. Similarly we find in the market _ phosphoric acid obtained from several different sources, and we also find several different potash compounds. When we come to use fertilizing materials as a source of plant-food, we must decide which specific forms we shall apply. To illustrate, in applying some form of nitrogen, shall we use nitrate of soda, or sulphate of ammonia, or dried blood or fish-scrap? Shall we use as our source of phosphoric acid bone-meal, dissolved bone, acid phosphate, dissolved bone-black or Thomas slag? Shall we apply muriate of potash, or sulphate of potash or carbonate of potash? What principles are there to guide us in making the best choice ? In deciding what form of material to use for plant-food, we should be guided by (1) The availability of the plant-food, (2) The preference, if any, shown by different plants, and (3). The comparative economy possible in purchasing different materials. Availability of Different Forms of Plant-Food.—As a rule, commercial fertilizers are used for the purpose of increasing the single season’s crop to whichghey are applied. Most farmers plan to give to each succeeding crop by itself the plant-food it needs, and to avoid supplying any one crop with more material than it can use to best advantage. This is especially true of those who do not own the farms which they work and who plan each years’ work ——— a ‘ / “ ‘ New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87 by itself without reference to the future. Under such cir- cumstances a farmer desires to use those forms of fertilizing materials which will be taken up most quickly and completely by the crops. On the other hand, the farmer who owns his land frequently desires to use materials, the plant-food of which will be utilized gradually by crops and which will last through several seasons. It will thus be seen that if one desires a fertilizer which will act at once and be largely used up by the present crop, then he will need to purchase his plant-food in forms different from those purchased by the man who desires more lasting benefits, extending through several seasons. We will now consider the relative rapidity with which different forms of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are available for the use of plants. WLitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda acts most quickly upon plants. Under favorable conditions, its influence upon the plant may be seen within twenty-four hours after its application. In the form of sulphate of ammonia, nitrogen acts less rapidly than in that of nitrate of soda, but more quickly than in such forms as dried blood, meat-scrap, ete. Nitrogen in the form of bone dust, ground Jish, and bone meal become available still less rapidly than in the form of dried blood. In the forms of wool waste, ground leather, and similiar materials, nitrogen becomes available with extreme slowness. Potash in the form of carbonate, as in ashes, acts more rapidly than in the form of sulphate or muriate. Mauriate acts with a little greater rapidity than sulphate, but the difference in availability between the different forms of potash is not nearly as strongly marked as in the case of the different forms of nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid, in the form of soluble phosphate of lime (acid phosphate, superphosphate) acts most rapidly. It acts less rapidly in the form of reverted or precipitated phosphate of lime, and least rapidly in the insoluble form, such as ground rock. According to the weight of evidence, soluble phosphoric acid, whether made from bones, bone-black, or rock, has the same effect and value as plant-food, so far as the soluble phosphoric acid is concerned. The following tables will serve to give a general idea regarding the length of time fertilizing constituents in some different forms will remain in the soil, or, in other words, regarding the relative availability of the different forms of fertilizing constituents : , \ 88 Report or THP ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE OL 06 0& OV 0S 09 00 00 OL 06 0& OV 00 00 00 OL 0G OS 00 00 00 OL 06 O& 00 Or 06 0& OF 0g OT 0G OS OF 0S 09 OV SP 0S 09 OL 08 00 00 00 Or 0& 09 00 00 OL 06 OS OF 00 00 00 00 06 O& 00 00 00 g OT 06 00 00 00 Or 06 0g 00 00 00 OL 0¢ 09 ST 06 O& OV 09 GL 00 00 OT 06 0§ 09 00 00 OL 06 0€ Ov 00 00 00 00 06 O§ 00 00 00 g OL 06 00 00 OL 06 0S 0g 00 00 Or 0% O& 09 GG Gg Si SS G9 08 9 g V € G qT Sato OO HH INE O Ht CV ACD 1D SH OD 1 1 ‘sIvoXk XIS 4S. JO YORE JO pus oy} 48 poJsneyxoun [10s oy Ul SULU;VUEI “yUOd 10g [saved ut] peysneyqxg Be ee oes wees ee eet ee meee ns pew ne wees cane wees osae ececs apenas sce 2 Ouuin “MAZITILYHA AO ANIM ‘wnoT fing paynayjng uo > a New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89 Sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, sulphate, nitrate and muriate of potash are generally held to be entirely exhausted by the crops grown the season of their application. Preferences Shown by Plants for Different Forms of Food.— It is a fact of great interest and importance that one form of a fertil- izing constituent is preferred by some plants to the same constituent in another form. This preference is indicated by greater yield or better quality of product or by both. Thus, wheat seems to give better results when nitrogen is applied in the form of nitrate of soda than in any other form. Spinach has been found to do better with sulphate of ammonia than nitrate of soda, while the reverse is true of asparagus. The quality of tobacco is injured by potash in the form of muriate and, hence, only sulphate should be used for fertilizing purposes. The quality of sugar beets and of potatoes appears to be better when sulphate of potash is used, while peach trees are said to prefer the muriate. Much investigation in this interesting field remains yet to be made. The facts now known are meagre, but so far as known they should be utilized. Whenever a plant shows any marked prefer- ence for any special form of food, we should supply that die ticular form if practicable. Economy in Purchasing Different Forms of Plant-food.— Other things being equal, we can effect considerable saving in pur chasing fertilizing materials by a careful selection based upon a study of market values. The most expensive form in which nitrogen is usually purchased is that of sulphate of ammonia. When high-grade sulphate of ammonia sells for $70 a ton, each pound of nitrogen in it costs about 17 cents. When high-grade nitrate of soda sells for $45 a ton, each pound of nitrogen in this form costs about 141 cents. As between these two forms, the nitrogen of one is nearly 3 cents a pound cheaper than the nitrogen of the other, and it will, therefore, be found more economical to use nitrate of soda rather than sulphate of ammonia, when special circumstances do not require the use of the latter. Dried blood, containing 13 per cent. of nitrogen, at $40 a ton furnishes nitrogen at an approximate cost of 143 cents a pound. The nitrogen in fish-serap may cost somewhat less. In such forms as wool-waste, ground leather and hair, nitrogen may be purchased at much less, but these forms are not economieal when anything like quick returns are desired. WN NS mR ’ es hic %, < one i By ie th ; ata 90 Report or THE ACTING Dineoten AND CummisT or THE The cheapest possible manner in which farmers ean ae their crops with nitrogen is by means of such plants as clover. These plants, as previously explained, can supply themselves with nitrogen from the air, and can thus store up nitrogen for future use in the soil, Nitrogen supplied in this way can be made, to a considerable — degree, to take the place of the nitrogen of commercial fertilizers, and at a greatly diminished cost. By such means the use of the most expensive of fertilizing materials can be greatly diminished and much saving effected. Soluble phosphoric acid can in general be more cheaply pur- chased in the form of dissolved rock than in the form of dissolved bone or bone-black. Muriate of potash costs less than sulphate, and is, therefore, more economical when its use answers one’s purpose. With the exception of a few crops, like tobacco, sugar beets, and potatoes, muriate of potash can nearly always be used to advantage. Potash in the form of carbonate, as found in wood-ashes, is apt to be some- what expensive. When ashes contain 5 per cent. of potash and 2 per cent of phosphoric acid and cost $10 a ton, each pound of potash costs about 8 cents, while in the form of muriate of sulphate, the cost would be about one-half. It is easily conceivable, however, that on certain soils the use of ashes might prove economical, owing to their indirect action on the soil. The only way of telling with. absolute certainty whether ashes will prove more economical than other forms of potash is to make an actual trial. : N In applying fertilizers, bulk is often desirable, but in purchasing commercial fertilizers, the object should be to secure as nvuch nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in available forms as possible for one dollar, instead of as many pounds as possible of fertilizer, regard- less of the amount of plant-food contained in it. This is partic. ulary applicable to mixed fertilizers, which at present form the great bulk of fertilizers sold in this State. Since there is smaller bulk to handle in mixing, a smaller number of packages for holding, and, consequently, less weigth and freight, it is, as a rule, more economi- cal to purchase fertilizers in their more concentrated forms. For illustration, it is more economical to purchase one ton of a high- grade fertilizer than three tons of a low-grade fertilizer, one ton of tbe former containing the same amount of plant-food contained in three tons of the latter; because, in making the latter, three times as much labor is involved in mixing the goods, three times as many ATL MOON Pe OS ROT eke De eae Te ee ie ARTUR, die st, Ae 9 y 4 , ' e A; rm. t 9 a : -., New Yore AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 packages are required and three times as much freight must be paid, all for the same amount of plant-fcod. 4, Wuatr Amount oF Eacu Frrtiuizinc Constrruent 18 NEEDED. Inseparably connected with the question of what elements of plant-food are needed is the question, ‘“ How much of each element is needed?” Perhaps, the question more often asked than any ° other relates to the quantities in which fertilizers should be applied. Granting that we know fairly well whether we need to use nitrogen, or phosphoric acid or potash compounds, or some combination of these, how can we ascertain how much to put on an acre of land? This question is quite as complicated as the preceding one. A variety of conditions must be considered. If we knew how much available plant-food there were in an acre of soil, and how much the growing crop would require, the matter would be comparatively simple, provided the mechanical condition of the soil was satisfac- tory. The form of fertilizing material used would also need consideration. There are two extremes which we must strive to avoid. On the one hand, we can assume that the supply of food in the soil is fairly abundant and make only small additions, thus running the risk of using too small amounts for growing a good crop. On the other hand, we may assume that the supply of food in the soil is decidedly deficient and put on quantities of fertilizing material sufficient in itself to grow a good crop. In this case, we run the risk of putting on more than the present crop needs. If we can not hit upon the desired medium, putting on amounts that will grow the best erop most economically without leaving too much plant-food over, it is better to make the mistake of putting on too much than too little. While only individual experimenting can determine in each ease how much nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid can be used to best advantage, we can give some suggestions that may be helpful asa guide. We will, therefore, consider some of the conditions which determine the amount of fertilizer to be employed in raising creps most economically. How Can We Determine the Amount of Available Plant- Food Present in the Soil?—As previously pointed out, this can not be satisfactorily determined by a chemical analysis of the soil. It can really be done only in an indirect way and even then only approximately ; and that is by comparing the behavior of crops e 92 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE oe upon untreated portions of soil with the same crops on other por- tions of the same soil treated with different quantities of fertilizing materials. The Kind of Crop Grown.— It is a well-known fact that differ- ent crops need different quantities of nitrogen, potash and phos- phoric acid compounds. If we know with a fair degree of accuracy how many: pounds of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid a crop of any kind will remove from the soil, then we have fairly definite knowledge of the amounts of different forms of plant-food to apply to the soil to insure a crop. If we could not depend upon the soil to furnish any plant-food, then we should use, at least, the amounts of fertilizing materials removed by one crop. In the following table, we give the number of pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash used by different kinds of crops grown on one acre of land. The yields have been made variable within fairly wide limits so as to cover most cases found in actual experi- ence. ‘The calculations are based upon the most reliable analyses available. In studying this table, we must keep in mind that the figures do not in every case represent the amount of plant-food removed from the soil. Thus, with clovers, beans, peas and other leguminous crops, a portion of the nitrogen is obtained from the air and hence we need to apply less nitrogen in the form of fertilizer than appears to be called for by the table. In the case of fruits, like apples, pears, plums, etc., it will be found safe often to apply larger quanti- ties than the table calls for, because the figures in the table do not indicate the demands made by the tree in increasing its growth : 93 es OG. 07'S. SO OST °} 06 Bo FS OF-Le = 006 } 00T 2) 09 04 08 O6T 0} &6 a= Gy. °F 1 A 2 118 Ss OF 102 aS GG 04 9% “mg - 92 . 9 €T % OF 106 rs 0G 03 6% 1 a a H 9 04 28 mB 8S 492 Bone reo LT : Eee. 01. FP SB ort 9% OL : OS 016 %}F EI se 09 108 Sre= le~0F-¢¢ -sToqsng 09 03 OF ~“spanod 99g‘ 0} 009‘T mae cade oe SLOVn ONT, ee “7 =" *St10} 0G 09 GT "> ==" -s[eqsng Og 09 GT mo eee eS [SUSNG OP OnO0sE “Too 7* = slays OF 0} 0G Tope ae IS ULOGE (ano ani: —_——___, “040 ‘qimay ‘ureis JO plerz 28S Serger sesele rss ae aaa ke Bde Cer ge ee BIN ohh 9; = cee mootesss"""" gQ09RmIOT, “hese Sat Evang OOpEdeh sees cee terest cos Key AQQOUILT, Soh Soon “-- "==" gqgoq Ivsng PU 20 ee eee ae ATE Se £6 eek aan =QOe 1.0 229.2 28° oa SNe ee STII ET Seats wre cate treees seeeees gay PIOSHRS Sp pelea Selah) 042) 2) es ees eo Se BF a oe Ree ae eee ~roescees KU poxipy Ba SOO Oe -(dord stoma) sdoy TESS aay ces ee eee See pany Eat ae ne ona eee SOON sa etace sr < = (faq) pam aocor, ""7"""=(Meers ) Wosaitto ‘TOA0[D CSee tos se ces 2 OR RW GeE ea eos" 25 Sa ROT aero neT SOE IO ecmces "= <> SOME. BE Sa Sse” 22 een Sn oe a ‘dOUO AO ANIM ‘aYOY ANG) NO NMOU*) d0ou() ANG) NI CAUNTV.LNOS) STVINALV Jy ONIZTILLA 41O LNOOWW 94 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE An examination of the foregoing table justifies the assertion, when we consider all the conditions, that the smallest amounts of plant-food we can expect to use on an acre of land with any satis- factory results are the following: 10 pounds of nitrogen. 15 pounds of available phosphoric acid. 20 pounds of potash. To state this in another form, the foregoing amounts of nitsogen would be contained in 200 pounds of a fertilizer having the follow- ing composition : Nitrogen, 5 per cent. Available phosphoric acid, 7} per cent. Potash, 10 per cent. This would be regarded as a high-grade fertilizer and on some soils an application of 200 pounds an acre would be considered large, while on others it would be entirely insuflicient. The above rule will probably be found fairly safe to follow in fertilizing average crops, when we know nothing at all in regard to soil or crops. 5. Sprorric Mixtures ror DirrErRENT Crops. We will now consider under a separate head in a more specific manner the quantities of different forms of plant-food that can be applied to advantage to one acre of land for different crops. We must make it clearly understood at the start that no rigidly fixed formulas can be given for any one crop on all soils. The question of quantity of application and of proportion must always, in the very nature of the case, remain more or less a matter of in- dividual experiment. Every field is constantly changing in the extent and character of its needs. The farmer must constantly study results and let the experience of one year suggest to him his plan for the year following. With this preliminary precaution, it may be of interest to consider briefly what has ordinarily been the method of procedure in determining the proportions of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in making fertilizers for different crops. In making formulas, it was first proposed to make the formula correspond to the analysis of the plant. This method was prac- ticed for some time, when it was found that there was already in the soil more or less available plant-food and that fertilizing material was often applied where one or more constituents could be omitted / New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 or reduced in quantity. It was then suggested that soil analysis should form the basis of determining the needs of the soil in differ- ent crops, but this failed to produce satisfactory results. The formulas at present used by many have been based, in part, upon the composition of the plant and, in part, upon the actual field-tests, The amount of nitrogen called for by analysis of plants is gen- erally reduced, because we can depend upon the soil to furnish a considerable amount. In case of leguminous crops, the amount of nitrogen which we need to supply can be reduced toa small fraction of what the plant will use, because such crops can draw their main supply of nitrogen from the air. The amount of soluble phosphoric acid is originally increased above what plant analysis calls for, because the solubility is more or less decreased after the fertilizer comes into contact with the soil. The formulas given in the pages following have been drawn from such various sources as could be considered reliable. In will be noticed that, in giving the amount of fertilizer materia] to put on one acre of land, a variable rather than a fixed amount is given. To illustrate, instead of prescribing 100 pounds of nitrate of soda for a certain crop, we give the amount as “ 100 to 200 pounds.” This means that, if the land is in good condition, 100 pounds may answer, but if in peor condition, more should be used up to 200 pounds. Thus, it will be seen that even with the most specific directions that can be given, much must be left to the individual for _ experiment. The materials which are given for use in the following pages are _ assumed to have a fairly definite composition and our calculations are based on the following conditions of composition : (1) Nitrate of soda, 95 to 96 per cent. pure, containing 16 per ent. of nitrogen. (2) Dried blood, containing 10 per cent. of nitrogen. (3) Sulphate of ammonia, containing 20 per cent. of nitrogen. (4) Stable-manure, containing .5 per cent. of nitrogen. (5) Bone-meal, containing 20 per cent. of total phosphoric acid, one-half being calculated as available during first season on applica- tion ; also containing 4 per cent. of nitrogen. Whenever bone-meal is used in a mixture, allowance should be make for its nitrogen and so much less of other forms of nitrogen- materials used. 96 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE (6) Dissolved bone, containing 15 per cent. of available phos- phoric acid and 3 per cent. of nitrogen. (7) Dissolved bone-black, containing 15 per cent. of available phosphoric acid. (8) Dissolved rock, containing 1% per cent. of available phos- phoric acid. (9) Muriate of potash, 80 per cent. pure, containing 50 per cent, of potash. (10) Sulphate of potash, 90 to 95 per cent. pure, containing 50° per cent. of potash. (11) Kainit, containing 12 to 13 per cent. of potash. ; (12) Wood-ashes, containing 5 per cent. of potash. ALFALFA. a Pounds for RII) OTE. Pounds of different materials for one acre. Per cent. 0 to 60 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 5 to 50 lbs. sulphate of ee or 3 j 25 Nitrogen ....... 1; 5 to 10 50 to 100 lbs dried blood ; iy 3 2 000 to 2,000 ibs. stable pai 00 to 600 Ibs. bone-meal; or 00 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone-meal or bone-black ; or 3) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 1) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate ; or 2) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or 3) 38 4) 8 phoric acid--- 8 | 30 to 60 a Sede een Me dees 25 to 650 Ibs. kainit ; or 00 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. { ( (- Ae ( _ Available phos- f ( ( ‘ LC Suggestions.— Like clover, alfalfa needs only small applications of nitrogen, because it can obtain nitrogen from the air. A liberal supply of phosphoric acid and potash compounds needs to be ap- plied from time to time, the application being made preferably in the fall or early winter. Lime needs to be present in the soil in liberal proportions. When deficient, it can be applied in the form of ground limestone, chalk or mar! at the rate of one to three tons an acre, and preferably two or three years before sowing crop. 97 re ‘SOTSE-POOM “SCI OF 03 0% (F) ‘S@qse-Poos “Sq[ 000°% OF 000'T (F) Loma! 2 IO ! JIUIVH “ST QT 078 (g) 10 S}ITLVY “SAT 008 0 OOF (8) i OOT 97 08 | BT etude ge ot ysvyog R 10 fajzeqdins ‘sqy F 0} g (Z) IO f oyvydins *sqy 00S 09 OOT (2) ; ‘> zi io {oyvEMu ‘sql F 0} Z (T) IO foyVTIMUt “Sq] 003 OF OOT (T) s “YOOT POATOSSIP *Sq] OT 04 G = | "HOO POATOSSIP “Sq OOS OF 0B (g) B 10 £ yovytq Io { youyq 9uoq 10 A 09 010g | 8 -- plow oiioydsoyd ofqupieay FL -at0q Io eu0q poAdzosstp “sqt g OF F (Z) | | [VOUT OLOG POATOSSIP “SqT OOF OF 00@ | 4 4 IO ![vour ou ‘sq{ GI 99 (T) IO S [woul oUOg “SAT 009 F 00E (T) ; “OINUWBUL 9[QBIS *SQ[ OL 0} GE (F) ‘QINUVUL O[{VIS *SA[ 00S‘ 07 009‘T (F) 5 IO § poo[q perp “sql g 04 %T (g) Jo ¢ poord Pep “sq1 O9T 04 08 (g) = 2 9198 | 8 Boo ta e * WOHOIJIN 6 Jo ! vrmowure Jo oe ydins ‘sq, 947 04 % (Z) | | 10 ! vidowuY Jo opeqdins “sqy Og 04 OF (2) kt y Io fvpos JO opvapIT ‘Sql Z OFT (T) Io fvpos Jo oyvazIU “SGT OOT 0} 0G (T)J a 2) Pt ‘9019 90 10} S[VLIO}VUL JUeIOyIP Jo spunog ‘9108 GUO JOJ S[VIIO] BUI JUOIOyIp JO spunog ee repunod qu90 10g E a ao A “SaTdd VY 98 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Suggestions.—Excessive application of nitrogen compounds to apple orchards is to be avoided because it favors rank growth of tree at the expense of fruit. Fruit trees in bearing require annual application of fertilizers for best results. Applications may be made in fall or spring. ASPARAGUS. Per cent. Foundsifor Pounds of different materials for one acre. me Pees (1) 120 to 240 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or Nitrogen ...-..- | 20 to 40 | 4 (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dried blood ; or Pt | (3) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable manure. . (1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or pee le. pues: 7 | 30 to 60 | J (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone-meal or P ne bone-black ; or | (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 70 to 140 Ibs. muriate ; or - (2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or Potash .-....-.. 9 | 35 to 70 | 4 (3) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit : or (4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood-ashes. Suggestions.—Stable manure may be applied every two or three years in the fall after removing plants, and also every year a dress- ing of phosphoric acid and potash. Nitrate of soda is applied to best advantage in the spring, just as the shoots begin to appear. BARLEY. Pounds for eueaered Pounds of different materials for one acre. Per cent. (1) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or , (2) 50 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or Nitrogen ....... 4) 12 to 24 (3) 125 to 250 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 2,500 to 5,000 Ibs. stable manure. Available phos- bes 200 to 400 Ibs. bone- meal; or phorie acid 7 | 20 to 40 (2) 150 to aut Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- black ; (8) 175 to 350. lbs. dissolved rock. (1) 50 to 100 Ibs. muriate; or (2) 50 to 100 lbs. sulphate ; or (3) 200 to 400 lbs. kainit; or (4) 500 to 1,000 lbs. wood-ashes. otashccns ose 8 | 25 to 50 Suggestions. —Excess of nitrogen as found in stable manure is to be avoided, because the quality of the grain may be injured. New Yor«K AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 99 BEANS. Per cent.|/Pounds for) Pounds of different materials for one acre. one acre. 30 to 60 lbs, nitrate of soda; or 25 to 50 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 50 to 100 lbs. dried blood; or 1,000 to 2,000 lbs. stable manure. 1) 300 to 600 Ibs. bone meal ; Nitrogen ....-.. 1] 5 to 10 phorie acid... 7 | 380 to 60 foaua black ; ‘or Available phos- i \ 3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved pan ( 1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate ; 2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; “a 3) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit; or 4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood ashes. Suggestions.—The formula given above applies to beans grown for the seeds. When beans are grown to be eaten green, as for string-beans, three or four times as much nitrogen should be applied as for example 100 to 200 pounds of nitrate of soda for one acre; this is applied preferably in three or four portions at different times rather than all at once. The extra application of nitrogen will develop the foliage and pods and retard ripening. BEEtTs. Per cent.|Pounds for) Pounds of different materials for one acre. one acre. —— — (1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or (3) 200 to 400 lbs. dried blood ; or (4) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable manure. (1) 250 to 500 Ibs. bone meal or ) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone black ; or 3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate; or 2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 3 4 Nitrogen: .-..--- 5 | 20 to 40 Available phos- phorie acid... 6 Lo ou Potash .....-.-. 9 | 35 to 70 ) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit; or ) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood ashes. | to 50 Re \ | (2 ( ( ( ( ( Suggestions.— W hen beets are grown for sugar, potash is preferably used in the form of sulphate. In growing beets for garden or feed- ing purposes, somewhat less nitrogen can be used. 100 Report oF THD ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THB Per cent. Nitrogen Available phos- phorie acid. -- Potash BLACKBERRIES. Pounds for Sretacra: Pounds of different materials for one acre. 100 to 200 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood ; or 3,900 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or 200 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone or bone- black; or 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 80 to 160 Ibs. muriate; or 80 to 160 lbs. sulphate; or 300 to 600 lbs. kainit; or 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 15 to 30 30 to 60 40 to 80 BuckwHEAtT. Per cent. Pounds for natacrel Pounds of different materials for one acre. Nitrogen Available phos- phoric acid. -. 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or 3.000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- black ; or ) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate; or (2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or (3) 300 to 600 lbs. kainit; or (4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood-ashes. (2) 15 to 30 (3) (4) (1) 30 to 60 |2 (2) (3 ( [ | 35 to 70 CABBAGE. Per cent. Nitrogen Available phos- phoric acid. .-. Potash Pounds for andlacce: Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or (3) 400 to 800 lbs. dried blood; or (4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable mauure, (1) 700 to 1,400 lbs. bone-meal; or (2) 500 to 1,000 lbs. dissolved bone or bone-black ; or (3) 600 to 1,200 lbs. dissolved rock. (1) 180 to 360 Ibs. muriate ; or (2) 1x0 to 360 1hs. sulphate; or (3) 700 to 1,400 Ibs. kainit; or (4) 1,800 to 3,600 Ibs. wood-ashes. 40 to 80 70 to 140 90 to 180 we | | New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 CARROTS. Pounds for A q . Per cept jue ACLOS Pounds of different materials for one acre. 1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or : 2 2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or Nitrogen ....... 8 | 15 to 30 |4 (3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood ; or 4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable- -manure. 1) 350 to 700 lbs. bone-meal ; or 2) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone-black ; or 3) 300 to 600 Ibs. dissolved rock. 1) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate ; or 2) 80 to 160 lbs. sulphate ; or 3 4 phorie acid... 7 | 35 to 70 Potash .......-. 8: | -40 to 80°! 4 (3) /300 £0 600 Ibs, kainit's or ) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. fi \e Available phos- | \ ( li Suggestions.—When stable manure is used, it is preferably ap- plied to the land the preceding year. CAULIFLOWER. Same as for cabbage. CELERY. Per cent Poungs for Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 250 to 500 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate of ammonia jor (3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood ; or (4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable- manure. (1) 500 to 1, 000 Ibs. bone meal ; or j (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved boae or bone- 3 el (2 (3 (4 Ve 40 to 80 ol Nitrogen ....... Available phos- phorie acid... 6 | 50 to 100 black ; or ) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. ) 180 to 260 Ibs. muriate; or ) 180 to 260 Ibs. sulphate ; or ) 500 to 1,000 lbs. kainit; or ) 1,300 to 2,600 Ibs. wood ashes. Ouashy. ohse< 8 | 65 to 130 Suqgestions—On muck soils the amount of nitrogen may be decreased and that of potash increased. The direct application of stable-manure has been found often to produce rusty celery. 102 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE ‘SoS POOM ‘Sq ST 09 6 (Ff) Io f4y1uivy “sql 2 09 %E (g) Jo foyvqdqns “sql z 09 T (Z) 10 fazvLtnul "sql Z 09 T (1) "001 PIATOSSIp ‘SqT 9 04 ¢ (g) 10 fojo ‘atOgG PAATOSSIP “sq G 09 %zZ (Z) Jo $[vott su0q “sql 2 09 %¢E (1) J “QINUBVUL O[YVIS “S| OF 07 0G (F) 10 £poolq potip ‘sql Z 04 T (¢g) Io {eruomure Jo oyeqdyns “q] T 09 34% (z) Jo {wpos Jo ayvajiu “qy T 04 5% (T) J 90.1} QUO IOJ S[VIIEZBUI YUGLOyIp JO spunog *SoYSE pOOM "SqT 0O8‘T 0 006 1O S4LUIVY “BAL OOL OF OSE Io foyvydus *sqy ORT 04 06 IO FOYVIINUT "SG OT 0} 06 “NOL POATOSSIP “SAT 009 4 00S 10 £070 ‘BMOG POATOSSIP *SQ] OOS 09 Ye 40 £ [BOUT OMG “SAT DOL OF OSE ‘OINUBUT 9(QV4S "SQ[ O00'F 09 000‘ IO £poo[q POLLp “Sq OOS OF OOT 10 {Bruomue Jo oyRyY dug sq] OOT 0} 0G IO S¥pos JO oFBIZIA “SqT OZT OF. 09 (T) 06 97 Sb | 6 01°99 G6 | L 06 94 OT N ‘O10B OUO LOF S[VIAOJVU JUIIAYIp JO spunog ‘e108 90 I0J spunog “qus0 Jog =! BOSE DG iH ey tO 2 “yseqog “-pro® olroydsoyd efqeriway ‘SHIMAAH YO New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103 CLOVER. Same as for alfalfa. Corn. ee Pounds for mer cent. one acre. Pounds of different materials for one acre. ee Se 60 to 120 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 0 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; Nitrogen -.----- bo 10 to 20 5 or 100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or 2,000 to 4,000 Ibs. stable manure. 250 to 700 Ibs. bone-meal; or 0 phorie acid... 7 | 35 to 70 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved bone, ete. ; rN Available phos- | or 300 to 600 lbs. dissolved rock. ) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate ; or ) 60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate ; or ) 250 to 500 lbs. kainit ; or ) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. (1 Putanh 2c... - 2. 6 | 30 to 60 tS Suggestions.— The nitrogen may be applied to advantage in the form of stable-manure, especially if the soil is at all lacking in humus. For sweet corn, somewhat larger amounts of nitrogen may be applied. CUCUMBERS. ‘Per cent. Fannie oe Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 180 to 360 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 150 to 300 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; Nitrogen ..----- 4 | 30 to 60 or (3) 300 to 600 Ibs dried blood ; or (4) 6,000 to 12,000 Ibs. stable manure. Available phos- J (1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone meal; or phoric acid. Fl 6 | 50 to 100 |2 (2) 350 to 700 lbs. dissolved bone, ete, ; ot \ (3) 400 fo 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. (i 130 to 260 Ibs. muriate ; or ; r (2) 130 to 260 Ibs. sulphate; or Bapest enn ----- | . | Goretay i 500 to 1,000 Ibs. kainit : or (4) 1,300 to 26,000 Ibs. wood-ashes. EE eee eG an Suggestions.— Too much nitrogen is to be avoided as there will be a tendency to excessive erowth of vines, and the fruit will be less firm and more likely to decay. Sulphate of ammonia will often give better results than the more quickly acting nitrate of 104 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE soda, as the period of growth will be longer and the yield larger. Stable-manure, when used, is preferably applied in fall, followed by sulphate of ammonia in the spring. The potash may be applied in the fall. The phosphoric acid may be applied one-half in the fall and the rest in the spring. CURRANTS. , Pounds for 4 5 Per cent. nicer Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 50 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or (3) 100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or (4) 2,000 to 4,000 lbs. stable ene: {4 250 to 500 Ibs. bone-meal ; Nitrogen ...--.. 21) 10 to 20 Available phos- phoric acid. -- o bo OO (a> co) O14 So (2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved peace etc.; or (3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 80 to 160 Ibs. muriate ; or (2) 80 to 160 lbs. sulphate ‘ 3 OL ( ( 3) 320 to 640 lbs. kainit ; or 4) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. Botashiecs arse. 8 | 40 to 80 | Ea@e-PLant. Per cent. Pounds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. piece | (Ore 240 to 480 lbs. nitrate of soda; or hea (2) 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or SHED Soe 4 | 40 to 80 |, (3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 8,000 to 16,000 Ibs. stable manure. Available phos- fD 500 to 1,000 lbs. bone-meal; or phorie acid. -. 5 | 50 to 100 |< (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete ; or 16) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. his) 180 to 360 Ibs. muriate; or (2) 180 to 360 lbs. sulphate; or Potash ~-2------ 9 | 90 to 180 | 5 (3) 700 to 1,400 lbs. kainit;’ or (4) 1,800 to 3,600 lbs. wood-ashes. te New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105 Fruax. Per cent.|Pounds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. one acre. (1) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda ; or cis Aa (2) 50 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen....---- 3 | 10 to 20 (3) 100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or ; (4) 2,000 to 4,000 Ibs. stable manure. Aeailanla ah (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone meal; or Thorid a cha a5 8 | 95 to 50 |J (2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- a7 a black; or (3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. ( (1) 60 to 120 lbs, muriate ; or (2) 60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate ; or Potash ........- 9 | 30 to 60 |4 (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. kainit ; or (4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood ashes. GoOosSEBERRIES. Same as currants. GRAPES. Per cent.|Pounds for Pounds of different materia!s for one acre. one acre. (33 50 to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda; or A (2) 40 to 80 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen ..-.... 2| 8 to 16 |» (3) 80 to 160 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 1,600 to 3,200 lbs. stable manure. : (1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone meal; or sur el Se Bail (ae a f (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete.s ow or | (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 90 to 180 Ibs. muriate ; or |; (2) 90 to 180 Ibs, sulphate; or Potash .....-..- 11 | 45 to 90 | (3) 350 to 700 Ibs. kainit ; or | (4) 900 to 1,800 Ibs. wood-ashes. Suggestions.—Much of the nitrogen can be supplied by growing clover between rows and turning under. Excessive use of stable- manure is believed to produce a growth of weakened vitality, not able readily to withstand attacks of fungous diseases. Once in a few years lime may be applied to advantage. ‘(06 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE GRaAss FOR PASTURES. eee ——————————————————— Pounds for one ners Pounds of different materials for one acre. Per cent. (1) 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or (3) 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or (4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable-manure. 1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal ; or ) 200 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or ) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. ) 80 to 160 lbs, muriate; or ) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or ) 275 to 550 lbs. kainit ; or ) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. Nitrogen 2 ease 2] 15 to 30 phoric acid. .- 8 | 30 to 60 Available phos- J L 2 3 i 2 3 4 otasheecescscs 10 | 40 to 80 SSS ae SS Suggestions.—It is probable that the droppings from animals will furnish most of the nitrogen needed, but pains should be taken occasionally to run some kind of smoothing harrow over the ground to distribute the droppings evenly. Grass FoR Lawns. Pounds for cnelacre Pounds of different materials for one acre. Per cent. (1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or ; (2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen ....... 5 | 20 to 40 3 200 to 400 Ibs. dried blood; or ‘4) 4,000 to 8,000 lbs. stable manure. Available phos- (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone-meal ; or phoric acid . .. 6 | 25 to 50 12 175 to 350 lbs. dissolved bone, ete.; or (3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate; or (2) 60 to 120 lbs sulphate ; or (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. kainit ; or (4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. Robashvesscceoner | 8 | 30 to 60 — = —— Suggestions.—As a more specific mixture, we suggest the fol- lowing: 100 Ibs. nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. bone-meal, 100 Ibs. acid phosphate (dissolved rock), and 100 Ibs. muriate of potash an acre. g New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107 Fs Grass FoR MEApows. Pounds for : . Per cent. BiG RCrS. Pounds of different materials for one acre. ) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or ) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; INtirogens.s see 4 | 15 to 30 or ) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood; or ) 3,000 to 6,000 lbs. stable-manure. ) 300 to 600 Ibs. bone- -meal; or 2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or ) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. ya ) ) ) ) | t Available phos- phorie acid... 7 | 30 to 60 0 to 140 lbs. muriate ; or 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 275 to 550 lbs. kainit; or (a! Pojashe..-.-4-- 9 | 35 to 70 C (4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood- ashes, Suggestions.— The fact can not be too strongly emphasized that meadows from which the grass is cut year after year should be regularly fertilized every year in a liberal manner. Hops. Pounds for ; : ‘Per cent. one acre. Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 120 to 240 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or (2) ae 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; Nitrogen ....... 3 | 20 to 40 | (3) 200. re 400 lbs. dried blood; or (4) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable- manure. (1) 350 to 700 Ibs. bone- meal; or phorie acid... 6 | 35 to 70 |< (2) oe to 500 lbs. dissolved Done, etc. ; or (3) 275 to 550 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 200 to 400 Ibs. muriate; or (2, 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate; or (3) 800 to 1,600 Ibs. kainit ; or (4) 2,000 to ‘4, 000 Ibs. wood- ashes. Lie) eee | 12 100 to 200. Available phos-| F | | 108 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Horst Rapisa. Nitrogen’ = 222-2 Available phos- phorice acid... Potash o=-5. 2... Per cent. Pounds for one acre. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 15 to 30 25 to 50 35 to 70 (() 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or Q (2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or (5) 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or (4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. ( (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone-meal; or (2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete.; or (3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 70 to 140 Ibs. muriate ; or (2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or (3) 275 to 550 lbs. kainit ; or (4) 700 to 1,400 lbs, wood-ashes. Nitrogen ==-1- Available phos- phoric acid... Potashyieee o.2 Per cent. LErrucr. Pounds for one acre. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 40 to 80 50 to 100 75 to 150 (1) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda; or (2) 200 to 400 lbs. snlphate of ammonia; or (3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood ; or + (4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable manure. (1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone-meal; or (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved bone, etc.; or 3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. 1) 150 to 300 !bs. muriate ; or 2) 150 to 300 Ibs. sulphate; or 3) 600 to 1,200 lbs. kainit; or 4) 1,500 to 3,000 lbs. wood-ashes. Suggestions.— When lettuce is grown under glass, use about half as much nitrogen and a half more phosphoric acid and potash than indicated above. MItiet. Same as for meadow grass. MvuskKMELONS. Same as for cucumbers. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 109 Nursery StTook. t. Pounds for Per cent. | “one acre. Nitrogen ....-... 3 | 10 to 20 Available phos- phoric acid. -- 6 | 25 to 50 Potast ene. =. 7 | 30 to 60 ——--—- Pounds of different materials for one acre. to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda; or to 100 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or to 200 lbs. dried blood ; or ,000 to 4,000 lbs. stable manure. 250 to 500 Ibs. bone-meal; or 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 200 to 400 lbs. digsolved rock. 60 to 120 lbs. muriate; or ) 240 to 480 Ibs. kainit; or ) 600 to 1,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. Suggestions.— Excess of nitrogen produces a rapid but weak growth of wood. Oats. Pan cent: Pounds for one acre. © Pounds of different materials for one acre. Nitrogen Available phos- phoric acid... | 20 to 40 Je) | 30 to 60 5 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 0 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 20 to 240 lbs. dried blood; or ,900 to 5,000 Ibs. stable manure. 00 to 400 lbs. corn-meal; or 40 to 280 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 160 to 320 lbs. dissolved rock. ) 60 to 120 Ibs. muriate; or 2) 60 to 120 lbs. sulphate; or 3) 250 to 500 lbs. kainit; or 4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. 7 6 1 2 2 1 ( | q t { Pounds for Per cent. one acre. Available phos- phoric acid... 55 to 110 Potash 80 to 160 Pounds of different materials for one acre. 1) 270 to 540 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 2) 225 to 450 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 3) 450 to 900 lbs. dried blood; or 4) 9,000 to 18,000 lbs. stable manure. 1) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal; or 2) 385 to 770 lbs. dissolved bone, ete.; or ) 450 to 900 lbs. dissolved rock. 1) 160 to 320 lbs. muriate; or 2) 160 to 320 Ibs. sulphate ; or 3) 650 to 1,300 Ibs. kainit ; or 4) 1,600 to 3,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 110 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Suggestions.— Fresh stable-manure is to be avoided on account of weed-seeds and also a tendency to favor the growth of onion maggots. planting onions. injures the keeping qualities of onions. Stable-manure is preferably used in soil two years before An excess of nitrogen delays the ripening and sulphate of ammonia; dissolved bone, etc. ; or PARsnIPs. Per cent. Pounds tor Pounds of different materials for one acre. (1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or (2 100 to 200 lbs. Nitrogen ....... 3 | 20 to 40 or (3) 200 to 400 lbs. dried blood; or (4) 4,000 to 8,000 ibs. stable-man ure. Available phos- (1) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal ; or phorie acid... 9 | 55 to110 |< (2) 375 to 750 Ibs. (8) 450 to 900 Ibs. dissolved rock. ‘ (1) 100 to 200 lbs. muriate; or (2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate; or Potash =.-.-.--.. 8 | 50 to 100 |4 (35 400 to 800 Ibs. kainit ; or )4) 1,000 tu 2,000 Ibs. wood-ashes. Suggestions.— Stable-manure, when used, is preferably applied during preceding year. PEACHES. ‘Per cent.| | Pounds for one acre. bo Nitrogen Available phos- phoric acid ... Potash 2s428-< 15 to 30 ) 280 to 3 (4) 1 2 8 1) 110 to ) € ANN AEN AON GEGEN 3 4 ) ) 110 to 220 lbs. ) 450 to 900 Ibs. ) 1,100 to 2,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 2) 7 i 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; ) 150 a 300 Ibs. dried blood; or 8,000 to 6,000 lbs. stable manure, ) 400 to 300 lbs, 560 Ibs. ) 820 to 640 Ibs. 220 lbs. bone-meal ; or dissolved bone, ete. ; dissolved rock. muriate ; or sulphate; or kainite ; or or Suggestions.— Much of the nitrogen may be furnished by rais- ing leguminous crops between the rows of trees and turning New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i fa under for green manure. It is claimed that large applications of potash enable the trees more readily to withstand the disease known as “peach yellows.” PEARS. Same as for apples. Pras. Same as for beans. Suggestions.— When peas are raised for picking green, larger amounts of nitrate of soda can be used to advantage. Pius. Same as for cherries. PoratTors. Per cent. Pounds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. {oR 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda; or Nitrogen ....-.-.. 4 | 30to 60 |< (2) 150 to 300 1bs. sulphate of ammonia; or ‘ \.(3) 300 to 600 Ibs. dried blood. Available phos- (1) 400 to 800 Ibs. bone-meal ; or phorie acid... 6 40to 80 J (2) 275 to 550 lbs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or (3) 825 to 650 lbs. dissolved rock. ie 130 to 260 lbs. muriate; or Ratashe.s--- 9 | 65 to 130 |< (2) 130 to 260 lbs. sulphate} or ‘les 20 to 1,040 lbs. kainit. Suggestions.—The use of stable-manure appears to favor the growth of potato-scab. When used, stable-manure should be applied to a preceding crop. Wood-ashes are also reported to favor the attack of the scab. It is commonly held that sulphate of potash produces potatoes of better quality than does muriate. The testi- mony on this point is conflicting. Pumpkins. Same as for cucumbers. QUINCES. Same as for apples. 112 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE RanpisHEs. Per cent.|P ue on Pounds of different materials for one acre. ( (1) 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or SA ; z | (2) 75 to 150 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or ee 3 | 15 to 30 |» (3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. Available phos- j 350 to 700 lbs. bone meal; or phoric acid. .. 7 | 35 to 70 |< (2) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or ( (3) 280 to 560 Ibs. dissolved rock. ( (1) 90 to 180 lbs. muriate ; or } (2) 90 to 180 lbs. sulphate ; or Potash -....-.-- 9 | 45 to 90 |< (3) 350 to 700 Ibs. kainit; or (4) 900 to 1,800 lbs. wood ashes. RASPBERRIES. Per cent. pa Pounds of different materials for one acre. | (1) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or ; (2) 60 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or Nitrogen -.----. 2 | 12 to 24 | (3) 120 to 240 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 2,400 to 4,800 ths. stable manure. Available phos- {> 400 to 800 lbs. bone meal; or phorie acid. -. 7 | 40 to 80 |< (2) 280 to 560 lbs. dissolved bones, etc.; or 18) 320 to 640 Ibs. dissolved rock. (1) 120 to 240 lbs. muriate; or (2) 120 to 240 Ibs. sulphate ; or Potash --...---- 10 | 60 to 120 | (3) 480 to 960 Ibs. kainit; or (4) 1,200 to 2,400 lbs. wood ashes. Rye. Same as for oats. Suggestions.— Nitrogen is preferably applied in the form of nitrate of soda rather than stable manure. Excessive use of nitro- gen should be avoided. SorGHUM. Same as for corn. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 113 SprNacu. Per cent. Nitrogen ...---- Available phos- phorie acid... 7 Potash ss: = 5-- | 5 ole to | 30) 55 to 110 40 to 80 Pounds for one acre, Pounds of different materials for one acre. 1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia 5 or 3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood ; ) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure, ) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal; 2) 375 to 750 Ibs. dissolved ee etc.; or 3) 450 to 900 lbs. dissolved rock. ) 80 to 160 Ibs. muriate ; or ) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or 3) ) 320 to 640 Ibs. kainit; or 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood ashes. SQUASHES. Same as for cucumbers. STRAWBERRIES. Per cent. Fenner Pounds of different materials for one acre. } — Coe 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda; or , (2) 125 to 250 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen -..-.-. 3 | 25 to 50 |4 (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dried blood; or (4) 5,000 to 10,000 lbs. stable manure, Available phos- (1) 550 to 1,100 Ibs. bone-meal ; phoriec acid... 7 | 55 to 110 |< (2) 375 t 0 750 Ibs, dissolved pone. ee ; or (3) 450 a8 900 Ibs. dissolved rock. | oy 140 to 280 Ibs. muriate ; or 2 (2) 140 to 280 Ibs. sulphate ; or Potash. ......... 3, |; R0:to 140 | (3) 550 to 1,100 lbs. kainit; or | (4) 1,400 to 2 800 Ibs. wood ashes. ToBAcco. Per cent. Fonnds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. ( (1) 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda; or a ae ) (2) 150 to 300 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen -....-. 4 | 30to 60 19 300 to 600 Ibs, dried blood; or ; (4) 6,000 to 12,000 lbs. stable manure, Available phos- (1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone- meal ; phoric acid... 6 | 50 to 100 |< (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved fone, ete.; or (3) 400 to 800 Ibs. disso!ved rock, ; (1) 166 to 320 lbs. sulphate; or Potash -.....--- 10 | 80 to 160 ; (2) 1,600 to 3,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 8 114 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Suggestions.—Stable-manure may advautageously be applied to. preceding crop. Potash should be used only in form of sulphate. ToMATOES. SS aS SSS Pounds for mriainoral Pounds of different materials for one acre. Per cent. (1) 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda; or : (2) 125 to 250 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen’. ------ S iaraooe (3) 250 to 500 lbs. dried blood ; or (4) 5,000. to 10,000 lbs. stable-manure. (1) 350 to 700 lbs. bone-meal ; or 2) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 3) Available phos- phorie acid... 6 | 35 to 70 |< ( (3) 280 to 560 lbs. dissolved rock. ( (2) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulpliater or Potash -- 2 see 7 | 40 to 80 |4 (3) 390 to 640 Ibs. kainit; or (4) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. TURNIPS. Same as for beets. W ATERMELONS. Same as for cucumbers. WHEAT. : | Pounds for one acre. ) 75 to 150 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or ) ) ) Per cent. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 7 60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate of amnmonia ; or 120 to 240 Ibs. dried blood ; : 2,400 to 4,800 Ibs. stable-m: an nae if 9 Nitrogen .....-. | 4 | 12 to 24 3 4 1) 200 to 400 Ibs. bone-meal ; or 2) 3) il 2) phorie acid... 7 | 20 to 40 140 to 280 lbs. dissolved hone, ete.; or | ) 160 to 320 Ibs. dissolved rock. ) 25 tu 50 lbs. muriate ; or 25 to 50 lbs. sulphate ; or 3) 100 to 200 lbs. kainit; or 4) 250 to 500 lbs. wood- ashes. ft ( ( | {i Available phos- | fQ) J ( L( ( ( } (2) le ( Rotasheesee ceo i) el2etoned New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 115. 6. Wuich 18 MORE ADVANTAGEOUS, TO PurcuasE CoMPLETE: Fertitizers oR TO PurcHasE SEPARATE INGREDIENTS / The question of home mixing of fertilizers is now being much: discussed. Not a few farmers have adopted the plan of purchasing unmixed ingredients and mixing them at home. When a farmer once tries this method, he rarely purchases a ready-mixed complete: fertilizer after that. It is pertinent in this connection to consider: poth sides of the question, both the advantages and disadvantages: of purchasing unmixed fertilizing ingredients. Economy.—The average retail price of aton of mixed fertilizer is from $8 to $10 above the market value of its unmixed ingre- dients. Taking the 232 different brands of fertilizers collected’ during the spring of 1895, we find the average retail selling price to have been $31.43, while the unmixed materials would have cost about $22, leaving a difference of about $9.50. In other States the: difference is found to be as high as $10 or more. This difference: represents the cost of mixing, freight, profit, ete. It is readily seen. that a portion, at least, of the difference can’ be saved by purchasing unmixed ingredients. Many farmers who have done their own mixing, estimate that the mixing costs them 75 cents a ton on an. average. Definite Knowledge of Materials Used.— When separate materials are purchased, the farmer can more closely ascertain whether his goods are what they claim to be. Ground leather can- not be passed for nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, ete. In mixed goods it is not easy to detect inferior articles. The chances: are that the farmer will get better materials in unmixed than in mixed goods, although this would not be true in dealing with the: most reliable manufacturers. Variation of Mixture to Suit Different Crops.—By careful observation and experiment the farmer can change his mixture so as to adapt it more nearly to the needs of his crops and soil. Manufacturers claim. to manufacture goods which are specifics for different crops. But it is noticed that the special mixtures for the same crop, as made by different manufacturers vary quite as much as do mixtures for different crops. For illustra- tion, taking 40 different potato-manures sold in this State, we find that they vary in nitrogen from 1.50 to 6 per cent.; in available phosphoric acid, from 4.75 to 11 per cent.; and in potash, from 2.50 116 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE to 11.50 per cent.; and yet each claims to be exactly adapted to the needs of the potato crop. We have met with instances where the manufacturer used the same formula as a special for different crops whose needs were quite unlike. It is safe to say that, without any experience, the farmer can hit the needs of his soil and crops by mere guess quite as closely as do some of the complete fertilizers. The farmer can ascertain what particular forms and quantities of materials are best suited to his needs. Educational Value.—There is little of educational value in using an unknown mixture. To purchase intelligently unmixed fertilizing materials will ultimately lead in most cases to a well-grounded knowledge of the science of agriculture. One will seek to know what the different forms of plant-food are, what they do, from what sources they can be obtained, and how he can use them to best advantage. He will become to some extent an investigator, and will, of necessity, take a deeper interest in his work. His entire system of farming will be lifted toa higher plane and his more intelligent labor will yield more profitable results. The chief disadvantages connected with purchasing separate materials are the following: (1) On small purchases little or no reduction of price is made. This may often be true, but in such cases it is easily possible for farmers to combine and order larger lots. In the large dairy sections of the state this may be especially true. (2) It is claimed that, owing to lack of proper facilities, the farmer cannot make mixtures that will be even and fine. So far as actual results go, it is found that farmers can and do make mixtures which are, on an average, very satisfactory in their practical work- ing as compared with mixtures of manufacturers. 7. To Wuat Extent Home-Mrxine 1s PRACTICABLE. The conveniences needed to do one’s own mixing are the follow- ing: A tight barn floor, or earth floor that is hard, smooth, dry and under cover; platform scales, shovel, iron hand-rake or hoe and a sand-sereen. Farmers are advised, if they do their own mixing, not to attempt to treat bones or rock with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) but to purchase their superphosphate from the manufacturer. The advantages connected with having the mixing of fertilizers done at a factory are the following: First, the mixing is apt to be more thoroughly done at the factory. Second, the factory should oe New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1A be able to do mixing in large quantities more economically, since it has all facilities required. As a rule, it costs the farmer from $2.50 to $3.00 to have the mixing and rebagging done at a factory for each ton of materials. When the farmer prefers to purchase separate materials and do his mixing at home, the following suggestions may be helpful: If one has purchased the different materials in the right weights, such as he wants to use for mixing, then no weighing is necessary, as he has simply to mix all the materials he has. If he makes different mixtures, then the different materials should be weighed accurately. If the material is at all lumpy, it should be sifted with a sand screen, the lumps separated and then pulverized before being added to the pile of fine material. When the materials have been thus prepared, the most bulky material is spread out upon the floor in an oblong pile that varies from 6 to 10 inches in depth. The top is leveled off and then a layer of the next material is put on, not quite so thick, and so on until the different constituents have been added to the pile, care being taken to make such material cover the one under it evenly over the whole surface. Then, one should commence at one end and shovel over the pile, reaching clear to the bottom every time. After mixing well, the mixed portion is passed behind. When the whole pile has been treated once in this way, then the mixed pile is leveled, swept up around the edges and again treated in the same manner. This process should be repeated three or four times. Any lumps noticed at any time should be thoronghly broken up. If greater thoroughness is desired, the mixture may be sifted or screened before sacking. It is convenient to weigh into sacks which will hold from 100 to 150 pounds. One. should take great pains to purchase his materials in finely powdered and perfectly dry condition, if he plans to mix the materials at home. 8. SprectaL SvueceEstions Retatiyne tro tHE PURCHASE OF SeraRaATE Ferrrinizinc INGREDIENTS. In addition to what has been already stated, there are some other suggestions which it is well to heed in connection with the purchase of separate fertilizing materials. Purchase High-Grade Materials.—It will almost invariably be found more economical to purchase high-grade fertilizing materials. In applying fertilizers, bulk is often desirable, but in purchasing commercial fertilizers, the object should be to secure as much nitro- 118 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE gen, potash and phosphoric acid in available forms as possible for one dollar, instead of as many pounds as possible of fertilizer, re- gardless of the amount of plant-food contained in it. This is particularly applicable to mixed fertilizers, which at present form the great bulk of fertilizers sold in this State. Since there is smaller bulk to handle in mixing, a smaller number of packages for holding, and, consequently, less weight and freight, it is, as a rule, more economical to purchase fertilizers in their more concentrated forms. For illustration, it is more enconomical to purchase one ton of a high-grade fertilizer than three tons of a low-grade fertilizer, one ton of the former containing the same amount of plant-food con- tained in three tons of the latter; because, in making the latter, three times as many packages are required and three times as much freight must be paid, all for the same amount of plant-food. Fineness and Dryness of Fertilizers Important.—Fertilizers can not, as a rule, be in too finely powdered condition nor can they be too dry. With many materials, bone for example, the availability as plant-food is directly dependent upon the fineness of division. Two commercial fertilizers containing the same amount of plant-food in the same forms may differ considerably in respect to the availability of that food and, consequently, in re- spect to their agricultural value, if one is coarsely and the other finely ground. Excessive moisture in fertilizers is undesirable on several grounds. First, the larger the amount of moisture, the smaller will be the amount of plant-food ina ton. Second, excess of moisture causes the particles to stick together and is likely to result in caking and in clogging when used in drills. Third, an excess of moisture favors the decomposition and loss of nitrogen in many forms of organic matter. This is shown by the fact that some fertilizers give off a very offensive odor if allowed to become damp, while they are comparatively free from disagreeable odors if they are thoroughly dry. A strong odor in a fertilizer is an indication that organic matter is decomposing and nitrogen is being lost and indicates weakness and loss rather than strength as a fertilizer. Taking Advantage of Fluctuating Prices.—By watching the market variations, it is possible to save more or less. It often hap- pens that lower prices prevail during that part of the year when the farmer has most leisure. In any case, where home-mixing is practised, it should be done before the beginning of the busy season. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119 Making Club-Fertilizers.—In some towns farmers club together and purchase their separate ingredients, each one doing his own mixing himself. In other cases the club decides upon a definite formula and sends out specifications to manufacturers for furnishing the same already mixed and sacked, letting the contract to the lowest responsible bidder. One of the most successful instances of this sort is the Riverhead Town Agricultural Society of Long Island. They have found that a fertilizer containing 4 per cent. of nitrogen, 8 per cent. of available phosphoric acid and 10 per cent. of actual potash is well adapted to their conditions for growing potatoes. They require the nitrogen to be distributed in three different forms, one- half being fish-serap; one-fourth, nitrate of soda; and one-fourth, sulphate of ammonia. The potash must be in form of muriate. For the season of 1895 they were able to get 1,200 tons of this mix- ture made at $29.32 a ton. Commercial fertilizers of similar com- position sold for $36 to $40 at the same time. The actual saving affected by the members of this club amounts to not less than $10,000 a year. Where to Purchase Unmixed Materials.—Any large manufac- turer of fertilizers will generally fill orders for separate ingredients. Farmers are advised to write to three or four different firms and get their prices. In comparing price, one should take into consideration the question of freight. The schedule of prices given later may be used as a general guide in regard to what one should pay for different forms of materials. Farmers will find their chief difficulty in knowing in what forms and quantities to order separate fertilizer constituents. The suggestions found in the preceding pages giving this infor- mation in regard to our more common crops will be fonnd helpful. Below is given a list of manufacturers who are willing to sell un- mixed goods direct to farmers. A few firms indicate their prefer- ence of selling through local agents where these are already estab- lished. Armour & Company, 205 La Salle St., Chicago, Ill. H. J. Baker & Bro., 93 William St., New York City. Bowker Fertilizer Co., 48 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Brown & Gilman Fertilizer Co., 118 South Delaware Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Chicopee Guano Co., 140 Maiden Lane, New York City. 120 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., 81 Fulton St., New York City. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 185 Lock St., Syracuse, N. Y. Geo. B. Forrester, 169 Front St., New York City. Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt. Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Mattituck, L.I., N. Y. Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Frederick Ludlam, 108 Water St., New York City. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Oo., 143 Liberty St., New York City. Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Co., 30 So. Holliday St., Baltimore, Md. Robert L. Merwin, 88 Wall St., New York City. Munroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. North-Western Fertilizer Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, II]. Pacific Guano Co., Rochester, N. Y. (or New York City.) Moro Phillips Chemical Co., 1381 South Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. Rasin Fertilizer Co., 35 Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore, Md. Standard Fertilizer Co., Farlow Building, State St., Boston, Mass. Swift & Company, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. Ellsworth Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, L. I. Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., 2 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 81 Fulton St., New York City. 9. Meruops AND SxEasons oF AppryInc FERTILIZERS. The method to be used in applying a fertilizer depends primarily upon the efficiency with which the constituents of the fertilizer are distributed most thoroughly and uniformly throughout the portion of soil where the plant roots are. The effect of a fertilizer is lost so far as it does not reach the plant roots. Pains must be taken to secure even and complete distribution of fertilizers on or iu the soil, since it is desired to have the food reach every plant in the field. In order to distribute small quantities of concentrated fertilizers over a broad area, it is well to dilute by mixing with some such sub- stance as dry earth, road-dust, sifted coal-ashes or sand. Drilling and Broadcasting.—As between applying fertilizers with the drill or by broadcasting, the best results are given some- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121 times by one and sometimes by the other method, according to the crop and special conditions. Labor is saved by using the drill, while the best ultimate results appear more often to come from broadeast- ing, ploughing or harrowing in accordance to circumstances. When a fertilizer is especially needed by a crop in its earliest stages, there is ‘advantage in drilling it in with the seed. When concentrated fertilizers are to be distributed broadeast, it is desirable that they should be somewhat diluted. Distribution of Soluble Fertilizers.— Materials which are readily soluble can be scattered over the surface. After the first fall of rain they distribute themselves throughout the soil very completely and uniformly. Such materials are nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, soluble phosphates and soluble potash salts. These materials are preferably used in case of top-dressing. Distribution of Fertilizers not readily Soluble.— Materials which are not readily soluble are preferably well mixed through and beneath the soil. Thus, dried blood, bone-meal, fish-scrap and similar materials are best placed at greater or less depth beneath the soil, because under these conditions they become soluble more rapidly and are retained more surely by the soil. Time of Application.— Fertilizers which dissolve easily and diffuse through soil rapidly, and which are not readily retained by the soil, are best applied only when the crop is ready to utilize them. If put on too early, there is danger of their being leached from the soil and carried more or less beyond the reach of the plant and thus lost. Nitrates and, to a less extent, ammonia compounds come under this precaution. Hence, it is not wise ordinarily to apply guano, ammonia compounds or nitrate of soda in the fall, except in climates which have a dry fall and winter. Their appli- cation should be deferred until spring. In wet springs, ammonia compounds are preferably applied rather than nitrate of soda; or, if nitrate of soda is used, loss may be avoided by making several small applications, instead of one at the start. Care should be taken, however, not to make applications of nitrate of soda too late in the season, as the maturing of the crop will be retarded and there will be an excessive growth of stems and leaves. Fertilizers which do not dissolve readily or which do not diffuse through the soil rapidly are better applied to the land before the crop commences its growth. To this class belong stable-manure, 122 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE bone-meal, dried blood, tankage, cottonseed-meal, ground rock, and to some extent, soluble phosphates and potash compounds. Special Precautions.— In applying highly concentrated com- mercial fertilizers, it is wise to prevent the fertilizer coming in contact with the seeds or foliage of plants. , Fertilizers containing ammonia compounds should not be mixed with wood-ashes, lime, or Thomas slag (odorless phosphate), since some of the ammonia is likely to be lost. On soils of loose texture and small retentive power, it is best to use, for the most part, those forms of fertilizers which are not too easily soluble, in order to make as small as possible the losses occa- sioned by heavy rains. Animal and vegetable materials are espe- cially suited for such eases. 10. Tar Most Apvantaqgrous Mrtruops or Ustna FARM-PRODUCED: MANuvurREs. Under this head we will discuss some of the more common points relating to the use of stable-manure in its application to different soils and crops. Exclusive and Long-continued Use not Advised.— The aver- age farm-produced manure is a one-sided fertilizer, being excessively rich in nitrogen in comparison with potash and phosphoric acid. A ton of good stable-manure contains : 10 pounds of nitrogen, .5 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 10 pounds of potash. Now, if we compare these proportions of plant-food with those found in different plants or with commercial fertilizers which are successfully applied to different crops, we are readily impressed with the one-sided character of stable-manure as a nitrogenous plant-food. Where there is in the soil a sufficient amount of available potash and phosphoric acid to balance the excess of nitrogen furnished by the application, then most excellent crops are secured by the exclu- sive use of stable-manure. But it must be evident that, under such treatment, the crops each year take from the soil more potash and phosphoric acid than is replaced by the stable-manure. Hence, each year the available supply of these two constituents in the soil becomes less ; and, when they are insufficient to balance the nitrogen applied, then crops become smaller and further exclusive applica- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123 tions of stable-manures fail to produce the results once secured. It is, therefore, easily possible to exhaust a soil by long-continued, exclusive use of stable-manure; and this is just what has occurred on many farms in this state. Stable-Manure Supplemented by Commercial Fertilizers.— In order to use our farm-produced manures to the best advantage om the average soil as found at present in this State, we need to supple- ment them with commercial fertilizers containing available phos- phorie acid and potash. To give a roughly approximate idea, we might say that for every ton of stable manure applied, it would be well to use with it from 50 to 100 pounds of acid phosphate and from 25 to 50 pounds of high-grade muriate or sulphate of potash. This is best accomplished in the manner described on page 81. Use of Fresh Manure.—The statements below apply to fresh manure containing only small amounts of coarse litter. It appears to be the prevailing belief both in theory and practice that best re- sults are ordinarily secured by applying stable-manure to the soil in as fresh condition as possible. Mixed with the soil, fresh manure decomposes readily, having its own constituents made more available as plant-food, and, morever, rendering available some of the insoluble plant-food previously in the soil. In this way losses from destrue- tive forms of fermentation, leaching, etc., are mainly prevented. Fresh manure gives better results than rotted manure on heavy clay soils, when one desires to lighten the condition of the soil. However, when one desires direct fertilizing action promptly, fresh manure gives sufficiently quick returns on light soils, becoming available as fast as the plant needs it, if the season is not too dry. On heavy clay soils, manure decomposes slowly and the constituents. of fresh manure may not become available as fast as needed. On this account, it may happen that on heavy soils little benefit is seen from the application of fresh manure until the second season after its application. In dry hot seasons an excessive application of fresh stable-manure tends to “‘ burn out” the soil, this tendency being more noticeable in light than in heavy soils. Fresh manure hasatendency to favor rapid growth of foliage and stems at the expense of fruit and grain. It is, therefore, more suit- able for grasses, forage plants and leafy crops than for grains. Such crops as potatoes, sugar beets and tobacco appear to be in- jured in quality by the direct application of stable manure. It is 124 Report or THE AcTING DirEcTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE advised in such cases to apply the manure in the fall previous to the spring in which the crops are to be put in, thus allowing time for a considerable amount of decomposition. When fresh stable-manure contains much coarse, undecomposed litter, it is better not to apply it until the coarse portion has become more or less decomposed. Use of Rotted Manure.—In rotted manure, the fertilizing constituents, as‘a whole, are in readily available form for the use of plants. Such manure is less bulky and more easily distributed than fresh manure. It is also less likely to promote the too rapid growth of stems and leaves as in the case of fresh manure. For the improvement of the mechanical condition of a soil, the best results come from using rotten manure on light soils. It must, however, be remembered that on such soils there is more or less danger that some portion of the valuable fertilizing constituents may be leached out and lost. On this account it is found advisable to apply such manure to light soils only a short time before it is needed by the crop. In general, rotted manure is better adapted to spring applications. It is better to apply rotted manure on light soils at frequent intervals in small amounts. In warm, moist climates, it makes much less difference whether the manure is applied in fresh or rotted condition. In cold climates, however, the use of decomposed manure is preferable. Methods of Application.—Three methods of applying manure on the field are in common practice. We will briefly consider each of these: (a) Applying in Heaps. By this method the manure is distributed in heaps over the field and permitted to lie some time before being spread. This method is objectionable for several reasons. The labor of handling is in- creased ; there is danger of loss from decomposition and leaching ; the manure is not uniformly distributed, the spots beneath the heaps being more thoroughly manured on account of the leaching. Stor- ing manure in very large heaps is less objectionable, provided the heap is carefully covered with earth and not allowed to lie too long. (6) Applying Broadcast. By this method the manure is spread more or less completely and ~ evenly on the field, being plowed in at once or allowed to lie some time on the surface. This is preferably practiced on the level field, where there is little danger from surface washing. In late fall and _ Ff LIBRA! Y Ur | ee Rhode Island | NEw 2 Gee oe E EXPERIMENT STATION. 125 early spring, there is likely to be very little loss of nitrogen. Ona loose soil, thereamay-be-loss-from-leaching, if the-manure is spread long before the crop is put into the soil; but in average experience, this is not apt to be considerable. This method has the advantage of uniform distribution as the liquid portion is evenly by degrees mixed with the soil. When the manure is leached of its soluble nitrogen compounds, it does not decompose so readily. On this account it is well, in case of light or porous soils, to plow the manure in as soon as spread. In regard to the depth at which manure should be plowed in, it is safe to say that in very compact soils, the depth should not be greater than 4 inches, while in lighter soils the depth may be increased. It is important that the manure be near enough the surface to allow access of sufficient moisture and air, in order that decomposition may not be too much delayed. (c) Applying in Row. This method has the advantage of placing the manure where it will reach the plant most quickly and of enabling one to use smaller amounts than in broadeasting. It is especially applicable for forcing some garden crops. Rotted manure gives good results when used this way. XII. The Arithmetic of Fertilizers. When we desire to know the amount of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid contained in different forms and materials or to make up formulas from materials of known composition, or to de- termine the commercial value of any single material or of any mixture, it is necessary to go through various mathematical pro- cesses, most of which are comparatively simple and easily under- stood. So many inquiries have come to us on questions involving simple calculations, that it is thought advisable to present a some- what systematic consideration of some of the more common prob- lems met with. Some calculations, which it might be desirable to use at times, involve more knowledge of chemistry than can be given in a simple treatise of this kind. Before taking up a consideration of the mathematical details we will make a brief explanation of the different terms used in ex- pressing fertilizer guarantees and analyses, because an accurate knowledge of such terms is important, especially in making com- mercial valuations and in planning formulas. 126 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE We shall, therefore, consider under the general head given above the following topics: 1. Explanation of terms used in stating guarantee-analyses of fertilizers. 2. Total constituents of fertilizers. 3. Commercial valuation of fertilizers. 4, How to ealeulate amounts of materials to be used. in making home-made fertilizers. 1. ExpLANATION oF TERMS USED IN STATING GUARANTEE- ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS. In examining the guarantee-analyses of different manufacturers, we find much variation in the terms used. Some forms are simple, stating only the most essential points, while others are complicated and confusing to the average farmer. We propose here briefly to explain all the different forms which are apt to be met. The fol- lowing list contains most of the terms used in stating manufacturers’ guarantee-analyses : Nitrogen is expressed as (a) Nitrogen, (b) ammonia, (c) nitrogen equal (or equivalent) to ammonia. Phosphoric Acid is expressed as (a) Phosphorie acid, (b) soluble phosphoric acid, (c) reverted phosphoric acid, (d) precipitated phosphoric acid, (e) avail- able phosphoric acid, (f) soluble and available phosphoric acid, (g) insoluble phosphoric acid, (h) total phosphoric acid, (i) phosphoric acid equal (or equivalent) to bone phosphate of lime. Potash is expressed as (a) Potash, (b) potash (actual), (¢) potash s. (or sul.), (d) ee (soluble), (e) potash as sulphate, (f) potash equal (or equiv- alent) to sulphate of potash, (g) sulphate of potash, (h) potassium oxide. Nitrogen. (a) Witrogen is a gas and, in this form, can not be used in fertil- izers. Therefore, whenever we speak of nitrogen in fertilizers, we do not mean that nitrogen exists in them as simple nitrogen. As New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 127 previously stated, the nitrogen in fertilizers isalways combined with other elements and may be present in one or more different forms ; (1) in the form of nitrates, as nitrate of soda; (2) in the form of ammonia compounds, as sulphate of ammonia ; and (3) in the form of organic matter, animal or vegetable, as dried blood, meat, tobacco stems, etc. Chemical analysis according to official methods does not attempt to ascertain and state in which form or forms the nitrogen is present in a fertilizer. When, therefore, nitrogen is expressed in an analysis or guarantee simply as “nitrogen,” it refers to the entire amount of nitrogen present without regard to the particular form or forms in which it is present. (6) Ammonia consists of nitrogen combined with hydrogen. A pound of nitrogen will form more than a pound of ammonia, be- cause the ammonia formed from a pound of nitrogen will contain that pound of nitrogen plus the necessary amount of hydrogen added to form ammonia. The chemical relations of nitrogen and ammonia are such that 14 pounds of nitrogen, will unite with exactly 3 pounds of hydrogen, and will, therefore, produce just 17 pounds of ammonia; or 1 pound of nitrogen will make 1.214 pounds of ammonia. Manufacturers very commonly express the amount of nitrogen in the equivalent of ammonia, probably for the reason that, expressed as ammonia, larger figures are obtained than would be, if expressed as nitrogen ; and the fertilizers appear to farmers to contain more nitrogen. This method is not in accordance with present legal requirements, and farmers should know that “nitrogen” and “ammonia” are not the same thing, since one pound of ammo- mia contains only about erght-tenths of a pound of nitrogen. (ce) Nitrogen equal (or equivalent) to Ammonia is a form of expression which simply means that the nitrogen is stated not as nitrogen but as ammonia. It would be better on every account if all guarantees stated simply nitrogen and never mentioued ammonia at all. Asa matter of fact, compounds of ammonia are quite uncommon in commercial fer- tilizers, because nitrogen in this form is the most expensive and therefore least used. Strictly speaking, the term ammonia should never be used except when sulphate of ammonia or some similar compound is present in the fertilizer. 128 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Phosphoric Acid. (a) Phosphoric Acid, as used in connection with fertilizers, is a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen, which in fertilizers is found never by itself, but in combination with line. Phosphoric acid stands for a certain amount of phosphate of lime. We may say roughly that one part of phosphoric acid is equivalent to about two parts of phosphate of lime. But we know that phosphoric acid exists in several different forms. (See page 65.) (0) Soluble Phosphoric Acid represents the amount of phosphate of lime that dissolves easily in water. As explained already, soluble calcium phosphate is formed by treating with sulphuric acid some form of insoluble calcium phosphate, such as bones, bone-ash, South Carolina rock, ete. The phosphate thus formed is readily soluble in water. (c) Reverted Phosphoric Acid is formed from soluble phos- phoric acid under certain conditions into which we need not inquire here. Suffice it to say, that the soluble compound of phos- phoric acid often changes, to some extent, on standing into’a form, which, while less soluble, is still quite readily available as plant-food. (d) Precipitated Phosphoric Acid is simply another name for the reverted form. (e) Available Phosphoric Acid includes both the soluble and reverted forms of phosphoric acid, because both forms are available for the use of plants. (f) Soluble and Available Phosphoric Acid is an expression which means the same as available. (g) Insoluble Phosphoric Acid represents that form of phosphate of lime which is insoluble in water and which is of least value for agricultural purposes. (h) Total Phosphoric Acid represents the entire phosphoric acid compounds without regard to the forms in which they exist. The total phosphorie acid is, therefore, the sum of the soluble, reverted and insoluble forms, or, to state it in another way, the sum of the available and insoluble forms. (i) Phosphoric Acid equal (or equivalent) to Bone Phosphate of Lime is an expression which usually means nothing more or less than insoluble phosphoric acid. The expression is apt to be mis- leading, as it appears to imply that the phosphoric acid is derived from bone. It is applied probably to ground rock even more often than to bone. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 Potash. (a) Potash, as used in connection with fertilizers, always means a compound containing potassium and oxygen, known as potassium oxide. Potash or potassium oxide is never found as such in fertil- izers, but chemists use this form of expressing the results of analysis as a convenient standard for reference. Fertilizers generally con- tain potash in such forms as sulphate of potash, muriate of potash or carbonate ef potash. Instead of stating the amount of sulphate, muriate or carbonate of potash present in a fertilizer, its equivalent amount is stated only in the form of potash in giving the results of analysis. (6) Potash Actual is simply another expression for potash, as dis- tinct from the sulphate, muriate, ete. (ce) Potash S. (or Sul.) means sulphate of potash. This is quite often used by manufacturers in giving guarantees. It is very mis- leading and, when used, is evidently employed for the purpose of making purchasers think that it is actual potash. One pound of potash is equivalent to 1.85 pounds of sulphate of potash; and so, in stating a guarantee as sulphate, the manufacturer makes it appear that his goods contain more potash than they really do. (2) Potash Soluble represents the amount of potash that dissolves in water and is available for the use of the plants. The different forms of potash commonly used in fertilizers are readily soluble in water. (e) Potash as Sulphate means simply sulphate of potash. (7) Potash equal (or equivalent) to Sulphate of Potash is an expression which means simply sulphate of potash. When the potash is present as muriate, this expression should never be used. (g) Sulphate of Potash signities, or should signify, that this com- pound is actually present in the fertilizer and there is no muriate of potash present. (h) Potassium Oxide means the same as potash or actual potash. 2. Torat ConsTITUENTS OF FERTILIZERS. If we add together the figures representing the different constitu- ents of a fertilizer (the nitrogen, the total phosphoric acid, and the potash), we shall find, as a rule, that the sum amounts to only 20 or 30 per cent. or pounds per hundred. The question often arises, “Why does the sum of the constituents inthe analysis of a fertilizer 9 130 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE amount to only 20 or 30 per cent. and what is the remaining portion, amounting to 70 or 80 per cent. made up of?” A few illustrations will, perhaps, suffice to make the matter clear. High-Grade Fertilizers.—Taking a fairly high-grade fertilizer, we find by analysis that it contains : IN(TM OST BeBe eS Sosa do cbdSadcosnD Gade soscud 4 per cent. Available phosphorie acid ..--....---.--..--.- 8 ui Insoluble sf Le ee RO ESOS aIe Oe 2 ee JELO) FAS] ANA oe ee oh ae eye mc Oran 8 If the nitrogen comes from dried blood or meat, it will take about 10 pounds of such material to furnish 1 pound of nitrogen. Since there are 4 per cent. of nitrogen, or 4 pounds of nitrogen in 100 pounds of fertilizer, it will take 40 pounds of dried blood to furnish this amount of nitrogen. The amount of bone and sulphuric acid necessary to make a phosphate containing 8 pounds of available phosphoric acid and 2 pounds of insoluble phosphoric acid would amount to about 40 pounds. If the potash is present in form of high-grade sulphate, about 20 pounds of such sulphate would be required to be equivalent to 10 pounds of potash. Tabulating the foregoing figures, we have the following: Pounds Dried blood required to, furnish 4 pounds of nitrogen...--.........---.-- 40 Bone and sulphurie acid required to furnish phosphates containing 8 pounds of available and 2 pounds of insoluble phosphorie acid.----... 40 Sulphate of potash equivalent to 10 pounds of potash......-.........-- 20 Ce ee ee ee Se SC ee eM een Ieee CaS ye em ie ee Ane e na oes a6 e 100 In a fertilizer of this character, we can easily account for the entire amount of material. Low-Grade Fertilizers.—Taking now a low-grade fertilizer, we find its composition to show: | IN Tiler O PEN aeys ears e cai cisix ais eveiniwcmvave ioe eRe reat 1 per cent. Available;phosphoric ‘acid. cc. 20S52.0 5 ae bn 7 fms oluib le ys scp saestasee lie ck Caverns Jen Sp ce ana Dna OLAS IY sae escent aera SNe Gis repnie ares eee chap er alpen We will suppose that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid come from the sources as indicated above and that the potash comes from New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1614 kainit, 8 pounds of kainit containing 1 pound of potash. Then we can tabulate our statement as follows : Pounds Dried biood required to furnish 1 pound of nitrogen..--...----....--...-- 10 Bones, etc., required to furnish 5 pounds of available and 1 pound insolu- PER BROS DI GEO Hatt Gmememe aces kes =<. case scene eee ac ae a yet 24 Rainin equivalent to pound of potash. 220.2. 62 Sot ects locas eee 8 LUIS ATE Gt Gl Doc ooce Se See eee BEEN gn: Shr Bnc MEMO. Set ea ie Maer eean ss 58 WEL 3 an conoid bedidonndeabopeee Gabbes pode Dob Condon be doBseaseane 100 We could, of course, vary the sources of materials used and get other figures, but these illustrations serve to give a fair idea of what a hundred pounds of a fertilizer may be made, and why a state- ment of analysis does not account for more than 20 or 30 pounds of fertilizing materials in a hundred pounds of fertilizer. CoMMERCIAL VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS. What is a Commercial Valuation of a Fertilizer ?— The com- mercial valuation of a fertilizer consists in estimating the approxi- mate value or money-cost of the essential fertilizing ingredients (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash) in one ton of fertilizer. In making a commercial valuation of a fertilizer, one uses either the figures given in the guarantee-analysis or preferably the figures given in the Station’s analysis, as a basis for calculation. This enables one to know how many pounds of nitrogen, of phosphoric acid and of potash there are in one ton of fertilizer. The prices to be used in calculating a commercial valuation are furnished in a schedule prepared annually by experiment stations. This price-list for the year 1895 we give below. Prices of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash Adopted by Experiment Stations.— The trade-values in the following schedule represent the average prices at which, in the six months preceding March the respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, Boston, New York and Philadelphia. These prices also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March, plus about 20 per cent. in case of goods for which there are whole- sale quotations. It must be kept in mind that these trade-values are changing from time to time. In the fertilizer bulletins, which are issued not less often than twice a year, we always give the latest trade-values 182 ReporrT-or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE adopted. Whenever in the following pages reference is made to the price-list, consult the latest. 1895. Cents per lb. Nitrogen)ingammonia) Salts oe.) seee eee eecter amie ents ealoe eee 18% Nitrocenugmemibrates:. ---\-\e- eset =i ciate eects) eee eee 15 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, and mehich-crade mixed /fertiizersen eit eee eee eee ees eee 1614 Organic nitrogen in cottonseed-meal and castor-pomace.-...---..---- 12 Organic nitrogen iu fine-ground bone and tankage......-..-------- 16 Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and tankage.. ...--- 14 Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage.........-...------- 11 Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage..-.-..--.....---.---- 5 Organic nitrogen in hair, horn-shavings and coarse fish-scraps. -.-. 5 Phosphoric acid, soluble iniwater-s.--. ces sce cee eee eee eee eeee 6 Phosphorie acid, soluble in ammonium citrate .........--.-----.-- 54g Phosphoric acid in fine bone and tankage.........----.-----...---- 1 EE Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage. ..--..-.---...-- 41g Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage......--...---.------ 3 Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage. .........-...----.---- . 2 Phosphoric acid in fine-ground fish, cottonseed-meal, castor, po- MEK) EMAL WOODEN No Seen gsdsso so6seG eded o4ooc8 soocon Soca soe 5 Phosphoric acid insoluble in ammonium citrate, in mixed fertil- WAS Ws Seca ap oon CaO BES OAIe SNbr SoseNE Goosen Go OSUCGdSGooseGeds oo0c 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlor- Ides vingasheswietes sane eet isee ace elaclon ceetieee cecil ieee eerie 54% Potash mnuamMmrlateeesssaeeecss cece nice ascinaee seks ee el-reete arte 46 VALUATION oF Frrtitizinc INGREDIENTS IN Foops. Organic mitrogenee ea ase seen sere ol ele ela elena 15 Phos phonievacldeseseecse a seieeas celes aa eee ee eee ee eee eee 5 IROTNGS Baad SA coos he dese Seno ea cc 5500 oS Ge cobdesd csbabeadsdéhs sqases 9) In mixed fertilizers, organic nitrogen is reckoned at 164 cents a pound, the price of nitrogen in raw materials of the best quality, insoluble phosphoric acid is reckoned at 2 cents; potash is rated at 41 cents, if sufficient chlorine be present in the fertilizer to combine with it to make muriate ; ifthere is more potash present than will combine with the chlorine, then this excess of potash is reckoned at 54 cents per pound. Valuation and Cost of Fertilizers——The total cost (to the farmer) of a ton of commercial fertilizer may be regarded as con- sisting of the following elements: (1) Retail cash cost, in the market, of unmixed trade materials; (2) cost of mixing; (8) cost of transportation; (4) storage, commissions to agents and dealers, selling on long credit, bad debts, etc. While the total Ct an. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i135 cost of a fertilizer is made up of several different elements, a commercial valuation includes only the first of the elements enter- ing into the total cost, that is, the retail cash cost in the market of unmixed raw materials. Valuation and Agricultural Value.—The agricultural value of a fertilizer depends upon its crop-producing power. A commercial valuation does not necessarily have any relation to crop-producing value. For a particular soil and crop, a fertilizer of comparatively low commercial valuation may have a higher agricultural value ; while for another crop on the same soil or the same crop on another soil the reverse might be true. Smipte Rute ror Cancunating APPROXIMATE CoMMERCIAL V 4LUA- TION OF FERTILIZERS. Multiply the per cent. of nitrogen by 3 and add to the product the figures representing the per cent. of available phosphoric acid and of potash. The sum expresses in dollars and cents the approxi- mate commercial valuation of the fertilizer. Example.—A fertilizer contains INTUTE $6 ce GSS Sto bE Sse SEHD HES onoebesoe HS40o6 4.13 per cent. Available phosphoric acid........-..-.-.------ 8.52 per cent. Ghasheemsysccine cestesitat tes ee satis pyets olan O04. percents 4.13 (per cent. of nitrogen) multiplied by three, equals..........-.-.-- $12.39 Seon (peucent or available, phosphoric acid) a. 2 -ca.~ = -s.acte dsj Se ois 1 BOOS ROA Sa GVELIGEMUNOLIPOLASH))= smo 50. co ao ees bt antesesiaeisie boca sesetannslee MOL Oe. Otel MMELRLONG hye oe a 2)h2) so etree isterse aaj see Shake esjam seieeies else oe Metpol ao If a fertilizer contains only one or two of the three essential fer- tilizing ingredients, the rule can be applied in a moditied form. In ease of fine bone-meal, use the total phosphoric acid in place of the available in making the calculation. While this rule is not exact, it gives results that are fairly accu- rate and has the great advantage of simplicity. It does not take the insoluble phosphoric acid into consideration at all. For the benefit of those who desire a more exact method of cal- culating the commercial valuation of fertilizers, we give below a more detailed rule. But previously we give methods for calculating from one compound to another, and also methods for making valua- tions of unmixed fertilizing materials. 1384 Report ofr THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Routes FoR CaLcuLaTING FROM ONE CoMPoUND INTO OTHER Compounps. (a) Compounds Containing Nitrogen. (1) To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of nitrogen, multiply the amount of ammonia by 0.82. (2) To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of ammonia, multiply the amount of nitrogen by 1.21. (8) To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of ammonia, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 5. (4) To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of nitro- gen, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 6. (5) To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of nitrate of soda, multiply the nitrogen by 6. (6) To change sulphate of ammonia into an equivalent amount of ammonia, divide the amount of pure sulphate of ammonia by 4. (7) To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of sulphate of ammonia, multiply the amount of ammonia by 4. (8) To change nitrate of potash into an equivalent amount of nitrogen, divide the amount of nitrate of potash by 7.2. (0) Compounds Containing Potash. (9) To change muriate of potash into an equivalent amount of actual potash, multiply the amount of muriate by 0.63. (10) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of muriate of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 1.6. (11) To change sulphate of potash into an equivalent amount of actual potash, multiply the amount of sulphate of potash by 0.54. (12) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of sul- phate of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 1.85. (13) To change nitrate of potash into an equivalent amount of actual potash, multiply the amount of nitrate of potash by 0.46. (14) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of nitrate of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 2.15. Ruies ror Maxine Vatuations oF Unmrixep FeErrimizine MATERIALS. (a) Materials Containing Nitrogen. (1) Sulphate of Ammonia. Rule. Multiply the given per cent. of ammonia by 0.82 and this product by the price of one New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 135 pound of nitrogen in the form of ammonia (see price list on page 132.) Multiply this product by 20. Example: A sample of ammonium sulphate tests 24 per cent. ammonia; what is its commercial valuation ? 24 (per cent. of ammonia) X 0.82 = 19.68 per cent. of nitrogen. 19.68 « 181 cents = 364 cents, value of nitrogen in 100 lbs. of ammonium sulphate. 364 cents x 20 = $72.80, value of nitrogen in one ton of am- monium sulphate. (2) Witrate of Soda. ule. Multiply the test per cent. of nitrate of soda by 164 and this product by the price of one pound of nitrogen in the form of nitrates (see price-list on page 132). Multiply the last result by 20. Example: What is the valuation of one ton of nitrate of soda which tests 98 per cent. ? “ Nitrate of soda testing 98 per cent.’? means that in every 100 pounds of material there are 98 pounds of pure nitrate of soda. 0.98 x 164 = 16.17 per cent. nitrogen in nitrate of soda. 16.17 x 15 cents = 2424 cents x 20 = $48.50 a ton. When the per cent. of nitrogen is given, then the first step is omitted. (0) Materials Containing Phosphoric Acid. Rule. Multiply the given amount of available phosphoric acid by the price of one pound of soluble phosphoric acid (see price-list on page 132) and the result by 20. If the amount of insoluble phosphoric acid is given, multiply this by 40 and add to foregoing amount. Example: What is the commercial valuation of one ton of dis- solved bone-black testing 16 per cent. of available phosphoric acid ? 16 x 6 cents = 96 cents x 20 = $19.20 a ton. If this sample were known also to contain 2 per cent. of insoluble phosphoric acid, then 2 x 40 cents = 80 cents and $19.20 + 0.80 = $20. (ce) Materials Containing Potash. (1) Sulphate of Potash. Rule. Multiply the test per cent. sulphate of potash by 0.54 and the product by the price of one pound of potash in the form of sulphate (see price-list on page 132). Multiply this product by 20. 136 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE * Example: What is the commercial valuation of one ton of sul- phate of potash which tests 50 per cent. (low-grade) sulphate ? 50 x 0.54 = 27 per cent. of actual potash. 27 x 54 cents = $1.42, value of 100 pounds of sulphate of potash. $1.42 x 20 = $28.40, value of one ton of sulphate of potash test- ing 50 per cent. sulphate. Example: What is the valuation of one ton of sulphate of potash which tests 95 per cent. (high-grade) sulphate of potash ? 95 x 0.54 = 51.3 per cent. of actual potash. 51.8 x 54 cents = 269 cents x 20 = $53.80 value of one ton of sulphate of potash testing 50 per cent. sulphate. When the per cent. of actual potash is given, the first step can be omitted, and the per cent. of actual potash multiplied by the price and then by 20. (2) Muriate of Potash. Rule. Multiply the given per cent. of muriate by 0.63 and the result by the price of one pound of potash in the form of muriate (see price-list on page 132). Multiply this result by 20. Example: What is the valuation of one ton of muriate of potash testing 85 per cent. muriate ? 85 xX 0.63 = 53.55 per cent. of actual potash. 53.55 X 44 cents — 941 cents X 20 — $48.20 a ton. Sreconp Meruop ror Making ComMERcCIAL VALUATIONS oF MrIxED Frrtivizincg MATERIALS. ftule. Multiply the given per cent. of each constituent (nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash) by its iia add the products and multiply the sum by 20. Example: What is the valuation of one ton of a commercial fer- tilizer having the humauaiss: ae antee-analysis ? Nitrogen... .-.- Weel crainteeisineinsciaa/ste ALO! S WPelconite Available e Phosphor rene eree eis escola eee UOwLO) taimes _ Potash - Bae cet eiciele lola oats a el oes ee On (LORD) as In each case where a guarantee-analysis gives two figures, always use the lower, because the law takes only the lower guarantee into consideration. 2 (per cent. nitrogen) 1614 cents (price of 1lb. nitrogen) = 0.33 cents. 8 (percent. av. phos. acid) x 6 cents (price of 1 lb. av. phos. acid) = 0.48 3 (per cent. potash) X 5 cents (price of 1 lb. potash) == Osta ers Total value of 100 pounds of fertilizer = O:S6p pc 0.96 cents +420 = $19.20 a ton = New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. is Fi When the nitrogen is given in the form of ammonia, first change to equivalent of nitrogen (see (1) page 134) and then follow above rule. When the potash is given in the form of sulphate, first change to equivalent of actual potash (see (11) page 134) and then follow rule. 4. How to CatcuLtateE Amounts or MATERIALS TO BE USED IN Maxine A Home-Mape FErRTILIzEerR. There will probably be little demand for information in regard to quantities of different materials to be used in making home-made fertilizers, since the subject is treated in a specific manner on pp. 96-114. But it will, at least, be of interest to learn how different materials may be put together to make up a given formula. Suppose that we desire to make a mixture containing INTEROP Olas selina ae aise e Sats sec cicees Sern eo clone eee ay ek Cente AvatlablempnospnoriG BC... eee ee ciels sie annie einai So aoe Potashsacmperc acs sioet = cece cnyan anise noes oles acieiepeafon as Otay Suppose, in addition, that we have on hand for our purpose the following materials : Nitrate of soda containing 16 per cent. of nitrogen. Acid phosphate containing 15 per cent. of available phosphoric acid. Muriate of potash containing 50 per cent. of actual potash. How many pounds of each of these materials shall we take to make one ton of a mixture having the composition given above ? To contain 4 per cent. of nitrogen, the ton must contain 80 pounds. The material which we use contains 16 pounds of nitrogen in 100 pounds, and hence 500 pounds of nitrate of soda would be required to furnish 80 pounds of nitrogen. To contain 8 per cent. of available phosphoric acid, the ton must contain 160 pounds. Our material contains in 100 pounds 15 - pounds of available phosphoric acid and hence 1067 pounds of acid phosphate would be required to furnish 160 pounds of available phosphoric acid. To contain 10 per cent. of actual potash, the ton must contain 200 pounds. Our muriate of potash is one-half actual potash and hence 400 pounds of muriate would be required to furnish 200 pounds of actual potash. 138 Report orf THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE We should, then, have the following amounts of materials to be used for one ton of fertilizer : 500 pounds nitrate of soda 1067 pounds acid phosphate 400 pounds muriate or potash 1967 pounds of these mixed materials furnish the amount of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid we need for one ton of our formula. How shall we make the mixture up to one ton? We simply add 33 pounds of sand or other inert matter as a “filling,” and we thus obtain one ton of a fertilizer having the composition given above. By adding one more ton of filling, we should have two tons of a fertilizer of the following composition : INHER OM a AU) ete ltt wees SAS Gepeia eae SNe ele theese eee 2 per cent. Av allablexphosphOric ACids i240 Suk Seheieel eae me A | ie DESO ete as BaP 1.4.2. ors ae, 8 Lata actors wave taaah eg ame a Santas By way of further illustration, we add several formulas and the details of their make-up. No. 1. Hieu-Grapxr.— (Complete). —-— ea | Pounds of Pounds of | available | Pounds of KIND OF MATERIAL. Pounds He MERE in | phosphoric | potash in material. material. acid in material. material. Dissolved boneyblack. -ccs.- aces cose CASO |i nies a8 Hare LAOS Ors haba ipemeer Dissolved bone: mealies 20525 eee 500 1225 SSAOne ey Leer eee WricdebDloG ditions: okie ae cie em see 200 200s) \ Asse aD ae Eee ees INTETACOKOLISOGS 24a tc so cetera 200 Sos ON Seer e er eee eee Sulphate of ammonia: ..---.-....-:2 10u 20.5 ai VEEN Vive Pes pe Munate,or potash. sans ccsesccis sce ae 200) ih) Se Sas peetose 100.0 Sulphate of potash-22 2). Jae22h.. ck TOOK HT Re ASE he ie eee 50.0 * Pounds of materials. ---...---.-- 2,000 85.0 207.0 150.0 ROT COM Gee es nats ote aaa aero oe ieee 4.25 10.35 7.50 | New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139 No. 2. Meprum-Grapr.—( Complete.) Pounds of Pounderog Pounds of | available | Pounds of KIND OF MATERIAL. ‘Winterial nitrogen in | phosphoric | potash in 2 material. acid in material. material. Dissolved bone-black..---......----. M2000 sess sas 20L: 0 WWeeene cere LUD RASC) S odie co. con Gee uORO eM oae Bose 500 35-0 HOLM RSE cere IND ERATELORISNOU temecciceic toes cote le see 100 TOSOH8 Nance ek it Ra ae IMUnALeOfpOtasbs. sec. ocec cscs. 200 b eiseaasae esas se =i 100.0 Pounds of material ....-...-.-.. 2,000 51.0 254.0 100.0 IRS CGI Ges COS OSE ee eee 2.55 12.70 5.00 No. 3. Lowrer-Grapvr.—( Complete.) Pounds of Pourdsot Pounds of | available | Pounds of KIND OF MATERIAL. material, | Ditrogen in phosphoric | potash in z material. acid in material. material. Dissolved South Carolina rock ..---. PT 600:))).-2s-=--- D2AQEON|® ose cers ee Mmedteround: fish-s555.5 55-225. -5-- 150 10.5 I AU ec seaiccc INTinaberOtmsOUd ace ee ccs selects cose. 100 VGHO > fe arate see |) eee Muniateiof potash... ...2 220. 2.0258 150) sssesscs>|0 Sa. 28 75 Pounds: of material --..s-<..2.. 2,000 26.5 252.0 75 REM COILER ERC t nce cose ee eee 1.32 12.6 Set No. 4. Higuty AmmontaTeD Bone SuPERPHOSPHATE. Pouiids/of|, aeailapie''Ponadene so Vv un oO KIND OF MATERIAL. Bounds of nierogeri in Se oaphoric pataeld in materia. | material. acid in material. material. Dissolved bone-meal......-.-.------. 1,300 32.5 2277 Bil coer toate INSEMALOIOL ROOR onc... 2 cots ee sles scion 200 32-0). lyon erece eel eee Sulphate of ammonia........-....-- 200 ATO) |p iioesatcreen eos idrreal jeltiver | Ae Ske Ss ae eee ae ee 100 10-0. *|.23ees Se eee NUIOCSHA reer sass accGeln wacese 200 14.0 162 ORR lpesseeee ce Poundsyommaterialls.s..... 2-2. 2,000 129.5 PNG Ga Wo ae pee LER Th, SEOs Ee ene ee ace eae 6.48 ROS Re een wee ty ———— 140 Report or tHe AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE No. 5. Orpinary AmMonIATED Bone SuPERPHOSPHATE. KIND OF MATERIAL. Dissolved bone-black......-.-..-..--.-- INttrateomsod ate. 3c eee DY aXe GUS) as As ae et a ete Pounds of material. Pounds of Pounds of available Pounds of nitrogen in | phosphoric | potash in material. acid in ma- terial. material. No. 6. Orpinary AMMONIATED MINERAL SUPERPHOSPHATE. Pounds of Poundstol Pounds of | available | Pounds of ~ KIND OF MATERIAL. material, | Ditrogen in phosphoric | potash in ; material. acid in material. material. Dissolved South Carolina rock. -.--... S005 access 21020") | eee INGA TeLOn SOAs. cee ecosees cose 100 1630): |\eeee ee ase eee Sulphate of ammonia--.-.-..--...---- 100 20.5); [ce See eee Pounds'of material. ----- --=222 2,000 36.5 210: 04.) Zeaeeieses IB CTACOMUP oreo ake ae re eke eo oe hae ee 1.83 13250 a See see No. 7. Comprere Fertiztizer Hien ry Puospuoric Actp. KIND OF MATERIAL, Keystone concentrated phosphate. -- Dissolved South Carolina rock. ...--- Dissolved bone mesless- sess oo. 5 see Dred eiShyse oss see ee eeites = ceases Manik ye OM Meee toss caste ewecte scse -asnp-ur0y ‘[voul-JooH, Soe Sigs kaye t a | ace RE a Na agen (I N11 eel eile pligie oe FNS ENC TI peer a anne OOF 99 09E OOF 9} 09€ ha TE pas | laren eS he ea | eee oa ae ---- eyeyqdsoyd gyos eplaiopy OOL © 00 (OOOO SRE “Uae ts Se. | NOSES See Ea | RS He ene Ses resis ea a Smee OMA TMC (CE O8T 97 OST OZT 94 OOT 09 93 0S OQTROIS OP ell Siges sane coy ont eee gate git pee sg pod OF GE Siri eieh ta | Deke aalreealaas O00€ 94 006 Tbee ol See concn Ie OrkG 09 99 08 palities Smee Ate Pe oS OFT 99 OGL Seg Sate Se ess POs pOesUO LO) OST 0} O9T pase ce SOOT OSOP Tee eo a vetel cn B08 POL SS SoYse [[NY-posestoj4zo(y) 05) 503-0F pean aren Sots See ee Ih AOE SCHOOL SE eee ee Sts UkIq-10JSBD es eect egestas |, cee Reber Ae ee cece ce yc ih tata ge ec momen a oa ae ag ea OOP 93 086 OFT 99 OF ONE 1 OFZ (0) etO05 () een | einer Se oe (paalossip) [voul-on0g O9G 9} OPP OOF 99 OZE O9T 99 OZT OPEC OCH mses es cesmcicrs ‘KIOJORF on[S UloIy) [BoM-9a0g OPP OF OOP OFF 94 OOF Se neni ee GIRO OO Ice alr et ee sro 77> > (qey ULOAy 9OIJ) [BOTI-9U0g 00 9} 00F OFS 99 02S 09T 91 08 06 0} 04 POGGIO sraieisinaoesie eee -- [Reul-ou0g OOF 03 096 Ob 94 06 OOSROUO i= al taaee = ee Seo s 8 eieries nine bemo imei ocinicriirn (iO ATOSSLD) Ew B [ee UOd) OOL °F OOS OO ZO 00G =. 1 amen pipet are | gata rem a lee cag a ar oa oor = -\- (UTLy-oUll])-Sousy OL 48 acing jlPes~ arse see oe Shee SSIS: 4 cisnnae rinse sore" (TROD SHOTLUINGIG) SOUSY § 084 re meceiiem cote Alden a ee eee ome lames Ea BGOEIEI |OOGCC OD SSS DOSES OSH (foro nsyh ey Pied) (EQ (Ni 008 °9 099 00893099 =| "~~ PSS SRS: MERA SS AUEAES SS asp cies ee a8 ——<,.----- jenene 35.0 14.0 8.0 6 35 (OPUS 3563805 SSCs eo eee eee ere 40.0 16.0 12.0 7 40 ERS Ree aae clo cidsics Mac kee etic cide sic 85.0 25.0 25.0 15 25 E@ ho debe SU SUS Be See Se SD coe C er eas 35.0 16.0 11.0 6 60 Moje eAMSes saeco aie oe cls caisicse as 105.0 33.0 40.0 19 80 Sorghum ssa 2) seoae are cca sccs,ccse 30.0 16.0 8.5 5 75 Wheat, spring.---.-...-- aces ne lola 47.0 16.0 10.0 8 35 RVReat AWiINbOE Ss se jcunee sna aoe snes 45.0 15.0 10.0" 8 00 7. Mill Products. Werm=m Gallas epoca esas sicio tenes se 35.0 13.0 9.0 6 35 Worm-and-cob-meall -- s- =. -----4-=-6 - 28.0 12.0 10.0 5 30 Groundgbarl eye caso acne - stem atl siiaia 31.0 13.0 7.0 5 65 GrOUNOsORES sae Sac cot tesce assets cies 37.0 15.0 12.0 6 90 TES Ey (eave ee ene tee AD 60.0 16.0 20.0 10 80 Wer OMe sac oe a arcals Gwe eeelereis Se Se 34.0 i7/a) 13.0 6 60 Wheat flour ----.---:.--...--------- 44.0 11.0 11.0 7 70 8. Fruits. AN DIOR eacin sale cee sinccjcisieaam cici= assis 2.6 0.2 4.0 60 PSPUIC OLR As icisis sisi aaj -inicioiwicis ss atesiciocin Bas 1 6.0 95 I CKDOINICS|,<7=~ <5) sfc once cosjsionisis 3.0 2.0 4.0 1 05 (heEnlGSs sae he a= cee wae se cress 3.6 1.2 4.0 80 AGUA DOS pee a aeyeresia <2 osc s\oajcisie'eciatce stioie 3.2 1.8 5-5 85 1RORTES) 6 SOB CES aS ee etme aie a eS 2.0 0.6 126 40 IMS aset eae See Seaiee coc dicta 3.6 0.4 5.0 80 [NGS Ga oS SSS BES ee eee eee 3.2 1.4 6.2 85 VAS POOLLIGS sas) ss ja!s Sac vaieis «oo oietoinisi= 3.0 10.0 7.0 1 30 Strawiberll es s-- 222 osesacie sccsessices 3.0 2.2 6.0 85 9. Vegetables. PAS PATSO US SHQMIS wc 5 oboe vin wo cio cass sies 6.0 1.6 6.0 1 30 IBGGtS TCM! cece ccc te scoes assess ce 5.0 2.0 9.0 1 30 CONOR EE Saeeeb cadeecdbes cosece seas 7.6 2.2 9.0 1 70 WOTKOUN pescisc kis oo sits socayewionae mess 322 2.0 10.0 1 10 @auliMowerys-.s5- basemen te ceiss ose 2.6 3.2 7.2 90 WHGHMIDOIS fcc sae ote aoc victinsireciseisse 3.2 2.4 4.8 85 Iforse-ragish) Toot. <-- << <.-se--4-5-5- 7.2 1.4 23.2 2 30 Meth Og sao. ea eats c2.cccjacieclaostace 4.6 eA! 7.4 1 15 QUION Se seeees stace ss se te ccc cc cssecces 2.8 1.0 2.0 55 PATS UPR eee ee oe cuiscose le duemeuase ; 4.4 4.0 Its. 1 50 BOSS VOandOiedte sce) sjo cic cies casas 71.6 16.8 20.2 12 60 Reasmwoole plants. -lc----1-- cs ace 50.0 12.0 40.0 10 10 Pumpkins, whole fruit ......-...---- 2.2 3.2 2.0 60 Rhubarb, stems and leaves...------- 2.6 0.4 7.2 75 SPINACH esas se eke ce ceiele 2 sisSeiseni 10.0 3.2 5.4 1 95 Sieeu COMMICOBS a secic oie ss cine) asic me's 4.2 1.0 4.4 90 Dweeu Com DUSKS!)-\ccisece sasse a6 =e 3.6 1.4 4.4 85 148 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Datry Propvucts—Farm Anrmats—By-propucts AND WASTE MarTerrAts. Pounds of zante Bae ounds 0 mate fer- Funds ef | phosphoric | Pugs of | "ting one ton. eciduwene one ton. eee pounds. 9. Vegetables — (Concluded). Saveet corm kernels. i. 0. .. lao jee 9.2 That 4.8 $1 70 Sweeucormistallks) 22.202 2eoc- eemeeee 5.6 2.8 8.2 1 40 Momatoes winuitee sons - 242 escin eee 3.2 1.0 5.4 80 Momatoessavines |: S225 05504 eee 6.4 1.4 10.0 1 55 10. Dairy Products. Biber eas. sas ccs suos seen a ete tee 220u} Lees Seer sates 30 Buttermilk | eee. cl ses oc cee 10.0 3.0 2.0 07/55 Cheese, whole-milk_.-=.2) 22... 525. 75.0 15.0 6.0 12 30 Cheeses half-skime sun. +2 os. cs ante ns 105.0 15.0 6.0 16 380 Cheese, separator-skim --.../....-.- 150.0 15.0 6.0 23 5D ren ett se RaW a AN 10.0 3.0 2.0 1 75 IME ee) of Se ele aay les a 10.0 6.0 3.5 2 00 Skamlem ile eerie scenes scieree Gee 10.0 7.0 4.0 2 05 AWWA Olen chee store io eins. Nove baiots siete 2.5 6.0 3.0 85 11. Farm Animals ISICE SoS S Bek SISO REE A Atsert cee tra ae 72.0 8.6 10.4 11 75 Caley ae Me Sacro cicresse see cea we seen 50.0 27.6 5.0 9 15 OS jae are = Sta He ee So ee 53.2 37.2 3-5 10 00 Gee aical atsine: cer ae nee sake Save ees 40.0 9.0 18 0 7 35 SHEED eee ree eee ree ee eee 45.0 24.5 3.0 8 15 12. By-products and Waste Materials. AD ple=pOMAGe ese snes creases ceseee 4.6 0.4 2.6 85 Buckwheat middlings. --....--...--- 28.0 14.0 7.0 5 25 Cormn=Copsie ee cae eee neces seeker 10.0 1.2 12.0 2 15 Cottonseed hulls...-...-%..--2-- 2.22 15.0 3.6 21.6 3 50 Cottonseed-meal..-.----- oh ee 133.0 54.0 36.0 24 45 Glucose refuse (starch feed)... wisi 52.4 6.0 3.0 8 30 Gluten-meal . Spiele lace eee 100.0 6.5 1.0 15 40 ECan et I 32.6 20.0 10.0 | 6 40 Hop refuse - Sawaal mas 20.0 4.0 2.0 3 30 Linseed- meal, old process. wear atelaietere 110.0 33.0 27.0 19 50 Linseed-meal, new process...-..--.- 115.0 37.0 28.0 20 50 Malt sprouts «-....2--2+202020 20005 (ale 29.0 33.0 13.15 Oat-bran . Data iaie 2 tie aerate 45.0 22.0 13.0 8 50 Rye-bran. - A Neh Ree mE EM 46.5 | 46.0 28.0 10 65 Rye- middlings .- : Bees 37.0 25.0 16.0 7 60 Spent brewers grains, dry... ak aa ed 61.0 25.0 31.0 11.95 Spent brewers Statue RViehieg =. boc 18.0 6.0 1.0 3 05 Wiheatabranysss: 26 fsemesieccie cle ts 55.0 58.0 32.0 12 75 Wheat-middlings - Ree ee sleeve 53.0 19.0 | 12.5 9 50 = New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 XIV. The New York Fertilizer Law and its Meaning. The legislative enactment in regard to the purchase and sale of fertilizers in this State became a law on May 24, 1890. Its execu- tion was placed in the charge of the Geneva Experiment Station, which, in July, 1890, organized the work and began active oper- ations. ‘The first prosecution begun under the provisions of this law was successful in the County Court, but, on appeal to the Supreme Court, was thrown out on account of a technical defect in one portion of the law. This defect was remedied by an amend- ment which became operative May 9, 1894. The Station was, therefore, unable to carry out prosecutions under the law of 1890, and the first opportunity to execute, in this respect, the provisions of the amended law came with the samples collected in the summer and fall of 1894. During the summer and fall of 1894, 165 samples of fertilizers were collected, out of which eleven brands fell so far below the guaranteed analysis as to call for prosecution on the part of the Station. These cases were distributed as follows: two each in Oneida, Monroe and Yates counties; one each in Erie and Albany counties; and three in New York city. The witnesses of the Station appeared before different grand juries and succeeded in securing several indictments. The goods in these cases showed a deficiency, expressed in money value, varying all the way from $1.50 to $6 per ton. Two brands were deficient in potash alone; five in phosphoric acid alone; one in both potash and nitrogen ; and three in both phosphoric acid and nitrogen. . Since July, 1890, there have been collected and analyzed over 2,300 samples of commercial fertilizers. There are now on the Station books the addresses of over 120 firms doing business in this State. Of these there are 53 firms whose goods are manufactured in other States. Since October, 1890, there have been published 16 fertilizer bul- letins containing 660 pages. Of each of these an average of more than 15,000 copies has been distributed among the farmers of this State, making an aggregate of 11,000,000 pages. In June, 1895, the following circular was sent to all manufac- turers of fertilizers selling goods in this State : We desire to call your special attention to some points regarding the New York Fertilizer Law, about which there appears to be more or less confusion in the minds of manufacturers and dealers. 150 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE First. Form or STATEMENT oF GUARANTEE-ANALYSIS. 1. Nitrogen.—In a guarantee-analysis, the law permits statement in the form of ether nitrogen or ammonia, or in both forms at once. 2. Phosphoric Acid.—In order to comply with section 1 of the law, two forms of phosphoric acid must be stated in a guarantee- analysis, both soluble phosphoric acid and available phosphoric acid. To give only available phosphoric acid, or to give only total phos- phorie acid is a clear violation of the provisions of the law, provided other forms are present. There is nothing in the law to prevent the statement of reverted phosphoric acid, or insoluble phosphoric acid, or total phosphoric acid im addition to the soluble and avail- able forms; but these two latter forms, soluble and available phos- phorie acid, must both be stated when present. 3. Potash.—In a guarantee-analysis, potash (K,O) soluble im dis- tilled water must be given. There is no provision which would prevent one expressing the equivalent of potash (K,O) in the form of sulphate or muriate of potash 7m addition to potash (K,O); but, if only one form is given, it must always be that of potash (K,O) soluble in distilled water. To state only the amount of sulphate of potash or muriate of potash, or to use alone such expressions as “ potash s.” or “ potash sul.” is a clear violation of the provisions of the law. 4. Suggested Form of Statement of Guarantee-Analysis.—For the sake of uniformity and simplicity, we suggest to manufacturers of fertilizers the following form of statement of guarantee-analysis as one which will be accepted by this Station as conforming with the provisions of the law: INMMROG ANAS 54 He SoSseeeaosodcos Se - per cent. Solublemphosphorictacid 2 sassaceesaceee cect acres a Awl blepmosphoric, LCG sears aelealsaeloloe/ st Haley Mi Tole (UO) se s5h5 Gono eeacsocsesaue sesooRds £2. oasis sé In place of nitrogen or in addition to it, may be given the amount of ammonia equivalent to nitrogen in a fertilizer. The other forms of phosphoric acid (reverted, insoluble and total) may be added. In case no available phosphoric acid is pres- ent, then total alone may be stated. The equivalent of potash (K,O) in the form of sulphate or muri- ate of potash may be stated in addition. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 151 Omission to state the guarantee of any constituent will be inter- preted as meaning that that constituent is not present in the fer- tilizer and it will be so stated in our future bulletins. Srconp. VARIABLE Limits IN STATEMENT OF PERCENTAGE CoMPOSITION. In the interest of clearness and simplicity, we suggest that manufacturers give only the one figure representing the lower limit of guarantee instead of stating a lower and upper limit. Several manufacturers have voluntarily adopted this system already. Hereafter, in our publication of guarantee-analyses, we shall state only the lower limit, because this is the only figure officially recog- nized by us as representing the guarantee. Tuirp. Name or MANUFACTURER ON PACKAGES. The law says in section 1: ‘A legible statement of the analysis of the goods and oF THE PERSON, FIRM OR CORPORATION WHO HAVE MANUFACTURED THE SAME, Bhall be on or attached to each package of fertilizer offered for sale for use in this State. We have recently found numerous violations of this clearly stated provision of the law, no name of manufacturer being given. Agents will be held responsible for handling goods whose packages are not properly marked, when such goods are manufactured by parties residing outside of the State. Fourtu. GuARANTEE-ANALY8IS ON SMALL PACKAGES. A special investigation by our agent shows that it is a universal practice to omit altogether stating any guarantee-analysis on pack- ages of fertilizers put up in small quantities of a few pounds or less, especially such a8 are sold for use on house-plants. This isa clear violation of the law and in all such cases found by our agent in the future the law will be strictly enforced. Firra ANNUAL STATEMENT. Attention is called to the second section of the law, which pro- vides that manufacturers and certain agents “ shall between the first and twentieth days of July, a each year, furnish the Director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, a list of the commercial fertilizers they manufacture or offer for sale 152 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE for use in this State, with the names or brands by which they are known on the market, and the several percentages of nitrogen or its equivalent of ammonia, or phosphoric acid, both soluble and availa- ble and of potash, ete.” We call the attention of the manufacturers of fertilizers to these provisions of the law and ask their co-operation in helping us to earry them out effectually. It is the intention of the Station to prosecute vigorously all such violations of the law as those alluded to above, whenever they come to our knowledge. We shall regard it as a favor if any one will call our attention to violations of the law which come within their knowledge. By order of the Board of Control, L. L. VAN SLYKE, Acting Director. New York State Fertilizer Law. CHAP. 437. An Acr for the protection and education of farmers and manu- facturers in the purchase and sale of fertilizers. Approved by the Governor May 24, 1890. Passed, three-fifths being present. This act was amended by CHAP. 601, LAWS OF NEW YORK. Aw Acr to amend chapter four hundred and thirty-seven of the Laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, entitled ‘An act for the protection and education of farmers and manufacturers in the purchase and sale of fertilizers.” Became a law May 9, 1894, with the approval of, the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. Chapter 437 as amended by chapter 601, Laws of New York, reads as follows: Amendments are in italics. § 1. All commercial fertilizers which shall be offered for sale, to be used in this state, shall be accompanied by an analysis stating the percentages contained therein, of nitrogen or its equivalent of ammonia, of soluble and available phosphoric acid, the available phosphoric acid either to be soluble in water or in a neutral solution. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 of citrate of ammonia as determined by the methods agreed upon by the American Society of Agricultural Chemists, and of potash soluble in distilled water. A legible statement of the analysis of the goods and of the person, firm or corporation, who have manu- Jactured the same, shall be printed on or attached to each package of fertilizer offered for sale for use in this state, and where fertilizers are sold in bulk, to be used in this state, an analysis shall accompany the same, with an affidavit that it is a true representation of the contents of the article or articles. § 2. Manufacturers residing in this state, and agents or sellers of fertilizers made by persons residing outside the limits of this state, shall between the first and twentieth days of July, in each year, furnish to the director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Geneva, a list of the commercial fertilizers they manufacture or offer for sale for use in this state, with the names or brands by which they are known on the market, and the several percentages of nitrogen or its equivalent of ammonia, of phosphoric acid, both soluble and available, and of potash either single or com- bined, contained in said fertilizer, as called for in section one of this act. Whenever any fertilizer or fertilizing ingredients are shipped or sold in bulk, for use by farmers in this state, a statement must be sent to the director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Geneva, giving the name of the goods so shipped, and accompanied with an affidavit from the seller, giving an analysis of such percentage guaranteed. § 3. Whenever a correct chemical analysis of any fertilizer offered for sale in this state shall show a deficiency of more than one- third of one per centum of nitrogen or its equivalent of am- monia, or one-half of one per centum of available phosphoric acid or one-half of one per centum of potash soluble in distilled water, such statements shall be deemed false within the meaning of this act. This act shall apply to all articles of fertilizers offered or exposed for sale for use in the state of New York, the selling price of which is ten dollars per ton or higher, and of which they are part or parcel, and of any element into which they enter as fer- tilizing materials, among which may be enumerated nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dissolved bone black and bone black undis- solved, any phosphate rock, treated or untreated with sulphuric or other acids, ashes from whatever source obtained, potash salts of all 154 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE kinds, fish scraps, dried or undried, also all combinations of phos- phorie acid, nitrogen or potash, from whatever source obtained, as well as every article that is or may be combined for fertilizing pur- poses. § 4. All manufacturers or dealers exposing or offering for sale in this state fertilizers containing roasted leather or any other form of inert nitrogenous matter shall, in legible print, state the fact on the package in which the fertilizers are exposed or offered for sale. § 5. Every person, firm or corporation violating any of the pro- visions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof, for the first offense be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, and for the second offense by double the amount, in the discretion of the court ; such fines to be paid to the officer whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of this act, to be used by him for that purpose, and to be accounted for to the comptroller. § 6. The Director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Geneva is charged with the enforcement of the provisions of this act, and shall prosecute in the name of the people for violation thereof ; and for that purpose he may employ agents, counsel, chemists and experts, and the court of special sessions shall have concurrent jurisdiction to hear and determine charges for violating the provisions of this act committed in their respective . counties, subject to the power of removal provided in Cue one of title six of the code of criminal procedure. § 7. And the said Director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, or his duly authorized agents, shall have full access, egress and ingress to all places of business, factories, buildings, cars, vessels, or other places where any manufactured fertilizer is sold, offered for sale or manufactured. Such Director shall also have the power to open any package, barrel or other thing containing manufactured fertilizer, and may take therefrom sufh- cient Pitiplene and whenever any such fertilizer is so taken for samples, it may be divided into different portions, and one or more portion sealed in such a way that it can not be opened without upon examination giving evidence of having been opened to the person sealing the same, and delivered to the person from whom said sample is taken, and to any other person that may be agreed upon, by the said director, or his agents, who takes the same and the person from New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155 whom it is taken, which portion so delivered may upon consent of the parties be delivered to a chemist for the purpose of being analyzed other than the chemist employed by said Director. § 8. The sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be used by said Director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, as shall be authorized by the board of control thereof, in enforcing the provisions of this act. Said sum shall be paid to said Director by the treasurer upon the warrant of the comptroller, upon vouchers, to be approved by the comptroller, in such sums and at such times as said Director may require, who shall file a statement for what purposes he desires the same. § 9. Agents, representatives or sellers of manufactured fertilizers or fertilizing material made or owned by parties outside of this state, and offered for sale for use in this state, shall conform to the pro- visions of this act, and shall be subject to its penalties, and in all particulars shall take the place of their non-resident principals. § 10. Chapter two hundred and twenty-two of the laws of eigh- teen hundred and seventy-eight is hereby repealed. § 11. This act shall take effect immediately. 156 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE XV. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Collected during the Spring of 1895. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. During the spring of 1895, there were collected 260 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 232 different brands. Of these 232 different brands, 221 contained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.65 to 12.25 per cent. The average of all the guarantee-analyses was 2.70 per cent. of nitrogen, while the average amount found by the Station analysis was 2.79 per cent. There were 200 brands which contained available phosphoric acid, varying in amount from 0.95 to 19.14 per cent. The average amount of available phosphoric acid found by Station analysis ex- ceeded the average guarantee-analyses by 0.62 per cent., the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 7.97 per cent. and the average actually found being 8.59 per cent. There were 205 brands which contained potash, varying from 0.53 to 32.44 per cent. The average amount of potash found by our analysis exceeded the average guarantee-analysis by 0.45 per cent., the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 4.90 per cent., and the average actually found being 5.35 per cent. The retail price of the brands analyzed varied from $13 to $150 a ton and averaged $31.43. Of the 232 different brands collected, 136 were below the manu- facturer’s guarantee-analysis in one or more constitutents, in amounts - varying from 0.01 to 3.78 per cent. The amount of nitrogen was below the guarantee-analysis of the manufacturer in 73 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 3.24 per cent. and averaging 0.36 per cent. In 44 of the 73 brands, the deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent.; in 10 brands, it was over 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 11 brands, it was over 0.50 and below 1 per cent. ; in 6 brands, the deficiency was over 1 and below 2 per cent.; and in 2 brands, it was over 3 per cent. The amount of phosphoric acid was below the manufacturer’s guarantee-analysis in 56 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.06 to 3.78 per cent. and averaging 0.66 per cent. In 20 of the 56 brands, the deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent.; in 13 cases, it was above New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 11 brands, it was above 0.50 and below 1 per cent.; in 7 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 2 per cent. ; in 3 brands, it was above 2 and below 3 per cent. ; and in 2 cases, it was above 3 per cent. The amount of potash was below the manufacturer’s guarantee- analysis in 41 different brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 3.56 per cent. and averaging 0.57 per cent. In 14 of the 41 brands, the deficiency was below 0.25 per cent.; in 10 brands, it was above 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent. ; in 13 brands, it was above 0.50 and below 1 per cent.; in 2 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 2 per cent.; and in 1 brand it was over 3 per cent. RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by MANUFACTURER. Acme Fertilizer Co., Acme Fertilizer Co., Acme Fertilizer Co., Maspeth, L. I.) Alafia River M. L. Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Albert, H. & E., Biebrich, Germany. Albert, H. & E., Biebrich, Germany. Albert, H. & E., Biebrich, Germany. Armour & Co., Armour & Co., Armour & Co., Armour & Co., n vo Trade name of Locality where <= brand. sample was taken.| .2 5 3 2) Acme Fertilizer | Parkville. 1,778 Maspeth, L.I.| No.1. | Acme Fertilizer | Parkville. ee) Maspeth, L. I.) No. 2. Potato fertilizer. | Bridgehamp- 1,881 ton. Florida ground pone and pot- Syracuse. 1,904 ash. Highly concen- trated horti- | New York city. | 1,891 cultural ma- nure. Highly concen- trated special | New York city. | 1,892 garden ma- nure. Highly concen- Mes ated feaik New York city. | 1,893 tree manure. All soluble. Oswego. 2,022 Chicago, Il. Ammoniated Oswego. 2,021 Chicago, 11.| bone and pot- ash. : Bone and blood. | Oneida. 1,926 Chicago, Il. Oswego. 2,020 Pure bone meal. | Oswego. 2,023 Chicago, Il. Raw bone meal. | Oswego. 2,024 Armour & Co., Chicago, II. REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1895, chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. yee cavalleule otal nde ateewoldule Retail sell- 100 pounds of phosphoric phoric acid | potash in 100 | ing price ebay (ey aes a omeeace | euaae ot | eee ae Guaranteed. 3.70 Shed eee cs 9 Found. 3.44 6.15 8.01 9.89 $35 00 Below guarantee. 0.26 1.85 Guaranteed. 4.95 SF = ua i eee Found. 3.70 5.52 7.72 5.24 35 00 Below guarantee.| 1.25 2.48 Guaranteed, SL OUn eee see 7 9 Found. 3.31 5.85 9.18 8.12 36 00 Relow guarantee. 0.88 Guacanbeodse, |v Gist li. ‘secon 16 3 Found. 5.45 15.47 3.53 22 00 Below guarantee. 0.53 Guaranteed. 12 13 13 21 Found. 11.33 14.23 14.44 19.84 150 00 Below guarantee. 0.67 } 1.16 Guaranteed. 13.25 11.50 11.50 26 Found. 12.25 11.438 11.43 25 .32 120 00 Below guarantee. 1.00, 0.07 0.07 0-68 | Guaranteed. 6 18 18 36 Found. 5.97 19.14 19.14 32.44 120 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 3.56 Guaranteed. 2.90 8 11 4 Found, 3-30 7.67 12.29 3.58 392 00 Below guarantee, 0.33 0.42 Guaranteed. 2.05 6 8 1.10 Found. 2.35 6.48 10.27 1.60 26 00 Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Saul a Wee 10 Found. 5.60 6.50 13.60 27 00 29 00 Below guarantee. 0.15 Guaranteed. 2: 90) i iusceses 22.90 Found. 2.28 7/430 26.70 29 00 Below guarantee. 0.62 Guaranteed. SEOs tare 22 Found. 3-96 6.84 25.81 30 00 160 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resuirs or ANALYSES oF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by i Oo 2 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. cance oanee 8 5 s a Armour Packing Co., Beef bone fine | Oneida. 1,941 Kansas City, Mo.} ground. Armour Packing Co., Blood and bone. | Oneida. 1,940: Kansas City, Mo. Armour Packing Co., Fine ground beef | Oneida. 1,931 Kansas City, Mo.} bone. Baker, H. J. & Bro., Complete cab- | Parkville. 1,781 New York city.) bage manure. Baker, H. J. & Bro., Complete potato | Parkville. 1,780 New York city.| manure. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- | Lyons. 2,009: Boston, Mass.} solved bone. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Farm and gar- | Rome. 1,908 Boston, Mass.} den phosphate. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Orient. 1,852 Boston, Mass. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Lyons. 2,011 Boston, Mass. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Potato and vege- table manure. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Stockbridge man- ure for potatoes and vegetables, East Williston. | 1,832 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Sure crop. Lyons. 2,008 Jamaica. 1,816. Lyons. 2,010 Cazenovia. 1,945. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 LECTED IN New York State Durine tHE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. ee oeeeaeononaoeaqoaqoqqoaqaeaeeee—e—e—e—e—e—e—e—ee—e—eeseSeS a Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 100 pounds of phosphoric | phoric acid potash in 100 | ing price fertilizer acid in 100 Ibs.| in 100 pounds pounds of per ton. : of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. B98.) Sage 25.20 Found. 3.78 9.02 23.04 $26 00 Below guarantee. 2.16 Guaranteed. BRIO) |e te eee 14.65 Found. 5.52 7.79 13.72 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.67 0.93 Guaranteed. 3.34 9 25 Found. 2.42 13.99 28.34 27 00 Below guarantee. 0.92 Guaranteed. 4.70 ts eee a Found. 4.58 6.24 6.24 7.89 38 00 Below guarantee. 0.12 Guaranteed. 3.30 Bae THT a a 10 37 00 Found. 3.46 6.26 6.26 10.84 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 28 00 Found. 2.09 8.86 Pr) 2.48 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 9 © Found. 1.82 6.96 11.68 2.28 29 00 Below guarantee. : 1.04 Guaranteed. 2.50 12 2 9» © Found. 2.24 10.61 13253 2.42 39 00 Below guarantee. 0.26 Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 2 30 00 Found. 2.29 8.08 11.19 rerfal Guaranteed. 2.50 8 10 4 Found. 2.48 9 86 12.90 4.47 33 00 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.02 Guaranteed. 3.30 6 8 tf Found, 325Z 8.92 10.22 6.94 36 00 45 00 Below guarantee. ye 0.06 #2) Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 1 25 00 Found. 1.09 10.06 14.09 1.42 162 REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES oF CommeErciAL Frrtimizers Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by MANUFACTURER. Trade pene or Locality where sample was taken. tion number Sta Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co.,* Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Chemical Company of Canton, Baltimore, Md. Clark’s Cove Guano Co., New York City. Clark’s Cove Guano Co., New York City. Clark’s Cove Guano Co., New York City. Clark’s Cove Guano Co., New York City. Ammoniated dis- | Rome. solved bones. Complete ma- ane nure for pota- | Flatlands. toes and veg- etables. Complete ma- nure for pota- | Canastota, toes and veg- etables. Farmers’s new | East Williston. method. Niagara phos- | Lyons. phate. Patent super- phosphate of Greenport. lime. Potato manure. East Williston. Ammoniated bone super- Skaneateles. phosphate. Atlas bone phos- | Moravia. phate. Bay State fertil- | Moravia. izer. Defiance com- | Utica. plete fertilizer. | Moravia. Great Planet | Flatlands. “A” manure. _ © oS ~ New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163 LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Pounds of available phosphoric Pounds of nitrogen in 100 pounds of fertilizer. of fertilizer. Pounds of total phos- Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of water-soluble phoric acid in} potash in 100 acid in 100 lbs.| 100 pounds of fertilizer. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guarauteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. pounds of fertilizer. Retail sel- ling’ price per ton. $29 00 36 00 33 00 26 00 36 00 33 00 28 00 164 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALysis OF CommMeERcIAL Ferrtinizers Cot- Composition of fertilizers guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by | E MANUFACTURERS. Trade name or brand. ieee £ A etna s 2 3 A Clark’s Cove Guano Co., | Great Planet ‘‘B”) Flatlands. 1,788 New York City.) manure. Clark’s Cove Guano Co., King Philip Alka-| Utiea. . 1,896 New York City.| line guano. Canastota. 1,939 Unicorn ammoni- ; Clark’s Cove Guano Co. : _| Utiea. 1,898 New York City. ee Say 0 Moravia. 1,962 phate. Coe, E. Frank, pee PLE OUTS Cazenovia. 1,948 NowiVork Cit bone super-phos- Wy J: phate. Coe, E. Frank, Dissolved bone. | Skaneateles. 2,033 New York City. Coe, E. Frank, Exeelsior potato} Parkville. 1,777 New York City.| fertilizer. Coe, E. Frank, Gold brand Excel-| Orient. 1,842 New York City.) sior guano. Coe, E. Frank, Heals ten ERE MT yon, 1,995 New York City. Tyas tomas D phate. Coe, E. Frank, Red brand Exeel-| Parkville. | 1,776 New York City.) sior guano. | Orient. 1,841 Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Ammoniated bone 1,972 Buftalo, N. Y.| super-phosphate | Medina. a : Ammoniated rac- Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., : p | 1,986 P tical s -phos- : z Buffalo, N. Y. phate! ae PONOS"| Medina, ; : Ammoniated| p Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co. | Jamaica 1,817 g wheat and corn Medina 1 o71 Buffalo, N. Y. ! phosphate. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 165 LECTED IN New York State Durine THE SprineG or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. : P d ee ds of to-| P ds of Pounds es ae Atlale real ios: y water-colenie tr Eakin of i phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in 100 Oe ailis OF fer | acid in 100 lbs. | 100 pounds of | pounds of fer- tulizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer. tilizer. Guaranteed. 4.95 5 7 7 Found. 4.76 6.23 7.45 8.43 Below guarantee. 0.19 Guaranteed. 115) 6 7 3 Found. 1.44 6 46 9.60 5305: Guaranteed. 1.85 8.50 10 2.25 Found. 1.93 8.78 12-135 2227 Guaranteed. 1.00 9 10 1 Found. i138} 10.49 13.85 135) Guaranteed. (SRA TE irate et Je Found. 13.62 16.12 Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 Found. 2.88 8.23 8.93 8.93 Guaranteed. 2.50 8 6 Found. 2.39 8.68 10.69 5.92 Below guarantee. 0.11 0.08 Guarauteed. 165 8 9 1.35 Found. 2.08 9.63 12.60 T2832) Below guarantee. 0.03 Guaranteed. 3.30 9 10 6 Found. 3.18 8.45 9.28 5.90 Below guarantee. 0.12 0.55 0.10 Guaranteed. 2.90 10 iil it Found. 3.01 9.86 10.95 1.20 Below guarantee. 0.14 Guaranteed. 0.83 8 | 9 1 Found. eae: Sail. 10.32 1.38 Guaranteed. 2.05 10 11 1.60 Found. Paw. 0) 10.05 11222 1.89 Results expressed in parts per hundred. Retail sell- ing price per ton. $37 00 30 00 24 00 17 00 38 00 32 00 27 00 36 00 35 00 30 00 24 00 35 00 28 00 166 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrrRtiILtizers Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mauufacturers, and as found by ———— Darling, L. B. 5 Q MANUFACTURERS. Trade name or brand.| 0c ts vas thie, 38 oS a Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Cereal phosphate.} Scriba. Buffalo, N. Y. Crocker fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Hanlon Brothers, | Medina. 1,969 Buffalo,N. Y.| special phos- phate. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | New rival am- | Albion. 1,985 Buffalo, N. Y-| moniated super- phosphate. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co. Onion, celery and | Canastota. 1,934 Bufialo, N. Y-| potato fertilizer. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., Potato, hop and | Jamaica. 1,818 Buffalo, N. Y. tobaceo phos- phate. ‘Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Special bean fer- | Medina. 1,970 Buffalo, N. Y. tilizer. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Special potato | Medina. 1,973 Buffalo, N. Y.| manure. Seriba. 2,027 Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Fruit and vine, Seriba. 2,026 Portland, Me. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Guano. Seriba. 2,025 Portland, Me. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Seeding-down fer-| Rome. Portland, Me.| _ tilizer. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Super-phosphate. ; Southampton. Portland, Me. Rome. Fine ground bone.| New Suffolk. Below guarantee. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 167 LECTED IN New York State DvrineG THE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 5 P P . available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- WWOponnde of ee phoric acid ae ” ing price Ae acid in 1 s. ounds 0 ounds o per ton. fertilizer. [oF fertilizer. fertilizer. Forilizen. Guaranteed. 8 9 3.24 Found. 8.94 11.38 3°75 |.5 wounee Guaranteed. 10 1a 8 Found. 9.79 10.75 9.11 25 00 Below guarantee. 0.21 Guaranteed. 10 11 if 26 00 Found. 10.22 12.59 1.81 Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed, Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. 168 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMeERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mannfacturers and as found by MANUFACTURER. Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. J Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. Trade name or brand. Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. Y. Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, Montclair, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse. N. Y. Locality where sample was taken. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Cabbage manure. | Jamaica. Corn and grain | Jamaica. manure. Farm manure. Jamaica. Long Island spe- | Jamaiea. cial. Market garden | Jamaica. manure. Potato manure. | Jamaica. Fair and Square. | Syracuse. Lot No. 10. Skaneateles. Lot No. 4. Skaneateles. Lot No. 5. Skaneateles. Reaper brand. Syracuse. Standard am- Syracuse. moniated bone phosphate. number. Station 2,030 2,031 2,032 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169 LECTED IN New Yorx Strate Durine tHe Serine or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results ecpressed in parts per hundred. —_ f 124 ls ef | Poundsofto-| P Is of ; Eaeeseent available elie. waterealaple Retail sell- Be Pe igate phosphoric | phoric acid | potashin 100] ing price Pertilic 5 acid in 1001bs. | in 100 lbs. of | pounds of fer-| per ton. PE ee of fertilizer. | fertilizer. tilizer. Guaranteed. 4.95 5 6 5 Found. 4.94 By) 6.55 5.33 $34 00 Below guarantee. 0.01 | Guaranteed. 3-30 9 10 5.50 Found. 3.39 9.26 9.66 5.14 32 00 Below guarantee. | 0.36 Guaranteed. 2.50 10 a1 2.50 Found. 2.80 10.75 11.27 2.45 29.50 Below guarantee, 0.05 Guaranteed. 3.48 7.50 8.50 8 34 00 Found. 4.92 7.60 9.33 9.88 Guaranteed. 3.30 7 8 7 Found. 3.39 6.41 8.39 10 32 00 Below guarantee. | 0.59 Guaranteed. 2 50 6.50 7.50 6 Found. 2.57 4.52 9.70 3.57 29.50 Below guarantee. 2.43 Guaranteed, 2.50 7 8 0.54 Found. 2.99 6.49 9.67 O253 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.51 0.01 | Guaranteed. Zig Salt arse ees 17 00 Found. 12.26 13.02 = eae Comal PG Guaranteed. 14.15 14.89 18 00 Found. Guaranteed. MORRT ie wees 5 | as Found. 9353 LOS 5.94 | 23 00 Below guarantee. 0.47 Mo Guaranteed . 1.65 5.50 7.50 4.30 Found. 1.22 5.65 8.01 3.45 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.48 0.85 | Guaranteed. 0.383 9 gill 3.25 Found. 0.65 10.07 11.72 3.01 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.18 0.24 170 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resuutts or ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FrERriuizErs Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by z : 2 MANUFACTURER Pree | seem aeaae 3 n Farmers’ Fertilizer Co. Standard special | Syracuse. 1,960 Syracuse, N. Y.| formula. ; ; Home-made bone Finster, John, TaN Eagle phos- Rome. 1,906 Wiel ate phate. Forrester, Geo. B., Complete cab- | Bensonhurst. 1,785 New York City.| bage manure. Forrester, Geo. B., Complete potato | Bensonhurst. 1,784 New York City.|} manure. Jamaica. 1,805 Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., General garden | Flatbush. Iss) Rutland, Vt.} special. Southold. 1,848 Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co CHRONO Rue aia Mattituck 1,874 y Mattituck ONY. ers’ club fertil- , Dr izer. are Sa fe Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Lupton’s potato | Mattituck. 1,865 Mattituck, N. Y.| manure. Haliock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Mattituck fertil- | Mattituck. 1,864 Mattituck, N. Y.} izer. Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., No. 1 for pota- | Mattituck. 1,861 Mattituck, N. Y.| toes. Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., No. 2. for cab- | Mattituck. 1,862 Mattituck, N. Y.| bage. Phelps cabbage, ae Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., grain and veg- | Flatlands. 1,793 Mattituck, N. Y.| etable fertil- ; izer. oe Phelps challenge Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., brand, grain} Jamaica. 1,821 Mattituck, N.Y.) and vegetable i fertilizer. chemical analysis at this Station. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found, Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found, Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guarantced. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found Below guarantee. Guaranteed. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 171 LECTED IN New York Strate During THE Spring or 1895. Results expressed in parts per hundred. SS Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Sloped available total phos. | water-soluble | Retail sel- {to pounde of |, usPHONE, | phonic acid in| potash In 100| ling. price fertilizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer, ertilizer. BOP nee 0.83 8 10 DES 0875 TEGO 8.86 1.28 $23 00 0.08 Re 0.33 on 0.87 2.50 8 9 2 0.78 8 11.12 1.18 25 00 eye 0.82 4.50 i A ee? 6.50 38 00 5.24 7.23 1.23 9.67 3.70 Heb yess 10 37 00 o290 ede | Tes 10.66 38 00 3.30 Ce | Sire aa 8 3.60 6.60 leak 7.93 34 00 36 00 0.07 4.10 olny Allah papier oesate ees 10 3.87 7.55 8.17 11.18 29 00 0.23 0.45 Sea) Hal (ik acer ee So tdi 9 3.12 6.70 T32 10.19 32 00 0.18 SSO MAGS 5 7 28 00 3.58 4.68 5.32 fe26 3.30 a ti 9 33 00 3.87 8.06 8.21 10.99 4.10 CG RES | er ime See 4.31 iol 7.70 5.64 33. 00 0.36 ae 7 6.74 6.64 36 00 0.36 6 6.33 33 00 Found. Below guarantee. 172 ReEporT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvuts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by HB - : oO : 2 T Trad Locality where | MANUFACTURERS. m prand ane eariple os taken.| 2 : 3 D Phelps Challenge aie Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., brand potato | Flatlands. Lge Mattituck, N. Y. vegetable fer- tilizer No. 2. Ge Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Special garden | Mattituck. 1,863 Mattituck, N. Y.| fertilizer. Hendrickson, Isaac C., High grade fer- | Jamaica. 1,803 Jamaica, N. Y.| _ tilizer. Hendrickson, Isaae C., Long Island fer- | Jamaica. 1,804 Jamaica, N. Y. tilizer. , Ammoniated : Hess,8.M. & Bro., , bone. super- Bridgehamp- 1,885 Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. ton. Hess, 8. M. & Bro., Ground bone. Bridgehamp- 1,884 Philadelphia, Pa. ton. Hess, 8. M. & Bro. Keystone (us, | Mathiinck.) ” linen Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. Hess, 8S. M. & Bro., Potato and truck | Southold. 1,851 Philadelphia, Pa.| manure. Imperial Guano Co., regs lag Pe || ollie: 1,823 Norfolk Vasiy cio eee ? toes and truck. Imperial Guano Co., Quick top dress- | Hollis. 1,822 Norfolk, Va. ing for spinach. Imperial Guano Co., 7 per cent. guano ; Flatbush. 1,783 Norfolk, Va.) for potatoes. Hollis. 1,824 Imperia] Guano Co., 10 per cent. | Flatlands. 1,782 Norfolk, Va.) guano. Hollis. 1,833 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LEcrtED IN New York State Dvurine THE Sprine or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. \ 173 Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of nitrogen in available | total phos- | water-soluble; Retail sel- CO ier or | PHOREI rr, | Have seid ia | oraeh in 100) tne Gate “ys idl nas 0 ids . fertilizer. of Wertilizer fertilizer. vertiliver: x Guaranteed. 3.30 Fe aE ee 7 ilipe < ad [rs } Found. 2.83 5.49 ».88 10.08 $36 00 Below guarantee. 0.47 Guaranteed. 3.30 APR | Os eae 2 33 00 Found. 3.47 TL 11253 2.01 Guaranteed. SOUR pty Wo oe 8 Found. 2.00 4.87 8.44 12.93 35 00 Below guarantee. 1.30 Guaranteed. 2.50 GUE ig eee see 6 9 Found. 2.45 3.31 8.57 4.86 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.05 2.69 1.14 Guaranteed. 1.65 SRD | Oi eer Z 2 Found. 1.61 9.53 10.47 2.24 Below guarantee. 0.04 Guaranteed. DEE) Pm Te eee 18 Found. 2.87 5.88 24.52 Foie Sa Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 1 26 00 Found. il ssl7/ 11.42 12.18 1.26 Guaranteed. 2.50 Seen ie eres 6 Found. 2.28 8.81 9.54. 6.39 33 50 Below guarantee. 0.22 Guaranteed. 3.70 / tis, Found. 4.27 6.93 7.88 7.45 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.07 Guaranteed. 8.20 5 7 3 Found. 8.18 4.77 5.65 3.94 46 00 Below guarantee. 0.02 0.23 Guaranteed. 5.75. TOs Oy eg ee 7 Found. 5.90 6.54 8.25 Ti6S sR OF Bese 42 00 Below guarantee. 0.46 Guaranteed. 8.20 i oa aaSse 3 Found. 8.90 5.60 6.35 ADAG hh PP Sa REee ieee 46 00 Below guarantee. 0.20 0.40 174 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMMEROIAL FERTILIZERS Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by —— MANUFACTURERS. Trade name or brand. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J. Dissolved bone and potash. ———— Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J. High grade bone and potash. — Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J. Potato and corn ammoniated su- per-phosphate. Sun ammoniated super-phosphate. Locality where sample was taken. Morayia. Moravia. Lyons. Lyons. Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Animal bone fer- tilizer, special L. I. brand. New Suffolk. Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Cauliflower and cabbage fertil- izer. Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J- Celebrated ground bone. <= Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Corn fertilizer No. 2 Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Potato fertilizer No. 2 Potato manure, Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. i Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Standard pure bone super-phos- phate of lime. Success. a Jamaica. New Suffolk. Orient. Lyons. j Jamaica. Orient. Lyons. New Suffolk. Cazenovia. Station number. i ~~ 1,876 1,949 co for) ae New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 175 LECTED IN New York State Dourine tHe Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Poundsof ni-| Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of trogen in 100 available total phos- | water-soluble Retail sell- Beoranor | BueeDione, | pore sold, | Dotest is 00) tng uxice ee of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. Vortilizes E 7" Guaranteed. LO WR) xt’ 2 $22.00 Found. 14.61 16.16 2.96 ‘Guaranteed. Olea. Looe ces 3 22.00 Found. 12.02 15.30 4.93 Guaranteed. 2.90 6 7 6 Found. 2.87 8.31 9.03 6.41 35.00 Below guarantee. 0.03 ms Guaranteed. 0.83 10 11 t 23.00 Found. meee) 11.14 12.28 2.23 ‘Guaranteed. 1.80 QEQ5} li. © -acisoes 4 32.00 Found. Dee 9.97 11.96 4.42 Guaranteed. ¢- 3.70 TESOL eri eiee. cee i Found. 3.63 8.19 9.10 7.69 35.00 Below guarantee. 0.07 Guaranteed. 22 70h wall asta. 12 30.00 Found. 2.84 6.23 14.12 ‘Guaranteed. 1.80 G22 Db aren niaeoseies 4 30.50 Found. 2.24 10.17 11.95 AD ‘Guaranteed. 1.80 9.25 ceeeee 4 32.00 Found. 241 10.06 11.78 4 Guaranteed. 3.70 EDOM a taiessose uf 3DL00; -Founa. 3.76 7.63 8.86 7-56 34.50 ‘Guaranteed. 2.35 10 eres 1.50 Found. 2.36 9.25 12.50 2.25 30.00 Below guarantee. 0.75 -Guaranteed. 1225 9750) ihe. srsd2 2 29.00 Found. 1.34 9.5 12.37 2.29 24.00 176 Report or tHe ActTING DirECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resuitrs of ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrErtiLtizErRsS Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by H o 2 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. nee eee FE S pias Lister’s Agricultural Works, Vegetable com- | Orient. 1,855 Newark, N.J.} pound. Ludlam, Frederick, A. B. F. brand. Calverton. 1,858 New York city. Ludlam, Frederick, Cereal brand. Moravia. 1,959 New York city. Ludlam, Frederick, Dragon’s tooth | Woodhaven. 1,828 New York city.| brand. Moravia. 1,957 Ludlam, Frederick, Kainit. Bridgehampton. 1,880 New York city. Riverhead Town . Ludlam, Frederick, Agricultural Northville. 1,869: New York city.| Society for- mula. Ludlam, Frederick, Sickle brand. Moravia. 1,958 New York city. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | ‘“‘A” brand man- | Orient. 1,843 Company, ure. New York city.| x Ammoniated dis- Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano solved bone | Cazenovia. 1,947 Company, and potash. New York city Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Cabbage and | Jamaica. 1,815 Company, cauliflower Mattituck. 1,871 New York city. manure. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Complete man- | Jamaica. 1,814 Company, ure for light New York city.| soils. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Fruit and vine | Canastota. 1,938 Company, New York city. manure. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN New York State DvurinG THE SPRING oF 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. 177 acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Retail sell- ing price per ton. $34 50 32 00 26 00 38 00 40 00 Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. 14 50 29 00 Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. 23 00 Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. 178 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMeRCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by H Oo ; 2 MANUPACTURER, Hengepmae or Loony eee oS Z Mapes Formula ana Peruvian Guano} Potato manure. | Cazenovia. 1,946 Company, New York City. Abi 5) See Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano} Potato manure, | Flatlands. 1,790 Company, L. I. special. New York City. iat Maryland Fertilizer and Manufactur-| Globe complete | Lyons. 1,997 ing Co., manure. Baltimore, Md. ee Maryland Fertilizer and Manufactur-| Linden su per-| Lyons. 1,998 ing Co., phosphate. Baltimore, Md. ‘i Miller Fertilizer Co., Dissolved South | Moravia, 1,951 Baltimore, Md.|_ Carolina bone. Miller Fertilizer Co., Fine ground bone.) Moravia. 1,950 Baltimore, Md. Miller Fertilizer Co., Harvest Queen. | Moravia. 1,955 Baltimore, Md. Miller Fertilizer Co., Hustler p hos- | Moravia. 1,954 Baltimore, Md.} phate. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Buffalo fertilizer. | Lyons. 2,008 Buffalo, N.Y. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,) Buffalo guano. Rome. 1,910 Buffalo, N. Y. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Buffalo guano. Lyons. 2,002 Buffalo, NY. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Cyclone bone | Albion. t | 1,980 Buftalo, N. Y. meal, ———— SC New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 179 LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of f nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 100 pounds phosphoric | phoric acid in potashin100 | ing price pefextilizer acid in 100 lbs.| 100 pounds of | prunds of per ton. 2 * | of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 3.70 8 8 6 Found. 3-71 8.98 10.01 7-33). Vee Guaranteed. 3.30 Gray ie eek ee 7 37 00 Found. 3.39 6.10 8.25 feo Guaranteed. ass 9 10 1.50 28 00 Found. 1.54 10.02 10.26 2.29 Guaranteed. 8.75 9.75 2.25 26 00 Found 9.97 12.10 2.56 Guaranteed. AVES F) IW te tee ‘Found. 14.87 16.08 To08 Guaranteed. Dani vec see. 15 Found. 2.36 4.36 14.02 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.14 0.98 Guaranteed. 1.00 10 11.50 2.25 95 00 Found. 1.08 10.03 13.33 2.45 fe Guaranteed. 0.83 9 10 QpoD 24 00 Found. 1.01 9.79 10.76 2.58 Guaranteed. 1.85 9 10 1.50 Found. 1.85 8.86 10.60 1.74 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.14 Guaranteed. 2.05 9 10 1.50 Found. ent 8.25 9.88 2.02 28 00 Pelow guarantee 0.75 Guaranteed, 0.83 10 11 | Found. 1.00 9.47 11.09 ol 30 25 00 Below guarantee. 7 0.53 Guaranteed. 250 lie, uaa 22 Found. 3.75 6.70 24.43 are 180 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES OF CommERCcIAL FrertmizErs Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by bi oO A 2 MANUFACTURERS. sraepineaneeny |, Local eae 3 a Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Fee hop aud Calverton. 1,859 Buffalo, N. Y eer ieee ; ; phate. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Fopate, bop pe Rome. 1,909 Buffalo, N. Y. sersmageme Ds #2 } phate. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Special bean fer- | Albion- UEC: Buffalo, N. Y.| — tilizer. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Special potato | Albion. 1,987 Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Vegetable bone | Calverton. 1,860 Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. Lyons. 2,004 Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Nake eis: and Albion. 1,978 ButlowN. Wal, Do, peace bia Mage phate. Mittenmaier, Louis & Sons, Pride of America. | Rome. 1,905 Rome, N. Y. Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. | Canarsie- 1,796 Maspeth, L. I. Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. | Southold. 1,846 Maspeth, L. I.| . Moller & Co., Champion No. 2. | Southold. 1,797 Maspeth, L. I. Munroe, Lalor & Co., Canada hard- | Skaneateles- 2,034 Oswego, N. Y. wood ashes. National Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated ) ¢outhold. 1,850 Bridgeport, Conn. bone phate. phos- nnn ee EEE IEEE SIUESSSI EERE USIERS nS SSESSS SSSR New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 181 LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE SPRING or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. . 2 Pounds of | "available | total phos-_ | water-soluble | Retail sell- 100 pounds of phosphoric : phoric acid in| potash in 100 | ing price Be ces ¢ [Oa a oa peanae ot poundsot | ea Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 6 Found. 2.48 8.81 10.11 5.18 $32 00 Below guarantee. 0.02 0.82 ‘Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 4 Found. 1.85 8.10 9.49 3.60 39 00 Below guarantee. 0.20 0.40 Guaranteed. 0.83 10 il 4 Found. 1.06 8.21 10.36 5.11 25 00 Below guarantee. } 179 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 8 31 00 Found. 1.72 Sali 9.91. 8.02 / Guaranteed. 4.10 & 5 Found. 3.76 9.68 11.45 4.25 37 00 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.34 0.75 Guaranteed. 1.25 9 10 2 Found. 1.24 9.01 10.70 ILM) 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.01 0.01 Guaranteed. PeGoR a WB 6 3 Found. 0.77 1.78 3.24 3-61 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.88 2.36 Guaranteed. Bac Mie weseeae 7 6 Found. 3.27 5.65 8.67 6.71 37 00 Relow guarantee, 0.03 Guaranteed. Seay we ase ces 9 Found. 3.10 5.36 8.26 6.90 32 00 Below guarantee. 0.20 0.74 Guaranteed. ASTOR ay eae 7 5 Found. 3.39 ayels) 8.73 seayi 37 00 Below guarantee. 0.71 eer) Molen.) 7408)! ate Guaranteed. 1.65 at 9 2 29 00 Found. 1.81 10.81 11.82 2.49 182 RePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES oF ComMmeERcIAL FERtTILIzERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as g uaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by ne o A = MANUFACTURER. Tea OE, ame ee s 2 National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’scom-| East Marion. | 1,840 Bridgeport, Conn.| plete fertilizer. National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s root | Queens. 1,827 Bridgeport, Conn.| fertilizer. National Fertilizer Co., Fish and potash. | Mattituck. 1,872 Bridgeport, Conn. Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Horseshoe brand | Lyons. 1,996 _ Chicago, Ill.| fine raw bone. Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Banos hse Lyons. 1,999 Chicago, Ill. phate. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic. Locke 2,016 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden Sheaf. Locke 2,017 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great Value. Locke. 2,018 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High farming fer- | Locke. 2,015 Buffalo, N. Y.| tilizer. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Potato and to- | Locke. 2,019 Buffalo, N. Y.| bacco. Oneonta Fertilizer Co., Economical man- | Earlville. 1,944 Oneonta, N. Y.| ure. pi RE A | Ret Oneonta Fertilizer Co., 1,948 Oneonta, N. Y. Potato manure. | Earlvile. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183 LECTED IN New Yorxk Srate Dourine THe Sprinae or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. : TE d f P ds of, 124 d f eee availaole fGtal BDOR: scataraolenis Retail sell- inde’ of Beenie phone Bele porsal in rt ing price ate a i s ton. fertilizer. of forilizen! ‘of fortiliser:, vortilizer: ee a Guaranteed. 3.30 8 10 6 Found. 3.65 7.63 9.88 6.77 $34 00 Below guarantee. 0.37 Guaranteed. 3.30 8 10 6 35 00 Found. 3.67 8 10 6.04 Guaranteed. 2290U. . aucaeers 8 4 28 00 Found. 3.06 4.84 8.61 Bevo Guaranteed. SESOD |i t ieee 22 31 00 Found. 4.15 4.99 23.69 Guaranteed. 1.65 6 9 26 00 Found. 1.70 T22 11254 | Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 1.08 27 00 Found. 1.94 8.53 8.87 1.24 Guaranteed. 1-25 ai 8 1.90 Found. . eG, 7.96 8.40 1.87 25 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 Guaranteed. 0.83 6 a 1.08 24 00 Found. eal 6.98 Tat A!) 1.16 Guaranteed. 1.85 8 9 2.45 Sigg - Found. 2223 7.21 8.88 2.67 29 00 Below guarantee. 0.79 Guaranteed. 2.50 6 7 4.32 Found. 2.76 6.70 7.79 3.95 31 00 Below guarantee. 0.37 Guaranteed. 1.65 5 6 5 Found. D2 S220 9.84 4.90 | 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.10 | Guaranteed. 3.70 7.50 8 Nee. 42 00 Found. Bate 8.27 8.27 7.69 | 184 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES OF ComMeERCIAL FErRtTrILIzERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by D 2 : 8 MANUFACTURER. Beene ener: | Locals ga ealeae 3 a Oneonta Fertilizer Co., Success. Earlville. 1,942 Oneonta, N. Y. Pacific Guano Co., Nobsque guano. | Oneida. 1,928 New York City. Pacific Guano Co., Soluble Pacific | Oneida. 1,927 New York City. guano. Phipps. Wm. W. & Co., Dissolved bone. | Albion. Oe Albion, N. Y. Eagle brand am- Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., moniated dis- | Albion. 1,976 Albion, N. Y.} solved bone with potash. Tagle brand po- Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., tato, corn, fruit | Albion. 1,975 Albion, N. Y.| and vine fer- tilizer. eas Eagle brand Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., super - phos- | Albion. 1,974 Albion, N. Y.;} phate, with potash. Preston Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone} Queens. 1,825 Greenpoint, L.I.} super-phos- phate, Preston Fertilizer Co., Potato fertilizer. | Queens. 1,826 Greenpoint, L. I. Quinnipiac Co., Dissolved bone | Oneida. 1,922 New York City.| and potash. Quinnipiac Co., Market garden | Jamaica. 1,808 New York City.| manure. Quinnipiac Co., Mohegan brand. | Oneida. 1,921 New York City. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN New York State Dorina THE Spring oF 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 185 P. aalat Pounds of Pounds of Pounds o niieoe a ee available total phos- | water-soluble} Retail sell- 100 pounds of | Pa RN | ean ccnds | Poourae oe | ing,price “ys acid in ey a ounds o er ton. fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fartilizer. Tortilicer: P Guaranteed. 0.83 9 11 1 $27 00 Found. 1.99 9.87 10.11 1.6 Guaranteed. Tas 8 9 2 28 00 Found. TL 8.21 10.79 2.08 Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 Found. 1.85 8.20 10.41 2.39 32 00 Below guarantee. 0.20 Guaranteed. | 17.10 17.50 Fonnd. 16.87 17-05 20 00 Below guarantee. | 0.23 0.45 ' Guaranteed. 0.83 | ) 11 2 Found. 0.87 15.60 15.60 1.94 28 00 Below guarantee. | 0.06 Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 ‘dl Found. 2.06 8.69 11.56 6.50 36 00 Below guarantee. 0.50 Guaranteed. 11 13 2 24 00 Found. 13.80 15.63 2.06 Guaranteed. 2.50 Ce hes Sh (eta ee ee Dy) Found. 2.48 8.40 9.80 5 41 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.02 0.60 Guaranteed. 3.30 re ee 7 Fonnd. 2.85 8.16 12.10 6.08 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.45 0.92 Guaranteed. TIC) ot > SAY | a i eae 25 00 Found. 10.71 13.59 2222 Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 ze Found. 3.20 8.56 10.52 7.30 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.10 Guaranteed. 0.83 9 10 a Found. 1.34 7.91 10.35 3-15 28 00 Below guarantee. 1.09 186 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES OF CommeErcIAL Frrtitizers Cor- GUE Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by K Oo Trade na Locality wh a's MANUFACTURERS. brand a Semple wae’ ‘akon! s 5 oS D Quinnipiae Co., Potato manure. | Southold. 1,844 New York City. Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend. | Southold. 1,849 New York City. Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend | Lyons. 2,006 New York City.| superphosphate. Read Fertilizer Co., High grade farm-| Canastota. 1,936 New York City. ers’ friend. : Read Fertilizer Co., J. H. Devin’s fer- | Utica. 1,895 New York City. tilizer. Read Fertilizer Co., N.Y. State super-| Moravia. 1,953 New York City.) phosphate. Read Fertilizer Co., Practical potato | Lyons. 2,005 New York City.| — special. Read Fertilizer Co., Prime wheat fer- | Skaneateles. 2,035 New York City.) tilizer. Read Fertilizer Co., Standard phos- | Moravia. 1,952 New York City.| phate. Lyons. 2,007 Read Fertilizer Co., Vegetable and | Canastota. 1985. New York City.| vine fertilizer. Reese, John 8. & Co., Concentrated | Oneida. 1,929 Baltimore, Md.| potato special manure. Reese, John S. & Co., Pilgrim fertilizer.| Oneida. 1,930 Baltimore, Md, eo New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee - Gnarauteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. 187 Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. Below guarantee. Guaranteed. Found. ‘ Below guarantee. Pounds of Pounds of available water-soluble | Retail sell- phosphoric potash in 100| ing price acid in 100 lbs. pounds of per ton. fertilizer. fertilizer. 6 5 Seo 6.62 $33 00 49 7 64 7.80 33 00 36 2 .87 2.28 30 00 13 0 aa Dhan) eae "0.26 2 -68 2255 23 00 2 9.18 2.31 25 00 3 4.90 7.04 30 00 0.96 4 8.31 3.76 929 00 0.24 i 4 25 00 8.15 4.10 26 00 8 5.47 8.20 0.53 7.50 3.47 8.01 36 00 z 6.50 2.92 0.08 188 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutrs or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrErRtILIizERs CoxL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Locality where sample was taken’ Shoemaker & Co., Swift-sure bone | Riverhead. Philadelphia, Pa.| meal. Swift-sure super- ; Shoemaker & Co. : Riverhead. ’ Philadelphia, Pa.| Phosphate for potatoes. Standard Fertilizer Co., rAC?sbrand: Oneida. Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash.| Oneida- Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., Complete ma- | Bridgehampton. Boston, Mass-| nure. Oneida. Standard Fertilizer Co., Empire State. Oneida. Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., Hop special. Oneida. Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., Fptateg gree Bridgehampton. Boston, Mass. pe Oneida. izer. Standard Fertilizer Co., Standard fertil- | Oneida. Boston, Mass. izer. Standard Fertilizer Co., Standard guano. | Oneida. Boston, Mass. Stappenbeck, H., Bone superphos- | Utica. Utica, N. Y.| phate. Swift & Co., Ground steamed | Oneida. Chicago, Ill]. bone. Station number. 1,894 1,933 Ss New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 189 LECTED IN New York Sratre Durine THE Sprina or 1895. - chemical analysis at this Station. Result expressed in parts per hundred. Padndsio£ Pounds of Pounds of Pounds o ' aeons available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- . Oo pounds of | Phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100 ing price +). aci Ale | u ds fertilizer. | CP fertilizer. | of fertilizer. | ‘fertilizer. gli Guaranteed. ATO} |, he ft ase 20 Found. 5.79 7.76 22.04 $32 00 Guaranteed . 2.50 Sry NRT! 5c aus 5 33 00 Found. 2.15 8.46 14.19 7.14 Guaranteed. 0.83 7 9 if 24 00 Found. 107 7.50 8.69 2.93 Guaranteed. 9 12 2.50 Feund. 9.59 12 22 9 54 23 00 Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 a Found. 3222 8.02 10.28 7.69 38 00 38 00 Below guarantee. 0.08 Guaranteed. 0.83 4 10 8 33 00 Found. 1.65 GLTd 6.94 10.25 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 4.30 Found. 2:23 5.97 9.10 7.34 32 00 Below guarantee. 2.03 Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 3 36 00 Found. 2.24 8.81 10.72 SED 35 00 Guaranteed. 2 05 8 10 2 Found. GAS 7.66 10.24 Paral 31 00 Below guarantee. 0.34 Guaranteed - 1.00 8 10 2 Found. 0.87 8.02 9.62 2.87 27 00 Below guarantee. OAS Guaranteed. 2.05 Ose Ii i er 2 Found. 2.01 11.74 Ue} 2.36 25 00 Below guarantee. 0.04 Guaranteed. Ce ee 24 ote Found. 3.29 6.76 25.61 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.01 190 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Co.- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and found by - Promised Land, N. Y. u i?) 2 Trad Localit h MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample was taken. | 25 s a Swift & Co., Pure bone tank- | Albion. 1,981 Chicago, Ill.| age- Swift & Co., Pure raw bone | Oneida- 1,932 Chicago, fll. meal. Albion. 1,982 Tavender Soap Co., Concentrated | Utica. 1,899 Utica, N.Y. tankage. Thomas, I. P. & Son Co., : i pares Jamaica. 1,810 Philadelphia, Pa. phate. Thomas, I. P- & Son Co., Normal bone | Jamaica. 1,809 Philadelphia, Par phosphate. Thomas, I. P- & Son Co., Potato manure. | Jamaica. 1,811 Philadelphia, Pa. Greenport. 1,838 ‘Thomas, I. P. & Son Co., Tip top raw bone | Greenport. 1,839 Philadelphia, Pa. phate. ears Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,| Blood and bone | Lockport. 1,967 Chicago, Ill. animal guano. Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,} Pure fine ground | Lockport- 1,966 Chicago, II]- bone. Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,| Vegetable and | Lockport- 1,968 Chicago, Ill.| potato grower. Tuthill, HE. & Co., Ground scrap. Greenport. 1,857 Promised Land, N- Y. Tuthill, E. & Co., No. 1 fertilizer. | Northville. 1,868 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191 LECTED IN New York Strate Dvurine THE Sprine or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. P ds! of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of ‘shee 9 available total phos- | water-soluble! Retail sell- 100 Set oF phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in i100 | ing price fectiliz S OF | acid in 100 Ibs.} 100 pounds of pounds of per ton. erulizer. | of fertilizer. | fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. = AOE ita = ese iby Found. 6.31 6.53 16.85 $31 00 Below guarantee. 0.15 Guaranteed. SOR ie a bose 23 30 00 Found. - 4.05 5.37 25.42 33 00 Guaranteed. 4.10 2 8 2 Found. 1.07 0.95 3.40 1.07 25 00 Below guarantee. 3.03 1.05 4.60 0.93 Guaranteed. . 1.65 SEBO eee 2 Found. ST 9.25 11.14 3-22 39 00 Below guarantee. 0.28 0.25 Guaranteed. ill S250 io ote eee 1.50 Found. 0.98 | 9.25 10.49 2.39 98 00 Below guarantee. 0.04 Guaranteed. "2.50 “41-24 6 35 00 Found. 2.60 10.26 6.47 36 00 Guaranteed. 2.50 LOPS Fa fe aeseee 2.15 Found. 3.04 9.33 11.238 3.94 36 00 Below guarantee. 0.67 Gnaranteed- eS aliiicin etree 10 Found. 2.11 5.03 16.75 27 00 Below guarante: | 3.24 Guaranteed. DESOMImi eer otce 22 Found. 2.67 6.22 19.76 27 00 Below guarantee. 2.24 Guaranteed 2.50 6 14 3.25 Found. 1.40 4.10 14.81 2.85 32 00 Below guarantee. Ua, 1.90 0.40 ‘Guaranteed. $20) lparateen =e 6 Found. 8.55 3.66 6.28 27 00 ‘Guaranteed. 4.10— SAM WL leceace 10 Found. 3.86 8.15 9.15 9.74 32 00 Below guarantee. 0.24 0.26 192 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALYSES oF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by Hu o 2 2 MANUFACTURER. Pec meer || Lean eee J @ n Tuthill, E. & Co., Special fertilizer-| Greenport. 1,856 Promised Land, N. Y- Tuthill, E. & Co., Webb’s potato| New Suffolk. | 1,878 Promised Land; N. Y. fertilizer. Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Cabbage manure.| Flatbush. 1,795 Philadelphia, Pa- Hollis. 1,820 Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Potato manure. | Flatbush. 1,794 Philadelphia, Pa- Hollis. 1,819 Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Special potato | Southold. 1,847 Philadelphia, Pa- manure. Walker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated Albion. 1,984 Clifton Springs, N. Y- phosphate. Walker Fertilizing ©: Potato and vege- | Albion. 1,983 Clifton Springs, N. Y- table grower. Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Grass and oats | Oneida. 1,924 Rutland, Vt- fertilizer. Wheeler, M. E. & Co., High grade corn | Oneida. 1,923 Rutland, Vt- fertilizer- Wheeler, M. E. & Co., High grade po- | Oneida. 1,925 Rutland, Vt. tato manure. Williams & Clark Feitilizer Co., Americus brand | Flatlands. 1,789 New York City-|high grade special.| Jamaica. 1,806 Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Potato phosphate-| Jamaica. 1,807 New YorkCty- Southold. 1,845 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 193 LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Sprine or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred- ale d f Pound f ie ds of Pounds a rutable fotal poe: SatcEOtnie Retail sell- eee if f phosphorle | phoric acid in| potash in 100| ing price al a of Fel acid in 100 lbs./100 pounds of} pounds of | per ton. Laas of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 4.10 Seagy || Mote, Aare: 10 Found. 4.49 6.21 8.26 11.55 $28 00 Below guarantee. i'76) Guaranteed. 3.30 Cat shen » RAS 8 Found. 4.00 6.36 (ete) 9.09 29 00 Below guarantee. 0.64 Guaranteed - 3.30 7 9 5 36 00 Found. 3.63 8.46 10 5.28 35 00 Guaranteed. 3.30 6 9 9 36 00 Found. 3.40 6.53 7.19 9.04 35 00 Guaranteed. 2.05 GPiliee te eens 6 31 00 Found 2.18 Teal 8.58 Weald Guaranteed ie 1265 8 Found. 1.65 UftcOnl Meme Soto 1 9.84 1.51 ze 80 Below guarantee. 0.13 Guaranteed. 2.50 Cree See 7 Found. 2.34 5.54 8.06 6.32 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.16 0.46 0.68 Guaranteed. LOM. foes. 2 Found. | 10.92 14.03 2.11 26 00 Guaranteed . 1.65 Se li i eee 2 39 00 Found. 1.86 8.12 10.78 2.37 x Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 BTS 39 00 Found. 1e97)| 9.11 10.54 Aaic Below guarantee. 0.08 | Guaranteed. oD i 8 34 00 Found. 2.97 ve 9.84 6.99 40 00 Below guarantee. 0.75 | ‘ ir Guaranteed. 2.50 6 7 6 Found. 2.72 | 5.85 9.20 deos 34 00 33 00 Below guarantee. 0.15 et te 194 Report of THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CorL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by i o 2 Trade nameor Locality wh MANUFACTURER. brand. i pane Pasta 85 SE 3 Zell Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Canandaigua. | 1,992 Baltimore, Md. phosphate. Zell Guano Co., Electric phos- | Canandaigua. | 1,991 Baltimore, Md.| phate. nt Zell Guano Co., Hop manure. Canandaigua. | 1,993 Baltimore, Md. Zell Guano Co., Potato grower. Moravia. 1,956 Baltimore, Md. Zell Guano Co., Special compound| Canandaigua. | 1,994 Baltimore, Md.| for vegetables. Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,835 “A” brand. Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,836 ‘(B” brand. 5 Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,837 “aC. brand: Not given. Carpenter’s special] Jamaica. 1,813 fertilizer for cab- bage. Not given. Carpenter’s special] Jamaica. 1,812 fertilizer for peas and beans. Not given. Carpenter’s speeial| Jamaica. 1,890 fertilizer for po- tatoes. Not given. Grain, special] Honeoye Falls-| 1,938 Woz ee New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ' LECTED IN New York State During THE Spring or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 195 Pounds of ni-| Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of trogen in 100 | _@Vailable total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- pounds of fer- phosphoric | phoric acidin| potash in 100} ng price Gilizor acid in 100 Ibs. | 100 pounds of pounds of per ton. ‘ of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 13 15 Found. 15.51 16.48 $20 00 Guaranteed. 10 12 2 22 60 Found. 12.11 14.99 2.44 Guaranteed. 10 12 8 Found. 12.66 13.54 1.34 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.66 Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 4 24 60 Found. 1.02 8.62 10.51 7.08 rs Guaranteed. 2.50 8 10 4 35 00 Found. 3.16 9.28 10.05 at2 2 Guaranteed. 2EOO0 i | Vescisce 10 7 36 00 Found. 2.91 8.56 13.26 8.25 Guaranteed. ShRUF Wa scence 10 5 9 Found. 3.09 es 13.52 6.19 36 00 Below gnarantee. 0.61 Guaranteed. ALD Seo eee 8 10 9 D) Found. 3.19 5.82 10.87 9.42 36 00 Below guarantee. 0.91 a 0.5 Guaranteed. | 4.50 i a a 6.50 Found. | 3.34 8.02 10.43 7.18 Be 35 00 Below guarautee. | a6 Guaranteed. } 2.50 8 10 2, Found. 2.54 10.20 13.36 2.60 30 00 Guaranteed, 3.70, a eee 6.50 Found. 3.19 eb) 12.29 6.77 sie } oo 00 Below guarantee.) 0.51 z Guaranteed. 0.83. Can Riis oe: = 4 Found. 0.79 8.60 9.67 4.91 96 00 0.04 0.40 Below guarantee. t 196 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FrErRtTILizERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by Trade name or MANUFACTURER. Brande Not given. Grain special No. 2. Not given. Special potato manure. Star raw bone Not given. superphos- phate. Not given. The Victor spe- cial formula. Locality where sample was taken. Honeoye Falls Honeoye Falls. East Williston. Cutchogue. number. 1,829 1,873 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 197 LECTED In New Yorx Strate Dorine tHe Serine or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results ecpressed in parts per hundred. P Pounds of | P dsofto-| P ds of POnADe oF ne Lvallable “tal nhc WEtelablible Retail sell- evoide: of | Phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100| ing price Guaranteed. 0.84 Tak. TAs Soe: ee 5 $26 00 Found. 1.02 Tat 9.34 6.89 Guaranteed. 2.50 Pea B ye ie « tees OFT ee Oe Zi Found. QT 6.73 8.41 8.09 36 00 Below guarantee. 0.33 0.27 Guaranteed. SOUL ene 8 10 Found. 33518) 3.24 9.05 4.33 33.00 Below guarantee. 0.17 5.67 Guaranteed. 3.30 One, eee 8 Found. 3.04 10.29 10.29 8.72 35 00 Below guarantee, 0.26 198 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE XVI. Analyses of Fertilizers Collected During the Fall of 1895. SumMArRyY oF Resuuts or ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED Duorine THE Fatt or 1895. During the fall of 1895, there were collected 288 samples of com- mercial fertilizers, representing 182 different brands. Of these 182 different brands, 133 contained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.10 to 5 per cent. The average of all the guarantee- analyses was 1.60 per cent. of nitrogen, while the average amount found by the Station analysis was 1.75 per cent. There were 181 brands which contained available phosphoric acid, varying in amount from 5.56 to 16.81 per cent. The average amount of available phosphoric acid found by Station analysis exceeded the average guarantee-analysis by 0.85 per cent., the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 9.12 per cent. and the average actually found being 9.97 per cent. There were 153 brands which contained potash, varying from 0.55 to 49.02 per cent. The average amount of potash found by our analysis exceeded the average guarantee-analysis by 0.33 per cent., the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 2.75 per cent., and the average actually found being 3.08 per cent. The retail price of the brands analyzed varied from $16 to $48 a ton and averaged $26.70. Of the 182 different brands collected, 76 were below the manu- facturer’s guarantee-analysis in one or more constituents, in amounts varying from 0.01 to 2.91 per cent. The amount of nitrogen was below the guarantee-analysis of the manufacturer in 27 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.15 per cent. and averaging 0.18 per cent. In 24 of the 27 brands, the deficiency was not greater than 0.25 per cent.; in 1 brand, it was over 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 1 brand, it was over 0.50 and below 1 per cent.; in 1 brand, the deficiency was slightly over 1 per cent. The amount of phosphoric acid was below the manufacturer’s guarantee-analysis in 33 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.02 to 2.91 per cent. and averaging 0.58 per cent. In 14 of the 33 brands, the deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent. ; in 10 cases, it was above 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 2 brands, it was above 0.50 and New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199 below 1 per cent. ; in 2 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 2 per cent. ; in 3 brands, it was above 2 and below 3 per cent. The amount of potash was below the manufacturer’s guarantee- analysis in 30 different brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.55 per cent. and averaging 0.43 per cent. In 14 of the 30 brands, the deficiency was below 0.25 per cent.; in 5 brands, it was above 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 7 brands, it was above 0.50 and below 1 per cent.; in 4 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 2 per cent. 200 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by —— E 2 F 2 MANUFACTURER, mig aeinoigs iy Toca eee 3 a . Florida ground | Johnsonburg. | 2,252 fia R I. L. Co. i 5, aa as ta Syracuse, INE Yes bone Su BO ic ash. Allentown Manufacturing Co., Complete bone | Fayette. 2,114 Allentown, Pa.| phosphate. Allentown Manufacturing Co., Lehigh phos- | Fayette. 2,113 Allentown, Pa.| phate. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Le Roy. 2,185 Boston and New York. Wyoming. 2,204 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Romulus. 2,053 Boston and New York. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- Wes Biree Boston and New York.| solved bone. Wharsane: 2190 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Farm and garden | Le Roy. eige Boston and New York.| phosphate. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Fresh ground | Warsaw. 2,188 Boston and New York.} bone. ‘ 2 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Boe aia . =) Boston and New York. aa 27187 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Kinne’s selected | Ovid. 2,070. Boston and New York.| fertilizers. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Lawn and garden | Binghamton. 2,144 Boston and New York.| dressing. Batavia. 2,260 Stockbridge ma- Bowker Fertillzer Co., nure for flowers | Syracuse. 2,097 ani divs moealel fruits. Boston and New York. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 201 LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1895, chemical analysis at this Station, Results expressed in parts per hundred. +t) | : A iz ds of |P ds of to-| P ds of SU ance erailable el Poet ea or-aOlinle Retail sell- heat orf phosphoric | phoricacidin} potash in 100 | ing price Er tilize ®l | acid in 100 lbs. | 100 pounds of | poundsof fer-| per ton. eda of fertilizer. | fertilizer. tilizer. GnarantecuMmeerini wl mwet}) “ese. 16 3.50 Found. 5.60 18.20 2.91 $24 00 Below guarantee. 0.59 Iw“ F Guaranteed. 1.65 12 16 2 Found. 1.40 9.09 15.54 2.23 33 00 Below guarantee. 0.25 2.91 Guaranteed. 0.80 ul 8 2 Found. 0.74 C)SCes 14.47 0.55 27 00 Below guarantee. 0.06 . 1.45 Guaranteed. 11 13 22 00 Found. .- 13.44 15.79 Guaranteed. ; 11 12 1 Found. 10.91 16.22 | 1.19 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.09 | Guaranteed. 1.50 8 10 2 Found. 1.26 8.53 14 2.07 29 00 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.24 | Guaranteed. 1.60 shoe te] Sap eoeeaee | 2 cp Found. 1.43 7.87 13.81 1.93 27 00 Below guarantee. 0.17 0.13 | 0.07 Guaranteed. 2.50 5 18 Found. 2.60 13.28 19.46 = | Guaranteed. 2 8 10 2 30 00 Found. 2 8.39 iil atts: 2.54 35 00 ___ 30 00 Guaranteed. 1 9 11 2.50 Found. 0.94 9.70 13.80 2.60 23 00 Below guarantee. 0.06 Guaranteed. 3.25 6 8 5 Found. 3-75 (Shh 9.47 4.95 48 00 Below guarantee. | 0.05 Guaranteed. 2.50 6 tf 4 42 00 Found. 2.66 10.64 | 12.80 5.38 902 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 1 Resutts oF ANALYSES oF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by Hu Oo ‘ 2 MANUFACTURER. ae Peers [LE oS 77) Bowker Fertilizer Co., Stockbridge spe- | Batavia. 2,259 Boston and h New York.| cial. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Sure crop. Waterloo. 2,052 Boston and New York. Farmer. 2,072 Batavia. 2,257 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tecumseh O IO Warsaw. 2,189 Boston and New York Bowe Dos ; x ‘| phate. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tobacco grower. | Syracuse. 2,099 Boston and New York. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tobacco phos- | Syracuse. 2,098 Boston and Nee York. phate. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Warsaw. 2,196 Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Geneva. 2,036 Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- | Waterloo. 2,042 Boston, Mass.} solved bone. Warsaw. 2,194 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone. | Warsaw. 2,195 Boston, Mass. Bradley, Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ new | Geneva. 2,038 Boston, Mass. method. Le Roy. 2,181 Warsaw. 2,192 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Fruit and vine. Geneva. 2,039 Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Niagara phos- | Waterloo. 2,041 Boston, Mass.| phate. Attica. 2,242 aaa New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203 LECTED IN New York Strate During tHE Farr or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. J . iP ds of 42 ds of 1e ds of Fou sake available fotal phow! water solunl Retail sell- ie alot phosphoric | phoric acid | potashin 100 | ing price Nereiinen acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. . of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 3.25 6 8 Tie Found. 3.70 7.57 10.96 6.97 $40 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 ‘Guaranteed. 0.75 Found. 0.68 8 10 1 26 00 9.50 12232 1.07 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.07 26 00 Guaranteed. th 3) Found 14.34 14.87 Guaranteed. 2.50 7 9 4 42 00 Found. 2-71. 9.88 12.93 4.24 Guaranteed. 1.25 8 9 1.10 35 00 Found. 1.37 9.40 11.34 1 37/ ‘Guaranteed. 10 11 20 00 Found. 11.89 12.50 “Guaranteed. 11 12 2.45 Found. 10.69 13.76 2.96 25 00 Below guarantee. 0.31 Guaranteed. 1.65 {i 8 1 Found. 1.61 7.96 10.67! AB) a eee 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.04 Guaranteed. 12 13 22 00 Found. 12.44 14.93 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 py 3) 28 00 Found. 1.09 8.71 1Oz3L | 2.28 24 00 28 00 Guaranteed. 2.05 | 8 10 5.40 Found. 2.15 8.31 12.59 -20 39 00 Below guarantee. 1.20 ‘Guaranteed. 0.80 Tf 8 gO) | es Se eee Found. 0.81 7.34 10.19 1.28 23 00 204 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mauufacturers, and as found by Boston and New York. and potash. o 2 : Trad Locality wh 8 MANUFACTURER. er on) eee Sea 8 D va Patent super- | Geneva. 2,037 Bradley Fertilizer Co., al phosphate of | Le Roy. 2180 CB OR eos Aslimes Warsaw. 2,193 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Sea fowl guano. | Attiea. 2,243 Boston, Mass. »_—____ : K y ie Chemical Co. of Canton, ae aoe peeciat Groton. 2,14t : < ra ) 9 7 Baltimore, Md. grass. Perry. 2,230 | Chemical Co. of Canton, Resurgam guano.| Perry. 2,228 Baltimore, Md. a Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Perry. 2,213 Boston and New York. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Atlas bone phos- | Perry. 2,214 Boston and New York. phate. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Bay State. MacDougall. 2,109 Boston and New York. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Defiance com- | Union Springs. | 2,121 Boston and New York.| plete manure. | East Avon. 2,291 Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Great Planet “A” | Owego. 2,159 Boston and New York.| manure. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., King Philip al- ; MacDougall. Boston and New York.| _kaline guano. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Potato phos- | Owego. Boston and New York.) phate. East Avon. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Triumph bone | Union Springs. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205 LECTED IN New York Srate Durine THE FA or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sel- phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in 100} ling price Pounds of nitrogen in 100 ds of ae : _ fertilizer.” "oftorilizer: | fevalizer.” | Eonitzer. | P* “™ ‘Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 $31 00 Found. 2.05 8.90 11.85 2.02 27 00 32 00 Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 28 00 Found, 2.22 8.48 10.95 1.56 Guaranteed. i 0.80 9 11 P Found. 0.99 10.29 12.86 1.81 26 00 25 00 Below guarantee. f 0.19 Guaranteed. Oy hres oO | ee 2 Found. j 1.50 9.03 11.98 1.92 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.08 Guaranteed. 1 8 9 2 24 00 Found. 1.06 8.49 10.59 2.39 ‘Guaranteed. 13 14 16 00 Found. 13.31 14.43 Guaranteed. 2.45 9 10 2 Found. 2.36 9.56 111-55 215 31 00 Below guarantee. 0.09 Guaranteed. 0.80 6 8 2 26 00 Found. 1.02 9.63 12.27 2.64 25 00 Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 fl Found. 3.36 8.50 10.03 6.31 42 00 Below guarantee. 0.69 Guaranteed. i155) 6 V7 3 27 00 Found. il als 6.12 8.40 3.19 Guaranteed. 2.45 6 7 5 36 00 Found PHATE 6.73 9.60 5.27 35 00 Guaranteed. “Tan 7 23 00 2 Found. 11.56 13.62 2.48 206 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FerErtinizErs Coi- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 5 r 2 MANUFACTURER, mat cream Merete |e e nD ; Aurora. 2,118. E. Frank Coe Co., a bee Alkaline bone. Wiarsnie 27197 zs : Daws. 2,287 E. Frank Coe Co., Dissolved bone | MacDougall. 2,110 New York.} and potash. Daws. 2,289 E. Frank Coe Co., Matchless grain See orden New York.| fertilizer. fa 2 y Daws. 2,288 Ralston’s Knick- | Aurora. 2,117 E. Frank Coe Co., ees erbocker phos- , ‘| phate. E. Frank Coe Co., Soluble bone. MacDougall. 2,112 New York. Standard grade E. Frank Coe Co., amm oniated MacDougall. sul New York.| bone super- phosphate. ie eh : XXV ammoniat- } Aurora. 2,120 E. Frank Coe Co., New Mork ed bone super- | Warsaw. 2 199 ‘| phosphate. : 1: ‘ : Ammoniated | Cato. 2,124 Crocker Fertilizer ands y Hous ae bone super- | Elba. 2) 266 oe ry phosphate. ie) TEE aR en eee evan ee Bane pene SD “3 : Ammoniated | Perry. 2, 225: Crocker Fertilizer fod Ebeucal Oey scactical fae Ribas 27973 Sea tia per-phosphate. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemieal Co., A a, oniated | West Fayette. 2,065 Buffalo. N.Y. wheat and corn | Le Roy. 2,169 i phosphate. Perry. 2,223 Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,) Bone black. Batavia. 2,261 Buffalo, N. Y. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Cereal p hos- | Lima. 2,306 Buffalo, N. Y. phate. I New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207 LEcTEeD In New York State Durine THE Fat or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. P. dslot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of ‘ounds 0 available total phos- | water-soluble| Retail sel- Aepound ont Phosphoric phorie acid in potash in 100 ling price uw) id in 1 4 S ton. Reriilizers 0) oe peeuiizer |i tertiizer | |) fertiliser, |) 07 Som Guaranteed. 1 9 ala $26 00 Found. 1.14 10253 12.98 26 00 25 00 Guaranteed. 12 15 Found. 12.08 14.33 24 00 22 00 Below guarantee. Guaranteed. 0.65 ala 12 Found. 0.87 10.85 14.06 24 00 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.15 23 00 Guaranteed. 1.50 9 27 00 Found. ileal 10.45 12.76 Guaranteed. 13 15 Te Found. 12.98 15.12 17,00 Below guarantee. 0.02 Guaranteed. 1.60 8 29 00 Found. 1.73 10.35 12.29 Guaranteed. il 8 i) i! 24 00 Found. 1226 11.60 13.62 1.18 24 00 Guaranteed. 2.90 10 11 1.08 Found. 2.13 10.81 11.26 1.45 1 00 - 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.17 Guaranteed. -82 8 8 1 25 00 Found. 1.05 8.95 10.90 ag, 24 00 Guaranteed. 2 10 131 1.60 Found. 1.82 ae OZ 12.21 1.98 30 00 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.18 28 00 Guaranteed. Gia ine |) xe 20 50 Found. 16.81 16.81 | Guaranteed. 0.83 | 8 8 3.24 | Found. 1.10 | (aa5 11.38 5.67 | 25 00 0.65 Below guarantee. 208 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYysES oF CommerRcIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by Hi One 2 Trade name or Locality where a MANUFACTURER. brand. camila wean g 3 s s Crocker Fertilizer and Cae Ce Crocker’s phos- | Geneseo. 2,317 uffalo, N. Y. phate. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Muriate of potash.| Batavia. 2,262 Buffalo, N. Y. | ay ee : : New rival ammo-| West Fayette. | 2,063 Crocker Fertilizer and Cee niated super-| Le Roy. | 2” 168 edt phosphates Perry. 2,224 Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.) POU. )9P, 30") Elba. | 2,272 Buttalo, N- Y. phate. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Special potato] Perry. 2,227 Buffalo, N. Y. manure. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Universal grain| West Fayette. | 2,064 Buffalo, N. Y.| grower. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Vegetable bone Perry. 2,226 Buffalo. N.Y super-phes- ) Crate ee a) phate. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Phenix. Attica. 2,238 Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone. Attica, 2,237 Syracuse, N.Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Sueard ammo") Syracuse. 2,086 Gopncnsen Na niated bone- y i: sie phosphate: Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard special] Syracuse. 2,087 Syracuse, N. Y. formula. Florida Manufacturing Co., Hrortda ee be sa Syracuse. 2,088 Syracuse, N.Y.) 33, P Attica. 2,236 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN New Yor«k State Durine tHe Fay or 1895. 209 chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of : nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 100 pounds of phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100 | ing price fertilizer acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. ; of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 1223 10 ui 1.76 Found. 1.38 10.14 12.35 1.92 $28 00 ‘Cimim Sii@elest we TE Me Me ee | ee es ii bill SI) bee Ee Sete Found. 49.02 43 00 Guaranteed. 1.20 10 alal 1.60 2s re Found. 1.36 10.14 12/21 1.86 ae 26 00 Guaranteed. 2 10 11 3.20 30 00 Found. 2.18 10.29 11.41 3.40 Guaranteed. 3.70 8 9 5.40 Found. 3.45 8.36 8.67 6.59 38 00 Below guarantee. 0.25 Guaranteed. 0.82 7 8 2.70 Found. 0.99 6.64 10.22 Salle 26 00 | Below guarantee. 0.36 Guaranteed. 5 6 7 5 OL Found. 5 6.16 6.91 6.84 40 00 ‘Guaranteed. 1.25 Car ey “Ses 1.60 Found. 0.10 6.97 Uaale/ 2.81 23 00 Below guarantee. 1.15 Guaranteed. 6 7.50 1 Found. 6.37 6.56 2.89 21 00 Guaranteed. 0.80 alat 3.25 Found, 0.79 8 12 11.34 4.10 Below guarantee. 0.01 0.88 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 25 Found. 0.72 7.97 10.45 2.32 Below guarantee. 0.08 0.03 GiTEA HO aire (a0 | ee | a 16 3.25 Found. Wee 14.43 AOS |pMie Asay. Se 20 00 Below guarantee. 1.57 14 210 Report or tHE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by. 5 2 7) TT aT d L lit: h [=] a MANUFACTURER, Pag emerpere|, touley a Mae ; os) a Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., English wheat | Elba. 2,268 New York.| grower. Oakfield. 286 : a ae ; Oats, buckwheat Great Eastern Fertilizer ea is and seed tenis (oon: 2,314 j lizer. Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Pure fine ground | Syracuse. 2,094 New York.| bone. Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone and | Syracuse. 2,091 New York.} potash. | , Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., peecale, Mas Syracuse. 2,093 New York. fertilizer: Avon. 2,313 Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Wheat special. Pyrpens: pices New York. Broa yi Oak field. 2,284 George L. Harding, Special potato | Binghamton. 2,145 Binghamton, N. Y.;| manure. : ‘ Keystone dis- | Le Roy. 2,164 S. M. Hess & Bros., PE CIA eve: solved bone | East Avon. 2)296 SOME PATA, be phosphate. Batavia. 2,274 C. C. Hicks, C. C. H. soluble | Penn Yan. 2,332 Penn Yan, N. Y.} bone. C..C. Hicks, Standard guano. | Penn Yan. 2,321 Penn Yan, N. Y. C. C. Hicks, Yates county fer- | Penn Yan. 2,323. Penn Yan, N.Y.| tilizer. F. N. Isham, Enreka. Avon. 2,312 Avon, N. Y. «Sg Sa New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 211 LECTED IN New York State Dering THE FAut or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. SS OS & Pounds of Pounds of 12{ ds of i Lenin oe available total phos- pratercolnule Retail gell- tei rarer ce lege gt, |Rusrie sera 2a | otaai ity ta ae A arboreg : ds o Der ; fertilizer. of fertilizer. fercilizer: Fertilizer. Ge Guaranteed. 0.82 9 2 Found. 0.95 11.80 1.82 $23 00 23 00 Below guarantee, 0.18 Guaranteed. 0.80 9 4 Found. 0.80 9.66 4.18 28 00 Guaranteed. 1.65 22 Found. 1.38 28.03 Below guarantee. 0.27 Guaranteed. 10 Found. 9.73 Below guarantee. 0.27 Guaranteed. 2.05 BET ab QO eat eS eae enue eee Found. 2.28 8.43 30 00 Guaranteed. 1.65 oly Os |S Ue VEE ise be] | Rest ! 26 00 Found. 1.72 8.48 25 00 Guaranteed. 3.10 6.25 Found. 3.62 7.97 30 00 —_——— eas Guaranteed. 0.80 gh sae Found. 1.10 11.95 26 00 Guaranteed. 14 Found. 15.32 16 00 Guaranteed. F 1.25 10 il 3 Found. 1.39 11.86 13.14 | 2.66 95 00 Below guarantee. 0.34 Gnaranteed. 0.80 | 9 11 3 iL Found. 1.01 9.12 11.67 | 321 25 00 Guaranteed. 10 Tio 3.50 | Found. 12.95 13.20 | B20) 21 00 Below guarantee. 0.27 912 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutrs or ANALYSES oF CommeErcIAL FeErtTILIzERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by u oO 2 MANUFACTURER, Tradenameor | Locality where | 58 a a Lazaretto Guano Co., fea dis- | Romulus. 2,068 Baltimore, Md. Hee ome phosphate. Lazaretto Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Romulus. 2,067 Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. Lima. | 2,307 Lazaretto Guano Co., _ | Kinne’s selected | Ovid. 2,071 Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer. ian ebi —_ Lazaretto Guano Co., New York Stand- | Romulus. 2,069 Baltimore, Md. ard No. 1. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Dissolved bone. | Moravia. 2,123 Carteret, N. J. Liebig Manufacturing Co., F. and F. bone | Moravia. 2,131 Carteret, N. J.| and potash. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Aigh-grade bone | Moravia. 2,180 Carteret, N. Je and potash. Lister Agricultural Chemical Works Ammoniated | West Fayette. | 2,059 Newark, N. J| dissolved bone | Syracuse. ,09 »““* "| phosphate. Batavia. 2,255 Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Animal bone and | West Fayette. | 2,061 Newark, N. J. potash. Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Dissolved bone | Le Roy. 2,167 Newark, N.J.| black. Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Perfect fertil!zer. | Le Roy. 2,165 Newark, N. J. Elba. 2,267 Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Standard pure | Fowlerville. 2,316 Newark, N. J. bone. a. > . ; * 4 i sk . - oy 4 i 4 . hd New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213 LECTED IN New York Strate During tHE FAtt or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. monnds'ot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of nitrogen in available total phos- |water-soluble | Retail sel- 100-pounds of |, 047s F 100 Ibe,| 100 pounds of | Ppounde of | iuer boas oye 8 $0 ” fertilizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer. Fertilizer. mah Guaranteed. 13 14 3 Found. 15.70 15.70 3.07| 919 00 Guaranteed. 14 15 17 50 Found. 16.16 16.79 18 00 Guaranteed. 1 9 10 2.50 23 00 Found. 1.01 10.02 10.96 2.60 Guaranteed. 1.65 9 10 2 24 00 Found. 1.76 LOZIOS IN ee 2.40 Guaranteed. 1b tA eeee ae Found. 14.59 15.79 18 00 Guaranteed. SMe ey | wheeees 5 Hound. 14.16 15.40 5.08 oy Guaranteed. LOM RR Bees 5 Found. 9.86 13.07 6.68 22 00 Below guarantee. 0.14 Guaranteed. 1.81 9 11 1.50 30 00 Found. 1.70 8.61 12.02 1.80 28 00 9 Below guarantee. 0.11 0.39 28 00 Guaranteed. 10 11 3 = Found. 10.29 11.60 3.44 el. Guaranteed. ESR La ae ee Found. 12.58 14.41 22 00 Below guarantee. : 0.42 Guaranteed. 1.24 9.50 11250) | 1.50 Found. 1.41 8.81 12.62 PABA L 25 00 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.69 Guaranteed. 1.65 10 12 1.30 Found. PARA 9.95 12.26 2.01 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.05 214 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resuits or ANALYSES oF CommeErctaL Frrtiiizers Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by Fe o 2 Trade name or Locality where = 5 MANUFACTURER. brand. sample aie taken.| .2& s a ister Agricultural Chemical Works,| U.S. phosphate. | Attica. 2,240 Newark, N. J. 7 D} Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Suecess. West Taye: ae Newark, N. i | Syracuse. 2,096 % Batavia. 2,256 Frederick Ludlam, A. B. F. brand. | Magee. 2,050 New York. Wyoming. 2,206 70 9 Oz Frederick Ludlam, | Cereal brand. het Be oi he a . Ci) New works Wyoming. 2,207 Frederick Ludlam, Sickle brand. Farmer. 2,075 New York.| Magee. 2,048 Fewinuty , Cato. 2,128 Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead bone- | 7° REE 9°95 Detroit, Mich.) black. a eeln@ Se, eles yi | Le Roy. 2,179 | Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead po- | Freeville. 2,142 Detroit, Mich.| tato grower. Miller Fertilizer Co., Seneca county | MacDougall. 2,058 Baltimore, Md.| — special. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Bean special. Elba. 2,265 Company, Buffalo, N. Y. i D) Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Buffalo fertilizer. Poca, BiGee Company ae 9’9 2 Buffalo, N. Y. East Avon. 2,293 Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Buffalo guano. Romulus. 2,054 Company, Perry. 2,218 Buffalo, N. Y. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Cyclone bone- | Perry. 2,215 Company, meal. Attica. 2,235 Buffalo, N. Y New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN New YorkK State Durine THE Fay or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. 215 Results expressed in parts per hundred. Paandsrot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- ASS OE ed ee I fertilizer. | Of fertilizer. | fertilizer. Peruiiizorse tae Guaranteed. 1732 Uf 8 By Found. Ue sy, 6.68 9.67 2.74 $25 00 Below guarantee. 0.32 9.50 Guaranteed. 1.24 9.29 11.50 2 cea Found. 1.61 12.21 2.18 26 00 0.21 i Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 Found. 1.00 7.93 14.03 1.80 30 00 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.65 | 0.07 0.20 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 1 a e Found. 0.97 LOE 14.89 | 15 S 25 00 10 Guaranteed. 12.61 12 ue 22 00 Found. 17.28 ea) 24 00 & Guaranteed. 1.85 GEA GB enw toe oe 1.50 a oe Fonnd. 2.45 9.85 2.01 27 00 Guaranteed. 1.35 | Si hie ee 3.50 34 00 Found. 2.11 | 10.18 10.90 | 3.91 Guaranteed. 0.80 | 10 12 4 Found. 0.80 | 10.63 11.99 3.90 27 00 Below gnarantee, 0.10 Guaranteed. 0.80 10 11 4 Found. 09h 9.84 10.79 4.04 24 00 Below guarantee. | 0.16 Guaranteed. 1.80 9 10 1.50 30 00 Found. 1.84 | 8.57 10.14 es Dill 24 00 Below guarantee. | 0.43 | 0.29 27 00 10 Guaranteed. 0.80 | 9.70 | 11 il Found. 0.90 | Me 22 PAG 0.30 | Guaranteed. GI ool yeaa 22 28 00 Found. 3.90 11.56 23.26 30 00 216 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutt or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FeErtTIuIzERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by | be ov . 2 MANUFACTURER, | Tndenameor | Loony where | 2 | Ss | a Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Potato, hop and | Waterloo. 2,047 Co., | tobacco phos- | Attica. 2,233 Buffalo, N. Y.| phate. Kast Avon. 2,297 em Rendering and Fertilizing Veretable pone. | Attica: 2,234 Buffalo, N. Y. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Wheat, oats and | Waterloo. 2,045. Co., barley phos- | Perry. 2,217 Buffalo, N. Y. phate. Alexander. 2,245, Niagara Fertilizer Co., Wheat and corn | Waterloo. 2,044 Buffalo, N.Y.) producer. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic. Sempronius. 2,137 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,278 Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden sheaf. Sempronius. 2,136 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,279 Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great value. Sempronius. 2,135 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,280 Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High farming. Oakfield. 2,277 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Potato and tobac-| Sempronius. 2,134 Buffalo, N. Y.| co fertilizer. Oakfield. 2,282 Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Standard fertil- | Oakfield. 2,276 Buffalo, N. Y.| izer- Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special hop A. Oakfield. 2,281 Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special wheat | Oakfield. 2,283 Buffalo, N. Y. manure. Found, Guaranteed. Found. _ Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found. Guaranteed. Found, Below guarantee. 9.50 9.76 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 217 LEecTED IN New York State Dvurine tHe Farr or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. yey ds of 12 ds of ie ds of ronan available nies paleDeolune Retail sell- Becca reese) eerie RS, | POdAel tn 10) ae sy: 1d 1 e s unas Oo er ton, fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. yartilizer: r Guaranteed. 2.05 | 8 9 cree 226 Fonnd. 1.98 8.93 10.82 3.93 | 2 00 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.07 0.07 alg Guaranteed. 4.10 8 9 5 30 00 Found. 4.31 8.54 9.33 5.95 Guaranteed. 25 9 10 2 97 00 Found. 15S 8.97 10.24 2.47 22 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 et Guaranteed. 1223 8 9 MENG 26 00 Found. 1.46 8.12 10.62 2.75 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 LE08s! Fao esas Found. 1.91 9.03 10.16 1.54 27 00 Guaranteed. 1225 a 8 L290 ier ae Found. 1.50 8.15 8.84 2.07 25 00 Guaranteed. 0.80 6 7 L08) | eee Found. 1.14 6.99 7 (sar 1.48 23 00 Guaranteed. 29 00 38 00 218 Resutts oF ANALYSES OF REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE ComMeERcIAL FeErtinizers Cot- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by H Oo Trad Locality wh g MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample was taken, 25 4 mM Pacific Guano Co., Ammoniated dis- | Warsaw. 2,191 New York.| solved bone. Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Le Roy. 2,172 New York.} and potash. A. Peterson, Penfield stand- | Penfield. 2,163 Penfield, N. Y.| ard fertilizer. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Farmers’ phos- | Lima. 2,300 Philadeiphia, Pa,| phate. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Guaranteed] Willow Creek. | 2,116 Philadeiphia, Pa.| guano. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., New Jersey po-| Cato. 2,126 Philadelphia, Pa.| tato manure. Lima. 2,304 Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Soluble hone| Willow Creek. | 2,115 Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Special fertilizer. | Cato. 2,125 Philadelphia, Pa. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Special formula. | Mt. Morris. 2,320 Philadelphia, Pa. Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Standard phos- | Lima. 2,302 Philadelphia, Pa.| phate. Pottstown Iron Co., Odorless phos- | Lima. 2,301 Pottstown, Pa.| phate. Quinnipiac Co., Ammoniated dis- | Cee Ae New York. solved bone. Wy oming. 2 202 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 219 LECTED In New York Strate Dourine tHe Fatt or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. ‘ P devo Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of seaae uy available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- Min powiids phosphoric phoric poe in potest in 100 ing price of fertilizer. pear ere ; fertilizer Fertile: Pa Guaranteed. 2 10 2 Found. 1.97 8.75 12.62 2.15 $30 00 *Below gnarantee. 0.03 0.25 ‘ Guaranteed. 10 2 Found. 1255 ib 1.24 13.94 18 00 Below guarantee. 0.76 Guaranteed. 2.50 8 12 4 30 00 Found. 2.70 11.06 14.41 5.26 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 1 20 00 Found. 110 9.17 10.37 1.64 Guaranteed. 125 9.25 10.25 1.40 Found. 1.09 9.50 10.19 1.88 25 00: Below guarantee. |_ 0.16 Guaranteed. 1.65 6 7 9 30 00 Found. 2.06 7.87 8.81 W1e32 32 00 Guaranteed. 14 15 Found 14.99 15.38 19 00 Guaranteed. 3; 1.85 9 10 Found. 2.01 8.69 9.65 4.75 28 00 B43) Below guarantee. 0.31 Guaranteed. 0.20 OWEN TIS 0 oe 2.45 95 00 Found. 0.80 11 1-81 4.37 | a Guaranteed. i 9 i131 2.50 Found. a a by 6.56 7.86 ata 24 00 Below guarantee. 2.44 1.33 GUAcAnteeas. 4 eWitye: ode Wintel cbse 20 Found. 5.73 20.94 18 00 Guaranteed. 1.64 9 10 2 2 a Found. 2-31 9.86 13.50 2.12 26 00 220 REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvtrs oF ANALYSES «oF CommeERcIAL FErRtTILIzERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by u x0) 2 7 Trad Loealit h MANUFACTURER. reaare er, noel ae fos) A Qninnipiae Co., Climax. Oakwood. 2,104 New York. Wyoming. 2,200 Quinnipiac Co., Dissolved bone | Oakwood. 2,106 New York. and potash. Mes 7 Oakwood. 2,107 Quinnipiac Co., ea ie ep cere and Flemingville. 2160 SA chase ahs Wyoming. 2,201 Quinnipiac Co., Mohawk. Oakwood. 2,103 New York. Quinnipiac Co., Nobsque guano. | Le Roy. Pde Wiz | New York. reer C Pacific guano, Taw 2.176 Quinnipac Co., ees AGB Nba y nee e Roy. we SWE OL: potasb. Quinnipac Co., Potato manure. | Oswego. 2,154 New York. Quinnipac Co., Potato phos- | Oswego. 2,153 New York.| phate. Flemingville. | 2,162 Quinnipac Co., Quinnipiac phos- | Wyoming. 2,203 New York.| phate. Quinnipae Co., Soluble dis- | Oakwood. 2,105 New York. solved bone. Read Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Syracuse. 2,089 New York. pie ete ses Lice Read Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone | Syracuse. New York. phosphate. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 221 LEcTED IN New York Srate Durine tHe Fatt or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. P atyate Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of ferowen 4 available total phos | water-soluble | Retail sell- teen a e| phosphoric | phorie acid | potash in 100| ing price * f eet SOF! sacidin 1001bs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. SEAS of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. Guaranteed. 1 8 9 2 Found. 1.40 7.97 10.94 2.28 $27 00 24 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 | Guaranteed. 10 ital Z Found. 10.47 13.18 2.15 | 24 00 Guaranteed. L365) 10 1 a a Found. 2.08 9.20 13 65 1.40 25 00 Guaranteed 0.80 7 8 1 Found. 1.26 8.27 10.07 1.46 25 00 Guaranteed. 1.40 8 9 2 25 00 Found. le52, 8.67 11.98 2.20 Guaranteed - 1.65 9 10 1 22 00 Found. 1.87 10.52 12.44 2.63 Guaranteed. 2.50 6 a 5 37 00 Found. 2.64 6.33 9.24 5.25 d Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 3 35 00 Found. 2.25 8.91 12.42 3.28 35 00 Guaranteed. OOH OT et Pate See 10 2 28 00 Found. 2/65 10.20 12275 2.50 Guaranteed. 12 13 Found. 14.52 15.11 20°00 Guaranteed. 10 12 17 00 Found. 10.13 a Gea! J 7 a 12 14 uaranteed. 10.80 13.96 Found. 20 00 Below guarantee. 1.20 222 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 2ESULTS OF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by rs o Trade name or Locality wh ee MANUFACTURER. brand. Sai faker ‘= 5 oe | a Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend. | Syracuse. 079 New York. Lima. 2,299 Read Fertilizer Co., Leader guano. Syracuse. 2,080 New York. Wyoming. 2,212 Read Fertilizer Co., N.Y. State super-| Syracuse. 2,081 New York.| phosphate. Read Fertilizer Co., Prime wheat fer- | Syracuse. 2,282 New York.| _ tilizer. Wyoming. 2,211 } Read Fertilizer Co., Pure ground | Syracuse. 2, 085 New York.} bone. Read Fertilizer Co., Samson fertilizer.) Syracuse. 2,083 New York. Read Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone, Syracuse. 2,090 New York. Qupeaens 9 Read Fertilizer Co., Standard phos- ace Bune New York. phate. Wyoming. 2,210 Jobn S. Reese & Co., Challenge crop | Niles. 2,138 Baltimore, Md.| = grower. Johnsonburg. | 2,249 Crown bone and | x. 2 John S. Reese & Co., . potash phos- Niles. 2,189 Baltimore, Md, phate. Johnsonburg. | 2,248 John S. Reese & Co., Elm bone phos- | Niles. 2,140 Baltimore, Md.|_ phate. John S. Reese & Co., Pilgrim. Owego. 2,152 Baltimore, Md. Perry. 2,221 ig New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 223 LECTED In New York State Dorine tHE Fay or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred, Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pat OE BT available total phos- | water-soluble} Retail sell- 8 phosphoric | phoricacidin} potash in 100| ing price ie eh of acid in 1001bs.| 100 pounds of ;} pounds of per ten. fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. ‘Guaranteed. 2.05 9 11 2 $30 00 Found. 2222 10.16 11.45 2211 28 00 ‘Guaranteed. 0.80 7 8 2 25 00 Found. 1.06 8.13 9.12 3.94 24 00 | “Guaranteed. 1.35 9 u 2 28 00 Found. 1.48 9.22 10.41 2.25 ‘Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 4 28 00 Found. 1.74 8.37 9.56 4.09 29 GO Guaranteed. DAS) We ie eee I 22, Found. 1.20 | 14.72 29.92 32 00 Below guarantee. 0.25 Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 5 Found. 2.47 8.11 9.20 5.78 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.03 Guaranteed. , 16 17 | Found. 13.96 18.06 | 24 00 Below guarantee. 2.04 | Guaranteed. 0.82 8 10 4 28 00 Found. 0.99 8.44 9.60 | 3.99 26 00 Below guarantee. - 0.01 2-00 Guaranteed. 0.£0 8.50 1125 2 25 00 Found. 0.96 8.87 Wed52 2.96 27 00 Guaranteed. 12 13 ye 2 Found. 14.24 15.79 | 1.70 23 00 24 00 Below guarantee. ee vt OSS Guaranteed. 14 | 17 18 00 Found. 15.16 | 16.90 Guaranteed. 1.25 6.50 | 7.50 | es | Found. 1.20 8.49 13.96 | 3.55 30 00 | 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.05 224 ReEePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resvutts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- . Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by MANUFACTURER. Trade name or Locality where’ John 8S. Reese & Co., John S. Reese & Co., John 8. Reese & Co., Springfield Fertilizer Co., Springfield Fertilizer Co., Springfield Fertilizer Co., Standard Guano Co., Standard Fertilizer Co., I. P. Thomas & Son Co., I. P. Thomas & Son Co., I. P. Thomas & Son Co., I. P. Thomas & Son Co., brand. sample was taken. Potato special | Johnsonburg. Baltimore, Md.| manure. Potato phosphate.) Oswego. Baltimore, Md. Special alkaling | Perry. Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. ; Atlas bone phos- | Binghamton. Springfield, O.| phate. Glcbe bone phos- | Binghamton. Springfield, O.| phate. Soluble bone | Binghamton. Springfield, O.} phosphate. Standard guano. | Corfu. Boston, Mass. W. E. Lowe’s Seas Geneseo. wheat, oats and PUEDE barley fertilizer. Alkaline bone. Marcellus. Philadelphia, Pa. Improved super-) Binghamton. Philadelphia, Pa.| phosphate. Potato and to- | Binghamton. Philadelphia, Pa.| mato manure. Wheat and grass | Marcellus. Philadelphia, Pa.| compound. 2,150 2,275 2,318 ee ke TDOTTA ES FT Rhode islay hig f PAE ae i agtn eho Snani0s 225 New Yor ABNEO PEAR Ey LECTED IN New York Sratp During THE FALL oF 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. “Results expressed-in-parts per_hundred. ie ds of Pounds of Pound f Pounds of ayaDabl6 total pie: Wataraolnbie Retail sell- 100 Sere of TE iG poo peid boven at ao ing price pds.| in ounds [s) ton. fertilizer. Of fertilizer. of fertilizer. vartilizer. ere Guaranteed. 2.90 CO Pees 7.50 = Found. 3.42 5.56 7.76 9.54 $35 00 Below guarantee. 0.94 Guaranteed. 2.05 8.50 9.50 6 Found. 2.47 9.73 10.92 5.19 35 00 Below guarantee. 0.81 Guaranteed. 10 12 1 20 00 Found. 13.58 14.94 1.01 Guaranteed. 1.65 Seer Masse. 2.15 34 00 Found. IATL 9.23 10.94 Wear Guaranteed. 2.05 LORS te? aasece 2 36 00 Found. QT 11.02 13.58 2.84 Guaranteed. 1 6.50 7.50 3 Found. 1.02 7.05 8.62 2.47 30 00 Below guarantee. 0.53 Guaranteed. i 8 10 26 00 Fonnd. 1.24 8.17 10.37 2.22 Guaranteed. OG IPL ere eee O22D 22 00 Found. 11.03 1210 a) 2 Guaranteed. Ore eta 1.50 Found. 12.16 13.87 1.42 23 00 Below guarantee. | 0.03 Guaranteed. 0.42 12 14 25 00 Found. 0.51: 12.09 ibys; Guaranteed. il 9 10.50 | 6 36 00 Found. 1.31 11.15 13.54 | 6 Guaranteed. 0.80 | 10 11 1 26 00 Found. 1.14 | 10.70 12.38 | 1.29 226 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts or ANALYSES oF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by I Oo ’ Trade n Locality wh re MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample wastaken,| 85 s a Yearsley’s acidu- Tygert-Allen Co., Hater . Owego. 2,157 . : ni puos- 2 Philadelphia, Pa. phate. Tygert-Allen Co., Yearsley’s stand- | East Avon. 2,294 Philadelphia, Pa- ard, Walker Fertilizer Co., Economical bone | Owego. 2,156 Clifton Springs, N. Y. phosphate. Walker Fertilizer Co., Ontario. Le Roy. 2,178 Clifton Springs, N. Y.- Walker Fertilizer Co., Pure ground | Le Roy. 2,186 Clifton Springs, N. Y.] bone. Walker Fertilizer Co., Victoria bone. Owego. 2,155 Clifton Springs, N. Y. pee : apeae % Americus ammo- : Williams & Clark Beet ee niated super- Avon. 2,308 ‘ phosphate. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Americus special | Avon. 2,309 : New York. potato. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Genesee valley | Avon. 2,311 New York.} special. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Royal hone | Le Roy. 2,175 New York.| phosphate. ne aap Universal am- Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 2 = Johnsonburg. | 2,251 ye moniated dis- 2 ‘ New York. colsca bone! Avon. 2,310 Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Bonnaire ays Trumansburg. | 2,077 Feat lene aN fertilizer. Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Grass and oats | Trumansburg. | 2,076 Rutland, Vt. fertilizer. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227 LECTED In New York Srate Dourine tHe Farr or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Poundsof ni- Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of ‘ trogen in 100 available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- pounds of | PHROEPHe | Pita counds | "pounds of. | pertton, fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. Fertilizer. R : Guaranteed. Ve OU Ri eee Found. 15.78 16.15 $20 00 Guaranteed. RO UR ait! ame Found. 13.80 110 19 00 Guaranteed. 0.80 11 13 1 Found. 0.85 10.57 12-22 1.59 28 00 Below guarantee. 0.43 Guaranteed. LOPS teres see 4 Found. 9.70 1a 3.98 22 00 Below guarantee. 0.30 0.02 Guaranteed. Sale a bbe eet 21 Found. 4.38 6.29 21.22 28:00 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 1.50 24 00 Found. 0.85 8.30 9.90 1.86 Guaranteed. 2.45 9 10 2 Found. 2.43 9.43 11.68 PZ) 29 00 Below guarantee. 0.02 Guaranteed. 2.45 | 6 7 5 35 00 Found. 2.76 7.21 10.73 5-55 Guaranteed. 10 11 5 Found. 10.99 12.61 3.45 26 00 Below guarantee. 1.55 8 Guaranteed. il i 12.08 2 Found. 1.42 7.49 2.12 26 00 Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 | 29 00 Found. 1.83 9.86 13.46 2.29 27 00 Guaranteed. 13 15 | Found. 12.91 14.12 oF 00 Below guarantee. | 0.09 | | | Guaranteed. 11 13 2 ; Found. 11.47 14.39 2.55 ae 00 228 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Resutts oF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 5 MANUFACTURER Trade name or Locality where 2 ; brand. sample was taken:| .£ 3 a a Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Royal wheat | Romulus. 2,066 New York.| grower. Wyoming. 2,205 Zell Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Cato. 2,129 Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. Zell Guano Co., Economizer. Mac Dougall. | 2,056 Baltimore, Md. Zell Guano Co., Fruit tree invigo- | Mae Dougall. | 2,055 Baltimore, Md. rator. Zell Guano Co., Genesee fertili- | Mac Dougall. | 2,057 Baltimore, Md. zer. Zell Guano Co.. Special potato | Fowlerville. 2,315 Baltimore, Ma. fertilizer. Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,182 Baltimore, Md.| No.1. Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,184 Baltimore, Md.| No. 2. Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,183 Baltimore, Md. No. 3. Not given. pa : special | Lima. 2,305 s 5 ; 9 Not given. eee ‘ special | Lima. 2,303 Special fertili- | Geneseo. 2,319 Not given. zer. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229 LECTED IN New York Stare Durine THE Fact or 1895. chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of penne ot available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 100 porate of phosphoric phoric acid in| potashin 100 | ing price Partizan acid in 100 Ibs | 100 pounds of ounds of per ton. ‘ of fertilizer. fertilizer. ertilizer. Guaranteed. 0.80 8 9 2 $23 00 Found. 1.04 9.53 10.49 2.09 Guaranteed. 14 15 18 00 Found. 14.80 16.12 Guaranteed. 0.80 9 ral 1 26 00 Found. 1.01 10.60 12.93 2-17 Guaranteed. 10 12 8 26 00 Found. Tab saly/ 12.97 SENS Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 2 Found. 1.99 10.61 12.23 2.39 30 00 Below guarantee. : Guaranteed. 3125 6 8 8 Found. 3-21 7.52 10 95 8.13 40 00 Below guarantee. 0.04 Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 4 23 00 Found. 0.80 9.10 12.59 4.29 Guaranteed. 10 12 4 Found. 9.88 12.86 4.45 21 00 Below guarantee. 0.12 Guaranteed. 14 11s 17 00 Found. 14.29 15771 Guaranteed. 0.80 9 10.24 4 Found. 0.86 9.01 MIE55 3.45 26 00 Below guarantee. 0.55 Guaranteed. 0.80 3 10.50 4 Found. 1.10 7.40 9.46 6.62 26 00 Below guarantee. 60 | Guaranteed, 1 9 1Gl 2.50 Found. 1.39 7.05 14.35 1.98 24 00 Below guarantee. 1.95 0.52 \ { 230 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE XVI. Gifts to the Station. ALMOND. United States Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., hard shell sweet. APPLES. March 28. Erwin Lord, Pompanoosue, Vt., twelve cions each of Alice, Old Garden, Lombard, Erwin Lord, Windsor, Hazen Pippin, Houghton Sweet and Lord erab. April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., cions of Albemarle, Newby and Perry. April 19. M. F. Pierson, Seneca Castle, N. Y., cions of Princess Louise. April 22. O. W. Rich, Atlantic, Iowa, cions of Soulard crab. April 25. J. V. Cotta, Nursery, Ill., two cions each of Ficke and Milwaukee. April 27. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., two cions of Baxter. April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., one Barry. January 5. George H. Andrews, Clarkson, N. Y., cions of Monroe. April 8. Amos Daniels, Chittenango, N. Y., cions of Wheeler, Nos. 3, 9, 33, 36, 38, 41, 48 and 44. October 5, cions of Nos. 45 to 79 inclusive. November 26. Charles Hand, Mountainville, Orange county, N. Y., cions of Barton. APpRIcor. April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., two each of Bon- goume and Hubbard. March —. Prof. T. Minami, Sapporo Agriculture College, Japan, Anzu. Bran. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Dwarf Golden Wax, Best of All, Saddle Back Wax, New Stringless Green Pod Bush, New Champion Bush, Round Yellow Six Weeks, Improved Rust-Proof Golden Wax, Kidney Wax, New Prolifie German Wax, New Black Eye Wax. March 3. A. N. Jones, Newark, N. Y., Jones No. 71, Wax Bush. / New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 231 BEET. March 2“. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Early Blood Red Turnip, Danish Improved Sugar, Dark Stinson, Early Egyptian. BLACKBERRY. April 26. Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va., Maxwell. April 11. E. A. Riehl, Alton, IIl., Piasa. Broccot.t. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., San Isadore. CARROT. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Improved Long Orange, New Forcing No. 1387, Danvers or Half Long Orange, Early Scarlet Horn, New Extra Dark Moss-curled Parsley CAULIFLOWER. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Best Early. CELERY. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 “East Thirty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., De Candolle, F. E. Rudman & Brother, 182 North Clinton street, Rochester, N. Y., Golden Heart. CHERRY. April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., cions of KEsel Kirsche, Rupp and White Bigarreau. April 10. Starke Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one tree of Abesse d’Oignies. August 7. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., No. 9211 seedling cherry buds. August 1. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., Esel Kirsche buds. August 8. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., Rupp buds. August 9. G. H. Andrews, Clarkson, N. Y., Yellow Waif: buds. August 10. W. F. Heikes, manager Huntsville Nursery, Hunts- ville, Ala., two trees Esel Kirsche. 232 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE November 11. W. & T. Smith, Geneva, N. Y., per Edward Smith, two trees each of the following varieties on Mahaleb stock : Black Tartarean, Coe Transparent, Dyehouse, Early Richmond or Kentish, English Morello, Governor Wood, Late Duke, Mont- morency, Napoleon ; and two trees each of the following varieties on Mazzard stock: Black Tartarean, Coe Transparent, Dyehouse, Engtish Morrello, Montmorency, Napoleon. Corn. March 2. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Early Ford- hook. CucuMBER. March 20. W. A. Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa., Fordhook Improved White Spine, Early Green Prolific, Early Russian, New Improved Chicago Pickle. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., White Japanese Climbing. CURRANT. March 17. Geo. Coote, Corvallis, Oregon, cuttings native Oregon black currant. April 26. D. Brandt, Bremen, Ohio, Yellow Utah. October 28. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Moore Ruby. November 2. S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., five Moore Ruby, tive White Imperial. November 11. W. & T. Smith, Geneva, N. Y., per Edward Smith, five Gondouin. November 19, five Cherry and five Versail- laise. November 20. E. Y. Teas, Irvington, Ind., five one-year plants of Knight’s Improved. November 27. Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind., one plant of Albertson & Hobbs, No. 1. Drweerry. March 26. J. W. Austin, Pilot Point, Denton Co., Texas, six plants, Austin Improved. April 22. C. C. Maynard, Kincaid, Kansas, six Maynard. ENDIVE. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 E. Thirty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., Sant Angelo. ~ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2a0 GoOoOSEBERRY. April 19. Storrs Harrison Co., Painesville, O., one Carmen. April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., two Oregon. Jumbo. May 1. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, London, Cossack, Hairy Green, Green Ocean, Lofty. GRAPE. March 18. Geo. Coote, Corvallis, Oregon, cuttings of native grape. April 1. A. F. Rice, Griswoldsville, Ga., Superb, one three-year vine. April 5. J. R. Johnson, Dallas, Texas, one Columbian. April 18. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, two each of Presley (formerly Pres. Lyon), Eumedel, R. W. Munson, Long John, Gold Coin, Chambrill, Bell, W. B. Munson. April 15. T. S. Hubbard Co., Fredonia, N. Y.; two each of Bril- liant, Eaton, (Rog. 14) Gaertner. April 19. P. R. DeMuth, Connellsvilie, Pa., three vines Helen Keller. May 1. H. M. Woodward, 717 Napoleon St., Rockford, Ill., two Regal. May 1. J. A. Putnam & Son, Fredonia, N. Y., two Lucile. May 18. Prof. John Craig, Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, two Emerald. J. E. Lord, Pompanoosue, Vt., two cuttings of Lord Favorite. KoOHLRABI. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth St., New York, N. Y., Giant of Modiea. LETTUCE. March 2, W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Dwarf White Heart, New Cabbage, No. 3835. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth St., New York, N. Y., Albano, Genezzans. October 28. A. Luther, Leeds, Jackson Co., Mo., Luther, one packet forcing lettuce. F. E. Rudman & Brother, 132 N. Clinton St., Rochester, N. Y., Keene, forcing lettuce, one packet. Big Boston, forcing lettuce, one packet. 234 ReEepPoRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE MiscELLANEOUS. February 1. John J. McGowan, Forest Home, N. Y., one No. 7 McGowan nozzle. March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon, Thimble Berry, native Oregon species ; native Oregon Rose plants. March 22. J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass., several packets of seeds. March 26. Frost & Co., Rochester, N. Y., Polygonum Sagalinese two small roots (Sacaline). March —. Prof. T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, Japan, No. 7 Chestnut, cultivated ; No. 8 Chestnut, wild; No. 9 Walnut, wild. April 18. C. Schaefer, Rutlidge, Helidon, Queensland, Australia, seeds as follows: Grass (Paspalum Galmarra), Bailey; the Russell river grass ; Oyas Media (one fruit); Bunya Pine, one seed; Cassia Brewsteri, F. & M., several seeds; Mezoneurum Brachycarpum ; Vitex, var lignum vite, two fruits; Lance Wood ? (three nuts) ; Parkinsonia Aculeata, commonly called Jerusalem Thorn or Bird of Paradise Tree, several seeds; a native Raspberry of Queensland, several fruits; Vitis Opaca, F. & M., seeds. April 24. C. E. Brown, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Rhubarb, Carl- ton Club, received through G. H Hicks, assistant botanist, Wash- ington, D. C. July 26. John G. Schumaker, 189 Montague street, Brooklyn, N. Y., one-horse power vineyard sprayer. April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., one Rosa Setigera. April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., quince, two Fuller. May 4. A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., two Stanley berry, Rubus Capenses; one Spirzea, Anthony Waterer; one Golden May- berry, one Logan berry, May 20. May 24. C. W. Ward, Queens, N. Y., Carnations, twelve plante each, William Scott, Storm King, Stuarts. MuskKMELON. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Melrose, Tip Top, Nutmeg, Cannon Ball, Acme or Baltimore. P< New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 235 OKRA. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., New Lady Finger. ONION. ~ March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., White Globe, New Gigantic Gibralter, New Queen, Red Globe, Yellow Globe Danvers, Yellow Dutch, Giant Yellow Rocca. PEACH. April 30. The Rogers Nursery Co., Moorestown, N. J., two Blood, Dwarf Japan. May 4. W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ontario, Canada, two Tyhurst. August 7. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., York Pearl. September 27. H. Wiard, Syracuse, N. Y., buds of Wiard. October —. R. G. Chase Co., Geneva, N. Y., Chase (Chase's Early Free), three trees. November 27. A. Pullen, Milford, Delaware, one year trees on peach roots; five each of Capt. Eads, Conkling, Champion, Crosbey, Elberta, Globe, Hill’s Chili, Hynes’ Surprise, Lemon Free, Sneed, Susquehanna; two each of Columbia, Alexander, Amsden June, Beer’s Smock, Bishop’s Early, Chinese Free, Crawford’s Early, Crawford’s Late, Early Rivers, Foster, Hale’s Early, Mountain Rose, Moore’s Favorite, Ola Mixon Free, Picquett’ Late, Prize, Redcheek Melocoton, Reeves’ Favorite, Salway, Stevens’ Rareripe, Stump the World, Wager, Wheatland, Yellow St. John. Five June buds of Triumph on peach roots. PEAR. March —. Professor T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, Japan, No. 1 cions Taihei, No. 2 cions Koga, No. 3 cions Kinriu. April 10. Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one Koonce. April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., Dorset, Lady Glapp, Oliver des Serres, Bon Chretien Fred. Baudry, Madam Heminway. September 18. T. G. Clark, Tyre, Seneca county, N. Y., buds of Seneca. 236 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE November 2. J. T. Macomber, Adams, Vt., Grand Isle, Dr. Hoskins. PRAs. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Echo, Renown. April 18. Delano Moore, Presque Isle, Aroostook county, Me., one packet Maud 8. Perper. March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., Elephant’s Trunk, Columbus. Pium. March —. Professor T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, Japan, Hadankyo, yellow long; Hadankyo, yellow round. March 4. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif., Giant Prune and Wickson Plum. April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., Yellow Aubert, Moldovka, Hungarian. April 10. Howard E. Merrill, Geneva, N. Y., five General Hand on Myrobolan stock. April 10. Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one each of Chabot and Gold, and April 20, one Splendor prune. ’ April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., two Dunlap on Myrobolan. April 27. Van Dusen Nursery Co., Geneva, N. Y., five General Hand on Horse, and 100 Horse plum stock. April 27. J. F. Hunt, Kendaia, N. Y., two Hunt’s- No. 1 on Myrobolan stock. May 14. 8. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., two Willard plum on, peach roots, and 100 Myrobolan plum stock. April 9. R. G. Chase, Geneva, N. Y., 100 Mariana stock. August 4. C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa, buds of following varieties: Rockford, Wood, Baker or Stoddard, Wayland. August 9. T. C. Maxwell & Brothers, Geneva, N. Y., Early Rivers buds. August 10. M. F. Pierson, Seneca Castle, N. Y., Miller’s Superb buds. August 24. Stark Brothers Company, Louisiana, Mo., buds of Red June, a Japanese sort. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 237 PuMPKIN. March 2. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Winter Luxury. - RapisH. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Golden Dres- den, New Bright Breakfast, New White Forcing, French Breakfast, Earliest Carmine Olive-shaped, Extra Early Scarlet Turnip, White Tipped Scarlet Turnip. RaAsPBERRY. March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon, Black Cap Native. April 17. W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, six Gault. April 20. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., twelve Miller. April 19. Storrs Harrison Co., Painesville, Ohio, one Gault. April 25. Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind., six Wade. April 26. W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y., five of Red variety grown in vicinity of Middlehope, and six each of Cromwell and Palmer. April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., six Thomson Early. April 27. C. G. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y., six Marlboro. ° April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., Conrath, All Summer. April 27. Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y., Shaffer’s Collossal, from one year and two year bushes; Ohio, from one year, two year and four year bushes; Gregg, from one year and three year bushes ; Tyler, from one year, two year and three year bushes. May 1. I. F. Street, West Middleton, Ind., Telataugh. May 1. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Seedling Reds, No. 6, 7, 13 and 17. November 9. C. H. Koch, Middlehope, N. Y., six No. 1 Red, six No. 2 Viking. November 13. S. H. Loomis, Geneva, N. Y., Geneva Pride. November 15. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Whyte No. 6, 7,13 and 17. May 4. A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. one Strawberry- raspberry . October 23. W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, six black Gault. 238 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE SquasH. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Hubbard. STRAWBERRY. March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon, native species from coast of Pacific Yaguina Bay, Lincoln county, and one from foot hills, Coast Range, Willamette Valley. April 10. R. 8. Cole, Harmans, Md., 25 Tubbs. April 10. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., strawberry seedlings Nos. 1, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 25. April 21. M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, William Belt, Staples, Margaret. April 24. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., 25 Thompson (Lady Thompson). April 25. W. D. Barnes & Son, Middlehope, N. Y., 25 Thompson (Lady Thompson). April 26. Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va., 12 Earliest, 12 America, 12 Edith, 12 Thompson No. 101, 12 Enormous, 12 Thompson No. 100. April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., 25 Williams. April 27. Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y., 25 Canada Wilson. April 29. E. B. Stevenson, Lowville, Ontario, Canada, 25 Maple Bank. April 29. D. B. Garvin & Son, Wheeling, W. Va., unnamed strawberry. May 1. E. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa., Hulls No. 3. May 3. W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md., 12 Allen. May 1. W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md., Enormous, Bissel, Col- umbian. May 1. H.S. & A. J. See, Geneva, Pa., 12 each of See Nos. 5, 4 and 3. May 17. E. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa., Hull’s No. 4. Tomato. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Fordhook First. February 5. West Virginia Station, F. William Rane, Horticul- turist, Rane’s Seedling. ees New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 239 February 5. Hoover & Moore, Antler’s, Garfield county, eae Seedlings Nos. 1, 2, and 3. October 29. F. Ohatfield, Sennett, Cayuga county, N. Y. , Early Forcing, Eureka. TURNIP. March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., New Kashmye. XVIII. Newspapers and Periodicals Presented to the Station. Acker & Gartenbau Zeitung, Milwaukee, Wis. Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. Agricultural South, Atlanta, Ga. Albany Weekly Journal, Albany, N.Y. Allegan Gazette, Allegan, Mich. American Agriculturist, New York, N. Y. American Cultivator, Boston, Mass. American Dairyman, New York, N. Y. American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincinnati, Ohio. American Grocer, New York, N. Y. American Horticulturist, Wichita, Kans. American Stock Keeper, Boston, Mass. American Veterinary Review, New York, N. Y. Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md. Canadian Entomologist, Fort Hope, Canada. Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, Canada. Clover Leaf, South Bend, Ind. Country Gentleman, Albany, N. Y. Dairy World, London, England. De Ruyter Gleaner, De Ruyter, N. Y. Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. Every Week, Angelica, N. Y. Farm and Dairy, Ames, Iowa. Farm and Fireside, Philadelphia, Pa. Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass. Farmer and Trucker, Berkley, Va. Farmers’ Advocate, London, Canada. Farmers’ Guide, Huntington, Ind. Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio. Farmers’ Magazine, Springfield, I]. Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa. 240 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE Farm Life, Rochester, N. Y. Farm Poultry, Boston, Mass. Farm, Stock and Home, Minneapolis, Minn. Fruit, Dunkirk, N. Y. Geneva Gazette, Geneva, N. Y. Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio. Grange Visitor, Charlotte, Mich. Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis. Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. Horticultural Gleaner, Austin, Tex. Horticultural Visitor, Kinmundy, Til. Industrial American, Lexington, Ky. Iowa Weather Crop Service Review, Des Moines, Iowa. Ithaca Democrat, Ithaca, N. Y. Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind. Ladies’ Home Companion, Philadelphia, Pa. Live Stock Journal, London, England. Long Island Farmer, Jamaica, N. Y. Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, New Orleans, La. Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn. Maryland Farmer, Baltimore, Md. Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont. Monthly Weather Review, Washington, D. C. National Dairyman, Kansas City, Mo. National Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. Nebraska Bee-Keeper, York, Neb. Nebraska Farmer, Lincoln, Neb. New England Farmer, Boston, Mass. New York Farm and Fireside, Springfield, Il. New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. Northwest Pacific Farmer, Portland, Oregon. Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Oregon. Peninsula Farmer, Federalsburg, Md. Poultry Monthly, Albany, N. Y. Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa. Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill. Progressive South, Richmond, Va. Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga. Southern Planter, Richmond, Va. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 241 Southern States, Baltimore, Md. Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa. Sugar Planters’ Journal, New Orleans, La. Utah Church and Farm, Salt Lake City, Utah. Vermont Farmers’ Advocate, Burlington, Vt. Village Record, West Chester, Pa. Western Plowman, Moline, II]. XIX. Rules of the Station Governing Gratuitous Chemical Analysis for Private Persons. The idea prevails to a greater or less extent that this Station em- ploys its chemists for the purpose of making chemical analysis of any and all materials sent here-by any one residing in this State. This is a mistake. Our chemists are employed mainly to do the analytical work which our regular investigations necessitate. The work thus called for is very extensive, probably greater than that done at any other experiment station in the United States. We make annually about 25,000 chemical determinations in connection with our regular investigations. These investigations are planned so as to benefit the largest possible number of farmers. We have, therefore, to exercise care, in order to prevent work for individuals from interfering with the work which is done for the farmers in the State at large. When we consider that there are nearly 400,000 farmers in this state, it can easily be seen that, if chemical work was done for any considerable number of individual farmers, our regular work would be completely stopped with our present force of chemists. It is hoped that in the near future we can make arrangements to do promptly a larger amount of chemi- eal analysis for individuals. There is a feeling on the part of some that they pay taxes to support this Station and that, there- fore, they have the right to ask to have chemical work done for them gratuitously. When we consider that each farmer of the State pays less on an average than one cent a year toward the support of our entire work, and that requests for chemical work call for time and materials which cost the State many times that sum, it - can be clearly seen how little ground the individual has for claiming the right to demand special work for himself. Many requests for chemical work are to satisfy mere curiosity and the work, if done, 16 242 RePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE would do nobody any good. Others are entirely foreign to agricul- tural interests and often of a purely private commercial character. In order that there may bea clear understanding in regard to this matter, the Board of Control has considered it necessary to make the following rules . Rule I1—Ohemical work that does not relate directly to agricul- tural matters can not be undertaken at all. Rule Il.— Before sending to the Station samples of anything for analysis, private parties should jirst state the nature of the work they wish to have done and the reasons for having it done. Information can then be given as to the advisability of doing the work. All such work, if done at all, is done gratuitously, and the Station must, in every case, decide whether the importance of the work is sufficient to justify the expenditure of time and materials that may be required. Undoubtedly, many who ask the Station to make gratuitous analyses for them do not fully understand the large amount of time a satisfactory analysis of almost any substance re- quires and do not realize to what extent compliance with their wishes would interfere with our regular work. Rule IIT.—In deciding what chemical work it can or can not do, the Station always plans to consult the benefit of the greatest number. Preference will always be given to the work promising information that is for the benefit of the larger number of individ- uals. Rule IV.— Any chemical work which is for private commercial interests can not be undertaken. Such work properly belongs to a private professional analyist, and the State should not be asked to do such work. ule V.— A complete analysis of any soil or mineral can not be undertaken except in rare cases. Analysis of water must generally be regarded as foreign to our work. Analysis in suspected cases of poisoning, adulteration of drugs, etc., can not be undertaken here. Rule VI.—The determination of fat in milk will be undertaken at any time. In such cases the milk should be sent to the Station as quickly as possible; a small amount of potassium bichromate may be added as a preservative. An examination of foods for animals New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 243 will be undertaken when circumstances justify and our regular work permits. Rule VII.— The analysis of commercial fertilizers and fertil- izing materials for private parties will be undertaken only on the following conditions: (1) The brand of fertilizer must be one that has not been collected and analyzed by the Station within one year. (2) The fertilizer must be sampled in accordance with instructions furnished by this Station. (8) Blanks describing the fertilizer must be filled out; these will be furnished on application. (4) The samples must be taken by consumers from stock of present season and from lots of not less than one ton. (5) All such work for private parties can be done only after the regular Station work in carrying out the provisions of the State Fertilizer Law is completed each season. lence, analyses for single individuals may be under the necessity of waiting some months for a report, since the regular work of the Station in carrying out the provisions of the Fertilizer Law can not under any circumstances be interrupted or delayed. REPORT OF THE eon CU Lr UR Sie S. A. BEACH, Horricurrvrisrt. WENDELL PADDOCK, Assistanr Horricutturist. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. By 8S. A. BEACH, HorticuLtTuristT. WENDELL PADDOCK, Assistant. Horticultural investigations at this Station in 1895, were con- ducted chiefly along the following lines: 1. Testing fruits. . 2. Origination of new fruits for the purpose of securing improved sorts. 3. Investigation of several subjects pertaining to forcing vegetables. 4. Comparison of different lines of treatment in combating some plant diseases of economic importance. Some attention has been given to a comparison of new spraying devices with those already on the market. A report on this subject was given in the annual report for 1894, and in Bulletin 74, so it is proposed to defer a further report till next season. Considerable time has been devoted to station correspondence on horticultural topics, to preparing the annual report and various bulletins, and to addresses on horticultural subjects, which were given in various parts of the state. The Horticulturist addressed the Western New York Horticultural Society, Rochester ; Grange organizations at Lodi, Brockport, Billsborough and Stanley; Farmers’ Clubs at Hall’s Corners and Clarence Center, and Farmers’ Institutes at Medina, Penn Yan, Penfield, Albion, Pittsford, Skaneateles, Wellsburg and Horseheads. Exhibits of fruit were made at the State fair, and at various county or district fairs. The following bulletins on horticultural topics were issued in 1895: No. 84. Spraying pear and apple orchards in 1894.* No. 86. Treatment of common diseases and insects injurious to fruits and vegetables. * The texts of this bulletin was published in the annual report for 1894. The text of the other bulletins appear, with few alterations, in this report. 948 Report oF THE HorvIcuLtTuRISt OF THE No. 88. I. Forcing lettuce in pots. II. Mushrooms as a greenhouse crop. No. 91. I. A new strawberry. II. Notes on strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and dewberries. No, 95. Currants. In all this work Mr. Paddock has constantly rendered such willing and trustworthy assistance that it is a pleasure to here make acknowl- edgment of his faithfulness and efficiency. He has continued the investigations of the previous year with raspberry anthracnose. The bulletin on the treatment of diseases and insects injurious to fruits and vegetables, and the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry bulletins issued during the year, are chiefly his work. During the year he has addressed the following meetings: Farmers’ meetings at Southhamp- ton, Mattituck, Southold, Huntington and Port Jefferson in Suffolk county ; Minneola, Queens county; Thiells and Suffern in Rockland county ; Newburg, Orange county; Brewster, Putnam county; Mount Kisco and White Plains, Westchester county; West Bloomfield, Ontario county, and a Grange meeting at Manchester, Ontario county. SprctAL Work IN THE SECOND JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. In addition to other work the Horticulturist has had, as in 1894, the general direction of the special investigations in the second judi- cial department, subject to the director’s approval. This department includes Long Island, Staten Island and the counties of Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam and Westchester. During the winter of 1895, a series of twelve Farmers’ Meetings were held, reaching localities in six counties. At these meetings addresses were given by members of the Station staff and other specialists. Agricultural or horticultural topics of local interest were discussed. A stereopticon was employed in illustrating the different forms of insects and fungus diseases, spraying machinery, etc. In most places these meetings were well attended and were generally considered instructive and valuable, as well as interesting. Informal meetings were held in several localities during the sum- mer, at which topics pertaining to injurions insects and plant diseases were discussed by members of the Station staff. The Entomological investigations have been carried on by Mr. V. H. Lowe and Mr. F. A. Sirrine, and Mr. C. F. Stewart has given New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 249 his attention to the study of plant diseases and remedial treatment for the same. Detailed accounts of the work of these specialists are found in their annual reports published in this volume. An account of Mr. Paddock’s experiments in treating leaf blight and fruit rot of cherries in Orange county is combined with a report of similar treatment of plum orchards at Geneva by the Horticulturist. A co-operative field test of different brands of commercial fer- tilizers for potatoes was conducted in Suffolk county by Dr. Van Slyke and the results of the test were published in Bulletin 93. Two circulars designed to give information about destructive insects were issued so as to call attention to these pests just before they were expected to appear. Circular No. 1, by F. A. Sirrine, treated of the cabbage maggot and No. 2, by V. H. Lowe, treated of the corn worm. Circular No. 3 issued to the press May 15, 1895, gave a brief account of the progress of the work. Besides these circulars the following bulletins were issued : Bulletin 86, by S. A. Beach and W. Paddock, on Treatment of Injurious Insects and Fungous Diseases. Bulletin 87, by F. A. Sirrine, on The San Jose or Pernicious Scale. Bulletin 93, by Dr. L. L. Van Slyke, on Comparative Field-Test of Commercial Fertilizers used in raising potatoes. I. TESTING FRUITS. In testing fruits a systematic record is kept for each variety showing for each year the time of blossoming, the period of mar- ketable condition and the yield. Descriptions are made of the fruit its keeping qualities are noted, especially in case of winter fruits, and other features of interest or importance are noticed such as the habit of growth, liability to disease, condition of the plants, ete. These records are useful not only in determining the merits of new varieties as compared with old standard sorts, but the notes on the period of blossoming are also valuable in helping to decide what varieties may be used for planting with other desirable varieties that set fruit imperfectly or not at all when standing alone. It is well known that strawberry growers must mingle imperfect flowering varieties with perfect flowering varieties in order to secure proper fertilization of the blossoms. It has recently been shown at this Station that some kinds of grapes likewise need to be mingled in 250 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE planting. For a more complete discussion of this subject the reader is referred to the article on “ Fertilization of Flowers in Orchards and Vineyards” in the annual report of this Station for 1894. Published descriptions of the varieties, accounts of their origin and introduction, reports as to their value in other localities and other observations of interest are kept on slips of paper arranged in alpha- betical order after the manner of a card index so as to be readily accessible for reference. The results of the tests of blackberries, dewberries, raspberries and strawberries are issued each year. This. season a bulletin on currants has been published and it is proposed to prepare bulletins of gooseberries, grapes, stone fruits and pomaceons fruits as fast as the time available for this purpose permits. Collections of fruits true to name are annually exhibited at the State Fair and at various county or district fairs throughout the State. These exhibitions are of considerable educational value in that they give opportunity to examine the fruit of many new or little known varieties and to compare them with standard sorts grown under similar conditions. Some idea of the extent to which the testing of fruits is carried on at the Station may be formed from the following statement of the number of varieties of the different fruits that were grown and fruited here during 1895. These figures are exclusive of varieties received for fall planting, Station seedlings, novelties like the Stanley berry and Mayberry, and fruits that are little grown, such as mul- berries and huckleberries. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 251 Taste I. Numper or VARIETIES OF Fruits Grown and NuMBER FRvuIteD AT THIS STATION IN 1895. 2 Number | Number KIND OF FRUIT. fruited. grown. Pomaceous Fruits. BABIES cue eee meee S claim tie lo es 2 onisSales snap ses | 210 427 Site le eines fap - Cina. = = = a prigge B mina en = = 23 30 PELE Rd ee tein ys et Se ed ee 38 02 OIG OR ie na cine = = is = os 222 wenses eens denis 5 10 Stone Fruits. PAULING tT (PR ee ti ae cic bes Sinie ole sinlayd wie eroieroCreremrevo Seine, |e elapeienere iel=Isis ak Wrmegpeiee == 22-0 o 32 See ee oss Sita ce wee 11 20 HR LRRICR Me fee foes foal roees hoe eo bdde mates cae 22 43 RPTENINTE Steere een ae ee eee tae es oe wiele Scicial lt eters were mtete se 2 Sata Ete a ons oe Wows Sbiae Mare 2 ates wctate o aires Se ye 49 111 Plime 2 3 Ui ee es Sees Sa eae 119 204 Small Fruits. ERD TGS 44be Gos Bo salen So0ane ones onpecoeatoEese caommace 200 234 ( CT ees RA BLO SER Et Sia es A Ss Se 36 40 (GHOTERI NERA GPSS eekee 6 Goes RSE Se a ee CS Oe R eee 197 219 TE ilexcl ee bye SS re hee ee ge ee es 24 39 MG WIGGENI Gaetan ates ea eae eoleoc tens soe eos me cicicei- 4 6 IRECMINEIINIEK Se cogoleaee Saso nS cea cB obeeH eaeaaoumecrs 74 88 SEEM ELET GSH ecco hae tone ne cea ce sere sete ce ese 91 138 Theta is ee a SRR 1,103 1,714 AppLEs AND Cras APPLES. The varieties of apples and crab apples thus far received for test- ing at this Station, with few exceptions, have been top-worked on young bearing trees of Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening. In a few cases they were worked on some other variety. In several instances root grafted or budded trees of the variety to be tested were planted. Many old varieties have been admitted to the orch- ard for the sake of comparison with new or little known sorts. Grafting into the orchard varieties which were received for test- ing was commenced in 1883, and additions have been made in suc- ceeding years till at present there are four hundred and twenty- seven kinds of apples and thirty kinds of crab apples growing at the Station, a total of four hundred and fifty-seven kinds. Many of the kinds first introduced are now bearing from a few fruits to five or six bushels or more per tree. Two hundred and ten kinds of apples and twenty-three kinds of crab apples fruited here in 1895, making the total number fruited that year two hundred and thirty-two. Notes on a few of these varieties are given below, 252 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE based on their records at this Station. Some of them may do better elsewhere than they have done here; others may not do so well. This report is not put forth asa final statement of the merits of these fruits, but simply shows their records thus far at this Station. Notes on Varieties. In the following pages Synonyms and temporary designations of unnamed sorts are printed in italics. Aunt Ginnie.— Prom Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, NV. Y., 1883.— Tree a moderately vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed ; skin yellow, nearly overlaid with streaks and splashes of bright red; cavity broad and deep, heavily russetted ; stem medium ; calyx small, nearly closed ; basin shallow, broad and corrugated. Flesh white, coarse, sub-acid, aromatic, good in flavor and quality; core very large. Season, October. It was top-worked on a young bearing tree in 1883 and bore its first fruit four years later. In several succeeding seasons it gave alight yield. Its first fairly good crop was produced this season, when it bore two bushels. Downing Winter Maiden Blush.— (ions from EF. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio, 1887. It bore its first fruit last season. Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate; skin pale greenish yellow with a blush where exposed, and sprinkled with numerous white dots; stem short and thick, set in a medium cavity; calyx closed ; basin broad, shallow and slightly corrugated. Flesh white, firm and crisp, moderately juicy, fine grained, mild sub-acid; quality good. Season, November to late winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Golden White.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vermont, in 1888. It was top-worked on a young bear- ing tree and bore its first fruit six years later. Its growth has been weak so far. Fruit medium size, oblate inclined to conic, ribbed and peculiarly flattened at the base; color greenish yellow tinted and streaked with bright red in the sun, sprinkled with many large light dots; calyx half open; basin large, irregular and corrugated ; stem small, inserted in a small and shallow cavity; flesh white with a faint salmon tinge ; moderately juicy, sub-acid, quality fair, season September. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 253 Heidorn.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, New- port, Vermont, in 1888, and topworked on a bearing tree. It bore its first fruit this season. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, slightly conic; skin of an unattractive dull purplish-red color. Calyx closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin; stem short; cavity deep and narrow. Flesh white, fine grained, sweet, poor to fair in flavor and quality. Season first of August here, but said to be a Septem- ber apple in northern Vermont. The tree is a slow grower and only moderately vigorous. Jacobs.—Jacobs’ Winter Sweet. Received from CharlesS. Jacobs, Medford, Mass., in 1888, with whom it originated. It was top- worked on a young bearing tree and bore its first fruit five years later. Tree a good vigorous grower of spreading habit. Fruit, medium to very large, roundish oblate; skin light yellowish green, with numerous large greenish dots; occasionally specimens are seen with a faint blush. Stem small; cavity broad, deep, and slightly russeted; basin rather broad and deep; calyx small, half open. Flesh white, crisp, sweet, rather coarse; quality good. Sea- son November to late winter. The indications are that it will be productive and a valuable acquisition to the list of winter sweet apples. Yield this season five bushels. Jonathan Buler.— From Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, Illinois, 1889.— It was top-worked on a bearing tree, and yielded its first fruit five years later. Fruit above medium size, oblate; skin light greenish-yellow, mottled and splashed with dark red, or some- times reddish brown, and dotted with numerous small brown dots; stem small, inserted in a very broad, shallow, shghtly russeted cavity ; basin broad and deep, slightly irregular; calyx medium, open. Flesh white, mildly sweet, moderately juicy, fair quality. When cooked it keeps its shape like a sweet apple. Season, November and December, but like Fameuse, carefully handled specimens may be kept through the winter. See nothing in it to make it worthy of dissemination in this State. The tree is a free grower, vigorous, and somewhat spreading. Landsberger Reinette.— Cions received from T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vermont, in 1888, and top-worked on a bearing tree. Its bore its first fruit in 1894, and in 1895 gave a large yield for so young a tree. Fruit medium to large, conic or oblate-conic; skin smooth, yellow, dull red on the exposed side washed and striped with dull carmine ; stem medium ; cavity deep and russeted; calyx 254 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE open; basin wide, rather shallow and corrugated. Flesh nearly white, rather fine grained, mild sub acid, good quality for desert use, but too mild for cooking purposes. Its season may be said to begin with October, but like Fameuse, specinens may be kept till spring, though not in the best condition. Tree vigorous, inclined to be spreading. Northwestern Greening.— /vrom George J. Kellogg, Janesville, Wisconsin, 1888.— Yielded its first fruit in 1894, and gave a good yield in 1895. Tree a free grower, inclined to spread. Fruit medium to large, oblate inclined to conic; skin pale yellow when ripe ; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx closed, set in an abrupt, moderately shallow basin. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, aromatic, mild sub-acid, good flavor and fair quality. Keeps in good condition until March. Has not enough acidity to be as desir- able for culinary use as other varieties of its season. Ornament de Table.— From Benjamin Buckman, Farming- dale, Illinois, 1889.—It was top-worked on a bearing tree, and produced its first fruit in 1894. ‘Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium size or above, roundish oblate, attractive in appearance ; skin yellow, sprinkled with russet and light dots, and streaked and blushed in the sun with light red; stem small, set in a moderately deep, symmetrical, russeted cavity; basin broad, rather abrupt, moder- ately deep; calyx closed; flesh nearly white, rather coarse, tender, mildly sweet; quality good. Season, October to February. As a desert fruit it is not as desirable as some other varieties of the same season. Prolific Sweeting.—A Russian variety received from T. H. Hos- kins, Newport, Vermont. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, sprinkled with whitish dots and russet specks. Stem medium set in a deep cavity. Calyx closed with segments reflexed; basin wide, shallow and corrugated. Flesh white, fine grained, mildly sweet. Season August. Topworked in 1888, it bore its first fruit in 1895. Tree moderately vigorous and upright. Rome Beauty.—/aust’s Rome Beauty.—This variety was first received here in 1883. In 1889 it was received under the name of Faust’s Rome Beauty. The tree is vigorous, spreading, begins to ‘bear young and is very productive. Fruit attractive in color, me- dium or above, roundish-conical. Skin yellow, striped and shaded with red and sprinkled with light dots. Flesh tender, sprightly, sub-acid, good in flavor and quality. When cooked at its prime it New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 255 is nearly equal to Northern Spy in flavor and quality and has a fine color. It cooks evenly and quickly. Season November to March. Smelling.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, New- port, Vermont, in 1888, and topworked on a bearing tree. It bore its first fruit five years later. Fruit medium to large, oblong conie, obscurely ribbed; skin greenish yellow, largely covered with dark red and splashed with carmine, and sparingly dotted with small, light dots, Stem slender, scarcely projecting from the narrow, very deep, slightly russeted cavity ; basin abrupt, moderately wide, corru- gated ; calyx half open. Flesh rather coarse, sub-acid, good flavor and quality. Season August. A handsome apple. The tree has as yet made only a weak growth. Switzer.—A German variety received from T. H. Hoskins, New- port, Vermont, in 1888. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, at first nearly white, and beautifully blushed with light red, making it very attractive in appearance. Calyx closed; basin shallow, sometimes corrugated. Stem short, set in a narrow, shailow cavity. Flesh white, fine- grained, tender, moderately juicy, mild sub-acid, good to very good in flavor and quality. Desirable either for dessert or culinary use. It was topworked on a young bearing tree in 1888, produced its first specimens of fruit in 1894 and in 1895 gave a large yield for so young atree. Prof. Budd* calls it a hardy tree for cold climates and reports that when grown in northern localities, if carefully handled, it may be kept till winter. Stump.—Top grafted in 1883, it produced its first fruit seven years later. Tree vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium size, roundish conic; skin pale yellow, beautifwlly striped and shaded with red; flesh firm, crisp, tender, sub-acid, mild in flavor. Season last of August and first of September. It begins to ripen a few days later than Chenango Strawberry. The fruit is borne on short spurs close to the limbs. Tree productive. One of the handsomest late summer or early fall apples. Williams (Favorite).—A dessert fruit that should be more widely known. Its symmetrical form and deep red color make it an attractive apple in market. It is also desirable for home use, as it is good in flavorand quality. The tree makes moderate growth and - is a good bearer. * Bulletin lowa Agricultural College, Revised list of Fruits, &c., 1885 : 12, and Bulletin on Notes on Apples &c., 1890 : 18. \ 256 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Yield of Apples and Crab Apples in 1895.—The following tabulated statement of the yield of apples and crab apples in Station orchard No. 2, in 1895, permits of a comparison of the yield for this year with the yield in former years as given in previous annual reports. It also permits of a comparison of the different varieties _ as to their yield in 1895. The statement shows which of these trees were planted and which were grafted on bearing stock, and gives the orchard age of each. The varieties have not all been planted or grafted the same length of time and some have been bearing for several years while others are just beginning to bear. For this reason the orchard age is given so that a more correct comparison of the varieties may be made, and the yield is not given in bushels but is stated by using the adjectives few, fair, good, large, or very large as the case may be. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. bo Or =) Taste II, SHowrna (1) Yrevp-1n 1895; (2) Numper or Yxars Since Eacu Varitery was Tor-workepD on A Young BEARING TREE, oR SINCE IT WAS PLANTED, AND (3) Season oF RIPENING at GENEVA. Note.—The following abbreviations are used to denote the pean oe ripening : early summer ; S., for summer ; E. F., for early fall ; W.., for winter, and L. W., for late winter. F., for fall ; Sy nonyms are printed in ieee. E. S., for for early winter ; ORCHARD AGE. : = Ss _ NAME. Yield in 1895. | 3 & MN sds pela | g es | & 3 & Oy n mreabateal Reinette.". ..2.......-. Very large} 12 KE. W. BAMESDE ANCL EE 52) xs > it pee tend wyefsy tia's''s 050-7 Shes ews. cvse (ee F. American Newtown Pippin, see Green Newtown Pippin. ..:..| 2.25.2... Bi egal oa Amos Jackson........... sa Saes seer airy. 2. 6 BW BAUM AMAR TIG ESS ¢ hy2.. syne re 2 «20:0, oe 1 See ewes as 11 ie PeemeeWEA WADGET. ac ec + weir eeie His Large 6 1 We RPE OTIOMGAL eevee ws ee Large 6 F. Pea eMeBeC HA OXANGEPS... +s) an sicis h bsisisnses = abliscee lid) Se 28 aS Pane ee Few (t 8. semen Herne seo Osta KOE os.4.. s/aru.s | ote as sis 's + [lo 2 silieis rece et ae LEG 2 SE ae ay a eae Very large} 7 8. i) EG Good"... 5.| 12 F. EEemeRee,. SWODLY ‘OUNCE « °. 2,0 «)\p els) ores.6 +6 |\eeeds shore: ostllonetekoats v, UTIP TIT NS [ives CG) oe ee Good ( F. Bovumnores) vppin, see. Ben Wavis.| .. . «ss,0ss |. = >| ++ cigs art 4 eee 12 Kk. 8 Bary. FRAPS foo. Wag yd eaten eae Very large eS Barly Strawberry. .':)-! ita ween ((ewrtstet | 12 E S$ New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 259 TasLE SHowrne THE YIELD oF APPLES, Evc., ry 1895 — (Continued). NAME. Paloemetved: Streak. 2.0600... et | PAIR eh esi ee ne | KiomePippin::..... Ha eenaieteete mperor Alexander, see Alexander, English Golden, see "Golden Russet English Golden Russet, see Golden| Russet RRO E TSO 6 cies Siz do. 0+ ig LT nee Parry White Peck Pleasant Petersburgh Pippin, see Green Newtown Pippin eIKCeN ene Ss 2A ck RN Pound, see Fallawater ore ee eee eee Pound Sweet (Red)... 50.2.2... ... Pound Sweet, see Pumpkin Sweet Powers, see Primate Prince’s Harvest, see Early Harvest Prolific Sweeting wie) (ehef's) is) a) 8) ¢e) ee Prussian, see Twenty Ounce..... Pumpkin Russet Pumpkin Sweet Putnam Russet, see Roxbury Russet Queen Ann, see Mother......... Queen, see Buckingham......... Ralls Genet Rambo Red Beitigheimer Red Cheek Pippin, see Monmouth. Red Juneating,see Early Strawberry «6 (gba! ee es (oe) e) s fed Pippin, see Ben Davis...... Red Russet Red Transparent Red Vandervere, see Vandervere. . Reimette a fewille @ Acuba, see Acuba-Leaf Reinette.......... ORCHARD AGE. s Yield in 1895. 3f & a eue ¢ se| 3 5 as| gi 8 i= Ay nN aired Sa Oe cl eee Rew trey 12 L. W. Fair 270: 6 ead Panty es): 11 1 NS Shy Verylarge| 6 |..../ E. F. Large’. 2252) 36s ae Good ....| 12 Be el Very large| 7 yoke call ae eae ig Bae ta ay ae is - Are he a woe Faire: .) (@ |esaue L. W. Large 12 E. 8. Pairs cl % lye E. F. Very large| 12 |....| ras Very large| 12 NSA Ses eagle 5 eta aig eC Good 12 EoWe Few . 12 ES. Large 12 EH. E: ee Pe ae ee vis as = ERIE SecA 2 el aa 264 Taniy Suowine THE YIELD or AppuEs, Erc., ry 1895 — (Continued). REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE NAME. nee Bre offen tan os ASA RDeMS tact eee Rhodes Orange ROMMOMIDCAUOY. ou. =i. o4 . Td DS Washington, see Sops of Wine ...| ....----- ier alelf ete toe ae Washington Royal ............+-.: Larges .).|) > (seas ae Washington Strawberry ..........- Very large} - 7 |--..) E78. Watermelon, see Melon.........-| .--+++++> saa kta e aie eee Weal eliyi st) Mec fees eee Barge. c[) Th eee, ee resterm: POaUty cu ade es =e fant e Fair? «+... To Wer dctel OR Wieceler WVGL SOE ESR Few..... Br peice tal ed eens White Canada Pippin.............. Rew iii 22 Sa ania fee Jk Werte Doctor... 5-4. He oe Large. 2 [> 6°} .-c.0| We (Wn al a0) a eee Very large| 7 |....| S. White Pippin”. 2.6 0.0508 8 6. eo es Good... | 12 1.4 ee 58: White Vandevere, see Vandevere.| .....-.-- NA Aes he fo Williams’ Early,see Williams...| ........- write a lsieae ee SMathame ({Pavorite). 2. ois 2. pe Good: x01 19s |S iamebrince 0.2200. oe Large --..|- - 6: |) 22) 8: Williams’ Red,seeWilliams ......| ...------ MET eee iy or Wine Apple, see Twenty Ounce ..| .-..-: Peolvewstsceeeseem Pym bets. ieee ke bo eek Few .:5.. {>| Dap Ags \ ithe £09 Oe A ae ee a Large . «<<; 12) | 35 32) We Winter Blush, see Fallawater ....|.-......-- MEE esac p< ‘Winter Queen, see Buckingham....| ......... thal ake ee Bea INGira whe ee Bae 6. « Hew env" aes fej BEAT? c's eae hee ee = em tl rea | 25) Meliow: Bellflower. ..0i.0 02.4.2... 5 - Barges... | £23) Ws mmr OaLVile . Shop eaarah deere I Very large| 7 S. PIR OVCRL, ys... 0 sc shorn ialelaae Good'..3 2. |) a WV fellow viransparent......-..../.,,.. Very large} 7 By 8: ORM aONIle.. 3. 52) Lewes ees Kes, Reape 6 Ee gmc anpeRIAL hoo.) oe ee as Very large) 7 1 We Seven varieties which fruited are not included in the above list because they were borne on older trees. Including these the total number of apples fruited in 1895 is 210. 266 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Taste SHowine THE YIELD oF AppxEs, Ero., in 1895 — (Concluded). ORCHARD AGE. i z : NAME, Yieldin 1895. | 32 S e | & a Cras APPLES. doomed ayes bes wie yyehe ay Ste ieee Maine 7 Amel ema INCA lan 6) coi ie thee la oop « Geeloneds Hairige ee 6 ais) ROTC NCOP oe betes biota eye Oxagnbencmrecsians oe Very large| 7 Wes CRT PAR a ce AT co Few..... 12 Sihekeewve Dba NAONG) Fe eeIRRP s Pe, A eesy Good 7 |e EU KGRIRION i. ieie 4/ecnlasaeh oss s Buia theta Largeses yond “oped fe CT OACOTURONOR Dina, oo shes i a Cal oreiehe ae Very large| 7 Agi OOTP OER NE os 2) Soe Sha ea ale Taree ret | AEE ESL BAIN Re ed, elt cocBonss By ha lovee Large: -.). 12 opt Mieedliyeppey eerie oe den oa certs ce cate anes Very large) 7 | Aaa ate Mellow asiberianyiaiie2). 2. Haat 2) eee Thi ote era PMH IT ONES) Ure) c care, GadetanetS iveles «pa Large! 2.01). ie alee PTE RANE LAs Seca Gh uted RUS pieces es Kaira ase 7 Ae ie PMS OLAM Nee te hic) Uh ye a wre & dels Few Genus ‘( AC Hae Montreal beauty... ..:).....4- 34 eisjreis Fewy ic o8 TOW. lee eae ODIO ae ap ae Ss Marge) iy:'..Ark2 F. ecal@lmaporialls ©)... eave lew e. « ors Very large} 7 EK. F. RptCLA OER La IN oi sa aye uhbielo owe we nie Very large| 7 Haoik: HvecupoIeRlaM: ji 4's \a)s\./6.0, nye, 0 cee hee Ree Large 2...) 7 Kok: RC PMCCUMN OT uals cas hesen susie ay > hie SRR Very large] 7 dy PorammeenGant Moo hea wie eels Ronee Hewes... 12 Hy Bare elle 8 fe) oupturs! cio Apel Hew is2¥. cc if S. Whitney ( Whztney Wo. 20)......... Large 12 S. Total number of crab apples fruited, twenty-three. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 267 PEARS. List of pears in Station orchards in 1895, not including Station seedlings. Angouleme. Anjou. Anna Nellis. Ansault. Arkansas Mammoth. Assomption. Autumn Bergmot. Ayer Wo. 1. Bartlett. Bartseckel. Bessemianka. Bezi de la Motte. Bon Chrétien Fred Baudry. Bordeaux. Bose. Boussock. Brandywine. Brignais. B.'8. Fox. Buffum. Centennial. Chinese Sand. Cincincis. Clapp Beauty. Clapp Favorite. Clairgeau. Cocklin. Cole. Colonel Wilder. Columbia. Comet. Comice. Congress. Craig. Crow Choice. Daimyo. Dana Hovey. Dearborn Seedling. Delices de Louvenjal. Dewey Premium. Directeur Alphande. Dix. Dr. Farley. Dr. Reder. Dorset. Dula. Early Bergamot. Early Harvest. Easter Beurre. Ellis. TE, NOAA: Exeitier. Fitzwater. Flat Bergamot. Flemish Beauty. Fondante de Bihorel. Fortunée Boisselot. Frederic Clapp. Gakovsky. Gans. Gansel Seckel. Garber. Giffard. Goodale. Hosenschenck. Howell. Idaho. Japan. Japan Golden Russet. Jaques Molet. Jones. Josephine of Malines. Kieffer. Kingsessing. Kinsman. Koonce. Kurskaya. Lady Clapp. Lamartine. Late Bartlett. Lawrence. Lawson. Le Conte. Limbertwig. Lineoln. Lincoln Coreless. Little Gem. Longworth No. 268 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THR Lucrative. President Drouard. Lucy Duke. Ravenwood. Macomber No. 6. Raymond of Montlaur. Madam Appert. Refreshing. Madam Heminway. Reliance. Madam Millet. Ritson. Madam Treyve. Rutter. Madam Von Siebold. Saint Crispin. Manning Elizabeth. Seckel. Marie Benoist. Seneca. Marshall. Sheldon. Maurice Desportes. Shull Miriam. Souvenir d’Esperen. Mount Vernon. Superfin. Nickerson. Theresa Appert. No. 489. Tyson. Old Crassane. Urbaniste. Oliver Des Serres. Van Cott. Ontario. Vermont Beauty. Osband Summer. Victor. Passans du Portugal. White Doyenné. P. Barry. Wilder Early. Peffer. Winter Bartlett. Peffer No. 3. Pitmaston Duchess. Winter Nellis. Youngken Favorite. Pound Zuckerbirn. Total 140 QUINCES. List of quinees in Station orchards in 1895: Borgeat. Missouri Mammoth. Champion. Rea. D’ Alger. Santa Rosa. Fuller. Sweet Winter. Meeche Prolific. Van Deman. Total 10 APRICOTS. In 1884, apricots were first planted at this Station for the purpose of comparing the different varieties. They were set in a fertile, rather heavy clay loam, retentive of moisture and imperfectly drained. It is generally conceded that the first essential to suc- cessful apricot culture is a thoroughly drained soil and probably the location of this first planting of apricots is partly accountable for the fact that not one of the nineteen varieties then planted lived New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 269 -more than seven years. But the trouble has not been wholly due to the soil, for after the drains were put in good working order other trees died because of the tmperfect union of stock and cion. Death of trees from this cause is more frequent with apricots than with any other orchard fruits with which I am acquainted. . For several years after 1884, efforts were made to fill the vacant places as fast as the trees died, and even to extend the area of the planting somewhat, but in the location first chosen the results have not been encouraging. As previously stated none of the first planting are alive to-day except the Black or{Purple apricot, and this does not belong to the same species as the common apricot. The Russian apricots belong to the same species as the common apricots. The claim has been made that they are hardier than the common apricots and the experience with them at this Station tends to sup- port this claim. In 1888 and 1889, several varieties of Russian apricots were planted and they have done better than the common apricots planted in the same orchard under similiar soil conditions and subject to similar care. Plums in the same orchard have been longer lived and much more fruitful than apricots growing under similar conditions, thus furnishing another illustration of the fact that not all locations in which plums succeed are suitable for apricots. By consulting the following tables a comparison may be made of the average length of life of common apricots, Russian apricots and plums which have been planted in orchard No. 4, during the six years from 1884 to 1889, inclusive. In these lists no account is taken of the trees which died within a year after they were set because they never became fully established, neither is any account taken of those which were removed on account of accidental injury. Common Apricots. (Prunus Armeniaca.) Average Ave Total Total years WHEN PLANTED. piantea, years actually years possible years actu- podaible to lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. live to 1895. NI SS4 eee cis 15 4.13 12 62 165 ibe ee Aenea eee eee 2 5.50 11 aly! 20 ASSGieiacaamee as 9 5.22 10 47 81 ee Ardoede seas case 4 4.25 8 17 28 Potale.c nce eee So eae | 137 | 294 AVeraCosVeRrs acuuaillyelIVEd, <2! 2.6 50 sinus Cecisbe) bs coe ceimen 4 4.56 AVELAlO VERLS POSSIDIONUOIVG™s -.-\oo- ss ~ cele aioe se ae nin cise 9.80 Per cent. of possible years actually lived.-.................. 47 270 RePoRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Russian Apricots. (Prunus Armeniaca.) A Average Total Total y WHEN PLANTED. ated pede cially years poceivle years actu- Eeablet) : lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. ive to 1895. Ie eaSecoseas aose 5 6.20 8 31 35 1889 ceaseless ee 3 5.66 7 17 18 Totally eos-ic nas cod areas Sr eos A ae 48 53 Average years actually lived). 2225.0 Joe eo eae eee 6.00 Average years possible to lives -s22 2 to - oo cjsc- one oan ~ alone 6.63 Per cent. of possible years actually lived -.........--...---.. 91 Common Prums. (Prunus Domestica.) ¥ A A Total Total WHEN PLANTED. aeaioae pears aerually years possible years actu- pOESipIe ie ; lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. live to 1895. Se SEO ASS eerie ere ill 10.76 12 183 204 ASS hie ee tek 14 11.00 afatt 154 154 i ete pees CURSE Bee 32 8.00 8 256 256 Pe AS ee ee 5 7-00 7 35 35 otaleeeeeses-= Sen Wy Wedecasae: I Sdogdsee 628 649 Average years actually lived .--.-----. 2. <2 22 2228 oe oe 9.24 Average years possible to live. .... SLL SLE ee setae yam 9.54 Per cent. of possible years actually lived ......-....----.---- 97 In this case the Russian apricots have been nearly twice as reliable under the existing conditions as the common apricots have, for they have lived 91 per cent. of their possible time, while the common apricots have lived but 47 per cent. of their possible time. The plums have lived 97 per cent. of their possible time, showing a very small mortality, although the list of varieties planted contains some that are commonly considered not very hardy. The tables show that in 1888 a planting of both common and Russian apricots was made. Up to the present time the common apricots which were planted in 1888 have lived 61 per cent. of their possible time while the Russians have lived 94 per cent. of their possible time. The total number of common apricot trees which were planted in Station orchard No. 4 from 1884 to 1889, excepting those that died within a year after they were planted and those that were accident- ally injured, is thirty, of which three still live. Making. the same exceptions the number of Russian apricots planted during this period is eight, of which six are still living; and the number of common plums is sixty-eight, of which sixty-five are still alive. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 271 PRODUCTIVENESS. The Russian apricots have given as large or larger yields than the common apricots so far as tested here. The following isa statement of the yield of the surviving trees in 1895 when they bore their first crop. Some of the trees have borne a few fruits in previous, years and five pounds were borne by Early Moorpark in 1893. NAME, When planted. as pounds Common APRIcoTs. BanlveWOorpatke ssi). 2 ve sss Ss es 1886 15 Reece earl ye. sar mt :. hatter Cesc 1886 10 psa (2) icine ined ao ear e y cM en MECN R cn 1888 0 Russtan Apricots. WA Le anippetta tnt erate ih ec oie an ec 1888 45 HBSU LG (6 hpi 1 11) (ee A See Ue eae 1888 20 Catliaeineree ne re ot og Lm nee tse 1888 20 Cri DR 8 IE a eae eT Calin 1888 10 Galdone ities sts. 250) ale ste Soke 1889 45 GOLDER EE WSSUDTE Te 5 icc Bucs oS Snes 1889 30 None of the Russian apricots that we have tested compare favora- bly with the common apricots either in appearance or quality. They generally rank from small to medium in size. In habit of growth the trees are much like the common kinds, but the leaves are nar- rower, as may be seen by comparing plates II and III with plate IV. Should they prove hardier than the common apricots they will be desirable for home use in localities where better kinds do not thrive, for they ripen before the early peaches and give a pleasing variety to the list of mid-summer fruits. It is not to be expected, however, that they will ever be of much commercial value. The best in quality of the kinds fruited here in 1895 is the Gibb, but, as shown above, the tree bore a light crop and on this account it may have developed finer fruit than it would have done had the tree borne as heavy a crop as did the others. Descriptions of the apricots that fruited here in 1895 are given below. Alexander.—A Russian variety. Tree a vigorous upright grower ; new shoots quite red, leaves with globose glands. Fruit small, slightly oblong ; suture is somewhat obscure and extends half round ; 272 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE skin light yellow; flesh slightly darker than the skin, not firm, very juicy, sweet but not sprightly. Stone medium size. Season last of July. ~ Black or Purple.—An old variety quite distinct from the common apricots and belonging to the species prunus dasycarpa. (See plate I.) Tree not as free a grower as the other sorts ; young shoots _more slender ; leaves narrower. Fruit medium size, nearly round; skin dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight down. Flesh a deep red toward the outside, but tinged with yellow next the pit, to which it adheres somewhat; juicy; inferior to common apricots in quality. Season middle of August. ’ Budd.—/J/. LZ. Budd. A Russian variety. Tree upright, vigor- . ous. Fruit small, oval, slightly flattened, sides unequal, suture deep, extending half-round ; skin golden yellow, tinged with red on the exposed side; flesh bright orange, darker than the skin, juicy, fibrous and coarse ; pit comparatively large. Moderately productive this year. Season first of August. Catherine.— A Russian variety. Tree an upright, vigorous grower. Fruit small, nearly round ; suture half-round and ends in asmall point at the apex. (See plate 2). Skin light orange color when fully ripe, splashed with red on the exposed side; flesh darker than the skin, a fine bright orange color, juicy, sweet and melting but somewhat stringy. Quality good for a Russian. Pit large. Season, first of August. Early Moorpark.— (See illustration, figure 1.) This is one of the old varieties that is much esteemed. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit of good size and excellent quality. Ripens here about the middle of July. . Gibb.— A Russian variety; vigorous, upright. Leaves have globose glands. Fruit below medium, roundish with obtuse apex ; suture somewhat obscure, extending half round. (See plate 3.) Skin very light yellow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately firm, nearly sweet, good quality and does not adhere to the medium sized stone. Season, last of July. Golden Russian.— Tree a good grower. Leaves have few globose glands. Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly obovate; suture not deep, extending half round, skin light greenish yellow with fine bloom. Flesh golden yellow, tender, very juicy, rather coarse, semi-cling. Pit rather large. Ripens here about August Ist. ‘yooudy yavdioow Ajiey —"L wuOdT YT ‘Vy ALY Id PLATE I.— Black Apricot. PuaTe II.— Catherine Apricot Puate III.—Gibb Apricot. PLate I1V.—Large Early Apricot. Ny i i 4 ay Mero ¢ a9 Vhs oN ", : Nt j a ‘< New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 273 Golden Iussian.— Received here as Golden Russian, but is not identical with the variety above described. Tree a strong grower, upright. Fruit below medium, roundish oval with decided suture from base to apex, usually extending a little beyond the apex. Skin nearly smooth, orange colored. Flesh deep orange, juicy, sweet, moderately firm, rather coarse and stringy, fine flavored. Pit rather large and free. Large Early.— One of the standard sorts of common apricots. Fruit highly colored, orange with bright red cheek. Flesh sweet and excellent. Freestone. Ripened this season the last of July. Plate IV is reproduced from a life size photograph of this variety. List of Apricots Grown at the Station in 1895. Common APpRIcots. De Coulange. Early Moorpark. Harris. Large Early. Oullin Early. Shense, (Acme). Shipley (Blenheim). Smith Triumph. Victor. Uvyadale Rvusstan Apricots. Alexander. Budd, (J. LZ. Budd). Catharine, Gibb. Golden Russian. Golden Russian. Mere ro. yo. ye PS nas wis aoe. 6 JAPAN APRICOTS. Bougoume. . Hubbard. Japan. BCL A ei ti s\0's so 1 seeps aaa ae bts DER se 3 13 , 274 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Prunus dasycarpum. Black, (Purple). THE LUTOVKA CHERRY. In July, 1895, the following circular was issued to all names on the Bulletin list of this Station : Among the new or little known cherries received at this Station in recent years, the Lutovka is one of the most promising of the late sour varieties. It was imported from Europe about twelve years ago by Prof. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who says itis much grown in Poland and in Silesia, as a road-side tree. It was first planted at the Station in 1888. So far as observed, it is not catalogued by any nurseryman in this state, although it is grown to some extent in western nurs- eries. It appears to be worthy of extended trial as a late sour cherry. Buds will be distributed to persons in this state who make written requests for them immediately. The requests will be filled in the order they are received as long as the supply lasts. Of course but a few buds can be given to each person. Buds will be sent out soon after the tenth of August. Applications received after the present supply is exhausted will be placed on file and the buds sent next year, DESCRIPTION.—Tree of Morello type, a vigorous grower, young branches rather slender; fruit firm, good quality, sprightly acid, as large as English Mo- rello or larger, more nearly round, very similar to that variety in color, but the fiesh is not so dark as that of English Morello; clings tenaciously to the long stem. So far as tested here the tree has proved to be very productive, ripening its fruit as late as, or later than, the English Morello. Address N. Y. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Geneva, N. Y> In response to this cireular so many requests were received for cions that the supply was soon exhausted. The names of applicants from this State who could not be supplied with cions in 1895 have been placed on file and it is expected to mail them cions in August, 1896. GRAPES. Some of the newer varieties of grapes which have fruited in the Station vineyards are described below; comment is also made on a few older and better known grapes, and references are given to the reports of varieties which have been noted in previous publications of this Station. i New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 275 The botanical classification of a variety is indicated by an itali cized abbreviation of the name of the species to which it belongs.* A hybrid is indicated by an “ X” separating the names of the species of which it is the offspring ; thus vin. X. Lab. indicates a hybrid of vinifera fertilized by Labrusca. When it is known to which of the two species the female parent belongs, this parent is named first. When a hybrid is more closely related to. one species than to any other this relationship is indicated by an “ X” following the name of the species to which it is most closely related ; thus “ Zab. X ” shows that the hybrid is most closely related to the Labrusca species. The names of the species represented in a hybrid are also fre- quently given in parentheses following the name of the hybrid; thus, Bailey (Zaé., Zin., vulp.), indicates that the three species named are represented in the parentage of this variety ; Brighton Lab. X (Lab., Vin.), indicates that Brighton is a hybrid of Zabrusca and vinifera, with more of Labrusca than of vinifera blood. Synonyms are printed in italics and inclosed in parentheses. Alexander Winter.—From S. R. Alexander, Bellefontaine, Ohio, 1892. Vine vigorous. Bunch medium size, imperfectly filled and containing many small seedless berries clearly indicating imperfect fertilization of the flowers. The fully developed berries are medium to large in size, reddish purple with lilac bloom. Pulp tender, sweet, excellent in flavor and quality. It has been tested as to its self fertility and the results show that it is capable of set- ting some fruit of itself but that it can not be relied on to form per- fect clusters when standing alone. Even when standing in a mixed vineyard it has failed to set perfect clusters. It was briefly noticed in the report of this Station, 1892: 613. Alice—From Ward D. Gunn, Cedar Hill, Ulster Co., NV. Y., 1889. This variety was noticed in the report of the Station for 1892: 613 and 1893: 617. The report now given is based on observations of the past four years at this Station. Vine vigorous and moderately productive. Clusters medium or above, moderately compact, shouldered. The different clusters are apt to vary considerably in time of ripening. Beginsto ripen about with Concord and may be kept into winter. Berries are not very uni- form in size but vary from small to medium or above and are pale *The following abbreviations are used, viz.: Lab. for Labrusca, L., the wild Fox grape ; vin. for vinifera, L., the cultivated grape of Europe ; Lin. for Lincecumii, Buck., the Post-oak grape ot Texas; Bourg. for Bourquiniana, Mun., and rup. for rupestris, Scheele, the Rock or Sand grape of Western Mississippi Valley and Texas. 276 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE red with lilac bloom. Skin rather thick and tough. Pulp juicy, somewhat vinous, tender, good quality and good flavor, slightly foxy. It is self fertile and capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. It bears a marked resemblance to Diana in foliage, habit and fruit. This variety is now being introduced by Mr. Fred E. Young, Rochester, N. Y. America.—Lin. X rup. From T. V. Munson, Denison, Tewas. 1892. Clusters medium to large, shouldered, compact, conical ; ber- ries medium size, nearly round; skin thin, purple-black with blue bloom ; leaves purplish ; fibres remain attached to the pedicle when it is separated from the fruit; pulp tender, breaking, moderately juicy, nearly sweet, vinous, with a pronounced flavor; juice dark purple. Possibly a good wine grape but the highly colored juice is objectionable in a dessert fruit. It bore its first fruit this season. So far as tested here it is not capable of setting fruit when standing alone, butin a vineyard of mixed varieties it has formed an abund- ance of perfect clusters. Prof. Munson with whom it originated reports that it is perfect in fertilization in Texas. It was briefly noticed in the Station report 1892: 614. Arkansaw.— Lab. rom Joseph Hart, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 1893. Cluster medium or above, moderately compact, net shoul- dered. Berry medium size with little or no bloom, pale dull green ~ mottled or thinly covered with red and spotted with red dots, giving it a unique appearance. Its peculiar color is probably the only character that has brought it into notice. Were its color either red, yellow or purple, it is doubtful if the variety would ever have been propagated. The pulp is rather tough, sweet, foxy, fair in flavor and quality. It appears to be vigorous and productive, but has not been tested long enough to determine these characters. Bailey.— Lin. X (Lin. Lab. vin.) Bunch large, long, cylindrical, moderately compact; berries slightly ovate, black with blue bloom ; pulp moderately tender, releasing the seeds readily, pure flavored, sprightly, vinous, good quality. Season evidently a little later than Concord, almost as late as Catawba this year. Vine vigorous. Received from T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, in the fall of 1892, and produced its first fruit this year. See, also, report of this Station for 1892: 614. Bertha.— Prom United States Pomologist, Washington, D.C, 1892. Parentage unknown. It bore its first fruit this season. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 277 Vine vigorous ; foliage healthy ; clusters medium or above, compact ; berries medium size; skin pale green color with white bloom ; pulp moderately tough, sub-acid ; quality fair to good. Since it is fully self-fertile, it can set fruit satisfactorily, even when standing alone. Big Extra.— Lin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak X Triumph, received from T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, in the spring of 1892. It boreasmall amount of fruit this season. Buneh large, compact, cylindrical, slightly shouldered ; berry nearly round, dark purple with blue bloom; pulp tender, juicy, and of good quality. Vine vigorous. Big Hope.— Lin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak X Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, and received here in the spring of 1892. It bore its first fruit this season. Bunch medium or above, moderately compact; berries medium, reddish purple with blue bloom; pulp rather firm, moder- ately tender, releases seeds readily, vinous, good flavor and quality. Ripened this year with, or a little before Catawba. Brown.—From W.B. Brown, Newburgh, N.Y., 1893. Bunch medium size, moderately compact, cylindrical; berries somewhat oval; it leaves dark purple fibres attached to the pedicle; skin black, with thin blue bloom; pulp moderately tough, good flavor and quality ; juice slightly colored. Season early, about with Hart- ‘fort or a little earlier. Vine vigorous; foliage healthy. Resembles Hartford in fruit but not in foliage. Campbell. See Early Golden. Carman.—JZin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak X Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Cluster medium size, cylindrical, rather loose ; berry medium or above, nearly round, purplish black with blue bloom; skin thin, tough ; juice col- ored ; pulp moderately tender, good flavor and quality, somewhat vinous, nearly sweet. Ripen a little before Catawba. Vine very vig- orous and capable of fruiting satisfactorily when standing alone. Foli- age good, received here in the spring of 1892 and bore its first fruit in 1895. Chandler.—Zab. A chance seedling received from N. M. Chandler, Ottawa, Kansas, in the spring of 189%. Bunch medium to large, compact; berry medium to large; skin greenish white, tinged with faint yellow, tender, cracks easily; pulp juicy, sweet, vinous, good quality, fair flavor. Vine fairly vigorous, productive, and capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. Do not think it worthy of dissemination, at least in this locality. 278 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THR Colerain.— Lab.“ From G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, 1892. A seedling of Concord. Bunch medium, conical, moderately compact, attractive; berry medium or above in size, pale green with white bloom; skin thin, tender, with occasional brown punctate dots; pulp sweet, tender, juicy, good quality and flavor, somewhat vinous. A good grape. Vine vigorous, capable of setting fruit satis- factorily when standing alone. Foliage good. Ripened this season about with Worden. Briefly noticed in Station Report 1892: 618. Cortiand.— Zab. From EF. C. Pierson, Waterloo, N. Y., 1892. This proves to be identical with Champion. The variety is a seed- ling of Concord X Hartford that was originated by M. F. Cleary, Cortland, N. Y., about 1863. Mr. Cleary still has the original vine in his possession. He named the variety Cortland. The Bushberg Catalogue, 1895: 102, states that prior to 1873 it had been dissem- inated in the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., under the name of Early Champion, and in the vicinity of Montreal it beeame known as the Beaconsfield. Prior to this it was grown in the vicinity of Bing- hamton, N. Y., and was propagated and sold by T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y., under the name of Tallman. It is capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. Dr. Collier.—( Big Ped) Lin. X, (Lin. vin., Lab.). From T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, in the fall of 1892. Clusters medium to large, rather loose, sometimes shouldered. Berries medium or — above, reddish purple, with blue boom, leaving red fibres at- tached to the pedicles; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, nearly sweet, agreeable flavor, good quality ; colored juice. Sets fruit imperfectly when self-fertilized and so should be planted with other kinds that blossom with it. Briefly noticed in Station Report, 1892 : 620. Dr. Hexamer.—Lin. X, (Lin., Lab., vin.). A seedling of Post Oak X Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, and sent to the Station in the fall of 1892. Clusters rather loose and spreading, medium or above in size. Berry medium size ; color purple-black with blue bloom. Pulp tender, moderately juicy, nearly sweet, good quality but with strong Post Oak flavor; juice dark red. Much like America in foliage, size, color, flavor and quality of fruit. In mixed vineyards it sets fruit satisfactorily but it can not set fruit when standing alone. Early Golden.— (Campbell). This variety was first named Camp- bell, but since Mr. George W. Campbell has introduced a new grape under the name Campbell’s Early, this one has been renamed New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 279 by its originator, Professor Munson, and is now called Karly Golden. It produces beautiful large clusters of medium sized white berries, but ripens too late for this locality, being somewhat later than Catawba. It is capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. See, also, Station report 1892: 616, and 1893: 619. Early Victor.— From Bush and Son and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo., 1893. Vine moderately vigorous; bunch medium or below, compact; berry medium, round, black with blue bloom; red fibres are left with the pedicle when the berry is detached ; pulp juicy, mildly sweet, rather tough, releases seeds readily, fair flavor and quality. Ripens about with Moore’s Early. Edmeston No.1. Lab. A Concord seedling originated by D. G. Edmeston, Adrian, Michigan, and received from him in the spring of 1892. Bunch medium size, moderately compact; berry medium to large, dark purple with blue bloom ; pulp moderately tough, juicy, _ vinous, nearly sweet, good quality; vine vigorous; foliage good. Ripened about with Concord this year or a little earlier. Capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. Essex.— (eoger’s No. 41.) Lab. X vin. A black grape of good quality, which ripens at about the same season as Concord. Bunch medium. size, with large berries. Vine vigorous and productive when planted in a mixed vineyard. The blossoms are not capable of setting fruit of themselves, and therefore should be planted with other varieties that blossom at the same time. Esther.— Lab. From G. 8. Josselyn, Fredonia, N. ¥., 1892. A seedling of Concord. Vinea moderate grower, productive. Cluster medium or above, moderately compact; berry medium to large, nearly round; skin thin and tender, somewhat liable to crack, pale yellow covered with thin white bloom and sparsely dotted with brown dots; pulp moderately tough, juicy, sweet; somewhat vinous, very good flavor and quality. It drops from the cluster somewhat. The vine is capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. Rockwood.— Lab. From George S. Josselyn, Fredonia, N. Y¥., 1892. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE RED CURRANT. Ribes rubrum, L. The commonly cultivated red currant is a native of northern Europe and northern Asia. A form of this species is also found in the northern part of the United States and in Canada,* but, so far as I know, this wild American form has no representatives among culti- vated varieties. In Europe the cultivation of the currant dates back to the middle ages, and the cultivated red currants are varie- ties of European origin or seedlings of them which have been pro. duced in this country. DersorrPtion OF VARIETIES. Notr.— Italics are used to designate synonyms and unnamed seedlings. Cherry.— Bush vigorous, stocky and compact in nursery. The young plants are upright but with age they tend to become more spreading. It has a tendency to grow a single stalk and does not sucker as freely as do most other kinds. There is also a noticeable tendency to have imperfect buds at or near the end of shoots, especi- ally on bearing plants. Sometimes two or three joints near the end of the shoot have no buds. Thisis one feature that distinguishes the Cherry from the Versuaillaise. It bears its fruit quite close to the wood on short stemmed clusters so that it usually costs more to pick this than it does other varieties. The clusters are rather short, about two inches long. The fruit frequently varies from small to large in the same cluster but averages large. It is not so uniform insizeas Fay. The color is a fine, bright red, much like that of Red Dutch. Berry thin-skinned, juicy and fine flavored. On account of its attractive color and large size it sells well for dessert use and it is also liked at canneries. It is generally conceded to be one of the most pro- ductive of the large currants. Season early. Eclipse —From H. S. Anderson, Union Springs, VN. Y¥., 1892. Bush a vigorous, upright grower. Bunches medium length, two and a half to three inches long. (See Plate V, figure 2.) Fruit varies from small to large. It has comparatively mild acid pulp for a red currant. Color good, somewhat lighter than Fay. It is not yet in full bearing here so that we are not prepared to say how productive it is. *Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1, 150. +De Candolle. Origin of Cultivated Plants, 277. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 283 -Fay.—Bush vigorous but not quite as strong a grower as Cherry. Its canes are somewhat spreading and not always strong enough to remain upright when weighted with fruit. The clusters vary from two and a half to four inches long. The cluster stems are long, leaving enough room between the wood and the fruit to make it easy to gather. (See plate V, figure 4.) The berries vary from medium to very large, averaging large. They are quite uniform in size, of a good color, darker than Red Dutch. Pulp less acid than that of Cherry. It has not been so productive at this Station as have Cherry, Victoria, London Red or Prince Albert. Its average yield for the last three seasons has been four and seven-tenths pounds per bush. This variety is said to be a seedling of Cherry or Victoria that originated in 1868 with Lincoln Fay, Portland, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. It was introduced about twelve years ago and is now quite generally known. Its clusters are long and attractive, filled with ° large fruit, making it desirable for market where there is a demand for currants for dessert use. It is liked at canning factories for making jelly or jam on account of its large size, thin skin and rich, juicy pulp, but it is more profitable to grow other more prolific sorts, such as Prince Albert, for this purpose. Gloire de Sablons.—Bush upright, vigorous, but only moderately productive. Bunches short. Fruit small. Remarkable only for the color of the fruit which is white, striped or splashed with red. London Red.—Short Bunched ed. Bush vigorous, upright and very productive. Clusters short with a very shortstem. (See plate VI, figure 6.) Fruit medium to large, nearly the same color as Red Dutch and similar to it in quality. During the last three years it has ranked second in average yield per bush among the varieties in full bearing at this Station. Mills No. 20. From C. Mills, Fair Mount, N. ¥.,1891. Bush vigorous, somewhat spreading. Bunches medium length, two to three inches long. (See plate V, figure 3.) Fruit medium to large, more uniform in size than Cherry. Color fine, lighter than Cherry and darker than Prince Albert. Pulp not quite so acid as that of Red Dutch. It ranked second in productiveness this year but it has not been tested here long enough to justify a general report as to its productiveness. Mr. Mills reports that it is a seedling of Versail- laise crossed by Red Dutch. 284 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Millis No. 22. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, N. Y., 1893. Mr. Mills reports that this is a seedling of Versaillaise crossed by Red Dutch. .The bush is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading. Clusters two and a half to three incheslong. (See plate VII, figure 9.) Fruit has a good color, lighter red than Fay. Berries are usually large, but vary from small to very large. Pulp less acid than that of Red Dutch. The variety has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness, but it appears to be very productive. Mills No. 28. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, N. Y., 1893. Mr. Mills reports that this isa seedling of Versallaise crossed by Red Duteh. The bush is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading. Clusters good size, three to three and a half inches long. Fruit medium size, dark red color, mild flavored. It has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. Mills No. 29. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, NV. Y., 1893. Mr. Mills reports that this is a seedling of Versallaise crossed by Red Dutch. Bush a vigorous upright grower. Clusters short. Fruit averages large but varies from small to large. Somewhat darker than Mills 22 but brighter and better in color than that variety. Good flavor, excellent quality. Has not fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. North Star.—Hrom Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, Minn. and FE. Moody & Sons, Lockport, NV. ¥.,1892. Bush vigorous, upright or somewhat spreading. Bunches medium length, (see plate VI, figure 7), color good, much like that of London Red or Red Dutch. Fruit will probably average large with good cultiva tion but varies from small to large. Pulp comparatively mild acid. It has not been tested here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. Prince Albert.— Bush vigorous, even more upright than Red Dutch. Of all the varieties that are in full bearing here, this has given the largest average yield per bush during the last three years, though one year it took second rank, being exceeded in yield by London Red. Prince Albert has long been valued as a late variety. It is well liked at canneries because of its good size, thin skin and large percentage of highly flavored juice. Bunches short to medium in length. (See Plate VII, figure 12.) Fruit medium to large, rather pale red, making it less attractive in color than Fay. The young plants make a rather slow, short growth but with age the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285 bush becomes strong and upright. On account of the slow growth of the young plants some prefer to propagate them by mound layering, Red Cross, Moore No. 23.— From Jacob Moore, Attica, NV. Y., 1893. Mr. Moore states that this is a cross of Cherry by White Grape. Bush vigorous, upright. Bunch medium length. (See Plate VI, figure 8.) Fruit medium to very large, averaging large. - Color good, somewhat lighter than Cherry. More acid than White Grape but milder than Cherry. Season somewhat later than Cherry. Has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. Green’s Nursery Co., Rochester, N. Y., now con- trols this variety. Red Dutch.— This is one of the old well-known standard sorts. Bush a strong grower, rather tall, upright, with comparatively slender shoots. Clusters about three inches long. Fruit has a fine, dark red color and sprightly acid flavor. Berries vary from small to large but average medium. Productive. Ruby Castle. From F. Ford & Son, Ravenna, O., 1892. This variety was obtained from Canada several years ago by Messrs. Ford & Son, under the name, Ruby Castle, which it now appears is a corruption of Raby Castle, which is one of the synonyms of Vic- toria. Ruby Castle is a strong, upright grower, like Victoria, with clusters two and a half to three inches long; similar to Victoria in size and color. (See Plate VII, figure 10.) The buds are shaped like Victoria and have the same chracteristic bluish gray color. I should eall the two identical. Storrs & Harrison Co. No. 1— From Storrs & Harrison Co., Puinesville, O., Nov., 1892. Bush moderately vigorous, upright. Bunches medium size, two to three inches long. JBerries small to medium or above, averaging below medium. Much like Red Dutch in color but with less acid pulp than that variety. The variety has not been tested here long enough to justify a report as to its pro- ductiveness. Versaillaise.—A vigorous, somewhat spreading grower. It is so similar to Cherry in wood, habit of growth and character of fruit that many hold that the two varieties are identical. As grown here, the Versaillaise is less productive than Cherry and is inclined to have a longer bunch (see Plate V, figure 1), and rather darker red fruit. The tendency of the shoots to “go blind,” that that is, to lack either the terminal buds or buds near the terminal is not so marked with it as with Cherry. 286 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Victoria.—This is one of the most valuable of medium sized cur- rants. The bush is one of the strongest growers we have, upright and very productive. The buds have a peculiar bluish-gray color, quite characteristic of this variety, as is also the cluster of well formed buds at the end of the shoot. Foliage rather pale green. The fruit has a bright red color, and is medium or above in size. Clusters good medium length (see Plate VI, figure 5), pulp rather mild acid. The fruit is late in coloring and will keep on the bushes in good condition later than either Cherry or Red Dutch. Wilder.—From F. Ford & Sons, Ravenna, O., 1892. Bush vigorous, upright. Fruit medium to very large, averaging large. Notso uniform in size as Fay. (See Plate VII, figure 2.) Fine color, somewhat lighter than Fay, and remains bright and attractive till very late in the season. Flavor mild fora red currant. Quality good. It has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. This is a seedling of the Versaillaise. It originated about eighteen years ago with E. Y. Teas, Irvington, Ind., by whom it was named and disseminated to a limited extent as the Wilder, Mr. Teas’ stock was then purchased by Mr. 8. D. Willard, Geneva. N. Y., and the variety was then catalogued as President Wilder. Discussion oF VARIETIES. The yields of the red currants at this Station that are in full bear- ing may be compared by consulting the following table, which shows the average yield per plant in pounds for the last three seasons com- ined : Average yield Name. per plant. Cherryns cose oe clee eine oh eee be 2) 8 SS = eee 5.15 BAY teen ica opllbveaisle ats ateroge mie se bein S wit se cisreln oe bate bas Hetero 4.70 Gloireides: Sablons isc sc. cee me. ceca Nate e ee ose ec eeeaee 2.07 omdon™ Red yas se os ae Se ee Fae ects eg (ee ese eee Eee 7.14 Princes Alberto sesso Se ae eee a Fetes Oe eee eee 8.86 Wa CLORTA Gee or: Eek Rise ere ao eictn Sac es ote clo cree ce ote eee 6.25 Tt appears from this table that, for this locality at least, the Cherry is superior to Fay in productiveness and it still holds its place as one of the most desirable of the large fruited red currants for the com- mercial grower. Fay yields the longer bunches, more uniformly large New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 287 fruit, and its fruit is more easily picked than Cherry, but it does not -make as satisfactory a bush nor give as satisfactory a yield. Both these varieties need to be marketed comparatively early. They will not remain on the bushes in good condition for shipping as late as will Victoria, Prince Albert or Wilder. As to the comparative value of different varieties for jam and jelly, Curtice Brothers Co., Roch- ester, N. Y., who operate a very extensive establishment for pre- serving and canning fruits, write us that Cherry currant is preferred for jam because it is thin skinned and juicy; but not so for jelly making, for the reason that it is necessary to evaporate away more of its juice to produce jelly than it is with some other varieties. The currant that is preferable, they say, is the largest one that hasa thin skin and is filled with rich juice or pulp, and they believe this is true of Fay and Prince Albert above other varieties. London Red, also called Short Bunched Red, is objectionable, on account of its short clusters and fruit close to the wood, but has the merit of being one of the most productive of the red kinds that have been tested here. It ripens about with Red Dutch. The Red Dutch was not included in the above list because the bushes under test were unsatisfactory. It is one of the best of the mid-season, medium-sized red currants. Prince Albert and Victoria are both valued as productive late currants. The former when well grown will pass for a large cur- rant. The fruit is paler and lessattractive than Cherry. Victoria is a good late currant, but it ranks only medium in size. Several of the apparently desirable newer varieties under test here have not been fruited sufficiently long to justify a report as to their yield. WHITE CURRANT. Ribes rubrum, UL. The commonly cultivated white currants belong to the same species as do the red varieties. They are grown chiefly for home use as the market demand for them is quite limitéd. The follow- ing is a list of the white currants in full bearing at this Station dur- ing the last three years, together with a statement of the average number of pounds per bush yielded during that time. There were five bushes each of Champion, White Grape and White Dutch and but one bush of Caywood Seedling: 288 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Average yield per plant in Name. pounds. Caywood? Seedling 2. coe Nem oe alae eine e ieee eee 4.65 Championeres tn scepeee ete ae ee eee erect Gee eee 5.00 White Datchics.:.2.5 1) ase oe aac Saas cee eae sicle tiene es 6.19 White ‘Grape. 2s 2oo 3. 5/ seea oe olen Sete nena Rk acetate 5.77 In 1893 the bushes of White Grape were not in as good condition as could be desired. The average yield per bush for these varieties in 1894 and 1895 combined is: Yield per plant Name. in pounds. Caywood, Seedling: 3 ssctesk sds. ake Saccme ee eee eee 4.88 Cham pionic 7. 05252 ws esieje cebicteisolelsisjamms one semisectes 3.09 Minne utehy se oncaie seen. sock ae ee See MEENA Ee 5 5.59 Wihiter'Grapercctsoo3 cn secre sie aes bac hoeieece ne aioe meee 6.86 Description oF VARIETIES. Caywood Seedling—From A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, NV. Y., 1888. Busha moderate grower with spreading or drooping branches; very productive. Fruit more acid than White Grape, good quality and attractive in appearance, being translucent, tinged with very pale’greenish yellow. Bunches medium size, about two and a half inches long. Berries medium to large, averaging large. (See Plate VIII, figure 14.) Champion.— Bush very tall, vigorous, upright. Bunches medium length. Berries fa shade lighter in color than White Dutch, not uniform in size, varying from small to large and averaging medium or below. Flavor mild. Inferior to White Dutch in productive- ness, appearance, flavor and quality. Marvin Seedling.—From D. S. Marvin, Watertown, N. ¥., 1892. Bush a moderately vigorous, upright grower. Bunches above medium length, running from two and a half to three inches long. It is one of the largest white currants, the berries averaging larger than White Grape. Pulp mild, but more acid than White Grape. Color much like that of White Grape. It has not fruited long enough here to justify a report as to its productiveness. This variety is now controlled by J. C. Vaughan, Chicago, Il. | White Dutch.—This is an old, well-known standard variety. Bush a vigorous, upright grower and very productive. Bunches usually from two to three inches long. (See Plate VIII, figure 15.) Fruit not uniform, varying from small to large, but averaging ‘OA *h “OC ON SUA § ‘OSAMA “B “OspeyyesieA— A ALVId e ‘SSOLD POY “8 ABIS YWWON “4 “poy uopuoy “9 “e110701A ‘c—"TA ALVIg ‘ iad ivy 7 : PAY? a Velen i: ay a ; ‘Weqly Goud ‘Bl “AOPIEM TE ‘ersB) Aqnryl “OF ‘66 ON 8100N 6 —TIIA S1V1d ie ee PS nO Fal AP SPUN ey Mle ates Loey fighhins eas oy OG UL ea yond SpA “ST ‘Puypeag spooning “FL ‘odeiy OM “EL — ILA B2v1g ‘AO UOUWO) YZ ‘uolduvyD ‘GT ‘edeay youl ‘st ‘veT ‘IT ‘SOIdUN ‘OL ‘“UIMP[¥ ‘Gi —"X]T ALVIg ATPL “FE “(MOSAET TION) [[RpuBID “EZ “(ploy WOIJ) [|[BpUBIH “Z% ‘SeTBAA JO 9OULIG "[e—"| ALVIG x ‘ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289 medium size, translucent, slightly darker in color than White Grape. Pulp comparatively mild acid. Quality excellent. It begins to, ripen a few days earlier than most of the red varieties. White Grape.— Bush moderately vigorous, rather slender branches, somewhat spreading, productive. Bunches three to four inches long. (See Plate VIII, figure 13.) Berries quite uniformly large, but vary from medium to very large. Translucent, whitish, attractive in color, mild flavored, good quality. It has larger and better colored fruit than White Dutch, but is inferior to that variety in quality. White Versaillaise.— Received in November, 1893, from John Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., with the statement that it was received from France a few years ago. He characterized it as a stout, vigorous grower, more so than White Grape and other white kinds; bunches long, resembling Versaillaise in shape, character of bunch, ete. So far as tested here it is, as Mr. Charlton says, vigorous in growth and upright. The base of the cluster-stem has no fruit so that it is easily picked. Bunches three and a half to four inches long. The berries average large, a shade darker than White Grape in color. Pulp not quite so juicy, but about the same in acidity as White Grape. It has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. _EUROPEAN BLACK CURRANT. vibes nigrum, L. The black currant commonly cultivated in gardens for its fruit is indigenous to northern Europe and northern Asia. De Candolle* thinks its cultivation began before the Middle Ages. In botanical characters it is somewhat similar to the wild black currant of our woods, Pibes floridum, L’ Her., but readily distinguished from it by the strong odor of its branches, leaves and fruit, and by the greener flowers, smaller flower clusters and very small bracts. So far as I know the wild black currant just referred to is not cultivated for its fruit. It is quite distinct from the wild black currant of the prairies, the so-called Missouri or Buffalo currant, which will be referred to later. Description OF VARIETIES. A description of the varieties of the garden black currant that are growing at this Station is herewith given. * Origin of Cultivated Plants, 278. 19 290 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Baldwin.— Bush moderately vigorous and produetive. Fruit varies from small to large, averaging medium size. (See Plate IX, figure 15.) Flavor milder than that of Common Black. It is several days later than Common Black in ripening. Black Grape.— Ogden’s Black Grape. A vigorous grower, but one of the most unproductive kinds we have tested. Fruit varies from small to very large in size, with strong flavored acid pulp. (See Plate LX, figure 18.) Champion.— Bush vigorous, productive. Fruit varies from small to large, and averages above medium. (See Plate IX, figure 19.) Pulp nearly sweet and milder flavored than that of Common Black. A desirable variety. Common Black.— lack English, Bush very vigorous and pro- ductive. Fruit varies from small to large, but averages medium. (See Plate LX, figure 20.) Pulp rather acid and strong flavored. Linglish, see Common Black. Lee.—Lee’s Prolific. Bush dwarfish, moderately vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit rather brighter in color than most kinds of black currants, varying from small to largest in size. (See Plate IX, figure 17.) Pulp acid and strong flavored. Naples.— Bush very vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit varies from small to large, and averages above medium size. (See Plate LX, figure 16.) Pulp rather acid with strong flavor. Prince of Wales.— Bush vigorous and very productive. This variety has given the highest average yield per bush for the last three years of all the black currants in full bearing at this Station. The fruit varies from small to large, is milder flavored than Common Black, and nearly sweet when fully ripe. Figure 21 shows a good cluster of Prince of Wales, life size. Saunders.—This was received here from Smith & Kernan, St. Catharines, Ontario, 1888, under the name of Saunders No. 1. Mr. Smith writes that it was named as a compliment to Prof. William Saunders, its originator, now director of the Central Experiment Farm at Ottawa, and has been sent out by the Ontario Fruit Grow- er’s Association under the name of Saunders. He also says that it is pretty well disseminated in Canada and he thinks that it ranks as high as any of the black currants for a market variety. As grown here the bush is vigorous and productive. The fruit varies from small to large, averaging medium or above. Pulp rather mild acid. In 1898 when the bushes had been set five = New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 291 years, it ranked fifth in yield as compared with varieties that were set at the same time; in 1894, it ranked third and in 1895, second. Saunders No. 2.—From Smith & Kernan, St. Catharines, On- tario, 1888. This, like the Saunders, was originated by Prof. William Saunders. Since 1893 it has ranked seventh in yield each year and it does not appear to have sufficient merit to make it worth cultivating. Bush vigorous. Fruit varies from small to large, averaging medium. It is milder in flavor than Common Black and nearly sweet. Krom the following table a comparison may be made of the fruit- fulness of these varieties as grown here. It contains a statement of their average yield in pounds per bush during the last three years. Average yield per Name. plant in pounds, VLeweniy= 2,-5.0 ected aS ee se omansihe se ciclaa Minn eins tals Saveeeroe 3.87 Binge (Ene scdat sesebooneodceuoat Obese Dp OSUEECeMASsopsas=se4 ~ (CEC TER/ UTNE Ch: Le SR ia PE Ee Se oe seem ay ig Commun BE Glics 6s 66 eB Se cae So EDO BO Een OE eS Secae sep Sans 4.58 HUGO aire ee rey een eet: Man Rao oe sh eeitis sti nic oa chs aeeicS skiate 4.30 INEWOIC Ee aaSs Bees See odo seen bres EaEelbeupeE codaEeorcaetnd mens 3.37 TERIA IIE: Vin Chea stem Sonos a caSeao CoM eeemnec er cecebipE te Ss oenoc 5.45 SERTDIT CLOTS tae oy etn ce see eet no a staparsles waynes Mepatdl mista vereoicteloucisneys 4.13 GUNGCTBEN Ot nec aaa mean Sine See nee aoa See cece ccclaseines 3.04 It will be noticed that as arule the average yield of black cur- rants per bush is less than the average yield per bush of standard varieties of red or white currants. The highest average yield per bush for the last three years is 8.86 pounds for the reds, 6.19 pounds for the whites, and but 5.45 pounds for the blacks. The general average for the reds and whites combined, omitting Gloire des Sablons, which is cultivated only because of the color of its fruit, is 5.97 pounds per bush; see tables page 286 and page 288. For the black varieties grown in the same field and given similar treatment the general average for the same period is but 4.11 pounds per bush, or 1.86 pounds per bush less than the general average of reds and whites. This may be taken as a fair indication of the general difference in productiveness of the two classes of fruit, but it should be remembered that varieties in the two classes vary greatly as to productiveness, as has already been shown. With plants set four * The record of the yield in 18% is incomplete for Black Grape and Champion. The aver- age yield per plant for 1893 and 1895 combined is 2.15 pounds for Black Grape and for Cham- pion is 4.28 pounds. bo 92 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE by six feet apart there are 1815 plants to the acre, and a difference of 1.86 pounds per bush amounts to 3,395.9 pounds per acre. It appears from the above calculation that one would need to secure from one and a half to two cents more per pound for black than for the best varieties of red currants in order to secure equally good returns per acre. There is a limited demand for black currants in some markets and they are grown to some extent on a commercial scale. NATIVE BLACK CURRANTS. Ribes aureum, Pursh. The wild black currant of our woods has already been referred to in comparing it with the European black currant. So far as I know this species is not cultivated for its fruit. It bears dull black fruit, which is rather insipid. It begins to ripen usually the last week in July, being somewhat later in season than the ordinary garden currants. There is a black currant native to the western prairies that has been introduced to garden culture to some extent. It is known as the Missouri currant, Buffalo currant, Golden currant, etc. It is sometimes planted in dooryards as a flowering shrub. It bears an abundance of yellow flowers, of spicy fragrance, and yellow or black fruits either singly or in leafy-bracted racemes. It is known to botanists as /?7bes aureum, Pursh. One of the most widely advertised varieties of this species is the Crandall currant which originated in Kansas and was introduced seven or eight years ago. Other varieties of this species which we have received for testing are Utah, Golden, Jelly and Yellow Utah. DeEscrIPTION OF Y ARIETIES. Crandall.— From F. Ford & Son, Ravenna, Ohio, 1889. Bush very vigorous, tall and upright. It is very unproductive as com- pared with cultivated currants of ordinary varieties. Its average yield per bush for the last three years has been less than a pound. The fruit has a thick tough skin that makes it objectionable for most culinary uses. The fruit varies from small to very large in size borne either singly or in small clusters with leafy bracts. Figure 22 is from a life size photograph of good clusters of this variety. We have also received the Crandall from M. F. Pierson, Seneca Castle, N. Y., which differs somewhat from the Crandall sent here a ra Pa New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293 ] by the introducers of this fruit, Messrs. Ford & Son. The fruit of the plants received from Mr. Pierson is frequently one-half to three- fourths of an inch long, broad towards the apex and tapering towards the stem, making it somewhat pear shaped, while the plants from Messrs. Ford & Son have fruit more nearly round. Both varieties have a strong tendency to sucker. Figure 23 is from a life sized photograph of good clusters from plants received from Mr. Pierson. Jelly.—_From R. H. Blair & Co., Kansas City, Mo., 1893. Replying to an inqury as to the origin of this currant Messrs. Blair * & Co. wrote March 25, 1893, as follows: “The Jelly currants were selected in western Kansas from acres of them growing on the prairies; but this variety being so much superior was selected. We have fruited them and they are yielding such heavy crops and fine quality for jelly, we think they will be an acquisition to the currant list, specially in the west.” As grown here the bush is tall, upright, with a tendency to form more fruit spurs and fewer suckers than the Crandall. Fruit usually borne in small clusters with leafy bracts. Berries medium to very large, some being three-fourths of un inch or more in diameter. Skin thick, tough, with a bluish black metallic lustre like that of Crandall. Pulp dark greenish yellow, seedy and with a peculiar flavor less agreeable than the flavor of white or red currants but more agreeable than that of the ordinary European black currants. Figure 24 is from a life-size photograph of good clusters of this variety. The fruit is more uniformly large than that of Crandall and the plants appear to be as productive as Crandall though not so productive as ordinary red or black currants. So far as we can judge from a limited experience with it, it is preferable to Crandall. While the varieties of the Missouri currant such as Crandall and Jelly, may have value in localities where the commonly cultivated currants do not thrive, as suggested in the letter of Messrs. Blair & Co., yet we do not consider them worthy of cultivation where ordi- nary currants can be grown. It is possible that in the course of time the improvement of culti- vated varieties of the Missouri currant may result in the production of late ripening fruit that will meet with sale in market because it does not come into competition with the kinds now commonly found in market. Considerable improvement will need to be made over existing varieties before currants of this class are grown extensively for market. 294 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE PROPAGATION. Varieties of currants do not reproduce themselves true from seed and so when it is desired to increase the number of plants of a variety it must be done by division of the plant in some way. Some- times this is done in a small way by separating rooted canes from an old plant. In the nurseries, however, currants are propagated either by layers or by cuttings, the latter method bemg more com- monly practiced. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. Currants grow very readily from cuttings of young canes of a season’s growth. The cuttings may be made as soon as the wood is ripe and hard, which in this section is usually after the first of October, and set at once in nursery rows. Currant bushes that are sprayed and well cared for may hold their foliage till November, and so need to be stripped of leaves when the cuttings are made. It is thought that cuttings from ripe, hard currant wood, root more readily and give a larger percentage of plants than do cuttings from immature wood. Sometimes it happens that the currants lose their leaves by leaf blight very early in autumn. In such instances the growth practically ceases and cuttings may be made at any time thereafter when it is convenient. Many nurserymen make the cuttings early in the fall even when it is necessary to strip the leaves from the canes. They do this not because they think the immature wood is better than well ripened wood for cuttings, but because it is convenient to do the work then, so as to have it out of the way before the rush of work that comes with the fall delivery season. Then, too, when the cuttings are made and planted early in the fall and the weather proves favorable, they begin to root before winter sets in and so are ready to start at once into growth when spring opens. This insures a long season for growth and favors the production of stronger one-year plants than can be grown from cuttings set in the spring. Spring Setting.—lIf the cuttings are not to be set out till spring they are tied in bunches, properly labeled and buried in a pit in well drained soil and covered about six inches deep with earth. The bunches are set in the pit with the butts upwards so as to keep the top buds dormant till the cuttings are planted. They may be set as soon as the ground is fit to work in the spring, but it frequently New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295 happens that it is convenient to delay setting for some time after spring opens. In this case the pit should be covered with coarse manure or mulch of some kind while the ground is still frozen so that the soil covering the pit may be kept frozen and the cuttings kept dormant till the time when they are to be set. The cuttings usually are about eight inches long and are made from the new wood; that is to say, from the new growth of the past season. If they are to be buried in pits to keep them for setting in spring the bundles should be tied with wire or willows, for twine is — liable to rot and break. Soil and Cultivation.—The soil for growing the cuttings should be well drained and fertile, plowed from ten to twelve inches deep and thoroughly pulverized. A trench about eight inches deep is made with the spade, against the perpendicular side of which the cuttings are placed one and a half to two inches apart, and with the top buds just above the surface of the ground. A little earth is filled in and tramped very firmly around the base of the cuttings. This is one of the most important points in growing currant cut- tings, that the soil be made firm around the base of the cuttings, and it can not be done satisfactorily if the trench is filled before the earth is tramped. After this has been done the trench should be filled and the earth tramped again. If the cuttings are set in the fall they should be completely covered when the ground begins to freeze, using either earth, coarse manure or some other mulch to prevent heaving by the frost. The objection to covering with earth is that the cuttings are more liable’to be injured by the tools when they are uncovered in the spring than they are if covered with manure or straw. Should the cuttings be heaved or loosened by frost the ground should be tramped around them again after the frost has left the ground in the spring. During the growing season the ground should be kept well cul- tivated and free from weeds. When the branches begin to appear these should be pruned away to a height of three or four inches from the ground. The plants are commonly grown two seasons in the nursery row before being set in the permanent location for fruiting. Strong one-year plants are very desirable for setting and scrub stock three or four years old is not desirable: even though it be of larger size than the one-year plants. 296 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE PRopaGATION BY LAYERS. When currants are grown from layers the old plants, called stools, are headed back so that they may send out numerous branches close to the ground. When the wood of the new growth has become somewhat hardened, in this section in June, the soil is thrown over the base of the new shoots a few inches deep so as to induce the formation of roots. In the fall the earth is drawn away from the stools, and the rooted shoots are cut off, leaving good eyes or buds on the stools from which to grow another crop of shoots the follow- ing season. The rooted shoots may either be planted in nursery row at once or kept till spring before planting. The cultivation and pruning is the same as that already described for cuttings. PRopaGAtIon From Sep. Currants may be propagated from seed but each plant thus se- cured is a new variety and the chances are that it will be in- ferior to the standard sorts already in cultivation. Some persous, however, take an interest in raising currants from seed with the hope of securing something worth introducing as a new variety. In some cases where this work has been done in an intelligent and systematic way, encouraging results are being secured as is shown by the promising seedlings that have been sent to this Station for test- ing in recent years. Brief accounts of some of these new kinds, together with illustrations of the fruit have been given on preced- ing pages. The following method of growing currants from seed has been employed at this Station: As soon as the fruit is ripe the seed is separated from the pulp and planted in shallow, well drained boxes. The boxes are set in open frames and allowed to remain unprotected till the following spring. The seeds begin to germinate rather early in the spring. The boxes are then weeded and watered if necessary to keep the seedlings in good growing condition. When the seed- lings are three or four inches high they are transplanted to an open frame or bed where they can be easily cared for during the rest of the season. The following season they are set in permanent position in field or garden. If they are being grown in large numbers it would be better to transplant them from the boxes to beds and the following year grow them in nursery rows thus having the plants two years old before setting them in permanent position for fruiting. ete y rt , thy | Yu » b, ’ a, Wor , i iL . ‘ y ’ Hi a.) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297 At the end of the first season the plants usually are from two to eight inches high and unbranched. At the end of the second season vigorous ones are frequently found eighteen inches or more in height and with strong branches. During the third season’s growth fruit spurs may begin to develop. In preparing the boxes for the seed a layer of coarse gravel or potsherds is placed in the bottom of the box. The box is then filled” with soil consisting of one part rotted manure and two parts of good loam. If the loam is heavy it may be lightened by mixing with an equal measure of sand. In preparing the soil for growing the seed- lings the second year it is given a liberal dressing of well-rotted manure and then spaded and worked till it is mellow. Fietp AND GARDEN CULTURE. When grown for home use currants are too frequently neglected as to cultivation. Often they are allowed to stand in sod along fence rows, or under large trees where the ground is so crowded with the roots of other plants that the currants are necessarily too much occupied in a struggle for existence to give either abund- ant yields or large fine flavored fruit. When currants are grown for home use they should be given thorough cultivation the same as when grown for market. To this end it is always best to select a location where a horse cultivator can be used. In the fruit growing sections of New York currants are grown to some extent in field plantations by themselves but more frequently they are grown as a secondary crop in well cultivated orchards, especially in orchards of young trees or trees that do not completely shade the ground. Currants are also grown tosome extent in vineyards, being set between the trellises. Where the Kniffen system of train- ing grapes is followed currants are sometimes set between the vines under the trellis, the currants alternating with the vines, that is to say, a currant bush between two vines. In this position, however, the fruit is more liable to be spotted by the spraying mixture when the vineyard is sprayed than is the fruit on bushes set midway between the rows. Distance apart.— When set between vineyard rows the currants should stand five feet apart, although some advocate placing them as close as three and a half feet. Strong growing varieties need more room than the stocky moderately vigorous kinds. In orchards the currants should not be set nearer the trees than six feet. In the 298 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE open field our practice has been to set them about four feet apart in the row with rows six feet apart. If they are to be cultivated both ways they should stand at least 5’x5’. There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the advisability of cultivating both ways, many good cultivators holding to the opinion that it disturbs the roots too much. Others believe that it lessons the cost of cultiva- tion more than enough to counterbalance any injurious effects on the plants. So far as I know no exact comparison of the two methods has been made. No doubt the mistake is frequently made of allowing the cultivator to run too deep close to the plant. In such cases when the cultivator is run both ways the roots would probably be disturbed enough to work more harm than good especially with shallow rooted kinds. Planting.—Before setting the plants the broken or bruised roots should be removed with a clean cut, since the clean cut sur- face will heal more readily than will the bruised or broken tis- sues. The roots have been much shortened in digging and pre- paring for planting and the tops also should be shortened by remov- ing enough branches to correspond with the amount of roots that have been removed. New branches will push out later in the season as fast as the new roots are able to support them. The plants should be set about as deep as they stood in the nur- sery or a little deeper, since the earth that is filled around them will settle somewhat after they are planted. After the hole is prepared for the plant the roots should be spread out, and covered a little with earth which should be tramped firmly around them. The hole is then filled and the earth again tramped firmly. . A thin layer of fresh, loose earth is added to retain the moisture and prevent the rapid evaporation that takes place when the surface of the earth is. hard and compact. Fertilization.— For currants the soil must be kept fertile in order to secure good growth of plants and consequent good crops of fruit. It is our practice to put a forkful or two of stable manure around each bush in the fall. On our clay loam this not only furnishes plant food but has a beneticial mechanical effect in loosening the soil. With this treatment abundant crops of fine fruit are secured every year. Mr. James R. Clarke, Milton-on-Hudson, N. Y., a successful grower of currants, in replying to an inquiry as to his method of fertilizing currants writes as follows: New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 299 “T do not use stable manure on my fruit, as I consider fertilizer much better. The first three years after setting I use nothing but fine ground bone with a small amount of muriate of potash; on older bushes I add nitrogen in some available form. I think that one thousand pounds of fertilizer to an acre can be used to advan- tage on full bearing bushes, namely : 600 pounds of bone. 250 pounds muriate of potash. 150 pounds nitrate of soda or that amount of ammonia in some other form.” An application of a thousand pounds per acre of this mixture would give from 120 to 150 pounds of phosphoric acid, from 40 to 50 pounds of nitrogen and from 120 to 130 pounds of potash per acre. It is not to be supposed that the exact formula for com- mercial fertilizers that Mr. Clarke has found best adapted for his soil will also be the best formula for other kinds of soil in which currants are successfully grown, but it contains helpful sugges- tions for those who wish to use commercial fertilizers for currants. For a general discussion of the use of commercial fertilizers the reader is referred to Bulletin 94 of this Station. Cultivation.—As soon as the ground is fit to plow in spring it is our practice to work the manure, which was placed around the bushes the fall previous, into the soil by shallow cultivation near the bushes and somewhat deeper, perhaps three or four inches deep, mid- way between the rows. We believe that it is not well to disturb the roots by deep cultivation, especially near the bushes. After this first cultivation the ground is given frequent shallow cultivation till about the middle of August when cultivation ceases so that the growth may be checked and the wood well ripened be- fore freezing weather comes. Pruning.— In large plantations it has been found most satisfae- tory to permit currants to grow in bush form rather than in the tree form, as the old canes may then be removed when they become un- productive as they do after a few years, and their places may be taken by new canes that have been permitted to grow for this pur- pose. Then, too, if the trunk of a currant in tree form is broken off or injured in any way a new plant must be set in its place, but when several canes are permitted to grow as is the case when the plants are grown in bush form, the accidental breaking of a trunk does not 300 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE cause the death of the whole plant, but its place is readily filled by permitting other canes to grow from the root. The tree form is well adapted to well-cultivated gardens as the plants may be pruned into more symmetrical, attractive shape as trees than as bushes. To grow currants in tree form it is simply necessary to remove all buds from the part of the cutting or layer that is put in the ground. This prevents the growth of shoots from below the surface of the soil and consequently no suckers are formed. The tree currants may be kept in symmetrical shape by annually cutting back the shoots of new wood leaving but two or three buds to the shoot. This may be done at any convenient time while the leaves are off. No definite rule can be given for pruning currants grown in bush form, for the kind and amount of pruning necessary is in each case determined by the condition and individual habits of growth of the bush to be pruned. In’general it may be said that during the first two or three years the bushes require but little pruning except to head back the new shoots so that the fruit spurs will develope all along the cane. Otherwise the fruit bearing branches and fruit spurs will be found mostly near the top of along cane. When this is permitted, especially with some varieties, such as Fay for example, the weight of the fruit is quite apt to bend the canes nearly or quite to the ground. Besides this heading-in to keep the bushes in shape the pruning consists of removing the broken branches or those that droop too closely to the ground, and removing the old wood after it has passed the age of greatest productiveness. Mr. S. Haviland, a practical fruit grower, of Marlboro, N. Y., has, I believe, correct ideas on this subject. He writes as follows: “J am particular about trimming currants the first five years from setting, cutting a few inches from the end of all the new wood. If you do not, the end buds being stronger will push out and all the others will die and the bush will soon be very tall, with few fruit buds. If ent back nearly all the other buds will start, forming a cluster of fruit buds at their base, thereby increasing the crop and keeping the bush low for a much longer time.” Insect and Fungous foes.—Fighting the insect and fungous foes has come to be one of the essentials of successful currant culture. Chief among the insect enemies is the so-called “currant worm” which is the larva of a sawfly. It has four wings and the female is New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301 somewhat larger than the common housefly, her body being mostly yellow. On warm days early in spring these flies appear and deposit their eggs in chains along the veins and midrib on the under side of | the leaf. In about ten days the eggs hatch into the minute white worms, or rather, larvee. These begin to feed on the leaves, grow rapidly and spread over the bushes, often stripping them of their foilage in a few days. As they grow they assume a light green color and at one stage they are covered with many black dots. When full grown they are about three-quarters of an inch long. These flies do not appear all at once and later in the season another brood is developed so that continual watchfulness is necessary to hold these insects in check. Early in the season before the fruit has attamed much size, London Purple or Paris Green may be used against these insects, but later it is better to use powdered hellebore, which may be applied even when the fruit is ripening without any fear of rendering the fruit unfit for food. These substances may be dusted on the foliage or applied in the form of a spray. We prefer the latter method, especially if there are very many bushes to be treated. When London Purple or Paris Green is used, mix at the rate of one pound of the poison to from one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water. When hellebore is used mix at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons of water. The applications should be made as soon as the worms, or larvie, are discovered. The currant borer is the larva of a small bluish-black moth, hav- ing three bright yellow bands across the abdomen. There is but one brood a year of this insect. The moth lays the eggs on or near the buds and the larva bores down through the pith of the cane. Pruning and burning the infested canes in autumn appears to be the best known way of fighting this insect. The four-lined leaf bug, or yellow lined currant bug, is an insect that infests the leaves of the new growth. Slingerland advocates * the pruning and burning of the tips of infested shoots in autumn, jarring the insects into a dish of kerosene and water, spraying with kerosene emulsion, 1 to 5, as soon as the red young of the insect (nymphs) are seen in the spring. The leaf spot diseases are probably best controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula.+ According to Pammel’s * Bull. 58, Cornell Expt. Station, Oct., 1893. + See Bull. of this Station, No. 86: 110. 302 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE experiments,* spraying should_begin soon after the fruit sets and continue at intervals of about two weeks till the fruit begins to color. To avoid spotting the fruit, no further spraying is done till the fruit is picked when one or two further applications are made. ~ So far as I have observed the leaf spot disease does not usually work much injury in this State before midsummer, so that two thorough applications of Bordeaux mixture, the first made as soon as the fruit is picked and the second about two weeks thereafter, will probably be sufficently to control the disease. This opinion is based on general observation and not on definite experiments. Leaf disease of black currants.— It should be remembered that the European black currants though not troubled by the currant worms (saw-fly larvee) which are so destructive to foliage of other currants, may be seriously affected with the leaf blight. Some- times they are nearly defoliated by it in late summer or autumn. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has given good results in treating this trouble the same as in treating the leaf disease of red currants. Dying of canes.—In 1891, Mr. D. G. Fairchild’s attention was ealled to a dying of currant canes which was caused by a parasitic fungus which infested the cane. The disease was then reported from a district along the Hudson. During the past season a similar trouble, probably identical with that which Mr. Fairchild observed, has been reported to the Station by a fruit grower in the Hudson river valley. The diseased canes were submitted to Mr. F. C. Stewart of the Station staff in the second judicial department, who found mycelium very abundant in both pith and cambium. He has not yet determined the life history of the fungous parasite and has as yet no remedies to suggest. Dr. Halsted, Botanist of the New Jersey Experiment Station, in his annual report for 1894, page 327, speaks of fungi parasitic on currant canes, one a species of Wectria, and one a species of MHomostegia. He recommends cutting out the diseased parts. Preparation and application of remedies.— A more complete discussion of the preparation and application of Bordeaux mixture, Paris Green or London Purple, Hellebore, ete., is given in another portion of this report. BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES.. In common with many other plantations of blackberries in various parts of the State, the blackberries at this Station were * Pammel, L. H., Bull. 17, lowa Expt. Station, 419-421; Bull. 20, 716-718; Bull. 30, 289-291. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303 severely injured by the winter of 1894-5. Though the season has not been satisfactory, so far as the crop of fruit is concerned, yet it has been of value in indicating the hardiness of different varieties. ‘The table below contains a list of the varieties of blackberries and dewberries grown at this Station in 1895, together with a statement of the per cent. of injury done to the canes by the winter : Taste III. Lisr or BLackBERRIEs Now GROWING ON THE STATION Grounps ToGETHER WITH THE PER CENT. THAT THE CANES WERE INJURED BY THE WINTER. Per cent of NAME. canes winter killed. Blackberries. EMMITT Neer N es eles Sa eee ke we eas 50 PCE Site ait] Boer (0s Pe 20 ee 70 ee eee Os Voth ea ae he ts OR Oreo wile, aud oa cio 55 LET. 2s BR SRE DING IE ey as ne 75 Ms eEVCRDEATING DTEG.o. 5 oir. gael oe epee wee ine 10 CTE BNR 8 A Ra ele a a 15 Mm ne sven seit e221 eRe oe SE sO 90 Bee ead limADC RB ay 5 Clic laduce lets si" HalehgPamebaietsl Faia eae Woe 25 emg Mammoth: (Thompson's) 5... «.:6,< ej oc, sisioeln se = 60 COST bis SE PA Ri aie ne ate ea 20 RTO eo se recs a's sa, eres bs tt « Qobeie 6 Soe 25 ne DELLS a ale Gi OA Sl a Re ea 25 LL aOUEINR, 2 OE SE I 25 A eet ee om ha einaruhe «chided! scesane 01%. 8.006 ene SION: 50 “TOU AXES TEE] SO a Oe 50 NUMERIC HO) [Gye or ais ctv NET tai sian. cvs ave les eos) Se este tors 25 SOEUR HMM ahs fel So iio teh Po RMU Va gh oi eres aslo ote cinjelaiel a 10 oo) SLE ETO aR Ste 3 Sk So a 60 RMI Eta ti ha hic cf Sui din Mey dein Mis clade rcblals lel § 30 ES tric. Se et icra cas cotal NOS enti Sk 25 WU MUL No 6 oso. econ che. wibigvs ave hniéya. 8 bays 0 oo, orehes fake Peet? seo Fiote Sede tee We one toy nee enue 40) ORS Sy aged 2 a5 SA a ng Aa 60 Dewberries. TT TR eT I a8 fo 20 a oe ea er \ 80 Te Me Re EI ek. oie warm ae ree ee (ee MUMMIEEITNIUE orescence tantra ee: 6, soa dite chien tte 80 f \ 304 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE List oF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES SET IN THE SPRING OF 1895. Blackberries. Maxwell. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Piasa. From E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ils. Dewberries. Austin. From J. W. Austin, Pilot Point, Texas. Maynard. From C. C. Maynard, Kineaid, Kansas. BLACK RASPBERRIES. Most of the black raspberries now growing on the Station grounds are young plants, and until they become better established their season and productiveness can not be determined. Notes on the newer varieties, or those that have fruited here for the first time are given below. Nores on VARIETIES. Babcock No.3. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. Y.,1894 Fruit very large, good black color, medium grains, fair flavor and quality. Promises to be a valuable sort on account of its size and productiveness. Canes killed back by the winter 15 per cent. Babcock No.5. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. Y., 1894. Fruit medium to large, compact grains, moderately firm, juicy, sweet, very good quality, productive. Worthy of further testing. Was hurt but little by the winter. Babcock No.9. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. ¥., 1894. Fruit small with small grains, good color and good quality. Too small to deserve further testing. The canes were killed back but 3 per cent. by the winter. Eureka.—/vom W. WN. Scarff, New Carlisle, O., 1898, and A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, N. Y., 1894. Fruit large to very large, good color, grains medium, firm, sweet, mild, fair flavor and quality. Canes were winter killed 15 per cent. Worthy of further testing. See remarks under Mohler. Hopkins.— From A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, NV. ¥., 1894. Canes were winter killed but little. Fruit large to very large, compact with medium grains, good color, sweet, good quality. Kansas.—/vom A. Hf. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, 1893. Fruit medium to very large but does not average large, many berries im- perfect this season; good color, medium size grains, seedy, firm, mild, sweet, good quality. Canes winter killed 25 per cent. Not as good as other varieties for this locality. tN New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 305 Manwaring No.1. From C. H. Manwaring, Lawrence, Kansas, 1893. Fruit small to medium, good black color, firm, mild sub-acid, good quality. Canes were killed back but very little by the winter. Mohler.—/70m D. M. Mohler & Co., New Paris, O., 1893. This variety received favorable notice in the reports of this Station for 1894 ; this season’s test confirms our former good opinion. Canes large and vigorous, killed back by the winter 25 per cent. Berries large, firm, good black color; very productive. Season early, ripened the majority of its crop between the dates of July 1 and 12; first fruit was picked June 29; last picking July 23. Seems to be worthy of extended trial on account of its size, appearance and productiveness. ‘This variety is decidedly similar to Eureka but our Eureka has fruited only one season and we need to compare these two varieties more carefully before expressing an opinion as to whether or not they are identical. Palmer.—/rom C. Mills, Fairmount, NV. Y., 1894, and W. D. Barns & Son, Middle Hope, N. Y.,1895. Fruit medium to large, compact, firm; grains small, nearly sweet, good quality. A stand- ard variety in some localities. Winter killed but 5 per cent. Poscharsky, No. 8. From. F. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, Ills., 1894. Fruit medium size with small compact grains, soft, sub-acid, good black color, good quality. Canes were injured by the winter, Not a promising variety. Poscharsky No.9. From F. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, Iils., 1894. Fruit medium to large with small compact grains, moderately firm, mild sub-acid, good. Gives promise of being productive. Canes were injured but little by the winter. Deserves further testing. Poscharsky No.15. From PF. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, I lls., 1894. Fruit medium size, grains small, firm, good color and qual- ity. Canes were uninjured by the winter. Townsend’s No. 2. From G. Townsend, Gordon, O., 1894. Fruit medium to large, firm, medium grains, somewhat seedy, sweet, very good quality. Canes were winter killed but 3 per cent. Insury By WINTER. Many varieties of raspberries were injured by the winter of 1894-5, although they did not suffer so severely from this cause as 20 306 Report OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE did the blackberries. The following table gives a list of the black raspberries grown here in 1895 and the estimated per cent. of injury to the canes by the winter : Tasie LV. — List or Brack RAsPBERRIES GROWING ON THE STATION GROUNDS AND THE Per Cent. oF Injury THE Canres RECEIVED During tHe WINTER. NAME. mMeTiCany FVerDEarlOe .\.. 5. cess oy spe ee ee ATCC SS NALA AERA ih NO. COPD G TVET ae eNOS SRA PPE RRO IY AIUD: ne dt NEA NAR Prt. Hie leant IOS BEE VSAM OHI 2S SRR OLE): Ze ee WERIES SCCLIG Ss. slabeks yd SRY sete ENR E ISCO Re Sane RRL Es ae Ment x) eNDHNS ee TaN nse, a" LNT SECs, sph aaa Aad AAD ahi Merwe aieeieee TS Ushi dh erate Se 8 EE OPURG ANOKA. srcsaclehi ists datet tue None sar eee ENTE SAS ae: Cre RIERtepaie teas OPM a gga: Ae POTD ACA isa. Aan, ot goties < oaabme crete: cigta beach tka at megeeaee Pepe ae sr 2 No 5 bs Aa a Ae nT auth acento aim ictal gh Aenea OSC EESIOU IN Os: Bra sa Suse wiaieegnaue oeiae Cis Nea te tera DROSCRUT SO IV Os Oh. Seen oS Oe Cee he et oe eine ene PeOSEROTSICY INO NLS \\s'..\ 30% SORE A Nea ae eee PSU B)LV OL Dh) aye belek. 8 0c" ig alauty nal Gets iiae BOS eee 'S) Die Behe OER b AA RE CN ee ae UDR MP esata Sa Co Gas OBTUSE BINO: Dee RR eo eh els ste ee Per cent. of canes winter illed. bo Or fee fed (AES SS) bo OS WoOooon eo New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 307 RED RASPBERRIES. . Nores on VARIETIES. Cline.—From G. W. Cline, Winona, Ont. A chance seedling of Jdeus type. Fruit medium size with medium to large grains, red’color, firm, sweet, good flavor and quality. Inferior to Turner. Evidently will prove to be very early. Plants not yet established. Harris.—From Z. H. Harris, Rochester, N. Y. This berry has received notice in previous bulletins and reports of this Stationgas a productive variety of very good quality. The canes are of the strigosus type, vigorous but not tall and need not be pruned. This season the fruit is of good size and quite firm, but not so good in quality as usual. The canes of plants that were set in 1889 were killed back 75 per cent by the winter but younger plants set in 1893 were injured but very little. It has been quite hardy heretofore. I, X. L.—Hrom C. Schlessler, Naperville, Ills. A chance seed- ling of unknown parentage. Canes vigorous, strigosus type. Berries medium size, grains medium to large, color dull light red, disposed to crumble, nearly sweet, good. Kenyon.— rom O. A. Kenyon, McGregor, Iowa. Strigosus type, moderately vigorous. Berries medium to large with large grains, dark red color, moderately firm, sub-acid, quality only fair. King.—From Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. Canes vigorous, show evidence of /deus parentage. Fruit medium to large, fine bright red color; grains large, moderately firm, juicy, mild sub-acid, fair to good in quality. Loudon.—/vom FP. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wis. Canes vigor- . ous, strigosus type. Berry as large or larger than Cuthbert, inclined to conic, grains large with a suture, moderately firm, good red color, not as good quality as Cuthbert. Talbot.—(Zalbot Prolific) From M. J. Ellis, Norwood, Mass. Berries medium to large, with large grains, soft, juicy, mild acid, very good. Canes show evidence of /deus parentage, strong and vigorous. / 308 ReporRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE - Taste V.—Sxowrne Rexative Propuctiveness, AND EARLY AND Late Yrevp or Rep Raspserries In 1895. | ce | 3. alee £9 3S i} Sed) ae ‘Biss Big 3 $0) 10 cao a NAME. Bs | se | se | g £32, bs aoe fc 2 Ra Sy oa MPR MOM BED ST MerOis SiN RM ae es 1892 497 15 20 PMO GINO OT co ye Sc bila Co ey shel ovaysects speripiler eye 1892 421 0 15 SE ZOMNOIIA weit osc c)> 2 aksvsiiele we etees eles eve 1892 345 30 2 SME TIGe OL Went. 0). 30 8 ce ci seine oe 1892 | 345 4 4 Mm OEMS AME he Ee ee Se) 1892 332 0 24 Dale doy ah CHUGH cians sepsis wee yas § 1892 | 327 4 19 SUM PARENT. eater e te ioceiiev ate nis stte aye tops he ehese 1892 254 35 2 (MINES. WV OOGIARG Si... tse 0% oe, 208 1892 188 6 13 Se MBN OMPSOMG. tie seve ch crevetacporeeeonons 1892 165 15 5 Ph ualbot (albot, Prolayie.) eiciols'. chr 1894 110 4 22 STIMSON DeAUbY 6 ja 6. L086» eo 1893 | 109 12 6 POMPE TANGY WING. 22 5 2%.) .\epe cies SS yale 1892 | 108 0 27 POUGomins: Mo anes hee Ee 1894 90 0 _ 29 PM PPINGUENGE 0) 45 rc Kira pane, sto Sv opsleiaralane, cust 1894 78 8 15 NPERDENEINA TICE)... %.'< ccidsnnieocone sacle te sa era secre ate 1893 72 12 11 IGEMN CARTE? 020. sco. 0 Sheena. umuork whet shoes 1892 64 14 3 MMC YOM o's wena Sie as asic os ee eieisies 1894 55 T Fl Feaic uP Bere (2) gt dg te eM ee bee ee ADS 1893 46 11 30 14 | Pride (Thompson’s Early Pride.) .| 1893 44 27 9 OM EEDATTAS 3 joys in!s: wafers «sia fa vi canrtonene 1893 39 13 26 EMME AOMI ewido sacks Sieve fee ce te spacs en edenees 1893 25 12 20 MGA CINE, MALI RUR US arts hy Sees 1893 24 71 0 = lll LU Ghee OF Pee sea ape Pere 0 a 1894 11 18 0 . Again consulting Table V, we find a list of eight varieties that yielded a fifth or more of their crop after July 26. These are classed together as late varieties. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 309 | Taste VI.— Lare Rep Raspserrtes Rankep Accorpine To YIELD AFTER JULY 26. NAME: Date of tast | after | Total | Retbal ; Ounces, | Ounces: sane VO OE OO piter ee tae wifsrcvs 5 2.8 )oin''s ermreyale August 5 84 | 427 1 CULTS 5920 ei August 8 81 | 332 4 TRRAMIYRVIUG. ci. selec ete es ee ....| August 8 29 | 108 ¥ RRR e Halos c's wale ce HOA August 3 26 90 * (DSL Le GO aE ens August | 24 | 110 “A Ree acc chin < p< 2), (siele, a5 '» 50 0) 6 _ August 5 14 46 138 “Ls Dis SL Gaia arene iene | August 3 10 39 15 , 2 2 ESIC Up MIS esi ea pein Eta August | 5 25 16 *First crop. Superb takes first rank both as to total yield and to the amount of late fruit produced. Last season it stood third in rank as to total yield and seventh as to the amount of late fruit produced. Olathe has received favorable notice in previous reports of this Station as a productive late variety. It gave good satisfaction this season. The fruit is of good size, firm and attractive. The greater part of the crop of red raspberries ripened this season between the dates of July 9 and July 26. Table V shows that four varieties yielded a fourth or more of their crop before July 9. These may be called early for this season. Taste VII.—Earty Rep Raspserrizrs RanKED AccoRDING TO Turin YIELD BerorE JuLy 9. Yield before os : Naw Dare oars oy 6 OPMOMEED So fis is ore «seis, 's Ss Lees June 29 102 345 Wie ic Sa Oe PRA June 29 90 254 | 6 IU 2 Od June 29 Mi 24 | 17 Pride (Thompson’s Early / 2g 9 1K) Was oe, oa -.| July 1 | 12 44 14 Pomona has always done well on our grounds. Turner is one of the standard berries. Cline was first fruited here in 1893, so that 310 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE the plants have not become well established. It has not yet shown any points of superiority. Pride has done fairly well heretofore. Its fruit is of medium size, firm, good color and good quality. PURPLE RASPBERRIES. Among the purple raspberries the Columbian was the most pro- ductive. The plants produced their first crop this season, yet it ranks second in productiveness among the raspberries fruited, giving a yield of 540 ounces from a row 25 feet long. A similar area of Caroline yielded 633 ounces. Its manner of growth and fruiting is much Jike the Shaffer, but it is more vigorous and was injured less by the winter. As compared with Shaffer the fruit is larger, firmer, and a shade lighter in color. It yields a larger per cent. of its crop late in the season than does the Shaffer. This is a promising variety and is worthy of extended trial. Cardinal ranked second in productiveness among the purple ber- ries. Its canes were injured but little by the winter. YELLOW RASPBERRIES. The yellow raspberries are valuable for the home garden. Of the varieties fruited on the Station grounds the Caroline and Golden Queen are the most satisfactory as to yield. Caroline has always been productive here, and this year it gives the largest yield of any of the raspberries. List or RaspBerries SET IN THE SPRING OF 1895. All Summer. From Lovett & Co., Little Silver, N. J. Cromwell. From W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y. Gault. From W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, and Storrs, Harrison & Co, Painesville, Ohio. Marlboro. From C. G. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y. Miller. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Telataugh. From I. F. Street, Middletown, Ind. Thomson. From Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Townsend’s No.1. From Geo. Townsend, Gordon, Ohio. Unknown Red. From W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y. Wade. From Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind. Whyte, No. 6. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. aLt Whyte, No. 7. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. Whyte, No. 13. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. Whyte, No. 17. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. MiscELLANEOUS. Japan Golden Mayberry. From A. Blane & Co., Phila., Pa. Logan Berry. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Rubus Capensis. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Stanley Berry. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Strawberry Raspberry. From A. Blane & Co,, Philadelphia, Pa. STRAWBERRIES. The strawberries tested at this Station are grown in matted rows. Young plants set in the spring or fall are given thorough cultiva- tion through the first season. The following winter as soon as the ground freezes the beds are covered with a few inches of straw. They are given one cultivation in the spring as soon as the ground is fit to work. As soon as growth starts the straw is removed from the beds and placed between the rows. One or two inches of the straw is left on the beds to serve as a mulch to keep the berries from the ground. The soil is a stiff clay loam, well underdrained, and fertilized with stable manure. The difference between staminate and pistillate varieties of straw- berries is now quite generally understood, as is also the necessity of planting a staminate variety with the pistillate berries so that the blossoms of the latter may be fertilized. In the following notes on varieties, the staminate berries are designated by an “8S,” while the pistillate ones are marked “ P.” Notes on VARIETIES. Aldridge No. 25. 8. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Plants very vigorous, foliage good; fruit stems long; runners abundant. Fruit scarlet, medium to large, moderately firm, fair quality. Productiveness cannot be definitely stated but it does not rank high. *Allen’s No.5. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark crimson color. Among the *Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descrip- tions of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Report for 1894. 312 ReporT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE varieties fruited here for the first time in 1894 it took first rank. When fruited this year in two-year-old beds it proved unsatisfac- tory. * Allen’s No. 6. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark scarlet color. Among the varieties fruited here for the first time in 1894 it ranked tenth in productiveness. This year it was unsatisfactory in two-year old | beds. * Allen’s No. 138. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark scarlet color. Unproductive in two-years old beds, although it took fifth rank as to productiveness in 1894 among varieties fruited for the first time. *Allen’s No. 14. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Good light searlet color. Moder- ately productive. Annie Laurie.—S. From IM, Orawford, Cuyahoga Falls, O. Fruit medium to large, oblate with Crescent tip, bright scarlet color, moderately firm, good quality. Foliage very vigorous ; fruit stems good ; runners abundant. Moderately productive; late. *Beauty.— P. Hrom J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Blossoms with Sharpless. Bright scarlet color. Retains its good reputation of last season. Among the varieties fruited in two-year old beds it takes second rank as to productiveness. Blonde.— 8. rom G. Cowing, Muncie, Ind. Frait medium to large, pale scarlet color, firm, poor quality. Foliage vigorous, stems good, runners abundant. Moderately productive. Bostonian.— P. Hrom B. Ff. Lincoln, West Hingham, Mass. Blossoms with Sharpless. Foliage vigorous; fruit stems good ; runners abundant. Fruit medium size, inclined to a neck; scarlet color, soft, fair quality. Among the varieties fruited here for the first time in 1895 it ranked fourth in productiveness. . * Brandywine. 8. Hrom EF. T. Ingram, Westchester, Pa. Moderately productive. Fruit dark scarlet color. | Brunette.— 8. From G. Cowing, Muncie, Ind. Fruit medium size, round to conic, color dark scarlet to crimson, quality good. Foliage vigorous; fruit stems good, runners abundant. Only moderately productive. *Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descriptions of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the A nnual Report for 1894. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ele * Bryant, Perkins No. 2. S. From Jackson & Perkins, New- ark, N. Y. Unproductive in two-year-old bed. Plants weak and run out. Charlie—P. From Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. Fruit medium size ; fine scarlet color; firm; fair quality. Foliage vigorous, stems long, runners abundant. Ranks tenth in productive- ness among the varieties fruited for the first time this season. *Columbia.—S. rom West Jersey Nursery Co., Bridgeton, NV. J. Fruit pale crimson color. Poor quality. Unproductive. * Cyclone. S. From E. W. Cruse, Leavenworth, Kansas. Fruit medium size ; scarlet color; moderately productive. Dewdrop.—S. From B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas. Foliage and fruit stems good; runners abundant. Fruit medium size, good searlet color, firm, good quality. Moderately productive. ches, 3, 4/6% S SG hg SRR IRR Sar les reg Pp} 1ST ON 5s gS igre ea eS Cay 6 Pe ee S | ole TEES AS IR A, ek 82 tn Se P Pee E MATITIOS.:). sso ae eee keh owls as.s S PEPIN OSL oo... Sn cl len ema dees obi. fees NS) LVS UIA OA ea De ed 8 IC Nh | Sao a a re aes ° A ea FP. DUR eee NAc abo uid eRe ic. & ates ee S DIDI SETEC EY O18 Oe vic a ‘ws oo ale Seda 6 oha 5 6 sete S PELOPTAG ENG MT Ls. oto Ue cid BU See S Ciera te EONS ies ich a. ks,» ajageramaaya spa) ahem RP 2) eae CASA Ree kc 2. | a= | Ba gf |S | 32 38 | gS | ee gs |22 | Peete 320 | 14 6 OF 0. Oaluale 240 | 5 | 24 994 | 0} 12 917 nbs has 210 | 15 3 209 | 29 2 206 | 0O| 16 205 | 14 2 199 | 10 2 190 | 14 if 167%: |. AOpiaats L6lshe O 0 157, 5 0 eeO 156 | 22 4 145 |10| 14 145| 6| 15 127 | 15 5 123 | o| 19 118 | 0}, 12 it7 |.0 596 107 | 14 4 106 0 6 106 | 0 5 105 | 5 | 10 101 0 4 100 | 33 0 92 | 16 0 86 | 0 4 85 |.0!} 99 TT ,; 32 0 64 | 98 0 BOO: ee AG 35 0 | 0 318 Earty VARIETIES. Those varieties which yielded a considerable portion of their crop before June 16 may be called early. They are given below in the order of their productiveness. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE Taste [X.—Earty Varieties Ranxkep AccorDING To YIELD Berore June 16, 1895. . NAME. LOGUE AES StS ee a ar se) 06 \e © 6 6 © 8 © 6 6 0 86 © « © « vie ic Date of first picking. June 13 June 13 Yield before June 16, Ounces. Total yield 1895. 209 156 100 Rank as to yield, 1895, T 15 25 | June 12 Marston gave the largest early yield and was the most productive variety fruited here for the first time this season. It is worthy of further testing. Lovett has been fruited here for several years and is only moderately productive of medium-size fruit. Nan fruited here for the first time this season. Late VARIETIES. By consulting table VIII only four varieties are found that yielded a fifth or more of their crop after June 29. These may be classed as late. They are given below in the order of their productiveness : Taste X.—Lare Varieties Rankep Accorpina To THEIR YIELD AFTER JUNE 29. | Date of | Yield after | Total yield NAME. last June 29. 1895. Rank as to | picking. Ounces. Ounces. | yield, 1895. Edward’s Favorite......... July 8 517 240 3 Mid dlefields Ate icsc is eis eve oe July 8 32 157 14 REAM AAI oic wraVie Toplevioge oksyslo\ age eueue July 8 31 117 20 GCROSOURIN OMI Wein ts folee sce 008 | July 5 19 85 28 Edward’s Favorite has received favorable notice in previous reports of this Station as a moderately productive variety. This season it takes first rank as a late variety and stands third in pro- ductiveness among the varieties fruited in one-year-old beds. Mid- dlefield has also received favorable notice in former reports. It was only moderately productive this season. Gandy is a popular late variety. It has been only moderately productive on our grounds. i] . i New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319 TapLe XI.—Y1evp or VARIETIES FRvuITED IN Two-yEAR OLp Bens Nn 1895, TogrrHrR Wire THE YieLp or Same Bens in 1894, Wuen Torey Were Bur Ont Year O1p. | rank as| Sie ofan as| diel of NAME. to yietn A ounces oe inounces Season. PRCAM Gi Vrercier ol Gn cope es = 1 ] 207 T| 142 | Late. TE Qi: "2 oie ean ee ee P 2 202 6 144 | Late. PigmestNO.3L. 3. os... |e 3 159 2 | 283 | Mid season. LU ea S 4 | 156 23 84 | Early. PIO cpdints so fea ee iP 5 148 3 196 | Mid season. Se CRE a Ss 6 141 13 129 | Mid season. 7 20 1S SS re 8 T 115 11 133 | Mid season. Saunders’ Success ..... NS) 8 114 OT 33 | Mid season. Manchester No. 1...... 12 9 109 17 108 | Late. PRTC KUGSSr... 62 fe. aake, cave 8 10 87 22 92 | Late. il ere ees S Pe 19 20 94 | Early. PORTA 9 sz java, Peuae eld sine axe S 12 78 16 117 | Mid season. DPANGy WING . 2s... 5 S 12 78 18 | 107 | Mid season. VTS) 0 eae ar ) 13 75 9 | 139 | Mid season. ENN CT S, INOS LAyoe cicrsiave «0 124 14 69 14 127 | Mid season. DENTIST OU SS: cc tbuelevs cise ore 2 |e 15 66 26 14 | Late. Mererel sy NOs Gio. 's's'e's ss NS) 16 61 15 119 | Mid season. PER SYNOD. os we |e 17 58 5 147 | Mid season. JOG OL SAN OSE Ce ee P 18 51 4 187 | Late. TIO NI AS S/S hs = 0 s.'5,'05.s S 19 49 24 83 | Mid season. PANES INOS Dis. 2 <¥s bie dos 0. < 1B 20 37 1 312 | Mid season. Pa TCW TS) NOLO... 3 o so's 2.0 P 21 34 10 138 | Mid season. Molampia: 55 5/0. 6 os S 29 33 ? ? Mid season. veh i 8 23 a 19 96 | Late. Sine Wolop ft CE eee nee ea Ss 24 21 8 | 139 | Early. Bryant, Perkins’ No.2 .S 25 6 ? ? Several varieties that were fruited in one year beds gave a larger yield than any of the varieties in two-year old beds, a result in line with the common experience that the first crop from a bed of straw- berries is usually the best. The table shows that only five of the twenty-six varieties named in the list (19 per cent.) gave a better yield in the second season than they did the first, while many varie- ties deteriorated so much as to be unprofitable in two-year beds. The evidence of this table confirms the opinion formed after studying the tests of hundreds of new strawberries that have been tried at this Station, namely, that a large proportion of them ought never to -have been introduced into cultivation because they are inferior to well-known cultivated sorts. , ' 320 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE The following varieties of strawberries now growing at this Station have not yet fruited here: Allen, Oregon No. 1, America, Oregon Vo. 2, Australian Everbearing, Robinson, Beecher, H. W., See’s Lo. 3, Bissel, See’s Vo. 4, Burnett, See’s Vo. 5, Canada Wilson, Slaymaker No. |, Columbian, Slaymaker No. 5, Earliest, Slaymaker No. 8, Eleanor, Slaymaker No. 9, Edith, Slaymaker No. 12, Enormous, Slaymaker No. 25, Hadsell’s Seedling, Staples, Hersey, Thompson (Lady Thompson), Hull No. 3, Thompson No. 100, Hull No. 4, Thompson No. 101, Maple Bank, Tubbs, Margaret, Viscomtesse Hericart de Thury, Mary, Weston, M Te William Belt, Omega, Williams. PRODUCTIVENESS OF GRAPES AS AFFECTED BY SELF-FERTILIZATION OF THEIR BLOSSOMS. Many kinds of grapes are unable to set fruit when standing alone, others are apt to produce abortive berries and imperfect clusters, while still others produce satisfactory clusters. Some of the kinds which can not set any fruit or which do not form satisfactory clus- ters when standing alone, are able to set fruit when their blossoms are fertilized by pollen from other varieties of grapes. So it hap- pens that some kinds of grapes do very well when they are mingled with other varieties, but when planted in blocks by themselves they either do not bear at all or the yield is unsatsfactory. It is amatter of practical importance to grape growers to know which kinds of grapes can set fruit satisfactorily when standing alone and which can not. Investigations on this subject were begun at this Station in 1892 and have been continued each succeeding season so far as time and opportunity permitted. Some account of this work is given in this Station’s reports 1892: 597-606. 1894: 636-648. The experiments thus far have been conducted solely in the Sta- tion’s vineyards. The method of investigation has been to cover the clusters of unopened flower buds with paper bags so as to exclude © all outside pollen. In 1895, 610 clusters distributed among 80 vari- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 321 eties were thus bagged. The result of the investigations for 1895 are combined with the results obtained in previous years and given in the following lists: Note.—The character of the stamens is indicated by ‘‘1” if they are long, ‘‘s” if they are short, and “‘int.’’ if they are intermediate between long and short. In stating the parentage the male parent is named last and the female parent, that is, the vine which bore the seed from which the variety was grown, is named first. Self-fertile. Crass I. May be planted alone. Varieties named in this class can form practically perfect clusters of themselves haracter of stamens Species represented in parentage. NAME. Names of parents. +S) Ne PATA bTOSLA <2 - -yseecieacions see eeae ceases Haske st eeieeies 160 gallons. Slack the lime and add to the Paris green, with sufficient water to make one hundred and sixty gallons. For a more complete dis- 10 Eigkth Annual Report, Wis. Expt. Sta. 169-173 ; also Bul. 78 Cornell Exp’t Sta. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ato eussion of some of the cabbage insects, the reader is referred to Bulletin No. 83 of this Station. Celery. Center Bricut.— The soft rot of the centers of celery plants, which results from attacks of bacteria, has not yet been successfully treated by spraying. No further work has been done at this Station in treating this trouble since that reportedin Bulletin No. 51 and in the Annual Report of this Station for 1892. The suggestions there given are (1) to blanch with boards instead of earth during hot weather; (2) to leave neither the rotted refuse from stripping the plants nor the diseased plants on the fields where celery is to be grown; and (3) to keep the plants in an active growing condition from the time they are planted till marketed, by cultivation, fertil- ization and spraying for leaf-blight. Lear Sror Disrases.— These diseases are caused by fungi of different kinds. The investigations above mentioned showed clearly that plants may become infested in the seed bed before they are transplanted. ‘The experiments in treating the diseases were not conclusive, but led to the suggestion that the seedlings be treated with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 1! formula, before transplant- ing. The treatment should begin soon after the seeds germinate and should be repeated often enough to protect the new foliage as it develops. Treatment in the field as soon as the plants are trans- planted, and afterwards at intervals of ten to fourteen days, is also suggested. Directions for making the Bordeaux mixture are given in article 4 on Fungicides and Insecticides. The investigations showed that celery sprayed this way was not at all injured for market purposes, as much copper being found in the unsprayed plants as in the sprayed plantsafter they were stripped ready for market. The very slight amount of copper found in both sprayed and unsprayed was sutliciently accounted for by the slight amount of copper present in the soil. In any case it would be nec- essary to eat a good many thousand heads of celery at one meal in order to introduce a serious dose of copper into the system. In the investigations referred to above it was found that one of the fungous diseases of celery not only spots the leaves but also attacks the seeds. It is therefore recommended that seed showing black specks over its surface be not sown without first submitting 376 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE samples of it to someone competent to say whether or not it is diseased. If it is diseased it should not be used. Pea Weeviu.— The weevil that infests peas is quite similar to the one that attacks beans, but is somewhat larger. Its life history is the same, and the same treatment applies to this that has been given for the bean weevil. Tomato. Buiack Ror.— This disease is caused by the same black mold that attacks the potato causing what some have termed the early blight. It may attack the tomato vines, where it appears as dark spots. Nearly every grower is familiar with the black mold that attacks the fruit in all stages of its growth. It usually appears at the flower end which at first turns dark. If the tomato be cut in two more or less of the tissue will be found to be discolored. As the disease advances a dark velvety mould forms over the diseased area. The tomato clings to its stem until nothing is left of it but the skin. Rolfs reports" good results from treating the plants with Bor- deaux mixture, and recommends that the first treatment be applied when the flower buds begin to form. The treatment should be repeated at intervals of about two weeks. The number of treat- ments that will be necessary will depend on the prevalence of the disease. Howell reports in Bulletin 11, Section of Veg. Path., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1890, that one treatment when the first fruits were about three fourths of an inch in diameter, and two later treatments at interval of about two weeks were successful in controlling the disease. He used Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 32 formula. Potato. Briaut.—The disease whick for many years has had the distine- tion of being known as ¢he blight of potatoes is caused by a fungus that may be said to resemble in a general way the fungus that causes the downy mildew of the grape, although the two are not even classed in the same genus. It passes the winter in infested tubers where it may cause a discoloration beneath the surface which is best seen in the ring of darkened tissue near the cireumference when a slice is cut through the middle of such a tuber. When the 11 Bulletin No. 21, Florida Experiment Station, 1893. som saan aa New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. aul diseased potatoes are planted the fungus spreads to the stems and leaves and there manifests itself in the dark brown withered parts of leaves or stems. It sends out mildew threads, commonly on the under surface of the leaf, and there produces spores which may be called the seeds of the disease, and which are distributed by wind and rain, thus spreading the infection. In warm, moist weather it spreads most rapidly, in fact so rapidly that fields where the dis- ease is present are frequently said to be “struck with the blight,” so sudden, apparently, has been its attack. The disease also spreads to the tubers, and thus attacking both vines and tubers it may ocea- sion very serious loss. If conditions are favorable it may spread rapidly early in the season but more commonly in this State it appears to do most damage after midsummer. Remedies.—Spraying for blight should be begun when the plants are six or eight inches high. Three and four sprayings with Bor- deaux mixture, 1 to 7 formula, making the first treatment as just stated and others at intervals of about two weeks, have been sufli- cient here to control this disease, and also the one next described. Macrosrortum.— This disease, caused by a species of black mold, has been called by some “ Early Blight,” because it is commonly found on early potatoes. It makes its appearance usually in June, and attacks the foliage. It may be known by the peculiar spots that it produces on the leaves. These have been described as target- shaped marks from the fact that a number of circles surround a common centre in such a manner as to represent a target in minia- ture. The affected portions of the leaves become dry and crisp. The disease spreads slowly, and has not been known to be as injuri- ous in this section as the blight first mentioned. The same treat- ment is used for this trouble as that given above for the blight. Porato Scas.— This disease is confined to the tubers, so its attacks are not noticed until the potatoes are dug. It causes the outer portion of the potato to become pitted, rough and corky, or “seabby.” In some localities this condition is thought to be caused by the larvee or grubs of the May beetle; hence the name “ grubby potatoes” is applied to them. But the attacks of the grubs are local, and their work can be told from the fact that they eat out rather deep grooves or furrows in the surface of the potatoes. Remedies.— Since this disease does not appear on any part of the plant above ground, any spray applied to the vines would be useless. The only way then to combat it is to improve the sanitary con- 378 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE ditions. The first precaution to be taken is not to plaat on ground that is badly infested with the fungus. It has been demonstrated that the fungus may persist in the ground for several years, and in cases where the soil is known to be badly infested, no remedy of practical value is known. On some soils applications of lime or wood ashes appear to produce conditions favorable to the develop- ment of the disease.” Excellent results have been obtained in many instances by simply soaking the seed in a solution of corrosive sublimate (bichJoride of mercury). The seed may be soaked either before or after being cut. Corrosive sublimate is a poison and should accordingly be used with caution. One ounce is used for seven or eight gallons of water. It dissolves more readily in hot water and may then be diluted. It should not be used in metal, but in wood or earthenware vessels. The seed should be soaked for one hour and the same solution may be used again and again. After being soaked the seed should neither be put in contact with scabby potatoes nor in receptacles which have held scabby potatoes or seabby beets. With these precautions the seed may be kept any convenient length of time after soaking before it is planted. Manure from animals fed on uncooked scabby potatoes or beets is capable of communicating the scab t6 the potato crop for which itis used. For this reason manure of this kind should not be used for potatoes or beets. Scabby potatoes should not be used for seed since they are capable of communicating the disease to the new crop. Porato Brerte.—Every farmer is so familiar with the potato beetle that a description of it would be out of place here. It has been successfully combated for a number of years with Paris green. Formerly the poison was applied in the dry form, and with good results. But it is now considered much the better practice to apply it in the form of spray. This is especially true since the blight has become so universal, and remedies can be applied for both pests at the same time. The Paris green should be used whenever the beetles appear in sufficient numbers to be injurious. Usually it will be sufficient if the poison is mixed with Bordeaux mixture and ap- plied at the time the potatoes are to be treated for blight. Porato Frea Bertie.—This is a little shiny black beetle, about a quarter of an inch long, which attacks the potato and tomato vines 12 Bulletin 30, R. I. Exp. Station. (seuor) ‘aingxim xnvepi0g qyim peAsads jea] 078j0d AyA[BoH (‘seuor) ‘sepieeq-Beq Aq u978e JBal 09BI0g "p DIA ‘eg DIA—'O BLVIg New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 379 and also tobacco. Jones reports’ that the Bordeaux mixture as used against the blights prevents to some extent the attacks of this insect. Figure 3 illustrates the work of this insect on the potato leaf which may be compared with the healthy leaf sprayed with Bordeaux mixture illustrated in Fig. 4. For figures 3 and 4 we are indebted to Prof. Jones. 3. Common Diseases AND Insects Insurtous 10 Nursery Stock. Apple. Powprery Mitpew.—Powdery mildew is seldom very injurious to apple stock in this locality. It attacks the leaves and young twigs, where it appears asa light powdery substance. When it is severe the seedlings may receive a serious check by the loss of foliage and the killing back of the young shoots. It usually makes its ap- pearance in the latter part of September. It issuggested that treat- ment be given, using Bordeaux mixture 1 to 11 formula, beginning in the fore part of September and repeating at intervals of about two weeks until two or three sprayings have been given. Aruis.—Either the green aphis or the woolly aphis may be treated as directed for cherry aphis below. ‘ Bup Morn.—In the nursery this insect is sometimes fought by pinching the infested leaves and thus killing the insect. Spraying early in the spring, the same as for the same insect in the orchard, is also suggested. Cherry. Lear Bricar.—The so-called leaf blight, or shot hole fungus, that has been described as being particularly destructive to plum and cherry trees in the orchard, often causes great damage in the nur- sery. The injury is due to the loss of foliage; the energy of the tree is exhausted in its effort to produce new leaves, so its growth is- impeded or remains nearly or quite at a standstill. Remedy.—Experiments conducted at this Station“ show clearly favorable results from treatment with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula. The number of treatments necessary to secure the best results have not been fully determined. Bordeaux mixture is pref- erable to any other remedy that has been tried for this trouble. It is suggested that three or four treatments be given, especially to 18 Bulletin 40 Vt. Expt. Station : 25; Bul. 44, : 93--97, 14 See Annual Report, 1892 : 654; 1893 : 688. 380 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE young stock, beginning about the first of June and repeating the application at intervals of from ten to fourteen days. Directions for making Bordeaux mixture are given in article 4 on Fungi- cides and Insecticides. Tue Cuerry Apuis.—This little insect is one species of a large family, commonly known as plant lice. They are similar in size and form to common green plant lice, but are nearly black in color. They appear early in the spring and begin sucking the juices from the expanding buds. They multiply very rapidly and as growth takes place move to the new shoots and leaves, where they collect in large numbers, especially on the under side of the leaves, causing them to curl up so as to cover the lice and thus making it difficult to hit them with a spray after they have become well established. Since these insects suck their food they cannot be poisoned but must be killed by contact of the insecticide with their bodies. Remedy.—In fighting these insects close watch should be kept for their first appearance, so that they may be sprayed at once and not allowed to become established. The treatment should be re- peated as circumstances require. Kerosene emulsion diluted from twelve to fifteen times is commonly recommended for plant lice. If the leaves are cuiled so that the spray cannot reach the insects, dip the infested twigs in whale oil soap and tobacco tea, or in kerosene emulsion prepared as directed in article 4 on Fungicides and In. secticides. The mixture is poured into shallow pans and the twigs are bent over and dipped into it. ear. Lear Buicut.—The leaf blight that has been described as attack- ing the pear and quince in the orchard, often does great damage to nursery stock. The following account is based on investigations made at this Station.’ For some as yet unexplained reason the blight is more severe on seedlings than on budded or grafted stock. The disease attacks the leaves and causes many of them to drop off, and in some cases the tender part of the stock is killed back several inches. As soon as the leaves fall, new ones are at once pushed out. This process is very exhausting and where the attack begins early in the season, the seedlings may lose several sets of leaves during the summer. Where this occurs 15 Annual Report of this Station, 1892; 652 ee New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381 many of the seedlings die before winter sets in, and those that sur- vive the winter, are mostly too small to work the next season. On pear stocks in particular, where the blight has been severe, it attacks the green tips of the twigs. Here it forms small dark pits where the disease lives over winter and spreads the infection to the first leaves that appear in the spring. Remedy.—Encouraging results in treating this trouble on pear stock have been obtained in experiments at this Station. Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula, thus far has given best results. This treatment has also given good results in some of the Geneva, N. Y., nurseries. It is suggested that treatmnet be given as soon as the first leaves become fully expanded, following with other treatments at intervals of from ten to fourteen days, making five or six treat- ments in all. Similar treatment is recommended for pear seedlings, beginning as soon as the first leaves unfold. Bup Morn.—This insect, described as attacking apples also, is treated as described under apples. Siue.—This insect attacks the leaves, sometimes doing considera- ble injury. It may be fought by dusting with air slaked lime or spraying with Paris green at the rate of one pound to from one hun- dred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water. Plum. Lear Bricur.—This is caused by the same fungus which causes cherry leaf blight above cescribed. The remedies there advocated have given good results in treating plums. In 1893 trees making their second season’s growth from the bud were successfully treated with two applications of Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula, one given about the middle of June the other about the middle of July.” Directions for using this mixture are given in article 4 on Fun- gicides and Insecticides. Arnis, Pranr Licr.—Give same treatment as for plant lice on cherry as advocated above. Quince. Lear Buiaut.—This is caused by the fungus that causes pear leaf blight, the treatment of which is given above, on this page. 16 Annual Report of this Station. 1893 ; 688. 382 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 4, Funaicripes AND INSECTICIDES. How to Spray. For a discussion of nozzles, pumps and machines used in spraying the reader is referred to Bulletin 74 of this Station or Annual Re- port 1894; 687-706. In order that any spraying may be effective it must be thoroughly done. The workman should not hurry through with the job in an effort to see how many trees he can hit with the spray in a day, but should aim to apply the spray thoroughly and evenly over all the foliage. It isa mistake to think that when a nozzle is throwing a stream to a great distance and using up the liquid fast, that it is doing the best work. The Vermorel nozzle, which is considered the best, does its best work at from three to five feet from the nozzle. While it cannot force a stream to a great distance it throws a very fine spray, and is readily cleaned when it becomes clogged. For these reasons it takes first rank. Throughout the preceding parts of this discussion spraying with different mixtures has been recommended. The reader must not expect good results to follow the use of any of them unless the spraying be well done. The spraying may be done at the right time and the mixtures prepared correctly, but final success must depend upon thorough work in applying the spray. Thoroughness does not mean that the trees shall be drenched but that the spray shall reach every leaf. The ideal way is to have the spray settle in minute particles over the entire surface of all the foliage and dry there without running to- gether in drops and dripping from the tree. This idea can not be accomplished completely but it should always be worked for. In applying Bordeaua mixture or Paris green great care must be taken to keep the mixture thoroughly stirred otherwise the heavy parts of the mixture settle rapidly and the spray is not applied in uniform strength. To keep the mixture stirred an agitator should be kept constantly moving. One of the best agitators for this pur- pose is described in Bulletin 74 of this Station, p. 400, and Annual Report 1894; 701. In using such insecticides as kerosene emulsion, that kill by contact with the insect, the aim is to hit the insects and the foliage may be drenched if necessary to do this. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383 Fungicides. AMMONIACAL SotuTion oF Copprr Carsonate.—The formula usually given for making this solution is as follows: Dissolve five © ounces of copper carbonate in three pints of ammonia of 26° strength. When ready to apply, dilute with water so as to make fifty gallons. The undiluted solution may be preserved for some time in tightly closed vessels. Penny finds" that the use of the strong ammonia undiluted in dissolving the copper is wasteful and unsafe. He recommends the following method of making the solution : “To one volume of 26° Beaumé ammonia (the strong ammonia of commerce) add from seven to eight volumes of water. Then add copper carbonate, best in successive quantities, until a large portion remains undissolved. The mixture should be vigorously agitated during the solution and finally allowed to subside, and the clear liquid poured off from the undissolved salt. A second portion should then be made by treat- ing the residue of the former lot with more ammonia diluted as be- fore, then with the addition of fresh copper carbonate, in every case with vigorous stirring or agitation. The method of making in sue- cessive lots will result in a richer solution of copper, at least unless an unwarranted length of time be taken.” He finds that much less ammonia is required to dissolve a given amount of copper carbonate in this way than according to the method formerly followed of adding the strong, undiluted ammonia directly to the copper car- bonate. Borpeaux Mrxturr.—This is made of various strengths. Sue- cessful results have been obtained at this Station and elsewhere with the 1 to 11 formula, that is to say with a mixture using one pound of copper sulphate for eleven gallons, and this is recommended for most purposes. In treating potato blights better results have been obtained from a stronger mixture, using the 1 to 7 formula, that is to say, one pound of copper sulphate for seven gallons of the mixture. The formul referred to in this discussion may be given as follows : 1 to 7 formula; One |b. copper sulphate; ¢ lb. lime, fresh slaked ; 7 gallons water. 17 Bull. 22, Del. Exp. Sta. 384 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 1 to 11 formula: One lb. copper sulphate; 2 Ib. lime, fresh slaked ; 11 gallons water. Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture.—Dissolve the copper sul- phate and dilute with from half to two-thirds of the required amount of water. Then add the lime in the form of thin white- wash, straining it if necessary to keep out particles that would clog the nozzle. Stir the mixture frequently and thoroughly as the lime is being added. Finally dilute to the required amount. Dissolving the Copper Sulphate.— For practical operations the copper sulphate may be dissolved in large quantities and kept on hand as a stock solution, as advocated in Bulletin No. 67 of this Station, p. 195. Such a solution should be kept covered to prevent evaporation, which would increase its strength and finally cause the copper sulphate to crystallize on the sides and bottom of the cask in which it is kept. It appears that for all practical purposes a solution containing two pounds of copper sulphate to one gallon of water may safely be used for a stock solution. Thus, one hundred pounds of copper sulphate dissolved in fifty gallons of water contains two pounds for every gallon of the solution, so that one gallon of such a solution contains enough copper sulphate to make twenty-two gal- lons of Bordeaux mixture of the 1 to 11 formula, or fourteen gallons of Bordeaux mixture of the 1 to 7 formula. If, instead of using the stock solution, copper sulphate is dis- solved each time the mixture is prepared, it is well to get the pul- verized copper sulphate instead of the crystals, as that dissolves more quickly. If the solution is wanted immediately, the copper sulphate may be dissolved in hot water. If it is to be dissolved in cold water, use a large amount of water and suspend it near the upper surface of the water, in a basket, coarse sacking, or any other receptacle through which water may pass readily. Copper sulphate should not be dissolved in iron vessels, as it corrodes them very rapidly. Buying Copper Sulphate.— It is best to buy copper sulphate in sufficient quantity to get wholesale rates, for it may be kept from season to season without injuring its value. Weighing and Straining the Lime.— When the mixture is used in power spraying machines with stationary nozzles it should be run through a sieve so as*to take out all particles that might clog the nozzles. When hand pumps are used straining will not be neces- sary if care is used in pouring the lime. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 385 The amount of lime necessary to form the Bordeaux mixture was formerly determined by weighing, using two-thirds as much lime as copper sulphate, but by means of the color tests as explained below the necessity of weighing the lime is now obviated. Excess of Lime.—It is important that enough lime be added, otherwise the mixture may injure the foliage, while an excess of lime will not harm the foliage. Color tests.—Various color tests may be used for determining whether or not sufficient lime has been added to the copper sulphate solution to form the Bordeaux mixture, as explained in Bulletin 84 of this Station. The one most commonly known is the potassium ferrocyanide test, which is used as follows: Pour the lime into the copper sulphate solution, stir the mixture thoroughly and then add a drop of the potassium ferrocyanide. If enough lime has been added the drop will not change color when it strikes the mixture, otherwise it will immediately change to a dark reddish brown color. More lime must then be added till the potas- sium ferrocyanide does not change color when dropped into the mixture. It sometimes happens if the mixture has not been thor- oughly stirred, that some of the copper sulphate in the bottom of the barrel has not yet been precipitated, while at the surface the mixture shows no color when the test is applied, so that after the mixture has been standing a few minutes the potassium ferrocyanide will again give the dark color, showing that not enough lime had been used. On this account it is best to add more lime after the test shows no change of color, thus insuring an excess of lime, which does no harm. A mixture with not enough lime in it will hurt the foliage. The potassium ferrocyanide, also known as the yellow prussiate of potash, is a poisonous substance. It is a yellow salt which readily dissolves in water, and a solution may conveniently be kept on hand inasmall bottle. The commercial form of the potassium ferrocy- anide may be used. A few cents should purchase enough to last through the season. Corrrer SutpHate Sotution.—As explained before, lime is added to the copper sulphate solution in making Bordeaux mixture, to pre- vent the solution from injuring the foliage or fruit, but in some eases the copper sulphate solution is used without the lime in making applications in the spring before the leaves put forth. Itis made by simply dissolving the copper sulphate in water and diluting to the required strength. In treating raspberry canes for anthracnose 25 386 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE before the buds open, we have used one pound of copper sulphate to eleven gallons of water, with good success. Do not prepare it in iron vessels. Iron SuLpHate, or Copperas, Soturton.—This solution will injure foliage and, like the copper sulphate solution, it is used only before the leaves put forth. It is commonly used as a satu- rated solution, that is to say, a solution made by allowing the water to take up all of the copperas that it is able to dissolve. This has been used against raspberry anthracnose and grape anthracnose before the buds open. Corrosive SusiimaTE Soxtvurion (BicHLtoripE or Mercury).— This substance is very poisonous and care should be taken in hand- ling it the same as in handling Paris green or London purple. The solution is used for soaking seed potatoes to kill the fungus which causes potato scab. One ounce of the corrosive sublimate is used for seven and a half or eight gallons of water. The seed is soaked for an hour in this solution. It dissolves more readily in hot water and may then be diluted to the required amount. It should be used, in wooden or earthen vessels, notin metal. The solution may be used over and over again. Porasstum SutpHipE Soivurion.—This solution has given good re- sults in treating gooseberry,mildew and various other mildews. It may be sprayed on the foliage at the strength herewith given, with no fear of injurious results. One ounce of the sulphide is used for two gallons of water. It dissolves more readily in hot water than in cold. Insecticides. Insects that chew their food are commonly fought by applying poison to their food. Among the prominent insecticides that are used in this way are Hellebore, London purple and Paris green. Insects that suck their food pierce through the skin of the foliage with their mouth-parts and suck the juices of the leaf so that they are not injured by poisons that may be applied to the surface of the portion of the plant on which they feed. Aphis and the pear psylla belong to this class of insects. Against such insects kerosene emul- sion is commonly used. The following insecticides have been mentioned on previous pages : Carzon Bisutpnipe.—The use of this substance is advocated for destroying the bean and pea weevils. It is highly explosive and no kind of fire or light should be allowed near it. It is a heavy, color- less liquid and the offensive fumes which it gives off are heavior New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 387 than air. Care should be taken not to breathe them. In treating peas or beans with this substance it is placed in a shallow open vessel upon the peas or beans and allowed to evaporate, using it at the rate of about two small teaspoonfuls (two fluid drachms) to one cubic foot of space in the bin or receptacle that holds the beans or peas. It is well to cover the peas or beans with boards or blankets when they are being treated. Carbon bisulphide costs about ten cents per pound in fifty pound cans. Hetiesore.—Fresh white hellebore should be obtained. Mix one ounce in three gallons of water and apply for insects that chew. It is commonly used against the worms that infest currant and gooseberry foliage as it may safely be used even when the fruit is developing. Kerosene Emurston.—This is made by dissolving one-half pound of either common soap or whale oil soap, in one gallon of soft water. Heat the mixture and when boiling hot remove it from near the tire and add it to two gallons of kerosene. The whole is now thoroughly mixed by pumping continuously through a small force pump for from five to ten minutes. Mix until the ingredients form a creamy mass that becomes thick when cool and from which the oil does not separate. When using on foliage dilute with from ten to fifteen parts of waters; when used as a winter treatment it may be applied as strong as one part of the mixture to four parts of water. In diluting the stock emulsion first use three or four parts of boiling water and then dilute to the required strength. Soak off with paper any free oil that appears on the surface as it will work injury if ap plied to the plant. This emulsion is used to kill insects that have sucking mouth parts; it is not a poison but kills by contact. The emulsion causes rubber valves to swell and clog the tubes in which they work. Where rubber balls are used for valves they should be replaced with glass or marble balls when using the pump for kerosene emulsion. Lonpon Purrie.— This, like Paris green, is an arsenical poison and is used against insects in the same way that Paris green is, and about the same proportion. Parts Green.— This is used to poison insects that have biting mouth parts. It may be applied either in the dry form or ina spray. When the spray is used the Paris green may be combined with Bordeaux mixture, or it may be applied mixed with water. In either case the same amount of poison is used. For pomaceous, or kernel fruits, one pound of Paris green to one hundred and fifty or 388 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. two hundred gallons is commonly used. For stone fruits the mixture should be weaker, using one pound of Paris green to two hundred and fifty or three hundred gallons. When used with water, fresh slaked lime should be added to prevent injury to the foliage. Smith,’ in 1892, recommended an equal weight, while Sirrine, in Bulletin 83 of this Station, reeommends sixteen times as much fresh slaked lime by weight, as Paris green, for the purpose not only of preventing injury to the foliage by the Paris green, but also to make it stick to the foliage more firmly. _ Tosacco.— This is frequently used in greenhouses, and some- times in gardens in the form of tobacco dust, against soft bodied insects like plant lice. The plants are dusted thoroughly with it on the first appearence of the insects and before they get established on the leaves. As a tea or decoction it is also often used by nursery- men against the lice which infest plum, cherry and other nursery trees. Tobacco stems, or any other cheap form of tobacco, is steeped and to the liquid thus prepared is added whale oil soap at the rate of about one pound for from six toeight gallons. Tobacco differs much in its strength and before using this preparation of whale oil soap and tobacco it should first be tested on the foliage to see how strong it may be used without injuring the foliage. No other method of determining the best strength at which it may be used can be safely followed. The preparation, after being properly diluted, is poured into shallow pans and the infested twigs are bent over and dipped in it. The lice at first are found chiefly on the tender leaves at the growing tip. The leaves soon become curled so that it is impossible to hit all insects with a spray and therefore dipping seems to be the best remedy in such instances. If careful watch is kept for the first appearance of the insects spraying can no doubt be used effectively if done promptly and thoroughly. Kero- sene emulsion should then be used. It may also be used for dip- ping, diluted from twelve to fifteen times. Care should be taken that the emulsion is perfectly made and no free oil left floating on the surface, or the foliage will be injured by the oil. Wuate oi Soar.—This is used in solution chiefly against soft bodied insects such as plant lice. It is commonly combined with a decoction of tobacco as stated above, at the rate of a pound to about eight gallons. When applied alone without the tobacco it is used stronger, taking one pound of soap to four or five gallons of water. 18 Bulletin 86:7, and Annual Report of New Jersey Exp’t Station, 1892 : 403. Re Ok OF THE Peres PA S S15) ANS WILLIAM P. WHEELER. Ai ha ent ae a ‘ : ries os Petite ie if ati Hah ark ey) “4 ae Basi) ‘ \ ( 4 te oe } ‘i is Bee te Kore ek ic bah ERE cent Sarr org Teaeeneee Pear WRLie nL Aye My) eos ih a4 Bik, yy alta ty v v ea ity ore ae ie. Se Wie REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT. By WILLIAM P. WHEELER. Similar work to that of the preceeding year, has been in charge of the first assistant during the year 1895. The-feeding of the dairy cattle has been superintended, as have also the feeding experiments with poultry and swine. Data concerning the yield and quality of crops from the field plats treated with crude chemicals were again collected. During the first few months of the year much time was spent in attending to part of the routine work connected with the general Station management. Some time has been occupied by a portion of the large amount of Station correspondence. Almost daily attention has necessarily been given to the feeding and care of live stock, but several farmer’s meetings were attended, and talks given upon subjects relating to poultry keeping. Cattle Feeding. The coarse foods used during the year for feeding milch cows have been, timothy hay, clover hay, mixed hay, mostly timothy and clover, corn silage, alfalfa fodder, oat and pea fodder, corn fodder, carrots and beets. The grain foods used have been, wheat bran, corn meal, wheat middlings, ground oats, linseed meal, O. P., cottonseed meal, gluten meal (‘‘ King”) and gluten feed. Three times a day, at 5 o’clock a. m., at about 11.30 a. m. and at 5 o’clock, p. m., some coarse food has been given, either hay, silage or green fodder. Some mixed grain has always been fed separately, twice a day, morning and night, just before the coarse fodder has been weighed out to the cows. Milking has begun at 5 o'clock . a.m. and at 5 o’clock p. m. During January and February mixed hay was fed morning and night, and corn silage at noon. The mixed grain fed consisted of four parts wheat bran, two parts linseed meal, O. P., two parts cot- tonseed meal, two parts gluten meal and one part wheat middlings. 392 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE During March timothy hay was fed morning and night, corn silage at noon, and a mixed grain, consisting of three parts wheat bran, three parts linseed meal, O. P., three parts cottonseed meal, three parts gluten meal, and one part each of ground oats, corn meal and wheat middlings. From April 1st to 15th clover hay was fed at night, corn silage morning and noon and a mixed grain containing five parts of wheat bran, three parts of linseed meal, O. P., two parts gluten meal, two parts corn meal and one part wheat middlings. For the latter half of the month carrots were fed in place of the corn silage. From May Ist to 15th clover hay was fed at night, corn silage morning and noon, and a mixed grain composed of four parts wheat bran, two parts cottonseed meal, two parts linseed meal, O. P., one part corn meal and one part wheat middlings. For the rest of the month alfalfa fodder was fed three times daily and a mixed grain composed of four parts wheat bran, three parts corn meal, and one part each of cottonseed meal, linseed meal O. P., and wheat middlings. From June 1st to 15th clover hay was fed at night, alfalfa fodder morning and noon. For the latter half of the month alfalfa fodder was fed at noon and corn silage morning and night. The grain mixture fed during the month was the same as that fed for the latter half of May. During July oat-and-pea fodder was fed morning and night and alfalfa fodder at noon. The grain mixture consisted of five parts wheat bran, two parts corn meal, and one part each of wheat middlings, cottonseed meal, linseed meal O. P., ground oats and gluten feed. For August the ration was the same excepting a very slight change in the grain, wheat bran being substituted for the one part of gluten feed. For the month of September the ration was corn fodder morning and night, alfalfa fodder at noon and a grain mixture which con- tained five parts wheat bran, three parts cottonseed meal, two parts linseed meal O. P., and one part each of corn meal, wheat middlings and ground oats. From the Ist to 15th of October corn fodder was fed three times daily. For the rest of the month clover hay was fed at night and beets morning and noon. The grain mixture fed throughout the month consisted of six parts wheat bran, three parts cottonseed meal, New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 393 two parts linseed meal O. P., and one part each of wheat middlings and ground oats. During November corn silage was fed morning and noon, clover hay at night and the same grain mixture that was fed in October. For December it is intended to feed a ration of corn silage fed morning and noon, mixed clover hay fed at night and a grain mix- ture of six parts wheat bran, four parts linseed meal, O. P., and one part ground oats. Cows in approximately the same stage of lactation have been fed as nearly alike as possible, but the proportions of the different foods were varied somewhat according to the condition, appetite, and age of the individual. Two of the cows which are subject to a skin disease in hot weather, were fed for grain during the summer months a mixture of wheat bran and ground oats. For about six weeks or two months before calving, little or no grain has been fed. For about a week, sometimes for several weeks after calving, little grain other than bran and ground oats has been fed. Corn Silage for Milch Cows. Silage, especially corn silage, has been fed now for so many years by successful farmers, that there is little doubt of this food being used to advantage. Feeding experiments made at different Stations to determine the value of corn silage as compared with dried corn fodder, corn stover, and other foods, especially roots, have shown the silage to be not inferior in feeding value. A majority of the feeding trials have shown a slight advantage in favor of silage over other forms in. which the corn crop is usually fed, and generally greater profit in feeding silage than roots. The many inquiries however, relating to the value of corn silage, especially for milch cows, make it desirable to have as many additional data as possible from which to form opinion. The results from a number of feeding periods in different years when corn silage has constituted part of the rations, have been averaged and arranged to show any changes in the yield and compo- sition of milk accompanying changes in the food. Most of these records which follow have been prepared with the expectation of soon issuing them in a bulletin. The results which are reported were obtained from cows in the stage of lactation when a fair flow of milk of normal composition would be expected, and any general 394 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR change in the quantity or quality of the milk, besides the gradual change as the period of lactation advanced, might be reasonably attributed to the influence of the different foods. Individual records for each cow were kept, separate analysis of the milk being made. Only the average results are here given. As varying amounts of milk of differing quality were given by different animals the actual weights of the several constituents yielded by each cow were con- sidered in determining the average composition of all the milk. For the purpose of securing data, cther than those here reported, relative to the production of individual cows, it was necessary to feed a fairly constant proportion of grain at certain months of lacta- tion. On this account no results are here reported that have been obtained when coarse fodder only was fed without grain. The grain was fed in moderate quantities, but always separately from the coarse fodder, so that if any should be left at any time it could be weighed. Feeding and milking were arranged as mentioned on page 391. The hay and coarse fodders were fed in quantities likely to be entirely eaten, but account was kept of any food left. Only the weight of food actually consumed is given in the tables. In estimating the amounts of digestible constituents in the different foods, the average co-efficients of digestibility obtained in digestive experiments in this country and Germany were used. Whenever enough data were available the American co-efficients were used. In ealeulating the cost of the rations, wheat bran was rated at $18 per ton, corn meal at $20, ground oats at $25, linseed meal, O. P., at $27, gluten meal at $25, wheat middlings at $20, cottonseed meal at $30, gluten feed at $18, and ground flaxseed at $60 per ton. All hay was rated at $10 per ton, corn stover at $6, corn silage at $3, clover silage at $3, roots at $3, and all green fodder at $2 per ton. These prices are some of them much higher than those at this time prevailing, but it is thought better to assume the one valuation for any food throughout all the trials extended over portions of four seasons- than to attempt to follow fluctuations of market price. Enough data are given’ to allow of recalculation, by any who may desire, of the cost of rations at other prices for foods than those stated. Table I gives the results obtained in feeding seven cows from November Ist to January 31st. These cows, all young, had been in milk on the average 3.9 months at the beginning of this trial, and were then of the average age of 2.4 years. \ New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395 During the month of November clover hay was fed morning and night, beets at noon, and a mixed grain (numbered 11) consisting of one part each of wheat bran and linseed meal O. P., and five parts each of corn meal and ground oats. The grain represented 51.1 per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 44.2 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The beets represented 17 per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 15.1 per cent of the total digestible nutrients. For December mixed clover-and-timothy silage was fed at noon, clover hay morning and night and a grain mixture (No. 13) consist- ing of two parts wheat bran, four parts ground oats, five parts corn meal and one part linseed meal O. P. The grain represented 52.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 43.9 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The silage represented 15.1 per cent. of the cost, and supplied 18.2 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. For the month of January clover hay was fed at noon, corn silage morning and night and the same mixed grain that was fed in De- cember. The grain represented 51.9 per cent. of the cost of the - ration and supplied 43.9 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients, The silage represented 27 per cent. of the cost and supplied 31.5 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. There was an average gain in live weight per cow for November of 12 pounds, an average loss during December of 2 pounds and a gain during January of 5 pounds. The greatest daily average yield of milk for the first period was 25 pounds and the smallest 14.8 pounds. The highest average percentage of fat was 6.41 and the lowest 3.35. For the second period the extreme average yields of milk were 23.4 pounds and 14.5 pounds, and the extremes in average percentage of fat 6.19 and 3.25, For the third period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 25.5 pounds and 13.8 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.45 and 3.30. The change in the food from the first period to the second was principally one of clover-and-timothy silage for beets. The change in the grain, intentionally very slight, proved on analysis to be con siderable. The results for the first period are given here in the same table with others for convenience of reference hereafter in another connection than that relating to the effects of corn silage. In changing from the second period to the third when corn silage was substituted for the clover-and-timothy silage and part of the hay the cost of the ration was but ‘slightly increased, the amount of REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 396 6 9: I SilenleL 69’ OT 06° 89°6 61S C6'G 06° £6262 a) > sor (4S Ee ae RO et S0b Si] le] bf ace 96° 9F°6 ¥G°P 8E°S Siler OCS sie ee OO TOT aimee ah G°9:T 96° OT 16°91 dike CF 6 OLS 86'S 96° 69-8 |-2 2" * "Oe AONO9 5. AON: Seer ‘SQ'T Seay “sq'T “sq'T ulseyeipéy | ‘syue1jnu ae “pooy ur “pooy ut Sq 8a ‘sq Sat ‘Srureroant | TMB! | ormsatio |CA EM) PMS Jesawopnio| wierd | ulusy | esnetoy as 1810} Jo o198Y ‘MOD UXd AVG UF AOVUAAV 6G° LT 97 IF “h 8F9 Se a eeaeas'| Odes 1° $F -| $64 Pee Sg, GE R.O9ST Usp LYST 88 °SE aah 18°6 86° CT eaene MeO” oie OG G61 "5" "TE 00d 04 T ‘00 I ‘ON 1 as 98°S§ 1g) E296 207 er setae | bore TE | FSG 18h “*"" 0§ “AON 093 T “AON ‘sq'T ‘SqT ‘Sq'T “poo ‘sq'T "IL ‘ON ‘SQ'T ‘oSvIIS *sq'T ‘sqT ‘Sq'T ur 10998U *pooy [eI0L, ‘aleid ‘£BY IPAOI[O IOAO]O sjoog *1O9V AA *potied Arp [8401 POX Pext 3uLinp Moo ‘qoad aod 94.d10M OAT] OSBIOAY ‘MOD UNG AVG UG AOVUTAY 5 ‘V—_—I WIdViL 397 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 0G°% r0'°T Cg’ LL Vlg ¥8°G 60°§ 6& °F cae Sa em mame ie Un OSB fe 8E°G 88° 6G" 8h° Sle §1°¢ GV § tG°P a oe Ce ee Oe EO). |p hoOGp CFS 66" 6¢° 18° Si” 66°F GI's 68 FP Oss EES OG AON. OF [AON Sela "sqry ‘yprut Uti; ‘sqrt “ypa | sqry “yyrUT “yy rur " tar ut | uravsng |spunodwoo} ur qvq ul YSV “y[rUu ur spunod “yr Uu “yy pur PIHOS [BjJOT, UdsOIJIN Ul 1esns -m109 ues Ul 4B Ul YsB “Olaa ‘qued deg | -o1gta yejoa| “yaeoueg | “qua0 a9g e “quad 10g ‘MOO UI AVG UI ApvVUIAY d 19183 96° 0Z OL FI 68° 10°6 9G°6 g9°T 68:1 eeiecminy prt i pd seat GEG8G 68° 16 80° FI ¢8° 69°8 68°6G 49° 1 Le Sic ee 07 Pease FPPLG 09° 0G §6°§1 g9° 61°6 LIS 66 T LE 9O=T "7°" 0 “AON 09 T “AON -aoryes wones | -suowina | “sat "owl x9 erat ae tees [atlas | "Ra ton I | ithe | otto | ome | gona ‘94 LHDIAM AsV] Sanaog oot wag ‘0 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 398 16°61 ly 61 98°61 Bl Ye) “HI TUL Ur yBz FO punod{ouo 103 poog Jo ysoD aS) 96°9 1G°9 ‘s1u909 *SPI[OS HI LUa FO punod 9u0 105 poog Jo ys0p 98° GL°GG 10-2 88° 89° &6 94° 2 98° 06°16 10°24 cooneodd Peston See yey Jo SpqOs H[IUI Jo punod 9u0 107 | punod ouo 105 peulnsuod pooj|peutnsuod poojs Qddj-109VM eo1j-1998M jo spunog jo spunog punod 9uo 10F poog Jo ysoD ‘Sq'T *psonp -o1d y[LuI JO punod 9uo 103 petunsuo0d pooj 9ddj-19VUM ‘Jo spunog ‘Sq'T ‘moo aad ABp dod o3B19AB ‘pleré ATA 8é° ST vVI-ST 60°9T ‘sjUaQ “MOO red Avp sod OSBIOAB : POOJ JO 4800 [890], ‘"*** Tg -uBp OF T “OBE Sree sere on oe ""*°Q¢ ‘AON 0} T “AON ‘qorddd ac New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION. 399 digestible matter was about the same, the nutritive ratio but a trifle wider, and the fuel value not much changed. There followed a slight increase in the milk flow, and a slight decrease in the per cent. of fat, the amount of fat produced being about the same. No change of any consequence occurred in the cost of milk or of fat. The composition for each food used during the three months is given in the following tabulated form : REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 400 / HUES 61°G 80'S GL°G BEAL 1 bers 891 68°SG 961 881 9¢° I LOS c6'T LLG saedoayyu | -uadoaute piourumary| —[eI0L, ‘aONVLSAAg Aad Y-UALV AA NT quad 180g (J9v19x9 4999) SIVA quedo I9g 4qOPI1X9 901J WasO1JIN “qUu90 19d ‘o1qy epnig quod 190g mht uten ree 9° ST 8°6I 6°08 GUL Voce Geil 0°68 be teeeee ess e7 con Soungxtor UBD re ceeeee seer y sony Soungxtor UTE tees eeeeeeeeeeseees oGenis W109 sreeees gduris YOU) pus IaA0d[O Arenuve pus raquiadaeq ‘Avy 19A0[O Fisseeeses yoquaaoy ‘Mey 19A019 Cab spn os oesmenos Ray "quad 10g “GsV ‘quad 10g ‘OANISIOW New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 401 In table II are given the results of a feeding trial with eight cows from October 21st to November 30th. The average age of these cows was 3.2 years and they had been in milk on the average 9.5 months at the beginning of this trial. From October 21st to 31st, mixed hay was fed three times a day and a mixed grain consisting of seven parts wheat bran, five parts ground oats, and three parts each of corn meal and linseed meal, O. P. The grain represented 44.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration and sup- plied 36.1 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. ~ From November Ist to 15th corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay morning and night and the same mixed grain. The grain repre- sented 47.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 35.7 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The silage represented 13.4 per cent. of the cost and supplied 22.4 per cent, of the total digest- ible nutrients. From November 16th to 30th mixed hay was fed at night and corn silage morning and noon. The grain was the same as for the preced- ing period. The grain represented 51.4 per cent. of the total cost and supplied 36.4 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The silage represented 27.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and sup- plied 42.2 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. In changing from the first period to the second, when corn silage was substituted for part of the hay the amount of food digestible re- mained the same although the nutritive ratio was made slightly wider. The cost of the ration was somewhat lessened. A small in- crease in the milk flow and in the per cent. of fat in the milk fol- lowed the change and the cost of the milk and of the fat was some- what reduced. The second change to more silage and less hay made the nutritive ratio still wider, due to a lesser amount of protein digestible, there being little change in the amount of the other constituents. ) fa = si i a i ae aa i iar eal &G° 61 ¢9°9 6S 61 G69 *sqaeQ ‘squop “H[PUE Ul IJ JO | “SpI[OS Har JO panod ouo 103 | punod euo a0J poosy JO 48D | poog JO 480D *squep “wypur JO punod ‘suo 103 Poog JO 4809 16°46 GGG ‘sqT *poonpoid 483 Jo punod 9u0 107 poeumnsuo0d pooj 901-1978 M jo spunog 6F°8 41°8 ‘sqT *peonpoid Spr[os H[yOU Jo punod 9u0 107 peulnsuod pooy Q91J-19]BM jo spunog ‘sq’ *peonp -O1G YITUr JO punod ou0 103 peunsuo0s pooj 90IJ-19]7 BM jo spunog ‘Sq'T ‘MOO 19d AVp dod 938190A¥8 plots SAL F0°ST 10°ST *squa9 "MOO aed Aep 19d OZBIDAB ! POO JO 4809 [B}0.L “9 "Te -UBpP OF [ ‘URE ++ +Te ‘Qaq 04 [ ‘09 ‘doVdid ‘a 411 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. GES GE'S 0°¢ 8°0¢ ie | 0s I L°G ¥. &F 991 Li G°G ¥'6& 80°T Ie'T 6° €°06 ‘quedo 19g | ‘9u90 Jog “ueZ0131U “ueZ0141U prourmngTy 1810,.L ‘quod 190g *qu90 10g *(J0BI9X0 19q}9)| “4oR19xO 878] e013 'N ‘HONVISANG AUC NI v2} 6°66 0°0€ LG | | ce es | | | cS | a | a ¢'8t Ley 9°S1 ‘get 0°2 TN 4 Ca ae eee ee ek oo ieee aos ree | | an risis’ 5 ale toes, oceibteaedni a mn e e Se seeccees **(Arenue fp’) Avy pox eee eses (1aqui999(7) Avy PoexT]L tye Oia 4S SoSle 0s SSRI AAR ‘SadOOW : O]Qe} SUIMOT[OJ OY} UL UMOYS ST posn Ppooz Yoro Fo uoyrsoduod oy, / 412 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE . In table IV are given the average results obtained in a trial with seven cows during February and March. The average age was 3.4 years and the average time in milk was 5.5 months. During February corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay morning and night, and a mixed grain (No. 24) composed of seven parts wheat bran, five parts wheat middlings, one part linseed meal, O. P. and two parts cottonseed meal. The grain represented 45.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 16 per cent. The grain supplied 35.0 per cent. of the nutritive sub- Stance and the silage 24.5 per cent. In March hay was fed at noon, corn silage morning and night and mixed grain the same as before. The grain represented 47.6 per cent. of the cost of the food and the silage 32.0 per cent. The grain supplied 34.4 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the silage 45.7 per cent. There was not much change in live weight during the trial, there being an average gain in February of four pounds and during March of but one pound. The change in the ration to more silage and less hay made but little reduction in the amount of dry substance, but there was an increase in the amount of digestible matter and the fuel value of the ration became somewhat higher. There was no change in the nutritive ratio. The cost of the ration was made a trifle less. There followed a falling off in the milk yield somewhat less than would be expected from the advance of lactation alone, and but very slight increase in the percentage of fat. There was little change in the cost of milk and fat produced. For the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 30.1 pounds, and the smallest 8.8 pounds. The highest average per- centage of fat was 6.16 and the lowest 3.03. For the second period the extremes in average daily milk yield were 28.1 pounds and 8.8 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.30 and 3.70. sal» al na a cli al tela 413 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “MOD UAd AVG UAd AOVAAAY § he BGecLE So LT SL FLU) IE 6o°§ ¥6'G Lge COs CG0 | ee CO Tyee a CLT SF IT Is‘ h1 6h” 09° OL 66°F 06°G 66° rh asec Wet arctan cei 000 Cs at 3 TR tA | (WsxX syed) Se yee ‘Sq’ “done ne ‘sq ‘Sq’ ‘sq ‘sq ‘sq’ st ce ‘squeLna peti de ee ond ‘pooy ut “povuy ‘pooj "1 ‘pooy ut “pouy ur onuran | S1919893IP | “Sesu0 | -xe soqqe) | 228-9xe ur eaqy ulejolg uSV aungstoll -O1d 18109 1890 [810] 878 vetteN. epmiy ‘dorddd jo onvy ‘MOO UTG AVG Ug IOVUXAV ‘a crs LV OF | 91°9 6o'G 61°86 9° GF 6E°8 ie eee cpm mcrae) 6 et.) (LOS) Pc 1 Sh, 81 Goss 00°9 1L°OT FL FI 6°99 9€6°8 Se ee OG A0 Mig 4 sent eat “sq ‘enon ‘sq’ ‘Sq’ ‘Sq'T at 7 La *pooy [BOL ea peer ‘key paxig | ‘eSepis u109 “1OVO MA ‘Gouisd Aap [830.L sajinp Moo ‘qordad — = aod 4ysIomM GAT OSBLOAY ‘VAI WIdVi 61°6 Clk aoP ¢8° Sl° 10°9 97'S wy? Loe pesetocete 2 [aN eee NE 68°S EE ob 89° 88° rc g9°G 66°& 88°V ¢9° Sie 66 G9 9F T AL & *8q'T “sq'T “sq Aim at “Sq ‘Sq'T “yr jou} “ypu Ut ‘y[IuL UL jspunoduoo | “yIrUr Ut “yur Ur “yyrUr ut spunod a SpHOS [BI0L| zesNs weZ0.1}1N qe BY: ur avsns -M100 Wad =|" HILL Ul yey “HTL UL YSB i fy ‘qua0 deg | -03191M]BI0} | “JUD Teg | ‘}W00 Jod qordad ° *4u9d Lad ‘MOD UI_ AVG Ud ANVUHAV 'S = _ a = ioe ‘ad mM . _ I 1) 2) < a mn (a= = Fy a 20] a eB 09686 C606 86°F (i 9F°6 VEG Ome a of ses" 7e IBA OF T “ABIL cq CEOLG O€ 16 S64 St 9° 818 SY G 691 9° LT o°* 66 qed OF 1 Ge om o Aa aes | ae pate oes p36) an es ESSE ase er) | eee Set ss Ay | TSO “sq'T “sq'T ‘Sq’T jan NON BI ‘U01NBI UT “‘squepagnU “Sq'T *40B19X9 ‘sq’ “Sq'T uy Adi9u9 =|. 109 BUT OTUB BIO eTqiysesip “yey daly “N once hes ‘a1ejoad JO SOLLO[B) T87O.L 1830.L 9[qysestq a[qiysestd eqysesiq e1qiysasiq ‘ones ‘qdo1udd ATPL N ‘Gi LHOITAA BAIT SANNOd 000°) WAd 2 a 414 o) 415 EXPERIMENT STATION. ie New YorkK AGRICULTURAL “yur urges | | “SPITOS-[FUr poog JO9SOD | POOF JO 980D | POOF JO 480) IL° 16 86°16 ‘Sq'T ‘poonp -o1d 4Bj JO jo spunog punod 90 103 Spyos-y[raL JO punod 9uo 407 | punod ouo 103 PoUINSUod POOs|/PoUINSUOD PoOOJ|pauINsSMOd Poo) 9adj-1oyem 9d1J-1098M jo spunog ‘sql *peonp -o1d 4]1UE JO Q0dJ-19}8M Jo spunog “moo aod ABp aed 93B10A8 pros AIA sep ied 038 -19AB ! POoj Jo 4soo [BIOL “Tg Ie 09 T ABN "9°63 “Ge 09 T “ded ‘doldad acl cries RS, REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 416 * Lease Ig‘ ate 0° FS 0°9 She tT IF Spe ee sens a ade i Mr nes he ey GeO MW AAG 9) act 0271 "8 7 0F 56s 0°2 GF | Bey [trtctst eee bees eeeeeeee es Key poxtpy £0°T OFT i ae FSI y'G 9°S omen Only): eeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ee ISBIIS UIOD ‘queo Jag | 4u00 JI90g SEES aT ee *4u90 Jog ‘9090 J9d | -quoo aegq | ‘aue0 a0g ‘que0 Jog | ‘ued J0g en ‘SYBT Sasa e1qy epnig | uUlezO1g “USV *OINJSIOP *Sdoow ‘HONVESHAG ANC NI : posh pooz yoo Fo uoryisoduto09 a} SMOYS 9[QV} SULMOT[OF OT, 4 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 417 In table V the data secured in a feeding trial with twelve cows during the months of November and December are given. | These cows averaged 3.5 years in age, and had been in milk on the average 4.4 months at the beginning of the trial. There were four periods of feeding, the ration being changed three times. The corn silage fed in the first period was replaced by a somewhat larger amount of beets in the second. In the third period there wasachange of grain, making the nutritive ratio narrower, and more beets were fed. In the fourth period corn silage was substituted in lesser amount for the beets of the third period. Owing toa limited supply of beets, the third period was two days shorter than any other. From November Ist to 15th, inclusive, mixed hay (mostly timothy), was fed at night, and a mixed grain (No. 28) composed of five parts wheat bran, three parts ground oats, and two parts each of linseed meal O. P., and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 47.1 per cent of the cost of the ration, and the silage 36.4 per cent. The grain supplied 27.7 per cent. of the total nutritive substance, and the silage 56.1 per cent. From November 16th to November 30th, hay and grain were fed as in the preceding period, although in increased amounts, and beets were fed morning and noon. The grain represented 43.9 per cent. of the cost of the ration, and the beets 40.4 per cent. The grain supplied 39.7 per cent. of the nutritive substance, and the beets 41.1 per cent. From December Ist to 13th, inclusive, beets and hay were fed as in the preceding period. The grain mixture (No. 29) was com- posed of five parts wheat bran, four parts linseed meal O. P. and one part each of ground oats, wheat middlings, and cottonseed meal- The grain represented 45.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the beets 38.9 percent. The grain supplied 37.0 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the beets 44.0 per cent. From December 14th to 31st hay and grain were fed as during the first part of the month, the hay in somewhat smaller amount , and corn silage was fed morning and noon. The grain represented 52.7 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 32.6 per cent. The grain supplied 38.9 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the silage supplied 45.0 per cent. During the month of November there was an average loss of 7 pounds in weight and during December an average gain of 48 pounds- 27 REPoRT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 418 = Lot FS Fl EF '1G stl LYST LOY G¥'G S0'T EG 1S oeee tS cate STEN OOO} Pl OCC org? 6S°9 TL. EGG 88° 06°ST SO°§ rs acm | FIG See tes 8" eT Oe (Eo) [eG 691 Jey Gaal 66°81 gh PCGI 18°G LLG VS'1 C8'hF sere csess eS Ge AON COTO AON 6 81 F6°ST G9°SS SiL/ell 6oFl 66°F 91°3 LOT 90° TS see eT “SON OF TP AON CHe X 8yVa) ‘sary ‘sq'T ‘sq ‘sq'T : cf ; . | ; ‘ : 5 : I : qT sq'T sq'T Saree enodts paeesiy: ase hows “ ae eeias ite ul Peon : Hees fee al NS teed B10. aoe geet 015 “N PE ea oe ey ie: ‘COMed ‘MOQ UIq AVG AAd AOVUAAY HEL 19°GG v1 &G 6F°8 8E"g [ars eos cree are) SIGE GTS 0°66 Spe es St ee DedeOrey ewe dh L166 16°8} C68 169 | 66 L& aeieea pe et A 0°SC6 aks SpA, ie Ser Sy Oe RO laced @ “ON 9G 0G IT¢9 68 6L°9 96°0¢ Sora eg eet) 2 O'CF6 se ee Le ea L0G) AON 07 OT 4ON GL FG 81°S¢ CTL 08°¢ aa foe ss COE OF. 6°8G O°SF6 pee st eee GRO NOP a) “AON seed ; ‘SaT 3 as ‘Sq’] poog 3 AO 90 “ON 8a sq See esau ‘poled Ul 109)8UL pooz [230.L Avy pox sjoog easels UL0D 1098 MA Aap TRIO, Weis pes aan ed ‘dolad qqstom OAT] OSBIOAV ‘MOD ANd AVG Ud AOVUBAV "y= AS Vb for) i =H } * . . GL°@ cO'T CL’ 18° Vales cg°G Gesu i) Oe Gis —s o oe Od, OF 7 Ts O9Ch T8°G 60° 1 i tele Ge: 66°S SiG €0°F OL. eS ees" ST 00d 03 [ “00g z, BSG Leet Gh 13° Gh. VEG 6G°§ 68 °§ 1) pats “""Q§ “AON 09 OT “AON = 96°% 0) a 61° 98° oe cI’s €o°§ ¥8°§& 6) ies “""" G[ “AON OF T “AON 4 & z ane ‘sq LE ‘sq ‘sq a fal “yyrUr Gil edad “yr “ypu : esunod: ya fener | ee | | oe | oe |e = q A apo neds 4 A | 4 fee a ‘MOD UBG AVG AAd ADVUBAV | | Ay = = se —— = —— = a : d AS 4 om} =) sa = —— = eS - = —— ey iS 9TFOE 68°16 | 9T°ST FG GE°6 96 &G IG°G Go Gea ee ae ae ta "2°" TE 09q.0} 7h 3eG a LGFES $6°G6 | OT LT ¥9° 60 GI WAL 68°6G 6G: T pales 3 Egice "SST 00G- Ol soed < E0GG6G 60°06 | 66°FI 9¢° SL°OL Gy. I 06° 19:1 | teeeeee “"" 0 “AON 04 OT “AON 4 CLOFS C6 ° VG 18° 9T 6lek Ol 66°G $6 1 CS: Ve """* GT “AON 09 [ “AON =) ° ee x a ‘Te ‘Sq'T ‘sq'T ‘ “sqrt 'g “g > noust “mO1yed UT 104 sue ee ‘408190 10 Tiered - eau * roe. é : o jossuoey | oper, | qeqor, | AH8°4C | oansosiq | MAC | eransesiq eae ‘COMA ‘dq LHOITM TAIT Sanaog oot wd e 4 ReporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 420 ‘TE aq 0} FL *99q “eT ‘09d 04 [ “090d 0g ‘AON 0391 “AON HG | “AON 04 | “AON ‘aorddd 69° GG o0e0 ¥6° O8° LG 61°8 CIT 99°61 | 6& 81 : 269 Vee) 80°T SF 12 Z0°8 ele 66°03 FESS : 99°96 $9" 1 v0'T 10°46 i ae 86° FL °06 1¢° 16 : 0G° 06 96°S 61° FL °86 cé°8 ls Olleat GF GG Soeit : ‘sq ‘sq'T ‘SqT ‘s]090 *squap ‘squapD ‘poonpoid ‘poonpoid *peonp ‘sql *squep *HIIOI Ul yey “Sprfos HyTULr “yyTUL qez jo SpIjos y]TUL -O1d yIIU JO “Moo sod “moo tod Aep jo punod jo punod yo punod punod guo 10J | Jo punod ouo | punod 9u0 «0j Aep aod Jed o38.10AR euo I0F euo 103 euo A0J poeulnsaod pooj| 10J potunsuod | pauInsuod poo OSBIDAB $pooyj jo | pooj Jo4sop | pooy Jo 4ysop | poos Jo 4sop 991J-19JVM | POOJ991J-1378M| GO1J-107BM Sprerd HTN 4soo [8]0,, | jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog | a pair alll New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4921 : ‘\ After changing from the first period to the second more food was eaten but there was less dry matter in the ration. The cost of the ration was much increased. There was a smaller amount of digesti- ble matter, although there was more digestible protein and the nutritive ratio was made narrower. The fuel value of the ration was noticeably less. Considerably more than the normal decrease in milk flow followed the change in food and the cost of milk and fat production was greater. For the third period the amount of each food was increased and a change in the grain made a narrower nutritive ratio. There was an increase in each food constituent and in the fuel value of the ration. The cost of the ration was made a little greater. There, followed almost no decrease in the milk flow and very slight increase in the cost of milk or fat. In changing to the fourth period of feeding the cost of the ration was much reduced, less grain and coarse food were eaten. Although the amount of dry matter in the food was not changed less was digestible. The nutritive ratio was a trifle wider and the fuel value was lower. There was about the normal falling off in milk, but the cost of milk and fat produced was considerably less. During the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 37.7 pounds, and the smallest 13.2 pounds. The highest average percentage of fat was 6.40 and the lowest 2.60. For the second period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 3.50 pounds and 12.3 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.48 and 2.75. For the third period the extremes in milk yield were 38.9 pounds and 12.5 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.18 and 2.51. For the fourth period the extremesin milk yield were 36.8 pounds and 11.8 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.85 and 2.68. In the following table is shown the composition of each food. REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 422 8S Ff SORES FO 1 96° L0°T 96° 1 “qued Jog “u9e30.141U prourmng,[y StF QF y'8P [heats aa 8 LP SHS) SI cs O°IT 16° GF v'oP 691 all 9° ST rr I Giak 8°61 que 10g “ues01j1U z a ToL | Gowns | -gounxs. 10}9) S3BqT 9o1y “N ‘HONVLSGAS AUC NI ‘quod 10g ‘o1qG epnig *qU90 19g "u10}01g 4000 10g ‘UsV Et € GI 0°98 G Tl 6 Fh +89 ‘quad 10g ‘O1NSIO . . eenu Ge ONT UIBID) cee 2 OS BA ‘ON UIBIH “os! gaaag “ABY pax (1g 99] 0} FI “09q{) aseTIs UI0H “(GI “AON 09 [ *AON) O58TIS UID ‘Saoou4 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 423 In table VI are given the results of a short feeding trial in June with twelve young cows of the average age of 3 years. They had been in milk on the average 7.1 months. For the first half of the month corn silage was fed in the morn- ing, green alfalfa fodder at noon and mixed hay at night. The grain fed (No. 17) consisted of four parts wheat bran, four parts ground oats, five parts corn meal and two parts gluten meal. The ~ grain represented 52.4 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage and green fodder 24.6 percent. The grain supplied 38.3 per cent. of the digestible nutrients and the silage and green fodder 37.7 per cent. For the latter half of the month, alfalfa fodder was fed morning and noon and hay at night. The grain was not changed. The grain represented 54.5 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the green fodder 21.7 per cent. The grain supplied 36.2 per cent. and the green fodder 40.9 per cent. of the digestible nutrients. During the latter period when alfalfa fodder was substituted for the silage, somewhat more food was eaten and there was in conse- quence a little more digestible matter. The cost of the ration was somewhat lessened. The nutritive ratio was made narrower. There was little change in the milk flow but the milk showed a lower per- centage of fat. There was little change in the cost of milk and a slight increase in the cost of fat. There was an average gain in weight of 21 pounds during the month. For the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 22.6 pounds and the smallest 11.0 pounds, the highest average percentage of fat was 5.71 and the lowest 2.76. For the last period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 23.9 pounds and 10.0 pounds and in average percentage of fat 6.17 and 2.80. REporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 424 Fae ace | FI-GI -| OG’8T IG 1 08° 6 LV 6G°S LiGest LU G61 So OE2 CUNT Oy OT cure ¥'G:T 6F TI Sor LI Olek €6°6 CLP 16°6 L0°T SG2b6 | ¢—T oun 07 [ suny’ CHexsyed) Re cm - “pooy ur ; e : a i = Sq’ Sa] soyBapAqoq Pec uarra votes poog aha ur Hae Socatn pooj ut “pooj ut Sater a[QIyseSIp ans pea 4ovlaxe ul o1qy ule}o.1g UsV O1N{SIOW -o.1d 1B409 TROL [B90], syeq pelt Ne een ‘adoludd JO O17B ‘MOO URG AVG Ug aDVUBAV ral Ly Or 461 a) SGa0. 98°86 ee a eos Oy [io | “PS “"" "Og oun’ 07 OT oun C9° ST 8¢ OF Glad GE 9 16°F €9°GI 6°09 | “$68 sce" "¢T oun’ OF [ oun /’ ——_,-__—_—_—_— | *pooy ‘s | ‘s ‘Sq'T ‘Sql "sq'T ‘sqrT 5 ty ae ERGgE tom Tox “AVY pox -1appoy ‘aZBTIS UI0D “19078 MN ‘por Ap [POL uredd paxryt BATBILV Sulinp 00 ‘aqoludd Jod 4q310m ‘MOOD UTG AVG Ud POVUGAY CAI] OSBIOAY Neo AC a hel Vit Ye) S| | B06 FL 6G" Gus Gl” Ig°% SF § 99° 04° hoe Fee OS 2OUn OF .O TT Sune ay 68° 06° cg Th" a OCC ero kaee = Olapee s or: Ue ee a eeciniyO -[-oua ee | aes > eee cae Sat | qa uy | 807 eur | free - = “yur Ur A! spunodutoo | I ! “yur t ! “yyrut “y[TU ; M BHHTOS 180} UL aesng ues01q1N Ul 9B ul sy uw Teas aha ee _ up yey _uy yse | ‘aomad E | | quedo Jed ‘queo Jog queso Jeg quedo 19g << cs "MOD YA AVG UI AOVUAAV a = —— — ——— — = = — = >=— — — ~2 oo py t “oD. = j nee | i Lie = | witeh © | 3 of = | S >é ' Sas “4 =) a | Dp —— = = = se | = 61066 $6 16 8E°Fl 96° 80°8 69°G IL '@ Hei ecal onwtne e —e: 2 OG OUT Old SOmINE < 6861 | OL 16 Ou ok = 26" 60°8 89° GEG 8°G: I pes Se GL OUR EO ea a eae a fe ee [eee einer, fet = fom 1 @) sqT sq'T sqT sql 18 : c ‘ ; re eon “UOL}BI ‘squelignd “‘quy 4oBijxe ‘olqy chorea Ss : ut AS31000 Ul J9};BUI | BIqYsesIp | 9IqQsesIq e01J “"N aIQysesiC erqnsesia ‘oryea g jo semoyey | olues10 [BIO], 1230.L e[qyusesid z aaUINN “GOIN Z es A ‘day LHDISM AAIT SANNOJ 000 T Hd / REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 426 OL 1G LE °6T ‘squap “ytd uy yey jo punod euo I0jJ pooy JO 480) | 66 9 LL GL’G 61° ‘squep *‘squep “SPI[OS 3 [TUT “var jo punod jo punod aud J0J uo OJ pooy JO ySOM poojy Jo 4s0g 8E°1E 16°96 ‘SQT *peonp -O1d 4%) jo punod 9uo10j peunsuod pooy 9dIJ-1098M Jo spunog 0¢°6 Cit 08°) 80°T “sq'T ‘Sq'T *poonpoid ‘peonp ‘PHOS H[lur JO} -o1d HyrU1 Jo punod 9uo /punod euo s0j 10J pownsuod |peautnsuod poo POOjz,00.1J-10J8M| OdTJ-1078M jo spunog jo spunog 61 1 1S LI ‘SqT “M00 J0d Aep s9od OSBIDAB : plots HIM *$]090 ‘Moo aod ABp dod o3B10AV8 ! pooj jo 4SOd [210], "** Og ounL 07 g] uNL "** GT oun oj [ oune ‘qormdad a 427 New YoRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Pe | qued 190g *(Q0B19x9 J9q32) S384 8°09 LF FFI le GTI 19S GCS SOL 6°¢ l'0r 101 gh 9°9 iad 6'TL CII #'°¢ 0'g 0, 9°h) qu90 10g , : E F 5 ‘pepe loagaini| umroud” | “gay | amstelt 0 @, 6. 106 «4 ee or ee mre TON CIB be) si.Glhe], @).¢! ene 00) 6) (ef epel 606 6 a6) Ble .e%ar6 16 "ABI pax @ « ere 8 6.6 a6 @ 6 6 B16 ees BEY Sig) 6) oe eele te)0.le fares See sek ss FSB Ie UO) ‘Sadood : MIO} PozR[NGe SULMOT[OF OY} UL WAOYS St poof YOR Fo uoIsodmOd oJ, 428 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE In table VII are recorded the data obtained in a feeding trial ex- énding from November 1st to January 31st. The figures show the average from six cows 5.1 years old, and 5.7 months in milk on the average, November Ist. The beets of the first month’s feeding were replaced by corn silage in the second month, and for the third month less silage was fed and a change in the grain made. For the first month, November, mixed hay was fed at night and beets morning and noon. The mixed grain (No. 44) consisted of five parts wheat bran, two parts corn meal, two parts gluten meal and one part each of ground oats, wheat middlings, linseed meal O. P. and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 39.7 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the beets 38.9 per cent. The grain supplied 34.2 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the beets 41.5 per cent. For December the same hay and mixed grain were fed and corn silage took the place of beets. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 40.2 per cent. and the silage 42.0 per cent. Of the total nutritive substance 30.9 per cent. came from the grain and 51.0 per cent. from the silage. ; In January corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay morning and night, and a mixed grain composed of four parts of wheat bran, two parts each of linseed meal O. P., cottonseed meal and gluten meal, and one part each of corn meal and wheat middlings. The grain represented 43.7 per cent. and the silage 22.5 per cent. of the cost of the ration. Of the nutritive substance the grain supplied 34.2 per cent. and the silage 28.9 per cent. There was little change in live weight during the first period, the average loss in weight per cow being one pound. During the second period there was an average gain of 66 pounds, and during the last period an average gain of 40 pounds. In changing from the first ration to the second there was an increase of the total food and of every digestible constituent. The nutritive ratio was made wider and the fuel value increased. Less hay was eaten and but very little more grain, the change was mostly due to a larger amount of silage being eaten than had been of beets. ‘The cost of the ration was slightly increased. There followed a noticeable increase in the milk flow and in the per cent. of fat in the milk. The cost of milk was somewhat lessened and also the cost of fat. ——— New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 429 ~ ieee reese sore “GBP OF [URL o. aS 09( 04 I *09(T Sih hee areata (ce “AON 04 I “AON a eel ays) ea | | | ‘dolddd Riis. @ © 466s te) 9) vee \u) 0) 8) 8 S| 8) 'w <8 one 50 16: 0. © "le ‘uBee OFT ‘Uve FeseeessTe sgaqq 01 [09 "OE “AON 0} T “AON | 19-1 | 03° FL 98°16 GOT | 96°6T ¥G'G WE § 1 SAE SP &G OL'T | Caries | O9s bor. |-FOne | LG &I IG’? 18° 00°T €€° 6 691 | 00°S1 @c- LT |- 19° 6a. IL 8L°6 IGG EE 46° 6 | feeieme Rate!) eter: (fe ee Ns eager |. SAS | eS Cae oes) | | “pooy Ul ‘sqr |< SaT soyeipAyoq | ‘orem "uOlBI | spooy lla. Hat are ‘Sq'T Sq'T "sq -189 [2109 ze uldejieur | Ur (s}0819 peer uy peoy “‘pooy ut ‘pooy ut *pooj uy 0} uI09 e1anyse3tp g1uvsuo | -xeaeyya) | 70 819x0 ME olay ureyoug ysy AIN{SIOW oid yejog (WIL ior | sjeq | CC4s'N apna ; Jo One | | | ‘MOO Ug AVG Ud AOVUTAY . "| —— i = i = : ~ ——— 2s 3 ne ee 2 \eaen Ouetatene es anaes 4 | 16°33 Gr°9F | 16°9 | 82°SI | 96°16 | 0°6G 6801 | -- Gon | | | 69° GE 60°29 6o°9 Go Viens Arata aalties Oe Gaihes 7h ole nF “C86 foot ket: 0¢ 81 PF SS $&°9 EOF J ae Pee eae er oe ae a Se OG | §&6 tee | | | | ‘sqT ‘sqT : : eres) ey) ta |. 2 | ere | ett | potda . ul *$]090 : . I AIp [840], TOL Pex POXTIAL oe BIOS oe uranp MoO Jod | ISTO CATT ‘MOD UI AVG UAg FOVUGAY GSBIBAY. ‘dod VLE We VEG — oe N, REPORT OF THE First ‘ASSISTANT OF THB 430, ite FA: 18° TOs ae LI'G 96°§ 69°F 79° sioenaee i etamemitrenee) iechae UL POR YS ep 61°§ +) oe 88° 101 WA FIG NSas StF 19) ‘ho re tb GOR Me Ole Ooh 96° OL’ TL 78° Nie) ct" GIG €6°§ 60°F 89° ee SS NS SE AON OTR AON ‘sq’ : sql 8q'T : sq'T sql ‘YIU Ur J-yyTU Ut “yur Piiidermcas “yyrUn “y[tUL . AT! ! , ‘quad 10g 1409 ‘yueo a9q | “4yu00 10g = “quod 10g ‘MOD UIG AVG UAg AVUGAY ‘da SFELZ F016 | 19°&I Ae iCileas C9°G | OLS 0-9: T Re ae ies Pe agar ee | Ay CONN Ra ED 08666 60° SG | GOST Gs° | €9°6 ¥9°G G6 I Vole igenbe nme precae oene = SSO LY | ROE OY Gf LEG9G 80°81 | F9 SI 67 | 616 Sr C61 Geol he ee GR IEMA MOL Tf AON | | = ‘uonex -uonmitisas “amonaun | SET younke | Egg : ead ae Loon | syimog, | 2d9se31a | aranisoniq | 2laaseia | eransesia pane Fae ‘i,q LHDIAA\ AAT SaNnog o00', Yad ne) 431 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. is ceee vat (VS “UBL 04 I “uel ott Tg aq 04 T “09d FP ERT KRM VCO ip 0} [ ‘AON ‘aotdad 00°ST GL°G &&° PLS LG) ¢0'T 96° 1G | SUSI IPL 1g" 81" LPG joey 00°T 89°SS | 8Q°L1 8°61 §8°¢ Ig” Io1G C69 98° PIG LOLI ‘sq’ ‘sq'T sq't *peonpoid *poonpoid *psonpoid "S900 *sqU9() S709) *syuop 4BJ JO SpT[Os-H[ Tur [fur Jo ‘sq . irosecre “yyiud U1 4Bz JO | ‘Sprjos-y[ TUL Jo ‘yur Jo punod euo | Jopunodsuo | punod ouo ‘moo Jed ABP | 14g oge1 Ay punod ouo toy | punod euo 103 | punod euo 10g | A0J powunsMod | Loy pouINsuOd | Jog pounsuoo tad e3R10A8 oan eio* pooy JO 4sog | poozjoy4soy | poos Jo SOD | pOOzoodJ-107BM| POOJ 991J-109BM| POOJ 99.1J-10} BM Sper’ AT bl sate 40 jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog BOO TEROU ac 432 Report OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE By a change in the grain for the third period, when less silage was fed and more hay, the nutritive ratio was made narrower, alsoa little narrower than it had been in the first period. The total dry matter in the ration for the third period was no less, but there was less digestible matter and a little lower fuel value. The cost of the ration was somewhat increased. There was a diminution of the milk flow but much less than the normal and the percentage of fat was slightly increased. There was a small increase in the cost of milk and fat production. During November the greatest daily average milk yield was 31.2 pounds and the smallest 14.9 pounds. The highest average percent- age of fat was 5.90 and the lowest 2.75. For December the ex- tremes in daily average milk yield were 33.1 pounds and 15.4 pounds, and the extremes in average percentage of fat 6.15 and 3.00. For January the extremes in milk yield were 33.9 pounds and§13.2 pounds and in percentage of fat 6.40 and 2.85. The composition of each food is shown in the following’ table: 433 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. CET €9°F ip Jh GLP Q°F 1° SZ 6°¢ O° Ti 6 «© SnP 0) Bee Peep OE 7 "ON ULBIS poxlfy 99°¢ sha iwc wReree 9 8° ZG GF G°1Z ge eI REO ECOL ROR: ee ‘ON uIvAS POX] heal 881 1G Salta 0 0S ied Si: Cele sl sae ee "Cuvp) Avy pox ca Gear I1°% gsr 6| 0°66) «| Bk 6 °F OFT [titties + Coed pus ‘aon) Avy pexit Lh e641 ois 031 eh fee a 0°% 6" Qdlsaae es? eee ee tere a CUB IP) ape [ea untGn) €0°1 S71 ~ |-0°1 GFT | 6°? 1°S 6" Qh Pees Sr eee Coat) eee pe we fey (eT: SOL | 8" ie = Pears hoc sre eee Naa ak ater Brae gE Rina Idd Pate 19d | *nes01}I “uss0141U é - F piourmnaqry| 1830, ‘quad deg | “qued ded | “WUD Ted | ayaa seq | ‘quedsed | “ued 4 - pieal Gut | cava |r [oe | sae ee ‘SONVILSAOG AUC NI ON 434 REPoRT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE The data secured in a feeding trial extending from March 1st to May 15th are given in table VIII. The results are from eight cows which had been in milk on the average 3.2 months by March 1st and averaged 5.2 years of age. There was an increase April Ist in the amount of silage that had been fed during March and a ~ change in the grain and hay that made a “narrower” ration. A second change was made April 15th in which carrots took the place of the silage. On May 1st there was a change back to silage with some change also in the grain. During March corn silage was fed at noon, timothy hay morning and night and a mixed grain (No. 46) composed of three parts each of wheat bran, linseed meal O. P., cottonseed meal and gluten meal, and one part each of ground oats, corn meal and wheat mid- dlings. The grain represented 38.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 25.8 per cent. The grain supplied 24.2 per cent. of the nutritive substance and the silage 38.2 per cent. From April 1st to 15th corn silage was fed morning and noon, and clover hay at night. The grain (No, 47) consisted of five parts wheat bran, three parts linseed meal O. P., two parts corn meal, two parts gluten meal and one part wheat middlings. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 41.9 per cent. and the silage 40.7 per cent. Of the total nutritive substance the grain supplied 29.3. per cent. and the silage 53.9 per cent. For the latter half of April carrots were fed morning and noon, clover hay at night, and the same grain mixture fed during the first half of the month. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 42.8 per cent. and the carrots 38.8 per cent. Of the nutritive sub- stance the grain supplied 40.8 per cent. and the carrots 35.0 per cent. From May Ist to 15th, inclusive, corn silage was fed morning and noon and clover hay at night. The grain mixture (No. 48) con- sisted of four parts wheat bran, two parts linseed meal O. P., two parts cottonseed meal and one part each of wheat middlings and corn meal. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 43.7 per cent. and the silage 37.9 per cent. Of the nutritive substance the grain supplied 30.4 per cent. and the silage 50.7 per cent. During March there was an average gain in live weight of 29 pounds. During April there was an average loss of 74 pounds. For the last period of the trial the average gain in weight was about 15 pounds. a 435 NEw YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. | Nl ee PRerlecrelc Io. 106 Loe oy Gl ler Ps 60°C leon 13°E8 vrees qT Avy 09 T Avy CGiT POSTE | 997 01.- | OL: | 0¢°6 6L°S 19°% 91°T 13° IF “Og Judy 07 9] [Udy 9°9°T | 99° 9T | F6°&6 iS] OE OO" PT AGL F eG ares | $81 GL GE “'@, [udy 09 [ Judy 6°L:1 Varn SE 69° 6G Wal VeGikaes ile |eedaleaG Ghia. «le OLE IV 1G “" TE Yorsyy 0} T YOleyy | | | | y [nen a | | ay reese er Ge OD ‘Sq'T soqwipAyoqaeo Beeeate | uraeyeu axe ees Lao | pooyur | “pooyur — — “pooy ‘pooy ul Peo ion 110, | g eh | 1099) SJB | Ady “'N sigy epnay | alajyOrd | Ul YsSV 9ANYSO [AL ‘qomntad | "MOOD UAd AVG YUAd APVAAAV ‘da ie | Er : = Fae [aie | 10° &% 66 9G | $9°9 | 869 | ee “easel OMY: | Guia; 806 at eS cee mete Ge ABW 0 | Avy | ‘Sh ON | | : 28°91 | €0°8S | 06°9 CRON Seay se ene lee C16 a ae PE 2° 08 [dy 03 9T [Udy Poecgeer6G°09 | 18°9 | FL°9 | SU Re LR | oo s9 BCG Foe "oe" GT [udy 03 [ [dy ‘YP ON =| ey A9a0qO | | | 09° &6 10° ¢F | 06°S | 99° TT | bd oo eae. le Oe el 696 Le “* TE YOIwpy 0F T Yorvyy | | | | | Bat 8Q'] ee Saqry fees ee oe ‘sqT pooj : ‘9b “ON “Kk _ sq | «9g sq : d cipyon | T° | ome | Aveta | TNO | nuag’ | SPM) Fepnp, areas | qysiaM Ol] “MOD UAd AVG YAd AOVUAAV OSBIOAY “VV _IITA WIE Vi ‘ REPORT OF THE First ‘ASSISTANT OF THE 436 96'S 90°T< | 88° Ge Cis il Gye ES ano es eg, io ss “ss ¢T Avy 09 T ABW 60°S SIT ¥8° 66° VE HAUS 69°§ C6 °& Wiehe = "og Tady 03 gf [dy eg"g OFT TO |S Se: Oo Ge 90+. ie yer co: = “eT [dy 03 | [udy Sights vreI C6" OileaT LI" 16°G 97° GOP 69° = “TE Yours OF [ Yousyy ‘Sq’ ‘Sq'T ee “sql ‘sq’ “yur UY “yr a “yr “MIL atts SPOS [BIO]; ul 1edng Se aee Ur 4B ur USV aang pas “HILO UL 4eyz)"yTTUE UL Yse , ‘sueo sog | O2IU 1890} | 4ue0 Jed | “yue0 19g ‘aoludd ‘que0 Jog “MOD UA AVG AI AONVAAAV “a -¥GPGE GOMemenlePPoOl a oT 2180 70te |-Cl-c (fort Wn08 Je aera eee “++ GT Avy 09 [ Avyy GFIGG Tl 41 GOST 8¢° 69°8 19 °T PG 'G [Gel ices | Se ee "08 [dy 03 97 Tidy LLOFE CL’ G3é 68° LI 86° 06° LL G8°G LE°G oy Pe Sipe ig "GT [dy 09 | Judy 6VL1E SF &6 ¥L ST FOOT 69°6 F0°S 86° T Delica i. eee “TE YOCVL OF [T YOUVyy ‘T8) ‘Sq'T ‘Sq'T ‘SqT ; =a ‘mONel Ul |UOMBA UT 199] ‘sqyueltnU ‘sqrt "40814X0 “Sq'T ‘Sq’ A319000 -JBUl OIUBS | B]qQIySesTp “4Ry 901j *N ‘OQ “ulequid " JO sars0y@Q | -10 [BIOL [BIOL eTaysesiq | e[qnsesiq | e1quseziq | e[qnseziq ‘oed : OAIIQUN qdoldud “da LHSITM FAIT SANNO 0OOL Ud 437 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION. | | 99° LT 6G QL: GL &6 90°24 Fb" 69° FG SleeaL lot gy Avy 09 1 UW c9°8I 19°¢ rh 60°8T HG Gh Cv SG ve LI "og pady 03 91 [Udy 66° FI 09°F 79° GP 1G 09°9 16° 69° 16 69°41 “say pudy 03 | judy 88° FI LVF 09° CF IG bestia) 98° GE LG LE 91 “TE orvyy 0F [ YO'B epaoaaid spootipord ‘ kan *sqUu9pD *s7U90 87090 *squep “5 ‘SqT : SUE REE ego) SPOS Ala. F0. | “alpar 30 punt ero Oj | SLe eb aot paddede oO5 "moo sod Awp aod cep aed ‘qolmad punod euo soJ | punod euo 10j | panod euo 103s nsuos pooy peuNsuoo pooy peuNsuod Pooy tod e38s0a8 | oseigae ! pooy = POOJ JO480D | POOF JO 4SOH | POOF JO9BOD |” Gorz-1078M | Gey 1oj@M | oadj-10yeM “PICs AW JO 4809 [BIO], jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog ace 438 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE At the first change in the ration there was an increase in the total food, in the total digestible nutrients, and in the fuel value. The nutritive ratio was made narrower and the cost of the ration in- creased. There was a slight increase in the milk yield, in the per cent. of fat, and also in the cost of milk and fat production. When earrots took the place of silage in the ration for the third period, there was considerable falling off in the amount of dry matter in the food. There was no decrease in the amount of grain or of hay fed, and the principal changes in the composition of the ration were due to the unwillingness or inability of the cows to eat the quantity of carrots desired. There was little decrease in the amount of digestible protein although considerable in the amount of every other constituent. The fuel value was much lower and the nutritive ratio considerably narrower. The cost of the ration was somewhat reduced. There was a decided falling off in the milk flow—much more than the normal decrease, and the per cent. of each constituent in the milk was less. There was an increase in the food cost of milk and fat. Less water-free food, however, was consumed for an equal production of milk or fat, than during the preceding or follow- ing periods. For the third period there was a slight change in the make up of the grain mixture, but almost none in its chemical composition. Corn silage was substituted for the carrots of the preceding period. There was an increase in the amount of dry matter in the food and in the amount digestible of each constituent. The nutritive ratio was made wider and the fuel value much higher. The cost of the ration was a trifle lessened. There followed an increase in the milk flow with but little change in the composition of the milk. The cost of milk was somewhat reduced and also the cost of fat. For the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 39.5 pounds and the smallest 12.07 pounds. The highest average per- centage of fat was 6.32 and the lowest 2.98. For the second period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 40.1 pounds and 19.0 pounds. The extremes in average percentage of fat were 6.00 and 2.95. For the third period the extremes in average milk yield were 34.0 pounds and 17.9 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 5.70 and 2.95. For the fourth period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 29.6 pounds and 18.2 pounds, and in average per- centage of fat 5.75 and 2.80. ; Each food used had the composition shown in the following table : 439 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. , == a = — 69° 96°F | 8g OG yea de: Ga scr ec. ESP GUD, | Re eee Se “ON I ape De 6 Ber =<] Bae 6° 6F GG S16 ae" 78 GOs =| Ne ee bp ON areas pexiay 19°F 00°¢ 6°8 SPP 6°¢ 6°16 6° Q2OTe [ch eS fe Soy SON, UIeE a pomny, fe: oT a4 So ‘o cea o ORG. [ice etre theese eee sw tthe! gROmmETS Za Chet | PF (Sal AR a I el me Ser 6°F O26 ben je a an AB onols cc" SAT 9° 8°1F 7°66 =| G6 0°¢ PSP = aes 2" Be Se (dy) Avg lena gs eh: ZR 8°S 6° OF 0°62 | GF Q°e 0-81 Pipe ete so oiere Sa es eee ee aA A OU 68° CFT 0° | 0°9T L's | #°S PI a) SIRE TaD See ASR Sartre meee (IAT) ISBIIS uloQ 88° Seale seG so = Sl BST SxGk -erince¢ y°1 Sol h. | a ae e ay ane lia cao 18° OFT | 8° 1°03 $°G | 1°S e°T 1°89 Tepe ey epi ever a Sat pies Ae 2 ( UOT) asBIIS uO’) ‘qu29 19d sgudo 10g ‘u GLU *mes01}I0 = . BEY Te | sbontes | oeages’ | someeed | ame see | waeaea | eee e008 “SONVISdAg AUC NI | 440 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE | N “ t The data for two short periods in October and November which show the effect of another change of food from beets to corn silage are given in table[X. Eight cows were used that had been in milk on the average 7.3 months and were of the average age of 4.8 years. During the latter part of October mixed hay was fed at noon, beets morning and night, and a mixed grain (No. 35) consisting of six parts wheat bran, three parts gluten feed, and one part each of corn meal, wheat middlings and linseed meal O. P. The grain represented 40.3 per cent. and the beets 43.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration. The grain supplied 35.2 per cent. and the beets 46.6 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients in the ration. Of the ration for the rest of the month the nutritive ratio had been the same, the same grain and hay had been fed, but green alfalfa and sorghum fodder had been fed instead of beets. During November corn silage took the place of beets. No change was made in the grain or hay. Ofthe cost of the ration, the grain rep- resented the same percentage as the silage, that of 41.5. Of the total nutrients the grain supplied 35.0 per cent. and the silage 48.0 per cent. By the change from beets to silage the amount of dry matter in the food consumed was somewhat increased although there was a falling off in the amount digestible. The nutritive ratio was made wider and the fuel value somewhat less. The cost of the ration was reduced. The diminution in the milk flow following the change in the ration was very slight and the per cent. of fat was higher. The cost of milk and fat production was lessened. There was some loss in the live weight during October, and during November an average gain of 63 pounds. The greatest daily average milk yield for the first mentioned period was 29.5 pounds and the smallest: 9.5 pounds. The highest average percentage of fat was 6.25 and the lowest 2.70. For the last period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 29.2 pounds and 12.3 pounds, and in average per- centage of fat 6.45 and 3.10. In the same table, No. IX, are included for convenience of future reference, the data obtained with these same cows for two periods immediately preceding those just mentioned. During the month of September alfalfa fodder was fed in the morning, mixed hay at noon and corn fodder at night. The mixed grain (No. 34) consisted of five parts wheat bran, five parts corn meal, four parts gluten meal, i — — = = —————— = = =H | | f | | =) Solr T | 6S° SI Gr bl 12963 | O64 6G’ Ff 8E°G fey eat L696 neetenss ee" *Qe “AON OF T “AON Groce ei GO FL 61°81 ¥6° 1Z°GI- | &9°@ CVG oa SE FF [sierra eee ce 16 “PO sr Mes ee cI GI 60°66 Penk oY et 69°F Ils esi | FL IP cunerneromys eerie OG OF Tew © Oobeds. -| S8°9T SY FS .|.-99.7 o6 Fl 66°9 Ticaes 861 666 OOF Reeeeediens cern. “dag 04 1 ‘3dag P| = ro aac ie De Pe eee errs ea ae mn Soya "Sq'T se | | | | soyerpAqoq erat -uonned “poos | Show anes ROL) a Rae ee cg “taotorbs! Sareuaet ujaonwun ur leiown | Joes wretqy honda ue | ation a 2 el a ea ao; | een | coun | pmay ENN ie a Ba ea se ‘aoludd Is jo onvu | | | | | few | | | ‘MOO UTI AVG YAd AOVUSAV | gr <= — = = —__— eS = ———— aa “a 8 . . S CE" 6 | 60°99 | 90° | 1¢°¢ The PG 18° 16 | §¢ G9 | 166 | 06 “PO 93 1 “2920 TT ABW 9 ST [lady § cs] Sunapee | spe eR | ae | et | eS | Se | Ne ee ed fee @ | eras & Q Q cs) | 8 z 48 n eI eI 4 Q ES pe ee es} “aes | EBe | keep 8 4 = rm eI 5 Ee + o8 el See | 8 | & = oveas | ae Boo g S 3 8 = g i ij 5S 4 Bre O i mia) fo os Biome cee| -o e o a Fr 2 8 3 3 a oa | 2 | 2 iJ) Os lsat: Os 4h& Fb 4 2 5 5 B l=} im ‘doltad Bea | & Ss ro) Soe! fo SRE Z be te 5 du SI A Z ae ey ese le Sale oe pats Bo ves S o : o 4 ° ° = aa oh SEN eh ER | E06 eeS | 64s | ees |e : c Seg el 4 R BE | = iam Sao8 z.0 ne oe a ° dH a 3 e. uch met | & fo snee | ee | bes | F | 2 g | ze | ¢ 2 | 2 <3] jam ‘pal qybran vay spunod (ot yava wof hop wad abniary ‘HLYOMINY J, 478 479 Z S) = a a Pes. B eee er. ese oye te : 09° =9° [eee CES aS CONS TAN Ge ies er I SOF e= | 476 TVA oe OF eae maae Corstens tee (cscee a eras ae G €8°7 OF § Paes 9a" Pay at | ---- a 2, OL “AON 0} 0Z 39 | — cee | eae | ee-9 | eee | oF: Cael hOssculOcst) eos eeoere | ae 02 *390 04 Zz Fee } 29 izle Bree .3-- 18'S lit el eal el 4 Le jee a Se lee Beare | ier \\sey | ere | : Cael eee g 7d0g Ob ge any. ha, 98°ST . LT | 18°F SS POTS= | V6: ; ‘ON aeenGGs tess cae G'6L | 86 | $ 4 E 60°8 as v | 6F ; 6°ST| ST : T $ a ¥6°S 72°F te " | 08°E age nee 88°SI ae TOROS oesll® ox geaclns te gq “ony 0} gz Ane | Z-0¢ | 8 \ 6a" - 8:1 5 BUD ieee evel. le ae lee SWeee Tian" 3 |g P gee 2 Bere BOR CIN Se: ae MB | oe 90°6 ye Bite &: en "** 86 Ata 09 og oun : Seee2/ ova ig y 4 OTS ois elles olla Is— Z 7” Og vung oO Cf | 0°66 | 8Z Bee aka B32 | s8ee | gs Sa Sect taps bia eg ea en ert Le Mo ount | Gees eERe | BES. Soaoe s eg I a n ——s |) [HII 3 Fae 1p 04 9g Av = 86 |G o ofees | 22” alte = & a 5 —_ 9g Av W | GOT S ghar | “aw | F a g ae z S & sy 5 4 ets es W 9} gz [dy | 7 L |g mo PeeRE| OF8 foea | 2 |e gig. ela Sales cae age apatcae ve | 80 |g > — @ eo = aa VE he Fee | BE 4 2 | §) 8 el ea EE ecewr ian! = ease Ee8—|. 28 | BESs 3 e 2 here ace B mua |e | g i Eaos rs reas 2 ® ° SI a 5 5 s g 4 eee | 3 5 Mo gate| 88 a ae . edie aera | eee Zeek |g | § ee [etd | @ |e Bolder lea ee a ‘aon agi |@|2 Pe Si > Ss ‘ 5 & cua | 3 | 2 & a ics i J BS 5 |G . .. se) ers b m pf qybran aay spunod o z Re z od (ot yooe sof ho _| 9818 *VNI pp sod abpwoay HY) GNvI0g “‘qYSIOM OAT] UL ULES 18401 JO 4SO/D x ANQN IDAAN AN A Bid ‘sq, “potsed dad 4ySoOM OAT] OSVIBAY ‘s31d Jo 1aquinn jo Suruurseq 48 ||*potaed uy sAep roquin jeafh q Ta go-e- | 09°7-—-| 79's | 0G's | C@tT | 99°6-| 2.) “=~ | 99°G | 773" | 5 | OG" |F*- OF “AON OF eT “490 [ia Sete oe L8-€ 90°§ POLL Ree Cale neOnsl OGkGel TP-Gell cast QURG tench | POre (>. sokreOOLey "dag pees sey? Gre -)e0 te | Ory | eho | Lyet | 79°6| eee | oo" | os gy mor ye" | Teer | oor adeg on tan a ‘¢ ‘ON ere Domeee era eey Cena 1G Ge F | VO AT TOON) 66E | = | oe | OEE er ARVO EAL x a {eee 00°T VEG 6S Se) TLS) | 9°S* TE | OL {PL Sh-CL a= ae ere ae EGS | ae MT Oleg Obl: a pasre= CGez rweT 09°9 | 02S | T-S:T | GL QT| SOFT] OTS | 777 | 7777 «| W777 | Tes | 7-8 UN OF ET ABH oo aa Gost =|664-- | kes | pee: |-0°S: 1 | OO7FEl LP TE] 727") S8°G, |) -27- || F25" | 087s ||---- "er Aun 07g fey a 00° Lx cerL | OCP POorEe Crate Game LOG i WusOe| seek all fo alerts L0G ta| 2 6S ASIN OF 1g [udy = GL°0G 00°8T OLG 88°S | ZOatelGsGerk eOSsSlePeeh || 2-22) 22 \eCOeLs| 20k Ol ae| ac [dV 03 FZ Gorey Ey Q eo |g Seer eee | Sao eas (see eten| ae tee eee ae ee oeees | eee |ceee |e | se | -G | ge |e | ER YR Pe 188 ge eo asm | Eo SSa6, 5 pie = es a au = Bo ae a Becnle Ser |e $ 4 4 S B 08 0g = Z5 5 aFou!l “me | 28So0 a 2 e a x s ® 3 “® 4 om @ PRO ars oop 2 2 S ; ; = = = ne © : e) RSUE | sha | 2Be = i st = ‘ < : SI ® aoad eege| "ep. | Sees | 2 ° aya ees ac peel a ge eel aa SI 209K 48 | seas 2 $ h % ° 9 iS S 6 2 ee Oe ea ae ; 2 by a ” a s 5 Zeec| Se | fess | ¢ | 2 eg | & Bole a} = == — = = “pat qybran ov spunod yoy yone sof knp sed obnaovy "s80NK) NOMA -HIMOMIN 480 481 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ee Ode |nelida= sO ecripeogemleGis Tal OLio|eaek loser: NOLEG ess ot a |e TesAONy 0} re Heo USste sSGes ealeey eruso eek El Veuve OL hen | Peep =" || == ep T |="="¢4"400 04 iz ‘qdoag *g ‘ON ie | tse" oo | ppsy fess og Aine 07 z Aine . SVG 8s ROR semen on Crn Oem EE AOE rete PO elas sce coe\ acon |h Pie loc est nee ang: ceca 9g" IT S&S T8°S BOSC Pap el alee: eesee OURO He cee ale Obar |e trl Reeo | GQra |< se Foun 09 Bz ABI 91° 97 | 60S | OF S| GET) 9G:T | LoL | 26°9 | -7"" | ---- | 06" | OT-—| gg°+|----gg Ler 07 Og Tady te Q Q ac} Soe | be | Zz bee | n <4 & ira Q seeaz| sea jesse | g [be | € | £ |e | & | g | 2 | 28 | sé Shans | SE 6 BAe. a 2 es is =y =¥ 2 2 Rie ages Rare | mg,” 3 2 2 8 5 0 re =a 28 5 Sood eo | aeee 5 = 4 p R Es & 8 a 4 “eee | GBS | 422 es f = S a P SI) ® ‘aoluad goo? | Po. bebe | S| gi] °F goo) ee eee tS PE poe eoe3| 28 |Seas | 2, & ices lena) ee = alee Beep | &g | TP a | $ ef 2 2 & | 9 aces| #8 |gese | ¢ | 8 Be aes Oto Nn AN ‘sqy ‘“porsod jo Surautseq 9e 31d ‘Bid zo xoqumx | © © © oo 31 iad 14310 M dal] OSe1IOAV *potsed uy skep Joquinn ‘pat qybran vay spunod yoy yove vol hop aad ebnioay "SS0UQ) VNIHQ) GNVI0J—HIMOMNV J, rt 1d NOD ss ‘sS1@-Jo zaquny | MERCY ja Oh ST ies ‘sq ‘“potsoed | Jo Suruurseq ye std dod JU S3IOA\ VAT[ OARIBAV “poled ul sfep 19quinN i} Q gee] a o~ ae > 60°97 g0°§ ORCA Ge Cale OeGealede CGEGEIESGrG. ||) wea al Gace men 9 | tee Gerad enya KE (OG S08) ear ae cya esac a Ue roabaea Bet | vies) Pee a er ae "G ‘0a, 0} L “AON A 5 a ets 8G°S SL °P Coes Tiss |652— 0 | 185 |) 0G: ee see de meee -4 see elt COs eae L ‘AON 09 OT “F920 i= * ae es woe (| 98% | 90a | 68's] gait | sys BPH! “~~ | gory] “7% | “-" | G9°T |-- OF 300 09 GT “dog mn ; eee eS ges | OPI | s9°¢| 2a¢ | ee:T | Secst| 66-al| 96°S | “~77 | “777 | 7777 | Bete |--7et ydog 09 G1 “Bay 2 es ee 9L°% CGa. Ch-97|- case | G2g2 1 | cerecl oO os) 2 > | OGST | tro ses ere lo er ony 07 of Ainge BH F6'L 08h 32 KOECe Sect Poa OneOr Osta eee Oy) Wa tye tela aC ADO} Le OunG ~ fon] tt sea |e eae ee ree | ees a ||| es rs. | ca. eee ll pac cel aeeecnns = Qa Qa rd | 3 z 4 nn 2 2 re! Q Bi seess| age jeese | = | ee | 2 | 2) EF] e | 2 | 2 lak] ss i] Aen | SE PEBS S bese > ie a a 2 Lo Po, Seee | Sea | cig. @ 8 2 a 5 5 B 3 = an B Beebe S| seca |= |e |. 3 Boe ara | fee ube | gps sec oa oo eee (ORR ~| abe | 7S He | So B | 6 Bo | ate | Bem ‘aoraaa Fea gece ae o Es ee fet 5 s Ss Z Z ae 4 Poole Se ee S| 8 $ z z e 2 bird ee a O (€883| 4% | Bees | 8 3 HO | Rie | x spe | gh 4 8 Eiaee Sao 2.0 aeBbee fc) P F 2 ©, bod & sate| BE |Esss | # | = ae e/ 3 ; £ : fo 2 hiram avy spunod ona LoL hop sad abnwea Pat 24% Y)] SP OOT ¥ P “AUIHSAAG 482 r f New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 483 The second set of tables give the records of feeding trials of pigs for some weeks during the cold weather in the fall and early winter months. The pigs were Poland China, Tamworth, Yorkshire, Tam- worth-Poland China cross and Tamworth-Duroe cross. Some of the Tamworth and Poland China pigs were also fed through the winter, and, considering the unusually cold weather of the winter, 1894-’95, compared favorably with the pigs fed during the summer. The Tamworths seemed better able to endure the cold weather how- ever. The pens although dry and sheltered were very cold. The food cost of all grain for the whole winter was for the Poland China pigs 4.22 cents per pound and for the Tamworths 3.95 cents. For the first four weeks, while fed with the sow the Yorkshire pigs made the most economical growth and the Tamworth the most costly. The Tamworth sow however gave very little milk and the pigs were at much disadvantage for some weeks on this account. For the first month after removal of the sow the Tamworth pig made growth at the same cost as the Yorkshire and more rapidly. The cost of growth made in the same periods by each of the other lots of pigs will be found in the tables. The average weight per pig at birth was for the Poland China- 3.1 pounds; Tamworth-Poland China cross, 2.7 pounds ; Tamworths Duroc cross, 2.4 pounds; Tamworth, 2.3 pounds; Yorkshire, 1.9 pounds. The average weights at different periods of feeding are shown in the tables. . ; “7US1OM Ul UIBS [8409 JO 480D x AN Nn iS ‘sqyT ‘potaed jo Suraurseq 9e Sid ‘81d joroquny POCo © ‘potied ul sfep toqumy Tod 4ySIIM IAT] VSVIDAV 2 ee roy. | ee | 2e | HSS | H9IT | OLS | SHG | “777 | ZoTw | “77> | 777 «| Oke 7s gt Sem 9 g dy =) ie. Gee ys -| 06 8 | 97 Carr PE | OL | 882s | PGE oo | OF “"g pady of TT qoreyy ee ye |S | WE | LIS | SHIT | 198 | HO) SET] mm | on | oo | OB | TE MoreHN OF TL “aout Soa 09°6 | 90°9 | eo | 90's | 8E?T\) Go's | BE | “| BAT |" | | We "TT “qa 0} FT “ae q ee ee Oe cee sco) | 96772) 22:6) 2°62) .| TT 11).68°8 |-eo5e |) |. | SEL | PL (oer or ZT “90d peeeecedaec =| ber ey cho | be: (667 0T| 026 | “> | Sls |= | =| S6'E |*"="2 “oed OL 61 “AON me ony, 1189 | Gee | 9e-¢ | 9¢°c | PE2E | 90°8 | TAG | “77 | Se | =7=" | HE-F] €9°+|---"6T “AON 0} 62 900 a 67g 86°F LL & Ghats GrGe Osc sb 8058 |s00 kale: = le = cork | 80 | OL aris 6G (990 07 T “490 = SS —————S_ ESS SS S| SS SS eee n Q Q ue) be Le A be oe i= = Z| EB Q ee ees eee EP Re | g } ' 5 = f : - See te epes |. 2 Be g s E 5 E. is i ae Aa, 4 a Gam og a aoe o = i a Fr 2 2 S 2 3 tH - “BEE | CFS | ebb 5 3 & 5 B B oF 68 ‘qoluad x cede fe |e BS Ey i © E o zi a Be 5 SOR ° Bigg & S © a g $ ; Is: Se } Fx eee | 37 | beee ) - : 2 m z 4 i Gt F@o5|- Pes) oes e e | 3 , s88c| ES |Esss | @ | E peice e| @ 5 B ‘nef qybam aay spunod vot yous wof hop wed ebnuoay pe ‘VNIHQ) GNV10g 484 485 “s3]d Jo 1equmy a ° _ SI a 11-9 Pope edene Coron veda 0G i Gb Vo \e ceca lenbaGyles 2: cles ST 1202s 5* "77" FG dy 04 0% Wore | 9°Z9T| SE SI 88°s &L°G Gravois Lage) Go, ain APG On Goec a! ance 9858 Rew. tore GR Gale une "06 GOB 07 OZ “G9 | SLIT] 8% = 99°F 66S GEV s|-S6°6-1-6- ST 248-8: GE-9 cin Ses ee ese WO OG. AO OE UR ee aemttg 2 €0°§ S1°G Sav) Vase! Lips T a 66) 8h °9 4) = = 166 Se ese eo Wt al 2 a Reena “T7""" SG “UBL OF OZ “99M | 9°6E | 8G By m= = 10°S 6G Ruealnviao AP One oe ae UE) LEAS VO Sal) Tees ol) Se gee "lo tee 9G “9° 0} 8Z “AON | 9°6E | 82 sere cag eealeeaiucdess| S0sS Gna — 1) S6-SEl OLIN) 2" | 08-6 |.“ | SSN Teeg [ott te cess 83 “AON 04 TE “490 | G°ST | 8z 3. - PLS peor oe ea! 62-6 | Ciba 3 Og(00) 8b 8.) 2s* |.c0°S | -="" | eorFi90-t+) =" "7° => "TE 990 93 LT 990 | #6 | FT 4 8s pisGee® | 9686 | SEG.) 256" B |) SATE) 6876 | =e" 9) o°* | 99° T| g0e-Fi-gee-F |" 7°" “""""LT “900 97 61 “"3deg | €°3 | 82 p Q ty 4 4 Zz 4 LR 5 5 P| = Q pr | z P Recs = lace || > & rR ie lta | Oak OSG hee Sam | 8 = Yaw | se B 9 ® 9 = 4 4 2 2 gg 4 Pro 2 Be | seca] = + H a r 2 e Fs 3 a oF | & o gee [abe , | 7 3 as > 5 Z B si & ‘qoruad Pas | a tq 3 | 7.8 a 3 I SI : 3 2 ms | § es ee [gees | # | 8 z | 8 aie 28 | 2 by = = “fe “pef qybran aay spunod oot yova of hop sad abnuoary Q * Zi "HLAOMIV J, % > S eft ties co =H HH Noa co = S oD 1 10 10 SO 19 oO I ore 2} morn NANN Nealanie oie. | ‘o1led OATIITAINN qySIoM url ures punod Yova IO} poos Jo ysog Ul ules punod yore I0J poumsuod pooy derj-lajeM JO spunog "S19 “pooy JO 4s00 [RIOL, “‘pooy darj-10}8M [RIOL “SQ'T “‘9U.SToM 97] [2109 Foner mm So tH C19 pie Pecae heal EGoL | toe eo are ie oye ve 22 aE GI “UBL O} ZZ “00d eel Perel he serie ee ROGET acces te eal Gail tg en es GG ‘00 OF FG ‘AON ieeGee ET pOVsO7 |=" See PER | oe ye: Se ING sno es aes ¥@ AON 0} OT “AON pl ROceChROC- Et aaecl le: (OMT | Ob ei iGhetstaeo se oe OT ‘AON 0} €T “990 4 na im Ss S lel Q an _ _ 3 5 09 7 = 25 fe Be Glee al seer | Bee ees Bas deel a fot ae ee goras fog oF ° ° re cag ES sn 3 : ws © z 4 =! 14°) REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 486 ‘sqy “poysed jo Suyuupseq ye said *s31d Jo 1aquinn Jad JY 310M VAT] OSBIOAY *polsod uy sAvp JoquinnN ‘paf qybran van spunod yoy yono of hop vad obnuoay “TUIHSMHO 1 - | by New York TamwortH—PoLtanp Carina Cross. AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT ht fed. ive weg Average per day for each 100 pounds 1 "S10 "MOS JO USToM ut ssoy Aue Jo 4so0 94} Sutzepts -uo0od ‘ssid Jo qysIom ur ures punod sod 4s0p 00 b= 00 "S10 «‘s81d Jo So HO 40 310M Ut ules punod ee yova I0J pooy Jo sop “‘SqT “GUSTOM OAT] [8904 Do ur ules punod yoo ARR Ioy poeumsuo0d pooy col eedj-19je@M JO spunog CON H ‘S1D “pooy JO 4809 [RIOT or Clo porsod uy sAvp 19quinyy | a RR “s3]d Jo raqumy | aon *Cost of total gain in weight. STATION. 487 TamwortH—Duroc Cross. Average per day for each 100 pounds live weight fed. OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE "S30 “MOS Crim + 6 JO ISOM ur ssoy Lue | SOR Lane JO 9s00 049 Sutsepis OOid ss -u0d ‘s8Id Jo 4yStomM Aue ul ules punod aad ysop so ; + e "S10 eels ae Ost = 4U S190 UL UTeS puno RIES yore OJ pooy Jo 9sog ee “SQ'T ‘QU310M OAT] [8909 Ort ul uyes punod yora Tt > 09 10J poumMsuo0d pooz AHA doIjJ-IoJ@M JO spunog ~-N CO "S19 “Ppoog Jo4so0 Teo, | OS QAI LO a abet Fs =See | BO 2 9 Ay DN oA ero°o Parr bY Tiesics Base aolo NNOO 2 aie ‘pored s=ONOO gO SUIUUISIq 4V oT yet ER CD 1od JU 310M OAT] OSBVIOAY a = X 3 *polied ur sep toquinn | ey SS sy ‘s31d Jo 1aqumN | OOO * Cost of total gain in weight. \ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 489 In the third set of four tables are shown the results from feeding trials with four lots of pigs made during the past season. The cost of all food eaten by the Poland China pigs during the 224 days for which records are given made the cost of all gain 3.44 cents per pound. For the Yorkshire pigs during the same period the cost of growth was 3.34 cents per pound ;jfor the Tamworths, 3.81 cents, and for the pigs of Tamworth-Duroce cross, 3.39 cents per pound. The cost of growth of pigs during the first month while fed with the sow was least {with the Yorkshires. as in the tormer trial, and highest with the Tamworths. The growth for the first month or so after removal from the sow was at least cost with the Poland China pigs. The average weight per pig at birth was for the Poland China pigs 2.9 pounds; for the Tamworths, 2.6 pounds; for the Tam- worth-Duroe cross, 2.2 pounds, and for the Yorkshires, 2.0 pounds. The average total gain per pig made during the thirty-two weeks of the trial was for the Tamworths a little over 222 pounds; for the Tamworth-Duroe cross a little less than 209 pounds; for the Poland Chinas nearly 192 pounds, and for the Yorkshires 158 pounds. The data for each period of feeding are given in the following tables: REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 490 | | | *s31d Jo loqumy | ods Sa HH re HOSTS 18 °S SOLS Loewe oe Winey POL P|) 2 t| SPo Sh = | BOE I 6L “AON. 01 Zz"900:1 GrePD) Sa oe eyelet det H8°S.| 16°S |.2°9*T | OS°9 | OFE | ---- | HOTS | ~"" | “**" | PET [-°7°Ssy “900 04 HZ-Gdeg | B86 | 8z 08°$ 62°% OP GaOpec ROLe* e| GOO. Gao | eae Cr gl lores: aort |"s-pecidag on ye any | Pee ee eae earee 60.6 12% OP Seliiec eee? b \.CO5S | 06,9) OL 0 | "S$ "==" 76> lee any of OF Alar 9ne9 ez ‘yp ‘ON cs Pee SI's 6L°T Bee sGnte| G5 bol 69 Gl Be) | 22° | Test |e te | QO™E |" 0g Amp ong Aine | OseF 180 eee « . e ‘= e e = : ‘ON sa 86°% POT SOs Palerar onl OrGrale| OP ChICCOmbL| Oat. | ee" | Sess ceee= | peer lene Kine oF Poune.| paten| Re E 681 10°T GhsearOese:| irc 60 oe Le Olas: «| O@-T | S25") Se lop |-cere p ounr 07 1Z ABW | $706 | FT 8h GL SFL reas 20'S | 90°% | O'S = T | GOL | 6S | To | toes | Teed | 19°). Telco 1g Ae of 2 Anyq | SFL | FT ESS S779 PPS OSRCuicee aoLeGy Me Ooo |KO0Ge9) | aes eiees"= 590° TL IeSgi— | Opeetal os ‘L Avy 07 6 dy | 673 | 8% Q O | 1a 3 7 4 Sead ete 2 2 > | 2 Bends a | ¢eeg a S a j seeee| cee |fese | & | FE| & | EB | E f |e : Be) Be Beg | 5 “SeeS| @e% | oR | g “4 e Resales = e et ge | "5 ope | 8 Oanm| “mm | 230, | % = é a Fe Fy q 5 a 4 eo eles Deere dee be | Blea ( seo) Bl P| ee Pg aor | pg | 4°'SA Be & Ea Ps) 3 io) o s 4 rs = a=) a ng 5 0B oq So | pH o® fe ng ” n : : o ° g. ROY D aA +2 ao ‘ S te be n 4 ad ral ‘0 Baek Be | eB ow | 6 g = ©) 2, pc me | & ages] 88 | Fede | # 5 as Pelee tle ox gee release gf | & “pof qybrom avy spunod yoy yeve of hop wad obvuwoay "VNIHG) GNVIOT 491 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . 6P & €6°G 96°§ | 66°S | O°L:T | S&F | 86° Fen GC at Ale enapeb heen €€°S 09°% Gl Po| FL G4 980 |. 197% | 0l'S | - = | Tess BRC eR 96°S 60°% corp 4893 | VG:t | 91s | srs) Ths signe PAZ mi'= g6°E 61 | 99°} Te | oF'1 | OVE | BLL | TOT) | or ee LQG 9FT Teeueeertl7 Geb | OG20 1) SUre 1 Le ier RA la 66°G get |-49°S | €0°S | O'S: T | 88°OT) ASG | Gat] Sasass |e ea PES LGT e-ge) 8°21 9°Sek | NS. OT POPE), oe HO ate |oke spall) see TI 91 1a te (GY eset al lst 62 Mel San hcl | me Aa ak | SSeURN Epa ae cain 00°ST LV Mer | SOT | 2 Gate kek | O99 ae steer a eit G(\ieat= a ae) 8 8 A 4 n 2 ‘3 =) SEO Spac 5 ; Se ee 7 a 2 8 26 ware | Bo g z 4 g E. % R c a 33 6238 5 a 4 = ‘al £. E 9 OFS | 4B& a 5 2 5 5 5 HE Be | 2°62 | 3 o 5S o S i y a “BS | Base 8 g : a z ) ° d PS 45 Beko p © . S 20 = 4 4 es ae of Q o ral ra ; & ge eEes a 2 a g C *s31d Jo yys5joM ul Urey SS Oe oe “pat qybrm av) spunod yoy yone wof inp dad abpwany “HIMOMIY [, eae aace rs GZ ‘AON 0F 82 “190 | 0°69T) 86 | & pete de Ses RZ “390 04 0G “FdaQ | GGIT| 8B | & ee a Of “3deg 07 g “Gdeg | GOL | 8B | & eae 2 al -- gydag 0} g “Suy | OLE | 83 | @ Cole 2 ei g ‘Buy 07g Ane | 0°8E | 83 | @ ars a Bia g Atne 0} OL euNE | O°FZ | 8Z | @ pa -seoo- "QT ome 0} 0G ATIC | O°ST | TB | & oa sso-0* gg Sv 07 GT ABT | GCE | L |G ae ae ---ey ABW OF CT INdy | 9°S | 86 | & : >| 2 Zz gee | 8 | 8 gee | 2\| 2 Soe. | dee. eee ‘aor bee | 4 | Pea|s | 2 6 $ Be | 3 me | & a8 | 2 bow é REporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE AoEEES 80°F | ITT "7°" GZ “AON 04 8 "390 v Eaesas: eq" | 0°F eh “77 83 990 01 08 “dog v ee Q9°2 | S6°S ea "7" 0g "3dog 09 g “4dog v weog 69°01 16°8 4 GS te 2) y See @L°SL| F011 ae g ‘sny 07g Ajur | 9°26 v ae oy L°BiT | 08° FT| 6L°SE Bie “7-7 g A[ne 09 OT oung | L°9T | 83 | 6 oa j 9°GiL | 18°71) 40ST aes “-* OT oun or OZ ALM | BOT | 16 | 6 €Lg LG:T | LTT TH6 Let ---7 og Sew 07 gt AvW | 06 | 4 | 6 AG) 9°G:T | 9 TI) 96 OL 8ST | 86 --- eT Av 07 eT Tady | 0G | 8G | 6 aa Q ae) 8 4 A re a = ‘3 = | oe Q : pb | 4| 4 ase Lelt=t5 SS A5, = Lame es = rs oY ro¥ 2 Bo Pw = © o a Sogeae gee | = | 8 helene 8 eI 8 % ona a Bfo | 8 | 5 Ginoe | “gs | d8se| & eee BRO Be Ee Jog ieee oe of |e | 8 B89 | obs i= Ba 2 cI 3 ; : 5 5 B HE iS the |tetea errs Sool ter | e@e2 |.» te es = = 4 a gz E eal} = | @ a “Es Bn os 8 o ° is ise 9 2 is ee} x Bo | 5 G aees an PE Bg pe = ; ; ws e a 4 i EE 8 top ue : rs) du ra me Zz. ot eH eats | && | ee83| # | & go 28 Pala: 28 | 8 “pol qybiom oa spunod (ot yove sof hop wad obouoay ‘AULHSHHO X 493 STATION. \ New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT eS SS ecu hee ay OF 3 | O6°G: 2168-8 1ez2 | gate | 20S | SSS |S eee || ee Des, | Be BON 0107 90? |-0 00) ae wae rs Ope leg-e | Spe | 29'S | Shs | S-9:E |-09 | LTR | “77* | 98°C | “777 | chet | VET 17° 9B 990 09 ga “4dog | O'LIT| B64 F gl ore | GG | ITS 66° | BOT | Shes | OPE | "| Ge | i |" | BOT | "Be ‘ydag 0) Tg ‘sny | 4-18 | 83 | > eee Reiss | Tee) Ate 8) Gea eye [Ole | Ged | pert | oem | oo" | Boe | cote ny 18 “Any | Ge | Bee See Oe ceree| Gh 108 1-60 1a| S-6°E | BL 7) B68 |= |ee | 2° | So | eg" is * gasueny op Ayn | Oey! Bader § “ON ae Mee ecu aueo v|.ca-G| 6-o°S. |06-€1) Oe-ery eat | ice | oer es | OOD |i": 9 AIne oy goune | 9°9% | 8s | F ae 7-6 | 961 | 09°F-| 8S°S | 27S: T | S8°ST| Barat] ---" | eT | “77* | 777" | G07!’ [7-77 8 cane OF gt Ae | FLT | IS | FF L6°L 299 | %o79 | 8973 | 89°T | ZiT | 269 | Tog | ~"7- | “*r° | TeL | et-—| 68°+)"-- st henry hem | oT |b | F 0g°8 GE9 | 0098 |/69°2 | #7-F| LG2r 86-9 | c67s |--=* |= | to"L.| 1e—| BSF) TL Aen OF OF Indy | 2G | &|¥ zene? one sees ¢ | ue z S z S B 3 of | He | | es g Z qaeec |] eee | ¢e08 IS Sue eh & B ® ® ® no oB | Gag | 2 3 a Saas ZBo | ERS a : = ae =) a S Bo Q P= afk * > > seee | #o% | cy 8 4 3 Bettas anaes | Sere | Ce ie AR hee Sa | 23/8 | & GBR on | BS | Cee is = Bele ee a ee |e |e 3 | oe |B IGA "sere; Gee | se | & Bly eet a es ee eee aa Seas ree | az gone | Fe | 2's | 8 S 5 = Me sepa rs Z ee | 8 cha | 2 | & Boe S | Syee | 8 . z z ; S) B ° Ee | B | # a ae | +282 e ¢ ys Ee eS 4 a Bos | og Boge ee ae o | 8 beled Cee: as | 8 eeBe| 8&8 | sage | # a % z ee 2 98 | g ! | | | “pot qybran aay spunod ot yova sof inp sak obouoay ‘SSOUL) OOMN(T-HLAOMNY J, _——s = 494 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE POULTRY. Experiments in poultry feeding have been continued during the past year and records for a breeding experiment continually kept. The data obtained in some feeding trials with laying hens will probably soon be published in a bulletin, and also the results of some feeding trials with chicks and capons. A bulletin, in which are recorded some feeding trials made dur- ing the preceding year, has been published. The bulletin was as follows: Among the very many unsettled questions concerning the feed- ing of fowls, one of the frequently recurring ones'is that in regard to the relative amounts of ground and whole grain that can be fed to best advantage. This question is in certain respects so broad that carefully kept records of a great many feeding trials in which the conditions have been under control must be available before it can be restricted to narrow limits. In the belief that they will be of use in considering this question and that they may be added to the available facts relating to the general subject of poultry feeding, the results of one of aseries of feeding experiments being made at this Station are published in this bulletin form. In this trial fourlots of pullets were used, two of White Leghorns and two of Buff Cochins. For convenience they are referred to as pens 1, 2, 3and 4. Pens 1 and 2 were Leghorns and pens 3 and 4 were Cochins.. The two pens of Leghorns each containing at the start sixteen pullets, were as nearly alike as it was possible to select them, all of the birds being from the same lot of chicks hatched and grown at this Station. The two pens of Cochins were also alike, each con- taining at the start nine pullets, which were selected from those hatched and reared under the same conditions. The Leghorns were of a “strain” well recommended as layers, and were vigorous and healthy from the shell, so that any insufficient egg production can well be attributed to the conditions under which the birds were kept and to the food, rather than to inherent lack of laying capacity. During the spring months the Cochins, which became broody, were allowed to sit on nests or about the floor of the pen at will, no attempt being made to break up sitters. The records of feeding here given began November 23d. The average date of hatching for the Cochins was May 21st, and the average date of hatching for the Leghorns was June 15th. There was te i all acs ae New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495 not opportunity to hatch the chicks earlier in the spring so that the pullets were hardly matured enough to lay well during the first part of the feeding trial. Pens No. 1 and No. 3 were given for the morning feed each day a mixture of ground grain moistened. Of this mixed grain which was moistened with hot water and fed warm during cold weather, and moistened with ordinary water during hot weather,‘all was offered that was readily eaten. Later in the any some kind of whole grain or cracked corn was fed, scattered in clean straw to induce exercise. Pens 2 and 4 were fed whole grain of different kinds—the corn being cracked. This was scattered in the straw on tight floors and ~ _none was left uneaten. The fowls in all the pens were fed twice each week all the cut bones they would eat. Skim milk was fed to all during part of the trial. Green alfalfa or corn silage or soaked, chopped hay was fed at noon, the moistened chopped hay being fed warm to pens 1 and 3. Plenty of limestone grit and oyster shells were kept always in each pen. : The pens were all in one house separated by partitions, each pen having floor space of 10 x 12 feet. The small, open yards attached to Nos. 1 and 2 covered about 240 square feet each, and those of Nos. 3 and 4 about 160 square feet each. The yards were covered with coal ashes. Although at the start it was considered best to have a good num- ber to average from, it is probable that the sixteen birds in each of pens 1 and 2 were too many for best results, for during the winter months they were necessarily kept altogether indoors. The average floor space per fowl in these pens was less than eight square feet and the average space in the open yard about sixteen square feet. The only hens at this Station that have laid from ten to twelve dozen eggs each per year have had an average of twenty square feet floor space in the pen and seventy-five square feet yard space per fowl. It is probable that the best results in egg production ean not be secured where the space of open run available per hen is much legs than seventy-five or one hundred square feet. Fora feeding ex- periment, however, in which it is necessary to account for all food obtained, it is not possible to allow extended range. Somewhat more room than that given to the fowls in this feeding trial would be desirable, but no larger yards were available. Under the conditions \ 496 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THB of continuous confinement necessary for the whole year, however, the ege yields were not too low, and as the conditions for all the pens were alike, except the one difference of food, the results are strictly comparable. The results from pens 2 and 4 having no grain except the dry and unground, can be directly compared with those from pens 1 and 3 having all the ground and moistened grain that would be eaten at one of two feedings each day. The only limitations necessary in conclusions drawn from the comparison are those always inherent in any conclusion from a single‘ trial. As it was not possible to give the benefit of grass runs, all green food had to be fed eut, in troughs. It is fed in this way to some disadvantage, for, except at the risk of a large proportion of waste, it is difficult to feed as liberally as would be desired at some times on account of rapid wilting and drying. Although all the cut bone | was fed twice a week that the fowls would eat, the calculated nutri- tive ratios?of the rations were wider than desired, but with the whole grains obtainable it was not possible to make a narrow grain ration for pens,2 and 4. The nutritive ratio of the ration for pens 1 and 3 was kept about that of the ration for pens 2 and 4, although it did usually run somewhat narrower. With the ordinary ayail- able, and indeed with almost any whole grain that can be obtained, it is not possible to feed a largely grain ration, having a nutritive ration so narrow as is by many considered necessary. In order to feed a very narrow ration it becomes necessary to use an excessive amount of meat or to substitute some of the highly nitrogenous grain by-products for part of the whole grain. The necessity, how- ever, for a ration so much more nitrogenous than can be had when using a good proportion of whole grain is not by any means estab- lished, although it seems probable that for laying hens a ration somewhat narrower than can be had from whole grain alone is essential. The mixed grain fed to pens 1 and 3 was made to correspond closely to the combination of whole grain being fed at the same time to pens 2 and 4. With the exception ofjusing wheat bran and middlings instead of ground wheat, the same grains were fed ground in the mixture that were fed whole in the contrasted ration The ground grain mixture No. 1, fed until January 24th, con. sisted of equal parts by weight of wheat bran, wheat middlings, corn meal, ground oats and ground barley. The grain mixture No. 2, fed from January 24th to July 25th, contained the same | | f oo New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 497 grains used in No. 1 with ground buckwheat added, equal parts of each. The mixture No. 3 consisted of three parts of ground flax- seed and one part each of wheat bran, wheat middlings, corn meal, ground oats, ground barley and ground buckwheat. The moisture in the grain mixtures varied somewhat according to the season, but the average per cent. of moisture in mixture No. 1 was 14.5 per cent.; in No. 2 until April 25th, 15 per cent.; after April 25th 9.9 per cent., and in mixture No. 3 10.2 per cent. The accompanying table shows the average composition of each food. 32 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 498 9°F 8° SF L' SZ yom Q°g erevel et ave C Cte Osteo eretat Ol der osn OOVIOF VITVI[V 9°% Ge 9g 0° eG g 5 CZ iy ° iiae athe aremolenielueie Otc .0 0 omc O9o Cap DO dey BIVILV le Tae kz e°8 e°9 Ruel intel tesa Gxereute ep UneqeW ute (eis: faMaliel vet intce aseIs UOC) @°¢ 9° EG Coe oo 60 1° &e 5) aa i Cae Oat CaS eR St aec, yr wy 61g ()3°% oO Oe SOO . e" Te 1 Fe saletioliciredia tele ltaiiofit isd sjcelichie/oMienclisyionceomemene au0q qu Lg F'ce e'G ce (ERC orale i ie Va SCENE OLR CS URCRS atag g an ORO poosxey yf Gor OP 0'F Fey O'S SUSU aN Sank Parents Saale eRraen zeae ee Aare eG C0) 0°SI raat (oe oS mh seal REO ORO 0. GeGU0=q 0 peo 2c oLoNe qvoymyoug 79 6°99 d-OL Ski oC es Se | cto oat aac. Gre Ont, Net Sich cata caverta’ 3180 t'F GTS per 0°OT seem diene Cg ge Ca Cae 0 U.09 poyorp iG 6°08 Tae CSI (Oy goog, wal ere aay Sao Q.G. Os O-Oh0. 0805-5 Ono qvouy MA 9°) 6°99 #9 Quem Gare poe ee a OnON CLO. POST OF OD) 19 FFL 1e CMomeiENy (ale M sini leis smiebisiieeeanis are 6 ON Urletsd pOXT]L Le oS) G9 @° ST e"e Str ONG Ger So OMmoOU GOOG oi T ‘ON ulead poxI]y “syej Jo *JOV.14XO Oey ‘aaqy jo “urajo.1d ‘yse Jo “‘qued Jeg *N JO ‘9u900 Jog yu90 Jog jo ‘yueo 10g yu00 Jeg “AONVISHOS ATUG-AALVA\ AO NOILISOGNOD ANVUAAV ‘Sado00d ‘Fh OT “Gh “06 “€é 6 OF oil =E) “61 6L “OT “61 GA MmMOoNQdIOonotornwom.1 DO re4 ‘aangstoutr jo ‘yue0 19d OSBIDAV New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 499 The records of feeding and the results obtained, which follow in tabulated form, are calculated, for comparison, to the average per fowl in periods of four and five weeks. The whole trial covered a period of 357 days, so nearly a year that in discussing the results as a whole they are referred to as those for the year. The digestibility of the different constituents by fowls not being known, the nutritive ratios given are only approximate, but serve to show the relative composition of the rations. The actual total amounts of the several classes of constituents existing in the rations fed at different periods through the year are also given. In determining the cost of the rations wheat was rated at the average of 57.6 cents per bushel, corn at 50.1 cents, oats at 37.9 cents, bar- ley at 61.4 cents, and buckwheat at 56.1 cents per bushel; wheat bran at $16 per ton, wheat middlings at $17, corn meal at $19.20, ground oats at $24, ground barley at $25.60, ground buckwheat at $93.36, alfalfa hay at $9.60, alfalfa forage at $2, and corn silage at $3 per ton. Skim milk was rated at 24 cents per 100 pounds, cut bone at 80 cents, oyster shells at $1, and stone grit at $1 per 100 pounds : flaxseed, ground or unground, at 24 cents per pound. 500 ic3) eo) a & 2) a Z (oe Sa 1G" 61" 1a" ‘SZO $]80 LT” 86° 0S” icon OF OV" Gy cr tS" 0S” OER 6r" ‘SZO “U100 peyorrg 6G" 0g” LG- 79" 63° Lv” 8L- 66° T Lat CL 18° 6L° *SZO qyeouM “SZO “urei3 POXT BS GER oan ee pe reree rs e FL “AON 09 ZT 290 COCD OO OORSIIC Saree ie eae Tec (RON RTE TOS BRR OOOHOR 200-000 DOCKS 6I “3deg 09 2g ‘sny efojoje) Sis (oie eaeie Siern camin-ckere elo ae ZG ‘ONY OF ag A[nG semivein'= Bae Dae are CM NEON colle SORE Re eo reiae eam ae retose 0% eung 09 ez Av ines at ames “-" eg Avy 0} cg [dy Lee arn nme is ae PA ee ee eae ‘ag ‘adv 0} RG IVT SO eae ae eae 86 “IRN 01 16 “49 Sa eee PSPS it WERE ON 4 WUE Ro te eon ae an me PLO (enONe ya OI Sy Sy gts Seat Pn EN ee 1G °99C. 01 SG CAON ‘doldadd 86 86 86 86 GE 86 86 86 gE 86 86 Gg *potszed ur skep “ON “IMOY YHd AVC] Wd TOVAAA VY —daNALSIO Py GNV ONNOUL) NOILVY NIVat) AO LIVq—T “ON Nag 501 ne i | N CRN @ rant lor ger) mre UD UD UD AD UD A UD 1D 1D 1 AD A> me - vo) oe 20 oe oe oe we oe oe oe oe oe OF bn oo Oe oe oe Oe rOornnndr-dO ead = wa N o “pooy Uy SyBJ [LIOL, “OBI eATAnNu oyeurxoiddy 0G T Sry {R55 oh Gia PaCaleg eee ee St Poe. Se ete en inet e PE SON OFF Ee cet ST” i a sl" OG DSINGe Oe nee ene, oak Geek oe ews LT 990 99 6T “3d0g 09°T 3) 66° 9) Os Oc a leces Boag epee ct ae oes Bae OR qdag 0} ZG HUY cot | FT 68° OL Sirs HORGSe les as gees Pia en ee Ge ae GG “Suny 04 ¢@ Aine F9T A LS” oe PO ea (MO GG e asa gees Beach deeb ei ~ REST g Aur 07 0g eunr Gr TL oT” tS" 6S] ee an eae ee OES. Sa CS eee Eee ao eee 0g Pune 09 gz ALT L8°T a IP LY” iim Ae Bio AA, lg ee SI, eee Gz AVI 04 GZ [dy LVG cia i ST” Caaf ae all Ca ae ki RE er lek ee ae ee eg (udy 09 gg your 60% GL” 9 a ie) Coe {| 9FS OT pegs ie ge RG SR ee Ore 8G WIV 99 TG “V9 O6°T | &T° GP oT (A eerie Lae ml eee gc aut oa "1G "QT 03 7G “UBL 96°T 1c ca cr” QGualsanlelieG us Ue sireps eae chi. 9 Cann eae ee ae 7G ‘UBL 0} LZ “99 69°T | 80° cg" st Baral @alGeGmal mea gs ae es Se Nea Pei cae LG °99C 04 €G “AON *SZO SZO ‘SZO *SZO sql “Sq'T | 48 Le | ie b > as Ey rs 3 hcl aie oz | Be ea Be hee | PRe 7a] a6 ilar ° a es . ng a PEE & & ‘qoradd Bo 5 5B 5 mo E3 hee Bog =o Be "IMOT Ud AVG AUId AOVUAAV Qe Bry fg gg New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “GUNALSIOPY ANV GNOOwx) NOLLVY NIVAL) 40 LIVg—T ‘ON Nad *polizod ut sep coqumy | ‘ued UT S[MOJ JO IaquIMN a ieee eee [ee ov 1G" 6L Lé LT: t6°T SOE Gees | Rar een a of ene VT “AON 93 LT “290 | FT eecliGle 2638" | 9658 || 62-F | '6°L vg 96° USS CE COnG noel anes Ss ay ee ear LT “390 99 61 “3deg | FT eee eeeoIt | €8°8 | OFS | WF | 8-9 6°F Za" OGECE increase cern ne ean 6I “3dog 04 ZG “Sny | FI : ae ce O8°S | LO76E |98°S_ | 8°9 1g 1G" OGUCR Ra OGG [Sere : 12 ee oe ey ae eee aq ‘sny 07 ¢% Aine | FT H 99°F OL'% | 66°0% | OS0T | 09 g°¢ Tie Re a | RS) Cat a ear ie cae cae one a. oe Atne 04 0% eau | FT 4 08°F a vO FE | Tek GS 9° 3) 6G LiL Gee ah tie Cot or ik Cees ae 0G ung 09 ¢% AB | ~ Ex 6 0S 89° | 18°86 | STE | 19 vg 03° OU eer as|- OG Goan oe a es “77778g ABW 07 Gg [dy | ~ re oe 9L°S GOETSSs|=7Pais. | 070 87g 86" 90°& Ve ee |e hes oe ts cae ase “777 -@g [lady 01 8% Wore | OT Bo OL: F. 98°E | 68°66 | SL OT | V9 GG GG" L8°G OU VAS Ge pte omen eae ree ea ae 86 GolBT OF TZ “AM | OT aq oth 8619 | e661 | ry 9 119 87 3G" istry ala i angles ese ce oc meaner era aia a TZ “4d 4 6% “UBL | OT peor Cae paleo 7129 Tg Ta" BEG son p> [ase Arcs sate Pose ee pge ue (e Oy 2808 OF. I pees eis, |SeP od 18° LS Lv LT” 66°G SY 2a ent eae ee aE 7 oie LG “99 07 GZ AON | OT 2 810 SqT ‘S70 ye) ‘SqT "S10 ‘820 ‘SZ = es = eek eee a is © ‘s S Z Q a aie 3 a Z & as E POS 425 og. aire 2 Ses |g oi | REP | gee | ke: | S2e |. 8 E ee ety |. : Sees te ase e : 8 ee So | Bee 1. a a8 “e 2 & Sechelt GR | PRE | So ae 5 3 ° ao oa o ne Be aa Hebel eaeeed ‘aqorudd 4 on Poo ote) =o > S Es 33 "TAO an Se. 5 (o) Bg EZ Papas Oe ae ay ‘IMO UA AVUAAV 3 A E RS agonaoudg svvg es are] P eke a ae EE a8 ‘ 502 503 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SESE CS III 900 FOGNG os qOoC ‘PL ‘AON 09 ZT “290 Pe eater ee Oe Pe LT “990 9} 6T “3dag SPOS OSQHOD. GOS OGR GI GSS 61 qdeg 03 Zz ‘Bny POT HOIS OC OSOR SOOO. SO IAC 6G “any 07 cg Alu SR Oa EOC ORI OOK, ez A\ne 09 0g oune SORE RS COS DUO CGD OIRO 0z eune 09 eg Lem BOS HAC TSOOIGOIIOVOGHS 21900 ‘oz Avy 03 ag -ady DIOR GOBO MOC ODO OOS I or Ah ily se(Ol (2h FG 2h 134 Papi Rear PERS 8G “AUN OF 16 “21 apache mae eben ae Se RSF 1Z “(On OF FZ UBL FZ UCL OF LZ “99 ee hae oie ha ay ae Reid iee mania LG 99C 03 §G AON “adoluad 83 83 8z 83 gg 86 86 86 gé 86 83 gé “poysed uy sfep ‘ON He Sealed Ue sak Meee et) 2 sae Gis cl” 6P° 9V- OF” oT” G2 TO" TO" peo Ove Sa ere aes ok CG" Gr 0S” 67° 6r° TO" 10" ee ON cos eaeconnd (ETE tae AC] Be Ov" 8g" eg” gg 9¢° 10° €07 ee saa Ve. Tee al eaor SOLS eS cGee + ae 00°T GR” 007 60™ cgteni| 50 Pe Eo ror |e ht elias ca" ¢s" cL Po T TO" 60° eal ame al bo Amey || Ge See EG 13° 8h° tS” 6L° 10" 807 FO" GT” eas a Gr Fee GO| TP 19° GV com “anBIOJ . 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To” 6G" st CT” LT” ST: LV OT” oT Ws *sooung “poos Ut 87BF [BIOL NY wmonee Oo ANNA FONE EeAd Rr *pooy Ur 4oRay -x0 90dJ-"N 1P90.L *pooy ut atqy [eIOL Sie Lg- *sooungd *pooj ut ujejord 1830.L | “‘poog ur yse 1890, “IMO Ud AVG Ud AVVAAAV ‘spunog *porzod Sur -Inp [Moy 19d 4US310M UL sso] 10 ures OSVIOAV TOM OMAONONINO OS I OD Of CD OD OD CO OD OD OD 32 CD w a 3 iS Ay *potsed jo suru -ulseq 4B [Moj 10d qUSlom SAT aSVIOAV a Saks eee wane "755555" HT AON 09 LT “990 icaar i Teae eee ~ LT “390 07 61 “3deg Ie tech a ie aay eee meee ( ob “ydeg 0} GG ‘ony mer ee ee n7775" "BB suy 0} Gz Aloe Re ee aoe Theda ee el SY A Ane 03 0g 9uNny* epee appa pests ar ates ag ents te COLL ONGC re key Ses srereresetsersosss gg key 09 6% [dy Sigeee Sea ae 235 Toa eer dy ofRe mole 86 WLUW OF 13 “9T 2 SAG eR ID ee SAO RENT | COM] ey MOH Pe ee Ho eae ge - ep a Goes OLE Las OO Gh Fe aE as eS aa ae “"" "7G °00q, 03 §7 “AON “qolddd 8% 8% cg ‘posed ul sAep TaqQuinN ‘ued Ul S[MOF TOqQuInN “ATOH M GONV AUC] NOVY NI NIVaH)—Z ‘ON Nag 505 “A New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ’ “any een |Weraree a sail es Mb Sn leper Jai 0a" 6h FOE ete see Ss ea ont a a Pe ae UP ar ONE Ot ae OO) 0% °6T 9T ST G8 PF TE°3 t9 87 1G" 19°G Les Sh HEN ies We Sal ih teal ee See LTO 09 6T “949g Pe OL €8°L ¢9°6 69 €°9 SP (Gs OLS SPs Goa eee ar ee a eee Kk eae 61 “3deg 04 Zz “Sny os 8 LL9 L0°€1 669 1 Say? 8S VG" 9I'§ 00°9 Gabe a es anes Sas then, SE RIIGC suy 04 eg Ane 80° OT €L°8 IT VI 80°L 18 Teed co" ACRES OVP BOGS a8) So ie gee a ae oo ee ea NU Od Gnome QT P SVs 6S 0G cT OL G69 1 Sh 6L° CoG (BER EL ORONO SA iS ai geen an 0G oun OF ¢Z ALT O8 FP 88°§ 86° &G 7o IT EL 0-9 co" 83'S GRC CMM leg caer cts I Cosas Se kd Meee ez Avy 0} eg [dy 1) eZ 66°¢ 6G 9G FP ST OL GG cS" 80°S LG pO ea aes ea ees Shae GZ [dy 03 Bz Gorey GIs F6°§ 9T 6s GS 9T Ts €°9 66° oY'S Pp SG? 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Gea eee suena sehr e a em aa m7 "9g GOI 04 14 “9A QL-9T | 780l | 906 | SL | BP os +8" BOSON RICOhOm | Crses seo Sia ee eer ee TZ ‘9A 04 9G “ULL Gz‘ {109 | S°4e | OO'ZI | G°g VP 8g" | fa Abell) nt eel aie aia he ait wks ba ES ae FG ULL OF 1Z ‘00 “Soa ie Wee eelooGs be «| See 9°F 98" CGapee claGhok. Ms Secs eae ees a een ae ae ee ane San 810 ‘sq "S10 ‘SqT S10 ‘SZO "ZO Qa ue) 4 A 2} a] ce | ie 8 Se tes ce b> B E 4g2 |SS82 | 288 | STE | BE SEO $6 e a o ea | eae | Aac BOF Be Bee | AS @ + g geen 25% io} 3 2 ep oF o i ° 3 es Bo as SS “9 RS R28 5 ase ao e9 38 2 ¢ g Bo 5 ae He a aoludd Be & 5 “TMOW Bs 433 aS o g Udd APVUAAY ary 45% be) ° 3 ey Dara Perna ae ES is) "IMOW Ud APVUAAY ome eepeee |e. | RES ‘uod Uy SLMOJ ‘ON ‘HIOH A\ GNV ANT NOLLVY NI NIVU)—F ‘ON NAG ~ 512 ' ReEporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THH The mixed ground grain which was fed moistened to the two pens constituted on the average for the year 37.2 per cent. of the total food excepting skim-milk for pen No. 1, the Leghorns, and 37 per cent. for pen No. 3, the Cochins. The average amount of water-free substance in the food taken per day per fowl for the whole year was 2.58 ounces with the pen of Leghorns, No. 1, having the moistened ground grain. For the pen | No. 2, having only whole grain, the daily average was 2.98 ounces, ; an excess in consumption over that of the first lot of 15.5 per cent. | For pen No. 1, the cost of food per hen for the year was 72.11 eents. The average number of eggs was 85.95 and the average total weight of eggs 173.45 ounces, each pound of eggs being pro- duced at the cost for food of 6.66 cents. One pound of eggs was produced for every 5.31 pounds of water-free food consumed. The cost of food for every dozen eggs was 10.04 cents. Rating the eggs laid during each period at the average wholesale market price for the period, the total value of eggs laid per hen was 116.7 cents. For pen No. 2 the cost of food per hen was 82.69 cents. The average number of eggs was 84.43 and the average total weight 168.37 ounces, one pound of eggs being produced for every 6.33 pounds of water-free food consumed. The food cost for each pound of eggs was 7.84 cents and the cost per dozen 11.74 cents. The average wholesale market value of eggs laid per hen was 117.7 cents. For the pen of Cochins, No. 3, having the moistened grain food, the average amount of water-free substance in the food consumed per day per fowl for the whole year was 3.28 ounces and for the pen No. 4, having whole grain 3.70 ounces, an excess in consump- tion by the latter over the former of 12.8 per cent. For pen No. 3, the cost of food per hen for the year was 91.85 cents, the average number of eggs was 59.61 and the average total weight of eggs 114.60 ounces, one pound of eggs for every 10.22 pounds of water-free substance in the food. The average cost of each pound of eggs was 12.82 cents and the cost per dozen was 18.48 cents. The average wholesale market value of eggs pro- duced was 84.7 cents. For pen No. 4, the cost of food per hen for the year was 105.06 cents. The average number of eggs was 80.3%, and the average total weight of eggs 155.69 ounces, one pound of eggs for every 8.47 pounds of water-free substance in the food. The food cost of New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 513 each pound of eggs was 10.79 cents, and the cost per dozen was 15.70 cents. The average wholesale market value of eggs laid was 124.56 cents. Although all the pens were fed liberally, and had all that was needed to satisfy the appetite, the two pens fed the moistened ground grain were satisfied with a lesser amount of dry substance in the food than the two corresponding pens. The cost of the ration containing the ground grain was also less. With the Leg- horns the cost of the whole grain ration was 14.7 per cent. the greater and with the Cochins 14.4 per cent. the greater. The egg yields for the pens of Leghorns were practically alike, but the average live weight was nearly all the time greater for the pen having the whole grain, except at the start, when the average weights were equal. This fairly constant difference in weight, however, was not enough to correspond to the difference in amount of dry matter in the food eaten, and as it was the more efficient, the indications were that the ground grain ration was more fully digested than that of whole grain. By pen No. 1 one pound of eggs was produced for every 5.31 pound of water-free substance in the food on the average for the year, and by pen No. 2 one pound of eggs for 6.33 pounds of water- free substance in the food. For eight weeks during the best part of the laying season one pound of eggs was obtained from pen No. 1 for every 2.72 pounds of water-free food, and, during the same time, one pound from pen No. 2 for every 3.57 pounds of water-free food. During 119 days, pen No. 1 produced eggs at the rate of one pound for every 3.12 pounds of water-free food consumed, and pen No. 2 at the rate of one pound for every 3.67 pounds of water-free food. There were small losses in live weight with each pen during these periods — about equal in amount. For the whole year, how- ever, and during shorter periods when the egg yield was greatest, pen No. 1 produced eggs from less food than did pen No. 2. The market value of eggs for the year from pen No. 1 exceeded the cost of food by 61.9 per cent., and the value of eggs from pen No. 2 exceeded the cost of food by 42.4 per cent. With the Cochins, pen No. 3, having the ground grain, gave much the poorer egg yield. The egg production for either pen, however, was so much below what is possible for the same con- sumption of food with the smaller breeds that the relation of food eaten to the weig .. of eggs produced by these two pens is a doubt- 33 514 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR ful indication of the relative digestibility of the two rations. It is possible that the ration fed to No. 3 was a trifle too liberal in amount -for fowls of a breed so inactive and liable to excessive fat. During the first two months although the dry substance in the ration for pen No. 3 was about 22 per cent. less than pen No. 4, the average gain in live weight was considerably greater. The average live weight was also greater during most of the laying season, but toward the end of the year pen No. 4 attained to the highest in average live weight. It appears probable that the better results from the Cochins having whole grain may be due to the fact that by feeding the grain in straw it was possible to insure considerable exercise, while in feeding the ground grain ration less opportunity was afforded to induce any activity. The more rapid increase in weight at the beginning even on less food, seems to show this. On the average for the year there were 10.22 pounds of water-free substance in the food eaten by pen No. 3 for each pound of eggs laid and in the food for No. 4— 8.47 pounds of water-free food for one pound of eggs. During the period when the yield of eggs for the food consumption was the best, pen No. 3 consumed 5.14 pounds of water-free food for each pound of eggs produced and pen No. 4— 4.61 pounds of water-free food for one pound of eggs. For No. 38 the market value of the eggs laid was less than the cost of food, For No. 4 the market value of the eggs exceeded the cost of the food by 18.6 per cent. The Cochins are generally classed as indifferent layers and with good reason. Narrow confinement, however, affects them less unfavorably than it does such breeds as the Leghorn and possibly for this reason the one pen of Cochins. No. 4 nearly equalled in total average egg production, the pens of Leghorns. The average product from the two pens of Cochins was consider- ably short of that from the Leghorns, but a comparison between the results from the better laying pen of Cochins and the pen of Leghorns which was fed a similar ration is of interest as showing the relative profits from hens of large and small breeds, when the egy yields are about equal, andthe egg yield from the smaller fowls does not exceed the usual yield from the larger. This comparison is made simply because of the opportunity of comparing the profit over food for large and small hens when the egg products are equal and the rations alike, and not as a comparison between the breeds, | for the necessary conditions were such as to much more unfavorably © New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 515 affect the Leghorns than the cochins. The pen of Cochins, also, which layed the better is compared with the pen of Leghorns which gave the poorer egg yield. The pen of Cochins had on the average for the year 8.47 pounds of dry substance in the food for each pound of eggs laid while the Leghorns required only 6.33 pounds of food. The best rate of pro- duction for any period made by the Cochins was one pouud of eggs for every 4.61 pounds of water-free food, and the best for any period made by the Leghorns was one pound of eggs for 3.29 pounds of food. The average cost per pound of eggs laid by the Cochins was 10.79 cents and of those laid by the Leghorns 7.84 cents, the food cost of the production being over 37.6 per cent. greater for the Cochins. Although the egg yield was somewhat less from the Cochins than from the Leghorns, a greater proportion of the total product was obtained at the season when prices were better, so that the average market value of the product for the year was greater with the Cochins and the market value per dozen about 11.4 per cent. higher. The excess of market value of eggs over the cost of food was 18.6 per cent. for the Cochins and 42.4 per cent. for the Leghorns. For the production of eggs only,—considering the cost of growing or the purchase price per fowl for two lots of pullets alike and the same as their market value, when hens, at the end of the year,—the smaller fowls would show the greater profit over the cost of food. But taking into consideration the cost of grow- ing and the poultry value of the fowls at the end of the year, the relation of profit would be different. The average net cost per Leghorn pullet, grown in the ordinary way, was a little over fourteen cents at the beginning of this feeding trial. The cost of eges for hatching and of food for sitting hens made the average cost of each chick when hatched 2.15 cents. The average cost of food, including the cost of hatching, to grow one pullet and one cockerel (the sexes as a rule average about equal in number) until the time of separating them was 23.84 cents. The average whole- sale market value per cockerel was 24.72 cents. Deducting the market value of the cockerel and adding the cost of food per pullet from the time of separating the sexes until November 23d, made the net cost per pullet under the ordinary practical farm conditions 14.3 cents. The cost of food for the year made the average net outlay per hen 97 cents. The market value of eggs added to the poultry value per hen,—three and one-fourth pounds average live 516 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT. weight at eight cents per pound,— amounts to 148.7 cents, which exceeds the total cost by 48.2% per cent. The average cost per Cochin chick when hatched was 3.56 cents. The total cost, including hatching, for a pullet and cockerel was 46.54 cents, and the average wholesale market value of the cockerel when the sexes were separated was 54.24 cents. The average total net cost per pullet November 23d was 12.9 cents. The cost of food for the year made the average net outlay per hen 117.96 cents. The market value of the eggs added to the poultry value per hen (six and three-fifths pounds average live weight at eight cents per pound), amounted to 177.4 cents, an excess over the total cost of 50.4 per cent. This makes the showing somewhat the more favor- able to the larger fowls. In practice the cost of keeping through the few last months, including the molting season, would be saved and the final poultry value of the hens probably greater, for they would be sold earlier in the season. SUMMARY. 1. Two lots of laying hens, of large and small breeds respectively, having their grain food only dry and whole, ate more food at greater cost per fowl and for the live weight than did two similar lots having about 37 per cent. of their grain ground and moistened. 2. A pen of Leghorns, which had for the year 37 per cent. of ther food ground and moistened grain, produced eggs at a greater profit than did an exactly similar pen fed whole grain. 3. Of two like pens of Cochins, the one fed whole grain produced eggs at much less cost than did the pens having ground grain, which result is attributed partly to the exercise assured in feeding whole grain. 4, With the kinds of whole grain ordinarily available it is not possible to feed a largely grain ration having as narrow a nutritive ratio, that is— containing as large a proportion of the nitrogeneous food constituents, as is perhaps necessary for best results from lay- ing hens. 5. By using some of the highly nitrogenous by-products with ground grain it is possible to feed a somewhat narrow ration with- ont feeding an excessive amount of meat. &. With hens fed similar rations, when the hens of smaller breeds ive only the same egg yield as the hens of larger breeds, the eggs are more cheaply produced by the smaller hens; but taking into consideration the cost of raising and the ultimate poultry value of the hens, the profits will be equal or more favorable for the larger hens. Re POR Or THE MYCOLUGIS Eb. C, STEWART Ms: a, ) ; ce pa Ms pie i Pe Ros ty St jel ammrrne eik ThS Ts Kt i eh an be Bh Hien nied i ren nm OG (Remar pe Li Bhi Main Eins ay Ki Phin | b " pe PN eyes) aa oie, fee, oe all a eg Pah ie ova i Pee ile ia hog wind Lad ena he +e f ‘ana eM otal hey ON wide ‘alien’ PRO spi hee.” x) ie ia ok ih Sala Poole eA yen Aa ae 1 Veoh igh Mies: hte! saases sii iu ive byeshyzte ue Hagen vata ip a | ae Mh, BRAGS oo. LEY Okt eh SR eR a ae ooh ie Yue es Rist aH Pea CE Rol? hss ‘iy Malioon abo thy dni: ay aR is | | fe pee: ut Fi ar alt re wi . 7 a Bg . Ake a ir '\ ey LSA, aaist uy 5 ‘py ) 600 apie iam fl i | rm at +) M i asl c} A ‘ NS ea ee “ a le sill apiaty iw wil} its a : th ae Fie At ch q 0 Vhs vey Whar 7) AP's eity 5 GENEL “otal meray at 3 ioe s Dy SY ~ * ty ; I Pate Typ th a Geel. re ; meray a Ay PP ed 4 M4 mi ) he % fea ‘ se got iq atin rv as ba) r rat ay rf { - , 4 Be i oY a ne A. Ut. aalsr !) ‘J Tae ee te “ 2 ms ras ie ie Pas, ree x Tah 4 atti heh fine, * ri ier eit ie de Pe 7 Ki m « cr inets fea ie Roo a & ae ; Detar). ec a) ony oN Pras. ee ORR Bath Keon ee ane yet ee i MMAR Lec) il) fy Hite Ae at as mbar (ys ase CN Va a i oh ae oa ne TH ee ‘ghey Mee sit Heet, |) ea) OS ee. ie Rs CFE r HAbeae riba ‘ih Be te eth ge a oon i ea Memes drys! > , ween e papas’ 4 s waivd tute: eee chi i ee ik . Pret t} \ i Wy i se ¥ i heat th o 4 Me vitae a estas) Mowe Tha: Cath Rat a al t, salve eur on ul TACOS hehe BG " ye ay) \ ney i ees i Ws) ep i, eet A EL aD hai bee a ii i. a an i, : : BET Ns, $i" wu ee an y Neate » | my eceeiel hay, hia a : e1\, : As Lae +} uh, als i a ‘ uv he ath .! Shae i tinaeay ‘WE Sy BBG cn oul cian Scena EAT, ee Tih MAN VAC vie © Ol ud a nen ee ae ; ; REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST. By F. C. STEWART, M. S. During the past year the mycologist has been occupied chiefly with the study of carnation rust and methods of combating it. A preliminary report upon these investigations will be published in bulletin form in the near future. A bulletin on potato diseases is also nearly finished. Considerable time has been devoted to collecting and mounting plants ; both flowering plants and fungi. It is the desire of the mycologist to build up the herbarium as rapidly as possible, particu- larly in the group of parasitic fungi, Addresses were delivered before Farmers’ Institutes at the follow- ing places in south-eastern New York: Southampton, Southold, Mattituck, Huntington, Mineola, Riverhead, Farmingdale, Jamaica, Suffern, Mt, Kisco, Brewster, Newburg, Unionville, Washington- ville, New Paltz and Walden. The correspondence of the mycologist has not been as large as it should have been, It is earnestly requested that farmers report to the Station any new plant disease or any unusual outbreak of the common plant diseases which may come under their observation, All queries will receive prompt and careful attention. The following subjects are discussed in this report: I, Two Destructive Lily Diseases; If. Prevention of Cabbage Club-Root ; IIL. Spraying Tomatoes ; IV. A Disease of Norway Maples ; VY. Witches’ Brooms on Cherry Trees ; VI. Observations on Hxobasidium Peckii and Ramularia cylindriopsis ; VII. Inoculation Experiments with Gymnosporangium ma- cropus ; VIII. “ Belted” Apples and Pears ; IX. A New Leaf-Spot Disease of Apples. 520 ie REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE || | <1 I. TWO DESTRUCTIVE LILY DISEASES. Soon after my arrival upon Long Island in December, 1894, Mr. C. H. Allen, President of the New York Florists’ Club, directed my attention to a lily disease which was causing serious trouble to lily growers in the vicinity of New York City. The Easter lily, a variety of Liliwm longifiorum, Thunb., known to florists as Liliwm Harrisvi, suffered most, but L. longiflorum also was slightly affected. Visits to various growers showed that the trouble was a general one. Florists say that it has been known for several years, and that it has been gradually growing worse until at the present time it threatens the complete destruction of the Easter lily industry unless a remedy can be found. In the green-houses of Mr. James Dean, a large grower at Bay Ridge, N. Y., about forty per cent. of the plants were ruined and probably not more than five per cent. were wholly free from it. That it is also prevalent in Bermuda is shown by the reports coming from there, and by eut flowers sent to the New York market. However, it is likely that in Bermuda the disease is confused with another common one known as the “ Ber- muda lily disease,” or “ Ward’s lily disease,’ which is discussed in another part of this article. The disease under consideration is characterized as follows: Very soon after the leaves start, they show blotches and streaks of light yellow. As the plant develops, the yellow blotches are gradually replaced by numerous small, irregular, dead spots, giving the leat the appearance of having been gnawed by small insects. The flowers are spotted in the same manner. The whole plant presents a sickly, yellowish, rusty appearance, making it unsalable. In many cases the plants never flower; in others the flowers are distorted. The disease progresses very slowly. The bulb appears to be normal, but the tips of the feeding roots are found to be dead. If a healthy plant is knocked out of its pot, the ball of dirt appears white all over the outside with growing rootlets. A diseased plant similarily treated shows very few white rootlets. The cause is obscure. A microscopic study of the leaf spots shows that they are not insect injuries. The cuticle of the leaf is unbroken, and, moreover, no insect is constantly associated with the disease. However, it is likely that Aphids are in some cases the cause*of the distorted flowers. At the beginning I strongly sus- pected that the tronble was due to bacteria. All of the symptoms New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 521 point to bacteria in the tissues; but the microscope reveals neither fungus mycelium nor bacteria in the stem or in the diseased spots on the leaves. To determine this, a large number of cultures were made of the aerial parts of diseased plants. Lily agar was used as a culture medium. Cultures made from leaves and buds developed various fungi and bacteria, but no one species appeared constantly. Cultures made from the interior of stems of diseased plants either developed nothing or only occasional colonies of fungi and bacteria admitted by accident. From all this, it appears that the cause is not to be found above ground. In an examination of the bulb, the first objects to attract the observer’s attention are certain circular, depressed spots of brown color. These contain the mycelium of some fungus which was not determined. They are not constantly associated with the disease and probably have no connection with it. Cultures made from the dead root tips developed numerous colonies of two species of bacteria: /7rst, A very large, motile, spore- producing acillus. A single plant inoculated with this germ showed no disease, and it was afterward ascertained that the Bacillus is a common one in green-houses, on the roots of carnations, callas, dracaenas and other plants, even where no lilies are grown ; Second, A small, motile Bacillus. A quantity of this germ was grown in sterilized lily juice and an inoculation experiment made. In Mr. Dean’s green-house four healthy plants were selected. On April 26 three of these plants were removed from their pots, and their white young roots sprayed thoroughly with the lily juice containing the Bacillus. The plants were then returned to the pots and a quantity of the lily juice poured around the base of each plant. The fourth plant was kept asa check. .As late as June 5 none of the plants showed any trace of the disease. Here the investigation was dis- continued for the time being. Dr. Halsted has reported a lily disease (probably the same) which he thinks is due, primarily, to a leaf-attacking fungus belonging to the genus Phyllosticta. He also found a species of Vermicularia and mites, which he thinks may in some cases account for the loss of vigor. I, too, found on the bulbs Vermicularia and mites, but by no means constantly and seldom in sufficient numbers to account for the damage. Some florists maintain? that the disease is due to a loss of vigor 1 New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 1891, p. 872. ‘ 2 See discussion in Florists’ Exchange for 1895. 522 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE resulting from the practice in Bermuda of cutting flowers from bulbs which are afterwards sent North to be used for winter forcing. There is no experimental evidence either for or against this theory, but it seems highly improbable that the cutting of the flowers has any important bearing on the disease. Nor is it likely that the dis- ease is due to faulty cultural methods either here or in Bermuda. The history of the disease is opposed to such a view. When the cause is accurately determined it will probably be found to be some living organism in the soil which prevents the roots from perform- ing their proper functions. Upon this hypothesis are based the fol- lowing suggestions for treatment: First. For potting use soil which has never been used for growing lilies or other bulbous plants. Second. Previous to potting soak the bulbs one and one-half hours in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, prepared by dissolving one and one-half ounces of corrosive sublimate in ten gallons of water. This is the treatment recommended by Prof. Bolley for potato.scab. It does not appear to injure the plants. A second destructive lily disease is the one widely known as the “Bermuda lily disease.” This disease attacks several varieties of lilies grown in the open air, particularly Lediwm candidum. In all parts of the world where Z. candidum is grown, the ‘ Bermuda lily disease’ is the most serious drawback to its cultivation. It manifests itself as circular or elliptical orange-brown spots on the leaves, stem, pedicels and buds. In severe attacks the leaves are killed, many of the buds rot and the flowers which open are padly disfigured. Our knowledge of this disease rests principally upon the investi- gations of Prof. H. Marshall Ward*® in England on Lilium candi- dum and those of Mr. A. L. Kean * in Bermuda on Lilium Harris. These investigators proved beyond all doubt that the disease is caused by a parasitic fungus, Botrytis sp. To this same genius belong the gray moulds so common on a great many plants, particu- sarly green-house plants. The fungus consists of vegetative threads (mycelium) which run in all directions through the tissues of the plant, and of branched spore-stalks (conidiophores) which rise above the surface of the leaf and produce at their tips clusters of oval spores. When mature 3 A lily disease, Annals of Botany, Vol. IT, No. VII, Nov. 1888, p. 319. The lily disease in Bermuda, Botanical Gazette, Vol. XV, No. I, January, 1890, p. 8. ee New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 523 these spores may fall upon some part of a lily plant and there germi- nate, producing a slender, colorless germ-tube. The tip of the germ-tube excretes a soluble ferment which dissolves cellulose and thus the fungus easily gains access to the interior of the plant where it feeds upon the tissues. In the course of its development, the mycelium in places becomes twisted into hard, dark, seed-like bodies called sclerotia (sing. sclerotium). It is probable, but not demonstrated, that in the fol- lowing spring the sclerotia produce, as in certain other species of Botrytis, trumpet-shaped bodies bearing on their expanded tips a second kind of spores in sacks. It is supposed that the fungus passes the winter in the sclerotium condition. Although the fungous nature of the disease has been known since 1888 there has been scarcely any experimentation with remedies. Mr. Kean noticed that lilies growing under oleander bushes suf- fered less from the disease and hence he suggested as a possible remedy, that some other plant with high and spreading foliage be planted with the lilies in alternate rows in order to prevent dew from collecting on the lilies. An abundance of moisture is required for the germination of the Gotrytis spores. I understand that some lily growers in Bermuda spray with Bordeaux mixture but I think that there are no recorded experiments with this fungicide. The following experiments were made at Floral Park, N. Y., on the premises of Mr. C. H. Allen. Three species, Zdiwm can- didum, L., L. Batemanii and L. speciosum, Thunb., were treated with Bordeaux mixture made according to the formula : Sul PH ALOKOMCOND Clea etaere spe oer. a eo t= Maso Suicie bc ocimec em oceisee ee aes 6 pounds. Te OHIO C heed cease He ats Se Oe ier em Re hers eg Ba EE 4 .s [Vwalleujee aster crease ee see See on Re istan ces Scie s ons eleciciecew ae temas aes 45 gallons. 1. A bed of Lilium candidum lilies sixty feet long and four feet wide was divided into two equal parts. One part was untreated ; the other was sprayed three times — June 7, June 24 and July 6. At the time of the first spraying the disease was already far advanced. Half way up the stems the leaves were nearly all dead and the remainder badly spotted. At the time of the third spray- ing there was scarcely a living leaf to be found on the untreated part while on the sprayed part there were still a good many green . 524 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE leaves. The disease was slightly checked, About July 20 the bulbs were dug and appeared entirely normal but it is likely that. they were deficient in starch. 2, Two other beds of Liliwm candidum of about the same size as. the first were sprayed twice — June 24 and July 6. A small adjacent. bed, equally diseased, was left as a check. The disease was well advanced before spraying was commenced. The sprayed beds showed green leaves considerably longer than the check. 3. Two equal beds of Liliwm Batemanii were selected, Every plant showed the disease on nearly every leaf. One bed was un- treated; the other was sprayed three times —July 6, July 19 and August 2, On August 2 there were 45 live plants on the sprayed bed against five live plants on the unsprayed bed, 4, Three beds of Lilium speciosum, in fairly good health, were selected. The leaves showed diseased spots here and there. One- half of each bed was sprayed four times, July 19, August 2, August 15 and August 27. By September 20 the disease had made no advance on two of. the beds since July 19. On the third bed the untreated portion was badly diseased, while on the sprayed portion the disease had made no advance. In none of these experiments did spraying do the plants any practical benefit, but in all cases sprayed plants held their foilage a little longer than unsprayed, indicating that the disease was checked. Had treatment been commenced before the disease had become established, the difference between treated and untreated plants would undoubtedly have been much greater. It is a general truth that preventive treatment is more successful than curative treatment. Moreover, the weather from June 27 to August 2 was very wet and cloudy, furnishing ideal conditions for the development of the fungus, while at the same time the Bordeaux mixture was badly washed off. From the results of the above experiments it seems likely that the following treatment will prove effectual in preventing the Ber- muda lily disease : Commencing with the appearance of the leaves, spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of ten days or two weeks, until the flowers begin to open. With the opening of the flowers spraying must be discontinued as it will spot them. 7] a | New YORK AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION. 525 - * ” oe ret 54 y = - ——— oe II. PREVENTION OF CABBAGE CLUB-ROOT. The disease of cabbage, cauliflower, etc., known as club-root, is too well known to need any description. In all parts of the world where cabbage is grown this disease is troublesome, and probably it is nowhere worse than in the market-garden region of southeastern New York. In different countries it passes under different names. Club-root, club-foot and clump-foot are some of the names used in America. So far as known, it attacks only plants which belong to the mustard family, Cruciferae. The cabbage and its varieties (cauli- flower, kale, Brussels sprouts and kohl-rabi) and the turnip (Brassica rapa) suffer most. In Russia the candytuft (7beris wmbellata) and stock (Matthiola incana) are attacked. Dr. Halsted has recently shown that the disease sometimes occurs on the radish (eaphanus sativus) and the two common weeds, shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris) and hedge mustard (Stsymbrium vulgare). Further investigations will probably show that it infests other cruciferous plants. While everyone is familiar with the appearance of club-root there “may be some who do not know its cause. Formerly various theories were set forth to account for it. Some claimed that it was due to insects, and there are farmers at the present time who believe in the insect theory. The true nature of the disease was discovered about twenty years ago by a botanist named Woronin. He proved con- clusively that the disease is due to a microscopic organism of simple organization, which lives within the cells of the cabbage root. This minute parasite feeds upon the starch in the root, and by irritating the tissues produces the characteristic distortions. Woronin named it Plasmodiophora Brassicae.’ It belongs toa group of organisms called Myxomycetes or slime moulds, very few of which are para- sites. Most of the species inhabit decaying wood. As for remedies, it is obvious that no spray or powder or other treatment applied to the leaves can do any good whatever. The seat of the difficulty is below ground, and no fungicide applied to the parts above ground can reach the disease. Of the various sub- stances applied to the soil, lime has given the best results, and we may consider it established that lime is a preventive of this trouble- 1 For figures and description see Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, pp. 79-88. Also, New Jersey Agr’! Exp. Sta. Report for 1893, pp. 332-345. 526 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE some disease. A recent experiment? made at the New Jersey Ex- periment Station shows that kainit, wood-ashes and gas-lime are worthless as preventives of club-root in both turnips and cabbages. Moreover, kainit and gas-lime wrought injury to the turnip plants. Gas-lime injured cabbages also, but kainit stimulated the growth of cabbages. Half-strength Bordeaux mixture and half-strength ammo- niacal copper carbonate solution applied to the soil at the rate of 4,320 gallons per acre of turnips did not prevent club-root nor harm the plants; but one-half this amount, viz., 2,160 gallons per acre, did serious injury to cabbage and did not prevent club-root. Corrosive sublimate solution (one part corrosive sublimate to two thousand parts water), applied at the rate of 4,820 gallons per acre, lessened the amount of club-root in turnips and did not harm the plants, but one-half the quantity of the same solution applied to cabbages seriously injured the plants and is therefore not to be recommended, although it reduced the amount of club-root. (It appears that the cabbage is amore delicate plant than the turnip.) Air-slacked stone-lime gave good results with both turnips and cabbages. Seventy-five bushels per acre is recommended. One hundred and fifty bushels shghtly injured both turnips and cabbages. A large grower of cabbage at Bayside, N. Y., Mr. R. E. Forbell, has for several years successfully used shell lime as a preventive of eabbage club-root. This shell lime is made by burning the shells of clams and oysters, and can be bought at the kiln for about seven cents per bushel. ; While the extended experience of Mr. Forbell had convinced him of the efficacy of shell lime, the writer thought to place the matter beyond doubt by making an experiment. Accordingly the following experiment was planned by the writer and carried out by Mr. Forbell. 2Mew Jersey Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 108, pp. 6-8. Same in New Jersey Exp. Sta. Report for 1894, pp. 278-289. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPBPRIMENT STATION. 527 11% acres. 90 bu. shell-lime poe}Ber1gun ‘syuud oLp per acre. —aseqqvo SMOL fF ‘stivoqg SMor ¢ ‘svod MOI T PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. The field selected for the experiment had never before been limed. In 1892 it was planted to cabbage; in 1893, to potatoes, followed by Siberian kale or “sprouts,” which “clubbed” badly, and being very cheap the whole crop was plowed under in the spring of 1894; in 1894 the field was planted to sweet corn. In March, 1895, Plot A was treated with shell-lime at the rate of 75 bushels per acre, applied broadcast and the ground plowed. About April 15, the ground was plowed a second time and marked. On April 29, about fifteen bushels more lime per acre were scattered in the row and the plants set. Plot C was used as a cheek and left untreated. In order to make sure that during cultivation none of the lime from Plot A should be carried over to Plot C, a space of four rows was left between the two plots. Plot C was planted about May 3, with 472 plants from the same seed-bed as the plants used in Plot A. The variety was Flat Dutch. As the season advanced the plants on Plot A grew vigorously and produced an excellent crop. The plants on Plot C showed the characteristic “flagging” of the leaves due to club-root and many of them died without heading. When harvested in July only 60 marketable heads could be found. An examination of the roots of the plants on the two plots showed that about 90 per cent. of the plants on each plot had “clubbed,” but with this difference, how- ever: On Plot A the enlargements were found principally on the 528 REPORT OF THE. MYCOLOGIST OF THE small roots, seldom on the main root; while on Plot C the main root was generally affected. From a practical standpoint the experiment may be summed up as follows: On soil treated with 90 bushels of shell-lime per acre an excellent crop of cabbage was grown while on soil not limed, 472 plants produced only 60 marketable heads. It is probably best to apply the lime two or three months before planting, and where lime is applied two or more years in succession it is likely that a smaller quantity will be required with still greater success in preventing club-root. While experiments show that by the application of lime cabbages can be grown year after year on the same ground without serious injury from club-root, the practice is not to be recommended. By a proper system of crop rotation the same end may be attained without the expense of applying lime. The system of rotation should be such that neither cabbage nor other cruciferous crops are grown on the same ground oftener than once in three years. As far as possible all cabbage refuse should be destroyed. Upon the decay of the infested cabbage plant there are set free myriads of spores which are capable of living in the soil until the following spring when they will germinate and attack the next crop of cab- bage plants. If cabbage refuse is fed to animals the spores of the disease will be carried back to the field in the manure if it is not thoroughly rotted. There is a popular belief that hog manure causes club-root. Such is not possible, except in cases where the hogs have been fed on the refuse of infested plants. In this connection I wish to record an observation which indi- cates that even the leaves of cabbage may contain the disease in considerable quantity. In July, 1894, Mr. Forbell planted a certain field of late cabbage. The following winter the trimmings (con- sisting of leaves only) of these cabbages were spread over the field on which they grew. In the spring of 1895, the field was planted to potatoes, and these were followed by Siberian kale or “sprouts.” When examined in November 1895, the kale was so badly “clubbed” that it was nearly worthless. Mr. Forbell thinks that the cabbage leaves are responsible for the severity of the disease. He assures me that he has practiced this rotation (cabbage, potatoes, kale — applying lime before the cabbage) for several years and has never had the kale badly “ clubbed”’ except in this case where cab- bage leaves were spread over the ground. The idea that the a New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 529 Plasmodiophora infest the leaves as well as the roots is not a new one. Woronin demonstrated it long ago. Our own observations show its bearing upon practical agriculture. The hot-bed where the seedling plants are grown should receive careful attention. In preparing it, no soil should be used which has ever grown any of the plants subject to club-root. A small quan- tity of air-slacked lime should be mixed with the soil as an addi- tional precaution. At time of setting, all plants which show the least sign of the disease should be discarded. When once the disease has gained entrance into the tissues there is no remedy for it. Ill. SPRAYING TOMATOES. There are several fungous diseases of field tomatoes. On the whole, most damage is perhaps done by “black rot,’’ which attacks the fruit; but during the past season on Long Island this disease has given less trouble than another one caused by a species of Cylindrosporium. Dr. Halsted! reports a Cylindrosporium disease of tomatoes as being abundant in New Jersey in 1894. On Long Island it has been very common and caused great loss. Both early and late tomatoes were attacked. Shortly after the fruit began to ripen the leaves turned brown and dried up, as if the plants were suffering from lack of water, which could not have been, as there was an abundance of rain. It was a frequent sight to see whole fields of tomato plants with the foliage nearly all dead while still loaded with immature fruit, which would finally take on color, but was necessarily of very inferior quality. An examination of the diseased leaves showed that very little of the ordinary leaf-blight fungus, Macrosporium Solani, E. & M., was present. Occasion- ally the cinnamon-brown leaf-mould fungus, Cladosporium fulvum, Cke., was found, but the majority of the damage was due to a species of Cylindrosporium. This appears to be a new disease economically. The “black rot” of the fruit, caused chiefly by Macrosporium Tomato, Cke., is a destructive disease, but not as common as usual on Long Island the past season. Early tomatoes do not suffer to any considerable extent. With late tomatoes it is observed that the first fruits to ripen are most subject; also, varie- ties differ greatly in their susceptibility to the disease. Those 1 New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Sta. Report for 1894, p. 361. 34 530 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE varieties which have a tender skin and show a tendency to crack near the blossom end are more likely to be attacked by “ black rot” and also by a white mould, Fusariwm. Spraying tomatoes has not been practiced to any considerable extent, although it is likely that it can be done with profit. Howell? in South Carolina and Rolfs? in Florida report excellent results from the use of Bordeaux mixture against “black rot.” Howell sprayed three times with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of two weeks, beginning when the first fruits were three fourths of an inch in diameter. On the sprayed plants only 4 per cent. of the fruit rotted, while unsprayed plants produced 60 per cent. of rotten fruit. Rolfs recommends that the first treatment be made when the flower buds begin to form. It is not worth while to record in detail our own experiments because “ black rot” was almost wholly absent from the field where most of the experiments were conducted, The previous year tomatoes on this field suffered severely from “ black rot” but curi- ously enough the same variety on the same ground the past season showed only a trace of the disease. These were medium late tomatoes, Very late tomatoes of the variety Stone in another field showed considerable rot, It appears that “ black rot” thrives best in dry weather, July and August 1894 were dry and “black rot” was abundant, In 1895, July and August were wet, July very wet, and no “black rot” was to be found on the same field. September and October 1895 were dry and the late tomatoes ripening during these months rotted considerably, Dr, Halsted’s observation‘ that, “the more completely the fruit of a plant was sheltered by the foliage the smaller was the percentage of rot,” points in the same direction. This is an exception to the general rule that moisture favors the development of fungi. The very late tomatoes, sprayed three times, August 2, 15 and 27, had first fruits two-thirds grown at the latter date. They suffered much less from rot than did the unsprayed, In all cases spraying was discontinued when the fruit began to ripen. Up to this time sprayed plants were much better in foliage than unsprayed, but later the Cylindrosporium killed both sprayed and unsprayed. It is evident that the Cylindrosporium disease can not be controlled 2 U.S. Dep’t of Agr., Sec. of Veg. Pathology, Bull. No. 11, 1890, pp. 61-65. 3 Florida Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 21, 1893. 4 New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 108, p, 19. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Bod with Bordeaux mixture unless spraying is continued after the fruit begins to ripen. It is interesting to note that sprayed plants seemed to be very distasteful to the hordes of Colorado potato beetles which attacked tomatoes late in the season. The same thing was observed where potato plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux is of more value as a check to insects than is generally supposed, Between the first appearance of blossoms and the ripening of the first fruits, tomato plants grow very rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary during this period to spray oftener than is recommended for most plants. They should be sprayed at least once in ten days in order to keep the foliage well protected. There is is no danger whatever in eating tomatoes which have been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, but consumers prefer to buy clean fruit and run no risk. Hence, tomatoes grown for the market should not be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture after they begin to ripen. Of course, if necessary, the spots can be removed with a cloth moistened with water containing a small amount of vinegar or acetic acid. Should it become necessary to spray for the Cylin- drosporium disease while the fruit is ripening some fungicide which does not spot the fruit must be used. Perhaps ammoniacal copper - carbonate solution can be used. To state the whole matter briefly : 1. “ Black rot” of tomatoes is caused chiefly by the fungus, Macrosporium Tomato. 2. It can probably be controlled with Bordeaux mixture. 3. Beginning when the blossoms appear spray at intervals of ten days until the fruit begins to ripen. 4, “ Black rot” is most severe in dry weather. 5. A new disease caused by Cylindrosporium sp. has been destructive to tomato foliage the past season. 6. If necessary to spray for Cylindrosporium after the fruit is ripe, try ammoniacal copper carbonate solution. 7. Bordeaux mixture is very distasteful to Colorado potato beetles. IV. A DISEASE OF NORWAY MAPLES. In July of the past season my attention was called to a disease which was injuring Norway maples (Acer — platanoides, L.) at the nursery of Isaac Hicks and Son, Westbury, N. Y, In a lot of 532 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE several thousand young trees, from four to six feet in height, scarcely a tree could be found but what was more or less diseased. Early in July the young leaves on the terminal twigs take on a yellowish- green color and then blacken and die at the tips asif slightly frosted. Some of the very youngest leaves may be entirely dead. From this time on to the end of the growing season the majority of the young shoots are killed as fast as they appear. Upon the death of the terminal shoot, the two lateral buds (the leaves are opposite) develop into shoots each of which after growing a short distance is in its turn killed part way back and develops two lateral shoots. By the repetition of this process there is formed a compact, much-branched “head” which must be pruned away before growth commences the following season. The cause of the trouble is a fungus, Gleosporium apocryptum, ' E, & E., the numerous spores of which appear on the dead shoots and on the under surface of the leaves, as a cinnamon-brown powder : Another member of the same genus, Gleosporium nervisequum,* (I'ckl.) Sace., causes a similar fasciation of the twigs of large syeamore trees — a disease exceedingly common in south-eastern New York. The maple Gleosporiwm is confined entirely to young trees, and is, therefore, troublesome chiefly in nurseries. Rapid growing trees appear to be more subject to it than trees making slow growth. There is good reason for believing that the disease can be pre- vented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture or some of the other compounds of copper; but at least three applications would probably be necessary and Mr, Hicks is of the opinion that it is less expensive to prune away the diseased heads than to spray three times. Vv. WITCHES’ BROOMS ON CHERRY TREES.! In Europe the cultivated cherries, Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus, are attacked by a disease which the Germans call Hexenbesen (witches’ brooms). The fungus which causes it is closely related to the leaf-curl fungus of the peach. Formerly it was considered to be identical with the disease on the peach, but Prof. Sadebeck, in a - recent monograph,? makes it a distinct species, giving it the name 1 Identified by Mr. J. B. Ellis. Described in Journ. of Mycology, Vol. IV, p. 52, 2 Described and figured in U. S. Dept. of Agr. Report for 1888, p. 3&7. 1 This article appeared in ‘‘Garden and Forest”’ for July 3, 1895. 2 Die parasitischen Exoasceen. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 533 Exoascus Cerasi. Although the English cherry, P. Aviwm, is commonly cultivated in the eastern United States, and has been thoroughly naturalized, the disease was not observed upon it here until Mr. Thomas Meehan reported it from Germantown, Pennsyl- vania, in 1886. The specimens which he collected were distributed in “North American Fungi,” No. 2286, under the name Hzoascus Wiesnert. So far as I can Jearn it has been found upon the culti- vated cherry in no other locality in America until I found it this spring on Long Island, in five different places, namely ; Queens, Westbury, Floral Park, Cutchogue and Flatbush. It appears to be widespread on Long Island. The disease manifests itself by causing the leaves to become red- dish and wrinkled before they attain full size. By May 23 the under surfaces of the leaves are covered by a white, mealy layer which is composed of the spore sacs (asci) of the fungus. Dr. Rob- inson says® that the asci occur on both surfaces, but Prof. Atkinson found them only on the under surface in the Germantown speci- mens. I have examined a large quantity of the Long Island material, and in no case have I found asci on the upper surface. After the white layer makes its appearance the leaves dry up and fall off in a few days. Later, new leaves come out. The affected branches produce no flowers. Where flower-buds should be found twigs appear instead, and the repetition of this process brings about the “broom.” Probably the scarcity of the.disease in America is due to our cli- mate being unfavorable to it. Mr. Meehan states that it does not seem to spread. This is strange, because, according to Mrs. F. W. Patterson, the same fungus occurs in America on Prunus serotina, P. Americana, P. Virginiana, P. demissa, P. hortulana and P. Pennsylvanica. The form on P. serotina is common, and why should it not thrive on P. Aviwm ? In case the disease should show a tendency to become trouble- some, it could probably be controlled by eutting out and destroying the “ brooms” before the spores come to maturity. This can easily be done, the diseased twigs being indicated by the red color at least a week before the spores mature. It should be remembered that the fungus is perennial in the twigs, hence the disease may be transmitted by grafts. 3 Notes on the genus Taphrina, Ann. Bot. I, p. 169, 4 A Study of North American Parasitic Exoasceae. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State University of Iowa, Vol. IL, No. 3, p. 121. 534 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE VI. OBSERVATIONS ON EXOBASIDIUM PECKT, HAIS., | AND RAMULARIA CYLINDRIOPSIS, PK., IN HERB. Exobasdium is a genus of parasitic fungi which for the most part attack plants belonging to the Heath Family, “ricaceae, pro- ducing conspicuous enlargements of the branches, leaves or in- florescence. The only species of economic importance is Hzobasi- dium Vaccini which deforms eranberry plants. This species occurs on several other plants of the same family. A few cranber- ries are grown in the vicinity of Riverhead and Baiting Hollow, Long Island, N. Y., where I have sought for #. Vaccinii the past season but failed to find it. June 15, 1895, while collecting on Hempstead Plains near West- bury Station, N. Y., 1 observed that Andromeda Mariana, the “ stagger-bush ” or “ ealf-kill,’ which is very abundant in this region, was severely attacked by a fungus which distorted the leaves and inflorescence. On the leaves it produced circular, discolored areas which were convex above and concave beneath. The spots were frequently as much as three-fourths of an inch in diameter, yellowish-brown above and powdery-white beneath. The flowers, which in the normal condition are bell-shaped and nodding, were pertectly upright and showed a decided tendency to split into. divisions like a polypetalons flower. The flowers were also much enlarged. I collected a quantity of the fungus and sent some to Prof. Peck who identified it as Hxobasidium Peckiw, Hals., first reported! in 1893 from New Jersey by Dr. Halsted. The chief inter- est which attaches to these observations is the discovery that the fungus attacks the leaves as well as the inflorescence. Dr. Hal- sted says:” ‘This species is remarkable in being confined almost entirely to the inflorescence.” From my observations it appears to be as abundant on the leaves as on the inflorescence. On June 29 while collecting more of the Hvobasidium Peckia, I noticed another fungus on Andromeda Mariana. It resembled the Exobasidium in giving the under surface of the leaf a white, pow- dery appearance, but differed from it in not producing any distortion of the leaf. It generally appeared at the base of a leaf, gradually 1. New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Station Report for 1893, p. 484. Also, Proc. Am. Asso. Adv. of Science, 1893. Qe.ge: New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 535 spreading toward the tip, and frequently, young lateral shoots would be completely killed by it. Under the microscope it proved to be quite different from the Hxobasidium. Prof. Peck, to whom it was referred, pronounced it a new species of amularia and named it Leamularia cylindriopsis. Vil. *INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH GYMNO- SPORANGIUM MACROPUS, LK. The family of true rusts, Uredinew, is very interesting to the mycologist and important to the agriculturist. It contains about twenty-seven genera and a multitude of species all of which are strict parasites living within the tissues of their hosts. Several of the species produce destructive diseases in cultivated plants; as ex- amples, note the rust of wheat, oats and other grasses (Puccinia graminis, Pers.) , blackberry rust (Caeoma luminatum, Schw.), and carnation rust (Uromyces caryophyllinus, (Schrank) Scheeter). Thus far, all attempts to cultivate the rusts upon artificial media have failed. Consequently, the life histories of. some species are imperfectly known. The determination of the life histories of some species is made yet more difficult because of the fact that they do not complete their development upon a single species of host-plant, but inhabit different species at different stages in their development. The life history of the common wheat rust, Puccinia gramiis, so frequently used to illustrate this peculiarity of rusts, is so familiar to readers of botanical literature that it is unnecessary to repeat it here. It is sufficient to state that wheat rust has three stages, two of which are found upon the wheat or some other grass plant and the third upon the common barberry ( Berberis). The species of Gymnosporangium belong to this class of pleomor- phic rusts. There are two forms, representing two stages in the development of the fungus. Until about ten years ago these two forms were supposed to be distinct species and were given separate names. The Gymnosporangium form (considered to be the higher form) inhabits, exclusively, species of the Cupressineac, a group of the family of cone-bearing trees, Coniferae. The other form has received the name /toestelia. It is found on the apple and allied plants belonging to the tribe Pomeae of the family 7osaceae. *By F.C. Stewart and G. W. Carver. Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des Moines, fowa, January 2, 1896. 536 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE In the United States there are nine species of Gymnosporan- gium. Chiefly through the investigations of Drs. Farlow and Thaxter all of them have been connected with their corresponding species of L?vestelia. Gymnosporangium macropus, Lk., the particular species under consideration, is confined exclusively to the red cedar, Juniperus Virginiana, L. - Its Roestelia form is known as Leoestelia pirata, Thax., and is found on cultivated apple (Pzrus malus, L.), wild crab (Pirus coronaria, L.) and Juneberry (Amelanchier). The Gymnosporangium may be found in the autumn upon the twigs of red cedar where it appears in the form of small brown balls about the size of peas. In May of the following spring these balls en- large and during rainy weather put out several orange-colored, gelatinous horns. At this time the balls are very conspicuous objects and are universally known as “cedar apples.” The gelatinous horns contain numerous two-celled spores on long pedicels. The spores germinate 77 s¢tu, each one producing several minute second- ary spores which are readily carried by the wind, When these secondary spores chance to-fall upon the leaves of apple or other suitable plant, they germinate and enter the tissues. In about three weeks, small yellow spots appear on the upper surface of the apple leaf. This is the oestelia, and when it is mature the spots will be one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter, yellow above and with tooth-like projections beneath. Within the projections are formed round one-celled spores (aecidiospores) which may be carried to a cedar where they will germinate and repeat the life cycle. The connection of Gymnosporangium macropus with Loestelia pirata has been established beyond question by Dr. Thaxter.t The inoculation experiments here reported were not undertaken for the purpose of obtaining further information concerning the relation- ship existing between the two forms of the fungus, but rather to ascertain why the cultivated apple in central Iowa should be free from Roestelia. Although the field has been thoroughly canvassed nearly every season during the past twenty-five years, no species of Roestelia has ever been taken on any variety of cultivated apple in the vicinity of Ames, Iowa.1* More than this, repeated efforts to 1 On certain cultures of Gymnosporangium with notes on their Roesteliae, Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1886, p. 259. 1a Prof. Pammel writes that he has never known or heard of Roestelia on any cultivatep variety of apple in Iowa. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 537 artificially inoculate various varieties of cultivated apples with Gym- nosporangium macropus have failed. In the spring of 1886, Dr. Halsted 2 inoculated G. macropus on two varieties of cultivated apple (Rawles Janet and Talman Sweet), wild erab (Pirus coron- aria *), pear, mountain ash, Pirus semipinnata, several species of hawthorn and two forms of Juneberry on the grounds of the lowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. In no case did /2oestelia appear on the cultivated apples. He says:4 “The individual experiments numbered among the hundreds, and in every case there was a per- fect failure of the Gymnosporangium spores to grow except with the crab apple, where the inoculation was most emphatic.” Further inoculations were made the following season, 1887. He says: 5 “ During the present season cultural experiments with the native cedar have been carried out by special students. It is an easy matter to inoculate the wild crab with this, but only failures have attended tests upon other plants.” In 1893 Prof. L. H. Pammel* made some inoculation experi- ments at Ames. 4 ov 546 Report oF Myconoaist or EXPERIMENT STATION. Prof. Peck has kindly given me permission to publish his techni- eal description of the fungus. It is as follows: Phyllosticta limitata, nu. sp. Spotssmall, obricular, commonly one to three lines broad, sometimes confluent, brown or reddish-brown, occasionally becoming gray or having a grayish center, often sterile, definitely limited and surrounded by a narrow, slightly elevated brown or blackish-brown margin, perithecia epiphyllous, few, minute, punctiform, black; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, -00016 broad. Living leaves of apple tree, Pyrus malus. Westbury, Long Island. June. F. C. Stewart. The three applications of Bordeaux mixture recommended? for apple scab will probably keep the leaf-spot in check. 2. N. Y. Exp. Sta. No. 86, February, 1895, p. 70. Reker Onl OF eee OM Ol OG 1S ise Victor H. Lows, B. S., and F. A. Sieg, M. S. re ; my 6 ih i a ea ee AS Han Gx ae at; , J ") ' b i OUR aE eg ht Ta he y' “ty Te wee i nti on re Kinde s £0? ohn OD Ty ea oe MYA BR fan Se _ Me er we ar \ ' iLeAl Wa oF “A 7 Aa cy \ , F { ie. if misnctie: + DCE am ye hes » We - ' ’ i a \ a As 4 ii I ‘e { 2 % a j z i pi - of if 7 ‘ ' | . ~ ' ene NL PE REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS. EA bet FT: By Vicror H. Lowe, B. S. The following is a list of the subjects discussed in this report: I, The Oak Seale at Geneva, N. Y. II, The White-marked Tussock Moth in Western New York. III, The Cotton-wood Leaf Beetle at Liverpool, N. Y. IV. The Corn Worm, VY. The Striped Cucumber Beetle. VI. The New York Plum{Lecanium. VII. A Preliminary Report of Experiments with Remedies for the Potato Flea Beetle. In addition to the work indicated by the above outline, consider- able time has been given to answering correspondents. A station collection of insects of economic importance is under preparation — and has taken a portion of the Entomologist’s time during the summer. During the past year the Entomologist has been called upon to address farmers’ meetings at Southampton, Mattituck, Southold, Riverhead, Huntington, Mineola, Jamaica, Farmingdale, Union- ville, Washingtonville, Brewsters, Mt. Kisco, and Northville. I. The Oak Scale at Geneva, N. Y. This insect has been very abundant on oak trees at Geneva dur- ing the past season. The writer’s attention was first called to it by Mr. C. K. Scoon who had observed the scales in great numbers on a row of white oak trees on one of the streets of the village. The trees were examined May 28. The first two trees on the north end of the row were nearly leafless and apparently dying. They were badly infested with the scale from the highest branches to near the base of the trunks. The next two trees were apparently succumbing to the scale. Most of the lower limbs had not produced leaves and some of the smaller branches were dead. All of the remaining trees in the row, three or four in number, were infested with the scale but to a less extent, the last one the least of all. The lower limbs in each case gave evidence of having been infested first. The young scales were not observed moving about at this time. The accompanying illustration, Fig. 1,.which shows the scales natural size, is from a photograph of twigs taken July 3 from an oak tree at Geneva, which was infested on nearly all the branches and part of the trunk as badly as the twigs in the illustration. The tree was destitute of leaves. A few infested twigs were sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, Entomolo- gist of the United States Department of Agriculture, who replied that the scale is a common European species, Asterodiaspis quercicola. Inthe same letter Mr. Howard says: “This insect is now to be found ina number of localities in the Eastern States, and when it occurs abundantly on the trees is a serious enemy.” When requested at another time for a remedy for this insect, Mr. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist, replied in Mr. Howard’s absence that the scale may be reached by spraying the trees with kerosene emulsion at the ordinary summer strength, one part of the emulsion to 7 to 9 parts of water, if applied in the spring or ~ le = yaa ty lan — Fic. 1.—Young willows showing injury from the beetles. PLATE I. Fic. 2.—Cotton-vood Leaf-beetles (Willow-beetles) and larva; enlarged about four times. Fie. 1.— The Oak Scale, Asterodiaspis guericola, Bouché, natural size. Fic. 2.— Caterpillar of the white-marked Tussoek-moth. (From a drawing by W. P. Wheeler.) Areas “y Report or Enromoxoaists or Exprertmmentr Station. 551 early summer, while the young scales are hatching. In order to make the work thorough, more than one application will be needed in most cases, as Mr. Marlatt says that the period during which the scales may continue to hatch extends over a considerable time. In Insect Life, Vol. VII, p. 120, Mr. Marlatt states that he suc- ceeded in killing newly hatched scales of this species with kerosene emulsion reduced to one part of the emulsion to thirteen parts of water. If. The White-marked Turrock Moth, Orgyia Leuco-stigma, in Western New York. , Numerous complaints concerning the depredations of this insect in apple-orchards have recently come from fruit-growers in the western part of the State, especially from Yates and Ontario counties. One fruit-grower in this vicinity reports that 25 per cent. of his apple crop has been ruined this year by this insect. The injury is done by the caterpillars alone, which feed not only upon the foliage but upon the young apples as well. They gnaw into the sides of the apples, thus causing them to become withered and deformed. This destructive caterpillar is very striking in appearance. It is quite slender and covered with hairs of various lengths and colors. The prevailing color is bright yellow. The head and two tubercle- like projections on the back are coral-red. The four tufts of hair on the back are white. The two long plumes in front and the one at the posterior extremity are black. A broad black stripe runs the full length of the back, and on each side is a broader dark brown or black one. Along the sides, arranged in two rows, are numerous yellow tubercles, from which radiate pale yellow hairs. The adult insect isa moth. The female is wingless, light gray in color, and if examined soon after she emerges from her cocoon, will be found greatly distended with eggs. The males are provided with four dark brown wings, marked with a few dark wavy lines and a white spot on the inner angle of each anterior wing. Not being able to fly, the female clings to the outside of her cocoon, upon which she deposits her eggs, fastening them in place by a gelatinous frothy mass, which soon becomes hard and_ brittle. Usually one or two dead leaves will be found sticking to the mass. According to Mr. Saunders, a single female will deposit from 300 to 500 eggs in one of these masses. It is in this state that the insect passes the winter, the eggs lying dormant until about the middle of May or first of June, when the young caterpillars are hatched. They quickly spread to various | 4 1 a . ——— “Reportfor Entomo.oaists or ExpERIMENT STATION. 553 parts of the tree, feeding voraciously on the under sides of the leaves, and, as above noted, frequently upon the young apples as well. This brood completes its transformation about the first of August, and the second brood before the cold winter weather sets in. When the caterpillars are established in an orchard, jarring the trees is recommended. Mr. C. K. Scoon, of Geneva, N. Y., who found them abundant in his plum-orchard last year, kept them in check by frequently jarring the trees by a succession of light taps. The caterpjllars at first hang suspended by a silk thread, but the repeated jars cause them to fall to the ground; or, better yet, a eurculio cart may be placed in position in which they could be easily captured and killed. In case the curculio carts are not to be had, any large sheet spread on the ground under the tree will answer the purpose. During the winter, a very careful search should be made for the egg masses, which, as above noted, will be found attached to the empty cocoons which were formerly inhabited by the females. The egos may be destroyed by crushing. Spraying with arsenites is also recommended, although the grower referred to as losing a considerable portion of his apple crop says that he sprayed his orchard three times with Paris green, but apparently to no effect. This failure may have been due to a lack of lime in the mixture, as an excess of lime has a tendency to make the poison remain on the leaves. The spraying should be done very thoroughly, care being taken to drench the under surface of every leaf. The caterpillars are said to be more susceptible to the poison when young. According to Dr. Lintner, this insect is widely distributed in the United States, being found both north and south as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It has a large variety of food-plants, but, accord- ing to Mr. Saunders, prefers the apple. It is known to frequently occur on the plumb, and has been found upon the pear. Professor Beaeh, of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, tells me that he hasfound it upen the apricot. In some sections of the State it is very destrnctive to shade-trees, particularly the elm and maple. Fig. 2 represents a caterpillar feeding upon the under surface of an apple-leaf. An injured fruit is represented on the left. The drawing for the illustration was made by Mr. Wm. P. Wheeler of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station [Garden and Forest, August 7, 1895]. III. The Cottonwood Leaf Beetle at Liverpool, as During the latter part of May, 1894, Mr. Joseph P. Kennedy, a leading willow grower of Liverpool, N. Y., sent us a number of these beetles, stating in his accompaning letter that serious injury had been done to the willow industry in that vicinity the previous season, and as the beetles were again very numerous he feared even more serious destruction the coming summer. July 5, the writer visited Liverpool, and in company with Mr. Kennedy went through some of the infested fields. Although the beetles were not as numerous as they had been a few weeks previous, their injurious work was apparent on every hand. Appearance of the beetles—'The beetles vary in size from three to five-eighths of an inch in length and are a little more than half as broad as long. Although the markings vary, the head is usually black, the thorax has a broad margin on either side of brick red, partially interrupted about midway by an obscure black spot. The elytra (wing covers) are marked with black and gold, the black being in the form of three interrupted lines extending longitudi- nally along each elytron. The legs vary in markings, although in the average specimens examined they were brick red and black. Some of the beetles are very dark in color, the lighter markings being almost obscure. Plate 1, fig. 2, represents two of these beetles greatly enlarged. Injuries to young willows.—The willow growing industry is a very important one in the vicinity of Liverpool. About three thousand tons are produced there annually and last year the prices ranged from $16 to $40 per ton. The willows are cut the third year and made into baskets. Although the beetles were very numerous last year on old willow trees throughout the section around Syracuse, there was probably no more damage done by them than to the young willows on the willow farms about Liverpool. One willow grower in that vicinity who states that his farm usually yields $2,000 worth of willows Report OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF EXPERIMENT STATION. 55D annually, yielded this year less than $200 worth. This failure he says may be due in part to the dry weather of the previous season, but very largely to the work of the beetles. The writer saw this field and found it no worse infested than other fields in the vicinity. A few growers had given up the business and were plowing out their willows on aceount of the persistent attacks of the beetles. How the damage is done and habits of the insects.—Mr. Kennedy tells me that the beetles are first noticed at Liverpool from the twertieth of May to the first of June. The willows are then begin- ning to get a good start for the summer’s growth. The beetles feed toa certain extent upon the leaves, but they seem to prefer the young and tender growth at the tips of the willows. These are some- times eaten clear off and at others only part way. The tender leaves are also eaten. Plate 1, Fig. 1,is from a photograph of a bunch of three year old willows which have been injured by the beetles. This injury to the new growth not only delays the plant but causes the young willow to branch. For the purposes for which these willows are grown, this is just what is not wanted. The willows should be smooth and straight, otherwise they may be of little or no value. Hence, at the very beginning of the season, thousands of the willows may be made practically useless in a very short time, for the beetles work rapidly. The eggs for the first brood are laid at this time. They are placed on the under sides of the leaves in clusters of twenty-five or thirty and resemble in general appearance the common potato beetles’ eggs, excepting that they are yellow in color. The time of incubation varies with the season, although the eggs are usually hatched in two weeks. The young larve are nearly black in color. They feed close together at first on the under sides of the leaves devouring the cuticle and soft parts leaving only the upper cuticle and framework. As they grow larger they separate eating ragged holes or consuming the entire leaf with the exception of the larger ribs. If irritated the larvze emit a milky substance of strong un- pleasant odor from little tubercles along each side of the body. They are usually mature in two weeks. Plate 1, Fig, 2, on the extreme right represents one of these larve greatly enlarged. Pupation takes place above ground, the larve merely attaching themselves head down to a convenient leaf or twig. The transfor- 556 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB mation soon takes place, the pupz being retained in the old larval skins. Fig 3 is from a photograph, natural size, of anumber of the empty pupa cases as they remain attached to the twig or leaf. This stage lasts about ten days, During the time that this first brood is maturing, the willows are said to grow, under favorable circumstances, about one inch per day. As soon as the beetles come forth, however, they begin to feed on the new growth, thus causing the injury above mentioned. There are said to be three annual broods of these beetles in this State. They may be found on the willows at Liverpool continu- ously until about the first of August and frequently somewhat later. Some of the mature beetles hibernate, thus continuing the brood over winter. During this time they may usually be found under any convienent debris. This insect is widely distributed in the United States, In the American Entomologist, Vol. III, p. 159, Dr. Riley states that the beetle is found in abundance “infesting the leaves of the cotton- wood and other species of Populus and of willows throughout the west to Colorado and south to Louisiana,” This beetle is scien- tifically known as Lina scripta, Fab. REMEDIES, London purple and Paris green are the remedies most commonly recommended for this insect, Either one may be used. London purple is somewhat cheaper and remains in suspension in water longer than Paris green, In either case lime should be added to prevent burning the foliage by the free arsenic which is dissolved by the water. The lime should be added in the form of milk of lime. One pound of poison to 150 gallons of water is considered strong enough for insects of this kind. Mr, Kennedy tells me that although he and some of his neighbors sprayed thoroughly and persistently with Paris green they were unable to keep the insects in check, This was undoubtedly largely due to the fact that the mixture does not stick readily to the smooth surface of the willow leaf. This defect may be in part overcome by adding glucose or molasses to the mixture using about one quart to 150 gallons of water. Arsenate of lead is another insecticide which may prove effectual against this insect. It has been extensively experimented with by ‘soTyooq Ot) SUITOJO IOF OUTIL u SULMOyS—"T] ALVIg 5 Ua cana i. (ae tion ready for use. in posi Puate III.— Showing machine in, ‘fl re 4 Re neers Aas 7 | i] ; : peri. on ‘So ene ells . ste, Oe Se, Si ee Wot Aig ail New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 557 the Gipsy Moth Commission. It has also been recommended as a remedy for insects of similar habits to the cottonwood leaf beetle. In Bulletin 103 of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, in connection with a discussion of the elm-leaf beetle, Prof. J. B. Smith says of this material: “It is formed by adding four ounces arsenate of soda and eleven ounces acetate lead to one hundred gallons of water. The chemicals dissolve readily and unite to form a white precipitate which is arsenate of lead, and which remains in suspension a long time, settling very slowly, and thus requiring less stirring than either Paris green or London purple. Two quarts of glucose or molasses to one hundred gallons of the mixture will add so greatly to its sticking qualities that even a heavy shower will not wash it off completely.” If a less amount is desired, it may be formed in water by combining three parts of arsenate of soda with seven parts of acetate of lead, the chemical action which results producing arsenate of lead. The poison may then be mixed with water in the proportion required. This insecti- cide, when mixed with water in the proper proportions, is applied in the form of a spray in the same manner as Paris green. In using any of the above insecticides for the cottonwood leaf beetle, the first application should be made when the veetles first appear in the spring. This should be followed by one or two other applications as the occasion demands. Catching and killing the beetles and larve has proved a success- ful method of combating this insect at Liverpool, N. Y. The insects are caught by means of a machine, as shown in Plate II. The original, of which the photographs for these plates were taken, was made by Mr. Joseph Kennedy of Liverpool. The dimensions of the body are as follows: Length, 5 feet; width at the rear end, 2 feet; front end, 20 inches; depth, 6 inches. The body thus forms a shallow tank, which may be lined with tin or zine, and in which kerosene oil should be kept while the machine is in use. A number of narrow strips are placed longitudinally over the top im the manner shown in Plate II, to keep the willows from touching the oil. Stout runners fastened to the underside support the machine. Plate III shows the machine in position ready for use. As it will be observed it is made to run between the rows. The long arms which extend obliquely from either side, cause the willows to bend over 558 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF EXPERIMENT STATION. and at the same time rub off the beetles and larvee which drop into the tank. A lighter machine is made after the same general plan for hand use. The chief difference in construction between this and the horse-power machine is the wheel which is placed in front, after the principle of a wheel-barrow. These machines are put in use about the first of June and kept running while the beetles remain numerous. One grower told me that he killed about ten bushels of the beetles on 20 acres of willows with one of the hand power machines during the early part of the season, and another that he killed three bushels of beetles in one day from 18 acres of willows, the same kind of a machine being used, Judging from numerous heaps of dead beetles along the borders of the fields, these statements were not exaggerated. The Beetles on Carolina Poplars at Syracuse —June 20 Messrs. Smiths, Powell Co., wrote us that the ‘“ Willow beetles” and grubs were attacking a block of Carolina poplars and threatened to ruin them, Upon a previous occasion they had used Paris green, London purple, kerosene emulsion and lime in an effort to exterminate the insects, but all to no avail. The only insecticide which they found at all effective was hellebore. The writer visited the above nursery July 5 and found that most of the grubs had pupated, although both larve and beetles were to be found in comparatively small numbers, A block of Norway poplars near by was also found infested. In the block of Norway poplars, the insects were much more numerous on the tender leaves of a few suckers, which had been allowed to grow up between the rows, than upon the leaves of the young trees themselves, The insects were promptly checked in their work by hand picking and also by crushing the pupae and grubs. IV. The Corn Worm. ' (Heliothis armigera Hubn.) INTRODUCTION. The corn-worm is a well known pest in both north and south. In the south it annually does much damage to growing cotton, boring into the bolls and causing them to decay. In the north its chief food plant is corn. In both north and south truck farmers especially suffer from the ravages of this insect, as it feeds readily upon a variety of fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, beans, peas, cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, etc., and is especially fond of the tenderest varieties of sweet corn. In the southeastern portion of this state the corn-worm appears to be increasing to an alarming extent and for this reason it is made the subject of this article. The great variety of its food plants, together with its peculiar habits, make the insect a difficult one to handle. Indeed the only remedy that has yet proven practical in the north is fall plowing. The reasons why this isso are herewith plainly stated, the habits and life history of the insect are given and some of the more important plants on which it is known to feed are named. Some of the remedial measures that have beon suggested, but that are still of doubtful value, are also briefly reviewed. Distribution.—The corn worm is known in a considerable portion of the United States and in many parts of the world. As would be expected from its wide geographical distribution, this insect has a large variety of food plants. In the United States its chief food plants are two of the great staples of the country, namely cotton and corn. In the south it is known as the Cotton Boll-worm. Destructiveness—The abundance of this insect varies with the season and locality. Dry seasons are considered more favorable to its growth and development. Some opinion of the serious nature of its attacks upon corn may be formed from the following which is 560 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE quoted from Dr. C. V. Riley’s Third Missouri Report, page 107: “In 1860—the year of the great Kansas drouth—the corn crop in that state was almost entirely ruined by the corn worm. According to the Prairie Farmer of January 31, 1861, one county there which raised 436,000 bushels of corn in 1859 only produced 5,000 bushels of poor wormy stuff in 1860, and this, we are told, was a fair sample of most of the counties of Kansas.” While the injury to the corn crop in New York State has prob- ably not been as serious as this, with the possible exception of a few localities, yet the damage is annually sufficient to demand the atten- tion of growers who wish to make an effort to bring the pest under control. Last fall the writer examined several fields of late sweet corn on Long Island and, in one case, asmall field where most of the ears were examined, found nearly every ear infested, while other fields showed at least fifty per cent to be wormy. At one of the New York markets last fall, it was found that a large proportion of late sweet corn brought in on market wagons showed the effects of the work of this pest. Lire History anp Hapits as A Corn AND Tomato PEst. Figure 4 represents the insect in all of its stages, aand brepresent- ing a much magnified egg, the former being a side view and the latter a top view. The eggs are ribbed and of a pale straw color. According to Dr. Riley, Third Missouri Report, page 106, each female moth is capable of depositing upwards of five hundred eggs. On Long Island and vicinity, the winter is passed in the pupa state from four to six inches under ground. In these localities the moths issue in the spring before corn is up, hence, the eggs for the first brood are deposited on some other food plants, preferably peas, beans, and tomatoes. These vegetables frequently suffer severely from their attacks. In the former cases the leaves and pods are eaten, while in the latter the young fruits are attacked, and occasionally the stems, the larvee feeding upon the solid parts until decay begins, then leaving for a fresh fruit. Figure 5 represents a full grown corn- worm feeding upon a tomato. When feeding on pumpkins, squashes, or cucumbers, they occasionally burrow into the stems, but usually into the fruit. The eggs hatch in a few days. The young larvee vary greatly in color, from pale green to dark brown, and are striped longitudinally Fie. 3 —Empty pupa cases of Cotton-wood Leaf beetle, natural size. Fic. 4.— Heliothis armiger a. Egg. from side. b Samefrom top, both enlarged. c Larve— corn-worm. d. Pupa. e. Moth with wings expaaded f/f. Same. wings folded. (After Riley.) . ie ihe ae ayay ‘ty on Fic 5.—Corn-worm attacking tomato. (After Riley.) Fic. 6 —Striped Cucumber: beetle. (Original.) Fic. 8.— Sherman’s plant protector. Fic, 7.—Showing supports for plant protector, (From a figure in the American Agriculcurist.) New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 561 with darker stripes of the same color. This variation in color may easily lead to much confusion, in the mind of the novice, concern- ing the identity of the specimens. However, although there is con- siderable variation in color there are some markings which, it is said, can always be depended upon, namely, eight round shining black spots on each segment of the body, from which arise short brown hairs, and the longitudinal stripes above referred to. A full grown larva is about one and a half inches long. The larvee of this first brood do not go very deep into the ground to pupate, but spin loose silken cocoons very near or even upon the surface, sometimes being protected only by a loose chunk of dirt or a bit of rubbish. The pupa or resting state, at this time, lasts between one and two weeks. On Long Island, the moths of the first brood appear about the time that early sweet corn is in roasting ears, depositing their eggs usually on the silk upon which the young larvz feed for a short time, when they burrow down to the milky kernels. These they eat partially or entirely off in patches. The damage done, however, is not confined to the kernels actually eaten, but the fermentation and decay resulting from the exudation of sap, together with the droppings of the confined worms make aconvenient hot-bed for the germination and growth of mould, and a breeding place for numer- ous species of small insects which are attracted to such places. Thus a whole ear may be made unfit for use although but few kernels have been eaten. The number of worms in a single ear may vary from one to six or eight. We may add here, that although the worms seem to prefer the corn when in the milk, they are not in- frequently found, in the fall, feeding on hard corn. As above intimated, the fall brood of caterpillars when ready to pupate, descend to the ground and burrow to a depth of from four to six inches. Here each caterpillar makes for itself an oblong earthen cell, inside of which a cocoon is spun consisting of coarse silk interwoven with bits of dirt. In these snug retreats they finally change to the pupa or dormant state and, thus protected, are pre- pared to pass the winter, issuing in the spring as moths. Fig. 4, d, represents the cocoon, natural size, cut open lengthwise. Description of the moth— The moth is described by Dr. C. V. Riley in his Third Missouri Report, page 107, as follows: ‘“ In this last and perfect stage the insect is quite variable in depth of shading 36 562 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB but the more common color of the front wings is pale clay-yellow with a faint greenish tint, and they are marked and variegated with pale olive and rufous, a dark spot near the middle of each wing being very conspicuous. The hind wings are paler than the front wings, and invariably have along the outer margin a dark brown band inter- rupted about the middle by a large pale spot.” Fig. 4, e and f, represents the moths natural size. Appearance of infested ears.— The silk is usually partially or may be entirely eaten off to the tops of the husks, and if the larvee have been at work some time the husks may be wilted and of a lighter color. Sometimes the husks are considerably eaten near the top. If the larve has left the ear its place of escape is usually conspicuous, being a round hole through the husk about half way up from the base of the ear. REMEDIES. When feeding on corn, the corn-worm is distinctively an “ ear- worm,” feeding during nearly all of its larval period upon the kernels, protected from exposure by the husks. Evidently but few parasites or predacious inseats succeed in getting into these snug retreats and hence the pests are preyed upon but very little during this period of their lives. For the same reason it is very difficult to effectually apply insecticides. The only time that insecticides would prove available would be just after the larvze hatch and while they are yet feeding upon the silk. The uncer- tainty, however, in the time when the eggs will hatch, and the short period in which the larvee remain exposed, combined with the diiii- culty of successfully applying an insecticide to-a field of corn in the ear, make this method impracticable as a rule. Fartui Piowinea. This is undoubtedly the most practical method of combating the corn worm in the north, that has yet been tested. It is generally recommended by station workers. Concerning this method Prof. Smith of New Jersey, says:* “The species should be treated in the cornfield by late fall plowing. The general practice is to allow cornfields to remain undisturbed throughout the winter, and this, of course, allows the insect to rest safely until spring. Fall plowing *Report New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 1892, p. 445. EEE New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563 breaks up a very large proportion of the cells, and throws many of the pupee to the surface where birds find them readily enough or where they perish during the winter. Where they are not thrown to the surface they are brought into direct contact with the soil, which, by freezing and thawing, will crush or otherwise destroy them. Very early spring plowing, when frost follows, is sometimes quite effective, but plowing after all frost, while it will kill a certain proportion by crushing, and will expose another quantity to their enemies, will leave uninjured a very large proportion of the pupae.” He also adds: “The essential factor in the destruction of the pupe is to break up the cells, which brings the surrounding earth into direct contact with them. Therefore the first freeze will probably — complete the work of destruction by crushing the insect. So long as the cell remains entire, extremes of cold will not injure it.” It is well to keep in mind that the more larvee and moths destroyed in the spring the better. In small fields, the pests may be kept under control with comparative ease by cutting open the husks of infested ears and destroying the worms. Remepies Wuich Have Bren TEstep FoR THE Corn-Worm WHEN ATTACKING THE ToMATO. In the United States Agricultural Report for 1888, p. 143, Prot. S. M. Tracy, of the Mississippi Agricultural College, gives the re- sults of his experiments with various insecticides to be used against the corn-worm when attacking tomatoes. Of those tested the most successful were Paris green, London purple and kerosene emulsion. The Paris green and London purple were applied both dry and sus- pended in water. His accounts of the experiments with these rem- edies are as follows: “Paris green, dry and in suspension, in forty and fifty gallons of water to a pound of poison, apparently killed half of the young worms, but a large number escaped. The mixture in sixty gallons of water accomplished but little. “London purple, in suspension, produced somewhat more marked effects than did the Paris green, but was less effective when applied dry. “ Kerosene emulsions.—These were much more effective than any others of the applications made. When the emulsions were diluted with twenty-five, forty and fifty parts of water, nearly every worm 564 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THH and egg on the treated plant was destroyed; when sixty parts of water was used a few, perhaps one-fourth, escaped. When twenty- five parts of water were used without turpentine? a few of the very young leaves were injured, but the damage was so slight as to be scarcely appreciable. For several days after making the applications the weather was cloudy, so that applications which might otherwise have scalded the leaves were harmless.” Some Dovustrrot RemepraAt MrEasures. Trap lights—The use of trap lights placed in the field or garden at night to attract and destroy injurious night-flying moths has been occasionally recommended. In 189192 Mr. F. W. Mally, at that time connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, carried on an extensive series of experi- ments in the South with the trap lights for the corn-worm moth. Conecrning the use of trap lights, he says:* “ Numerous and deci- sive experiments with lamps for trapping boll-worm moths were made. Some of these were made ander the most favorable circum- stances. They all proved the absolute folly of this practice among planters. The moth is not attracted much at any stage of its exist- ence, and whatever insects are captured are in the whole decidedly beneficial. This practice, then, is a positive injury, in that it sys- tematically destroys beneficial insects without accomplishing any good as a recompense. The measure, so commonly practiced by planters, should, in view of the decided and constant harm attend- ant upon its use, be unhesitatingly condemned whenever opporty- nities are presented for doing so.” In a subsequent publication* Mr. Mally reports even more extensive experiments and with prae- tically the same results. Attracting and destroying moths by poisoned sweets.— Mixtures of vinegar and molasses or beer and molasses are frequently used by entomolgists and amateurs to attracting night-flying moths for the purpose of capturing them. With this fact in mind, various experiments have been made with mixtures of molasses and some odorous substance to which poison has been added to determine whether this would be a practical method of destroying injurious 2 The turpentine was added at the rate of one pint to two gallons of oi! to make the emul- sion more stable. 3 Bul. 26, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Div. of Entomology, p. 53. 4 Bul. 29, U. S. Dept. Agrl., Div. Ent. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 565 moths where they occur in abundance. The mixture is usually put in dishes and placed in different parts of the field in such a way as to be easily accessible to the moths. Extensive experiments of this kind were made in the south by Mr. Mally,® who reports that the usual methods of utilizing poisoned sweets against this pest are evi- dently useless and moreover expenditures of time and money which are practically an entire loss. This conclusion is based upon the behavior of the moths towards the sweets during the egg-laying period. That time over, many individuals may be caught, but then their capture has no real economic significance. It may be here added that Mr. Mally experimented extensively in the south with poisoned sweets sprayed upon a trap crop, usually cow peas, which were planted early enough so as to bloom about the time the moths of the first brood were ready to deposit eggs. That this method of treatment would be practical on the small farm, and especially with the truck farmer, has not yet, so far as we are able to learn, been demonstrated. Of course the trap crop upon which the poison is sprayed would be of no value as a forage crop, and, unless decidedly favorable results were obtained, it is doubtful, we believe, whether the experiment would be a success in the truck farming communities of the State where the corn-worm is most numerous. 5 Bul. 29, U. S. Dept. of’Agr., Div. Ent. p 4. V. The Striped Cucumber Beetle. (Diabrotica Viltata, Fabs.) INTRODUCTION, The striped cucumber beetle is one of the best known of the in- sect pests of the garden. In some sections of the State where cucumbers, squashes, melons, ete., are extensively grown, it is much dreaded. This is especially true on Long Island where these crops are very important ones. Here the destructive work of this little black and yellow beetle is annually apparent, In some sections of Long Island where cucumbers are extensively grown for pickles, the ravages of this little insect cause heavy losses every year, and the insect has come to be one of the important factors in pickle growing. During the past season, letters from growers in different sections of the State have come to this Station complaining of the depreda- tions of this insect and inquiring for the best methods of combating it. Although no experiments with preventive measures or remedies have recently been undertaken by this Station, it has been thought desirable to publish a brief report at this time giving a short account of the life history and habits of this insect together with descriptions of some of the preventive and remedial measures which have proven a success when properly used. Disrrisution. This insect is found in destructive numbers in many parts of the United States. Indeed it is said to be one of the most broadly dis- tributed of our leaf-eating insect pests. In the central, southern and some of the western States, as well as here in the east, it is con- sidered one of the most troublesome insect enemies of the garden. Abundant on Long Island.—In some sections of Long Island, where cucumbers are extensively grown, this little beetle annually causes heavy loss. An illustration of its destructive work is given in the following extract taken from a letter to the writer Report or Entromonocists or ExpERIMENT STATION. 567 from Mr. Wm. H. Williams, of Jericho, L. I. Mr. Williams says: “This beetle is quite discouraging to the growers of early pickles or cucumbers. Half-grown vines as they begin to produce fruit, die here and there; and in most pickle fields the vines also appear to be injured as a result of an attack upon the roots. This last evil threatens to ruin the industry. It has moved the western limit of suecessful pickle growing from the immediate vicinity of Jamaica to Westbury* in twenty-five years,” While there are other destruc- tive insects which feed upon the cucumber, including one or two species of cut-worms known to attack the roots, there is, probably, no one species which has been so persistent in its attacks in the locality referred to as the cucumber beetle. This insect may be considered then, a regular visitor, although like other insects, its increase is influenced by the weather. Dry seasons are considered more favorable for its growth and development. The two seasons previous to this were unusually dry on Long Island and the beetles were very abundant, but during the past season rain has been more plenty and the beetles less numerous. Description AND Lirge History. The cucumber beetle is too well known among farmers and gardeners to need a description here, excepting for the fact that there is another beetle of about the same size and general outline which is frequently found in company with it. Judging from our experience, this fact often leads to confusion in the minds of many growers as to the identity of the real cucumber beetle. The beetle referred to is commonly known as the twelve-spotted diabrotica, and scientifically as Diabrotica 12-punctata. It is not considered an enemy of any importance to cucurbitaneous plants, In its larval form, however, it is known as the Southern corn-root worm, and is a well known and often much-dreaded pest to corn growers, Although the beetles resemble each other in general outline, they may be easily distinguished by their markings. As its name indi- eates, the twelve spotted Diabrotica is marked with twelve spots. These are conspicuous black spots on the wing covers. The striped cucumber beetle has three black stripes in place of the spots. Fig. 6 represents the striped cucumber beetle greatly enlarged. The head * A distance of over 1144 miles. 568 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE is black, legs black and yellow, and the thorax and abdomen, with the exception of the stripes, yellow. On Jong Island the beetles appear early in the spring, but are usually first noticed in the fields about the middle,of June, when they appear, as a rale, in great numbers. A variety of plants serve as food until the young cucumber or melon vines appear. These they eagerly seek, sometimes eating them off before they are fairly out of the ground. The females are soon ready to deposit eggs, which they place upon the stalks or roots of the host plants above, or just below, the surface of the ground. The eggs soon hatch, not into beetles as some suppose, but into slender white grubs, which, when mature, measure about two-fifths of an inch in length and are not much larger around than an ordinary pin. These little grubs feed upon the roots, usually preferring the pithy interior. Sometimes one root will contain six or seven. As would naturally be supposed, the vines suffer greatly from such injuries to the roots and not infrequently rapidly wilt and die. The grubs are mature in about three weeks, when they burrow into the ground for a short distance, each one forming a small cell in which to pass from the grub to the pupa state. They remain in the ground about two weeks, finally coming forth as mature insects. The beetles prefer the leaves, which they feed upon during the cool of the day. They are usually found upon the under surface. Thus the vines suffer from the attacks of this insect not only while the beetles are mature, but during their larva or grub stage as well. In this climate the beetles may be found upon the vines through- out the season. In the fall of 1894 they were abundant on Long Island during the latter part of September. This indicates that there are more than two broods here. During the winter the beetles may be found hybernating in various out of the way places. The cold makes them inactive and they appear as if dead unless removed to a warm place or allowed to remain until the warm sunshine of spring brings them to life again. Some of the pupae also are supposed to live over winter. These belong to the late brood of the previous season, and remain in the ground in the little cells, as above referred to, until spring, when they come forth as beetles. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 569 Meruops or TREATMENT. For convenience, this topic may be considered under two heads, namely, preventive and remedial measures, Preventive Measures. The safest way to prevent the attacks of the cucumber beetle upon the very young vines, when they are grown in the field, is to cover the hills with some form of protector. Concerning this method Dr. Riley, in his second Missouri Report, page 66, says: “Of all the multiferous remedies proposed against the attacks of this insect there are none so effectual or so cheap in the end as inclosing the young vine in boxes which are open at the bottom and covered with millinet on top. Such boxes are made at a trivial cost and if properly stored away each season after use will last many years.” There are other forms of plant protectors which do not have the objectionable feature of shading the young vines while in use. A very simple one of this kind is described and illustrated by Mr. L. D. Snook in the American Agriculturalist for June 29, page 895, as follows: “For a garden where less than two dozen hills are planted, the safest and cheapest way to protect the vines is by a covering of mosquito netting or cheese cloth cut into pieces 18 or ‘ 20 inches square. These, to add to their durability, should be first dipped in oil and wrung as dry as possible. Now take a piece of No. 12 or 14 wire, galvanized if possible, cut into 20-inch lengths, bend five inches of each end at right angles, and set them two inches into the ground at the corner of each hill, as seen at @a in the engraving, Fig. 7. The netting is now spread over this frame, and the edges are covered with a little soil to keep it in place. This thin covering, while admitting plenty of light and rain as it falls, also keeps out the little striped beetle. Cucumbers can thus be protected until they send out laterals, and even if the vines press against the sides and top it does not injure them. Put on the pro- tectors just as the plants are breaking through the ground, remoy- ing in about three weeks. Kept in a dry place when not in use, they will do service eight or ten years.” Dr. C. M. Weed in his book on “ Insects and Insecticides,” edition of 1891, describes three forms of these protectors. He also states that the cloth may be simply placed over the plants without any 570 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE support, merely covering the edges with loose dirt to hold them in place. The cloth covers should be loosened occasionally so that the plants will not be crowded. In the same book Dr. Weed describes another protector which has been successfully used. Referring to the method of covering the plants with cloth or netting he says: “A modification of this method which has been successfully used consists of two end boards one-half inch thick, about fifteen inches long by six or eight inches wide. On the middle of each of these is nailed a piece of pointed lath at right angles to the long way of the board. The lower end of each lath projects below the edge of the board, and is stuck in the ground a few inches. Before the lath are put on, the end pieces are connected with each other by a piece of plant cloth about 16x17 inches, the ends being tacked to the top and sides of the boards) * * * When it is desired to cultivate the hills, it is only necessary to pull up one end, stir the earth and put the ends back in position.” Another form of protector is easily made by bending two hoops into a half circle and sticking the ends into the ground so that the hoops will cross each other at right angles over the center of the hill. The covering may then be placed in position and the edges fastened down with loose dirt. Mr. William H. Williams, of Jericho, Long Island, recently sug- gested to the writer a style of protector as described below. Ordi- nary wire netting, such as is used for screen doors, etc., is cut into convenient lengths and bent longitudinally through the middle in such a manner that the edges, when the protector is placed in position, will not interfere with the hill, but will come as close to it as seems desirable. A cross section of the protector when placed in position will then represent an inverted V. The protectors may be made long enough to cover several hills, and when a number of them are placed in position, each should lap over the other slightly until the end of the row is reached. The openings at either end may then be covered in any convenient manner. Protectors of this kind will last indefinitely if properly cared for. They are of especial value where the cucumbers are grown in rows. On page 424 of Bulletin 75 of this Station another form of plant protector is mentioned in connection with a brief discussion of the striped cucumber beetle which is therein given. This protector is manufactured by I. E. Sherman, of Sidney, New York, and is known as the Folding Plant Protector. It has been used at this New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57 Station with satisfactory results. Two sizes of this protector are on the market. No. 2 is 12 inches square and 9 inches high. No. 3 is 14 inches square and 12 inches high. Any size desired will be made to order. The prices are as follows: No. 2, $6 per 100; No. 3, $8 per 100. These protectors are made of cloth supported on light wooden frames. Fig. 8 represents one of these protectors. The above descriptions are given here to enable the reader to form a definite idea of some of the different forms of plant protectors which have been successfully used. Any of them will admit of various modifications to suit the convenience of the individual. Plant protectors have not come into general use in large fields although their failure when used on a larger scale is yet to be satisfactorily demonstrated. Some consider them too clumsy while others consider them too expensive, not fully realizing, no doubt, that it is also expensive to plant the seed over two or three times, which is not an exceptional occurrence here on Long Island as a result of the work of the cucumber beetle, and then to have a late crop in the bargain, The protectors will keep the beetles away from the young plants during the time when they are most easily destroyed. They may be left on until the vines have made a good start. Instead of using the protectors or leaving the very young plants to take their chances with the insects, some farmers prefer to start the young vines under glass. Planting the cucumbers and manuring the hills. — Mr. Williams, writes me that he usually succeeds in getting a good start of late cucumbers by planting the seed during the last of June or early in July, preferably where the ground is wet, having previously put manure in the hills and covered it while wet. In this way Mr. Williams succeeds in dodging the beetles, so to speak, for while the young plants are coming up the early brood of beetles are going through their transformations under ground and hence but comparatively few of them are present to attack the young vines. By the time the beetles come forth the vines are large enough to resist their attacks with comparative success, for, as Mr. Williams says, “ the tenderer the leaves the more swiftly and surely these insects destroy the plants.” 572 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE Remedial Measures. Under this%head we will briefly mention some of the remedies which may be applied if the beetles become established in a field, or which may be used in connection with the protectors. Dry wood ashes and air-slaked lime are successfully used in various sections of Long Island as remedies against the cucumber beetle. Concerning these remedies Mr. Wm. A. Fleet, of Citchogue, L. L., writes me as follows: “ The remedy most used here (for the cucum- ber beetle) is dry wood ashes applied when the vines are wet. or air-slaked lime is also good, Either of these remedies will keep off the beetles if applied frequently and the beetles are not allowed to get there first. If the beetles should become established, however, a very little turpentine mixed in the ashes will usually drive them off. Care must be taken not to use too much turpentine. A table spoonful to a peck of ashes is plenty.” The ashes or lime should be thoroughly applied. Every leaf should be covered and frequent applications made if the beetles are numerous. Paris green and plaster have been used with much success. This is an old remedy. The Paris green and plaster should be mixed in the proportion of about one part of the poison to twenty parts of plaster. Apply when the vines are wet. In order to show how effectual this remedy has been the following is taken from Prof. J. B. Smith’s report for 1890, page 482,* The experiments were made under his direction by Mr. F. J. Kroboth, who reported as follows: ‘Scattered among 118 hills (three or four vines each) of musk melon, I have left ten hills to take their chances with the bugs; the remaining 108 I have treated according to your directions. The untreated hills are now totally destroyed by the striped bug and what appears to be its larva, a small worm entering the stem near the root and working down * * * Driven from the melons they are to be found among my late cabbages, beans, tomatoes and egg plants apparently doing little or no harm. The treated hills are all doing well, having melons nearly ripe.” Paris green may also be mixed with water, one pound of the poison to 150 gallons of water, and the mixture applied in a fine spray. Newly slacked lime, at least as much by weight as there is Paris green, should be added to prevent burning the foilage. Pyrethrum when properly applied has been found a good remedy * Report of the Entomologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, N. J. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 573 for the cucumber beetle. Prof. C. P. Gillett records, in Bulletin 5 of the Iowa Agricultural College, page 176, a series of experiments with pyrethrum as a remedy for this insect. He found that pyreth- rnm when dusted over the plants in the middle of the day did very little good, but when applied early in the morning, in this case at 5 o'clock, it was a complete success. ‘‘At this time in the morning,” he says, “the beetles are cold and sluggish and their bodies are damp with the dew of the night so that they do not fly away and every particle of the powder that falls on them sticks.” Pyrethrum is a powerful irritant and kills by contract. Tobacco dust is a common remedy among farmers and other growers for various insect pests. For the cucumber beetle it should be applied liberally upon the hills early in the season, preferably just as the young plants are about to come up. Later in the season if the beetles are numerous the vines should be thoroughly dusted with it while they are wet with dew or rain. If the beetles are numerous apply frequently. The tobacco not only aids in keeping the beetles away, but has valuable qualities as a fertilizer, Combinations of preventive and remedial measures may consist in using the protectors early in the season, and Paris green or wood ashes or lime or other efficient remedies later, if the beetles are pres- ent in sufficient numbers to do serious damage to the vines, SUMMARY. From the above we may briefly summarize as follows: The striped cucumber beetle attacks cucumber, squash, melon and other cueurbitaceous plants during two stages of its life history namely, the larva or grub stage and the mature or beetle stage. The beetles attack the young plants just as they are coming to the surface of the ground and eat the leaves of the vines later in the season, The grubs attack the roots burrowing into them and causing the vines to wilt. The beetles may be found upon the vines throughout the season. As a preventive measure the proper use of plant protectors is con- sidered practical, Among the most successful remedies for this insect may be men- tioned dry wood ashes, air slaked lime, dry wood ashes and turpen- tine, Paris green mixed with plaster or water, pyrethrum, and tobacco, VI. The New York Plum Lecanium. (Lecanium, sp.) INTRODUCTION. The unusual outburst of Lecanium scale insects, which recently occurred in Western New York, caused considerable alarm among fruit growers in this locality. The insects were first noticed in unusual numbers early in the season of 1894. At this time they were found in abundance upon plum trees especially, although other fruit trees did not escape attack. Their work was most apparent, however, in several large plum orchards in the vicinity of Geneva, Rochester and Lockport. At least two of these orchards suffered very seriously from their attacks. Specimens of the new pest were sent to the Station from time to time accompanied by letters of inquiry concerning a reliable remedy. Prof. S. A, Beach, horticulturalist of the Station, thus having his attention frequently called to it published a brief notice of the unusual increase in Garden and Forest for July 18, 1894. Early in the following November, the writer was directed to undertake a series of experiments with a view to determining a practical method of combating the scale when occurring on plum trees in injurious numbers ; the plan and results of the experiments, together with such remarks concerning the life history and habits of the insect as seemed desirable, to be finally presented in shape for publication. The following pages contain the report. It may be here added, however, that the work has been carried on during four visits to Geneva during the year, which has made an accurate study of all points in the life history of the insect more difficult than might otherwise have been the case, Recent Pusrications ConcerNING THE New York Puivum LECANIUM. As above mentioned, Prof. S. A. Beach published a notice of the alarming increase in the numbers of this scale in Garden and Forest for July 18, 1894, giving a brief account of the life history Report or Enromoroaists oF ExpERIMENT STATION. 575 and habits of the insect, together with remarks as to its appearance, and, at Mr. L, O. Howard’s suggestion, recommending dilute kero- sene emulsion as a remedy. In the Rural New Yorker for November 10, 1894, Mr. M. V, Slingerland, of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, pub- lished a more elaborate account of the insect, recommending kero- sene emulsion as aremedy, to be used not weaker than one part of the emulsion to four parts of water, and not stronger than one part of the emulsion to three parts of water. In December, 1894, Mr. Slingerland published Bulletin 83 of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, entitled “A Plum Seale in Western New Work.” Mr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, speaks of this insect in the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1894, page 272, stating, among other things, that this scale resembles the Peach Lecanium in general appearance. In the annual report of this Station for 1894, the writer has a brief preliminary report of experiments with kerosene emulsion as a remedy for this new pest. The next and last publication concerning this insect in western New York that has come under our observation, is by Mr. M. V. Slingerland, in the Rural New Yorker for April 13, 1895, and is entitled “ Latest News on the Plum Scale.” APPEARANCE OF THE SCALE IN WINTER, Generally speaking, two sizes of the scales may be found in this latitude during the winter, namely, the large oval ones, which are the remains of the mature females of the previous season, and the small hibernating scales which are destined to carry the brood over to the coming spring. The old dead scales are very conspicuous and hence easily recognized, They are dark brown in color and vary in length from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch and are decidedly oval in outline, They are not very securely fastened to the bark but rub off easily, and in time would be blown off by the wind, Fig. 9 is froma photograph of some of these scales enlarged to about four times their natural size. When one of these scales is forcibly removed it leaves a white mark upon the bark together with a white powdery substance which is made up of thousands of 576 REporRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE minute pieces of egg shells, the remains of the eggs laid by the scale the previous spring. Fig, 10 is from a photograph of an infested twig from which the scales had been removed, These white marks gradually fade and finally disappear altogether. Fig. 11 represents the other form of scale referred to. The scales are so small and there is so little contrast between their color and that of the bark to which they are attached that they do not show very plainly in the figure. These scales, however, are alive. They are hibernating after having fed upon the juices of the leaves or tender twigs during the previous summer. Most of these scales are young females. A description is omitted here as they will be con- sidered more in detail later on. CLASSIFICATION AND Name. The family Coccidale includes all of our scale insects as well as certain other insects of similar habits and characteristics. The insect under consideration belongs, therefore, to this family. It is further classified into the genus Lecanium, a prominent and widely dis- tributed genus of this family, and one which includes a number of species of economic importance, not the least of which is the well- known black scale of California. The females are not provided with separate scales or coverings as is the ease with other scale insects, but are sort and naked until egg laying begins when the integument gradually hardens to a brittle shell; hence these scales are frequently called soft scales, although the scientific name Lecanium seems to be coming into general use. As to the identity of this species there still seems to be some uncertainity. Two different specific names were given to the same scale sent by the writer to different entomologists, namely, cerasifex and juglandis Bouché. In the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1894, page 272, Mr. L. O. Howard speaks of it under the specific name prunastrz Fone., Mr. Newstead of Chester, England, having decided that it is identical with the European species of that name, and gives it the popular name of New York Plum Lecanium. DIsTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES. The uncertainty as to the specific name of the insect under con- sideration makes it difficult to determine its distribution. It is not improbable, however, that it is widely distributed throughout the Fig. 9.— Plum scales enlarged about four times. Fig. 10.— Showing scars, natural size, left by old scales. L : . —- : = Fie. 11.— Young scales, natural size, as they appear in winter. ew yt ATs § Oud | Raa f it pale cea ype rane td Weer 4 Y ae Xa wy WD eee TV bead Sees 4f yo | <—f \ Ze 1 hy ‘J \ Fig. 12.— Eggs of Plum-scale. 1g aan (Original.) 1 Kos £4 ROSA BN g ihe Fic. 13— Larva of Plum-scale. under sur- face. (Original.) Fie. 14. Male Plum-seale (Original ) Fig. 15.— Mature Plum-seale, male. (Original.) Fic. 16.—Showing Plum-seaie which has been attacked by parasites, showing holes from which parasites emerged; enlarged about four times. Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 — greatly enlarged A "= ass ; i ss er ‘ wis’ a dew “abe a Pt, 1 Gb ta oy Ge yl alate * New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Dit United States. In Bulletin 83, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, page 685, Mr. M. V. Slingerland states that the scale may be identical with a species observed in Vermont in 1886 and also with a Lecanium scale found on plum at Queenstown, Canada, by Mr. James Fletcher. In Bulletin 32 of the United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, pages 41-44, Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Mo., records her observations upon the life history and habits of a Lecanium scale, found upon both peach and plum trees, which resembles the New York species in many respects, In the annual report of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station for 1894, page 502, Prof. J. B. Smith mentions a Lecanium scale, under the name ZL. cerasifex, which he considers identical with the New York species, and states that he has found it in small numbers “at several points” in New Jersey. The writer has had his attention called toa Lecanium scale which was quite abundant on plum trees in Lapeer county, Michigan, during the season of 1894. In one plum orchard in particular the scales were very abundant, and it is reported that several trees were badly injured by them, This scale has the appearance of being the same species as the New York Lecanium, although we have not yet examined it in its different stages with sutlicient care to be positive. The seale has also been observed on plum trees by the writer at Hector, Lodi, Geneva, Rochester, Syracuse, and Castleton Corners, Staten Island. In all of these places, with the exception of Syra- cuse and Castleton Corners, the scales were present in sufficient numbers to cause serious injury to trees and fruit. As before mentioned, specimens of the scale have also been sent to the Station from various other localities in the western part of the State. The above indicates that the scale has a wide range in this State, and that it may be well known in widely distant loealities in the United States. Thus far, however, it seems to be doing the greatest damage in western New York. History iy New York. From reports received from fruit growers it appears that the scale is not a new comer in western New York. One fruit grower states that he has occasionally seen the scale in his plum orchard for twenty years past. 7 5) 578 REPorRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE Mr. Slingerland states * that he saw the scale at Lockport in 1893, but not in any such numbers as last year. It was not until the spring of 1894 that the scale began its rapid inerease.. At that time it was noticed in alarming numbers in certain large plum orchards in western New York. Further investigations, however, showed a wide distribution throughout the plum-growing section of the State. The scales multiplied at a rapid rate during the spring, and by the following fall the young scales could be found literally by the millions on infested trees. The winter of 1894-95 was a severe one, but although a large number of infested plum trees were examined during the latter part of December, we failed to find any change in the appearance of the scales. Later examinations at Hector and Geneva during the latter part of March, showed a large percentage of the scales dead, except on certain trees and in certain orchards which were protected, in a measure at least, from the severe winds common to these localities, At present the scale may be found in many orchards in the State. In some, if not all of them, where proper precaution is not taken, in sufficient numbers to cause very serious damage in case the con- ditions should again be such as to bring about another rapid increase, Long Island.— Although we have not observed the scale upon Long Island, it is said to be known here, It is certainly very near here, for, as previously mentioned, it is known to occur at present in New Jersey and on Staten Island. In the latter case, a few old plum trees and some quince trees near by were found slightly infested. It will be well, therefore, for Long Island fruit growers to bear this in mind, and to be prepared to stamp the pest out in case it should increase to an alarming extent here, The Winter of 1894-5 .— The following account of our experience in two or three plum orchards situated on the shores of Seneca lake, may be of some interest in showing the effect of the wind and cold upon the scales. The first orchard to which our attention was called is situated on the east shore of Seneea lake, about thirty miles south of Geneva, The trees stand on a steep slope such as is common to that section, * Bul. 83, p. 686, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. ay . ? ee - Die, _ Ee New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 579 and contains about 5,000 trees. On either side of the orchard is a gully, bordered on the sides nearest the orchard by a moderate growth of timber, The prevailing winds during the winter in this section are from the south, following the lake. When the writer visited this orchard, in November, 1894, it was very badly infested with the scale. Indeed, it was one of the worst infested orchards in that vicinity. Nearly every tree was black, from the highest branches to the ground, from the effects of the fungus which grows in the honey dew secreted by the scales. The © young scales were abundant on every tree. This was especially true in the southwest corner of the orchard, which is protected to a considerable extent on both south and west, by a dense growth of young trees. Mr. Wright, superintendent of the orchard, tells me that the scale was first noticed in this section of the orchard, and that it began to spread along the borders of the woods, and finally, in 1894, westward through the orchard. As has already been inti- mated, this orchard was visited from time to time during the winter and following spring. The orchard was again carefully examined during the latter part of June. The change which had taken place was remarkable. The scales were practically all dead throughout the orchard, excepting on a few trees along the woods on the south and in the southwestern corner above referred to. Here a number of trees still harbored live scales. There seemed to be no other reason for their remaining alive on these particular trees, excepting for the fact that they were sheltered from the severe south and westward winds which prevail in that section. Another orchard not far from this one and on the same side of the lake, was not found infested to any extent excepting in two places, one which was partially protected by woods in a manner similar to the above, and the other where the ground sloped away from the lake. In both these places there were a few infested trees, while the remainder of the orchard including many trees of the same varieties and under exactly the same cultivation, were practically free from the scale. Three orchards at Geneva also illustrates the apparent effect of the cold wind upon the seales, In one of them a number of trees are planted between rows of large apple trees, while the remainder of the orchard contains plum trees alone. Nearly all of the trees in that orchard which were infested with the scale were between 580 Report oF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THBP the rows of apple trees, although none of the apple trees were at- tacked. The scales on these trees were also apparently unaffected by the weather during the winter. Another orchard similarly situated was badly infested last year, but now the scales are confined to only a few trees, most of them in the interior of the orchard and all of them ona slope away from the lake. The third orchard referred to is situated some distance back from the lake and in a hollow, so that it is more protected from the wind than any of the orchards above mentioned. This orchard was also not only very badly infested last year, but the scales have rather in- creased than decreased this year, the winter having apparently had no effect upon them. During the past summer, Lecanium scales have also been observed in great numbers in some of the gulleys which are common along the shores of Seneca lake and other lakes in that vicinity. In one large gulley in the vicinity of Hector, a number of small maple and iron-wood trees were found almost covered with these scales. Similar trees, however, growing in exposed places along the banks of this and other gulleys in the vicinity, which, during the summer of 1894 were badly infested with the scales, were observed the past season to be almost free from them. This seems to indicate that exposure to the wind had something to do with reducing the num- bers of these scales. Other instances of a similar nature might be mentioned. From the above, however, it does not seem unreasonable to infer that the orchards least protected from the full force of the prevailing winter winds, other things being equal, are most likely to be com- paratively free from the plum scale. Foop PLANts. In Garden and Forest! Prof. Beach names apple, pear, maple and Cissus as among the food plants of this insect. In Bulletin 83? Mr. Slingerland mentions cherry and peach as well, in addition to other food plants. In addition to some of the above, we have observed this or a closely allied, if not identical, species upon the following: Quince, apricot, cultivated blackberry, cultivated grape, honey locust, 1 Garden and Forest, July 18, 1894, p. 284. 2 Bul. 83, p. 687, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 581 black ash, iron wood (Ostryia), and golden rod. In the case of the golden rod the infested plants were growing in a badly infested grove of black ash trees. The writer has found the scale infesting the following varieties of plum: Lombards, Bradshaws, Quacken- boss, Prune, Shippers’ Pride, Myrabolam, Yellow Egg, Washington, Empire, Hudson River Egg, and Union Purple. In every infested orchard examined, which includes six large ones and one compara- tively small one, the scales were always more abundant on some one or two or all of the first three varieties named, than upon any of the others. Although the scale is at present chiefly a plum pest, it has lately infested quince orchards sufficiently to cause alarm, and has been found in apple trees in sufficient numbers to do serious injury. Will the scale attack nursery stock ?—During the winter of 1894-95 we had occasion to examine plum stock ranging in age from one to three years in nurseries at Geneva, Rochester and Syracuse, but failed to find the scale, excepting in one case where a few scales were found on a number of three-year old plum trees which were heeled in in the nursery waiting to be sold. In one nursery there were a num- ber of badly infested plum trees along a wagon path between blocks of young plum stock, but no seales could be found upon the stock. In addition to examining the stock we have made numerous in- quiries among nurserymen, but have failed to find an instance, with the above exception, where the scale has been found upon nursery stock. How do the Scales Spread ?—This question is one which is often asked and receives many different answers. ‘There may be several ways. It is possible that birds aid by carrying the young female scales on their feet from one tree to another, or from one orchard to another. Larger insects, such as certain of our lady bird beetles, have been found with young scales crawling about on them, thus giving opportunity for transportation from one tree to another by this means. They may also easily get on the clothes of workmen who are in the orchard when the scales are active during the sum- mer or fall, or they may be carried from one place to another on , the boxes, baskets, wagons, ete., used in the orchard at various times. Another means of travel is undoubtedly upon the leaves which are blown from the trees during the summer and scattered about through the orchard. During the winter the young scales may freqnently be found upon the old dead leaves scattered through the orchard. 582 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE Insury to TREES AND Fruit. As will be shown hereafter, the scales suck the sap from the trees both from the bark and leaves. In this way the trees are un- ‘ doubtedly injured to a greater or less degree according to the num- ber of scales present. In one respect, however, the most serious injury is done to the fruit. The scales do not attack the fruit but they secrete a clear, sweet, sticky liquid knownas honey dew. The branches, leaves and fruit of the trees soon*become partially coated with this honey dew. Very soon a black fungus begins to grow on all parts of the tree and fruit where the honey dew has fallen, until a badly infested tree will look as if it had been smoked from the top to the ground. The fruit thus becomes greatly disfigured, and as the fungus will neither rub nor wash off, may readily render the fruit unmarketable. Sickly trees are undoubtedly most readily attacked by the scales. This is probably common in other cases of insect attacks upon trees or other plants. The question why this is so is not easily answered. Prot. Comstock, in the United States Agricultural Report for 1880, page 285, suggests that the sap of sickly trees may be more nourishing to the scales than that of healthy trees, for, as he also states, the scales do not usually have an opportunity to select their food plant and the scales certainly grow vigorously and quickly cover the weak and sickly tree. | Lire-Hisrory, Hasrrs anp Description. Transformations.—W ith the exception of one order, individual insects are said to undergo one of two forms of metamorphosis in reaching maturity, namely, complete and incomplete. In the former case the different stages are distinct and easily recognized one from the other. An illustration of this, as commonly given, may be found in the life-history of any butterfly. The butterfly’s ege produces a caterpillar, the caterpillar changes to a chrysalis, and | the chrysalis produces a butterfly. All of these stages are distinct and well defined; no one of them resembles another, ‘This is called complete metamorphosis. In the latter case, however; the different stages are not so easily distinguished; as for instance, a young squash bug or locust resembles the parent in general appear- ance and continues to do so more and more until finally mature. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 583 This is called incomplete metamorphosis and is found to occur in true bugs and locusts. In the scale insects, which belong to a family of true bugs, we find both forms of metamorphosis. The male undergoes the com- plete and the female the incomplete transformation. Hence in the plum seale we must look for a decided difference in“appearance in the male and female scales, although the difference is not readily apparent in the larval forms. The Egg.— Fig. 12 represents some of the eggs greatly enlarged. The eggs average about 0.3 m. m. in length and are oblong oval in shape and rounded at the ends. The shell is smooth. At first they are white in color but Mr. Slingerland has observed that they “become pinkish in color about a week before hatching.” The eggs are laid under the mother shell. Indeed it may be said that the mother literally turns into a mass of eggs, as but little more than the integument finally remains, which, as previously noted, forms the brittle oval shell. Egg laying begins about the middle of May. Mr. Slingerland notes * that in 1894 egg laying began by the 18th of May. June 28 (1895), the writer found at Hector an occasional female scale just beginning to lay eggs, indicating that the time for egg laying may vary over a month in individual cases. The period of incubation varies considerably in western New York. June 24 (1895), Mr. Beach wrote that the Lecanium eggs were hatching. June 28 the young scales were quite abundant in infested plum orchards at Geneva. Eggs from seales on fresh plum twigs sent to Jamaica and kept in the laboratory, hatched June 21. The number of eggs laid by a single female is astonishing, varying it is said, from less than one thousand to several thousand. The writer counted two thousand one hundred and thirty eggs under a single female of average size. The Larva.— The newly-hatched larvee remain under the mother shells for a time varying from a few hours to two or three days.+ Fig. 15 represents one of these larvee viewed from the under sur- face. At this time they vary in size from ,02 to .03 of an inch in length, and are a little more than half as broad as long. If examined carefully, a side view will show that they are very thin * Bulletin 88, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 690. + Young scales reared in the laboratory did not come forth from the mother shelis until three days after hatching. 584: REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE and slightly oval above. The slender curved setie, by means of which the food is obtained, are shown in the figure. As would be supposed, a swarm of little scales are produced from a single mother. After leaving the mother shell, they travel about apparently aimlessly for a time but within a few days settle down, most of them upon the under surface of the leaves along the mid ribs and larger veins, although many may be found upon the upper surface as well, Still others, however, may be found scattered about promiscuously on both surfaces of the leaves, and it is not unusual to find some that have remained behind on the new and tender twigs. When attacking the leaves of quince trees they seem to prefer the upper surfaces. Out of a large number of infested quince leaves examined, only an occasional scale could be found on the under surfaces, while the upper surfaces were moderately infested. The heavy pubescence on the under surface of the quince leave may account for this change in the insect’s habits, The little insects now insert their tiny setz into the leaves or twigs, causing the sap to flow from which they obtain sus- , tenance. It should be remembered that these scales are very small at this time. They are also very light in color, being almost seimi- transparent, and as they stick very close to the leaves are very easily overlooked. Hence, in examining the leaves for them, it is well to use a small magnifying glass.) When examining plum leaves the under sides should be examined first, as most of the scales will be found there, but with quince leaves the scales should be looked for on the upper surfaces. Comparatively little change takes place in the appearance of the scales from now on during the summer. They grow slowly,* how- ever, and change to a darker color. They also secrete honey dew during this time, and when abundant undoubtedly weaken the trees. During the latter part of August or early in September+ the young scales return from the leaves and seek shelter upon the twigs and branches, usually upon the under side, and also upon the trunks, On badly infested trees they may frequently be found over-lapping one another, and in sheltered places, as in crevices in the bark, it is not unusual to find them two or three deep. The scales are now of a dark reddish brown color. They become quite firmly attached to the bark and unless cne is familiar *Mr. Slingerland notes, Bul, 82, Cornell Agr. Exp. Station, p. 691, that during the summer {1894) the young scales increased to twice their former size. + September 8 (1895), scales were found migrating at Geneva. “‘poyoryye ULBUIAL [IGS SO[VOs pap PO 94] JO May V ‘OZIS [RINJBU SSo[Bos