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The Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for 1897, consists of
three volumes, as follows:

Volume I. Fifth Annual Report of the regular work of the Department

of Agriculture, as required by section 5 of chapter 338 of the Laws of 1893.

Volume II. Ninth Annual Report of the State Weather Bureau, and
Tenth Annual Report of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture in compliance with the

provisions of section 87 of chapter 338 of the Laws of 1893.

Volume III. Sixteenth Annual Report of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture in accord-

ance with the provisions of section 85 of chapter 838 of the Laws of 1893.

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State of New York—Department of Agriculture.

SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BOARD OF CONTROL

OF THE

NEW YORK
Agricultural Experiment Station,

(GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY.)

For THE YEAR 18097,

With Reports of Director and Other Officers.

TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 14, 1898.

WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO.,
STATE PRINTERS,
NEW YORK AND ALBANY.
1898.

Seater OF NEW YORK.

No. 22.

IN ASSEMBLY

January 14, 1898.

SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station.

STATE OF NEW YORK:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
ALBANY, January 14, 1808, |

To the Assembly of the State of New York:

I have the honor to herewith submit the {Sixteenth Annual
Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New
York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in
pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law.

I am, respectfully yours,
CHARLES A. WIETING,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

amy. DS
983 SaTL. fs:

1897.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

Me. VEE ARON IO) ems GN ONKe ecinciemenicmiciiesisece sain Albany.

A TTL TUN ba G1 BNR) SONS ie See Oe Rochester, Monroe County.

S. JEL, JeUANIMIMIOU NID) SS Ae Ses pdsess Sasecome aes Geneva, Ontario County.
Tite PS ICION) Wai 8) I/D Se aS Ree ee sec SOS oSOne Potsdam, St. Lawrence County.
id. (C. (CIBUNSID oa or S56 Seppe BpOOnoSceD coeceere eo Syracuse, Onondaga County.
Pee ONE ERGATN oor o. 22-2. enone nnn Canandaigua, Ontario County.
eee eG GU Beco es nce eee = HON OHS IS GHIDAOE Lowville, Lewis County.
GLOW AS MITAT LOCK oo. on cca sccceccieeeni Queens, Queens County.

VN UA Nek. UAV IMC AIN DISS. ssc censescescac sees Camden, Oneida County.

Gy IELO\VP ARID! IDI WAI SION A | OAR ac sae podedaoore Millbrook, Dutchess County.

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.
MPMRERINMN 2 DS VIES 50. oic beeen oa feces snpeeieteismisiciows cle e's President,
RO DEAN LONGEE Sonos cineocuts ce cajesmccuws cnc ecele selcece Secretary and Treasurer.
S. H. HAmMMonpD,
W. C. Barry,
F. O. CHAMBERLAIN,

5) Geracviraee ula der ae data aril Executive Commuttee.
LYMAN P. HAVILAND,
G. Howarp Davison,

STATION STAFF.
DVIS ORDAN, (SC: aD)jctccs soccteon once tcicecs'= Director.
ep VIAN DSEMICE eb Hage Dac cae cieiciscs sien elem ele Chemist.
DIME ANVITE RE DICR A. sanbaabisas coelacaemacis oidisia Siete First Assistant.
SP ACT MM, (Siocroe soe claicie cinicim eel eins es srecice Horticulturist.
WORM EMCO En BS (Sisccieas oe tee vnscsce bene se Entomologist.
Sel AtE SURRINES Mi G2 scntccmscencies =n ci casas Entomologist.
EC ROPE WARIO M), (Scciccccec ces saccec occ --- Mycologist.
RANT HR ADICR Bev Soe ctctoen ccciegs css ece~dec Editor and Librarian.
RE MOV em CHUR CHUL con ons cetias ctcin-eoeisis<)< o's Agriculturist and Sup’t of Labor.
SOMGAMENMERS SEH (C55 ent Soa scheta sess cacees Assistant Chemist.
MME bE AD DOCK. UB Ones ccoacnes ince wecccl Assistant Horticulturist.
AVIAN DREW Sy Bu Gecacce cebels s2clscisleseecs Assistant Chemist.
Smee lon CRMRC SBS, : jscisocs-<2 se \cecieeais cicle se Assistant Chemist.
eee ee OO Kean Pity Cw se ns cc ca coceicees ccc cces Assistant Chemist.
ROmPPsCUOSES Mi) O22 2.2 oes ce cccece ace ec esas Assistant Horticulturist.
HEBD SD wHULEER. SB, Sccesccccsseuscoss Con. css Assistant Chemist.
ferme LUART 4 Be, 192 s2ciocine Soles cate mara os sce ces Assistant Chemist.
PMIPELGNNEES Net be 1 Oe hots rs We alot ws Ba acto elo miendielore Assistant Chemist.
SWAN Kan Ei eINIEWIRON -Be tos so newtets cis eremsiaee messes Clerk and Stenographer.

Address all correspondence, not to individual members of the staff, but to the NEW
York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. Y.

The Bulletins published by the Station will be sent free to any farmer applying for
them.

* Connected with Second Judicial Department Branch Station.
+-Connected with Fertilizer Control.

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feeb bE Or CONTENTS.

PAGE
“TNABARUIRE'S TRADE Ss s5on6o Goocde sHsEcordooe n66000 coe cod BooEE Donoho adpomooecs I
‘DYRECWONE SIRO S S505 Se Gaso SobSd6 SaSbo0 éSs Bobo SNS See6es S655 Socnas coss.c6e 5 |S
Report of the Chemical Department :
Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring of 1897 ........-. 31
Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1897.............. 136
The condition required for the successful growth of sugar beets ..--.....-. - 188
Report of the Horticultural Department :
Treatment of leaf spot in plum and cherry orchards in 1896 ........-.....-. 207
Sratye DUMpSAN ONS PLAVAN sco ons aceio coe cere hata oce peed cence 215
AMINTACHOSeiOls the blackurasp berbyeceet eeieseciseiee ree ae cia ae slocmeieeeece 231
Forcing tomatoes ; comparison of methods of training and benching ........ 245
INOrero mma stOmalordiseaser tae occa scence ces eicccsca sama «-ieimouereecone 271
See RELCSHIN GOO 7 etal ao e¥e ew livtewin ants soca pelocmese acai oae= oem see 273
Variety tests with raspberries, blackberries and dewberries ........-....---- 284
kesultsmwithsoatsmutinursO 7c tec icin circ nas aee cee niece oxteee cee none 294
Spraying 1m 1s97 to prevent gooseberry mildew . ..--.. 220 cose eoesce seccms 307
Dice sHecrat! sR PPle SCAM Ns perce s ners. 2/a/nchae nota unleiac\eaee seee oss seca ga
Report of the Department of Vegetable Pathology :
The downy mildew of the cucumber; what it is and how to prevent it...._.. 345
Spraying potatoes on Long Island in the season of 1896........-...-------- 376
A\ ORCI GHSCERS Of GiyAde Coen cogs shan suse Gobe coos Boop GacocroNeabooene CO!
Experiments andobservations ony plant diseases:. co. aeeciecessecainace cee oee 417
Report of the Entomological Department :
Inspection of nurseries and treatment of infested nursery stock ............. 437
nlanteslice-mdescriptions, enemies and treatment s---c12-25 ssceeueeeeccesiecee 470
Report of the Department of Animal Husbandry:
sILTCRSGUECE Of smillyfatee esos ses Sects e eaniais wa iancisioeie iio tee cela sie eee 491
Wicestonpanduteedinovexperinentseeeniscmie cacass see ce seer oeeeee eaericeee 523
Set bee Pe Pere ahaa a) SE Soe attach an an iwin Seo Ne atoas yaae sae eee 551
Heedingexpentmnentsmwithychicksyand caponS man) <= -\\oeesio oa sleeee senses 561
Report of the Department of Field Crops:
siiterontlockstor thesucaribéerindustnysssecoe aes esse seca e esse scent eee 581
piifcistarionvexpenimentsmwithy sugar beets eceess aces ssseee ees ene Gees 588
ommnerelMentilizersmor PObAtOeS ih. . wa seuse ce eek os ec coo beelaceee: 596
WWICTEOTOLO oi CAleGeCOLCHOneSO 7A necks ace aaa cae cers eee oie aio wees ioe eae coe mince Some 617

Seat etter aeie Ee oka cian Oe iota tthe Sarat naps Site oe oie vie we Beckie owwelodeeue enue 635

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SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REporT

OF THE

Board of Control of the New York State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station.

—_—.——_-

TREASURER’S REPORT.

GuneEva, N. Y., October 1, 1897.
To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station:
As treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit
the following report for the fiscal year ending September 30,

1897:
MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT.

Receipts.
1896.

Oct. ie Dor nalanceson hand... 6 ss 20s wee $8,611 75
To amount received for produce sold.... 1,592 12

To amount received from Comptroller... 37,500 00

$47,703 87

Expenditures.

By oud moran dsre pairs. wees ee hn a oe $3,823 80

By elemicall Sippliese.c ee ci edce = nerds 620 52

BY CONLNPEME EXPENSES (f.;. .\sehls haloes «2 1,651 O01

By RCCOlNO SLUMS ain clot a trlc oa, eeu Me tease 1,428 60

VOR CUIZRUS C, Mins erapanja tase toon eas ee 224 32

By treight. and express... 2.2 sia. See 449 86

By fupniture and fixtures 25... 2.2 ¢. 2... 871 OL

By heat, lightand water? 6.2. dac.cs:... 1,858 76

Report OF THE TREASURER OF THE

IBY" TaD ORS 018 6: svat acetic eae eee eee $13,637
By Dray as iss eeu ee Cee ae eee ous)
By ‘livestock isis eevebeas okt. © iia ies 121
By postage and stationery.............- 376
By publicavionsy a2 ince = lehey eee eae 2,440
By SAlATIES: oie alee ay ele a thig tke Regen, 14,615
By scientific apparatus ............... 986
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies... 1,213
By tools, implements and machinery.... 504
By traveling expenses ...............- 1,483
~ By palaces tar eri tacte sn eat. eee - 678

$47,703

46

41

87

EXPENSE OF BULLETINS AND ENFORCING PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER

955 oF THE Laws or 1896.

Receipts.

. To balanceron hands...) yesccactsae sore ces $922
To amount received from Comptroller... 10,000

. Account overdrawn. emer we eee. 1,101
$12,023

Hexpenditures.

By chemicalisuppliessa.125te-: eee eters $692
By heat, light and. water.23 0.55. ... 2.0% 826
By postage and stationery.............. Al
By publications... acc cee other ok eres 2,431
IBY’ SAATIES! | sgs'sis aust aiesos seein es caer 6,609
By scientific apparatus...........5... 32
By traveling expenses ...............+6. 1,390

$12,023

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3
SEcoND JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT, CHAPTHR 675 or THE Laws oF
1894.
1896. Receipts.
Oct. leo wwalance On HANG: . ess ac ese oo seco $45 88
To amount received from Comptroller... 8,451 17
$8,497 05
Expenditures.
By chemical supplies oie case. ve ate eae $44 00
By COMMMM@eNT EXPENSES. 5.5 sisi oe 4 = acane 181 23
Bye CIMINO Ue ir statarase ties fears eta cee seit 111 55
By freight and express............--.-- 36 04
By Lummi lure and xX TUres) 426 oss che mits 17 20
‘By heat, light amd waters <<... - 22 «+ <: 47 15
APR Ves Ve OT paces ences see toAstcact ao usyss oq eeeeas ates 520 09
Pavia eget nls Muctetins 5s ouel steic ns ce Nuss Stas 127 55
By postage and stationery............. 62 68
By UO MC AMONG eae ravia cs aeele tees ce ater are 1,342 69
IES Vor SIA ELES ahagrs ene: ciear alsreve: at ouey ens ereiaieielten elas: 4,122 22
By Scientific apparatus <2... 2.. cle ee or 123 20
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... 224 44
By tools, implements and machinery. . 12
By travelime CXPenses ... 65.6 S56 ns es 728 50
Ve OMICS eit reeset ey stances aYetS Way chcrege ieee 762 05
1897;
Oct SEs yee ell EAN Os caverta cette nt ey ear eiclacesaitisr'y oh 46 34
$8,497 05
PostaGE ACCOUNT, SPECIAL APPROPRIATION.
1896. . Receipts.
To amount received from Comptroller... $500 00
Expenditures.
By postage and stationery............. $218 00
ERY AIC OMA PUVA TEC oy vo ntcrers 01 house falas = 3 oth 282 00
$500 00

4 TREASUKER’s Report oF THE EXPERIMENT STATION.

SPECIAL APPROPRIATION FOR REPAIRS TO BUILDINGS.

Receipts.
To amount received from Comptroller... $1,200 OO

Hapenditures.

BY; PEPAUCS 2, <jssn!l aeicvcins ceo teresa = ieee $1,198" 46.
By balance: ois 320) se shies bre cesta ert 1 54

$1,200 00:

All expenditures are supported by vouchers, approved by the
auditing committee of the Board of Control, and have been fur-
nished the Comptroller of the State of New York.

UniTED STatTES APPROPRIATION UNDER AcT oF CoNnGREss AP-
PROVED Marcu 2, 1887.
Dr:
1897.
July 1. To receipts from Treasurer of United
States, as per appropriation for fiscal
year ending June 30, 1897, as per act

of Congress, approved March 2, 1887.. $1,500 00
Cr.

By postage and stationery............. $0 O05.
By publications) s.cksic0 .e ee e o e eee 155 68
SY SAIATIOS. ciisneiacess ccucuthoueenet tee opener eee 1,264 99
By scientific apparatus. bo seve.) insta 8 85:
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... 30 27
By traveling expenses .....).... 0.026. 40 16

WILLIAM O’HANLON,
Treasurer.

DIRECTOR'S REPORT.*

To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:

Gentlemen:— I have the honor to present herewith the report
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for 1897.

A statement of the efforts and progress of the past year can be
no more fittingly prefaced than by an acknowledgment of the
earnest support and wise direction which you have given me as
your executive officer. I am sensible also of the loyal co-opera-
tion of the members of the Station staff in the prosecution of the
work which we have undertaken. Moreover, the press of the
State and the leaders of agricultural thought and practice have
given us most hearty and efiicient assistance in securing the
means necessary to the development of our equipment; and I am
conscious that the intelligent agricultural masses have stood in
such an attitude of sympathy towards this institution as to con-
stitute a strong stimulus to vigorous effort in their behalf. This
combination of favorable conditions has conspired to make the
record of the Station for the year 1897 one which it is pleasant
to review.

In my report for 1896, attention was directed to the need of
strengthening the work of the Station at several important points.
The recommendations which I then made have met with your
approval and much has already been accomplished towards re-en-
forcing old lines of effort and establishing those which are new.

ADDITION TO THE STATION STAFF.

Hditor and Librarian.—This most important position has been
filled by the selection of Frank H. Hall, B. S., formerly connected
with the Office of Experiment Stations in the United States
Department of Agriculture.

*Renprint of Bulletin No. 142.

6 DirEectTor’s REPORT OF THE

Mr. Hall is a native of Michigan, and graduated from the
Michigan Agricultural College in 1888.

After graduation he was elected to an instructorship in mathe-
matics in his alma mater, from which he resigned to accept a
position on the United States Geological Survey.

In 1893, Mr. Hall became connected with the Office of Experi-
ment Stations as librarian and proof reader and when he resigned
on April 1, 1897, to enter upon his present duties he was con-
nected with the editorial staff of the Experiment Station Record
as editor of the department of field crops. His fitness for the
peculiar work which he has undertaken in this institution is
already shown by the favor with which his popular expositions
of the Station bulletins have been received and by the way in
which he is proceeding to bring the Station library into a con-
dition of efficiency and availability.

Bacteriologist Mr. H. E. Harding, B. S., of the University of
Wisconsin, has been elected to the position of bacteriologist. He
is to enter upon his duties on January 1, 1899.

Mr. Harding is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin in
the class of 1896. For nearly three years he has been pursuing
special studies in bacteriology with Dr. H. L. Russell, chiefly
with reference to the bacteria of the farm. He ‘has had an inti-
mate knowledge of, and considerable connection with the detailed
investigations which resulted in the recent important discoveries
of Babcock and Russell concerning the curing of cheese. In
June Mr. Harding will go to Europe for study until he takes up
his work here. ]

Dairy Expert.—Iit was felt that this position should be filled by
some one not only entirely familiar with the best methods of the
manufacture of butter and cheese, but also with the difficulties
and problems which confront New York dairymen. The quali-
fications of the gentleman selected for this work meet both of
these requirements. Mr. George A. Smith is well known in the
State of New York not only as the efficient Director of Farmers’
Institutes for three years, but also as one of the dairy experts of
the New York State Department of Agriculture. Mr. Smith is

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 7

an accomplished cheese-maker, and through his intimate and long
continued contact with the farmers of the State, he has become
well acquainted with the peculiar needs of New York dairying.
It is felt that the confidence which the farmers of the State have
in Mr. Smith will strengthen the Station with its constituency.

Botanist—A Station botanist has not yet been chosen. He
will be selected with reference to his fitness to take up investiga-
tions in plant pathology which, in consideration of the large
fruit and vegetable growing interests of the State of New York,
is a most extensive and important field of effort.

Other changes.—During the year Mr. W. W. Parker and Mr.
E. C. Worden, assistant chemists, have closed their connection
with the Station, and Mr. E. B. Hart and Mr. Firman Thompson
have been elected to take their places.

Mr. F. C. Stewart, mycologist at the Second Department Branch
Station, has been granted a year’s leave of absence for further
study.

BuILDING EQUIPMENT.

Biological and dairy building—In accordance with the unani-
mous decision of your Board, the Legislature of 1897 was asked
to appropriate $41,000 for the erection of a new building to be
devoted to biological and dairy research. This request was
granted, there being no apparent opposition. Leading dairy-
men and horticulturists all over the State contributed to this
result by expressing to their representatives in the Legislature
their belief that this appropriation would advance the agricul-
tural interests of the State. It must be conceded, moreover,
that there is at the present time a tendency on the part of
both the National and State Legislatures to recognize generously
any just demand coming from farmers.

The money for the erection of this building became available
early in April, but the plans and specifications were not placed in
the hands of your building committee until nearly the middle of
August. Such a delay was exceedingly unfortunate because it
has obliged the contractor to proceed with his work during cold
weather.

8 DIREcCTOR’S REPORT OF THE

The contract for the erection of the building was awarded to
Mr. A. B. Morrison, of Geneva, N. Y., on very satisfactory terms,
and its construction has proceeded with expedition so that the
walls and roof are practically completed. It is hoped that the
building may be available for our use by midsummer.

The following is a summary of the facilities that this building
will afford, a somewhat detailed description of which will appear
in a subsequent report:

1. Dairy Department. This includes a milk-receiving room,
pasteurizing room, cheese-making room, butter-making room,
cold-storage room, six cheese-curing rooms and dairyman’s office.

The first four rooms are wainscoted in glazed brick with vitri-
fied tile floors and are to be equipped with the very best appa-
ratus for investigation work.

The cheese-curing rooms are to exhibit some unique features
in the way of control of temperature and moisture.

2. Bacteriological Department. This includes a laboratory,
incubator room, culture room, general work room and office.
The temperature of the incubator and culture rooms will be under
automatic control, and their use will be shared with the Station
botanist.

These rooms will be supplied with compressed air, steam at
high pressure, hot and cold water, fuel and lighting gas, and with
the most modern apparatus for bacteriological investigations.

3. Botanical Department. The rooms in this department will
be a laboratory office and museum, with a joint use of the incu-
bator and culture rooms. The equipment of compressed air,
steam, water and gas will be the same as in the bacteriological
department, and the equipment of apparatus will be no less
efficient.

4. Horticultural Department. The space for this department
will include the horticulturist’s laboratory, horticulturist’s office,
assistant horticulturists’ office, and two large museum rooms.
In many respects these rooms will be equipped similarly to those
of the other departments mentioned.

5. Entomological Department. This will contain an office large
enough to afford laboratory facilities and a museum room.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9

The heat for this building will be supplied from twin boilers
ef twenty-five horse-power each, which will carry a pressure of
from sixty to seventy-five pounds, the pressure on the radiators
being reduced to five pounds. These boilers will furnish steam
for a twenty horse-power engine, which will supply power for
running the dairy machinery, the compressor of the refrigerating
plant, an automatic compressed air pump, a water pump and
other apparatus.

The building is to be equipped with one of the most approved
forms of refrigerating apparatus which will be used to secure a
low temperature in the cold storage room and such temperatures
as are desired in the cheese-curing, bacteriological, cheese and
dairy rooms.

The temperature of the building will be automatically con-
trolled by a pneumatic system of temperature regulation. In the
offices, laboratories and working-rooms of the dairy department,
this control will be applied directly to the valves of the radiators.
In the cheese-curing rooms, and to a partial extent in the culture
and incubator rooms, the temperature will be regulated through
the operation of dampers opening or closing hot and cold air
tubes.

New forcing house—A new building has been added to the
forcing house plant, the dimensions of which are 100 by 20 feet.
This is to be utilized for investigations in plant nutrition.

Poultry house—tThe facilities for poultry investigation have
been increased by the erection of a new house. The special fea-
tures of this building are an incubator cellar where uniformity
of temperature can be secured, a series of brooders warmed by
hot water, breeding pens of the most approved plan, storage for
a large variety of foods, a room for the poultryman and a cooking
room.

General repairs.—During the past eighteen months the build-
ings of the Station have been put in thoroughly good condition.
The two houses occupied by Mr. Beach and Mr. Wheeler have
been enlarged and renovated throughout, and have been equipped

10 DIRECTOR’S REPORT OF THE

with bathrooms and new heating apparatuses. The chemical
laboratory, the three barns and other outbuildings have also
received exterior coats of paint.

Further needs.—I desire to recommend the erection in the near
future of a tool shed which shall accommodate all of the machin-
ery which is used on the farm. It will also be wise to build
potting sheds with accommodations for various mixtures of fore-
ing house soils in the immediate vicinity of the forcing houses.

LIBRARY.

The three rooms on the west side of the Director’s house have
been set apart for a library. They have recently been repainted
and repapered and are now in a very attractive condition. The
largest one is supplied with the tables and chairs necessary in a
general reading room. The number of books in the library has
been largely increased during the past year by the purchase of
complete sets of the journals giving the records of investigation
and of such other literature as is useful in an institution of this
kind. It has been found possible, also, to practically complete
the sets of bulletins and reports of other American stations and
of the United States Department of Agriculture. ‘These have
been attractively bound and form an important part of our refer-
ence library. i

In view of the fact that the members of the staff should keep
in touch with the current literature of investigation, it has been
decided that one-half day of each week shall be set aside as
library day. It may be desirable to keep the library open even-
ings in order that as much time as possible may be available for
consulting the journals and other serial publications, the file of
which will soon number about one hundred.

PUBLICATIONS.
Reference was made in my last report to the desirability of
modifying in some respects the character of the publications from
this Station. It was there proposed that the bulletins written

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. g tia

by the members of the staff, to be called the Complete Bulletins,
should be full in detail and as scientific in discussion as appeared
desirable to the writers. It was also suggested that instead of
issuing these bulletins to the entire number of persons whose
names are on our mailing list, popular bulletins should be written
on the basis of the more complete form which should convey to
the agricultural public the results of our work in more simple and
less technical language. This plan has been put into execution,
and if we may judge from the expressions of approval which
have come to us from farmers and from those engaged in work
at other Stations, this departure is likely to prove both popular
and successful. It is decided, in addition, that the annual re-
ports shall consist only of such matter as is published in the com-
plete bulletins. There seems to be no good reason for printing
any great amount of matter in the annual report which does not
appear in the bulletins. If any fact or conclusion is worth pub-
lishing at all it is praqper to give to it the fullest possible circu-
lation among those for whom it has special value.

The Station editor also prepares press reviews, which are sent
with the bulletins to all newspapers on our mailing list. It is a
matter of gratification that these reviews are very fully and
widely printed. This plan not only secures a more widespread
attention to our bulletins but also insures accuracy of statement
in regard to our conclusions.

MAILING List.

The mailing list of this Station includes several divisions:
(1) The officers of the United States Department of Agriculture
and of all other experiment stations; (2) the newspapers of this
State and a few outside; (8) those persons who desire to receive
our complete bulletins; (4) the main list, or those who receive
the popular bulletins. The latter list now numbers about thirty
thousand names. In two years our mailing list has increased
about ten thousand names.

12 DirREcTOR’s REPORT OF THE

WoRK IN THE SECOND JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

The expenditure of the appropriation for work in this depart-
ment has been along much the same lines as in the past years.
The needs of the farmers and market gardeners in this section of
the State clearly indicate the directions in which they should
receive help. The concentration of vegetable and fruit growing,
both out of doors and under glass, in the vicinity of New York for
80 many years has brought about a corresponding concentration
of injurious fungi and insects. The aid, therefore, which this
Station is able to give to the agriculture of Eastern New York is
chiefly in studying new diseases and insects and in illustrating
how these pests may be held in check. There seems to be no
question but that the policy which has heretofore prevailed in the
management of this special work should be materially changed.
An attempt has been made to carry on at Jamaica, where this
branch effort has its headquarters, more or less scientific re-
search. Such research necessitates an equipment of apparatus
and a reference library, and if it is successfully maintained under
the present plan, apparatus and library facilities must be dupli-
cated, a policy which is certainly unwise and wasteful. There is
no question but that the concentration of the scientific work in
the laboratories of the Station at Geneva will be in the interests
of economy and efficiency. In this way much more varied and
extensive experiments, illustrative and otherwise, can be con-
ducted in different parts of the Second Judicial Department. It
is gratifying to know that one of the most intelligent and active
agricultural societies in this department has already, by unani-
mous resolution, approved this change of policy. A very en-
couraging feature of this action by such a body of farmers was
the accompanying declaration that one special line of experi-
ments had already saved to the agriculture of one section of
Long Island at least $75,000. In view of the considerations here
presented, I shall recommend that this special fund be expended
chiefly in maintaining experiments in the field and in forcing
houses, which shall be an attempt to illustrate the application to

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Ss

practical agriculture of the facts discovered in our laboratory
research.

It now appears probable that in 1898 attention can be most
profitably given to the potato and pickle interests of Long Island.
With this in view, arrangements are already being made to locate
experiments at at least eight different points, chiefly with refer-
ence to the use of fertilizers in potato growing and to the applica-
tion of a spraying mixture in controlling the diseases which prey
upon eucumbers.

Experience teaches that it is not enough merely to discover a
fact and point out its relations to practical agriculture. The
extreme conservatism of the agricultural class seems to render it
necessary to go even farther, and by illustration and by precept
upon precept to overcome indifference and skepticism. It is true
that such instructional efforts as this are outside of the proper
funetion of the Experiment Station, but conditions seem to re-
quire them.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Fertilizer analysis —The demands upon this Station for the in-
spection of commercial fertilizers are steadily and rapidly in-
creasing. The records show that in no other state are the
requirements for this work so heavy as is the case in New York.
During the year 1897, 184 manufactures have filed in this office the
required statements concerning 1,728 brands of fertilizers. Not
all the registered brands are actually sold in the State, but the
real number is unnecessarily and even absurdly large. There is
not a single good reason for this multiplication of names in the
fertilizer trade, but many reasons why such a state of things
should not exist. It is a cause of confusion and of unnecessary
expense and should hasten a change to a more economical system
of buying and selling plant food.

During the season of 1897 three traveling agents were em-
ployed by the Station for the collection of samples of fertilizers
in different parts of the State. These agents were at work during
about four and one-half months, and they collected 1,005 sam-
ples, representing 748 different brands. This is less than the

14 DIRECTOR’S REPORT OF THD

entire number of brands sold. It is impossible with the funds
now at the command of the Station for fertilizer inspection to
search out and sample in any one year every brand that is sold
or offered for sale within the boundaries of the State. As a
matter of fact, the work of this kind that is now done is really
costing the Station more than the sum appropriated for this pur-
pose. It is entirely safe to say that the appropriation for fer-
tilizer inspection in New York is less in proportion to the neces-
sary work than is the case in any other state. The situation is
somewhat perplexing. It would be desirable if some means
could be devised to cheek this useless multiplication of brands,
at least so long as it is necessary for the State to inspect them.
This could be done, possibly, by imposing an analysis fee upon
each brand sold or offered for sale. There are reasons why it
would be just to do this. For instance, one company registered
in 1897 two hundred and forty-two brands and the effort required
for the inspection of these, provided they were all sampled, is a
large proportion of the work for the year. This company imposes
upon the State an expense which is greatly disproportionate to
its sales as compared with other companies offering a greatly
less number of brands. It is very certain that if the fertilizer
trade continues its present development, either an analysis fee
must be imposed or else the State appropriation must be consid-
erably increased. As the matter now stands, a large share of the
time of the chemist-in-chief and of four assistant chemists, be-
sides a good deal of attention on the part of the Director of the
Station, is devoted to fertilizer inspection. The result is that
the efforts of certain Station officers in the direction of investiga-
tion are unfortunately limited by this burden of routine work to
an extent not justifiable from any point of view. I commend
this matter to the attention of your Board as one worthy of seri-
ous and careful consideration.

Sugar beets —Considerable attention has been devoted to sugar
beet analysis. This was made necessary by the present active
and wide spread discussion of sugar beet production in New
York.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15

About one hundred and fifty samples of beets were analyzed
and a general summary of the results is given in Bulletin 135,
showing that the average percentage of sugar in the beets was
15.3 per cent. The present indications are that this work will be
largely increased in 1898.

Plant nutrition.—Investigations are in progress concerning the
plant-food needs of fruits and vegetables and the effect of certain
compounds in fertilizers upon the quality of fruits.

The composition of cider and vinegar.—A study of the composi-
tion of cider and cider vinegar is now going on with a view to
discovering some means of distinguishing between real and arti-
ficial or adulterated cider vinegar.

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE.

Of the nine horticultural bulletins issued by the Station in
1897 five discuss plant diseases and the methods of treating them,
and one relates to apparatus used in treating insects and diseases
which are injurious to plants. It should not be inferred from
this that subjects relating to plant pathology occupy two-thirds
of the time of the horticultural staff, although it is true that
much attention is devoted to work of this kind.

Plum leaf spot.——For several years questions pertaining to the
treatment of the leaf spot of plum and cherry have been under
investigation. The work which Mr. Fairchild started in 1891 to
determine the best means of preventing injury to plum and
cherry nursery stock was followed until a satisfactory line of
treatment could be confidently recommended. Investigations
were then undertaken with the same disease in the orchard. A
report of the progress of this work in 1895 was given in Bulletin
98 and the Annual Report for that year. The experiments were
continued in 1896 to determine whether the disease may be con-
trolled by two treatments with Bordeaux mixture, 1-to-11 for-
mula, and if so when these treatments should be made. The
results, as set forth in Bulletin 117, show that two timely and
thorough treatments with this mixture may control the disease
on plums in some seasons, but three treatments generally give

16 DIREcTOR’S REPORT OF THE

best results. The Italian prunes, which were given this treat-
ment, showed an average gain of 24$ pounds of fruit per tree at
an extra cost of less than one cent per pound.

Cherry leaf spot—Cherries ripen so early in the season that it
has not yet been found practicable to give them the thorough
treatment which is necessary to control the leaf spot, without
spotting the fruit with the spray so as to injure its appearance
when ripe. This question is still under investigation.

Raspberry anthracnose.—In Bulletin 124 Mr. Paddock gives the
results of three seasons’ work with the raspberry anthracnose.
He finds that it is best to set none but healthy plants and prac-
tice a short rotation of crops. The spread of the disease in in-
fested fields was successfully prevented by treatment, but the
yield of fruit was not increased enough to make the spraying
profitable.

Oat smut.—The treatment of oat smut can hardly be called a
horticultural operation, but the general importance of the subject
to the agriculture of the State and the need of a bulletin to
furnish correspondents with instructions for treating this disease
made it desirable that some investigations concerning it should
be undertaken. In Bulletin 131 Mr. Close sets forth clearly the
results of investigations which were conducted in 1897, partly at
the Station and partly on the farm of Messrs. King and Robinson,
Trumansburg, Tompkins County. Lysol, a fungicide which has
not heretofore been tried against grain smuts, gave excellent
results. The most inexpensive treatment, soaking with 0.2 per
cent formalin solution, cost for the material 1.4 cents per bushel
of seed treated.

Gooseberry mildew.—We have long wished to know something
definite as to the comparative value of potassium sulphide and
Bordeaux mixture for preventing gooseberry mildew. Mr. Close’s
investigations on this point are published in Bulletin 135. The
best results were obtained when the treatment was begun early
in the season, and potassium sulphide proved superior to Bor-
deaux mixture, lysol and formalin for preventing the disease.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i

Spray pumps and mixtures —The constant demand for elemen-
tary instruction concerning the use of spray mixtures and spray
pumps made it necessary to make further tests of apparatus and
revise former instructions so as to include the most recent devel-
opments in this line. This has been done by Mr. Paddock
and the results are given in Bulletin 121 on Spray Pumps and
Spraying.

Effect of wood ashes upon apple scab.—For five years one of the
apple orchards at the Station has been devoted to an investiga-
tion of the question whether fertilizing the soil liberally with
wood ashes may make the apples more resistant to the seab.
The results in this investigation are set forth in a bulletin on this
subject in which it is shown that, with the conditions under
which this investigation was made, immunity from apple scab
is not at all increased by liberal applications of hard-wood ashes
to the soil. ,

Forcing tomatoes.—Methods of training and benching tomatoes
in the forcing house are discussed in Bulletin 125. The conclu-
sion is reached that, at least in this climate, single stem training
is clearly superior to three stem training in forcing tomatoes.
Plunging small pots containing the young tomato plants in the
soil of the bench to see whether confining the roots thus would
bring the plants into bearing earlier or increase their productive-
ness, showed that practically nothing was gained by this treat-
ment and when used with three stem training it was a detriment.

Varieties of fruit at the Station—But two bulletins have been
prepared in 1897 on the varieties of fruit which are growing at
this Station. These are Bulletins 127 on Strawberries and 128
on Raspberries, Blackberries and Dewberries, both by Mr. Pad-
dock.

The following shows the number of varieties of commonly
cultivated fruits in the Station collection at the close of 1897, not
including plants which were received in the fall of 1897 nor those
currants and gooseberries which are grown here simply to illus-
trate the species to which they belong:

2

18 DIRECTOR’S REPORT OF THE

Number of Total number of
a eo gs manietits added varieties nor
. 10 J
NOW STOMInS = | and awe of ’97. F Station, WE
Pomaceous fruits :
FAD lest aaaeteace ic sirte ene eee 50 108 671
Crabrapplesce se. eee se ineps cell perqeioeweis clejese 1 22
ears: fee camnce dose sere ioeeene 39 19 240
Quincess=<s255-nceecascsetesee| Saeciceccscee 2 it
Stone fruits:
ATDTICOLB aoe Seine ats ise cee o see! Mine seastosere 11 36
@heImMeseeee tance seeeere eases 1 21 1s
IPGAChess as ciate ae HO ee ea eiera oe cheaters 17 147
IIIS eee tere cee a Sere ae 18 43 243
Small fruits:
Grapesiccses- sso ccsecsee teens 446 6 675
GWuTrantsecie se us pee eee sa ceee 53 10 102
Gooseberries\-=32 ss2oceeceo rene 256 5 479
iBlaclkibernies cco eee sae eee 1 3 34
Dew berries I AS alli 5 22 Ree 49
RAS PWCIILES Messicee eee a aiseene 23 6 123
Strawiberriesicssooce se esoreees 53 27 113
ROT ale oars As e See ee 983 306 3,020

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY.

A new disease of sweet corn.—Mr. Stewart has given consider-
able time to the study of a new disease of sweet corn to which
the early varieties of this crop are much subject in the market
gardens of Long Island. He has demonstrated that this disease
is bacterial in its nature, which is the first step necessary to a
discovery of methods of prevention. The subject needs further
study, and no remedial measures can now be recommended. Pre-
vention may perhaps be secured by care in the selection of seed
and by the planting of resistant varieties.

Potato scab.—The ploughing in of a crop of green rye had no
effect in preventing potato scab. The disease appeared to be
aggravated rather than checked.

Potato stem blight—This was not communicated by planting
diseased tubers, neither were peppers, tomatoes, egg plants or
plants of other species infected by contact with diseased potato
tubers.

Carnation rust—The application of a solution of common salt
neither prevented the rust nor benefited the growth of the car-
nation plants. !

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19

Downy mildew on cucumbers.—The early cucumber and pickle
industry of Long Island has been in danger of destruction from
the ravages of this disease. The experiments of Mr. Stewart in
1896 resulted in materially checking its development by spraying
with Bordeaux mixture.

These experiments were repeated at two points in 1897 with
similar results. On a small plat of early cucumbers at Floral
Park, spraying caused an increased yield of over 30,000 fruits per
acre.

On the farm of Mr. Robert Colyer an acre of late cucumbers
was sprayed under the direction of Mr. Stewart. The resulting
crop was about 102,000 fruits, the average yield with growers
who took no pains to control the mildew -being not over 20,000
fruits per acre. It is probable that other growers can produce
equally large crops when the spraying is done with equal intelli-
gence and thoroughness.

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Insectary.—A portion of one of the large greenhouses is being
remodeled for use as an insectary. Among other important
features it will contain breeding cages of necessary sizes and
shapes in which various species of injurious insects can be iso-
lated and their habits studied, root cages for studying insects
which attack the roots of plants, and fumigating boxes to be
used in testing the effects of various gases upon insects in differ-
ent stages of development. A dark room also forms an im-
portant part of the equipment of the insectary.

The collection of insects —About 200 species have been added to
the Station collection of insects besides valuable biological ma-
terial illustrating the life histories, habits and injurious work of
some of the species already in the collection. ‘The collection now
numbers nearly 2,600 species.

Ilwustrations—An important part of the work during the past
season has been the making of illustrations, photographs and
drawings, showing the structure, life histories and habits of in-

20 DirncTOR’S REPORT OF THE

jurious insects and their natural enemies. A large number of
these illustrations have been made during the past summer.
They are kept on file for use in bulletins as needed.

Inspection of nursery stock.—Nursery stock inspection has been
continued again this season, but to a less extent than the season
previous. About fifteen nurseries have been visited, with the
result than ten species of insects, all more or less injurious, have
been found on young trees about to be shipped, showing that
these insects are distributed by means of nursery stock. The
species referred to are as follows: The woolly aphis, peach tree
borer, the pistol-case bearer, oyster-shell bark-louse, scurfy bark-
louse, plant lice of various species, the bud moth, the New York
plum Lecanium, the oak scale and Aspidiotus ancylus. The San
José scale has also been found in a small nursery in Western
New York. Infested stock has possibly been shipped from this
nursery for six or eight years past. The present owner is going
out of the business and is clearing the land for fruit.

Experiments in dipping young nursery trees infested with plant
lice— Young nursery trees infested with plant lice cannot be
sprayed to advantage, as the lice cause the leaves to curl. The
lice congregate in great numbers on the under sides of the leaves
at and near the tips of the young trees. By dipping these in-
fested tips the insects may be killed. The object of the experi-
ment was to determine the proper strength of the solution (a
solution of whale-oil soap) to use. The expense of treating the
trees was so slight that no record of it was kept. It was shown
that whale-oil soap will kill the lice and may be safely used for
this purpose at a strength of one pound to seven gallons of water,
but that a stronger solution, one pound to three gallons, will
injure the foliage. The weaker solution kills the lice as effectu-
ally as the stronger.

Haperimenits in spraying young nursery trees.— One-year-old
apple grafts were sprayed with green arsenite (Scheele’s green)
one pound to 100 gallons. The trees were badly infested with
the canker-worm. This application was made late in June and

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21

was so effectual in destroying the canker-worms that another
application was not necessary.

Young cut-leaf birch trees, badly infested with thrips, were
sprayed three times with a whale-oil soap in solution, to which
was added one ounce of flowers of sulphur to one gallon of the
soap solution. This combination proved highly successful, show-
ing that this serious pest can be controlled.

Experiments in fumigating nursery stock with hydrocyanie acid
yas.—These experiments are pot yet completed, but the indica-
tions now are that nursery stock can be successfully fumigated
in large frost-proof cellars where the trees are ordinarily stored
over winter, without going to the expense of building houses for
this purpose where stock can be fumigated in small lots only.

Spraying experiments with green arsenite.—These experiments
form a part of a series of experiments with green arsenite begun
in 1896, their object being to test the value of green arsenite as
compared with Paris green.

Fourteen large trees owned by O. L. Jackson, at Rushville,
were used for the experiments and were sprayed three times.
Examinations made soon after the first application showed that
only the young worms, those about one-fourth inch long, had
been killed by the spray. After the third application the trees
were practically free from worms, the older ones having finally
succumbed.

This indicates that green arsenite may be slow in its action but
where the trees were sprayed three times it was effectual.

Investigations and experiments with plant lice.—Four species of
plant lice have been under observation during the past season,
two infesting the plum and two infesting the currant. The work
of studying out the complete life histories of these species is not
yet complete. The best progress has been made with Hyalopterus
prum. <All stages but one have been observed and drawings
made. In all the other species studied, with the probable excep-
tion of Myzus, new facts concerning their life histories have been
brought to light, and their various forms figured for the first

22 DiIREcTOR’S REPORT OF THE

time. Nine species of the natural enemies of these insects have
also been studied and illustrations made showing the different
stages in their development.

Experiments in spraying currant bushes and plum trees showed
that these lice may be destroyed if a whale oil soap solution, one
pound to seven gallons of water, is properly used.

The cotton-wood leaf beetle—The investigations and experiments
with this insect were finished during the past season.

The field used the previous year’ was sprayed with green
arsenite, former experiments having shown that this insecticide
would probably prove the most effectual of any tried. Three
applications were made, with the result that the plat was kept
almost entirely free from the insects.

In comparing the cost of spraying and running the “bug
machines,” or “ drags,” it was found that the spraying could be
done at about two-thirds the expense of the other method. It
was also found, however, that under ordinary circumstances the
best results would be obtained by using the ‘‘ machine” for a
few days soon after the last application of the poison.

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Feeding experiments with chicks and capons.—F rom an extended
test of the relative efficiency of whole and ground grains in feed-
ing chicks and capons it was learned that more food was eaten
and a more rapid and profitable gain was made when the ground
grain was fed.

Source of milk fat—An extended and somewhat elaborate
investigation concerning the source of milk fat was begun early
in the year and the results so far as reached were published in
Bulletin 182.

The data show clearly that food fats are not essential to the
formation of milk fat, and that the milk fat was not derived
wholly from the metabolism of protein; but that probably its
origin was partially in the carbohydrates of the food, as has been
demonstrated to be the case with body fat.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. De

PRODUCTION OF Fre_p Crops.

An important series of experiments has been begun on the
Station farm for the purpose of studying the relative economy of
certain systems of maintaining soil fertility.

EDUCATION IN Roap BUILDING.

The U. S. Department of Agriculture, among other efforts, is
endeavoring to disseminate information concerning the construc-
tion and economy of good roads. To this end a bureau known as
the Office of Road Inquiry has been established.

As one means of accomplishing its purposes this Office is
coéperating with the Land Grant Colleges and the Experiment
Stations in building in proximity to these institutions samples of
roads which shall be an object lesson, especially to rural com-
munities.

The first of these roads was built at New Brunswick, N. J., and
‘the second at Geneva. The latter was built by the united efforts
of the Office of Road Inquiry, private citizens, the village of
Geneva and the Experiment Station, and is located on North and
Castle streets. It extends about twelve hundred feet along the
northern boundary of the Station property and runs the entire
length of Castle street, the whole distance being about one and
a quarter miles.

The manner of construction is what is known as MacAdam, the
covering of the road bed consisting of broken stones to the depth
of eight inches. On North street the road is eight feet wide
and on Castle street the width is fourteen feet for the greater
part of the distance, the remainder being twenty feet.

The lower five inches of the covering was obtained from com-
mon field stone, and this was surfaced with three inches of
broken Hudson River trap rock.

The cost, details of construction and other related facts will be
given in the report of the Department of Agriculture. As this |
road was completed only last October it is too early to draw con-
clusions as to its quality and durability. It is satisfactory so far
and has changed the streets between the Experiment Station
and the city from a condition which at times was almost unbear-
able and prohibitive of travel to one of convenience and comfort.

Drrecror’s REPORT OF THE

BULLETINS PUBLISHED IN 1897.

The following is a list of the bulletins issued by the Station for

the year 1897. All of these are included in this report excepting
Nos. 114, 115, 116, 120, 122, which were presented in the report

for
No.
No.

No.

No.

No.

1896.

114—January.—Gooseberries. S. A. Beach. Pages 48.

115—January.—Director’s report for 1896. W. H. Jordan,
Pages 26.

116—January.—Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers

‘ for the fall of 1896. UL. L. Van Slyke.
Pages 57.

. 117—March.—Treatment of leaf spot in plum and cherry or-

chards in 1896. S. A. Beach. Pages 9.

. 118—March.—Alfalfa. W. P. Wheeler. Pages 10.
. 119—March.—The downy mildew of the cucumber: What it

is and how to prevent it. F. C. Stewart. |
Pages 30.

. 120—March.—A practical method of fighting cutworms in

onion fields. F. A. Sirrine. Pages 14.

. 121—March.—Spray pumps and spraying. Wendell Pad-

dock. Pages 23.

. 122—Apri!l.—The pistol-case bearer. V.H. Lowe. Pages 12.
. 128—April.—Spraying potatoes on Long Island in the sea-

son of 1896. F.C. Stewart. Pages 27.

. 124—April—Anthracnose of the black raspberry. Wendell

Paddock. Pages 14.

. 125—July—Forcing tomatoes: Comparison of methods of

training and benching. Note on a tomato
disease. S. A. Beach. Pages 382.

126—November.—Feeding experiments with chicks and ca-

pons: The relative efficiency of whole and
ground grains as commonly fed. W. P.
Wheeler. Pages 19.

Strawberries in 1897. Wendell Paddock.
Pages 12.

127—November.

. 135

. 188—December.

~
.

1)

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2,

.128—November.—Variety tests with raspberries, blackber-

ries and dewberries. Wendell Paddock.
Pages 11.

.129—November.—Report of analyses of commercial ferti-

lizers for the spring of 1897. L. L. Van
Slyke. Pages 71.

5. 130—December.—A bacterial disease of sweet corn. F. C.

Stewart. Pages 17.

_131—December.—Results with oat smut in 1897. C. P. Close.

Pages 14.

.132—December.—The source of milk fat. W.H. Jordan and

C. G. Jenter. Pages 34.
December.—Spraying in 1897 to prevent gooseberry mil-
dew. C. P. Close. Pages 12.

. 134—December.—Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers

for the fall of 1897. L. L. Van Slyke.
Pages 39.

.185—December.—The composition and production of sugar

beets. L. L. Van Slyke, W. H. Jordan
and G. W. Churchill. Pages 30.

. 1836—December.—Inspection of nurseries and treatment of in-

fested nursery stock. V. H. Lowe.
Pages 30.

. 187—December.—Commercial fertilizers for potatoes. W. H.

Jordan. Pages 22.

Experiments and observations on some dis-
eases of plants. F.C. Stewart. Pages 18.

. 189—December.—Plant lice: Descriptions, enemies and treat-

ment. V.H. Lowe. Pages 20.

. 140—December.—W ood ashes and apple scab. SS. A. Beach.

Pages 27.

. 141—December.—Digestion and feeding experiments. W. H.

Jordan and C. G. Jenter. Pages 30.

. 142—December.—Director’s report for 1897. W. H. Jordan.

Pages 20.
W. H. JORDAN,

Director.

N. Y. Agr’l] Exp’t Station, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1897.

26

DiIrREcTOR’S REPORT OF THD

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PRESENTED TO THE

STATION.

Acker & Gartenbau Zeitung, Milwaukee, Wis.

Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind.

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, Sydney, N. S. W.
Agricultural Student, Columbus, Ohio.

Agricultural Students’ Gazette, Cirencester, Eng.

Albany Weekly Journal, Albany, N. Y.

Allegan Gazette, Allegan, Mich.

American Agriculturist, New York, N. Y.

American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.

American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincinnati,

Shio.

ipa:

American Philosophical Society, Proceedings, Philadelphia,

American Stock Keeper, Boston, Mass.

Angelica Every Week, Angelica, N. Y.

Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.

Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, Canada.

Church and Farm, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal, Cincinnati,

Ohio.

Commercial Gazette, New York, N. Y.
Cotton Planters’ Journal, Memphis, Tenn.
Dairy World, London, Eng.

Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich.
DeRuyter Gleaner, DeRuyter, N. Y.

Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin, Ill.

Farm and Fireside, Philadelphia, Pa.
Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass.

Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.

Farm News, Springfield, Ohio.

Farm Poultry Semi-Monthly, Boston, Mass.
Farm, Stock and Home, Minneapolis, Minn.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 76

Farmers’ Advocate, London, Canada.

Farmers’ Guide, Huntington, Ind.

Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio.

Farmers’ Magazine, Springfield, III.

Farmers’ Voice, Chicago, Ill,

Forester, Washington, D. C.

Geneva Gazette, Geneva, N. Y.

Gentleman Farmer, Chicago, Il.

Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio.
Green’s Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y.

Herd Register, Peterboro, N. H.

Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis.
Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa.

Horticultural Gleaner, Austin, Tex.

Indiana Farmer, Indianapolis, Ind.

Industrial American, Lexington, Ky.

Iowa Weather and Crop Service Review, Des Moines, Iowa.
Irrigation Age, Chicago, Ill.

Ithaca Democrat, Ithaca, N. Y.

Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind.

Journal and Herald, Springville, N. Y.

Long Island Farmer, Jamaica, N. Y.

Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, New Orleans, La.
Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn.

Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H.
Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont.
Monthly Weather Review, Washington, D. C.
National Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y.
National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.
Nebraska Bee-Keeper, York, Neb.

Nebraska Farmer, Lincoln, Neb.

New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.

New England Florist, Boston, Mass.

New York Edition, Farm and Fireside, Springfield, [1].
New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y.

New York Produce Review, New York, N. Y.

28 Direcror’s Report or THE EXPERIMENT STATION.

Northwest Pacific Farmer, Portland, Ore.

Olean Herald, Olean, N. Y.

Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Oregon.

Pacific Coast Dairyman, Tacoma, Wash.
Pomona Herald, Pascoag and Providence, R. I.
Poultry Monthly, Albany, N. Y.

Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.

Prairie Farmer, Chicago, II.

Prattsburgh News, Prattsburgh, N. Y.
Progressive South, Richmond, Va.

Queensland Agricultural Journal, Brisbane, Queensland.
Salt Lake Herald, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Sanitary Inspector, Augusta, Me.

Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga.

Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.

Southern States Farm Magazine, Baltimore, Md.
Southwestern Farmer and American Horticulturist.
State Board of Health Bulletin, Memphis, Tenn.
Suffolk Bulletin, Huntington, N. Y.

Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa.

Vermont Farmers’ Advocate, Burlington, Vt.
Wallace’s Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa.

Watkins Review, Watkins, N. Y.

West Virginia Farm Reporter.

Western Plowman, Moline, Ill

Woman’s Home Companion, Philadelphia, Pa.
Wool Record, New York, N. Y.

REPORT

OF ‘THE

Mie MICAL DEPARTMENT.

lL. Lb VAN SLYKE; Pu. D:, CuEMistr.

Assistant Chemists.

C. G. GENTER, Pa. C.

Ww. H. ANDREWS,* B. S.

J. A. LE CLERC, B. S.

Ae DaCOOK.. LH. ©.

EF. D. FULLER, B. 8.

EB) AAR BS:

F. THOMPSON, B. 8.

Tapia or CONTENTS.

(1) Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring
of 1897.

(II) Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall

of 1897.
(III) Conditions required for the successful growth of sugar
beets.

*Connected with Fertilizer Control.

aatiaae

ipo

ain

Oi

reais

Rubi Nes wih ah ' : * ahh
yo ’ 4 ‘ a ha "gra a

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

L. L. VAN SLYKE.

1 REPORT OF ANALYSES OF ,COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZERS FOR THE SPRING OF 1897.*

SUMMARY.

(1) Samples collected. During the spring of 1897, the Station
collected 735 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 500
different brands. Of these different brands, 400 were complete
fertilizers; of the others, 32 contained phosphoric acid and pot-
ash without nitrogen; 33 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid
without potash; 1 contained nitrogen and potash without phos-
phoric acid; 31 contained phosphoric acid alone; and 3 contained
potash salts only. }

(2) Nitrogen. The 400 brands of complete fertilizers contained
nitrogen varying in amount from 0.30 to 8.08 per cent, and aver-
aging 2.23 per cent. The average amount of nitrogen found
by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount
by 0.14 per cent, the guaranteed average being 2.09 per cent and
the average found being 2.23 per cent.

In 293 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen
found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess
varying from 0.01 to 2.73 per cent, and averaging 0.30 ‘per cent.

In 107 brands, the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount,
the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 2.25 per cent and averaging
0.29 per cent. In 87 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per
cent.

The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0.01 to 6.25
per cent and averaged 0.95 per cent.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 129.

32 Rerort oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

(3) Available phosphoric acid. The 400 brands of complete
fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount
from 0.83 to 19.68 per cent and averaging 8.44 per cent. The
average amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Station
analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.81 per
cent, the guaranteed average being 7.63 per cent and the average
found being 8.44 per cent.

In 326 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of available
phosphoric acid found was above the amount guaranteed, the
excess varying from 0.01 to 10.68 per cent and averaging 1.14
per cent.

In 74 brands, the available phosphoric acid was below the
guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 3.06 per
cent and averaging 0.58 per cent. In 49 cases the deficiency was
below 0.5 per cent.

The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0 to
12.47 per cent and averaged 4.97 per cent.

(4) Potash. The complete fertilizers contained potash varying
in amount from 0.08 to 15.58 per cent, and averaging 4.57 per
cent. ‘The average amount of potash found by the Station analy-
sis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.27 per cent,
the guaranteed average being 4.30 per cent and the average found
being 4.57 per cent.

In 297 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash
found was above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from
0.01 to 4.41 per cent and averaging 0.53 per cent.

In 108 brands, the potash was below the guaranteed amount,
the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 8.382 per cent and averaging
0.47 per cent. In 85 of these cases, the deficiency was less than
0.5 per cent.

In 88 cases among the 400 brands of complete fertilizers the
potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess
of chlorides.

(5) The retail selling price of the complete fertilizers varied
from $15 to $60 a ton and averaged $28.92. The retail cost of
the separate ingredients unmixed varied from $1.80 to $34.25
and averaged $20.17, or $8.75 less than the selling price.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33
INTRODUCTION.

NUMBER AND KINDS oF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.
During the spring of 1897, we collected 735 samples of com-
mercial fertilizers, representing 500 different brands. The tabu-
lated statement below indicates the different classes included in
the collection.

CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

Brands con-
taining nitro-
gen and

Brands con- Brands con-
taining nitro- | taining phos- Brands of
gen and potash! phoric acid and complete

Brands con-

taining only | Brands con-

phosphoric phosphoric ; : ore
A potash F without phos- | potash without fertilizers
acid. ane phoric acid. nitrogen.

31 3 33 i 32 400

From these figures it can be seen that 80 per cent of the com-
mercial fertilizers offered for sale during the spring consisted of
complete fertilizers. The remaining 20 per cent was distributed
in nearly equal proportions between acid phosphates, bone and
mixtures containing acid phosphate and potash.

COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

The tabulated statement below shows the average composition
of the complete fertilizers collected during the spring, together
with a comparison of the guaranteed composition and that found
by analysis.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

PER CENT GUARANTEED. PER CENT FOUND. Average
per cent
found
above
Lowest. | Highest.| Average.| Lowest.| Highest.| Average. ee
e6.
INTDLOC ON) ~ 52sec. se 0.40 | 8.78 2.09 | 0.30] 8.08 2.23 0.14
Available phosphoric
BCIdscmeoes ds sscccss 1.93 | 11.00 7.63 | 0.83 | 19.68 8.44 0.81
Insoluble phosphoric
POG! sso CRBS GES ete al eeecad Dome ati eeemesercse 0.10 | 8.06 AEN ss Sodc
IRotashteeceaeees cos es 0.14 | 19.00 4.30 | 0.08 | 15.58 4.57 0.27
Wiater-solublemitroren):.- cs. -|\msees||se<c.0-e 0.01 | 6.25 O595: |Roweteeee
Water-soluble phos-
NOTICIA CIC Sese oso acme cer Bese sealnsecieees i OscOnl Lola 7 4 OTe csee sees

34 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION.

Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the
schedule on page 356 for mixed fertilizers, 14 cents a pound for
nitrogen, 54 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid, 5
cents a pound for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound
for insoluble phosphoric acid, and 44 cents a pound for potash,
we can calculate the commercial valuation, or the price, at which
the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertilizer,
having the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be
purchased for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail
prices at which these goods were offered for sale, we can also
readily estimate the difference between the actual selling price
of the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the unmixed ma-
terials; the difference covers the cost of mixing, freight, profits,
etc. |We present these data in the following table, including
only complete fertilizers.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF FERTILIZERS.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION OF CoM- SELLING PRICE OF ONE TON OF Average in-
PLETE FERTILIZERS. COMPLETE FERTILIZER. creased cost of
mixed materials
over unmixed
Average. materials for one
ton.

Lowest Highest. Average. Lowest. Highest.

$1 80 | $34 25 | $20 17 | $15 00 | $60 00 | $28 92 $8 75

Cost oF OnE PounpD or PLANT-Foop IN MIXED FERTILIZERS AS
PURCHASED BY CONSUMERS.

In the table following we present figures showing the lowest,
highest and average cost to the purchaser of one pound of plant-
food in different forms.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35

Cost OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-FOOD TO CONSUMERS.

IN COMPLETE FERTILIZERS. Lowest. Highest. Average.
Cents. Cents. Cents.
INGORE Mca « cisteciet es enachee wicca eecines ile y/ 187 20.1
Available phosphoric acid.......-....- 4.4 697 As,
xO URS MMe sr ame a cian cia ae c)ocjse ee Baths 60 6.5

From the foregoing figures, it is seen that, to some farmers
who purchased a very low-grade fertilizer at a high price, the
cost of nitrogen was $1.87 a pound; the available phosphoric
acid, 69.7 cents; and the potash, 60 cents. On the other hand,
to those farmers who purchased plant-food most cheaply, each
pound of nitrogen cost 11.7 cents; of available phosphoric acid,
4.4 cents; and of potash, 3? cents. Taking an average of all the
mixed fertilizers, farmers ‘paid 20.1 cents a pound for nitrogen,
7% cents a pound for available phosphoric acid and 64 cents a
pound for potash.

These figures indicate that farmers should invariably avoid
purchasing low-grade fertilizers, unless they are sure that the
price is proportionately low, a condition which rarely accom-
panies the sale of such fertilizers. It also appears that, on an
average, in purchasing mixed fertilizers, farmers are paying
much more for their plant-food than they can secure it for in
unmixed forms direct from manufacturers. Thus, while the
average cost of one pound of nitrogen to the farmer is 20.1 cents
in mixed goods, it can be purchased for 12 to 15 cents a pound.
While available phosphoric acid is costing 7} cents a pound in
mixed goods, it can be purchased at less than 5 cents, and the
same is true of potash.

TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS,
ADOPTED BY EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The trade-values in the following schedule represent the aver-
age prices at which, in the six months preceding March, the
respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw materials,

36 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, Boston,
New York and Philadelphia. These prices also correspond to
the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding
March, plus about 20 per cent, in case of goods for which there
are wholesale quotations.

TRADE-VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND
CHEMICALS, ADOPTED BY HXPERIMENT STATIONS.

1897.
Cts. per
pound.
INJICLOSENGIne AMMONIA SAIS. = stole oe cise osm Gis cls Ochelache oie) ol UeromctoRCtOnetnetane 138%
INItTrOGEeN imi MIGLATES ism wi crecsio ais ele. 15, oie ialeeecevele 6 hdl CUdeRedsyels abet eteeer shee Ree iore 14
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, and
inehigh-orade mixed: Lert liZErs ssicete aes to ico. alcl sicliote elelsicheneloltereneneteronene 14
Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and castor-pomace........... 12
Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage................ 13%
Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and tankage........ 11
Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage................... 8
Organic nitrogen in coarser bone and tankage.................+- a eo
Organic nitrogen in hair, horn-shavings and coarse fish-scraps.... 3
Phosphorie acid. Soluble! an’ waiters cicucteclsicie.s ete levcrohererevec nienencrer means 514
Phosphoric acid, soluble in ammonium cCitrate.................... 5
Phosphoric acid in fine boneand tankage: .. <.0. <. 3. «0 « leelonre 5
Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage................ 4
Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage.................05- 21%
Phosphoric acid in coarser bone and tankage..................... 2
Phosphoric acid in fine-ground fish, cotton-seed meal, castor-pomace
ATIC WiOOG HASIES 5 Svesevsiine te wp eler cr <yeys cone’ o/s ieror ence ouiorsonaliave sKalonenerioiene tetera tae 41%
Phosphoric acid, insoluble in ammonium citrate, in mixed fertiliz-
OTS eaicds a arms eis busi oes ete sleltare ojo a vateupres ei avele evousiaolior etic, susl etavc feleneteee Mae keteneteenene 2
Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlor-
NGKES))y shal GIVER, KGa gobo oblcd goo oO OcbOuDOGUodCO DOOR On OpODOo SOOO 5
POEMS IM MNVUTIBtC rotaereics + ce clene cf cle ete oierese/oxel e eusrelcheercisrenciel ete ereneneren ae 4%

COMMERCIAL VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS.

The commercial valuation of a fertilizer consists in estimating
the approximate value or money-cost of the essential fertilizing
constituents (nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash) in one ton
of fertilizer. This does not take into consideration cost of mix-

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oll

ing, of transportation, storage, commissions to agents and deal-
ers, etc., but only the one item of retail cash cost, in the market,
of unmixed raw materials,

SIMPLE RULE FOR CALCULATING THE APPROXIMATE COMMERCIAL
VALUATION OF A FERTILIZER FROM THE RESULTS
or ANALYSIS.

Multiply the per cent of nitrogen by three and to the product add
the per cent of available phosphoric acid and the per cent of potash.
The total sum will express in dollars and cents the approximate
commercial valuation of one ton (2,000 pounds) of the fertilizer.

Example.—aA fertilizer contains 3.44 per cent of nitrogen, 6.15
per cent of available phosphoric acid and 9.89 per cent of potash.

3.44 (per cent nitrogen) multiplied by three equals............. $10 32
6.15 (per cent available phosphoric acid) equals................ , 6 15
ESTE (DEECeH tT pOtASM)) CQUAlS as sist osha cued oe se! eic)ere) ois) cle ie Sieis es sess ete 9 89

AIRCON M ete Pat as ce ote core sei fe) ence alee Oajercd: alchawate sve ysrareiecetene acerateve) efeuclonieuel euecaehe $26 36

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS WHO HAVE FILED STATE-
MENTS REQUIRED BY LAW.

Manufacturers to the number of 184 have filed with thisStation
the statement required by law. Of these there are 61 whose
factories are located outside of New York State. These 184
manufacturers put on the market 1,728 different brands. Many
of these brands are manufactured for special parties in other
states, so that the number of different brands actually sold in this
state is short of the total given above. Within the past two
years it has become very common to have special goods made for
local dealers which have a limited sale in the dealer’s immediate
locality. This method is becoming more and more common, and,
of course, increases largely the number of brands made and sold.

38 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Number
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MANUFACTURERS. of brands
reported.
Acme Fertilizer Co., 62 William Street, New York City.............. O
American Reduction Co., 1516 Second Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa........ 4
Armour Fertilizer Works, 205 La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill........... 7
Hdward 7d eA ttwood, Andover Ne Vc eaeimcierenienter ce oenecteltererrcicies tf
Bachmanyé& Coy, Chester, OrangverCor, iNe Y¥ecneseccei- sh eierieieneeier 1
Ane Me bakervé Son, Mit. MOTIIS) HN p\iaer bie h teletercters) alco crete enero 6
H. J. Baker & Bro., 93 William Street, New York City.............. 43
NOdisoneBaldridetess Mach owe ally iN: Ver cece cic ciclo cretion reneenerens
JpeAscbingham®: WMiarlbono webs Ny wassietccese co ciclac ciate cteiseneciscne kre eicle 7. aD
Bowker Fertilizer Co., 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Mass............. 40
Bradley Fertilizer Co., 92 State Street, Boston, Mass................ 39
RiesBradleyaMertilizer (Co, ihiladelphias wea... eerecieiccs seine 13
Brishint & IM owglass ClydesINe Vis ie cuetse: clsvlentehostcpeineners fekemettie eke ieneene 2
Charles sBrowil, oNtt. Morris. INE CY) tie ssbevy eco sieevntetetoneitelecelen ol eieyerekenienerene 1
Buamelds &, Hoster) Coloray sider eure cesiceistac cietnereeneeier eaenenen 9
eee: Bitts: (Oneonta: IN. Ys stag s fe ec sitdisroncret Rakete eerste eeeene eee 4
Chandler Russell << Chandler Newarks Neds asc ecracieeetee seis 9
iH: BaChapin, Rochester; Ns Xo sis simsisis ercitere seavevete asec olereesrenerereeeaees 3
Rene Chappius, Mrydems New V1.1 1 OM POD OO MOOT On OC04 0-6-0010 1
Chemicali@o. o£ Canton, Baltimore) Mdisc carers lie cise heres cielo torsienetene 11
ChesapeakesGuano (Co. ‘Baltimores Wde scr. cet ceiceicsiieeeicieeiaieienee 3
Clark & Powers; Hass Nee Moe are ss: cterncre tore rer nerere ote rhehoretohe enor aatetetene 1
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., 40 Exchange Place, New York City...... 15
The Cleveland Dryer Co., 92 State Street, Boston, Mass............. 8
Clubvand Grange Hertilizer Co. Syracuse; Ns Yao = se. a serene etaiens 6
Hy Hrank Coe Co., 185 Kront street, New York city...) creme 28
Colerovercnvanns Wiallowa@reek.t Nee Yice mis eters cher ericieciecicicrenetencnonsicte 2
Peter Cooper’s Glue Factory, 138 Burling slip, New York City........, at
AS. Cone: Hertilizer Works, Wébibe delaing,) Nig sc, <r cera te cteledtenerencemeene 14
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.............008.0.. 242
Wy ALvGross; Eilton, AN. Xi tos cicsyeaieteeauere. oe eiehess Gree oe srsrolore ened Nene Bou
Cubawisertilizer Co; Culba, Ne evaqciie cic costes clots orate clo cieioeitoictetener 5 |
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Portland, Me... 5. .5.. ce ccc creer + 2
Cuyler, & Care Miailiord, oN. os ess teeters cae susie wile. ere soie forswolsnola tener mementos 4
EG. Danlines Mertilizer Com eewittlGl Ct, kvl crt cient stckelectersdenercnetenare 10
Detrick Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md................. 27
MOMS sD etrick eB alGinmonene MCE ercistcicherecicrctlelevechemerierehetenetene siosticrot nO
CPAS Dryer: South Waimea Nis Yor occ eles tol ovedethers elvcmbota sire ene eiemerateieions Owe
P. P. Dunan, 310 Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md................ 8
IDGhvVAheOl DAK lnk onWiel IN, Mosincoudooo su cdocadon coon dhbooD GU bG000N0 3
Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J...............0s0. 12

Robert Dy Hatomy Norwichs eNe Wisse ciclo cieteloriertericiekecerereiiete icine 6

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 39

Number

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MANUFACTURERS. of brands

reported.

The Elixir Fertilizer Co., 107 W. 14th Street, New York City........ 5 1
PMR Olean Cruzer VOLS) HiDles peaevecusis cle cleicisic)eteie syos/a a ierstenel ele sie) < els 4
HSSCxesMereilizen Oo, INGWarks Nijidictssiss cis evsieiecste ws cievelobeie eiereleiley's ele Sie aus 2
COM Nee EWalon me NOLEtM SD ATUAy Nap or 6 citolaci cic. erleterercte oo cutis eveneuel s/ellerl axel eye 1
HAMELS meh eLiIZer CO SV LACUSe, INe Wes crepe aicisue. «1 tatsretere eltorels o s\elereyehets 14
Harmers? and Builders’ Supply Co., Owego, Ni Y......05 cscs ce ence Us
NE Soe hie Mmend ©O- Ma elmiOres IMGs c sues cttse sjevelelle ei obel elereis cretolohere atone els 6
RO EMIUPE SETS TOT TROT Ony ING UeY ca ctniachstare cyecescleeiele.s cavarete, sl o/ofeve aa) brejrore tel ote ohelo? ove 1
EVensyaelitehand=e Mimeubo ve Nia Vics siceisr cise Che -e)eoloiavsiles cis shorelcetousba cto) winirel sone al
Geo. B. Forrester, 169 Front Street, New York City................. 19
BbtT OSA ee Gr DUNES a SMOTOUTIVG ING Ya ches o01,01 oi¥s ole icles dhe, rola a creneteve sheuare te teeters 33
CGenevae Coalii©o.. Geneva Ne Xs sil ciererd sandals mice ad ocrew area bio eile cia ds 15
Ae CuGeslains 131 Rutledze Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 25. ...22s00+e 5) 2
CoV ERG Od CALC Mite Wp bOMs BINGE ec. s a1. cis sci oiteaiere of ote cvevere levelled srereioriore) ele Oe 3
GreduMastern WeLelizer COs HUGlanGsViG. cctelers) deface erenelorciers ia eiehertelers 16
Griffith & Boyd, 9 South Gay Street, Baltimore, Md................. 9
John Haefele, Delaware Avenue, Albany, N. Y..............2cee00- il
lem Opera Oe NOL WACH se NS (Yossie ais\foretore, eters iebate vere eiscesiuers atts vl ajie sesueiele io holes 3
Nirvan @ Sep eDal MA atm Eres Nis. Voc oye a cceyes o/c 0e.00 3 ota: sven otal svetetoter ovehe ciraie lelelerar atetobe labs +)
The Hallock and Duryee Fertilizer Co., Mattituck, N. Y............. 5
Hammond’s Paint and Slug-Shot Works, Fishkill, N. Y.............. 1
TOMMMElALG IMAM NE Ws ElarGrOrdseIN:. (Yo. osc) sccee cre ove elebeleielel cise) eters stoke 2
Geo. L. Harding, 205 Water Street, Binghamton, N. Y............... 1
Eiauhaway es Keynolds, Oriskany, Wallst uN. Yios.. scles scrcierccclc ee cisiels 5
ISHBVe OL Eval ons Ahlen ING MOSS gocios bolo Dioludiod Undo Golson o.o6 2
S. M. Hess & Bro., 4th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa....... 9
ee Sm ELG Wii on SONS s IOGMOIIN: You cuitcse liad ahereus cess cleisin alecvo ato enaeten s 8
Or Oe Att CTI TIN YoU INN INS, V5, cues syajinaljavs siete bi Meh slorese ors eae aiehatett ene hela eee 9
Hubbard & Co., 10 Light Street, Baltimore, Md.................<0.2 9
Enmphrey és Eloldridge; loneoye Mallsy Ne Wiis cis a. swe e citer celeceeres 6
Imperial Fertilizer Co., 5 Hanover Street, New York City...... 2
inibernanonalsSseed (Con Rochester, Ne Y% cc... ciwewele coe easccees 3
COMA VCS Es Al Mp TLC OOM NEw Ye clerics coe sree, seis cieislc hovers to eien ice ee Be
fa eON cue DIT eASV OTe ING gh e clare elapsierseeaveye svete hate Gi aedehey outst n memes alt
ihersarecki Chemical Co: Sandusky, (Ohio). 2 cts cistacaclece ste caer 8
ie e ONES Hetzer Con Wincinn atin OHiOmasie ce cied sis ins easterlies ee 9
HPV er ONES OMES OUT INGAYE. Yan leysraserepe isis ove(araveucteneRicioels © o,cre Haven emo 1 4
STINE RBS LOS stacy ELOWELIS Ovi Gs ING WY, spa overny s cy sate nude eidlo sabnelcisie sce treldierec 1
Lackawanna Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Moosic, Pa............... 4
Hil OL UTE y lle OTA One CAIwaes peters ietel cteliel ate aicvcint otoxctavanclen clon oierecs 1

WAZA StKOn Gan OC. O-. Saul OL Oe Meee sr s.cocpsic ciciee ic asia e cee ieee 45

40 Report OF THE OHEMIST OF THE

Number

NAMES AND ADDRESSES/OFj} MANUFACTURERS. of brands
reported.
Liebig Manufacturing Co., 26 Broadway, New York City............ 10
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J..........0..++-+> 27
Joseph Lister, 1158 Elston Avenue, Chicago, Ill..................... 1
HockerMertilizeri©om, WOCKey ING pYscia cies eacies ciaiel ol enenenereter ict otateieteteiensien-iere 8
Lonergan cs elivinescon. Al Damiye eNep oaeie coe etalelenatel Nereratets) ercusuetedet Nellore 2
Long Island Agricultural Chemical Co., Long Island City, N. Y...... 6
Ogee) INE boa ene EE Aton IN Ee Goiaeingion.oG aclbmod doc opadoumoudd cOCUdKd> il
Wowellemertilizers Co. Wowell, Masia cere cies cietel +! clelicnel ste etel eleieilonet ecole rete alal
Frederick Ludlam, 108 Water Street, New York City................ 8
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., 143 Liberty Street, New

WO dis (Oh A eens RAS Wiel Aa Ean ini eRAe nei ore cn at pinentowm cic 0' 00 c 18
Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Co.,80 South Halliday Street,

Bal Gimm OTs SM aya erseerel Sooke loc eave eo Teuce al clans Sus ee svaceleretaieiate (ee herenovanee eter 19
Maxsoneccestariny:Contlands INee Yc). m2 stecerle cies ciete le tereie ehereieiate = tetstcrsaretene 12
Wiese MeDo well, Middletown WN Yael teuste sicher erelstersteucleials ove cheeenerer arene 2
Michivan) Carbon) Works, DWetroity Miche. 61. aye cretee/0-voheyole lever onectotetetenere 9
Miller Fertilizer Co., 411 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Md........... €
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Hast Buffalo, N. Y............. 20
Minotecc Decker “Brockports ING i Yn chis wc late tele lols eis iste litte lellolelohe sieterclotenorate 4
Mitchell Werntlizer! Cos, Vlremleyz) Ni yds cre tctate octets hea atotcdals ehevera) steletartetets 3
eVETECEN IN ATCT 6c) SOMO PRODITE WING Yoci.ce cre crel siclereneie oils eraienalcinretetteteretagennets 4
Moller: & i Coss Maspeths JN Nici sera tenstots os aaaverop arene ed cuareraloveteteroverhatetavetetenetens 2
HANG Swe» eNMUUGr AY, Ia CCCONM ABN: Xie crelicicy oe clencretteretrafeitckenetoltetel snedereetonet Rel tee 2
National Hertilizer’ Co: Bridgeporty iNy Ws circ cro o1ciciole sete elereretatenotohetene 6
Geow Ac Newcomb: «Cottares ING a Viccicleresisretete eretere stn siete ote teMete felteterometelonale 1
VAI eeINIGW. COM, PERETTI Cttals ON s Y4e)<fotsis (cls 1e¥s\terctecstetel «chanel ele tele elehetctfeheltelekotevenetelte 1
New York Fertilizer Co., 203 Broadway, New York City............. 1
Niagara ehentili Ze. VWiOLKS) ls Uihalo nN a Xcrerc tersterelrele) siciet enol otovehefe crea cnoheterers 38
Northwestern Mertilizing: Co; Chicago; Ty. 0. occ. 0 cere eee vere 18
Oaktield Mertilizer Coz, “Butkalo, INGixss oe se aietstaleicpel tol eiei-tsleler etedchonevenoteene 8
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y...........++4-- 18
Overtonucé& Co. Reading Centery Ne Ve - as cele ciel siete oie ol eleteloteral iat Volledolole 1
Pacifie Guano Co., 27 William Street, New York City............... 23
Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., New York City............2..sceceees "
Chasse arks | DANI y se OOMMeystertelercpe rey alan veist ene ole) cceteteters lates otetenstetste 3
Patapsceo Guano) Co, Baltimore MiGs 2. si\crecsverel « oleic eis lolelloreliols a e¥-elake teres 21
GePAGRECATSall se Wall liam SOms a NoseVacuerars cietete tone ovis ever cietererelonerehotclercucteneteneleters 5
EH Casey Mia DIG COMING wYacwerctaterererotey stoves lolelleretaicieveiatellousiolcletel Met Reh tenets 1
BRenfields Milling Cos, Delhii Ne Neiereie cic ce elete eieletele fs) clele)otealeioreiolaleustekeialete 2
PX VW Wesel a (Oro Lage Marsa da aomascodoudoud oo CoGcouOnooUdS 1
AG Peterson) emiiel ds NG Vi crcrere cintero ci creiens siclote eteseronctelalen-tkelekeiaratstenetehe 5

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 41

Number

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MANUFACTURERS. of brands

reported.

RPE GING eh CIN AIOA ANG AN eral hance aa o del w olin be wisiWe valaiiggldelsie slate ine 6

Moro Phillips Chemical Co., 131 South 3d Street, Philadelphia, Pa... 17

Wait, Wve dehy e Ulin, ING Mao cnnondao nodose ecod poem OUD Udo wo Ubod 4oc 4
EPA EER COG OOM PATINOTS Na Woe cleher se cia ceelsbaie! sic) clelelene cleichateleleievenelee « 2
18. diy Jeanove Pete MADEN EIKO INS Co Goo aerdoncoe coor odooo a hbo 6o0.6.0.0 otic i
Thy Sh LARS oper ibayss INGA Goins cone osdcoummous mand ono ao0 dun ooo’ 1
EOWEESS GDS is OO: WilmMin otOmMss Neg O©M crete latciictets ein aieye/tel of lech ore) aiclietate 10
Preston hertilizer Co..luone Island (City, Ney Yaosia oem ej-cie clei cle llsiolere ofste 16
OucensGityeHerwlizer: Cor sbUialOseNe ac esecier sions ole} ieliesenoreneienelelearefeterente 15
Quinnipiac Co., 88 Fulton Street, New York City.................... 38
maAsineMertlizer Oo., Baltimore, Mids %si.ccic <crere «.njeseic sw oysle tisllefe ci mareteleyuce 9
Read Fertilizer Co., 88 Wall Street, New York City...........---+0+5 35
John S,; Reese & Co:, Baltimore, Md... 2. ou... oe ce ore we on ieee enncs 20
Jn tepkeynolds & Cor, Mite Vermon; Ns Yas 25 as siene oon crwiv's) ets ole ele exovlous ols 3
AO Amer el COs Hi LiTa PGT Nici Y. crore, or ese eee thine cl ale of ofl cite oye ele eerer lio) slelsoheteraiane 1
DepleuiGherwNGwaserliny, Nueces sere sisicis/s oles =.) le elerelelsf els) sleione) soierlere 2
RIVeLSICewA CLO MVWOLKS., WALLET. Eales aca) <.c-e1s) 6 eyele clejeiehstehelshatete,s)elele ales 4
Rochester Fertilizer Works, Rochester, N. Y........2eeceeccecsecces akyé
Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn..............ee eee eeeeees 10
Sessions’ é& leonard, Palmyra; Ne Ye o.5 siete is crercies © o eleieieree ols o.e e015 04)0 4
Shappee Bros., Horseheads, N.Y... 0. ccc ev cc cs cece cis ne occ cnie oie i hata:
Sharpless & Carpenter, 24 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 138
G. W. Sharretts & Co., 8th Street and 2d Avenue, Baltimore, Md.. 6
OhaswAcrsicklerré&: Brom Wilkesbarre; Base -c: lec cce ore cieiels) olen eiolie onslstetellens 5
lsaaee smiths Columibiavallen Ny Wo. -icars als cie aie </erereceicleletecievelralele/eisitoreley orels 16
Spaildinowen Condes lynodonvilles Ne Moseiccc rsicre cle) stele cleielerele cheleioleleieleyene 1
W. W. Sprague Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill................. 1
Vue Lem Gell SMV VSELIS AVV EOIN cae Ge erererciiciercusrerecicteyevevcher re cllotetoushelelelenelersierclerets sts 6
Bl, Si oemcecie (Whale ING AeA na pe oon accauCmO DD Od UU aDON UO GODOUGUNOC 3
Sandal Merrilizer CO BOSTON NUASSrs cicero cterctels)cle sl clele ictene c ehelslelstetelte 18
SERUM oN ONES Or GECTP OE EIN a 14a 015 /sh eters icl-cysheyeie: tel shiere iehcyleheilolens) ol cieherehelenehs 1
Gua Venscodaard. .Mit. Wptom; New Vic tie sie... 6 ayscye: sve, 5 chaue = tepsre Ohep syopereucderelslohents 3
WEES SLATE sm SOULE SE IN OLE SNe mY) teretotele «everelotsicielelicionelereverctenareholelelenel 3
Siwalititgere COmy © Caeser resis oie sietersy craves epare Jor etsueblan corse roreveneheticionsrenerene 6
OAR SWOLus;, MUMMeG IN, Vista sd. eclas ei ave aie Seeh ecotci cleus lero wetevel aeisise Snel erares (0
Haas Cassell sWialliamsoms Ni, M.)<cesiti ci.) 5.s'cisl os vieralers terete there: oleleter ene eketaes 74

I. P. Thomas & Son, 2 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.... 13

Ha wardel wr OES FATEICA TINS oVey ecu lcivcye cuerct sicher srstere suave eielc sliel sare ecePohetar eto 8
Fenmyahy Rucker Cor BOStOM NLASS srr. 1. /ccerela ciciclessiale-eic e¥elele) soars eiekerinete 3
GeonO wey Lurnersa© NUrCh Ville ens! Xocvere sieves ialotats crore cinicte te ate oale a ten ee 8
Miisworth Luthil se Co.,)Promiseds Wands Nei Yo.j2 0.2 sfccw ssc tices oteeclae 6

49 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Number

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MANUFACTURERS. of brands

reported.

Georze Ry. thilll (Cor; Greenport; IN: Ye waleevciscicletelers cle) eles siete lel sls i
J. E. Tygert & Co., 42 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa..... 8
Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., 2 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa...... 9
Ha GarUnderwOO0G One ax wNe me Vieteieretotelsretejeieielelsieietere stetarenstoverlecnoleteMeialene 3
Javan Benchiiy sen, dil shaskall Nees cite ciisteberetctelsteteelctohororerotetetcMer=n 4
Aa Vivo Weer ay Soin, 1ehoevebibin NE Ses 5Gnc0deonbconoobacboo0d0S Seo
Walker hertilizer Co. Clifton Springs SNe XY. ast.) oc ole ahela'telsloisicleletereleliere 16
\WVYEWIRGIE, Sia AMh ON Ate Oo, IeahnAs abbr Iehs Gh 66 bo oo GG UddUOUODOdOOU00 OO 8
Hee VWEDSLER II SEMME ti INE adorei ofclelstereierny clereuciciewe ouctelstersisneeleleteroiereicrmoten il
RGUEMVVESt miami tone: OMUATIO Nm OAMe¥eris te a clsietelelerederetcherolersler stelle Mereielens 2
Wo 1K Widieioba, \Wanlubnn ein ethan aocoo cocH eo bbe SoU oe COdO Oo oDUOOC OS 8.
MepE Vinh eelerié:? © Os. sEVUcl ands Vibiste.tericlsreisiets lace o e\retshovenetets tole velielcl etonetenetete 10
WHCk wane ce Seldon Ebarmil GOS UN MING: teveleisterclcisistiove) ailcleselerelenctelatetstoletehettel +f
Wallonghby co ebletch ery Oxclords Nis Yecrece ctetsselere) sreustelesel crolletol cr elelel ale oheneions 2
Wilkinson & Co., 29 South William Street, New York City........... 2

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 27 William Street, New York City... 25

IML diy AKO Tohok Dean) sbioy diel ba Greece ominn coc origina cuticone.o6 O65 Coco 1
WVOOSTCI Gc, VMOtE UO LOM UELIIIEING Werescrers nie casi crm ieletelebereieievere eve ce sisters ietereperes 7
(Oh, LEG, SEE W ES Hes eno eS ee Gy Aer ecnoniehS contends Us tb OOD OO CMO: mois Sm ot 1
Woorlke Charani \Wivodiech Sole iss letla argu neds onocdo Go ogdboD oo une U add OU 5
ZelleGuano CopeBaltimore, Wider. irre ieret ote) eve tevonetee)cie sitcioneneetcl ers eiepence aie 45

SSS

TERMS USED IN STATING RESULTS OF ANALYSIS.

In the tables following, the terms used to express the results
of analysis are self-explanatory for the most part. Attention is
called, however, to two additional determinations which we have
not usually published heretofore.

One of these is “ water-soluble” phosphoric acid. While
manufacturers are required to guarantee only the amount of
available phosphoric acid (water-soluble plus reverted or citrate-
soluble), yet it seems desirable that consumers should know what
proportion of the available is water-soluble. The available phos-
phoric acid being equal, one would choose by preference a
fertilizer containing the larger amount of water-soluble phos-
phoric acid. .

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 43

The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0 to
12.47 per cent and averaged 4.97 per cent. This constituted
nearly 60 per cent of the available phosphoric acid present.

The water-soluble nitrogen includes nitrogen present in the
form of ammonia salts and nitrates together with that present in
small amounts of soluble organic matter. The amount of water-
soluble nitrogen varied from 0.01 to 6.25 per cent and averaged
0.95 per cent. This constituted 42.6 per cent of the total

nitrogen present.

44 Report oF

THE CHEMIST OF THE

Resuutts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FeErtiILIzERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

W. W. Acheson,
Belleview, Fla.

Acme Fertilizer Co.,
Maspeth, N. Y.

Acme Fertilizer Co.,
i Maspeth, N. Y.

{
Acme Fertilizer Co.,
Maspeth, N. Y.

Acme Fertilizer Co.,
Maspeth, N. Y.

Allison & Co.,
New York

American Reduction Co., |
Pittsburg, Pa.

American Reduction Co., |)
Pittsburg, Pa.

{
American Reduction Co.,
Pittsburg, Pa.

The Armour Fertilizer Works,
Chicago, Ill.

The Armour Fertilizer Works,
Chicago, Ill.

BK
oO
2
J Locality where
Trade name or brand. sample was taken. | 2 =
=
Ss
Nn
Animal food for veg-|Albany. [3447
etable, field and |
fruit crops. |
a ae
Acme fertilizer No.1. |Jamaica. [S074
|
Acme fertilizer No. 2.|Jamaica. 3067
|
|
High grade special. |Jamaica. 8075

phate.

Canada hard wood|EHast Marion. 3114
ashes.

Powter’s brand. Otto. [8283
|
|

Se

Powter’s general/Otto. |38281
phosphate. |
! |

a

Special potato. Otto. [8282
|
|

All soluble. Bliss. |8367
|
|

Blood and bone. Bliss. |8366

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45
LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Sprine or 1897.
; | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
F pands of Se aTane rota ‘ scntak Bani. Pounds of Watetailit
re Ne |phosphoric phosphoric, ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
nGnnd ator acid in acid in in 100 : ble nitrogen | phoric acid
I fertil- 100 pounds /100 pounds) pounds of jin 100 pounds in 100
a of ferti- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
S izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | aera ae | |
Guaranteed | ——— | —— | 18.50 0.50 | —— | ——
Found | | 19.60 0.04 | |
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.46 | |
7 | | cine aa |
Guaranteed eoekO ies | 9 | |
Found | 3.45 | 6.60 | 8.68 Salts) | 2.63 | 1.93
| | | | |
Below guarantee| 0.25 | 1.40 | 0.23 | |
———— |
Guaranteed Pe ea ie | D |
Found } e409). ot 05h ||. O20 4.92 2.71 1.99
| | |
Below guarantee] 0.36 | 0.97 | | |
SS ee ee ne
Guaranteed PEON IS a | 4 |
Found Ih ejodks |) aie Oe eset: 4.63 | 4.35 | 2.14
| | | | |
Below guarantee| 1.22 | 1.03 | | |
eee ee eel ee Se
| | | | |
Guaranteed Hp ezou, |) 6 | 4 | |
Found | 1.58 | 8.97 | 12.01 5.01* | 0.68 | 2.37
| | | | |
ae Se | ey
Guaranteed ee a ee 9) | —— | ——
Found | | | 0.47 3.70 | |
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | at 03 1.30 | | |
SSS Se Se
Guaranteed GT ee | 1.50 | |
Found fl SOR ale Dela Sate 2.29* 0.49 | 2.37
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 2.59 | |
SSS SS ee ee
Guaranteed [2 6Or 8 | ee |
Found Py asthe I) Cae EU Ie SSSR) 2.14* | 0.63 | 2.47
| | | |
Below guarantee | [peda] |
SSS es en ee ee
Guaranteed |} 2.50 | | 2 a | |
Found fo aboes) Wala) TP a keeitl 9.88* | | 0.29 | 0.33
| |
Below guarantee| 0.51 | | 0.63
—e | | aaaranT | |
Guaranteed P otersan |) xs. 10 4 | |
Found | 2.88 | 7.05 9.96 5.95* | to*)| 2.55
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.95 | | |
= | | | |
| | | | |
Guaranteed | Rae Co | 10 —__ | LS
Found ie Graco | | 10.26 | 6.52 |
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

46

Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Resvuutrs or ANALYSES oF ComMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

The Armour Fertilizer Works,
Chicago, I.

The Armour Fertilizer Works,
Chicago, Ill.

E. J. Attwood,

Bachman & Co.,

Ee

1st

H.

J.

. Baker &

. Baker &

. Baker &

. Baker &

‘Andover, N. Y.

Chester, N. Y.

. M. Baker & Son,

Mt. Morris, N. Y.

Bro.,
New

Bro.,
New

Bro.,
New

Bro.,
New

. Baker & Bro.,

New

Baker & Bro.,
‘New

York

York

York

York

York

York

City.

City.

City.

City.

Trade name or brand.

Bone, blood and pot-
ash.

Grain grower.

New York standard

No. 2.

Success.

Ontario.

Complete
manure.

cabbage

Complete nitrogen-
ized manure.

Complete potato ma-

nure.

Harvest home.

Lawn dressing.

Standard UNXLD.

Z
Locality where 8
sample was taken. 8 A
3
n
' |
Batavia. 3347
|
Batavia. |3346
|
|
|
Andover. |8384
|
|
———_—_-—___|—_—
Chester. |3194
|
|
————_—_—_——|——-
Mt. Morris. [33886
|
|
ee |
Jamaica. [3072
|
|
aa
Jamaica. |8073
|
|
a
Jamaica. [8071
Poughkeepsie. |3173
|
= hea
Poughkeepsie. [38172
: |
|
<i.
White Plains. [8160
|
|
re
Poughkeepsie. [38171
Glens Falls.

[3894
|

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 47
LECTED IN New Yorxk Srare Dourine THE Spring or 1897.
| Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
ito | available tata ‘ ator aelil | Pounds of Tralee Nolte
in 109 |Phosphoric/phosphoric| ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
pounds of acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
fertil. | 100 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of |in 100 pounds| in 100
Acorn of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ec (aa lanl GR —
4.11 ines | 10 a |
Ara O.17. |-18.19 7.11* 1202)" “6.038
| | | |
| | cia
| | | |
ialoes |) is) | 10 2 | |
2.37 | 8.33 | 13.49 2.02 | 0.52 Deol
| | | |
| | ee
| | [ |
1.23 | 10 | 3 |
IEGPAcT || Aare = |lealilsaky 3.07 | OF 7.34
ae
fo) |) 9s | 6.78 0.14 | —__—__
0.30 | 0.838 | 0.96 0.08 [| ' 0.04 |
| | |
0.85 | 1.10 | [ |
| | So a |
| | | |
1.03 | 10 | 4 | |
1.87 | 10.22 | 13.44 4.29 | 0.29 | 6.94
| | | |
| | ———_| |
a | | |
A.75 | 5 | 6 (0%, | |
4.87 | 6.30 | 6.66 6.96* | 3.05 | 4.80
| | | |
| |
Suelo ee S| |
Tar) WerG.220 | sbi 4.06 | ' 8.98 | 4.23
| |
0.30 | -| |
caer to rings
3.30 | 5.75 | 6.75 10 | |
3.78 | 6.56 | 6.93 10.17%, |) 1 Ser eeees
| | | |
eee aa |
Iara) |) te: | 2 | |
Daisy) [he tedster |) ako Aare 2.60950} 0.54 | 5.44
| | | |
| | en ae
| | ] |
S27 eal | 6 7.50 | |
SOG le | eGnoOr || .Gi.86 7.49 | 2.34 | 8.77
| | |
La on oan
Pe oS | 9 2.25 |
2.38 | 10 | 11.18 3.41 1.01 3.56
|

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

48

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.

—_——--.

H. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.

Vegetable, vine and
potato manure.

H. J. Baker & Bro., Victor.

New York City.

Becker Bros., Hrie County special.

Gowanda, INE

Becker Bros., Ohio Valley.

Gowanda, N. Y.

Becker Bros., Potato special.

Gowanda, N. Y.

Ammoniated dis-

solved bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., C.A.D.special No. 2.

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

C.A.D.special No. 8.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Corn phosphate.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Dissolved bone phos-
phate.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Empire State bone
and potash.

Locality where ar
sample was taken. 8 E
&
=e me.
Kingston. [38209
|
|
ic, Sue nad al
Cutchogue. |8128
|
|
a
Gowanda. lsgo4
—— ie
Gowanda. [8325
|
|
ee |—
Gowanda. 3326
|
|
Jamaica. |3100
Silver Creek. [8255
Lansingburgh. |38424
South Lima. 3583
|
|
ah
South Lima. |8582
|
|
a
Lishaskill. [3475
|
Brocton. 3245
|
|
Collins. [3323

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

49

LECTED IN NEw YorxK State DuRING THE SPRING or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

|
|
|
|

Below guarantee

Guaranteed

|
Found |
|

Guaranteed
Found

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

.65
- 96

et

-40

64

| Pounds of
| available
|phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

[oo 2)

om!

Pounds of
total
phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

6
6.68

.19

| ———— -

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer,

12
11.28

(a ,

| t
pn ds — eae

ee
p=
| =

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen

of fertilizer.

0.81

1.90

0.09

0.09

0.36

0.43

in 100 pounds

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble phos-
phoric acid
in 100
pounds o£
fertilizer.

5.30

7.87

5.44

4.94

8.51

4.96

——

——

fh | |

eee

—

50 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

K
oO
a
|
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. | ,.vocmily where | 2.8
F i=)
3
a
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Farm and_= garden/Gloversville. |3503
{| Boston, Mass.| phosphate. Camden. |3753
|
= ——— ,——
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Fine dry ground fish.|Jamaica. |3099
Boston, Mass. |
|
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Fresh ground bone. |Lansingburgh. |8423
Boston, Mass. Oswego. 3701
|
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Fresh milled kainit. |Lishaskill. |3476
Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Grape belt and fruit;North Collins. |3333
Boston, Mass.} special with extra
potash.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Harvest bone dis-) Warsaw. [33870
Boston, Mass.| solved. |
|
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Orient. [8115
Boston, Mass. Silver Creek. [8253

Glens Falls. |8395

| |
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hop andpotatophos-/Glens Falls. |3897 |
Boston, Mass.| phate with extra|North Collins. [3332 |
potash. Cortland. |3634
a pe ee a
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Lawn and garden. |West Troy. |8440
Boston, Mass. Binghamton. ae
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Market bone. Southampton. |3156
Boston, Mass. Cooperstown. |3574
|
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Market garden fer-)Orient. 3116

Boston, Mass.| _ tilizer. |

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEw YorxK STATE DURING

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

yuaranteed
Mound

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

51

THE SPRING oF 1897.

p Antof Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
oun o OF! available total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
nitrogen | yosphoric phosphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
a et -| acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
SSH of 1100 pounds 100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100
eas of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
17ers izer. izer. izer. fertilizer,
| | |
A 5Or 4|P 8 10 2 | |
1.87 | 9.45 | 11.66 2.951 (0.800) |, = 6.55
| | | |
— ——| |
Ra | SS | |
6.21 5.89 | 0.40 | 0.57
| |
0.39
—-——| |
| |
2.50 | 5 18 aa | |
2.58 | 10.44 | 20.64 A {Oo ye Oe
-— =
aes | |
a eee || ee
| | 11.49 | |
| | |
| | —— |
| |
0:80) jl). 7 | 5 | |
0.73 | 8.60 | 11.43 S40 | 0201) Ih a aeaa
| | | |
| = | |
| | | |
same — | — |
pecieerce (a lrenvs | be wre
| | | |
| | |
| | |
Deon ad 12 2 | |
Desi Selo clio Ss O44 i, ToC peer ones
| | |
| ee |
| |
O-8205|0.8 10 5 | |
1.06 >| 8.29 DINE TELE 5.82 0.53 | 3.05
| |
|—_—— a |
cop | | |
3.25 | 6 ies Seen | |
AS Tee |p 6:90) | 10.22 4.91 |: 3:8 i 6.27
| | |
| ares |
1.50 | ——— | 16 ——_ | |
1.94 | | 23.86 | , O:70 ele Onsd
| | |
| | en |
re a! | |
DER, |b. Ghee hk 8 Oneme| |
272, Seon. 10.37 10.15 0.98 | 5.23
| | |

52

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

5
2
r=
Trade name or brand. bene aun 2 2
is)
3
Ri
|
Potash bone. Brocton. 3244
Mass |
|
; |
Potash phosphate. |Lishaskill. |[B477
Mass. Collins. [8322
Camden. [8752
7
Potato manure. Southampton. [8155
Mass. |
|
So we
Potato phosphate. Brocton. [38243
Mass. West Troy. |8438
Gloversville. [3504
12 ie
Special formula. Fenton. |8338
Mass. |
|
SS ——-——-—____|—
Staple phosphate. Springville. |8317
Mass. Oswego. [8702
|
<= as
Stockbridge cabbage|West Troy. [3489
Mass.| ‘and cauliflower |
manure. |
<u es a |
Stockbridge celery|West Troy. |3441
Mass.} special. |
|
————e 7
Stockbridge corn,|Albany. |38445
Mass.| grain, ete. |
|
os eee see|_-=
Stockbridge manure./Glens Falls. [3396
Mass. |
|
i a
Stockbridge onion| West Troy. |3442
Mass.| special. |
|

‘ae
vy

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 53

LECTED IN New YorkK StTAat4e DURING

THD SPR

ING oF 1897,

= 2 SSS SSS

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

ysuaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
ound

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Pounds of
phosphoric

100 pounds

bd
On

ee
leant

| 12.01
|

|

|

total
acid in

of fertil-
izer.

ae

=]

oun

On

Oe

08 G2

© G0

11398

*Potash present in form of

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

1

7.33

sulphate,

Pounds of

Pounds of (water-solu-

water-solu- | ble phos-

ble nitrogen |phorie acid
in 100 pounds in 100

of fertilizer. |pounds of

fertilizer.

ae

ae 6.22
SS
|
0.46 | 2:82
|
0.78 | 6.25
|
—_—_—_—_—__|_—_—_--
|
0.58 | 1.31

| 8.89
|
|
el
0:25, |- "5200

mea

3.66 | Pas (iC

|
| 5.45
|

3.01
|

|
|
1.38 | 7.32

|
1.55 | 1.13

|
227 5.50

a arene

54

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

' | Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

| ,. Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,
)

}

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston,

Mass.

Mass.

Mass,

oe

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Mass.

Trade name or brand.

Stockbridge potato
and vegetable ma-
nure.

Stockbridge vege-
table and potato
manure.

Stockbridge
dressing.

top

Superphosphate.

Superphosphate with
potash.

Sure crop.

Tobacco grower.

Tobacco phosphate.

Wells & MHudson’s
high-grade.

Ammoniated dissolv-
ed bones.

Bean and _ potato
phosphate.

Locality where
sample was taken.

aS

Southampton.

Southampton.

Lishaskill.
Oswego.

Cattaraugus.
Lansingburgh.
Cortland.

Silver Creek.
Lansingburgh.
Seneca Hill.

Syracuse.

Glens Falls.
Tully.

Glens Falls.
Tully.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 55

LECTED IN New YorxK StTatre DURING THE SPRING oF 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

|
Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Pounds of
nitrogen

in 100

pounds of

fertil-
izer.

au

=

Non

Ne

Pounds of
available
phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-

izer.

Melon)

O-

Aa-

OT

OL

91

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|—_ |__| —__——_-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pounds of
total
phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

18 oii0 2)
1
1

12.25

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

10
10.52

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble phos-
phorie acid

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen

in 100 pounds! in 100
of fertilizer. |pounds of
fertilizer.
ie
1.25 | 38.58
|
a
| L7O0sl iy oes
| |
| |
|
pa
| 3.87) ) = 406!
; |
ae
Wier stl
| | 7.11
|
||
10.40
1.52 5.59
1.74 5.20

56 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., B D sea fowl guano.

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Complete manure for
potatoes and veg-
etables.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ new meth-

Boston, Mass.| od.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Hop fertilizer.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., Niagara phosphate.

Boston, Mass.

Patent
phate.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., superphos-

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., Potato fertilizer.

Boston, Mass.

Hard-times ammoni-
ated phosphate.

Brumfield & Foster,
Colora, Md.

ne

Brumfield & Foster,
Colora, Md.

High-gradeacid phos-
phate.

a

Hustler.
Oneonta, N. Y.

Potato and hop fer-
tilizer.

Cuyler H. Carr,
Milford, N. Y.

3
Locality where a
sample was taken. 8 A
=
a a
Attica. [3352
Amsterdam. [3484
Canton. |3781
ee ==
Jamaica. |3079
Troy. [3443
|
Cornwall. 3189
Evans 3277
Albany 3448
= ale
Solsville. [38546
|
|
—_-—__-—____|_——
Evans. |3276
Glens Falls. |38406
Tully. |3651
ea =
Troy. |8436
Tully. |3646
|
——-—-——
Cornwall. |3188
Troy. |8435
Tully |3647
——-—_-____|—_—
|
Sherburne. |3531
al
Sherburne. |3530
|
|
7
Oneonta. |38567
|
|
aaa
Milford. 3576

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57

LECTED IN New YorK STATE DURING

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

THE SprING oF 1897.

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.'

.82
-20

.06

om

Pounds of
available
phosphoric, phosphoric
acid in id i
100 pounds/100 pound
of fertil-
izer.

34

19

81

.59

oll ¢)

Pounds of Pounds of
water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-

in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of jin 100 pounds! in 100
fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
izer. | fertilizer.
1.50 | |
Pjed b's | 0.66 | 6.19
| |
pose
| |
7 | |
(ee NN | ease
|
meee ————_——
2.15 | |
2.13 | 0.36 | 4.45
|
an haa
4.32 |
4.70 ' 0.64 | 5.13
1a |
1.08 |
1.60 0.33 | 5.91
|
= |
|
50 |
1.57 0.72 | 4.69
eee |
| |
3.25 | |
3.47 | et) i eae
| |
ens |
1 |
0.88 0.74 |) 0.84
| |
Sie |
| |
ee
| |
see |
| |
4 | |
3.92 | 0.53 | 6.39
[
|—————_ ———
+t
3.77 0.43 6.43
0.23

58 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

:
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. cate sanaeen ai
3
n
ae —— ania
Chandler, Russell & Chandler, | Potato manure. Jamaica. \s066
Newark, N. J. |
|
Sa EY |__|
EH. B. Chapin, Monroe chief. Rochester. 3787
Rochester, N. Y. |
|
EE EE EO ee ee SSS SS SSS
E. B. Chapin, Potato fertilizer. Rochester. |38788
Rochester, N. Y. |
|
= — — ——_|——-
E. B. Chapin, Standard. Rochester. lasge
Rochester, N. Y. |
|
eens ——— ‘7-
Chesapeake Guano Co., Ammoniated bone su-|North Collins. lass
Baltimore, Md.|} perphosphate. |
|
——— ie
Chesapeake Guano Co., New York special)North Collins. [8334
Baltimore, Md.} No. 2. |
|
ee eS EE eee eee —=
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Bay State fertilizer. |Gloversville. [3505
New York City.
os Ss ———_—_—_—_——__|—
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Defiance complete Lishaskill. |8473
(New York City.| manure. Pulaski. [8724
|
rat Sere. oo
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Good acre hop and|Lishaskill. leat
New York City.| tobacco grower. |
|
=== a
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., King Philip alkaline} Lishaskill. |8469
New York City.| guano. Pulaski. |38725
|
———— or
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Potato phosphate. Lishaskill. |3470

New York City.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEW YorK STATE DURING

59

THE SPRING oFr 1897.

Pounds of | Poands of | Pounds of Pounds of
Pounds of | available total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
nitrogen |phosphoric| phosphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in 100 acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of |100 pounds|100 pounds| pounds of |in 100 pounds} in 100
fertil- of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
izer. izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ae eae er |
Guaranteed 3.70 7.50 | ( |
Found | 38.50 | 8.64 9.63: (44 | 2.47 | 5.47
| | | | |
ee |
| pal | | |
Guaranteed Po alee |) ke | 4 |
Found | 1.85 | 6.21 | 8.89 4.40% 0.45 | 2.39
| | | |
Guaranteed [> algae I a | 6 |
Found ee OS a 4 || Gah SO 5.59 0.29 | 2.70
| | |
Below guarantee | 0.22 1.26 0.41 |
—— ae |
Guaranteed 1.75 7 3 | |
Found 12 | O49 9.41 4.23* | 0.39 2.52
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.23 0.51 | | |
| era =
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 9 1 | |
Found 1.33 9.15 12.85 il alas | atc | 3
| | |
eg aa |
Guaranteed ea |) eats} 2 | |
Found he SOme as. Zi 10.08 2.18 | niea ls} =| 6.25
— | |
Guaranteed | Ase || 8, | 2 |
Found i edesOn fe Ga44. (10.80 3.24 0.45 | 1.66
| | | |
Below guarantee| 1.17 | 1.56 | |
a cr ae ra |
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 6 Pec 2 |
Found Wilcote sri 11S7'7 209, Gd ene as
| | | | |
a ee
Guaranteed 2 LOSS | 9 3 | |
Found | 2.15 | 9.81 | 13.44 3.09 | 0.45 | 3.16
| | | | |
atone ag sl
Guaranteed pl 257 7G | ow 3 |
Found | >1-5O.- 6.88 ) 9.34 2-96) {| 0039er kan leo
| | | | |
Sse a
Guaranteed ech Ce bt 5 | |
Found | 2.78 | 122% 1.9205 Sotho, Osta. | 4e70
| I |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

60 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.

Soverign acid phuos-
phate.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,
‘New York City.

_—_——

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Sunflower bone meal.

New York City.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Sweepstakes potato

New York City.} manure.
Cleveland Dryer Co., Buckeye ammonia-
Cleveland, Ohio.| ted bone super-
phosphate.
Cleveland Dryer Co., Horsehead phos-
Cleveland, Ohio.}| phate.

Cleveland Dryer Co., Phospho bone.

Cleveland, Ohio.

Cleveland Dryer Co., Superior bone.

Cleveland, Ohio.

Club & Grange Fertilizer Co., 'No. 1.
Syracuse, N. Y.

Club & Grange Fertilizer Co., |No. 2.
Syracuse, N. Y.

W. Frank Coe Co., Ammoniated bone
New York City.) superphosphate.

BH. Frank Coe Co., Buckwheat fertilizer,

New York City.

FERTILIZERS COL-

3
Locality where 5
sample was taken. F A
=
mM
ace
Altamont. 3581
|
|
a
Lishaskill. |3478
|
|
>= an
Lishaskill. |3472
|
|
|
Jamestown. [8222
|
|
SS
Jamestown. [3220
|
|
————__—_—_-—_—__|——
Jamestown. 38221
|
7.
North Collins. [8337
|
|
——_-—_—_-——_|——_
Sidney. |8550
EK. Syracuse.

Ellicottville. 3299
De Ruyter. 3636
|

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DURING

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

: |
Guaranteed |
Found |
|
|

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61
THE SprRING oF 1897.
s of | P lsot| P ds of 12 ds of
Pounds of PORTA Sati ¥ ES areranin Pounds of water ali
oe by phosphoric|/phosphoric, ble potash | water-soln- | ble phos-
in 100 acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen phoric acid
pounds of 100 pounds}106 pounds) pounds of in 100 pounds) in 100
fertil- of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
1208 izer. izer. iver. | fertilizer.
eee | |
| 12 | 13 [Se |
| 14.92 | 15.84 ° | | | 11.64
| | | | |
| | aoe |
| | |
ee eee ——
2 | 19.92 0.43 |
| | | a3)
ae |
288i 7 | 8 7.50
Pisiay, || foilsi «||, aKO)Aa ks; 7.49 1.49 | 1.59
| | |
2.47 | 9 | 11 1 |
1.64 | 9.64 | 13.52 0.35" | 0.91 | 5.69
| |
0.83 | | 0.65
| == |
| ewe |
Oe — | —— |
| 12.56 | 14.18 | | 8.66
ae
2.60 | 10 | 1.08 | |
0.90 | 8.385 | 12.51 0.73% | 0.18 | 4.50
| | | |
1.70 | 1.65 | 0.35 | |
| ——| | | :
3.29 | 22 —— | | ——
3.14 | | 20.75 | 0.85 |
| | | |
| | 1.25 | |
| | —— |
| | |
aS | 10 3 |
| 9.43 | 10.48 2.90 | Mages
= | |
1.65 | 8 lag 2 | |
0.90 | 8.1L | 10.51 1.69* | 0.08 | 8.41
| | |
0.75 | | 0.31 |
La a
2 | 9 | 1.35 |
1.99 | 9.43 | 12.32 il gts) be 0.70 6.09
| | |
a ee |
0.40 | 9.50 | 11 1 | |
O26)! | Ouse (13241 1.07* 0.11 6.11
| |
*Potash present in form of sulphate,

62

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER,

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

— ———— --— ———-

BE. Frank Coe Co.,
New

—_———— —-—— — -————_-.

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

York

York

York

York

New

New

——— SSS SS SSS

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New

a

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New

EK. Frank Coe Co.,
New

York

City.

Trade name or brand.

Celebrated special
potato fertilizer.

Columbian brand am-
moniated bone su-
perphosphate.

Columbian corn fer-
tilizer.

Columbian
fertilizer.

potato

|
Dissolved bone pot-
ash

Excelsior guano.

Gold brand.

srain fertilizer.

High grade soluble
bone.

High grade special
eorn fertilizer.

Matchless grain fer-
tilizer.

————===

FE:

Locality where 8

sample was taken. | g A
°o

&

n
es |
Newburg. {38182
Troy. |8428

|
—_-—_-—__|—_—
Poughkeepsie. (8174

|
Ellicottville. legos
De Ruyter. [3637
Redwood. [38775
= etre
Poughkeepsie. |38175
De Ruyter. |86385

|
———————— |\——
Varysburg. [8372

|

|
——-——-—_—__]—.
Jamaica. |8081

|

|
[la
Homer |38640

|

|
eS
De Ruyter. |3638

|

|
ao
Ellicottville. [8302
Nelson. |3742

|
ed
Newburg. |8183

|

|
——_-—_-___|_—_
Newburg. [8184
Ellicottville. 3304

ett ae

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63

}

: LECTED IN New YorkK Strate DuRING THE SpRING oF 1897.
Pounds of pee By ° Bee Pounds of eeenet
nitrogen as ‘ hos yhoric ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-

in 100 |P reid ae a acid in i. 100 ble nitrogen howe acid
Boao Toomoustds 100 pounds! pounds of jin 100 pats : in 100
one of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
: izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
Ra ie a
Guaranteed aE Gomn io | 11 3.50
Found | 1.74 | 9.48 | 12.59 3.59* 0.88 | 6.88
| | | |
| | | no
Guaranteed | wat lg yak 1.8 | |
Found | LSC I es) a eee 2.01* | 0.81 | {i
| | | | |
ee ey ee
Guaranteed tel: eo eae 1.85 |
Found |) taketeal 8.92 12.58 2* Dee | 7.06
| | | [ |
Oe eat eee
Guaranteed | al 9 ual 1.85 | |
Found | 91.40 | 9.55 12.97 i seal || 0.64 | 7.06
| | |
Guaranteed | ———. | 12 2. | =—— |
Found | | di .44) | 14.19 2.28* | | 8.78
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.56 0.45 | |
= | aaa |
Guaranteed | 3.50 || 9 10 3.40 |
Found | 3.40 | 8.53 | 10.98 4.34% | 2.22 | 6.80
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.47 | |
eermE | —|————_
Guaranteed pnd. |) 38 9 6 |
Found | 2.45 | 8.35 | 10.30 5.66* | 1.52 | 5.99
| |
Below guarantee | | | 0.34
ee ea OT
Guaranteed fo C280. oh 39 fatal 1508) |
Found Or Sii | tt20) | s14288 TEP | 0.08 8.08
| | | | |
BOSH a ol Bes
Guaranteed | ——— | 18 | 15 —— | ——__ |
Found | 18.68 | 16.78 | | 5.29
| | | | |
aca aca a |
Guaranteed h Bboway IP 7 | 10 33 |
Found [eh 68. leo fae ot 38 .50* 0.94 | (83
| | | | |
MM Sata ack. |
Guaranteed I) Woes)” |) a | 12 al |
Found { 1.01 .| 11.64 | 14.41 al geal 0.15 7.82
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

64 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL

FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.

Prize brand grainand
grass fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.

Prize brand rye fer-
tilizer.

Ralston’s Knicker-

bocKer.

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.

BE. Frank Coe Co., Red brand.

New York City.

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.

Special potato fertil-
izer.

BH. Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.

XXV phosphate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical) Ammoniated bone
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.!| superphosphate.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical}Ammoniated wheat
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.}| and corn phos-

phate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|/Chautauqua County
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| special.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|Crocker’s phosphate.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|Erie.
Co.., Buffalo, N. Y.

3
Locality where 8
sample was taken. | 2A
=
=
—— p=
Springville. lss18
|
|
————__—_—_____|_—
Troy. 3429
|
SS SSS
Ellicottville. 3301
|
en a
Jamaica. |3080
|
|
Soe
Redwood. |38774
|
|
SaaaannnannEannnaeee
BHllicottville. 's800
Homer. ee
eee
Ellicottville. [3309
Oneonta. |3566
Parish. [8730
————__________|__
Angola. lse73
Saratoga. 3393
Phoenix. 38691
Dunkirk. 38268

—_—-——_-———| ——

Cooperstown. las 1

— |——

Ellicottville. lag07

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 65
LECTED IN NEw YORK STATE DuRING THE SPRING oF 1897.
_-¢| Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
Eeudeiot availtble MiGtal i eaten eoltt Pounds of waterenhe
— ie phosphoric phosphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ig of |, 201d in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
ay oar 100 pounds)100 pounds| pounds of |in 100 pounds| in 100
ios of tertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | | ae
| | | | |
Guaranteed OF405") |S: | aL | |
Found | 0.72 | 11.34 | 14.36 1.08* 0.14 | 8.21
| | | | |
Beever ha i) ae
Guaranteed [POF43" 29280) [or 1
Found | 1.06 | 10.97 | 14.35 abate 0.23 {galal
| | | | |
| | | =a ol
| | | age |
Guaranteed [eel Odi aes | 1.25 | —— |
Found | 2.06 | 10.60 | 14.09 1.89* 1.29 6.75
ba ae —
Guaranteed | sess |e) | 10 6 |
Found pis.44°"/ 78:36 ~|/ 10°40 6.31* 2.10 | 6.36
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.64 |
= | | —
Guaranteed Gor | 9 | aGt 3.50 ——
Found a s86 LOTS) \pad2e7, 3.01* 0.66 8.03
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.49
——————| | | —
| ) | | |
Guaranteed ae bins (i ea 1 | |
Found fe ettO rs | LOPose se 1.42* | 0.19 7.41
| | | | |
| | | = taal |
Guaranteed | 2.90 | 10 fale | 1.08
Found | 3.20 | 10.56 | 10.97 | 135 1.13 | 8.95
| | | |
a ee ee
Guaranteed [2 | 10 (pelt 1.60 |
Found arzie26 SP 1O SG eialesS 1.94 | 0.79 | 20
| | | | |
ee oa ee ne |
Guaranteed yates [fay | 2 | |
Found | 1.78 | 10.94 | 13.80 220) || ets) | 7.90
| | | | |
Ree Cage eer es|
Guaranteed (eel 20 Selo fell 1.50 | |
Found | 202) {| 10260.) | a 84 GZ ol 0.54 | 5.67
| | | | |
Se
| | | |
Guaranteed | feat! | ———. ——._ |
Found | | 11.56 | 18.56 | | 3.39
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

66 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

ReEesuutTs oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COrL-

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|General crop phos-
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| phate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical
Cor Buffalo, N. Y.

Market garden spe-
cial.

New rival ammoni-
ated superphos-
phate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Niagara phosphate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical

Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| bacco phosphate.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical |Practical ammonia-
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
phosphate.

—d

|

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical
Co., Buffalo, N. Y

Special manure.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical/Universal grain
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| grower.

i

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|Vernon’s onion spe-
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| cial.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical|Wheat, oats and
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| corn fertilizer.

a

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical) W. & H. high grade
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| potato manure.

Norwich.
Oswego.

Chester.
Angola.
Owego.

Potato, hop and to-| Ellicottville.

Saratoga.
Owego.

Angola.

ted bone super-| Phoenix.

i=]
oO
2
Locality where E
sample was taken. 5

|

[3308
|3892
[3612

|

|
3271
[3692
|

Boonville.

Westfield.
Milford.
Owego.

Florida.

Riverhead.

|
|3785

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 07

LECTED IN New YorkK State DuRING THE SPRING or 1897.

TAG: Pounds of | Poundsof | Pounds of Pounds of

. available total water-solu- Pounds of |water-solu-
nitrogen phosphoric) phosphoric] ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
an:109 acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of 100 pounds/ 100 pounds| pounds of jin 100 pounds in 100
fertil- of fertil-| of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
Heat izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
(ace ean a
Guaranteed i) Wctsess |) a ets) 1.08
Found OO i edad tem ee, 122 Oma | Py Th)
| | | | |
i oa |
Guaranteed sew0 | <8 te 8 |
Found faa o0 il Sat 1) cOeto 8.93 0.47 | ests
| | | | |
Bete es
Guaranteed eel2Se en |pelO ata GORE)
Found | clergy pableley Ions | O51} 5.50
| | | | |
(cel ee i p=
Guaranteed | ——— | 11.50 | 12.50 ——— —_———
Found | elt OG sal laet2 3.79
| | | |
Of ag aa a ae
Guaranteed | 2 | 10 Pel 3.25
Found | ody | aMaalss | alate 7a 3.88 | 1.40 4.88
| | | |
Wee oe ee
Guaranteed weooeer |) <S 29 £08") |
Found | 1.00 | 8.45 | 10.05 1.32 | 0.41 | 4.67
ee eee |
Guaranteed | 4.50 | 8 | 9 5.40 | —— |
Found | 4.19 | 7.60 | 9.30 5.70 Beee
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.31 | 0.40 |
| | | |
Guaranteed | Weiss | er | 8 2.70
Found PAU | ora) 9.73 2.84 0.62 4.83
| | | |
mer
Guaranteed | 2 | 9 | 10 3.10 |
Found ea Ol S| Ona ae a eZ oS 3.47 | 0.33 6.91
| | | |
ie | |
Guaranteed Peal | 8 | 1.60
Found } abeals) |] tejo 14 11.28 1.87 0.26 5.49
| | | |
7s ae eae
Guaranteed | 3.28 10 | 11 8 | |
Found | weysals3= 9] alla s) || alles} 9.22 0.67 | 8.76
| | |

65

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

s
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Teele ieee 2 E
. °
S
R
: ——— oo a
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Buckwheat special. |Cuba. 3290
Cuba, N. Y. |
|
. a
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Competition. Fredonia [8252
Guba; N. Y. |
|
, |
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone and|Cuba. |3288
Cuba, N. Y.} potash. |
|
= |
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Hustler. Fredonia \3231
Guba, N. Y. |
|
— ————— SS | —
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Potato and corn ma-|Cuba |3289
Cuba, N. Y.| Dure. |
|
pera e — = |
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Standard. Cuba |8291
Cuba NeW. |
* |
=a i
Cumberland Bone Phosphate|Ammoniatea dissolv-|Demster. 3711
Co., Portland, Me. ed bone. |
|
aa aes —|—
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Bone and potash. Westfield. |3261
Co., Portland, Me.) Schenectady. |8464
|
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Concentrated phos-|Schenectady. 18463
Co., Portland, Me.| phate. Demster. |8712
|
— "| at a
Cumberland Bone Phosphate!Dissolved bone phos-|/Schenectady. |8465
Co. Portland, Me.| phate. |
|
poo oes Ae
Cumberland Bone Phosphate) Fruit and vine. Schenectady. [3468
Co., Portland, Me. Demster. |3710

|

‘50>

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69

LECTED IN New YorxkK Strate DuRING THE SPRING OF 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Fenian at| Sng! | Pomeaeet| Penna et
nitrogen | hosphoric phosphoric] ble potash
tn og] acid in | acid in in 100
poun ‘1 °F !100 pounds 100 pounds| pounds of
fertil- | of fertil- | of fertil- fertil-
WANS izer. izer. 1zer.
|
—— | 14 | 15
| 14.1% | 15.30
|
|
ORSS eas |
OZ97 | °8.69 10.31
| |
| |
Sa LORE? ||
Halas; |i abort,
. |
| |
0.838 | 8
0.96 8.51 10.24
| |
|
_ |
2.47 | 7
2.38 | 7.46 9.39
|
1.23 | 10 | —
1.39 | 9.75 10.95
|
| 0.25 |
eet eee BS!
| |
Ilote sy |) | 10
2.39 | 9.66 | 11.038
| | |
| | ——|-____
| |
—— | 8 el, 2.50 |
| 10.00 | 14°29 3.02* |
| |
a ——
| | |
3 | 8 10 oo |
S10 8.02 | 11.46 7.35 |
|
| |
—— | 10 18 —_——— |
| 1092) a) 25 <8 |
aera [aa
0.82 | 4 | 10 8 |
1.82 | 6.52 | 10.64 9.44* |
| |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

0.56

1.09

=)
GO
iw)

0.64

1.44

Pounds of

Pounds of | water-solu-
water-solu-
ble nitrogen |phoric acid
in 100 pounds; in 100
of fertilizer. |pounds of

ble phos-

fertilizer.

10.11

5.91

0.99

1.86

70 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Resuuts or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL F'PRTILIZERS COL-
g
a
MANUFACIURER. Trade name or brand. | sauctin wartakea. | a
°o
5
Dn
Cumberland Bone Phosphate|Guano. Westfield. [3263
Co., Portland, Me. Schenectady. |8467
Mt. Pleasant. |8697
Cumberland Bone Phosphate} Hawkeye. Westfield. lsoee
Co., Portland, Me.
|
Cumberland Bone Phosphate|Potato fertilizer. Gloversville. |3506
Co., Portland, Me. Mt. Pleasant. [8695
|
ce a
Cumberland Bone Phosphate}Seeding down fertil-|/Schenectady. loses
Co., Portland, Me.| izer. Mt. Pleasant. |8696
|
= {_—==
Cumberland Bone Phosphate/Superphosphate. Schenectady. ee
Co., Portland, Me. Demster. |8525
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., “A” brand Greenport. |3108
Pawtucket, R. I. |
|
—_ ae
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., “AA” brand. Greenport. \3111
Pawtucket, R. I. |
|
ae -——|——
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., “B”’ brand. Greenport. |38109
f Pawtucket, R. 1. |
|
Mere) bor ti oa
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., Blood, bone and pot-}Greenport. [8112
Pawtucket, R. I.| ash. |
polar altel 9 A Sok —|—~
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., “C” brand. Greenport. |8110
Pawtucket, R. I.
L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., |3113

Pawtucket, R. I.

Pure dissolved bone.|}Greenport.

eee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. re
LECTED IN New YorkK State DuRING THD SPRING OF 1897.
| Pounds of | Poundsof| Pounds of Pounds of
ee a ore ay ailable stata eat Beeoltt Pounds of watereale
in 100 phosphoric phosphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
aandnict cid in acid in in 100___| ble nitrogen |phoric acid
P fertil- 100 Ssoinie 100 pounds} pounds of in 100 pounds! in 100
—— of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds 0
7 izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
eae: erie
Guaranteed eels OSes 3S | 10 2 |
ound eel ORGS spel On 2.40 | 0.34 | 4.14
| | | |
Soe one ai
Guaranteed ORS a ln 1a | 9 1 | |
Found eGo SeOr sh 10.24 esse 7 1| 0.39 4.34
| | | |
ed
Guaranteed as ollie | 11 3 | |
Found 2 Os (ee SnOSi | elena 3.30 0.60 | 6.74
| | | |
sg oar (een ae ier)
Guaranteed ORS 25a lt eva | 9 1
Found | 1.07 | 8.35 | 10.01 te Siin ts 0.37 | 5.91
| | | | |
tee ees See aE IG >
Guaranteed eee .0G0 | 548, | 10 2 | |
Found | 2.48 |) 9272 °| 12.82 2.54 | 0.60 | 3.72
| | | |
ene so al
Guaranteed feZessit | 5 | 10 7 |
Found | 38.30 | 5.39 | 12.48 7.40 | 0.83 | 1.65
a | |
Guaranteed | eP4ateres I] te: | 10 7
Found | 2.98 | 7.08 .| 11.44: 8.28 0.74 3.47
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.97 | |
== el | | anes,
Guaranteed | 3.50 | 7 | 5 |
Found eS Sele al el 22 oo 6.10 | 0.90 | 4.13
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.29 | |
ae | oe
Guaranteed | acsy0) fl} ei ( 7 |
Found petcOSss| od 1/1 S32 8.53 | I ptsts) | | SOU
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.47 | |
===) | aes al |
Guaranteed | 4 | 6 | 10 | |
Found | 3.50 | 6.52 | 11.35 11.24 LOO Ms 3.05
| | | |
Below guarantee] 0.50 | | |
a | | | ree | |
Guaranteed I} 24 [14 | 16 —— | |
Found | 2.22 | 14.52 | 15.67 | 1.44 | 8.44
| | | | |

72 REPORT OF THP CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

H
oO
2
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. researc ae
£
S
7)
——<—$ — Of |
Detrick Fertilizer and Chemical|Dilman Bros. special.|Geneva. ls345
Co., Baltimore, Md. |
|
Se || ee |
Detrick Fertilizer and Chemical|Grain and grass mix-| Havilah. |3266
Co., Baltimore, Md.| ture. |
|
gS Se ee || —|——
Detrick Fertilizer and Chemical|Sheridan ammonia-|Havilah. |8267
Co., Baltimore, Md.| ted bone. |
|
ed a
Louis F. Detrick, Bone and _ potash! Brocton. [38250
Baltimore, Md.|} mixture. |
|
ef SSS |
Louis F’. Detrick, Kangaroo komplete| Brocton. |38246
Baltimore, Md.| kompound. |
| |
EE Sas —— ‘|
Louis F. Detrick, Quick step bone|Brocton. ; 3247
Baltimore, Md.|} phosphate. |
|
ee 8 | eh |
Louis F. Detrick, ‘Sockless and _ shoe-|Brocton. [38248
Baltimore, Mad.,| less aa phosphate. |
‘ |
a = ee Psa
Louis F. Detrick, /XXTRA acid phos-| Brocton. |3249
Baltimore, Md.) phate. |
|
— = ——————— a
J. W. Dunbar, (Grass and grain| Attica. — (8851
Attica, N. Y.| grower. |
|
_———————————————— —————_—_—_-— |—_
J. W. Dunbar, Oat and bean. Attica. 3850
Attica, N. Y. |
|
ee |
Eastern Farmers’ Supply As- Long Island special. |Jamaica. |3078
sociation, Montclair, N. J. |

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed,
Found

Guaranteed
Hound

yuaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. io
LECTED IN NEw YorK StaTE DuRING THE SPRING oFr 1897.
lg ounds of a ae cee a of Fee Pounds of eo te
mitogen phosphoric phosuhoric ble potash eter solu ble phos-
vid i id i in 100 le nitrog ic acid
TESO (Gy cae oh eg rc eo
izer selec tal : - : 7 : pounds of
. iZer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| ; |
TAT at 15 |
DFA ir e430 | 1Oe8 7 14.57 1.65 6.77
| |
0.26 | | 0.46 | |
| == ; ——
| 10 11 2 ——
He Ohta a0 290) 2.56 | [ke sas
| | |
| 0.89 | |
| ae
| | |
1.65 | 10 | 12 2 |
1.85 | 9.88 | 13.09 2.45 1.52 4.39
| | | ]
| | es
| | ay |
—— | 10 | 2.25 | ——
| 10.46 | 13.94 2.43 | [i OT SOn
| | |
| | |
| | |
1.65 | 8 | 3
1.66 | 9.18 | 12.88 2.82 orn — || 5.76
| | | |
arate |
207 | 8 | Cos |
2.21 | 9.68 | 12.69 2.60* 1 OS tira ltes
| | |
| | Cez0 te |
ear ce ol
1.0361 0 8 1.25 | — |
1.06 | 8.13 11.82 L897 | 0.58 | 4.59
| | |
| | |
—— | 14 | 14.75 ; ——— | ———
| 18.95 15.24 | 10.83
| | |
1234" °8 | 3
0.96 | 9.07 Uae 43) 2.50* | 0.40 | Dao
|
On275 || | 0.50
| ee
164: ales | 5 ==
PAT bi 8s 2207) 10:70 4.65* 1:36 ||> 95.35
| | aera | |
| | Ora5 |
| | em |
3.25 | 8.50 9.50 8 |
3.35 | 9.10 9.85 Oe22e || 0.79 6.63

Found

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

74 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THB

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

iB
(>)
p=)
SUFACTURER Trad x Locality where g
MANU é rade name or brand. sample was taken. | ga
3°
3
£
et eee < <
Eureka Fertilizer Co., Eureka fertilizer. Avon. [3385
Avon, N. Y. |
|
Falcon Oil Works, Coarse fish scrap. Jamaica, 8082
Promised Land, N. Y. |
|
22 eee a
Farmers’ and Builders’ Supply|Ammoniated bone|Owego. [3598
Co., Owego, N. Y.| phosphate. |
|
ee ee ee eee |
Farmers’ and Builders’ Supply|Buckwheat fertilizer.! Owego. ls599
Co., Owego, N. Y. |
|
Bi eee ES 7
Farmers’ and Builders’ Supply|Potato and tobacco|Owego. |3600
Co., Owego, N. Y.| fertilizer.
Seed |S See ee eee eee ee a
Farmers’ and Builders’ Supply|[XXV. Owego. |3597
Owego, N. Y.
Sr eed =: =
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Fair and square. Franklinville. lso94
Syracuse, N. Y. |
|
z oe) ao —|——
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ soluble|Dunkirk. 3241
Syracuse, N. Y.| bone. Tully. 3657
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Mortgage lifter. Perry. 3361
Syracuse, N. Y. Fulton. 3687
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Phoenix ammoniated| Dunkirk. lace
Syracuse, N. Y.} ‘bone. Norwich. |3537
Tully. ee
|
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Reaper brand. Fulton. |38295
Syracuse, N. Y. Norwich. 3538

Tully. 3655

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN New YorK State DuRING

15

THE SPRING or 1897.

| Pounds of | Pounds of
Bouie ot ay ailablae Ka vatlable
a as phosphoric] phosphoric
pounds of Fee in acid ip
fertil- pounds 100 pounds
aca of fertil- of fertil-
1zZer. 1zer.
Goeeae
Guaranteed | | 10
Found | | 11.47 12.49
| |
Birra
Guaranteed | -@ | ———— 5
Found | 8.45 | Wor?
[ees ae
Guaranteed | WeeZe I oe) |
Found | abaalgb i esioteal 7) ee,
| | |
Below guarantee | | 0.39
= | |
Guaranteed | = |] a | 15
Found | 12.70 17.48
| |
Below guarantee | 30 |
7 | |
Guaranteed be2at |) | 8
Found 2.94 | 7.02 9.35
|
pease
Guaranteed ROS ars 10
Found jab galey |] > teigras, 9.32
pee ee
Guaranteed | 2.40 | 7 8
Found pel SOmn| eGo 5 |p e203
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.61 | |
a
Guaranteed | —— |} & 0
Found | | 6.46 | 7.36
| | |
| |
|
Guaranteed P ——— | 5 |
Found | xBcils)” |) alse
| | |
ce os
Guaranteed | 1.40 | 5 | 6
Found | dlcayY4 || ayg(eal 1] Wears!
cane ae
Guaranteed | alsy I) sae [ects
Found el (4ee |e oeOGr sions 0
| | }
Below guarantee | Oras |

Pounds of Pounds of
water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of jin J00 pounds, in 100
fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
izer. fertilizer.
—_— |
| |
3.75 | —— | ———
4.39 | 8.25
| |
—- |
| 0.93 0.36
|
ay
2.25 | 0.41 6.69
|
|
| ee
| | 3.99
| |
|
———|
| |
9.89 | 1.04. 3.49
| |
|
4 | ——
4.03 | 0.45 6.09
| |
ae
0.54
1.17 0.98 4.30
|
|
| |
5) ———
2.84 | 0.94
|
——-
3.25 | Ht |
3.14 | 3.85
| |
———|
1.63 | | ———
161) | 0200 2.20
|
4.32 | a
3.97 | 0.35 2.31
|
0.35 | |

76 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Resutts or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-
| :
iF
‘ a) x Locality where
MANUFACTURER. | Trade name or brand. | sample wean Galen A
o
| -
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Special potato and|Tully. 3658
Syracuse, N. Y.| onion manure. Fulton. 3688
|
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Special ammoniated|Potsdam. 3TTT
Syracuse, N. Y.] bone.
|
E a a
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard bone phos-| Dunkirk. 3240
Syracuse, N. Y.| phate, special for-| Williamstown. [8758
mula. |
|
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., St. Lawrence Pomo-! Plum Brook. 3779
Syracuse, N. Y.| na grange. |
|
John Finster, ‘Tome trade bone Rome. |3219
Rome, N. Y.| eagle phosphate. 3748
|
H. Fitchard, Minetto fertilizer. Minetto. [3589
Minetto, N. Y. Caughdenoy. BY Cx
|
|
Florida Manufacturing Co., Mortgage lifter. Potsdam. |3778
Syracuse, N. Y. |
|
Geo. B. Forrester, Complete manure for| Jamaica. [3068
New York City.| potatoes. |
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., ‘English wheat grow-| Voorheesville. [8457
Rutland, Vt.' er.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Garden special. Jamaica. 3089
Rutland, Vt.! Bridgehampton. |38147
| Mohawk. 3515
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., General dissolved) Voorheesville. |3458
Rutland, Vi.' bone. |
|

nnn EEEEEEEEEEOE

lord

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. (7

LECTED IN NEw YorRK STATE DURING THE SPRING oF 1897.

Pounds of | Ponds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
nitrogen | 2Vailable total | water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu
in 100 phosppone Bhoephoric blowetael ye al ple epee
acid 1D acl¢ e nitrogen Orie acc
Frere (Dom rege ee ge ean a adel
izer 3 e S 7 ‘ - , -|pounds of
F izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ae | il
Guaranteed | eal GeO |Pa 7 |
Found | 2.28 a 7.83 6.60 | 0.15 | 3.62
| | setae) |
Below guarantee | | 0.40 | |
| | = |
Guaranteed pe bee") 6 7 3.24 |
Found eeli28 5.56 9.28 3.53 0.30 | 0.59
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.44 | |
— =e ae ee ee |
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 | 10 2.16 |
Found a ee erie 9.50 2.06 0.30 | 4.39
| | | |
ICS ae ins) an |
Guaranteed et 00 tO 10 | |
Found | 2.51 | 11.44 15.54 10.98 | 1.04 |} 7.53
| ae
Guaranteed [ORS 2 ales 9 2 |
Found eKOlosale dl arecalyy 9.70 1.738 Q.44 | 1.62
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.83 | OR2(am| |
ie... | as | |
Guaranteed lbe2eto. |) o 1.50 | |
Found P20 pi inio. i 5 os04 1.04 | 1 | 3.14
| | | |
Below guarantee | 0.23 | 0.46 | |
SS |
Guaranteed | ————_—— 5 3.25 | ——— |
Found | Pamessor vy ipelion ati Pl sea | | 8.29
|
Below guarantee | ) alesse |
a ee ee | hee |
Guaranteed joc Qh |p ys I 10 | — |
Found [ea 20" |) 08 7.18 10.95* | 3.96 | 6.05
| | | |
Poe 4
Guaranteed |- 0.82 | 8 9 ye | |
Found [On 98 | S.08s | LOGS 1.90 | 0.72 | 3.62
| | | | |
| | are | |
yuaranteed Po ahaa) 1G) | 8 ee
Found [s.38, | 6.99 |) 9207 8.18 | 1.07 | 4.91
| | | | |
—— a = |
| | | | |
Guaranteed | | 14 | —— | — |
Found | | 15.65 | 17.01 | | 8.44
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

78

REPORT OF THB CHEMIST OF THB

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
Rutland, Vt.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
Rutland, Vt.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
Rutland, Vt.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
Rutland, Vt.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
Rutland, Vt.

Geo. L. Harding,
Binghamton, N. Y.

S. M. Hess & Bro.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

S. M. Hess & Bro.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

S. M. Hess & Bro.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Isaae C. Hendrickson,
Jamaica, N. Y.

Isaac C. Hendrickson,
Jamnica, N. Y¥.

:
Trade name or brand. danni eres FI es
a
n
} |
Grain and grass. Camden. |3754
: |
Northern corn’ spe-}Gloversville. 3508
cial. Caughdenoy. 3734
Oats, buckwheat and|Gloversville. 3507
seeding down fer-| Adams. 3766
tilizer. |
Soluble bone and|Adams. [3767
potash. |
Vegetable, vine and|Chester. 3191
tobacco. Lishaskill. 38479
Caughdenoy.

Harding’s up-to-date.

Ammoniated bone
superphosphate.

Keystone bone phos-
phate.

Potato and _ truck
manure.

High grade _ fertil-
izer.

Long Island fertil-

izer for peas.

ie 35

Binghamton. 1.506

Sheridan. laost

|
Mattituck. 3134
Sheridan. 3252
Mattituck. le36
Jamaica. | 3060
Jamaica.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 79

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DURING

THE SPRING or 1897,

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found '

Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Hound

|
|
|
|
Guaranteed |
Found }
|
Below guarantee |
———__—_|—__——_
|
|
|

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |__| ——_——.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pounds of | Pounds of
water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-

in 100 ble nitrogen ‘phoric acid
pounds of |in 100 pounds; in 100
fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of

izer. | izer. fertilizer.

|
| |
2 | |
1 OTe fait OGe lee onan
| |
2 | |
P94.) 9255741) Ones
| |
nie ce
oe
| 395) ead
| |
| |
cao
| It eeoo
| |
| |
sas ierareace at
fore
Lit AOL96215 Sanam
| |
| |
| |
ite, 55-1 meena
|
|
| |
- | |
2.1771). [/\00 0-69 |) Ones
| |
S| |
| |
1 | |W aeenes
0. 98 eh GnrO. 5200
| |
| |
6 | |
6. 2210 |uarO-S8) al wae
| |
ee |
8 | |
6.57" | 0.4070) 3.08
| |
| |
=| |
6 | (Waa
4.83* 0.93 |
| |
eared |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

80 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

REsuLTS or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER

ee

Isaac C. Hendrickson,
Jamaica, N. Y.

Hughes & Wilkinson,
Rome, N. Y.

—— ee

Imperial Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

——————— ee

Imperial Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

-—<—$—$ _$____———-.

Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, Ohio.

Jarecki

Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, Ohio.

Jarecki

Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, Ohio.

Jarecki

Jarecki Chemical Co.,

Sandusky, Ohio.

Jones Fertilizing Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

phate.

3

2

: Locality wh g

Trade name or brand. Bara Slee setae 5 iz

=
| n

|

Long Island fertil-| Jamaica. [3061
izer. |
|

Retriever ammonia-|Rome |3747
ted pone. |
|

al ee

Imperial ten per cent|Matlands. 38105
guano. |
|

SS

Long Island special|atlands. |3104
for potatoes and |
truck. |

xrain and grass fer-|Baldwinsville. |3676
tilizer. |

Potato and _ truck|Baldwinsville. |8677
manure. |
|

©. O. D. phosphate. |North Java. |8381

ead

Grain special. South Lima. |3388

Lake Hrie fish guano.| Perry. lsa60
: |

Wheat special. North Java. |3382
|
er |

Miami Valley phos-|Otto. |38286

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 81

LECTED IN NEw YorxkK SratvE DURING THE SPRING oF 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of _ | Pounds of
nitrogen available | total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
in 100 phosphoric phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
pounds of acid i acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen |phoric acid
fortil: 100 panna 100 pounds; pounds of jin 100 pounds} in 100
car of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
: izer. izer. | izer. fertilizer.
lpoeeree rs | a =
Guaranteed 245 e SC 6 | 6 ——
Found PSS at Gsta es) |Psess 5.72 | 0.45
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.59 | | 0.28 | |
— | | |
ae | | |
Guaranteed el Soml|ieco | 4 | a
Found 83 wool 1s is 4.44 | 0.69 6.42
| | | | |
Guaranteed | 8.78 6 [S 3 | |
Found PESOS e322 el t9 3.02 | 6.25 | 4.59
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.70 | | |
<a | | a ae |
| | | | |
Guaranteed [Wetec cdalen| | vi |
Found SOL ies i Sat2 7.62 } 1.85 | 6.95
——— |
Guaranteed [ 2365" |) 20 all 2 | ———
Found [RLS Sait | S70 4 t2566 2.64 0.63 | 3.38
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.30 | |
| | | ——=
Guaranteed ele2Z ees | 9 C |
Found eeSGG Ha SORA. |e Ou G68, Wy Oa | 4.13
| | ‘a
Below guarantee | | | 0.32
—_- oo =
| | | |
Guaranteed | | 14 | 15 wa —__ |
Found | | 15.08 | 17.42 10.25
Cie ae
Guaranteed le OU | 10 4 |
Found ele TS LORS) | 1267) 3.517 | 0.87 7.79
| eet |
Below guarantee | | 0.49 |
ere...
Guaranteed | 1.65 | 10 | 11.50 1 | |
Found [phy | Oso 2a tes 2.377 | 0.55 | 4.92
| | | | |
leva etl | aoe ol |
Guaranteed | SS || ue | 17 a —_ |
Found | ee erccs) | Palricayri | 9.32
| | | |
Below guarantee | } ale |
= a | Zar |
Guaranteed | aotsts} {I | 2.50 | |
Found eo eeGae: hit | 11.63 Si | 0.39 | 1.92
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.24 | 2 | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

82

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THB

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Jones Fertilizing Co.,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

F. R. Lalor,

Dunnville, Ont., Can.

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

——<$<—$ $< $ $$ <_<

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Md.

Md.

Md.

Md.

Locality where

Trade name or brand. sample was taken.

Special tobacco|Otto.

grower.

Maple brand Cana-|Parrish.
dian hard wood

ashes.

Ammoniated bone|Norwich. .
phosphate special.

Bone and _ potash’)Sherburne.
mixture.

Corn special fertil-| Unadilla.
izer.

cial.

ES | SS
i

‘Corn, oats and grass| Norwich.

special.

|
Dissolved bone phos-| Watertown.
phate.

|3534

|

[3552

a) Fated a

|_|
ee

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Lazaretto Guano Co.
Baltimore,

Md.

Md.

Eaton’s ammoniated|Norwich.
bone phosphate.

Haton’s special pota-| Norwich.
to manure.

ammoniated| Amsterdam.
Oswego.
Lacona.

Extra
bone.

=

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83
LECTED IN NEw YoRK StTatTE DURING THE SPRING oF 1897.
Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Pound

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee |

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

total water-solu-

phesphoric| ble potash
acid in in 160

100 pounds| pounds of
of fertil- fertil-
izer. izer.

24.13

Pounds of water-solu-

water-solu-

ble phos-

ble nitrogen phoric acid

0.64

0.61

ONG

0.93

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

in 100 pounds
of fertilizer. | pounds of

in 100

fertilizer.

2.28

6.44

5.07

6.62

10.85

84

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FRRTILIZERS Cor-

5
2
: : 7 on Locality whe 5
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Sani eae me
s
=
| 7
|
Lazaretto Guano Co. Fruit and vine fertil-/ Amsterdam. [3489
Baltimore, Md.| _ izer. |
|
= ———— i)
Lazaretto Guano Co. Wop and potato spe-| Norwich. [3542
Baltimore, Md.} cixl—A brand. |
|
Lazaretto Guano Co. N. Y. standard pota-| Watertown. |3768
Baltimore, Md.| to manure. |
|
Lazaretto Guano Co. Northern corn grow-! Lorraine. [3764
Baltimore, Md.| er. |
Lazaretto Guano Co. Oats and buckwheat] Unadilla. [8553
Baltimore, Md.| standard. |
|
Lazaretto Guano Co. Potato, grain and/Sherburne. 8532
Baltimore, Md.| grass phosphate. |
|
Lazaretto Guano Co. Retriever animal] Binghamton. 3595
Baltimore, Md.|} bone. Watertown. 3771
Liebig Manufacturing Co. Fruit and vine. Marlborough. — |8205
Carteret, N. J.
Liebig Manufacturing Co. Peach tree No. 1. Marlborough. = _|8186
Carteret, N. J. |
|
2S eee . a
Liebig Manufacturing Co. Potato and corn. Marlborough. [8185
Carteret, N. J. |
|
= SS ES EES eS Ee ee |
Liebig Manufacturing Co. Soluble bone and pot-|Marlborough. — |8208
*. Carteret, N. J.| ash No. 2. |
|

=

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85
LECTED IN NEw York Stare DuRING THE SPRING orf 1897.
-| Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of P 1s of
Eomnds es avallable | total water-solu- | Pounds of SAieeriue
m COL phosphoric phosphoric) ble potash | water-sola- | ble phos-
on 1s of |, eid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen phoric acid
Se TE oF )100 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds) in 100
ex be of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
aoc izer- | = izers. izer. | | fertilizer.
! !
| ]
Guaranteed 0.82 10 | 12 8
Found 0.81 | 10.51 | 11.31 (Sen 0.57 (O03)
| |
yuaranteed 0.82 10 11 8 |
Found 0.93 | 10.72 | 11.53 7.67 0.70 7.40
| | | | |
Below guarantee 0.33 |
Ee ee | 2
hy ee ae | |
Guaranteed Pe ea LyEi al 8 | |
Found 2.3 7.35 9.44 8 TOK, aa 4.68
| | |
—— ——————n| —— |
|
Guaranteed 0.82 8 9 4
Found | 0.90 | 8.56 10.16 3.82 0.47 | 6.17
| | |
ees : |
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 9 4
Found | 0.81 8.92 10.44 4.11 | 0.50 | 6.55
| | |
ae | ae
| me | | |
Guaranteed OES27 |S 9 4 |
Found POR Obien | 9.0 10.28 3.93 0.64 6.01
| | | |
= =
| s | | |
Guaranteed [el Ga) 0 S 4: |
Found ee2O4s a OSG 13.75 4.19 | 0.80 | 6.62
| | | |
| eee |
Guaranteed (eel sOO RIES U |
Found | 2 je eosOt S| L005 7.45% 0.54 | 0.78
| | |
7 ae eee er reget |
Guaranteed (et 6Oe | <6 10 |
Found 198 7.87 8.52 22 0.44 | 0.94
| | | |
es ee a — |
er: | _ a | |
Guaranteed 2.75 6 >t 6 | —
Found | 2480 | etfsakey |p” cals, 6.52 | 0.79 | 5.07
| | | |
7 | —— ao a
| | | |
Guaranteed | | 12 | © 2 ==
Found | | 12.94 | 15.14 1.99 3.49
| | | f |

*Potash present in form of sulphate,

86

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

5
=
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Paes 2
Sc
i eee |
Liebig Manufacturing Co. Standard, ammoniat-|Marlborough. — |8204
Carteret, N. J.| ed bone superphos- |
phate. |
= = oe rr
Lister’s Agri’l1 Chemical Works,|Ammoniated dissoly-|Schuylerville. |8422
Newark, N. J.| ed bone phosphate.|Cortland. 36381
Baldwinsville. |8685
aa
Lister’s Agri’l] Chemical Works.|/Animal bone andpot-|Glens Falls. [3398
Newark, N. J.| ash No. 1. Parrish. |8729
Lister’s Agri’l Chemical Works,}Animal bone and pot-| Homer |3645
Newark, N. J.| ash No. 2. |
|
= a
Lister’s Agri’l Chemical Works. |Cauliflower ana cab-|Jamaica. [3064
Newark, N. J.| bage fertilizer. |
|
Lister’s Agri’l] Chemical Works,|Celebrated corn ma-|Glens Falls. |3403
Newark, N. J.| nure. |
|
ee
Lister’s Agri’l Chemical Works,|Celebrated ground|New Suffolk. |3127
Newark, N. J.| bone. Troy. |3432
| 6) ee
: |
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works,|Corn fertilizer No. 2.|Orient. |8120
Newark, N. J. Glens Falls. |3389
Lacona. 3762
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works.|Grescent bone dust. |Southampton, |3159
Newark, N. J. |
|
Z z —
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works,|/Harvest queen. Amsterdam. |B487
Newark, N. J. |
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works,{Lawn fertilizer. Utica. 3521

Newark, N. J.

ee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87
LECTED IN NEW YorK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1897.
.|P ds of | Pounds of! P. ds of P ds of
me eee available total <« Wala ROL: Pounds of waterueht
in 100 phosphoric phosphoric ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
mounds of |, 204 in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen |phoric acid
I fertil. _|100 pounds)166 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds) in 100
wer of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
3 izer. iver. izer. fertilizer.
| | | ie |
Guaranteed | 2.25. | 10 | 1.50 | | ———
Found | soe |) ae | alaketee 1.51* 0.83
| | | |
wee |
Guaranteed [i a8h 9 Ve la |
Found | 1.89 | 10.04 | 12.64 0.90 | 8.51
| | | |
ae i ea
Guaranteed -——' | & | 10 ——_ |
Found | | 9.64 | 10.26 | Moot
| | | |
San ee |
Guaranteed LL | 11.50 —— |
Found | | 10.56 | 11.96 | 6
| | | |
eee |
Guaranteed (ea.i00 8iate50 48.50 |
Found | 3.73 | 8.24 | 9.14 2.19 6.338
| | |
| | | ae
Guaranteed es ON P00. eS 50 |
Found | eicttay [tarts |) ee 2.32 6.53
i | |
= ae |
Guaranteed | 2.70 | ——— | 12 |
Found pea -lOr | | 14.05 2.49 2.01
| | | |
ears eo |
Guaranteed Le SER Ste 3 9625712, | =
Found } abersne || eeatelay |) alateres! 0.59 | 6.60
| | | |
ee ag |
Guaranteed [| 2.26 | ——— | 11 |
Found je 261 5| |), alsa la 0.52 | 1.28
| | | |
eevee ae
Guaranteed fee 2 OSS OOe | EEO |
Found | 1-46 | 10°86" |) 112595 F ORS | aay)
| | | |
Pt pe Rites |
Guaranteed fb akeGssa sale £2 : |
Found | Tees || ee) 8.24 é sree | 5.88
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

88

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

MANUFACTURER.

Agri’l

Agri’l

Agri’l

Agri’l

Agri’l

Agri’l

Agri’l

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Lister’s

Lister’s

Lister’s

Agri’l

Agri’l

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Chemical Works,
Newark, N. J.

Trade name or brand.

Perfect.

Potato manure No.1.

Potato manure No.2.

Pure raw bone meal.

Special potato ma-
nure.

Special ten per cent
manure.

Special wheat fertil-
izer,

Standard pure bone
phosphate.

Success.

|

U.S. superphosphate.

Vegetable compound.

Locality where
sample was taken.

Baldwinsville. [5683

Jamaica. 3065
Orient. 119
Glens Falls. oe
Brant. laa
Glens Falls. [3401
Parrish. 3727
|
Troy. |8430

Bridgehampton. |8145

Fort Edward. {8415
Cortland. 3627
|
Southampton. [8157
Yoster’s Mea-
dow. 3086
_—___—__—_—|——
Rochester. lazso
Troy. [3481
Bridgehampton. |8146
Parrish. 3728
|
New Suffolk. [3126
Fort Edward. (|8414
Lacona.

eae

Southampton. lsa58
Homer. |3642

Glens Falls.

or 2 6 OO ere

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89
LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Spring or 1897.
-! Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pound sof
oes | available | total water-solu- | Pounds of water oli
in 100 |phosphoric phosphoric ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ound Of lL kc acid in_ in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
I fertil. |108 pounds|100 pounds’ pounds of in 100 pounds) in 100
an | of fertil- | of fertil- fer til- of fertilizer. pounds of
i | izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ges iasna| a Sane
Guaranteed | aeseees |) aad |) aka) 1.50
Found | 1.44 | 10.43 | 11.89 2.26 0.75 | 6.81
| | | | |
| | =
Pe erpll ss 300% |
Guaranteed | 3.70 7.50 9.50 7
Found sett) 8.52 9.43 Teal 2.20 7
| | | |
| | | fl
Guaranteed |) abetsal |i te), 12 4
Found eo 11.96 | 18.45 4.29 0.70 | Uo 1
| |
| | 3 |
Guaranteed 830237 | 28} a
Found | S222 || PAPAL 0.90 |
| | | | |
| | a
| e | |
Guaranteed Shoe) } ie eto 3
Found el SOr eos 87 10.75 8.69 0.74: 6.91
| | | |
hee ‘es
Guaranteed talon S200! || 10
Found | 1.838 9.99 | 12.40 9.91* 0.65 6.79
| | |
| eee
(ete ea | |
Guaranteed | 1.65 8 9 | 8 aa
Found |) abot 4 10.34 12.99 | 4.16 0.64 | 9.47
| | | |
| —|—_—_—
oe ae |
Guaranteed | 2.35 10 12 1.50 —
Found |) Aatal 12.23 14.18 2.05 1.038 8.26
| | |
eae r |
Guaranteed | 4.24 [9.50 |, 11550 2 |
Found OO TORSO: 12.68 2HDS Oral ia
| | | |
en ae ne
Guaranteed I Fas les | 8 Z
Found |} abokie 9.39 12.738 2.437 0.67 5.26
| | | |
| cee ot eee ee
Guaranteed | 3.70 Cato | 8.95 7 |
Found | Bobb | ical |) estsir {((eres) | 227 6.51
| | |
Below guarantee | OF30s | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

90

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Cor-

MANUFACTURER.

Lonergan & Livingston,
Albany, N. Y.

Lorillard Co.,
Jersey City, N. J.

W. E. Lowe,
Geneseo, N. Y.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,

Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,

Lowell, Mass.

Frederick Ludlam,
New York City.

Frederick Ludlam,
New York City.

Trade uame or brand.

Meat and bone.

Improved tobacco

dust.

Lowe’s special.

Animal brand _ for

general use.

Bone _ fertilizer for

corn and grain.

Cereal.

Empire.

Complete manure for
vegetables.

Potato phosphate.

Cereal.

Dragon’s tooth.

E
Locality where 8
sample was taken. 5 A
3
a
ee ae
Albany |5446
|
; |
Jamaica. |3062
Geneseo. lese7
|
|
Argyle. |3417
— |
Argyle. |8416

Newark Valley. |8614

Pulaski. [3722
|
Newark Valley. |3616
Fultonville. 3496
Newark Valley. |8615
Pulaski. 3721
Fonda. 3493
Pulaski. 3720
Calverton. |3141
Troy. lesa
Calverton. |3141

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91
LECTED IN NEw YorxkK State DuRING THE SPRING oF 1897.
Ie is of | P ds of | Pounds of P. ds of
psondsot availanie vtatal water-solu- Pounds of wateraalae
oF 160 phosphoric phosphoric| ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
and stor acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |/phoric acid
P fertil. | 190 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of |in 100 peunds| in 100
erul of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
ALA izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | | =f
| | oe |
Guaranteed | 4 fe | 18 ——— |
Found is.00. | Sate 18.08 | 1.56
| | |
| | =
| | | |
Guaranteed [i cBains | | 8 |
Found | 2.69 0226) 4) 0E2 8.89* | 1.98 0.26
es ee | |
Guaranteed | Ff | 12 6 | —— |
Found | 10.85 | 12.12 5.03* | 7.59
| | | ix
Below guarantee | | 0.97 | |
| | | a
Guaranteed ace hoy |) 8) | 10 4 | |
Found | 2.97 | 9.07 | 10.53 3.99% | 1.31. | 4.16
| | |
| el |
Guaranteed leeLGo 8 9 33 |
Found Mee) {I elas 10.538 3.24* 0.68 | 4.38
| |
| | |
Guaranteed 0.82 € | 1 | |
Found eels OS dea 20) 9.23 0.93 0.44 2.93
| | |
| —
| Be ee | |
Guaranteed | doo | 4% | 8 2 | |
ound lol ecm eos 1.98 | 0.62 | 3.65
| | | | |
ee | =F
| | | | |
Guaranteed | 2 8 | 9 3.50 | |
Found [poere Cee a ed Leh S| eles Ot 3.61 | OZ9355| 6.62
eae iee ad
Guaranteed | ost 8 | 9 6 | |
Found e280) Ni OSG | Ade OG 5.55* | 1.39 | 5.61
| | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.45 |
| | | | |
Guaranteed lf WatsP4 I ae! 10 al | :
Found | 1.09 9.05 11826745) ilei( | 0.30 | 4.20
| | | | |
Pa Soa
Guaranteed | 3 ees | uf | |
Found | 3.67 | 8.93 | 10.54 Gels oo el 6.17
| | | |

|

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

REPORT OF THD CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Z. ¥. Magill,

TT OVaNaXes

Mapes Formula &
Guano Co., New

&
New

Mapes Formula
Guano Co.,

&
New

Mapes Formula
Guano Co.,

Manes Formula &
Guano Co., New

Mapes Formula «&
Guano Co., New

Mapes Formula &
Guano Co., New

&
New

Mapes Formula
Guano Co.,

&
New

Mapes Formula
Guano Co.,

Mapes Formula &
Guano Co., New

Maxson & Starin.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian

York City.!

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Peruvian
York City.

Cortland, N. Y.

Trade name or brand.

Crematory ashes.

Cabbage and eauli-
flower manure.

Cereal brand.

Complete manure,
“AS prand:

Complete manure for
light soils.

Corn manure.

Economical potato
manure.

Grass and grain
spring top-dressing.

Potato manure, L. I.
special.

Pure ground bone.

Cortland Co. special.

| Z
Locality where 5
sample was taken. g A
=
LR
=
Troy. 384387
Fonda 3495
Littleneck. |3093
|
Newburg. 3179
Binghamton. 3590
|
Littleneck. |38095
Binghamton. — [8591
Newburg. |3180
|
|
fot. an
Littleneck. |3094
|
Orient. |8118
Newburg. |3178
Binghamton. 3592
Newburg. |3181
|
Littleneck. |8096
Newburg. Sule es
Cortland. |8620

it

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Below guarantee |
Se S|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Found |

Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Found

Guaranteed
Found

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93
LECTED IN New YorK State DuRING THB SPRING oF 1897.
a ide is of | Pounds of | Pounds of P ds of
Bounds of evaitaple Potal eaten eels Pounds of water aah
a sont: phosphoric|/phosphoric| ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
7 ds of |, 2¢id in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
Bert il °F 100 ponnds|100 pounds| pounds of jin 100 pounds) in 100
Psu of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
ON izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
—_——] | _——————
0.56 | Seo Diels Oe
0.82 | 0.66 2.26 galt; | 0.45
| = Net |
| 0.99 | \
| al
ea) ete: 6 | ——— |
3.90 5.47 7.95 6.87 1.85 | 2.97
| | |
| 0.53 | |
—— — |
Aa | | |
1.65 6 | 8 3 |
2.24 7.60 9.01 3.78 0.41 | 5.89
| | |
oe pe.
2.47 | 10 | 12 2.50 | |
Skies | MOrDt S12. 97, 3.14 alas) PM rests)
| | |
| | ao
Pel | ’ |
4.95 | 6 8 6 |
BHA |) (eal 9.49 6.90 Peodlss | 5.2
| | | |
Se Ha |
lA | ~ | i
24 |) 28 10 6 | —— ||| —
2308) | |) Se 10.15 6.87 es | 7.07
| | | |
| | —j-——
pay: ne | |
3.29 | 4 ae 8 | |
3.41 | 5.92 | 7.80 7.84* | 1.63 | 2.99
ls | | |
| ——)
| | |
4.94 5 | 6 7 | —
5.24 | 6.12 | 7.43 (oth >| 3.33 | 4.22
| | | |
| | |
3.29 4 6 7 i
3.68 | 5.68 8.94 (.35* at@ | PSePAL
| | | |
| | |
Phe) || ————— || Ut —— | ————
3.98 | | 23.64 0.30 |
| | [ |
| | ——
| | | |
2 | 9 | 7, ——— | ——
ise |) Asai | abl ed 2230 0.49 6.06
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

94

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FEPRTILIZERS CoL-

ro

o

2

MANUFAC1URER. Trade name or brand. Locality where g

sample was taken. | gA

&
&

Maxson & Starin, Fruit and vine. Cortland. |3619
Cortland, N. YX. |
; |

ae

Maxson & Starin, Potato and cabbage|Cortland. 2

Cortland, N. Y.| special. is ie ¢

Maxson & Starin, Vegetable and onion)Cortland. | 621
Cortland, N. Y.| special. |

ae

Maxson & Starin, XXX guano. Cortland. [8618
Cortland, N. Y. |

Wim. B. McDowell, Bone dust. Middletown. Tee

Middletown, N. Y.
Wim. B. McDowell, Fertilizer. Middletown.

Middletown, N. Y. ee

Michigan Carbon Works, Desiccated bone. Fredonia. ]38235
Detroit, Mich. :

Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead. Lacona. |8239
Detroit, Mich. |

Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead potato| Evans. love
Detroit, Mich.| grower. |

Michigan Carbon Works, Jarves drill phos-|Evans \go74
Detroit, Mich.| phate. |

Michigan Carbon Works, Perfection fruit|Fredonia. |823

Detroit, Mich.

grower.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95

LECTED IN New YorK State DURING

THE SPRING or 1897.

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.
leer ers
Guaranteed | 1.65
Found eeleaOu:
|
Below guarantee |
SS ae
Guaranteed | 3.70
Found | 3.38

Below guarantee| 0.32

SSE SSS
Guaranteed | 4.95

Found 4.23
Below guarantee | 0.72
Guaranteed 0.82
Found 0.91
Guaranteed 3.05
Found Sed
Below guarantee
Guaranteed 5.30
Found 5.28
Guaranteed 125
Found 1.34
Guaranteed iets)
Found 2.41
Guaranteed 1.94
Found 2.30
Guaranteed i
Found i 24!
Guaranteed 0.80
Found 1.09

Pounds of | Pounds of
phosphoric|phosphoric
100 pounds) 100 pounds

a4

|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Sees |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pounds ef Pounds of
water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu
ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100
fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
izer. fertilizer.
|
0.58 5.10
| :
182 6.07
|
|
2.59 6.58
|
|
0.51 | 6.06
|
1.08
—— | ————
3.41
0.45 |
|
0.70 6.44
|
deel | 7.36
|
|
|
0.48.) Gada
|
—_____—_—_|——___—
|
0.20 | 2.04
|

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

96

RESULTS of ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL

MANUFACTURER. Trade name er brand.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Attica special.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|/Ballsmith & Moritz’s
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| special.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Buckwheat special.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer |Buffalo fertilizer.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Buffalo guano.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Cyclone pure bone

meal.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilize1
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Dissolved bone.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.|

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer;|Dissolved bone and
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| potash.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Hrie king.

Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer

Co., Buffalo, N. ¥.| bacco phosphate.

Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Rathbun’s special.

Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Potato, hop and to-}Calverton.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

FERTILIZERS COL-

Locality where B
sample was taken. | ga
i=)
=
D
| >
Attica. [3348
|
|
a |
|Attica. [8849
Springville. |38316
Kingston. 3207
Gloversville. 3510
Tully. 3653
West Winfield. |8523
Fulton. 3689
; |
Fredonia. |8229
Johnstown. |8497

Gloversville. com

Otto. 284
Gloversville. |3512
Boonville. |3786
oe ae
Kingston. |3206
Fort Edward. {8411
Tully. 3654
sees ee
|
3140
Fort Edward. |8413
Pulaski. 3723
ote |
Wellsville. 3383

8 in 8

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 97

LECTED IN NEw YorkK State DuRING THE SPRING OF 1897.

Ponidsot| Fopudy ee | Bounds of Bouts af : oe ‘Pounds Hal
. avail: tot ater-solu- ounds ¢ ter- 2
open proaaonin peauborts Teens | ater elit Ia aneS
ee | acid in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen |phoric acid
mane or 1060 pounds 100 pounds) pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100
see of fertil. | of fertil- | % fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
ars izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| =| ===
Guaranteed 0.85 | 8 8.50 4, | |
Pound DU en ear aes 9.82 4.21 | 0.64 | 5.54
| | |
Below guarantee | 0.69 | |
| =| |
Guaranteed iepiesom (es 9 4 | |
Found aT ar 8.47 10.13 3.53 | 0.54 | 6.26
| | | |
Below guarantee Lee fi] |
—— Ss |
Guaranteed OSU rs uk | | 1 |
Found 0.92 | 6.64 9.02 | 0.88 | 0.49 4.55
| | |
Below guarantee | p 205560 | |
a eee ees |
| i}
| ot | | |
Guaranteed also: as 1.50.3] |
Found 116 | “T<80 9.74 1am, | 0.74 | 5.40
= Lo
| Guaranteed SOS SO | 3S: Pe 4 |
7 Found I) aE rere 9.87 3.04 | 0.41 |: 5.09
| | | | |
Below guarantee | le Oe28 0.96 | |
SS ~ |
Guaranteed ee etal ————
Found | 3.58 ~| 23.34 | 1.55 |
| | | | |
| | Ee =)
| | | . | |
Guaranteed {| ——— | 2 | 12.37 ——— | — |
Found | 11 (65 12.39 | | 5.94
| | | |
| | = |
| | | | =" |
Guaranteed —— | 9 ial 1.65 | ——— |
Found | | 10.22 10.75 athe | | 4.93
a | |
Guaranteed [2205807 eat 9 2 |
Found O96 ee onsen 8.99 abe (or) || 0.50 | 4.84
| | | |
Below guarantee | 0.38 | |
a SSS | -—|——____ —a
|
| | |
Guaranteed ee fs: | 9 4 |
Found alert | jh tele |) ECs} 4.56 | 0.66 6.21
Be niboes es
Guaranteed i nOn Sara g | 9 al |
Found | 0.98 | 6:73: | -9.49 0.89 | 0.59 | 4.41
| | | Mes | |
Below guarantee | ih eOn2t | | |

98 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Co;
= = = a
ee
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. ae eee < z
i=)
S
7)
= = pee |
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Scoville’s special. Varysburg. 3371
Co., Butfalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Special bean fertil-|Perry. 3365
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| izer. Philadelphia. 8772
|
-Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer |Special potato fertil-| Calverton. 3138
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| izer. Langford. |8339
Gloversville. 3509
a | |
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Vegetable bone. Springville. 3315
Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Clinton. 3746
|
7 5 a
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer|Wheat,oats and bar-|/Fredonia. 3228
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| ley phosphate. Fort Edward. |3412
Fulton. 86890
; |
Mittenmaier & Sons, Hop and potato fer-/ Rome |3218
Rome, N. Y.|_ tilizer. |B8749
|
b % STE eey eee PENSE eee ———————
|
Mittenmaier & Sons, Pride of America. |Rome. [3217
Rome, N. Y Clinton. |8745
|
r | ee eee
Mittenmaier & Sons, \Superphosphate. Rome 3751
Rome, N. Y.
|
: eee a
Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. Jamaica. 3090
Maspeth, N. Y. |
|
National Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone|Fonda. (8491
Bridgeport, Conn.; phosphate. |
National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s fish and| Gloversville. |B501
Bridgeport, Conn.) potash.
|

ae
Guaranteed |
Found |
|

Peers

|

|

Guaranteed
Found i

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee
Guaranteed
Found

Found
Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a8)
LECTED IN New York Strate DurRING THE SPRING or 1897.
Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
Pounds of | available total | water-solu- | Pounds of eee gol
in 100 phosphoric phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
“pounds of |, seid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
fortils 100 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 eu in 100
inert | ef fertil- | of fertil- fertil- | of fertilizer. pounds of
| izer. izer. izer, | | fertilizer.
leer coord |
ie | |
Iperay 9) xs, 4
ait |) 1830 9.79 4.10 | 0.87 6.16
| |
| = =
| ie
0.82 | 10 eal 4
1 eos Zo 4.32 0.71 (Caras)
|
| | —— = |
1.64 8 10 8 | —
a4 (oil Wy lela vis! 8.04 0.22 Galt
— = a 7 —|.
4.12 | 8 | a
4.04 S/o ta 9.83 yi eaey 0.34 6.57
| 1 . :
Isles 9 2 (eens a :
TES IS PAN Bolaced TC: | One | 4.83
| Gmc
| | 0.38 |
| |
il 6 | 3 pas See
OST e620 9.87 3.47* 0.40 | ase OTT
|
| |
1 6 ——— 2 |
P03 6.31 9.45 2.39* 0.39 | 2.79
|
2 ei 8 — 4 —-
1.20 | 6.45 10.24 3291 0.43 Pos TH5)
| | |
0.80 | 1.55
a |
ae
3.30 | 6 6 ——_
Sie) 703m “O.n6 7 .26* 2.07 | 2.48
| | |
| aaee Se
Mae | |
15059 ely ts. | 10 2 ==
TOF | SO L269 2.68* 0.25 3.45
| | | |
ee |
| | | |
o.50" | | 8 3 |
P30 i) pate al eee iT 4.08 0.24 | 1.84
| | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

100

ResuLtts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL

MANUFACTURER. Tralejname ov brand,

National Fertilizer Co., ; Chittenden’s kainit.
Bridgeport, Conn.
National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s potato
Bridgeport, Conn.| phosphate.

National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s root fer-

Bridgeport, Conn.| tilizer.
National Fertilizer Co., Universal.

Bridgeport, Conn.

National Fertilizer Co.,
Bridgeport, Conn.

Fish and potash.

National Fertilizer Co.,
Bridgeport, Conn.

Market garden fertil-
izer.

Newburgh Rendering Co., ‘Pure meat and bone.
Newburgh, N. J.|

New York Fertilizer & Chemical;Cabbage, potato and
Co., Reselle, N. J.| vegetable manure.

New York Fertilizer & Chemical|Standard potato and
Co., Roselle, N. J.| vegetable manure.

Niagara Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y¥.

Grain and
grower.

grass

Niagara Vertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Ground bone meal.

REePort OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

FERTILIZERS COL-

2
Locality where 5
sample was taken. 8 A
a
n
|
Foster’s Mea-|
dow. [3088
|
SS
Springfield. 3085
Gloversville. 3502
Mattituck. |3136
aa
Springfield. \307 0
|
‘Utica. |8522
|
Mattituck. |3137

‘Springfield. |B084

Newburgh. |38202
|
Flatlands. la102
|
|
te
Flatlands. 18103
|
|
ae a a
Springville. 18313
Sherburne. 3529
Williamstown. |3760
os)
Springville. |8312
|
|

selbica N.

New York AcricuttuRAL ExpprRimMpnr Sravion. 101

LECTED IN New YorK Start DURING THD SPRING oFr 1897.

Poundson Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
Rae eo OT available total water-solu- | Pounds of [water-solu-
in 100 | Phosphoric phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ounds of |. acim acid in in100 __| ble nitrogen |phoric acid
Pp fertil. _|100 pounds|100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds! in 100
Tay of fertil- of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds o
: izer, izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | | aera
Guaranteed ( | | 12 ——— a
hound | | | 12.15 |
| | |
ee ae
Guaranteed We | 6 Ness 8 |
Found | 8.46 | 9.53 | 10.26 §.93* 2.33 | 5.99
| | | |
ae
Guaranteed i ses0), | 8 | 10 6 =
Found [8.26 | -8.08)> | 10.102 7.06 1.36 edlal
a |
Guaranteed {| 0.82 | 9 | 1 —
Found (eta 2b [13282 0.80 0.57 0.62
| |
Below guarantee | | |
| | race [ee at | eae
Guaranteed | 3 a 4 ——
Found 22880 8.44 3.80 0.31
| | |
Below guarantee | 0.63 | | |
a ee a aa a |
Guaranteed [eee O Rs le | 9 6
Found deol Sea, 4 LOlST 6.24 ilniftei! 41 5.79
aa aa
Guaranteed | 4 | ——— | 20 —_—_ —— =
Found | 5.68 | | 15.79 1.27
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | p59 | |
a | om = |
Guaranteed | 4.10 | 6 | aaa 8 | |
Found | 5.45 | 4.69 | 5.78 11.36 | 0.90 | 2.33
| | | |
Below guarantee | earct | |
ee | inet alae
Guaranteed erasers) oye 93) —- 10 | |
Found pesgaksy (le econ (ts? 6.30 12.58 | OSGI 3.24
| |
Below guarantee | 0.27 | |
Mss) Sy |
Guaranteed [ie ROS rue ened) | 8 1208) |
Found Le CA lic GSi at |iniSy ae 1.25 | Oia tal 4,44
| | | |
ric oe ee ea |
Guaranteed eZ | | 25 a | ——
Found SZ) | | 30.54 0.10 |
| a es

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

102

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

E
2
Salita &
MANUFACTURER. | ‘frade name or brand. Sao iy Wheres ae
£
| 3
Z
= = = ment mee
Niagara Fertilizer Co., Queen City phos-/Springville. jool4
Buffalo, N. Y.| phate. |
|
E z z ae Ge ee a
Niagara Fertilizer Co., Potato, hop and to-|Springville. |8311
Buffalo, N. Y.| bacco phosphate. |Cobleskill. |3577
|
: A 2 i - =e es
Niagara Fertilizer Co., Triumph. ! Bllicottville. 3305
Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
= 2. —= mae.
Niagara Fertilizer Co., . Wheat and corn pro-| Ellicottville. [3806
Buffalo, N. Y.| ducer. Cobleskill, |B3578
Williamstown. |38579
2 2 sae 7 u 2 =
Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Acidulated bone and|Jamestown. )3226
Chicago, [1l.| potash. |
|
: = = — |__|
Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Challenge corn grow-|Jamestown. |8227
Chicago, Ill.| er, |
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden sheaf. Jamestown. (8223
Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great value. Fredonia. |8236
Buffalo, N. Y |
|
eet = a a a
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High farming. Fredonia. |3237
Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Potato and tobacco. |Jamestown. ]8225
Buffalo, N. Y. |
}) |
2 2S —
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Pure ground bone. |Fredonia. 3288

Buffalo, N. Y.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103
LECTED IN New YorK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1897.
ae : jpanaeealondacreoindese | Pounds of

eounds of available ‘yetal wateriaclil | Pounds of wAteole

en se phosphoric|phosphoric) ble potash | water solu- | ble phos-

anny acid in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen |phoric acid

~ Lament 100 pounds|100 pounds) pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100

Avon of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- ef fertilizer. |pounds of

; izer. izer. izer. | | fertilizer,
= | | | =a | |
| | | |

Guaranteed | ———— | 11 | aoa aa

Found | | aa 74 | 22s | | 4.97
| | | | |
| apace ara =
| | Soy |

Guaranteed | 164 |S Ve TAD)

Found [et Ts LO Sas (lds OF 3 0.21 (ant
| | |
ev 6. | alee

Guaranteed Ip 4oSECE | ts} 9 2.16 | |

ound ), 24e Le *Phafekss Alea) 254: 0.84 5.43
| | | |
| | : =

Guaranteed ele eS 8) 2.16

Found el AS eee SO (aealescleoes 2.54 0.78 5.45
| | | | |
(aneag aes ealeare eoeat |

Guaranteed | 0.82 | 10 {| ——— 1.50 |

Found O29 O | LOSS. sel sGr 1D 2e | 0.75 | 8.12
a —

Guaranteed | 2.06 | 8 | 12 0.54 |

Found et2eGo 1 0.60% |) 1250S 0.93 IO | 4.71
| | | | |

Below guarantee | | 0.40 | |

a cer

Guaranteed |) aber-s3 TI 26 | ——— 1.89 | |

Found [Soe OO tie 2.10 0.04 | 4.51
| | [ | |
<i |
| | ere ie |

Guaranteed [O.. 82. |, "6 a T1208) 7] |

Found | £1.08 | 6.74. | 7.49 he? | 0.02 | 3.29
| | | |
| | aa =
| | | [ j

Guaranteed Pe bets say |] fe) | 9 2.40)" | |

Found LS Se eee Ge Ow |e 8 92 2.24 | OSL 5.10
ee =

Guaranteed | 2.47 | 6 | 4.32 | |

Found 2 emele|eG.Oi: 4.36* | cayaa 24 | 2.94
| | | | |

Below guarantee | | 0.89 | | |

= | So |

Guaranteed | 2.88 | ——| 2 ——. .——

Found In onog || | 23.73 1.03 |
| | oars |

Below guarantee | | i dboPAath |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

104 RepoRT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

S
Cc
z
Yi } Q Tia Warnes a Locality where
MAN UFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample ee take =
:
MN
(ee ee a SSS |
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Standard. |Jamestown. [3224
Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
ee cen — — i an
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|\Complete buckwheat| Oneonta. [8565
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| fertilizer. |
|
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Complete corn ma-|Oneonta. [3562
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| ure. |
eae ; |
Cneonta Fertilizcr & Chemicalj/Complete manure forOneonta. |3560
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| general use. |
|
ae eee = er
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Compilete manure for|/Oneonta. [8559
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| vegetables. |
|
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Complete potato ma-|Oneonta. 3561
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| nure. |
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Corn fertilizer. Unadilla. lasso
Co., Oneonta, N. Y. |
|
= | |
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|/Economical manure.) Unadilla. [8554
Co., Oneonta, N. Y. |
|
Be a ae = —_____|___
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Hop phosphate. Oneonta. |8563
Co., Oneonta, N. Y. |
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|isainit. Oneonta. |3564
Co., Oneonta, N. Y. |
|
. io a
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Potato fertilizer. Oneonta. [8557
Go:, Oneonta, N. Y. | |
|

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105
LECTED IN New YorkK Statp DuRING THE SPRING OF 1897.
Eatandslot ne ore gern g eran Pounds of van -
SEU eel er ciel ep at meer emer ce
ponds of 100 peunds 100 pounds| pounds of |in 100 Bends , in 160
ae of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
; izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ee eee a a —s
Guaranteed | 2.47 | 10 1.62 | |
Found | 2.63 10.10 11.60 1-89 4] 0.16: | 6.81
. | | | |
| | | |
| ee | |
Guaranteed I abstafay ts} | 6 al | | ———
Found [a 5O" | 5223 (Al 1.44 | 0.85 | 1.49
| | | | | |
| | | Se all |
Guaranteed aunO (ir x 9 6 |
Found Pile ir Um A ars) 8.04 6.39 | 1.41 Biofe 3:
aes eats
Guaranteed 3.30 | 8 10 4 | |
Found 3.08 8:71 |, 9506 4.20 | 0.45 | Deol
hi | | |
Below guarantee| 0.22 |. | | |
ee _———————— ————_|
Guaranteed 5 6 8 6 | |
Found | 4.60 | 6.89 7.74 652209) 0.82 | 4.72
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.40 |
a es rs rl re |
Guaranteed le fer 7.50 8 7 |
Found | 4.02 | 8.19 9.65 6.99* | 2.20 4.11
| [ |
| eas a |
| erate | | |
Guaranteed | 2.50 | 6 q 3 | |
Found | 2.45 6.83 7.68 4.96 | 0.28 | Pee!
| | |
| | —_—_—-——_ | |
| | |
| rks ame | | | |
Guaranteed 165 5 6 5 | |
Found 1.69 | ~6.03 Tao 4.88 | 0.45 | 200
| | | [ |
| | = =| |
“or | | |
Guaranteed Gor eo 9 | ===
Found aarp 9.06 LOESE 4.10* | OnSe| 4.34
| | | |
| | S| |
| | | | |
Guaranteed 5 — 12 |
Found | | | 14.58 | |
| | | |
Reh eee Weare ever ae |
| oie | | |
Guaranteed 185 6 TC 5 | | ———
Found lie: 6.08 (eo3! 4.88* | 0.88 | 1.91
| |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

106 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL F'ERTILIZERS COL-

g
MANUFACTURER Trade name or brand Local ryners E
4 © : DRA sample was taken. gR
=
n
$$ J |
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|Standard superphos-|Oneonta. |3556
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.|} phate.
et, me ge
Oneonta Fertilizer & Chemical|/Superphosphate suc-}Oneonta. |3558
Co., Oneonta, N. Y.| cess.
Pacific Guano Co., A No. 1 phosphate. Oneida. 38215
Boston, Mass. Sherburne. 3536

Cooperstown. |3572

|

|
Pacific Guano Co., C. A. D. special. ‘South Lima. (83889
Boston, Mass. |

|

|
Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone phos-| Oneida. 3214

Boston, Mass.| phate. Amsterdam. 3486
|
|
Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone and|Springville. |8319
Boston, Mass.| potash. Cooperstown. = [85738

Pacific Guano Co.. Nobsque guano. Oneida. 3213
Boston, Mass. Schuylerville. (8421

Baldwinsville. |8678

Le ee —|——
Pacific Guano Co., |Potato, tobacco and|Oneida. 3216
Boston, Mass.) hop fertilizer. Sherburne. 35385

Pacific Guano Co., ‘Soluble Pacific gu-|Springville. 3320
Boston, Mass.| ano. Amsterdam. 3485

Baldwinsville. |8682

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., ‘Gardener’s complete|Southold. |3125
New York City.; manure. |
oe Sua DER BAR SET |

a eG oF yee ot 2

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., Potato manure. Orient. |3117
New York City. |
|

ee a ee

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107

LECTED IN New YorxK State DurING THE SPRING or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

i)
69 00
H= bo

Nh

Pounds of
available
phosphoric
acid in
109 pounds
of fertil-

izer.

-“1-]

Oo)
o
He

Oa
(op)
©
bet
3
~)
ee

pounds of in 100 pounds
| of fertilizer. |pounds Tof

Pounds of
weter-solu-
ble phos.
phorie acid
in 100

fertilizer.

|

-]

nN

7.88

3.30

3.02

2.59

4.64

5.81

108

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co.,
New York City

Patapsco Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

A. Peterson,
Penfield,

A. Peterson,
Penfield,

Moro Phillips Chemical Co.,

Springville, N. Y.

B. J. Pine,

Trade name or brand.

Universal.

Grain and tobacco.

‘|farmers’ benefit.

Penfield standard.

‘|Springville fertilizer.

Star raw bone super-

East Williston, N. Y.] phosphate.
Powers, Gibbs & Co., ‘Ammoniated guano.
Wilmington, N. C.
Powers, Gibbs & Co., Seabird ammoniated
Wilmington, N. C.| guano.
Powers, Gibbs & Co., ‘Special small grain
Wilmington, N. C.| guano.
Powers, Gibbs & Co., Truck farmer’s spe-
Wilmington, N. C.|} cial guano.
e
Preston Fertilizer Co., \mmoniated bone
Brooklyn, N. Y.| superphosphate.

B
Locality where 8
sample was taken. F r=)
=
n
se
Southold. \s124
|
|
Baldwinsville. [8681
|
Penfield. lea 91
emer |
Penfield. |3790
|
-—-|———
Springville. laa10

Mohawk.

|

|
| a
Mohawk. 3516
ae ag
Saratoga. lss01

|

|
|
Troy. ls433
Poughkeepsie. |3168

= t-. * 7 -

—

— oes, ee

Below guarantee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

109

LECTED IN New YorK Strate DuRING THE SPRING or 1897.

| Poan

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

dsof Pounds of | Peunds of |

Pounds of |

lab! total t ] Pcunds of
Salt SRONGniGhe toiteric Mecolash | aie sale
oe A f acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen
ve fe ti. ‘100 pounds|100 pounds) peunds of jin 100 pounds
f ferti of fertil- | of fertil- | fertil- of fertilizer.
izer. izer. izer. | izer.
| eee yaaa
| | E. |
0.82 | 8 | 9 5
2.50 | 8.64 | 10.09 5.12 1268:
| | |
a a ee a Lee.
| |
iGo | 8 | 2
Molitsy Al Walk |) “Stet! oO: | 2.24
| |
aa ae
1525 6 2 |
2.04 | 8.51 12.62 2.37 | 0.67
| | |
| Te
2 | 1 |
2.25 | 8 4
2.85 | 8.13 13.16 5.62 plea hey
| [
f. Ds 2.50 |
1.28 | “8276 -|-11.35 2.86 | 0.57
|
| 0.24
|
2.47 | 6 8 1
3.21 | 5.81 - 8.47 7.385* 1.39
| |
| | a eS
O5822 |S | 3
1.32 | 10.31 AGS 2.66 | 0.21
| | -
| | (8%
| UREA lee eee ae
| | Are
50" is 2.50 |
i 4Oe | PLOIG2 ae 12 10° 2.82 | 0.61
i | |
| peer al aaa ea
| | |
0.82 | 8 | 2 |
Poles Sat | 9.69 ete es 0.33
| |
earl eel
| | |
3.30 | 8 a 5 |
6103 | 10.40 |) iit 5.66 | 3.22
5+
2.50 | 9 | ——-— 2 |
2.59 | 8.63 | 16.62 | 1:94 ; | 2.08
| |
a OrSt 4

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

| Pounds of
)water-solu-

ble phos-
phorie acid
| in 100
peunds of
| fertilizer.

6.20

6.07

3.47

2.98

3.64

7.68

|—_——
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.87
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
eee
| 4,18
|
|

110

.

2

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THR =

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,

Brooklyn, N. Y¥.|

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

—$< <=.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Preston Fertilizer Co..,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

ee Eee

Preston Fertilizer Co..,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

—$<$<< _—-$ ——————_______...

Preston Fertilizer Co.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Trade namé or brand.

‘Blood and bone.

Cabbage
flower.

and cauli-

Onion fertilizer.

Pioneer.

Potato fertilizer.

Potato, and

onion.

hop

|
Pure ground bone.
|
|

\Soluble
potash.

bone and

Special potato ma-
nure.

Ten per cent special.

XXV brand.

i

ao

2
Locality where 3
sample was taken. | gA
i=)
3
3
~
| n

‘Poughkeepsie. - |3170

Jamaica.

|Florida. 3197

Poughkeepsie. ls169

Poughkeepsie. lt67
|
|

————e -—|——

Is404
|
|

|

Glens Falls.

Baldwinsville. lse79

Jamaica.

Fo -

|

|
Poughkeepsie. [8166

|

|

a

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ga

LECTED IN New York Strate DurinG THE FA or i897.

> .| Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
Romeo! apailable iat al = wate Beale
om ab phosphoric phosphoric, ble potash
ounds of |, 2ci4 in | acid in in 100
P fertil. |100 pounds 100 pounds) pounds of
: of fertil- | of fertil- fertil-
pee izer. izer. izer.
| |
Guaranteed cod OMe | 18 <a
Found 3.73 | | 18.5
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.37 «|
| | aiae
Guaranteed | 3.25 | 5 | a
Found cone | eal G | eleyetO 5.93
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.33 | | LOT
| = ee!
ea | | |
Guaranteed [ono 7 | 6
Found | 8.40 | 8.48 | 18.88 5.50
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.50
as | | SSS
Guaranteed abot) | 1.75
Found [aed60) | 926i | 13580 gayi
| | |
Below guarantee | Oo Oiee|
| | | a
Guaranteed | 8.25 | 8 | €(
Found aT) | Bey Use 162) 6.03*
| | |
Below guarantee|{ 0.46 | | 0.97
Ess | | | se
Guaranteed [Pee |) 6 6
Found [andor | DO 9 tOst3 6.02
| |
Below guarantee | | 0.39 |
____ es ae ee
Guaranteed | Stet) | || 200) Ss
Found eo. ots | | 20.86
| |
tees ee - o
Guaranteed ———} | iv fala 1.50
Found | SZ 2S ee eco
| | |
| SS
Guaranteed 2.50 | 5 7 5
Found 2e19 25.06) ||0i.8.08 5.07
—
Guaranteed 8.20 | 6 | | 4
Found SERS cc sea La 7 ae: a
| | |
Below guarantee| 2.25 | | |
es
Guaranteed ee! | 8 1
Found WelsO3 1 15 8296u Outs. | ~ 1795
| | |

— —

Pounds of
Pounds of |water-solu-
water-solu- | ble phos-
ble nitrogen phoric acid

in 100 pounds| in 100
of fertilizer. |pounds of

| fertilizer.
1.20 |
|
|
|
1.84 | 4.52
|
|
2.14 | 3.91
|
=|
0.69 | 5.15
|
|
lon 4.82
|
|
1.24 | orn
|
|
=a
|
20am
|
|
7.76
|
1 ilealal
|
i
ortey | Bat
2
heare
0.36 | 5)

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

112

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-
loa eg
2
MANUFACTURER. Trade namo or brand. Pie pps P =
3
a)
7 aaeeeccuee >
Quinnipiac Co., ‘|Ammoniated dissolv-| Varysburg. 3376
New York City.| ed bone. x, Fruit Valley. |3705
|
—————— per eat
Quinnipiac Co., Climax. Varysburg. [8875
New York City. Schuylerville. |8418
Newark Valley. |8617
= i soe =|
Quinnipiac Co., ‘|Corn and grain ma-|Southampton. late
(New York City.| nure.
————— me
@Quinnipiae Co., Dissolved bone and!Schuylerville. |38420
New York City.| potash.
a
Quinnipiac Co., Market garden ma-|Foster’s Mea-|
INew York City.| nure. dow. [3087
Fruit Valley. |8704
Quinnipiac Co., Mohawk. Varysburg. lsaa7
New York City. Fruit Valley. [3707
Quinnipiac Co., | Potato manure. Southold. lore
New York City. |
|
——— ==
Ouinnipiae Co., \Potato phosphate. Varysburg. 3378
New York City.| Schuylerville. |8419
Fruit Valley. |8706
J a a See |
Quinnipiac Co., Special formula. Bayside. |8092
New York City.
= SS =|
Ouinnipiae Co., Special potato. Webster station./3748
iNew York City.
Sicaer eae Be
Quinnipiac Co., |Uncas bone meal. North Collins. laaae
New York City. |

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1/4
LECTED IN New YorK State DURING THE SPRING or 1897.
: | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Poundsof
Bounce oameple oe al ; SS Bole Pounds of Sarit:
a ie 'phosphorio|phosphoric ble petash | water-solu- | ble phos-
nto acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen /phorie acid
Sfachil 100 pounds|100 pounds| peunde of jin 100 pouuds! in 160
ae of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
WA izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
Mire Wikies aloe lien a ga
Guaranteed 1.64 | 9 | 10 2 |
Found pe. 02 |. SOF 129 2.07 | 0.76 | 3.66
| [eles | | |
Pec. (eae
Guaranteed | 1.038 | 8 eo 2 |
Found Veola |) 8347 |) 172, 2.95 0.46 | 2. OL -
| | | | |
lec eae aa ne |
Guaranteed Ny AERPST Aes: te, B4 |
Found |} 1.80 | 9.29 | 11.04 2212 0.65 | 4.02
| | |
mn ey
Guaranteed. | SS, ieee! 2 ee al|
Found | 11.87. | 15.42 1.97% | 5.39
| | |
(oe naga a
Guaranteed | 3:30) | “8 9 7 | |
Found feo.2o. i 1.8% 103 Rese OPS | a | Seto
| | | |
| | le | |
| | | | |
Guaranteed [OS Soe men aed 8 1 | |
Found | 1.29 | .8.34 10.24 1.53 | 0.76 | 4.18
a a | |
Guaranteed ee ges ef Ca es 7 5) | |
Found [eaeG2F sled:..62 9.17 G19") 0.77 | Leo
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.388 | | |
_ a ar ak |
Guaranteed | 2.06 | 28 ieee 3 | |
Found Oss Onl O 1340 3.14 | 0.42 | 2.73
| | | | |
7 rn ee aa |
Guaranteed fees a Oe) aaess | 8 |
Found Silly || sSe2d sa oad 8.39 | 2.11 | 4.83
| | | | |
ho: 4 |
Guaranteed i235) | 26 | 5 | |
Found | 1.47 | 6.58 | 8.26 4.91 | 0.80 | 4.06
| | | | |
roan, |e
Guaranteed [2 2.65)" | 18.50 os |
Found | 2.20 | | 16.06 O78) | 0.31
| | | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

8

114

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
‘New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New

York City.

York City.

York City.

York City.

City.

York

York

City.

York

City.

York City.

City.

York

York City.

York City.

Trade name or brand.

Acid phosphate.

Bone meal.

Bone and potash.

Dissolved bone phos-
phate.

Farmer’s friend.

Fish, bone and pot-
ash.

‘Hi gh grade farmer’ s
friend.

High grade farmer’s
friend for Long Is-
land.

Leader guano.

IN. Y. State super-
phosphate.

Original alkaline

bone.

5
Locality where E
sample was taken. & A
S
a
ie =
Syracuse. |3666
S|
Cortland. 15623
= ===
Syracuse. [3670
=
Syracuse. \s663
ee —|——
Florida. 3195
Clarksville. 3450
Cortland. 3625
z _—|__—
Syracuse. sees
en
Unadilla. [S551
Syracuse. \3661
|
—— —|——_
Mattituck. |8139
|
|
See a
Clarksville. |3452
Syracuse. [8662
|
reed see ool —|——
Syracuse. [3668
|
|
omer: |
Syracuse. 3671

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 115

LECTED IN New YorK State DURING THE SPRING or 1897.

p daof Pounds of | Poundsof | Pounds of | Pounds of
whee §0F | available total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
oy oer phosphoric phosphoric! ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ae is of |, 8cid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
ir at Da 100 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100
eral | of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. [pounds of
Tah izer. izer. izer. | fertilizer.
| | | rer |
Guaranteed | ———— | 12 | 18 —== ——— |
Found | 12.67 | 15.24 | oe Cereal
| | | | |
Fag aie Pa F
Guaranteed | 2 | | 24 ——- | ———
Found | 3 | | 25.10 0.97 |
| | | |
en er ee |
Guaranteed |) SS | ae | 4 | —_ |
Found | in T2004 e238 4.44 | | 4.69
| | | | |
Wer) os ae
Guaranteed | | 10 | 12 ——_ | — |
Found | |. 10.94 | 14.42 | | 6.30
| | | | |
pa ne ee aca |
Guaranteed limes | | 10 2 | |
Found | 2.22 | 9.47 | 10.78 Birth | 0.56 | Gaia
| | | | |
Pea Le |
Guaranteed 2.47 4 5 4 —
| |
Found | 22166)" >| 4°54 | ‘6.64 4.36 | 0.52 | 2.59
| | | | |
| | nae |
Guaranteed fon 20 i) 5 | 10 | |
Found | 3.35 Hee) Ay erealry 10.48 | 128 3.74
| | | | |
| | | i |
Guaranteed | 3.380 i (f | |
Found [eo .Oten er OnS20 ulna P| 0.24 | 4.07
| | |
a ae a
Guaranteed I Waters ||" 0 | 8 2 | |
Found [abet VI cts) Kerala) 2.49 | 0.25 | 4.86
| | | | |
| ee
Guaranteed aera |) | 10 2 |
Hound | 1.49 9.44 | 10.78 2.25 | 0.33 | 6.69
| | | |
aes oe |
Guaranteed | ——— | 1 | 11 3 | —— |
Found | | 9.96 | 11.49 3.15 | | 6.43
| | | | |

116

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

ReEsuLts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Read Fertilizer Co., ;
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co., :
New York City.

_———

Read Fertilizer Co.,
(‘New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

ees

S. Reese & Co.,

John
Baltimore, Md.

John S. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

———E————EEE SSS ————e—

John 8S. Reese & Co.,
Baitimore, Ma.

John S. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

John 8. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Trade name or brand.

Potato manure.

Practical potato spe-
cial.

Prime wheat and rye.

Pure ground bone.

Standard.

Vegetable and vine.

\Challenge crop grow-
er.

Columbia ‘“ A.”’

Crown phosphate
and potash.

‘Dissolved phosphate.

———————

H1lm phosphate.

5
Locality where 8
sample was taken. | BA
a
a
Samer
Syracuse l3667
=
Cortland. \s626
=i
Syracuse. la66s
————e prea
Clarksville. la453
|
‘Florida. laa96
Clarksville. |3451
Cortland. [3624
= ==
Syracuse. |8669
|
|
ed aa
Owego. [3605
|
Owego. |8601
|
Fort Edward. |3408
Owego. |3606
Owego. |3607
|
|
—<—|———
La Grange. |3364
!
|
|

New YorK AGRIGULVYURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 117

LECTED IN New York StTatr DuRING THE SPRING oF 1897.

Ponndeor Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
Shae available total water-solu- | Pounds of | water-solu-
i a phosphoric phosphoric! ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
un 1s of acid in | acid in in 100 ble nitrogen | phoric acid
Laer i100 pounds 100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds) in 100
aye of fertil- of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
FES izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ee.
Guaranteed Le2at | |e ene 10 |
Found [242 2 [5 GSbs 5S 10.09 | 0.88 | 5.74
| |
| =) pars |
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 4 | 8 | |
Found | 1.23 | 4.50 | 6.24 Sra Oras | 2.19
li | | | |
pees eas |
Guaranteed | 1.64 | 8 | — -L | |
Found [esl Olt | ee S72 een ote 4.41 | O28] 6.44
| | | | |
fo i ee
Guaranteed [25 50! = | ———— ||| 22 ————— | ———
Found lero. tr {I | 25.79 | 0.65 |
| | | |
ee
Guaranteed [PPORsZe |S eno) 4, | |
Found OS Se Sa: | 16 4.10 | 0.28 | 5.82
| | | | |
etait aa |
Guaranteed | 1.64 | 6 | 8 | |
Found | 294 | 6.60 | 7.96 §.04 | 0.52 | 4.79
| | | | |
ae ee ar |
Guaranteed | LUBY ae: | 2 | =
Found | 0.91 | 10.79 | 12.138 2.54 | 0.49 |
(Dos eel pees
Guaranteed si 2On Wied | 9.50 | ,
Found | argzab |. Xs} | 9.51 9.28 | 1.59 5.54
| | ] |
Below guarantee | | 0.22 |
oe SS | iE |
Guaranteed | ee 2 ——— |
Found | | 18.28 | 14.46 1.65 | | 3.59
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.35 | |
ae ee ae
Guaranteed | | 14 | —— | —— |
Found | | 15.91 | 16.88 |) vaieeatses
| | | |
Se a ae
Guaranteed | | 14 | ———— | ——_ |
Found | Pale aeyre || valeseral | | 10.60
| | | |

118

MANUFACTURER.

John 8S. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

John 8. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

John S. Reese & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Jas. L. Reynolds Co.,
Mount Vernon, N. Y.

———

Jas. L. Reynolds Co.,
Mount Vernon, N. Y.

Riverside Acid Works,
Warren, Pa.

Riverside Acid Works, |
Warren, Pa.|
|

Riverside Acid Works,
Warren, Pa.

Riverside Acid Works,
Warren, Pa.

———

Rochester Fertilizer Works,
Rochester, N. Y.

——_—-$§

Rochester Fertilizer Works,
Rochester, N. Y.

Trade name or brand.

Pilgrim fertilizer.

Potato phosphate.

Potato special.

REPORT OF ‘THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

S
Locality where 5
sample was taken. 5 A
3
a
|_| —-—
Hort Edward. |3410
Owego. [3604
Owego. 3603
|
|
===
Fort Edward. (8409
Owego. [8602

Bone.

Complete fertilizer.

Grape and fruit spe-
cial.

a

Hiarvest moon No. 1.

Harvest moon No. 2.

Rich acre.

Blood and bone gua-

no,

Genesee guano.

Mount Vernon. |3165

Silver Creek. |8265
== =|
Silver Creek. laos7

|

|
—_= = eo
Silver Creek. [8264

|

|
oars ane
Silver Creek. (8256

|

|
Rochester. |3584

|

|
ke
Rochester. |8585

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119

LECTED IN New YorkK Sue PCE ONE THE See oF 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of Poands of | Pounds of Pounds of
ounds Of | available total water-solu- | Poands of |water-solu-
pean phosphoric phospheric ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ae : f acid ip acid i in 100 ble nitrogen |phorie acid
De ertil of | 100 pounds) 100 sounda pounds of jiv 100 pouuds| in 160
Onn of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
teers izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
a ie a ae rata
Guaranteed 1.23 || 6.50 7.50 3
Found 1.35 8.57 | 10.17 2.87 0.45 | 2.13
| | | |
Guaranteed | 2.06 | 8.50 — 6 —— |
Found 2.75 | 6.89 | 8.55 Geone il | 4.03
| | |
Below guarantee | [> Abeta k f |
a | ——— |
| | | | |
Guaranteed P2288. | 6250 7.50 =
Found e200) | Sea 8.84 sialtes || 1.20 |
| | | | |
Maceo os ag
Guaranteed | 3 (| a SSS | |
Found | 4.04 | | 17.94 | 1.24 | 0.20
— a es |
| | | | |
Guaranteed | 3.25 | 3.50 | 8 [==
Found | 3.24 | 6 | 12.97 7.99 ites) ||
ee a
Guaranteed ORS Zao | 10 5.50 |
Found | sho | haste) ae 3. 96* 0.06 | 6.39
| |
Below guarantee | | 1.54
= aoe | ee
Guaranteed heaiGn Ty | 8.75 | 1.10 |
Found PO aborts 8.67 8.67 | 1.48% 0.01 6.53
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.34 | | |
Guaranteed PAA) MN vee 7.75 1.10 =
Found aes 8.12 | 12.08 12) | 0.08 | 3.08
| |
Below guarantee| 0.38 | | | |
Guaranteed 9 Zac IIs) 8.75 1.25 [==
Found 2.16 9232 >| 795938 Get 0.03 | 6.38
| | | | |
Below guarantee| 0.34 | | [ |
ae ———
| | | |
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 | 1.62 |
Found 202%. |) 8. 74>} a0 2.69* 0.09 | 4.42
(ies Den ae ee
lat} | | |
Guaranteed [eus6o. || 8 | 3.25 ——— ||
Found ee Ol Ono Sin imtelro 3.98* | 0.10 | Deo
| | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

120

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Resuuts or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

——ESSS—SS———

Rochester Fertilizer Works,
Rochester, N. Y.

— ——_——_—- ——

Rochester Fertilizer Works,
Rochester, N. Y.

Lucien Sanderson,
New Haven, Conn.

<
Lucien Sanderson,
New Haven, Conn.

Geo. Schaal,
Hirie, Pa.

Geo. Schaal,
Erie, Pa.

Scheid & Fechter,
East Buffalo, N. Y.

Sharpless & Carpenter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

M. L. Shoemaker & Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

M. L. Shoemaker & Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

W. H. Stamp,
Warsaw, N. Y.

:
Trade name or brand. eee % =
°
=
n
TAT? aaa
Potato manure. Rochester. |3587
|
|
=e
Vegetable phosphate.) Rochester. |3586
|
Harly cabbage fertil-|Jamaica. 3068
izer. |
|
aoe pres
Formula ‘“ A.” Jamaica. [8069
|
———————
Hrie City corn and| Westfield. laos
potato. |
|
eas — —_———_-——_ |—__
Special grape. Westfield. |s260
|
|
Beare Ee ee ee
|Hast star. Morton’s con|
ners. |3321
|e
Gilt-edged potato ma-|Queens. \s101

nure. |

Bone meal. Southampton. {3151

Superphosphate

|
|
|
for|Southampton. laxs9
potatoes. |

Marmer’s pride. Warsaw.

AHS =

-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121

LECTED IN New YorK State DuRING THE SPRING OF 1897.

Pounds of | Poundsof |, Pounds of

is of Pounds of
Bounds of available total “water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
nitrozen | hosphoric|phospheric| ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos:
ew fg). acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phorie acid
pounds of |i) pounda|l00 pounds! pounds of |in 100 pounds) in 160
sage of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
1Z0T- izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ee mes a=
Guaranteed 2.87 8 Deon
Found 2.66 8.37 1 3a. 4.33* 0.20 | 4.78
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.21 | | 1.07 |
Guaranteed | O.41 | 8 | 8 ——— ===
Found | 0.48 | 8.43 9.78 G60" 0.16 | 4.18
| |
Below guarantee | | | 0.40 |
Meech Ol |
Guaranteed | 4 | 95 | 8 5 |
Found | 8.84 | 5.04 | 8.68 6.42 | 2.50 | 1.63
| | | | |
SS SS ae |
Guaranteed Pe amcoOs lit | 10 6 | |
Found aoa, |. Gtoo lk 10e22 6.96 | 1.90 | 2.16
| Es | | |
Below guarantee | | O41 | | |
—-- | I--——— |-_——] |
Guaranteed [Peat dh aS (== 4 | |
Found Dokki at. Ol. | 10.38 4.02 | 0.40 | 2.94
| | | |
Below guarantee; 0.30 | 1.99 | |
a | i = |
Guaranteed 1.65 | | 9 19 |e eee
Found 52, | G.85 | SIRG 10.68 0.31 2.41
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 8.32 | |
a ——|—— — — | —____
Guaranteed | 4.89 | 6.85 | 12.45 al saks eo
Found 4.97 4.64 | 9.33 0.95. 1.63 |
| | . |
Below guarantee PA |
— | on |
Bumevatee, 94
Guaranteed ZAG 1 8 | —— 6 | |
Found | 2.62 105- | 1013 6.06 | 0.49 | 2.88
| | | | |
| | | |
Guaranteed | 4.10 | ——~— | 20 —_—— ( ==
Found | 5.28 | 22.54 eli |
| | |
ae oy |
Guaranteed | 2.47. | 8 pests 6 |
Found je 2.49 |) 11800 4) AB tS 7.23 1.55 | 7.35
| | | | |
aes osc
Guaranteed (Oe 80) a as | 2 |
Found {| 1.11 | 9.44 | 10.30 2.15 | 0.58 | 0.29
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

122

Revort of THe CHEMIST OF THE

ReEesuuts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

W. H. Stamp,

Warsaw, N. Y.

Standard Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

ee

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,

H. Stappenbeck,

Utiea, N. Y.

———————

H. Stappenbeck,

Utica,

Trade name or brand.

Wheat special.

Azmi prams

Ammoniated dissoly-
ed bone.

Mass.

Complete manure.
Mass.

Dissolved bone phos-

Mass.| phate.

Kmpire State.
Mass.

‘Guano.
Mass. |

|

\Potato and
Mass. fertilizer.

tobacco

}
|

Standard fertilizer.
Mass. |

Bone meal.

Home trade bone su-

N. Y.| perphosphate.

i]
v
2
Locality where 5
| sample was taken. | =A
oy
=
MD
a
‘Warsaw. |3369
| |
|
aes
|
Angola. [3278
Voorheesville. [3455
Mexico. 3716
a
Mexico. |3714

| Bridgehampton. |38144
Canajoharie. |3514
Canastota. |3740

SSS SS

|
Voorheesville. |8454

SS
Bridgehampton. |3143
Canastota. [87389

|

|
Mattituck. 3133
Chester. |3192
Schoharie. [3580
Fonda. |3494
Mexico. |ST17

|
= a
Albany. (3449
Johnstown. [3499
Canastota. |8741

Pare |
Utica. |3519

|

|
—
Utica. |3518

Madison Center.|3744

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 193

LECTED IN NEw YORK State DURING THE SPRING oF 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | _Pounds of Pounds of
nitrogen | 2Vailable total _ | water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
eas phosphonic pipe uaz De poe Seiet eel bie rere
Roeae ee 100 ponndsl100 pounds| pounds of lin 109 pounds |” in 100")
a ~ | of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds ef
: izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | ae
Guaranteed | 0.80 | 10 Ao 0893|
ound 105 | AL 11.64 3.63 | 0.55 | 0.81
| | |
Below guarantee | | Ona%, | |
Pes 7 >see
Guaranteed | 0.82 7 9 i |
Found Esa. See. le79769 1.30 | 0225" | 5.65
| ——
Guaranteed (GeeGoney| Mao) 10 2 | |
Found 2.23 8.50 | 10.44 2.73 | 0.49 6.79
| |
Below guarantee | 0.50 | | |
— oo | eat |
Guaranteed |) .o.90) | 8 9 7 | | ==
Found See Ol eee ORG? 6.95 1.34 | 4.85
| | | |
et a a = |
Guaranteed (= [ake | 12 === a
Mound 11.07 12.46 | | 8.49
| | | : |
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 4 — 8 | | —
Found aor 7.18 9.31 7.22 | 0.98 | Soli
| |
Below guarantee | | 0.78 |
— | FE aay ae laa a =a
| | | | | |
Guaranteed etOSem aes 10 2 |
Found i dhs) |) teichntey 2 |p Males i5 2-10. | 0.64 | 4.08
| | | |
“oi a ee Gen
Guaranteed | 2 | 8 | 9 3
Hound | 2.10 8.40 | 10.16 3.39 0.30 | 5.61
| | |
| | | aa |
Guaranteed ees | 8 | 10 2 | 5 cao
Found | 2.82 9.09 | 10.50 2.41 2.17 3.75
| | | |
| | aaa
oe |
Guaranteed [red cic | —— nc) =
Found see || | 23.40 Zk ae 0.40
| | | |
(hie eg ree nar ea, |
Guaranteed eZ .0on 520 | 2 |
Found J) earAO; If aCe th alah 638753 2.92 | 0.98 | 7.96
| | | |

124

Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESuLtTS ofr ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

ti. Stappenbeck,

Utica; No ¥.
Swift & Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
Swift & Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
Swift & Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
Swift & Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
Swift & Co.,
‘Chicago, Il.
Swift & Co.,
Chicago, Ill.
I. P. Thomas & Son,
Philadelphia, Pa.
I. P. Thomas & Son,
Philadelphia, Pa.
I. P. Thomas & Son,
Philadelphia, Pa.

H. D. Tolles,
Attica, N. Y.|

F
a
Trade name or brand. fa ak Ree Es zz
3
3
nD
SS PES
Hop, fruit and veg-|Utica {38520
etable special. |
|
an
Bone tankage and|Cuba [8293
potash, |
|
—— cc |
No. 1 ground tank-|Carthage. |3783
age. |
|
es aan
Pure bone and pot-|Cuba. 3292
ash. Oneonta. 3569
|
eS |
Pure bone tankage. |Franklinville. [3298
|
|
ee a
Pure ground steam-/Oneonta. 3570
ed bone. Carthage. 3782
|
Jess aaa
Pure raw bone meal.) Fredonia. |8233
Oneonta. 3568
Carthage. [3784
= Soon ane
Improved superphos-|Colosse. |38719
phate. |
|
——_—_——_-——_|_——_
Normal bone phos-|Greenbush. |3444
phate. |
|
|
S. C. phosphate. Colosse. |8718
|
|
> 72> el
Animal bone. Attica. 3358

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPRRIMENYT STATION. 125
LECTED IN NEw YorxkK Srate DurRING THE SPRING or 1897.
Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
“Bounds BE available total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-solu-
| cia phosphoric|phesphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in oe f acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
Seni 1 ©" 100 pounds 100 pounds| pounds of |in 100 pounds) in 100
erti of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. | pounds of
izer. izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
SEE pene WE E bs
Guaranteed | 2.05 9 — 6 | ——= | _-
Found | 2.08 | 10.37 12.02 Deloss 0.98 | 2.50
| | | |
Guaranteed | 5 | ——— | 16.75 3 ——— —
Found | 4.36 | 8.36 16.74 4,.22* 0.56
| |
Below guarantee| 0.64 |
eee ae ae S| en a aaa
|
Guaranteed Ce 6 —_——_—_ ee .
Found 7.94 | 9.40 0.55 | 0.47
| |
| | — | —
Guaranteed 2 24.50 3 ——
Found etecrcidire all wibicee 25.49 3.07 0.40
|
awe be |
Guaranteed ) | ——— | 11 |
Yound | 5.31 | 18.33 | 0.59 |
| | |
mee eae |
Guaranteed | 3.25 Peay ss | |
Hound | 3.16 | 27.04 | Orsi 4]
| | |
| is ee
Guaranteed | 3.25 ——- | 23 |
Found | 4.138 24.30 0.38 |
| | | |
oe oa eon S|
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 10 12 1 | ———
Found | 0.80 10.70 12.48 I02, || 0.38 | TIT
| | |
: | | me |
= |
Guaranteed eel: 8.50 9.50 1.50 === |
Found 10792 | S249 esl 10230 baal era 4.52
| |
= a er
Guaranteed | 13 | 15 | —_——-
Found | | 15.08 | 16.80 |) FL0590
| |”
ee cae. :
Guaranteed eeta85 9 | 13.50 4 a
Found Wes06 1) °9 70 Ves a5 4.43 | 0.79 | 6.97
| |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

126

Resuutrs or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FeRTILIZERS CoL-

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

{

MANUFACTURER.

pH. D. Tolles,
Attica, N. Y.

BH. D. Tolles,
Attiea, N. Y.

BH. D. Tolles,
Attica, N. Y.

i, D. Tolles,
Attica, N.

BH, Tuthill & Co.,
Promised Land,

A

BH, Tuthill & Co.,

Promised Land, N. Y.

BH. Tuthill & Co.,

Promised Land, N.

BE, Tuthill & Co.,
Promised Land,

Yygert-Allen Fertilizer Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Ne

2
Trade name or brand. Locality where 2
sample was taken. FI A
3
n
oa
Barnyard manure. |Attica |3356
|
|
ee -—_—_-—|——_
|
Dissolved bone phos-| Attica. [3354
phate. |
|
es
Guano. Attica. |B357
|
|
— ———e ———_-—_—_-—_— |——_
Potato manure. Attica. |3355
|
| |
Se =|
|
Riverhead Town club) Riverhead. |3129
fertilizer.
a |
Southold Town club|Southold. 3122
fertilizer. | |
= |. —_--—|_-—_
Special potato fertil- East Williston. |8098
izer.
iw. & L. B. Young|Riverhead. 3130
fertilizer. |
Cabbage manure. Flatbush, 3106
|
|
Dissolved S.C. phos- Southold. |8123
phate. |
|
7
Potato manure. Flatbush. |3107

Bridgehampton. |3148
|

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1270

LECTED IN New York STateE DURING THE SPRING or 1897.

] : ; Aas al fe
pocanaenl a cuirauia |e vgeale |i watareala: | pognae of water acl
j auitrogen |\phosphorie|/phosphoric! ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ae acid in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen ‘phorie acid
| peas of 100 pounds|1u0 pounds! pounds of in 100 pounds) in 100
aoe of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- | of fertilizer. | pounds of
| = sizer: izer. izer. | fertilizer.
nr = = -—-—| |
| | |
Guaranteed (p 0R82 8 | ——— a! ===
Found 8.75 10°41 | 4.06 0.59 | 6.54
| | |
a = ee |
| |
Guaranteed 15 - | Lx
Found 15.88 16-37) | 11.60
| | | |
Sq — ———— ——|
; ae |
xuaranteed | 1.85 9 | == 4
Found | 1.87 | 9.54 | 10.80 4.31 0.96 | 6.84
|
—_—— == |= ——_-—-— |_|
Guaranteed | 2.47 (¢ = 8 |
Found 2.25 8.03 De22) lt IG. SOr | 0.83 | 5.44
| |
Below guarantee | 0.22 Pty |
Guaranteed 4 8 = 0 ——
Found. 3-72 8.28 9.75 9.78 | 1.65 6.08
| |
Below guarantee| 0.28 | 0.22
| | FE ———| a
Guaranteed Oe | 8 SS 10 | —
Found | 38.99 8.15 10 10.43 | Die ~ | 5 51
| | | |
Guaranteed | 4 8 10 —=
Found | 4.26 7.57 9.70 Onn | aah de |) 5.48
| Veaeneer cp | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.43 0.77
——____—_—__—_| _ ee
Guaranteed (Poco Ome| es == 10 ——— |
Found 2290 ase — | LOL02 TAOS | ORD iaan| 5.63
| | eal |
Below guarantee| 0.33 | [
ee a —— | eet
Guaranteed 3.30 fa 9 5 | —
Found | 8.63 7.64 9.30 6.67 2.48 5.89
| | |
Guaranteed 12 13 ——. ast
Found | 15.43 | 16.75 | 12.05
| | | |
ee ea ae |
Guaranteed leone Onell eG Pog 9 ——
Found | 3.34 6.98 | 8:61 8.95 | 2.47 5.45
| | |

128

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESsuLTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

F. G. Underwood,
Oneida, N.

i. G. Underwood,
Oneida, N.

M, E. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M. HW. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M. E. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M. E. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M, E. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M. E. Wheeler & Co.,

Rutland, Vt.

M, E. Wheeler & Co.,
Rutland,

———

M. BE. Wheeler & Co.,
Rutland,

—————y

Wilkinson & Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Grass

Trade name or brand.

Special pea fertilizer.

Underwood fertilizer. |

Corn fertilizer.

Hlectrical dissolved,
bone. |

Fruit fertilizer.

and oats.

High
Co.

grade Orleans
bean manure.

Potato manure.

Superior rye and

oats fertilizer.

Royal wheat grower.

‘Eeonomical bone fer-

tilizer.

g
Locality where g :
sample was taken. | gr
So
=
D
Oneida. 3211
|
|
|
Oneida. [3210
|
|
Sees
Dunkirk. |3270
Phoenix. |3693
Caughdenoy. = [8736
ie |
Franklinville. |3297
Tully. |3660
|
West Winfield. |3528
|
Dunkirk. |38269
|3659
ti
Ri
Franklinville. (38296
|
|
ee
Varysburg. 3374
West Winfield. |3526
Phoenix. |3694
ee
Johnstown. {3500
|
|
Bree
Varysburg. |3373

West Winfield. [8527

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129
LECTED IN New YorkK State DuRING THE SPRING OF 1897.
Eounda)of eeataite ees | yuenee Pounds of utseate
Eons phosphoric|/phospbhoric, ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in 100 acid in acid in in 100 bie nitrogen phoric acid
pounds of | 199 permis pounds, pounds of | in 100 pounds 2 in 100
fertil- of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. | pounds of
Wahi izer, izer. izer. | fertilizer.
| io <a
Guaranteed Fon lane | 8.50
Found [pet 1 -Gst2) pAgeas 10.43 1 03- "| le
| | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.28 | |
a UL THe ey
Guaranteed [2.607 1 7 C |
Found eactOm Ne Onoee [okt 8.83 | 1.39 | 3.19
| | | | | _
TC eal eae isnt |
Guaranteed fopleG4 eae S | 9 2,
Found [eed95: | 8-94) t10583 2.46 0.67 6.16
| | |
re ae crewed
Guaranteed ) || WE | 15 ———— —_ |
Found | | 15.79 | 16.66 7.55
| | |
Baca. io:
Guaranteed (} => | le | 12 8 oo |
Found | ell Ote | bees, 8.59 | | 7.84
| | | | |
| | | —_—— |
| | | |
Guaranteed | ————— |} SIs | 12 =
Found | | 18.22 | 18.67 2.26 6.06
| | | | |
| | |
| | | |
Guaranteed PEOTS2 aS | 4 |
Found eteOS 9 S206) 1219.88 4.23 0.62 | 7.29
| | | | |
oa a |
Guaranteed esOoe | iS ed) 3.20
Found los2.00 | 8 | 10.81 3.66 0.77 5 AT
| | | | |
toa ae ar area |
Guaranteed PeOcs2r iss | 9 2 |
Found {| 1.14 | 9.16 | 10.85 2 0.32 | 5.64
| | | |
i na eee i |
Guaranteed PmOsS2 48 | 9 2 |
Found L103) [0S 367 #9. 64 2.42 Dig =| 6.41
| | | | |
a a ee
.
} Guaranteed adgdeeee | 7 | 8 3 |
| Found [) t248, | 6.827) (9564 Bat) | 0.72 | 4.69
|

130

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE ‘

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZHRS CoL-

MANUFACTURER

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co..,
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,
New York City

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,
New York City

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co..,
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co..
New York City.

Trade name or brand.

Acorn acid

phate.

phlos-

Ammoniated bone
superphosphate.

Ammoniated dissoly-
ed bone.

Ammoniated bone
phosphate.

Carteret bone meal.

Carteret bone meal)

with potash.

Dissolved bone and
potash.

(ood grower potato
phosphate.

High grade special.

Potato, hop and to-
bacco manure.

Prolific

crop pro-
ducer.

g
Locality where a
sample was taken Aa
io)
3
n
——— ——|——
Brant. [3829
New Scotland. |3459
|
a |——
White Plains. |8161
Kingston. [3208
|
——|——.
Amsterdam. 3483
Williamstown. [38756

|

/West Winfield. |3525

|

|
Amsterdam. |8482
|
|
a
Saratoga. |3390
|
|
a
Brant. 3328
Attica. 38359
Williamstown. [8755
New Scotland. |3460
Lycoming. 3708

White Plains. \s160
Cobleskill. |3579

Sidney. |3549
|
|
er
Brant. |8327
New Scotland. |8461

tet aie

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131

LECTED IN New YorRK StTatE DURING THE SPRING OF 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

i me rr ee — — — __.

Pounds o
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

to bo
ol
=

bw
00
ne

a
op)
|

NH
ano
We)

total

water-

| Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
| available

solu-

‘pbosphoric|phosphoric| ble potash

acid in acid in
100 pounds|100 pounds
of fertil- | of fertil-
izer. izer.
|
| des
84 | 15.95
|
|
9 | 10
slote(es | TRbecir(
|
|
|
8 | 9
10.86 | 18.41
|
|
|
8 ee
S299) 1 86
|
|
|
me 14
12.28
|
|
|
lek
4.16 | 12.63
|
|
10 | 14
11.22 | 15.38
|
|
|
6 let
6.78 | 8.62
|
|
|
yeas:
8.20 | 10.78
|
|
|
8 | 9
8.27 | 12.438
|
|
|
6 este
8.34 | 10.11
|

ip |

pounds of jin 100 pounds

fert

00

il-

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen

of fertilizer.

izer.
|
|
S|
|
2 |
DAO leer lt
2 |
2. Olailn 7, O62
|
ara
|
Pyrite ual
|
| 0.30
|
3 | ——
Aa Ata Ose2
2 | ———
Den
—
Brad hee
|
a
|
7 |
6.99 | 1.59
|
———|
3 |
BOE 2 || 0.90
|
———|
|
1 |
1.24 0.61

oh 2 ee ee ee ee eS SS

Ponnds of
water-solu-
ble phos-
phoric acid
in 100
pounds of
fertilizer.

2.84

132

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Williams & Lander,
Ardsley, N. Y.

William Woolett,
Gloversville, N. Y.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Ma.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Trade name or brand.

Pure bone meal. Amsterdam.
Royal bone _ phos-/Otto.
phate. Amsterdam,
Williamstown.
[Not given.] Ardsley.
Bone and meat. Gloversville.

Ammoniated bone/Solsville.
superphosphate.

Calvert guano.

Dilman Bros. special./Geneva.

Dissolved bone phos-|Hast Rush.
phate.

Hlectric phosphate. |Johnsonburg.
we wR z : REE

High grade cabbage|Geneva.
manure.

High grade celery|Geneva.
manure.

Locality where
sample was taken.

Johnsonburg.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

133

LECTED IN NEw YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1897.

Pounds of
Pounds of :

4 availabl
nitrogen | phosphoric
pounds of lige socal

fertil- of Fertil- |

rs izer.

ieee
Guaranteed feeece |
Found | 2.78 |

| |

hageat
Guaranteed jee aleay |) AU
Found | 1.29 | 8.05

—

|
Guaranteed | |
Found [eee Nyro le

—
Guaranteed ) Scel)) o|| —————
Found | 2.18.3}

| |
Below guarantee| 2.12 |
—— |...
Guaranteed ol G0 |) Ss
Found jabs |) ate

| |

ie,
Guaranteed | 0.60 1 9
Found | 0.92 | 10.68

—
Guaranteed feat. |e
Found ero a er Ge

| |
Below guarantee |
a
Guaranteed | ——— | 14
Found | 15.21

| |

2 gas

Guaranteed | ———=} |, uv
Found | | 9.80

| |

=, ee

Guaranteed , 4210 |G
Found | 4.20 | 6.43

| |

ie
Guaranteed | 3.25 | 5
Found | 3.49 | 6.67

| |

Pounds of
total
phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash

in 100 |

pounds of | in 100 pounds!
of fertilizer.

fertil-
izer.

Pounds of
water-solu- |
ble nitrogen | phoric acid

0.43

1.16

1.26

0.63

0.29

1.96

Pounds of
water-se]u-
ble phos-

in 100
pounds of
fertilizer.

134

REPORT OF THH CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Zell Guano Co.,

Zell Guano Co.,

Zell Guano Co.,

Zell Guano Co.,

'
\

Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.

Baltimore, Md.

Trade name or brand.

High grade potato
manure.

Special compound for
potatoes and veg-
etables.

Special high grade
potato and = cab-
bage manure.

Spring meadow spe-
cial.

Locality where 3
sample was taken. = |
2
2
—_—_|——
Perry Center. 3363
|
|
[a
Solsville. |3548
|
|
East Rush. |3340
|
Oswego. |3613

ee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN New YorRK STATE DURING

135

THE SPRING oF 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of
available total
Diana ic phosphoric
cid in acid in
106 Sion 100 pounds
ie of fertil- | of fertil-
izer. izer.
pag
| 6 | 8
iP G28i5 | |e o504
| |
| |
igrescrreasser|
| |
| 8 | 1
LOS ie aE (BB
| |
Poel
| |
mts | 9
| 7.48 | 10.40
| |
| |
poeta
7 i
| 8 11.60

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of 8
fertil-
1zer.
aac ey Se al
Guaranteed | 3.25
Found | 2.60
|
Below guarantee] 0.65
_ i
Guaranteed | 2.45
Found | 2.48
|
|
Guaranteed | 2.45
Found | 2.63
|
. |
Guaranteed | 2.45
Found | 2.64

Pounds of | Pounds of

water-solu- | Pounds of | Water-solu-

ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in 100 ble nitrogen | phoric acid

pounds of jin 100 pounds, in 100

fertil- of fertilizer. | pounds of
izer. fertilizer.
"i ee
9.85 | 0769) 92703
|
| |
4. | |
4.49 | US (Abe 8.91
rene |
8 |
7.84. 1.48 | 2.94
8 | |
7.90): \. 1.58 ae see
| |

Il. REPORT OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL
HER TICIZE RS POR TE ALE TOR So i"

L. L. VAN SLYKE,

SUMMARY.

(1) Samples collected. During the fall of 1897, the Station
collected 270 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 248
different brands. Of these different brands 172 were complete
fertilizers; of the others, 88 contained phosphoric acid and pot-
ash without nitrogen; 7 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid
without potash; 28 contained phosphoric acid alone; and 2 con-
tained potash salts only.

(2) Nitrogen. The 172 brands of complete fertilizers contained
nitrogen varying in amounts from 0.58 to 4.89 per cent and
averaging 1.69 per cent. The average amount of nitrogen found
by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount
by 0.16 per cent, the guaranteed average being 1.53 per cent and
the average found being 1.69 per cent.

In 144 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen
found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess
varying from 0.01 to 0.93 per cent and averaging 0.22 per cent.

In 28 brands, the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount,
the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 0.96 per cent and averaging
().21 per cent. In 25 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per
cent.

The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0.01 to 3.81
per cent and averaged 0.58 per cent.

(3) Available phosphoric acid. The 172 brands of complete
fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount
from 3.81 to 12.78 per cent and averaging 9.22 per cent. The

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 134,

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 137

average amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Sta-
tion analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.70
per cent, the guaranteed average being 8.52 per cent and the
average found being 9.22 per cent.

In 156 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of available
phosphoric acid found was above the amount guaranteed, the
excess varying from 0.02 to 3.85 per cent and averaging 1.01
per cent.

In 36 brands, the available phosphoric acid was below the
guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.86 per
cent and averaging 0.40 per cent. In 26 cases the deficiency was -
below 0.5 per cent.

The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0.65
to 9.08 per cent and averaged 5.75 per cent.

(4) Potash. The complete fertilizers contained potash varying
in amount from 0.58 to 16.52 per cent and averaging 3.92 per
cent. The average amount of potash found by the Station an-
alysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.18 per cent,
the guaranteed average being 3.74 per cent and the average
found being 3.92 per cent.

In 118 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash
found was above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from
0.01 to 3.59 per cent and averaging 0.46 per cent.

In 51 brands, the potash was below the guaranteed amount,
the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.74 per cent and averaging
0.46 per cent. In 33 of these cases, the deficiency was less than
0.5 per cent.

In 18 cases among the 172 brands of complete fertilizers the
potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess
of chlorides.

(5) The retail selling price of the complete fertilizers varied
from $15 to $40 a ton and averaged $25.25. The retail cost of
the separate ingredients unmixed varied from $11.26 to $29.28
and gctaped $18.92, or $6.33 less than the selling price.

1388 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

INTRODUCTION.
NUMBER AND KInps OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

During the entire year of 1897, we collected 1,005 samples of
commercial fertilizers, representing 748 different brands. It is a
matter of) interest to notice to what extent dealers offer for sale
complete fertilizers (those containing nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash), compared with those containing only one or two of
these ingredients. It is also of interest to consider the different
forms in which incomplete fertilizers are offered for sale. The
following tabulated statement indicates the different kinds of
‘complete and incomplete fertilizers collected during the year.

CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED IN 1897.

on o£.2 on wos we 2 oy
a AH A ‘s:ac5 4 :| Goss Oe
ig ia Sie atae | Gap Ga
= 2 ai! cmalecd = & | en ae a
a Of eo oe CI - We oS a 6H
BE 23 ei | Scta| BBEh| 8s
pe) =) an & S as)
1897. 34 3a 3m Sons SSS E Sea
@p eos om bs ates 2 eno a2eo
Coe cs boo oS medics MqQn
AA leis ag Reeegeel meeeeis aes
FAO Soa Saat | Sea Sars
& aa io) ia} a faa)
Spring collection ..:--..--. 0 31 3 33 32 400
Ma ilecollection sa-5-cyce- il 28 2 G 38 172
Total for year ..----.- 1 59 5 40 70 572

In the spring collection, 80 per cent of the brands offered for
sale consisted of complete fertilizers; in the fall, 69.3 per cent;
and, during the year, an average of 76.5 per cent. Of unmixed
materials, phosphoric acid was offered much more largely than
nitrogen or potash, the average for the year being about 10.5 per
cent of all brands offered. A smaller number containing phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen was found. It will be seen that the
mixture of phosphoric acid and potash was quite largely used,
averaging for the year over 12 per cent of all the brands collected.

CoMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED IN 1897.

The tabulated statement below shows the average composition
of the complete fertilizers collected during the year, together
with a comparison of the guaranteed composition and that found
by analysis.

Fall:

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

139

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

Spring;
Nitrogen -.2---.
Available phos-
phorie acid. ..
Insoluble phos-
phlorie acid...
otashhe =... =. -
Water-soluble
phosphoric
EXCH ON eta eeen eae
Water-soluble
MIGLOSeN).--+--

INTROG ens sa. 2
Available phos-
phorie acid...
Insoluble phos-
phorie acid...-.
RO Gas by <r. < <r =
Water-soluble
phosphorie
AYO Miers See
W ater-soluble
nitrogen .....-

Average for year:
INTRO RN Ssegeecse
Available phos-
phoric acid...
Insoluble phos-
phorie acid...
Rotash =. 2225.2.
W ater- soluble
phosphorie
Ooi LA anemeeris
Water-soluble
mitrogen .-.-=.

PER CENT GUARANTEED.

Lowest.

eee e eoee

sateen oe

Highest. | Average.| Lowest. | Highest.
8.78 2.09 0.30 8.08
0.11 7.63 0.83 | 19.68

Be erence Nails isis 0.10 8.06
19.00 4.30 0.08 | 15.58

Sete acisitoseciscies 0.01 6.25

Been nemcreciae 0.20 | 12.47
5.00 1.53 0.58 4.89

11.00 8.52 3.81 12.78

wae setae lls fae caine 0.31 8.59

15.00 3.74 0.58 16.52

oe 0.01| 3.81
he see 0.65) 9.08
TB) i paella Pe
TO Chl ewete | seaee
ea ee oe

tee eee eel tee eee wel ee ee ee oe

PER CENT FoOuND.

Average.

foundabove

Average per cent
guarantee.

140 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

In the following tabulated statement we give the composition
of the different kinds of incomplete fertilizers included in our
year’s collection.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF INCOMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.

Average

z A i M4 . Y ke

CHEMICALS AND Per CENT GUARANTEED PER CENT FOUND per cent
INCOMPLETE sous
FERTILIZERS. above
guaran-

Lowest. | Highest. Average. | Lowest. | Highest. | Average.| tee.

Nitrogen in |

Dried blood .---.. 12.35 | 12.35 } 12.35 | 13.49 | 13.49 | 13.49 1.14
Phospborie acid in |

dissolved phos-

pbates:
Available ....... 10 16 13.18 | 10.88 | 17.32 14.27 1209
TSO] UD Oates oe nes |e cierectec,| seiceisctec'|eee clei 0.36 4.78 PISS eeciscoc

Water-soluble ..|....--.. E cisae apa ial ome ee ete ray|
Potash in | |
|
|

Kaimitecces 2=<- 11 12 11.67 11.49 14.58 12.74 1.07
MATENA bse eee ce celle DO 50 50 49.36 50.84 50.10 0.10
Bone meal and
tankage ;
INTIGnO GON ees eee 1235 8.20 3.24 1.34 7.94 32D 0.35
Phosphoric acid. 6 25 18.50 | 9.40 30.09 20.28 athe

Mixtures contain- |
ing phosphoric

aeid :
Available. ...... 5 13 10.10 6.15 15}-.3383 POS 0.95
TRO lt epee ee Sn see toca lac cloacae meso’ 6.22 EXO sl Bes
WILOR- SOLU] Otel seceyeee cl ete a este etl cio erehctetete | 0.99 12.19 62257222 eneees
Rotashieeec. eee it 10 3.38 1.09 9.94 3.42 0.04

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION.

Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the
schedule on page 36 for mixed fertilizers, 14 cents a pound for
nitrogen, 54 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid, 5
cents a pound for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound
for insoluble phosphoric acid, and 4$ cents a pound for potash,
we can calculate the commercial valuation, or the price at which
the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertilizer
having the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be
purchased for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail
prices at which these goods were offered for sale, we can also
readily estimate the difference between the actual selling price of
the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the unmixed materi-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

141

als; the difference covers the cost of mixing, freight, profits, etc.
We present these data in the following table, including only com-

plete fertilizers.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF COMPLETE FRTILIZERS.

=

COMMERCIAL VALUATION OF |SELLING PRICE OF ONE TON OF| &

COMPLETE FERTILIZERS. COMPLETE FERTILIZER, =

1897. -

co

=

Lowest. | Highest.| Average.| Lowest. | Highest. | Average. ©

<j
Spring ..--..-..| $1 80 | $34 25 | $20 17 | $15 00 | $60 00 | $28 92
Ha essence see L126 29 28 18 92 15 00 40 00 25. 25
IAVOLASO LOL VOaTs|\s-.-.~ --|\2-0- <== Sal aa ee eo ec aaeaerare TAU

terials over un-
materials

cost of mixed ma-
mixed

for one ton.

$8 75
6 33

$7 95

In the following tabulated statement, we give a comparison of
the selling price and commercial valuation for the various incom-
plete fertilizers collected during the year, using the prices given
in the schedule on page 386 as our basis of calculation.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF INCOMPLETE FFRTILIZERS.

CHEMICALS
AND INCOMPLETE
FERTILIZERS.

Dissolved phos-

DHRLES = screens weer
ISCATANN Gites iato is) ~) = 3:=o
Muriate of potash-.
Bone-mealand tank-

Mixtures containing
phosphorie acid

and potash....-. 9 02

COMMERCIAL VALUATION. SELLING PRICE. a Bale
H.o'a
BES
Ee
88a
Lowest. | Highest. | Average., Lowest. | Highest.| Average. A Se
<
$12 43 | $19 27 | $15 90 | $11 00 | $26 50 | $16 40 $0 50
10 34 13 12 11 47; 1200}; 1500) 14 00 2 53
44 42 45 79 45 10 38 00 | 40 00 39 00 4a} 1(0)
16 00 | 3680} 2974! 2000}; 5000] 28 55 ily i)
22 43 | 1558) 1300) 3200) 21 04 5 46

*Selling price less than commercial valuation.

142

Resuuts OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL

Report OF THER CHEMIST OF THE

Fprritizers Cor-

MANUFACTURER.

Armour Fertilizer Co.,
Chicago, Ill.

Armour Fertilizer Co.,
Chicago, Ill.

H. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Trade name or brand.

Ammoniated bone
with potash.

Bone meal.

Superphosphate of

lime.

A. B. C. special.

Alkaline bone.

Baldridge’s Seneca

queen.

Baldridge’s Seneca
County special.

Chemung Valley spe-
cial.

Colgrove & Vann

Boston, Mass.} wheat special.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Dissolved bone.

!
Grangers’ special.

E
Locality where a
sample was taken. 8 a
3
D
SHS
Akron, |4048
|
Akron. \s047
Weedsport. [3956
|
Port Byron. |3999
Gorham. 3865
Newark, 3988
|
MacDougall. |8915
MacDougall. |3914
Horseheads. lao44
Willow Creek. laez
{
|
|——
Wolcott. laoe7
|
|
—_|——
Clyde. laooe

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143

LECTED IN New York Strate Durinc THE FALL or 1897.

Poundsot Pounds of Pounds of | Pounds of | | Pounds of
Sessoms available total | water-solu- Pounds of water-soln”
in 109 PBosphoric phosphorie ble potash water-solu- ble phos-
| pounds of acid ip acid in in 100 | ble uitrogen phoric acid
fertil- |10° pounds 100 pounds pounds of in 100 pounds in 100
a | of fertil- of fertil- fertil- | of fertilizer. pounds of
$ izer. izer. fertilizer.
ee ee eo
Guaranteed 2.47 | 8 10 |
Found 3.09 | 9.49 12.43 0.76 | 3.43
| | |
a a ee ie
Guaranteed (2-47 jal | 25 oo
Found | 3.13 | 10.64 | 25.95 0.39 |
: | | |
|
| | |
Guaranteed | | 11 | —__
Found | | 14.41 | 14.77 | 11.92
— :
Guaranteed 12 aa |
Found | 2.22 | 6.59 | 10.19 1.43 | 3.16
| | |
Below guarantee| 9.25 | 0.41 | |
— | |
| | |
Guaranteed {| ——| 11 | —- _|
Found | | 10.86 | 17.08 | 4.74
| | | |
Deol. |
Guaranteed | —— | 14 | = ——_ |
Found | | 14 | 17.07 | 6.49
: | | | | ;
a ae |
Guaranteed | 0.7 | 10 | ——_ |
Found | 0.99 | 11.37 | 12.64 0.08 | 7.39
kes aioe |
= a = 1 a ee
Aja
Guaranteed [Ze ibe g | |
Found | 2.48 | 8.52 | 10.65 0.81 5.90
| |
ae :
Guaranteed ) i O7is- ts |
Found | 0.91 | 9.48 | 11.63 0.32 | 5.63
| | | |
Toles i) a
Guaranteed | | 13 | 15 ——_ _ |
Found | | 14.06 | 17.36 | 7.73
| | | |
ee a ee
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 8 | 10 |
Found fl ot | SG. | Az Bt 0.44 3.04
|

144

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

SSS

MANUFACTURER.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
30wker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,.

Boston, Mass.

|
|

5

2

Trade name or brand. Seen tana e Fl
°o

Groveland special No.|North Sparta. [4028
2 for beans.

| digh grade wheat/North Sparta. |4027
fertilizer.

Hopkins’ special. Canandaigua. 3949

Humphrey & Hold-|Honeoye Falls. |8900
ridge best grain
phosphate.

Humphrey & Hold-|/Honeoye Falls. |8902
ridge best grain
phosphate.

Humphrey & Hold-|Honeoye Falls. |3898
ridge cabbage ma-
nure.

Humphrey & Hold-|Honeoye Falls. |8901
ridge dissolved
bone phosphate.

Humphrey & Hold-|Honeoye Falls. |38897
ridge standard |
phosphate.

{inne’s selected fer-|Ovid. 3887
tilizer.

|__—

Potato manure. Alton. lao78
Soluble bone. Honeoye Falls. |8899
Penn Yan. 3939

Clyde. |3991

pie I ESE ES ES EE SS eee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 145

LECTED IN NEw YorK Strate DURING THE FALL or 1897.

Poondeos | Pounds of | Pounds of Beene of Pounds of
nitrogen | ®V ailable total water-solu- | Pounds of |water-soln-
in 100 [BROREBRES phosphoric} ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
dsiotl| acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
Steril. 100 pounds/100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds| in 100
le of tertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. |pounds of
coe izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
Wr sede ie | ae

Guaranteed OES el ave ae, 9

Found (20:97 1 SoS. P10-83 9.29 0.41 4.88
| | | | |
Cen Sek ieee ca eae

Guaranteed | 1.50 | 10 | 12 5

Found | 1.83 | 10.82 | 18.25 5.61* 0.75 6.60
| | |
| | | en |

Guaranteed lene! 10 | at 4

Found (i 27 Mint: 25nufio.4d 4.25 | 0.57 7.52
a | |

Guaranteed [ee23) 9 | 10 |

Found fede2t et 059 | ts -26, 5.63 0.25 8.56
| | | |

Below guarantee | | | Ors. || |

(on a ee

Guaranteed ee! | 10 | 6 | |

Found | 1.35 | 11.04 | 13.08 5.65 9), 0. 120s |e eage
| | | | |

Below guarantee | | | 0.35 | |

ee | | | ee |

Guaranteed 2a | ee | 8

Found [72.00 | 7.64 |) 10.99 7.64 0.67 3.95
| | | iy |

Below guarantee | | | 0.36 | |

x - } | | lacs |
| | | |

Guaranteed | ——— | 14 | —— —.

Found | | 14.52 | 16.57 12.50
| | | | |
ae eae

Guaranteed rik | 10 | 3

Found | 1.86 | 10.83 | 12.88 2.82 0.09 7.54
| | | |
| | | a
| | | |

Guaranteed | ab i | 2.50

Found JP taboeie |), alUpaker | alists) 2.86 0.41 6.50
| | |
err), |

Guaranteed pe2s202 |S | 10 4

Found peo ONS | Oe Olona 4.28 0.89 5.03
| | |

| | _—__—_}—_—§—
| | | |

Guaranteed | Wis | ———— ——— |

Found. | | 14.48 | 17.22 [et ineds
| | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

10

146

Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

ReEsuLtTs OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bowker Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston, Mass.

Bradley Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

Chemical Company of Canton,
Baltimore, Md.

Chemical Company of Canton,
‘Baltimore, Md.

a
[-*)
a
Trade name or’ brand. chara Ma if e
°o
&
a
Special ammoniated|Cato. 3962
bone.
Square brand bone}Port Byron. a
and potash. |
Stockbridge vine,| Port Byron. 3998
squash, ete. |
——— —=
Yates’ special. Farmer. sss
|
ee
Alkaline bone. Lockville. |3987
Farmers’ new|Lockville. 3985
method. |
|
|_—
Tine ground bone. Fayette. 3920
Lockville. 3986
, |
Muriate of potash. |Fayette. |8919
|
|
—
Patent superphos-|Jordan. loess
phate of lime. |
|
|
High grade standard|East Lansing. |8815
guano. Himrods. 3927
|
—=
Potato manure. Hast Lansing. [3813

|

Se ee ee eee rel

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147
LECTED IN New YorK STATH DURING THE FALL or 1897.
: 2) pa : | Pence pelpoande of Pounds of Pounds of
Pounds of | :
A vailable | toial | water-solu- | P ds of ter-solu-
eet phosphoric phosphoric ble potash water-soln- "ple phos-
ponndwat gel ie ecada| posnde of le ih eee a
fertil- | oe fortil- | of fertil: | fertil- Me ferkiliver: (pounded
an ; | of te ( - |pounds 0
izer. | izer. izer. fertilizer.
aah eer eee
Guaranteed pe Ss ee er hes 1
Found fF SBin ly eedG halide 1.82 0.31 3.54
eae |
——— | _—_—_—-
Guaranteed | aba |. ate | 12 2 |
Found be, he 8S if, od Sl 13340 2.92 | 0.68 1.41
| | |
Below guarantee | eto
| a on aaa |
Guaranteed Po 3 | 95 4 | |
Found | 4.85 5.68 | 8.21 6.78 Bineil 3.59
| | |
| | | here |
Guaranteed leu at 9 | 2.50 | |
Found pete Oecd. P20 2.62 | 0.32 | 6.54
aes i
l bees ed
Guaranteed | ee | el | 2.43 | —— |
Found | | 410-75... | 164 2.49 | 6.13
| | |
Below guarantee | | 0.25 |
es ee i an is |
Guaranteed | 0-82 | 8 | 10 2.16 |
Found | 1.238 | 9.69 | 12.34 2.33 | 0.40 | 3.99
| | |
Pete a
Guaranteed (ECE |e eal —— | a
Found le-sela | | 23.81 0.61
—— |
Guaranteed —S—S | —— |S 50 ——- | ——_
Found | | | 49.36 |
| | .
Below guarantee | | | 0.64 | |
=| | | al |
Guaranteed | 2500), | | 10 1.50 | |
Found | alee e]]. talents || alerds! 1.63 | 0.86 | 4.45
=e | |
Guaranteed | 2.05 | 9 | 2.50 |
Found p-2o2k |) 8279* 110.93 2.49 | 0.92 6.48
| | |
Below guarantee | EL 723i eh
ee ee |
Guaranteed peO. O20 alae 10 4
Found [0288 |. Tonk 9.39 5.43 0.01 1.32
| | |
Below guarantee | | 0.43 | | |

148

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Chemical Company of Canton,

Baltimore, Md.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,

New York City.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,

New York City.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,
New York

plark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,
New York

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co.,
New York

pean Dryer Co.,
Cleveland,

EK. Frank Coe Co.,

New York City.

E. Frank Coe Co.,
New York

EH. Frank Coe Co.,
New York

H. Frank Coe Co.,
New York

City.

Ohio.

City.

City.

City.

Trade name or brand.

Special wheat, corn
and grass mixture.

Fayette special No.2.

Good acre potato,hop,
and tobacco grow-
er.

Seneca Co. special.

Triumph bone and
potash.

Unicorn ammoniated
superphosphate.

Forest city ammoni-
ated superphos-
phate.

Alkaline bone.

Ammoniated bone

special superphos-
phate.

Ammoniated dissolvy-,

ed bone.

Original ammoniated
dissolved
phosphate.

Locality where
sawple was taken.

East Lansing.

MacDougall.

| Wallington.

MacDougall.

East Lansing.

Wallington.

Cato.
Bergen.

Aurora.

Canandaigua.

Batavia.
bone

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

149

LECTED IN New YorkK STate DurING THE FAL or 1897.

Sn ea
Guaranteed |
Found |

Below guarantee |

Guaranteed |
Found |

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Founda

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed |
Found

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
1zer.

.85

.00

Pounds of

Pounds of

available total
phosphoric phosphoric,
acid in acid in
100 pounds|100 peunds
of fertil- | of fertil-
izer. izer.
| |
ee | ala
| 10.09 | 15.89
| |
| |
| 12 |
| 12.72 | 15.66
Loman
| |
| |
| 8 ese
| |
| 9.13 | 138.66
| ee
ra
| 10.78 | 18.42
| |
| |
| |
| |
| 10 | 12
P otenl |p aeeals
a
| 8.50 | 10
| pdeales (els O2
| |
| |
| |
| |
reat | 8
8.25 1 LOsGT
eel
|
| |
| 9 |) al
| 11.06 | 18.41
| |
| |
| |
| 8 | 10
| 9.51 | 12.28
| |
| |
| 10 |
| 9.53 | 12.45
| |
iP Woetre =
| |
|
| 10 |
| 9.93 | 12.69

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of jin 100 pounds

water-solu-

fertil- of fertilizer.
izer.
a ae
2 |
1.46 | 0.19
|
0.54 |
cee
|
5 (==
4.92 |
|
=
3.24 | 0.43
|
=|
4 |
3.40* | 0.50
|
0.60
=
|
al | ———
2 |
2.95 |
1.81* | 0.59
|
0.44 |
aaa
L?
1.37 |) 10.68
1.85
2.03* 0.69
|
Torrone
3
3.28* 0.66
2.25
2. 0D* 0.91
2.25
3.28* 0.72

Pounds of

Pounds of | water-solu-

ble phos-

ble nitrogen | phoric acid

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

150 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-
5
F
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. aticreoe GLa ae
=
D
zs — yi Sei
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Acid phosphate. Morganville. |4038
Co., Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
a —--—— ee
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Allis’ barley special.|Clifton Springs. |3868
Co., Buffalo, N. Y. |
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Allis’ wheat special./Clifton Springs. |8°67
Co., ] Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Blood and animal!Gasport. |4055
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| matter. |
|
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Complete wheat fer-|Memphis. |3858
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| tilizer. |
|
A = |-
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Dissolved bone phos-|Auburn. |3842
Co., Buffalo, N. Y¥.| phate. |
|
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Dissolved bone and/Auburn. |38840
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| potash special. |
|
car, A ease ewe eae an
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Dissolved rock. Penn Yan. [8984
Co., Buffalo, N. ¥. |
|
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemicai)Eshelmann’s special|Clarence Center.|4050
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| wheat. |
|
en eae SS
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Grain and grass|Auburn. |8843
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| grower. |
|
= —<———=| ==
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Grain and grass/Auburn. |3844
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| grower.

af ere”

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 151

LECTED IN New YorK State DuRING THE FALL or 1897.

Poundsor Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of

= kina available total | water-solu- | Pounds of | water-solu-
45 phosphoric|/phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
ound AtOL acid in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen | phoric acid
Pp fertil- 10@ pounds/100 pounds} pounds of jin 100 pounds in 100
ier of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
ime fas Gao Lee
Guaranteed | Sais | 14 —<——= || = |
Found | | 12.61 | 14.26 | | 8.35
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 0.39 | | |
a er a ee
Guaranteed [210382558 | 5 |
Found | abel. |) cake |)! Wetsts 5.36 0.04 | 5.24
eee Eee |
Guaranteed ee | 10 | 2) |
Found Le O2 a llOlt®, | 13.06 1.64 0.39 7.65
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.36 | |
—— | | ame
Guaranteed Soe | | 9 ——_— | |
Found |) ettcdtes ce || Sherali aK) | 0.20 | 0.34
| al | |
Below guarantee| 1.02 | | |
—— | | ae |
Guaranteed ee Sey: ae is KO | ala 4 | |
Found | 1.82 | 12.34 | 14.87 3.28 | 0.14 | 8.91
| | | |
Below guarantee| 0.32 | | 0.72 |
he aan en ee |
Guaranteed || = ||| ae | 15 == = |
Found | | 15.23 | 16.55 | FS LOST
ae | |
Guaranteed | | | 2 ——— |
Found | | 8.98 | 10.04 2.45 | | 3.95
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | 1.02 | |
Ce. . io Sa
Guaranteed | ———— | 14 | —— | —— ]
Found | | 14.11 | 15.38 | | 10.238
| | | | |
a
| | | |
Guaranteed If abaze) = [I ts! | 3 |
Found [pede ode) |e Ons || slOE29 3.19 0.15" | 5.86
| | |
es oman eee |
Guaranteed O82 lt | 8 1.08 |
Found | 0.90 | 7.02 | 8.12 1.09 0.05 | 3.02
ae a
Guaranteed | 2 | 10 | 13 1.60 |
Found | alottss™ alesse || aleysalyy 1.83 OF GGmm| 6.97
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.22 | |

152 REPORT OF THD CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-
™
Z
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Paty ae eee at
o
S
n
ja
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Ground bone meal. |Auburn. |3839
Co., \ Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
SS |
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|/Hanlon Bros. special|Medina. |s056
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. |
|
= |——
Crocker [pleas & Chemical)High-grade ammoni- MacDougall. ls018
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| ated wheat special. |
|
Sieieeinaianaiiliane aaa
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Landon’s’ dissolved'Poplar Ridge la804
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| bone with potash. =
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Phosphorie acid and|Auburn. |3841
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| potash.
ee ==
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Potash salts. Morganville |1039
Co., Buffalo; N. Y. |
|
rela oe ——_-|——
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Pure ground blood. |Gasport. 4054
Co., Rrffalo, N. ¥. |
|
— ~ ——— =
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Special high-grade|Poplar Ridge lasos
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| ammoniated phos- |
phate. |
De ee
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical/Special high-grade|/Clyde. |2990
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| wheat fertilizer. |
|
a ar: &
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Special wheat. East Bloomfield.|3951
Co., Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
noe gz
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical|Special wheat grow-|Weedsport. |3960
|

Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

er:

=a") 6

Below guarantee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

153

LECTED IN NEw YorK State DuRrRING THE FAL or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Found
Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Found |
|

|

|

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Found |
|

|
Guaranteed |
Found |

|

2ounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of |
fertil-
izer.

|

acid in

/100 pounds 100 pounds
to) of fertil-

f fertil-
izer.

| Pounds of | Pounds of
available
|phosphoric phosphoric

total

acid in

izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash

in 100

fertil-
izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen | phoric acid
pounds of |in 100 pounds
of fertilizer. fect of

Pounds of
water-solu-

ble phos-
in 100

fertilizer.

154 REPORT OF THY CHEMIST OF THD

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Sac oan eee i =
i=)
a
n
|
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Tompkins County|EKast Lansing. {3819
Buffalo, N. Y.| guano special.
» 7 > (a
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Toynbee Bros. spe-|/Bowmarsville. |4052
Buffalo, N. Y.| cial wheat and rye. |
|
ie
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Vegetable bone su-!Gasport. |4053
Buffalo, N. Y.} perphosphate.
———
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Websterammoniated' Webster. |4013
Buffalo, N. ¥.}| superphosphate. |
]
ater NE ———_—_______|_—
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Webster high-grade|/Webster. |4014
Buffalo, N. Y.} superphosphate.
on
Crocker Fertilizer Co., Yates special fertil-| farmer. |3883
Buffalo, N. Y.| izer. |
|
ened —_ a
H. A. Cross, King superphos-|Hilton. |4062
Hilton, N. Y.| phate. |
|
siacinat eke —————
EK. A. Cross, Queen superphos-|Hilton. |4061
Hilton, N. Y¥.| phate.
ees —— ———_—_—__|——
HH. A. Cross, Parma — superphos-|Hilton. |4060
Hilton, N. Y.| phate. |
|
a 0 en
Cumberland Bone Phosphate|Bone and potash. Ithaca. |38820
Co., Portland, Me.
|
ee ec
Cumberland Bone Phosphate|Concentrated phos-|North Rose. |[3977
Co., Portland, Me.| phate. |
|

oe

Ol
Oo

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DURING THP FALL oF 1897.

| Pounds of | Poundsof| Pounds of | Pounds of

| | Pounds of | | availiable total water-solu- Pounds of |water-solu-
| em \phosploric|phosphoric) ble potash | water-sola- | ble phos-
an ig of |, 224 In acid in lu 100 ble nitrogen | phoric acid
ye iL of |100 pounds/100 pounds| pounds of jin 100 pounds in 100
fertl of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
| izer. izer. izer. izer. | fertilizer.
| | | ——
Guaranteed fereost |<e 10 2.50 |
Found | 1.26 | 9.09 | 12.94 2.17 0.27. | 6.47
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.33
SSS | | — _—SEE =
Guaranteed 1.23 | 10 oon al
| | |
Found VEOZ9T WMS s0F i elosrZ 4.47 | 0.34 | 6.04
| | | | |
Below guarantee| 0.26 | 0.30 | | |
"== oe an ne La a
| | | | |
Guaranteed [ye | 6 | = 5.94 | |
Found i Acoo" |) Mes00r tants oZ 6.87 | LOT 5.63
| | | | |
| | | ae |
Guaranteed | aig zAses II ae: | 4
Found 2530) ) 9 981)| ga 34 3.37 0.08 7.46
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.63 | |
| | SS |
| | | | |
Guaranteed [pple 8525 |S | ae |
Found eZee ga2an | Lt Ss6 4.08 | 0.30 6.53
| | | | |
Foes ea Ra a7
Guaranteed et OS | ee, | 2.50 | ———
Found le ZO 9.62) \el232 2260 0.38 | 6.156
FE oo Sel a
Guaranteed | 2.35 | 8 | 10.25 3.40 |
Found [een tone ls iresu) |plOn24 3.80* 1.45 3.78
| | =H |
Below guarantee | | 0.63 | | | |
| ssl | == |
Guaranteed Wiehe | 8 | 10 | = |
Found 206) sae Tekh) 10227 3.81 0 ial:
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | |
| a = | |
| ar | | | |
Guaranteed Pes |] ve | 9.50 3.20 | |
Found | 1.69 | 8.44 | 10.37 3.42 | 0.99 | 4,22
| | | | |
peel | ol |
| | | | |
Guaranteed | ——| 8 | 10 2.50 —— |
Found | | 9 [510.70 2.48 | 4.26
| | | |
| | SSS |
Guaranteed lmnoe2Or e'3 | 10 7 ——=- |},
Found [Ori al a elincom 6 le LOn2r 6.51 1.50 | 8.32
| | |
Below guarantee | | | Tale aie

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

156

MANUFACTURER.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate
Co., Portland, Me.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co.,
Pawtucket, R. I.

Detrick Fertilizer Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Detrick Fertilizer Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Detrick Fertilizer Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Detrick Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Mad.

Louis F. Detrick,

Baltimore, Md. |

W. S. Farmer & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

W.S. Farmer & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

ne

Carlton G. Fisher,
Darien Center, N. Y.

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva, N. Y.

Trade name or brand.

Superphosphate.

Animal fertilizer.

Ammoniated bone
phosphate.

Imperial compound.

Potato fertilizer.

Soluble bone phos-
phate and potash.

XXTRA acid phos-
phate.

Clyde brand.

Harvest queen phos-
phate.

8 -

Reliance brand.

Dissolved bone and
potash.

REPORT OF THD CHEMIST OF THB

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

E
Locality where 3
sample was taken. 8 a
=
DR
oS
North Rose. |8976
Moravia. |8832
a
i
‘Rochester. loan
|
ek
Rochester. |4009
|
|
Rochester. 4011
Se
Rochester. |4012
Poplar Ridge. [8806
|
|
East Lansing. [8812
7 ae
East Lansing. |8811
Darien Center. [4083
Geneva. 3911

nitrogen

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157
LECTED IN New York Strate DvurinG THE FAuyu or 1897.
' Pounds of | Poundsof| Pounds of | Pp
Pounds of available rr i sah aoe | Ponnds of Pb
| Gn joo Phosphoric phosphoric ble potash | water-seln- | ble phos-
} pounds of acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen phoric acid
fertil 100 pounds 100 pounds pounds of in 100 pounds in 100
aaa of fertil- of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
izer. izer. izer. | fertilizer.
ey a eC ee ae
| |
Guaranteed | 2.05 8 | 10 Tae: |
Found | 2.24 8.93 | 11.57 2 |} 0.48 | 4.87
| |
BS SS ee |
| |

Guaranteed | 3.30 6 10 4 |

Found | 3.43 7.22 | 13.56 4.44 EFA: | 2.83
| | |
| | ane

|

Guaranteed | 1.23 9 Hee | 1 | |

Found | 1.35 8.94 | 11.58 1.23 0.33 | 4.98
| |

| | a

Guaranteed | 0.82 | -9 | 10.50 1

Found | 0.90 8.92 | 11.25 | 1.20 0.23 | AeA |
|
| i =e

Guaranteed | 2.06 | 8 | 9 4 |

Found {| 2.02 8.62 | 10.62 4.34 0.72 | 4.84
| |
Se i nae

Guaranteed {| ——— | 10 | 11 2 | ——

Found | 9.82 | 15.88 2.42 | | 4.08
Os ee a ee eee
| |

Guaranteed | ——_ | 44 | 14.75 | —— | —— |]

Found | 15.58 | 16.50 | | 12
| peel --adi ae

Guaranteed | 0.82 9 | 10 2.50 |

Found | 0.87 | 9.61 | 10.24 1.83 | 0.23 6.81
| |

Below guarantee | | 0.67 | |

sn 8 ee eS EE SSS —EE— SS EE SS ee ee ee

BP csasintcod f 223.) in, | 2.50 |
Found | 1.19 9.64 | 10.61 2.37 0.43 | 7.24
| |

Below guarantee | 0.36

ie oo en

Guaranteed | 1.65 9 11 2 - |

Found | 1.73 8.95 11523 2.30 0.58 | 5.58

| | |
ee | a Saree ene

Guaranteed | 13 | 3 —_—.

Found | 15.06 | 15.13 3.15 11.764

|

158

REPORT OF THER CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva,

Geneva Coal Co.,

Geneva, N.

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva,

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva, N. Y.

Geneva Coal Co.,

Geneva, N. Y.

Geneva Coal Co.,

Geneva, ny

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva, N.

Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva,

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

ara ©: Eall;
Farmer, N. Y.

Trade name or brand.

Dissolved bone phos-

phate.

Early trucker
onions,

_|Harvest king.

Mortgage raiser.

New York standard|Geneva.

wheat grower.

Oats and barley spe-
cial.
Reclaimer animal

bone fertilizer.

Standard corn and
potato manure.

General wheat spe-

for

2
Locality where 8
Sample was taken. 2 a
&
| n
Geneva. [8873
a
Geneva. a
|
maa
Geneva. |3910
Geneva. |3872
|
|
————____—___|_-
|3869
|
|
Geneva. |3870
|
|
Geneva. |8871
|
|
|
Geneva. |8874

Union Springs. |8793

cial. Oakfield. [4035
|

Northern corn spe-|Jordan. |8853
cial. |
|

ee

Black diamond gua-|farmer. [8880

no.

——

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEW YORK StraTE DURING

159

THE Fay or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed.
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

| nitrogen

in 100

| pounds of |

|

fertil-
izer.

.85
87

phosphoric
acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

!
.-¢, Pounds of | Pounds of
| Pounds of available

total
phosphoric

acid in
100 pounds
of fertil-

izer.

Pounds of
water-solno-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

Pounds of

| water-solu- |

| ble nitrogen
‘in 100 pounds
| of fertilizer.

a

1.65

0.87

Pounds of
| water-solu-
ble phos-
phoric acid
in 100
pounds of
fertilizer.

160 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Con-

MANUFACTURER.
Ira C. Hall,
Farmer, N. Y.
Ira C. Hall,

Ira C. Hall,
Farmer, N. Y.

J. S. Hewitt & Sons,
Locke, N. Y.

J. S. Hewitt & Sons,
Locke, N. Y.

C. C. Hicks,

Penn Yan, N. Y
C. C. Hicks,

Penn Yan, N. Y
C. C. Hicks,

Penn Yan, N. Y.
C. C. Hicks,

Penn Yan, N. Y
C. C. Hicks,

Penn Yan, N
C. C. Hicks,

be
o
2
Trade name or brand. Sitios oan cee z 5
°
2
D
a
Home rule. Farmer. [8882
|
Seneca chief. Farmer. {3991
Special wheat grow- Farmer. rE
er.
oo
Cayuga Co. pride Locke. |3828
fertilizer.
2
Special grain and|Locke. |3827
grass fertilizer.
Cook’s special. Penn Yan. |3929
Guaranteed animal/Penn Yan. [8931
bone fertilizer. |
|
= ar
Ontario wheat spe-|Penn Yan. [3943
cial. |
=
Prolific fertilizer. Penn Yan. |8932
> aa
Soluble bone. Penn Yan. |8933
|
|
Standard guano. Penn Yan. |8930

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 161

LECTED IN New YorK Strate DwuRING THE FALL or 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of
nitrogen available total | water solu- | Pounds of jwater-soln-
in 100 |Pbesphoric phosphoric; ble petash | water-solu- | ble phos-
° pounds of inte a | Bold a in 100 : ble nitrogen phoric acid
fertil: pounds 100 pounds) pounds of | in 100 pounds — in 100 :
fear of fertil | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
: izer. izer. izer, | fertilizer.
a. oe
Guaranteed 0.83! |-/9 ee 2e50| aes
Found 0.96 9.46 | 10.72 2.63 0.46 | 6.51
| | |
aay | |
Guaranteed ab atetie ay e8) = 4
Found | PAU NE AS Ieroa 13.44 4.33 | 0.78 7.41
| | | |
= ————| —-——_-____]
| | | |
Guaranteed 1.65 9 | 2 | ——— ,
Found abate Sp akU ea ire 11.06 PA PLES | 0.69 | 7.04
a pias: Li
Guaranteed Wei 85 eS FiO 4 l |
Pound pa SS 3.68 12.21 4.16 0.11 | 6.81
| |
] eS Sneath ms ees ee
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 9 | 4 |
ound 1.02 FAG} 10546 ci | 0.26 6.138
| |
os = a |
Guaranteed | 0.82 8 4 |
| Found | 0.80 | 9.89 | 10.41 4.27 0.45 | 6.78
|
a a a
Guaranteed (Pee SOLn Poe | 4 -
Found | 2.06 | 9.99 | 14.08 4:27 (5 (0C88. Wns oe
| | | |
E. Ts tea eee es |
Guaranteed eee Gr 673) 10 — fees | oe
Found le |) LP O2s ch SOG 5 0.90 | 8.68
| | |
at ste | a!
Guaranteed {| 0.82 | 10 — 8 ——— |
Found | 0.83 | 10.63 Gere 8. h] 0.54 8.12
| | | |
Guaranteed —————— ae: sae | eee SSS Sa
Pound | P1seiZealGr52, | | 9.78
| | a |
Below guarantee | | 0.28 | |
= aan |
Guaranteed a i ay Pe) | ee |
Found | 1.49 | 10.29 | 11.20 3.09 | 0.91 | 8.42
| |

OS SS

162

Rereort OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

MANUFACTURER,

Lazaretto Guano Co.,

Baltimore, Md.|

Lazaretto Guano Co.,

Baltimore, Md. |

Lazaretto Guano Co.,

Baltimore, Md.) No. 2.

Liebig Manufacturing Co.,

Carteret, N.

Liebig Manufacturing Co.,

Carteret, N.

Liebig Manufacturing Co.,

Carteret, N.

Liebig Manufacturing Co.,

Carteret, N.

Lister Agr'l Chemical Works,

Newark, N.

Lister Agr’] Chemical Works.
Newark, N

Locke Fertilizer Co.,
Locke, N.

Loeke Fertilizer Co.,
Locke, N.

—_———— }

S
| 2
| 3
Trade name or brand. Locatity where =
, sample was taken, | g
| °
=
sg
, va
— ——-—- ——-- a a
‘Alkaline dissolved Bergen. 4045
bone phosphate. |
|
Dissolved bone and Bergen. |4046
potash. |
| |
aie Gels beeen Se nT ee ETc,
New York Standard) Bowmansville. |4051
| |
Sandee ae
‘Dissolved bone. Moravia. 8830

J. |
en : Seal |
|
|

High-grade bone and|Union Springs. |8796
J.| potash.

{
|
Standard phosphate. |Union Springs. |8795
J.| |
|
an
T. & BF. bone and pot-| Moravia. |8829
J.| ash. |
|
=r wae Seals
|
Animal bone and pot-|Pittsford. |}4001
J.| ash No. 2. |
|
——— ————— ac
Pontius’ ammoniated|Kendaia. |8892
J, dissolved bone and
potash. |
Sal Se ne
Farmers’ favorite. |Locke. |8824
¥, |
|
pa Ps eee See —
full value animal/Locke. 38825
Y.| bone.

|

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163

LECTED IN New York Srare Durinc THe FALL or 1897.

Pounds of Pounds of| Pounds of| Pounds of | | Pounds of
nitrogen rile oath ke Leg a eomyae et water-solu-
in 100 2 it orice p pes | b A gyry pape er Be ble phos-
pounds of ge: in aci a Mm ay FA ¢ nitrogen phoric acid
fertil- 208 pounda 106 pounds) pounds of jin 100 pounds in 100 |
nadie: of fertil- | of fertil- | fertil- | of fertilizer. pounds of
ad izer, izer. izer. | fertilizer.
| et eS
Guaranteed | ——— | 18 | — | 3 | —— | ——
Found © | | 15.33 | 15.538 3.04 fe i219
| hs 3
| | | Ss easier emmanecace
. | | |
Guaranteed | ——— | 10 | ——— 2 ——— ——
Found | | 11,64 | 12.54 2.24 | | §.01
| | |
5 a a a a aes
Guaranteed Vise {10 | 3 | |
Found | 1.81 | 10.35 | 11.17 3.26: |) (O41 jel ee
| |
| aman, ——— |
| | | |
Guaranteed | ——— | 14 ———_ | — |
Found | | 16.24 Eel | | 12.46
| | | |
a |
Guaranteed [———— | 40 5 | —— |
Found | {13.12 | 16.41 4.19 | 2.84
| | |
Below guarantee | | 0.81 | |
i. | ee
Guaranteed | 1.25 | 10 2.50» | == |
Found | 1.388 | 12.78 | 14.08 2.32 | 0.78 | 1.63
| |
(el (ag a |e
|
Guaranteed | ——— | 18 - 5 ———» |
Found | | 13.46 | 14.94 6.19 | 10.04
| | | |
| | re eat | |
Guaranteed ees | | 10 3 ea
Found | (9270 1 A0.42) | 3.91 | 5.85
| | |
: | | | ==
|
Guaranteed } 0:32) | -& | 4 |
Found | 1 | 8.76 | 10.40 3.87% | 0.60 | 6.62
; | | |
ee ae
Guaranteed | 1.23 | 10 | 3 |
Found eos, | O26. era 21 2.94 Very 8.63
4 | | |
St
| | | | |
Guaranteed | 1.85 | 9 | 4
Found | 2.10 | 11.03 | 14.77 4.18 0.76 7.56
| | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

REPORT OF THE CUOEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Loeke Fertilizer Co.,
Locke,

Locke Fertilizer Co.,

Locke, N. ny

Lowell Fertilizer Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Co

Lowell Fertilizer oF
Lowell, Mass.

Co.,
Lowell, Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer

Co.

Lowell Fertilizer ‘
Lowell, Mass.

Ludlam,

Frederick :
New York City.

Ludlam,
New York City.

Frederick

Ludlam,
New York City.

Frederick

Ludlam,
New York City.

Frederick

Maryland Fertilizing and Manu-
facturing Co., Baltimore, Md.

Trade name or brand.

\Good enough fertil-
izer.

Imperial
phate.

superphos-

Animal brand.

Bone fertilizer for

corn and grain.

Empire brand.

Fruit and vine.

‘Acid phosphate.

\Cereal brand.

Dragon’s tooth

brand.

P. G. brand.

A. #, fertilizer,

i
2
| Locality where |
sample was taken. | gs
3
R
ee
Locke [8823
|
|
or a
Locke |38826
|
|
a
Gorham [3907
|
|
Gorham. |3908
|
|
SSS
Moravia. |3831
Gorham. [3906
|
soos cis
Manchester. [8922
|
|
es
Skaneateles. |3851
|
|
5)
Moravia. [3837
|
|
ac
Moravia. |3838
|
|
a
Moravia. |3836
|
|
ae
East Lansing. |38817
Fairport.

aoa

=

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 165
LECTED IN New York State DurinG THE FALL or 1897.
Ip Is of | P ds | P se e | ; ae | paead Pee
Founds of | ayailecle | inl. TaLereDut Pounds of Ireken Soint
oe phosphoric phosphoric; ble potash | water-solu- _ ble pbos-
Ba acid in | acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
pounds of 1100 pounds 100 pounds} pounds of | in 100 pounds, in 100
ie of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. | pounds of
128% izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
| pe —
ay |
1.8 | 9 | -f
1.87 9.33 -| 10.79 4.27 0.88 | 7.61
| |
ee a |
SA |
Isa lf te) | Z
IGS AOS 2) || te 46 2.20 0.717 7.34
| |
| eye
| | |
2.46 | 9 | 4 |
2.49 | 9.34 | 10.79 3.90* | 1.28 6.39
| | |
| fe en
ae |
1.65 | 8 | ee nein
1.69 7.99 | 8.95 4.22 | 0.83 3.31
| |
| | |
| | |
Teo aT ae 2 |
ibe [Pata a. «|| Al Zale) 0.78 4.96
| | |
| ina a |
| |
Danas lire 6 | |
Brezanl ta. e847 6.54* | 0.84 | 5.40
| | |
| | |
| bee |
SS —————
| 15.32 | 17.50 | 9.38
| |
Ie
(Vata <! eke 1 |
0.90 | 9.25 | 14.36 1-16..,)) » 0228) Simezon
| | |
| | ——|
3 are: | ie | an
Sedo? || LOMOD 4] 12592 6.79 1.55 Sia ffl
| | |
| | 0.21
K—| ——
—— | 10 | 11 6 ==
| 11.29 "| 13.54 4.96 | 7.25
|
| | 1.04 |
| | SE
| | |
ss | 50
VA. 22) 077 2.68 eee
| |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

166 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Resuuts or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-
= - ——————— i :
o
a
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand, Ceo can eee
2
| | gs
| [Mm
ie mere ——— ——_-—__--—_—__|
« “~ |
Maryland Fertilizing and Manu-|Alkaline bone. Fairport. |4022
facturing Co., Baltimore, Md. ; |
|
ewes ee —_-——-—__|—_
Maryland Fertilizing and Manu-|Bonesuperphosphate | airport. |4020
facturing Co., Baltimore, Ma. |
|
ee ———— aaa
‘aryland Fertilizing and Manu-|Linden superphos-|Elbridge. |[B852
facturing Co., Baltimore, Md.| phate. |
|
—— = 1 — ——<—<———————— |
Maryland Fertilizing and Manu-|Sangston’s cereal!Fairport. |4019
facturing Co., Baltimore, Md.| plant food. |
|
= = ——_—_——_|——_
Maryland Vertilizing and Manu-|Tornado. Fairport. |4018
facturing Co., Baltimore, Md.
3 = oe a.
Michigan Carbon Works, Banner dissolved| MacDougall. |8917
Detroit, Mich.| bone. ir
|
S a a
Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead fertilizer.|Cato. |3961
Detroit, Mich. | |
| |
pe ee ——|——
|
Miller Fertilizer Co., A. Baldridge’s Sen-|MacDougall. |3912
Baltimore, Md.}| eca queen. |
|
a a ——$ |=
Miller Fertilizer Co., Ground bone. Moravia. 13834
Baltimore, Md. |
|
2 x Se nee me
Miller Fertilizer Co., Harvest queen phos-|Moravia. [88385
Baltimore, Md.| phate. |
oo = ee
Miller Fertilizer Co., Ss. C. bone. Moravia. |8833

Baltimore, Md.

|

New York AcricutturaAL EXpeRiIMEentr SraTion.

167

LECTED IN NEw York StaTE DuRING THE FAuu or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
1Zery

reanmae of | Pounds of| Pounds of | Pounds of

| available total water-solu-| Poundsof water-solu-

\phosphoric|phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- ble phos-

{ acid in acid in in 100 ble nitrogen | phorie acid

(100 pounds)100 pounds; pounds of | in 100 pounds in 100

| of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. pounds of
izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.

| | or | |

| | z |

Palos: | |f male 38.50 | ——— | ———

| 12.96 - | 13.85 3.45 9.22

| | |

| lereireraiasy mereras rz

| 10 eae 2 ———

| 12.88 | 14.09 1.49 9.95

| | i

| 0.51 |

ak Pe es

jp alat | 12 1.50 — ———

| 10.80 | 18.08 2.26 | Coal

| | |

ie i a ee

| 10 featal | 2620 | |

| 10°55 |i 22 2.14 | 0.68 6.40

| | |

| ik Saar

| | ot |

{| | 12 Sie. | |

| 11.381 | 18.35 3.84 | 0.12 8.40

| | | |

| eae ae ees ca

| 30 | 34 ——— | —— |

| 27 | 35.42 | 0.48

| |

| 3 | |

| hierar aaa

| | ; |

Pt) | 1.50 |

| 10.63 | 11.38 2.35 | 0.95 | 8.20

| | | | |

| | ipgearags| |

| | |

| 14 | S| ST

| 15.22 | 16.47 | | | 11.38

| | |

| creamer tee (eee re

| Po | |

res aoe le) HLS orel

| | 18.47 | OLKi™ | 3.68

| | |

| | es = ae

| ee |

| 10 | 11.50 D2 | —S—

| 10.52 | 11.80 2.50 | 0.23 Hp7Al

| | |

| agi |

| |

| 14 | oe aE

| 15.26 | 16.55 oleae

| |

2
Locality where g
sample was taken. | ga
3
D
ranean |
Gorham. [8866
> jal
Canandaigua, |8947
|
|
oe -—|—
Wolcott. |8975
|
|
aoe Bee "7
Auburn. |8845
|
|
a
Sanandaigua, |8945
|
—
Canandaigua. |8946
|
|
an
Hast Avon. |4031
|
|
: a
Kast Avon. |4032

special dis- West Henrietta.|3955

168 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Resuuts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FRPRTILIZERS CoL-
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer|Acid phosphate.
50., Buffalo, N. Y.
‘ |
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer;Ammoniated bone
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| and potash.
fins lao Meare eee Ee | ee |
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer;buckwheat — special
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer;/Cyclone pure bone
Co., Buffalo, N. ¥.} meal.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer|Grain special No. 1. |
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer|Grain special No. 2.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Noonan’s dissolved
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| bone and potash.
: : ED fe ; .
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Noonan’s special. |
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| |
é {2 a (Sa ee eee
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Perry’s
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| solved bone with
| potash. |
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Weed’s wheat spe-
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| cial.
Geo. L. Munroe, Pure Canada

Oswego. N Y.

hard
wood ashes.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169

LECTED IN NEw YorkK STATE DuRING

THE FALL or 1897.

| |
Boma of| Searle ge | oamea | eoets| “Pomedn of lestaoie
eee eee eeeeee | MEPt0 | Slowttrogen [phen ai
» | c | v g | €
ig oa — sar pounds| aor he /in 100 pounds)» in 100
Scag fertil- | of fertil- ferti | of fertilizer. pounds of
izer. | izer. izar. | fertilizer.
| | | aS |
| | |
Guaranteed | ——_ | 18 | i
Found | | 13.63 | 14.30 | 8.48
| | |
| | |
Guaraiteed | 2.46 8 | 11 f! |
Found | 1.90 7.87 | 9.83 6.42% 0.67 6.06
| | |
Below guarantee| 0.56 | 0.58 | |
|. ee
j }
Guaranteed | <O.82°°| °F | 9 1.08 |
Found | 0.97 | 8.3 | 10.35 1506 0.60 6.31
| | |
—————e | {—_ ——
| | | |
Guaranteed 2.46 | —— | 24 —— —_ | ——
Found | 2.65 | | 24.14 | 0.40 |
| | | | |
|
Guaranteed ee! | 10 | 11 6 |
Found O91 | Banas | dA, A OB i| 0.23 | 7.40
ra | |
Below guarantee | 0.29 | A OF *| |
oo eS OE SS Ee SS. ES
} |
Guaranteed 1.2 }10 | 11 4 |
Found EL 30 22 Ads 4.61 | 0.80 | €sAS
j : { j
| !
Below guarantee | | 0.78 |
—_ —_—____|-—_——_——— |] |————
Guaranteed | ——— | 10 8 | —— |
Found | | 10. 05-1,40238- |} 96.77 ~| 5.65
| | |
| | | |
Below guarantee | | ee ee |
a | | — aa
Guaranteed | ——— | 12 | eS | —— |
Found | )O1S) (ded | - 3231.74 | 6.07
| al |
Below guarantee | Pea | |; 0.69 | |
i. |
|
Guaranteed | ——— | 12 | J | —— |
Found | | 32.91. | 13.25 | |. 2:95] 8.22
| | |
| | = |
| | = |
Guaranteed | 1.64 | 4. [9% 4 | |
Found picts | 3 Bey \iSo6T 3.97 | 0.32 | 2.35
| | | | |
| | { = ! ee
j i | |
| | | |
Guaranteed | —— | ————- |. 1 4.50 | —— | ——
Found | | | 1.46 4.72 | |
| |

170 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Resutts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

| 3
| | s
MANUFACTURER. | Trade name or brand. Coe ween a 5
} a
| &
a
eee |=
Niagara Fertilizer Co., ‘Brophel’s — special|Moscow. |4024
Buffalo, N. Y.. standard wheat |
| fertilizer. |
——————— Say les ae ee ea aa
Niagara Fertilizer Co., ‘Brophel’s standard| Moscow. |4023
Buffalo, N. Y.. brand wheat fer- |
tilizer No. 2. |
—_<$—<$<—<— | | | —
Beatie ot , a ee
Niagara Fertilizer Works, Special wheat fertil- Shortsville. |3876
Buffalo, N. Y.| izer No. 1. |
|
= = | a
Niagara Fertilizer Works, Special wheat fertil- Shortsville. |3877
Buiftalo, N. Y.| izer No. 1. |
|
Se
Niagara Fertilizer Works, W heat special. Waterloo} |3861
Buffalo, N. Y.| |
| | |
on = ne
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic, Locke. |3822
Buffalo, N. Y. : |
|
a | | ere |
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Genesee Co. wheat|Oakfield. |4037
Buffalo, N. Y.| grower.
—EEEE—E———E—E—EEEEEeE —_-—_—__-—_|——_
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special corn and/Oakfield. |4036
Buffalo, N. Y.| wheat manure. |
|
aa)
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special hop ‘“A.“ Sodus. |8982
Buffalo, N. Y. |
|
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Standard fertilizer. |Sodus Center. |8981
Buttalo, N. Y.
A —_—__-—|_—
Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone phos-| Wolcott. |8974
New York City.| phate of lime. |

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DuRING THE FALL oFr 1897.

171

Pounds of

Pounds of | ey Pounds of |

| Pounds of

nitrogen available | total | water-solu-| Ponnds of ‘water-solu-
in 109 Phosphoric |phosphoric) ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
onndstot |, 4 in | acid in in 100 ble nitrogen |phoric acid
Pp fertil- |100 pounds 100 pounds) pounds of in 100 pounds) in 100
izer. | Of fertil- | of fertil- | fertil- | of fertilizer. pace of
yal izer. - izer. izer. fertilizer.
| | | ee
| | | |
Guaranteed |} 0.82 | 8 | 2
Found | 0.91 | 8.59 | 9.86 2.64 0.37 | 4.98
| | | | :
Maree. me
Guaranteed PraekOs | 28 | 2 | | ———
Found fe2-220 | Selo |e 9.00 2.22 | 0.55 | 4.88
| | | |
mrs ath Tar
|
Guaranteed yy eee lS | 3.29 | | —
Found P ett0) |) Ss2955 |, 10247 B.oL | Yeats) | 5.39
| | | |
| | fone ee
| Doe | |
Guaranteed | ——_ — | 12 | 2.16 | ——— |
Found | | 12.03 | 13.30 | _ 2.51 | 9.30
ES oad Re |
Ao ee | |
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 10 | 3 | |
Found [tsi ol) 1O0n37, \ | 13202 3.93 | 0.20 | 7.22
| | | | |
= a re
Guaranteed (el-Ga. (8 | 9 1.08
Found Pe 2th | 925L | E05 1.40 0.38 | 5.57
| | | |
a a |
|
Guaranteed live | 10 = 5 | |
Found eet O02) ie SG a eZ 209 5.07 | 0.05 | 7.31
| | | |
oa a
: Guaranteed hue t0: |) 28 6 | |
Found Pada Oar |) tcSs: « | 945 6.63 | 0.90 | 3.26
Guaranteed Nea 2a ie 6.50 |
Found [PORTO | eGspam. |) ire 6.16 0.06 | 1.51
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.34 | |
~ a ee ee
Guaranteed bpo.a7 | 10. a8 1.62
Found | 2.97 | 11.30 | 12.38 2.35 2.15 5.20
| | | | |
Pata
Guaranteed | ee | 13 —_—— | —— |
Found: ; | | 13.74 _| 15.76 | 9.86
| | | |

172

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Pacific Guano Co.,
New York City.

Pacific Guano Co., ;
New York City.

Trade name or brand.

Potato, tobacco and
hop fertilizer.

Special for potatoes
and tobacco.

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Patapsco Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

Patapsco Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

-Patapsee Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

Patapseo Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

Patapseo Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

Patapseo Guano Co.,
Baltimore,

High-grade universal
fertilizer.

Oats and clover fer-
tilizer.

5
a
Locality where g
sample was taken. Fl a
a
a
ame So
Wolcott. [3973
|
a
Pembroke. |4049
|
|

Union Springs. |8792

a

Old Abe
fertilizer.

universal

Alkaline soluble bone.

Md.

‘Animal bone and pot-

|
|
|

ash.

‘Bone and potash com-

pound.

Grain and grass.

e

High-grade ammoni-
ated bone and pot-
ash compound.

Soluble bone.

Baldwinsville. bsg60
|
|
ee
Baldwinsville. [3859
oe
Mandana. |8850
es
Ovid. [3888
aes =
Weedsport. |8958
|
|
Ovid. [3889
|
|
—§$— | _———
/Weedsport. |8957
|
|
S25 See a
Ovid. |3890
|
|

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

173

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DuRING THE FALL or 1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounds of
nitrogen
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

2.05
2.29

Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of |

available | total — water-solu- |

phosphoric) phesphoric

acid ip acid iu in 106

100 pounds}/100 pounds
of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- |
izer. izer. izer. |
| 7
8 | 9 3 |
es Ly ale ics 3 3.34 |
| |
ear pees
8 | 9 3 |

10.11 | 12.34 3.13 |

| |
8 9 5 |
8.26 | 9.95 aT |
|
0.28
ee | ee
|

11 oe »

11 | 13.90 1.96 |
| |
ee eee
|

8 | 9 5 |

8.46 | 10 23 4.84 |
| |
Se ea
| |

12 | ——— 3 |

14.37 | 14.87 2.81 |
| |
|——— -- ees
|

9 | —— {

10.40 | 14.67 3.86 |

| |
Tegan sey |

10 ha 3

TOES a AT. Soul) Oo.
|

10 | 3 |

10.60 | 11.30 3.20 |
|
| |

7 9 | 8
$.52 | 9.77 8.60 |
|
| an
|

Le eee a or

15.74 | 16.44
| |

| Pounds of

Pounds of /water-solu-

bie nitrogen

of fertilizer.

pounds of jin 100 pounds,

ble potash | water solu- | ble phos-

|phoric acid
in 100

pounds of

fertilizer.

5.52

5.46

4.08

6.02

11.16

Sind hy

jtileail

74

<
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Resuuts or ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL-

MANUFACTURER.

Moro Phillips Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Moro Phillips

Chemical Co.,

Moro Phillips
Philadelphia, Pa.

Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Moro Phillips

Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Moro Phillips

Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Moro Phillips

Chemical Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Moro Phillips

Quinnipiac Co.,

New York City.

Quinnipiac Co.,
New York

—————————ZZZE—EeEe—

Quinnipiae Co.,
New York

E
Trade name or brand. ed Coe e E
a
=
fie
C. & G. complete Rare |3800
| tilizer.
—
(Half and half. Sherwood. 3798
Kendaia. |[B894
|
|
Soluble bone phos-|Sherwood. |8799
phate. Milo Center. [3941
|
ay a
Special fertilzer. Sherwood. 8802
Milo Center. 3742
|
See
Standard guano. ‘Sherwood. 3801
‘Milo Center. 3940
=
Standard phosphate.|Kendaia. |3893
| |
|
— ass
Tompkins Co. guano East Lansing. [3818
special. |
|
L a
Ammoniated bone|Lima. |3905
phosphate. | |
|
| es
Ammoniated wheat Hast Bloomfield.|3950
manure. | |
|
———— ee”.
Bachman’s special) MacDougall. [3928
complete manure. |
|
panes ae
Fish, bone and pot-|Fairhaven. |8964
ash. | |
|

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEw YorK State DvuRING THP FALL or 1897.

=

f | Poundsof

| Pounds of | .
Kise labl
AEG? | phosphoric
| As ‘100 pounds
| izer. | of tens
oes
Guaranteed \enelt lcieae
Found | 0.90 | 7.99
| |
a ia
Guaranteed | ——— | 10
Found | | 10.37
| |
Guaranteed | [Jes
Found | | 14.02
| |
ae
Guaranteed alctstsy |" ote
Mound see Ua ree an
—
Guaranteed | 0.82 | 10
Found Uae lg 7 isi saa beg
| |
Below guarantee | |
a ae
Guaranteed (yak |
Found | aboss [le hers!
pee
Guaranteed eel pn
Found pedaso 7) | 1. 8.76
| | a
Below guarantee | | Q.24
aS...
Guaranteed | 0.82 8
Found | pealeloirs 8.46
a |
Guaranteed | 1.64 10
Found bed 8: ol OOF:
| |
Below guarantee |
a
Guaranteed | Wets24 |) aI
Found [peli SO
| |
aoe.
Guaranteed |, abe |)
Found | Pehbey |p Baie
| |

Pounds of
total
phosphoric
acid in
160 pounds
of fertil-
izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
tertil-
izer.

|

Pounds of

water-sola- |

ble nitrogen
in 100 pounds
of fertilizer.

0.43

0.26

0.29

| Pounds of
| water-solu-
ble phosa-
phoric acid
in 100
pounds of
| fertilizer.

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

176

REPORT OF pH. OHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Quinnipiae Co.,
New York City.

Quinnipiac Co.,
New York City.

—_—-.

Quinnipiac Co.,
New York City.

Quinnipiac Co.,
New York City.

Quinnipiac Co.,
New York City.

Quinnipiac Co.,

New York City.)

eS - -

Rasin Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Read Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

5
e)
Trade name or brand. Pen take S 5
°
z
RB
Grain and _ seeding|Rochester. |4005
phosphate.
a
Grain phosphate. Lima. |3904
a
Potash and bone. Rochester. |4006
a
Soluble dissolved|Springport. |3794
bone.
! |
ao en Ee. ae
Soluble dissolved Dundee. |3923
| bone.
eee Pree ———————
‘Special wheat fertil-|/Mandana. [3849
izer. |
|
eee
Rasinacid phosphate.|Penn Yan. |8937
|
|
wee |
Acid phosphate. Himrods. |8926
|
|
ee tl, Ht ere aa
Jones’ ammoniated Himrods. 18924
dissolved bone.
|
eae
Jones’ special alka-|Himrods. |3925
line bone.
Prime wheat fertil- Poplar Ridge. [3805
izer. |
|

——- ~~ ~——-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. d nf
’
LECTED IN New YorK Srate Durine THB FAuu or 1897.
ss | Boundaetibomdsol| Poundsof |. Poondace
| Pounds of av unas | “total: Wateewela: | Pounds of waternel
nitrogen | hosphoric phosphoric, ble potash | water-solu- | ble phos-
in ne t acid in | acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen | phoric acid
} Lae iL °* 1100 pounds|100 pounds| pounds of jin 100 pounds} in 100
erti of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. | peunds of
| ats izer. izer. iger fertilizer.
Ss | al ==
| | | | |
Guaranteed OSS 2 eis | 22 4) | — |
Found 1.14 | 8.46 10.89 5.24 | 0.36 | 5.12
| | | | |
Save | coey eel pom
Guaranteed | 1.64 | 9 fi
Tound 2.02 9.45 12 4.45 | 1.05 | 6.34
| | | | |
Guaranteed —— | 10 13.25 6 | —— |
Found | 10.06 3.20 DEO | aie
| | |
Below guarantee | 0.43 |
|
a ——= |
| Var | |
Guaranteed | == || Ie: 15 —— | ——
Found | | 15.44 | 16.99 | 12560
| | | |
|
Guaranteed | ——— | 13 1 ——_ | — |
Found 14.76 16.43 | | 11.66
| | | |
" igen aa ae io
Guaranteed Lees6a5) [10 | 4 | |
Found 1.97 1220 |) 1bedlO 4.11 | 0.06 = | 5.05
| | |
| | |
Guaranteed || ale | ao —__ |
Found | 14.51 | 15.38 [i peneles Oat
| | | |
| ————|
| | |
Guaranteed eh ils! | —— | — |
Found. 15.06 | 15.71 | | 10.29
| Baer
Guaranteed. 0.83 |.10 | 8 | |
Found 0.72 9.75 | 12.50 6.66 | Ores | 5.54
ares | | |
Below guarantee | 0.25 | 1.34 | |
= | a |
Guaranteed at as | 3 === |
Found | | 18.88 | 16.64 2.10 | | 4.17
| |
Below guarantee | | 0.90
i aa ee oes |
Guaranteed Wk Gos tl 8 hae, 4 |
Found ele OG 8.05.5 | oat 4.06 | 0.47 | 6.28
ey | |

RePORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

FA
2
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. Locality where =
sample was taken. | ga
o
=
| n
Read Fertilizer Co., Standard superphos-|Skaneateles. |38846
New York City.| phate. |
PRS ie WINE ee Ed ae = a
John. S. Reese & Co., Bone phosphate mix-|Penn Yan. |3936
Baltimore, Md.| ture.
Re seco Pe et ewe IS i
John. S. Reese & Co., Elm phosphate. Penn Yan. |3935
Baltimore, Md. |
|
John. 8. Reese & Co., Half and half. Fayette. [3921
Baltimore, Md.
|
John. 8S. Reese & Co., Specialalkaline bone.| Albion. |4057
Baltimore, Md.
Pe heise eee —__—_-—|_—-
Standard Fertilizer Co., ‘Bone and potash. Wolcott. ‘5068
Boston, Mass.
| |
I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Farmers’ choice bone/Sherwood. |3809
Philadelphia, Pa.| phosphate. Churchville. |4043
|
——— 2
I, P. Thomas & Son Co., Improved superphos-|Sherwood. [3808
Philadelphia, Pa.| phate. |
|
$ ese ese eean rary
I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Normal bone phos-|Levanna. |BT97
Philadelphia, Pa.| phate.
a
I. P. Thomas & Son Co., S. C. phosphate. Penn Yan. |3938
Philadelphia, Pa.
oe ee |
Henry F. Tucker Co., Imperial bone super-| Wolcott. 3965
Boston, Mass.} phosphate. Rochester. |4007
|

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEW YorRK Sian DURING

THE ae OF

179

1897.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed |
Found |
|
|

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found |

Guaranteed
Found

Below guarantee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Poundso
nitrogen

in 100

izer.

0.88

ral P pe of
available
phosphoric
acid

| osuide: of | 199 pounds

fertil-

in

Pounds of | Pounds of
water-solu-

total

phosphoric|

acid in

100 Pouce

of fertil- | of fertil-
jzer.

izer.

10

46

=I
bo

.67

.20

.50

46

94

26

a
|
|
ia er
|
|
|
|
sae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ES a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

.99

ble potash
in 100
pounds of

fertil-

izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen | phoric acid

in 100 pounds|
of fertilizer. |

0.88

0.30

0.90

0.37

0.34

0.49

Pounds of

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

water-solu-
ble phos-

in 100
pounds of
fertilizer,

6.06

aORiral

1.55

6.04

7.66

6.98

5.35

12.33

180

REePoRT OF THE CHEMIST OF THR

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Cor-

Henry FEF. Tucker Co.,

CAO. i.

CaO

Cr OP:

Walker

Walker

Walker

Walker

Walker

Walker

Walker

MANUFACTURER.

Boston, Mass.

9

Turner,
Churchville, N. Y.

Turner,
Churchville, N. Y.

Turner,
Churchville, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Trade name or brand.

Original Bay State
bone superphos-
phate.

Dissolved bone with
potash.

High-grade guano.

None such.

Acid phosphate.

Ammoniated phos-

phate.

Cabbage special.

Clifton.

Hop and_ tobacco

grower.

Old Pittsburg.

Onion special.

E
Locality where 5
sample was taken. 5 a
z
nD

SS
Wolcott. 3966
Rochester. 4008
ee
Churchville. |4042

|

|
a
Churchville. |4040
_—|——
Churchville. sos

|

|
Bit:
Clifton Springs.|3863

|
Kast Bloomfield. |38954

Sodus. ee
ae
Clyde. |8995
|
Sodus. |8983
|
|
Bree |
Jordan. [3855
|
|
on
Hast Bloomfield.|38953
|
|
————
Clyde. 2906

ae we,’

atl a a

New YorK AGRICUL ‘URAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LECTED IN NEw YorK State DURING

THE FALL OF

181

1897.

nitrogen
in 100

a of
ertil-
on
| ee
Guaranteed [Go
Found [SL 3G5
|
|
Guaranteed | ———
Found |
|
Guaranteed | 2.50
Found | 2.01
|
Below guarantee| 0.49
|]
Guaranteed [aoa 2
Found | 1.35
|
Below guarantee |
|
Guaranteed ——=
Found |
|
Guaranteed | 1.65
Found | 2.26
|
Below guarantee |
= |
Guaranteed | 3.29
Found | 3.37
|
Below guarantee |
SSS S|
Guaranteed | 2.47
Found [irradi
|
Below guarantee |
ae
Guaranteed | 3.29
Found | 3.40
|
om
Guaranteed eet G5
Found S82
|
|
Guaranteed | 2a
Found | Pies
|

Pounds of

| Pounds of

available

Pounds of
total

phosphoric) phosphoric

acid in acid in
aa pours 10@ pounds
ee fertil- | of fertil-

izer. izor.
rear!
| |
| 9 | 10
| SOsbS. | LET
| |
| |
| |
| 10 |
| 18.75 | 14.69
| |
| ene ani
| 9 |
| 8.38 | 9.35
| |
| ae ae
| 10
eeccicalla se |i eis:
|
ee SOs
|
| |
| 16
| 17.382 | 18.85
| |
| 8 |
|) Meetishe Tie te2ea bi
| — |
| 0.22 |
| |
aes |
| 4.48 10749)
| |
Ways
|
| 10 a
| 8.3 | 10.64
|
aks
|
| |
| 6 lad
| 6.24 CaO
| |
|
| |
Las |
| 29.455 |) 9878
|
|
es |
et
| ORB. aes ng
|

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble potash
in 100
pounds of
fertil-
izer.

Pounds of
water-solu-
ble nitrogen phorie acid

in 100 pounds!
of fertilizer.

0.59

0.43

0.30

0.30

0.27

0.04

Le

| Pounds of
water-solu-
| ble phos-

in 100
‘pounds of
| fertilizer.

4.05

182

REPORT OF THH CHEMIST OF THE

ReEsSuLts oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Walker Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Walker Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Walker Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Walker

Walker Fertilizer Co.,

Clifton Springs, N. Y.

Walker Fertilizer Co.,
Clifton Springs, N. Y.;)

Walker, Stratman & Co.,

Pittsburg, Pa.|

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,|Goodrich grain fer-

New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co..,
New York City.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,

| Potato

Trade name or brand.

Ontario brand.

and
table grower.

Pure ground bone.

Special mixture.

Victoria bone.

vege-

number.

Locality where
sample was taken.

=]
iS)
=
~
os
~
v2)

——_—_——

Hast Bloomfieta.|3952
Clyde. |3994

| |
Clifton Springs.|3864

Pittsford.

Wheat special No. 2./Clifton Springs |862
3993

Four fold.

tato phosphate.

tilizer.

Special ‘‘ A” brand.

Special “ B” brand.

New York City.

Americus brand po-|Locke.

Clyde.
|

Gorham. |3909
SSeS
3821
Lima 3903
Pittsford. 14008
|
|
Pittsford. 4004

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183

LECTED IN New YorK StTatrE DurRING THE FALL OF 1897.

i: aiff = =] i ae
Pounds of | eas Bulan Pe Se antey | Poundsof | Teena
a ‘phosphoric\phosphoric| ble potash | water-solu- ble phos-
Sects »| acid in acid in in 100 | ble nitrogen | phoric acid
pouuds of 100 pounds|100 pounds| pounds of in 100 pounds! in 100
ice | of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- | of fertilizer, | pounds of
‘ izer. izer. izer. fertilizer.
Guaranteed onl | 4 ——
Found | 10.59 | 11.99 Biertss. || | 6.81
| | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.22 | |
a | = ey |
Guaranteed { 2.47 | «6 | cs | |
Found 2.76 syateyee |, ah 6.82 | 0.25 | 3.63
| | |
Below guarantee | | 0.38 | | |
—— —— |
| | | |
Guaranteed 3.70 | ——— | 2 ——— | | ——
Found 4.15 | | 22.98 | 2.14 |
| | | | |
Weis or et |
Guaranteed WeOree. | at | 2 | —— |
Found | 0.96 | 7.54 | 7.85 2.62 | | 3.95
| | | | |
eee aa
Guaranteed e082 | 8 | EO | al
Found | 0.83 | 8.386 | 8.98 1.75 | | 4.92
| | | | |
| | | in. |
| a | 7 | |
Guaranteed dis@sy, |) slat | == 5
Found | 1.63 | 11.44 | 12.69 5.13 0.01 6.78
| | |
| | | | Ss
| | | | | |
Guaranteed il ) Xe) | 1
Found | 1.438 | 9.58 | 10.90 | aleent 0.21 5.52
| | | | | |
an | aaa |
ee | | | |
Guaranteed Zee te | 0 anze 3) |
Found 2.49 | 6.19 9.80 5.06 0.74 | 2.05
baal ——
Guaranteed 2 | 10 | 5 | |
Found Pi2cod m0 90) Si TSe6r 4.47 | 1.42 | 5.89
| | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.53 |
Sn ee |
| aa) | | |
Guaranteed ale G5 8 lee 4 | |
Found | 2.01 | 8.39 | 9.54 4.87 | GO| 6.20
a | |
Guaranteed | ©.82 | 8 Pe 4 |
Found | deat Pe cts WP tsk 05) 4.57% 0.36 | 4.06
| | | |
Below guarantee | igus ae | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

184

RpPorRT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

MANUFACTURER.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,|
New York City. |

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co..,|
New York City.

Wooster & Mott, |
Union Hill, N. Y.

Wooster & Mott,
Union Hill, N. Y.

1

Wooster & Mott,
Union Hill, N. Y.

York Chemical Works,
| York, Pa.

York Chemical Works,
York, Pa.

—_—.-

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md. |

Zell Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Baltimore, Md.

Zell Guano Oo.,
Baltimore, Md.

| :
‘ |
Trade name or brand. Bie angen FS 5
is}
3S
DR
———— a
Standard grain. Holley. |405:
S|
Standard grain and|Holley. 4059
vegetable. }
|
es a)
Alkaline bone. Union Hill. |4016
|
|
*)
Grain and grass. ‘Union Hill. |4017
|
Storm king. ‘Union Hill. |4015
|
|
oe —$—
Ammoniated bone|/Romulus. 38896
and potash. |
|
we ee ee
New York phosphate.|Romulus. |8895
|
|
eee ee mee
Dissolved 8S. C. phos-|Mandana. |8848
phate. |
|
Soot
Wconomizer. Kendaia. 8891
Wolcott. |8972
|
——_—-—__-—_ |—_—_
Fruit tree invigora-| Wolcott. |3969
tor. |
|
Genesee fertilizer. Wolcott. |8970
|

Sei.

Npw YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 185

LECTED IN New York Sratp Durineé THE FALL or 1897.

Benndeoe Pamngeos ound of Ponds of : ee Pounda of
ao availab tota water-solu- 2ounds ter- -
a phosphoric phosphoric ble potash srater-toha “ile phos.
ponuds of 109 pounda| od pounds| pounds of {in 100 pounda| in 100
hoa of fertil- | of fertil- fertil- of fertilizer. | pounds of
oma izer izer. izer. fertilizer.
ee mfp ee —
Guaranteed | 1.02 8 ees |
ound 1.08 | 10.89 | 12.04 | 3.37 | 1.08 6.40
| | |
Below guarantee | 0.63 | |
oe ee | =
|
Guaranteed ites [8 4 | |
Found | 1.388 | 11.54 | 18.24 2.15% | 0.60 | 7.59
| | | | |
Below guarantee | 0.26 | We ao || |
__ SS ee ee ees |
Guaranteed | ——— | 18 3 =
Found | 15210 | toss 3.21 | 11.68
| | |
ar ee ee |
Guaranteed e2o |) 10 3 | |
Found eae TOR ie | TOs 3.30 | 0.60 | 8.39
| | | |
ee | —— cla |
| | | |
Guaranteed iS, sha | 4 |
Found 1.85 | 9.69 | 10.90 4.30 | 0.94 (Gala
| | | |
See a et am baleen ARES
Guaranteed 0.82 | 10 | 3 | |
Found STS: ssf OTS «||P Va ae 3.59 | 0.53 | 4.83
| | | |
re ie |
Guaranteed PS RUBS PA ete: 2 |
Found 0.98 | 9.53 | 12.08 2.72 | 0.28 | 3.16
| | | | | |
aan rag bss |
Guaranteed i ———— | ts ea ss ———— ——— ||
Found | | 14.20 | 16.90 } 12.35
| | |
eer ee |
Guaranteed PO. SOS | 2 |
Found 0.97 | 10.24 | 13.11 2.37 0.02 | 6.40
a |
Guaranteed | Oe te ay ee
. Found | | 10.88 | 13.39 (os | 7.83
| | | | |
Below guarantee | | | 0.45 | |
= nt ral | i | |
Guaranteed | ees ODe |S | 10 2 | |
Found pee, tO. 32 si. tteGs 2 | 0.26 | 7.79
| | | | |
Below guarantee| 0.93 | | | |

*Potash present in form of sulphate.

186 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS oF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL-

rs
oO
: ee
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. ve a eee 2 =
o
Zell Guano Co., Seneca Co. special. |Ovid. 3885
Baltimore, Md. |
|
See —$______-____|___
|
Zell Guano Co., Special grain fertil-|Clyde. |8989
3altimore, Md.| izer. 3 |
i mY
Sinn
Zell Guano Co., Special high-grade} Wolcott. |8971
Baltimore, Md.} potato manure. |
|
———— ———— —————————————————— ear.
Zell Guano Co., Special high-grade} Ovid. |3886
Baltimore, Md.| wheat fertilizer. North Sparta. [4026
|
(i ind Si Ow ee bean a
Zell Guano Co., 10 and 10. Owasco. |3847
Baltimore, Md. |
|
i a ae eg ee | eee ee ee es
Zell Guano Co., . Wilson’s special No.| York. |4029
Baltimore, Md. 3 |
|

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 187

LECTED IN NEw YorK STATE DURING THE Fay or 1897.

Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of Pounds of
| phen of aeAitanle ound wi ata so | Pounds of | Pounds of
| State phosphoric phosphoric) ble potash we ater-solu- ve phos-

»| acid i cid 100 nitroge 0 1

Ment" ol pound iol puta) pounds! of hy igo pete i

| ame ll. - is of

| 220% 1zer. izer. izer. ] fertilizer.
Tia area ees ead aa ee

Guaranteed LUST D Oy ea Mo, 5 | |

Found | sul | tide | ds.ot 4.85 | 0.09 | 9.08
ae ie —

Guaranteed le O82) i re | 10 4 |

Found fozeso 178.69", 10092) | 2.51 | 1.19 6.41
| | | | |

Below guarantee | | | 1.49 | |

=e | a ar |

Guaranteed [isee2on) |G Ls ip ese! |

Found | 2.56 | 7.67 | 10.48 6.26 0.94 | 4.32
| | | | |

Below guarantee| 0.69 | | here Sea |

a er oes

Guaranteed (e601 106. <1) | | ear) cel)

Found rdiogG. (eth 4a | 12.65. || 5.18 0.62 | 8.98
| | | | |
[eel ee ee |

Guaranteed | ——— | 10 | 12 | 10 | ——— |

Hound | | 11.84 | 13.49 | 9.94 | 9.87
| | | | |
(eo ma ia RN ae |

Guaranteed SOs les | 10 |

Found eG 4 9276 | ae | 7.84
| | | ui

4 |
.64 | 3.80 | 0.08
|

il. CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE SUC:
CESSFUL GROWTH OF SUGAR BEETS*

L. L. VAN SLYKE.

SUMMARY.

The following elements determine whether sugar beets can be
erown at a profit: (1) Richness in sugar; (2) purity of solids; (8)
yield of beets; (4) cost of crop; (5) market price.

(1) Richness in sugar. Analyses of about 140 samples of beets
grown in different parts of New York State during 1897 show a
variation of sngar in the beets from below 12 to over 18.5 per cent,
with a general average of 15.8 per cent. This average is some
what higher than shown by other states.

The following conditions exercise a marked influence upon the
development of sugar in beets: Climate; variety of beet; qual-
ity of seed; kind and quantity of plant food; soil; methods
of cultivation; size of beets; and time of planting and harvest-
ing.

(2) Purity of solids. The coefficient of purity is the propor-
tion or percentage which the sugar constitutes of the total solids
in the juice, and is found by dividing the per cent of sugar in
juice by the per cent of total solids in juice. The higher the co-
efficient of purity, the larger will be the proportion of sugar crys-
tallized out in manufacture. The purity is influenced by ma-
turity of beet, kind of fertilizers used, size of beet and portion
of root. Immature beets contain sugar of low purity, also beets
grown with excess of highly nitrogenous manures. The sugar
in large beets has a lower coefficient of purity than in smaller
beets. The portion of beet growing above surface of soil has

* Partial reprint of Bulletin No. 135.

NoTE.—For the most comprehensive treatise published, the reader is referred to
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 52 on ‘‘ The Sugar Beet,’’ by H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Division
of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

——

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 189

sugar of inferior purity. The coefficient of purity in the samples
analyzed varied from below 75 to over 87, with an average of
82.5. :

(3) Yield of beets. Twenty tons of marketable beets an acre
may be regarded as a maximum yield in commercial operations.
An average of 10 to 12 tons an acre may probably be expected in
favorable seasons in this State.

(4) Cost of production. The cost of raising an acre of sugar
beets may be placed between $40 and $50, when all conditions
are favorable.

(5) Market price and profits. There is good reason to expect
that beets will bring from $4 to $5 a ton according to varying con-
ditions of sugar, purity, etc. In general, a profit of $5 to $10 an
acre above all expenses may be regarded as a reasonable expecta-
tion from the crop.

(6) General considerations. The sugar beet is to be grown as
an added crop with a comparatively small acreage at the begin-
ning, increasing as conditions favor. The educational value de-
rived from growing sugar beets is considerable. A farmer who
learns to grow sugar beets well will grow other crops better for
the experience. The soil on which sugar beets have been grown
is left in better mechanical condition than by other crops.

INTRODUCTION.

The growing of sugar beets for the production of sugar is, at
the present time, attracting more attention in our State than any
other subject connected with agriculture. Farmers are asking for
reliable information in regard to those various phases of the sub-
ject which possess special interest for them. They want to know
whether the soil and climate of our State are adapted to the suc-
cessful raising of sugar beets; whether they may have a reason-
able assurance of a fair profit, compared with other crops grown
by them; and whether there is any degree of certainty that they
may be sure of a cash crop and a steady market. The chief ele-
ments which determine whether sugar beets can he grown at a
profit are the following:

190 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

I. Richness in sugar.
II. Purity of solids.
III. Yield of beets an acre.
IV. Cost of raising and transporting crop.
V. Market price and profits.
VI. General considerations,

I. RICHNESS IN SUGAR.

When beets were first used as a source of sugar. the amount of
sugar contained in them averaged about 6 per cent. Asa result
of careful selection and breeding during a period of many years,
the amount of sugar has been increased to an average lying
between the limits of 12 and 15 per cent. Many crops of beets
show a sugar content of over 15 per cent, while in some excep-
tional cases, the sugar has been reported as high as 20 per cent
and even higher in this State. Farmers must avoid the mistake
of regarding exceptional cases as typical. When all the details
are known about remarkably high yields of sugar in beets, it is
usually found that special conditions exist which cannot readily
be duplicated in commercial operations. The question of interest
to each farmer pertains to the results he can secure on his farm,
working under the conditions involved in growing beets on a
commercial scale. From results secured by this Station during
the past year with beets grown in various sections of the State,
we can present data which ought to be of value in showing how
much sugar has been obtained in beets.

Before presenting a summary of our data, we will explain cer-
tain terms which it will be necessary to use. In using the term
“sugar,” we mean the crystallizable sugar that goes by the chem-
ical name of sucrose. The amount of sugar is stated in two ways:
“ Sugar in beet ” and “sugar in juice.’ One hundred pounds of
sugar beets contain, on an average, about 95 pounds of juice, and
so the sugar in 100 pounds of beets is contained in 95 pounds of
juice, Therefore, the juice is more concentrated with respect to

NEw York, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191

sugar, and when the results are expressed in percentages, the
number expressing the per cent of sugar is higher in the juice
than in the beet.

We present below in tabulated form the results obtained in
imaking analyses of about 140 samples of sugar beets grown in
this State during 1897:

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF SUGAR BEETS GROWN DURING THE SEASON OF 1897,

P GW) Veet tk ne fo Merk eae =
Gata ae | aa ~iS oon Ze
VARIETY OF BEET. es oo ood | en |) eeSo i. Seon
| #8 | 8" | ge | ge | #52 | slz | se
EI BL bay | ea. | pee) Seer
< Zi GS. > ih eg 4 < <

| | | |
Per ct. | | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | \Ozs.
Klein Wanzlebener....)11to12| 4/| 12 12.7| 16.6| 76.5} 20
Klein Wanzlebener ..../12t013| 11{ 13 | 13.7] 18.3| 75.4] 18
Klein Wanzlebener ....;|13to14 |} 10; 18.8] 14.5 18.3 80.0 14
Klein Wanzlebener -... 14 to 15 VEEN a okey 1525 19.3 80235) 17
Klein Wanzlebener --.. 15 to 16 15345 15-8))) 16-6 Des | G4 sev eee
Kiein Wanzlebener .-.. 16to17}| 11 16.5 17.4} 20.4 85.3 | 16
Klein Wanzlebencer ---.| 17to18 | 13 1726) 9 1825 21.7 85.21) 14
Klein Wanzlebener ....| 18 to 19 By Paley 19.5 22-7 8 9| 13
Vilmorin Improved ....| 11 to 12 18) joer Lat 12.3 | 16.4 75.0 | 16
Vilmorin Improved ...., 12 to 13 5| 12.8 1325) |}, bt O goad eee
Vilmorin Improved ..-. 13 to 14 Oil lose 14255) 126) | O24 ae
Vilmorin Improved .... 14 to 15 | 8 14.8 15.6 | 18.8] 3.0] 16
Vilmorin Improved ....| 15 to 16 17 15:6) 1654 | ~ 20200)" 982204 eG
Vilmorin Improved ....| 16 tu 17 9 16.6] . 17-5 | 20.0) ° Sica | iS
Vilmorin Improved -.-.., 17 to 18 | 6 OES 18-7-| 2129 85.4] 18
Vilmorin Improved sees 18 to 19 2 £S5 65) 9 WLOEGe | 234 | 83-8 | 24

SUMMARY.

| |
Klein Wanzlebener ....| .---... | 178 | 15.3 16.1 LONG 82.2 | 154
Vilmorin Improved ....| ..--..- 59) 15-3 | 16-1) 19.4) 83.0 | 174
Average of all....-. ree ren Ms bs | 16.1 | 19.5 | 82.5 | 16}

|

Below we present general averages of some of our results giv-
While these results
are of interest, they possess little real value so far as they repre-

ing figures for several different counties.

sent general conditions, because we have received too few sam-
ples from most counties to afford any fair basis for comparison.
Readers are carefully cautioned against drawing any sweeping
conclusions from the results presented in this manner.

192 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF SUGAR BEETS GROWN IN DIFFERENT COUNTIES.

s = Amount of ount of Jo- i
COUNTY. sugar in beet. ae in nilea! en
Per cent. | ° Per cent.

AD aniVieyeeas ¢cees eas Tad 6596 0O0Ho6 GobSbe 16.2 i7(eal 81
STOOMIGM Re oar eects coe eee ene ee 14.3 15 Foil al
WAV Bence oe niece wasBe sacsh obalcce ck 12.9 13.6 74
CHantHUAG Na sactes .s2 524 s=ncs ess los oes 14.7 15.5 82.4
Glin bOn ees eters ears eee ees hae 15:7 1625 80.5
ColuM DT aes eee ee ree eve oe oe 16 16 8 8Z
Connland epee ames eas ee ce eee 14.4 15.2 79.6
PEDIC Pe ie ais atc. ners wis ecclesia ee 15.5 16.3 82.3
GenGhee wer a na cse Weenie Heeowacs ceeb cee 14.1 14.8 792.
NBS Vii ered natal sacs ioe Snes Sen creche tian ees 14.8 15.6 83.8
Wi leNOIIGLON 0) eal PSE eee te eae Rey ar A 2 at land NGL) $2.5
VETO Gata tesa cere tare atelectasis Groh cts te N07 16 86.5
Onerd newts = eek eee oe ene eee ise e 15.4 16.2 83.5
ONTO MASE Settee ans wine ae ae oc oe 15-5 16.3 82.3
Onlenn eesea st eee ee tA ee 14.6 15.4 84.2
OS WeCOe earns coascivane an gasmedac sues cess 14.3 15.1 87.3
OUSCEER0) GEOG GE a hase SoBe eee ne meee | 16.3 17.2 86.9
Sup aiWiON Cer asiecaes leche ee cuss sae 16.1 17 84.2
Way OI Dei sere way na wee Sei ete eneiseereeas 14.7 15.5 31.6

|
|
|

A few results are not inserted in the foregoing table, because
the beets were considerably dried when received and the results
were unduly high and misleading.

From these data it would appear that in making estimates,
farmers would be wisely conservative in basing their calculations
upon beets containing an average not exceeding 15 per cent of
sugar. Disappointment will await most of those who, never hav-
ing grown sugar beets, expect profits from the industry based
upon figures that are much above the average actually obtained.
It must also be kept in mind that the season of 1897 in New York
was most favorable for beet growing and the results secured
probably represent conditions better than average.

The average percentage of sugar in beets, as reported in other
states, is as follows:

a

———————OO

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 193

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUGAR IN BEETS GROWN IN DIFFERENT STATES.

SuGaAR.

STATES. = = ; -

In beets. In juice.

Per cent. Per cent.
California, average for five years. .......- 14.2 14.9
Utah, average for five years.............. 12.2 12.8
Nebraska, average for five years..---.---- 12.8 13.5
(QELS aet BOnP eR eee eet nae eer nore 14.2 14.9
Washing bonlscess-- 0-2 ss oeaecaas coos 14. | 14.7
NBO OUAIM aise cori sete eae eee ooo ae 11.8 12.4

CONDITIONS INFLUENCING AMOUNT OF SUGAR IN
BEETS.

Numerous conditions exercise a marked influence upon the
development of sugar in beets. Among the most important, we
may mention the following:

1. Climate.

. Variety of Beet.

. Quality of seed.
Plant-food.

Soil.

Methods of cultivation.
Size.

OAD TP w bo

. Time of planting and harvesting.

1. CLIMATE.

Temperature.—A ccording to extended experience, it has been
shown that the highest amount of beet sugar is commonly
obtained in places whose mean summer temperature is about
(6 ae

Rainfall.—The amount of rainfall most favorable to the devel-
opment of sugar in beets is from two to four inches a month dur-
ing the summer. Midsummer drought works injury to the de-
velopment of sugar beets. Rains after the crop has matured and
before it is harvested may start a new growth of the beets, by
which the percentage of sugar is materially lowered,

13

194 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Sunshine—An abundance of sunshine also is essential to the
largest development of sugar in beets.

Most of the tillable portions of New York practically fulfil the
climatic conditions required for a satisfactory development of
sugar in beets.

2. VARIETY OF BEET.

The wmount of sugar present in a beet varies, to some extent,
with the variety of beet grown. Taking standard varieties, we
find greater differences in the sugar content of the same variety
grown under different conditions than we do of different varieties
grown under uniform conditions. The varieties most commonly
grown the past year in this State have been Vilmorin Improved
and Klein Wanzlebener. Several other varieties have been
grown at this Station. We give below a tabulated statement
showing the per cent of sugar contained in different varieties of
beets grown during the season of 1897.

SUGAR IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF BEET.

Average

amount of
sugar in beef.

VARIETY. Per cent.
Semen ZLOWEM Cr ie cecoa stares tencyore Science creme eee ct slic fav'sl saya ors romemedente 15.3
NaMOMiM TIMNPROV EG 25, cc careeis. cue, cosss eye 4 oie stone elelel helene baa scalion shoe seats 15.3
Klein Wanzlebener (grown at Genevya)...............2..22.0-. Let
Wailmorine improved (2row 1 ait Gem vid) erect. telste eren=/-yielei oyelleveeliellotele 15.5
WSIMESIMA Va (STO MW at Gem CVA) hare ide shel esele iclonele\le leu sre reuse) «)/e/s) esters ehelle 12.2
ValmMOrine Mite Coro will at GeMevia)) cis cucrebscistetctereisno cis Releusionetenllceenne 14.5
Vilmorin’s La Plus Riche (grown at Geneva)......0..-----0--- 16.6

3. QUALITY OF SEED.

The importance of using only highly bred seed cannot be over-
estimated. In Europe the production of sugar-beet seed has
become a separate branch of industry. Carefully selected and
tested beets containing from 16 to 18 per cent of sugar and of
high purity are used for this purpose.

4, Puant Foop.

Kinds and amounts.—It is safe to assume that sugar beets can-
not be successfully grown on many farms in this state for any
considerable length of time without the application of plant-food.

+» pee

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 195

Analyses of sugar-beet roots show quite a wide range of variation
in respect to fertilizing constituents, as may be roughly indicated
in the subjoined table:

FERTILIZER CONSTITUENTS IN SUGAR BEETS.

|
| POUNDS IN 2,000 Pounps oF SUGAR BEETS.

CONSTITUENTS.

Variation. Average.

Pounds. Pounds.
INWMOE 55 S50 Sp COCO NCEE BO CRO rae ces pare | SubOuD 4
NOS PNOLICEAG Cater eeeeeatane == siete sais 1 to 3 2
OURS Dee eegele lamin si oc eee nclo opecio me 6 to 8 7
WIM Oeeemecn sees cosas st ae domlccs cscs caer 1 to 14 1}
MINED SescHt eo coonse ees Sopcos GaScleead| 1 to 14 1}

In basing upon the preceding average the composition of a
fertilizer to be used in growing sugar beets, one may plan to use
approximately the amount of nitrogen indicated, considerably
more phosphoric acid than the analysis gives and a little more
potash than is shown by analysis. As a rule, most of our soils
contain enough lime and magnesia. As a general guide, we can
suggest for use in fertilizing sugar-beet crops a mixture con-

taining

AMTTRE Stale SoA ES Gs UO asi RCE RENEE TO no ICE cee ne a ne oe 4 per cent.
EMU MOL Cm MOS MILO EL CwenClC ven cesar scree oe tae eis he cle ine ake he ee 6 per cent.
|POUEISIN cei enidiath ht Bigs Piola ea ae Reh oee eC RFISR IIL Hea Cea ee ret re ares, 9 per cent.

One hundred pounds of a fertilizer having this composition
would supply plant-food needed for the growth of one ton of
marketable beet roots. It is probable that in most cases the
application of 1,000 pounds of such a fertilizer on each acre of
land would satisfactorily maintain fertility, assuming that the
soil was supplied with some available plant-food at the start.
With large yields of beets, more than 1,000 pounds of such fertil-
izer might be required ultimately.

The foregoing estimates are based upon the supposition that all
portions of the crop are returned to the soil, except the roots
sold to the sugar factory. If the leaves and crowns are not left
for the soil, the amount of fertilizer to be applied will need to be
increased considerably, since these parts are much richer in
plant-food materials than the marketable roots.

196 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Available sources of plant-food.—Stable-manure, well rotted, has
been extensively used with good results. It should be used with
caution, however, as will be indicated later. It must be re-
membered also that the exclusive and continuous use of rich
stable-manure may ultimately result in a one-sided nitrogenous
fertilization and a gradual exhaustion of phosphoric acid and
potash from the soil. Nitrogen can be supplied by stable-manure,
nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, fish-scrap, cottonseed meal,
bone meal, or slaughter-house refuse, such as dried blood and
tankage. Phosphoric acid can be furnished in the form of acid
phosphate, bone meal, dissolved bone, etc. Potash can be sup-
plied in any of the forms common in commerce and also by means
of the molasses residue of beet-sugar factories. When lime is
known to be needed, it can be supplied in the form of quicklime,
land-plaster, ground shells, etc. Magnesia, when needed, can be
furnished by the press-cake of sugar factories or in the form of
German double sulphate of potash and magnesia.

Mixtures of plant-food—The following mixtures of high-grade
materials are offered as suggestions or illustrations of what could
be used, the amounts given being for one acre of land:

MIXTURE No. 1. MIXTURE No, 2.
Nitrate of soda........ 60 pounds. Bone meal............. 500 pounds.
Dried bloods... ..2.- «- 200 pounds. Sulphate of ammonia. .100 pounds.
HVISHESCEAD ys) stelle els) = 150 pounds. Sulphate or muriate of
Acid phosphate........ 400 pounds. DOUASIR 4s -ctctecrtrtt 180 pounds.
Sulphate or muriate of Acid phosphate........ 100 pounds.
potash... ...- 0-6... 180 pounds.

MIXTURE NO. 8.

Stable manure, well-rotted, 8,000 pounds or more applied to the crop
preceding the beets, supplemented by bone meal, 500 pounds (or acid
phosphate, 300 pounds), and sulphate or muriate of potash, 180 pounds.

The phosphoric acid and potash can be applied to the soil at
the time of putting in the beet crop.

The cost of these mixtures will probably average from $10
to $15 for 1,000 pounds. In purchasing plant-food materials
farmers must be governed by the market conditions prevailing
at the time of purchase and by other economical considerations,

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 197

Special Suggestions—(1) Time of application. Stable-manure
and other similar materials are best applied to the crop preceding
the beet crop. Readily available forms of plant-food can be
applied to the soil when the crop is put in or just before.

(2) Precautions. Excessive application of stable-manure or
other nitrogenous materials should be avoided, in order to secure
beets of good quality. Well-rotted is preferable to fresh stable-
manure.

(3) Rotation. Beets will, as a rule, give best results in respect
to sugar, when grown in rotation with other crops. It is
wise not to grow more than two crops in succession on the same
soil. A plan of rotation suggested by Dr. Wiley is wheat, beets
and clover, one crop of which is cut for hay and the second crop
turned under, this to be followed by potatoes, wheat and beets.
Beets do best after some cereal.

5. Soi.
As a rule, good sugar beets can be grown on any soil which
will produce a satisfactory crop of wheat, corn or potatoes.
Fairly level soil, well drained, is essential for best results.

6. Meru 9S OF CULTIVATION.

Of the conditions under the farmer’s control, requisite to ‘suc
cess in growing sugar beets of high quality, there is none of
greater importance than the methods employed in preparing and
cultivating the soil. Plowing should be done in the late autumn
to the depth of not less than 9 inches. A subsoiler should follow
the plow, loosening the soil 6 or 7 inches deeper, thus giving a
total depth of 15 inches or more. In the spring only the surface
needs preparation, and this should be put in very fine tilth imme-
diately before planting. The thinning should be done promptly
when four leaves show.

During 6 to 8 weeks of the growing season, the soil should
be cultivated once a week at least and in dry seasons more fre-
quently. There is probably none of our common crops which is
more exacting than the sugar beet in its demands for careful,
prompt and regular attention, if satisfactory results are to be

realized.

19s Revor? oF THE Craps’ oF THE

. Stae or Berwrs,
; SS shss ae
Large beets are inferior for sugar production, The sie yield-

gar Weighs from one to two pounds, though faetories

~

ing most sug
do not usually reject beets weighing as much as three pounds.
The beets which have come under our observation have varied in
Weight from seven ounces to three pounds and twelve ounces, the
average being a fraction of an ounce over one pound,

S. Tanne oF PLANTING AND HARVESTING,

The main consideration to be kept in mind in this State in
respect to time of planting sugar beets, is te allow sufticient time
for complete maturing. Taking our seasons as they average, the
planting can usually be done in May, In planting later than June
1, much risk is incurred in reference to the proper ripening of the
crop.

Before harvesting, the beets should ripen completely, since im-
mature beets contain less sugar than the ripe ones, At maturity
the leaves turn yellowish green and the outer ones bend down
about the beet. It requires about 150 days for a crop to develop
its highest sugar content, varying, of course, with the character
of the season. Harvesting must take place before the second

growth commences, since this decreases the amount of sugar,

LW. PURITY OF SOLIDS IN JUICE.
While the percentage of sugar contained in a beet is highly
important, it is not the only factor that determines the quality of
the beet. The purity of the solids in the sugar-beet juice must be
considered also. Beet juice contains besides sugar other sub-
stances in solution. ‘To illustrate, the juice of a certain sample of
sugar beets contains 12.8 per cent of sugar and 182 per cent of
total solids, including sugar and other materials. This leaves 5.4
per cent of solids not sugar, Having the per cent of sugar and
the per cent of total solids, how do we state the purity of the juice?
We divide the per cent of sugar (12.8) by the per cent of total
solids (18.2) and the product, expressed in parts per hundred, is
TO; and this we call the * Coefficient of Purity.” which may be

7

New Youk Acricutruba, Exveuimexr Srarion. 199

defined as the proportion or percentage which the sugar consti-
tutes of the total solids in the juice. Thus, in the Ulustration
given, of 100 parts of total solids in juice, the sugar forms 70
parts. ,

Why is the coefficient of purity regarded as an important ele
ment in determining the quality of sugar beets? Wecause the
portion which is not sugar prevents complete crystallization and
recovery of the sugar in the process of manufacture. Experience
has shown that for cach pound of non-sugar solids, one pound of
sugar is not recovered from the juice. In the illustration used
above, we have in 100 pounds of juice 12.5 pounds of sugar and
5.4 pounds of non-sugar solids. Then, in this case, we should
expect to recover only 7.4 pounds of sugar from the 12.4 pounds
present in the juice.

To give another illustration, 100 pounds of juice contains 174
pounds of sugar and 19.4 pounds of total solids. The coefficient
of purity is $7.5 and the amount of non-sugar solids is 2.5 pounds.
From 100 pounds of such juice, 14.4 pounds of sugar could be re-
covered,

As a rule, sugar is recovered to the extent of 70 pounds for 100
pounds of sugar in the beet root.

From the preceding statements, the importance of the purity
of beet juice can be appreciated as an clement in determining the
practical value of sugar beets for sugar production.

The tabulated statement on page 191 shows the results obtained
by us in our season’s work.

CONDITIONS IN¥LUENCING CoEerricient or Puriry.

Most of the conditions which affect the percentage of sugar
contained in bects also influence the coefficient of purity. Among
conditions specially to be mentioned are the following:

1. Maturity.

2. Fertilizers.

3. Size.

4. Portion of root.

200 Revort oF THE CHEMIST OF THE

1. ‘MATURITY.

Unripe beets contain a large proportion of non-sugar solids
and hence a lower coefficient of purity than ripe beets. Such
beets have, therefore, a smaller proportion of sugar that can be
recovered.

2. FERTILIZERS.

The excessive application of stable-manure or other nitro-
genous fertilizers lowers the coefficient of purity. Soils contain-
ing a large amount of organic matter, like drained swamp lands,
and recently cleared forest lands, produce beets having a low co-
efficient of purity.

3. SIZE.

The size of beets is often closely associated with the amount of
nitrogenous plant-food employed. Excessive use of such manures
tends to produce a rapid, rank growth of beets, large in size but
poor in quality, especially in respect to coefficient of purity. Too
great distance between roots in soil also tends to promote growth
in size at the expense of quality.

4. Portion or Root.

The neck or crown of the beet root contains large amounts of
non-sugar solids. The entire portion of the beet growing above
ground is rich in those solids producing low coefficient of purity.
It is, therefore, important to have the root grow above ground as
little as possible.

Ill. YIELD OF BEETS.

A very important element to be considered by the farmer who
plans to raise sugar beets is the yield. However high in quality
sugar beets may be, it is necessary to secure a good yield of roots
in order to realize satisfactory money returns. Reliable data
appear to indicate that we may regard 20 tons of marketable
sugar beets of high quality as the largest yield an acre that can
be realized in commercial operations. Yields are often reported
exceeding 25 and 30 tons an acre, but such returns are open to
suspicion, so far as they represent commercial conditions. Mis-
leading yields are often obtained by weighing and counting the

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 201

beets covering a definite small area and basing the estimate for
an acre on the data so obtained. Another method employed in
figuring out large yields is to obtain the average weight of a few
beets and then assume that an acre contains forty thousand beets,
each having the same weight as the average obtained. Moreover,
reports of yields are often based on results secured in growing a
fraction of an acre of beets under conditions which are more
favorable than those met in working with several acres.

To obtain the fairest idea of yield under commercial conditions,
we can do no better than to study the results furnished by actual
operations where sugar beets have been successfully grown for a
period of years on a commercial scale. Below we present results
reported by the sugar-beet factory at Lehi, near Salt Lake City,
Utah, and by the Chino Valley Beet Sugar Company, in Southern
California, and also some data derived from German sources.

YIELD OF MARKETABLE BEETS GROWN ON ONE AGRE.

REPORTS GIVEN BY | 1891. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. 1895. Average.
~ Tons. Tons. Tons Tons. Tons. Tons.
Factory at Lehi, Utah. -.-.-. li aGeGr one 9.7 11.47 11.54 9.16
Chino Factory, Southern |
Californian. 2.5 Joo. ok. T2264 5 EF 9.16 11.03 9.33
German factories.......--- 12.8 IE 2 11.0 130 12.4 1) al

There is no reason to believe that the average New York farmer
will secure results largely in excess of those reported above. If
an average yield of 10 tons an acre can be secured at the start,
our farmers will realize larger returns than did those of California
and Utah during the first years of their experience. The table
above is encouraging in that it shows steady progress on the part
of the farmers in securing larger yields. The commercial experi-
ence of others should impress our farmers that they are not to
expect exceptionally large returns the first year, for this is likely,
in the very nature of the case, to prove the poorest in yield; but
acquired experience should bring with each year an increased
yield. During the past season we secured a yield of 15.1 tons of

marketable beet roots an acre on the Station farm.

202 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE

Those factors which influence the quality of the sugar beet
also affect the yield more or less, among which are the variety of
beet grown, quality of seed, distance between plants, soil, culti-
vation, season, ete.

In this connection may be considered the amount of pure sugar
produced an acre. Using the same sources of information as
those given above, we have the following table:

YIELD OF PuRE SuaaR FRoM SuGAR BEETS GROWN ON ONE ACRE. ~ ”

REPORTS GIVEN BY 1891. 1892, 1893. 1894. 1895. Average.

Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds Pounds.

Factory at Lehi, Utah. -... 1,162 | 1,227 Waals) Passio |) Oh tes) OM
Chino Factory, Southern|

Walifonniayese osc. scl | 1,510; 1,680; 2,621 | 2,198; 2,670 2,136
German factories..-...----- Eee. |(s osesee 3,276 | 3,149 | 3,514 | 3,313

It is a matter of much interest to note that the yield of sugar
an acre increased quite rapidly from year to year in the Utah and
‘alifornia factories. This was due not only to an increase in
yield of beets, but to an increase in the per cent of sugar and co-
efficient of purity.

Taking the averages obtained by our analyses and assuming the
average yield of marketable beet roots to be 10 tons an acre, we
estimate that, under these conditions, there would be a yield of
about 2,400 pounds of commercial sugar.

IV. COST OF RAISING AND TRANSPORTING. CROP.

Numerous factors enter into the cost of raising sugar beets and
these will vary in different places. Among such factors may be
mentioned the value of land, the cost of labor and the extent
to which hand labor and machine labor are employed. Some of
the details of this subject are discussed hereinafter, when data
are given derived from actual experience in raising beets on the
Station farm. It may be regarded as a conservative estimate to
place the price at which beets can be grown in New York under
favorable conditions between the limits of $40 and $50 an acre.

The cost of transporting the crop from the farm to the factory.

“= S -

New. YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203

must also be considered. The accessibility of a factory is a pri-
mary condition which will by itself determine the practicability of
raising sugar beets. The cost of transportation is an item which
must be calculated by each farmer for the conditions existing in
his particular case.

V. MARKET PRICE AND PROFITS.

Provided a factory is accessible, there is a good degree of cer-
tainty that for years to come there will be a sure market for all
the beets raised. It cannot be foreseen definitely what unex-
pected conditions may arise to affect seriously the price to be paid
for beets, but good beets ought to bring the farmer not less than
$4 a ton and from this up to $5. In general, a profit from $5 to
$10 an acre above all expenses may be regarded as a fair return
from the crop.

VI. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
a ear
The sugar-beet crop is to be regarded as an additional one, to

which a farmer, properly located, may give a portion of his time.
It is not intended to take the place of other crops which one
knows can be successfully grown. In commencing, farmers will
be wise to limit their crop to one or two acres and increase it
only as they see their way clear to do so.

The educational value to be derived from growing sugar beets
properly can hardly be overestimated. The exacting demands of
its successful culture require the best kind of farming. It is rea-
sonable to assume that a farmer who grows sugar beets well will
be likely to grow his other crops better than he did before raising
beets.

In addition, it is to be remembered that the soil on which a
crop of sugar beets has been grown is left in better mechanical
condition than by other crops and that it is in better condition for
growing other crops.

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REPORT

OF THE

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

S. A. BEACH, M. 8., Horricutrvrist.
WENDELL PADDOCK, B. §., First Assistant.
C. P. CLOSE, B. S., AssisTanr.

TasBLeE oF ConrteENTs.

(I) Treatment of leaf spot in plum and cherry orchards in
1896.
(II) Spray pumps and spraying.
(III) Anthracnose of the black raspberry.
(IV) Forcing tomatoes; comparison of methods of training and
benching.
(V) Note on a tomato disease.
(VI) Strawberries in 1897.
(VII) Variety tests with raspberries, blackberries and dew-
berries.
(VIII) Results with oat smut in 1897.
(IX) Spraying in 1897 to prevent gooseberry mildew.
(X) Wood ashes and apple scab.

REPORT OF THE DORTICULTURIST.

S. A. BEACH.

I. TREATMENT OF LEAF SPOT IN PLUM AND
CHERRY ORCHARDS IN 1896.*

SUMMARY.

The following report of the work in treating the leaf spot
disease of plum and cherry in 1896 is intended as a sequel to
Bulletin 98 which contains an account of the work in 1895.

WoRK WITH PLUMS.

The questions investigated in 1896 were:

(1) Can the disease be controlled with two treatments of
Bordeaux mixture 1 to 11?

(2) If but two or three treatments are to be made when should
they be given?

In the case of Italian Prune, on which variety the disease was
most prevalent, the best results came from three treatments made
May 25, June 17 and July 14.

The experiments indicate that if but two or three treatments
are made the first should be given during the last week of May, or
about ten days after the blossoms: fall, and the second about
three weeks later.

In seasons when the disease is no worse than it was in 1896
it may be practically controlled by two sprayings.

These experiments show an average increase in the yield of
sprayed Italian Prunes of 24} lbs. per tree at a cost of less than
one cent per pound.

WorK WITH CHERRIES.

On orchard trees of Montmorency sprayed with Bordeaux mix-
ture May 14, May 29 and June 15, 1895, only a slight amount of

*Reprint of Bulletin No, 117.

208 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

rot was found, while on adjacent trees of the same variety which
were not sprayed, from one-twentieth to one-fifth of the fruit
rotted.

On orchard trees of Montmorency sprayed June 15, 1895, with
eau celeste soap mixture, only a slight amount of rot was found,
while on adjacent unsprayed trees from one-twentieth to one-
fifth of the fruit rotted.

From the middle of June, 1895, till the close of the season the
unsprayed trees had much more and better foliage than did the
trees which had been sprayed.

Generally the injury to the leaves in 1895 was much greater
on the trees which were sprayed with eau celeste than it was on
the trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture but on one group of
Reine Hortense the Bordeaux mixture caused the greater injury.

No injury to the leaves resulted from spraying orchard trees
with Bordeaux mixture in 1896, even when they were drenched
with it.

Bordeaux mixture applied as late as May 25 is liable to show
on the fruit when it is ripe and injure its appearance.

INTRODUCTION.

The leaf spot disease of plum and cherry was less destructive
in New York orchards in 1896 than it has been in some former
years, yet in some instances it did considerable damage to certain
kinds of plums. Instances were also reported in which cherry
trees lost a good deal of foliage by it, but usually they were
troubled but little.

The character and appearance of this disease are explained in
Bulletin 98 which contains an account of the investigations in
treating it which were made by this station in 1895. As there
stated, the objects of the investigations were:

1. To compare Bordeaux mixture with ean celeste soap mix-
ture for preventing the disease on bearing trees.

2. To learn what is the fewest number of treatments by which
the disease may be controlled and the best time for making them.

The results of the experiments with plums will first be con-

sidered.

|
|

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 209

TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE ON BEARING PLUM
TREES.

The investigations in 1895 showed that while the treatment
with the eau celeste checked the disease it injured the foliage.
The treatment with Bordeaux mixture did just as much good, or
even more, in checking the disease, and it did not hurt the foliage.
There was no good chance to compare these two remedies in
August, either in 1895 or 1896, as the trees did not show enough
injury early in August to permit of a satisfactory comparison of
the two remedies. In the latter part of August and in September
and October the good effects of the early spraying which was
done in May and June showed very plainly. It seems probable
that if the early treatments are thoroughly made there will be
little need of spraying in August. Should August treatment be
found necessary eau celeste might be preferable because it is less
liable to show on the ripe fruit, but we are not prepared to say
that it is preferable.

The Bordeaux mixture was so much superior to the eau celeste
in the trials which were made in 1895 that no experiments in
comparing the two mixtures for early treatment were made in
1896.

The investigations as to the fewest number of treatments with
Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11,* necessary to control the leaf spot on
bearing plum trees and the best time for making them, were con-
tinued in 1896 in the same orchard of T. C. Maxwell & Bros.
which was kindly offered to the Station for this purpose in 1895.
The treatment gave marked results, especially with Italian prune,
and to a large extent confirmed the results of the work in 1895.
The weak Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11, again proved entirely satis-
factory and it is confidently recommended for treating plum leaf
spot.

Plan of the work in 1896.—Four series of treatments were

compared, namely:
Series 1. Italian Prune, Guii and Lombard were sprayed May

14, June 3 and June i7. The first treatment, May 14, was given
soon after the blossoms fell.

*The 1 to 11 Cae for Bordeaux mixture requires one pound sulphate of copper to
make eleven gallons of the mixture.

14

210 REporrT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE
at

Series 2. Italian Prune, Guii and Lombard were sprayed May
25 and June 24.

Series 8. Italian Prune and Lombard were sprayed May 25,
June 17 and July 14. Guii was not included in this series for it
ripened its fruit in August and the last application July 14 would
be liable to show on the ripe fruit.

Series 4. Guii sprayed May 25 and June 17.

One hundred and sixty-eight trees were included in these exper-
iments, so it appears that the tests were sufficiently extended to
insure reliable results.

Results—Through the early part of the season the trees,
whether sprayed or not, showed but little of the leaf spot. Later
the disease became more noticeable, especially on the Italian
Prune. With this variety the trees in Series 2 showed a little
more injury than corresponding trees in Series 1 and 3 but were
far superior to the unsprayed trees.

As early as August 12 the ground under many of the unsprayed
Italian Prune was thickly strewn with fallen leaves and in conse-
quence of this loss of foliage the fruit was prematurely ripening
and dropping. At this time the unsprayed Guii trees had lost
some leaves but unsprayed Lombard were in nearly as good con-
dition as the sprayed Lombard.

October 3 a careful estimate of the amount of loss or injury
to foliage was made from which the following summary is de-
rived.

INJURY UPON SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED PLUMS.

AmMowUnrT OF INJURY.
Italian Prune. Lombard. Guii.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
Series 1. Treated May 14, June 3
awn AWN), IUSooess cdeaoe EeEo mas 1to 5; average
about 3. About 10. | About 6.
INO tated bedeeee pcos se ocemasieeeacts 50 to 90. About 10. | About 15.
Series 2. Treated May 25 and
Dime peda eee ine Obi caihicis cease Soe Average about 6. | About, 3. | About 10,
INobpune ateWias sce ceyercrice aceciaaee 50 to 90. About 25. | About 15.
Series 3. Treated May 25, June 17
anal div 7 ek 6 SS She Sa Se seeaoe oeoe Average about 2. | About 5.
NORE abed ase. oo eee sere 50 to ¥0. About 10.
Series 4. Treated May 25 and
MMOL TS Scie betta else ioe wis co oral ee eee cielo tiene ne teers About 3.
INOt treated. che cle wes Sane e eels Be Relies sre nea set |e peereiae About 15.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ag

An examination of this table shows that in the case of Italian
Prunes the best results came from the three treatments given in
Series 3, namely May 25, June 17 and July 14. The experiments
of 1895 showed that when no more than three sprayings are given
during the season it is not best to begin before the trees blossom
but rather make the first spraying after the blossoms fall. The
experiments of 1896 indicate that it is better to put off the first
treatment till the last week of May, or till about ten days after
the blossoms fall.

The attempts to control the disease with two treatments which
were tried in 1895 and 1896 show that when the disease is no
worse than it was in those years it may be practically controlled
by two treatments; but it is hardly safe to recommend this plan
unqualifiedly till it has stood the test of a season when the
attacks of the leaf spot fungus are unsually severe.

In view of the results of the investigations of 1895-6, the follow-
ing line of treatment is confidently recommended, instead of that
which was suggested on page 14 of Bulletin 98.

Course of treatment recommended for plum leaf spot—When but
two treatments are to be made during the season, let the first
be given about ten days after the blossoms fall—that is, usually
about May 25. It should not be made later than June 1. Make
the second treatment about three weeks after the first. Better
results may be expected from three treatments and three treat-
ments are especially recommended in seasons when the disease
is very abundant. Make them as follows:

First. About ten days after the blossoms fall.

Second. About three weeks after the first.

Third. From three to four weeks after the second.

YIELD OF FRUIT INCREASED BY SPRAYING FOR THE
PLUM LEAF SPOT.

Aside from the results bearing directly on the questions under
investigation in 1895 and 1896 the experiments in treating plums
for the leaf spot brought out some very important and definite in-
formation as to the influence of such treatment on the yield of

212 REpoRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

trees which are subject to the attacks of this disease. It has
already been said that the injury from the leaf spot was especially
severe on the Italian Prune, sometimes called Fellenberg, a va-
riety which usually begins to ripen here the first week of Sep-
tember. Of the trees of Italian Prune which were under experi-
ment in 1896 (see page 210), 48 were sprayed and 24 were left
unsprayed. As early as August 12 the ground under many of the
unsprayed trees was thickly strewn with fallen leaves, and con-
sequently the fruit was ripening and dropping prematurely, while
under the sprayed trees very little fallen leaves or fruit was to be
seen. The amount of fallen fruit and leaves was so much greater
under the unsprayed trees that by looking at the ground one could
easily tell which trees had not been sprayed.

Because the treated trees held their foliage much better, their
fruit ripened later and on the whole averaged larger than the fruit
on the unsprayed trees. Remembering that the later fruit, as a
rule, brings better prices, it is at once apparent that the increased
yield in this case does not fully represent the increase in receipts
from sprayed as compared with unsprayed trees. The following
is a statement of the picked fruit, drops and waste from these
trees and the date of picking. The yield is measured both by
nine-pound baskets and by pounds, except for the waste:

YIELD OF PLUMS FROM SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED TREES.

Average
DATE. Grade. Baskets. | Pounds. ee
basket.
48 SPRAYED TREES.
Senuenberal essa. case ene Picked s.ccsscosacie: e 369 | 3,374 9.14
September 24.2225. .c2.0-c- IPI CKE CE a's Ja setee arse 48 436 9.08
Drops: othe ceoeecises ss 17 181 10.65
WiaSten seco ee ca eee LO" easeeeee
24 UNSPRAYED TREES.
ANTCUSt 2D ema ee ee eeee icons Picked.) Ssscen ce oeee 104 897 8.63
Sepuemiber 125 stasis es oe Piclkedsessoes peace cs eee 36 427 11.86
Drops! Gascseneee se eeces 2 84 7.00
WASTO ss cince cess seem ail Serer 290) | see

The amount and character of the average yield per tree is as
follows: ,

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213

AVERAGE YIELD PER TREE.

SPRAYED. Nor SPRAYED.
|
| Baskets. Pounds. | Per cent. Baskets. | Pounds. | Per cent.
IRrokGaenuih a eateccl ox se nee 8.69 | 79.38 93 5.83 Stays b7 78
IDG 0} cS eRe Bator o Seoepee GIs hs SIUC 4 0.50 3.50 5
WV SLOer ae es ac ae cris sili aueiea ae 2.29 | Dy ieee ; 12 .08 iyi
Total marketable ..--| 9.04 | 82.15 97 6.33 | 58.67 | 83

From these records it appears that where the trees were sprayed
the average yield per tree of picked fruit was increased 44 per
cent, the marketable drops increased 8 per cent and the waste
decreased 81 per cent. The total yield of marketable fruit as re-
corded in pounds was 45 per cent greater where the tress were
sprayed than where they were not sprayed. The extra cost of
picking, packing and hauling to market would be, in this case,
13 cents. With the apparatus used by Messrs. Maxwell & Bros.
the cost of spraying would be 8 cents per tree, counting the appli-
cations which were actually made, 7. e., two applications for six-
teen trees and three applications for thirty-two trees. Thus the
extra expense of securing and putting on the market an increased
yield per tree of 24.48 lbs. of fruit was only 21 cents. So it ap-
pears that spraying for leaf spot in this instance secured an av-
erage increase of 243 pounds of marketable fruit per tree at a cost
of less than one cent per pound.

TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE ON BEARING CHERRY
TREES.

The experiments which have been tried by this Station during
the last two years for preventing the leaf spot on bearing cherry
trees have not met with very encouraging results. It was stated
in Bulletin 98 that in 1895 the treatment injured the foliage.
Generally speaking the eau celeste treatment caused more injury
than did the Bordeaux mixture, although there was one exception
to this in which Reine Hortense was more injured by the Bor-
deaux mixture than by the eau celeste.

214 Report or tHE HORTICULTURIST.

The work was continued in 1896 for the purpose of learning
whether heavy applications of Bordeaux mixture were more apt
to harm cherry leaves than light ones, and also for the purpose of
determining the fewest number of treatments necessary to control
the leaf spot on bearing cherry trees and when they should be
made. Mr. C. K. Scoon, Geneva, N. Y., kindly offered the use
of his orchard for this work. One hundred and fifty-five trees
were included in the experiment; part of them English Morello
and part Montmorency Ordinaire. .

But little leaf spot was seen, even on the unsprayed trees, so
that but little difference could be seen between treated and un-
treated trees. In October a few of the latter showed more yellow
and fallen leaves than did sprayed trees which stood near by, but
there Was not enough difference to support any conclusions as to
the merits of the different methods of treatment.

Foliage not hurt by spraying—Contrary to the experience of
1895 no injury to the foliage followed the use of Bordeaux mix-
ture in 1896, even when the leaves were literally drenched with
it. It is difficult to find any theory which offers a satisfactory ex-
planation for the harmful effect of the Bordeaux mixture on the
cherry foliage in 1895. It is the only instance in our experience
in which cherry leaves have been injured by spraying with Bor-
deaux mixture.

Fruit spotted by the spray.—tn 1896 the first treatment was
given May 14, soon after the blossoms fell. The following treat-
ment was made in one instance May 25, in another May 29 and
ina third June 3. In all cases the fruit still showed the spots of
Bordeaux mixture when it ripened, nearly two months later, al-
though considerable rain had fallen in the meantime.

The resulis of these tests do not give conclusive evidence as to
the best way to treat the leaf spot on bearing cherry trees and no
definite line of treatment can as yet be recommended.

ae

Il. SPRAY PUMPS AND SPRAYING.*

WENDELL PADDOCK,

SUMMARY.

We are constantly in receipt of inquiries conce rning spraying
apparatus and methods of Spraying, which show that elementary
instruction on this subject is still needed. The following pages
were prepared to meet this want, and the bulletin is addressed
to those persons who are seeking such information.

Some of the spraying machinery now on the market that has
been tested at this station is illustrated and described and the
addresses of the firms manufacturing it are given. The formulas
of the principal mixtures used in spraying are given and many
necessities and conveniences are mentioned.

Important notice—Do not spray trees or plants when in bloom.
It is in no instance necessary or desirable. By so doing not only
are we liable to injure the delicate parts of the flowers, but what
is more important, to poison the bees and other insects that are
our friends. It would be impossible to grow some of our fruits
commercially without the aid of insects in fertilizing the blos-
soms.

INTRODUCTION.

Since spraying has become one of the operations of culture
with so many farmers and fruit growers, it would seem as if
exp'icit directions were now almost superfluous, Numerous bul-
letins on the subject have been issued by our experiment Stations,
and the pages of agricultural and horticultural Papers are alive
with discussions on the subject. However, that there are Many
localities in the State where the methods of Spraying are not
understood is revealed by the numerous letters of inquiry that
are received at this Station,

——

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 121,

216 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

In order to simplify correspondence, as well as to supply a
still popular demand, it was thought best to issue another bul-
letin on spraying machinery. Accordingly, a circular letter
was sent to some of the leading manufacturers requesting them
to send their pumps to the Station for testing. The majority of
the firms addressed responded to the request and kindly sent
their pumps free of charge.

In testing pumps it is not our purpose to try to decide what
one is best, as some forms are better adapted to certain kinds
of work than others. In the following pages we have tried
to point out the good and bad features as they have appeared
to us in our tests, so that the reader who intends to buy a spray-
ing outfit may have a clear idea of what the pumps are like
before he places his order. The illustrations are for the most
part quite plain, so that extended descriptions need not be given.

Many of the hints on spraying that are given have been printed
a number of times in former bulletins of this Station. However,
we still receive numerous questions concerning these points, so a
repetition of them will not be out of place here.

Selection of a pump.—When selecting a pump one should not
have in view the cheapest one that will do good work. Almost
any of the pumps now on the market will work satisfactorily for
a time, but there are a number of other qualifications that should
be considered. The durability, capacity, ease of working, ease
with which the parts may be gotten at and repaired or replaced,
and the efficiency of the agitator, are among the essentials that
should be thought of.

Work intelligently —We sometimes receive such questions as
the following: “Isn’t it about time for me to spray my orchard ?”’
When the questioner is asked what he intends to spray for, per-
haps the answer will be, “Oh, I don’t know, only I thought it
must be about time to begin.” It is safe to say that such per-
sons will not be able to see much benefit to be derived from
spraying.

Occasionally inquiries are made concerning the use of Bordeaux
mixture for poisoning insects, and the value of Paris green for

New York AGRicULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PA Wy

combating plant diseases. Tt cannot be too strongly empha-
sized that Bordeaux mixture is used only to prevent the spread of
plant diseases, such as apple scab, though it serves as a repellent
against some insects. Paris green is used to poison insects that
chew their food, as do the potato beetle and the canker worm.
Kerosene emulsion is used to kill insects that suck their food, as do
plant lice and scales,

This brings to mind the man who has sprayed and complains
that he can see no benetit resulting from his labor. Such com-
plaints can usually be attributed to one of two causes. Either
the work was not properly done, or else insects and diseases were
not present in sufficient numbers to do any appreciable amount
of injury. This only helps to emphasize the fact that each person
must become acquainted with these pests for himself, for in no
other way can he intelligently combat them. It will not do to
follow printed instructions or Spray calendars too closely, for
Spraying cannot be done by rule, since the conditions are not the
Same from year to year: There are a few pests, such as the
apple scab and codling moth, that are universally distributed,
and we may expect attacks from them each season. It will pay
to spray every season for such pests. We occasionally have
Seasons when the weather conditions are not suitable for the
spread of insects and diseases, but they are the exception. Even
in such seasons the Spray will have some value, as it will tend
to further diminish the spread of the pests, so that they may be
more readily held in check when conditions favorable to their
increase do arise. Therefore we must not conclude that spraying
Will not pay because we do not get flattering results in any one
Season, for the next year may bring conditions when our plants
wil' most need protection.

A very little reading and study will enable any one to become
familiar enough withthe commoninsects and diseases to know them
when he sees them and to learn how to combat them. The first
thing to be done, then, is to find out what we are going to spray
for, and how and when to apply the remedy. Bulletin No. 86 of
this Station gives general directions for combating the principal
fungous and insect pests, and other bulletins have been issued on

218 Reporr or THE HoRTICULTURIST OF THE

special insects and diseases at intervals as they have demanded
attention. A supply of many of these is still on hand and copies
may be had for the asking.

HAND MACHINES.
PUMPS.

The Eclipse—Yhe style of pumps illustrated in Figures 1 and
2 is a comparatively new idea in spray pumps. Though they
have but recently been introduced, a large number of them are
in use, and they seem to be giving satisfaction. The Eclipse,
illustrated in Figure 1, was the first of the two to be put on the
market. This pump is manufactured by Morrill & Morley, Ben-
ton Harbor, Mich., and is listed at $20. The illustration gives a
good idea of the form of the pump. All parts that come in con-
tach with the liquid are made of brass, and, as can be seen, the
pump is placed directly in the barrel. The cylinder is at the bot-
tom, and is made of solid brass, there being no stuffing-box.
The plunger consists of a short cylinder of brass around the cen-
ter of which is fitted a small amount of packing. The arrange-
ment of the parts is such that the piston cannot work clear
through the cylinder, consequently the cylinder wears more at
the center that at either end. In one season’s hard use we find
that the wear becomes so great that sufficient packing cannot be
gotten in to fill up the center of the cylinder. However, a worn-
out cylinder can be quickly replaced at a cost of seventy-five
cents. | e

The agitator, as is shown in the cut, consists of a wide spoon-
shaped blade or paddle, which is fastened at one end by a hinge to
the lower end of the cylinder. <A rod connecting with the pump
handle moves the blade up and down with every stroke. This
device is quite satisfactory.

The air chamber surrounds the discharge pipe, and is of suffi-
cient capacity to insure a steady spray. .

When the cylinder or plunger needs attention the pump must
be taken from the barrel, but this is not a difficult task, since

the pump is removed by unscrewing two bolts that are entirely

IPSE.

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2.—THE POMONA.

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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ey

on the outside of the barrel; this is quite different from the old
way of loosening four or more rusty bolts that can be reached
only through a small hole in the top of the barrel.

The Pomona.—The Pomona pump, illustrated in Figure 2, is
manufactured by the Gould Pump Company, Seneca Falls,
N. Y. It is listed at $20. It is much like the Eclipse in its
construction, but a change has been made for the better in
the plunger and cylinder. Instead of the long cylinder and short
plunger, with packing on the latter, a comparatively short cylin-
der provided with a stuffing-box is used, while a long brass
plunger passes entirely through the cylinder with each stroke of
the handle. With this arrangement one part of the cylinder
cannot wear more than another.

Two styles of agitators are furnished with this pump. One
is worked by the pump handle as shown in the cut. The other
style is illustrated in Figure 3, which expiains itself. Either one
does good work, but the liquid may be more thoroughly stirred
by the latter.

The Caswell—FVigure 4 illustrates the Caswell pump, manu-
factured by the Caswell Pump Company, Sandusky, Ohio. The
list price is $20. These pumps have been thoroughly tested and
have proven to be satisfactory. One of the largest fruit grow-
ing firms in this vicinity has used the Caswell for several years
and is enthusiastic in its praise. All of the parts are made of
brass, and are easy of access when any repairs become necessary.
Either of the two valves may be gotten at by unscrewing a cap.
This feature is quite an improvement over the old way of having
to take the pump out of the barrel and all to pieces before any
of the working parts can be reached. The plunger has an up
and down motion, but the arrangement of the handle is such
that it is similar in motion to that of a horizontal pump. Thus
the weight of the body may be thrown on both the forward and
backward strokes. The pump cannot be put on a barrel, but is
bolted to the wagon frame, or to a frame made for the purpose,
as shown in the cut. The agitator is not as good as could be
desired, and when a larger tank is to be used some other form
must be devised.

220 Report oF THE HoRTICULTURIST OF THE

The Advance.—The Advance pump, illustrated in Figure 5, is
manufactured by the Deming Pump Company, Salem, Ohio. The
list price is $18.

In appearance this pump is much like the ones that were first

placed on the market. The similarity is principally in appear-’

ance, aS many improvements have been made. By detaching the
stuffing-box cap the plunger and the lower valve may be taken
out of the cylinder. Accordingly the pump need not be taken
from the barrel and nearly to pieces when any repairs becomes
necessary. The large air chamber, together with the large
cylinder, insures a steady spray. The agitator consists of two
blades and a plunger that are operated by a connection with the
pump handle, as shown in the cut.

The pump was received so late in the season that it was im-
possible to give it a thorough test. It is certainly well made and
powerful, and no doubt will prove to be a satisfactory outfit.

The Empire Queen.—This pump is manufactured by the Field
Force Pump Company, Lockport, N. Y. The list price is $9.
This is one of the old style pumps that must needs be unbolted
and taken from the barrel and pretty much to pieces when any
repairs become necessary. ‘Therefore, where a large amount of
work is to be done and repairs necessarily become more or less
frequent it is likely that the improved forms will be cheaper in
the end. In smaller orchards the low price might make it more
economical than the more expensive pumps, since the wear would
be much lighter. It does good work while in repair.

The agitator, however, is not as efficient as could be desired,
as it has an easy motion and does not agitate the liquid violently
as is necessary in order to do the best work. :

The Geiger.—This pump is manufactured by the Geiger Pump
Company, Rochester, N. Y., and is listed at $20. It may be
classed among the novelties in spraying machinery, and as such
only severe testing will determine its value. It works on the
principle of the semirotary pumps. All who have tried pumps
of this class know that they are very satisfactory as long as the
parts fit closely. There are no valves to get out of order; no

ee eis

Fic. 5.—THE ADVANCE.

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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. D1

leather or rubber or packing of any form to be replaced; these
points are of great importance. However it has been our ex-
perience that one season’s hard use wears the cylinder so that
it must be replaced.

The agitator of the Gieger is made to revolve by means of
gearing and a crank, and consists of a blade or paddle fastened
to a piece of tubing. The suction pipe is inside the tube and
takes up the liquids through sieves in the blade of the agitator.
As the pump was‘not received early enough in the season for
us to give it a thorough test we are not able to speak positively
as to its merits. |

The Defender—The P. C. Lewis Manufacturing Company,
Catskill, N. Y., manufactures the Defender pump, which sells for
$10. It is made to fasten on the side of a barrel, and is light
and simple in its construction, as may be seen in the illustration.
All parts that come in contract with the liquids are made of
brass; the valves are made of leather but they are easily replaced
when worn out, as the parts may be unscrewed with the hand.
It is unfortunate that the hose couplings are of an unusual size,
as the hose that is supplied with most pumps cannot be used
interchangeably with this.

In spite of its small size the pump is quite powerful but it
taxes its capacity to supply four nozzles. Its convenient form
and light weight will commend it for many kinds of work, while
its low cost brings it within the reach of all.

Bucket pumps.—These pumps are made to fasten on a pail, and
are very useful where a small amount of spraying is to be done.
They are manufactured in great variety and may be obtained
from most dealers at a small cost.

Knapsack sprayers.—These machines are small spraying out-
fits that are designed to carry on the back, hence the name.
There are several patterns manufactured by different firms, which
differ from each other only in minor details. In general they
consist of a copper tank, holding from three to five gallons, that
is held’ in place on the back by straps over the shoulders. A
small force pump is operated by one hand while the nozzle is
directed by the other.

222, REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

In a former bulletin these sprayers were recommended as be-
ing almost indispensable. With greater experience we find that
so much hard, dirty work is involved in their use that we do not
feel like recommending them except in cases where bucket and
barrel pumps tannot be used to advantage.

Knapsacks may be obtained of most dealers in spraying sup-

plies at a price ranging from $10 to $15.

PowpDER GUNS.

Powder guns are used to apply poison and repellents for
insects in the green-house or on small plantations of fruit or
vegetables. The well-known Leggett Powder Gun may be taken
as an example of these guns. It consists of a reservoir and an
inclosed fan operated by a crank, which blows the powder out
through a tube. It is supplied with a number of nozzles and
tubes which are used in the different kinds of work. It is made
principally of tin, and weighs about five pounds.

Some manufacturers assert that these guns are just the thing
for poisoning bugs in large potato fields, using the clear Paris
green. Most fungicides cannot be applied in a dry form, and
since it is often advantageous to use both insecticides and fungi-
cides it would seem to be better economy where a large amount
of work is to be done to invest in a machine that will apply a
remedy for both insects and diseases at the same time.

The Lightning Potato Bug Killer— This little contrivance is
quite convenient for applying poison and repellents for insects
in the green-house or in small plantations of fruit or vegetables.
It consists of a small hand bellows with a funnel-shaped spout.
The material to be applied is poured into the bellows through
the spout, through which it is puffed out in a cloud-like form.
Where small amounts of tobacco dust, pyrethrum, hellebore or
Paris green are to be applied this bellows will be very useful.

These implements may be obtained from dealers in florists’
supplies at a small cost.

MON

PATENTED.

Fic. 9.—-THE LEGGETT POWDER GUN.

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL: EXPERIMENT STATION. 223

POWER SPRAYING MACHINES.

Steam sprayers.— It is likely that in the near future some form
of power spraying machines will be in common use on our large
fruit farms. It is only about two years ago that steam was first
used in spraying, so there has not been sufficient time to fully
develop this form of spraying machinery. However, several firms
are now manufacturing steam spraying outfits, and it is probable
that great improvements will soon be made.

The Rochester Machine Tool Works, Rochester, N. Y., manu-
facture the power spraying machine illustrated in Figure 10.
The outfit consists of a one-horse-power engine and boiler, a
small steam pump and a spray tank. The entire outfit weighs
about six hundred pounds, and may be loaded on an ordinary
wagon.

The boiler burns kerosene, and will consume about three and
one-half gallons in ten hours if run at full capacity. The pump
is powerful, but since no air chamber is provided the spray is
not as steady as could be desired.

The manufacturers appreciate the necessity of agitating the
spraying mixture, and the engine is furnished for the purpose
alone. It is to be hoped that some cheaper method of agitating
may be devised. The manner of attaching the suction pipe to the
bottom of the tank should be changed. No matter how perfect
the agitation may be the particles of the mixture will settle in a
pipe attached in this manner. Aside from the annoyance of clog-
ging the nozzles, it not infrequently happens that the suction
pipe becomes entirely stopped up. This cannot happen if the
pipe enters the barrel’from the top.

The list price of this outfit complete is $250.

Horse-power sprayers.— In spraying large areas of potatoes or
truck crops where the machine may be kept in continuous mo-
tion, horse-power sprayers may be used to advantage. These
machines may be divided into two classes, those that are pro-
vided with a pump, and those that discharge the liquid by force
of gravity; of the two styles the former is much to be preferred,

224 Revorr’ OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

since the liquid is forced through fine nozzles, and is, conse-
quently, more intelligently applied. From four to six rows may
be sprayed at a time, and where the machine is provided with a
pump the nozzles can usually be adjusted so that they make
satisfactory sprayers for vineyards that are located on level
ground. Where the vineyard is planted on uneven or hilly land
it is much more satisfactory to direct the nozzle by hand, even
though a power machine is used.

Before buying, the purchaser should investigate the object
thoroughly, so as to get a machine that is suited to his particular
wants. The addresses of a few of the firms who are manufac-
turing horse-power sprayers are given below:

The Caswell Pump Company, Sandusky, O.; Thomas Peppler,
Heightstown, N. J.; the Field Force Pump Company, Lockport,
N. Y.; The Riverhead Agricultural Works, Riverhead, N. Y.

The machines manufactured by these firms, except the one last
mentioned, were illustrated and described in Bulletin No. 74 of
this Station. Copies of the bulletin may still be had upon appli-
cation.

The mycologist of this Station, who is located on Long Island,
sends the following description of the Hudson Sprayer, manufac-
tured by the Riverhead Agricultural Works:

“The Hudson Spraying Machine is designed specially for ap-
plying Bordeaux mixture to potatoes, for which work it is well
adapted. It sprays four rows at each passage. The parts are so
arranged that each row receives the spray from two nozzles,
which can readily be adjusted to suit the size of the plants. The
machine is balanced, rider on or off, barrel full or empty. The
capacity of the barrel is 45 gallons, and the liquid is drawn from
the bottom. Thorough agitation of the liquid is effected by
means of two diagonal paddles. The pipe carrying the nozzles is
placed in front of the wheels, thus making it possible for the
barrel to be filled by a man standing on the ground. The pump
is a rotary one and supplied with a small air chamber. The
‘shut off’ and ‘out gear’ movements are made by one handle.
With slight alterations the machine can be adapted to orchard

a WMT. ess
ee

HUDSON SPRAYER.

11.—THE

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FIG.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 225

spraying. We have tested this machine through the whole of one
season on seven acres of potatoes at Jamesport, L. I., and have
found it quite satisfactory. It is manufactured by the Riverhead
Agricultural Works, Riverhead, N. Y. Price, $75.”

HOME MADE CONVENIENCES.

Spraying is hard, dirty work at best, and any machinery or
method that will facilitate the work is eagerly sought. Many
ideas for improvement that are adapted to the needs of different
conditions will suggest themselves as the work progresses.

If in a large orchard a tank larger than a kerosene barrel is
wanted it should be made of a round form so there will be no
corners for the mixtures to settle in.

Where very tall trees are to be sprayed it may be advantageous
to build a platform on the rear of the wagon for a man to stand
on who is to spray the tops of the trees. The height of the plat-
form will depend on the height of the trees to be sprayed. Fig.
12 shows such an outfit that was made here at the Experiment
Station to be used in our orchards.

We have seen a very serviceable home made outfit for spraying
potatoes. It consisted of a barrel pump mounted in a light one-
horse wagon and by means of a hose and a few feet of gas pipe
a simple arrangement was made to fasten to the rear of the
wagon that extended out over four rows. By attaching nozzles
at proper intervals to the pipe the four rows were sprayed as the
wagon moved over them. With a boy to drive and a man to
pump, a large amount of territory may be gotten over in a day
with such an oufit. The same pump will of course serve to spray
trees as well. By the exercise of ingenuity the necessity of buy-
ing expensive apparatus may often times be avoided and the
home-made tools may be even more serviceable as they are made
to suit the conditions that exist on our own farms.

SUNDRY NOTES.

Nozzles.—In order to do the best work a nozzle should throw

a fine mist-like spray that will float in the air and slowly settle.

With such a spray nearly all of the leaf surface may be thinly
15

226 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

coated with the minute particles and yet be almost unnoticed by
the casual observer.

The best work cannot be done with a nozzle that throws a
coarse spray, or by drenching the trees till the particles collect
in drops on the leaves and branches and fall to the ground.

‘Each season brings its array of new and modified forms of
nozzles, but for our work we have yet to find any nozzle that
is as satisfactory as the Vermorel, providing that it is of the
right pattern. Various forms are on the market, but those that
have no joint between the nozzle chamber and elbow, are a
source of annoyance, as the best of them sometimes become
clogged in the elbow, and where there is no joint it is next to
impossible to reach the obstruction. Vermorels that are not
open to objection are illustrated in Figures 13 and 14.

The Vermorel produces a very fine mist-like spray, which it
can throw but a very few feet beyond its orifice. Therefore
where very tall trees are to be sprayed it may be necessary to
use a nozzle that will throw a spray to a greater distance. The
McGowen nozzle is quite satisfactory for such work. In any ease
it will be seen that where trees are to be sprayed the Vermorel
nezzle must be lifted up among the branches. The bamboo ex-
tension was devised for this purpose.

Double discharge nozzles — For most spraying it is most advan-
tageous to use more than one nozzle on a single line of hose, as
the work can be done much quicker than when only one nozzle
is used. Various forms of connections are manufactured for this
purpose. ‘Triple connections are also used where it is desired to
use three nozzles an the same hose.

Bamboo extension.—This consists of a three-eighths inch brass
tube inside of a bamboo pole. At the lower end of the tube is
a stop-cock and hose connection, while the nozzle is attached to
the upper end. ‘Several other methods of elevating the nozzle
are used, such as the use of small iron or galvanized pipe, but this
form is mentioned in particular for the reason that it is light
and convenient to handle. Extensions may be made of any con-
venient length.

|

FIG.

E.G

13.—VERMOREL NOZZLE.

14.—DOUBLE

I

VERMOREL.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227

Bordeaux mixture——There are several different formulas for
making Bordeaux mixture, any one of which will no doubt give
excellent results if the directions are closely followed. The for-
mula given below has been used at this Station for the past five
years, and it is also generally used by the fruit growers of this
Vicinity. In no case has it proven unreliable, so we do not hesi-
tate to recommend it as being one of the best and certainly the
quickest method by which Bordeaux mixture can be made. Much
has been written of late for and against the practice of using
the potassium ferrocyanide test for determining the amount of
lime to be used, and many nice points have been brought forth
as to just how this test should be applied. We still adhere to
the common method of applying it, as we have always found it

reliable:

HORTUL —— GS OPDEL eS ULM AUCs erect cre easter ciate c ciel scerensrenstetalerercbave ereteue fe 4 lbs
NGLITL GER erases ettaton ereviel ctoloezane oe /ereacish cher ere (ottieie) scieve selstovanare ea eteaLe 3 lbs,
AWE @ Te rays ass = cosh teh ore tie a topaitere) aa lefel c falohie ec tens rovelasarstioreiotsss foie ceerone 45 gals.

Dissolve the copper sulphate in hot water or by suspending
in a coarse cloth or bag in a considerable amount of cold water,
so that the sulphate is just covered. It will not all dissolve if
placed in the bottom of a vessel of cold water. When dissolved
dilute the solution to two-thirds of the required amount. Next
slake the lime and add it to the solution in the form of a thin
whitewash—the thinner the better. Strain it if necessary to
keep out particles that would clog the nozzle. The mixture
should be thoroughly stirred while the lime is being added. It
is essential that the copper solution should be quite dilute before
the lime is added, otherwise a heavy precipitate is formed.

Weighing the lime.—It is easy to see that the weighing and
slaking of the required amount of lime each time a barrel full
of the mixture is to be made will require a considerable amount
of time in the course of a day, which at this busy season is quite
an item. By using the color test the necessity of weighing the
lime is done away with and enough lime may be slaked at one
time to last through the season. A convenient way to keep the
lime is to slake it in a barrel that is partially sunk in the cround,

228 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

as is shown in Figure 15. When treated in this manner it will
keep indefinitely in the form of paste if the surface is kept
covered with a small amount of water. It will be economy to
buy a good quantity of fresh lime. Air slaked lime is worth-
less.

Potassium ferrocyanide test.—Fill the spray tank two-thirds full
with the copper sulphate solution, then pour in the milk of lime.
Stir the mixture thoroughly and add a drop of the potassium
ferrocyanide. If enough lime has been added the drop will not
change color when it strikes the mixture, otherwise it will im-
mediately change to a dark reddish brown color. More lime
must then be added until the ferrocyanide does not produce the
reddish brown color. Even after the test shows no color more
lime should be added so as to be sure that all of the copper will
be precipitated, for in case the mixture has not been thoroughly
stirred some of the copper may still remain in solution in the
bottom of the barrel while the test shows no color at the sur-
face.

An excess of lime will do no harm, while the free copper solu-
tion will injure the foliage.

The potassium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of potash, is
a poisonous yellow salt which readily dissolves in water. <A few
cents worth dissolved in about ten times its volume of water will
last through the season.

Stock solution of copper sulphate-—Where a good deal of spray-
ing is to be done it will be found advantageous to make up a
stock solution of copper sulphate. This may be made by dis-
solving any number of pounds of the sulphate in one-half as
many gallons of water. A gallon of the solution will contain
two pounds of the sulphate, therefore two gallons will contain
the required amount for a barrel of Bordeaux mixture. Suspend
the sulphate in the top of the water, otherwise it will not all
dissolve if the water is cold. The stock solution must be kept
well covered in order to prevent evaporation.

Saturated solution of copper sulphate—An up-to-date orchardist
recently suggested that a saturated solution of copper sulphate

Fic. 15.—METHOD OF KEEPING LIME PASTE.

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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229

would be more convenient than the ordinary stock solution as
there would be no necessity of weighing the copper sulphate or
of measuring the water. This gentleman has followed this plan
for two seasons with good results. However this method can
only be commended to careful men who will take pains to see
that the solution is always a saturated one. <A large vessel of
cold water is provided in which is suspended a large amount of
copper sulphate, more than the water can possibly take up. This
should be prepared at least a day before the solution is wanted
for use in order that the sulphate may have time to dissolve.
As the solution is taken out more water should be added to the
vessel from time to time and copper sulphate should be con-
stantly kept in suspension. By exercising a due amount of care
a fairly even solution may be maintained. One gallon of water
at ordinary temperature, 59° F., will dissolve 49 cunces of copper
sulphate. Therefore one and one-third gallons of such a solu-
tion will contain the required four pounds of copper sulphate
for a barrel of Bordeaux mixture.

Bordeaux mixture should be used soon after it is made, or
at least on the same day that it is made, as it soon begins to
deteriorate in value.

Kerosene emulsion—Kerosene emulsion is made by dissolving
one-half pound of common soap or whale oil soap in one gallon
of soft water. Heat the mixture, and when boiling hot remove
it from near the fire and add it to two gallons of kerosene. The
whole is now thoroughly mixed by pumping continuously through
a small force pump for about five minutes. Mix until the ingre-
dients form a creamy mass that becomes thick when cool and
from which the oil does not separate. When using on foliage
dilute with from ten to fifteen parts of water; when used as a
winter treatment it may be applied as strong as one part of the
mixture to four parts of water. After the stock emulsion be-
comes cold it hardens so that it is necessary to melt it before it
can be successfully diluted. It takes fire very readily, so it is
always a safe plan to have a fire out of doors when making the
emulsion. This emulsion is used to kill insects that have sucking
mouth parts; it is not a poison but kills by contact.

-

230 REporRtT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

When applying the mixture with pumps that have rubber balls .
for valves, it must not be forgotten to replace the balls with
marbles as the kerosene soon destroys rubber. There is a large
amount of whale oil soap of poor quality on the market which
accounts for trouble that some people experience in forming
the emulsion. Only the better grades of whale oil soap should
be used.

Paris green.—Paris green is used to poison insects that have
biting mouth parts. It may be applied either in the dry form
or in a spray. When the spray is used the Paris green may be
combined with Bordeaux mixture, or it may be applied mixed
with water. In either cases the same amount of poison is used.
For pomaceous fruits, such as apple and pears, one pound of
Paris green to one hundred and fifty or two hundred gallons is
commonly used. For stone fruits the mixture should be weaker,
using one pound of Paris green to two hundred and fifty or three
hundred gallons. When used with water, two pounds of fresh
slaked lime must be added for each pound of Paris green, to
prevent injury to the foliage.

The adulteration of Paris green has come to be a great source
of annoyance and loss to the farmer and fruit grower. There
should be but one grade of Paris green and that the pure article,
yet many dealers have different grades for sale. The cheaper
goods must necessarily be adulterated. Where adulteration is
suspected, if some of the poison is crushed between two pieces
of window glass or between the thumb and finger, oftentimes
the small lumps will be found to be white inside, showing that
some adulterant has been used. The ammonia test which is very
simple though not infallible may also be used. Pure Paris green
will readily dissolve in ammonia and the solution will be of a
deep blue color. If there is any residue, or if the solution does
not become blue at once, adulteration may be suspected.

FROM

PLATE I.—RASPBERRY CANES ATTACKED BY ANTHRACNOSR.

P. WHEELER.

We

BY

DRAWING

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A nage (on
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HL ANTHRACNOSE OF THE BLACK. RASP:
BERT

WENDELL PADDOCK.

SUMMARY.

The following pages give an account of experiments in com-
bating anthracnose of the black raspberry, which were continued
through three successive years. While the treatment was sue-
cessful in preventing the spread of the disease to the new canes,
in no instance did the sprayed rows yield enough more fruit to
make the spraying a paying operation. Each person must de-
cide from the conditions existing in his own plantation whether
or not it will pay to spray for this disease.

In localities where anthracnose has been sufficiently virulent
to warrant treatment the following measures are suggested.

(1) Use only healthy plants and adopt a short rotation of
crops.

(2) Protect the new shoots in the spring by spraying them
with Bordeaux mixture when they are about six inches high; or
better still, spray for the first time when the first few scab spots
appear on the young canes. Follow the first spraying with two
others, or more if it seems best, at intervals of about ten to
fourteen days. Remove all old canes and badly diseased new
enes as soon as the fruiting season is over.

INTRODUCTION.

The growing of most of our fruits of commercial importance is
attended with more or less difficulty because of the attack of
plant diseases and injurious insects. In this respect the rasp-
berry is no exception, but it is less liable to such attacks than are
many fruits.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 124,

232 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THB

There are only a few diseases that are widely distributed in the
raspberry plantations of New York. Of this number, orange rust
and anthracnose are particulary troublesome. Orange rust is
easily recognized by the bright orange color that its masses of
spores give to the underside of the leaves or other growing parts
of the plant on which they chance to form. Anthracnose, how-
ever, is not so easily recognized and so is all the more dangerous.
Great confusion exists in regard to the appearance of this disease
and its effect on the plant, so a somewhat extended popular de
scription is given.

What are plant discases?—In order that we may more readily
grasp the discussion let us consider briefly the nature of plant
diseases. The fungi that cause plant diseases are minute plants
of low order that live as parasites on higher plants. It requires
the assistance of a powerful microscope to make out the char-
acters of most of these tiny plants, yet they are just as truly
plants as are the trees upon which some of them live. They
have organs called mycelium that correspond to roots and modi-
fied branches of the mycelium bear minute bodies called spores,
that are similar to and perform the same office as seeds. Under
favorable conditions of moisture and temperature the spores are
borne in innumerable quantities and theyreadilygerminate under °
the same conditions. The spores are very small and light so are
borne on the slightest breath of air. Scattered by the winds or
other agencies the disease spreads rapidly when the weather
conditions are suitable.

What is anthracnose?—The name anthracnose is a popular term
that has come to be applied to plant diseases that are caused by
one of the two groups of fungi known as Colletotrichum or
Gleosporium. The anthracnose of the raspberry belongs to the
Gleosporium group. The different species of this genus attack
their host plants differently. The one that lives on raspberries
may attack any part of the plant but is more commonly found on
the canes and it spreads principally by attacking the young
shoots. The fungus remains dormant during the winter on the
canes but as soon as suitable weather comes in the spring, spores

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 233

are formed on the diseased areas and infection begins. It makes
its first appearance on the young canes oftentimes when they are
from six to ten inches high and at any point on them where the
spores may chance to fall. It is supposed that the germ tube of
the spores can enter only young and tender tissue, consequently
the spread of the disease is toward the tip of the cane naturally
following the tender growing part. Therefore we find the small
spots toward the top, while the larger, older ones are lower down
onthe cane. The disease first appears on the new canes as small,
dark or purple colored spots, few at first but increasing rapidly
in number providing a diseased spot on an old cane is in close
proximity and the weather conditions are favorable for the pro-
duction and germination of spores. The new spots rapidly in-
crease in size, changing from the dark color to a brown or dirty
white in the center as the fungus feeds outward in all directions
and leaves the dead tissues behind. The slightly raised outlines
of the spot vary in color from dark-brown to bright purple. As
the cane grows older it throws out numerous layers of corky
tissue around the diseased spots in its effort to heal the wounds,
thus giving the diseased canes a rough, scabby appearance. If
badly infected the spots are so numerous on the cane that they
soon grow into one another and form large blotches or scabs
sometimes six or eight inches long, often entirely encircling the
cane and thus effectually girdling it.

This minute plant lives on the juices contained in the cells of
the tissue that lies just beneath the outer bark, the most vital
part of the plant; here the threads of the mycelium cross and
interlace and ramify in all directions absorbing nourishment that
should go to build up the cane. As the disease advances it leaves
the cells of the tissue discolored and collapsed. Where a scab
spot nearly or entirely encircles a cane the supply of sap is cut off
and the cane withers and dies. It is not known that the fungus
works into the wood but its attacks occasionally cause the canes
to crack and expose the pith.

While the anthracnose of the raspberry may be said to be pre-
eminently a disease of the canes, it sometimes attacks the leaves,

234 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

where it produces small brown spots. The curling and browning
of the leaves is often caused by anthracnose but it is usually the
result of a diminished sap supply, caused by the attacks of the
disease on the canes below rather than by a direct attack on the
leaves. The disease also frequently attacks the leaf stems and
smal] fruiting branches where it appears as small, dark or gray-
ish patches on the bark the same as on the canes. If the attack
is severe the leaves may wither and die and the fruit dry up on
the bushes.

Where a plantation is badly diseased the casual observer may
not notice that there is anything wrong with the plants the first
two years from setting. In the third year when they should bear
their largest crop of fruit the plants may still look fairly well,
the new canes make a moderate growth and the fruiting stems
give promise of a good yield of fruit, but before the berries have
a chance to ripen they shrivel and dry on the stems and the foli-
age assumes an unhealthy color. If the plants are not removed,
the next spring the foliage is scant and pale, and before mid-
summer the leaves become shriveled and dry and many of the
plants die.

Fortunately, however, it is not often that anthracnose is so
disastrous in its effects. In many localities it remains about the
same from year to year without killing the plants or causing the
fruit to dry up on the bushes. Yet the unsuspecting grower
complains that his crops are not what they used to be. The
plants, enfeebled by the disease, are more liable to winter-injury;
and the constant drain on their vitality tends in many ways to
lessen the fruit production. Then, again, traces of anthracnose
may be found in a great many plantations where it has never
spread enough to do any appreciable amount of injury.

The disease is more prevalent in some locations than in others,
and some varieties of berries are more susceptible to its attacks
than are others. While anthracnose is more severe on black
raspberry it does not confine its attacks to this species but occurs
on the other species that are commonly cultivated as well as on
the blackberry.

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 255

EXPERIMENTS IN TREATING THE DISEASE AT
CLIFTON.

In the spring of 1894, a communication was received from Mr.
S. A. Hosmer, of Clifton, N. Y., in regard to anthracnose on rasp-
berries. He kindly offered the Station the remains of his once
large plantation to use in experimenting with treatment for the
disease.

The plantation at one time consisted of 25 acres and was re-
garded as producing one of the most paying crops of the farm;
but through the ravages of anthracnose the acreage was yearly
reduced until scarcely three acres of badly infested plants re-
mained. Seemingly every cane was diseased, immense scabs and
blotches from four to eight inches in length and reaching nearly
or quite around the cane being not uncommon. This plantation,
consisting entirely of Gregg, was set out in the spring of 1890.
There were 50 rows in the patch remaining which occupied about
three acres of land.

It would seem that here were ideal conditions for experiment-
ing with methods of treatment for combating the disease. Ac-
cordingly experiments were planned which were carried on
through three successive years.

Plan of the experiment.— Primarily, the experiment was under-
taken to see if the disease could be successfully combated;
secondly, different solutions were used for the first treatment, so
that a comparison might be made as to their effectiveness in
treating the disease.

Knowing that a remedy for any fungous disease must be a pre-
ventive rather than a cure, and that many fungi begin their work
very early in the spring, it was planned to give the first treat-
ment before the leaf buds opened; at this time strong solutions
could be used as there would be no foliage to be injured; accord-
ingly the rows were treated as shown in the accompanying table:

The first three rows were sprayed with copper sulphate solu-
tion, using three pounds to eleven gallons of water. The next
three with a saturated solution of iron sulphate in water, while
the next three were left unsprayed for comparison. This plan
was carried on throughout the plantation until the last two rews

236 REPORT OF THB HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TABLE IL—TREATMENTS APPLIED TO RASPBERRIES FOR PREVENTION
OF ANTHRACNOSE.

Apr. 18, sprayed|Apr. 18, sprayed Apr. 18, Pee. 18, sprayed

with copper}! with iron sul- with acid] with acid
sulphate solu-| phate solu- copper solu-| solution.
tion. tion. tion.

May 1. sprayed|May 1, sprayed May 1. sprayed|May 1, spraved
with Bordeaux} with Bordeaux] Unsprayed.| with Bordeaux} with Bordeaux
mixture, mixture, mixture. mixture.

May 16, do. May 16, do. May 16, do. May 16, do,

May 30, do. May 380, do. May 30, do, May 30, do.

June 21, do. June 21, do. June 2L, do, June 21, do,

Aug. 9, do. Aug. 9, do, Aug. 9, do. Aug. 9, do.

Rows. Rows. Rows. Row. Row.
BD 8 CN a 0) th ee

iG), “abe ay Ry 1 als TGs lS

TG) eA Pa 22, 23, 24 25. 26, 27

98, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 | 84, 35, 36
37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 | 43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48 49 50

were reached, making in all 18 rows treated with copper sul-
phate, 15 rows treated with iron sulphate and 15 untreated or
check rows; of the last two rows one was sprayed with a solution
made up of ten parts of a saturated solution of copper sulphate
to one part of sulphuric acid, and the other with a 10 per cent
solution of sulphuric acid. After the first treatment all treated
rows were sprayed alike with Bordeaux mixture using one pound
of copper sulphate to make eleven gallons of the mixture.

EXPERIMENTS IN 1894.

Dates of spraying.— The first spraying was made April 18, just
as the leaf buds were beginning to swell. All of the different
mixtures were applied on the same day. That evening a heavy
rain set in which lasted three days.

The second spraying was given May 1, when the leaves were
about one-fourth grown. At this time it was noticed that there
were numerous small dark spots on the canes in the rows that
had been sprayed with the sulphuric acid solution, which indi-
cated that the acid had been applied too strong. The heavy rain
that came on just as the work was finished undoubtedly washed
off a good deal of the acid and thus saved the plants from serious
injury.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2a

The next treatment was made May 16. The leaves were nearly
full grown, while the largest of the new canes were about eight
inches in height. The work of the fungus on the new canes was
now noticed for the first time; a few of the small characteristic
spots were seen on the new shoots where they grew close to a
diseased spot on an old cane. Immediately after this spraying
was given the severe spring rains set in which lasted intermit-
tently for 21 days.

On May 30, a fourth spraying was given. It was noticed at
this time that the previous spraying had seriously injured both
the fruit and foliage. On looking about for a cause for the injury
it was found that the capacity of the measure that was used in
making the Bordeaux mixture had been mistaken, consequently
the mixture was made much stronger than was intended. The
injury was probably due to this fact as raspberries on the Station
plats that were sprayed throughout the season with Bordeaux
mixture, using one pound of copper sulphate to make eleven gal-
lons of the mixture, were not injured. Raspberry foliage was not
found to be particularly liable to injury from Bordeaux mixture
at this strength. However, as the new canes are the only parts
of the plants that need protection, the spray should be directed
toward them alone.

A fifth treatment was given on June 21. The difference in the
amount of disease on the treated and untreated rows was very
noticeable at this time. Nearly every fruiting stem and new cane
on the unsprayed plants was attacked by anthracnose while in
the sprayed rows the appearance of the disease was much less
noticeable.

After the fruiting season was over the old canes were removed
and burned, when the last spraying for the season was given on
August 9.

The plantation was visited on November 22, when the plants of
both the sprayed and unsprayed rows were found to have made a
vigorous growth. The canes in the treated rows were nearly free
from disease while those that were not sprayed were still badly
affected.

The yields of the different rows are given below in Table II.

238

TABLE II.— YIELD orf RASPBERRIES
SEASON OF 1894.

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Spraved once before
leat buds opened
with copper sul-

Sprayed once before
leaf buds opeued
with iron sulphate

DIFFERENTLY SPRAYED DURING THE

DATES OF PICKING. phate solution aalang falluwed Unsprayed.
Parr enRe Wan Me five iis ayiues | 1 rows.
i : ° with € ¢ a

yee JATIN raReturey ‘shows,
Pee Quarts Quarts. ga

GK? USS oodsadtosssdoote shabe0|} osbedg neghse bans |) codecs SSeciodss8=
NIV LG Sa etecice sete siecle epincicictcrs 158 137 225
TM? Ws desndo'cad Sos onoosoabed 41 52 99
UVM Oe Skee Ada sonst wate cos 57 67 83
Sinks? 2s cease cdacas odcdnongse 109 99 75
dulhy Zi cssSdoeassnsiecoonuneee 33 47 27
Ota Se scre caute dacsys sists 398 402 618
Average! per LOW, --.2-5--.----= 22 26 4-5 41

The record of yields tends to prove nothing except that the
treatment seriously injured the fruiting canes in the treated rows.
It should be borne in mind, however, that this injury was due to
the fact that the Bordeaux mixture used in a single application
was improperly made. The almost entire absence of anthracnose
on the treated rows ascompared to the considerable amount found
on the unsprayed rows at the close of the season goes to show that

the treatment was effective.

EXPERIMENTS IN 1895.

The plantation was given the same treatment throughout the
season of 1895. |

Dates of spraying.—The first spraying, when the diflerent solu-
tions were applied, was given on April 26, just as the leaf buds
began to swell. The second treatment was begun May 11, but
on account of rain it was not completed until May 138. At this
On May 24, a third
spraying was given, when the largest of the new canes were
At this time it was noticed that
the two rows that had been sprayed with the sulphuric acid solu-
A fourth

time the new canes had just begun to grow.

twelve to fourteen inches high.

tions had been seriously injured by the application.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 239

treatment was given on June 10. A fewof the characteristic spots
of anthracnose were now noticed for the first time on the new
canes in the untreated rows, showing that the disease was spread-
ing very slowly. June 24 a fifth treatment was made. It was
again noted that the disease had spread but little on the un-
sprayed plants and practically none could be found on the treated
canes. As soon as the fruiting season was over the old canes
were removed from all the rows, and a sixth spraying was given
August 15.
The yield for the season of 1895 is given below in Table III.

TABLE JII.— YIELD OF RASPBERRIES DIFFERENTLY SPRAYED DURING THE
SEASON OF 1895.

Spraxed once before |
leat buds opened Sprayed once before
With Wenner: ankle) ear odes opeved
X : with iron sulphate
DATES OF PICKING. phate solntion| ution followea | UBSPrayed.

followed by ti ae "wee | 15 rows.
wpinyings with | BY ye sprees |
elaseux axture. | mixture. 15 rows.

Quarts. Quarts, Quarts.
MUNe Die suisecercsclc secccicisewe sie 177 184 154
UW Srcatcccls cccieetetemes cess 210 293 218
SITU) Oba apatsisiss oes ees aces Isl 87 11k
Ue Overseers esc cisvee see 201 177 159
JOU Be Sa GSen BeBeS aC eSeEeaes 204 175, 31
RUN tects ate teens ore Sicherates 66 52 148
SUL VEL On cerscis een acte state cee 33 29 38
Total ees hes shoelace 1,077 997 859
ACERS OL DELLOW ace es elec a cisaeis 59 5-6 66 57

Again the record of yields fails to show any material gain
resulting from the treatment. The cause of the slight increase
in yield of the rows that were sprayed once before the leaf buds
opened with iron sulphate would be difficult to explain.

The plantation was visited on Noy. 19, when it was found that
the canes in all of the rows that had been sprayed were praeti-
cally free from disease, and since the removal of the old canes in
August but comparatively little was to be found on the unsprayed
rows.

240 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THR

EXPERIMENTS IN 1896.

Although the plantation had passed the age of greatest fruit-
fulness, the owner decided to keep it another season, and so it was
determined to continue the experiment, hoping that ideal condi-
tions, from the experimenter’s standpoint, might arise when the
yields of fruit from the treated and untreated rows would show
marked results in favor of the treatment.

Dates of spraying.—tThe first spraying, with the strong solu-
tions, was given the plants on April 22, when the leaf buds were
swelling. The second spraying was given on May 9. The third
on May 25 and the fourth on June 8. On the latter date, a few
of the scab spots were noticed the first time on the young canes.
The new canes were now practically out of danger from attacks
of the disease because of their size and the scarcity of the scab
spots on the old canes, therefore the treatment was discontinued.

The yields of the different rows for the season of 1896 are given
in Table IV.

TABLE 1V.—YIELDS OF RASPBERRIES DIFFERENTLY SPRAYED DURING THE
SEASON OF 18956.

Sprayed once before

leat buds opened Sprared once before

with enpper sul | af, baale opened,
hate sulution a ; Shas usprayed.
DATES OF PICKINGS.* espe oH] solution, foiiowed SP
followed by three | By three spravings | 19 TOW
Bordeanx mixture. | "i Bio orate ees
18 rows. mixture. oTOws.
Quarts. Quarts, Quarts.
40 51 52
155 181 174
131 130 142
156 164 135
188 196 170
69 10L &8
103 80 70
Motalep tence sce tects ser 842 903 831
Averare per row...--.-.--.---- 47 60 55

_*As the pickings were not made under Station direction the dates can not be given oo
this year. : A

The results show no gain resulting from the treatment. The
yield of the rows sprayed once before the leaf buds opened with

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 241

copper sulphate solution falls below that of the tunsprayed rows;
while the rows that were sprayed with iron sulphate gave a little
larger yield than the check rows.

EXPERIMENTS AT MANCHESTER.

In the spring of 1896 a letter was received at the Station from
Mr. Luther Rice, Manchester, N. Y., in which he made inquiries
about treatment for raspberry anthracnose. Mr. Rice is an ex-
tensive grower of raspberries, and at times has found anthrac-
nose to be a serious pest. On visiting his place it was found that
a small plantation of one variety, consisting of thirteen rows,
about twenty rods long, was badly diseased. The plantation was
two years old, so it would seem that here were favorable condi-
tions for continuing the spraying experiments.

Plan of the experiment.—F rom our previous experience we had
come to doubt the advisability of giving the early spraying with
strong solutions. Therefcre, in this experiment it was planned
to compare the early with the late treatment, at the same time
using the copper and iron solutions for the early treatment as
before. It became evident that spraying with sulphuric acid
solutions is too heroic a measure to be used on raspberries, there-
fore this line of treatment was dropped.

TABLE V.— TREATMENT APPLIED TO RASPBERRIES AT MANCHESTER FOR
PREVENTION OF ANTHRACNOSE.

Apr 18, sprayed | Apr. 18, sprayed
with copper} with iron sul-

sulphate solu-| phate solu-
tion. tion.

May 2, sprayed | May 2, sprayed May 2, sprayed
with Bor-| with Bor- with Bor-
deaux mix-| deaux mix- Unsprayed. devux mix-
ture, ture. ture.

May 12, do. May 12, do. May 12, sprayed May 12, do.

with Bor-
deaux mix-
ture.
June 3, do. June 3, do. June 3, do. June 3, do.
Rows. Rows. Rows. Rows. Row.
1, 5; 9 25, 6710 Sy 0; bl 4, 8, 12 13

16

242 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

The rows, Nos. 1, 5, and 9 were sprayed once before the leaf
buds opened, with copper sulphate solution, using three pounds
of the sulphate to eleven gallons of water. Rows No. 2, 6 and
10 were sprayed once before the leaf buds opened, with a satu-
rated solution of iron sulphate. Rows No. 3, 7 and 11 were
sprayed for the first time when the rows that were sprayed with
the strong solution received the third treatmeni. Row No. 18
was sprayed for the first time when the rows that were sprayed
with the strong solutions received their second treatment.

Dates of spraying.—The first spraying, when the strong solu-
tions were used, was given on April 18, when the leaf buds were
beginning to swell. In the subsequent treatments Bordeaux
mixture was used on all of the treated rows. The second spray-
ing was given on May 2, when the canes were in nearly full leaf.
Row 13 was sprayed for the first time on this date. All of the
treated rows were sprayed on May 12, when some of the largest
of the new canes were about two feet high. Rows 8, 7 and 11
were sprayed for the first time on this date. "The last spraying
for the season was given on June 38.

Record of yields —The record of yields for the season was not
complete, but it did not indicate that there was any increase in
yield on the rows that were sprayed. Neither did any of the
rows that received the different lines of treatment show any in-
crease in yield over that of their neighbors.

The plantation was visited on Dec. 12, when it was found that
the difference in the amount of disease on the sprayed and un-
sprayed rows was quite marked. All of the rows that had been
sprayed were comparatively free from disease, while the un-
sprayed rows were still quite badly affected. The results were
sufficiently marked so that it is deemed advisable to continue the
experiment through another season.

CONCLUSIONS.

Ordinarily it will not pay to keep a plantation of black rasp-
berries after it has produced its third crop. When such short
rotations are followed, and the best of culture is given, it would
seem that the danger from anthracnose must be reduced to a min-
imum, providing the plants are free from disease when planted.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 243

In some instances, however, where raspberries are grown as a
farm crop it will pay to fruit the plantation longer. Although
the plants have passed the period of greatest fruitfulness, it may
be that for a few seasons longer they will produce crops of fruit
that will pay better than any other crop the grower might be able
to put in their place.

If anthracnose makes its appearance, the old canes should be
removed and burned immediately after the fruiting season is
over. If in the following spring the new canes are protected
with Bordeaux mixture, it is possible practically to free the plan-
tation from the disease. While the results obtained from these
experiments show conclusively that anthracnose of the black
raspberry can be successfully combated with Bordeaux mixture,
in no instance did the spraying prove profitable, and because of
this fact the question at once arises as to whether or not it will
pay to spray for this disease. In dealing with any plant disease
that does not do serious damage every season, it will pay to spray
in those instances only when there is danger of an attack that
will be severe enough to endanger the life of the plants or ma-
terially injure the crop of fruit. Each grower must decide this
point for himself.

The following letter from Mr. Hosmer gives his estimate of the
treatment for raspberry anthracnose, which is based on the ex-
periments that were conducted at his place:

“JT am not cultivating raspberries so extensively as formerly,
but if I had known then what I have since learned of the disease
and the efficacy of the treatment you have employed in my planta-
tion, it would have resulted in a saving to me of thousands of dol-
lars. I had thirty acres of fine bushes almost completely ruined
by the anthracnose in the midst of their prime.

“Yours: truly,
“S. A. HOSMER.”

When to spray.—No definite rule can be given as to the exact
time when the spraying should be begun or how long it should be
continued, since no two seasons will ever bring with them the
same conditions. The experiments carried on at Manchester dur-

244 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

ing the season of 1896 go to show that the early treatment with
strong solutions is unnecessary, as the rows that were sprayed for
the first time after the new canes were several inches high were as
free from disease as were the rows that received the early treat-
‘ment. The treatment for any plant disease must be preventive,
for we cannot cure the diseased spots that are already formed.
All that spraying does is to prevent the formation of new disease
spots by protecting the plants with some fungicide. Therefore,
there is no need of beginning to spray much before the disease
begins to spread. At no time during the three seasons through
which our experiments have run did the scab spots begin to form
on the new canes until after they were six inches high. However,
it will require but very little attention on the part of the grower
to determine when the disease becomes active, and at the first
appearance of the small, dark-colored spots on the new canes the
first spraying should be given. Let this treatment be followed
by two or three other sprayings, as may seem best, at intervals of
ten to fourteen days. If the spraying is done intelligently and
the old canes, together with the badly diseased new ones, are re-
moved as soon as the fruiting season is over, there should be no
reason why the disease cannot be kept under control.

If there is reason to suspect that the plants are diseased before
they are planted, they should be closely trimmed and as soon as
growth begins the new shoots should be protected with Bordeaux
mixture. ‘The spraying can be very easily and cheaply done at
this time, and in localities where attacks of anthracnose have been
severe it would, no doubt, prove to be a paying operation even
though the plants were supposed to be free from disease when
planted.

So much depends on the conditions that are met with each
successive season that it is possible to give only general directions
for treatment. The experiments show that the disease can be
successfully combated by giving proper attention to sanitary con-
ditions and protecting the young canes with Bordeaux mixture.
But the questions as to the exact dates on which to apply the
treatment, and whether it will pay to spray at all, can only be de
cided by the grower himself.

IV.. FORCING TOMATOES: COMPARISON OF
METHODS OF TRAINING AND
BENCHING.*

8S. A. BEACH.

SUMMARY.

Single-stem training is clearly superior to three-stem training
for forcing tomatoes in winter — in this climate. The superiority
is seen in the larger yield of early ripening fruit and in the
larger total yield. There is but slight difference in the average
size of fruit produced under the two methods of training, but cn
the whole the fruit of the single-stem plants seems to be slightly
the larger.

Plants in two or two and a half inch pots plunged in the soil
so that roots may be formed above the pot as compared with
similar plants knocked out of the pots and planted in the soil on
the bench sometimes show slight gain in yield when plants are
trained to single stem, but this treatment is a disadvantage when
plants are trained to three stems,

INTRODUCTION.

In the larger cities the demand for tomatoes which have been
grown under glass begins as soon as the supply of fruit from out
of doors is cut off by freezing weather, and it continues till the
Florida tomatoes appear in market, which is usually sometime in
February. In local markets tomatoes from forcing houses often
bring good prices much later than this because they are really
superior to the southern grown fruit which is picked before it is
ripe, and many persons are willing to pay an extra price for the
choice forced tomatoes which are ripened on the vines and deliv-
ered fresh to the consumer.

To supply this demand the tomatoes must be ripened during
the most unfavorable season for ripening fruit, including as it

*Partial reprint of Bulletin No. 125.

246 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

does the short and frequently dark days of December and Janu-
ary. Unlike lettuce, radishes and other vegetables which come to
perfection in a comparatively cool temperature, the tomato de-
lights in a warm, sunny location both for setting vigorous fruit
abundantly and for ripening it. In growing tomatoes so as to
market the fresh fruit during December, January and February,
peculiar difficulties are met which do not attend the growing of
this fruit in other portions of the year when there is more
sunlight.

The inexperienced grower, eager to secure strong, vigorous
plants is quite apt to overdo the matter. Either by furnishing
an abundance of rich soil in which the plant is allowed to grow
unchecked, or by the too liberal use of liquid manure or other
fertilizers, he may produce so rank a growth that the plant is
unnecessarily slow in coming into bearing.

Those who have had more experience grow thrifty but stocky
plants for forcing. They seek a healthy growth yet hold the
plant somewhat in check till it has a degree of maturity favor-
able to the production of fruit. Some gardeners try to prevent
too vigorous growth by setting the plants in a very small amount
of soil, and later add commercial fertilizers or liquid manure
according to the apparent needs of the plant. Excellent results
have been secured in this way, but the soil dries out very quickly
so that it requires very close attention to the watering.

Others check the root growth by planting in boxes or pots. It
is reported that on the island of Guernsey, where large quanti-
ties of tomatoes are forced for-the London market, the plants are
frequently grown in pots. In this country planting in boxes is
more frequently advocated. These may be from eight inches toa
foot wide, about a foot deep and several feet long, with plants
set every two feet. If separate boxes are used for each plant
they commonly hold from one to one and a half cubic feet of soil.

Some gardeners plant in an abundance of good soil in beds or
on benches where the roots may grow unrestrained and try to
control the growth by leading out two of the first shoots, one on
each side of the main stem, thus training the plant to three stems
as shown in Plate II. The two-foot rule near the center stem

ahie NECK QAWFORDCO. |

E STEMS IN

THRE

TO

TRAINING

SHOWING METHOD OF

TOMATO PLANT

Il.—

PLATE

ORCING HOUSE.

KF

7 a. ;<erp o> i. ee eS Oe va
eae nu se oo om
oe + ry 7 Cage Ce ‘a hi
i Pare i. >»
1 rer ae
wee Pen

i -
aM > om yi ard Eines -
~ A — ware yee, a Se)
os es a i. - .
awe ae ace

ie ae ap eee 4 a)
> oh 5) hor i Nt eae an 7
ye Soe in be: a ve a Ca ere

7) hh a Os
4 *

i ae
ita 4

ih

g
Dae Sate: ine et ee ee ee eat)
7 : x a a o i c “> ie ae Sek 7 “i Fo aa pera’ i. en ae aa :
sg Ay ade te AO ae.
aN ihe Ra ve 4 - eee e ‘ vfs i a a + oy iss as ‘ate af

He ae a .
as i me 7 “eu ath
ees, re he 7 ‘
eae ot a i os he
Le zi \ 7 ee Fi Press, ;
wie al 2 pie aa
: = ieee. ne rie ce," : . ale ae aalae

7 tg Peel i ne
ine) sw nites ire , oy
oi Rear a ar ©. .

.
AS aN Bye =
Per oh Pz) Bie

Vang wv .

ee is

a [ae
Os a a Bape tue a Pi

i ae oe ms Se <a ce

Poel oad a iz a my eee
= : » en | an yr
eS i es aie lee at

ete = 7 | ‘ '

7 7 74) : >" nae

ts ae . elt oe City
: ig, & Pe

beri? Aye
-, ee J

iP

c= a ' n x ae r ied
ne tgs ee , i i te
Ty fn 4 id dae re 1h) - ye ae =|
we -“¥ aan 7 an oe 4

: Dey (Gets
fe

Te ane
a 7 oe

PLATE III.—ToMAaTo PLANT SHOWING FIRST STAGES OF THREE STEM TRAINING:

ALSO MANNER OF PRUNING OFF PART OF FOLIAGE TO PREVENT TOO VIGOROUS
GROWTH.

Wiewwelaineoatlerc oh aGeejan\ahiasee a sate Nh move ENae Obs Adiaiefsfatne

i; 7 EP ea ee ee a

i 7 : PM was
; ;

——

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 247

will help in forming a correct idea of the size of the plant. These
gardeners take off all other shoots and resort to severe pruning
of the foliage if necessary, to prevent too rampant growth. Some
leaves are removed entirely and others are partly pruned away as
shown in the accompanying illustration, Plate III. They hold
that the vigorous side shoots, which are allowed to grow in this
style of training, have a tendency to check the main or central
stem so that no difficulty will be experienced in getting the first
clusters of fruit to set within about a foot of the soil.

During the winters 1895-6 and 1896-7 some experiments were
made at this Station for the purpose of comparing single-stem
with three-stem training. A method of checking the growth
which is sometimes used in forcing cucumbers was also tried. It
provides for restricting the roots in small pots which are plunged
in the soil so that roots may be sent out from the stem above the
pot. Plants were grown from the same lots of seed and were
carefully selected to get specimens as nearly alike as possible at
the start. The soils were very thoroughly mixed and evenly
distributed to the plants. In applying fertilizers equal quantities
were given to each plant. In short, the aim has been to keep
conditions affecting the plants as nearly alike as possible in all
points excepting the ones which were to be compared.

We will now consider the tests of single-stem as compared
with three-stem training, especially for forcing in winter.

SINGLE-STEM vs. THREE-STEM TRAINING.
EXPERIMENTS or 1895-6.
First test.

The variety selected for these tests was the Lorillard, which is
eonceded to be one of the best kinds for winter forcing. Plate IV
shows a cluster of Lorillard life size as grown in the forcing
house. Some fruits grow considerably larger than those illus-
trated here and in mid-winter they are often smaller than these.
As grown in the forcing house the flesh is quite solid and the
seeds are few as shown in Plate V. For a second crop to be
fruited in late winter or spring some other variety, like May-
flower, may be preferred.

248 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Seed of Lorillard from a-well-known seedsman was sown in
flats* August 23, 1895. The flats were filled with soil composed
of one measure of sand, one of well-rotted manure and four of
potting soil, thoroughly mixed. September 4 the seedlings were
transplanted into 23-inch pots. The soil for the pots consisted
of sod from a clay loam piled alternately with layers of coarse
stable manure. After this was rotted it was thoroughly mixed
and used for potting the plants.

Benching.—The plants were benched September 26th. At this
time they varied from 1} to 44 inches in height and were stocky
and healthy. The benches had perforated tile bottoms and
were given no extra drainage. Over the tile bottom a thin layer
of moss (sphagnum) was spread, then an inch of well-roited stable
manure and lastly an inch of soil. The soil was prepared by
mixing thoroughly three measures of the potting soil just de-
scribed with two and a half measures of sand, two of good leaf
mold and two of well-rotted, mixed stable manure. One hundred
and three plants were selected for this experiment and were
divided into two lots. One lot, consisting of fifty-two plants,
was put on the side benches in the east half of the tomato house.
These plants were not taken out of the 24-inch pots which were
set immediately on the layer of manure on the bench. The soil
was mounded around and over the pot and covered with leaf
mold up to the seed leaves (cotyledons) so as to induce the send-
ing out of roots from the stem above the pot. These plants will
be referred to on the following pages as being “in pots.”

Another lot, consisting of fifty-one plants, was set on the side
benches in the west half of the same house. Each plant was
taken from the pot, the lower part of the ball of earth attached
to it was broken and it was set on the soil on the bench. A
mound of earth was then drawn around each plant and covered
with leaf mold up to the seed leaves the same as was done with
the plants benched in pots as described above. These plants will
be referred to hereafter as plants “ not in pots,” meaning by that,
that they were transplanted from the 24 inch pots to the soil
on the bench. Some of the plants in each of the two lots were

* Boxes twelve inches square and three inches deep.

tks hg Sai a

PLATE IV.— LORILLARD. FROM LIFE SIZE PHOTOGRAPH OF FRUIT FORCED IN WINTER.

“a ul
s +
Ry, hed De =
ee sin
as : abr,
oe on :
att Main ie ey 7"
Ree ane bee

ae
i yaa Pee bt
ew

#
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: ho
heh area 1s
Dine
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<¥

i

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+n
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: ee)
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MC

eS
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is
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ia:
ag

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=

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ey ee
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a 7

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ay SN

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ah F
ae ey ALL s
eee ath
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ee OY

a Y
a
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;
Aap : Lara fee
ARE UR eft eee Path ya
Fou aT Ne a et eee
bee Ald ae hd ee on! te, Sa

PLATE V.—LORILLARD. SHOWING SECTION OF FRUIT
PRODUCED IN FORCING HouSsSpr.

Re ar
a v

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 249

trained to single stems, all sides shoots being removed and the
others were trained to three stems. The accompanying diagram,
Plate VI, shows the arrangement of the plants.

The side benches in which these plants were grown are thirty-
four inches wide, inside measurement. The plants were set in
two rows one six inches from the back side of the bench and one
six inches from the front side, the plants in the front row alter-
nating with those in the back row. The single-stem plants stood
a foot and a half apart in the row and the three-stem plants
twice that distance. This gave to each single-stem plant two and
one-eighth square feet of bench room and to each three-stem
plant four and one-fourth square feet.

Of the fifty-one plants not in pots, thirty-three were trained
to single stem and eighteen were trained to three stems. At the
time they were transplanted to the bench, the thirty-three plants
for single stem training averaged 3.35 inches high and the eigh-
teen plants for three stem training averaged 2.57 inches high.
Thus it appears that when they were benched the single-stem
plants averaged .78 of an inch higher than the three-stem plants.
A month later, October 28th, they were still in the lead, having
an average height of 12.58 inches as compared with 11.25 inches
for the three-stem plants. The length of time from seed planting
till the first fruit ripened, the average weight per fruit, and the
yield in ounces per square foot of bench room, are all summar-
ized in the following table:

TABLE J.— PLANTS NOT IN Pots. TIME OF RIPENING First Fruits. AVERAGE
WRIGHT PER FRUIT, AND YIELD PER SQUARE Foot oF BENCH.

— Se 3
G = = Hin
2 ES 2 tn Pag
3 — =| = == |
c BSI ae ae)
= cea | Fs *3
TRAINING. % ie z 2
oad 3 Dine Bus ~
3 n oad 323
3 = bos Cee
% A <eO Bue
SHAS: GiICeLT, Sy ae ree eee Re ee ete da A 3 157590 2.00 12.79
PR TGOESTC IIE res ay se See a 17 | 160.15 1.93 11.52

*Quite a number of fruits, which were included in the total yield, were very small
and they reduce the average weight per fruit to the amount shown in this and following
tables. : f

250 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
First Test.

Three-stem plants in pots, 102 and 1 to 18.
Three-stem plants not in pots, 59 to 67.
Single-stem plants in pots, 68 to 108.
Single-stem plants not in pots, 103 and 19 to 49.

Srconp TEstT.

Three-stem plants in pots, 114, 115, 118, 119, 130, 131.

Three-stem plants not in pots, 112, 113, 116, 117, 128, 129, 132.

Single-stem plants in pots, 106, 107, 110, 111, 122, 123, 126, 127.

Single-stem plants not in pots, 104, 105, 108, 109, 120, 121, 124,
125, 133.

The number shows the location of the plant on the bench.
Plants 18 and 133 had more room than others of their class and
Plant 67 had less. Plants 48 and 98 were accidentally injured.
All these were excluded from the experiment.

From this table it appears that the single-stem plants kept the
lead from the beginning, ripened their first fruit a few days
earlier, gave somewhat greater yield per square foot of bench
area occupied by them and produced a little larger fruit on the
average than did the plants trained to three stems.

Of the fifty-two plants in pots, thirty four were trained to
single stems and eighteen to three stems. When they were put
on the benches, the plants selected for single-stem training
averaged 2.45 inches high and those selected for three-stem
training averaged 3.33 inches, so the plants which were designed
for three-stem training averaged .88 of an inch higher than the
single-stem plants. A month later, October 28, the three-stem
plants were still in the lead, having an average height of 9.73
inches, which was 1.44 inches more than the average of the
single-stem plants. The time of ripening the first fruits, the
average weight per fruit, and the yield are shown in the follow-
ing table:

NORTH

1895-6.

SE,

U

1OX¥ 106 108 no JR We no WS wo 12a 124 126 128 130 wa:

I

PLATE VI.—DIAGRAM OF TOMATO Ho

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 251k

TasLe II.—PLANTs IN Pots, TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUITS, AVERAGE
WEIGHT PER FruIT, AND YIELD PER SQUARE FooT or BENCH.

| Sa i oq
| PA enD Ze ae
| = oo = = oy
| & eos =r Se
om Wi = iar 4 ca
i=) no = —= 22
~ ~~ Cm CS mm ws qs was)
TRAINING. | iS) TES BO aie he
j fay) Oya a3 Chan
D oH me, aS
a = Son f-a so4
= ore Cr —-=s5
3 rar Ps rao
A <q < i
Sinicle-stem, <s-2 5. soos eee Coherence oe ee | 33 | 160.15 L276 11S e} |
ANCES ES Cole EE ey ae en ee CMe Miata oe ha 2.04 11.74

*See note, Table I.

In this case, as in the one given above, the single-stem plants
eventually took the lead in the yield per square foot of the bench
area which they occupied, although at the time they were put on
the benches and for at least a month afterwards the three-stem
plants were the larger. These three-stem plants gave larger
sized fruits than did the corresponding single-stem plants.

In tests which were made the following season, it was shown
that the north side-bench was a more favorable location for
tomatoes during the winter months than the south side-bench.
This is, no doubt, largely due to the fact that the purlin and the
eaves are rather wide, and shade the plants on the south bench
to a considerable extent. Since the single-stem plants in pots
were located on the south side-bench, while the corresponding
three-stem plants had the more favorable location on the north
side-bench and were larger plants at the time they were benched,
the fact that the single-stem plants gave the larger yield per
square foot is all the more significant.

SECOND TEST.

Some Lorillard plants which had been started in flats and
transplanted to 24-inch pots in a way similar to that described
under the first test, were set on the south middle-bench of the
tomato house December 12, 1895. The plan of arrangement is
shown in the diagram, Plate VI. The bench was prepared
by putting a layer of moss (sphagnum) over the bottem
and covering this with about 24 inches of potting soil like that
used for the first test. First a group of plants for single stem-

252 REPORT OF THP HorTIcULTURIST OF THE

training was put on the bench, then a group designed for three
stem training, then another group for single-stem training and
lastly a group of three-stem training. Half of the plants were
kept in the 24-inch pots, and the earth was mounded over the
pots up to the seed leaves. The others were knocked out of the
pots and transplanted directly to the bench. First a plant not in
a pot was transplanted to the bench, then a plant in a pot was
placed on the bench, thus alternating the two classes till the
bench was filled. By this arrangement the differences in light
and temperature for the two classes of plants were not great
enough to materially affect the results of the test.

The plants were set in two rows, those in the front row com-
ing opposite the middle of the space between the plants in the
back row. Plants for single-stem training were put eighteen
inches apart; those designed for three-stem training were set
three feet apart. As this bench measured thirty-eight inches
. wide inside measurement this made the area allotted to each sin-
gle-stem plant 22 square feet and that for each three-stem plant
4$ square feet.

Of the sixteen plants which were taken out of the pots and
transplanted to the bench, nine, averaging 5.94 inches in height,
were for single-stem training, and seven, averaging 5.93 inches
in height were for training to three stems. Thus it appears that
there was practically no difference in the average height of the
two classes of plants when they were benched. The following
table summarizes their record.

TaBLeE III.—PLANTS NOTIN Pots. TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUITS, AVERAGE
WEIGHT PER FRUIT, AND YIELD PER SQUARE Foot Or BENCH RooM.*

ee

es es ca
e 5 2 = es
n Lan) _
=e. =
3 ne =e a)
8 ee] a2 aad
~ be > oo 2 2
Y = = 1 55 ae
TRAINING. oS ois ae) hE
Po) ‘OL oan Roe
ra) aS 2 [he v
‘2 acs «- = 2
= wAS Pans mwsaq
Ss Org o- =o
a On PS wet Oo
A 4 q al
Sinwle-stents osos acme Soon waeon cs ca oe weenie ane 9} 99.78 2.87 20.26
Three-stem ....--. Sete SE Sa iekeeamiees OW Seem 2.79 15:97

* See foot note, p. 283.
7 See note, Table I. '

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 253

In this case the three-stem plants on the average ripened their
first fruits a little earlier than the single-stem plants, but the sin-
gle-stem plants yielded at the rate of twenty-seven pounds more
fruit per hundred square feet of bench and their fruits averaged
slightly larger than those of the three-stem plants.

Of the fourteen plants in pots, eight, averaging 5.91 inches in
height, were for single-stem training and six, averaging 5.92
inches high, were for three-stem training. Thus it appears that
the two lots of plants averaged practically the same in height
at this time. The following is a summary of their later records.

TaBLe IV.—PLANTS IN 241NCH POTS PLUNGED ON THE BENCH. TIME OF
RirPENING First Fruits, AVERAGE WEIGHT PER FRUIT, AND YIELD PER
EQUARK FooT or BENCH.*

as 5 23
| 3 | ££ Zs =
fh eo feel si ee
| 2 | 32] i
ae are ees ed) ee
TRAINING. atts cee ie a eas
i § | £42 f= ie
Neamt Bt ees = = =23
| E | g2= o = ms
= ro Pao —— a)
j A | 4 < =
—
ALOE ele Be er a ae (8) | (108.38) (2.55 | (17.58)
ed a a aes eine a a 7 | 102.57 2.5%} 19.42
CEA SIOUN ac wats eae ad nnd an oman ne ska pas | 6 | 96.00 2.72 15.34
! |

* Some of the items do not agree with those which were published in Bulletin 125, be-
cause the tables have been corrected, an error in transcribing the record having been
discovered.

{J See note, Table I.

For some unknown reason one of the single-stem plants was
very late in ripening its first fruits and was very unproductive,
yielding but a few undersized fruits. By including the records
of this plant in the averages, as is done in the first line of the
table where the figures appear in small type and in parentheses,
it gives a wrong impression of the general character of this lot
of plants. Leaving this plant out, as is done in the second line of
the table, a more just comparison with the corresponding three-
stem plants may be made. It then appears that while the single-
stem plants ripened their first fruits somewhat later than did
the three-stem plants, and the fruit averaged slightly smaller, yet
they gave a greater yield, the increase being at the rate of 254
pounds per hundred square feet of the bench area which they
eceupied.

254 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Temperature of the house during the winter.—The range of tem-
perature for the house during the winter is indicated by the fol-
lowing table which shows the daily temperature at the east and
west ends of the house taken at 7 a.m.,12 m.and6 p.m. The
records are averaged by weeks from September 28, 1895 to March
14, 1896, a period of twenty-four weeks. In twelve cases, or just
half the time, the weekly average for 7 a. m. at the west end was
slightly higher than at the east end, the difference varying from
0.18° to 2.00°. The weekly average at the east end at noon was
higher than at the west end in ten cases, and one week the noon
average was the same for both ends of the house. The weekly
average for 6 p. m. was higher at the west than at the east end
in but seven instances. From November 22 to February 8 the
6 p. m. average was uniformly lower at the west end. This may
be accounted for by the fact that during the short days of winter
the head greenhouse, into which the west end of the tomato
house opens, cuts off the sunlight from that end of the house
during the latter part of the afternoon.

| AVERAGE PER WEEK.
DATE. | EAST END. WEST END.
7a.m 12 m. 6 p.m 7a.m 12 m. 6 p.m
Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 1895....... 56.50 69.57 61.25 56.43 66 93 61.17
COXCK ts Mat) 1) Cia Pe ton op Sear 60.43 72.00 64.14 59 97 70.86 60.57
Oct ATS sss see ake cr ace 53.79 67.57 60.86 55.79 66.57 61.07
Oct-25 a2. Soe aime ce 56.29 64.57 58.93 Sieod 69.58 61.57
OciiZ6=Noyilees sake eece: 58.43 65.29 62.00 57.86 66.71 61.71
INO Vale Hoe at blocs as cieeeee: 60. 64 (4329 65.29 61 33 70.00 64.57
INOWeE Oa Oe tresses cece 56.93 64.79 57 58 57.57 65.50 61.08
INOVeNl G=22) cs eure cence eee 60.14 69.93 65.07 58.71 72.00 65. 7L
INO Wintose Olean ice c eeicecscnee's 61.93 T1.93 66.29 60.43 68.29 63.14
Novis0=DeciG 2282 sueceees 55.21 66.57 62.14 54 95 68.29 61.79
DEO =laoveeen someon anaes Gas (1) 66.43 63.29 56.07 63.60 62.36
1D yeYeR Ey ae 63.86 69.80 65.83 63.71 66.30 63.40
Ween eae coc cepecce eee 1004S 67.50 63.29 61.00 68.67 62.67
Dec. 28-Jan. 3, 1896.22.22... 55.86 65.71 63.14 56.14 65.57 62.14
FAT ic: (OS ea et eee te 60.86 66.57 64.17 59.86 69.71 2.67
Mela soto Sic cote eee cee 61.50 68.80 69.20 60.25 72.00 66.40
PAV MS—L4s cee aeae case oce | OLeaS 72.50 69.43 64.00 71.67 67.33
Aetna | BEE ea ae 62.50 (5245) 71.67 64 00 72 33 68.67
Mele die eee se siee se eeeteee 65.29 | 77.50] 69 57 64.57 | 73.00 66.14
HeDNS=4ie sec akeecceecte 64.57 71.80 67.50 64.17 76 00 68.00
Mebs LOA see ee eee 65.14 76.86 66.14 66.00 75.67 66.86
Ble e228 4 so tice sicis enna 67.71 731 70.57 68.57 72.14 70.43
Feb. 29-Miarch 6........... 67.14 76.43 67.29 67.57 73.14 65.71
INR RON (ES BS ee ee ee €8.00 72.43 63.00 68.43 72.43 65.00

AV. CTAC OG) 2 ace cccces 60.98 | 70.26 | 64.90 | 61.04 | 70 06 64.17

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 255

EXPERIMENTS OF 1896-97.
Third Test.

Seed of Lorillard for a third test was planted in flats August
15, 1896, in a soil composed of equal measures of well-rotted
manure, sand, leaf-mold and loam, all thoroughly mixed. About
half an inch of drainage was placed in the bottom of the flats.
Ry using a marker* to make the furrows, the seed was planted
at uniform depth. The seeds were put about one-fourth inch
apart in the row.

On the eighth day the seeds began to germinate and all which
germinated on that day were marked for transplanting. Nearly
five hundred of the plants which germinated August 23d were
pricked off from the flats into two-inch pots September 2d, and
plunged in moss on a greenhouse bench so that the conditions
of moisture, light and heat for the entire lot could be kept as
‘nearly uniform as possible.

Rainy weather interfered with the proper preparation of soil
so that the plants were not transplanted to the benches till
October 22d. The plants were still in good condition but they
would have been transplanted earlier had it not been for the
delay in preparing soil for the benches.

Soil for benches.—The soil for the benches was prepared by
mixing thoroughly one measure of leaf-mold, one of sand, one of
horse manure pretty well rotted and turned several times, and
one of loam. The loam was composted sod piled in alternate
layers with manure, well-rotted and well-mixed. Enough of this
soil was prepared to fill benches six inches deep having an area
ef six hundred square feet. To this was added fourteen pounds
of a fertilizer mixture composed of six parts by weight of acid
phosphate having 14 per cent available phosphoric acid and four
parts by weight ef high-grade sulphate of potash containing the
equivalent of 50 per cent actual potash. This is at the rate of
five hundred pounds of the mixture per acre, taking into account
simply the area of bench surfate.

*The marker consisted of a short board on which were fastened parallelstrips ef wood
ene-fourth of an inch thick. By pressing the murker on the soil furrows were made by
these strips which were uniformly one-fourth of an inch deep.

256 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Selection of plants —F rom the nearly five hundred plants which
had germinated in one day and which now were growing in two-
inch pots, sixty fine, healthy plants were selected for the test.
The size of the plants at this time may be seen by referring to
Plate VII, which is from a photograph of one of the plants after
it was knocked out of the pot and ready for transplanting.
Enough plants for the test could not be found which were uniform
in height so those which were selected were assigned to places
on the benches as follows:

Twenty plants each 63 inches high for single-stem training on
the north bench.

Ten plants each 7 inches high for three-stem training on the
north bench.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

- The number shows the location of the plant on the bench. On
account of their location Plants 1 and 62 were not included in
the experiment; Plant 2 was discarded because its roots found
their way under a partition into the soil of another part of the
bench, and Plants 11 and 31 were discarded on account of acci-
dental injury.

Three-stem plants in pots, 14, 15, 27, 80, 31, 42, 48, 46, 58 and 59.

Three-stem plants not in pots, 12, 18, 16, 28, 29, 44, 45, 57, 60, 61.

Single-stem plants in pots, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26,
34, 35, 38, 39, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55.

Single-stem plants not in pots, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25,
82, 33, 36, 87, 40, 41, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56, 62.

10 plants each 6} inches high ) for single-stem training on the

10 plants each 6? inches high § south bench.
5 plants each 77 inches high ) for three-stem training on the
5 plants each 74 inches high |} south bench.

It will be observed that the plants for single-stem training on
the south bench averaged 6} inches, which is the height of each of
the single-stem plants assigned to,the north bench. The sequel did
not show that the slight differences in the height of the plants
when they were transplanted to the bench, made any perceptible

SPE UE! ETA Sal IN or

PLATE VII.—TOMATO PLANT READY FOR TRANSPLANTING TO BENCH OF
FORCING HOUSE.

_ 0 ae
, aoe

ae

NORTH

HOUSE,

OF TOMATO

VIII.—DIAGRAM

PLATE

Pia
cise

oa
7 4
any

e

ne ;
v

yf

oor ‘1 i
- a Lan mu oa
ea

|
: ee

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 76.5 6

differences in the yields.* The tests which were made the pre-
vious winter indicated that the three-stem training gives a
smaller yield on the same area of bench than the single-stem
training. For this reason the tallest plants were assigned to
three-stem training so that there might be no appearance of
favoring the single-stem plants in planning the test. For the
same reason the tallest three-stem plants were put on the south
bench as the previous season’s test indicated that the shading
of the bench by a purlin made that a less favorable location than
the north bench.

Planting on benches.—October 22 the plants were moved to per-
manent places on the side benches of the tomato house and ar-
ranged as shown in the accompanying diagram, Plate VIII.

The plan of the previous season was followed in that no drain-
age was put on the bottom of the bench, as it was thought that
the perforated tile furnished ample drainage. Five quarts of
soil were mounded around each plant. Part of the plants were
transplanted to this soil and part were left in the pots in which
they were growing and the soil was spread under and mounded
over the pot. They will be referred to, the same as on previous
pages, as “ plants in pots” and “ plants out of pots.”

The plants were set in two rows, one row ten inches from the
front the other ten inches from the back of the bench. The
benches are thirty-four inches wide, inside measurement. The
plants in the front row alternated with those in the back row so
that each plant came opposite the middle of the space between

*In some instances plants which were the taller at the time of transplanting were
more productive and in some cases they were less productive than the shorter plants,
The average yields are as follows:

No. of Height when transplanted: Average yield per plant:
plants. Training. Inches, Ounces,
ASIN Ple=Sten IN’ POS. <0 cette sreicie’s 6.25 - 58.44
6. Single-stem not in pots............ 6.25 58.54
BeasideIS SCCM IT! POU .cv.ciec\ ec weteniecre 6.75 53.25
5. Single-stem not in pots............ 6.75 61.25
DaEDIEGeS-StEM 1M) POTS. oc os oie cis «meteors 7.25 §3.00
2. Lhree-stem not in pots............ 1.25 106.125
Zee DATCC-SCCI IN) POS. .2:. 5.00: v0 sjee eee 7.50 57.50
3) bhree-stent. not. in pots. .......6....- 7.50 97.83

The three-stem plants which measured 7144 inches at the time of transplanting were
less productive than the three-stem plants which measured 71%, inches. This may be
partly accounted for by the fact that the former were nearer the west end of the house
and during the short days of winter became shaded from the sun earlier in the after-
noon than those towards the middle or east end of the house.

LT

258 ReEpPorRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

two plants in the other row. The plants in pots were not grouped
as in the first test but were alternated with plants out of pots,
first a plant in a pot then a plant out of a pot and so on through-
out the house. This was done both with single-stem and with
three-stem plants.

It was thought that in the first test the plants were crowded
too closely together, so in this test the single-stem plants were
set two feet apart in the row thus allowing each plant 24 square
feet of bench surface. The three-stem plants were four feet apart
in the row thus giving each of them an area of 52 square feet.

Adding soil to benches — The mound of earth which was put
around the plants as they were transplanted to the benches was
covered with moss (sphagnum) to prevent the too rapid evapora-
tion of moisture. The moss served this purpose admirably. De-
cember 30, a layer of about an inch of soil was covered over all
the bench. In about a week the plants began to fill this new soil
with roots. Another layer of about two inches of soil was added
to the benches March 16, and April 19 a third layer of about two
inches. June 1, all fruit, both green and ripe, was picked and
the experiment was closed.

Plants not in pots—— Of the thirty plants not in pots twenty
were trained to single-stem and ten to three stems. The single-
stem plants averaged 1.94 inches high when pricked off and 6.49
inches when benched. The plants for three-stem training aver-
aged 2.00 inches when pricked off and 7.20 inches when benched.
The more vigorous plants were assigned to three-stem training
yet eventually the single-stem plants gave the larger yield as
shown by the following table:

TABLE V.— PLANTS NOT IN Pots.—TIME OF RKIPENING First FRUITS, AVERAGE
WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD PER SQUARE FOOT OF BENCH.

° eemtirey el ro)

Ks tet Ox

a Sere i ie ae

& Woe ao aS

a Seay bes ms

ca Ban os uo

TRAINING. ) sas BO 5

be oes od oil

oO ao 7 aot

2 BUH eyes m2

| Soe ae aie

5 S| bo On

A < < tal
Singlé-stem, --.-.. ..5--. --- 20-0 ----0- ---- ---- 20 | 172.45 2.77 24.56
Mhree=sue Me eetesteeeiserciesicisieieis aatoeisheetereney trie 10 | 171.30 2.49 19.53

*See note, Table I.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 259

In this test the three-stem plants were in four groups, two on
the north bench and two on the south bench, alternating with
corresponding groups of single-stem plants. This arrangement
secured more uniform conditions than could be secured by the
plan adopted for the first test. The results here set forth are
therefore considered more satisfactory and more reliable than
those which appeared with the first test. They do not conflict
with the conclusions drawn from the first test but rather empha-
size them. The single-stem training, other things being equal,
gives decidedly better results than the three-stem training both
in yield and in average size of fruit produced. Although the first
fruits ripened on the average a day earlier on the three-stem
plants than on the single-stem plants, yet in the amount of fruit
ripened early the single-stem plants again take the lead as is
shown in the following statement of the yield by weeks for the
first six weeks after the first fruit was picked:

TABLE VI.— PLANTS NOT IN Pots.—YIELD FOR SIX WEEKS AFTER First FRUIT
RIPENED.

S | YIELD IN OUNCES PER FIFTY-ONE SQUARE FEET OF BENCH.*
fj BR
TRAINING. | :
E3, | First | Second| Third | Fourth| Fifth | Sixth | ,Total
2 | week.| week. | week. | week. | week. | week. OT Se
A weeks.
Sivgle-stem ....... 20 |10.35 | 38.93 | 81.00 | 17.33 | 40.73 | 66.83 PAst5ye4 i /
Three-stem....-... 10 | 4.50 | 36.00 | 54.00 | 21.83 9.90 | 16.20 142.43
if

*This area is taken as a basis for making this table, so that this may be compared
with Table VIII, page 262.

This table shows clearly the superiority of single-stem train-
ing in producing fruit early, while Table V shows its superiority
in total yield for the season. It will be noticed that the yield
drops at the fourth week and then gradually increases. The
falling off in yield which begins at the fourth week is due to the
difficulty experienced in getting fruit to set during the latter part
of December and early in January. As the days get longer and
the amount of light increases the fruit sets more readily. When
there is an abundance of sunshine, simply jarring the blossoms
as may be done by rapping the plants with a padded stick, will

260 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

cause the fruit to set well. During periods of little sunshine,
especially when the days are shortest, more difficulty is experi-
enced in getting the fruit to set. The blossoms that are not
properly fecundated soon fall off as shown in Fig. 16. When the
weather is not favorable for the setting of fruit the blossoms
should be pollinated by hand during the driest part of every
second or third day. This may be done by jarring the open
flowers over a camel’s hair brush or small spoon and touching
the stigma with the pollen that has thus been gathered. By
passing from flower to flower in this way the blossoms become
fertilized satisfactorily. Small and one-sided fruit which is liable
to be found on plants in the forcing house in winter, may be due
either to an insufficient supply of pollen or to close fertilization,
that is to say, to the fertilizing of the blossom with its own
pollen exclusively.* .

Plants in pots—Of the thirty plants which were assigned to
this part of the test, two were discarded because they were ac-
cidentally injured. <A third was thrown out because it sent its
roots under a partition and into the soil of an adjacent part of the
bench. By its rampant growth it soon showed that it had reached

*Fink, who has made some very interesting observations in this line,** finds that:

1. The vigor of the fruit is seen soon after pollination takes place. ‘‘ Of two flowers
pollinated at about the same time, one is sometimes half grown before the other makes
more than enough growth to make certain the fact that fertilization has taken place.
The one that makes this rapid growth from the start ripens nearly as much in advance
and is larger than the one that stops growing for a time. * * * I think there are
two causes for this difference in development, i. ¢€., insufficient pollination and insuffi-
cient nourishment.”’

2. The amount of pollen applied to the stigma influences the size and shape of the
fruit. ‘‘ Tomatoes produced from large amounts (of pollen) were large and regular,
produced a large number of seeds and did not fail to come to maturity in a single
instance; while those from small amounts were smaller in size, had fewer seeds, were
not so regular in shape and several stopped growing at the size of a pea. * * * [
tried cutting off one side (of the stigma). The result is usually a one-sided tomato but
not always. * * * T also tried pollinating one side only and got one-sided fruit as a
result.’’

3.. Pollination may be done effectively during the first four to eight days after the
blossom opens. The best time to get pollen for applying to the stigmas is about two
days after the blossoms open, when the anthers or pollen sacs begin to open. ‘‘ The
pollen sacs open sooner (after the blossoms open) in small than in large flowers and
sooner in dry than in wet weather. * * * The best time to pollinate artificially is in
the driest part of the day.”

4. On the whole, fruits produced by close pollination ‘‘ are below average size and
usually contain fewer than the average number of seeds.”’

** Fink, Bruce, Pollination and Reproduction of Lycopersicum Esculentum. Bull.
Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 9: 636-643. 9 N. 1896.

FiG 16.—THE FRUIT FAILS TO SET WHEN THE STIGMA IS NOT
PROPERLY POLLINATED.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 261

a supply of food not available to its neighbors and during the rest
of the winter it was allowed to stand as an object lesson on the
bad effects of over-feeding tomatoes in the forcing house. Of the
twenty-seven plants finally included in this part of the test,
eighteen were trained to single stem. These averaged 1.80
inches high when they were pricked off and 6.60 inches when
they were benched. Nine corresponding plants designed for
three-stem training averaged 2.05 inches high when they were
pricked off and 7.15 inches when they were benched. In this
ease, although the more vigorous plants were assigned to three-
stem training, the single-stem plants eventually out-yielded them
as the following table shows:

TABLE VII —PLANTS IN Pots. TIME OF RIPENING First FRvUITS, AVERAGE
WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD PER SQUARE FOOT OF BENCH.

Sas, - 2
one Ax. a
4 “8 2 eae
$ pee | ME 23
i a ey os =|
TRAINING. Pd ST Ss BO Labi
° =} oo
ORE of Ray
a on SH oS i=}
2 SIH a8 =
E OOH ae =e
= baa bea 2s
Az < < H
STi O-RU TT pe SESH cases Hoae oten BoE ERE see 18 | 173.78 2.84 23.20
Pblinec-svems tees ser ombe ieee cure asGeee as 9 | 168.89t 2.45 16.04

*See Table I, Note 1.
7; This is the average for eight plants as the first flower cluster on one plant was cut
off by an insect, thus delaying the setting of the first fruit.

As explained in discussing Table V, page 258, the plants in this
test were so arranged on the benches that more uniform condi-
tions were secured than was possible with the plan which was fol-
lowed in the first test. The superiority of the single-stem train-
ing, both in size of fruit and in total yield is again emphasized by
this table. Although the three-stem plants ripened their first
fruit an average of five days earlier than the single-stem plants,
yet in the amount of fruit ripened during the six weeks after the
first fruit was picked the single-stem plants were ahead, as the
following table shows:

262 REpORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TABLE VIIJ.— PLANTS IN Pots. YIELD FOR SIX WEEKS AFTER FIRST FRUIT

RIPENED.
a OUNCES PER FIFTY-ONE SQUARE FEET OF BENCH.*
wy RD
TRAINING. Bea | z
‘aS First | Second} Third | Hoe Fifth Sixth aoe
=™ | week.| week. | week. | week.t | week. | week. tn tsTs
7, | weeks.
Single-stem. ...--. US| 4 75) 2-25 Sieo0 0 | 30 -00 | 16.75 | 46.00 | 212.25
Three-stem ..---.. 9 | 4.50 | 40.50 | 27.00 We shor | 18200) 29250 124.25

*Fifty-one square feet is the bench area actually occupied by each lot of plants.
Compare with Table VI.

+The decrease in yield at this pericd is considered in the discussion which follows
Table VI. See page 259.

PLANTS KEPT IN SMALL POTS AND PLUNGED IN THE
SOIL ON THE BENCH VS. PLANTS TRANSPLANTED TO
THE BENCH.

In the first pages of this bulletin, while setting forth some of
the considerations which led to an investigation of the merits of
single-stem training as compared with three-stem training, the
necessity of avoiding too rampant a growth in forcing tomatoes
was considered and some of the various ways of holding the
plants in check were mentioned. In forcing cucumbers, some
gardeners plant the seed in small pots, like two-inch pots, and do
not move the plants from these pots. When thev are ready to be
put in permanent place on the bench for fruiting the pot contain-
ing the plant is plunged in the soil on the bench. The soil is
mounded over the pot so that new roots are sent out from the
stem above the pot. It has been stated on previous pages that
in tests conducted during the winters of 1895-6 and 1896-7 some
of the potted tomato plants were plunged into the bench soil in
pots after the method used in forcing cucumbers, and other plants
were knocked out of the pots and transplanted directly to the
bench soil. These two methods will now be compared. The rec-
ords of these plants have been given in another connection on
previous pages, and the methods of sowing seed, selecting plants,
preparing soil, training, etc., may be found by consulting those
pages.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 263

EXPERIMENTS or 1895-6.
First Test Using Single-stem Plants.

September 26, 1895, sixty-seven plants were put on the benches
of the tomato house for training to single stem, thirty-three of
which were transplanted to the soil on the bench. These are
referred to in this bulletin as plants “not in pots.” The remain-
ing thirty-four plants were plunged in the soil of the bench in
the 23-inch pots in which they were growing and the soil was
mounded over the top of the pot so as to favor the sending forth
of roots from the stem above the pot. These are referred to as
plants “in pots.” The arrangement of the two lots of plants may
be seen by consulting the diagram, Plate VI.

At the time they were put on the benches the plants in pots
had an average height of 2.45 inches and the corresponding plants
not in pots averaged 3.35 inches high. On account of this differ-
ence in size the two classes of plants may not be strictly com-
parable, but as they may give some indication of the compara-
tive value of the two methods of treatment, their records are
given for what they are worth.

By October 5 many of the plants in pots were sending out roots
above the pots, which soon filled the Surrounding soil. They did
not make as vigorous growth as the corresponding plants out
of pots did, but it must be remembered that they were somewhat
smaller plants to start with. Besides this, they occupied one-half
of the south bench which, as has already been pointed out, page
251, is a less favorable location for forcing tomatoes in winter
than is the north bench on which the plants not in pots were
located. The arrangement of the plants may be seen by consult-
ing the diagram, Plate VI.

October 28, about a month after they were benched, the plants
in pots averaged 8.31 inches high and those not in pots averaged
12.58 inches. Their later record is summarized in the following
table:

264 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TABLE IX —SINGLE-STEM PLANTS. TIME OF RIPENING FiRsT FRUITS, AVER-
AGE NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD PER
SQuARE FooT oF BENCH.

5 feel a SH aoe
Fs ES 2. © 43 ay,
8 Ho 8 +o oa at
ae 2aa EO 2s O38
S ESE 38 2 =
METHOD OF BENCHING. 8 SES a Ag Zo
3 a 2 az fee
2 7) S _ = Si
HDD us u oA
E bis es pes sa5
a < 4 <q H
Mingpotse ce et oN aoe 33 160.15 1.76 15.97 13.21
Notanepotsreace = tes seaee =. 31 157.90 2.00 13.60 12.79

Second Test Using Single-stem Plants.

Plants were arranged on the south middle bench of the tomato
house December 12, 1895, for a second test. The plan of treat-
ment which was followed has already been given, see page 251.
The location of the plants on the bench may be seen by consulting
the diagram, Plate VI. Of the seventeen plants in this test which
were trained to single stem, eight were in pots and nine were
not in pots. In discussing Table IV, page 258, it was shown that
one of the plants in pots was very late in ripening its first fruits
and was very unproductive, yielding but few small fruits. In the
following table the first line, where the numbers are given in
parentheses, includesthe record of this exceptional plant, while the
record in the following line excludes the record of this plant and
therefore gives a much better idea of the general character of this
lot of plants.

TABLE X.—SINGLE-STEM PLANTS. TIME OF RIPENING First FRUITS, AVER-
AGE NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD PER
SQUARE FooT OF BENCH.

7 Ez S 3 ae
n oO & . = a
r= fo EE 5a a
co Hi! a: 2s os
"Bs BS s ele aa So
Ee o5 =i =
METHOD OF BENCHING. % ro Ok, PS aS ae
= on ae ne oes
Qo es) ca na "A Oe
2 Bee EE ae | See
I pad pH Pe © 2
a 4 4 < val
mepotsteese tees eee eee (8) | (108.38) (2.55) (16.38) (17.58)
Ng POtSsoseemacseee sea clersee 7 102.57 2.58 17.86 19.42

NGG InpOts, \ce eee team on 9 99.78 2.87 16.78 20.26

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 265

When they were put on the bench, the plants in pots averaged
5.91 inches high and the plants out of pots 5.94 inches. With
respect to size the two lots of plants started on practically an
equal footing, and may be considered comparable, after discard-
ing one of the plants in pots, which sent its roots into the soil
of an adjacent bench, as above explained. The table shows that
the plants in pots gave a larger number of fruits than the plants
not in pots, but they were a little late in ripening first fruits,
their fruit was slightly smaller and the yield per square foot of
bench was a little less, so that nothing was gained by keeping
the plants in pots.

EXPERIMENTS OF 1896-7.
Third Test Using Single-stem Plants.

Seed of Lorillard for this test was sown Aug. 15, 1896. The
method of selecting the plants, the arrangement on the benches,
the preparation of soil, etc., are all explained on previous pages.
See pages 255 to 258. Forty plants were selected for single-stem
training, twenty to be grown in pots and twenty out of pots.
Because of accidental injury, two of the plants in pots were
thrown out of the experiment. The following statement permits
of a comparison of the growth of the two lots during the early
part of the experiment.

TABLE XI.—SINGLE-STEM PLANTS. HEIGHT OF YOUNG PLANTS.

AVERAGE HEIGHT IN INCHES.

METHOD OF BENCHING. 2 Gi fe is ees

= Bes aS E od,

1 ao 2S woo

sS an eS osK Bz,

Se ey iin ae ere
BS = H

160 S000 3S See ee BARS aoe Top osaosaSUsS 18 1.85 6.51 14.40
D0! 1881 00, ae ee RS ea ee 20 P2940) 0.6549 14.81

These figures show that during the early periods of growth the
plants were remarkably uniform. The records concerning their
yield are summarized in the following table:

266 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TABLE XII.— SINGLE-STEM PLANTS — TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUITs,
AVERAGE NUMRER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND
YIELD PER SQUARE Foor oF BENCH.

o> it Se nl
i eso ae es a
a Sas 2S Sa ner
S&S nod eS e238 Se
ea Poy ‘23 ae Bie
METHOD OF BENCHING. | % Tas BS Ag eae
ey bo OS ae ae Aaa
= ie an aa = Ea
I boa Pe Pa Cee)
a <q 4 4 a
lit 9 DOR GHE equa cose ceseer 18 173.78 2.84 23.17 23.20
INOUE 10, GNU SRS kios Cong eeceee 20 172.45 2.77 25.15 24.56

These two lots of plants are certainly comparable as great care
was used to select uniform plants and to give them similar con-
ditions from the time the seed was planted till the last fruit was
picked, excepting only that one lot was in pots and the other was
not in pots. In this case the results are slightly different from
those of the first and second tests as set forth in Tables IX and
X. The plants in pots again ripened the first fruits later, and the
yield was slightly less than that of the plants not in pots, but
the average weight per fruit was slightly greater. In no case is
the difference marked with single-stem plants and the testimony
favors the conclusion that little or no advantage is gained by
growing them in pots in the way they were grown for these tests.

The influence of benching in pots when plants are trained to
three stems will now be considered.

EXPERIMENTS OF 1895-6.
First Test Using Three-stem Plants.

The plants designed for three-stem training which were put on
the benches September 26, 1895, were arranged as shown in the
diagram, Plate VI. This arrangement proved to be faulty, inas-
much as the lots of plants to be compared were separated into
groups, and these groups, being located in different parts of the
house, did not have equal exposure to sunlight, as has already
been explained on page 251. For this reason the results of the
first test are not considered wholly satisfactory.

The three-stem plants were separated into two lots. The
plants of one lot were grown in small pots plunged in the soil of

ee —

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 267

the bench, as has already been explained, and the plants of the
other lot were knocked out of the small pots at the time they
were transplanted to the benches. The eighteen plants in pots
averaged 3.33 inches high when they were benched and about a
month later, October 28th, they averaged 9.75 inches. The loca-
tion which they were given proved more favorable than that of
the corresponding plants not in pots. The plants not in pots .
averaged 2.57 inches high when they were benched and 11.25
inches October 28th. Records are summarized in Table XIII for
the seventeen plants of each lot which were finally included in
the experiment.

TABLE XIII. —'THREE-sTEM PLANTS. TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUITS,
AVERAGE NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND
YIELD PER SQUARE FOOT oF BENCH.

of

Lae 2 eee ae =
= — as D >
Pec oF ee a
METHOD OF BENCHING. | 3 | | ¢é 25 5
e os om a
fees a eZ ERS
| # | < <4 -
—
Lie a ene aif |) Shs )esiee 2.04 24.94 1ST
2h UIT JU Bees Boone Soot 17 | 159.50 | 1.93 25.35 11.52

Second Best Using Three-stem Plants.

In arranging plants for the second test the plants in pots were
alternated with plants out of pots throughout the bench so that
the two classes of plants in this test are strictly comparable.
The method of selecting plants and the plan of treatment has
already been explained on page 251. The diagram, Plate VI,
shows the location of the plants on the south middle bench of
the tomato house.

The six plants in pots which were included in this test aver-
aged 5.92 inches high December 12 when they were benched and
22.08 inches about a month later, January 14. The seven cor-
responding plants not in pots averaged 5.93 inches high when
they were benched and 20.29 inches January 14. From their
succeeding records the following table is derived:

268 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TABLE XIV.—THREE-STEM PLANTs. TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUIT, AVER-—
AGE NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD
PER SQUARE FOOT OF BENCH.

onli eed oo me
5 SH = ae 2°
a aay oo 2 Qo
a Be & wg ae 3°
on
METHOD OF BENCHING. = 3 ws —— A S dae
aw one 0.8 oe aes
6 cS ay Sas Bs as “30
| RAS ao aos wea
=I Oofn oH oF > ood
te) rPRH eH a — nm
Zz 4 4 4 Ss
HnpOts cen scassceseues soccee eloeiae. 6 96 2.72 | 26.50 15.34
NothHuMpotstsesee st esee ee see Soe see 7 97 2.79 | 27.14 15.97

In this case as with single-stem plants, the two methods of
benching which were tried showed no striking difference in
results. The third test will now be considered.

EXPERIMENTS OF 1896-7.
Third Test Using Three-stem Plants.

Seed of Lorillard for this test was sown August 15, 1896. The
method of selecting the plants, the preparation of the soil, ete.,
are explained on pages 255 to 258.

The plants in pots were benched alternately with plants out of
pots as in the second test, and the two lots of plants are consid-
ered strictly comparable. Of the twenty plants selected for
three-stem training ten were not grown in pots and ten were
kept in pots. One of the plants in pots was accidentally broken
and was thrown out of the test. The records show a remarkably
uniform growth of the young plants as may be seen from the
following table:

TABLE XV.—THREE-STEM PLANTS. HEIGHT OF YOUNG PLANTS.

x AVERAGE HEIGHT IN INCHES,
a
= Ss Ss n-—mn -
= aa = “is =
METHOD OF BENCHING. = OUR cai CeO
a ao Doe 2° nso
® Ro 45 By Dlg
2 an a2 2Oo5
| EES] zo cSas
S mee) a Boo
rae 2 = A
|
UNwnOtseeicee eo ce acic ot ees eceiee Sere eee ise | 9) 2.08 eis) 12.19
INO IN POts secs cece smelt se aecmeais nets 10 2.00 7.20 12.80

* With the three-stem plants the tips of the main stems were pinched out just beyon@
the first flower cluster, so as to favor the growth of the side shoots for the three-stem
training. On this account the height of three-stem plants should not be compared with
the height of the single-stem plants on November 19th.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 269

From the complete records of the test the following table is
derived:
TABLE XVI. THREE-STEM PLANTS. TIME OF RIPENING FIRST FRUITS, AVER-

AGE NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PLANT, WEIGHT PER FRUIT AND YIELD PER
SQUARE Foor OF BENCH.

; gas 5 S Bs
z qa alec HS =
5 7s S$ 28 Bis
& m Orn ap 2 as 5°
Syn (a Aad tbc eet tanh eee
METHOD OF BENCHING. = can BS aS 5
o Me oF o 2 qo;
) oh SH ae a A= aie
= Loe eS ee usa
= bad Ste x Cre
4 < 4 4 a
| EI 000) fee, Ce ee A 9 | 163.89* 2.45 | 37.11 16.04
Wotrim pots)ss 2). assets eciemeeice 10 | 171.30 2.49 | 44.40 19.53

*This is the average for eight plants as the first flower cluster on one plant was cut
off by an insect, thus delaying the setting of the first fruit.

In this case the plants in pots ripened their first fruits a little
earlier but yielded less weight of fruit than the plants not in
pots, the difference being at the rate of twenty and a half pounds
per hundred square feet of bench.

CONCLUSIONS.

These tests of single-stem vs. three-stem training and of plants
plunged on the bench in small pots vs. transplanted plants not in
pots have been continued two seasons. Not counting the plants
which have been discarded during the course of the experiments,
sixty-six three-stem plants and one hundred and nineteen single-
stem plants have been under test making a total of one hundred
and eighty-five plants.

Only one variety has been used in the experiments but that is
one almost universally used by gardeners in this country for
winter forcing, namely, the Lorillard. The tests have been
conducted on a sufficiently extensive scale so that the results
are conclusive so far as this variety is concerned. Probably with
other varieties they would be somewhat modified in detail, but
the general results would doubtless be the same whatever the
kind of tomato used.

270 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

It is not to be expected, however, that single-stem plants will
outyield three-stem plants in every instance regardless of the
influences which surround them. Various things influence the
productiveness of tomato plants and the skillful gardener studies
to combine all these influences to the end that he may get a large
yield of fruit of marketable size. In the hands of a skillful
gardener plants trained to three stems may do better than the
same plants trained to single stems would do in the hands of
an unskillful man. In other words, the advantage gained by
training tomatoes to single stems in the forcing house are not
great enough to overcome the results of neglect or lack of skill.

We are confident that, other things being equal, the different
methods under consideration will give results in accordance with
the conclusions which are given below.

SINGLE-STEM vs. THREE-STEM TRAINING.

The single-stem training is clearly superior to three-stem train-
ing for winter forcing of tomatoes in this climate, both in the
amount of fruit ripened early in the season and in the yield on
equal areas. There is but slight difference in the average size
of fruit produced but on the whole the fruit on single-stem plants
seems to average slightly larger than that on three-stem plants.

PLANTS BENCHED IN Pots vs. PLANTS BENCHED NOT IN Ports.

Plants kept in small pots and plunged in soil on the bench
as compared with similar plants taken from the pots and trans-
planted to the bench sometimes show slightly more satisfactory
results when the plants are trained to single-stem. When the
plants are trained to three-stems, keeping them in small pots as
just described seems to be a disadvantage.

PLATE IX.—FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF A DISEASED TOMATO.

Ve NOTH: ON AS TOMATO) DISHASE.*

S. A. BEACH.

A peculiar disease of the tomato, the cause of which is not
well understood, has occurred in the forcing house at this Sta-
tion. Tomatoes which were attacked by what is apparently the
same disease have also been found in other greenhouses. Speci-
mens of the diseased fruit were furnished Mr. Stewart, the Sta-
tion Mycologist, at Jamaica, N. Y., who has prepared from them
the following description of the disease:

This disease has the general characters of the so-called black
rot of field grown tomatoes, which attacks the blossom end of the
early fruits and which is supposed to be caused by the fungus,
Macrosporium tomato, Cke. It begins as a slightly depressed,
circular, brown spot which gradually enlarges, retaining its cir-
cular form, until it frequently covers as much as one half of
the entire surface of the tomato. See Plate TX. In the great
majority of cases the spot originates at the blossom end of the
fruit, but it may originate at any point on the fruit. In color,
the spots are at first brown; later, they become brownish black
or greenish black and are bounded by a conspicuous double ring
of light brown. In texture, the diseased tissue is leathery and
dry with the surface usually smooth and glassy but sometimes
wrinkled and velvety. The diseased portion shrivels so much
that the fruit becomes much flattened on that side. The bound-
ary line between the healthy and diseased tissue is definitely
marked. Inside, the tissues are blackened for a considerable
distance below the surface and there is somewhat less than the
normal amount of moisture.

It occurred most frequently on the early fruits of rapidly grow-
ing plants but continued to appear to some extent throughout
the season. The fruits are attacked in all stages of development,

*Partial reprint of Bulletin No. 125,

~

272 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

but, as observed in the forcing houses at this Station, there are
no indications that either the stem or the leaves are attacked by
the disease.

The remarkable feature of this rot is the total absence of
fungus hyphz from the tissues of the fruits in the early stages
of the disease. Neither is there, at this time, any species of bac-
terium very abundant. Micrococci in zodgloea may be frequently
seen but not in large numbers. Old specimens often show
species of Fusarium and Penicillium and various bacteria. Frag-
ments of diseased tissue were taken, with sterilized instruments,
from the interior of fruits recently attacked by the disease, and
cultivated on neutral agar in Petri dishes. Nothing developed
in any of these cultures. A Petri-dish culture on agar acidified
with malic acid, likewise, gave negative results. If any organism
is connected with this disease it is one which does not grow

readily on agar.

VI. STRAWBERRIES IN 1897.*
WENDELL PADDOCK.

SUMMARY.

The Station has no more plants of the Hunn for distribution.

Of strawberries in- one-year beds Beder Wood was the most
productive early berry. It is also a satisfactory general purpose
variety as it took second rank as to yield among the kinds that
were fruited in one-year beds. Marshall is worthy of a trial for
fancy fruit. Glen Mary was the most productive berry and pro-
duced the largest late yield.

None of the strawberries in two-year beds succeeded more
than moderately well, owing no doubt. to winter injury and an
unfavorable growing season. Earliest produced the largest early
yield while Robinson was the most productive and gave the
largest late yield.

INTRODUCTION.

The soil at the Station gardens is not well adapted to straw-
berry culture as it is composed of a stiff clay loam. Such soil
is particularly hard to work in a wet season as some little time
must elapse after each rain before the ground is in a condition to
be worked. In the meantime weeds grow apace and if great
care is not exercised to start the cultivator at the right time a
crust soon forms and the soil becomes hard and compact. When
such conditions arise the ground can only be gotten in good con-
dition by cultivating at the proper time after another rain. The
amount of rainfall at Geneva during a portion of the spring was
rather large and considerable difficulty was experienced in keep-
ing the soil in good tilth and in subduing the weeds.

The strawberries are grown in matted rows. As soon as the
ground is lightly frozen in early winter the beds are mulched.
Last winter coarse stable manure was used which had not be-
come well rotted and which became more or less frozen before it

!

. *Reprint of Bulletin No. 127.

18

274 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

was distributed over the beds. The result was that the plants
were killed here and there in the rows in places where the frozen
lumps chanced to fall.

The strawberry crop was not as satisfactory as could be desired
owing in part to the conditions that have been described above.
Not only were the yields of some varieties low but in many cases
the berries were smaller in size than they should have been.
These facts should be taken into consideration when the records
of yields that are given in the following pages are consulted.

The blossoms of the strawberry are either pistillate, imper-
fectly staminate or staminate. The pistillate flowers are im-
perfect in their development in that they produce no pollen and
are therefore incapable of setting fruit when planted by them-
selves. The imperfectly staminate flowers produce a small
amount of pollen but not enough to enable them to set fruit satis-
factorily; for our purpose varieties that have such flowers may
be classed with the pistillate berries. The so-called staminate
flowers are perfect in their development and so produce pollen,
Accordingly varieties that have staminate flowers are able to set
fruit when planted by themselves as well as to furnish a supply
of pollen for the pistillate varieties. When pistillate varieties
are planted it is very important that staminate varieties that
blossom at the same time be planted with them. It is the custom
with some growers to put a staminate variety in every third or
fourth place in the row with the pistillate kinds. It is no doubt
a better plan to plant every third row to a staminate variety as
this arrangement admits of the different varieties being picked
separately. Insects may be depended on to distribute the pollen.

In the description of varieties the letter P following the name
of a variety indicates that it bears pistillate blossoms and needs
to be planted near staminate kinds. The staminate varieties are
indicated by the letter S following the name.

Of the newer varieties only a few were fruited on the station
grounds this season. These have been described in full. Others
of the more common kinds have been briefly mentioned; more
complete descriptions may be had by consulting former bulletins
and reports of this Station. In all cases where the name of the
person from whom a certain variety was obtained is not given it
is to be presumed that plants can be obtained of or through any

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 275

reliable dealer. The varieties that fruited in one-year-old beds
are discussed first after which the kinds that were grown in two-
year beds are considered.

NOTES ON VARIETIES.
THe HuNN STRAWBERRY.

As we still receive requests for plants of the Hunn strawberry
it seems desirable to state that the Station has no more plants
of this or other varieties of strawberries for distribution.

Before deciding to name and disseminate the variety it was
thought best to test it in another portion of the State. Accord-
ingly plants were sent to Mr. W. D. Barns, Middle Hope, N. Y.
In the season of 1896 Mr. Barns was able to market some of the
fruit, when it proved to be a very satisfactory late market berry.
His report was published in, Bulletin No. 109 of this Station. In
the season of 1897 the variety was even more satisfactory. Con-
cerning it Mr. Barns writes: “It is a matter of congratulation
that under peculiarly unfavorable circumstances it has shown
itself the most valuable strawberry we have.”

Plants of the Hunn were first sent out by the Station in the
fall of 1895 and a second distribution was made in the spring of
1897. Persons who secured plants when the first distribution
was made should have quite a stock of plants by this time, there-
fore, if the variety succeeds it will soon become quite common.
Under the terms of the contract entered into with Mr. Barns he
will be at liberty to dispose of plants in the spring of 1898.

It is too much to expect that any one variety of strawberry
will succeed equally well in all locations. In fact the force of
evidence and trend of opinion point to the conclusion that certain
varieties will be restricted more and more to special localities.
If then the Hunn succeeds in a comparatively few sections of the
State we will feel that it has not been a mistake to disseminate
the variety.

VARIETIES IN ONE-YEAR-OLD Bens.

Beauty, P. From J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Berry medium

size, attractive scarlet color, good quality, moderately productive.
Blossoms with Beder Wood.

iw)

76 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Beder Wood, S. A productive, early berry of medium size
and good quality. Succeeds where many varieties fail.

Canada Wilson, S. From Birdseye and Son, Hopewell, N. Y.
Very similar to the old Wilson.

Clarence, 8S. (Thompson No. 101.) From Thompson’s Sons, Rio
Vista, Va. Fruit above medium, scarlet color, good quality.
Moderately productive.

Columbian, S. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md. Fruit me-
dium or below in size. Unproductive in this locality.

Eleanor, S. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Fruit
medium or above, good color and quality. Not very productive,
but worthy of a trial on account of its earliness.

Enormous. P. From Thompson's Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Blos-
soms with Beder Wood. Fruit large to very large, bright scarlet
color, good quality. Ranks fourth in productiveness among vari-
eties that were fruited in one-year-old beds. Worthy of a trial
on account of size, color and productiveness.

Gandy, S. Well known in many localities as a profitable late
variety. It does not succeed in some locations.

Giant, S. From W. Y. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y. Plants vigorous
and productive of large fruits. The berries are soft and of a
light color, therefore the variety cannot be recommended as a
market berry.

Glen Mary, 8S. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md. Sharpless
type. Foliage healthy, leaves large with tall leaf stalks, runners
moderately abundant, fruit-stems long, prostrate. Fruit large
to very large, rather irregular in shape, good scarlet color. The
most productive variety that fruited on the Station grounds in
1897. ‘Recommended for trial on account of health, vigor and
productiveness of the plants and the size and appearance of the
berries.

Greenville, P. A satisfactory berry in many localities.
Sharpless type. Blossoms with Sharpless.

Haverland, P. A standard variety. Fruits large, long conic,
showy scarlet color.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25

Hersey, S. From S. Hersey, Hingham, Mass. Fruit small to.
medium, light scarlet color, firm, fair quality. Unproductive this.
season.

Hull No. 3, 8S. From E. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa. Fruit large,
light scarlet color, moderately firm, moderately productive.

Maple Bank, P. From E. B. Stevenson, Lowville, Canada. Blos-
soms with Sharpless. Fruit medium size, scarlet color, firm.
Not productive this season.

Marshall, S. Does not succeed in many localities; where it
does well it is very satisfactory. Fruit of largest size, dark scar-
let color, good quality, firm. Recommended for trial where the
best of culture can be given.

Mary, P. Plants strong but make few runners. Fruit very
large but irregular and rough, moderately productive. Blossoms.
with Sharpless.

Michel, S. First early, fruit medium size, unproductive. Of
value where very early fruit is desired.

Middlefield, P. A good variety for home use; has been only
moderately productive on our grounds. Blossoms with Sharpless.

Murray, P. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Fruit
medium to large, dark scarlet color. Unproductive on our soil.
Blossoms with Beder Wood.

Omega, P. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Moderately
productive. Fruit large, light scarlet color. Blossoms with
Sharpless.

Robinson, 8. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Fruit
medium to large, scarlet color, good quality. Ranks fifth in pro-
ductiveness this season among varieties that were fruited in one-
year-old beds.

Thompson, 8S. (Lady Thompson.) Has proven a failure on our
soil. Fruit medium size, light scarlet color, unproductive.

Thompson No. 100, 8. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va.
Fruit medium size, good, scarlet color. Unproductive this season.

Vera, P. From EH. B. Stevenson, Lowville, Ontario, Canada.
Foliage moderately vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems

278 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

medium, prostrate. Fruit medium size, conical, scarlet color,
moderately firm, quality good. Ranks seventh in productiveness
among varieties that were fruited in one-year-old beds. Blossoms
with Sharpless.

Williams, 8S. From Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N.Y. Fruit
medium to large, rather soft, fair in quality, moderately pro-
ductive.

TasBLE I.— List OF STRAWBERRIES FRUITED IN ONE-YEAR-OLD BEDS, WITH
A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE EARLY AND LATE YIELD OF EACH

VARIETY.
| | |
| Per cen Per cent
Rank | | Yield of of Ret | of crop
aot NAME OF VARIETY. | 66 square | picked | picked
yield, feet. | before after
1897. June 25. July 5.
Pag al |
Ounces.
Be) MplQHU MARY on a eae woe insane nee see oa 5444 1 26
PETER ECON OO no 56 C= cece ew nine woe Stee | 401 22 17
3 | Hav PC ETS eas Pe ea NE ere 238 5 15
4 LOS NEADS aR R= ES os SESE R EN SR SOE 240 aks 8
5 PRG BIHCOI pe 5a ero en es en 2274 00 28
Fo) VAS Ree SRES Sess Boat ee een sere 2174 21 | 6
Foe ah USSU 2s a ey te 2124 00 63
8 Canada Wilson =~. << 5.5.52... 222555205 2084 9 13
9 Oinietese ee ae ea ae ee oe een 2044 00 19
TY ol TE Ae eee Moe 191 00 | 53
11 VEU See ae ee SR ee 1883 00 21
12 MaESR ahs jane amon eeciecuncaee seo 1844 20 9
aS Me GlarenGG. 5.22 256 cena moe eeteca cee 1824 00 | 31
AMA PIIORE NO 2a oo fio ab aaa nse ase selena 178 00 | 25
TS | ET ee S| ee Soe 172 00 | 7
LU STAR TE epee eee ee 158 00 13
7 IVES Gg es ee ee ee 157 00 20
fSee bhompcon No. L002 2) 2-2 3-2 2 soa: 150 8 12
TREC NS i ee eee 148 00 42
es NeRHOn 2 8 eo a oon on en coe oes | 135 27 4
21 | Thompson Lady Thompson ..-.---..----- 127 11 23
Be tin sharpless:.<=2<2<2-<.2-25 5-5 . Seeaeeeeeet 123 00 10
2 PLU spe RE Re eee 1224 5 3°
pa? | Horsey --- ==... See Se eee 122 00 | 6
25 Maplevbank=.- =< 23244252) ona seeecnes 118 | 00 | 10
26 PR OCEOH Gl ae ee oe ee eee 104 | 00 | 10
AO lUN DIA 2 --.054< oo oe oe sce ee ee 102° | 00 | 12
Been tinea! 5.22 che oe ae oe eae 80 58 | 00

EARLY VARIETIES IN ONE-YEAR-OLD BEDS.

The date of the beginning of mid-season of strawberries in this
locality for the season of 1897 may properly be assumed to be
June 25. By referring to Table I we find that six varieties yielded

a

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 279

a fifth or more of their crop before this date. These varieties may
be called early for this season. They are given below in Table II.

TABLE IL—EARLY VARIETIES RANKED ACCORDING TO YIELD BEFORE JUNE 25.

. re . * | Rank as to
NAME OF VARIETY. | gine loss ie ote ser | total sield,
Ounces. Ounces. |

Benen, W008 ]2. 2 cs- 522-5220 June 21 8&8 401 2
CMD EY [eS SI De a eg ee | June 16 46 80 28
UPS Sa eee June 16 45 2173 6
PAAESH ANY oe ee eee ee Soae | June 21 36 18414 12
RCT ee er A | Juve 18 36 135 20
Murray --.--- Ne eae ce Juve 21 Ls 12214 23

Beder Wood has proven to be reliable here in either one, two or
three-year-old beds. It can be strongly recommended as a general
purpose berry. While it is ranked among the early varieties,
it has a long fruiting period, as the last berries were picked on
July 9. Michel is of value only when very early berries are desir-
able. Vera does not appear to possess special merit. Marshall
is fickle in its behavior and requires high culture. Where it
succeeds it is one of the best of the fancy berries. It usually
ranks with the mid-season varieties. Eleanor and Murray are no
improvement on better known sorts.

LATE VARIETIES IN ONE-YEAR-OLD BEDS.

July 5 may be regarded as the close of mid-season. Table I
shows that eight varieties ripened a fourth or more of their crop
after this date. These varieties may be called late for this
season. They are given below in Table III.

TABLE III].—LATE VARIETIES RANKED ACCORDING TO YIELD AFTER JULY 5.

]

= 7 | Date of last Yield after | Total yield, Rank as to
NAME OF VARIETY. picking. July 5. 1897. wotal yield.
Ounces. Ounces. |

Sommaire! oS o5 2s Sas Sk | Jdnly 13 142 54415 1
leet oe ee July 9 135 21216 | 7
EDEN == = Sees ape eer | July 13 101 191 10
RODIMEONE E22 costes ee | July 9 64 22716 | 5)
ClateNe ses 2 Bets 22-2] Jalg: —9 57 182g | 13
TLD gs 2 a ea | July 13 52 148 19
TU NOHO a eases ntsc ce | July 9 44 175 14

280 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Glen Mary was the most productive variety on our grounds
this season. This fact together with its large per cent of late
yield, its large fruit and vigorous, healthy foliage will recom-
mend it for further trial. Beauty is only moderately productive
but of excellent quality. Giant is of large size and moderately
productive but of light color and soft. Gandy is the standard
late variety in many sections. It does not succeed in all locali-
ties. Robinson is fairly productive. The berries are of medium
size and good quality. Clarence and Hull No. 3 are no improve-
ment on better known varieties.

VARIBTIES IN TWO-YEAR-OLD BEDS.

TABLE No. IY—List or STRAWBERRIES FRUITED IN TWO-YEAR-OLD BEDS,
WITH A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE EARLY AND LATE YIELD OF
EACH VARIETY.

|

< 2 3 :

i) s 415 4

2 S oe Be

nae DQ ‘é [=> 5 ae

“Ss NAME OF VARIETY. 3% 25 25

n® ee ® Oh

an z 35 28

“4 = 3 =

=| ES) eR bond

a ba a. a

Oucces.

1 RODINSOM es scree eicee oe see eaee eee 286 0 40
MMPS COMNO MA ein acre hice coca tose ceeeooe setae 214 0 18
OMe | ROMOC Amer ese onmoteas Serer sc aeiniee cere 200 0 32
AS MALOMPSOU) Re saraccisceee os eaeiSeeasets oes 1994 13 ie
5 Bissell aces ccc s aoe ses Seeeaaeece 187 155) 24
Op PE MOLMOUS. ee. e cates Sse8 seek cnc 175 20) 17
i ISCORN OS Oe etna mat Meee mie meee 162 5 4
te) “PST ad Har INO eS opuaboe cocese Sass sedoue 161 16 22
g ISECUN One rat ie eine conse bce eels cians eee ee 185 4 6

OP RUDD SLeeeeee acces aet ete 6 See Ae 148 19 15

MEM OC linen Cates sercacieiccine aie vietlsicceceecee 147 0 24.

Le Parke nehatl Oacetce see cane ere ete 134 0 15

Smee LENO so se Sees oe Roe renmnee Socio eee 127 0 14

SRW MB elitoct seams te eeemcr senemeee 124 0 23

SO bADI Osteo. 22 ec eine es seein e ose eae 101 39 1

Gia | Miatsye sia e ee ceem cece eens See een 100 0 3

17 ATIC S bah eee teen eee eee ros metas 97 75 5

Si Mera Ve peat oem cclace re eieysnae tet ese 95 19 19

IE eva ploy Bankes cy saretsaeletee = ie aisre es etaleiarete 93 4 5

20 IBGech Ors Nice ccheclse seer tone et cares 83 00 Tf

WAI. | Ind SIGIR RoR Seas: SO SEO Neen SEE cease aoe 83 18 12

22 IDICE Hao) Panes eet ee ee eS ee ae 72 25 8

ode VAT OAM beets ek Soe ee elas bo te cua oS 72 36 1

24 TNOTPSONANO M100 Nes neta sce see oe 66 35 12

25 CanadamWi Son eeesrsccs seve msserecine a teat 52 19 14

26 Columbian. 2225s eee ee ee eee 46 tv) 1

Bit Staymaker: NOOSs stone senescent nee see 35 22 8

28 PNUAVEN OTs aS a AE ARERR hee ene Poe cued TaS 2a | 343 0 >

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 281

EARLY VARIETIES IN TWO-YEAR-OLD BEDs.

Again assuming that June 25th was the beginning of mid-
season for this locality, Table IV shows that six varieties ripened
more than a fourth of their crop before this date. These varie-
ties may be called early for this season.

TABLE V.— EARLY VARIETIES FRUITED IN Two-YEAR-OLD BEDS RANKED
ACCORDING TO YIELD BEFORE JUNE 25.

Rank as to

3 | $ ie ef al yield, ie
NAME OF VARIETY. sees es Wevweneae aoualwiel total vield,
Ounces. Ounces.
Wanliestreses ss ceeoee ee cee June 16 73 97 17
MUAPLOS cass sooecaceins Soscce June 16 40 102 15
Man eaRO by case! =e ee cleeie ne June 21 26 72 23
Lhompson No. 100. .---..---- June 21 23 66 24
Hleanormesc- cases ste se cee June 18 18 72 22
Slaymaker No. 8 .....--.---.| June 23 | 7 5 27

Earliest closely resembles Michel of which it is a seedling.
Staples did not do well in a two-year-old bed as the plants lacked
vigor; but it is worthy of a trial as an early sort. Margaret is
not adapted to our stiff soil as the plants have not done well in
either one or two-year-old beds. Thompson No. 100 was unsatis-
factory in a two-year-old bed as were also Eleanor and Slaymaker
No. 8. ‘A part of the failure of the varieties in two-year-old beds
was no doubt due to winter injury as has been explained above.

LATE VARIETIES IN Two-YHAR-OLD BEDS.
Table IV shows that seven varieties yielded over a fourth of
their crop after July 5th, therefore these may be called late for
this season.

TABLE VI.—LATE VARIETIES FRUITED IN 'TWO-YEAR-OLD BEDS RANKED
ACCORDING TO YIELD AFTER JULY 5.

. Date of last | Yield after | Total vield, Rank as to
NAME OF VARIETY. Pte ected total yield,
Oucces. Ounces.

INOS OMe eae se = seo sec. 28s ceo July 9 114 286 1
Wimmer apimes she asec = Soe eas ee see July 7 14 200 3
ID ISSO leper eae sce lccu cass ce ee eee July 9 45 187 5
IGT A= aso cGn BOS CEES CHUCOS OS Ree ene | Chil heats, 38 100 16
SLQUMGKEREN O69 <2 see. = Sap ccs ae =i July 6 35 161 8
Clarence (Thompson No. 101) . ------ July 9 33 147 11
Willian Beltre seen-ssscon0 6 eee “ace July 9 29 124 , 44

282 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Robinson, Omega, Mary and Clarence have been mentioned
under varieties that fruited in one-year-old beds. Bissel stood
first in productiveness among varieties that fruited in one-year-
old beds in 1896. This season it takes fifth place in productive-
ness among varieties that.were fruited in two-year-beds. The
fruit is medium size, good color and moderately firm.

Slaymaker No. 9, from Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., bears
fruit large in size but rather light in color and low in quality.
It is no improvement over known sorts.

William Belt received favorable mention last season. This
season it takes a low rank because of the severe winter injury
that the plants sustained.

LIST OF STRAWBERRIES RECEIVED IN 1897.

Babcock No. 4. From D. W. Babcock, Cromwell, Conn.

Bismark. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Bouncer. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Bryant. From Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y.

Bubach Seedling. From W. E. Doxie, Wappinger Falls, N. Y.

‘Carrie. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Clyde. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Cumberland Triumph Seedling. From W. E. Doxie, Wappin-
ger Halls, INoY.

Evans. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del.

Fred. Stahelin. From F. C. Stahelin, Bridgman, Mich.

Gertrude. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md.

Hall Favorite. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Holland. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Isabella. From J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn.

Jersey Market. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Leader. From J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn.

Lovett Seedling. From W. E. Doxie, Wappinger Falls, N. Y.

Michigan. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

More Favorite. From C. J. More, Jamestown, N. Y.

Morgan No.1. From J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, N. Y.

Noland. From J. P. Noland, Peninsula, Ohio.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 283

Ocean City. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del.
Ridgeway. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Rural Gem. From J. H. Pease & Son, hompsonville, Conn.
Sample. From C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass.

Seaford. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y.

Stenger No.1. From B. F. Stenger, Charlottsville, Ind.
Stenger No.2. From B. F. Stenger, Charlottsville, Ind.
Tennyson. From Harrison’s Nurseries, Berlin, Md.

VIL VARIETY TESTS WITH RASPBERRIES,
BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES.*

WENDELL PADDOCK.

SUMMARY.

Poscharsky No. 15 takes first rank among black raspberries both
as to total yield and the amount of fruit produced early in the
season. Palmer has a long season as it is classed with both early
and late berries. Babcock No. 5 and Mills were the two most pro-
ductive late berries.

Of red raspberries, Pomona gave the largest early yield and
ranks second in productiveness. Cline ripens most of the crop
in a few days and, as is usual with very early berries, is unpro-
ductive. Kenyon and Olathe were the most satisfactory late red
raspberries. Of the mid-season varieties Loudon, Cuthbert and
King deserve special mention.

Shaffer and Columbian are as yet the two standard varieties
of purple raspberries.

Of blackberries, Dorchester, Success, New Rochelle and Stone
Hardy were the most productive in 1897. Dorchester’and New
Rochelle have not always been hardy here. Early King produced
the largest early yield.

Lucretia is as yet the only dewberry of importance in this
section.

INTRODUCTION.

The stiff clay loam of the Station gardens is not well adapted
to small fruit culture, but raspberries and blackberries succeed
much better than strawberries. Early in the season the ground
between the rows was plowed to a depth of about three inches
with a one-horse plow. This effectually loosened the surface soil
as could be seen by comparison with adjacent land that had not
been plowed. The influence of the plowing could be noticed as
long as cultivation was continued. After plowing the ground

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 128.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285

was smoothed with the cultivator and an endeayor was made
to keep the soil from becoming compact by giving frequent
cultivation.

Nearly all varieties came through the winter in good condition
and set a full crop of fruit. The dewberries alone received winter
protection which was given them by throwing a few shovelfuls
of earth on the prostrate vines. Abundant rains when the fruit
was ripening brought all the berries to maturity and thus it
happens that some of the varieties that have not usually done
well on our grounds make a good showing in the following
tables.

Descriptive notes are given of some of the newer kinds and the
older sorts have in some cases been briefly mentioned. In all
cases where the source from which the plants were obtained is
not given it is supposed that such varieties may be had of any
reliable dealer.

BLACK RASPBERRIES.
NOTES ON VARIETIES.

Babcock No. 3. From D. W. Babcock, Cromwell, Conn. An at-
tractive, large berry but only moderately productive on our soil.

Babcock No. 5. From D. W. Babcock, Cromwell, Conn. While
the fruit is not quite as large as No. 3, it has been much more
productive. It takes second rank this season. Both of the Bab-
cock seedlings make a good showing among the late varieties as
may be seen by consulting Table I. For this reason both are
considered worthy of testing.

Black Diamond. From C. W. Stewart, Newark, N. Y. Fruit
large with medium grains, good black color, firm, good quality
and will evidently be productive. Its season is about with Gregg.
A promising variety.

Eureka. A standard variety in many localities. It hasa long
season which extends from medium early to medium late.

Hopkins. From A. M. Purdy, Palm yra, N.Y. An early berry
of large size but only moderately productive here.

Lawrence. From A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas. Fruit very
large, moderately firm, good color and quality; evidently produec-
tive. Season a little later than Eureka, Worthy of further
testing.

286 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Mills. From C. Mills, Fairmount, N. Y. This variety has been
favorably reported on in former reports of this Station. The
fruit is of medium size and good quality. It stands third in pro-
ductiveness this season.

Onondaga. From C. Mills, Fairmount, N. Y. Fruit large,
attractive, good quality. It was only moderately productive this
season.

Palmer. From C. Mills, Fairmount, N. Y. A standard variety
in many places.

Progress. From D. B. Garvin & Son, Wheeling, W. Va. Berries
medium size, good black color and moderately firm. It ranks
fourth in productiveness this season.

Poscharsky Seedlings. From F. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, Ill.
Neither No. 3 nor No. 9 are any improvement over better known
sorts. No. 15 ranks first in productiveness and in the amount of
fruit produced early. The fruit is medium to large, firm, some-
what seedy, sweet and of very good quality. Where very early
berries are desired this variety will be worthy of a trial.

Townsend No. 2. From G. Townsend, Gordon, O. Fruit medium
to large, very good quality. It ranks sixth in productiveness this
season.

TABLE No. IL.— Lisr oF BLack RASPBERRIES FRUITED IN 1897 WITH A CoM-

PARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND LATE YIELD
oF EACH VARIETY.

z 8 se 52 és
e fi bene a ag
oe B® a cm Sa
"3 NAME OF VARIETY. Fe elie eset pce ran |) oo
7 eae ep eke
3 Oe che aes. || 8S
a es b a Ay ey
Ounces
[eleRoscharshy “Nowy «seer === 1894 466 42 ibl 5
eel MB UDCOCKNO WD) aeons =e 1894 419 3 35 10
Siem MUS weeeseme notes ciseee ces = 1894 409 0 33 5
4 IONE ss esa sceete creases o- 1894 401 24 26 3
Be | ETO Kart eeinciscie ect valsters 1894 390 22 24 3
6 GUNS ENUENO #2 ieeiecs el eae 1894 359 10 16 5
aml PE QUCOCK NO moles fee ero ietelareaiar 1894 335 0 33 0
8 Palimerqss fae seeaccoces sees 1894 285 28 3 3
Poscharskiy Now Osos sa9 al 1894 285 35 15 5
2) OnvoiG@lereart 6 Saooce sdeseaesee 1894 247 3 33 10
TOMA PEO pkinsiee seee esc ose sess 1894 216 32 20 10
LN ROschanskymN Owe steers 1894 186 37 18 5

a

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 287

EArRLy BuAck RASPBERRIES.

The mid-season of black raspberries for 1897 may be regarded

as extending from July 17 to July 23. Those varieties that

fond

ripened a fourth or more of their crop before July 17

called early for this season. Table I shows five such varieties.

These are arranged below in Table II.

may be

TABLE I].— EARLY BLAck RASPBERRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR
YIELD BEFORE JULY 17.
|
= = x Date of first | Yield before Pr _e Rank as to
NAME OF VARIETY, picking. July 17. Total yield. total yield.
Ounces. Ounces.
Hoscharely: INO. 19)5-2- 02 ose July 8 193 466 1
Poscharsky No. 3......----- July 8 100 285 8
alnve ts 222% wiclecicianeasce si.oe July 8 80 285 8
OMIM iyo ee ome ese July 13 69 216 10
FRORChAnSICY NO. Dacacass sese July 8 69 186 11
Poscharsky No. 15 has made a good record this season. It is

remarkable in that it gives the largest total yield as well as the
largest early yield. Poscharsky Nos. 3 and 9 are no improvement
on better known sorts. Palmer is a well known early variety.
Hopkins bears fruit of good size but is not productive enough on

our soil to compare favorably with better known sorts.
LatE BuAcK RASPBERRIES.

Assuming that mid-season ended on July 23 all varieties that
ripened a fourth or more of their crop after this date may be
called late for this season. Table I shows six such varieties.
These are arranged below in the order of their yield after July 23.

TABLE III.—LatrrE BLack RASPBERRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR
YIELD AFTER JULY 23.

7 Date of li Yield after = ae t
NAME OF VARIETY. Ls aa yet after | ‘Total yield. Faanerelae
Ounces. Ounces.

SB UUCOCK MNO’ Das ctas ce tees July 30 147 419 2
Mil Steere see cect ee Sloe Aug. 4 135 409 3
EB COCOLKEMNO womaniate aoe cone: Aug. 4 110 335 7
IBIONG else aeteat cee etee sce July 30 104 401 4
palmerarscee: caacca seek oo July 30 88 285 8
DUOndIeaAesseios. secso-| Aug, °2 82 247 9

288 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Babcock No. 5 and Mills can safely be recommended for trial.
Palmer and Onondaga have not usually been as productive on.
our soil as they have elsewhere. However they are standard
varieties in some localities.

RED RASPBERRIES.

TABLE IV.— List OF RED RASPBERRIES FRUITED IN 1897, WITH A COMPARA-
TIVE STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND LATE YIELDS OF
Each VARIETY.

= z apie miles g
a Ss 55 a) ale
= ay ean es mae Bie
g 2) hes 3s se
a NAME OF VARIETY. as ge ne ne es
Ba + Ba ag ag Ag
S a es 3 oe 58
E = cm wes | wee ai
2 = val Ay Ay ar
Ounces.
il WiOUG ON see ccc owes sees 1894 503 1 22 0
2 IROMON GA sees Geer eet ee 1892 495 30 9 0
33 @unthberti css -te-cce- ote 1892 478 0 22 3
4 IKGinioeyee see ee cles = aera « 1894 471 15 13 0
BH | Linen caes56-5neo bose sede 1894 463 5 27 0
6 1G AD: baie ee A be 1894 441 Gal 20 0
a Prdejot Kentiecsteres sees 1893 401 19 ial 3
S| Simo Sosea5cSenccedcsec 1892 326 113} 20 0
9) || ‘RoyaliChurch 5...) =. == 1892 322 4 20 5
10 MalbOticmecceeccasceee eee 1894 306 10 26 0
ipl Clarkes osee seek cane 1894 288 10 16 0
12 Redersss22t ceece nese cise 1893 258 19 12 0
1183 Olathen es oe eee artes 1893 249 0 25 3
14 CMurnereeeeewasiceeeceeecee 1892 233 20 9 3
lanl elvan ceass-c.-omene ses sei 1893 228 16 18 5
16 Miller Woodland ....----- 1892 211 8 28 5
M7, @ilhittewen Jace eee eae oes 1893 180 62 2 il
18 INTOMIat eee icteo secs 1893 179 15 20 10
19 Tid Omen st eee ceereeee 1893 ly Sil 6 itt
Phi) || Sime@e nine) Seeede aaco soec 1894 152 40 4 5
Ziew @erandy wiles == 224 \=-% 1292 146 2 30 5
22 ar nist eens ce ein wee 1893 145 30 15 10

EARLY Rep RASPBERRIES.

Assuming that mid-season of red raspberries began on July 16
those varieties that ripened a fourth or more of their crops before
this date may be called early for this season. Table IV shows
that there were six in this class. They are given below in
Table V.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289

TABLE V.— EARLY RED RASPBERRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD
BEFORE JULY 16.

Date of first | Yield before | Total yield. Rank as to

NAME OF VARIETY. picking. July 16. | total yield.
|
Ounces. Ounces.
IBOMON ae eto <5 -'== Base) alive 7 148 495 2
Glimmers ee Coosa ne sees. 2 ae July 6 ali tst 180 17
Supenlavive sess. ss -> <= July 8 61 152 20
TPO) Gace Keen eee soeeer July 7 58 157 19
le pigntiws 2. See eee ee July 10 43 145 22

Pomona, from Wm. Parry, Parry, N. J., has always been satis-
factory on our grounds. It is not only early but productive as
well, ranking second in yield in 1897 among all the varieties.
Cline, from G. W. Cline, Winona, Ont., is very early and yields
most of its fruit in a few days after beginning to ripen. Pomona
was much more satisfactory as its early yield was not only larger
but it has a long season as well. Superlative, from Ellwanger &
Barry, Rochester, N. Y., has berries of the largest size and Idaeus

type.
Late Rep RASPBERRIES.

Again referring to Table IV we find that five varieties pro-
duced a fourth or more of their crop after July 26. These are
given below in Table VI as late varieties.

TABLE VI.— LATE RED RASPBERRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING YO THEIR YIELD
AFTER JULY 23.

Date of last | Yield after c iq
NAME OF VARIETY. ieee July 26. Total yield. Bae vie} ae
Gunces. Ounces
ISOyONete cn ca hes So8 toe cS25 August 9 125 463 5
{NEN OO ne Sa a August 7 78 306 10
OAR ORE eee exacts 2 = seb ose August 7 60 249 14
Miller Woodland .....-...-. August 9 59 211 17
IBTAMGVIWANG) se 2S <5- socio August 2 44 146 22

Kenyon, from A. M. Kenyon, McGregor, Ia., has fruit of
medium size, moderately firm, rather dark when fully ripe and
only fair in quality. It ranks fifth in yield this season and pro-
duced the largest precentage of late yield of any variety. Of the
other berries included in the list of late varieties Olathe, from
Stayman & Black, Lawrence, Kan., has been the most satisfac-

tory.
19

290 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Mip SEASON VARIETIES.

Loudon, from C. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y., ranks first in yield
this season among the red raspberries. It has a long fruiting
season and gives a good late yield, though the percentage of late
yield is not as large as some others. The fruit resembles the
Marlboro; the plants are vigorous and have been perfectly hardy
here thus far. Cuthbert is one of the standard red raspberries
and is perhaps more grown than any other red variety. It is not
firm enough to ship long distances.

King, from Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va., bears fruit
of large, fine, bright color, firm, good quality; plants vigorous
and hardy. It ranks fourth in productiveness among all the red
raspberries that fruited this season.

PURPLE RASPBERRIES.

TaBLE VII.—List OF PURPLE RASPBERRIES FRUITED IN 1897, WITH A COM-
PARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND LATE YIELD
OF EACH VARIETY.

: i. 2] 0c

e 8 SB oR Necae

ee . a ue, os

ord OH a =]

a NAME OF VARIETY. ; a & Sa

S e = ES ae #2

: eile) pli taeell vleeeee a

E P| as a | Seer

fs e aya a, ™ oa

Ounces

WN Sheath eh ey esa Beas a cence 1895 481 20 16 3
Om shatters ot seis cee entececce 1895 414 0 Dill 25
Sel eNAMISONEeee tose sees cee cee 1894 382 50 i 5
ZA WS COLOMTtCoN ONE TOUS pees ee ena oie se 1894. 376 0 30 3
By NS I hes See petee cee eere 1895 376 14 4. Myers
Gulimbeckwitt) t22ccnecte coee es oe 1894 195 0 51 3
FalmRodtieldieseeetecs. cee epee = 1895 123 0 26 3

By referring to the above table it will be seen that only one
variety, Addison, gave a large percentage of early yield. This
berry is not worth growing in this locality as the berries are
small and crumble badly.

Smith Purple, from B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kan., was the
most productive. This variety has all of the characteristics of
the black raspberries aside from its purple color.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion, , 291

Shaffer and Columbian have been the most satisfactory purple
berries. There seems to be but little difference in productiveness
between the two.

Teletaugh, from J. F. Street, West Middletown, Ind., is a new
comer and has not been sufficiently tested to decide as to its
merits. The berries are large, dark purple with an abundance of
bloom that gives them a mouldy appearance. The fruit is firm
and rather tart. Its season is somewhat earlier than Shaffer or
Columbian.

BLACKBERRIES.
TABLE VIII.—YIELD OF BLACKBERRIES IN 1897.

: : re
Bw 20 In marketable OSS
3 NAME OF VARIETY. # i a condition! Se
: Nee E
r= é = 3

5 = 2 A
re H ey

Ounces.

We Worebester:---<---.200%-.-=2 12-22 1893 755 | July 26 to Sept. 2 0
DMO UCCORS rate sa aisca css <oeisee oefenie si 1892 606 | July 30 to Sept. 7 0
omeNew Hochelle sc -j-ce0 cos eee aces 1893 589 | July 26 to Sept. 2 0
Wa PSLON Eve ard Yryan vases osala soe es ce 1893 588 | Aug. 9to Sept. 2 0
Duiipwacly, Mammoth’) ess ..ss-\s c2. - 1892 528 | July 28 to Aug. 30 0
@ || AGA Ail saeseeceoses coco aeeeonar 1893 467 | July 28 to Aug. 30 0
PRM ENTO ees aia cstern Sateen cinta eral 1893 443 | July 30 to Aug. 7 3
SaleWesteun) Mrumphe scene ome ~ = = 1895 438 | Aug. 2 to Aug. 30 0
MILON ON One las tenia aaiaielaiceel a cisiole ners 1892 408 | Aug. 7 to Sept. 7 0
wOPP \Voodlandyt = 55: toh ly. o. Jacisc ese 1892 371 | July 30 to Sept. 2 0
IE PAN CIeNt BrIGON ene o ce) sncesc/ sa cicee 1893 352 | Aug. 2 to Aug. 30 0
AO arly Kan Oye 2 ietc ct sim = cies seins ose ets 1892 330 | July 30 to Sept. 7 0
PMO VOUbn oS Mec sre cases ta te toe Stee 1893 317 | Aug. 7 to Aug. 30 0
TB VVISOU PR <5 fe Some ecetcce als sec 1893 211 | July 23 to Aug. 30 5
DOO AHOLOLG pram ce watotswiel= rs) oooh) swe 1894 195 | Aug. 9 to Aug. 30 0
T6aleblack Chief. 5... /s2s0s2--cccsa5- 1893 187 | Aug. 7toSept. 7 0
iar eb ctl yallar Vestiesececwociene ot oe 1895 170 ; July 15 to Aug. 17 0
1ites | UWS Ud 0s fy: eee ce ee 1894 122 | July 26 to Aug. 21 3
1S) || Laer bh EE Se eee aoa rema coarse 1892 71 | Aug. 12 to Aug. 30 0

Most of the blackberries came through the winter uninjured by
the cold. On this account some of the varieties take a high rank
in yield that have not heretofore been productive here.

Dorchester is a well known old variety. It has not always
been hardy here.

Success, from L. W. Carr and Co., Erie, Pa., received favorable
notice in our report for 1896 and this season it takes second rank
in yield. The berries are of medium size with medium grains
and small core; quality good.

292 REporRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

New Rochelle (Lawton), is a well known old sort. It is one of
the finest of blackberries when grown at its best but the plants
are not hardy enough to be reliable in this locality.

Stone Hardy ranked second in yield last season and takes
fourth place this year. The fruit is of medium size and good
quality.

Early Mammoth, from Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va.,
is said to be a hybrid between the blackberry and dewberry.
The fruit varies from the largest size to small, imperfect berries.
The plants are not usually hardy here.

Agawam is a well known variety. The plants are quite hardy
in this locality. The fruit is of medium size and good quality.

Erie is an old variety. It has not been as productive here as
some others.

Ancient Briton took first rank in yield last year which may
account in part for its low place this season. This has been
regarded as one of the most reliable varieties. The fruit is of
medium size.

Early King, from Ellwanger & Barry gave the largest early
yield and its total yield was satisfactory for such an early sort.
The canes are of medium size and the plants are vigorous. Fruit
medium size, good quality. \

Wilson Jr. belongs in the same class with Early Mammoth and
resembles that variety in bush and fruit. They both need winter
protection in this locality.

Early Harvest has been quite satisfactory in former years as
an extra early variety. Last season fully established plants took
third rank as to yield. The berries are of medium size and good

quality.
DEWBERRIES.
TABLE I'X.— YIELD OF DEWBERRIES IN 1897.
Yield of row
Rank as NAME OF VARIETY. of 20 feet | In marketable condition.
to yield, 1897. long.
Ounces.
5 EAs Ses ee IUGR EY ceeeaomoUSD4 DSeaoSoc 198 July 17 to Aug. 12
TA AS HCO ORE (Bamtie laser sisate sekeet sete ae meleln= te 102 July 15 to Aug. 2
Bees oon eaee ATISbIM LIM PLOVEd soe: eateeler 68 July 17 to Aug. 2
Hate eo tees Miami OG srs steers (ommtat= i= eitaiel=i 38 July 15 to July 30

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293

So far as tested here Lucretia is the only satisfactory dewberry.
Austin Improved did not come up to our expectations this season.
The berries were imperfect and sour.

LIST OF RASPBERRIES RECEIVED IN 1897.

Bishop. From B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas.
Cumberland. From D. Miller, Camp Hill, Pa.

Egyptian. From B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas.

Great American. From J. L. Childs, Floral Park, N. Y.
Highland Hardy. From 8S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y.
Munger. From W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio.

New Cardinal. From A. H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas.
Perpetual King. From C. J. More, Jamestown, N. Y.

LIST OF BLACKBERRIES RECEIVED IN 1897.

Clark. From M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.
Rathbun. From Fred E, Young, Rochester, N. Y.

Vill, RESULTS. WITH) OAT, SMUD IN, 1897

Cc. P. CLOSH.

SUMMARY.

In the experiments conducted by the author in 1897 Ceres
powder, lysol, formalin and potassium sulphide were compared
with the Jensen hot water treatment for the prevention of oat
smut.

Sprinkling the seed with a1 per cent solution either of lysol or
formalin entirely prevented smut. The seed which was sprinkled
with solution of potassium sulphide varying in strength from
1 per cent to 5 per cent gave from 0.6 per cent to 1 per cent of
smutted heads. Ceres powder used in the same strength was
even less effective, as the seed treated with it gave from 1 per
cent to 2.9 per cent of smutted heads.

In the experiments in soaking seed, the treatments which en-
tirely prevented smut are: 0.3 per cent lysol, seed soaked 1 hour;
0.2 per cent formalin, seed soaked 1 hour; 2 per cent potassium
sulphide, seed soaked 1.5 hours; and 4 per cent Ceres powder,
seed soaked 0.5 hour.

The hot water treatment kept the crop wholly free from smut.

None of the above treatments injured the seed.

For sprinkling one bushel of seed one gallon of the solution
is required. A gallon of 1 per cent solution of lysol costs 5
cents. The same amount of 1 per cent formalin solution will
cost 4 cents.

In soaking a bushel of oats one hour about one and four-fifths
gallons of solution will be absorbed. This amount of 0.3 per cent
lysol solution will cost 2.7 cents, a like amount of 0.2 per cent
formalin solution will cost 1.4 cents, of 2 per cent potassium sul-
phide 5.4 seul of 4 per cent Ceres powder 39.6 cents.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 181.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295

Lysol sells for about 65 cents per pint; formalin for about 50
cents per pint; potassium sulphide for 18 cents per pound; and
Ceres powder in bottles of 2.2 lbs for $1.50.

The Jensen hot water treatment consists in soaking the seed
for a given time in water at a certain temperature, 133° for 10
minutes being usually recommended.

Sprinkling is done by applying the solution with a sprinkling
pot and shoveling the pile over until all the seed is saturated.

Smut is a parasitic plant which grows inside of the stalks of
oats. The black masses which appear in the heads of oats are
_ the spores, or seeds, by which the smut is propagated.

Oats attacked by smut are usually dwarfed, and often weak-
ened so much that many stalks never head out.

The following table shows cost per bushel of seed for chemi-
cals in the least expensive successful treatments.

Cost OF CHEMICALS FOR PREVENTION OF OAT SMUT.

SPRINKLING. SOAKING.
MATERIAL.

Strengthof} Cost per | Strengthof} Length of | Cost per

solution. bushel. solution. time. bushel.
Per cent. Cents. Per cent. Hours. Cents.

WYSOl Sa eiteSe 6 ctaja sis .cco't bs 1 5 0.3 1 2
IDO MT hin. Sea eeL ae ae 1 4 0.2 ul 1.4
OtASSIUNE SM OIAS seers a ereieyeeias || Macatee. 2. 1.5 5.4
CERES EPONVG Clee cre nas crs |t meen | Bete 2 4. 0.5 39.6

The cost of material per acre for treating seed with the 0.2
per cent formalin solution is 34 cents, allowing two and one-half
bushels of seed per acre. Sprinkling with solutions of lysol or
formalin weaker than 1 per cent was not tried, but they may
prove effective in preventing smut.

INTRODUCTION.

The results of some investigations in 1897 in treating seed
oats for the prevention of smut are presented in this Bulletin.

The hot-water treatment, which originated with Prof. Jensen,
is one of the most effective remedies for preventing oat smut, but
since it involves heating the water and keeping it at a certain

296 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

temperature for a given time, many have the idea that the opera-
tion is too complicated, therefore the remedy has not come into
general use.

Soaking or sprinkling the seed with some solution may be
considered a simpler process, and should it prove to be equally
as effective, would probably become popular more rapidly than
the hot-water treatment. Prof. Jensen has lately been advo-
caling a remedy, Ceres powder, to be used in this way. This
substance is reported as giving excellent results in some parts
of Europe, and has received favorable mention in this country
by Kellerman.* A bureau has been opened in Chicago to ad-
vertise Ceres powder and push its sale. Since this remedy is
thus being brought to public notice in this country it was de-
cided to test it here and to compare it with other remedies for
oat smut. The other remedies which were tried were hot water,
formalin, potassium sulphide and lysol.

So far as known to the writer, lysol has not before been used
as a preventive of smut. In these experiments, as will be shown
later, it has given excellent results. Formalin; and potassium
sulphide} have been tried before with varying success, according
to the strengths used.

In order to give the different remedies a thorough test, some
of the treatments which were tried on the Station farm
were duplicated on larger areas under different environment
in another part of the State. The details of the work will ac-
cordingly be considered under two heads: (1) Experiments at the
Station and (2) experiments at Trumansburg.

EXPERIMENTS AT THE STATION.

A piece of ground that would give conditions as nearly uni-
form as possible was selected for this purpose. This was divided
into plats twenty feet long, each of which contained three rows,
one foot of space between the rows and one and one-half feet

®*Report of Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1896; p. 64.

+Bolley, H. L., N. Dak. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 27, Kellerman, W. A., Proceedings of the
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1896; Kellerman, W. A., Kan. Exp.
Sta. Bul. No. 22; Wheeler, C. F., Mich. Institute Bul. No. 3; Year Book U. S. Dept.
Agr., 1896, p. 259. ; :

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297

between the plats. Untreated plats were distributed so as to
form checks for each series of from three to six treated plats.
Four rows of untreated seed were sown at each end of the piece
so as to make the conditions of light, etc., of the end plats as
nearly like those of the center plats as possible.

SEEDING OF PLATS.

Owing to heavy rains the seeding could not be done until
May 22 to 26, three weeks after the seed was treated. An equal
amount of seed was sown in each row. The seed oats used were
selected because of the abundance of smut they contained. This
fact gave assurance that the untreated seed used for checks would
produce at least an average amount of smut which could be used
as a basis of comparison for the treated plats.

CHEMICALS USED AND KIND oF TREATMENT.

Plats were sown with seed which had been sprinkled with 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6 per cent solutions of lysol, 1, 2 and 3 per cent solu-
tions of formalin, and with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 per cent solutions of
potassium sulphide and of Ceres powder. Other plats were
seeded with oats which had been soaked for 1, 2 and 8 hours in
solutions containing 1 part in 1,000 of lysol and of formalin, for
1 and 2 hours in 2 to 1,000 solutions and for 1 hour in solutions
of these same substances containing 3, 4, 5 and 6 parts in 1,000;
while the seed treated with potassium sulphide and Ceres pow-
der was soaked for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 hours in solutions of these ma<
terials containing 20 and 40 parts in 1,000.

GERMINATION, GROWTH AND PERCENTAGES OF SMuTTrED Hans.

No attempt was made to compare the yield of the different
plats, because the seeding was done so late in the spring that
the short growth and small heads were unsatisfactory for this
purpose. The percentage of smutted heads was determined by
counting the stalks. This was done at the time of harvesting,
August 16 to 20. The different treatments, with their respective
germinationsof seed, growth of plantsand percentages of smutted
heads are given in the following table. The untreated plats are
considered normal in germination and growth.

298 REporT oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

|
RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF SEED OATS BY SPRINKLING WITH FUNGICIDES.

ot
MATERIAL. Ga ORS es Remarks.
Per cent. | Per cent. \
Ibo) ae oh aesemeemee 1 0 Germination and growth normal.
ILM GGL) se oe ae eee 2 0 Germination and growth normal.
IGNAOL sedoce pocaseaase 3 0 About two-thirds of the seed grew;
it was slow in germinating but

the plants made a taller and
more stocky growth, were very
rusty, and much later in matur-
ing than where the seed was
treated with less lysol.

itye@ll asso Asnacads ahee 4 0 Less than one-fourth of the seed
grew and that gave plants like
the next above.

lly) So66 Shon soos ease 5 0 About one-twentieth of the seed
grew. It gave plants like those
in the 3 per cent treatment.

LSE eke apdees S6ae 6 0 Only a few seeds grew; the plants
were like those in the 3 per cent
treatment.

Wintrentedweas-ss nese |p entetee-t 10 :

Hormallinmasce se cee if 0 Germination and growth normal.

lee Ste aes oe ae 2 0 Very few seeds grew and two-
thirds of these did not produce
heads.

OAT ONS Saqoes besces 3 0 Even fewer seeds grew than in the

, one next above and one-fourth
of these did not produce heads.

Wintreatederen sce mss tieene sence 8.7

Potassium sulphide... at 0.7 | Germination and growth normai.

Potassium sulphide. -- 2 0.8 | Germination and growth normal.

Potassium sulphide. -. 3 0.9 | Germination and growth normal.

Potassium sulphide. .. 4 1.0 | Germination and growth normal.

Potassium sulphide. .. 5 0.6 | Germination and growth normal.

Wntreated(se 8 so sec| te cseoeee 6.4

Ceres powder ...-..-.- 1 2.9 | Germination and growth normal.

Ceres powder -... .-.- 2 1.5 | Germination and growth normal.

Ceres powder .......-. 3 2.7 | Germination and growth normal.

Ceres powder <--.—--- 4 1.0 | Germination and growth normal.

Ceres powder -......-- 5 1.3 | Germination and growth normal.

Unibreabedyacessee saiceel cnet. ccs 6.4 | Germination and growth normal.

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

299

RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF SEED OATS BY SOAKING IN FUNGICIDES.

MATERIAL.

weet tee eee eee eee

Untreated
MUORMA MMe hse se
IRFOENT AMIN sco: cie ews
HOLM ales sas 255+ o26
HORM AIM Soe wenn lee
HOLMAN ses oss
OrMmalimee.-)ee -ree
Wmitreated o552..---2..
Potassium sulphide*-.

Potassium sulphide. -.
Potassium sulphide. -.
Potassium sulphide...
Potassium sulphide...
Untreated

Ceres powder. .....-.-
Uintreated. -.2.2-- 2. =.
Ceres powder. ........
Ceres powder. ......--
Ceres powder. ...----.
Untreated

Strength |Length

of sola- of
tion. time.
Parts
in 1000. | Hours.
1 al
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 a
6 1
else oe Sats a
1 3
2 2
i 2
1 3
2 2

20 | 0.5
20 | 1.5
40 | 0.5
40| 1
40 | 1.5
a 20] 0.5
Bor. Aa
20] 1.5
iat: 40 | 0.5
40| 1
40 | 1.5

wees wee | coe ewe

Smut-
ted
heads.

bno~a WW WO aT OO

fab

Oo orooo
oun ~ Orr

2OoOSSoHS
YH

Remarks.

Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination

Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination

and growth normal.

and
and
and
and
and

and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and

growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.

growth normal.
growth normal.
eTowth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal,
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.

About 25 per cent of seed failed
to grow; plants made normal

growth.

Germination and growth normal,

Germivation
Germination
Germination

About 20 per cent
to grow; plants

growth.

About 20 per cent
to grow; plants

growth
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination
Germination

and
and
and

and
and
and
and
and

growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.

of seed failed
made normal

of seed failed
made normal

growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.
growth normal.

*Record for plat from seed soaked one hour in potassium sulphide was lost.

300 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

WHat THE ABOVE RESULTS SHOW.

With lysol—The 1 per cent and 2 per cent solutions sprinkled
did not injure the seed and entirely prevented smut. The 3 per
cent solution sprinkled injured the seed so that one-third of it
did not germinate, while the plants from the other two-thirds
were stocky, very late in maturing and very rusty. Solutions.
stronger than 8 per cent injured the seed more in proportion to
their increased strengths.

Soaking the seed for 1 hour with from 3 to 6 parts per 1,000
prevented the growth of smut, while untreated seed gave 8 to 10:
per cent of smutted heads. When the seed was soaked in weaker
solution, the smutted heads varied from 0.7 per cent to 5.3 per
cent. None of the seed soaked in lysol solutions was injured.

With formalin.—tThe 1 per cent solution sprinkled on the seed
was effective and did not injure the seed. The 2 per cent solu-
tion, sprinkled, kilied about 95 per cent of the seed and the 3 per
cent solution sprinkled killed even more than this. Two to six
parts per 1,000 on seed soaked one hour, and 2 parts per 1,006
on seed soaked two hours killed all smut spores without injuring
the seed. Weaker solutions gave from 0.8 per cent to 0.7 per
cent of smut, while untreated seed gave from 4.7 per cent to 8.7
per cent of smut.

With potassium sulphide—Seed sprinkled with from 1 per cent
to 5 per cent solution was not injured, but gave from 0.6 per cent
to 1 per cent of smut, while the untreated seed gave 6.4 per cent.
That soaked in a 2 per cent solution for 1.5 hours and in the 4
per cent solution from 0.5 to 1.5 hours prevented smut and caused
no injury to the seed.

With Ceres powder—Seed treated by sprinkling with from 1
per cent to 5 per cent solutions gave from 1 per cent to 2.9 per
cent of smutted heads, but was not injured; the untreated seed
gave 6.4 per cent of smut. The 2 per cent treatments soaking
0.5 hour and 1 hour injured the seed about 20 per cent and gave
0.5 per cent, or less, of smutted heads. The seed soaked in a 2
per cent solution 1.5 hours gave 0.2 per cent smut; that soaked

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301

in a 4 per cent solution 1.5 hours gave 0.1 per cent and was not in-
jured. The 4 per cent treatments, where seed was soaked 0.5 hour
and 1 hour, prevented smut without injuring the seed.

EXPERIMENTS AT TRUMANSBURG.

Since the experiments at the Station were of necessity con-
ducted on small plats, it was deemed advisable to duplicate a
few of them on a larger scale in a locality where the oat smut
was abundant the previous season. Accordingly, arrangements
were made with Messrs. King & Robinson, Trumansburg, Tomp-
kins county, by which a plat of two-sevenths of an acre was used
for each different treatment.

On April 13 the seed was treated by sprinkling in lots of one
bushel as follows

STRENGTH OF FUNGICIDE SPRINKLED ON OATS.
Strength of

solution.
Material. Per cent.
MU CNOSHPO WC OD c cstemn etcraisieisiesic = dinate shaln aia) siejoerciapsemic t's, e/a c\stemielelelaisicteicme 0.78
POUSSSIDMES UP UI Clans 2 ce son sets s seiciesisocinial ines, sensi memes elec 5
OLASSUMMOATSU PMLA Gls see serasee sce hc ee aioe ee ee Seles cele seiee eee 3
PELOMET Srl eeerepeeneeete ou nmi staat VN eek Ca Seis aa vest ee Se eeioe 5
AEE OSUMMMCU UM eae peo hata le Salt ayes iste Dapeted fas: ohio a cn lone a apes 3

MeretTHop oF TREATMENT.

The oats were placed on the barn floor in piles of one bushel
each. The necessary amount of each chemical was put in one
gallon of water and was applied with a sprinkling pot. By spread-
ing the pile somewhat and alternately sprinkling and turning
the oats, each bushel was thoroughly saturated and absorbed
practically the whole gallon of the mixture. To dry them the
piles were spread and shoveled over occasionally for two or three
days.

SEEDING AND GROWTH.

The seed was drilled in April 21 at the rate of two and one
fourth bushels per acre. Three check or untreated plats were
sown for the five treated plats. The seed treated with Ceres

*This strength is at the rate of one ounce in one gallon of water, practically as per
‘directions of the manufacturers of Ceres powder, who recommended one ounce of the
powder in one gallon of water sprinkled on 3314 pounds of seed.

302 REPORT OF THB HORTICULTURIST OF THE

powder and potassium sulphide germinated as well and made as
good growth as the untreated seed did. The experiment with
formalin was short and decisive. None of the seed germinated,
thus proving that the 5 per cent and 3 per cent solutions were
fatal to the seed. As soon as it was certain that this seed would
not grow, another bushel was given the hot-water treatment and
the plat seeded May 4, at the same rate per acre as before. This
made a fairly good growth, but rusted badly, due, no doubt, to
late sowing. At the time of harvesting, August 3, the grain of
all the plats was flat upon the ground, having been broken down
by heavy rain and wind storms. The yields were undoubtedly
reduced a little by this condition, since lodged grain is difficult
to harvest, but as all of the plats were in the same condition the
yields are comparable.

PERCENTAGE OF SMUT AND YIELD OF PLATS.

The percentage of smutted heads was obtained by selecting
representative parts of each plat and counting the stalks. ©

TREATMENT, PERCENTAGE OF SMUT AND YIELD PER ACRE OF OATS.

MATERIAL. rea eq,| Smutted heads. Yield.
Per cent. Per cent. Bushels.

Ceres powders t.-2<-.-. -22-.. 0.78 6.3 59.72
Potassium sulphide --...--.- 5.0 0.85 57.64
Potassium sulphide .-.--.--.-- 3.0 1.4 54.36
FEVO ta Witt CTG ete cee setae te ee od lil te eae oe ets 0 54.58
Wmitirenite deer acess] ses se eae) ce etic aeevecs 11.8 54.36

That the hot-water treatment did not give a larger yield is un-
doubtedly due to late sowing and to the rusting of the plants.

COMPARISON OF RESULTS.

At Trumansburg the seed sprinkled with a 0.78 per cent
Ceres powder solution gave 6.3 per cent of smutted heads.
The only experiment at the Station to compare with this is
where seed was sprinkled with a 1 per cent solution and gave
2.9 per cent of smut. Seed sprinkled with a 5 per cent potassium
sulphide solution at Trumansburg gave 0.85 per cent of smut,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303

while at the Station seed treated with the 5 per cent solution
gave 0.6 per cent. With the 3 per cent potassium sulphide solu-
tion the result at Trumansburg is 1.4 per cent and at the Sta-
tion 0.9 per cent of smutted heads. These results show a slight
difference in favor of the work done at the Station. There was
also less smut on the untreated plats at the Station, 10 per
cent being the highest. At Trumansburg the untreated plats
gave 11.8 per cent of smutted heads.

COST OF MATERIALS.

Lysol——This material can be purchased in small quantities
for about 65 cents per pound, or pint. In carboy lots it sells
for about 30 cents per pound.

The 1 per cent treatment, sprinkled, will cost about 5 cents
per bushel of seed.

In soaking the seed in a solution of 1 part in 1,000 the cost
is 0.5 cent per gallon of the solution.

Formalin.—Formalin and the “40 per cent Solution of
Formaldehyde Gas” are exactly the same material, but in pur-
chasing it is well to ask for the latter, because it is quoted much
lower in price than formalin.* The 40 per cent solution of
formaldehyde gas sells for about 50 cents per pound, or pint,
in small lots, and in carboy lots for about 30 cents per pound.
The material for one gallon of the 1 per cent solution costs 4
cents. A gallon of the solution 1 part in 1,000 costs 0.4 cent.

Potassium sulphide may be obtained for about 18 cents per
pound. A gallon of 1 per cent solution will cost a trifle less
than 1.5 cents. The same amount of solution 1 part in 1,000 will
cost less than 0.2 cent.

Ceres powder is put up in bottles holding one kilogram or
2.2 pounds. A single bottle sells for $1.50 and a lot of ten for
$10. The rate per ounce for single bottle is about 4.25 cents.
This is sufficient for one gallon of the solution necessary for
sprinkling one bushel of seed as advocated by the manufac-
turers. ‘A gallon of the 1 per cent solution requires 1.28 ounces
and costs nearly 5.5 cents.

— \
*De Schweinitz, E. A., Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896, p. 262.

304 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

The cost of material for the least expensive treatments which
entirely prevented the smut is herewith given:

Cost oF FUNGICIDES FOR PREVENTION OF OAT SMUT.

SPRINKLING. SOAKING.
MATERIAL.
Strength of Cost Strength of |} Length | Cost per
solution. | per bushel. | solution. | of time. | bushel.

Per cent. Cents. Per cent. | Hours. Cents.
ILWEOlS eS aE ss eomosaaseocoeaoT 1 0.3 i 2.7
IROTMALMN eee ce seas e toate se i 4 0.2 1 1.4
Potassium sulphide ........-.|-----. ----|---------: 2 1.5 5.4
@eres pow Gerste---). 222 so~m||\s-meae wen el| tone min = =i 4 0.5 39.6

HOT WATER TREATMENT.

This treatment is really a very simple operation, but some-
thing about the thought of doing it seems formidable to many
persons, and they hesitate to try it. The Station has recom-
mended the following plan as easy, cheap and practical. Heat
the water in a large kettle and near the kettle sink a barrel in the
ground so the top will be a foot or more above the surface. Pour
part of the hot water into the barrel and take the temperature
with a good thermometer—be sure to have a good one—and add
either cold or hot water until a temperature of 138° is reached.
The dipping is done by putting about a bushel of oats in a course
gunny sack, tying this to one end of a pole and resting the pole
over a post, thus making a lever, by which the sack cf oats may
be raised or lowered very easily. When the oats are dipped into
the water at 138° the temperature is immediately lowered and
hot water must be added at once to keep the temperature about
133°. Keep the seed moving all the time and take out at the
end of ten minutes. Spread the oats on a barn floor or other
convenient place and shovel them over three times a day for a
few days; then they may be sown with a force drill; or, when
they are taken out of the hot water, pour cold water over them,
spread them out to drain, and in two or three hours they may be
sown broadcast. As the oats absorb considerable water it is

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 305

necessary to sow about half a bushel* more per acre than when
untreated seed is used. This is on the basis of two and one-half
bushels per acre. Two men in one day can treat enough seed to
sow twenty acres.*
NOTES ON SMUT.
Wuat Is Ir?

The so-called smut is a parasitic plant, that is, a plant which
feeds upon some other plant as a host, and grows upon, or inside
of it. It comes from a spore, which is comparable to a seed in
the higher plants, grows and produces fruit, with which to per-
petuate itself much the same as any other plant. The black
masses of smut so noticeable when the grain is ripening consist
of countless numbers of minute ripened spores, the fruit of the
parasitic plant. These spores are often blown from the oat-
head as soon as they ripen, thus leaving a naked stalk, but more
often, perhaps, they remain in black disagreeable masses.

How THE Smut PLANT Grows.

Since the smut spores are microscopic in size a large number
may be attached to the kernels without being noticed. In this
way they are unavoidably sown with the oats in the spring.
While the oats are germinating and growing the smut spores are
doing the same thing, only in a little different way. Each germ-
inating spore sends out a minute tube which penetrates the little
oat plant when it is perhaps from two to four days old. After
entering the oat plant the minute tube develops into branching

- threads, which grow up within the plant. There is no evidence
of their presence until the heads are forming, but at this time
the kernels of oats are filled with these branching threads which
rob them of their nourishment and ripen myrids of new spores.
Thus, what should have been a head of oats turns out to be a
worse than worthless mass of dusty spores. It sometimes hap-
pens that only a part of the head or panicle is thus affected and
the stalks from each stool may or may not all be attacked by the
parasite.

*Holden, P. G., Mich. Exp. Station Bul. 87.
20

306 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

GROWTH OF SMUTTED OAT-PLANTS.

Since the smut parasite robs its host, the growing oat-plant,
of much nourishment, the latter is naturally much weakened,
and only a part of the smutted plants attain the average height
of healthy ones. The others are dwarfed more or less and often
to such an extent that they grow only a few inches high. A
large number of diseased plants, especially those much dwarfed,
are so weakened that they cannot push their panicles, or heads,
out of the sheath of the upper leaf. Upon opening these closed
heads they are found to be full of smut masses. Thus it is that
the casual observer sees only the high smut and concludes that
the crop is only slightly smutted.

INFECTION OF SEED Oats BY Smut Spores.

The seed is infected in several ways. Many of the spores ripen
before the oats do, are blown about by the wind and become
lodged on the ripening grain. In case the smut ripens early
while some of the oats are still in bloom the spores are liable to
become attached to the growing ovaries of the grain in such a
position that the glume or husk of the individual oat kernels
envelopes the spores, thus making it difficult to destroy them.
The wholesale agent of infection is the threshing machine, and
the crop from a field practically free from smut is liable to be-
come infected by spores carried in the machine from an infected
neighboring field. Then the use of sacks, grain bins, etc., that
have held smutted grain helps to distribute the smut spores.

IX. SPRAYING IN 1897 TO PREVENT GOOSE-
BERRY MILDEW.*

C. P. CLOSE.

SUMMARY.

For ten years this Station has advocated potassium sulphide
as the best remedy for gooseberry mildew.

In the season of 1897 potassium sulphide, Bordeaux mixture,
lysol and formalin were tested side by side.

The plantation was divided into six sections. In two of these
the spraying was begun very early, just as the buds were break-
ing; in two others eleven days latter; and in the remaining two
sections twelve days after the preceding two sections.

The first mildew appeared May 26. By June 7 portions of the
plantation were badly mildewed. At this date the lysol and
formalin seemed to have done no good. Bordeaux mixture was
more effective, but not so good as potassium sulphide where the
treatments were begun very early and medium early.

All of the fruit was picked July 6 and 7 so as to market it
green. Bushes sprayed very early with potassium sulphide at
the rate of 1 oz. to 3 gals. of water gave only 5 per cent of mil-
dewed fruit; those sprayed very early with it at the rate of 1 oz.
to 2 gals. of water gave 6.6 per cent. Bushes sprayed very early
with lysol, 1 oz. to 1 gal. of water, gave 24.5 per cent and those
sprayed very early with Bordeaux mixture gave 37.4 per cent
of mildewed fruit, while the untreated bushels gave 57.7 per cent
to 78.7 per cent.

The foliage was not injured by any of the fungicides.

At 18 cents per pound for potassium sulphide, the cost of the
solution which gave the best results is about one-fifth of one
cent per bush for the seven sprayings.

J

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 133.

308 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

The Station recommends potassium sulphide, 1 oz. to 8 gals.
or 1 oz. to 2 gals. of water, as the most effective fungicide for
gooseberry mildew. ‘

As a rule only the English varieties and their seedlings are
attacked by mildew although the American varieties are not
always exempt.

INTRODUCTION.

Potassium sulphide was first used as a remedy for the powdery
mildews in Europe about 1884. In 1886 it was used to a. very
limited extent in this country. In the following year, 1887, this
Station* made the first practical test of the efficiency of potas-
sium sulphide in combating gooseberry mildew, and although the
material was not applied until the mildew was well established,
the results showed that there was a beneficial effect from its use.
Since then its efficiency has been proven by successive tests} and
it has been recommended by the Station as the best remedy for
holding mildew in check.

After Bordeaux mixture came into general use some authori-
tiest advocated it as a substitute for potassium sulphide early in
the season, but so far as known to the writer, these recommenda-
tions were not based on comparative tests of the two fungicides.
The only record of such a comparison which he finds is that of
an undecisive test made at this Station in 1892. Accordingly, in
1897, experiments were planned so as to compare them side by
side. For comparison with Bordeaux mixture and potassium
sulphide two other fungicides, lysol and formalin, were tried.
So far as the writer has been able to find out, lysol and formalin
have never before been used for this purpose.

|

*Arthur. Sulphide of Potassium as a Fungicide. N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1887,
pp. 348-350.

+Goff. Potassium Sulphide for Gooseberry Mildew. N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1888,
pp. 153-154. Hunn. Gooseberries. N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1889, p. 3384; 1890, p. 307;
1891, p. 474. Beach and Paddock. Gooseberry Mildew. N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Rept.
1895, p. 354.

tLodeman. The Spraying of Plants, p. 292; and Spray Calendars, Cornell Univ. Agl.
Exp. Sta., Feb., 1895, and Feb., 1896. Taft. Spray Calendar, Mich. Agl. Exp. Sta.,
Apr., 1894; Green, Selby and Webster. Spray Calendar, Supplement to Ohio Agl. Exp.
Sta., Bul. 79. Spray Calendar, Md. Agl. Exp. Sta., Apr., 1896. Spray Calendar, Del.
Agl. Exp. Sta., Apr., 1895. Craig [Canadian] Exptl. Farms Rept. 1895.

Diagram.

HH

Formalin loz. tolgal. Wate:

Formalin lozto 2gals. water.

Seniesl,

SEE ea
Explan mort of
GUE KEK KK

a
w For malin loz Lortgalswate Xs

Serie

x X X X BM & we we XK XK x Lysol lozto Hgals. water.

n [a |
Pd \aysol \ oz. to Igal wate Ge

o
Pi DILISA
Ast assium Sulphide loz.to 2gals. waler.

Be EAS weet ess XXX
COOOOEOOCON _RiassiuwSulphide. loxti Sgalswaler.

MX) KX (xR KX eas
mmm | [S *'°°! ' t 292! wales

3 Bordeaux mixture.

> ee, SP, SLC, §
Unireated Rows.

DIAGRAM 1.—GOOSEBERRY PLATS FOR MILDEW TREATMENT.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 309

OBJECT AND PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT.
OBJECT.

The object of the experiment was to compare sprayings begun
very early with those begun medium early and late. Bordeaux
mixture and different strengths of formalin and lysol were also
to be compared with different strengths of potassium sulphide.

PLAN OF EXPERIMENT.

The Industry plantation of King & Robinson, Trumansburg,
N. Y., was used for the experiments. It consisted of 32 rows with
11 plants to the row. As shown by the diagram opposite, the
plantation was divided into six plats. Each treatment was ap-
plied to two plats separated by plats receiving different applica-
tions. This arrangement was for the purpose of equalizing for
each remedy the differences in soil and location which might
exist in different parts of the plantation.

For convenience in comparing the effects of very early with
medium and late spraying, three series of treatments were made.
Series I was begun very early, April 12, just as the buds were
breaking and successive applications were made at intervals of
about ten days until seven had been given. Series II was begun
April 23 when the second treatment of Series I was made. The
first treatment of Series III was applied May 5 when the third
treatment of Series I and the second treatment of Series I1 were
given. During the remainder of the season the dates of treat-
ment were the same for all applications. An untreated row was
left as a check for each series.

MareRiAts USED.

Bordeaux mixture, 1-to-11 formula, was used upon one set of
bushes in each series until the fruit was large enough so that
spotting with the mixture would injure its sale; then potassium
sulphide, 1 oz. to 2 gals. of water, was substituted for the re-
mainder of the season.

Potassium sulphide was used in two strengths, 1 oz. to 2 gals.
of water and 1 oz. to 3 gals. of water.

310 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Lysol and formalin were each used in three strengths, 1 oz. to 1
gal. of water, 1 oz. to 2 gals. and 1 oz. to 4 gals. These strengths
were settled upon arbitrarily for trial since there were no pre-
vious experiments which might be followed as a guide.

The foliage was not injured by any of the solutions.

MeEtHopD oF APPLICATION.

The first spraying was given with a knapsack sprayer, but this
was inconvenient, especially where so many different solutions
were used and the sprayer had to be washed out after each solu-
tion was applied. After the first application a bucket pump
made by the Deming Co., Salem, Ohio, was tried and gave good
satisfaction. With a seven-foot hose all parts of the plant could
be readily reached.

DIVISION OF SERIES AND DATES OF SPRAYING.

The table opposite shows upon which rows the different
strengths of fungicides were applied and gives the dates of appli-
eation. The division into series is shown in the diagram opposite
page 309.

RESULTS.
DEVELOPMENT OF MILDEW.

The plantation was closely watched for the first appearance of
mildew and at the fifth spraying, May 26, a little was found on
the fruit, especially on the untreated rows. On the treated rows
there was a very slight difference in favor of the potassium sul-
phide treatments. All of the bushes had made a good, healthy
growth and nearly all were loaded with fruit. At this time the
berries were so large that potassium sulphide, 1 0z. to 2 gals. of
water, was substituted for all Bordeaux mixture treatments so
as to avoid having spotted fruits at the marketing season.

At the time of the sixth spraying, June 7, the entire plantation
was examined to find out which treatments seemed to be most
effective. During the few days previous to this date the disease
appeared on the young leaves; and in the amount of mildew on
the foliage there seemed to be no difference between the treated
and untreated bushes. The fruit on the untreated bushes was

311

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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312 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

very badly mildewed. The treatments with lysol and formalin
in some instances seemed to have slightly checked the mildew on
the fruit. The combined treatment of Bordeaux mixture and
potassium sulphide had checked the disease, but the most favor-
able results appeared where_the potassium sulphide had been
used for very early and medium early treatments.

PICKING THE FRUIT.

The last spraying was made June 21. Messrs. King & Robinson
wished to market the fruit green,so on July 6 and 7 it was picked.
The mildewed fruit and perfect fruit were weighed separately for
each different treatment. In order to have an accurate basis of
comparison the yields are figured so as to give the average per
plant in each experiment. The results are so arranged in the
following table that the reader can easily compare the same
remedies in the different series. It must be borne in mind that
Series I received seven sprayings beginning April 12, Series II
received six sprayings beginning April 23, and Series III received
five sprayings beginning May 5.

TABLE IJ].— AVERAGE YIELD AND PERCENTAGE OF MILDEW PER BUSH FOR
EACH TREATMENT.

Series 2. Spraying
begun medium
early. Six appli-

Series 1. Spraying
begun very early.
Seven applications.

Series 3. Spraying
begnn late. Five
applications.

cations.
: Average yield Average yield Average yield
FUNGICIDE. per bush. as per bush. 43 per bush. mS
5 =) 2
| rd 3 3 =) a=! =]
) o o oO o Do
5 S EB E & 3
: o 2 . oO o ° o CS)
Oo c=] ik) Oo Ls} i) Oo lis} so
2 S| r= 2 S| = “ ra =
co = = & b= a cy | |
Ozs Ozs. |Per ct.}| Ozs Ozs. |Per ct.!| Ozs Ozs. |Per ct.
Bordeaux mixture :*
EOP LMON MUA sro ateieleleic)s «ini 26.2 15.7 | 37.4] 34.8 14.3 200i 1SSLe 25 58
Potassium sulphide:
1 oz. to 3 gallons water--.-.| 76.8 4 5 45.3 8 15.1 70 30.5 13
1 oz. to 2 gallons water.--.| 56.2 4 6.6 | 42.6 6 12-3 | 38.5 5 11.5
Formalin:
1 oz. to 1 gallon water..... 21 20 48.8 BED |) L2G een snln22 28 56
1 oz. to 2 gallons water.---| 17 24.5 59.1 9 50 84.7 10 25 71-4
1 oz. to 4 gallons water.--.| 28.4 Slow ippoaeOn | t teil! 3 65 17.6 | 418 70.4
@heckseeaecs oe o-ee=seee = - NOMA a) 26804 OTT 9 BEIT fh igdetats 9 33.2 78.7
Lysol: ,
1 oz. to 1 gallon water...-.| 37 12 24.5
1 oz. to 2 gallons water.-..| 19 25 56 &
1 oz. to 4 gallous water.-.-| 44 26 Sill |
Check#een see see ain = -le= == 19.4 26.5 BY few f |

* Last three treatments in each series potassium sulphide, 1 oz. to 2 gals. water.

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 313

From a study of Table II we see that, with the exception of
Bordeaux mixture, the very early treatments gave the best re-
sults. Where the treatment with potassium sulphide, 1 oz. to
3 gals. water, was begun very early only 5 per cent of the fruit
mildewed. Where it was begun medium early there was three
times as much mildewed fruit, while in the treatment begun late
there was a little more than two and one-half times as much.
The bushes treated very early with potassium sulphide, 1 oz. to
2 gals. water, yielded 6.6 per cent of mildewed fruit and those
where the treatments was begun medium early and late gave
nearly twice as much.

Lysol ranks next to potassium sulphide in effectiveness. It
was used in Series I only and the bushes treated with 1 oz. to
1 gal. water gave 24.5 per cent of mildewed fruit; bushes treated
with the weaker strengths gave 56.8 per cent and 37.1 per cent
respectively of mildewed fruit.

The best result with Bordeaux mixture was where the spray-
ings were begun medium early and 29.1 per cent of the fruit
mildewed. With the very early treatment 37.4 per cent of the
fruit mildewed and where spraying was begun late 58 per cent
of the fruit mildewed.

Formalin seemed to have little if any effect in checking the
mildew. The bushes in Series I treated with 1 oz. to 1 gal. of
water gave 48.8 per cent of mildewed fruit. The amount of
mildewed fruit in the other experiments with formalin varied
from 52.6 per cent to 78.3 per cent, while the largest amount
from the untreated bushes was 78.7 per cent.

The average cost of the various fungicides is given in the table

below.
TABLE II].—AVERAGE COST OF FUNGICIDES.
For ONE GALLON OF SOLUTION.
= Per
EOE pound. | 1 oz. to ot oz. to | 1oz. 1toll
1 gallon gallons 3 gations for tai
water. “water. water.
Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents,
Ley SOle rare pe se oeiese a dosc cscteres 65 | 4.06 2038|| 352-2" 9 ieee ee
OTN Minne ane ee eae a eae 50 | oLdes 15 56):\|oc eee eel eee
Potassium sulphide ...-...----.---- bey: | Meme 02544) NOZS71S digs see eee
ONC uke UEC ate coc. ee oA Meee Nbiec beck | ces coe, [eer eee 0.5

314 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

By formalin as used in this article is meant the 40 per cent
solution of formaldehyde gas. When purchasing, it is well to
ask for the 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde gas as it is
quoted much lower than the same material under the name of
formalin.*

RECOMMENDATION.

For holding the gooseberry mildew in check the Station recom-
mends potassium sulphide as the most effective remedy. It may
be applied at the rate of 1 oz. to 2 or 3 gals. of water begin-
ning very early in the season, just as the buds are breaking, and
repeating about every ten days, depending, of course, upon the
condition of the weather.

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF MILDEW.

The mildew is a parasitic plant, or fungus, which appears on
the surface of the fruit and young shoots. When first noticed it
is composed of glistening, white threads which give it a frost-like
appearance. As the fungus develops the threads become more
numerous and matted, lose their glistening color and finally be-
come a mass of brownish felt-like substance. It has now com-
pleted its growth and ripened its winter spores and can usually
be peeled off the berries without rupturing the skin.

If the attack is severe the tender young leaves and shoots will
be seriously injured, if not killed, and the growth checked. The
growth of the berries will also be checked and they are likely to
be misshapen and even to crack open thus letting in the germs
of decay.

The spores by which the fungus is reproduced correspond to
the seeds in higher plants but are very much simpler in con-
struction. There are two kinds of spores, the summer spores and
the winter spores. The summer spores (conidia) are formed on
vertical branches of the glistening white threads which make up
the fungus. As the vertical branch grows in length a partition
appears near the upper end. This partition soon cuts off all con-
nection with the LEME part of the branch and the upper part

~ *De Schweinitz, E. A., Year Book U. S. Dept. of Agr., 1896, p. 262.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315

develops into a spore. While this spore is developing at the tip
the branch is growing longer and the formation of new spores is
begun in the same way lower down. As soon as the tip spore
ripens it drops off, and as the branch is continually growing and
forming new spores, there is a succession of ripe spores scattered
-broadcast to spread the disease. When these spores alight on
the leaves or fruit with proper conditions of moisture and tem-
perature present, growth immediately takes place; and since
thousands of these spores are formed daily the disease is spread
very rapidly.

The fertilization and development of the winter spores corre-
spond to the fertilization and development of seeds of higher
plants but are quite different and usually take place late in the
season of growth of the fungus. In certain instances where two
threads come near to or cross each other an enlargement or cell
forms on each, one partaking of the functions of the male organs
and the other of the female organs of a flower. At a certain
stage of the development protoplasm passes from the male cell
to the female cell and the latter is thus fertilized. Growth imme-
diately begins and by the time the fungus assumes a brownish
color black specks may be seen upon it; these specks are the
winter spore cases (perithecia). Within the dark covering of the
winter spore case will be found an inner spore case (ascus) which
contains eight of the winter spores. In this double covering of
spore cases the winter spores live over winter. By spring the
cases break open and the spores escape. They are blown about
by the wind and when they reach the leaves or fruit of the goose-
berry bush under favorable conditions growth takes place and
the pest is started for the season.

As a rule only the English varieties and their seedlings are
attacked by mildew, although the American varieties are not
always exempt. A comparison of the susceptibility to mildew of
the English varieties as grown at this Station is given in Bulletin
No. 114.

xX. WOOD ASHES AND APPLE SCAB,

8S. A. BEACH.

SUMMARY.

In an experiment including 124 trees in full bearing and con-
tinued for five years, liberal applications of hard-wood ashes did
not increase the immunity of apples from the scab. With few
exceptions, the varieties on treated sections yielded larger per-
centages of scabbed fruit than those on untreated sections.

On the treated sections of the orchard the foliage in many
cases was improved, but it cannot be said that the improvement
was due to increased immunity from the scab.

Where the ashes were used, the color of the fruit was much
improved in some seasons with some varieties, but in a season
which favored the perfect development of the fruit none of the
varieties showed any improvement in color as compared with the
same varieties on untreated sections.

Apparently the use of ashes had a general tendency to hasten
the perfect development of the fruit. When the season was not
especially favorable to the perfect development of the fruit, it
improved the keeping quality, but in a season very favorable to
the perfect development of the fruit the ripening processes were
generally carried so far where the ashes were used that the ap-
ples did not keep so well as where no ashes were used.

The yield, except with the Baldwins, was greater on the treated
sections; but the data are not such as make it safe to draw defi-
nite conclusions as to the effect of the use of ashes on the yield.

Decided differences were shown between varieties as to the
ability to resist scab, and preliminary investigations indicate that
this difference in resistant power is correlated with structural
peculiarities.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 140.

NEW Yorg AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ole

INTRODUCTION.

The apple stands first in importance among the cultivated fruits
of New York. Within the borders of this State no other fruit is
so largely grown for home use and none equals it in commercial
importance. It is more or less subject to injury both in foliage
and fruit by a disease commonly known as the scab*, which is
caused by a parasitic fungus, Fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr.\
Fekl. Some kinds of apples are usually quite subject to injury
from the scab while others generally suffer but slightly from its
attacks. Among the varieties which are naturally susceptible to
the disease are Fameuse or Snow, Fall Pippin, Primate and White
Winter Pearmain. Among those which are resistant to the dis-
ease in a marked degree are Ben Davis, Black Gilliflower, Grimes
Golden, Hubbardston, Maiden Blush, Talman and Yellow Trans-
parent. It is certain that local conditions influence the spread of
the disease because the same variety is injured more by it in some
localities than in others. Moist locations offer conditions which
favor its development.

It is well known that the amount of injury from the scab varies
with the season. Continued dark, wet, cool weather at blooming
time and immediately thereafter favors the growth and spread of
the fungus and may bring about such an outbreak of the scab as
to cause the destruction of large numbers of forming fruits, thus
greatly diminishing the crop. Under such conditions of light,
moisture and temperature the young foliage and fruit are abnor-
mally developed and become unusually susceptible to the attacks
of the fungus, while these very conditions favor, or at least are
not unfavorable, to the healthy growth of the fungus.

From what has been said in the preceding paragraphs it appears
that the amount of injury which is caused by the scab fungus

*This disease, as it occurs on the fruit, is so well known that it is unnecessary to
give an extended description of it here. In very severe attacks it forms great brown
patches which crack open, disfigure the fruit and render it unfit for market. The
injured spots vary in size from such as these down to minute dots which easily pass
unnoticed. On the leaves the fungus forms olive-brown patches varying in size as on
the fruit. The spots occur on either the upper or under surface and often cause the

leaf to become crumpled. The diseased tissue may finally crack and fall away, thus
giving the leaves a ragged appearance.

318 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

varies according to the natural susceptibility of the variety to its
attacks; that with any given variety it varies in different locali-
ties and in different seasons, and that the conditions of light, tem-
perature and moisture, especially when the fruit it setting, have
much to do with the prevalence of the disease.

So far as known to the writer, it has never been shown that the
composition of the soil influences in any perceptible degree the
susceptibility of the foliage and fruit to attack of the scab except
as it affects the amount of moisture. Whether the ability of
the foliage and fruit to resist the scab may be increased by the
application of a certain class of fertilizers to the soil,or whether by
the use of certain other kinds of fertilizers the liability to injury
from this disease may be increased, are questions which have per-
plexed the minds of thoughtful fruit growers. Joseph Harris
brought up this question in a paper on fertilizers at the 1891 meet-
ing of the Western New York Horticultural Society.* He said:
“T cannot but think that anything calculated to increase the
growth, vigor and luxuriance of the trees will render them less
liable to injury from fungous diseases. If this is true then fer-
tilizers will help us.”

In a discussion in the same society} in 1893 the idea was ad-
vanced that trees may be fed so as to fit them to resist fungi;
that too liberal use of highly nitrogenous fertilizers, such as stable
manure, fosters conditions which render the trees more liable to
injury from fungous diseases, and that such tendencies may be
corrected by the use of plant food containing more potash and
phosphoric acid. Some were inclined to think that the applica-
tion of hard-wood ashes to the soil increased the ability of the
tree to resist the scab. In order to discover whether liberal ap-

plications of hard-wood ashes to the soil would have any percep-
tible influence on the immunity of the foliage and fruit from the
scab fungus, an investigation was started at this Station in 1893
which has continued to the present time. The results are here
offered as a contribution to our knowledge on this subject.

*Proc. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc., Rochester, 1891, p. 100.
7 Proc. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc., Rochester, 1893, pp. 19, 140, 141.

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319

PLAN AND CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

PLAN,

In any orchard the amount of injury from scab is liable to vary
considerably with different trees of the same variety in the same
season. It may also vary greatly with the same tree in different
seasons, being influenced by the conditions of light, tem-
perature and moisture. The investigation. was planned on an
extensive scale, so that the peculiar environment of individual
trees and the varying influences of different seasons might not
lead to erroneous conclusions. Some sections of the orchard in
which the experiment was conducted were annually fertilized
with liberal applications of wood ashes and corresponding sec-
tions received no ashes. As many trees of a kind as possible
were included in each of the two classes, the treated and
the untreated, and the experiment has continued five years. For-
tunately for the experiment, the scab was unusually abundant
one season, 1894, and did an enormous amount of injury to apple
foliage and fruit throughout the State. The period of the experi-
ment also covers the seasons of 1895 and 1896 in which the cli-
matic conditions were generally favorable to the production of
foliage and fruit free from the scab.

To guard against the possibility of having the test ruined by
insects, the orchard was sprayed each year with arsenites and the
insects were thus kept under control, excepting plant lice. No
fungicides were used.* Since all sections were treated alike the
spraying did not lessen the value of the records for comparing
sections which were treated with ashes with corresponding un-
treated sections. The trees were annually pruned for the pur-
pose of removing weak or dead branches and keeping the tops
open so that spraying could be done readily. The fruit was not
thinned, because more scabby fruit might thus be taken from
treated than from untreated sections or vice versu.

*The insecticides which were used were London purple, Scheele’s green and Paris
green. Lodeman has shown that Paris green has slight fungicidal value. Cornell Exp.
Sta. Bull. 48, pp. 272-273. In his tests London purple showed no fungicidal value. Cor-
nell Exp. Sta. Bull. 86, p. 60.

320 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

Under the conditions which have been described above it is
clear that the effect of the variation in the amount of scab on trees
of the same variety in different locations, and on the same tree in
different seasons, may be largely corrected by averaging the re-
sults of a large number of trees for a period of several years. The
results which are set forth on the following pages, therefore,
form a reliable basis for conclusions as to the influence
which the use of wood ashes as a soil fertilizer may have on the
immunity of apples from the scab fungus so far as the particular
soil is concerned on which this experiment was made. The extent
to which such conclusions may be accepted for other localities
must be determined by further observations. It is believed that
they will hold true generally except possibly in localities where
the soil is notably deficient in potash.

An old apple orchard belonging to the Station was selected for
this investigation in the spring of 1893. It is located about a mile
and a half west of Seneca Lake, mostly on upland, but extending
at one side down a short southern slope and including a small
portion of Castle Creek bottom land. The soil is a rather heavy
clay loam, quite well adapted to the apple, but not equal in this
respect to the best apple lands of western New York.

The oldest trees were planted in 1850, making them forty-three
years planted when the experiment was begun. ‘They were root-
grafted trees from the nursery of T. C. Maxwell & Bros.,
Geneva, N. Y. Nearly half of the trees which were first planted
are gone and their places are now filled with trees varying in size
from those recently planted to mature trees which have been in
full bearing for many years. The orchard does not form as uni-
form a block of trees as could be desired for the experiment, but
it is readily accessible and under the Station’s control. Taking
all things into consideration, it was the best one available for the
investigation. ,

‘Prior to 1893, the year the experiment was inaugurated, the
orchard had been in meadow for several years. During the win-
ter of 1892-3 it was given a heavy application of stable manure

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 321

and the following spring it was plowed. Since then it has either
been used for soiling crops or has been given clean cultivation
till about August 1 and then seeded to some cover crop.

THe APPLICATION OF Woop ASHES TO TREATED SECTIONS.

The orchard was divided into eight sections, four of which have
had an annual application of wood ashes at the rate of one hun-
dred pounds per tree, and the remaining four sections have re-
ceived none. No other fertilizer has been applied to any part
of the orchard during the experiment except within two or three
feet of trees which have been newly planted to fill vacancies.
The ashes have been weighed separately for each tree and spread
broadcast to the line midway between adjacent rows. ‘They were
thoroughly mixed and carefully sampled before being spread in
the orchard. The analyses given herewith show the percentage
of potash in each application.

Dir Siam CAL OMe, che a caratun stepede chs ie el snl ev chavo os eeno ones 4.13 per cent, K,O
Second seamen Sts Reis chesved aw enc der st aveXc rere fa tevleuiss Si sialindouaer aoe 3.89 ‘° “<
Third roa MME ALE PEL irs JAA a srtastahe eter eteLere sort aetorenckeets jaralom 2 ss
ROUTE M yt hee MA ah Soc e key cece aves sifeke cat alioka Oi Bisleve Sal syelan aeleAaeays salt) ve he
Fifth MED Rte Sct Toners titer teh ajercteCn a) cunt levels ciays sao temelnele nS sey on ati a

Since one hundred pounds of ashes were applied to each tree
annually the above figures show the number of pounds of potash
per tree in each application. The trees are thirty feet apart each
way making forty-eight trees per acre. The amount of actual
potash which has been applied to the treated sections during the
five years is 20.82 pounds per tree or 999.36 pounds per acre, an
average of 200 pounds per acre annually. The amount of potash
commonly recommended for apple orchards varies from 50 to 100
pounds per acre annually. The amount of potash which was
applied in this experiment is exceedingly liberal, being twice as
great as the highest amount commonly recommended for apple
orchards.

The amount of phosphoric acid in the ashes which were used
in this experiment was not determined. Dr. Van Slyke* states
that the amount of phosphoric acid in wood ashes varies from

*N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bull. 94, p. 323.
21

S22 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

1 to 2 per cent. At the lower estimate one pound of phosphoric
acid per tree was applied each year in this experiment, or 48
pounds per acre. The application of from 30 to 60 pounds of
available phosphoric acid per acre is commonly recommended for
apple orchards. The phosphoric acid in the ashes is mostly
insoluble and becomes available slowly. It may possibly become
available as readily as the phosphoric acid of coarsely powdered
bone.
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.

Baldwin, treated, Nos. 10, 101, 102, 108, 109, 125, 126, 127, 128.

Baldwin, untreated, Nos. 81, 111, 183, 186, 187, 207.

Fall Pippin, treated, Nos. 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39.

Fall Pippin, untreated, Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9.

R. I. Greening, treated, Nos. 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 70, 105,
107, 129, 146. J |

R. I. Greening, untreated, Nos. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42, 48, 46, 48,
62, 69, 82, 83, 162, 165, 184, 185.

Roxbury Russet, treated, Nos. 143, 145, 147, 149.

Roxbury Russet, untreated, Nos. 150, 153, 161, 175.

Northern Spy, treated, Nos. 74, 75, 76, T7, 202, 205, 210, 212,
213, 215, 221, 228, 224, 225, 245.

Northern Spy, untreated, Nos. 116, 206, 208, 227, 228, 229, 230,
233, 234, 249, 250, 251, 253.

The shaded portions indicate sections which were treated with
ashes.

The old trees are indicated by the circles.

THE VARIETIES.

The orchard was divided into eight sections as already de-
scribed. For convenience these are numbered consecutively from
1 to 8. Sections 2, 4, 6 and 8 received annual applications of
ashes while the others received none. The accompanying plan
gives the relative positions of the sections and the varieties of
trees included in them. The following list shows the number
of treated and untreated trees of each variety which were of
bearing age. Oh

see
Ou WH 7® » O©O
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PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT ORCHARD.

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 323

oe 3 ai rs

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Baldwimbeee-easss- 2222 9 6 | Golden Russet .....-..... Saas 7
HalleRippiMeeticce sos. .c see 7 Gi eS WICK 2255.0 seers e ewer ha =o 1
RO LGreening si: os... 2. 12 Se leeckseleasum tame] soe aaee 1
Roxbury Wusset’ -<2..2.-2 4 AS | yMardeneB tsb sacer === sous 1
Norihernsspyras-- 2: -- 2-2 15 1S Mealmans ees ssc asces « Bese 1
Esopus Spitzenburg ...--- 3 AMP Wiandev.ere. sees. teases ae 1
Mompking King: =... ...-.2 6 i Summer Pippin’ =<. -2-- Daly Sashes
Reinette Pippin.........- 2 Ia Baldwine(youns))s22 5... 12 17

This list includes 153 bearing trees. Without the young Bald-
wins there are 124 mature trees in full bearing. Several varie-
ties are not well enough represented in both classes to permit
them to be used in comparing treated and untreated sections.
Excluding these there still remain forty-seven treated and forty-
seven untreated trees, mature and in full bearing, whose records
for the five years may be used for determining the results of
the experiment. These belong to the following varieties: Bald-
win, Fall Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet and
Northern Spy.

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Records were kept of the September condition of the foliage
in 1894-5-6-7 and of the condition June 28, 1894. ‘A careful esti-
mate of the condition of the foliage of each tree was made by
two persons and the average of the two estimates was recorded.
For obvious reasons it was impossible to examine carefully every
leaf and note whether or not it was injured by the scab. There-
fore the chief means of determining whether treating the soil
with ashes had any influence on the prevalence of the scab was
by careful examination of every fruit with reference to this point.
During the first three years the fruit was classified with reference
to the scab into four classes: (1) free; (2) slight and considerable,
averaging about 20 per cent injury if 100 per cent represents a
fruit rendered totally worthless by the scab; (3) bad, averaging
about 55 per cent injury, and (4) unmarketable, averaging about
85 per cent injury. In 1896 and 1897 the fruit was sorted into

324 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THD

the ordinary commercial grades of first, seconds and culls, but
separate account was kept of those which were thrown out of
the firsts on account of the scab injury and of those which were
thrown out of the seconds for the same reason. These records
concerning the foliage and fruit were kept for all trees in the
orchard, but only the five varieties mentioned above are reported
for the reasons already given.

Observations were also made on the color, keeping qualities.
and yield of the fruit from treated and untreated sections, al-
though these have no bearing on the subject under investigation.

THe FOLIAGE.

In estimating the condition of the foliage the complete loss of
leaves was rated as 100 per cent injury. No record of the con-
dition of the foliage in 1898 was kept. In 1894 observations were
made not only in September but also in June, following three
weeks of rainy, dark weather, unfavorable to healthy growth of
foliage and favorable to the spread of the scab. ‘The average
condition of the foliage in treated and untreated sections is shown
in Table I.

In 1896 the foliage on both treated and untreated trees was
practically perfect, even Fall Pippin showing but a very slight
injury. In 1894 and 1897 the treated Baldwin ranked slightly
better than the untreated and the two classes graded about alike
in 1895. In the treated sections Fall Pippin showed a gain every
year. Rhode Island Greening showed a slight improvement each
year, Roxbury Russet showed no improvement and Northern Spy
ranked about the same in both classes, except that in 1894 the
condition of the foliage in the untreated sections averaged some-
what better than in the treated sections. The most marked im-
provement in the treated sections appears when the June and
September condition of the foliage in 1894 are compared. From
May 16 to June 5, a period of twenty-one days, it rained every
day. During this time there was less than the normal amount
of sunshine and the temperature was lower than the average.
The trees were sprayed with London purple, 1 pound to 180 gal-

een Pe

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 325

lons. The spray injured the foliage considerably, although lime
was added to the mixture to prevent such injury. Under the
existing conditions the foliage was unusually susceptible to in-
jury from this cause. It was also very much injured by disease.

From June to September, as shown by Table I, the treated
Baldwin gained five points, the untreated lost two; the treated
Fall Pippin gained twenty-six, the untreated but eighteen; the
treated R. I. Greening gained eleven points, the untreated twelve;
the treated Roxbury Russet lost one point, the untreated lost
four; the treated Spy lost four points, while the untreated lost
nine points. Many of the injured leaves dropped in June and
new ones replaced them to a considerable extent, so that in some
instances the condition of the foliage in September was much
better than it was on the same trees in June, and the sections
which received the ashes showed a gain in every instance when
compared with the untreated sections.

Taking all years and all varieties into consideration, whenever
there was any marked difference in the September condition of
the foliage it was in favor of the sections which had received the
ashes. Since the estimates include the loss or injury from all
causes, including not only the effects of the scab but also of other
diseases, insect depredation, etc., they do not necessarily show
that the improvement in the foliage on treated sections was due
to increased ability to resist the scab as a result of the use of
ashes as a fertilizer. The most that can be said is that in many
eases there was better foliage where the ashes were used.

THE FRoITtT.

It was very easy to identify the scab on the fruit. During the
first three years of the experiment each fruit was graded accord-
ing to the amount of scab, and a separate record was kept of
the number of specimens in each grade for each tree. The first
grade contained fruit absolutely free from the disease. If the
slightest speck of scab was discovered the fruit was put into the
second grade. Fruit which had enough scab to affect its ordin-
ary commercial grade was put into the third grade and the
fourth grade contained all fruits which had enough scab to ren-

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THB

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327

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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328 _ Report or THE HORTICULTURIST OF THD

der them unmarketable. All these grades were made solely
on the basis of the amount of scab and the size of the fruit was
not considered. Letting 20 per cent represent the average in-
jury from scab in the second class, 55 per cent in the third class
and 85 per cent in the fourth class, the percentage of injury which
the scab caused to the entire yield of the tree may be computed,
thus furnishing a statement by which different trees may be
compared as to the amount of injury to the fruit by the scab.

In 1896 and 1897, the fruit was sorted into the ordinary com-
mercial grades of firsts, seconds and culls and the amount of
fruit in each grade was recorded for each tree in pounds instead
of recording the number of fruits in each grade. The firsts were
required to be at least 24 inches in diameter. An account was
kept in each cases of the number of pounds of fruit which were
thrown out of the first grade on account of the scab and of those
which were thrown out of the second grade for the same cause.
This method does not give as accurate a record of the amount
of scab on the fruit as the method used in 1893-4-5, for if the
fruit was too small to be marketable no account of the scab was
kept, nor was any record made of those cases in which the injury
from scab was not severe enough to affect the ordinary grading
of the fruit. The method does, however, give important testi-
mony on the practical question of the influence which the use of
ashes as a fertilizer in the orchard may be expected to have on
the relative amounts of firsts, seconds and culls so far as its
effect on the scab is concerned. In order to find an expression
for each tree for comparing the amount of scab on the different
varieties in 1896 and 1897, the average injury to the fruit which
was thrown out of the first grade on account of the scab is reck-
oned at 40 per cent and of that which was thrown into the culls
on account of the scab at 90 per cent.

The records which were obtained in the manner just described
form a reliable account of the amount of scab on the fruit and a
satisfactory basis for comparing the treated and untreated sec-
tions. Computing the amount of scab in the way which has
already been explained the averages are found which are shown
in Table II.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 329

This table shows a slightly greater injury in 1895 with the
untreated Baldwins, a greater injury with untreated Fall Pip-
pins in 1895, with untreated R. I. Greenings in 1893 and 1894
and with Roxbury Russett in 1893 than with the treated trees of
the same varieties. With these exceptions these varieties show
on the average every year greater injury from scab where the
ground was fertilized with ashes than on corresponding sections
which received no ashes.

In 1896 the season was unusually favorable to the development
of perfect fruit, vet with every one of these varieties, the records
show a greater average injury from scab on treated than on
untreated sections. If apple trees ever needed to be fortified
against conditions unfavorable to healthy growth it was in the
early summer of 1894, yet in that year, with the exception of R.
I. Greenings, every variety named in the table had a higher rate
of injury where ashes were used than where they were not used.

This orchard had been sprayed with London purple only, and
even in sections treated with the ashes had in some cases lost
over half of its foliage from an epidemic of fungous diseases and
other injuries following the long period of dark, cool, wet
weather. In marked contrast was an adjoining orchard that
had been treated with Bordeaux mixture to prevent the scab
and whose foliage had been kept in good condition by this means,
In the orchard where the ashes were used much of the fruit
dropped in June as a result of the loss of the foliage, while the
trees which were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture held both the
foliage and the fruit and matured a fairly good crop. The great
superiority of the Bordeaux mixture for preventing the scab
under most unfavorable conditions, as compared with fertilizing
the soil with ashes for the same purpose, was thus clearly shown.

CONCLUSIONS.

The investigation has extended over a period of five years, it
has included forty-seven trees in full bearing in the treated sec-
tions, comparable with the same number of trees representing
the same varieties in the untreated sections. The results show

330 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

that with the conditions under which this investigation was
made liberal applications of hard wood ashes to the soil do not
increase the immunity of the apples from the scab.

Whether the result would be the same on soil which is natur-
ally very deficient in potash remains to be demonstrated. The
soil in the orchard which was used for this investigation has a
fair amount of potash and also of nitrogen and phosphoric acid
as shown by the following analyses. ;

At the close of the experiment samples of soil to a depth of
nine inches were taken in each of the eight sections of the or-
chard. A composite sample was made of the soils which had
been treated with ashes and one of the untreated soils. The
Chemist reports the following analyses of the air dried samples:

Treated with
ashes. Untreated.
Per cent. Per cent.
INTRO EM ene Nise seine cine aisle a aa ocseut: «ects siensiostorerie 0.186 0.214
PAHOSPHOTIC MAC ime coors tari ener earch opener sree eat vers tote 0.112 0.128
TELS TELUS] 610 a ISRet Sle Ee ete aren ARR tied Fase USI Ae meat nt em ie peg 0.400 | 0.480

This shows the percentage of potash which was soluble in
hydrochloric acid and not the total percentage in the soil. There
was 16.9 per cent of moisture in one case and 17.5 per cent in
the other. As far as these analyses go they indicate a fairly
uniform condition of fertility in both treated and untreated sec-
tions of the orchard.

Some persons have expressed surprise that after the applica-
tion of potash amounting to 1,000 pounds per acre in five years
an analysis of the treated soil does not show a more marked in-
crease in the percentage of potash. Assuming that the soil in
this case contains 3,000,000 pounds per acre with 17 per cent of
moisture, one analysis shows 9,960 pounds of potash per acre
and the other analysis 11,950 pounds per acre in the first nine
inches of the soil. An application of 1,000 pounds of potash per
acre, Supposing that none of it has passed below a depth of nine
inches, which is not probable, would not equal the difference
which naturally exists in the amount of potash per acre in differ-
ent parts of the orchard. Moreover, the errors of sampling and
analysis might obscure the effect on the soil, of an application
of 1,000 lbs. of potash per acre. | |

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 331

There is one difference which should be noticed when compar-
ing the potash which is applied in the ashes with the potash
already in the soil, and that is that the potash in the ashes is
soluble in water, while that in the soil is largely insoluble in
water and is but slowly available to the plant.

SOME RESULTS FOLLOWING THE APPLICATION OF
ASHES IN THE APPLE ORCHARD.

Although the use of ashes as a fertilizer did not increase the
immunity of the apples from the disease, it showed results in some
other ways which interest the orchardist. Observations were
made on the color and keeping qualities of the fruit and the pro-
ductiveness of the trees. The general tendency to more abun-
dant and vigorous foliage on trees in the treated sections has
already been noticed.

CoLOR OF THE FRurrt.

Where the soil was treated with ashes, the color of the fruit
was much improved with some varieties in some seasons. In
1893 the improvement in the color of the fruit on treated sections
was noticeable with all varieties which were represented in treated
and untreated sections. The only exception was with one crate of
drops from an untreated section which were more highly colored,
no doubt because the fruit had been lying on the ground; for it
is well known that the color of apples may sometimes be increased
by leaving them on the ground exposed to the light. Even the
Roxbury and Golden Russets were smoother and higher colored
on treated than on untreated sections in 1892.

In 1894 the results were not so uniform. On the treated gec-
tions Fall Pippins were smoother and fairer than on the untreated
sections. Tompkins Kings were more highly colored on the
treated sections than on the one tree on untreated soil. Baldwins
showed but little difference, except that in a few cases fruit from
the untreated trees was more highly colored than on correspond-
ing treated trees. The reverse was true of the R. I. Greening, for

332 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THB

where any difference was noticeable the treated trees had higher
colored fruit, with a riper appearance, more yellow color and a
tinge of red. With these exceptions, but little difference could
be seen in the treated and untreated sections in 1894 so far as
color of fruit is concerned.

In 1895 the results were no more uniform than in the previous
year. Remembering that the even numbers represent treated sec-
tions, the rank as to color is shown in the following lists where
sections are arranged in order according to color of fruit, those
having the highest colored fruit being ranked first:

R. I. Greening—Sections 1, 5, 2, 3, 8.

Baldwin—Sections 8, 1, 3, 4, 2, 7.

Roxbury Russet—Sections 2, 3, 7.

Northern Spy—Sections 3, 5, 6, 4, 7.

The Tompkins King had much finer red color where the soil
was treated, and on treated soil Spitzenburgs were somewhat
superior in color to the same variety on untreated soil.

In 1896 and 1897 there was no noticeable difference in the color
of fruit from treated and untreated sections.

The results show that an abundant supply of readily available
potash in the soil influences the brilliancy of the color in the
fruit. On soil which is naturally well supplied with potash, as
this is, and in seasons which are very favorable to the perfect
development of foliage and fruit, as was the case in 1896, the
colors may develop as perfectly without the application of potash
to the soil as with it. In one portion of the original orchard,
which has been in sod for years without the application of either
stable manures or commercial fertilizers, Northern Spy fruit was
produced in 1896 which exceeded in brilliancy of color the North-
ern Spys which were grown in the cultivated sections where for
four years wood ashes had been applied to the soil in liberal
quantities. A careful study of the data which have been obtained
during the course of this investigation, and which are mostly set
forth on previous pages, leads to the conclusion that when the
fruit is ready to be gathered the degree of color which it has at-

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 355°

tained is the result of a combination of various conditions in the
environment of the tree at different periods in the development of
the fruit. The character and quantity of available plant food, the
moisture, texture and mechanical conditions of the soil are some
of these conditions. The amount of light and its intensity at dif-
ferent periods in the season, the atmospheric temperature and
humidity and the amount of sound foliage are others. Possibly
the amount of reserve food material which was stored in the tis-
sues during the previous season may also influence the final re-
sult. This idea is suggested by the fact that the foliage during
the summer and autumn of 1895 was unusually perfect and the
trees were consequently able to store up an exceptionally abun-
dant supply of reserve food material, as is shown by the very
abundant crop of the following year. In the early summer of
1896, shortly after the fruit was set, even before it had attained
a diameter of an inch, the red color began to show on the red
varieties and when mature the fruit was exceptionally well col-
ored.
KEEPING QUALITIES OF THE FRUIT.

For the purpose of comparing the keeping qualities of fruit
from treated sections with fruit of the same variety from un-
treated sections, samples from different sections were put in the
fruit house and records were kept of the length of time the fruit
kept in good condition. The fruit was sorted over as often as was
deemed necessary; those fruits which had begun to decay or had
become withered and unfit for market were discarded and a record
was kept of the number discarded at each date of sorting. Know-
. ing the date when the fruit was put into the fruit house, it was
easy to determine the average length of time during which the
apples kept in good condition. These records show that the char-
acter of the season has considerable inflwence in determining the
keeping qualities of the fruit. The following table gives the rec-
ords for 1894, 1895 and 1896. The records for 1897 are not yet
complete, while in 1893 the conditions for making comparisons on
this point was not satisfactory.

334 REporT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

TaBLe III. — KEEPING QUALITIES OF FRUIT.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF Days AFTER OCTOBER 29, DURING WHICH
SAMPLES OF FRUIT KEPT IN GOOD CONDITION.

NAME. 1894-5. 1893-6. 1896-7.

Treated. |Untreated.| Treated. |Untreated.| Treated. | Untreated.
Bal Gwinl-ossscioe ee acces 172 144 173 154 203 206
Ja Weibeyaybe’ S265 pepo Bocce ie a *, ig 96 96.
Roxbury Russet ....-.-.. 68 107 70 106 172 188
Reale Greening. 25... -2. 104 91 122 91 138 166
Northern|Spyes-e. i <=. 86 85 86 92 126 125
Tompkins King ....---. 78 79 103 79 116 153

* * *

Esopus Spitzenburg ---- 124 90 112 90 163 153
Reinette Pippin -..----. ©

* No record.

The table shows that the effect of the use of ashes on the keep-
ing qualities of the fruit varies with different varieties. In each
season the Roxbury Russet from untreated sections kept longer
than those from the treated sections. Northern Spy showed but
little difference in this respect, while Esopus Spitzenburg from
treated sections kept better than from the untreated.

No attempt was made to determine whether there are any dif-
ferences in structure or composition of the fruit which kept well
as compared with that which did not. When mature fruit keeps
exceptionally well it may be said to have reached perfect develop-
ment, whatever that may be. That the season of 1896 especially
favored the perfect development of the fruit is shown by the fol-
lowing statement of the average number of days after October 29,
during which all varieties mentioned in the table, except Fall _
Pippin and Reinette Pippin, kept in good condition.

1884-5. 1895-6. 1896-7.
AR REGHN EO! egseal Rn Rae et 8 RP aC ONG CIO OM OO TOURS C 105 ik 153
HER TOM a. Le ke AAS Rens © SUA SN A a Hes 99 102 164

This also shows that the season of 1896 was exceptionally favor-
able, while 1894 was not favorable to the perfect development of
the fruit. It appears, therefore, that the keeping qualities of the
fruit are modified by the character of the season.

Table IV, which is derived from Table III,shows the differences
in the number of days during which fruit from treated and un-

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. assi3)

treated sections kept in good condition. When the difference is
in favor of the treated sections the + sign is used but when it is
in favor of the untreated sections the — sign is used.

TABLE ITV.—DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF DAYS DURING WHICH FRUIT KEPT
IN GOOD CONDITION.

NAME. 1894-5. 1895-6. 1896-7.
[al diva Dpyeee eres eerscce ociice ae nee ees ome tears eee +28 +19 — 3
FalAE sp PMMeroe Sete es Polsps ew «alos Sasa ulin chat eee eee x - — 0
ROxDUGYERUSSe bere sess e steak cineca eceee cS aecsee see —39 —36 —16
item GROOUID (yee ps fe WOO re eat ns rie SN pee OA +13 +31 —28
ING EUNGIEN Sth /pigehocn HoSeed sabe bane sao deueeneeos paaHeE + 1 — 6 +1
Wompkinsykiin oh ossssce see sco ace see seas sees eee —1 +24 —37
BISGDUSHSPILZON DUI. shs2.c ce actions. oceets coe ciee al +34 +22 +10
Reimetteneip piMecsiceun sae see Seceiee meee ose setencee * —30

* No record.

The fruit from treated sections generally kept better than that
from untreated sections in 1894-5 and 1895-6, the Roxbury Rus-
set being a marked exception. In 1896-7 the fruit from the
treated sections kept longer than in the two previous seasons, but
it did not generally keep so long as did the corresponding fruit
from untreated sections. These considerations lead to the opinion
that the perfect development of the fruit was hastened by apply-
ing the ashes to the soil. In a season which, like 1896, favors the
perfect development of the fruit, the ripening process may be
carried too far where ashes are used, and consequently the fruit
may not keep so well as it does where no ashes are used. Ina
season like 1894, unfavorable to the perfect development of the
fruit, the use of ashes, on the contrary, may tend to bring a
larger proportion of fruit to perfect maturity, or may tend to
bring all the fruit more nearly to perfect maturity and thus im-
prove its keeping qualities.

AVEPAGE YIELD PER TREE.

This experiment was not undertaken primarily as a fertilizer
experiment and it cannot be claimed that its evidence is con-
clusive as to the effect on the yield of applying wood ashes to the
soil in liberal quantities. It cannot be assumed that trees of the

336 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

same variety, in the same orchard, have equal capabilities for
producing fruit even when they are of the same age and have
been propagated, planted and cultivated in the same way. With
the data now available no rigid comparisons should be made of
the treated and untreated sections for the purpose of drawing
definite conclusions as to the influence of the treatment on the
yield. It is hoped that the investigation may be continued so as
to secure more evidence on this subject.

Table V shows the average yield per tree for each variety from
1893 to 1897, and the annual average per tree for the whole

period.

O37

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘SqIMIy MOT Wy

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‘Spomsng | “S[oqsng | ‘spoqsng | “sfoqsng | ‘sjeysng | ‘sjoysng | ‘sjaysng | ‘sjeysng | ‘speqsng | ‘spaqsng

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‘STAHSOG NI AAU], Ad GIAIX ANVAHAVY—'A AIAVY

22,

338 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

The annual average shows an increased average yield per tree
with Fall Pippin, Roxbury Russet, R. I. Greening and Northern
Spy, and a decrease in the case of the Baldwin. The trees are
30 x 30 feet, making 48 to the acre. The average annual increase
per acre for the first four varieties named is shown below. The
untreated Baldwins averaged. 13.44 bushels more fruit per acre
annually than did the treated Baldwins.

TABLE VI.— INCREASED YIELD ON TREATED SECTIONS.

Annual
NAME. aes juoeeade aon 4.
Bushels. Bushels.
Ball Bippiny a.2css Jose ceeelseceree Sai csie sisccusccens 0.10 4.8
ROXDULYPRUSSCL oni checer cc hte sens Sao nee cece eeeeie 2.90 139.2
Tite lla. Goren hives SAG casee paSsne moe Oes GaSe Ces Saoe 0.05 2.4
IMORDNEIN SIO Gosodp oa S606 Hbogon cnobed Bday BbogedGods 3.40 163.2
Bal diwanwemeea ce eat aess ccicewelne ce poeoee seme cocoate —0.28 —13.4

An examination of Table V shows that the sections which
received no ashes on the whole increased in yield from 1893 to
1896, and in 1897, after the exceedingly heavy crop of the previous
year, the yjeld exceeded that of either of the first two years the
orchard was put under experiment. The sum of the average yields
of the varieties named in that table are shown below.

1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897
Mreated: bushels... osas-coes LOL) Y23580)) SSsOS We tdloniiieconog,
Untreated, bushels............. 5537 16.28 33.17 W02t42 23747

This shows an increase in the average yield even where no
ashes were used, which may be explained by the fact that prior
to the spring of 1893 the orchard was in sod, but since that time
it has been kept under cultivation.

ScasB RESISTANT VARIETIES.

The data which have been gathered during this experiment
throw some light on the question of the variation of different
varieties in their natural ability to resist the attacks of the scab
fungus. Fall Pippin makes itself conspicuous each year by taking
front rank among the varieties which are susceptible to this dis-

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 339

ease, while Maiden Blush, even in a most unfavorable season, has
comparatively little of the disease. In 1894, as shown in Table
VII, the average injury by scab to the fruit of six Fall Pippin
trees was 68.2 per cent. An untreated Maiden Blush averaged
but 11.74 per cent. .

Mr. Paddock has recently examined for me a few varieties of
apples to see whether or not there are any structural differences
in the epidermis and cuticle of scab resistant varieties like Ben
Davis, Grimes Golden and Talman Sweet as compared with sus-
ceptible varieties like Fameuse, Esopus Spitzenburg and Rhode
Island Greening. So far as he has made examination the resis-
tant varieties have thicker cuticle and thicker walled epidermal
cells. This, if it holds true generally, means that the power to
resist attacks of the scab fungus is correlated with structural
peculiarities and it is quite reasonable to suppose that these scab-
resistant characteristics may be intensified by breeding and se-
lection. Work in this direction has already been undertaken
with the orange by Mr. H. J. Webber of the Division of Vege-
table Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, in
connection with his work for the Division in Florida. He writes
under date of January 7, 1898: “In the case of the orange we
have found very marked differences in the resistance of certain
varieties to disease; for instance, foot rot, the most serious dis-
ease with which orange growers have to contend, is controlled
mainly by grafting or budding the varieties desired on sour or-
ange stock, which is practically immune from the Gisease. Again,
the sour and bitter-sweet oranges are practically immune to
blight, which is also one of the very serious diseases.

“Tt is not alone fungous diseases, however, that may be treated
in this way. The orange rust, which is caused by a surface-feed-
ing Phytops, I feel confident could also be controlled by breeding
resistant sorts.”

This line of work which Mr. Webber has undertaken in Florida,
namely, the breeding of varieties resistant to the attacks of cer-
tain insects and diseases, if followed in connection with some of
the cultivated fruits of this region might be productive of results

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 341

of great value to New York fruit-growers. With varieties of fruit
like the apple, which require several years after the seed is planted
before coming into bearing, progress by systematic breeding in
this direction must be quite slow. In the meantime there appears
to be no way of protecting the orchards against the attacks of the
apple scab fungus which is so certain to give satisfactory results.
as spraying thoroughly with the Bordeaux mixture.

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DEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.
F. C. STEWART, M. S., Mycoroeisr.*

* At branch station in Second Judicial Department.

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

(1) The downy mildew of the cucumber; what it is and how
to prevent it.
(II) Spraying potatoes on Long Island in the season of 1896.
(III) A bacterial disease of sweet corn.
(IV) Experiments and observations on plant diseases.

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REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST.

K. €. STHWART:

J. THE DOWNY MILDEW* OF THE CUCUMBER;
Winall i Ts cAND BOW TOURER EN CEIN Deny

SUMMARY.

The 1896 crop of late cucumbers in southeastern New York
was unusually small—from 17 to 25 per cent of a full crop. The
chief cause of the short crop was a disease which caused the
leaves to turn yellow and die prematurely. This disease, which
is known as downy mildew, was first observed in this country in
1889, since which time it has been rapidly spreading and has
become very destructive to cucumbers, muskmelons and water-
melons.

In an experiment made at Woodbury, Long Island, the disease
was successfully prevented by spraying once every ten days with
Bordeaux mixture. Sprayed plants remained green and con-
tinued to produce cucumbers for four weeks after unsprayed
plants in the same field had lost their foliage and ceased to pro-
duce fruit. The net profit from spraying on the experimental
plat of one and three-fourths acres was more than one hundred
and sixty dollars per acre.

It is probable that the same treatment will protect musk-
melons and watermelons against the disease.

There is no good reason for believing that the disease will
disappear; on the contrary, it is likely to become more wide-
spread and more destructive. Therefore, it is earnestly recom-
mended that farmers prepare to fight the. disease as follows:
Beginning when the plants are very small, spray thoroughly
with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8 formula) once every eight or ten

*Plasmopara cubsnsis (B. & C.) Humph.
t Reprint of Bulletin No. 119.

346 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

days until frost. The Bordeaux mixture can be satisfactorily
applied with a knapsack sprayer, but it may, perhaps, be less ex-
pensive to use a barrel spray-pump mounted on a one-horse cart
which is hauled through the field along blank spaces felt for the
purpose.

INTRODUCTION.

In southeastern New York, particularly in Westchester county
and on Long Island, the crop of late cucumbers in 1896 was
unusually small. Farmers estimated that cucumbers grown for
pickles produced only about one-fourth of a crop; and statistics
furnished by the proprietors of various pickle factories on Long
Island show that this estimate is very nearly correct. One firm
of pickle manufacturers having six salting houses in different
parts of Long Island, contracted with farmers to purchase the
entire crop of cucumbers on 817 acres at a stipulated price per
thousand. From these 817 acres the firm received 15,759,200
cucumbers, which gives an average of 19,288 per acre. In West-
chester county the yield was still smaller. A firm having four
factories in that county reports that receipts would place the
average yield per acre at 138,000.

A fair average crop is considered to be 75,000 cucumbers per
acre, and this is the number used by picklemen in computing the
acreage capacity of their factories. Until within a few years
125,000 per acre was not an unusual yield; but during the past
five or six years the yield has decreased rapidly, reaching so low
a point in 1895 and 1896 that the crop ceased to be a profitable
one. In spite of the poor crop of 1895, farmers continued to
plant heavily in 1896, being loth to give up a crop so admirably
adapted to their soil and climate. Moreover they believed that
the season of 1895 was exceptional, and that with the return of
normal weather conditions the cucumber disease would disap-
pear and the crop continue to be as profitable as it had been in
the past. But when the disease reappeared in 1896, more viru-
lent than ever, they became discouraged and many of them de-
cided that they must quit growing cucumbers. Some of the
picklemen, too, feared that they would be obliged to close their
factories.

New YorRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 347

CAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF THE CUCUMBER CROP.

It should be borne in mind that what is said under this head
does not apply to cucumbers in general but only to late cucum-
bers, which are grown chiefly for pickling. Such sucumbers are
planted from about June 20 to July 4, and commence bearing
about August 1. During the picking season all cucumbers more
than about one and one-quarter inches long are gathered every
other day so that none are allowed to become large and seedy.
These cucumbers are universally called “ pickles,’ the name
cucumber being applied only to those which are allowed to be-
come nearly or quite full-grown. The latter are sold in the city
markets while “ pickles,” for the most part, are sold under con-
tract to the local pickle factories. The contract binds the farmer
to grow a definite number of acres of “pickles” and sell the entire
product to the factory at a stipulated price. The customary
price for 1896 was one dollar per thousand. Sometimes they are
sold by weight. The pickle industry on Long Island is a large
and important one.

During the month of August, 1896, the writer visited a large
number of cucumber fields in various parts of Long Island for
the purpose of ascertaining the cause of the cucumber failure
of which farmers were complaining. As there are several fungus
and insect enemies of the cucumber, we expected to find that
the trouble was not in all cases due to the same cause. It
seemed likely that in different fields different causes would be
found doing the work of destruction. Such was, in fact, the
case, but to a much smaller extent than might be expected.

The striped cucumber-beetle* was found to be doing very little,
if any, damage. This insect seldom does serious injury to late
cucumbers.

In a few fields the melon-louse+ was present in destructive
numbers. This is a small, greenish insect, which feeds on the
leaves and roots of cucumbers, muskmelons, squashes and var-
ious other wild and cultivated plants. Cucumber plants in-

*Diabrotica vittata Fabr.
tAphis gossypii Glover.

348 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

fested by it can be readily detected by the curling of the leaves.
On the under surfaces of the curled leaves the insect may be
found in immense numbers sucking the juice from the plant. It
is to be observed that the melon-louse generally works from the
edges of the field toward the center. The explanation is this:
The insect feeds upon quite a variety of weeds, such as the
dandelion, dock, shepherd’s purse, plantain, etc., which are
abundant along the margins of cultivated fields. When the
cucumber plants appear the lice leave the weeds and go to feed
upon the cucumber leaves which are more to their liking, and
thus it is that they work from the edges of the fields to the
center.

In the vicinity of Huntington some damage was done by the
boreal lady-bird beetle* which is a hard-shelled beetle, about
three-eighths of an inch long and nearly as wide, and very con-
vex. Its color is dirty yellow with black spots. Both the beetle
and its larva feed upon the cucumber leaves—the beetle from the
upper surface and the larva from the under surface. Their work
is conspicuous and readily recognized as insect work.

A disease which did more damage that all the above named
insects is a mysterious wilt disease which is characterized as fol-
lows: At almost any time after the plants have commenced to
run they suddenly wilt without any apparent cause. In some
cases the whole plant wilts; in others a portion of the plant or,
perhaps, a single leaf, while the remainder remains healthy.
Healthy plants and diseased plants may be frequently found in
the same hill. A casual examination of plants recently wilted
reveals nothing which could cause the death of the plant and so
this disease is indeed a puzzle to the farmer. But in the later
stages of the disease a rotten spot may generally be found at the
base of a wilted leaf or somewhere on the main stem. Micro-
scopic examination shows that in the neighborhood of the rotten
spots the tissues are swarming with exceedingly minute germs
called bacteria, and these are the cause of the trouble. Dr.
Halsted, who has given considerable study to the wilt disease of

* Epilachna borealis Fabr.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 349

cucumbers, melons, etc., is of the opinion that the bacterium
which causes this disease of cucurbitaceous plants is identical
with the one which causes a wilt disease of potatoes and toma-
toes, common in the Southern States and not infrequently found
as far north as the latitude of New York City. But recent investi-
gations made by Dr. Erwin F. Smith* show that the wilt dis-
ease of potatoes and tomatoes has no connection whatever with
the cucumber wilt. He attempted to transmit the disease from
the cucumber to the tomato and potato by artificial inoculation
but failed in every case. Moreover, he comes to the conclusion;
that there are two distinct wilt diseases of the cucumber. Which
one of these caused the wilting of Long Island cucumbers the
past season we do not know. Along what is known as the Port
Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Railroad the loss from the
cucumber wilt was considerable, although not so great as the
loss from downy mildew to be mentioned later.

In the present state of our knowledge of the wilt disease no
remedy for it can be recommended. Rotation of crops has been
suggested as a remedy and probably it does tend to lessen the
virulence of the disease, but it cannot be relied upon. The past
season we found a bad case of cucumber wilt in a fieid that had
been in grass for twelve years. It seems probable that the dis-
ease can be communicated by means of cucumber seed.

It is well known that the white grubs (larvze) of the striped
cucumber-beetle feed upon the roots of cucumber plants, and
when present in large numbers they may cause the plants to wilt.
When present they are readily detected. It is safe to say that
almost none of the wilt of late cucumbers on Long Island in 1896
was due to this cause. ;

We now come to the consideration of the chief cause of the
“poor pickle crop” of 1896; namely, the downy mildew. The
symptoms of this disease are as follows: The leaves show yellow
spots which have no definite outline. If the weather is warm
and favorable for the disease these spots enlarge rapidly and run

* Smith, Erwin F.—A Bacterial Disease of the Tomato, Eggplant and Irish Potato.
Bull. No. 12 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol-
ogy. Issued Dec. 19, 1896.

{7 Loc. cit. p. 6.

350 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

together so that the whole leaf becomes yellow and soon dies
and shrivels like a leaf killed by frost. If the weather is cool
the yellow spots spread less rapidly. .In the latter case the
central portion of the yellow spots becomes dead and brittle and
of a light-brown color. For an illustration of this see Plate X.
The disease invariably begins with the oldest leaves and pro-
ceeds toward the tips of the vines. Hence the disease appears
to proceed from the center of a hill outward. Ina field recently
attacked, the center of every hill will be clearly marked by a
cluster of yellow leaves, so that the rows may be plainly seen
clear across the field, even though the plants are large and cover
the ground. Affected plants continue to grow at the tips and
put out new leaves, and it is interesting to note how the disease
follows at a distance of about four or five leaves behind the grow-
ing tip. After the disease is once thoroughly established, very
few cucumbers are produced although the plants may continue
to flower profusely. The few cucumbers which are formed grow
slowly and become misshapen so that they are unsalable.

Besides the downy mildew there are several other fungous
diseases which sometimes do damage to cucumbers, but the
downy mildew was the only one which did serious harm to late
cucumbers on Long Island in 1896. The anthracnose, Colleto-
trichum lagenarium (Pass.) Hals., has recently done much damage
te cucumbers in New Jersey, but it has not been destructive on
Long Island during the past season. Of the total shortage of
75 per cent in the Long Island cucumber crop of 1896 it is safe
to say that 55 per cent was due to the downy mildew, while the
remaining 20 per cent was due to all other diseases and insects.
In the vicinity of Hicksville and Central Park practically all of
the damage was done by the downy mildew. |

STRUCTURE OF THE CUCUMBER LEAF.
In order that the nature of the downy mildew and its method
of killing the leaves may be better understood, it is perhaps best
io first describe the structure of the cucumber leaf.

PLATE X.—A CUCUMBER LEAF AFFECTED WITH DOWNY MILDEW.

7 ib hee a
Sh “le a

Yue i x Ay! 7

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 351

To the naked eye a piece of cucumber leaf is structureless;
but if a very thin cross-section is cut and placed under a com-
pound microscope which magnifies about 390 diameters, it is
found to be made up of numerous compartments or cells, some
of which contain many green bodies, the chlorophyll grains. Fig.
1, Plate XI, is a drawing of a small portion of such a cross-
section. Above and below there is a layer of colorless cells (a, @)
called the epidermis (a is on the upper face of the leaf, q@ on the
lower). The epidermis is an impervious protective covering for
the leaf. Between a and@ we find cells of various shapes. Near
the upper surface of the leaf they are much elongated and are
called palisade cells (b, 6). Toward the lower surface they are
more nearly spherical. In each of these cells there are several
small green bodies (c) the chlorophyll grains which give the green
color to the leaves. Fig. 2 of the same plate is a drawing of a
portion of the epidermis or skin, peeled from the lower surface
of the leaf. The elliptical objects (s), are stomata (sing. stoma).
Between the two cells composing a stoma there is a narrow slit
(r) which opens into an intercellular passage on the interior of
the leaf. At m in Fig. 1, there is shown a cross-section of the
two cells of a stoma, just beneath the intercellular passage (i).
On the under surface of the leaf the number of stomata to the
square inch is more than 400,000, while on the upper surface
there are about 165,000 per square inch. The epidermis of the
upper surface of the leaf resembles closely that of the lower sur-
face, except that there are fewer stomata. On both surfaces of
the leaf there are hairs which can be seen with the naked eye.
These hairs are of two kinds: (1) long, tapering hairs like the
one shown in Fig. 2, and (2) short hairs with large, swollen
tips, called glandular hairs.

NATURE OF THE DOWNY MILDEW.

The symptoms of this disease have been given on a previous
page. The naked eye can detect nothing about the diseased
leaves which could cause the yellow spots and censequently they
are a puzzle to farmers. As in the case of many other plant

352 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

diseases, the cause of which is not known, the blame had been
laid upon the weather. Fortunately the compound microscope
comes to our aid here and makes the whole matter perfectly plain.
If a fragment of leaf taken from one of the yellow spots is mag:
nified about 390 diameters, there will be seen a large number
of such things as are figured in Plate XII. These constitute the
downy mildew fungus, Plasmopara cubensis, which is the real
cause of the yellow spots. It is not an insect. It is a vegetable
growth and is just as truly a plant as is the cucumber plant itself.
At Fig. 1 there is shown a branched sporophore (s) bearing sev-
eral young spores (sp). The sporophores are nearly colorless and
come out through the stomata on the under surface of the leaf, the
branched tops hanging downward. Fig. 3 shows one young and
one mature sporophore* coming through a stoma (st). When the
spores are mature they are violet colored and usually have the
form shown in Figs. 2, 2’ and 2”. These spores are readily carried
by the wind for a long distance. Should one chance to fall upon
a cucumber leaf and find there a drop of dew or other moisture,
it will germinate in a few hours by discharging several small
protoplasmic bodies called zodspores. Each of the zoospores may
put out a germ-tube which finds it way through a stoma to the
interior of the leaf, where it forms a net-work of colorless fungus
threads (hyphae) which run here and there among the cells. At
frequent intervals the hypae put out knob-like outgrowths which
penetrate into the cells and feed upon the cell contents. See Fig.
7, Plate XII. The fungus is, therefore, a parasite, appropriating
to its own use the nourishment which the cucumber plant has
prepared. Besides abstracting nourishment, the fungus probably
does further injury by poisoning the cells and causing them
to die quickly. After the fungus has vegetated within the leaf
for a while it forms sporophores which push cut through the
stomata and produce another crop of spores. The length of time
required for the completion of this life cycle is not known, but it
is certainly short, probably less than twenty-four hours. Thus

*The number of sporophores which proceed from a single stoma is small, usually
one or two; but it is not uncommon to find as many as five, and even larger numbers
are occasionally seen,

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 353

the disease spreads from plant to plant with great rapidity. In
what form the fungus passes the winter is not known. The ordi-
nary conidal spores, described above, retain their germinating
capacity for a short time only. Some species of closely related
fungi produce, in addition to these ordinary spores, thick-walled
resting spores, which retain their power of germination for a long
time and serve to carry the fungus over the winter or other un-
favorable period. No such spores have been found in connection
with Plasmopara cubensis.

The large, short-stalked spores* shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6
are a modified form of the ordinary conidia. Spores of this
character are known to occur occasionally in a few other species
of Peronosporae, the family to which Plasmopora cubensis be-
longs; but it is unusual for them to occur in such large numbers
as we have found them in this species.

The downy mildew fungus likes hot weather and a moderate
rainfall. The time of worst attack is generally in August. Dur-
ing the first half of last August there was a period of ten days of
excessively hot weather. The disease spread with such alarming
rapidity that by August 20 the majority of cucumber fields were
ruined. ‘The influence of moisture is seen when diseased cucum-
ber leaves are placed for about twenty-four hours in a tight tin
box containing blotting paper saturated with water. In this
moist atmosphere the sporophores attain a greater length and
produce myriads of spores which give to the diseased spots a
decided violet tinge. The spores are so numerous that when a
leaf is suddenly jarred they fall like a cloud of violet-colored dust.
Under the microscope the fungus is seen to be in a state of active

*These peculiar spores do not seem to have been previously observed as they are not
mentioned in the literature of this species. The writer found them in abundance dur-
ing August on field-grown cucumbers and muskmelons. On both of these plants one
or more such spores might be found on nearly every surface section taken from the
under surface of the leaves. They closely resemble the ordinary conidia except that
they are considerably larger. The sessile form (Fig. 5) is much more common than
the stalked form (Fig. 4). On page 311 of the Botanical Gazctie for 1883, Dr. Farlow
mentions having seen similar spores in Peronospora «eraniit, Pk. and Pcronospora
violae, DBy; and Dr. Max Cornu has described and figured such spores found in con-
nection with Plasmopara viticola. See his article, Le Peronospora des Vignes.

In the opinion of the writer these spores should be considered abnormal and due to
some unfavorable condition, probably insufficient moisture. As previously stated, they
were found in abundance on leaves collected in dry weather; but they were rarely
found on leaves collected on damp days or on leaves kept in a moist chamber.

23

354 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

growth—spores may be found attached to.the sporophores and in
all stages of growth; and the bases of the sporophores are sur-
rounded by huge masses of protoplasm like the one shown at
Fig. 1, Plate XII. Whereas, on leaves taken from the open
in dry weather, the fungus does not produce spores in such pro-
fusion as to color the leaf spots; no masses of protoplasm are to
be found at the bases of the sporophores; and it is rare that im-
mature spores can be found attached to the branches of the
sporophores.

BOTANICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE DOWNY MILDEW
FUNGUS.

Botanists have grouped the higher plants into families and
given these families Latin names. For example, we have the
Gourd Family or Cucurbitaceae, which contains the gourd, musk-
melon, watermelon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin and other similar
plants. The numerous species of fungi have been grouped into
families in the same manner, and so we have the family of smuts
or Ustilagineae, which contains all the species of smut fungi,
such as corn smut, oat smut, onion smut, etc.; the family of
Rusts or Uredineae, which contains the various species of rust
fungi, and many other families.
‘’ The cucumber downy mildew fungus has the Latin name,
Plasmopara cubensis, and it belongs to the family of Downy Mil-
dews or Peronosporeae. This is a family which contains many —
species of fungi injurious to cultivated plants. Some well known
examples are: The dreaded potato-blight, Phytophthora infestans,
the downy mildew of the grape, Plasmopara viticola, the spinach
mildew, Peronospora effusa, and the onion mildew, Peronospora
schleideni. But the downy mildews should not be confused with
the powdery mildews, such as gooseberry mildew and the com-
mon rose mildew. These are quite different in structure and
belong to the family Erysipheae.

HOST PLANTS.
The plant upon which a fungus lives is called its host plant.

Plasmopara cubensis has several host plants, all of which belong

to the Cucurbitaceae. It was originally discovered on a wild

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STArion. Bae

plant in Cuba; and has since been found on the cucumber
(Cucumis sativus), the muskmelon (Cucumis melo), the watermelon
(Citrullus vulgaris), the squash (Cucurbita maxima), the pumpkin
(Cucurbita pepo) and the gherkin gourd (Cucumis anguria). It is
likely that when the fungus becomes better known it will be
found on still other cucurbitaceous plants. During an outbreak
of the disease in New Jersey in 1891, Dr. Halsted* sought for it
on the star cucumber (Sicyos angulatus) and the wild cucumber
(Hchinocystis lobata) but failed to find it.

On both field-grown and hot-house cucumbers it is exceedingly
destructive. The muskmelon, too, suffers severely from its at-
tacks. Muskmelon plants attacked by the disease lose their
leaves in much the same manner as do cucumber plants, except
that the yellow discoloration is less marked in the muskmelon

-and the dead spots are dark colored. The diseased plants may

continue to produce melons but they are of a very inferior quality.
The watermelon is affected in the same way. Dr. Halsted attrib-
utes? the partial failure of the New Jersey watermelon crop in
1891 to this fungus. On the squash and pumpkin the disease

_ presents the same general appearance as on the cucumber, but as

yet it has not done much harm to these plants. However, it
seems to be on the increase and it is not improbable that in the
near future Long Island squash growers will have to fight this
disease or abandon the crop just as cucumber growers are doing
now.

HISTORY OF THE DISEASE.

The disease with which we are dealing has a comparatively
short history. It was originally discovered on a wild plant in
Cuba and the fungus causing it was first describedt in 1869 by
Berkeley and Curtis, who gave it the name Peronospora cubensis.
For the next twenty years nothing was heard of it and then in
1889 it suddenly appeared in Japan and in New Jersey. The first
announcement of its occurrence in this country is to be found on
page 152 of the Botanical Gazette for June, 1889. Dr. Halsted,

*Halsted, B. D. Notes upon Peronosporeae for 1891. Ann. Rept. New Jersey Agri-
cultural Experiment Station for 1891, p. 248.

qalaOGayClts

+ Journal Linnaean Society, Botany, Vol. 10, p. 363.

356 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

the author of that article, states that he found the fungus on
cucumber leaves growing under glass at New Brunswick, N. J.
Subsequently, he reported* that it had been found abundantly in
various parts of New Jersey in 1889, not only on forced cucum-
bers but also on squashes, pumpkins and field-grown cucumbers.
In the Botanical Gazette for August, 1889, Dr. Farlow gave a de-
tailed account of the fungus and stated that it had been found in
Japan a few months before by Prof. Miyabe. In the same year,
1889, Prof. Galloway} reported having received specimens from
Anona, Fla., and College Station, Texas, in both of which locali-
ties it was abundant.

In 1890 Dr. Humphrey? studied the fungus at the Massachu-
setts Experiment Station. He made the first drawings of the
spores§ and sporophores, and the hyphae penetrating the cells of
the leaf; and because of the manner in which the spores ger-
minate he changed the name to Plasmopara cubensis.

Following this, the fungus was reported from various parts of
the country. It began to do serious injury to muskmelons and
watermelons, and has now become so injurious to cucumbers and
melons that it must be placed in the front rank of destructive
fungous diseases. According to Ludwig|| it has not yet been
found in Europe.

It is a curious freak of nature that a fungus which had not
been observed for twenty years should appear almost simulta-
neously in two widely separated portions of the earth and so
suddenly spring into prominence as a destructive disease.

AN EXPERIMENT ON THE PREVENTION OF THE DIS.
EASE BY SPRAYING WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
In the season of 1896, the Station made arrangements with Mr.

R. C. Colyer, of Woodbury, N. Y., to make a spraying experiment

* Halsted, B. D. Some Notes upon Economic Peronosporeae for 1889 in New Jersey.
Journal of Mycology, Vol. V., p. 201.

}~ Galloway, B. T. New Localities for Peronospora Cubensis. Journal of Mycology, Vol.
V, p. 216.

+ Humphrey, J. E. Eighth Ann. Rept. Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta., 1890, pp. 210-212.

§ He did not, however, illustrate the germination of the spores although he distinctly
states that the method of germination is by zodspores and because of this character
places the fungus in the genus Plasmopara. Dr. Halsted, also, has observed that the
germination is by means of zoéspores, but no one has ever figured them.

|| Ludwig, F. Lehrbuch der Niederen Kryptogamen, p. 150.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sat

on one of his fields of late cucumbers. This field had an area of
about one and three-fourths acres, and was planted about July 1,
in forty-two rows, each containing one hundred and three hills,
the rows being five feet apart and the hills four feet apart in the
row. It was planned to spray a part of the field with Bordeaux
mixture and leave another part unsprayed for comparison. Bor-
deaux mixture was selected for use in the experiment because it
is known to be a preventive of the downy mildew of the grape,
the late blight of potatoes and other diseases caused by fungi
belonging to the family of downy mildews. The downy mildew
of the grape is caused by the fungus Plasmopara viticola which
is a near relative of the cucumber downy mildew fungus. Grape
growers no longer fear this once troublesome disease because
they know that Bordeaux mixture applied at the proper time
will certainly prevent it.

The writer, knowing the nature of the cucumber disease and
the value of Bordeaux mixture for such diseases in general, was
confident that the cucumber crop could be saved by spraying the
plants with Bordeaux mixture before the disease made its ap-
pearance. Acting upon this idea we prepared a brief newspaper
article in which the nature of the cucumber disease was explained
and an outline given of what seemed likely to be a successful
method of treating it. This article was published in June in some
of the local newspapers, viz., the Island. published at Floral Park;
the Enterprise, published at East N orwich; and the Long Islander,
published at Huntington. It appears that no attention was paid
to this article. We kuiow of no instance in which any attempt
has been made on Long Island to prevent the cucumber disease
by the use of Bordeaux mixture, excepting, of course, our own
experiment and the cases of three or four farmers who, having
seen the results of this experiment, made an attempt to save their
cucumbers after the disease had attacked them. The Bordeaux
mixture has been used on Long Island very little for any pur-
pose. The past season several farmers sprayed potatoes and a
few have sprayed their orchards, but this excellent fungicide
should be better known here.

358 REPporRT OF THE MycoLoGist OF THE

Humphrey,* Lodeman; and some other writers have suggested
spraying for cucumber downy mildew, but we believe that the
only record experiment is one made by Halstedt who reports that
cucumber plants sprayed with ‘Bordeaux mixture held their
leaves longer than unsprayed plants. The results of that exper-
iment were somewhat complicated by the fact that the unsprayed
plants suffered severely from attacks of anthracnose§ as well as
downy mildew. Hence it seemed desirable to have more exper-
imental evidence of the efficiency of Bordeaux mixture as a pre-
ventive of cucumber downy mildew.

Let us now return to our own experiment: The forty-two rows
of cucucmber plants were divided into five plats as shown in the
accompanying diagram.

PLAN OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD,

Plat I. 10 rows; sprayed 7 times.

Plat II. 6 rows; not sprayed.

Plat III, 10 rows; sprayed 7 times.

Plat IV. 6 rows; center 2 rows sprayed four times, the other
four not sprayed.

Plat V. 10 rows; sprayed.7 times.

*Humphrey, J. E. Tenth Ann. Rept. Mass, Agr. Exp. Sta., 1892, p. 227.

¢Lodeman, E. G. The Spraying of Plants, p. 315.

tHalsted, B. D. Experiments with Cucumbers, Rept. of the New Jersey Agricultural
College Experiment Station for 1895, p. 303.

§ Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Hals.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STation. 359

CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE E FIELD.

:

July 13. First Spraying. The plants were well up, the majority
of them having two leaves besides the seed-leaves. Plats I,
Itt and V were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-7 for-
mula). Thirty-six gallons of Bordeaux mixture were used
and the time consumed in making and applying it was about
three hours. Plats II and IV not sprayed.

July 24. Second Spraying. The plants had been growing very
rapidly and appeared to be in perfect health. Plats I, III
and V sprayed again (1-to-7 formula). Bordeaux mixture
used, 58 gallons. Time, 5 hours. Plats If and IV not
sprayed.

July 30. On the plants in Plats I, Ill and V many leaves were
yellow around the margins, while the plants in Plats II and
IV were in perfect health and showed none of the yellow
leaves. Thus it appeared that the injury was due to the
Bordeaux mixture applied on July 24. Two questions now
arose, viz.: Had the Bordeaux mixture been improperly pre-
pared? or, Had it been used in a too concentrated form?

August 3. Third Spraying. The plants on Plats J, III and V still
showed decided injury. Plats II and IV were perfectly
healthy. Plats I, III and V sprayed again. Fearing that
the Bordeaux mixture had been too strong in the first two
sprayiags, the 1-to-11 formula was used this time. Bor-
deaux mixture used, 75 gallons. Time, 6 hours. In order
to determine whether the injury from Bordeaux mixture in
the second spraying was due to a too concentrated mixture,
the center two rows in Plat IV (which up to this time had
not been sprayed at all) were treated as follows: One row
was sprayed with carefully prepared Bordeaux mixture of
the 1-to-7 formula and the other row with Bordeaux mixture
of the 1-to-i1 formula. Hereafter, these two rows will be
referred to as “ test rows.”

August 7. The first appearance of the yellow spots of ue downy
mildew.

360 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OCF THE.

August 8. The first picking was done on this date.

August 12 and 138. Fourth Spraying. The third spraying did no
injury to the plants. Neither had there been any injury to
either of the two test rows in Plat IV. The unsprayed plants
in Plats If and IV were now severely attacl:cd by the downy
mildew—every hill showed the characteristic yellow spots.
While on Plats I, If and V only an occasional yellow spot
could be found. The test rows in Plat IV showed more
disease than Plats I, 11] and V but considerably less than
the unsprayed plants in Plats I] and IV. The test rows were
again sprayed as on August 3. Plats I, 11] and V sprayed
again (1-to-11 formula). Bordeaux mixture used, 105 gal-
lons. Time, 9 hours.

August 21. Fifth spraying begun. On this date the contrast be-
tween the sprayed and the unsprayed plats was very strik-
ing. Plats I, IJ] and V were perfectly green, in excellent
health and producing an abundance of cucumbers; while
Plat II and the unsprayed rows on Plat IV were yellow
throughout, many leaves were completely dead and picking
was practically finished. The test rows in Plat 1V showed
no injury from spraying, and they were not nearly so badly
diseased as the unsprayed rows beside them. Plat V and
two rows of Plat III were again sprayed. This time it was
thought best to use the 1-to-8 formula. A close examination
of the sprayed plants showed that the disease was getting
started among them and it was feared that the Bordeaux
mixture used in the last two sprayings might not have been
strong enough to check the disease. The experiment on the
test rows in Plat [IV showed that the stronger mixture could
be safely used if it were properly prepared. The quantity of
Bordeaux mixture used this time was 50 gallons and the
time required to apply it, 4 hours. On the night of August
21st, there was a heavy rain and on the 22d and 23d drizzling
rains fell so that no more spraying was done until the 24th.

August 24 and 25. Fifth spraying finished. The heavy rains had
washed off so much of the Bordeaux mixture that it was
deemed advisable to re-spray the plants sprayed on August

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 361

21. Plats I, III and V were, therefore, given a thorough
spraying on August 24 and 25. Quantity of Bordeaux mix-
ture used, 150 gallons. Time, 10 hours. The test rows were
again sprayed.

September 2 and 3. Sixth spraying. At this time the unsprayed
plants had no green leaves except a few at the ends of the
vines. The sprayed plants, on Plats I, [if and V were
considerably diseased but continued to yield about 30
baskets of cucumbers every other day. They were again
sprayed with the 1-to-8 formula. Bordeaux mixture used,
100 gallons. Time, 6 hours. Less Bordeaux was required
this time because there had been very little rain since the
last spraying. Time was saved by using two nozzles, in-
stead of one, as in all previous sprayings. The test rows
were again sprayed.

September 8 and 9. Seventh spraying. Among the sprayed plants
the disease was slightly worse than on September 2; but,
in spite of this, two pickings had been made during the week,
the one made September 7 yielding 40 baskets of cucumbers.
The test rows on Plat IV, were now little better than the
unsprayed rows. Plats I, III and V, sprayed again (1-to-8
formula). Bordeaux mixture used, 100 gallons. Time, 6
hours. Two nozzles were used as in the sixth spraying.

September 21. The vines were badly diseased but still retained
considerable of their foliage. As late as September 19,
eleven baskets of cucumbers were taken at one picking.

September 23. Five baskets of cucumbers were picked on this
date. The vines were killed by frost during the night of
September 23-24.

HOW THE SPRAYING WAS DONE.

? —

Thirty rows were sprayed seven times and two rows four times
with Bordeaux mixture made by the potassium ferro cyanide test
and applied with an Eclipse knapsack sprayer. Spraying was
begun July 13, when the plants had but two leaves, and con-
tinued, at intervals of from six to eleven days, until September
9, The remaining ten rows were not sprayed at all.

362 REPORT OF THE MyYCOLOGIST OF THE

THE EXTENT TO WHICH SPRAYING PREVENTED THE
DISEASE.

The downy mildew first appeared on the unsprayed plants
August 7, and by August 21 it had injured the foliage to such an
extent that scarcely any cucumbers were produced after this
date. The damage was done almost wholly by the downy mil-
dew. The thirty-two rows of plants which had been sprayed
were in perfect health and vigor on August 21, and after this
date produced two hundred sixty dollars* worth of cucumbers which
represents approximately the benefit resulting from spraying.

This benefit would, without doubt, have been considerably
larger if no unsprayed plants had been left. On the unsprayed
plants in Plats Ii and IV, the fungus was allowed to grow un-
checked and produce immense number of spores which the wind
scattered broadcast over the sprayed plants. These spores could
not attack the leaves from the upper side because of the Bor-
deaux mixture. Probably they dropped to the ground and were
carried to the undersurfaces of the leaves by the spattering of
rain drops. Here there was no Bordeaux mixture to hinder
them and so they readily gained access to the tissues of the leaf.
As a result, about August 21, the yellow disease-spots could be
occasionally found on the leaves of sprayed plants and from this
time on the disease gradually spread and shortened the crop con-
siderably. Had all the plants in the field been sprayed, the dis-
ease could not have obtained a start. The soil on which the
plants grew could not have been originally infested by the fungus
because no cucumbers had been grown on it for several years.
Hence, the only source from which the plants could receive
infection would be the spores coming from the neighboring fields,
the nearest of which was one-fourth mile away. Under these
conditions comparatively few spores would have fallen upon our
experimental field and it is very probable that we could have
kept the plants in perfect health until frost.

*The actual amount was more than this, but exactly how much we do not know, and
desiring to be strictly within the limits of truth we will place it a little low and call
it two hundred sixty dollars. It is to be regretted that an exact record of the yield on
the different plats was not kept. The cucumbers were sold in the Wallabout Market,
Brooklyn, and because of the scarcity of cucumbers, they brought, on an average,
nearly four times the price which picklemen were paying for cucumbers raised on
contract.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 363

The experimental field, being near a public highway, attracted
a great deal of attention. Some who knew nothing of its history,
were much puzzled by its appearance and stopped to inquire why
it was so “streaked.” Such was the interest in it that farmers
who had heard of the experiment came from several miles around
to see what had been accomplished by spraying. The contrast
between the sprayed and unsprayed portions of the field was
very striking. See Plate XIII.

EXPENSE OF THE TREATMENT.
The items of expense are as follows:

Seven hundred and six* gallons of Bordeaux mixture at

an average cost of two-thirds of a cent per gallon.... $4 71

Forty-nine hours labor applying the Bordeaux mixture
EST EPCCINUS CI OUT senate « «/clcreteis ais, s/altar vioie a ein ena 7 35
Expense of carting 706 gallons of water, about........ 2 25
AR yal eee a oc ete Sedan bit odoin seth .o.re he te Siuetel sare eeeunsene $14 31

The thirty-two rows sprayed contained 3,296 hills and covered
an area of a trifle more than one and one-half acres. The ex-
pense per acre was, therefore, $9.50. Spraying increased the
crop on this one and one-half acres by the amount of $260, which
is at the rate of $173 per acre. Deducting from the latter
amount the expense of spraying one acre, $9.50, we have left
$163.50 net profit per acre.

SrrENGTH AND Quantity oF BorpEAUX MIXTURE USED IN THE
EXPERIMENT.

It will be observed that in the course of the experiment three
different. strengths of Bordeaux mixture were used. The experi-
ment would have been more satisfactory if a single strength
could have been used throughout the season. But the second
spraying injured the plants and it was suspected that the Bord-
eaux mixture used (1-to-7 formula) had been too strong. Ac-
cordingly, the next two sprayings were made with weaker mix-
ture (1-to-11 formula). At the time of the fifth spraying it was

*This includes the 674 gallons used on Plats [, III and V, and 32 gallons used on the
two test rows in Plat IV.

364 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

discovered that the disease was beginning to attack the sprayed
plants and it was feared that the mixture used in the third and
fourth sprayings had not been strong enough to prevent the
germination of the fungus spores; and in the meantime it had
been ascertained that the injury done by the second spraying
was due to the Bordeaux mixture having been improperly pre-
pared. So in the fifth, sixth and seventh sprayings we used
Bordeaux mixture of the 1-to-8 formula.

Further experiments are necessary to determine what strength
of Bordeaux mixture will be the most satisfactory. The weaker
the mixture the less will be the expense of spraying, but, of
course, it must be strong enough to kill the fungus spores.
Judging from the behavior of the two test rows in Plat IV, one
of which was sprayed with 1-to-11 Bordeaux and the other with
1-to-7 Bordeaux, it seems probable that Bordeaux of the 1-to-11
formula will prevent the disease just as effectually as stronger
mixtures. This opinion is strengthened by the fact that the

grape downy mildew is readily controlled by 1-to-11 Bordeaux.
‘The quantity of Bordeaux mixture which it is necessary to use
at each application depends upon the size of the plants, the
amount of rainfall and the frequency with which the plants are
sprayed. The quantity required for the first spraying is small as
compared with the quantity required when the plants are full
grown. If the plants are sprayed once a week and there is little
rain between the sprayings, the quantity required each time will
not be nearly as great as when the plants are sprayed at longer
intervals and heavy rains occur.

In the experiment, the quantity of Bordeaux mixture used in
the several sprayings was as follows:

BES SPAY LNG” oi. o culate oie my cuseel sremueleice os Sucltase 25 gallons per acre.
BECOMO ESD MA VING So. cel sks ele a meee anaes 41 gallons per acre.
PHIOES raya OF 2.5 tee octet suis 5 aie ake sees 53 gallons per acre.
OMS MOSER AVVO 3 Scare on ape cevensten eclieds Aer eae 74 gallons per acre.
LTH SPAWNS, sic. sce et sacs Soke ee eee ee 141 gallons per acre.
SPD: C16) ag =) 0) oe? th 0 os ea ee Rae a Meee RS 71 gallons per acre.
Seventh Spray: 3/0 vous 4 tic dues ob ences Reel 71 gallons per acre.

Total of seven Sprayings. 2. si. 425s a 476 gallons per acre.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 369

Time REQUIRED TO APPLY BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Applying Bordeaux mixture with a knapsack sprayer is hard
work; hence the amount of work done depends largely upon the
_strength of the laborer. Experience gained from this experi-
ment and potato spraying experiments, shows that an active
man of average strength can make and apply from 125 to 150
gallons of Bordeaux mixture in a day of ten hours, using an
Eclipse knapsack sprayer with a single Vermorel nozzle. This
quantity can be increased to from 150 to 175 gallons per day by
using two nozzles, but when two nozzles are used it is necessary
to keep the pump handle working almost constantly, which
makes the work harder. In spraying cucumbers two nozzles can
be advantageously used in the later sprayings, provided the
laborer is strong and willing to work.

Mr. CouyeEr’s OPINION OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The following statement from Mr. R. C. Colyer, of Woodbury,
L. I, N. Y., on whose premises the experiment was made, ex-
plains itself. Mr. Colyer writes as follows:
the blight affected them
before they commenced to pick. The pickles grew crooked and

“The unsprayed vines were a failure

pointed so that when they were counted about one-fourth of them
had to be thrown out and the balance were unsatisfactory at the
salting-house. The blight affected them so fatally that in about
two weeks they ceased picking. The sprayed vines grew vigor-
the blight did not affect them apparently. The pickles

ously
grew perfect and all were salable. The spraying preserved the
vines until they were killed by the frost, September 24th. The
vines were yielding fairly well when the frost came. This exper-
iment with Bordeaux mixture on the pickle vines was a success.
The crop from the vines sprayed was very profitable to me. The
blight was general last year, the main part of the crop being
destroyed about the middle of August. Very few farmers were
picking as late as September 1. The pickles that grew on these
vines preserved by the application of the Bordeaux mixture, sold
in Wallabout market, Brooklyn, at an average price of about

.

366 REPORT OF THE MyYCOLOGIST OF THE

.
four dollars per thousand for the large ones and three dollars per
thousand for the small ones, giving me more than $260 profit
from the sprayed vines after the unsprayed vines were dead.

“T have been growing pickles for the New York market and
for salting-houses for the past sixteen years; for the first ten-
years the vines grew vigorously and yielded pickles until the
vines were killed by frost (usually the last of September in this
section), yielding from 100,000 to 150,000 per acre, which made
them a very profitable crop. During the last six years the yield
has been growing less, apparently from some disease unknown
to us, the disease spreading and becoming more fatal every year.
Last year, 1896, the crop did not pay for the cost of the fertilizer
and cultivation. ‘Many large growers have ceased to plant them
and unless a remedy had been found the crop must soon have
been abandoned here on Long Island.

“Yours truly,
“R. C. COLYER.”

SPRAYING MUSKMELONS AND WATERMELONS.

Both muskmelons and watermelons suffer severely from the
attacks of downy mildew. There is every reason to believe that
Bordeaux mixture, properly applied, will as effectually protect
these plants as it does the cucumber. As in the case with the
cucumber, the spraying should be commenced when the plants
are small and continued at intervals of about ten days until
frost. Some of the Bordeaux mixture will, of course, fall upon
the melons and spot them, but this will do no harm since the
spots can be readily removed, when it is time to market the
melons, by rubbing them with a cloth moistened with vinegar.

In this connection it may be of interest to some to know how
the unsightly Bordeaux stains can be removed from the hands.
In making and applying Bordeaux mixture one can hardly escape
staining the hands badly, especially if the potassium ferro-
cyanide test is used in making the Bordeaux. By washing the
hands in vinegar most of the stain can be removed.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 367

ARE SPRAYED CUCUMBERS AND MELONS POISONOUS?

The question has been asked, may not sprayed cucumbers be
poisonous? They who ask this question reason, that, as the
cucumber gets its nourishment from the vine which takes its
food through the roots and leaves, if the leaves and the soil about
the roots are coated with a poisonous substance the plants may
absorb the poison and store it in the cucumber. This is an ob-
jection which has often been raised against the spraying of plants,
but it has been shown to be without foundation. It is true that
plants may take up copper compounds from the soil, but not in
sufficient quantity to make the fruit poisonous. Likewise, the
leaves of Jand plants under certain conditions can absorb liquids,
but only to a very limited extent.

‘A greater source of danger lies in the Bordeaux mixture which
falls on the fruit itself and is eaten with it. However, expert
chemists who have made analyses of sprayed grapes and other
fruits state that the amount of fruit which it would be necessary
to eat in order to get a poisonous dose of Bordeaux mixture is so
large that there is no danger. And since copper, the poisonous
property of Bordeaux mixture, is not a cumulative poison there
is no danger from small doses.

But the most convincing proof that sprayed fruit is not poison-
ous, is the fact that although the spraying of potatoes, grapes,
apples, pears and other fruits is quite a genera! practice in some
parts of our country, no cases of poisoning have resulted there-
from. It will be remembered that when farmers first began to
use Paris green for the Colorado potato-beetle there were many
people who feared to eat the tubers of the treated plants. Now,
Paris green is almost universally used on potatoes without evil
consequences to consumers.

Sprayed cucumbers and melons are certainly not poisonous.

THE PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

The ingredients used in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture
are copper sulphate, fresh lime and water, which are combined in

368 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

different proportions for use on different plants. For spraying
cucumbers and melons we recommend the use of a mixture con-
taining one pound of copper sulphate, two-thirds of a pound of-
fresh lime and eight gailons of water. This formula is known as
the “1-to-8 formula,” which means that each eight gallons of
Bordeaux mixture contains one pound of copper sulphate. Ina
1-to-11 formula, one pound of copper sulphate is contained in
eleven gallons of Bordéaux mixture, and so on. This simple
method of designating the strength of Bordeaux mixture was
devised by Beach.*

CorpPpER SULPHATE.
e

Blue vitriol and blue stone are other names for copper sulphate.
It is put on the market in three forms: (1) in large crystals, (2)
in granulated form, and (3) in powdered form. The granulated
form is the most satisfactory because it is cheaper than the pow-
dered form and dissolves more readily than the large crystals.

Copper sulphate, in quantities of from fifty to one hundred
pounds ought not to cost more than five cents per pound. In
barrel quantities it can be purchased in New York city for four
and one-half cents per pound and perhaps less. Since it will_
keep indefinitely it is advisable to buy in large quantities in
order to get wholesale rates. It is poisonous.

DISSOLVING THE CoPpPpER SULPHATE.

Select a wooden vessel (never use an iron vessel) and put into
it a quantity of water equal to about one-half the quantity of Bor-
deaux mixture desired. A barrel having a capacity of about fifty
gallons is excellent for the purpese and, in fact, this is the vessel
most generally used. See that the inside of the barrel is free from
sticks, dirt or anything else which might clog the nozzles of the
spray-pump. Fill the barrel about one-half full of clean water.
Weigh out the required amount of copper See, Six pounds

~ *See New York Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 84, p. 3.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPeRIMENT SraTIon. 369

for cucumbers, put it into a loose bag (a fertilizer bag is good)
and suspend it in the barrel in such a manner that the copper
sulphate will be near the top of the water. If allowed to rest on
the bottom of the barrel it will require longer to dissolve.

PREPARING THE LIME.

Take four pounds or more of the best unslaked lime obtain-
able (air-slaked lime should not be used), put it into a separate
vessel and slake it as for whitewash. It is well to have this
vessel of good size so that after the lime is slaked considerable
water may be added to dilute and cool it. Formerly, the amount
of lime required was determined by weighing, but we now have
a chemical test called the potassium ferrocyanide test (to be
described presently) which does away with the necessity of
weighing the lime.

MIxING THE CoPpPpER SULPHATE AND LIME WaATHR.

When the copper sulphate is dissolved and the lime slaked,
fasten a fertilizer bag or other coarse cloth over the top of the
barrel for a strainer. Have at hand a smail bottle containing a
little potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiaie of potash) dis-
solved in water. Now, strain the lime water into the copper
sulphate solution until a considerable quantity has been added.
Next, remove the strainer and give the mixture in the barrel a
thorough stirring; then add a drop of the potassium ferrecyanide
solution. If enough lime has been added no change of color will
take place when the drop of potassium ferrocyanide strikes the
mixture, but if more lime is needed the drop will change to a
reddish brown color. Continue to add lime until the mixture
dees not change color when tested, being careful to stir thor-
oughly each time before testing; and after the test shows, that
there is enough lime add yet a little more lime in order to be sure
that there is enough. If too little lime is used the plants will be
injured in the manner described on page 359, but an excess of
lime will do no harm. .

24

370 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

Potassium ferrocyanide can be purchased at any drug store.
The quantity needed for a season’s spraying should cost but a
few cents. It is a poison.

Bordeaux mixture must be freshly prepared each time-it is
needed for use. If allowed to stand longer than a few hours it
begins to deteriorate in value.

PREPARING STOCK SOLUTIONS OF COPPER SULPHATE AND LIME.

Where large quantities of Bordeaux mixture are required it
will be found advantageous to prepare stock solutions of copper
sulphate and lime.

Dissolve one hundred pounds of copper sulphate in fifty gallons
of water. Each gallon of the solution will contain two pounds
of copper sulphate. When it is desired to prepare Bordeaux
mixture, three gallons of this stock solution will be sufficient to
make a barrel of the mixture. In this way the time consumed in
weighing and dissolving the copper sulphate can be saved. The
stock solution can be kept any length of time provided it is kept
tightly covered to prevent evaporation.

A stock solution of lime can also be prepared. Lime can be
slaked in quantity and kept in a concentrated form if care is
taken to keep it covered with water so that it can not harden.
When needed for use the required quantity can be taken and
diluted to the desired consistency.

SPRAYING MACHINERY.

In the spraying experiment reported in this bulletin the Bor-
deaux mixture was applied with a knapsack sprayer like the one
shown in Fig. 17. The following discussion of knapsack sprayers
is copied from Bulletin No. 75 of this Station:

“ Knapsack sprayers, as the name indicates, are machines de-
signed to be carried on the back. These are manufactured by a
number of firms; the later patterns differ from each other only
in small, but occasionally very essential details. In general,
knapsacks consist of a copper tank holding from three to five

Fic. 17.—KNAPSACK SPRAYER.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301

gallons, being held in place on the back by straps over the
shoulders. They are furnished with force pumps that have a
large air-chamber, making the discharge constant. In the later
patterns the pump handle is so arranged that it can be made to
work over either shoulder, so that the pumping may be done by
either hand.

“In purchasing a knapsack care should be taken to select one
in which the discharge pipe enters the tank at the top. If it
enters at the bettom it invariably becomes clogged in a short
time where heavy mixtures are used, so that it is a constant-
source of annoyance. . . . . . . +. When furnished
with a Vermorel nozzle the knapsack is a very efficient sprayer.
They can be obtained of most dealers in spraying apparatus at a
price ranging from ten to fifteen dollars.”

Spraying with a knapsack sprayer is hard work and slow, but
the knapsack can be used in a great many cases where it would
be inconvenient and perhaps impossible to use either a barrel
spray-pump or a power sprayer. On account of the habit of
growth of cucumbers and melons, a sprayer on wheels can not be
used for spraying these plants except, perhaps, in the manner to
be described a little later; hence the knapsack sprayer, in spite of
its tediousness, is sure to find favor among those who grow cu-
cumbers and other vines which require spraying. It is so useful
for applying fungicides and insecticides to various field and
garden plants that every farmer should have one even if he has
also a barrel spray-pump.

Some of the large growers insist, however, that an easier and
more rapid method should be found. To such persons we make

the following suggestions:

Plant the cucumbers in strips of from six to nine rows each,
leaving between the strips open spaces of from twelve to thirteen
feet in width. In the center of each open space plant two rows
of late cabbage, cauliflower, or some other low-growing plant.
The following diagram shows the plan of a field planted in this
manner:

372 Report oF THE MyYcoLoutsr OF THE

Seven rows cucumbers. -.

Seven rows cucumbers. .-

|
{
|
|
Two rows cabbages.----- |
L
|
|
cn

Two rows cabbages .« ---- \
!

Seven rows cucumbers. -- :

Buy a good spray-pump (there are several good ones which sell
for about ten dollars), mount it in a fifty-gallon barrel and place
the barrel on some kind of a cart, which is to be hauled along the
open spaces by one horse. The heavy, two-wheeled, dump carts
used by market gardeners will answer this purpose very well.
The horse walks between the cabbage rows and the wheels which
are about six feet apart, run between the cabbages and the out-
side rows of cucumbers. From the spray-pump let a lead of hose
several feet in length extend on either side. At the end of each
lead of hose attach a piece of gas-pipe* about eight feet in length
and carrying at its extremity two or more spraying nozzles. The .
two-discharge and three-discharge Vermorel nozzlesj are as good
as any.

Three men will be required to operate the sprayer—one to drive
and work the pump and one on either side to manage the nozzles.
A fourth man and a team can, with advantage, be used to haul
water and prepare the Bordeaux mixture. If the strips each con-

*What is known as the bamboo extension rod will serve the same purpose admirably.
+For sale by the Gould Manufacturing Co., 16 Murray St., New York City.

Fic. 18.—SPRAYER ON WHEELS.

New York Acricutrurat Expprinvent STATION. a

tain seven rows (which number seems to us to be the most con-
venient one, all things considered) five feet apart, it will be neces-
sary for each of the men who carry the nozzles to Spray three and
one-half rows at each passage. With the aid of the eight feet of
gas-pipe they should be able to spray all of the plants on the three
and one-half rows without trampling the vines to any extent.

A spraying outfit of this kind will cost from $17 to $20 in addi-
tion to the cart. It can be used for Spraying potatoes in the same
manner as cucumbers.

For the first two or three sprayings, when the plants are small,
it is doubtful if this method will be more economical than spray-
ing with a knapsack, but after the plants cover the ground it will
probably be found very satisfactory.

If it is desired to omit the cabbage rows and make the open
Spaces as narrow as possible, a cart of narrow tread will be
needed. The Myers’ spraying outfit, shown in Fig. 18, has the
merit of being very compact. Its tread is but three feet and one-
half inch and it can be hauled by one horse or pushed by hand.
The capacity of the barrel is forty-five gallons. Price, $25.
Manufactured by F. E. Myers & Bro., Ashland, Ohio. For sale
by J. 8. Woodhouse, 191 Water Street, New York City. We have
not tested this sprayer in the field, but it has the appearance of
being both durable and effective.

It is not likely that a power sprayer can be used at all.

BRIEF DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING CUCUMBERS AND

MELONS.

Beginning when the plants are very small, spray thoroughly
with the Bordeaux mixture (i-to-8 formula), once every eight or
ten days until frost. When heavy rains occur it may be necessary
to spray oftener. The leaves should be kept constantly covered

with the Bordeaux mixture.

CONCLUSION.

It is, indeed, very gratifying to us to be able to report that a
remedy has been found for so destructive a disease as this downy
mildew. There are few plants which give such bountiful returns
for spraying as do cucumbers. It is to be hoped that farmers

374 Report ofr THE MyYcoLoGIsT OF THE

will at once apply the remedy as recommended and thereby make
cucumber growing as profitable as it was before the disease ap-
peared; but, judging from the history of the treatment of plant
diseases in this country, it seems probable that it will be several
years before the spraying of cucumbers will become anything
like a general practice. In the meantime those who do spray
will reap a harvest, for, in all probability, the disease will con-
tinue to spread and become so destructive as to drive many
growers out of the business, and thus keep up prices. While, in
any given locality, the disease may fluctuate in virulence from
year to year with the weather conditions, it is:undoubtedly in
America to stay and may be expected to cause heavy losses in
every year.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
Fig. 1. Cross-section of a cucumber leaf.

a. Epidermis of the upper surface.

a’. Epidermis of the under surface.

b.b. Palisade cells.

¢. A chlorophyll grain.

m. Cross-section of a stoma.

i. Intercellular passage.

Fig. 2. Surface section from the under surface of a cucumber

leaf.
s. A stoma.
r. The rift or opening between the two crescent-shaped
guard-cells of the stoma.

Fig. 3. A plant hair (trichome) from the under surface of a
cucumber leaf.

Norre.—aAll the figures on this plate were drawn with the aid
of an Abbé camera lucida under a magnification of 700 diameters
and afterwards reduced by the engraver to the present magnifi-
cation, viz.: 465 diameters.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

The cucumber downy mildew (Plasmopara cubensis).
Fig. 1. A vigorous sporophore grown on a cucumber leaf which
had been kept twenty-four hours in a moist chamber. (Original.)

PLATE XI.—THE STRUCTURE OF A CUCUMBER LEAF.

7 ee 7 rr
AA She gee
ee hae

Bare ert ra vy.
{ ———

> oe ear ao i

- ce, eee 7: Wil ere oe A eee | ; aie Pp, a Y= $,~8=

: Par Ry . es ey My VeGe § ~, "s Pa Soe

\ aes ma eT bee

BAN e .. jany ivi eae’
=o A see Oe) ~~ Te goes > y otis. ae i :
: oh: aie ei:

, (ey

a

: Aw t~4 <

Pr ¥ te
A a a mit Y A) we Py Cir: pe

. : - .
ree an os oy ey
pie ee eon ee = e we ab ae .
: es i te a ae) : 13 - he 7 “Ss as *
aN ass ‘ '.o id a) 7 4! Wi, 7 r C= ie ‘“e
ae ee. ¢ a a oy ‘Tf , ae 7 heen) Oe
i ee ee Tera aa ‘ighe Mas “4
a - Ry - ie r i am pS ua tw ; 7 :
aM uh. AY Dian a . as er, : ‘
te cL ee ha Vas 7 ee) Aw kee ee
ea ie iw ae eee fee wee | wa

13 Lsnoen NaMV I “AUNAC 2 a t — Vv {
S V aadooM a 4 LINAWIY | HL a Oo! = V ul M A a Lg
VA ) WV Vv A lV GAWIYEdXY A HO N HOd €

10 MAIA—TITX

“09 G40dMVy

a

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Savion. 315

s. The sporophore proper.
sp. Immature spore.
p. Mass of protoplasm.
Figs 2, 2’ and 2”. Mature spores of the ordinary normal form.
(Original.)
Fig. 3. Shows how the sporophores come out through the
stomata. (Original.)
s. Portion of a mature sporophore.
y. A young sporophore.
st. The stoma.
m. A fragment of the mycelium.
Fig. 4. A cluster of sporophores taken in dry weather from a
cucumber leaf grown out of doors. (Original.)

,?}
SG

s”, s’’’, Four stunted sporophores of the normal
branched form.
uv. An abnormal unbranched sporophore bearing a mon-
strous spore.
t,t’, ’’. Transition forms between s and uw.

Fig. 5. A cluster of very short-stalked spores from a cucumber
leaf. (Original.)

Fig. 6. A short-stalked spore from a muskmelen leaf. (Orig-
inal.)

Fig. 7. Four cells of a cucumber leaf with the myceliai threads
of the fungus running between them and sending into them the
haustoria (h, h’, h’’). (Copied after Humphrey in 8th Ann. Rept.
Mass. Exp. Sta.)

Fig. 8. A rare form of short-stalked spore from a cucumber
leaf. (Original.)

Fig. 9. A monstrous pear-shaped spore which was found at-
tached to a well-developed sporephore after the manner of the
ordinary spores. Two other spores of this character have been
observed. (Original.)

Nore.—aAll figures on this plate are equally magnified, viz.:
465 diameters; and with the exception of Fig. 7 all were drawn’
with the aid of an Abbé camera lucida in the same manner as the
figures on Plate XI.

II. SPRAYING POTATOES ON LONG ISLAND
IN THE SHASON VOR 306s

KF. C. STHWART.

SUMMARY.

(1) Potatoes on Long Island in 1896 were unusually free from
disease. In spite of this fact, spraying five times with Bordeaux
mixture increased the yield on Victor Rose 4% bushels, on White
Elephant 604 bushels, on Green Mountain 62 bushels, on Defender
16 bushels, and on Late Blush 28 bushels per acre.

(2) The total expense of spraying 8.58 acres of potatoes five
times, including all labor and cost of chemicals and an allowance
for the wear of machinery, was $34.25, or $4 per acre.

(3) The expense of applying Paris green twice ‘to 1.09 acres of
potatoes, by means of the Leggett powder-gun, was $1.65, or $1.51
per acre.

(4) Comparing the value of the increase in yield due to spray-
ing, with the outlay required to produce that increase, it was
found that spraying had been profitable on all varieties except
Victor Rose. On the variety Green Mountain there was a net
profit of $18 per acre, allowing potatoes to be worth 25 cents per
bushel. Spraying, being profitable in such a season as 1896, must
be profitable in almost any season on Long Island.

(5) Fungiroid, applied dry, was found to be so much inferior to
the wet Bordeaux mixture that its use as a substitute for Bor-
deaux mixture is not to be recommended.

(6) The “ Lion Brand ” Bordeaux mixture, likewise, proved to
be of practically no value.

(7) Bordeaux mixture (1-to-7 formula) used without any Paris
green, gave considerable protection against insects but not enough
to warrant the recommendation of its use. Paris green should
always be added to the Bordeaux mixture whenever either flea-
beetles or Colorado potato-beetles are numerous.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 123.

=I

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 37

(8) It appears that three applications of Bordeaux mixture are
not sufficient for potatoes on Long Island. In the early part of
the season it is necessary to fight flea-beetles and Colorado beetles,
in midsummer the early blight must,be kept in check, and in the
latter part of the season late blight and flea-beetles make their
appearance. The plants need protection throughout the season.

(9) One-to-eleven Bordeaux gave slightly better results than
1-to-7 Bordeaux. As a repellent of insects the weak mixture
seems to be fully as effective as the stronger mixture. Had
blight been prevalent the results might have been different. The
use of the weak mixture cannot be recommended without further
trial.

(10) Plants sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture at the
rate of 100 gallons per acre, yielded in one case 15 bushels per
acre and in another case 27 bushels per acre more than plants
sprayed at the rate of 50 gallons per acre.

(11) A trial of the Hudson Special Bordeaux Sprayer showed
it to be an efficient sprayer for applying Bordeaux mixture to
potatoes.

INTRODUCTION.

It is a well-known fact that the ravages of the late blight or
rot blight (Phytophthora infestans) of the potato can be prevented
by spraying the plants with Bordeaux mixture. Many carefully
conducted experiments have been made, both in this country and
in Europe, and in almost every one of these experiments the late
blight and potato rot have been successfully controlled by spray-
ing. The amount of evidence is so great that we are obliged to
accept it as an established fact that late blight can be prevented
by spraying.

The disease makes its appearance in midsummer during warm,
moist weather and rapidly destroys the plants, whole fields some-
times being ruined in the space of three or four days. At dig-
ging time many of the tubers are found to be rotten. Spraying
should be commenced before the disease makes it appearance
and two or three applications made at intervals of about two
weeks. In cases where the disease has been severe this treat-

378 Report OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

ment has sometimes saved almost an entire crop at an expense of
two or three dollars per acre, which shows that, at times, spray-
ing is exceedingly profitable. It is quite generally conceded that
it will pay to spray potatoes in those seasons in which late blight
occurs.

The late blight, however, does not occur every season. In
some portions of the United States it never occurs. On Long
Island it probably occurs destructively about one year in four, on
the average. Now, spraying is preventive, not curative, and so
must be commenced before it is known whether the disease will
appear. Accordingly, farmers have come to look upon spraying
as a form of insurance, and some have raised the question, “ Can
we not better afford to lose a crop occasionally than to bear the
expense of spraying every season?” Those who ask this ques-
tion assume that spraying is of no value except to prevent the
late blight. But that is not true; spraying benefits the potato
plant in other ways:

(1) Spraying protects it against ‘the attacks of early blight
(Macrosporium solani), a disease which attacks the leaves, pro-
ducing circular or elliptical, dead, brittle spots which are marked
with dark colored rings arranged concentrically, like the rings on
the ball of the thumb. This disease is not as conspicuous as the
late blight but, on the whole, is perhaps fully as destructive since
it is more widely distributed and occurs to some extent every
season.

(2) Spraying, if done thoroughly, will prevent the greater
part of the damage done by flea-beetles (Crepidodera [Hpitrix]
cwcumeris).

(3) The plants can be more completely protected against the
attacks of Colorado potato-beetles (Doryphora decemlineata), than
is possible by any method in which Paris green is used alone.

(4) The danger of injury to the foliage from Paris green
poisoning is avoided.

(5) Some of the best authorities on the spraying of plants hold
that Bordeaux mixture has a beneficial influence on potato foli-
age even when no insects or diseases are present. The nature of
this influence has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 379

All of the above-mentioned advantages of spraying must be
taken into consideration when discussing the question, Will it
pay to spray every season?

In most of the recorded experiments on potato spraying, the
late blight has been an important factor, and hence these experi-
ments do not furnish a complete answer to the present question.
It is necessary to know not only the benefit to be derived from
spraying in seasons when late blight is prevalent, but also the
benefit to be derived from spraying in seasons when there is no
late blight. Fortunately, the conditions have been such that our
experiments on Long Island during the past two seasons have

thrown considerable light on this very point.

SPRAYING EXPERIMENT AT FLORAL PARK.

In 1895 we made a spraying experiment* at Floral Park, Long
Island. A field of potatoes containing four and one-half acres
was divided into three equal plats. One plat was sprayed five
times with Bordeaux mixture, one plat was sprayed three times
with Bordeaux mixture and the remaining plat was not sprayed.
With the exception of spraying, the three plats were treated as
nearly alike as was possible in every respect. The Colorado
potato-beetles were kept under control by the use of Paris green.
On the sprayed plats the Paris green was applied with the Bor-
deaux mixture in the first two applications. On the unsprayed
plat the same quantity of Paris green was used and was applied
in water by means of the spraying machine at the same time the
sprayed plats were treated the first two times.

Throughout the entire season there was no trace of late blight,
even on the unsprayed plat, and so it might be thought that our
spraying had been unnecessary. But the early blight had been
prevalent and there had also been some flea-beetles on the un-
sprayed plat. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture had prevented
these enemies from doing much damage to the sprayed plats and
as a consequence these plats gave a considerably larger yield
than the unsprayed plat. The plat sprayed three times yielded
52 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre more than the un

id
*Wor the details of this experiment see N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 101, pp. 73-76.

380 REPoRT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

sprayed plat, and the plat which had been sprayed five times
yielded 62 bushels per acre more than the unsprayed plat. No
record was kept of the expense of the spraying but there was
certainly considerable profit.

FIRST SPRAYING EXPERIMENT AT EAST WILLISTON.

There being a demand for some definite information as to the
expense of spraying potatoes on Long Island, the Station, in 1896,
undertook an experiment along this line. The season was re-
markably favorable for the potato crop, as very little disease of
any kind appeared. This fact made our results exceptionally
valuable since they show what spraying will do for potato plants
which are apparently healthy.

From Mr. R. H. Robbins, we obtained the privilege of using
for the experiment a potato field containing about nine and two-
thirds acres on his farm near East Williston, Long Island. The
field was in the form of a parallelogram, 48 rods long and about
32 rods wide, the rows running the short way. The soil was
practically uniform and had been fertilized alike all over the
field. In 1895 the entire field was planted to cabbage. In 1896
four varieties of potatoes were planted — 64 rows of Victor Rose,
93 rows of White Elephant, 53 rows of Green Mountain and 73
rows of Defender. Care was taken that the field should receive
the same cultivation throughout.

Each variety was divided into two plats, one of which was
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture five times according to the ap-
proved method, and the other was-not treated at all, except that
Paris green was applied twice with Leggett’s powder-gun accord-
ing to the common practice of Long Island farmers. At the close
of the season the potatoes on these two plats were dug and
weighed separately.

The accompanying diagram shows the relative size and posi-
tion of the sprayed and unsprayed portions of the field.

How the spraying was done.— It being desired to ascertain the
expense of spraying potatoes as it should be practiced by the
average grower of late potatoes on Long Island, every part of the
work was put upon a practical basis. All of the methods used

‘NOLSITTIM ISVO LY INAWIUGAXG AHL NI aasf) LIIZNO ONIAVUdS AHL—' AIX ALV'L

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381

were such as we would recommend for actual farm practice. We
sprayed five times* with Bordeaux mixture, 1-to-8 formula, com-
mencing when the plants were about six inches high and repeat-
ing the treatment at intervals of about two weeks. Whenever
Colorado poiato-beetles or flea-beetles became numerous, Paris
green was added to the Bordeaux mixture at the rate of three-
fourths of a pound of Paris green to 50 gallons of the Bordeaux
mixture. The copper sulphate was purchased directly from the
manufacturer in New York in quantity (450-pound-barrel), at 44
cents per pound. The spraying outfit used is shown in Plate
XIV. It consisted of an Eclipse No. 2 spray-pump} mounted in
a 70-gallon barrel which was put on a stout two-wheeled cartt
having wheels five feet eight inches apart and hauled by one
horse. By means of a rubber hose the spray-pump communicated
with a three-fourths-inch iron pipe to which were attached eight
Deming-Vermorel nozzles, arranged in sucha manner that each of

*The dates of spraying were June 4, June 19, July 2, July 17 and July 31.

7 Manufactured by Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich.

£The cart and barrel were obtained from a Callister Paris green sprinkler, manufac-
tured and-sold by Thomas Callister, Queens, N. Y. Many Long Island farmers are
familiar with this sprinkler. An ordinary 50-gallon barrel will answer the purpose just
as well except that it will require filling oftener. Any stout two-wheeled cart having a
tread of about six feet can be used. A two-wheeled dump-cart will answer the purpose.

382 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

Victor Rose.—56 rows; sprayed.
1.9382 acres.

Victor Rose.—8 rows; not sprayed. 0.2758 acres.

White Elephant.—S84 rows; sprayed.
2.8817 acres.

White Hlephant.—9 rows; not sprayed. 0.3073 acres.

Green Mountain.—48 rows; sprayed.
1.63818 acres,

Green Mountain.—5 rows; not sprayed. 0.1694 acres.

Defender.—63 rows; sprayed.
2.1261 ac:es.

—— ———

Defender.—10 rows; not sprayed. 0.8358 acres.

Diagram of Experiment Field at East Williston.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERRIMENT STATION. aoe

four rows received the spray from two nozzles. Thus, four rows
were sprayed at each passage. One man (an ordinary farm
laborer) worked the pump and did the driving. This same man
prepared the Bordeaux mixture and did all work connected with
the spraying. The water used in the Bordeaux mixture was
obtained at a farm-house which was 40 rods from the nearest
point of the field. Therefore, it was necessary to haul the water
from 40 to 88 rods. The Bordeaux mixture was prepared at the
farmhouse and taken to the field in the spray-barrel.

_ Expense of the spraying.—The items of expense are as follows:

240 pounds copper sulphate at 414 cents per pound.............. S10 80
Mreiahite Onv2Osp OUNS COPPEeM Silpllates .. cc ee crete = ote ue oe +) eteveepals- 25
Hbarneleinslalceds lime se, yerevcrlersiorec class ores cesta lena erate cree ciara 1 40
Carting sulphate and lime from railroad station................. 50
HO LASSI ECLEOCYATICES e csose ac secre ectane tousites Soar ox pcr eno etele ale sVesesencie: & 10
25 pounds Paris green at 20 cents per pound................... 5 00
44 hours labor for man at 15 cents DEL BH OUMT s sieinvars lavage coe leuets eke oe 6 60
44 hours labor for horse at 15 cents per hour.................... 6 60
Er yl eT er es hE oa Uh ty a Ee oT as laa We ND $31 25

This $31.25 covers all labor and cost of chemicals but does not
include any allowance for the wear of machinery. The latter,
however, is a part of the necessary expense of spraying and must
be taken into consideration; but the amount can only be esti-
mated. Considering that the first cost of the spraying outfit,
exclusive of the cart, was less than $25, and that it was in use
only about one-tenth of the time it might have been used,it would
seem that $3 is sufficient to allow for the wear of the machine.
Three dollars added to $31.25 (cost of labor and chemicals) makes
the total expense of spraying 8.58 acres, $34.25; or the total expense
of spraying one acre five times, $4; or the total expense per acre for
each spraying, 80 cents.

Any farmer can spray potatoes as cheaply as this, provided he
goes about it in the right way and is not obliged to haul water
too far. The ease with which water can be obtained has an
important bearing on the expense of spraying. Where water can

be obtained easily and does not require hauling more than a few

384 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

rods, spraying can be done for less than $4 per acre. In our
experiment the water was pumped by hand and hauled from 40
to 88 rods, which consumed considerable time. We have also
placed the value ef labor, for both man and horse, a trifle high.
Thirty cents per hour or three dollars per day for a man and
horse is inore than they will cost the average farmer.

The total quantity of Bordeaux mixture used in the experiment
was 1,975 gallons, or 46 gallons per acre for each application.
The quantity of Bordeaux mixture required depends largely upon
the kind of nozzle used. The nozzle should throw a mist-like
spray, the finer the better. Nozzles which throw a coarse spray
waste the Bordeaux mixture. Deming-Vermorel nozzles were
used in the experiment.

Treatment of the unsprayed plats—As previously stated, a few
rows of each variety were left unsprayed in order that the benefit
from spraying might be definitely determined by comparing the
yield of the sprayed plat with the yield of the unsprayed plat.
These unsprayed plats were treated as the average farmer would
treat his crop.

On Long Island it has become very popular to combat the
Colorado potato-beetles with Paris green applied dry by means
of Leggett’s powder-gun. The Paris green is diluted with a con-
siderable quantity of flower or air-slaked lime, preferably the
latter, since the lime prevents the Paris green from “ burning ”
the foliage. So we planned to treat the unsprayed or check
plats in this manner.

The owner of the field was asked to notify us when he thought
it was necessary to begin fighting the Colorado potato-beetles.
On June 26 he notified us that the potato beetles were beginning
to do damage to the unsprayed plats and sherld be poisoned.
The same day we applied Paris green with Leggett’s powder-gun
under what we considered favorable circumstances. On the 1.09
acres there were used 1.5 pounds of Paris green mixed with 13
pounds of air-slaked lime. There was very little wind and the
morning had been misty so that the foliage was wet. The Paris
green and lime adhered well to the foliage and most of the
beetles were killed.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 385

On July 11 it was thought necessary to apply Paris green
again. This time three pounds of Paris green were applied with
lime in the same manner as before. The day, however, was not
So Suitable for the work. There was no wind but the foliage was
dry. Most of the beetles were killed and they did not again be-
come sufficiently numerous to seem to require another treat-

ment.
The expense of treating the 1.09 acres with Paris green was as
follows:
4% pounds Paris green at 20 cents DEL MMOUMN Geta cferere ieeete mone rae 30 90
5 hours labor at 15 cents per hour.............cccececccceccecee 75
INCREAS A eect Cane a AE Oe an oy ee ee Og $1 65

This makes the expense per acre $1.51, which is undoubtedly
somewhat greater than it is in ordinary farm practice. The pow-
der-gun was rusty and did not work well, which resulted in a loss
of time and waste of Paris green.

The results.—In the case of eachof the four varieties the sprayed
plat and the unsprayed plat were dug and weighed separately.
The product of each plat was also divided into “ merchantable
tubers ” and “ culls,” the latter class including not only the small
tubers but also those which had been mutilated by the potato
digger. The accompanying table presents the results in a con-
densed form:

EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE UPON YIELD OF POTATOES,

Serna (eis 8p

ape Boe C20
YIELD PER ACRE. Cas 1183.4
aS he
BPS Bus
= 4 moO, a=P-) a8,
VARIETY AND TREATMENT. ia aH S 2 aa
nm oO HOES
é sot sHot
Menehantall + @ulla! Total. eae | £89
‘ 3 Ke) Foss

a) a)

Sprayed ...--.. 167 47) 15. 4a S83 a | 10) os [aay

Vietor Rose dicho aoa FRO oUN Oe obi | kee 6 Ula eee
Sprayed... 185 21/14 49/200 10/63 31/6

White Elephant Unsprayed.| 124 47/11 52/136 39|....... | ...-...

Mountain § Sprayed ---| 253 38/13 21| 266 59|63 50] 625

Green! Mountain) Tasprayed.| 191 88111 36.| 208 aeraera trea
Sprayed......... 194 29] 8 47/9203 16| i9 1

Defender Eee lta 178 e330), 164))«, 2s |! eal eee

|
386 REpPorT OF THE MyYcOoLOoGIST oF THE

No trace of late blight appeared in any part of the field.
There was some early blight on the unsprayed plats but not as
much as usual. The average observer would have said that the
plants on the unsprayed plats were free from disease throughout
the season and that it would certainly have been a wase of labor
to spray them. Flea-beetles and Colorado potato-beetles were
abundant.

In spite of the fact that the plants appeared to be free from
disease of all kinds, spraying increased the yield sufficiently to
pay all of the expense of spraying and a fair profit besides. The
fact must not be overlooked that had these potatoes not been
sprayed, Paris green must have been applied to them with a
powder-gun or in some other way to keep the Colorado potato-
beetles in check. Practically speaking then, the expense of
spraying is not $4 per acre but $4 minus the expense of applying
Paris green alone, which, in the experiment, was $1.51. We
admit that $1.51 is probably high but in the absence of more
accurate information we are obliged to use this sum. The differ-
ence between $4 and $1.51 is $2.49 which is the amount of extra
expense per acre caused by spraying.

By consulting the table it may be seen that spraying increased
the yield of merchantable tubers per acre on the four varieties as
follows:

Victor Rose, 4 bushels and 47 pounds; value at 25 cents per bushel. $1.19
White Elephant, 60 bushels and 34 pounds; value at 25 cents per

TDUUS OU rete eve ahaveta loose Sole site de vay et ot gan ebetlera: Gr aule, W lavst olellote vere etehahe dateite tence uetemevene 15 14
Green Mountain, 62 bushels and 5 pounds; value at 25 cents per

DUSH OL eee eres ere elt gs Had al celsts fe lerene ens koisuel aus verecoe Sitstete tebe Latevens tenet aeteds 15 52
Defender, 16 bushels and 6 pounds; value at 25 cents per bushel... 4 02

Comparing the values in the last column with $2.49, the ex-
pense of producing them, it is seen that:

Spraying Victor Rose resulted in a loss of.............. $1 30 per acre.
Spraying White Elephant resulted in a profit of........., 12 65 per acre.
Spraying Green Mountain resulted in a profit of......... 13 03 per acre.

Spraying Defender resulted in a profit of............... 1 53 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 387

Even if the comparison is made with $4, the total expense of
spraying, there will still be a profit on all the varieties except
Victor Rose—#2.81 loss on Victor Rose, $11.14 profit on White
Elephant, $11.52 profit on Green Mountain and 2 cents profit on
Defender.

The results of this experiment tend to show that it will pay to
spray potatoes on Long Island every season; for if it has been
profitable the past season it will be profitable any season. The
season of 1896 was certainly an unusually favorable one for
potatoes on Long Island. It is rare that potato plants are so
generally free from the various blights.

THE REQUISITES OF A POTATO SPRAYING EXPERI-
MENT.

The spraying of potatoes has never been practiced to any great
extent on Long Island. Last year several farmers tried it for
the first time and on account of the lack of blight they failed to
obtain the striking results which they had expected. They saw
no marked contrast between their fields which had been sprayed
and their neighbors’ fields which had not been sprayed. In some
cases the unsprayed fields made the better appearance. Some of
the more careful ones took the precaution to leave an unsprayed
strip through the center or along one side of the sprayed field in
order to make the test a fair one. They who did this must have
observed a difference between the sprayed and unsprayed plants,
but probably considered the difference so slight as to be of no
practical importance. Had they completed the experiment by
carefully measuring the land and measuring the potatoes on the
sprayed and unsprayed portions of the field they would, most
likely, have been astonished. A difference of from 15 to 20
bushels per acre can scarcely be detected while the crop is grow-
ing or even after the tubers have been thrown out by the potato
digger, and yet this quantity is ordinarily sufficient to pay the
expense of spraying.

To those persons who doubt that spraying pays, we suggest
that they give it a fair test. A fair test requires that care be
taken to avoid all unnecessary expense and that the sprayed and
unsprayed plants shall be under practically the same conditions.

388 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

They must be of the same variety, planted at the same time, in
the same manner, on the same kind of soil, treated with the same
kind and quantity of fertilizer and given the same cultivation.
The spraying must be properly done, the land accurately meas-
ured and the crop weighed. Failure to comply with any one of
these conditions makes the test an unfair one.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPRAYING.

It is believed that, in some unexplained way, the Bordeaux
mixture has a direct beneficial influence on potato foliage, in
- addition to its value as a fungicide and repellent to insects. Its
chief value, however, lies in the protection which it affords the
leaves against the attacks of parasitic fungi and insects. The
leaves of the potato plant are very essential organs and it is of
the greatest importance that they should be perfect in order that
they may do their work properly. The inorganic food substances
which the plant absorbs from the soil through its roots are trans-
ferred to the leaves and by them assimilated, or in other words,
transformed into starch and certain other organic substances
which pass down the stem and are stored up in the tubers. The
size and quality of the tubers are, therefore, directly dependent
upon the activity of the leaves. If portions of the leaves are
eaten away by insects or destroyed by disease their capacity for
assimilation is lessened and the tubers are correspondingly
smaller.

The truth of this is recognized when there is great destruction
of foliage such as is caused by a severe attack of late blight or
by hordes of Colorado potato-beetles, but it seems certain that
the amount of damage done by leaf-eating insects and parasitic
fungi is greatly underestimated. This is proven by the results
of the spraying experiment reported in the previous pages. In
that case, spraying increased the yield on one variety by the
amount of 62 bushels per acre, chiefly by protecting the leaves in
the following three ways: (1) from the apparently slight injury
of the early blight fungus; (2) by affording partial protection
from the injury caused by flea-beetles; and (8) by preventing the
attacks of Colorado potato-beetles more thoroughly than could

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 389

be done by means of Paris green applied with a powder-gun. No
one of these three kinds of injury appeared great but the sum of
the three was sufficient to make spraying very profitable.

The fungi which cause the diseases early blight and late
blight, propagate themselves by means of minute spores which
may be carried from plant to plant by the wind. When one of
these spores falls upon a potato leaf and finds there a drop of
dew or other moisture it germinates and grows into the leaf,
producing a new disease-spot. If the leaf is covered with a thin
coating of Bordeaux mixture the spore is unable to germinate
and in this way spraying prevents fungous diseases. It is evident
that any leaf which has none of the Bordeaux mixture will not
be protected.

Bordeaux mixture will not kill either flea-beetles or Colorado
potato-beetles, but it is very distasteful to them. They will not
feed upon leaves covered with Bordeaux mixture if they can
avoid it; and when Paris green is added to the Bordeaux mix-
ture we have the best known remedy for both these insects. The
Bordeaux mixture, being very adhesive, holds the Paris green on
the leaves through quite heavy rains which would wash off Paris
green applied in any other way. For flea-beetles, Paris green
applied by the ordinary methods seems to be almost without
avail. It is a mistaken notion, however, that Paris green is not
poisonous to flea-beetles. It certainly will kill them if they eat
it, and it is probably that a goodly number of them are actually
killed by the Paris green applied in the ordinary way for potato-
beetles. But flea-beetles are very cautious insects-and shun the
poison. If the Paris green is mixed with Bordeaux mixture and
applied in the form of a fine spray, the poison will reach nearly
every leaf and stick there for a long time, keeping the flea-beetles
at bay.

From this discussion it will be seen that the degree of success
attained in fighting flea-beetles by spraying depends upon the
thoroughness with which the spraying is done. Leaves which
are kept well covered with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green
will suffer very little from flea-beetle attacks. Such leaves will
suffer slightly from attacks made on the undersides, for flea-

890 REPoRT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

beetles feed to some extent from the under sides of the leaves
where it is difficult to reach them with Bordeaux mixture. But
all leaves which do not receive the Bordeaux mixture will be
attacked by flea-beetles and also by fungi. In spraying, then,
care must be taken that each and every leaf receives a little of the
Bordeaux mixture. With a knapsack sprayer this is easily
accomplished. There is no danger of getting on too much—the
more the better. Where the spraying is done with stationary
nozzles it is more difficult to reach all of the leaves. Experience
has shown that one nozzle per row (no matter of what kind the
nozzle may be) is insufficient. Two good nozzles per row will
cover the foliage fairly well.

While it is impossible to state with accuracy what degree of
protection against flea-beetles will be afforded by Bordeaux mix-
ture and Paris green applied every two weeks by means of two
stationary nozzles per row, observation leads us to estimate it at
from 25 to 50 per cent ; that is, plants sprayed in this way would
be injured by flea-beetles from one-half to three-fourths as much
as plants not sprayed. In view of the results of the experiment
reported on page 397 of this Report, we are of the opinion that
it will pay to use three nozzles per row in the last two sprayings.

SECOND SPRAYING EXPERIMENT AT EAST WILLISTON.

The following spraying experiment was made in the season of
1896 on a farm managed by C. Burkard and located near East
Williston, N. Y.

Objects of the experiment.—The experiment was designed to
furnish information on several points of interest in regard to the
spraying of potatoes.

During the past two years the Station has received numerous
inquiries concerning the value of the so-called dry Bordeaux mix-
ture patented under the name “ Fungiroid.” This is manufac-
tured and sold by Leggeit & Brother, 301 Pearl Street, New York.
It is claimed to be a remedy for potato blight and some other
fungous diseases and is to be applied in dry form with a powder-
gun sold by the same firm. The powder-gun is much used by
Long Island farmers for applying Paris green to potatoes and the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391

question is often asked, Will not the Fungiroid and Paris green
applied together with the powder-gun produce as good results as
the wet Bordeaux mixture applied with a spraying machine?
An answer to this question was one of the objects of the experi-
ment.

James A. Blanchard, 4 and 6 Gold Street, New York, has
patented and placed upon the market a concentrated form of
Bordeaux mixture, which is known as the “Lion Brand” Bor-
deaux mixture. It is sold in tin cans containing one gallon of a
thick, slate colored liquid. This quantity is to be added to forty-
nine gallons of water and applied with a spraying machine in the
ordinary way. This mixture also was tested in the experiment.

In some sections of the United States three applications of
Bordeaux mixture to potatoes are considered sufficient. In other
sections it seems necessary to make five applications. In our
experiment at Floral Park, in 1895, one plat was sprayed three
times and another five times, the first three applications on the
two plats being made on the same dates. The plat sprayed five
times yielded ten bushels per acre more than the plat sprayed
three times. It was thought that the three sprayings might have
given better results if they had been made at sufficiently long
intervals to cover the entire season of growth. It was planned
to test this in the experiment.

The Bordeaux mixture used for spraying orchards and vine-
yards is made after the 1-to-11 formula, in which one pound of
copper sulphate is required to make eleven gallons of Bordeaux
mixture. But for spraying potatoes a more concentrated form of
Bordeaux mixture has generally been used; namely, Bordeaux
mixture made after the 1-to-7 formula, in which one pound of cop-
per sulphate is required to make seven gallons. The weaker mix-
ture is, of course, the cheaper and consequently the more desir-
able to use provided it is equally efficient. To determine the
relative efficiency of these two strengths of Bordeaux mixture
was one of the objects of the experiment.

In the experiment at Floral Park, in 1895, it was observed that
Colorado potato-beetles shunned plants which had been sprayed

392 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

with Bordeaux mixture containing no Paris green.* This sug-
gested the idea that perhaps Paris green might be dispensed with
and the Bordeaux mixture alone used for both “ bugs” and
blight. The experiment was planned to test the value of Bor-
deaux mixture used without Paris green.

Plan of the experiment.—In an experiment in which the char-
acter of the soil is an important factor, long narrow plats are
likely to give more reliable results than square plats or plats in
which the length and breadth are nearly equal. The narrower
the plats the less is the liability to error arising from non-uni-
formity of soil. The experiment under consideration was so
planned that differences in soil conditions were practically elim-
inated and this adds much to the value of the results.

The experiment included fourteen rows, 920 feet, or nearly
fifty-six rods in length, of the variety Late Blush.

The rows were numbered consecutively and two separated
rows received similar treatment in each case.

Rows 1 and 8 were treated five times with Fungiroid and Paris
green, half and half, applied dry with a Leggett powder-gun ac-
cording to the directions given on the can.;

Rows 2 and 9 were treated five times with Paris green in lime
water. The lime water was used to prevent the free arsenious
acid in! the Paris green from injuring tthe foliage.

Rows 3 and 10 were sprayed five times—the first time with
Paris green in lime water the same as was used on rows 2 and 9,
and the last four times with “ Lion Brand ” Bordeaux mixturet
and Paris green.

Rows 4 and 11 were sprayed four times with Bordeaux mixture
(1-to-7 formula) and Paris green. It was ‘the original intention
to spray these rows only three times, but it was found absolutely
necessary to make a fourth application.

*N. Y. Aerl. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 101, p. 75.

+Fungiroid may be purchased separately or mixed with Paris green, half and half,
in pound cans ready for use. We used the latter form.

£1It was planned to use ‘‘ Lion Brand ’’ Bordeaux mixture for all five applications but
the can of Bordeaux designed for use in the first application was stolen. The contents
in one of the two cans subsequently used was so thick that it could not be gotten out
of the can through the three-fourths inch hole provided for that purpose. It was neces-
sary to cut out the top of the can. The other can was better in this respect, but still
it was difficult to empty out the contents through the hole.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 393

Rows 5 and 12 were sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture
(1-to-7 formula) and Paris green.

Rows 6 and 13 were sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture
(1-to-7 formula) alone.

Rows 7 and 14 were sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture
(1-to-11 formula) and Paris green.

The several applications were made to all fourteen rows on the
same dates, namely, June 11, June 26, July 10, July 24 and Au-
gust 7. The last application was omitted from Rows 4 and 11.
All liquids were applied with a knapsack sprayer and care was
taken that each row received practically the same quantity. In
all cases where Paris green was used (except on Rows 1 and 8),
it was used at the rate of one ounce of Paris green to four gallons
of liquid. The first application was made when the plants were
about six inches high.

Prevalence of insects and disease.—No trace of late blight ap-
peared and only a small amount of early blight. Flea-beetles
were moderately abundant and Colorado potato-beetles very
abundant. For a few days after the first treatment, June 11, the
potato-beetles were scarce, but by the time of the second treat-

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT F'UNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES UPON
YIELD OF POTATOES.

3 2
PRopUcT oF THE| CompurepD YIELD Per |*° Z
Two Rows. ACRE. ie
jor
2 EP) Px
KIND OF TREATMENT 5 5 ats
RECEIVED. So Sa =
ee 23 BS
BE Fae @ |e
2 3 =} EF 2 =A
= ‘S) =| oO ia iS
Fungiroid and Paris green, 5| Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
DUIM CS eis teas os 2 52 a2 a yee, ois 7.25 | 3.00 | 62.50 | 25.75 | 88.25 — 6.25
Paris green in lime-water, 5
UM GS ete to = otic oncn ew seei eine 8.00 | 2.50 | 68.75 | 21.50 | 90.25

Paris green in lime-water,
once; ‘‘Lion Brand” Bor-
deaux + Paris green,4times| 8.38 | 1.75 | 72.25 | 15.00 | 87.25 +

1-to-7 Bordeaux-+-Paris green,

GTi (oh 10.63 | 1.50 | 91.50 | 12.75 |103.25 ait

1-to-7 Bordeaux-+Paris green,

DAUM ERs aise cin a= seicn)aisto= 11.00 | 1.25 | 94.75 | 10.75 |105.50 + 2
a.
a

6
1-to-7 Bordeaux, 5 times. ..-- 8.75 | 1.50 | 72.25 | 13.00 | 88.25 6 50
1-to-11 Bordeaux -+ Paris y
Pleo, Oo ilMlos.. 55.20 s05 > 11.25 | 1.00 | 97.00 | 8.50 |105.50 28.25

894 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

ment, June 26, they were again abundant. The second treat-
ment disposed of them again, but they became numerous by the
time of the third treatment, July 24. The third treatment, how-
ever, finished them for the season. They gave no trouble after
July 24. In this experiment the fight was chiefly against the
Colorado potato-beetles, and it was a hard fight. Throughout
the whole season it was noticed that they were the most numerous
on Rows 1 and 8, treated with Fungiroid and Paris green. Rows
2 and 9 seemed to suffer to about the same extent as Rows 3 and
10. ‘The rows to which ordinary Bordeaux mixture had been ap-
plied did not suffer nearly so much as the other rows, and among
the Bordeaux rows it was noticeable that the beetles had a de
cided preference for those which had received no Paris green.

All of the plants dried up somewhat sooner than they should
have done. They did not, however, die from any disease, but
from lack of proper cultivation.

Resulis—The results of the experiment are tabulated on the
preceding page.

The seven kinds of treatment arranged in the order of their
value would, therefore, stand as follows:

(1) Bordeaux mixture (1-to-11 formula) and Paris green, five
times.

(2) Bordeaux mixture (1-to-7 formula) and Paris green, five
times.

(3) Bordeaux mixture (1-to-7 formula) and Paris green, four
times.

(4) Bordeaux mixture (1-to-7 formula) alone, five times.

(5) Paris green in lime water, once; “ Lion Brand” Bordeaux
mixture and Paris green, four times.

(6) Paris green in lime water, five times.

(7) Fungiroid and Paris green dry, five times.

Comments on the results—We can see no reason why 1-to-11

sordeaux should give better results than 1-to-7 Bordeaux. It
was expected that the position of these two treatments would be
reversed. It should be borne in mind, however, that the fight
was chiefly against insects and, consequently, the value of the
Bordeaux mixture lay, for the most part, in its adhesive prop-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 395

erty which caused it to hold the Paris green on the leaves. The
1-to-11 Bordeaux adheres just as well, but no better, than 1-to-7
Bordeaux. The difference (2.25 bushels per acre) is so slight as
to make them practically equal. Had late blight been prevalent
the results might have been different. In a season when pota-
toes blighted badly, Prof. L. R. Jones* of the Vermont Station
found strong Bordeaux decidedly preferable to weak Bordeaux,
but he did not use the same formule used in this experiment.

It was found wholly impracticable to get along with three ap-
plications of Bordeaux mixture. If any one of the first three
treatments had been postponed the plants would certainly have
been seriously injured by Colorado potato-beetles. And it would
not have been prudent to omit the fourth treatment which was
made July 24, because the plants would then have been unpro-
tected against late blight which was liable to appear any time
after July 15.

With Paris green, 1-to-7 Bordeaux mixture produced 193 bushels
per acre more than the same mixture without Paris green. This
shows that Bordeaux mixture falls far short of furnishing com-
plete protection against insects. Paris green must be used with
it. It is to be noted, however, that Bordeaux mixture alone gave
better results than Paris green ,in lime water, Fungiroid and
Paris green applied dry, or the “ Lion Brand ” Bordeaux mixture
and Paris green; and this, too, when insects were the chief ene-
mies. Bordeaux mixture certainly has considerable value as a
repellent of insects.

The “ Lion Brand ” Bordeaux mixture with Paris green was a
failure, giving but 34 bushels per acre more than Paris green in
water. The experiment does not prove that it may not have
some value as a fungicide, because very little fungus was en-
countered in the experiment; but the experiment does prove that
as a spraying mixture for potatoes it is decidedly inferior to ordi-
nary Bordeaux mixture. It lacks the adhesive property of Bor-
deaux mixture.

Fungiroid with Paris green made an even worse showing. The
rows treated with Fungiroid and Paris green yielded 6.25 bushels

*vt. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Ninth Ann. Report, 1895, p. 97.

396 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

per acre less than the rows treated with Paris green in lime water.
There being but little fungus, this difference represents the differ-
ence between applying Paris green dry and applying it in lime
water. The Fungiroid and Paris green were applied according to
directions on the can, namely, at the rate of two pounds per acre,
applied on dry foliage with a Leggett powder-gun, and when there
was but little wind. Although this experiment furnishes no in-
formation as to the fungicidal value of Fungiroid we do not hesi-
tate to state that, in our opinion, the value of Fungiroid is so
small as compared with liquid Bordeaux mixture that it has no
claim to consideration from potato growers. Our opinion is
based: (1) On the fact that Fungiroid lacks the adhesive prop-
erty of Bordeaux mixture; (2) on the results of experiments at
other experiment stations in which the merits of Fungiroid and
Bordeaux mixture have been compared; (8) on the opinions of
eminent authorities on plant diseases. Prof. L. R. Jones, botanist
of the Vermont Experiment Station, experimented with Fungi-
roid and other forms of dry Bordeaux mixture on potatoes for
two seasons. From the results of these experiments he draws
the following conclusion:* ‘ When these powders were applied
dry, even in the most liberal amounts, they gave so little protec-
tion that their substitution for the ordinary or wet mixture is not
to be recommended under any circumstances.” In an experiment
made by Mr. H. P. Gould} at the Maine Experiment Station,
Fungiroid applied to potatoes increased the yield 10 per cent,
while wet Bordeaux mixture increased the yield 312-3 per cent
under parallel conditions. Prof. Galloway,t Chief of the Division
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, considers powder fungicides as a class much
inferior to liquid fungicides.

The small yield on all parts of the experiment field was due to
poor cultivation. The experiment furnishes a striking’ example
of the fact that spraying cannot be made to take jthe place of
cultivation.

* Loc. cit., p. 98.
{+Me. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 28.
tRural New Yorker, Vol. LV, Aug. 8, 1896, p. 528.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 397

ONE HUNDRED GALLONS OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE PER
ACRE VS, FIFTY GALLONS PER ACRE.

The following experiment was conducted ion the farm of Mr.
H. L. Hallock, near Jamesport, N. Y.:

Seven rows, 636 feet in length, were planted with potatoes of
the variety White Elephant. Considerable care was ‘taken ti
apply the fertilizer uniformly over the seven rows and to cut the
seed potatoes in such a way as to leave two eyes to each piece.
They were planted with a potato-planter. This was on land
which had grown corn the previous season.

During the season they were sprayed five times with Bordeaux
mixture, Paris green being added in the first two sprayings. The
dates of spraying were June 9, June 22, July 8, July 22 and
August 6. The Bordeaux mixture was applied with a Hudson
Special Bordeaux Sprayer, a cut of which may be seen in Fig.
11. This sprayer is arranged to spray four rows at a time with
two nozzles to each row, so that in going across the field and back
again eight rows are sprayed. But instead of spraying eight
rows we sprayed only seven and were thus enabled to double
spray the center row; in other words, the center row received at
each spraying exactly twice as much Bordeaux mixture as each
of the other six rows. Since the sprayer applies Bordeaux mix-
ture at the rate of about 50 gallons per acre, the six single
sprayed rows received Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 50 gal-
lons per acre and the double sprayed row or center row at the
rate of 100 gallons per acre.

At digging time the tubers on the center row were weighed by
themselves. The tubers on the other six rows were also weighed.

The double sprayed row yielded 4304 lbs. mechantable tubers,
35 Ibs. culls.

The six single-sprayed rows averaged 3903 lbs. merchantable
tubers, 522 Ibs. culls per row.

Difference in yield of merchantable tubers, 40 Ibs. per row or 15
bu. 18 lbs. per acre.

398 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

The experiment was repeated on seven other rows of potatoes
536 feet long, planted on clover sod. The treatment was the
same and the result was as follows:

The double-sprayed row yielded 463? lbs. merchantable tubers,
22 lbs. culls.

The six single-sprayed rows averaged 403}; Ibs. merchant-
able tubers, 21 Ibs. culls per row.

Difference in yield of merchantable tubers, 594 Ibs. per row or
27 bu. per acre.

To recapitulate, potatoes sprayed five times with Bordeaux mix-
ture at the rate of 100 gallonsperacre outyielded potatoes sprayed
at the rate of 50 gallons per acre. The amount of the difference
was in one case 15 bu. 13 Ibs. of merchantable tubers per acre,
and in another case, 27 bu. of merchantable tubers per acre.

As in the experiments at East Williston, the fight here was
chiefly against flea-beetles and Colorado potato-beetles. There
was very little disease of any kind to contend with.

The result of this experiment confirms us in a previously
formed opinion based upon general observation, namely, that
heavy applications of Bordeaux mixture give much better results
than light applications, and that it will pay to use at least three
nozzles per row in the last two sprayings.

A TEST OF THE HUDSON SPECIAL BORDEAUX
SPRAYER.

Quite recently Long Island potato growers have begun to take
considerable interest in the spraying of potatoes, and one of the
greatest obstacles to progress in the practice of spraying is the
difficulty of obtaining suitable machinery for applying the Bor-
deaux mixture. For gardens and small fields of from one to two
acres the knapsack sprayer answers very well; but for the large
fields of those farmers who make potatoes their chief farm crop,
the knapsack is too tedious. In our opinion the most economical
method of spraying these large fields is by means of a home-made
outfit similar to the one shown in Plate XIV. There are, however,
many farmers who object to the labor required to operate such an

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399

eutfit. They desire a sprayer so arranged that all of the work is
done by horse power. Sprayers of this description are necessarily
somewhat complex and consequently expensive. Several different
kinds have been placed upon the market, but they have been so
defective in various ways that farmers have become suspicious of
this class of sprayers. The perfect power sprayer for potatoes
has not yet appeared.

In the spring of 1896, the Riverhead Agricultural Works,
Riverhead, N. Y., put out a new Hudson Special Bordeaux
Sprayer. This machine having certain new, and, apparently,
desirable features, and being manufactured and sold by a firm
located in the potato growing section of Long Island, it seemed
necessary for us to test it so that we might be able to answer cor-
rectly the inquiries which are certain to arise concerning it.

We used it throughout the season of 1896 for spraying about
seven acres of potatoes near Jamesport, Long Island, and found it
quite satisfactory. One of the strong points of the sprayer is the
manner in which the nozzles are arranged. There are two noz-
zles to each row, and they can be readily adjusted to suit the size
of the plants. We are thoroughly convinced that one nozzle per
row is entirely insufficient, except, perhaps, for the first spraying,

We experienced very little difficulty from clogging of the noz-
zles. The Bordeaux mixture is drawn from the bottom of the
barrel and this is generally considered an objectionable feature,
since there is more liability of the nozzles clogging than there is
when the escape tube leaves the barrel from the top. But in the
Hudson sprayer the agitation of the liquid is so thorough thaf
this difficulty is overcome, provided a reasonable amount of care
is used in straining the Bordeaux mixture and in rinsing out the
barrel. The ease with which the barrel can be filled is another
good feature of the machine.

This sprayer should give excellent satisfaction, if in operating
it the following rules are heeded:

(1) The Bordeaux mixture must be thoroughly strained— The
strainer furnished with the sprayer is entirely sufficient. Every-
thing that goes into the barrel should be passed through this

400 REpPorRT OF THE Myco.Loaist.

strainer. There need be no difficulty in getting Bordeaux mix-
ture through the strainer if the Bordeaux is properly made.
First of all, see that the barrel in which the Bordeaux is to be
mixed is free from sticks and dirt — rinse it well. Always strain
the lime water and if there is dirt in the water, strain it also.
With proper management this straining process need not con-
sume much time and in the end there will be a great saving of
time. Avoid a great excess of lime in the Bordeaux.

(2) At the close of each day’s work pass a small quantity of clean
water through the nozzles and rinse the barrel.—This should always
be done but is most important when Paris green is used with the
Bordeaux mixture.

DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING POTATOES ON LONG
ISLAND.

Spray every season. Begin when the plants are from six to
eight inches high and spray once every two weeks as long as the
plants continue green. If heavy rains occur it may be necessary
to spray somewhat oftener, particularly in seasons when late
blight is prevalent. Use Bordeaux mixture of the 1-to-8 formula;
that is, use one pound of copper sulphate for every eight gallons
of Bordeaux mixture. When Colorado potato-beetles or flea-
beetles are abundant add Paris green to the Bordeaux mixture
at the rate of three-fourths of a pound of Paris green to 50 gal-
lons of Bordeaux mixture. Spray thoroughly. Ifa sprayer with
stationary nozzles is used there should be two nozzles per row in
the first three spraying and three nozzles per row in all subse-
quent sprayings. It is, however, sometimes difficult to arrange
the nozzles so that three per row can be used with advantage.
In such cases it may be advisable to use, instead, two nozzles per
row and go over the plants twice in opposite directions. By all
means, spray thoroughly in the latter part of the season.

This treatment can be depended upon to prevent early blight
and late blight or rot, keep off Colorado potato-beetles and con-
siderably reduce the amount of damage done by flea-beetles.

PLATE XV.—YOUNG SWEET CORN PLANT AFFECTED WITH BACTERIAL DISEASE. ABOUT
THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE.

Ill. A BACTERIAL DISEASE OF SWEET CORN.*

Fr, C, STEWART.

SUMMARY.

In the market gardens of Long Island, early varieties of sweet
corn are much subject to a wilt disease in which the fibro-vascular
bundles of the plant are gorged with multitudes of short, yellow
bacilli. The disease is certainly different from Burrill’s corn
disease and is one which has not heretofore been reported. The
yellow bacillus found in thefibro-vascular bundles is undoubtedly
the cause of the disease and brings about the death of the plaat
by cutting off the supply of water. It has been artificially culti-
vated on various culture media and its behavior recorded. The
disease seems to be confined to sweet corn and is most destruc-
tive to early varieties. Field corn and pop corn are entirely
exempt. Outside of Long Island it is positively known to occur
only in lowa, but, probably, careful search will show that it is
widely spread. Jt is disseminated chiefly by means of the germs
which cling to the seed, but also by manure, implements and
washing of the soil. As for remedial measures, the principal
things to be observed are: (1) Care in the selection of seed and
(2) the planting of resistant varieties. Lime and sulphur, applied
to the soil have been tried and proven unsuccessful.

INTRODUCTION.

During the past three years the writer has had under observa-
tion a bacterial wilt disease which has done considerable damage
to sweet corn in the market-gardens of Long Island. The dis-
ease was originally discovered at Queens, N. Y., on a very early,
dwarf variety of sweet corn named Manhattan. It has since been
found affecting many different varieties and in all parts of Long

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 130.

26

402 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

Island. Certain varieties have been much more severely attacked
than have others, but the disease has been widespread on Long
Island and, in several instances, destructive, particularly in the
season of 1897. Occasionally, an entire crop has been ruined and
losses of from 20 to 40 per cent have been frequent; but in the
majority of cases the loss has been so slight as to pass unnoticed
by the farmer, although one familiar with the disease could
readily detect it in almost any field of early sweet corn on Long
Island during the past season.

Although we had here to deal with a disease of considerable
economic importance, it soon became evident that it is an unde-
scribed disease caused by a species of bacterium which is prob-
ably unknown to science. Previous to the discovery of this dis-
ease, the only known bacterial disease of corn (Zea mays) was one
described by Burrill* in 1889. Burrill’s disease affects field corn
and differs so widely from the disease under consideration that
there is no doubt that the two are entirely distinct.

SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.

Some bacterial diseases of plants are very difficult to diagnose.
They have no characters by which they can be readily identified
without the aid of a compound microscope, and for some diseases
the revelations of the microscope must be supplemented by infor-
mation obtained from the study of cultures. Fortunately, this
disease of sweet corn has some distinguishing characters by
which it can be identified with certainty and without the aid ofa
microscope.

The affected plants wilt and dry up without any apparent
cause. This may occur at any stage of growth but it is most
likely to occur about the time of flowering. The past season it
was observed to be very prevalent as early as June 12, among
plants which were from eight to ten inches in height. The leaves
wilt and then gradually wither. The time which elapses between
the first appearance of the disease and the death of the plant
varies greatly. In some cases it may be no more than four days,
while in others it may occupy a month. Sometimes an affected

*Burrill, T. J. A Bacterial Disease of Corn. Ill. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 6.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 403

plant will completely recover, or it may recover for a time and
succumb to the disease later. Occasionally, all of the leaves of a
plant will wilt simultaneously (this is most likely to happen with
small plants), but more often they die one after another so that
wholly dry leaves and green leaves may be seen on the same
plant. There is no abnormal coloration — it is simply a drying
up of the tissues. There is nothing abnormal about the roots and
the subterranean portion of the stem appears sound and normal
except in the case of plants which have been dead for some time.
Such plants may show black decay spots on the subterranean
stem; but decay does not set in until the whole plant is dead and
even then progresses slowly. The fact that the whole interior of
the lower end of the stem is brown signifies nothing. This
browning is found in healthy plants as well as in the diseased
ones.

The most distinctive character of the disease is revealed when
the stem is cut lengthwise. The fibro-vascular bundles appear as
yellow streaks in the white parenchyma; but in the stems of
plants which have been dead for some time some of the bundles
may be black instead of yellow. If the stem is cut crosswise and
the cut surface exposed to the air for about five minutes,a yellow,
viscid substance exudes in drops from the ends of the vessels.
This yellow substance in the fibro-vascular bundles is composed
of bacteria. It isan invariab!e accompaniment of the disease and
in plants which have died from the disease it will be sufficiently
abundant to be seen easily with the naked eye. Thus we have
in this yellow substance a character by which the disease may be
readily identified. It should be stated, however, that in very
young plants the yellow substance is detected less easily than in
large ones with well-developed vascular systems; and, also, that
the microscope will show its presence in the vessels of the plants
before it can be detected with the naked eye and before there is
any outward manifestation of the disease except in the dwarfed
condition of the plants.

Fields of sweet corn affected with the disease are very uneven,

particularly at the time when the ears are forming. Plants in

404 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

various stages of the disease are intermingled with apparently
healthy plants of different sizes. It is a common thing to find
diseased plants in the same hill with healthy ones which may
continue in good health to the end of the season. There are no
indications that the disease is communicated from one plant to
another. It does not spread from an initial center, but is scat-
tered all through the field. Usually, the small plants are the first
to succumb to the disease, which fact suggests that the disease
may be the cause of their slow growth. This suspicion was con-
firmed by microscopic examination. Plants green and apparently
healthy, except for their small size, were found to contain a con-
siderable quantity of the bacterium in their vessels, while in the
larger, more vigorous plants the bacterium could not be found.
However, in wet weather the bacterium may sometimes be found
in quite vigorous plants. This feature of the disease will be dis-
cussed more fully on a subsequent page.

The bacterium invades the vessels of all parts of the plant,
including the roots. Plants which did not succumb to the dis-
ease until after the ears had commenced to form were examined
after they were dead but before they were completely dry, and
the bacterium was found in abundance in the vessels of all parts
of the stem clear up to the tassel and in the ear, where it oozed
out onto the kernels and the inner husks. The ears showed no

tendency to rot.

BACTERIA THE CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.

Since affected plants behave very much like plants suffering
from lack of moisture, except that there is little or no “ rolling ”
of the leaves, careless observers are liable to think that dry
weather is the cause of the trouble. This theory is at once
rendered untenable by the fact that plants die from the disease
in wet weather as well as in dry weather. Some have attributed
the trouble to the fertilizer used, but one does not have far to
seek to remove suspicion from the fertilizer. It is also easily
demonstrated that insects are not responsible for it. Various
species of fungi may be found on the roots of dead plants but no

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 405

species is constantly associated with the disease and fungous
hyphe are to be found on the interior of the stem only in decayed
specimens. A pink Fusarium grows in great profusion on the
sheathing bases of the leaves and Lpicoccum neglectum Desm. is
common on the dead leaves, but both of these fungi are sapro-
phytes and do not appear until the leaves are dead.

The yellow mass of bacteria in the vascular system becomes
an object of suspicion as soon as it is observed. These bacteria
make their appearance before the plant commences to wilt and
by the time the plant is wholly dead the vessels are gorged with
them. If the bacteria have nothing to do with the disease how
can their presence be explained? Russell* has shown that “ nor-
mally, the healthy plant, with intact outer membranes, is free
from bacteria within its tissues.” Concerning the possibility of
saprophytic bacteria gaining access to healthy plant tissue
through the medium of wounds, the same author reports experi-
ments; in which it was shown that, although certain saprohytic
species are capable of spreading through healthy tissue, they do
not penetrate to any great distance nor multiply rapidly. There-
fore, on account of the immense numbers of the corn bacterium
which may be found throughout the vascular system of every
affected plant, even in the early stages of the disease, and its
scarcity in the tissues of vigorous, healthy plants, coupled with
the fact of the absence of any other sufficient cause, it is safe
to assume that the yellow bacterium is the cause of the trouble.
Conclusive proof of this, however, is to be obtained only from
inoculation experiments.

ISOLATION OF THE GERM.

Pure cultures of the germ are easily obtained. It grows read-
ily, at a temperature of from 21° to 28°C., on neutral beef agar,
neutral potato agar or neutral gelatin. By carefully splitting
open the stem of a freshly wilted plant and touching a sterilized
platinum needle to one of the bacteria-laden vessels it is quite

*Russell, H. L. Bacteria in Their Relation to Vegetable Tissue. A dissertation pre-
sented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Friedenwald Company, Baltimore, 1892, pp. 3-6.

yj Non-Parasitic Bacteria in Vegetable Tissue. Bot. Gazette, Vol. XVIII, pp. 93-96.

406 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

easy to obtain a Petri-dish culture which is almost entirely free
from foreign germs. This can be done with small plants but it
is more easily accomplished if the plants are large and have well-
developed stems. Unless there is an undue amount of moisture
on the surface of the medium the colonies show no tendency to
spread and run together.

INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS.

Attempts to inoculate field-grown plants of sweet corn have
been unsatisfactory because it has been practicably impossible
to obtain plants which were known to be free from the disease.
Susceptible varieties have been quite generally affected, and since
the disease is one which acts slowly it is not possible to get
results of much value from inoculation experiments made upon
plants among which the disease previously existed, even to a
slight extent. Only one of the field experiments is worth report-
ing in detail. It is as follows: In 1896 thirteen hills of Man-
hattan sweet corn were planted in one row. In each of the first
seven hills there was placed, at time of planting, a handful of
dirt taken from soil in which the disease was prevalent the pre-
ceding season. The remaining six hills were left untreated for
comparison. When the plants were a few inches high they were
thinned to four in a hill. A few of the plants in the inoculated
hills began to wither before they were a foot high and from this
time on they withered one by one, until on July 20th, when the
kernels were ‘in the milk,” all of the inoculated plants except
two were either dead or dying. At this date, not a single plant
in any of the uninoculated hills showed any symptoms of the
disease; but later in the season several of the plants became
affected. How they came to be affected is not known. While
this experiment was not wholly satisfactory the results tend to
show that the disease is communicable.

Several attempts were made to inoculate sweet corn by pune-
turing the stem near the ground and inserting a small quantity
of the diseased tissue of an affected plant. In some of the large
varieties the inoculated plants remained healthy to the end of

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407

the season. In the smaller varieties the disease usually appeared
in from two to four weeks after inoculation, but the uninoculated
plants used as a check, likewise, invariably became affected to
a considerable extent so that no trustworty information could
be obtained from such experiments.

Finally it became evident that the plants must be grown in
pots of sterilized soll if the inoculation experiments were to
furnish results of any value. <A quantity of soil was thoroughly
sterilized in steam sterilizers and placed in large pots. On July
3 Early Cory sweet corn (grown in Iowa) was planted in the pots
and inoculation experiments with pure cultures of the yellow
germ were started. The pots were allowed to remain uncovered;
otherwise, all precautions were taken to prevent contamination.
Nevertheless, an undoubted case of the disease was found in one
of the check pots on August 3d, and later several others were
found. This meant that diseased seed had been used and the
€xperiment was worthless except to prove that infection may be
brought about by the germs which cling to the seed.

Three unsuccessful attempts were made to produce the disease
in yellow dent field-corn by inoculation. On August 2ith, 1895,
ten plants of yellow dent corn (variety unknown) were inoculated
by puncturing the stem at the surface of the soil with a sterilized
scalpel and then inserting into the puncture a small quantity of
the yellow substance taken directly from the interior of the stem
of a diseased sweet corn plant. These plants were under obser-
vation until frost (about October 7th) but none of them showed
any symptoms of the disease. On July 12, 1897, twenty plants
of yellow dent corn, variety Golden Dent, were inoculated in the
same manner as in the experiment of 1895. None of these plants
developed outward symptoms of the disease, but a month after
inoculation it was found that in several of the plants the yellow
bacillus had ascended a few of the fibro-vascular bundles where
it was visible to the naked eye as far as the third node above the
point of inoculation. It was noticeable, however, that it occurred
only in bundles which had been ruptured by the needle used in
inoculation. In 1897 a 50-foot row of the same Golden Dent corn

408 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

was inoculated by placing in the drill, at the time of planting, a
liberal quantity of soil in which diseased plants had grown the
preceding season. Not a single plant developed the disease.

Pcp corn, also, has resisted all attempts at inoculation. In
1897 a 50-foot row of pop corn, variety Maple Dale, was inocu-
lated by putting diseased soil in the drill at time of planting.
None of the plants became diseased. Oy July 8, 1897, twenty
plants of the same variety of pop corn were inoculated by punc-
turing the stem and inserting diseased tissue into the wound as
in the experiments with sweet corn and field corn. None of the
plants became diseased, but as in the case of field corn the germ
could be seen in some of the bundles up to the third node.

Oats inoculated by means of diseased soil, and teosinte
(Huchlena luxurians), inoculated both by- puncture and diseased
soil gave negative results.

DESCRIPTION OF THE GERM.

Morphology.—A short bacillus with rounded ends; usually oc-
curring in pairs with a plain constriction between the members.
A pair varies in length from 2.5 microns to 3.3 microns, and in
width or diameter from .65 micron to .85 micron. (See Plate
XVI, fig. 1.) No spores have been observed, but since an ex-
tended examination of old cultures has not been made it can not
be stated with certainty that spores are not formed. The organ-
ism is plainly motile but not actively so.

Growth on agar.—The organism grows readily on neutral agar
of the following composition: Finely chopped beef, 500 grams;
Witte’s peptonum siccum, 5 grams; agar, 15 grams; water, 1
liter; made neutral with sodium carbonate. In Petri-dish cul-
tures on this medium the colonies become plainly visible within
forty-eight hours at a temperature of 22° to 25° C. The buried
colonies soon become spindle-shaped, while the surface colonies
are circular and with nearly smooth outline. From the very
start the colonies have a light yellow color which deepens to light
orange-yellow in the course of about a week. The surface colon-
ies are smooth and shining and show no tendency to spread

PIGAT es Vis FIG. 1—VARIOUS FORMS OF THE SWEET CORN BACILLUS
GROWN ON POTATO AGAR; @ AND J ARE TYPICAL FORMS. MAGNIFICA-
TION, 1,875 DIAMETERS.

PLATE XVI. Fic. 2.—PETRI-DISH CULTURE OF THE SWEET CORN BACILLUS

SHOWING EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 409

widely over the surface of the agar. In streak cultures there is
considerable growth at the end of twenty-four hours at the room
temperature. This growth is at first dirty yellowish-white, but
gradually changes to a deep yellow (a color expert pronounced it
“raw sienna”). The margins of the growth are quite strongly
lobulated, but well defined. The surface is at first smooth and
shining, but as the water evaporates from the agar granulation
takes place, commencing in the upper part of the tube. It does
not grow down into the agar nor color the agar. No odor is pro-
duced. In stab cultures there is considerable growth along the
needle-track. The “nail-head” growth is thick, its margin is
slightly irregular and of a deeper yellow than the interior. For
a considerable length of time the surface is smooth but eventually
it becomes granular as in streak cultures.

The organism grows readily, also, on potato agar which is
prepared by adding ten grams of agar to one liter of potato broth.
The color and habit of growth are practically the same as on beef
agar.

Growth on gelatin—The gelatin used was the following com-
composition: Beef, 500 grams; Witte’s peptonum siccum, 10
grams; gelatin (Compte Fils 4 Madgebourg, first quality), 150
grams; water, 1 liter; neutralized with sodium carbonate. On
this medium, at the same temperature, the organism grows less
rapidly than on agar. In streak cultures the growth is narrow,
quite thick, smooth and shining on the surface and smooth along
the margins. The color is a trifle lighter than on agar, and there
is no granulation until the seventh or eighth week. There is no
growth down into the agar. In stab culture the “ nail-head ”
growth is of small diameter, thick, smooth and shining, smooth
around the margin and of orange-yellow color. Along the needle-
track there is considerable of a dirty yellowish-white growth.
The needle-track does not become funnel-shaped. There is no
liquefaction of the gelatin.

Growth on potato.—On sterilized slanted potato cylinders the
organism grows very rapidly. Potato seems to be its favorite
culture medium. At a temperature of 26°C. there is a copious

410 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

growth in twenty-four hours. It spreads irregularly over the
slanted surface, is smooth, and for three or four days has the
same color as on agar, but at the end of a week it is slightly
iridescent. In 48 hours the potato cylinder begins to turn brown
and in a week it is decidedly brown. A yellowish-white precipi-
tate forms in the water at the bottom of the tube. No gas bub-
bles are formed.

Growth in bouillon—It grows in bouillon, either neutral or
made quite strongly acid with malic acid, but the growth is not
conspicuous. In bouillon containing 500 grams beef and ten
grams Witte’s peptonum siccum per liter it produces, in twenty-
four hours, a slight cloudiness which increases very slowly. ‘At
the end of three weeks some flocculent white precipitate is
formed, the liquid is moderately cloudy, and, if the tube has
remained quiet for several days, the surface will be covered by
a thin film bearing raised, yellow colonies of the size of a pin-
head.

Growth in peptone solution—tThe peptone solution of Dunham
was used. The formula is as follows: Distilled water, 1 liter;
peptone (Witte’s peptonum siccum in the present case), ten grams;
sodium chloride, 5 grams. In twenty-four hours there is a slight
turbidity which becomes quite pronounced at the end of a week.
There is a small quantity of dirty-white precipitate in the bot-
tom of the tube, but no membrane forms on the surface. With
age, the precipitate becomes light yellow in color.

Growth in milk.—Sterilized skimmed milk is changed very
slowly by the germ. By the fourth week there is usually a thin
layer (5 to 8 millimeters thick) of clear liquid in the upper part
of the tube, while the remainder appears unaltered.

Chemical reactions produced by its growth.—The pale rose color
of peptone-rosolic-acid solution is slightly intensified, indicating
the presence of a small amount of some alkali, but if this is the
case the quantity produced is not sufficient to overcome the
slight acidity of the water in the bottoms of tubes containing
sterilized potato cylinders. And the behavior of tubes of litmus
milk inoculated with the germ indicate the production of acid
rather than alkali. During the first three weeks the color of

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 411

litmus milk becomes just a shade lighter blue, but during the
following three weeks the blue color entirely disappears, leaving
the milk very nearly the color of normal milk and with no pre-
cipitation of the casein. The cause of this peculiar behavior of
litmus milk is not known to the writer.

Peptone-rosolic-acid solution is prepared by adding to 100 cubic
centimeters of Dunham’s peptone solution (see formula pre-
viously given), 4 cubic centimeters of the following solution:
Rosolic acid, 0.5 grams; alcohol (80 per cent), 100 cubic centi-
meters.

The litmus milk was prepared as follows: One cubic centi-
meter of a saturated aqueous solution of Trommsdorf’s litmus
was put into a test-tube containing ten cubic centimeters of sweet
skimmed milk and the whole sterilized. After sterilization the
contents of the tube were of a pale blue color. It was tested
with malic acid and potassium hydrate and found to react prop-
erly.

Growth on acid and alkaline media.—The organism appears to
grow best on neutral or slightly acid media. .A comparatively
slight degree of alkalinity is sufficient to prevent growth wholly,
but on the acid side there is a wider range. It grew very feebly
on 10 c. ec. of agar containing 0.05 c. c. of a saturated solution of
sodium carbonate. However, on agar containing 0.02 c. c. of a
saturated solution of sodium carbonate per 10 c. ¢. of agar it
grew readily and with the same color and habit of growth as on
neutral agar. In sterilization, the agar containing the larger
amount of sodium carbonate browned slightly. The tests with
acid media were made in bouillon acidified with malic acid. The
germ grew readily in bouillon containing as much as 1ec.cofa
1 per cent solution of malic acid per 10 ec. c. of neutral bouillon.
When double this amount of malic acid was used no growth was
obtained.

Gas production—The organism does not produce gas by the
fermentation of grape sugar, cane sugar or milk sugar. Tubes
of neutral agar containing two per cent of these sugars were
inoculated, thoroughly shaken and cooled quickly. Numerous
small colonies of the germ developed throughout the medium but

412 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

in no case were any gas bubbles formed. In fermentation tubes
containing two per cent of the above sugars in bouillon there
was an abundant growth but no gas was formed.

Need of oxygen.—The organism is a facultative anaerobe, grow-
ing almost, if not quite, as readily in air which has been robbed
of its oxygen by Buchner’s pyrogallic acid method as it does in
normal air. The color, however, is a lighter shade of yellow.

Temperature relations.— Under this head it can only be said that
it grows vigorously at all temperatures between 21° and 30° C.
The thermal. death-point has not been determined.

Behavior toward stains.—It takes the basic aniline stains read-
ily, staining uniformly throughout.

Relation to light.—It is not injuriously affected by diffused light
but exposure for a few hours to direct sunlight kills it. Over the
cover of an ordinary Petri-dish containing a culture of the or-
ganism on potato agar, there was pasted a piece of black cloth
which had at the center a circular hole of 1.8 cm. in diameter.
The Petri-dish was then placed in bright sunlight for three hours,
after which it was incubated for 96 hours at a temperature of
about 28° C. The yellow bacterial colonies came up thickly all
over the agar except at the center, directly underneath the hole
in the black cloth. Here there were just a few colonies, most of
the germs* on this area having been killed byexposure to the sun.

Plate XVI, fig. 2, is from a natural-size photograph of the cul-
ture with the cover removed. It will be seen that the circular
area over which the bacteria are killed has a diameter somewhat
greater than that of the hole in the cloth. This is due to the fact
that the rays of sunlight did not strike the cover at right angles.

PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY.

As already stated, the organism occurs in the vascular system
throughout the entire plant. It is never found in the parenchyma
cells, but in the fibro-vascular bundles exclusively, and is there
probably confined to the vessels. There is no disorganization or
discoloration; of any of the tissues.

*Prof. H. Marshall Ward has published a very interesting paper entitled, Action of
Light on Bacteria, III. Philosophical Trans. of the Soc. of London. Vol. 185, Part II,
pp. 961-986. 1894. On page 964 he makes some suggestions as to why (in experiments
like the above) the germs on the exposed area are not all killed.

+The blackening of the fibro-vascular bundles, a not uncommon occurrence, is not
due to the action of the corn bacterium.

ge

2:

="

*

—

Le choos

PLATE XVII.—PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF A LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A DIS-
EASED SWEET CORN STEM MOUNTED IN WATER, SHOWING THE BACTERIA
SWARMING FROM THE END OF A FIBRO-VASCULAR BUNDLE.

PLATE XVIII.—PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF A CROSS-SECTION OF A DISEASED SWEET

CORN STEM MOUNTED IN WATER. THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIBRO-VASCULAR
BUNDLES IN WHICH THE BACTERIA OCCUR IS OFTEN ENTIRELY OBSCURED BY
THE BACTERIA,

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 413

While it is undoubtedly true that the germ robs its host of a
great deal of nourishment, the death of the host-plant seems to
be due, chiefly, to the cutting off of the water supply. This view
is supported by the fact that in dry weather plants growing in
moist situations suffer less from the disease than plants growing
in drier situations; and while plants may die from the disease
in wet weather it is most virulent in dry weather. If plants are
examined in periods of wet weather it will be found that the
amount of the yellow substance which they may contain in their
vessels without showing outward symptoms of the disease is
much greater than it isin dry weather. Ordinarily, it is not easy
to detect the germ in plants which show no outward symptoms,
either by wilted leaves or dwarfed size; but in very wet weather
plants seemingly in perfect health will be found to contain a
considerable quantity of the germ. It is interesting to observe
the effect of alternating periods of wet and dry weather. For
about one month preceding July 12, 1897, it was very dry on
Long Island — so dry that in the latter part of the period some
crops suffered severely. During this time the corn disease was
very destructive. Then came about three weeks of rainy weather
followed by a short period ot dry weather. Many plants which
were partially dead revived during the rainy season and prom-
ised to outgrow the disease, but as soon as the rains ceased they
suddenly collapsed.

The vessels, which constitute the chief avenue for the ascent of
water, are so thoroughly plugged with millions upon millions of
bacteria that it is indeed no wonder that the plant dies from lack
of water. A good idea of the immense numbers of bacteria
which throng the vessels may be obtained by examining Plate
XVII, which is a photomicrograph of a longitudinal section of a
diseased corn stem. The bacteria swarm out of the ends of the
vessels like smoke out of a chimney. In cross-section (See Plate
XVIII), they ooze out in such numbers as to obscure the structure
of the fibro-vascular bundles.

The germ seems to have no power to pass through the walls of
the parenchyma cells. This was especially noticeable in field
corn and pop corn plants artificially inoculated by puncture. The
germ was to be found only in the bundles which had been rup-

414 BREPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

tured. It was unable to gain access to the vessels of unruptured
bundles because of its inability to pass through the intervening
parenchyma.

IDENTITY OF THE GERM.

It is by no means certain that this germ has not been pre-
viously described and named. Systematic bacteriology is, at
present, in such a state of confusion that, even with access to all
of the literature, one can scarcely avoid frequently falling into
error. The writer, unfortunately, has had access to only a small
part of the systematic literature and, therefore, it would be mani-
festly injudicious for him to give the organism a name which
may, perhaps, only serve to burden the synonymy. Hereafter it
will be referred to simply as the sweet corn bacillus. It is hoped
that the foregoing description is sufficient for the complete iden-
tification of the organism, so that one having the necessary
facilities may find no difficulty in referring it to its proper species
if it has already been described.

While it is possible that the organism has been previously de-
scribed, its habit of producing disease in sweet corn has surely
not been reported heretofore. Burrill’s corn germ, Bacillus
cloace* Jordan, the only other bacterium described as producing
disease in Zea mays, is undoubtedly different. It attacks field
corn while the sweet corn bacillus attacks only sweet corn; plants
attacked by the sweet corn bacillus do not turn yellow and there
is no moist rot of the ears; the sweet corn bacillus is conspicuous
in the fibro-vascular bundles and exudes in yellow, viscid drops
from the cut ends of stems, while neither is true of Burrill’s
germ; on agar, the sweet corn bacillus is yellow, while Burrill’s
germ on this medium is grayish. There are still other points of
difference but those mentioned are sufficient to show that the
two organisms belong to different species.

*It appears that Burrill never gave his corn germ a name and yet Ludwig (Lehrbuch
der niederen Kryptogamen, p. 95) calls it Bacillus secales (Burrill), and Russell (Bac-
teria in their Relation to Vegetable Tissue, p. 36) uses the name Bacillus zee Burrill.
The studies of Dr. Theobald Smith (The Wilder Quarter-Century Book, 1893, p. 214)
and of Dr. V. A. Moore (Agricultural Science, VIII, pp. 368-385) have shown that it is
identical with Bacillus cloace Jordan (Report Mass. State Board of Health; Water
Supply and Sewerage, Part II, 1890, p. 836) which is probably the proper name te
apply to it. ’

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 415

DISSEMINATION OF THE GERM.

The chief method of dissemination of the germ is, probably, by
diseased seed. That seed from diseased plants may contain the
germs, usually in great number, is certain, and we have proven
by experiment that some, at least, of these germs retain their
vitality long enough to infect the plants of the new crop. Plants
of the variety Early Cory were grown in pots of sterilized earth
which were watered, when the rain-fall was insufficient, with
sterilized water. Every precaution, except that the pots were not
covered, was taken to prevent contamination and yet several of
the plants developed the disease. In this case, the infection must
have been brought about by germs which clung to the seed. As
an item of contradictory evidence, it should be mentioned that a
pure culture of the germ on potato agar was found to be dead at
the end of eleven months.

Another common way in which the germ is disseminated is in
the use of stable manure made by animals which have been fed
on the diseased corn stalks. It may also be disseminated by
means of the implements used in cultivation and by the washing
of the soil during heavy rains.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The disease occurs in abundance throughout Long Island.
The only other locality in which it is positively known to occur
is in Iowa, and the proof of its existence there is based upon the
experiment above mentioned, in which Iowa-grown seed planted
in pots of sterilized earth produced plants which developed the
disease. A wilt disease of early sweet corn has been reported to
us from Madison, N. J., but no specimens were sent. In view of
the fact that the disease may be disseminated by means of the
seed, it is impossible to believe that it is confined to Long Island.
In all probability it is widespread. .

REMEDIES.
Since the cause of the disease is entirely within the tissues and
probably gains entrance through the subterranean parts of the
plant, the application of fungicides to the parts above ground

416 REPORT OF THE MyYCOLOGIST.

must be absolutely without avail. In the application of fungi-
cides to the soil there is a possibility of success but it can
scarcely be said that this line of treatment is a promising one.
Soil treatment for the fungous and bacterial diseases of plants
has been successful in only a few instances. Lime is known to
be a remedy for the club-foot disease of cabbage and the experi-
ments of Thaxter* indicate that sulphur applied to the soil is a
preventive of onion smut; but neither of these substances seems
to have any beneficial effect on the sweet corn disease. Two rows
of sweet corn (one row of Manhattan and one row of Early Cory)
fifty feet in length were treated with air-slaked lime by scatter-
ing the lime, at the rate of 900 pounds per acre, in the drills with
the seed. Two other rows of sweet corn (same varieties) were
treated in the same manner with flowers of sulphur applied at
the rate of 300 pounds per acre. Every plant in the four rows
died from the disease, in most cases without forming ears. In
the case of the lime it may be that better results would have been
obtained if the lime had been applied to the soil several months
before planting.+

The planting of non-susceptible varieties, as far as practicable,
is, of course, to be recommended. There are marked differences
of susceptibility among varieties, and this fact can often be
turned to good advantage. In case it is necessary to plant sus-
ceptible varieties it may be found advantageous to soak the seed
before planting in some germicide; for example, a weak solution
of corrosive sublimate. However, treatment of the seeds with
chemicals must be made with caution as there is danger of injur-
ing the germination. The ears of diseased plants should never

be used for seed.

*Thaxter, R. Conn. Agl. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rept., 1889, pp. 146-152.

+If air-slaked lime is applied the fall before the spring in which the cabbages are set
it prevents the club-foot to a great extent, but if applied at the time of setting it has
but little effect. A notable example of this was observed at Woodbury, N. Y., the
present season. A large seed-bed for cabbage and cauliflower was given a heavy appli-
cation of air-slaked lime just before the seeds were sown. Nearly all the plants became

affected with club-foot.

IV. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON
SOME DISEASES OF PLANTS.*

‘HS ECS SEWARD.

SUMMARY.

I. The popular opinion that green manuring with rye will pre-
vent potato scab has been found, by experiment, to be without
foundation in fact. Of ithe six plats employed in the experiment
three were green manured with rye, while the remaining three
(alternating with the rye plats) were used as checks. On all six
plats the tubers were badly scabbed, the rye plats being even
worse than the check plats.

Il. An attempt to communicate the potato stem-blight by
means of diseased ‘‘ seed” failed. Unsuccessful attempts were
made, also, to inoculate tomatoes, peppers, egg-plants, pefunias
and Chinese lantern plants by placing pieces of diseased tubers
about their roots. The conclusion is that the disease is purely
physiological and that there is no danger of spreading it by plant-
ing diseased tubers.

Iil. It has been shown by experiment that common salt solu-
tion applied to the foliage of carnations or to the soil in which
they are grown will neither prevent rust nor give the plants a
more vigorous growth.

IV. On Long Island it is unnecessary to commence spraying
cucumbers (no matter what the date of planting) until the middle
of July. In an experiment at Floral Park spraying increased
the yield of early cucumbers at the rate of 30,450 fruits per acre.

Downy mildew is easier to control by spraying than is anthrac-
nose.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 138.

27

418 REPORT OF THE MyYCOLOGIST OF THE

On Long Island downy mildew appeared earlier and was more
destructive in 1896 than in 1897, although :the rainfall for July
and August was much heavier in the latter season. The high
temperature of August 1-15, 1896, was probably responsible for
the virulence of the disease in that year.

In an experiment at Woodbury an acre of late cucumbers which
were sprayed eight times with Bordeaux mixture yielded 101,960
“‘ pickles.” The average yield of unsprayed cucumbers in this
section was probably less than 20,000 per acre.

Plasmopara cubensis has been found on Cucwmnis moschata
(winter crook-neck squash), which is a new host for this fungus.

I, PLOWING UNDER GREEN RYE TO PREVENT POTATO
SCAB.

There appears to be a quite widespread notion among farmers
that potatoes will be free from scab (Odspora scabies) if grown on
soil in which green rye has been plowed under just before plant-
ing. Some even assert that this method will insure a smooth
crop of tubers on land which has produced a scabby crop the
previous season.

It is highly important to know if this opinion has any founda-
tion in fact, because at the present time there is no thoroughly
practical method known for circumventing the evil influence of
scab-infested soil. Halsted* has advocated the use of flowers of
sulphur, applied to the “seed ” and in the drills at the rate of
about 800 pounds per acre, but for some reason farmers are un-
able, in practice, to confirm the results of his experiment.

Why green rye should have any power to prevent potato scab
is not clear. Flagg,; assuming the rye theory to be true, has
suggested, as a possible explanation, that the rye brings about an
acid condition of the soil which is well known to ‘be unfavorable
to the growth of the scab fungus.

‘Although there appeared to be no good reason why green rye
should possess the merits claimed for it, it was deemed worth
while to test the matter by experiment; for experience has shown

“Halsted, B. D. Field Experiments with Potatoes. N. J. Agl. Expt. Stas. Bul. 112;
and N. J. Agl. Expt. Stas. Rept. 1896, pp. 309-318.

+Flagg, C. O. Green Manuring and Potato Scab. Cult. and Country Gent., Vol. LXI,
Danhigs

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 419

that the popular opinions of the people concerning agricultural
practice are usually based upon fact. Empiricism has often led
science,

The experiment was made in codperation with Messrs. White
and Rice, of Yorktown, N. Y., and much credit is due these gen-
tlemen for the painstaking manner in which they carried out the
details of the experiment. ‘The land used for the experiment was
in a young plum orchard and was fairly, though not absolutely,
uniform. In 1896 it had grown potatoes which were so scabby
that a large part of the crop was unmerchantable. In October,
1896, the land was plowed and harrowed, and divided into six
plats, lying side by side, as shown in the accompanying dia-
grammatic table. On October 12, rye was sown on three alter-
nating plats, three other plats being left as checks. In spite of
the lateness of seeding, the rye made a good growth, being about
six inches high when plowed under, April 26, 1897. No fertilizer
was used on any of the plats. The plats 'were planted April 28.
Four rows were planted in each plat and exactly 175 pieces of
“seed ” (cut to two eyes) in each row. The “seed” consisted of
slightly scabby tubers grown on the same land, and ‘was of ithe
variety Carman No. 1. In each plat two of the four rows were
planted with tubers which had been soaked one and one-half
hours in corrosive sublimate solution, containing 2+ ounces of
corrosive sublimate in 15 gallons of water. The remaining two
rows in each plat were planted with untreated tubers.

YIELD oF SOUND AND SCABBY POTATOES ON Rye PLATS AND CHECK PLATS.

|
Scabby but | Unmerchant- Total.

Plats. Manuring. No scab. rerclanatanles abiGl

Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Wp heck, «20232 ceneceess 308 263 236 807
RR V Gro <5 ocicoe's sec So's 211 162 Sai 694
MA ROheekile o- 2. boo cl Skee 248 216 319 783
IN 50 || G5 SBS ease eeeeor 154 198 248 600
WAMIOIN@GIGH t.c.c...ccrccsere cas 229 182 134 545
WIS) |) G5) 550 Sea ene sees 161 212 224 597
Total check plats..-...---- 785 661 689 2,135
otallrye)plats..#-..-.--. 526 572 793 1,891

420 REeporT oF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

On all of the plats the potatoes came up well and produced a
luxuriant growth of foliage. When the crop was harvested it
was found that some of the tubers had rotted although the plants
had received two applications of Bordeaux mixture, but the loss
from rot was too small to materially affect the results so far as
amount of scab is concerned.

It was found that the total yield of the three plats on which
rye had been plowed under was 1891 pounds, while the total
yield of the three plats which had no rye was 2135 pounds. The
smaller yield on the rye plats appears to have been due to the
rye. At least, it is safe to say that the rye had no tendency to
increase the yield.

With reference to the amount of scab, the tubers were sorted
into three classes: (1) Those entirely free from scab, (2) those
which were scabby but merchantable, and (8) those which were
so scabby as to be unmerchantable. The total yield of 1891
pounds on the rye plats was divided among these three classes as
follows: No scab, 526 pounds; scabby but merchantable, 572
pounds; unmerchantable, 793 pounds. Classified on the same
basis the yield of the plats without rye was distributed as fol-
lows: No seab, 785 pounds; scabby but merchantable, 661
pounds; unmerchantable, 689 pounds. From these figures it will
be seen that plowing under rye did not decrease the amount of
scab in the least, but on the contrary apparently increased it
considerably.

From the results of this experiment, then, it appears that the
practice of plowing under green rye to prevent potato scab is
not to be recommended, inasmuch as it tends to increase rather
than decrease the amount of scab and may, perhaps reduce the
yield.

Concerning the value of the corrosive sublimate treatment,
different plats gave different results, but on the whole the treated
were fully as scabby as the untreated. This has been the almost
universal experience and our experiment only serves to empha-
size the uselessness of treating the ‘ seed ” with corrosive subli-
mate, if it is to be planted in scab-infested soil. The corrosive
sublimate treatment did not reduce the yield.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 421

Il. THE COMMUNICABILITY OF POTATO STEM-BLIGHT.

The potato stem-blight herein discussed is the one described by
the writer in Bulletin No. 101 of this Station, pp. 83-84. The
symptoms of the disease, as there given, are as follows: “ First,
there is a cessation of growth. The topmost leaves take on a
yellowish, or in some varieties a purple color, and roll inward
from the edges and upward, exposing the under surfaces. This
condition is followed by wilting and complete drying up of the
entire foliage, the process taking from one to three weeks. The
tubers appear to be sound, but, when cut at ithe stem-end, black-
ened fibers are seen penetrating the flesh to a considerable dis-
tance materially injuring it for cooking purposes. No rot de-
velops in the tubers. The stem just beneath the surface of the
soil first shows discolored spots and later becomes dry and
shriveled.”

This disease has continued to be destructive in 1896 and i897,
but the cause of it is: still unknown. Formerly, a species of
Odspora was suspected of having some connection with it, but it
is now very doubtful if any organism is responsible for the
trouble. The portion of the stem which is below ground is quite
evidently the seat of the disease, but no fungus hyphe can be
found in the tissues of this part of the plant in the early stages of
the disease; neither are bacteria abundant, and the few which
are found in the tissues may easily have gained entrance after
the death of the stem. Numerous Petri-dish cultures of tissue
from the interior of diseased stems were made with varying re-
sults. Because of the nature of the disease and the position of
the diseased part it is very difficult to prevent the intrusion of
foreign germs. While these cultures were in progress portions
of diseased tubers were placed in moist chambers, but without
exception they failed to develop any growth whatever. This
gave rise to the suspicion that the disease may not be due to any
organism. but is purely physiological. It was, therefore, deemed
advisable to determine, by experiment, whether the disease is
communicable.

422 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

A quantity of badly diseased tubers was obtained and planted
on land which had not grown potatoes for at least ten years.
The tubers were cut with two eyes to each piece and care was
taken that every piece planted showed some of the disease.
Nearly every piece of “seed” produced a plant, but many of
them were very slow about coming up. They appeared weak,
were of divers sizes and, up to the time of blossoming, were con-
siderably smaller than plants from healthy “seed ” planted at
the same time.

It was late in July before any of the plants showed symptoms
of the disease, and at the close of the season only a few had had
even a mild attack. When the tubers were dug just a few
showed the characteristic blackening of the fibro-vascular bun-
dles at the stem-end.

In spite of their slow growth in the early part of the season
they yielded well. Five rows fifty feet long yielded 275 pounds:
of merchantable tubers which is equivalent to a yield of 266
bushels per acre. It is evident that they were not badly dis-
eased.

Were the disease due either to fungi or bacteria, diseased
tubers would, most likely, produce diseased plants. Since the
disease is located in the subterranean stem, and to some extent
in the tubers themselves, it is in the highest degree probable that
the germs of the disease would become attached to the tubers
and be distributed with them. The results of this experiment
furnish strong evidence that the disease is not communicable,
which is equivalent to saying that it is not caused by any vege-
table organism. That the weather conditions were not unfavor-
able to the disease is shown by the fact that a potato field about
thirty rods from the experimental potatoes was badly affected
and the disease was common in various localities on Long Island.
It should be stated, however, that the plants were thoroughly
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture (eight or nine times in the course
of the season); but it is scarcely possible that spraying could
prevent a disease like this in which the seat of the trouble is
certainly below the surface of the soil. Moreover, we observed,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 423

in 1896, a potato field which had been sprayed five times and yet
_it was estimated that 33 per cent of the plants were affected by
the disease.

Although the experiment shows that a fair yield of healthy
tubers may be obtained from diseased “ seed,” we cannot recom-
mend the practice of planting such “ seed.” Six 50-foot rows
planted with healthy “seed” of the same variety and grown
under parallel conditions, yielded 379 pounds of merchantable
tubers, or at the rate of 805 bushels per acre, which is 39 bushels
per acre above the yield from the diseased “ seed.”

Attempts were made to inoculate the disease upon other
solanaceous plants. Badly diseased tubers were finely chopped
and put into the soil close about the roots of 28 young tomato
plants, 25 young egg-plants, 10 younger pepper plants (Capsicum),
10 young plants of the Chinese lantern plant (Physalis franchetti)
and 6 young petunias. These plants were kept under observation
throughout the season, but none of them showed any symptoms
of a disease like the potato stem-blight. In fact, all of them
except the petunias were remarkably healthy and productive.
They, too, were occasionally sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.

III. EFFECTS OF COMMON SALT ON THE GROWTH OF
CARNATIONS AND CARNATION RUST.

Some florists have advocated the use of an aqueous solution of
common salt (sodium chloride) on carnation foliage. The salt
solution is to be applied in the form of a fine spray, and it is
believed that the plants are benefited in two ways; (1) by pre-
venting the attacks of rust (Uromyces caryophyllinus), and (2) by
giving the plants a more vigorous growth.

Some experiments which we have conducted during the past
three years lead us to believe that salt solution is worthless for
either of the above purposes. In a previous bulletin* we have
reported a spraying experiment on carnations in which salt solu-
tion (8 lbs. to 45 gals. of water) applied once a week, failed to
prevent rust in the least, every plant showing rust at “ lifting ”
time; neither did the plants seem to be any more vigorous or

* New York Agl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 100, pp. 56-62.

424 REPORT oF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

to have made any better growth than unsprayed plants of the
same variety standing beside them. This experiment was made
in 1895. In 1896 it was repeated, but no rust appeared on any
of the plants, not even on the unsprayed ones, so that this
season’s experiments gave no additional evidence as to the value
of salt spray as a preventive of rust; but it was again observed
that the sprayed plants made no better growth than the un-
sprayed ones.

In addition to the spraying experiment in 1896, another experi-
ment was made to determine the effect of adding salt to the soil
in which carnations are grown. On May 18, 1896, 50 rooted
cuttings, of the variety Uncle John, were potted in six-inch
pots which were sunk in the soil out of doors. They were
divided into five lots of ten plants each and treated, at intervals
of about two weeks, with different quantities of a two and one-
half per cent salt solution as follows:

Lot I. 10c. ce. salt solution, or 0.25 gram of salt per plant;
Lot II. 40 c. ec. salt solution, or 1 gram of salt per plant;
Lot III. 80. ec. salt solution, or 2 grams of salt per plant;
Lot IV. 200 c. ¢. salt solution, or 5 grams of salt per plant;

Lot V.Check. Not treated.

The salt solution was poured upon the surface of the soil in
the pot around the base of the plant and allowed to soak down.
The dates of application were as follows: June 2, 16, 30, July
14, 29, August 24, September 9 and 26.

As in the spraying experiment of the same season, no rust
appeared. At the conclusion of the experiment the plants were
examined by an expert carnationist who did not know how the
different lots had been treated and hence could not possibly have
been prejudiced. He decided that the plants in Lot V had made
considerably the best growth; that Lots I and II were about
equal and second best; while Lots III and IV were about equal
and poorest. It was very evident that the salted plants had
made a less vigorous growth.

In 1897 the experiment was repeated. As before, the plants
were of the variety Uncle John, potted on May 18 in six-inch
pots which were sunk in the soil out of doors; there were ten

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 425

plants in each lot; and the same quantities of a two and one-half
per cent solution were used. This time, however, Lot I was
omitted.

The dates of applying the salt solution in this experiment were
as follows: May 18, 28, June 11, 25, July 9, 23, August 7, 20,
September 3.

All of the salted plants were again smaller than the unsalted
ones. On August 27 four average plants of each lot, still in the
pots, were removed to the greenhouse. Up to this date no rust
had appeared, but on September 17, when the plants were next
examined, every one was found to be rusty. From this time on
the rust made rapid progress and became even worse on the
salted plants than on the unsalted.

These experiments show that it is useless to try to prevent rust
by the use of salt solution, applied either to the soil or to the
foliage, and, also, that salt is not an aid to the growth of carna-
tions.

IV. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON SPRAYING
CUCUMBERS.
SPRAYING EARLY CUCUMBERS.

In the Long Island market gardens cucumbers are divided into
two classes—early cucumbers and late cucumbers. The former
are planted as soon as danger of frost is past in spring, and the
fruits, which are allowed to attain a length of from five to seven
inches, are sold in the city markets to be eaten fresh. Late
cucumbers are planted from June 25 to July 4, and the
fruits are gathered when they are from two and one-half to three
and one-half inches in length. They are used for pickling pur-
poses, and for the most part are sold directly to pickle manu-
facturers who have established salting houses at various points
in the farming districts. |

The spraying experiment reported in Bulletin No. 119 of this
Station was made on late cucumbers. In 1897 the following
experiment was made on early cucumbers. Eight rows of 25 hills
each were planted early in May. The rows were five feet apart
and the hills four feet apart in the row. The variety was White

426 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

Spine. When the plants were well started they were thinned to
four in a hill. Throughout the whole season four of the eight
rows were kept well covered with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8
formula) by frequent sprayings, while the other four rows were
not sprayed at all. Spraying was commenced almost as soon as
the plants were out of the ground, in order, if possible, to pre-
vent the ravages of the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica
vittata. For this reason Paris green was added to the Bordeaux
mixture used in the first three sprayings. The dates of spraying
were: May 28, June 1, 11, 22, July 2, 12, 16, 23, 30, August 7,
13, 20, 27, and September 7. In all, the plants were sprayed
fourteen times and each time carefully so that the spraying was
of the most thorough kind.

The weather was unfavorable for cucumbers, still they grew
fairly well. The first disease to make its appearance was a bac-
terial wilt disease which commenced its ravages about August 2,
and during the two weeks following killed perhaps 50 plants on
the unsprayed plat and only five or six on the sprayed plat.
On August 11 there were traces of anthracnose, Colletotrichum
lagenarium, on the unsprayed plat and from August 24 to the
end of the season this disease was very destructive on the un-
sprayed plat and also did some damage on the sprayed plat,
particularly toward the close of the season. The downy mildew
made its first appearance August 24 on the unsprayed plat where
it spread rapidly and did much damage, but it did not attack the
sprayed plat. \

A careful record was kept of the number and weight of the
fruits produced on the two plats. ‘At each picking only those
fruits which were more than three inches long were gathered.
In other words, the fruits were allowed to attain a considerable
size and most of them would pass in the market for “ cucumbers ”
as the large fruits are called to distinguish them from “ pickles ”
which are the small fruits used for pickling. The sprayed plat
yielded 3,263 fruits which weighed 1,159 pounds; while the un-
sprayed plat yielded 1,866 fruits, having a weight of 590 pounds.
Expressed in more familiar terms, the yield per acre on the
sprayed plat was at the rate of 71,100, weighing 25,265 pounds;

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 427

on the unsprayed plat at the rate of 40,650, weighing 12,860
pounds. Hence, the increase in number of fruits per acre due to
spraying was 30,450, and the increase in weight 12,405 pounds.

The following table gives the number and weight of the fruits
gathered at each picking:

YIELD OF CUCUMBERS FROM SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED PLATS.

SPRAYED. UNSPRAYED.
DATE.
Number. Weight. Number. Weight.
Lbs. Lbs.
July PS ae ee oe 16 3.25 31 9.50
August 2 SHaR DERE oe Oe ane 89 22.25 112 28 .25
August Uc S hee CASE e are eric 184 60.25 155 57.25
August BMD Pegs rk a. ose pupae, ote ay 184 60.50 158 54
August UI fate SE eee on a 378 139.75 269 109.50
August DOS Aas So eee a nee 256 96 220 70.50
August Fy, Ve Na ACE aah a ae phir ne Be 322 99 23 42
August DH (eed oe, Bee Pei | eee rare 234 73 124 32
2EASTRETC TS cpa RG Ra iy a Ae ce 370 157 241 80
Nepvemper4eert Seis ees ee Ss 298 ily 108 32
MERCIAL A Seek ce a oh 300 128 87 17
SeiemibarslOnn cos: 2 meee E ey 151 38 43 8
Sj ontsvrnl yee 1 be Seek Soe ee ee ea 288 105 44 11
SVE) PUA GITTL OS} 8 Le noes ae ta ek ea Ate 193 60 38 9
MO tee sete cesta sate e os Se<e'sene 3,263 jo 1,159 1,866 590

It is important to observe that in the first two pickings the
unsprayed plants yielded more than the sprayed. This shows
that at the beginning of the experiment the unsprayed plants had
at least an equal chance with the sprayed, so that the differences
which appeared later may be justly attributed to the spraying.
Moreover, it shows that up to the close of July there was no
appreciable benefit from spraying, and this means that the six
applications made prior to July 15 were unnecessary. Spray-
ing deterred the striped cucumber beetles but slightly and this
small benefit was counterbalanced by the injurious effect of the
Bordeaux mixture on the growth of the young plants. There
was no discoloration of the foliage such as occurs when the Bor-
deaux is improperly prepared, but the sprayed plants were some-
what smaller for a considerable length of time. All observations
go to show that spraying (on either early or late cucumbers) need
not be commenced until after July 15. The past season there
was scarcely a trace of anthracnose on cucumbers anywhere on

428 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

Long Island until after August 1, and downy mildew did not
appear until three weeks later. The time of appearance of both
these diseases is more dependent upon the weather conditions:
than upon the stage of growth of the plant. Both early and late
cucumbers are attacked at about the same time.

The very thorough spraying which the plants received gave
complete protection against downy mildew but only partial pro-
tection against the anthracnose. In the latter part of the season
there was sufficient anthracnose among the sprayed plants to
seriously affect the yield. By consulting the table on page 427,
it may be seen that the last picking was made September 18,
whereas there was no frost until September 28. ‘After Septem-
ber 18, the anthracnose became so severe on the sprayed plat
that the plants dried up and produced thereafter only deformed
fruits or “nubbins.” From this it appears that anthracnose is
more difficult to manage than downy mildew, and that to prevent
it the spraying must be done very thoroughly and repeated at
short intervals. Of course this test was a severe one because of
the close proximity of the diseased plants on the unsprayed plat.

iAn unexpected result of the experiment was the influence
which the spraying seemed to have in checking the wilt disease.
The wilt disease killed about fifty plants on the unsprayed plat
and only five or six on the sprayed plat. Considering the small
size of the plats this difference is worthy of note.

Until near the close of the season the percentage of deformed
fruits produced by the sprayed plants was very small—much
smaller than in the case of the unsprayed plants.

Way Plasmopara cubensis Was Morn ABUNDANT IN 1896 THAN IN
1897.

Halsted* has published observations which indicate that the
Peronosporee, in general, thrive best in wet seasons. For Plas-
mopara cubensis no such observations have been recorded, but
from the following it appears that this fungus is influenced more
by temperature than by rainfall.

*Halsted, Byron D. Downy Mildews in a Dry Season. Bulletin from the Botanical
Department of the Iowa Agricultural College, 1888; and, Peronosporew and Rainfall.
Journ. Myc., Vol. V, pp. 6-11, 1889.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarion. 429

In 1896, Plasmopara cubensis made its first appearance on Long
Island about August 7. In 1897 it did not appear until August
24, and was not nearly so destructive as in 1896. Without
doubt this difference was due to some difference in the weather
conditions prevailing during the two seasons, and inasmuch as
August is the month in which the fungus commences its ravages,
it is likely that the variable factor should be sought in the wea-
ther records of that month. The New York State Weather
Bureau has stations on Long Island at Brooklyn, Willets Point,
Brentwood and Setauket. A comparison of the records of these
stations for August, 1896, with the records of the same
stations for August, 1897, shows that the only important differ-
ence is in the temperature for the first fifteen days of the month.
This difference is brought out in a striking manner in the follow-
ing table of daily mean temperature* which shows that the
average temperature for the first half of August, 1896, was 7°
higher than for the same period in 1897.

TEMPERATURE RECORD, AUGUST 1-15, 1896 aND 1897. »

DATE. 1 2|3 | 4 5 | 6 CONS | aK0e Sab P MBs a CES bs
Maeuat; 1896s noe. 67°|720 1720 ios 80° |78°|81°181° 83° 83° 83° 83°/82° 769/750
Mest ylCOd ey el SNA: raefiae 73° (72°|66° 70° /71¢/70° 69° i719 dea 69°|72°|76°

The rainfall for August was somewhat greater in 1897 than in
1896, and this alone should be sufficient evidence that the rainfall
is not the controlling factor in the development of downy mil-
dew. However, if it is desired to go back to the month of July
we find that 1897 was much the wetter. The records are as fol-

lows:
RAINFALL RECORD, JULY AND Au@usT, 1896 AND 1897,
July 1896. |August 1896.) July 1897. | August 1897.
Inches Inches. Inches, Inches.
BROOK sckaes Ubebeoeeans Coes Shoc 4.23 2.22 11.06 4.10
Willeisebointaccce.cmace so Semccee or yar ts) 1.64 9.75 2.26
IBLE byVOO Gm eers secces scoSses senate 4.70 4.20 10.00 ASK)
Setamketmecmeeeiccte sects ais 2 oe acietncite 2.74 2.35 18.18 5.03

*Computed from records published in Report of the New York State Weather Bureau,
Vol. VIII, No. 8, p. 8, and Vol. IX, No. 8, p. 8.

430 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THD

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND CUCUMBERS FROM AN ACRE OF SPRAYED
PLANTS. .

In the spraying experiment against the downy mildew made
at Woodbury, Long Island, in 1896, and reported in Bulletin No.
119, the protection against the disease was not complete. Toward
the close of the season the downy mildew became quite abundant
on the sprayed plats. The infection came, of course, from the
badly diseased plants in the adjoining rows which had not been
sprayed. In practice, no unsprayed rows would be left and it is
reasonable to expect even better results than were obtained in
that experiment.

For the purpose of ascertaining to what extent the disease can
be controlled when an entire field is sprayed, the following ex-
periment was made at Woodbury, on the farm of Mr. R. C. Colyer,
the gentleman who coéperated with us in the experiment made
in 1896. In a meadow of clover and timothy, equal parts, an
exact acre of land was selected. The grass was removed about
June 20 and the land immediately plowed and spread with
barnyard manure. It was then thoroughly harrowed with a disc
harrow and marked out 3} by 4 feet. Next Mapes’ Fruit and
Vine fertilizer, 1,000 pounds, was drilled into the rows, 400
pounds of kainit sown on broadcast and the field again har-
rowed.* The seed, which was of the variety Early Cluster, was
planted June 26th. On account of heavy rains it was necessary
to do considerable replanting, some hills being replanted twice,
but eventually nearly a full stand was obtained. The acre was
sprayed eight times with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8 formula), ap-
plied with a knapsack sprayer. The dates of spraying were as
follows: July 22, 30, August 7, 16, 25, September 4, 13, and 20.
A killing frost occurred on the night of September 28.

The cucumbers were contracted to the H. J. Heinz Company,
which has a factory at Hicksville, at $1.50 per thousand for the
larger ones and 75 cents per thousand for the small ones, or
gherkins. Below is the factory record of receipts from the ex-
periment acre:

——— \

*It should not be assumed that the Station recommends this method of manuring.
The manuring and preparation of the land were left entirely to the judgment of Mr.
Colyer, who was instructed to ‘‘ put the land in proper condition to grow a good crop
of cucumbers.’’ f

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 431

CUCUMBERS FROM SPRAYED ACRE, SOLD TO PICKLE FACTORY.

Number of
F Number of
DATE. Saeeetae? small fruits or
for pickles. | Sherkins.

AU CUS ta Armen ecie scis coclece oe sienininiemicine were cerowee aiacers 80 50
PATI US tl Give ioicais Se ce siclecictoe oman tia Seis abe amet semis eee 200 300
PAS gL S nee nals e cin ciats'e sinionteinisin eietaeraie/steiieveeiciate s\aaee 400 75
PATI CUS tROOE = 2c a acclcincie weet) sede cte tac Mecnsies ce Soa eisine 750 650
PATI OUSUED Oe ccickic,ocinclesssicccset oeeeaemeeatines semaines 2,050 1,225
FAO US LP OD scarier an hate a crslaisiiale Sha Geman soko eee oes 2,225 1,335
AN GUStH2Oe esas cam Socisosclc slunce ce sawiawec es coereeee secs 2,925 1,220
PATI DUST PSO Memon s ree c cian sata crea sa noe cette eaten sone 5,040 1,655
September. - 5 ces sas ccncoatecoes eee cocece noes 3,575 1,000
SEplenibOhporm- ssn cewsec ce ceoe ce seems er Cee eee 3,900 1,450
SeptewtbergyiG-< 2c ccs ciese ce Sec cease cocoe see sees 7,350 3,025
Sepcemibermo essa hse hee et eos cote e ee aeeees 3,230 1,410
Septemberttl at sss wee sc ocrsisn sion ecsemeersteeses 6,400 1,600
Septembertla tee eee as ace sees asisoesesine none 4,700 2,065
September Gesae se tae soe haw see ame ctena aula es arths sects 2,350 1,590
September Bisse ease Ts ouos, occa cies ecneeeees 3,900 1,900
September: alesse ease ea ea eae ce cee cce eee acne 4,160 2,000
Seplemberi2ocsaseaceses access cos scones ose eesieeere 1,675 6,075
Sepbemberg imee ti scscccee at Cecls conc wee wot lecc serene 700 3,225
MOtaleeest ne atm ee nee om OM acy nee Siam 55,610 31,850

To the above number must be added 1,500 large ones and 13,000 ©
small ones which were gathered on September 29th, the day after
the frost. These were sold in Wallabout market, Brooklyn, be-
cause no cucumbers would be received at the factory after frost.
They brought $19.

Summarized, the results are as follows:

55,610 large “ pickles’ at $1.50 per thousand..............0+. $83) 40
31,850 small “ pickles’’ at 75 cents per thousand.............. 23 85
13,000 small ‘“ pickles ”
FOMADBOUL LOWS cietelevsie olcreloioiers
| etn ieee cone nee Sold at Wallabout for 19 00
101, 960 $126 25

When frost came the plants were entirely free from downy
mildew and anthracnose, although both of these diseases were
abundant in most of the cucumber fields in the vicinity. The
nearest source of infection was an unsprayed muskmelon patch
about thirty rods distant.

Ordinarily, 100,000 cucumbers per acre would not be consid-
ered a large yield but for the past season it is uncommonly large.
The average yield per acre of cucumbers on Long Island in 1897

432 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE

was smaller than in 1896, when it was about 20,000 per acre. In
some sections the crop was almost a total failure. In 1896 the
downy mildew was by far the principal enemy, but in 1897 it
seemed as if all of the enemies of the cucumber had combined
for its destruction. The weather was very unfavorable, and
downy mildew, anthracnose and the bacterial wilt disease were
all destructive. Indeed, it was impossible to determine which of
these four causes was responsible for the most damage.

SHADE AS A PREVENTIVE OF Downy MILDEW.

It is a matter of common observation that down mildew is less
destructive to cucumber plants which are partially shaded; for
example, plants growing under trees or in weeds and particularly
portions of vines which run out into the grass and tall weeds at
the borders of the field.

It was attempted to make a practical application of this fact
by planting rows of sweet corn alternately with rows of cucum-
bers. Rows of sweet corn were planted five feet apart, and when
the corn was a few inches high rows of cucumbers were planted
between the corn rows. On the same date other hills of cucum-
bers without the corn were planted close by for comparison.

As might have been expected, the unshaded plants made con-
siderable better growth than the shaded. There seemed to be
no difference in the amount of anthracnose, only a slight differ-
ence in the amount of downy mildew, and the bacterial wilt dis-
ease was decidedly more destructive among the shaded plants.

It seems improbable that shade can be advantageously em-
ployed as a preventive of down mildew.

A New Host ror Plasmopara cubensis.

The recorded hosts of Plasmopara cubensis are as follows:
(1) “ On leaves of some cucurbitaceous plant ’”* (from Cuba);
(2) Cucumis sativa L. (cucumber) 3+

*Berkeley, Rev. M. J. and Curtis, Dr. M. A. Fungi Cubenses. Journ. of the Linnaean

Soc. Botany X, p. 363, 1869.
{ Farlow, W. G. Notes on Fungi. Bot. Gaz., XIV, p. 189, Aug., 1889.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 433

(8) Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (squash) ;*

(4) Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin) 3+

(5) Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (watermelon) ;¢

(6) Cucumis melo L. (muskmelon);§

(7) Cucumis anguria L. (gherkin gourd).|

To this list of hosts must now be added Cucumis moschata
Duchesne (winter crook-neck squash) on which the fungus was
found in abundance at Floral Park, N. Y., during the past season.

*Halsted, Byron D. Some Notes upon Economic Peronosporee for 1889 in New Jer-
sey. Journ. of Myc., 5, p. 201.

+ Halsted, Loc. cit.

tHalsted, Byron D. Notes upon Peronosporee for 1891. Bot. Gaz., XVI, p. 339.
Dec., 1891. |

§Halsted, B. D. Report of the Botanist. Fourteenth Ann. Rept. N. J. State Agr.
Exp. Sta. and the Sixth Ann. Rept. of the N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta. for the year
1893, p. 352.

|| Swingle, W. T. Some Peronosporacee in the Herbarium of the Division of Vegetable
Pathology. Journ. of Myc., VII, p. 125, 1892.

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TAP

REPORT

OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Entomologists.

VICTOR H. LOWE, B. 8.
F. A. SIRRINE, M. 8.*

* At the Branch Station in Second Judicial Department.

Taste: or Contents:

(I) Inspection of nurseries and treatment of infested nursery
stock.

(II) Plant lice: Descriptions, enemies and treatment.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS.

I. j{INSPECTION OF NURSERIES AND TREAT-
MENT OF INFECTED NURSERY STOCK.*

V. H. LOWE.

SUMMARY.

Most ‘of the nurseries inspected have been found practically free
from insect pests of a serious nature. Ten important species
have been found at different times, however, in sufficient numbers
to do serious injury. In all cases efforts were at once made to
clean out the stock thus infested. The most important insect
which attacks nursery stock in this State is the San José scale.
It is important ‘to nurserymen not only because of the injury
which it may do to the infested stock, but because it is greatly
dreaded by both dealers and fruit growers alike. Hence, stock
from a nusery which is known to have been once infested does
not find a ready sale.

Experiments in dipping and spraying young nursery trees indi-
cate that plant lice may be controlled in the nursery by dipping
the curled tips of infested trees in a solution of whale ‘oil soap,
one pound to seven gallons of water. The work should be done
early in the season. Flea beetles attacking young pear and apple
trees may be held in check by spraying with green arsenite, one
pound to 100 gallons of water, and the canker worm will succumb
to the same treatment.

The experiments in fumigating nursery stock with hydrocyanic
acid gas, when the stock is piled in the cellar for winter storage,
indicate that this method may prove practical, thus avoiding the
necessity ‘of building special fumigating houses.

t

* Reprint of Bulletin No. 186.

438 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

INTRODUCTION.

In the spring of 1896, the Maryland Legislature passed a law
providing that all nursery stock shipped into that state must be
accompanied by a certificate. 'This certificate must state that
the stock has been duly inspected by an authorized official and
pronounced by him free from indications of the presence of dan-
gerously injurious insects and plant diseases. It is stated that
this law was for the especial purpose of protecting Maryland
fruit growers from the further importation into their State of
that much-dreaded pest, the San José scale. Other States fol-
lowed suit until seven now have similar laws and the question of
similar legislation is being agitated in as many more.

Owing to this agitation and also to the fact that much has been
said and written about the San José scale, its rapid work as a de-
stroyer of fruit trees and shrubs and the ease with which it can
be transported on nursery stock, Western New York nurserymen
soon found themselves in a position where it was necessary to
have their nurseries inspected or be seriously handicapped by the
inspection laws of other states.

Although there was no evidence of an organized effort on the
part of the nurserymen to have the work of inspection put upon
a proper basis, the Station at once undertook to accommodate
them and has endeavored to do so as far as possible during the
past two years. !

That there will be still further need of nursery and orchard in-
spection in the State seems very probable. The San José scale
has been found in abundance in some sections of the State and
has already shown ‘that it can thrive in Western New York. ‘The
fact,also, that a small nursery has been found in the western part
of the State and others in the southeastern, in which the scale
has been thriving for several years, indicates that this insect may
have a much wider distribution within our borders than is at
present suspected. This seems all the more probable when we
reflect that just over the line in Canada the scale has been found
in a number of orchards and it is known to occur in states bor-

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 439

dering New York on the east, south and west. At present there
is no law to hinder the importation of infested stock from all of
these directions and no provision made for a systematic effort
to prevent the further spread of this and similar pests within the
State.

The ‘insects discussed in this bulletin have been found in more
or less abundance in the nurseries from time to time. All of
them are readily transported on nursery stock and hence are of
importance to the nurseryman as well as the fruit grower.

The problem of how best to control the numerous species of
insects which attack the growing plants in the nursery is a very
important one. The few experiments noted in this bulletin are
incomplete, but it is expected that as opportunity is afforded they
will be continued until more definite results are reached. This
work will be greatly aided by the increased facilities at the
Station.

INSPECTION OF NURSERIES IN WESTERN NEW YORK.
METHOD OF INSPECTION.

The immediate surroundings of the nursery were first noted
and any old neglected orchards bordering on the nursery, or neg-
lected blocks of stock were first carefully examined. On several
occasions neglected apple orchards ‘or a few old neglected apple
trees were found badly infested with various species of injurious
insects, principally the woolly aphis. Further examinations
showed that many of the nursery trees in the immediate vicinity
were infested with the same species, the indications being that
the insects had originally come from the old trees. After the
orchard trees were examined the condition of the more immediate
surroundings of the blocks, such as the fence corners, etc., were
uoted and any suspicious looking shrubbery subjected to a care-
ful scrutiny. The nursery rows were next examined, the usual
method being to go back and forth across the rows a number of
times until the general appearance of the trees was well noted.
All suspicious looking trees were, of course, carefully examined.
Where possible, the examination was repeated two or three times
during the season.

440 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

VALUE OF INSPECTION.

It is a difficult matter to estimate the real value of nursery
stock inspection. Very much depends upon the care with which
the work is done. Judging from our own experience and from
the work that is being done in other states, inspection which in-
cludes not only the nursery but the orchard as well, properly
carried out, can be depended upon to bring to light the worst
cases, at least, of infestation by the San José scale and other in-
sects and plant diseases of a seriously injurious nature. Judg-
ing from our observations one of the chief benefits which has
thus far resulted from nursery stock inspection in this State, is
to make the growers and dealers more careful as to the condition
of the stock sent out. It is probably not overestimating the
value of nursery and orchard inspection to say that, properly
carried out, it will be a constant stimulus to the production of
clean, healthy stock, and will result in effectually holding in
check such dreaded pests as the San José scale.

THOSH BENEFITED BY INSPECTION.

If inspection has a tendency to bring a better class of nursery
stock on the market, then it is evident that not only the nursery-
men, but all interested directly and indirectly, in the growing of
trees, shrubs and vines are more or less benefited thereby.
Where the inspection is extended to the orchard the benefit is
much greater. Farmers should keep this in mind and note care-
fully the condition of the trees when they come from the nursery
and watch for the development of injurious insects and diseases.
In this way each farmer can be the inspector for his own prem-
ises. Nurserymen have usually considered inspection something
of an annoyance but cheerfully take the necessary steps for their
own benefit and to satisfy their customers.

A GROWING DEMAND FOR INSPECTION.

As previously stated, several states have recently passed in-
spection laws similar to the Maryland law. Hence all nursery-

men doing business in these states require certificates in order to

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 44.4

prevent serious interference with their business. These restric-
tions to the trade have created a demand for nursery stock in-
Spection which is far too great for a station entomologist to meet
properly without aid if he expects to carry on his regular work.
We found the demands for this kind of work so heavy during the
past season that, in order to prevent a too serious interference
with other duties, it was necessary to restrict our inspection for
the most part to Ontario County alone. As yet no provision has
been made either by State or federal law to meet this urgent de-
mand of a highly important industry.

VARIETIES OF TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES EXAMINED.

It is not necessary to give a list here of the varieties of trees,
shrubs and vines examined. It is safe to say that practically all
the varieties of plants grown as nursery stock in Western New
York, both in the field and under glass, were examined on differ-
ent occasions. By far the greater part of the stock inspected,
however, consisted of the various varieties of fruit trees.

VARIETIES OF TREES Most COMMONLY INFESTED.

These were the apple, peach and pear trees. The apple and
pear trees were most commonly infested with the woolly aphis,
and this pest was most often found on the Ben Davis and Yellow
Transparent apples and upon the standard pears. In most cases
of infested pear trees, the blocks were next to blocks of infested
apples, the indications being that the insects had come from
the apples to the pears. The peach trees were infested with the
peach-tree borer.

Species oF Insects INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT.

Only the more important species which are readily transferred
on nursery stock are included in this report. No account is
taken of the large number of species which attack the stock dur-
ing the growing season but which do not remain on the trees
after the leaves are taken off and hence are not readily scattered
over the country by means of nursery stock.

For convenience the species herein discussed may be grouped
under four heads as follows:

442 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

I. Insects which secrete or otherwise produce a scale-like cov-
GRATIS 2 255 stereos eee ies ee eae oto eo he ee Scaue Insects,
including the oyster-shell bark-louse, scurfy bark-louse, the New
York plum lecanium, the oak scale and the San José scale.

II. Insects which secrete honey dew or a bluish-whie flocculent
SUUPSUAMICE 2 hik isicck sual ss oo balm Aero Menor enero Puiant Lice,
including the woolly aphis of the apple.

TI. Insects which bore into the trees... q....1... BoRERS,
including the peach-tree borer.

IV. Insects which feed on the buds and leaves and which hiber-
nate on the twigs in protective cases............ CASE-BEARERS,
including the pistol-case-bearer and the cigar-case-bearer. AI-
though not a true case-bearing insect the bud moth may for
convenience be included under this head.

SCALE INSECTS.

Scale insects are among the most common of the insect pests.
The group includes a large number of species. As destructive
insects they rank among the first and are to be dreaded, not only
because of the great injury which they can inflict, but because
most species are very hard to eradicate from a nursery or an
orchard after they have once become well established. Asa rule,
however, scale insects need not become abundant in the nursery
if the stock is carefully watched and the first few trees found
infested are either treated or burned. The most important spe-
cies found are discussed in detail as follows:

Tue Oyster SHELL Bark LOUSE.
Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché.

This insect is so commonly found in the orchard that it is liable
to be considered of little importance. It is less harmful than
many other scale insects yet it is capable of doing very serious
injury, especially in the young orchard, and for this reason
should be considered an important pest in the nursery, even
though the nursery trees themselves do not usually become badly
infested. ae

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. _443.

History.— But little is known of the early history of this spe-
cies. According to our best authorities it is undoubtedly of
European origin but was introduced very early into this country.
It was first described in 1788 by a Frenchman named Reaumer
who found specimens on an elm in his native country. Accord-
ing to Dr. Howard* it was known in this country as early as 1794.

The earliest account which we have seen relating to the insect
in this State was published by Dr. Asa Fitch in 1856 in his first
report as State Entomologist (p. 31). Dr. Fitch states that the
insect was then known “ everywhere through the northern states

infesting the orchards to a grievous extent, causing the
death of many trees and impairing the health and vigor of many
more.” The:same writer quotes a Wisconsin correspondent who
states that the insect was evidently introduced into Wisconsin as
early as 1840. It is thus shown that the species had a wide
distribution in this country at an early date.

Present distribution— The oyster-shell bark-louse is known all
over the world. It occurs in more or less abundance wherever
apples and pears are grown. In the United States it is reported
from Maine to California, although it is not so well known in.
many of the western states as in the east and south. It is widely
distributed throughout this State. While we are receiving speci-
mens from new localities every year, up to’the present time speci-
mens have been received from the following counties: Erie,
Niagara, Monroe, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, Schuyler, Seneca,
Cayuga, Onondaga, Cortland, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence,
Columbia, Kings, Queens and Suffolk.

Food plants.—The list of food plants for this insect includes a
large number of our common trees and shrubs. In the nursery
it is especially abundant upon fruit trees, such as apple and pear,
but it should be watched for on other stock such as currant,
gooseberry, blackberry and raspberry, also on ornamentals such
as maple, bireh, elm and lilac.

Descriptions and life history—The life history of the oyster-
shell bark-louse is very similar to that of many other species of
scale insects. If an infested tree is examined in the winter the

*Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, p. 255.

444 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

scales will be found to present the appearance shown in Plate
XEX, fig. 1, which is from a photograph of an infested apple twig,
natural size. It will be observed that although differing in shape,
being longer and narrower, the scales bear a slight resemblance
to an oyster-shell, hence the name. If one or two of these scales
are turned over [ Fig. 2.] they will be found to be well filled with
creamy white eggs.. If, however, the eggs are not observed until
nearly ready to hatch they will have turned to a dark reddisn-
brown color. There are usually between forty and fifty, although
the number may vary greatly. We have found as few as thirty
and more than sixty under different scales. The shriveled body
of the female scale will be found occupying a portion of the
smaller end. The eggs vary in shape as shown at Fig. 3, which is
from a photomicrograph showing a number of the eggs greatly
enlarged, but in general appearance slightly resemble miniature
hens’ eggs. They also vary in size, but from a number of meas-
urements we found that an egg of average size would measure
about 0.8 mm. by 0.18 mm.

The eggs remain protected by the scales all winter. In this
climate most of them have hatched by the first of June. In some
seasons they hatch earlier than others. Last year many newly
hatched lice were observed on apple trees in the vicinity of the
Station as early as May 7.

The newly hatched lice are very small, measuring only about
0.4 mm. in length and half as broad. <A good idea of their shape
is given in Plate XX, fig. 1, c. Their bodies are nearly flat and
light yellow in color. They wander about for a short time, vary-
ing from a few hours to a day or more, finally settling down,
most of them on the new growth, where they begin to suck the
sap by means of their sharp, thread-like mouth parts. They
probably never go to the leaves and only one or two cases have
been reported where the scales were found on the fruit. It is
probable that when once settled on the bark thelfemales never
move.

The scales grow rapidly and by the latter part of July are
mature. Most of the scales grow to have the appearance already

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 445

referred to and shown at Plate XIX, fig. 1. These are the female
scales and they are in a very large majority. The male scales are
much smaller, and more regular in outline. The posterior portion
of the scale is also very different in that it is hinged so as to
allow the mature male to escape.

In color, the male and female scales are similar, both finally
becoming an ash gray tint. The mature male is a delicate two-
winged insect very different in appearance from the female. A
mature male is shown in Plate XX, fig. 1, a, and a mature female,
with her scale removed, at e.

The eggs are laid during the middle of the summer, the body
of the female growing smaller as each one is produced until
finally there is little left but a withered skin. The eggs remain
under the scales all winter, finally hatching in the spring as
previously stated.

Means of distribution.—As the scale passes the fall, winter, and
part of the spring in the egg stage, the eggs being protected by
the scales, it is evident that the insect may be easily distributed
by means of infested stock. When the trees are not badly in-
fested the scales are easily overlooked, and thus as each scale
protects thirty or forty eggs, a nursery tree even slightly infested
may finally harbor enough scales to do very serious injury in the
orchard.

Remedial measures.— Badly infested nursery trees should be
dug up and burned. Where especially choice trees or shrubs are
infested they may be successfully treated either by applying a
wash during the winter or by spraying in the spring while the
young lice are active. For a winter wash either kerosene emul-
sion or whale oil soap may be used. The kerosene emulsion
should be diluted with three parts of water, and the whale oil
soap* used at a strength of one pound to two gallons of water.

Before applying the wash the infested parts should either be
scraped gently or rubbed with a stiff scrubbing brush to loosen
the scales. This allows the insecticide to reach the eggs which
would otherwise be protected by the scales. For spring treat-

*In buying whale oil soap much pains should be taken to get a good article. Much
of the soap on the market is very poor. The Leggett brand has proven of good quality,
also that manufactured by Jas. Good, Philadelphia, Pa.

446 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

ment, spray the trees as soon as the young lice appear. Either
kerosene emulsion or whale oi] soap solution may be used. The
former should be diluted with seven parts of water and the latter
used at a strength of one pound to seven gallons of water.

Where practical the winter treatment is preferable, as many of
the young scales may be easily missed. In case of badly infested
trees, however, both the winter and spring treatment may be
given with excellent effect.

THe Scurry BARK-LOUSE.
Chionaspis furfurus Fitch.

Like the oyster-shell bark-louse, this species occasionally be-
comes sufficiently abundant to do serious injury. We have seen
it in the nursery as often as the other species, and have found it
doing very serious injury in at least one large pear orchard in the
State.

History.—Although this species is less frequently mentioned in
the writings of early American entomologists, it was well known
at an early date as an injurious species. B. D. Walsh and other
writers on American entomology mentioned it as early as 1860.
Since that time it has been frequently mentioned by American
writers. | \!

Pr esent distribution.—According to oe Howard” this species is
now known to occur in the District of Columbia, and twenty
states, including Massachusetts on the east, Georgia on the south
and southern California on the west. The same writer also states
that,it has been recently reported in England. It is undoubtedly
widely distributed in this State. Up to this date we have re-
ceived specimens from Erie, Niagara, Monroe, Wayne, Ontario,
Yates, Schuyler, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Columbia, Queens
and Suffolk counties.

Food plants——The most common food plants for the scurfy
bark-louse are apple and pear. In the nurseries we have found
it more abundant on pear trees than on any other stock. In one
instance nearly all the recs in a small block of standard pears

~* Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1504, p. 259,

New Yorsk AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 447

were very badly infested, a majority of them being seriously in-
jured. We have found it upon apple, pear, crab apple and quince.
In addition to these food plants Dr. Howard* gives black cherry,
choke cherry, currant, mountain ash, Japan quince and peach,
the last named having been sent from two localities in Georgia.

Descriptions and life history—The general appearance of the
mature female scales is shown in Plate XN Fig. 4, which is from
a photograph of an infested pear twig. They are dirty white in
color. The life history of this species is very similar to that of
the oyster-shell bark-louse. The eggs are found under the scales
during the winter, but usually in less numbers than in the pre-
ceding species; also, instead of being cream white, they are pur-
plish red. The young scales hatch in the spring at about the
time the young oyster-shell bark-lice appear, which they resemble
very closely. The male scales are much smaller than the female
scales, and, unlike them, are brilliant white. They are also quite
different in shape, the sides being nearly parallel with two longi-
tudinal ridges extending along the upper surface.

Means of distribution—tThis insect is distributed by means of
infested nursery stock in the same manner as the preceding
species. Owing to their lighter color, however, they are more
easily seen, and hence there is less excuse for sending out infested
stock.

Remedial measures.—The treatment recommended for the
oyster-shell bark-louse will prove equally effective for this insect.

THE New York PLuM LECANIUM.
Lecanium cerasifer +Fitch(?).

The sudden appearance of this insect three years ago in over-
whelming numbers in some of the large plum orchards of west-
ern New York is, doubtless, fresh in the memory of orchard-
ists and nurserymen throughout the State. Very little is heard
of this scale now, however, owing to the fact that it disappeared
almost as suddenly as it came. But it may still be seen occasion-

*Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, p. 260.
Identified by Mr. Th. Pergande.

448 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

ally in most plum orchards and during the past season we found
it scattered in several nurseries, hence it may yet be considered
a pest which should be carefully watched with a view to prevent-
ing other serious outbreaks.

History.—Previous to 1893 but little was known of this insect
in this State, although it seems to be the prevailing opinion
among prominent fruit growers that the insect has been in the
plum orchards of western New York for twenty years or more,
but not in sufficient numbers to cause special comment. During
the seasons of 1893 and 1894 the insect did great damage to
western New York plum orchards, but in the spring of 1895
comparatively few of the scales could be found, most of them
having succumbed to the attacks of parasites, predaceous insects
and climatic changes.

Present distribution—Accurate data as to the present distribu-
tion of this insect is wanting. This or a very similar species,
however, is known in the south and a species which is probably
identical is reported from England. Judging from our observa-
tions during the past season, the scale is at present scattered
through many of the larger plum orchards in western New York
and may be occasionally seen in the nurseries, but in only a
few cases have we found it in sufficient numbers to do serious
injury. We have observed the species in the following counties:
Niagara, Orleans, Genesee, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Cayuga, On-
ondaga, Richmond and Queens.

Food plants.—As its name indicates, this species is especially in-
jurious to the plum. It has also been reported upon apple, pear,
maple, Cissus, cherry and peach. In addition to these food plants
the writer has found a very closely allied if not identical species
upon quince, apricot, cultivated blackberry, cultivated grape,
honey locust, black ash and iron wood [Ostryia}.

Descriptions and life history—A detailed account of this insect
is given in the Fourteenth Annual Report of this Station, pages
574-593. As comparatively few of the reports are left for distri-
bution, however, it may be well to repeat the life history of the
insect substantially as given therein.

eS

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 449

The general appearance of the insect is shown at Plate XTX, fig.5.
At a the mature scales are shown enlarged and at 6 the mature
and young hibernating scales, natural size. Unlike the two pre-
ceding species, this scale passes the winter in the larval state.
After the first few warm days of spring, the young scales begin to
move about, but soon find a suitable place to setile down to again
suck the sap of their host plant. They soon begin to grow with
astonishing rapidity. Previous to this time the male and female
scales are very much alike, but as the season advances the female
scales are seen to grow to large oval fleshy scales, while the males
are much smaller, oblong and slightly oval in shape. A delicate
white waxy scale is their only protection. The mature male is a
delicate two-winged insect, in general appearance resembling the
males of the two preceding species. Under this delicate covering
the male undergoes.its transformations, finally, about the time the
female becomes full grown, emerging as a mature insect.

About the middle of May or early in June the females are ma-
ture and egg laying begins. The eggs are oblong oval in shape,
pearly white and have smooth shells. They are laid under the
mother shell, which is only the hardened integument of the parent
insect, the mother scale herself literally turning into a mass of
eggs. The number of eggs produced by a single scale varies
greatly, probably from five or six hundred to over two thousand,
the writer having counted over twenty-one hundred under a single
female.

The newly hatched scales remain under the mother shells for a
time varying from a few hours to two or three days. At this time
they vary in size from 0.5 to 0.75 mm. in length and are a little
more than half as broad as long. Their bodies are also very thin
and slightly curved above.

As would be supposed, a swarm of little scales is produced from
a single mother. After leaving the mother shell they travel about
apparently aimlessly for a time, but within a fewdays settle down,
most of them upon the under surface of the leaves along the md-
ribs and larger veins, although many may be found upon the

upper surface as well. Still others, however, may be found scat-
29

450 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

tered about promiscuously on both surfaces of the leaves, and it is
not unusual to find some that have remained behind on the new
and tender twigs. When attacking the leaves of the quince, they
seem to prefer the upper surface, for out of a large number of
quince leaves examined only an oceasional seale could be found
on the under surfaces, while the upper surfaces were moderately
infested. It should be remembered that these young scales are
very small at this time, and as they closely resemble the leaf in
color and are almost semi-transparent, they are easily overlooked.
Hence in examining the leaves for them it is well to use a small
magnifying glass.

The scales grow slowly during the summer and gradually
change to a dark, reddish brown color. During all of this time,
however, they suck the sap vigorously and secrete much honey
dew, causing the leaves, branches and fruit to become sticky and
unsightly.

During the latter part of August or early in September the
young scales migrate to the twigs and branches and even the
trunk to seek shelter for the winter. On badly infested trees they
may frequently be found overlapping one another and in sheltered
places, as in crevices in the bark, it is not unusual to find them
two or three deep. In this condition they remain until spring,
when activity is again renewed and the life cycle completed.

Means of distribution—The hibernating scales are easily car-
ried about on nursery stock. Young nursery trees probably sel-
dom become badly infested. All of the infested trees which we
have seen had but comparatively few scales on them and these
were scattered about on the trunks and branches and were usually
hidden in scars on the trunks and near the buds so effectually
that they were easily overlooked. Thus the young scales, al-
though not protected by a scaly covering, are not easily rubbed
off and hence may remain on trees shipped long distances without
injury.

Remedial measures—tIn the report above referred to we have
given a detailed account of a series of experiments with kerosene

emulsion as a remedy for this species. Tt was found that kero-

————————

el ee

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 451

sene emulsion, diluted with from four to six parts of water, could
be depended upon to kill the hibernating scales when applied to
the infested trees in the form of a spray. When the spray is to
be directed against the newly hatched lice, the emulsion should
not be diluted with more than nine parts of water.

THe Oak ScALeE.
Asterodiaspis quercicola Bouché.

There are but few references to this insect in the writings of
American entomologists. In his report for 1880, p. 330, Prof.
J. H. Comstock, who was then Entomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, published a description of the male
and female, the former being taken from Signoret. Another ref-
erence is in Insect Life, Vol. Il, p. 41, in which Dr. L. O. Howard
states that this scale is found almost solely upon American oaks
in a grove in the Department grounds, previously referred to by
Professor Comstock in his report for 1880. In Insect Life, Vol.
VII, p. 120, Mr. C. L. Marlatt gives the result of experiments
against this insect. He found that the newly hatched young
could be killed by spraying the infested trees with kerosene emul-
gion, one part to thirteen parts of water. In the same volume,
page 428, a brief reference is made to a note by Mr. R. Newstead
in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for April, 1895, in which
he states that, although birds are not usually supposed to feed on
scale insects, he had found that the blue tit and longtailed tit
feed on this and certain other species.

It is probable that, except in isolated cases, the species has
never been a serious pest in this country.

As its name implies, this scale attacks the oak. Some idea of
its general appearance can be had by referring to Plate XIX,
fig. 6. This figure is from a photograph of an infested twig,
natural size. The female scales are nearly circular and somewhat
conical. They are dark or yellowish green in color. When one of
the mature scales is removed, it will be found to have made a pit-
like depression in the bark. The mature female scales will meas-
nre from 1 mm. to nearly 2 mm. in diameter. According ‘o Sig-

452 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

noret, as quoted by Comstock, the male scales are oval and usu-
ally smaller than the females, measuring but 1 mm. in length.
But little is known of the life history of this species.

We have seldom found this scale in the nursery. It may do
serious injury on large trees, however. <A good ‘illustration of
this is on one of the principal streets of Geneva, where most of
the English oaks, Quercus robar, which line the streets for two or
three blocks on either side, have been either killed or nearly so
by this scale. So far as we know its only food plant is the oak.

Tue San José Scare.
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.

At present this is the most important of all the species of in-
sects which attack nursery stock. It is important, not only be-
cause of the injury to the trees which it is capable of doing, but
because nurserymen and fruitgrowers are afraid of it, and hence
hesitate to buy stock from a nursery in a locality where the scale
is known to exist. It is also of especial interest to nurserymen
and fruit growers in this State because it is being found each
season in new localities within our borders. The finding of the
scale in a small nursery near Union Springs probably means that
~ it has been sent to numerous localities within the State. Much
has been written about it and it has been described and its life
history written over and over again. Yet a very large majority
of the nurserymen and fruit growers of the State seem to have
but little idea of the true nature of the insect. It may be well,
therefore, to give a. somewhat detailed account of it in these
pages.

History.—tThe original home of the San José scale is not posi-
tively known. Some writers think that it originally came from
South America while others believe that its native home may
have been Japan or possibly Australia. But wherever its original
home may have been it is said to have been known in the San
José Valley, California, as early as 1870. In 1880 Prof. J. H.
Comstock described it and gave it its scientific name. It was
not discovered in the east until 1893 when a few trees in an

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 453

orchard at Charlottesville, Va., were found infested. Subsequent
investigations showed that these trees came originally from a
New Jersey nursery. In 1894 the scale was found on Long Island
and other points in this State.

Present distribution—According to Messrs. Howard and Mar-
latt* the scale was known in 1896 in Alabama, Arizona, Califor-
nia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Massa-
chusetts; Maryland, New Jersey, New York, New Mexico, Ohio, ~
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and
British Columbia. In addition to the above states it is now
known to occur in several localities in Michigan and in the prov-
inces of Canada. In this State it has been found in the following
counties: Suffolk, in several orchards; Queens, in three nurseries;
Kings,.in one small orchard near Brooklyn; Orange, in an orchard
at New Milford (Dr. Lintner); Dutchess, in an orchard near Pough-
keepsie; Columbia, in an orchard near Germantown and two at
Kinderhook; Tompkins, on ornamentals on the campus of Cornell
University; Seneca, two trees, which have been burned, in an
orchard near Farmer; Cayuga, in an old nursery near Union
Springs.

Food plants.—The following list of food plants, which includes
those observed up to 1896, is given by Dr. J. B. Smith.¢ It will
be of especial interest to nurserymen and hence is given here in
full. Linden, enonymus, almond, peach, apricot, plum, cherry,
locust, spirzea, raspberry, blackberry, rose, hawthorne, cotoneas-
ter, pear, apple, quince, flowering quince, gooseberry, currant,
flowering currant, persimmon, acacia, elm, osage orange, English
‘walnut, pecan, hickory, alder, chestnut, oak, birch, weeping wil-
low, laurel leaved willow, Kilmarnock willow, sumach and grape.
A list published in July, 1897, by Prof. F. M. Webstert includes
black walnut, Carolina poplar, lombardy poplar, golden leaf
poplar, European willow, cut leaf birch, flowering peach,
flowering cherry, American linden, European linden, hardy
catalpa and mountain ash in addition to those given above.

*U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. 3, new series.
tN. J. Agl. Exp. Stas. Rept. 1896, p. 547.
yOhio Agl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 81, p. 184.

454 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THD

From the above lists it will be seen that the scale may be
found on practically all classes of nursery stock grown in the
east. Itis not known to attack citrus fruits.

Descriptions and life history—A good idea of the general ap-
pearance of the scale is given in Plate X XI, figs. 1 to 4. Here the
scales are shown natural size and enlarged on both twigs and
fruit. The female scales are greatly in excess of the males, which
is the case with most other scale insects. The following
description is taken from Bul. 3 (new series), U. S. Department
of Agriculture Division of Entomology, by Howard and Marlatt,
p. 46: “The scale of the female is circular, very slightly raised
centrally, and varies in diameter from 1 to 2 mm., averaging
about 1.4 mm. The exuvie is central or nearly so. The large
well-developed scales are gray, excepting the central part
covering the exuviz, which varies from pale to reddish yellow,
although in some cases dark colored. The scale is usually smooth
exteriorly or sometimes slightly annulated, and the limits of the
larval scale are always plainly marked. The natural color of the
scale is frequently obscured by the presence of the sooty fungus
[Fumago salicina]. |

The microscopic characteristics of the pate female are
shown at Plate XX, fig. 2. At 6b the ornamentation of the anal
plate is shown. This is of especial value in determining the
species. Those who wish to make microscopical examination of
the insect to determine the species, will find that the character-
istics of the anal plate can be brought out by boiling the insect
for a few minutes in a weak solution of caustic potash, then
washing, then, after placing in alcohol for a short time, cleaning
in oil of cloves or other convenient cleaning solution. The speci-
men should then be mounted in balsam. The male scale is darker
than the female scale, “oblong oval” in shape, “nearly twice
as long as wide and about half the diameter of the female scale.”
(Howard and Marlatt.) The mature male is a delicate two
winged insect, orange yellow in color excepting the head, which
is somewhat darker.

The main points of the insect’s life history may be briefly
stated as follows: In this climate, if an infested tree is ex-

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 455

amined during the winter the scales will be found varying in size
from less than half grown to fully matured. On badly infested
trees they are crowded in great numbers very close together.
On trees not badly infested they will be found in groups of from
two or three to many more with numerous individuals scattered
about on the bark. The writer has not had an opportunity of
studying the life history of the scale in western New York until
within the past few weeks, and hence no observations have been
made as to the time the females first begin producing young in
the spring. On Long Island, however, the males mature in
April and during the following month the females begin giving
birth to young. Unlike most scale insects, the young are
brought forth, in nearly all cases, alive. According to Howard
and Marlatt the average number of young produced by a single-
female is 400. The period during which an individual female
will continue producing young lasts for six or seven weeks. The
newly born scales are nearly microscopic in size, with bodies
oval in shape, when viewed from above, and orange yellow in
color. They remain under the mother scale for a short time,
finally coming forth to wander about until a suitable place is
found to insert their sharp thread-like sete by means of which
they suck the sap. By this time thread-like waxy secretions
have begun to appear on the back of each little scale. These
waxy secretions together with the cast skins form the scales.
At first there is no difference in appearance between the male and
female scales, but according to Howard and Marlatt* the differ-
ence becomes apparent after the first molt. Owing to the com-
paratively long period during which young are produced it is
difficult to ascertain the number of generations. Judging from
the scales, as they appear in the winter, however, it is probable
that young are produced until the latter part of the summer or
early in the fall. After all their young have been brought forth
the old females die, the young surviving to continue the species.

Means of distribution—Locally the active scales are undoubt-
edly carried about by birds; insects, such as beetles; and prob-
ably on the clothing of persons working in the infested nursery

*U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. 3, new series, p. 46,

456 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

or orchard. An illustration of this was noticed in one of the
nurseries previously referred to. In this nursery it is evident
that the scales were first introduced on a few trees. These are
very badly infested, those in their immediate vicinity less so and
those four or five rods away still less. Along the road border-
ing this nursery and about forty rods away are a dozen or more
pear trees which have been in bearing about two years. These
are healthy, vigorous trees and are only very slightly infested
having evidently become infested only within the past year. It
seems very probable that the only way the scales could have been
brought to these trees was by some of the means above referred
to.

It is undoubtedly safe to say that-the scale is sent broadcast
over the country by means of nursery stock more than in any
other way. It is true that infested pears from California -have
frequently been found on fruit stands ‘in some of our eastern
. cities, but there is very much less chance of spreading the scale
in this way than by infested nursery stock. Infested trees dug
either in the fall or spring will carry dormant scales.

Remedial measures.—V arious insecticides have been tested in
the east against this insect. Eight of the most important of —
these are discussed in Bulletin No. 87 of this Station. The insec-
ticide which has proved the most successful in the east is whale
oil soap. This should be applied at least twice to the infested
trees in the fall after the leaves have fallen, at a strength of two
pounds to a gallon of water. Another application should be
made in the spring before the buds begin to swell. A portion
of an infested plum orchard which was carefully sprayed with
whale oil soap at this strength was practically freed from the
scale after two applications. It is important to have good whale
oil soap. That manufactured by Leggett Bros., 301 Pearl Street,
New York, and by James Good, 514-518 Hurst Street, Philadel-
phia, is highly recommended. Dr. J. B. Smith* recommends a
fish oil soap, which can be made after the following formula:

WONGeNtrAted Viet wins. sleeve ia trets ao tse heal uate oh demo eteAe vere 3% pounds.
VN (a COM ater etaleacss crGete cote, ture alsa coke ey ace sei duis ve: soailottallsvavepcbeWeceNonaltstertuerae stay sre mete 7% gallons.
PEPE STAB VOM ey cep ctatss cal talctracontetelte. ova aire ce tas ei's iatateicaltes @ vere lolevcavelte en atehioneee leleleteliehetorete 1 gallon.

*N. J. Agr. Exp. Stas. Rept. 1896, p. 559.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 457

The lye should be dissolved in boiling water and the fish oil at
once added. This mixture should be kept boiling for two hours
and then allowed to cool. This soap should be used at a strength
of one pound to one gallon of water.

Pure kerosene oil has been used as a winter application with
varying degrees of success. It will kill all the scales with which
it comes in contact, but unless the tree is very hardy or the con-
ditions are just right it is liable to kill the tree also. It should
not be used except in extreme cases.

When the trees or nursery stock are to be fumigated with
hydocyanic acid gas, the gas may be generated after the follow-
ing formula:

Fused cyanide of potassium (98 per cent)............ cece cccscceee 1 02.
SLIM CHA Ci ss GOIMMICT CLA Fy reyes slraciels coh tsi-su s/c nei el aveie are sue ts ae dlar ene le 1 02.
BMA Ramee olis Veet) ct aso¥'s(cniea\s halo) pn'nin, » sh ai0 0/1601 dps) ov) nicnin\s ahcvouels Shel ele eben erstarners 3 0zs.

Pour the water and the sulphuric acid into a glass or glazed
_earthenware dish. When this.is placed where it is to remain
add the cyanide of potassium. This will generate enough gas for
150 cubic feet of space. Much care should be taken that the
operator does not breathe any of the fumes.

Fumigation is not considered the most practical method of
treatment for infested orchard trees here in the east, but it may
be used for infested nursery stock. On another, page reference
is made to treating nursery stock in large cellars. A convenient
house for fumigating a small amount of nursery stock is shown
at Plate XXII. These may be built any convenient size. They
are built of a double thickness of boards with building paper be-
tween to make them as nearly air tight as can be conveniently
done. The door is made to fit very tight. The stock is piled in
the house in such a manner as to allow the gas to circulate freely.
One generator with enough material to fill the space is placed
about the middle of the floor and as soon as the cyanide is added,
the door is shut and the stock left for an hour. When the fumi-
gating is done on a cool, cloudy day or at night, there is practi-
cally no danger of injuring the stock as shown by the fact that
various varieties of fruit trees, also currants and gooseberries,

458 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THR

have been exposed in the building shown in the plate and in
others in their immediate vicinity, all night without the least
apparent injury.

A closely allied species common in New York.—This insect,
Aspidiotus ancylus Putn., resembles the San José scale in gen-
eral appearance and is frequently mistaken for it. It is not a
serious pest in this State, however, but in the south it may occur
in sufficient numbers to do serious injury to the infested plants.
Its life history has not been worked out for this locality.

We have frequently found this species in the nursery, usually
on young plum trees, but in no instance were the scales in suffi-
cient numbers to injure the trees to an appreciable extent.

According to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell* this scale is found up-
on ash, maple, beech, linden, oak, osage orange, peach, hackberry,
bladder nut and water locust.

PLANT LICE.

The nature of these insects in general need not be enlarged
upon here as the principal prints in their development will be
touched upon in another bulletin. These insects were unusually
abundant last year in both nurseries and orchards. One of the
species, Hyalopterus pruni, which was abundant on the plum last
season is shown at Plate XXIV, fig. 5. This species was also
very abundant in some of the nurseries examined last season but
will be discussed more in detail in the bulletin above referred to.

Tor Woo.uy Louss or THE APPLE.
Schizeneura lanigera Hausm.

The writer has found this species more common in New York
nurseries than any of the other injurious insects. As a rule
apple trees were the worst infested, but blocks of pears or quince
trees growing next to blocks of infested apples, were also usually
infested.

The life history and habits of this insect together with its im-
portance as a nursery stock pest are discussed by the writer in
the Annual Report of the Station for 1896, pages 570-577, and
hence it will be unnecessary to discuss these points in detail here.

*U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. No. 6, technical series, p. 20.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 459

It may be stated, however, that in some sections of the State this
species of woolly aphis is doing very serious injury every year
both in the nurseries and young orchards. The insect and its
work are illustrated at Plate XXIII, figs. 1 to 5. All of the
photographs for this plate were made from an infested apple
tree taken from a nursery at Geneva. The insect works on both
roots and branches. Those infesting the former are referred to
as the root inhabiting form and those on the branches as the
aerial form. The injury to the roots caused by the lice is shown
at Fig. 3. The larger roots are more or less deformed and are
covered with galls. A nearer view of some of the galls is shown
at Fig. 4. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of a badly infested twig.
The lice collect on the under sides of the limbs and twigs and
secrete a bluish white cottony substance which completely covers
them. If these lice are removed it will be found that they have
formed numerous galls and pits on the bark. At Fig. 2 one of
these galls and some of the lice, with most of the cottony sub-
stance removed, are shown enlarged to about four times natural
size.

The lice are distributed in the nursery or orchard by means of
the migrating females, but they are distributed over the country
by means of infested nursery stock. Many trees with infested
roots are shipped, but the lice are frequently found in the scars
along the trunks of the young trees as shown at Fig. 5. The
lice hibernate in these scars and other similar places on the
trees. The winter eggs may also be frequently found among
these hibernating lice. In a large majority of cases the infested
trees found on the packing grounds during the past two seasons
by the writer, were harboring the lice in these scars on the
trunks only, very few of them having infested roots. It is im-
portant that nurserymen and buyers take pains to avoid selling
or planting stock thus infested. The lice can be easily and
quickly killed by touching these infested scars with a cloth
saturated with kerosene oil.

This insect is widely distributed throughout the United States
and is well known in Europe. It is probably found in this State

460 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

wherever apples are grown. Our records show that it has been
either observed by the writer in injurious numbers or reported
to the Station from the following counties: Chautauqua, Mon-
roe, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, Seneca, Cayuga, Columbia, Dutch-
ess, Queens and Suffolk.

BORERS.

This group includes a number of the most serious pests in nur-
sery and orchard trees. By “borers” is usually meant those in-
sects which bore into the roots, trunks or branches of the in-
fested plant. As the larve are most active in the injurious work
the term refers especially to them. The only species of borer
which was found doing serious injury in the nurseries is the
peach tree borer.

Tue PracH TREE Borer.
Sannina exitiosa Say.

This insect is also discussed at length in the Annual Report
of this Station for 1896, pp. 559-567, and hence need be only
briefly mentioned here.

The nature of the insect is shown at Plate XXIV, figs. 1 to 3.
The injury is done by the larve which bore into the trunk or
roots, feeding largely on the sapwood. One of the larve is shown
at Fig1. At Fig. 2 the pupa (a) and male (6) and female (c) moths
are shown. Both figures are from photographs showing the
originals natural size. At Fig. 3 an upper and side view of one
of the larve slightly enlarged is shown.

In some sections of the State this insect is usually very abun-
dant. The borers were much less frequently found the past
season than the season previous.

This insect has also a wide distribution and is well known in
all parts of the State. We have found it especially abundant in
Monroe, Wayne, Ontario, Seneca and Cayuga counties.

CASE-BEARING INSECTS.

Under this head may be included two species of insects which
have done serious injury in the nurseries and orchards, especially

the latter, in this State during the past two seasons. These are

es

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 461

commonly known as the pistol-case-bearer and the cigar-case-
bearer. They are called case-bearers because the caterpillars
construct cases for themselves which they carry on their backs
and which serve as protection to the owners.

THE PisTou-Case-BEARER.
Coleophora malivorella Riley.

This insect should receive the careful attention of both nursery-
men and fruit growers as it is becoming a very serious pest. It
is especially injurious to the apple and pear and is known to
attack the quince. The principal injury is done to the buds and
expanding leaves. The young caterpillars construct pistol-
shaped cases soon after hatching. They hibernate in these and
during the winter the cases may be seen attached to the twigs,
as shown at Plate XXIV, fig. 4. The case-bearers are more no-
ticeable during the spring or early summer as their cases are
much larger and their injurious work more apparent. This
insect is discussed in detail in Bulletin No. 122 of this Station.

The pistol-case-bearer is probably distributed over a consider-
able area in the eastern states. It is especially injurious in the
apple orchards of western New York. The writer has observed
it in seriously injurious numbers in some of the large orchards
in Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Ontario and Seneca counties.

C1GAr-CASE-BEARER.
Coleophora fletcherella Fernald.

A closely allied species is the cigar-case-bearer. The case of
the mature caterpillar resembles a miniature cigar, hence the
name. The writer has not observed this species in the nursery
as frequently as the other, but it is well known as a serious pest
in the apple orchards, especially in the western part of the State.
The hibernating case-bearers of this species are not as easily de-
teeted as those of the other. Their cases are smalier, usually a
little lighter colored and bent in the shape of a crescent moon.
They are usually found close beside the winter buds or partially
hidden in a fold in the bark or the angle made by a branching
twig. It is as widely distributed as the former species and is
found on the same food plants.

462 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

Tse Bup Morn.
Tmetocera ocellana Schif.

Although not a case-bearing insect the discussion of the
species may be placed here for convenience.

History.—This species is probably of European origin. It was
known as a serious pest in this country nearly fifty years ago.
Since then it has been recorded as a serious pest in various parts
of the eastern states.

Present distribution.—It is probably well distributed through-
out the eastern states. It is also well known in Canada. It has
been found in Missouri and as far west as Idaho.

Food plants.—The writer has observed this insect upon apple,
pear, plum and peach trees. According to Prof. M. V. Slinger-
land,* who has made a careful study of this species, it also
attacks the cherry, quince and blackberry.

Descriptions and life history— The life history of this insect has
not been studied out by the writer. As given by Prof. Slinger-
land, in the bulletin above referred to it is briefly, as follows:
Usually the nurseryman or fruit grower is not aware that this
insect is injuring his trees until he finds that many of the leaf
buds fail to produce leaves in the spring. Upon examination the
little brown caterpillars may be found eating out the tender
centers of the swelling buds. Later in the season they attack the
unfolding leaves, drawing them together with silken threads as
shown at Plate XXIV, fig. 6. By June the caterpillars are full
grown. The pupa stage is passed in these nests, “in a tube of
dead leaves,” and lasts about ten days. The parent insects are
dark ash gray moths marked with a cream white band across the
front wings. In three or four days after emerging the moths lay
their eggs. The eggs resemble minute drops of water and are
laid singly or in clusters on the leaves. The eggs hatch in from
seven to ten days. The young caterpillars soon begin to feed on
the skin of the leaf. They also make for themselves tubes of silk
usually along the midrib of the leaf. They continue to feed dur-
ing July and part of August, devouring only the soft parts of the

*Cornell Univ. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 107, p. 57.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 463

leaf. During August the caterpillars migrate to the twigs where
they spin silken cases on which to pass the winter. These cases
are about one-eighth of an inch long, and as they lie close to the
bark and resemble it in color are not readily detected.

The writer has quite frequently found these cases with their
hibernating caterpillars on nursery trees about to be shipped
from the packing grounds. It is in this manner that the insect is
most readily distributed over the country.

Remediak measures— Where practicable the trees should be
thoroughly sprayed with Paris green, 1 pound to 150 gallons of
water, before the buds open in the spring. Two applications wil!
be found better than one, the object being to keep the buds
‘coated with the poison so that the first meal of the caterpillars
in the spring will be a poisoned one. Experiments at this Sta-
tion have shown that the bud moth can be held in check in this
way.

In nurseries and in orchards, also, serious injury may be pre-
vented by cutting out the nests which are rendered conspicuous
by the partially dead leaves. This should be done before the
moths come forth, thus reducing the numbers of the next brood.

EXPERIMENTS IN TREATING INFESTED NURSERY
STOCK.

DiIprPinac YouNG Stock INFESTED WITH PLANT LICE.

As noted on a previous page, plant lice have been unusually
abundant during the past season. Their injurious work has been
especially evident in the nurseries. The greatest injury was
usually caused to seedling and one-year-old fruit trees. The lice
attacked the tender leaves at the tips of the young trees soon
causing them to curl so badly that the insects could not be
reached with a spray. In the nursery in which the experiments
were made the infested trees, principally sweet cherry, apple and
pear trees, showed serious injury from the effects of the lice.
The experiments were undertaken with a view to determining a
practical method of checking the injurious work of the lice. It

464 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

was evident that spraying would not be a success and so dipping
the infested trees in a solution of whale oil soap and water was
resorted to. It might at first seem that this method would be
impractical because of the time and labor involved, but it should
be remembered that the lice appear on comparatively few trees
first, others becoming infested from these later in the season, and
hence if they are successfully treated more serious injury by the
lice may be prevented.

All of the trees used in the experiments were seedlings, one-
year-olds and two-year-olds. As the lice were congregated on the
leaves at the tips it was necessary to wet only this portion of the
tree. The dipping of the stock was found to be a very simple
matter. Three or four men carrying pails filled with the solution
passed through the blocks and, picking out the infested trees,
bent them over carefully and dipped their tips into the solution,
taking care to hold them long enough to wet all of the lice. It
was found unnecessary to spend more than two minutes to a tree.

Experiments About a thousand trees were used in experi-
ments, which for convenience may be divided into six blocks.
Blocks I and II were sweet cherries badly infested with the black
cherry aphis, Myzus cerasi. Blocks III and IV were apples also
badly infested, but with the apple aphis, Aphis mali. Blocks V
and VI were standard pears infested with a species of plant lice,
Aphis sp. Blocks I, III and V were treated the same day, a bright,
warm day about the middie of July, with a solution of whale oil
soap, 1 pound to 8 gallons of water. Blocks II, IV and VI were
treated within two days of this time, under practically the same
weather conditions, with a solution of whale oil soap, 1 pound
to 7 gallons of water. But one application was made in each
case.

Results —In nearly every case where the stronger soap solu-
tion, 1 pound to 3 gallons, was used, the leaves were more or less
injured. The pears were injured most while there was not much
difference between the apples and cherries. So far as could be
ascertained, all of the lice on these trees were killed. The weaker
solution, 1 pound to 7 gallons, did not injure the foliage in any

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 465

instance, but proved fully as effectual as the stronger solution in
killing the lice. These treated trees were not seriously infested
again during the season.

Conclusions —The above experiments indicate that, when young
nursery trees become so badly infested with plant lice as to make
spraying impractical, they may be successfully treated by dipping
the curled tips in a solution of whale-oil soap, one pound to seven
gallons of water. The expense and labor were so slight as to be -
factors of but little importance. When thoroughly done but one
treatment is necessary under ordinary circumstances.

SPRAYING YOUNG GRAFTS.

Most of these experiments were conducted against a large
species of flea-beetle, Systena hudsonias Forst. The beetles were
very abundant during June and July on apple and pear grafts in
a nursery near the Station. The beetles fed voraciously on both
upper and under surfaces of the leaves, eating away the tender
tissue and causing them to wither and die. About twenty-five per
cent of the grafts were killed before the experimenis were com-
menced, and a whole block of 20,000 apple grafts was seriously
threatened. The beetles were also doing serious injury in a small
block of two-year-old apples and a large block of two-year-old
pears in the same nursery. Green arsenite was used in all the
experiments, and in each case sufficient lime was used to make
the mixture “milky” in appearance. A barrel and pump,
mounted on a small stone boat which could be easily hauled be-
tween the rows by one horse, was used. To each lead of hose a
V was attached so as to support two short lengths of hose. Two
men followed the pump, spraying two rows at a time, thus requir-
ing three men to do the work. Improved Vermorel nozzles were
used.

Experiments.—Block 1; one-year-old apple grafts sprayed June
16, with green arsenite, 1 pound to 150 gallons of water. June 18
this block was again sprayed, but the poison was used at a
strength of one pound to 100 gallons of water. June 25 a third
application was made, the poison being used at the same strength.

30

466 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

Block II; two-year-old apple trees sprayed June 18 and again
June 25, with green arsenite, one pound to 100 gallons of water.

Block III; two-year-old pear trees sprayed June 18 and again
June 25 with green arsenite as in Block II.

Block IV; one-year-old apple grafts badly infested with canker
worms. This block was sprayed early in June with the green
arsenite, one pound to 100 gallons of water. A second applica-
tion of the poison was unnecessary.

Results—The green arsenite at one pound to 150 gallons of
water had but little effect on the beetles. Where the stronger
mixture was applied the effect was very apparent, after the second
application. But few live beetles could be found, and after the
third application no further injury to the stock was noticed. A|l-
though most of the spraying was done on a bright warm day, the
most tender leaves did not show the slightest indications of hav-
ing been burned by the green arsenite.

Block IV was freed from canker worms by one application of
the poison at the strength stated.

Conclusions —While these experiments should be carried fur-
ther before final conclusions are reached, the results indicate that
young grafts may be safely sprayed with the green arsenite, one
pound to 100 gallons of water, provided enough lime is added to
give the mixture a “milky” appearance. It may be here stated
that it is important to add the lime as it not only makes the mix-
ture spread and adhere to the leaf better, but prevents burning
the foliage.

SPRAYING CuT-LEAVED Bircu.

These trees constituted a small block in one of the Geneva nur-
series. Nearly all of the trees were badly infested with. thrips
[Thrips sp.] These are very small, almost microscopic insects,
which feed on the soft parts of the leaves, soon causing them to
wither and die. They are frequently very injurious, and are well
known to both gardeners and fruit growers. They are hard to
reach with insecticides, as they fiy away as soon as disturbed by
the spray mixture. The trees in question were beginning to show
the injury which the insects were causing before the spraying was

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 467

done. In all cases much pains was taken to wet both upper and
under surfaces of the leaves.

Ezxperiments.—About the middle of June the block was sprayed
with a solution of whale-oil soap, one pound to seven gallons of
water. After waiting two days no beneficial results were appa-
rent. The block was again sprayed with whale-oil soap, one
pound to four gallons of water. This had the effect of keeping
the insects away for a few days, but injured the foliage slightly
during one or two warm bright days which followed the applica-
tion of the soap. In about six days from this last application the
trees were again sprayed, this time with whale-oil soap, one
pound to seven gallons of water, with the addition of flowers of
sulphur, one ounce to each gallon of solution. This proved much
more effectual than either of the other applications. Another
application of the soap solution with the sulphur added was made
a week later. Although this species of thrips continued abundant
throughout the season on other ornamentals in the immediate
vicinity of the block of birch, no further injury of a serious nature
resulted to the sprayed trees.

Conclusions.— These experiments indicate that thrips can be
held in check by a whale-oil soap solution, one pound to seven
gallons of water, with the addition of one ounce of flowers of
sulphur to each gallon of the solution when attacking trees simi-
lar to the cut-leaved birch. It should be remembered that it is
important that the leaves should be drenched on both upper and
under surfaces.

EXPERIMENTS IN FUMIGATING NURSERY STOCK.

These experiments have only just begun, and hence require but
brief mention here. Fumigating nursery stock is usually done
for the purpose of killing the San José scale. If fumigation can
be made practical in the large cellars used by nurserymen it will
be an inexpensive way to treat a large amount of stock, and a
preventive to the spread not only of the San José scale, but other
insects, such as the woolly aphis, bud moth, pistol-case-bearer and
other injurious species. Experiments along this line are being

468 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

conducted in the insectary at the Station and in one of the large
frost proof cellars of the Chase Nursery Co., at Rochester. The cel-
lar is 80 feet long, 40 feet wide and 16 feet high. This was filled
with fruit trees of all varieties and fumigated with hydrocyanic
acid gas. Before the gas was generated, twigs infested with the
woolly aphis and the pistol-case-bearer were placed in different
parts of the cellar includmg the remotest parts and under some
of the piles of trees. The trees were exposed all night, fourteen
hours. The temperature in the cellar was a little above freezing.
The twigs were carefully examined and all of the lice were dead.
The pistol-case-bearers are apparently dead, but are being kept
in the insectary awaiting results when it becomes time for them
to revive.

PLATE XX.

PLATE XX. Fic. 2.

PLATE XXI.

‘TIXX GLV1d

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PLATE XXIII

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XXIV.

PLATE

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 469

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate XIX. Fig. 1, the oyster-shell bark-louse, natural size;
2, view of under surface of some of the scales showing eggs, en-
larged; 3, photomicrograph of some of the eggs; 4, scurfy bark-
louse, natural size; 5, plum lecanium, a, enlarged, b, natural size;
6, the oak scale, natural size.

‘Plate XX. Fig. 1, the oyster-shell bark-louse; a, adult male;
b, foot of same; ¢, young larva; d, antenna of same; e, adult fe-
male taken from scale—a, c, e, greatly enlarged, 6, d, still more
enlarged.

Fig. 2. The San José scale, adult female before development
of eggs; a, ventral view showing very long sucking set; }, anal
plate, showing characteristic ornamentation of edge, gréatly en-
larged.

(L. O. Howard and C. L. Marlatt, United States Department of
Agriculture, Division of Entomology.)

Plate XXI. The San José scale. Fig. 1, infested pear [Duchess
d’Angouleme]; 2, portion of the pear enlarged, showing scales
about four times natural size; 3, infested pear twig, natural size;
4, section of the same, enlarged.

Plate XXII. Small house for fumigating nursery stock.

Plate XXIII. The woolly louse of the apple. Fig. 1, infested
apple twig, natural size; 2, section of the same twig enlarged,
showing gall and lice; 3, roots of young apple, showing galls
made by the lice; 4, some of the galls, natural size; 5, scar on
trunk of young apple tree in which lice have congregated.

Plate XXIV. Fig.1, plumroot showing workof Peach tree borer;
2, a, pupa case with chrysalis emerging; b and c, male and female
moths; 3, larva, two views. [Fig. 2, natural size: Fig. 3, slightly
enlarged. From photographs by Mr. F. A. Sirrine.] 4, pistol-
case-bearers hibernating on apple twig, natural size; 5, plant lice,
Hyalopterus pruni, on under surface of plum leaf, enlarged; 5,
young apple leaves drawn together by larva of bud moth.

IL-!}PLANT LICE: DESCRIPTIONS, ENEMIES AND.
TREATMENT.*

Vv. H. LOWE.

SUMMARY.

Plant lice are among the most important of the injurious in-
sects. They may be found every year in the orchard and garden,
but seldom in such numbers as during the past season.

Plant lice do not devour the tissue of the host plant, but suck
the sap by means of their tube-like mouth parts. They swarm
_ upon the open leaf-buds and on the under surfaces of the leaves,
causing them to curl and to become otherwise distorted. These
insects multiply with great rapidity, but are held in check to a
certain degree by numerous predaceous and parasitic insects. In
most species the young are born alive during the spring and sum-
mer, eggs not being produced until fall.

As plant lice suck their food, Paris green and similar poisons
cannot be depended upon when used in the ordinary manner.
Some external irritant must be used instead. Numerous insecti-
cides of this nature are recommended. One of the most impor-
tant is good whale-oil soap. Experiments during the past season
show that one pound of whale oil soap to seven gallons of water
will kill plum and currant lice. The solution should be applied
in a fine spray to the under surface of the leaves. It is impor-
tant that the work be done very thoroughly. The first appli-
cation should be made as soon as the lice appear in the spring,
which will be soon after the leaf-buds open. A second or third
application may be made, as occasion demands.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 189.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 471

INTRODUCTION.

Plant lice are among the most important of the injurious in-
sects. They infest all kinds of fruits, vegetables and ornamental
plants. Although present every year, some seasons are more
favorable for their development than others. ‘The past season
has been one of this kind, and various species of plant lice have
caused serious injury throughout the State, especially to orchard
and bush fruits. The large number of inquiries received at the
Station asking for information concerning the nature and habits
of these insects, together with the best-known methods of com-
bating them, indicate the wide-spread injury caused by the lice
and the need of information concerning them.

Plant lice are also among the most difficult insects to study.
To work out all the details concerning the life history of any
one species would, under ordinary circumstances, require more
than a summer’s work for a single individual. Observations on
the species referred to in this bulletin were not begun, systemat-
ically, until last spring. The work is, therefore, necessarily in-
complete; yet the existing circumstances are such that it seems
best to publish a portion, at least, of the results thus far obtained.

PLANT LICE.
CLASSIFICATION.

Plant lice are true bugs. They belong to one of the larges:
and, from an economic standpoint, one of the most important
orders of insects, namely, the Hemiptera. The mouth parts of
insects of this group are modified into beak-like tubes, by means
of which they suck their food. They are thus also classed with
the suctorial feeders, as distinguished from those insects which
masticate their food.

How Puant Lich OBTAIN THEIR Foon.

By carefully observing a plant louse when feeding, either from
directly in front or from the side, it will be observed that the
beak is extended so as to touch the surface of the leaf or is

472 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

thrust slightly into it. The beak incloses the thread-like mouth
parts which the louse forces from the apex into the tissue, pro-
ducing a wound which causes the sap to flow. Shis liquid food
is pumped through the beak into the insect’s body by means of
suctorial muscles. Thus each plant louse is literally a minute
pump, which robs the host plant of a portion of its sustenance.

NATURE OF THE INJURY CAUSED BY PLANT LICR.

Although all plant lice suck the sap of the host plant, the
direct injury which they do may be manifest in different ways.
Thus in some cases galls or pit-like depressions are formed on
the parts attacked, as is the case with the woolly aphis, and cer-
tain species which produce galls on the leaves. Most species,
however, which attack the leaves of cultivated fruits, cause them
to curl, and, if the lice are very abundant, to wither and finally
drop off.

An indirect injury caused by these insects is through the honey
dew which they secrete. On badly infested trees the branches,
leaves and fruit become coated with this sweet liquid, which, in
the process of drying, becomes sticky. This sticky coating soon
turns black, because of a black fungus which readily grows in it.
Thus both the trees and fruit soon become unsightly, and, not
infrequently, the latter is made unfit for market.

Lire Hisrory.

As the life history of these interesting insecis is not usually
well understood by those not especially interested in the study of
insects, it may be well to state briefly the main points in their
development. The life history of different species varies, but
the following will serve as a general illustration:

If a colony of plant lice is examined in the late spring or
early summer it will be found to consist of winged and
wingless females in all stages of development, from the newly
born larve to the full grown individuals. The mature females
give birth to living young with astonishing frequency.
All of the young of these broods are females which mature

—— + oe” a
he

New York AGricutruraL ExXpERIMENT SPraTIOn. 473

in an incredibly short time, giving birth, in turn, to female
young at an equally rapid rate with their parents. Winged
females are produced from time to time, apparently as occasion
demands, for the dissemination of the species. These winged
lice fly to other food plants or to other leaves on the same plant
and start new colonies. This is continued during the summer.
In many cases the lice migrate to new food plants for a portion
of the summer. In the fall they may return to food plants of
the same species as the original. These migratory broods con-
sist of winged females. A generation of sexual forms, true
males and females, is produced sometime during the fall. After
pairing, each female produces one or more eggs. The eggs are
usually placed on the twigs near the buds. They remain dor-

_ mant all winter, hatching early in the spring into agamic females

which, as they start the first broods of the season, are known as
“stem mothers.” It will be noticed that no male insects are
produced throughout the season until fall. Reproduction is by
a process known as budding. The following forms enter into
the life cycle of a species during the season. The wingless and
winged agamic female, the sexual female, the male, the winter
egg and the “stem mother.”

Tue PrixcivpaL INSECTICIDES USED IN COMBATING PLANT-LICE.

These kill by contact. Internal poisons, such as Paris green
and London purple, will not kill plant-lice when sprayed upon
the leayes. The reason for this will be apparent when it is
remembered that these insects suck the sap from beneath the
surface of the leaf instead of devouring the leaf itself. The in-
secticides used for this purpose include kerosene emulsion, the
kerosene-water mixture, whale-oil soap, tobacco in various forms,
pyrethrum powder and hot water.

Kerosene emulsion —This insecticide may be made after the
following formula:

PE A ee ae ee eee 1 gallon.

Seay, Wusie-ou SOAD preferred. 22.50 ccc ccs ere sede vsceves Y% pound.
eA Os 505 0g sac Soo. arre ols vio seibiiod pars aioe «le nae wie 2 gallons.

474 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

Dissolve the soap in the water by heating to the boiling point.
When all the soap is dissolved remove from the fire and, while
the solution is boiling hot, add the oil and agitate violently.
This may be conveniently done by pumping the mixture through
a small force pump. When sufficiently emulsified the mixture
will have the appearance of milk. If allowed to cool it becomes
thick like loppered milk. This is standard emulsion and may be
diluted with water as desired. For ordinary use against such
soft bodied insects as plant lice, 1 part of emulsion to from 10
to 15 parts of water is strong enough.

The kerosene-water mizture—This is the simple mixture of
kerosene and water without the use of soap or oil. The mix-
ing is done in the pump and nozzles of the spraying outfits
prepared especially for this purpose. The kerosene is held in
one tank and the water in another. The pump draws from both
tanks. The proportions of water and oil can be regulated at
will.

The kerosene-water mixture has been used with good results
against both plant-lice and scale insects. When applying the
mixture to the foliage, care should be taken that injury to the
tender leaves does not result from the separation of the oil and
water.

Whale-oil or fish-oil soaps.—These soaps, when properly made,
are among the most valuable of this class of insecticides. They
may be made from any of the numerous fish oils on the market,
but are usually sold under the name of whale-oil soap. The
value of the soap as an insecticide lies, largely, in the caustic
it contains.

Whale-oil soap was first used as an insecticide in this country
nearly sixty years ago. It was recommended as a remedy for
the rose bug and was used for this purpose at a strength of 1 Ib.
to 74 gals. of water. The success which has attended its use
against the San José scale in the east, has brought it into quite
general use during the past few years. It now bids fair to take
the place of kerosene emulsion.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 475

One of the principal difficulties in the way of obtaining good
results with the so called whale-oil soaps, is the fact that much
of the soap of this nature sold on the market is of little or no
value as an insecticide. Among the brands of whale-oil soap
which have proven satisfactory in the hands of careful experi-
menters is that known as Good’s Caustic Potash Whale Oil Soap
No. 3, manufactured by James Good, 514-518 Hurst Street, Phila-
delphia, Pa. Also Leggett and Brother’s Anchor Brand whale
oil soap, manufactured by Leggett and Brother, 301 Pearl Street,
New York. The price of strictly first class’ whale-oil soap varies
from 34 to 4 cents per pound in wholesale quantities.

It is sometimes desirable to make the soap at home. Accord-
ing to Lodeman* a good fish-oil soap may be made after the
following formula:

Wry SialeMoOtasMal Vesa. < sictsicsis wie we Oe Seve eres ove ai che i aris Nnokeuioye Soee ewes 1 pound.
IPIGIN OLS GS GS GeOS SOC CURIA AC Cree ar ana CR TO Renn eam MER errr 3 pints.
RS COMM VY SUC TemerotemcCaxercrcveiossisel sMelevrels’ Gicuors, Sucve re wiley eive ol uist sveVere le ieiteleileve tovecavevesetons 3 gallons.

“ Dissolve the lye in the water, and when boiling add the oil
and boil for two hours.”

Tobacco.—As an insecticide tobacco has a wide range of use-
fulness. It may be used dry or in the form of a decoction. If
used dry it should be finely powdered, the finer the better. To-
bacco decoction may be made after the following formula:

NOT SE MLO WA CCOmenscekeicne: « cteusen cis) o'er ssciel o evden sie el oyoe vane 8 nse cl secrets 1 pound.
NV ica LG Tammetetry eter siotcyen st oxcnchel cere cusieie c/s eic-oueh Cisie"oue.ecsie' coer nie a aieke Sietelle 2 to 3 gallons.

The mixture should boil for thirty minutes or more, or until
a dark brown tea results. It should be kept covered until cool
and may be sprayed, undiluted, upon the infested plants.

Concentrated extract of tobacco.—There are several preparations
of this nature now on the market each of which is sold under a
different name. A brand called “ Nikoteen,” manufactured by
the Skabcura Dip Co., Ninety-ninth Street and Torrence Avenue,
Chicago, Ill., has been used at the Station with excellent results.
This insecticide may be used either in the form of a vapor or as
a spray. For use in the latter form against plant lice, 1 part
nikoteen to 600 parts water is recommended.

*Spraying of Plants, p. 146.

476 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

Pyrethrum.—This is sold under the name of “ Persian in-
sect powder ” or “ buhach.” It is a valuable insecticide and is
especially adapted for use against plant lice and similar insects.
It is one of the most powerful contact poisons and may be applied
pure or mixed with two or three times its own bulk or diluent.
When used in this way it is especially adapted to small con-
servatories.

Pyrethrum has also been used with kerosene emulsion either
as a kerosene extract or mixed directly with the emulsion.

Hot water has been successfully used against plant lice. Its —
use is considered practical only on a small scale. Most plants
will not be injured by the application of water heated to 130° F.
This treatment is fatal to the lice. Where practical, the whole
plant may be dipped.

EXPERIMENTS AGAINST PLANT LICE.
SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS WITH WHALE-OIL SOAP.

These experiments were conducted in the Station plum orchard
and in the garden on red currant bushes. The principal object
of the experiments was to demonstrate whether whale-oil soap
could be depended upon to check plant-lice when used as a spray,
and thus avoid the necessity of preparing kerosene emulsion.
Both the plum trees and currant bushes were badly infested, the
former principally with Hyalopterus pruni and the latter with
Myzus ribis. Both of these species are treated in detail on sub-
sequent pages. The currants were sprayed first as follows:

On May 15, with a solution of whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 10
gallons of water. Although much pains was taken to apply the
spray so as to reach all of the lice, there was but little noticeable
effect from the application.

On May 30 the currants were again sprayed but with a stronger
solution of soap, 1 pound to 7 gallons of water. The leaves were
badly curled, but by drenching them with the spray directed from
below most of the lice were reached. The effects of this applica-
tion were soon apparent.

‘SLNVUUND NO GOIT LNVId JO MYOM—'AXX ULVI1d

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 477

During the first week of June the bushes were sprayed again
with the same solution of whale-oil soap, with the effect that they
were practically freed from the insects.

Had the first solution been stronger, two applications would
probably have been sufficient. Two rows were left unsprayed
with the result shown at Plate XXV. At the time the photo-
graph was taken, in early June, but few leaves were left on the
bushes as a result of the work of the lice. The treated rows
showed much less injury from the insects.

The plum trees were not sprayed until June 4. They were
badly infested at this time, and the young leaves were so badly
curled as to make it very difficult to reach all of the lice. The
whale-oil soap solution, 1 pound to 7 gallons of water, was used
on all of the trees. The effects of this treatment were at once
apparent. Practically all the lice were killed on the leaves which
were not so badly curled as to prevent the spray from reaching
the insects. ;

Before the trees were sprayed a second time, about a week
later, some of the worst infested trees were trimmed. The tips
of the branches having the most curled leaves were cut off. This
removed large numbers of lice and left but little refuge for those
that remained. The trees were again sprayed with the whale-oil
soap solution, as in the first instance, immediately after being
trimmed, with the result that, in a short time, but comparatively
few live lice could be found.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Do not wait for the leaves to become curled, but spray thor-
oughly as soon as the first few lice are observed. Much depends
upon the thoroughness of the first application.

Direct the spray from below so as to drench the under surface
of the leaves.

Use a solution of good whale-oil soap, not weaker than 1 pound
to 7 gallons of water.

When the spraying has been neglected until the leaves have
become badly curled, trim off the curled tips and spray at once
with the whale-oi] soap solution. This applies especially to fruit
trees.

478 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB

In the case of currants and gooseberries, it will sometimes be
found practical to pick off and destroy the leaves which are first
infested in the spring.

NATURAL ENEMIES OF PLANT LICE.

Plant lice are preyed upon by both predaceous and parasitic
insects. These insects may be classed among those friendly to
the farmer, because of the good they do by checking the increase
of noxious species.

Among the most prominent of the predaceous insects which
feed upon plant-lice are the lady bird beetles. Both the larve and
mature insects devour the lice. These insects will always be
found where plant-lice are abundant. The following are among
the species observed during the past season:

PREDACEOUsS INSECTS.

Anatis ocellata Linn. (15-punctata Oliv.).—This insect undoubt-
edly feeds on various species of plant lice. Although common on
the currant bushes, the writer found it much more common dur-
ing the past year upon the plum trees. During the latter part of
May and until the middle of July, the insects could be found
upon the trees in all stages of development. At Plate XXVI,
fig. 7, the larva is shown natural size and enlarged, the pupa at
Fig. 8 and the mature insect, natural size, at Fig. 10. Fig. 9 is
from a photograph of a plum with one of the pup attached.
These pupz do not seriously injure the fruit. The skin of the
plum is not broken, as the larva, when about to pupate, attaches
itself to the fruit merely by a gummy secretion from the tip of the
abdomen.

There are a number of other species of lady-bird beetles which
attack both plum and currant plant lice. The following are
among those which were observed as being most common last
season: The nine-spotted lady-bird beetle, Coccinella 9-notata
Hbst.; the two-spotted lady-bird beetle, Adalia bi-punctata Linn. ;
a small] reddish brown or brick red species having a black dot in

FIG.9

PLATE XXVI.—ENEMIES OF PLANT LICE.

‘-
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Sar ta,

ee

WA we
lane 7

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ee

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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 479

each elytra; the ten-spotted lady-bird beetle, Megilla maculata
DeG. This species is red with ten black spots on the elytra.

Plant lice are also preyed upon by syrphus fly larvae. A photo-
graph of a common species, natural] size, is shown at Plate XXVI,
fig. 11. The egg, attached near the base of an opening apple
leaf bud, is also shown, enlarged to about four times natural size.
These larvee suck the juices from the bodies of the plant lice, thus
quickly causing their death. When full grown the larva forms
an oblong green or brown puparium, larger at one end, and
usually attached to the under surface of the leaf. In a few days
a two-winged fly emerges. This is the mature insect which lays
the egg.

Another species of syrphus-fly larva which has been much more
common on the plum trees during the past season than the spe-
cies referred to, is smaller and of a yellowish brown color.
Specimens which appeared to be about full grown were measured
July 20. The average dimensions were 2.4 mm. by 0.78 mm.
Eggs were also found on this date. They were pearly white,
oblong, slightly oval, rounded at each end and measured 0.87 mm.
by 0.33 mm.; the shell brittle, and sculptured with heavy parallel,
longitudinal lines of a dull white crossed by oblique parallel lines
of the same shade. Every attempt to breed this species in the
laboratory failed and neither pup nor the mature insects were
observed. The larvee were very abundant. From May until Octo-
ber a few of them could be found upon almost every infested leaf.
Frequently they were entirely hidden from view by the large
number of plant lice and the white powdery substance with
which the lice are dusted so that the only indication of their
presence was the brown, shriveled skins of the dead lice. It is
probably within bounds to say that these larvee destroyed nearly
forty per cent of the plum lice in the Station orchard last season.

There are still other kinds of insects which feed upon plant
lice. Among them the most common are the aphis lions. These
ferocious creatures are the larve of delicate winged insects
known as the lace-winged flies. The mature insects are very

delicate and have finely veined green wings. The eggs are

480 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB

laid singly on the tips of stiff stalks of silk which are

fastened to the leaf in an upright position. The stalks are

about half an inch high. When full grown the larva rolls itself
into a little ball of white silk from which the mature insect finally
emerges. These voracious larvee suck the juices from their vic-
tims, holding the plant louse or other prey at the tips of their
long jaws and sucking the liquid by means of their peculiarly
arranged mouth parts. A drawing of one of these larve, greatly
enlarged, is shown at Plate XXVI, fig. 12. When about full
grown a larva of this species measures about 4.4 mm.

PARASITIC INSECTS.

The work of these little insects was much more apparent upon
the currant plant lice than upon those under observation on the
plum trees. No parasites were reared from the latter.

Aphidius polygonaphia* Fitch—This minute insect belongs to
a large group of beneficial insects which are classified in the same
order with the wild and tame bees, namely, the Hymenoptera.
This parasite seems to have a special liking for the currant plant
louse, Myzus ribis, although it is a common parasite on other
species. The egg of the parasite is laid on or just under the skin
of the plant louse, and when this is once done the unfortunate
louse is doomed. The egg soon hatches and the,minute larva
feeds upon the tissue just beneath the skin, taking care at first
not to touch a vital organ. By the time it has become full grown,
however, nothing remains of the host but the integument. The
larva transforms to the pupa within its host, the mature insect
cutting its way out. <A parasitized plant louse soon becomes in-
active, and swells up until it is somewhat larger than the largest
of its fellows. The integument becomes hard, finally almost
brittle, and turns pearly white. At Plate X XVI, fig. 1, some iof the
parasitized lice are shown on the under surface of a currant ieaf.

Although present during the entire time that the plant lice
were common upon the currant, they were especially abundant

“Identified by Mr. William Ashmead.

o>) ok

tA

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 481

during the latter part of May and the middle of June. June 17,
the writer had a good opportunity to watch some of these minute
parasites in the act of oviposition. They were flying or walking
nervously about the infested leaves as if locking for just the
right lice upon which to deposit their eggs. The female appa-
rently selects a suitable part of the body of her victim upon which
to place an egg, straightens her legs somewhat so as to raise her
body, and brings the tip of the abdomen forward between them as
far as necessary. In doing this the abdomen may be lengthened
to twice its natural length and extended half its length or more
beyond the head. The lice usually place the eggs upon the ab-
domen of the plant louse, but this is not always the case. Upon
one occasion out of six parasites under observation, four placed
the egg upon the abdomen, one upon the thorax and one upon
the head. In all of these and many other cases under observation
the plant lice upon which the eggs were laid were not more than
half grown.

The time required for the eggs to hatch and the insect to
mature was not observed. Both larve and pupez were dissected
out of parasitized lice. A drawing of the former, greatly en-
larged, is shown at Plate XXVI, fig. 4; of the latter at fig. 5;
and photographs of the mature insect at figs. 2 and 3.

June 18, a number of the parasites hatched from specimens
kept in the laboratory. In all the cases observed the developed
parasite was on its back within the body of the louse, with the
head near the posterior extremity. When ready to emerge the
imprisoned insect begins to cut through the walls of the abdomen
with its jaws, cutting a round opening large enough to admit
its body. As a rule the piece is not cut clear around, thus leav-
ing a hinge as shown at Plate XXVI, fig. 6. It takes but a very
short time for the parasite to make its way to liberty, about four
minutes being the time required for those under observation.

Other species bred from Myzus ribis by the writer are I[socratius
vulgaris Walk. and Pachyneuron aphidivorus* Ashm. These spe-
cies were not abundant.

*Tdentifled by Mr. William Ashmead.

31 | |

482 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

SPECIES OF PLANT LICE UNDER OBSERVATION.

These include two, Hyalopterus pruni Fab., which has been
very abundant on the plum during the past season, causing serious
injury to the trees, and Myzus ribis, which has been equally
abundant and injurious on the currant.

ATTACKING THE PLUM.
Hyalopterus prum Fab.

This species attacks the leaves of the plum, collecting in large
numbers on the under surfaces. The lice multiply rapidly, be-
coming so thick as to cover the entire under surface of the leaves
(Plate XX VII, fig. 10), causing them to curl and wilt. Their
bodies are covered with a bluish-white, mealy powder. Much
injury was caused in both orchards and nurseries by these lice
last season. In the Station orchard all of the varieties of plums
were attacked during the time when the lice were naturally most
numerous, but toward the latter part of the season but few could
be found excepting on the native varieties.

History and present distribution.—So little attention has been
given this insect by writers on economic entomology that it is
difficult to learn its history. It is probably of European origin.
It was first described by Fabricius who lived in the latter part of
the seventeenth century. According to Bucton this species was
also mentioned by several early European writers.

The insect is now known to occur in Germany, England, Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, and is probably distributed over a con-
siderable portion of the eastern United States. It has been found
as far west as Iowa. It occurs in abundance in the western part
of this State.

Food plants.—The plum seems to be the principal food plant of
this species. It is said to infest the leaves of ‘the grape, peach,
nectarine and apricot in Europe. It is known to migrate from
the phim to a species of grass, Phragmitis communis. According
to H. Osborne and F. A Sirrine* it also infests the choke cherry.

*Insect Life, Vol. I, p. 235.

——————_-——_—

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 483

Descriptions and notes on life history—The writer’s attention
was first called tol this species early in June. ‘At this time most
of the plum trees in the Station orchard were very badly infested
with this and other species of plant lice. Most of the lice of this
species were wingless and were present in all stages of develop-
ment. Pup and winged forms were much less numerous.

The larva.—The very young larva of average size measures about 0.5
mm. in length. The lateral margins of the body are nearly parallel, but
the body is usually slightly broader near the posterior extremity. The
general color is pale green with a slightly bluish tinge. The antenne are
six-jointed. Joints I, Il, are shorter and sub equal in length. Eyes red,
legs stout, nectaries about as long as thick. The larve, like the mature
lice, are covered with a bluish white powder. (Plate X XVII, fig. 1.)

Apterous viviparous female.—Size of body 2.67 mm. by 0.99 mm. General
color pale or yellowish green, with slightly darker green mottling. <A
medio-dorsal line of darker green, widest at about the middle, extends
from the head to the cauda. Eyes dark reddish brown. All appendages
nearly colorless or very light green, with the exception of the anterior
half of the fifth and the entire sixth joints of the antenne, the tips of the
posterior tibiz and the tarsi, which are dusky. Rostrum reaches nearly
to the second cox. Antenne slender, about two-thirds length of body.
Joints III, IV and V sparsely tuberculated. Length 1.77 mm. Joints I,
II and VI shortest (III, 0.45 mm.; IV, 0.3 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.125
mm.; VII, 0.45 mm.). Nectaries dusky; very short, 0.09 mm. in length,
about half as broad, and slightly restricted at base. Legs slender, cauda
prominent, slightly curved upward, 0.18 mm. in length by 0.12 mm. at
base, tapering toward the tip and furnished on either side with two slen-
der backward curved hairs. (Plate X XVII, figs. 5 and 6.)

The apterous females were found on the native plums in the
Station orchard until the latter part of September, when only an
occasional individual could be found.

‘Winged viviparous female-—Body more slender than apterous female.
Size of body 2 mm. by 0.74 mm. General color the same as the apterous
female. Head and prothorax usually somewhat darker green. Antenne
slender, slightly dusky with the exception of the basal third of the third
joint, which is pale green. Prothorax and thoracic lobes darker green.
Apical third of femora and tibiee, entire tarsi and nectaries slightly dusky.
Abdomen pale yellowish green with four to six triangular medio-dorsal
green marks ranged transversely. Front of head not conical. Measure-
ments of antennz about the same as in apterous female. Wings hyaline,
expanse 6.9 mm., veins yellowish green; stigma narrow. Nectaries and
cauda as in apterous viviparous female. (Plate XXVII, figs. 8 and 4;
pupa shown at fig. 2.)

484 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

The winged females were on the plums in more or less abund-
ance during the entire summer. - During the latter part of July,
August and most of September but few winged females were
found and most of these were on the native plums with colonies
of young.

During the early part of September (September 8) the lice were
observed to be more abundant in the Station orchard. <A few
scattering colonies of winged females and young were found on
all varieties of plums. These colonies evidently became more
numerous toward the middle and latter part of the month. Ovip-
arous females were first observed about the middle of October,
and could occasionally be found on the trees until the first
of December. The males were not positively identified. The -
first -winter eggs were found November 11. They were on the
twigs, most of them near the winter buds as shown at Plate
DENT, fis. 9;

Oviparous female-—Body oblong, rounded above and tapering to pos-
terior extremity. Size of body 1.33 mm. by 0.5 mm. General color pale
green. A medio-dorsal line of darker green extends from the head to
about two-thirds the entire length of the abdomen and two faint, green
sub-dorsal lines close to the lateral margin, extend the entire length of
the abdomen. Antenne six-jointed; length 0.72 mm. (III, 0.05 mm.; IV,
0.23 mm.; V, 0.05 mm.; VI, 0.22 mm.) Plate X XVII, figs. 7 and 8.

Winter egg.—Color pale green at first, varying to darker shades. Meas-
urements 0.6 mm. by 0.25 mm. Oblong oval in shape, slightly curved and
obtusely rounded at the ends.

Partial bibliographical list:
1857. Koch, C. L. Die Pflanzenlause—Aphiden, pp. 22-23. Descrip-

tions of larva and apterous and winged viviparous females. Figures of
apterous and winged viviparous females.
1877. Bucton, G. B. Monograph of British Aphides, Vol. II, pp. 110-111.
Descriptions and figures of apterous and winged viviparous females.
1892. Herbert Osborne and J. A. Sirrine. Insect Life, Vol. V, p. 236.
Hyalopterus arundinis Kab. (equals pruni Wab.) on plum and choke cherry.
Other species attacking the plum.—Six or more species are known
to attack the plum. Among those observed by the writer last
season are the following:
Hyalopterus arundinis Fab. This species closely resembles the
preceding. According to Bucton, it differs in boih size and habits

Fig4

te

Pet

FIG.5 j at

PLATE XXVIII.—PLANT LICE OF CURRANT.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 485

from H. pruni, being smaller and more active. Other structural
differences are very slight, if any. The markings on the thorax
are slightly different. This species was found closely associated
with H. pruni.

Aphis pruni* Fab. A common species on the plum. Numerous
early in the season. Winged females (migratory brood) with
young scattered through the Station orchard during the latter
part of September and early in October.

Phorodon humuli. During August, September and October oc-
casional individuals were found in the plum orchard. August 26
a few apterous and winged females with larvee were found on
the plum leaves.

ATTACKING THE CURRANT.
Myzus ribis Linn.

This species is especially injurious to the red currant. The
lice cause red bladder-like galls to form on the leaves. <A badly
infested leaf becomes greatly distorted and curled as the result
of these gall formations, as shown in Plate XXVIII, fig. 5. The
degree to which the leaves are distorted by the lice seems to be
influenced by the variety of currants. In the Siation garden the
leaves of Fay and Cherry currants were distorted by the lice
much more than those of the London Red, although all three
were infested equally and by the above species.

The injury caused by the lice was very apparent in the Station
garden. The leaves dropped from the bushes and the fruit was
injured both by premature ripening and by the black fungus
which grows in the honey dew secreted by the lice.

History and present distribution —This species is probably of
European origin. It is widely distributed throughout the eastern
part of the United States, occurring from Maine to Illinois and
probably further west. It is also well known in Canada.

Food plants.—Besides the red currant, it infests the black cur-
rant and gooseberry. .

Descriptions and notes on life history—The winter eggs hatch
soon after the leaves open. Last year by May 13 the lice had be-

*Identified by Mr. Th. Pergande.

486 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE

come quite numerous on the currant bushes in the Station gar-
den. The galls had just begun to form and some of them were
tinged with red. Each of the galls was occupied usually by but
one female with three or four young. The lice were multiplying
very rapidly at this time and toward the latter part of May had
become sufficiently abundant to do serious injury.

The apterous and winged viviparous females have been de-
scribed by Bucton* as follows:

Apterous viviparous female.—Size of body 2.14 mm. by 1.01 mm.; length
of antennz 2.27 mm.; length of cornicles 0.837 mm. Long oval, shining
green, with darker green mottlings. Front flat, garnished with short
bristles, as also are the sides. Antenne long and very fine. Cornicles
cylindrical and pale green. Eyes bright red. Cauda obtuse. Legs yel-
low or greenish. Bristles capitate.

Winged viviparous female.-—Expanse of wings 7.62 mm.; size of body 2.54
mm. by 1.18 mm.; length of antenne 2.27 mm.; length of cornicles 0.50
mm. Bright greenish yellow. Head pale olive. Eyes red. Three ocelli
obvious. Antenne fixed on small tubercules. Prothorax with an in-
dented olive band. Thoracic lobes brown. A stellate spot is seen on the
post thorax, succeeded by six or seven irregular transverse bands on the
abdomen of varying thickness; four or five spots on each lateral edge.
Cornicles green or olive, cylindrical, or at least very slightly lavate. Legs
green, with olive femoral points and tarsi. Wings broad with yellow
insertions, greenish cubitus and veins.

During the latter part of July nearly all the lice disappeared
from the currants and gooseberries. There still remained, how-
ever, an occasional apterous female on the old leaves.

These females could be occasionally found as long as the leaves
remained on the bushes and were always accompanied by from
two to four or five larvee. They were very light green in color
and about two-thirds as large as the apterous viviparous females
found earlier in the season. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 3.)

The male lice were first observed toward the latter part of Oc-
tober (Oct. 21).

The male.—Size of body 1.15 mm. by 0.45 mm.; expanse 5.95 mm. Yel-
lowish green. Head dark or olive green. Meso-thorax mottled with
irregular dark green spots, and the abdomen with from three to six dark

spots along the lateral dorsal margins, and a broad, broken transverse
dorsal band of the same color en the posterior half.

*Monograph of British Aphides, Vol. I, pp. 180, 181.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 487

Antenne olive green, slender, 2.85 mm. in length (Joint ILI, 0.65 mm.;
IV, 04 mm.; V, 0.4 mm.; VI, 0.125 mm.; VII, 1.1 mm.). Third, fourth
and fifth joints tuberculate. Sensoria very numerous. Eyes deep red.
Legs yellowish green with the exception of the anterior third of the
femora, tips of the tibiee: and the tarsi, which are dusky. Nectaries yel-
lowish green, cylindrical, slightly dilated, 0.22 mm. in length. Veins dark,
stigma light yellow or yellowish green, 8 mm. in length. (Described from
one specimen in balsam.) Plate XXVIII, figs. 1 and 2.

‘The eggs are shining black. A few were found on the twigs
during the latter part of October. They were much more numer-
out about a month later.

Partial bibliographical list:

1857. Koch, C. L. “ Die Pflanzenlause—Aphiden,” pp. 39-40. (Rhopalosi-
phum ribis Linn.) Descriptions. Ill. apterous.and winged viviparous
females.

1867. Walsh, B. D. Practical Entomologist, Vol. II, p. 106. Method of
work.

Ibid, pp. 109-110. Gives account of work of Coccinellidz against
plant lice.
Riley, C. V. Prairie Farmer, Vol. V, n. s., p. 69. Means against.

1869. Walsh, B. D. American Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 250.

1870. Riley, C. V. Second Missouri Report, p. 110.

1873. Riley, C. V. Sixth Missouri Report, p. 46.

1876. Bucton, G. B. Monograph British Aphides, Vol. I, pp. 180-181.
Descriptions apterous and winged viviparous females and pupa. IJlustra-
tions of apterous and winged viviparous females.

1878. Thomas, Cyrus. Third Report (Eighth Annual Report of the
Entomologist of Ill.) pp. 76-78. Gives Bucton’s descriptions with notes on
possible varieties of MV. ribis.

1888. Saunders, J. H. Insects Injurious to Fruits, p. 351. Brief notes,

1887. Oestlund, O. W. Synopsis of the Aphidide of Minn., p. 73 (Bul.
No. 4 Geological and Natural History Survey of Minn.) Technical descrip-
tions. |

1894. Harvey, F. L. Annual Report Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station, 1894, p. 109. Notes, injury caused to gooseberry bushes.

Other species attacking the currant.—Rhopalosiphum ribis* Linn.
This species is especially common on the black currant.

It also attacks the red currant. The black currants in the Sta-
tion garden were badly infested last season. During the latter
part of July the lice left the currants. Return migrants (Plate
XXVIII, fig. 4), appeared on the bushes early in October. The

*Identified by Mr. F. A. Sirrine. |

488 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS.

oviparous females and the males were first observed October 21,
and the former were found until late in November.

Several females of this migratory brood were measured with the follow-
ing results: Size of body 2.05 mm. by 1 mm. Expanse 8.9 mm.; length
of antenne 2.95 mm.; cornicles 0.45 mm. The markings on the thorax
and abdomen vary. In some instances the spots are more irregular and
broken than shown in the figure. The lateral dorsal edges of the abdomen
are also marked with small, irregular black spots.

Oviparous female.—Size of body 1.6 mm. by 0.7 mm. General color dull
or olive green. Tips of femora, tibia and the tarsi reddish brown. An-
tenne 1.9 mm. (Joint III, 0.52 mm.; IV, 0.8 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.1
mm.; VII, 0.6 mm.) Eyes red. Cornicles, 0.45 mm.; dilated near middle,
restricted at base, dusky on extreme tips. Cauda prominent, light green,
0.15 mm. in length. (Described from specimen in balsam.)

Male.—Size of body 1.55 mm. by 0.85 mm. General color yellowish
green. Head dark green or brown. Meso and meta thorax and abdomen
mottled with darker brown or black. From. three to four dark spots on
lateral dorsal margins of abdomen. Hyes red, antenne on slightly raised
tubercules. Length, 3.05 mm. (Joint III, 0.75 mm.; IV, 0.5 mm.; V, 0.4
mm.; VI, 0.15 mm.; VII, 0.95 mm.) Legs yellowish or light green with the
exception of the anterior third of the femora, tips of tibize and the tarsi,
which are dark brown or black. Cornicles yellowish or light green, dilated,
restricted at base, 0.45 mm. in length. Cauda same color as cornicles,
0.15 mm. in length, tapering, obtusely rounded at apex. (Described from
specimen in balsam.)

The eggs are shining black and are placed on the twigs.

Several other species occasionally occur on the currant, but
none of them were noticed during the past season in sufficient
numbers to do serious injury.

REPORD

OF THE

Department of Animal Husbandry.

W. H. JORDAN, D.Recror.
WILLIAM P. WHEELER, First Assistant.
C. G. JENTER, Assistant CuHFmist.

TaBLE OF CONTENTS.

Part I.—W. H. Jordan and C. G. Jenter.

(1) The source of milk fat.

(II) Digestion and feeding experiments.

Part I1.—William P. Wheeler.

(I) Alfalfa.

(11) Feeding experiments with chicks and capons.

ea be)

a Se es
Bears i hom
J na

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY.

PART

LEE SOURCE OF MILK WA
W. H. JORDAN AND C. G. JENTER.

SUMMARY.

(1) A cow fed during ninety-five days on a ration from which
the fats had been nearly all extracted, continued to secrete milk
similar to that produced when fed on the same kinds of hay and
grain in their normal condition.

(2) The yield of milk fat during the ninety-five days was 62.9
Ibs. The food fat eaten during this time was 11.6 lbs., 5.7 Ibs.
only of which was digested, consequently at least 57.2 lbs. of the
milk fat must have had some source other than the food fat.

(3) The milk fat could not have come from previously stored
body fat. This assertion is supported -by three considerations:
(1) The cow’s body could have contained scarcely more than 60
Ibs. of fat at the beginning of the experiment; (2) she gained 47
pounds in body weight during this period of time with no in-
crease of body nitrogen, and was judged to be a much fatter cow
at the end; (3) the formation of this quantity of milk fat from the
body fat would have caused a marked condition of emaciation,
which, because of an increase in the body weight would have
required the improbable increase in the body of 104 lbs. of water
and intestinal contents.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 132.

492 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

(4) During fifty-nine consecutive days 38.8 lbs. of milk fat was
secreted and the urine nitrogen was equivalent to 33.3 lbs. of
protein. According to any accepted method of interpretation,
not over 17 lbs. of fat could have been produced from this
amount of metabolized protein.

(5) The quantity of milk solids secreted bore a definite relation
neither to the digestible protein eaten nor to the extent of the
protein metabolism. In view of these facts it is suggested that
the well-known favorable effect upon milk secretion of a narrow
nutritive ratio is due in part to a stimulative, and not wholly
to a constructive, function of the protein.

(6) The composition of the milk bore no definite relation to the
amount and kind of food.

(7) The changes in the proportion of milk solids were due al-
most wholly to changes in the percentage of fat.

INTRODUCTION.

Among the problems important in agriculture that are most
difficult of solution are those which pertain to animal metabolism
They are difficult because the field of chemical activity where the
processes of digestion and reconstruction of compounds occur is
inaccessible to the ordinary direct means of study and observa-
tion. For this reason such questions as the sources of the fats
and other compounds that are formed in the animal body are still
only partially answered. Especially inconclusive is the knowl-
edge pertaining to the formation of milk fats. A widespread
popular belief is that they as well as other fats must first exist in
the food, the function of the animal organism being merely to
collect and transfer them into the adipose tissue or milk. Apart
from certain experimental evidence which proves the possible
formation of animal fats in other ways, there is one fact that ap-
pears to render this view untenable, which is ibat great unlike-
ness exists in the mixtures of fats that different species construct
from the same foods. There seems to be no possibility, either, of
simply transferring from any ordinary ration a mixture of fats
similar in kind and proportions to that found in tallow, lard or

ee ae
f FP

i Dis i ee i MY

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 493

milk. Moreover, the construction of animal body fats from the
carbohydrates of the foods is now experimentally established be-
yond reasonable doubt. The investigations of Lawes & Gilbert,
Henneberg, Soxhlet, B. Schulze, Tscherwinsky, Chaniewski, E.
Voit, Lehmann, Munk and Rubner, show most clearly that with
sheep, pigs, geese and dogs the body fat accumulated could not
have come wholly from the protein and fats in the food eaten,
and, therefore, must have been formed in pari. at least, from
starch and similar compounds. -

It should be said, however, that neither these nor other experi.
ments demonstrate that food protein and fat may not take part
in the construction of body fat, but prove simpty that carbohy-
drates do. The possibilities of food protein and fat in their re-
lation to fat formation in the animal body are not yet clearly un-
derstood.

Concerning the sources of milk fat our knowledge is less defi-
nite. The experiments of Boussingault, Voit, Wolff, G. Kuhn
and M. Fleischer are the ones that have been 39 far carried on for
the purpose of obtaining information upon this particular point.
The evidence which they furnish is entirely negative, because in
all cases the fat of the foods plus the possible fat from the meta-
bolized protein was, according to the interpretations of the sev-
eral investigators, wholly or nearly sufficient to account for all
the fat in the milk. In fact, none of these experiments was so
planned or so long continued as to make safe conclusions possibte.
Soxhlet has recently declared his belief that under certain condi
tions milk fat may in part be formed from body fat, but his con-
clusion must be regarded as inferential, for he presents no ex-
perimental proof of his theory.

It must be admitted that the production of milk fat involves
some conditions not pertaining to the formation of body fat. The
former is, according to the general concensus of opinion, the pe-
euliar product, like all other milk solids, of specialized tissues
called the mammary glands, the immediate location in these
glands of these particular metabolic changes being the epithelial
cel's of the alveoli. A histological study of these cells when in a

494 REpoRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

state of activity has led some physiologists to believe, not without
a show of reason, that milk is the result of the breaking down or
liquefaction of proteid tissue in the udder, the food serving merely
to rebuild this tissue. Certainly such a theory cannot be regarded
as unreasonable in view of the observations which appear to show
the formation of beeswax from protein, the fatty degeneration of
proteid tissue under the influence of phosphorus poisoning and
the apparent production of fat from protein by fy maggots. We
have, besides, the generally observed and well-established fact
that an increase in the supply of protein in the ration of milch
cows often stimulates the secretion of milk in a marked manner,
even though there is no increase in the total digestible food con-
sumed.

It must be confessed, however, that the data so far recorded
concerning the source of fat are confusing and inconclusive when
we attempt to apply them to the narrower question of the forma-
tion of milk fat.

it has been for some time the opinion of the writer that in or-
der to reach definite conclusions as to the source of milk fat
through experiments conducted without the use of a respiration
apparatus, the following conditions, among others, must be se-
cured:

(1) The use of foods either fat-free or containing such small
percentages of fat that, if the milk was formed in the usual quan-
tity, a large balance must come either from the cow’s body or
from the other two classes of food compounds, viz.: protein and
carbohydrates.

(2) The continuation of the experiment over so long a period
of time as to show conclusively whether, in the absence of food
fat, the cow did or did not draw upon a previous store of body
fat for the production of milk fat.

(8) The variation of the protein of the food from a quantity be-
low to one above the actual needs of the animal in order to dis-
cover, if possible, the minimum protein metabolism necessary to
the maintenance of a given production of milk fat.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495

(4) The observation through this entire long period of time
of such data as would enable the experimenter to keep nitrogen
and fat balances, which of necessity would include a determina-
tion of the urea nitrogen or the amount of metabolized protein.

THE PLAN, MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE OF THE
EXPERIMENT.

During the past year an attempt was made at this Station, with
a gratifying degree of success, to conduct an experiment in ac-
cordance with the conditions previously outlined. the main object
of which was to discover the necessary relation which may exist
between any class of compounds in the food and the production
of milk fat.
THE PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The plan of the experiment, as finally executed, involved the
following:

(1) The feeding of normal foods for a period of about two
weeks, followed by the same foods from which the fats had been
extracted during ninety-five days, all of which were weighed and
analyzed especially for nitrogen and fats.

(2) Changes in the rations from a minimum of 15 Ibs. of air-
dry food to a maximum of 223 Ibs., and from a minimum of 1.3
Ibs. of total protein to a maximum of 3.06 lbs. These changes
were so arranged that during a certain period a decrease of pro-
tein was accompanied by an increase of carbohydrates.

(3) The analysis of the milk for one hundred and two days.

(4) The collection and analysis of the urine and feces from the
experimental animal for sixty-six days, this being done continu-
ously during fifty-nine days of the time in which extracted foods
were fed.

(5) A study of the distribution of certain mineral constituents
of the food in the milk, urine and feces. (Incidental and not com-
pleted.)

(6) A study of the distribution of the energy of the food in
the milk, urine and feces. (Incidental and not completed.)

496 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

The experimental animal stood in a stall the fioor of which was ~
covered with metal, the trench behind being practically a metal
lined box, this construction making it possible to recover any
excreta that through accident might fall to the floor.

The daily ration was fed in three equal portions, morning, noon
and night. Water was offered at stated times, and the animal
was weighed at the same hour each day. Two men were employed
for the collection of the urine and feces, one during the night and
the other during the day. The excreta were caught in tin ves-
sels, the one used for the urine being so constructed as to prevent
loss of the liquid by spattering. As far as known there was loss
of these materials in but a single instance and that was small.

The weights of urine and feces represent that which was voided
during twenty-four hours from six o’clock a. m.

Tap Foops.

The first matter requiring attention in the experiment herein
reported was the selection or preparation of foods containing
small quantities of fat. In certain grain foods, such as rice, bar-
ley and peas, the percentages of fat are comparatively low, and if
these could have been fed unaccompanied by any coarse fodder the
selection of a ration would have been a much simpler matter.
Under the circumstances, it was decided to attempt to extract the
fats from some of the ordinary cattle foods by treating them with
alight benzol. It was clearly impossible to do this by any means
at our command, and, therefore, we sought the codperation of
some manufacturer engaged in the extraction of vegetable oils
The Cleveland Linseed Oil Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, very
kindly undertook to do the work for us, and, consequently, we
shipped to their works at South Chicago a thousand pounds of
finely chopped hay and about fifteen hundred pounds each of corn
meal and ground oats. ‘The extraction of these materials evi-
dently was found to be troublesome, requiring repeated treat-
ment, and while the fats were not entirely removed, this Station
is under great obligations to this company for giving the work
such faithful and efficient attention as to make our experiment
possible.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMBNT STATION. 497

The following is a statement of the composition of these foods
before and after extraction. It is seen that the amount of fat left
in the treated materials was so small that it was possible to feed
the animal a fairly generous ration that contained not over thir-
teen hundredths of a pound of petroleum ether extract daily, prob-
ably not all of which was pure fat or oil. In order to control the
protein supply in the ration, use was made of wheat gluten, which
contained, as the analyses show, from seventy-two to seventy-
four per cent of protein.

COMPOSITION OF Foops.

b
8 * Fat
ae FOODS. Water. | Nitrogen. | Protein.* | (petroleum
rainy ‘ extract).
|
Per cent. | Percent. Per cent. | Per cent.
61 | Timothy hay, normal....... 10.46 0.99 | 6.24 1.6
70 | Timothy hay, extracted. .... 8 -95 5.94 aqpl
120 | Timothy hay, extracted..... 8.02 .99 6.24 By 65)
261 | Timothy hay, extracted..... 7.55 -91 5.69 fil
286 | Timothy bay, extracted..... 1.19 1 6.25 af
Gon sCornemenl, mormal::-..) $25: 14.55 1.38 | 8.62 4.22
84 | Corn meal, extracted...-... 11.23 1.48 9.25 -38
121 | Corn meal, extracted. ..-... 10.80 1.47 eile, -38
211 | Corn meal, extracted. ...... 10.67 1.48 9.25 Bi)
231 | Corn meal, extracted....... 10.79 1.52 9.50 -44
271 | Corn meal, extracted-..-..... 10.27 1.52 9.50 -40
287 | Corn meal, extracted....... 11-58 1b53 | 9.44 -49
(BY || Onis ite 0) eee 11.89 2.04 12.24 4.20
SUR Oats wextracteds.s----1--2-—- 8.46 2.23 13.38 65
L22n Oats, extracted s...--- 2-<-.- 8.22 2.20 13.20 61
Ze ORS, CXOLACTEMs ccs wc0s ot - 9.10 2.30 | 13.80 66
Dorm LOAtSs NOXtTached<ls.. 2s. >--- 9.22 2.27 | 13.62 65
wize|) Oats, extracted. 2--- s-2.---- 8.87 2.38 14.28 65
DOommOAUSs WekOLACTEG . 2. sees so 9.60 2.32 | 13.92 63
64 | Wheat gluten, as received... 6.48 12:79 | 72.9 -87
85 | Wheat gluten, extracted.... 5.09 13.07 | 74.5 205
123 | Wheat gluten, extracted... 5.09 13.03 | 74.3 05
233 | Wheat gluten, extracted..-- 4.47 12.87 73.3 04
273 | Wheat gluten, extracted .--- 5.01 12.68 72.3 03
289 { Wheat gluten, as received..- 6 12.80 73 61

* With hay and corn meal, protein—N 6.25; with oats, protein-=-NX6; with wheat gluten,
protein=N X65.7.

Tan ANIMAL.

The animal selected for use in this experiment was a young
grade Jersey cow of a vigorous type. When the experiment was
begun, she was somewhat thin in fiesh and about four months
advanced in the period of lactation. The vigorous appetite which

t)
{

498 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

she possessed was depended upon to secure entire consumption of
the foods which had been treated in such a manner as to render
them somewhat less palatable. It is a matter of congratulation
that the regular consumption of the rations was accomplished
with a very satisfactory degree of success, considering the con-
ditions under which the experiment was carried on. The health
‘of the animal did not appear to be impaired by the food and
treatment which she received.

COMPOSITION OF THE RATIONS.

The ingredients and quantities of the several rations are given
in detail below:

RATIONS.
NORMAL. EXTRACTED.
INGREDIENTS.
No. ! No. 2 No.3 No. 4 No. 5
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
{NIIOU Oy EAs Ske esaeeoseod saaeee 10 10 10 10 6 2-3
COnnmmnea lee epee cc lca o-lom:- etal 6 6 6 74 5
OmiG, SOMO. Sere es Sal aoecssotes 5 5 5 5) 313
Whe aig OUU OM olsen taci= eves ela .=-==[> =e I 1 a Rese) ASEM AAS.
Ova Mis seo ee niceties: acl soso’ 22 22 224 223 15

THE SEQUENCE AND CHARACTER OF THE RATIONS.
Ration 1. From noon April 12 to morning April 26.

This consisted of normal foods containing all their
fats.

Ration 2. From noon April 26 to morning May 11.

This ration was the same in kind and quantity as No.
1, only the fats had been largely extracted from the
several foods.

Ration 3. From noon May 11 to morning May 18.

This ration was similar to No. 2, except that 4 Ib.
more of wheat gluten was fed daily in order to in-
crease the proportion of protein up to or beyond
the probable full requirements of the animal for
maintenance and milk production.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 499

Transition period. From noon May 18 to morning May 23.

During this period the wheat gluten was decreased 4
lb. per day and the corn meal was increased by the
same amount, the purpose being to diminish the
amount of protein and to increase the proportion of
carbohydrates up to any probable requirements of
the animal for maintenance and milk production.

Ration 4. From noon May 23 to morning May 31.
Differed from No. 3 in that the wheat gluten was
withdrawn from the ration and 14 lbs. daily of corn
meal was added.

Ration 5. From noon June 1 to morning June 20.

Similar to No. 4 only one-third smaller. It was ex.
pected that this ration would be considerably below
the needs of the cow.

Transition period. From noon June 20 to morning June 24.

4 lb. wheat gluten added to No. 5 each day.

Ration 2. From noon June 24 to morning July 30.

During this period the food was the same as during

the two weeks succeeding April 26.

THE METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS.

The rations were weighed out at several different times during
the course of the experiment, and each time this was done sam-
ples were taken of the various foods. The similarity in composi-
tion of these several portions indicates that the mixing and saim-
pling were thorough.

The milk, urine and feces were taken directly to the laboratory
and immediately weighed and sampled, excepting that the night’s
milk was kept in an ice box until morning when it was mixed
with the morning’s milk and a sample was then drawn from the
mixture. The feces were thoroughly stirred and samples (4 Ibs.)
of the fresh material were taken for drying and for the nitrogen
determination. The feces were dried over steam coils at a tem.
perature not exceeding 60° C.

In general the methods of the A. O. A. C. were followed in the
analyses, the only exception being that petroleum ether was used
instead of sulphuric ether in extracting the fats from the foods
and feces.

500 ReporT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

The justification of this change is found in the following
figures, the only reasonable explanation of which is that the
petroleum ether takes out less material that is not fat or oil than
does the sulphuric ether. Certainly the petroleum ether would
not fail to remove all the fats or oils, and therefore gives figures

nearer the truth than does the usual solvent.

COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF EXTRACTION OF FATS WITH SULPHURIC AND
PETROLEUM ETHERS.

te
Pa +, | Petroleum | Charcoal
£8 Sulphuric ether (sulph
g3 SAMPLE. ether acini sheik
g 5 extract. 4050". eieeee
4

Per cent. | Percent. | Per cent.

@il |) AthineWnt? phygeseareon cous ooo ooooce baosds 3.29 Norte 1.85
(@2))| ORS SSeS Se sese5 Sas reboolssce mecuonocone ards 4.71 4.52 3.75
SOM mimothyhay (extracted): * .scc-- so2s------ Wa -85 .63
SIM ROOLME (GXtTACTC) ne =. ccs wsieimeeln- -ieeeiee -51 259 -47
SUGMMEeCES (MOrmMall Tatron)\2 oo <aeetjaecis coc 3.58 2.58 Ss aposoC
310 | Feces (normal ration)....-. Seite ofa ee 3.58 2 TOA i eee
Slolimbeces (normal ratlOM)) esa se = os se ar 3.87 2.852 ose
Silomiweces: (normal tation): ..-...¢5-+).22s.ss. 4. 3.78 Maths @ Il) Senate a
Slomimeeces (NOTMAl TAtION)) S22. 2-05. c2 02 eee one 3.87 2.67 2.97
olde iehieces: (normal ation) 5-2 -fscee ona cisicele 3.84 3 ee cree
Bipmlemecesd(noLmal ratiOn)ias-6 secs ee <ccice a='s 4.07 2) 18h | peers
96 | Feces (extracted ration)...--- heaton See ily ( 91 | eae
994\#Heces (extracted ration) 20.5.5 20.2.5... 1.18 {800 ieee
1OZMiabecesi (extracted ration). 4. seen, . sami cece 1.18 = O6)) {| eee ee
108 | Feces (extracted ration) .---. spe cosaaenee 1.16 288" eae
124 | Feces (extracted ration) .......---...---<. 1.46 « -93 -84
ANE Heces(extracted Lation)) s2s-1cs.--se25- =~ 1.32 Ge WSsoe onc c
130 | Feces (extracted ration) ...... Fee rats hare State 1.36 1.060 °|, ascsecee
133%) Feees (extracted ration) --..---- .-5.--s-<+ 1.45 ~9G © ‘\Gemeseree
leomipbleces: (extractederation)) 22-1. cccamesccese 1.46 2800) | Sasser
139)|| Feces (extracted ration)..22-3-22- 2.20 s5- 1.41 -98 -88

e

Nitrogen was determined directly in fresh samples of the urine

and feces.

The drying of the feces at a temperature varying

from 50° to 60° C, caused a material loss of nitrogen as the re-
sults clearly show.

The comparisons given are the first thirty-six or fifty-nine cases

in which the nitrogen was determined in both the fresh and the
air dry samples. There was but one instance in the fifty-nine
comparisons where more nitrogen was not obtained from the

fresh sample.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

501

EFFECTS OF DRYING UPON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF A COW’S FECES.

—

A Daily loss : rs Daily los
Laboratory ee dite Brose Damon tio: Laboratory oe N poeen of re
number. | drying. | dried. ear | number. | Grying. | dried. pathy
Per cent. | Per cent. Grams. er cent. | Per cent. Grams.
96 0.589 0.546 6.9 154 0.561 0.529 5
99 -589 565 3.8 157 .525 -b11 2.3
102 -576 548 4.8 160 -500 -494 EAL
105 POO 534 2.6 163 -463 -442 3
108 -559 529 4.9 166 -451 -434 Baill
ys! -570 544 3.6 169 -445 -422 4.5
114 -556 517 6.5 172 -446 .432 2.3
117 -556 522 oe 175 -446 .418 5.4
124 .542 526 2.2 178 -430 -407 4.1
127 .562 552 Jet 181 -421 alte 1.4
130 EDD 2524 5.6 184 -468 -448 2.8
133 -582 540 6.7 187 -458 -420 5.4
136 EOD 520 Sat 190 471 -446 2.5
139 Soa 536 2.9 193 -455 -434 3
142 .553 526 4.4 196 .438 -416 4
145 -568 554 We 7/ 199 -425 -401 4.5
148 -563 538 3.8 202 sO -418 -384 6.7
151 .D84 562 | 3.2 205} -421 407 2.8
{ |

THE NUMERICAL RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

A large amount of data was necessarily recorded in an experi-

ment involving such numerous weighings and analysis during

nearly three months.

The figures herewith presented have been reduced to those

which are essential to a critical analysis of our conclusions.

Those which follow are displayed under several heads:
(1) Periods represented by the several samples of foods.

(2) Daily weights of foods and content of nitrogen and fat.
(3) Daily weights and partial composition of the milk, urine

and feces.

(4) Daily composition of milk, and yield of milk and milk

solids.

(5) Digestibility of rations and amount of digestible food

daily.
(6) Amount of water drank daily.
(7) Daily balance sheet, nitrogen and fat.
(8) Balance sheet, nitrogen, totals by periods.
(9) Balance sheet, protein, daily average for periods.
(10) Balance sheet, fat, totals by periods.
(11) Balance sheet, fat, daily average by periods.

502 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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504 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

WEIGHTS AND PARTIAL COMPOSITION OF MILK, URINE AND FECES.

DATE.

1897.

( April 19-20..

April 20-21..

April 21-22..

Ration 1. < April 22-23..
[Abr 23-24...

Ration 3.

peciod.

Ration 4.

May | 30- 31.

[127
1180

Transition [tay 20-21.
i :

Laboratory
number.

» 1165
1168
mia

74

183

MILE.

&

FI ;
az | §
5 oO
ro) °
q =
<q a

Grams. Per ct.
8,540} 0.558
8 144 .556
8,420] .560
8,306] .568
7,966} .578
7,995 562
8,370 .563
6,988] B74
6,811] 662
6.910} .669
6, 939 -656
7.045| 638
7,066 .652
6,981] .664
6, 790 .664
6,655 -658
6,684 .663
6,804 . 661
6,549 660
6, 357 .663
6,301] .660
6,351| 663
6,287 657
6,421 -658
6,457| .653
6,386] .655
6,209| .662
5,875| .661
5,776) .665
5,571 .655
5,053 675
5,344 .657
5,245 .665
5,160 -656
5,096] .648
4,897| 653

oratory
number.

Lab

URINE.

oratory
number.

Lab

FErcEs.

daily.

Fat.

Amount
Nitrogen.

Grams. Per ct.|Per ct.
15, 288} 0.445 0.54
13,098 439 58
15,252 439 .60
13,835] .403} 61
14/288] 421 5d
14,881 482 64
14,990 .450 -58
16, 025 .589 21
15. ,8i2 .589 -20
17, 194 B76 .19
15. 068 -551 18
16.188} .559 20
14,005} .570 .20
16, 684 .556 -19
16, , 266 .556 -20
14; 2388 542 -18
16, 897 562 21
16,975| .557| 28
15,904] .582] 21
15, 238 -5D7 18
18,698] .557| 20
16,202 .553 .18
12,538] .568 19
15,422] .563 .18
14,770] .584/ — .20
15,635| .561 21
16,571| 525 20
17,478 .500 .16
14,373 .463 silt
18,165) .451 .16
19,597| 445 15
16,280 446 alls)
19,498 -446 15
18,101] .4380 16
17,662 -421 18
13,934 .468 13

- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 505

WEIGHTS AND PARTIAL COMPOSITION OF MILK, URINE AND FECKES.—

(Continued).
Mink URINE. FECEs.
b D bb be D> be
DATE. at = Pied |i Sere = ete at :
° 3 ° je]
| ea| eo ls les| a2 | os (as| so |) 8
ane ey EMH SS ae b0
23| 34 Bia Si) oe |62] 3 B me)
aa & set evil fei & lanl & = oS
| < Aa < 7 le < ZA om
1897, Grams. |Per ct Grams.|Per ct ‘Grams. |Per ct. |Per ct.
(June 1 2....] 189) 5,025 | 0.651 | 188} 11,666 | 0.289 | 187, 14,175 | 0.458 ON
June 2- 3... | 192} 5,110 | .655 | 191] 14,845 | .212 | 190 10,178 | .471 15
June 3- 4....|} 195} 5,872 -667 | 194) 6,981 -405 | 193, 14,308 -455 13
June 4-—5,...] 198} 5,401 | .651 | 197) 8,427) .874 | 196 18,208 | .438 18
June 5-6 .. | 201) 5,450 | .673 | 200) 13,346 232 | 199 19,009 | .425 18
June 6- 7....| 204] 5,801 | .658 | 203) 5,833] .541 | 202 19,668) .418 -18
June 7- 8....| 207] 5,344 .656 | 206) 8,406 .850 | 205 20,369 -421 14
June 8-9....| 210) 5,117 .663 | 209} 7,031 .436 } 208, 18,839 -410 13
June 9-10....} 215] 4,862 .661 | 214) 7,187 .415 | 213 16,386 -439 14
Rition 5. 4 June 10-11....] 218] 4,749 | .664 | 217) 8,760] .327 | 216, 14,799 | .442 15
June 11-!2....| 221] 4,869 | .660 | 220) 11,2338 | .276 | 219; 12,559 | .454 14
| June 12-13....] 224] 4,635 655 | 223} 7,199 | .417 | 222; 13,615 | .446 15
June 13-14....| 227) 4,713 .660 | 226) 9,533 .281 | 225) 13,558 442 15
June 14-15....} 230} 4,671 -649 | 229) 16,854 .178 | 228. 13,055 457 15
June 15-16....| 236] 4,642 | .665 | 235) 9,348 | .270 | 234; 12,453 | .466 -18
June 16-17....] 239] 4,564 .664 | 238] 138,728] .219 | 237; 12, 984 479 15
June 17-18.,..] 242) 3,154 | .663 | 241] 26,932 | .114 | 240, 13,140 | .470 15
June 18-19....] 245] 5,308 .651 | 244) 6,343 .856 | 248, 11,510 £4759) eee
(| June 19-20....] 248] 4,770 | .636 | 247) 19,802 | .146 | 246 11,184 | .498 .20
Mennsiiion pune 20-21....] 251] 4,671 -660 | 250) 7,109 862 | 249] 11,602 -500 18
; aria June 21-22....| 254) 4,699 .664 | 253} 15,132 .197 | 252; 11,300 488 apts
I > {June 22-23....| 257] 4,756 -661 | 256] 23,715 .141 | 255) 10,539 -513 slits
( June 23-24....] 260} 4,961 .656 | 259) 9,511 .885 | 258) 10,589 538 a)
June 24-25 ...] 264) 5,280 | .640 | 263) 5,231 | .742 | 262) 12,602 | .587 .18
June 25-26....] 267] 5,783 | .635 | 266) 17,237 | .281 | 265) 12,814 | .623 25
Rati n 2 j June 26-27....| 270) 6,017 .623 | 269] 16,386 270 | 268] 14,416 -631 «20
‘ * \ June 27-23 - 27 6, 166 .642 | 275) 16,145 -280 | 274) 15,380 .582 +20
June 28-29....} 279] 5,769 .666 | 278] 12,772 871 | 277) 15,522 531 20
June 29-36....) 282] 5,854 -689 | 281) 12,077 -429 | 280) 15,748 | .561 ale
nea 285] 5,798 | .675 | 284] 22,198 | .239 | 283] 15,883 | .531 =19

506 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

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Drymatter.| Ash. Protein. Cara’ Fats.

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ATG OO 2Orecces seca s 68.1 28.9 66.0 70.1 70.7
Mav eawoubo Wiles. oo c 6325 hee 59.4 67.9 45.6

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Ne Oo 20sec. cock ce 55.6 16.9 39.6 59.1 51.4
AMOUNT OF DIGESTIBLE Foop DAILy.
Dry matter. Ash, Protein. Carbely, A Fats.
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.

ATI lO GO 2Ore asc ce Se. 13.2 0.20 1270 10.89 0.44

Mavereo bon Sosc.oscee 12-7 -20 1.42 11.04 -05

ZOWOrO Lease aa tose 12.4 -16 -90 11.30 -O7

June 10 to 20.-..- sree 7.6 -08 2Do 6.9 .05

AMOUNT OF WATER DRANK DaILy.
Date. | Water.|| Date. | Water. || Date. | Water.|| Date. | Water.|| Date. | Water.|| Date. | Water.
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.

April May May June July July
19 58.5 13 99 31 17 7 4| 102 22
20 52.2 14 98 June 18 47.5 Sale ts 23
21 55.8 15 104 1 7.8 19 80.5 6 118 24
22 58 16 108 2 va) 20 42.5 if 120.5 25
23 37.5 17 96.2 3) 60.5 21 69.5 8 72 26
24 85.8 18 100.5 4 69 22 52 9 117.5 27
25 61 19 112 5 86 23 61.5 10 119 28
May 20 100 6 60 24 62 11 121.5 29

3 84.5 || 21 91 ue “1 5 25 84 12 118.5 30

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516 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

FAT BALANCE.

Daily for Periods.

b Fat Ovraeo.

3 | 8 :

2 ria i : ce

RATIONS. Paes ate (ee | ba eee

|S eelgrass a

Se oh ees yea flee © | aes

| ca 5 =, B 2

; Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.

Raton Nornial TO0dSieco sce aes ocean %, 120263) | O296.| (OS1S 114 0.51
Preliminary period; Ration 2 if -12 80 -05 -86 -14
Ration 2. Extracted fodds a2. sos. so. 5e- 8 13 74 07 81 68
Rationio, extracted to0dsie asco - sce oe a 13 76 .07 83 -70
Transiion period)... --- ss-.-e 5 115} 74 -07 .81 68
at OnL4 oH x treCheduhOOUStawecmie ns aeae « 8 1133 -65 -06 arab -58
Ration 5. Extracted) foods 5.5222. .-22-- 20 09 .58 -05 63 -54
Trinsitionypemvudcacasa.--se- 3 03 52 -04 56 47
Ration 2. Extracted foods ...........-- 8 13 -67 -06 73 -60
Ration.2.. Extracted foods .s2..-- 52.2. - 29 14 64 07 al 57

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

GENERAL REMARKS.

It is proper to preface a discussion of the results of the experi-
ment by the statement that these foods of a quite unusual char- ,
acter seemed to have no ill effect upon the health of the cow.
Her general appearance was all that could be desired. As may
be seen by the foregoing figures, the weights of water drank and
of urine excreted were somewhat abnormally large, but it was
not discovered that any febrile or other diseased condition
existed.

The general appearance of the animal indicated a steady in-
crease in adipose tissue throughout the experiment, except that
during the feeding of Ration 5 there appeared to be no especial
change. All the points by which a butcher judges the fatness of
an animal indicated that at the end of the experiment the cow
was in much better condition for the shambles than at the begin-
ning. This is also shown by her generous increase in weight.
Her uniformity in weight, save in a few cases where large varia-
tions were due to a failure to drink, gave to the live weights their

maximum value as a guide to conclusions.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SET

THe Foop Fars anp Bopy Fats Aas Sources or tHe MILK Fats.

The results of this experiment appear to demonstrate conclu-
sively that food fats bear no necessary relation to the formation
of milk fats.

In the ninety-five days that this cow ate rations from which
the fats were largely extracted, she produced 62.9 Ibs. of milk
. fat. The quantity of fats in the food during the same time was
11.6 lbs., only 5.7 Ibs. of which was digested, leaving 57.2 lbs. of
milk fats in excess of the food fat supply. It is very clear that
the milk fats were not taken as such from each day’s rations.
Could they not have come from the body fat already deposited in
the animal when the experiment began? This is so highly im-
probable as to justify a positive negative answer. At the begin-
ning of the ninety-five days the cow weighed &67 Ibs. She was
quite lean and certainly could have been no fatter than the well-
fed ox which Lawes and Gilbert found to contain 7.1 per cent of
fat. The total fat in her body could, therefore, scarcely have
exceeded 61 lbs., and was probably less. Practically all of this
possible maximum would have been required to produce the 57.2
lbs. of milk fat and it is not reasonable to suppose that the cow
lost all her body fat when we see that during the period under
consideration she gained 47 lbs. in live weight. There could not
have been a large increase of flesh, for during 59 days of this
period the nitrogen income and outgo were about evenly
balanced.

It may be suggested that a change in the water of the body
and in the contents of the intestines might cause large variations
in body weight, which would obscure a loss of body fat. In this
case, however, such a criticism would not be rational. Not only
must 57.3 lbs. of fat be replaced by water or an intestinal food
residue but an addition to the body weight of 47 Ibs. must be
accounted for in the same way, a total of 104 lbs. Such a result
would have necessitated a very marked condition of emaciation
and a noticeably full condition of the intestinal tract, the reverse
of which was true. As before stated the cow apparently grew fat
steadily during a large part of the experiment. We are therefore ©

518 Report? or THH DEPARTMPNT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THR

impelled to the conclusion that the milk fat which this cow pro-
duced while under experimental observation had some other
source than either the food fat or the previously stored body fat.

Din Trois MirK Far CoMP FROM THE PROTEIN OR FROM THE
CARBOHYDRATES?

In discussing this question we must confine ourselves to the
data obtained for the fifty-nine consecutive days during which a
record was kept of the income and outgo of both the nitrogen and
fat. These data show that in this time 38.8 pounds of fat was
found in the milk. If this fat was formed through the metabo-
lism of protein, the most generally accepted theory is that urea
would be a product of the chemical changes necessary to produce
this result. This view being correct, the production of 38.8
pounds of fat would, according to several theorizers such as
Wolff, Henneberg, Voit and Foster, require a minimum of from
75.5 to 95 pounds of protein. Asa matter of fact, the nitrogen of
the urine during the period under consideration was only 2,417.5
grams, equivalent to 33.3 lbs. of protein, assuming protein to be
N x 6.25. Osborne’s and Ritthausen’s results show that N x6 is
probably more nearly correct, which would give 32 pounds of pro-
tein. If we adopt Henneberg’s (also Woliff’s) fat factor for pro-
tein, viz.: 51.4 per cent, which is the highest suggested, 33.8
Ibs. of protein would furnish 17.1 lbs. of fat, leaving 21.7 lbs. to
be accounted for in some other way. In this fifty-nine days the
digested food fat was only 3.3 lbs. and the weight of the cow
increased 33 lbs. with the nitrogen balance slightly against her
body.

It is noteworthy, moreover, that during twenty consecutive days
of the fifty-nine, the daily nitrogen in the cow’s urine was equiva-
lent to only 0.4 lb. of protein, while the average daily production
of milk fat was 0.58 Ib. Granting that none of this protein was
metabolized for maintenance purposes, which is unlikely, it is of
itself greatly insufficient to account for the milk fat, as it would
theoretically be equivalent daily to not over 0.2 Ib. of fat.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 519

There is no way of explaining how milk fat could in any way
proceed wholly from metabolized protein in this particular case,
but by the improbable theory that the protein joins with other
compounds in synthetical changes of which we so far have no
hint.

Certainly, in this experiment, protein metabolism, as ordina-
rily understood, can account only for a minor part of the fat
secreted in the milk, because without the aid of other compounds
protein must form considerably less than its weight of fat. Some
nitrogen compound must be split off which would take part of
the carbon and hydrogen with it.

The only rational conclusion which these data seem to offer is
that the milk fat, as previous experiments have demonstrated to
be the case with body fat, was produced, in part at least, from
carbohydrates. Such data de not constitute evidence that pre-
tein or food fats may not under other conditions be the source of
milk fat, but only that in this experiment they were an utterly
insufficient source, either directly or indirectly.

THp STIMULUS OF PROTEIN UPON MILK PRODUCTION.

If further investigations, which are now planned for the imme-
diate future, should ratify the apparent outcome of this one, the
explanation of the well-known stimulus of an abundant supply of
protein upon milk secretion must rest upon some other basis than
that so much protein is necessary as a source of milk building
material. It is generally held, from the standpoint of both sci-
ence and practice, that considerably over two pounds of digesti-
ble protein, two and one-half pounds being the amount agreed
upon, should be fed in connection with a sufficient supply of car-
bohydrates (124 lbs.) to a cow in the full flow of milk, if a maxi-
mum food efficiency is to be attained.

Experiments have shown that the food efficiency of a unit of
digestible matter is actually augmented by increasing the pro-
portion of protein up to approximately the quantity named, as
for instance when oil meal or gluten meal is substituted for a
portion of the cereal grains in a ration otherwise made up wholly
of home grown foods. Surely if protein takes no necessary part,

520 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

-as our results indicate, in providing raw material for the secre-
tion of milk fat or milk sugar, a large part of this generous pro-
tein supply is not needed for constructive purposes.

When fed what is sometimes called the German balanced ra-
tion, a cow may sometimes yield thirty pounds of average milk,
generally less rather than more. This milk would contain not
over one pound of protein, leaving one and a half pounds or three-
fifths of that in the ration unused, so far as known, for any neces-
sary constructive purpose. We desire to propose as a rational
explanation of the notable influence upon milk secretion of an
abundant supply of digestible protein in the ration, that it is due
to the influence of protein upon metabolic activity rather than
because so much was needed from which to form milk solids.
This view would not minimize our estimate of the importance of
the nitrogenous constituents of cattle foods, but simply empha-.
sizes more fully one reason, and perhaps the main one, why they
should be supplied in such generous proportions.

Certain data from this experiment should be considered in this
connection.

It appears that the daily digestible protein in the ration varied
in the different periods between 1.85 lbs. as a maximum to 0.41 as
aminimum. There was a corresponding, though not so wide, va-
riation in the urea nitrogen, and it is interesting to note the rela-
tion between the protein supply, protein metabolism and the
secretion of milk solids, as shown both by the figures and by the
diagram.

RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN SUPPLY, PROTEIN METABOLISM AND SECRETION
oF MILK Soups.

rotein equiva- - Relation of pro-
Digestible _ pro- weet of sarin ee OF Hoss of Milk solids tant deeteune
tein eaten daily. nitrogen — eX- dally = secreted daily. tion to milk
creted daily. : solids secreted.
Lbs. | Lbs. Lbs Lbs.

1.70 1.03 | ++.03 2.72 100: 2.64

1.42 74 +.06 2.28 100: 3.02

1.85 | .86 +.41 2.22 100; 2.59

-90 -46 | —.05° | 1.87 100: 4.06

-41 -40 —.44 | WB 100: 4.19

1.58 x61 4-.45 1.96 100:3.21

AND PER CENT

POUNDS

ANO PER CENT

POUNDS

13,

ah

5.

4.

® 21 23 25 1 > 3
29 22 24 % t 4 6 1B ‘“ o «5 30
-
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o4%
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pe "
oem
r i.
ea.
om 8 "DRY MATTER DIGESTED , POUNDS / Ais

|
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ote sgeeagetttnereee ane eet ae ete ee ete eee ee ene,

CASEIN &c. PER CENT

er ae

mmo PROTEIN DIGESTED , POUNDS

Fic. 19.—RELATION OF FOOD SUPPLY TO QUALITY OF MILK.

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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 521

The extent of protein metabolism seems to be influenced mainly
by the protein supply rather than by the quantity of milk solids
secreted. When in the first periods the digestible food protein
varied between 1.42 and 1.85 Ibs. daily and there was an increase
of body protein, the milk solids were from two and six-tenths to
three times the protein equivalent of the urine nitrogen, but when
the available protein in the food fell to 0.41 lbs. daily, so that the
animal’s needs forced a body loss of 0.44 lbs. of protein daily, the
milk solids were four and two-tenths greater than the protein
broken down. In view of these figures, it is not easy to avoid the
conclusion that in some way the abundant metabolism induced
by a generous supply of protein in the ration had a stimulative
rather than a constructive (building) function in its relation to ~

milk secretion.

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE F'00D AND QUALITY OF THE MILK.

The evidence on this point is incidental to the main purpose of
the experiment, but is none the less emphatic.

Changes were made in the rations in three ways: (1) By de-
creasing the fat in the food from about the usual quantity to
practically none; (2) by producing wide variations in the protein
supply and nutritive ratio; and (3) by producing wide variations
in the supply of total digestible material.

Were there changes in the constitution of the milk correspond-
ing to any or all of the variations in the kind and quantity
of the food supply? A careful examination of the accompanying
graphic display (Fig. 19) of the amounts and kind of food eaten
and of the composition of the milk, during sixty-six days, does
not reveal any such relation. To be sure, when the ration was
changed from the normal to the extracted foods there was quite
a marked drop in the percentage of milk solids, but in a few days
the milk recovered its former richness. Neither a deficiency in
the protein of the ration nor a depression of the digestible nutri-
ents to about 5.5 lbs. per day caused the cow to produce poorer
milk. The only apparent effect was in changing the quantity
of product. The percentages of milk solids and fat varied greatly

522 Rerort oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

from day to day, usually without definite relation to any knowa
causes. This bit of experience does not establish a law, but is in
itself an event worth noting.

ToraL MitK Soxuips AND MILK Fart.

in this experiment the variations in milk solids were due almost
wholly to changes in the percentages of milk fat. The corre
sponding rise and fall of the total solids and the fat, and the uni-
form percentages of nitrogenous compounds are certainly remark-
able and are strikingly shown in the diagramatic chart (Fig. 20).
This is not a new observation, for it has been noticed repeatedly
that the fat of milk is its most variable compound in percentage

relations.

I. DIGESTION AND FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.*

W. H. JORDAN AND C. G. JENTER.

SUMMARY.

I. THE New Corn Propucr.

The claim that the remoyal of the pith from corn stover modi
fies the composition and increases the digestibility of the remain-
ing portions of the stalk and leaves is not substantiated by inves.
tigations at this Station. (a) The pith was found to be much like
the whole stover in composition. (6) In a trial with three sheep,
corn stover with the pith was only one-half of one per cent less
digestible than similar stover without the pith.

II. AcTuUAL AND CALCULATED DIGESTIBILITY.

In digestion trials with two fairly elaborate rations quite un
like in origin, the actual digestible matter closely approximated
in both cases to the quantities that were calculated by the use of
figures from feeding tables representing the average composition
and digestion coefficients of similar materials.

III. ComparRaTIVE VALUE OF RATIONS FROM UNLIKE SOURCES.

In an extended feeding trial with two rations in which the com-
pounds that were the source of the digestible carbohydrates were
quite dissimilar, the ration containing the less fiber and a nitro
gen-free extract richer in starch and sugar showed no superiority
over the other. Also by-products such as malt sprouts, brewer’s
grains and gluten feed were successfully substituted for oats
and peas.

I. THE “NEW CORN PRODUCT.”

The cattle feeder is beset on every hand with new feeding
stuffs—new in name if not in kind. One of the latest of these is
“Marsden’s Stock Food,” otherwise called “A New Corn Product.”

4

* Reprint of Bulletin No. 141, :

524 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB

This is a finely ground product, a refuse from the utilization of
the pith of the stalk. The leaves are stripped from the stalk, the
pith is removed, and the remaining portion, or the outside of the
stalk, is ground into meal.

The attention of the writer was called to this food so long ago
as December, 1896, through an inquiry from a correspondent of
the New York Tribune, and in response to a request from the
Agricultural Editor of that paper, the following statement was
made:

“Meal which is made by grinding dry corn stalks has entirely
the same food properties as the corn stalks themselves, the only
possible advantage being that the animals are saved from chewing
them; and also because of its fineness the meal may possibly be
a little more digestible than the stover. There is no real merit in
this meal which gives it any superiority over hay, corn stover
or silage in so far as these latter materials are eaten and thor-
oughly masticated.”

Since the above statement was made, this new product has re-
ceived considerable attention, notably by two bulletins from the
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station* and by an article in
the Country Gentleman; from Hon. Edward Atkinson.

The important general conclusions which Patterson draws frona
the Maryland Experiment Station work are that (1) the “ New
Corn Product” is more digestible than corn stover even if finely
ground, and that (2) this product may be successfully substituted
for other rough fodders and hay in a fattening ration and in feed
ing horses. Patterson’s discussion of his data leans to the view
that the presence of the pith actually depresses the digestibility of
the other parts of the stover, and he offers as a reason for this the
wholly hypothetical explanation that the pith so freely absorbs
the digestive juices as to leave a quantity insufficient to act effi-
ciently upon the other portions of the plant.

Atkinson discusses this new food from the economic side, but
bases much of his reasoning upon what he seems io regard as two
established facts, viz.: that the pith of the corn stalk is practi-

*Nos. 43 and 51.
yIssue December 16, 1897.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION. 525

cally pure cellulose and that its presence depresses the digesti-

bility of the other portions of the plant by absorbing “ the saliva
Pd

and the gastric juices, thus clogging the intestines

All that has been said in regard to the great saving that would
result from a complete utilization of the entire corn product, grain
and stover, can be entirely accepted by every person well informed
in cattle food matters.

The supreme importance of maize in animal husbandry and the
availability and high food quality of every portion of the plant
when properly harvested do not need to be established by further
investigation. These are now facts of common knowledge among
well-informed farmers.

Any process, therefore, which tends to a completer utilization
of maize stover should be heartily welcomed. It is the opinion of
the writer, however, that whatever benefit may accrue to agricul-
ture from the Marsden process, in so far as it touches cattle feed-
ing, will come wholly from the saving in a useful form of a val-
uable food material which is now largely wasted. No conclusive
evidence seems to be yet secured that this ‘“ New Corn Product ”
possesses unusual food properties, or those which differ in any
way from well cured, well prepared corn stover.

There are serious doubts whether the corn pith is so greatly
unlike the remainder of the plant that its removal materially mod-
ifies the composition or digestibility of the portion that is left, and
the hypothesis that this pith retards or prevents digestion by
absorbing and holding the gastric juice (to say nothing of the
intestinal juices) is so far too nearly guesswork to have much
weight, and may be as far from the truth as the assumption that
the pith is “pure” cellulose. The chances are that the “ New
Corn Product ” is nothing more or less than ground corn stalks in
all the essentials that pertain to digestibility and to food function
or value.

This question is of sufficient importance, however, to make it
desirable to secure evidence concerning the points under dis-
cussion, and for this reason this Experiment Station has beea
investigating the matter somewhat.

526 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

THE EXPERIMENTS AT THIS STATION.

In order to show that the removal of the pith from maize stover
is beneficial from a food standpoint it must be demonstrated that
the pith either contains compounds directly injurious to the ani-
mal or that in its absence the remaining portions of the plant are
more fully utilized than would otherwise be the case.

Certainly the compounds in the outside stalk and leaves are
not in any way changed by the presence or absence of the pith.
This investigation was directed to two points, therefore, viz.:
(1) the composition of maize pith as compared with the rest of
the plant, and (2) the effect of removing the pith upon the digesti-
bility of the leaves and remainder of the stalk.

Tur RELATION IN WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF MAIZE STOVER.

About 200 lbs. of well-cured, bright corn stover, all of which
came from the same lot of corn, was selected for the experiment.
The leaves and husks were first stripped from one-half of each
bundle and then by the use of instruments specially made for the
purpose the pith was removed from the stalks.

The following are the weights of the several parts in the air
dry condition:

WEIGHTS AND PROPORTION OF PARTS OF CORN STOVER.

| Weight. Proportion.

| Grams. Pounds. Per cent.
heaves andehusks <2... 44-0 se ooo tere en tecteme 25,021 55.0 65.
SctallkkspmMUius pithscecct esa sa<- sees eee 9,046 20.7 24.5
Pithissgseouss oie Sites See SSP ee Se es 3,948 8.7 10.3

It appears that the pith constituted about one-tenth of this lot
of maize stover.

Tub COMPOSITION OF THE STOVER AND ITS VARIOUS PARTS.

The whole stover from one-half the bundles, and the separate
parts of the dissected stover were finely ground in an iron mill
and from the thoroughly mixed materials samples were selected
for analysis.

The composition of the whole stover, the stover without the
pith and the pith are given below.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 527

COMPOSITION OF CoRN STOVER.

=

Arr-Dry MATERIALS.

| Nitrogen-

Water. | Ash. | Protein. Fiber. free Fat.

| j extract.

Per cent.|Per cent.|Per cent.;Per cent.|/Per cent.jPer cent.
WholGishOVier:-.o.s.cccccsee 19.81 4.55 4.19 | 26.02 42.87 ;
Stover without pith...-...-.. 12.21 4.58 4.60 28.55 47.35 2.71
Ley (ict 4 iS eee see Ree Fy 8 tee 8 13.27 3.92 3.02 29.15 45.77 4.87

WATER FREE MATERIALS.
Wiholeistover-+-. 52-34 s4.- oe 5.68 5.22 {| 32.45 | 53.46 3.19
Stover without pith........| ....-- 5.22 5.24 | 32.52 | 53.93 3.09
Ln fi Aes? Beane Seed | NEE tee 4.52 3.48 33.61 | 52.77 5.62
}

|

It is clearly shown by these analyses that the pith of this par-
ticular lot of stover, at least, did not differ in composition to a
remarkable degree from the remaining portion of the plant. It
contained about two-thirds as much nitrogenous material and
nearly twice as much ether extract, the proportions of fiber
(crude cellulose) and nitrogen-free extract, which together make
up the greater part of the stover, being very nearly the same as
in the other nine-tenths of the plant. This pith, instead of being
nearly pure cellulose, is at least two-thirds something else, and
there is no reason for supposing that the pith of other lots of
maize would be essentially unlike this sample.

It is interesting to know something of the character of the
nitrogen-free extract in maize pith, as compared with the other
tissue of the stover. Do the leaves and outside portion of the
stalk contain a larger proportion of sugars and starch and less
of those compounds concerning whose nutritive value we are less
definitely informed? Actual determinations answer this ques-
tion in the negative, so far as one lot of stover is concerned.

NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT IN CORN STOVER.

u
Z CALCULATED AS DEXTROSE.
al
5 5 ' pare
ae |
s Solublein Soluble in
s tar malt. Total.
3 E extract.
2.
| nl

Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent.
SOE VialZe Stover, WOOlG ccs ceases esses - -82 -21
59 | Maize stover, without pith.............-. -61 .29 -90
GON PEM hot maizerstoverste- sons. os 4se-— n= 1.37 silat 1.48

528 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

This analysis of maize pith does not furnish any reason why
its removal from the stover should be favorable to increased
digestibility, or why the pith itself should not be nearly as di-
gestible as the remainder of the stalk, leaves and husks.

THE COMPARATIVE DIGESTIBILITY OF MAIZE STOVER WITH
AND WITHOUT THE Piru.

It was deemed essential that in order to get reliable evidence
on this point the materials compared should be entirely alike in
origin and treatment. The well known variations in digestibility
caused with coarse fodders by the conditions of growth, the period
of harvesting and the manner of curing, demand that this prob-
lem shall be studied with the use of stover from a single lot of
corn, harvested at the same time and cured in the same manner.
The lot of stover used satisfied all these requirements.

As before stated, the pith was removed from one-half of each
bundle of stover, the other half remaining in its ordinary condi-
tion. These materials were ground in an iron feed mill, not to so
fine a condition as is the case with the New Corn Product but
sufficiently so to allow very thorough mixing and sampling.

Four young healthy wethers were selected for the digestion
experiment. They were fed 600 grams of material daily. The
preliminary period of feeding occupied eight days and the feces
were collected during five days.

The composition of the stover has already been given and the
other essential data are shown in the tables which follow.

COMPOSITION OF THE FECES FROM THE STOVER.

3 Arr Dry.
FE
SAMPLE. :
=| Nitrogen- Ether
; A h. in.| Fiber. fr 2

6 Water AS Protein iber eee Siren
il

First Period. Per cent. | Per ct. | Percent. | Per cent. | Percent. | Per cent.
51 | Feces from sheep No. 1. .96 |10.80 9.62 | 24.62 | 47.96 2.04
52 | Feces from sheep No. 2. 5.08 |12.15 9.06 | 24.77 | 47.43 iby
53 | Feces from sheep No. 3. 4.98 |12.14 8.75 | 23.60 | 48.87 1.66
54 | Feces from sheep No. 4. 5.20 |11.88 9.00 | 23.67 | 48.58 1.67

Second Period.

55 | Feces from sheep No. 1. 5.09 | 8.35 8.94 | 26.85 | 48.86 iawt
56 | Feces from sheep No, 3. 5.22 | 9.28 7.94 | 25.31 | 50.64 1.61
57 | Feces from sheep No. 4. Sols) eal 9.50 | 24.52 | 48.82 1.96

529

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530 Reporr oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 531

The comparative digestibility of the stover with and without
the pith is more readily seen by bringing together the coefficients
showing the average results.

DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN STOVER.

\ : Nitrogen-
Dry Organic : c Nit
| i . | Protein. Fiber. free Fat.
matter. | matter. extract.

: ; Per cent.|Per cent./Per cent.|/Per cent.} Percent. |Per cent.
Stover with pith .......- Dolo 56.7 16.6 64.3 56.8 76.2
Stover without pith ..... 55.1 57.2 20.5 6224) =) 5626 (7

We do not have here any evidence that the removal of the pith
of the maize plant materially increases the food value of the
remaining portion. One sheep digested more from the stover
containing the pith and two digested less, the average being not
greatly different in the two cases.

The real test of the digestibility of a feeding stuff is the digesti-
bility of the organic matter, because in the case of such materials
as corn stover the accidental mineral matter is a modifying factor.
One-half of one per cent moreof organic matter was digested from
the stover without pith than from that with pith, a difference so
small as to be well within the limits of error of such work.

It is fair to observe that in Patterson’s trials the stover and
ground products had a similar origin only in one instance, and
that in ascertaining the digestibility of the whole stover like that
from which the New Corn Product was made, the coefficients
obtained for dry matter differed 8.5 per cent with the two animals
used, a fact which detracts somewhat from the value of the data.

Il. THE CALCULATION OF THE VALUE OF RATIONS.

During the past fifteen or twenty years farmers have had their
attention directed to the so-called feeding standards, which they
have been urged to follow more or less closely in making up
rations for various purposes. In order to ascertain whether any

532 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

given ration approximates to a desired standard it is necessary to
determine the amounts and proportions of digestible nutrients
which the proposed mixture of foods contains. A knowledge of
the exact composition and digestibility of the feeding stuffs to be
used is not possible, usually, certainly not in ordinary practice,
and the computation of the amounts of digestible compounds
must be based upon the average composition and digestibility of
similar materials. It is assumed that figures reached in this way
are sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes.

The compounding of rations from a variety of foods to cor-
respond to certain standards, as usually done, involves another
assumption, viz.: That a pound of digestible material, carbohy-
drates for instance, has a uniform value no matter what its
source.

Probably well-informed agricultural chemists do not assent to
this statement, and doubtless they are agreed that this assump-
tion is possibly an element of weakness in the effort to compound
equivalent rations from greatly different mixtures of feeding
stuffs.

Much of the doubt on this point pertains to the nitrogen-free
extract. Great uncertainty exists as to the relative nutritive
value of the sugars, starches, pentosans, cellulose and other com-
pounds, some of which belong to the hexose group, others to the
pentose, etc. We do know, however, that there is a marked
variation in the proportions in which these carbohydrates and
other compounds are found in the nitrogen-free extract of feeding
stuffs, especially when the coarse fodders are compared with the
cereal grains.

Moreover, the protein of cattle foods is a collective name for a
mixture of nitrogenous compounds and there is good reason for
believing that N x 6.25 does not always represent the same nutri-
tive value, as for instance in roots, in green crops and in the oil
meals.

It is proper to inquire, therefore, to what extent these possible
variations of composition and food values of different com-

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 533

pounds of the same class may cause actual differences in the rela-
tive efficiency of two rations combined from unlike foods, but
similar in amount of digestible material and nutritive ratio when
calculated on the basis of average composition and digestibility.

The writer is not aware that any comparison has so far beea
made of the calculated and the actual digestibility of rations, nor
between the nutritive effect of the two rations with especial refer-
ence to the points which are discussed in this connection.

THp CALCULATED AND THE ACTUAL DIGESTIBILITY oF Two
RATIONS.

Two rations quite unlike in origin were selected for an experi-
ment by this Station. In one the proportion of timothy hay was
large and the grains were entirely by-products. In the other
corn silage was freely used and the grains were entirely ground
oats and ground peas. The hay, silage and oats were home
grown and the other materials were of the usual commercial
grade. Without knowing the composition of these feeding stuffs,
the digestible nutrients they would supply were calculated from
the averages of feeding tables.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CERTAIN FEEDING STUFFS.

~_
3 DIGESTION
& CoEFFICIENTS.t
4 —
o
© 2
D | miei
| & Caner
‘ : P eo
s 3 & 25
5 3 F be 1 Bale penis
3 co 2 2 B 8 STW AS, Mey ls
E < ay & = ce =P en ya eam =
Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.
Timothy hay*........ 13.2 4.4 5.9 29 45 2.5 49! 53 63 57
Cornsilasev ss. ccs: 73.6 2.1 2.7% 7.8 12.9 9 55 66 69 | %
Oui pogbesoadocheoen 11 3 11.8 9.5] 59.7 5 78 | 26 7) 83
GAS mmraiele is elacicle seis la’ 10.5 2.6 20.2 14.4 51.1 1.2 83 26 94 54
Malt sprou's* ......., 10.2 5.7 23.2 10.7 48.5 ale 80 33 68 | 100
Brewer’s grains*..... 8.2 3.6 19.9 11 51.7 5.6 79 53 59] 91
Buffalo gluten meal§. 8.2 9 23.2 6.8 49.4 11.5 85 43 81 81
* Jenkins & Winton. + American excepting those for oats. + Wisconsin analyses.

§ Rep. Mass. Station, Jan., 1897.

534 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THR

The calculated digestible nutrients in two rations, based upon
the foregoing figures would be as follows:

DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN CONTRASTED RATIONS.

| Protein. carbohydrates | Fats.
Ration 1.
Lbs. | Lbs Lbs.
Five pounds timothy hay......-....... 0.14 2.18 0.07
Forty pounds corn silage ...--....-.---. | -60 5.60 26
Five pounds ground outs .-.-..---.----] -46 2.43 -20
Six pounds ground peas ......, =... ----| 1.01 3.10 04
Rotates pounds res esa eee 2.21 13.31 .5T
Ration 2.

S SUEEEENEIEEEEEEEEREEEEEERREE ube | s uh
Fifteen pounds timothy hay ..-.--. Br 0.43 | 6.55 | 0.21
Twenty-five pounds corn silage .....--. 38 | 3.50 | -16
Two pounds malt sprouts.....--..----- 37 | 73 -03
Three pounds brewer's grains........-. 47 | 1.03 -15
Three pounds Buffalo gluten feed..-.-.. -59 | 1.29 -28

Total 16.2 pounds eh ee 2.24 | 13.10 83

In the succeeding table is stated the actual composition of the
feeding stuffs used in this comparison.

COMPOSITION OF FEEDING STUFFS.

gh 3
S2 2 : : Nitrogen-
i Water. Ash. Protein. | Fiber. free Fats.
nda} extract.
ns
p —— APS Conk = > A ie SABE ats oa aes z ales:
Percent. |} Percent. | Percent | Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.
A i imobhiy bay se--.-2- 12.63 4.09 5.49 | 29.18 | 45.33 3.28
45 | Cornsilage .......... 75.27 1.25 2.27 5.34 | 14.04 1.85
46 Cornisilage 22.2.2 25. - 75.85 1b 723 1.99 5.80 13.31 1.82
47 Cormnisilage 2. .2-55--< 17.20 T13 1.81 eile 12.21 1.92
48> Corn silage... -. i... 77.32 1.02 1.82 5.39 | 12.62 1.83
49 Comisilager. es 2--- 76.97 1.04 1.81 5.54 12.73 1.91
20 Oatsr sce ees ee: 10257 2.95 12.48 10.54 58.37 5.09
50 QOatBaee cess iisnce es 10.48 Zero 13.06 9.79 59.10 5.00
21 JERE ES Sac Ce en ee 11.35 2.59 23.39 5.20 56.26 1.21
16 | Malt sprouts. ........ 9.58 5.34) 26.18 | 11.05 | 44.52 3.33
18 Brewer's grains ..-... 7.68 2.82 27.59 13.01 40.46 8.44
19 Buffalo gluten feed...| 10.29 3.29 24.95 5228 52.97 3.22
;

A digestion experiment with two mixtures of foods similar in
kind and proportions to the rations previously given was carried
on with four sheep.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

535

CONSTITUENTS AND AMOUNTS OF RATIONS COMPARED.

Psriop 1.

PERIOD 2.

Full ration

Half ration
o. 1. No. 2.
Sheep 1 and 2. | Sheep 3 and 4,

a ration Half ration

No. 2. oO; 1:
Sheep 1 and 2. | Sheep 3 and 4

Grams. Grams Grams Grams
MIMOUNYADAY). . 0c 52 \--s soe 100 150 300 50
COMmMgsIN IE! + 5.5) ose co sacs 800 250 500 | 400
Oats OLOUNG ts csiscc ccc eos LOOM We eet SES Sosa 50
Reaswerouniier. s-issse eee WAN Scseaéacse: |) G66go065ec 60
Maltisprouus) ass sono ee ie aloe ae nace 20 40 eae
IBTEWO! SPOTAINS= Sine soteae = lh scte sacle s 26 30 GOR Ble cesseeaeees
Boattaloelatenifeed = --2,-cas) s<s- 4-2 -=- 30 GON ee cesateoees
COMPOSITION OF FECES.
g AIR Dry
3 :
pe po py eae
28 SAMPLES.
5 | Water Ash. | Protein.| Fiber Ether ee
@ extract extract.
First Period. | Per ct. | Perct. | Perct. | Perct. | Perct. | Perct.
37 | Feces from sheep No. 1...; 4.26 | 10.48 | 10 25.62 | 3.40 | 46.24
38 | Feces froin sheep No. 2...| 4.24 | 10.83 | 12.56 | 23.66 | 3.33; 45.38
39 | Feces from sheep No. 3...| 4.19 | 9.74 | 12.31 | 22.90 | 3.70 | 47.16
40 | Feces from sheep No. 4...) 4.15 | 11.75 | 11.50 | 24.96 | 3.32 | 44.32
Second Period.
41 | Feces from sheep No.1...) 4.55 | 10.92 | 11.94 | 24.91 | 3.44 | 44.24
42 | Feces from sheep No. 2...| 4.60 | 10.77 | 11.75 | 24.90 | 3.03 | 44.95
43 | Feces from sheep No. 3...| 4.21} 9.31 | 11.32 | 25.41 | 3.58 | 46.17
44 | Feces from sheep No. 4...| 4.08 | 10.32 | 10.06 | 27.48 | 3.52 | 44.54

586 REeporT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

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540 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

These coefficients can be more easily seen by bringing them

together as averages.

AVERAGE DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS.

5
@
| :
Pp "at
i=) <
Full ae rg Baul
, alFamounitiesseeees 19. 13.4
Ration 1. Ault amounteece ooee 74.4 | 30.7
Ration 22 ullfamountecesseoces 61.6 7.9
Halfamounte-ece >. 66 2125

ro 9)

ce ae

3 28
eHow. lees

a iS 5 Oo x :
sy 2 2 = 3
o) Ay & Z &
Perct. | Perct.| Perct.| Perct. | Per ct.
TT 7028) 59 75 4 80.5
16.4 5265672) \79 82.1
64.2 , 65.3 | 60 65 73.8
68 | 70.7 | 62.3 | 69.2 76.1

THE DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN THE Two RATIONS BASED UPON ACTUAL
FEEDING TRIALS.

TOTALS IN THE FEEDING STUFFS.

®
: Nitrogen-

Gresiic Protein. | Fiber. i free Fat.
Ration 1. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
> pounds timothy hay .---.-...---- 4.16 0.27 1.46 2.27 0.16
40 pounds cofn silage ..........---- 8.67 73 2.22 4.97 -15
5 poundsioats, ground. ...2. 0.22 4.32 -62 2538 2 92 -25
6 pounds peas, ground...---..----. 5.16 1.40 -3l 3.88 -07
Notalls yesecisat eevee cel ceniscee 22.31 3.02 4.52 |} 13.54 1.23

Coefficients of degestibility *....--- 71.7 70 8 59 75.4 80.5
Actually dice sted\sc. 2 s-inic\=-cletesiniee 16 2.14 2.67 | 10.20 88)

Ration 2.

15 pounds timothy hay .-.--...----- 12.49 0.82 4.38 6.80 0.49
Zo poundsicorm silagetes. s-ceee nel 5.80 -53 1.39 3.42 -46
2 pounds malt sprouts. ...........- We) -52 -32 -89 -07
3 pounds brewer’s grains .........- 2.68 -83 -39 1.21 -25
3 pounds Buffalo gluten feed ....-- 2.59 -15 -15 1.59 -10
Totals)... .2: LOS BART 25.26'| "8:45 | 6.63 |) 13000 || eden

Coefficients of digestibility *...---- 64.2 65.3 60 65 73.8
AGiMall vidi eestedia oe op ceae eee see 16.22 2.25 3.92 9.04 1.01

* Those from the ‘’ full amount.”’

It is now possible to compare the calculated and actual digesti-
bility of the two rations. The first step necessary is to apply
the coefficients which are found by experiments with these mix-
tures of foods, to the quantities of dry matter and of the several
classes of ingredients actually contained in the proposed rations.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 541

DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN Two RATIONS AS CALCULATED AND AS ACTUALLY

DETERMINED.
Organic Protein. |Carbohydrates. Fats.
Lbs. Lbs. oes Lbs.
, @aleulatediss2aecte eee 6a PIN | 1BY.S3)1 0.57
Ration 1. Weal ao eneaeniee 16 2.14 12.89 “99
ah Calculated) ye 422 ose. 16.2 2 24 13.1 -83
Ration 2. y tetaal PRS ey Jer 16.22 2.25 12.96 1.01

The closeness of agreement between what was actually di-
gested from these rations and the calculated amounts is en-
couraging. Variations greater than those observed in these
trials doubtless occur, but if the calculated and the actual di-
gestible organic matter will agree within one-fourth or even one-
half a pound, such a calculation insures much greater accuracy
and certainty than could be secured by any other method.

Two events do not establish a rule but these here noted are
regarded as important and significant.

The influence of the quantity of food eaten upon its digestibility. —
The results of the comparison of the “full” and “ half” ration
show the latter to be uniformly more fully digested. This out-
come conflicts with the teachings of certain former experiments.
Wolff's experiments* with clover hay alone and with clover hay
and roots fed to oxen and sheep appear to demonstrate that the
digestibility of a ration is not influenced by its size.

Later investigation; gave the same results when lucerne hay
was fed to both sheep and the horse. On the contrary Weisket
found that when oats were fed to dogs the digestibility was in-
versely proportional to the amount eaten.

In our experiment the difference between the large and small
rations is too large and too uniform to be explained by errors.

* Die Ernahrung.
+Landw. Versuchs Stationen, XXI, p. 20.
t Landw. Versuchs Stationen, LXI, p. 145.

542 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THR —
7

THE RELATIVE NUTRITIVE EFFECT OF RATIONS FROM
UNLIKE SOURCES.

The main reason why a unit of digestible material from anlike
sources may not have a fixed food value has already been dis-
cussed, viz.: the great variations in the character of the protein
and nitrogen-free extract. For instance, in the grains, the nitro-
gen is almost wholly albuminoid, and the nitrogen-free extract is
largely starcb, while in coarse fodders and roots, much of the
nitrogen may come from amid compounds and the nitrogen-free
extract contains a generous proportion of pentosans and other
bodies not so well understood. Even among the grain foods
there are important differences of this kind. Certain of the com-
mercial feeds are residues of the manufacture of beer, glucose
and starch from the cereal grains, the starch of the barley and
corn having been largely extracted. This results in a concentra-
tion of the nitrogen compounds as a whole, and of the nitrogen
free compounds that are not starch or sugars. May these un-
doubted differences have an appreciable influence upon the nutri-
tive effect of two rations?

The two rations under discussion in this connection were
selected for a feeding experiment because they illustrate the
facts we are now considering. We have shown that they con-
tain practically the same amounts of digestible material with
very nearly the same nutritive ratio. The actual compounds in
the two rations are in part quite unlike, however. It is well
to call attention, in this connection, to the fact that the hexose
sugars and the starches as found in cattle foods possess certain
characteristics that distinguish them from any other of the com-
pounds which make up the nitrogen-free extract. The sugars
either require no changes through digestion in order to be di-
rectly absorbed into the circulation, or only a change from one
sugar to another, while starch, through the action of diastatic
ferments easily suffers complete hydrolysis to one form of sugar.
In other words, these carbohydrates are readily and wholly

Nrw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 543

transformed, without waste, into a sugar which is completely
absorbed into the blood. It is true at least that repeated trials
have failed to reveal the presence of either sugar or starch in
the fecal residue, which indicates complete solution and absorb-
tion. Other compounds which contribute to the so-called digest-
ible carbohydrates, such as cellulose and pentosans are digested
in part only, and we are not able to declare whether that which
is digested serves the purposes of nutrition as efficiently as the
hexose sugars and the starches. The writer has been inclined
to regard the high comparative value of grain foods as partly
explained by the kind and not wholly by the proportion, of com-
pounds digested.

The percentage of total sugars and starches was determined in
the several materials that were used in compounding the two
rations previously given. All the carbohydrates soluble in an
extract of malted barley grains were assumed to belong to these
compounds in Rations 1 and 2.

THE STARCH AND SUGAR IN CERTAIN FEEDING STUFFS.

E In WATER-FREE MATERIALS.
eg _Per cent
aie! nitrogen free
PG sues | extract
ecole | Soluble in | Insoluble in |20t starch and
5 erate’ | malt extract. | malt Serrneee sugar.
: Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
If }| SUI MINy heh ~enos Sace 51.9 15.7 36.2 70
45-49 | Cornsilage........-. 55.3 26.4 | 28.9 52.3
ZOGAOALS cue oe See aces 65.3 50.3 15 23
Zi PeAags Soecrcce cia looee 6325) 53.9 | 9.6 { ils 3
1G" |p Maltisprouts)s-.-— ---- 49.2 22.9 | 26.3 55.5
18 | Brewer's grains..--.. 43.8 12.9 30.9 70.5
19 | Buffalo gluten feed.. 59 37.1 | 21.9 37.1

After having carried our analyses to this point it is possible
to calculate the amounts of these two classes of nitrogen-free
compounds in Rations 1 and 2.

544 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL LLUSBANDRY OF THE

STARCH AND SUGAR IN RATIONS COMPARED.

|
| Dry matter |Percentageof| 4 ount starch
Amount fed. a edat starchuiend and sugar fed.
Ration No. 1.
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds
Timothy hay e222 akc. f A 15.7 0.69
Cormmgsilaces ee. os 40 QI 26.4 2.40
Onis soround seen cee oe | 5 | 4.5 50.3 | 2.26
Pens eround aon. 2 .asas! 6 5.3 53.9 2.86
Oba bes eee eee ale tae ker 2D Oren Mieco 8.21
Ration No. 2
F ; : sah
Pimothy hay sss. 20... Sabon een tie es a iba tr 2.05
Corn’ silage. -s22tjs220302 4: | 25 621 (i! |" 4 26:4 1.61
Malt-spronts2-2 Joc. 35.22) 2 1.8 | 22.9 -41
Brewer's grains 1.2.2.2... 3 2.8 | 1ZES -36
Buffalo gluten feed ....... 3 Pet | | 37.1 1
RO tal Women pei M call feces eta & Z6ED seen aoe 5.43

The data here recorded show that the nitrogen-free dry matter
in these rations, exclusive of ash and fat, was made up as fol-

lows:
NITROGEN-FREE MATTER IN RATIONS.
Ration 1.
Lhs.
Starch and sugar..... Micieis: wit lola slatetetogetiorse ahi ee siete steve 8.21
Other nitrogen-free extractss. . /k- ve ccean chadence ess 5.33
MICE planes atalta’s te etieneVsvaiters ielceclie leeches A SLRHANS, Weare se Ue ere bard 4.52

BOCA TEC aie c.f his mite ee em, cise al uate Manca Slee, ele IR OG

The digestible “ carbohydrates ” had three sources.*

DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN RATIONS.
Ration 1.
1}

bs.

Hromestanch: and! sugar soo). se. 2ei tiecuc. ek tyatic ASH asiaz) |
From other nitrogen-free extract. ...........0ccccceee 1599:
ATOM ADOT, iets wretches asked eiataca''s acl oe Uke ea ae ee ae 2.67
OTH GIS CSLOC Ee estas a ihc NG ace se on Re 12.87

* See also results of digestion experiments, p. 540.

Ration 2.
Lbs.

5.43
8.48
6.53

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 545

It appears that in Ration No. 1, 64 per cent, and in Ration No.
2, 42 per cent of the digested “carbohydrates ”
starch and sugar.

Of the nitrogen-free extract not starch and sugar, 37 per cent
and 42 per cent were digested in the two cases, the amount being

consisted of

nearly twice as much in Ration No. 2 as in No. 1. In Ratiou
No. 1, 20.7 per cent and in Ration No. 2, 30.2 per cent of the
digestible carbohydrates came from the fiber. From a theo-
retical point of view, when we consider that the pentose sugars
formed maybe less assimilable than the hexose,and that cellulose
digestion may in part be due to destructive fermentations, it is
reasonable to admit the possibility of unlike nutritive values for
a unit of digestible material from these two sources; but the
demonstration of this fact, if it be a fact, is a difficult matter.
and must be secured through some kind of experiments with
animals. A large difference in the value of twe rations may be
shown, perhaps, by ordinary feeding trials, but small differences
may be obscured by the errors to which such experiments are
subjected. The experiment subsequently described should not
be regarded, therefore, as furnishing evidence of the highest
character. This experiment was planned because of a desire to
learn whether the milk-producing capacity of a ration is modified
by the sources of the digestible compounds, other conditions be-
ing uniform.

Tor EXPERIMENT.

Rations similar to Nos. 1 and 2 in the kinds and proportions of
fodders and grains were used in an experiment with ten cows
selected from the Station herd. Some of the animals were in the
early stages of lactation, and none of them were so far advanced
as to endanger the reliability of the data.

They were not all fed the same quantity of food, but the weight
of the ration varied with the appetite, size and production of the

several cows.
35

546 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

The preliminary feeding began February 25 and the experi-
ment was concluded on May 10. This time was divided intc
two periods, and the ten cows into two lots. During the first
period Lot 1 was fed Ration No. 1 and Lot 2 Ration No. 2. In
the second period this order was reversed. All the necessary data
were recorded, such as the weights of foods, the weights of the
animals and the weight and composition of the milk. The com-
position of the foods and the digestibility of the rations have been
stated on previous pages.

The maximum rations fed were those previously given:

CONSTITUENTS AND AMOUNTS OF RATIONS COMPARED.
Ration No.1. Ration No. 2.

AISI Va EAs canctoce) custevre aie ierstad evets) agsners: snsteieuetore mielst mie) etene 5 pounds. 15 pounds.
COLT AS MAO Siero ce ates ans Ole Sree ela toners ee lela ee eraeneine 40 pounds. 25 pounds.
Oeus, SuCwiMacl conga oo toon osu aes cod cocoadoueunoc 5 pounds.

CAS He STO WET recess aves sral tic) sie eetnet shade se leieie a eusreyaientetel eves 6 pounds.

MEALS PLO ULS MGIC Oe pro tersss apeteict micin stern) sia ete chao suekelleene 2 pounds.
IBTEWeEIS MeTAINS ss ORICUs mya cia fem comes elctcrecie.e'e eeteiere 3 pounds.
Buihalom Slntenme teed. sie are aces cp cow loreletey aie foyeloustele tice 3 pounds.

These rations, as before stated, were modified in quantity to
suit the needs of the different animals, the proportions of the sev-
eral materials being maintained unchanged.

Without stating the data in full detail, we give herewith the
important part in a condensed form, showing the amount of each
food and of the digestible matter which each cow ate and the
yields of milk and milk solids.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 547

QUANTITIES OF Foop EATEN.

Weights —
of |
cows. |

|

Foop Eaten.

Silage. | Hay. | Grain.

First period—30 days, March 2 to April 1.

|

Ration 1—Lot 1. Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs Lbs
Mienite WONStANGe-- 222222) Fe. eae 1,072 1,087.4 146.8 330
a8 ee ee 1,068 | 1,080 | 134 300
“2 EG ae et aes 965 | 1,074.7| 133.5 | 330
Mityuan oligo 2 | ee | £2500 | 150 300
Barbara ANON. 2253-22: c0.5s-2= Sa | A032 1,045.7 129.9 291

. Ration 2—Lot 2.
Peanuy Picdee:)..-.- 322s on os | 1,101 750 | 447.9 240°
Batssy sl Ouhes eos S255 oS- soso eas 1,320 647.7 | 392.5 210
oan ee Sc se 924 674.9 | 360.7 202.3
dumietia Peerless. ..2252.-s~02.-5225- 964 748.5 442.3 221.2
Pountess Hlsyvia-.. 222.2255 2222252 814 547-3 | 317.7 176.7
Second period—33 days, April 8 to May 10.
l fl

Ration 2—Lot 1. | |
Woehh-i@onstances: 2-22-25 <-.2,.-42-.5-2 | 1,090 772.6 426 214.1
ACN Ob en esate Hoe eso ee ccs Se LONAG 742.5 425.2 231
Wagram as sia enseee ones S525 care esse 977 741.8 297.9 226-1
Marmion Delles.- oss. e2e ee os 1,098 | 825 493.3 | 263.9
LBSTTH CF U1 eee et ee | 1,081 (Bees 392.8 203.2

Ration 1—Lot 2. |
Beanty Pledve,. 252 = conc ns-- =e: 1,095 | 1,320 165 | 361.5
LRGs AU 1 ee ee ee 1,324 1,184.5 147.3 330
| UTTER 919 1,183.6 | 140.1 260.7
Junietta Peerless.......-----.-----. 975 | 1,318.3| 163.7 352.1
Raunbess Plaviacn.. 2-2. =s- 22 e 825 988.5 125.3 277.2

548 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

DIGESTIBLE MATTER EATEN.

DIGESTABLE Foop EATEN.

Mink YIELD.

Protein. hyacueet Fat. | Total. Milk, ae
First period —30 days, March 2 to April 1.

Ration 1—Lot 1. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds
Neth Constauces ..-+ == 67. BD 31.4 474.2 1009.6 109.6
Racheliee ses ne tee easel Goce Sh p503 30.2 446.7 425.1 57
INP IceAe Leocdon core acide 63 352.5 30.1 445.6 446.5 63.5
Manton Belle.......-..-.- 69.8 391-9") 3320 495.2 939.8 113.8
Barbara eAlliemese ee cers 61.2 342.6 29.2 433 418.3 60

Ration 2—Lot 2.

Beauty Pledges. ase 72.5 377 oe 481.8 1071.8 118.3

Betsey 10th....-.-- tee 63.8 SB MnE | BAe 424.8 393 55.1

Ding heeecar sens ees eae |e Ola Sion leeteo 403.9 477.5 TOR

Junietta Peerless ....-.-.. 69.1 367.6 ail ih 468.1 816.1 102.2

Countess Flavia.......-. bye) ZUM 6a 23524 347.8 605 8 86.3
Second period —33 days, April 8 to May 10.

Ration 2— Lot 1.

Neth. Constance. ....---. 60.7 363.1 41.6 465.4 1054.7 117.5
Racheluessestces a2: tecince 63.1 364.7 ANN, 469.5 424 54.9
Miva ee a eh eels fae = 58.3 30823 || 3522 401.8 481 68.2
Mantonebelilesessse veces 72.1 ASG Een died 536.5 999.9 124.3
BarbararAllontessscecess 57.3 339.9 | 39 436.2 446.9 64

Ration 1—Lot 2.

Beauty Pledge....-...-.- 72.3 450.2 | 40.2 562.7 | 1125.5 126.5
Betsey 10th Ss2---. scon- 65.7 406.2 36.1 508 389.3 5be2
Dinaheec etsiecance seek 56.4 369.7 | 34.1 460.2 51222 76.4
Junietta Peerless ....---- (ale? 444.9 39.8 555.9 849 115.9
Countess Flavia ........- 55.2 340.9 30.3 426.4 581.9 87.1
Daily average, Ration 1. 2.05 12.15 1.06 oo ae ae
Daily average, Ration 2.. 2 10.97 De eee ee oe een | eee

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

549

DIGESTIBLE MATTER EATEN AND MILK SOLIDS PRODUCED.

Ration 1.

RATION 2.
Digestible Milk Digestible Milk
matter solids matter solids
eaten. | produced. eaten. produced.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds.
30 days 33 days
Neth. Constance........---.------------ 474.2 | 109.6 | 465.4 | 117-5
Rachel .....-. .----. ------++-20+--++ +++ 446.7 5T 469.5 54.9
Myra. ...--..----...---- -------- ------- 445.6 63.5 401.8 68.2
Manton Belle. .......----...---.-+------ 495.2 | 113.8 | 536.5 | 124.3
BHEBALS FAL ONG @'... Socicoseewemancss soe 433 60 436.2 64
33 days 30 days
Ean GUO = acs Sse tee isa s'Soeiee 562.7 126.5 481.8 118.3
Betneye Oth) ces .ceceoa saces stsscineels seats 508 55.2 424.8 55.1
Dinahieree sect oo wae soar neice ae hees 460.2 76.4 403.9 70.7
Olmrettanleerlesssce + s.2 6 -seeses ene ston) 100029 115.9 468.1 102.2
Wountessablaviae + <ocs sees ccs eca ssc 426.4 87.1 847.8 86.3
Totals, 5 cows in 63 days .... -.-.|/4,807.9 865 4,435.8 861.5
Daly averuge, | COw..-.s-c-sa-s02-seo== 15.26 2.74 14.08 2.73
Digestible nutrients for 1 1b. milk solids. Dd.56 5.15

The results of this experiment furnish no testimony in favor of
the superior quality of Ration No. 1, i. e., in favor of the ration
containing the larger proportion of easily digestible carbohy-
drates that belong to the hexose group.

The evidence, if literally applied, shows Ration No. 2 to be even
the better one. The daily production of milk solids was essentially
the same with the two rations, viz.: 2.74 lbs., but the daily con-
sumption of digestible nutrients was greater with Ration No. 1,
the respective quantities being 15.3 lbs. and 14.1 Ibs. and the
amounts of digestible material eaten for each pound of milk solids
produced were 5.56 Ibs. and 5.15 Ibs. If, therefore, a certain
class of carbohydrate compounds possesses a superior nutritive
value the fact must be brought to light through some method of
investigation more searching than feeding experiments of this
character.

This experiment does bear testimony concerning one matter of
considerable importance. It is certainly clearly shown that in
one case at least, the commercial feeding stuffs of the by-product
class were successfully substituted for such grains of high quality

as oats and peas.

550 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

Moreover, a much larger percentage of the digestible dry mat-
ter of the ration was supplied in timothy hay and silage in Ration
2 than in Ration 1, the proportion being about 70:55 in the two
cases, but as has been stated, no evidence appeared that Ration 2
was inferior to the other. Such an outcome is encouraging to
those farmers who wish to avoid the purchase of cattle foods by
feeding largely of home-grown fodders and purchasing sparingly
of such grains as are best calculated to supplement hay and
silage.

‘ees. ‘AHGaaS ‘“aUuOVY Ug UAGGOY NAGUY AO SNOL GGT UMAO GALVOUUDDY sdoup
AGUHL AHL ‘NOSVaS AHL 40 dOUQ CGUYIHL AHL DNIMOHS ‘9681 ‘91 LSNDNV ‘GIGIY VATVATY NOILYLS—XIXX 4LW1d

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY.

|ige dl oy ed

L AGDRALE A}

W. P. WHEELER.

SUMMARY.

Alfalfa is not suited to all kinds of soils, and is probably not
hardy much north of the central portion of this State. It is, how-
ever, a plant of such decided value that it is well worth a trial in
any locality where there is a fair prospect of its growing.

ALFALFA.

Since the publication of a bulletin in November, 1894, in
which were stated results accompanying the feeding of alfalfa
at this Station, this fodder has constituted during two more
summers a larger or smaller part of the rations for milch cows.
The favorable opinion then expressed concerning alfalfa has been
strengthened by the further experience. Many rations contain-
ing this fodder have been as efficient and economical as those
used in the fourteen feeding trials reported in the bulletin, and
the good crops obtained each year warrant a recommendation of
its more general trial.

The chief value of alfalfa for this State lies in its excellence
as a soiling crop. In palatability it ranks high, and is not in-
ferior in this respect to corn. It is readily eaten by all farm

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 118,

552 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

stock. Three or more cuttings can be had in a season. It fur-
nishes a fodder rich in nitrogenous matter, and is well consti-
tuted to supplement. our great fodder crop, Indian corn, which
is, both in the grain and entire plant, somewhat lacking in this
essential class of constitutents.

Alfalfa has proved a reliable crop at this Station for several
years, although on soil apparently not best suited to it, and, while
not hardy enough to endure the winters of some portions of the
-State, it has never been winter-killed here except on small areas
where water remained on the surface over little depressions of
the field.

HISTORY.

This plant, under the name of lucerne, is said to have been
introduced into New York State nearly eighty years ago, but
its value was apparently recognized by very few untii alfalfa,
which was brought into California from South America thirty
years later, proved such a marked success in the West. Possibly
this was because the alfalfa, early taken to Mexico, from there
carried to western South America, finally to California, and from
there elsewhere, became more thoroughly acclimated; for the
alfalfa from the West is said to be hardier and to grow larger than
the lucerne from Europe.

Alfalfa, or lucerne (Medicago sativa), is probably a native of
the valleys of western central Asia, and has been in cultivation
for along time. It was introduced into Greece by the Persians
in 490 B. C. It was highly esteemed and largely grown by the
Romans, and later cultivated by the natives of southern Europe.
It was, in the time of the conquest, carried by the Spaniards into
Mexico under the Arabic name of alfalfa, the one then commonly
used in Spain.

CHARACTERISTICS,

Alfalfa is a perennial—the root living many years. The an-
nual upright and branching stems when cut do not sprout,
but die back to the crown, where new shoots start and grow
rapidly. The roots extend much deeper than those of most
plants, and alfalfa is, therefore, not obliged to feed altogether:

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEN? STATION. 553

near the surface. In fact, although nodules or excrescences
caused by the micro-organisms are common on the roots near
the surface, there are few of the small fibrous roots except at
the greater depths reached, where they are abundant. This indi-
cates a power of deep feeding. At the same time alfalfa re-
sponds readily to a top dressing of fertilizers, and abundant rain-
fall or surface irrigation is necessary to assure the largest crops.
Old plants, will, however, make a fair growth in times of drought
seriously affecting many crops. The normal root seems to be a
single long tap root running to the depth of three or more feet
before dividing into branches which run to greater depths of
even twelve feet or more, although they will not extend below
the permanent water table, nor more than a few inches into the
permanently saturated soil.

Alfalfa is often able to adapt itself to soils where the roots
cannot extend deeply, and plants transplanted when young, off
which the tap roots have been cut at the depth of less than a
foot, have endured well.

Under favorable conditions the yield of alfalfa increases up
to three or four years, and good crops follow for ten years or
more. Often, however, such grasses as quack and June grass,
and plantains, dandelion and similar weeds spread over the field
to the increasing injury of the crop, although many weeds are
subdued by the frequent cuttings. Ordinarily it will pay to plow
up the field after about six or eight years. Sometimes the al-
falfa appears able to hold its own indefinitely. A small plat
seeded to alfalfa about twelve years ago still gives two or three
good cuttings each season, although it has been densly over-
grown with grass for several years, and probably for the whole
time. There was never more than a very scattering stand, but
there appears no decrease in the number of plants.

AVERAGE YIELD.

The average of five crops of four cuttings each obtained at
this Station during the three past years was over seventeen tons
of green fodder per acre. This was from fields one to three
years old.

554 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

Crops IN DirFERENT YBARS.

There was cut in 1894, from a field of 2.3 acres seeded in 1890,
a total per acre of 28,085 pounds green fodder. The total dry
matter was 7,406 pounds, containing 1,119 pounds of protein, of
which the albuminoids constituted 899 pounds. The first cut-
ting was in June, beginning on the ist, the second was begun
July 28th, the third September 8th, and the fourth October 15th.
The first crop was a very heavy one, the second much lighter,
and the last two were very light. The season was very dry.

There was cut in 1894, from a field of 1.3 acres, seeded in 1893,
a total of 33,803 pounds. The dry matter was 8,116 pounds, con-
taining 1,660 pounds of protein, of which the albuminoids consti-
tuted 1,278 pounds. The first cutting was in May, commencing
on the 11th. The second cutting begun July 9th, after very dry .
weather; the third begun September ist, after severe drought,
and the fourth on October 18th.

There was cut in 1895 from the field of 1.3 acres seeded in 1893,
a total of 37,129 pounds. The dry matter was 8,666 pounds, con-
taining 1,452 pounds of protein, of which the albuminoids con-
stituted 1,120 pounds. The first cutting began May 15th, the
second June 15th, the third July 30th, and the fourth on Septem-
ber 9th. The last crop was light, and others all goed.

There was cut in 1896, from the field of 1.3 acres, seeded in
1893, a total of 34,991 pounds. The dry matter in the crop was
8,527 pounds, containing 1,522 pounds of protein, of which the
albuminoids constituted 1,167 pounds. The first cutting began
May 27th, the second June 29th, the third August 13th, and the
fourth on October 1st. The last crop was light, the others all
good, the first and third being the heaviest.

There was cut in 1896, from a field of about one and one-
quarter acres, seeded in 1895, a total of 36,514 pounds. The dry
matter in the crop was 7,461 pounds, containing 1,302 pounds
of protein, of which the albuminoids constituted 1,054 pounds.
The first cutting began May 12th, the second June 18th, the
third July 22d, and the fourth September 8th. The second crop
was the lightest, although containing more dry matter than the
last. All were good.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 555

Occasionally, when conditions are favorable, quite a crop can
be cut the same season the seed is sown. In 1895 there was
cut from a field of about one and one-quarter acres, seeded in the
spring, a total of 13,558 pounds. The dry matter was 3,330
pounds, containing 548 pounds of protein, of which the albu-
minoids constituted 416 pounds. The field was cut twice. The
first cutting began July 9th, and the second August 26th.

Foop VALURB OF SEVERAL FoppER Crops.

In order to show the high feeding value of the alfalfa from
an acre, the average product obtained at this Station during the
three years past is stated in the following table in comparison
with the food supplied by several of our best common fooder
crops. The average of the five alfalfa crops was 34,104 pounds
of green fodder, or 8,035 pounds of dry matter, containing 1,411
pounds of protein, 1,103 pounds of this being albuminoids.

FooD VALUE OF FODDER CROPS.

~ = ee =

Yield per acre | Dry matter Total digestible Digestibdle
eae crop. per acre. pace pROtatn’
Pounds. Pounds, Pounds. Pounds.
IRE Len ae San hearse ise teeters 34,100 8,000 5,280 875
Gormmayentare planii.ce-.2-=- 28 ,000 5,800 | 3,800 300
IREGUClOVGI= 2s a c= Se ale 18 ,000 5,220 3,200 491
Ontstand peasi.- 5... -2022-: - 13,000 3,120 2 521 35@
Mimo thiyeesa=sacie- ste Seino 10,000 3,500 2,000 228
IRWUMUR AB eae oss acess zis 31,700 3,400 3,000 279
Mancelsmes sie se soon letrac 25,000 3,500 2,750 232
NUPAmDGCtSs 5-65 5-- <5 oo 2 17,800 2,500 1,800 213

The acreage yields of the several crops given above are such
as have been secured at different places in this part of the
country from Pennsylvania to Canada. Sometimes considerably
larger crops have been obtained, but the average crop would be
less than any mentioned in the table.

CoMPOSITION OF THE FRESH FODDER.

The average composition of twenty lots of fresh alfalfa fodder
fed at this station during the last four seasons is stated below.
Corn is probably our best all around forage crop, and for com-

556 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THS

parison the average composition of the mature fresh corn fodder
fed during the last three seasons is also stated.

Alfalfa Corn.
MOIStURE sDER. COM be ae cue see eae ates elaucis er olier ol eth eae ee 15.6 73
INSTSTNOTS CODE Sats ccs ates os 28s oul sie ate easvausreuenepe ie ler elie aise se tarle oherees ond 2
Crudesprotei ny PErnCOMts is. ms.csiece oe vase es csers ere enniots ers 4.4. ne
AN DUIMIN OAS: “Peru COM ti rcsiccses & ercierereheie chteeece 6 socieiete enaclereneye 3.4 2
Crude fibres per (CON 2:2 )deseteas ares s sho shaw apsaspo altuslel oes sterels 6.5 5.3
Nitrogen—free extract, per Celt. cc ca6 es deat emcee 10.1 aly(al
Crude fats (ether extract), per Cent. .....-...)....s5s48 256 1S iat

Sor.

Alfalfa grows well on varying kinds of soils, provided the
subsoil is open and porous. The most favorable soil is a rich,
somewhat sandy loam, warm and friable, with a deep and loose
or gravelly subsoil, well supplied with lime. ‘A dense clay or
hardpan subsoil is most unfavorable. Although a rich soil is
of course the best and gives the largest crops alfalfa sometimes
does unexpectedly well on poor, gravelly land.

The plant consumes much water, but will not survive long
in a saturated or flooded soil, and much water in or on the
ground during winter is fatal. If water stands for any con-
siderable time within a few feet of the surface the crop will be
injured.

Foop FoR THE PLANT.

An abundance of lime in the soil is especially desirable, and
much iron is injurious. The plant is a heavy feeder and will
not be productive on soils deficient in plant food. It is a legu-
minous plant and can obtain nitrogen not available to many
plants, although it responds quickly to applications of nitrog-
enous manures. The extent of its power to obtain atmospheric
nitrogen is not certain, but it is important to utilize it so far
as possible and feed the crop mainly potash and phosphoric
acid.

IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL.

Although so rank a feeder and large producer alfalfa is less
exhaustive to the soil than many plants of lighter producing
power. Where the crop is fed on the farm, as it should be, and

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 55T

the manure returned to the land, there is a very noticeable in-
crease ‘of fertility, which may be made more permanent by
moderate applications of potash salts and phosphatic fertilizers,
which are well paid for by the increased yield.

In the west the great improvement in fields where alfalfa has
been grown is a commonly recognized fact, although the crop is
not always fed on the field. Improvement, however, cannot be
lasting when plant food is continually removed. Much of the
plant food left in the soil has been brought from an unusual
depth. The stubble and roots of manure growth contain, on an
acre, of the essential fertilizing constituents, an amount ‘that
would require about thirty-five dollars to purchase. The me-
chanical condition of the soil is also left improved when an
alfalfa field is broken up. A crop of alfalfa virtually deepens
the soil and extends the feeding ground of subsequent crops.

SEEDING.

The seed should not be sown unless the soil has received care-
ful thorough preparation, for it is very important to secure a
full and uniform stand, especially if hay is to be made. The
seed should be sown in the spring, after danger of severe frost
is passed, and when the ground would be considered in the best
possible condition for planting garden seeds. The treatment of
the field for the preceding season should have been such as to
have most effectually subdued all weeds, and caused the sprout-
ing and destruction of any seed in the ground. The seed should
not be sown with grain, but alone, although a good catch is some-
times secured when sown with oats, only about half the usual
quantity of grain being used. If sown with grain the young
plants are likely to be killed by the sun after the grain is cut.

It is best to sow about thirty pounds of seed per acre to in-
sure a full stand. Some consider twenty pounds of seed ample.
If the seeds were evenly distributed, and all would germi-
nate and grow there would be several times the number of seeds
necessary in this smalier quantity te produce a thick stand.
But all conditions of soil, moisture and seed cannot always be

558 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

favorable, and it is well to sow liberally. An uneven stand is -
very unsatisfactory. An even stand, where the plants are sev-
eral inches apart, will give as large a crop as a much thicker
stand, but generally where hay is made, a thick stand is desired.

The seed should be covered, but the covering of soil should
be as thin as possible, except on very light soils in a dry time.
Although several methods of sowing the seed have given good
results at this Station, the method usually followed has been to
sow the seed broadcast and follow with a very light or brush
harrow. Sometimes a very successful method is to drill in the
seed and harrow very lightly across the drill marks. Sometimes
simply rolling after broadcast sowing is desirable.

It will not pay to sow late in the summer. June sowing is
perhaps as late as should be risked. The young plants are hardly
able to endure the winter until they have had several months
growth, although mature plants appear able to withstand very
cold weather if the soil is not wet. The first winter is the hard-
est.

SHED.

Pure seed is essential. Only bright, plump, clean seeds should
be sown, for shrunken seeds may produce weak and worthless
plants. The seed resembles that of red clover, but is larger.
Fresh seed has a greenish-yellow color, but after it has been
kept in the light for a time it becomes reddish brown. Good seed
retains its vitality several years if kept under favorable condi-
tions. |

The presence of the seed of narrow leaf plantain it is of vital
importance to avoid. This is a long brownish seed, like a diminu-
tive date seed, and is easily detected without the aid of a glass
by any one familiar with it.

Earty TREATMENT.

In order to check the growth of weeds a mowing machine can
be run over the field of young alfalfa with the cutting-bar raised
to avoid cutting near the crowns of the young plants. If the
clipping is not too heavy it can be leit on the field, and will serve

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 559

as a mulch during the dry weather. On rich soil sometimes two
crops can be secured the first summer, but on poor soil, or in a
dry season, no crop can be expected until the second year.

ESTABLISHED FIBLDS.

Alfalfa should be cut every time it begins to blossom, whether
the growth is short or tall, unless a seed crop is desired. The
second crop of the season is better for seed than the first, probably
on account of the greater number of insects that assist in fertil-
izing the blossoms.

The chief value of alfalfa, before stated, is as a soiling crop
to be cut and fed fresh. From a field in area suited to the
number of animals to be fed, there can be obtained a fairly regu-
lar succession of cuttings of green fodder. By cutting each day
across the field there will be, by the time the field is cut over,
a new growth where the first cutting was made. The field that
will produce ample fodder during the dry weather of late sum-
mer will yield an excess during the more favorable weather of
spring. This surplus can be made into hay—for the crop should
always be cut when the purple blossoms show. The first crop
of the season will, as a rule, prove much the heaviest if allowed
to reach full development, the later cuttings being light. For
this reason it may often be found preferable to begin the first
cuttings when the fodder is rather imature, in this locality early
in May.

PASTURAGE.

Alfalfa is not a safe pasturage for cattle and sheep, for it is
liable to cause bloat. Where cattie and sheep are allowed to eat
all they will, the fodder should be allowed to wilt before it is fed.
Horses and pigs can be pastured on alfalfa, but by pasturing
heavy animals, many of the crowns are broken by the hoofs and
the plants are injured. Sheep cut off the crowns too close to
the ground. When used to supplement dry pastures it is best
to cut the fodder and carry it, when wilted, to the nearest place
where it can be fed.

560 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

SILAGE.

Alfalfa silage compares well in chemical composition with
clover and similar forms of silage. It is said te usually have a
disagreeable odor and taste, although it is freely eaten by cattle.
No experiments in the use of alfalfa silage have been made at
this Station. The green fodder has been in such continual de-
mand for feeding that not enough has been available at any time
to fill a silo. Alfalfa, like clover, would require more careful —
packing and a greater depth of silo for best results than is neces-
sary for corn.

Hay.

Alfalfa hay is an excellent fodder. It is palatable and very
nutritious. Experience and good judgment are required, and
much time and care are necessary, to make good hay. If handled
too much when dry all the leaves and small stems are liable to
fall off, and if not thoroughly cured it is liable to mold and mil-
dew. The hay will not shed water well, and stacks, when left
long, should be well covered. Hay caps are often of great serv-
ice. The hay suffers much deterioration in feeding value by ex-
posure to rain.

The leaves constitute in weight about half the plant—from
forty to sixty per cent. Sometimes the loss of leaves and small
stems amounts, with careless handling, to much more than half
the weight of the crop. . The ordinary loss with careful handling
in about one-fifth or one-sixth. The leaves contain from three to
four times as much protein and fat as the stems, and more
starchy substance, while the stems contain three or four times as
much woody substance as the leaves. It can be understood from
this that the best part of the crop may be lost unless great care is
taken. As the ash content of the leaves is also very high, the
surface soil is enriched by their decay, but. their great feeding
value is lost. |

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II. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH CHICKS AND
CAPONS.*

THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF WHOLE AND GROUND
GRAINS AS COMMONLY FED.

W. P. WHEELER.

SUMMARY.

A ration consisting mostly of the ordinary ground grain foods
and containing no whole grain was more profitably fed to chicks
than another ration consisting mostly of whole grain and con-
taining no ground grain.

Capons from the one lot afterward made a somewhat cheaper
gain in weight on the whole grain ration, but the grain was too
slow to compensate for the more rapid growth which had been
made, as chicks, by the lot having the ground grain ration.

Of two other lots of capons, those having the ground grain
ration made the more profitable gain during several months.

In every trial more food was eaten when the ground grain was
fed than when the whole grain was fed.

Neither the chicks and capons having only the whole grain
nor those having only the ground grain showed any lack of health
and vigor.

INTRODUCTION.

A number of experiments have been made at this Station to
obtain information concerning the economy of feeding ground
grain to poultry. The results from several of these tests with
laying hens were published in Bulletin No. 106. The results of
some other feeding experiments made at that time with young
chicks and with capons seem of interest enough to warrant sepa-
rate publication in this bulletin, for many inquiries are made
concerning the relative advantage of feeding ground and whole
grain to young stock.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 126.

36

562 REPorRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

While opinions have differed somewhat among poultrymen in
regard to the manner of feeding and form of grain to be used,
the different grain foods have almost necessarily, as a rule, con-
stituted much the greater portion of all rations. In common
practice there is a considerable saving of time and labor by feed-
ing whole grain; and when it is necessary to insure exercise, as
with laying hens and breeding stock, whole grain can be fed to
good advantage. But by-products, much cheaper than whole
grain, and, if desired, much more nitrogenous, are usually avail-
able for part of the ground grain rations. If the food consists
largely of the whole grains which can ordinarily be obtained, it
is not possible to secure a ration as nitrogencus as is by many
considered essential.

As generally found, then, rations in which whole grains largely
predominate will, unless special effort is made to prevent, have
wider nutritive ratios than rations containing much ground grain.
The difference is more pronounced whenever certain by-products
are used and animal meal mixed with the ground grain.

So in general practice a change from “whole grain” to “ ground
grain” or vice versa, involves also considerable change in chem-
ical composition of the food.

RATIONS FED.

In the feeding experiments here recorded only ordinary foods
were used and such foods omitted as would make a pronounced
difference in the chemical composition of the rations. There
were, however, some of the usual differences in composition, al-
though in much less degree than ordinarily occurs. An attempt
to avoid any difference would have prevented the use of many
common foods and this was not desired.

STOCK USED.

Two lots of chicks were fed for three months during the sum-
mer and four lots of capons for about seven montks during the fall
and winter. The two lots of chicks were hatched in incubators

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563

and reared in out-door lamp-brooders. They were taken from two
hatches, from which many of the chicks were used for other pur-
poses, and, although the two lots were entirely comparable, the
chicks in each lot varied a week or more in age. They were
of several breeds, the Light Brahma, Dark Brahma, Buff Cochin,
Partridge Cochin and some of Cochin-Game cross. The records
of feeding and of growth were kept from the time the chicks were
hatched until they were three months of age. The cockerels were
then caponized and were fed during the winter. The pullets were
also fed the contrasted rations for a while, but were too few in
number to make the results satisfactory, and were not carried
through.
FOODS.

The grain food for one lot of chicks, No. I, consisted from the
start entirely of ground grain, and that for lot No. I, entirely of
whole or cracked grain. Both lots were fed skim milk freely.
Lot No. I had dried blood. Lot No. If had cut, fresh bone, all
the chicks would eat, twice a week, and what dried blood they
could be induced to eat with the whole grain. Of these animal
foods not enough was eaten, however, to bring the amount of
nitrogen in the whole grain ration entirely up to that in the
other. Each lot was kept on a small enclosed grass run, sur-
rounding the brooder, from which their green food was obtained.
In some preceding experiments it had been found that the dry
matter of the green food eaten by the chicks was so small that
its consideration would not affect the averages for short periods.
The cost also of the green food was so small as rot to appear in
the average estimates, but only in the aggregates for long periods.
For this reason, although green food is of great importance in
feeding, account of it does not appear in the data which follow.

The grain mixture, No. I, fed to the chicks, consisted of two
parts by weight of corn meal, two parts of wheat bran and one
part each of wheat middlings, old process linseed meal and ground
oats. The mixture, No. II, fed to the capons, consisted of ten
parts by weight of corn meal, two parts wheat bran, and one part
each of wheat middlings, ground oats and ground barley.

564 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

The grain mixtures and other foods averaged in composition as
follows:

COMPOSITION OF [oopDs.

: Nitrogen-
Crude Crude ru
FOOD. Water. Ash. protein. flore. putes eee
Per cent. | Per cant. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
Grain mixture No. 1....... iP) Be 14.7 aT 61-6 3.8
Grain mixture No. 2..-.-.-. 15.8 1.8 9.8 2.9 66.2 oi)
Oat meal (yranulated).---- 10.1 3.5 13 2 66.7 Aer
Groundoatse-sseeeeocesss 12-1 Si 12 Seat 60.5 4.2
Gornmimealc et. sec mee oie 12.7 2.1 10.4 2.2 68.5 4.1
Vile a beers ne aoa eee eee Ze ley 12.2 D4 69.8 1.8
Comme seeeat ee nome memes 12.8 lave 8.8 13 12.3 BT
Barleyesere sce ose e eases ed 2.9 12.6 4 64.6 2.2
(OP Se Sa ae a Sa ee ee 12.8 ona: Se -4 57.8 3.9
Dried blood. seca e eee eae 9.7 1.9 82.4 1.05 aS 2
Skambmiilikesseeeeeeeacs ees 90.5 =f RISA AE 8,52 bak oth
Hreshpboneremetiee se oacee sce 34.2 22.8 20260 ieee 1.9 | 20.5
VALUATION.

In estimating the cost of food, corn meal was rated at $16 per
ton, wheat bran and wheat middlings at $14, ground oats at $18
and linseed meal at $20. Wheat was rated at 69 cents per bushel,
corn at 40 cents, oats at 24 cents and barley at 41 cents, granu-
lated oat meal at 3 cents per pound and dried blood at 2 cents,
skim milk at 24 cents per 100 pounds and fresh bone at 80 cents.

NUTRITIVE RATIO.

During the first few weeks the food taken by the lot having the
whole grain ration had somewhat the wider nutritive ratio.
During the last few weeks there was little or no difference in this
respect. All the food eaten during the three months by Lot No. I
showed the average nutritive ratio of 1:3.38. That eaten by Lot
No. II showed a ratio approximately 1:4.6.

EXPERIMENT WITH CHICKS.

The records of feeding and the average results from the feeding
trial with the growing chicks arranged in periods of one week,
are given in the following tables:

—

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Foop Eaten py CuicKxs (Lor No, I) FED GROUND GRAIN.

“Qu 310M Uy : 4 ‘2
ured punod qoue nN CAN on of © us od
10J pooy jo 4sop OA NAM HHA

ts.

“pay gasIem : ees
eal, spunod Bot hays
oo Youe soy Kep | SE S3m
lod pooj 901j-1971B AY

qysiem =
ur ures panod Bid ACG 196900 41d
‘Nets wives
euo oJ pounsaood SN NHN NNSA

POOJ GaIJ-AOJVAL

*pomed samp ZrO Heoamaaw9g
yorqo aad qysiea N '
Ul ujes eseicay SSOHNAANMA OHO

T © 69 00 60 69 CO Cr 4 C169 OD
OI ONY OR 91S 63.19.18

Gy Ee Se Se SS en

“O1JB.1 941}
“lyn eyeurxoidady

“ep tad pooj aM H19 60
jo ysoo ron | BS SSSS

————_—_— eee

“£up 10d poog AMHOM AOONNAANE

O21J-1O9eM Neier ; ptr a
eivuixoiddy | CO ee RH NANAN

‘P0Os 1FIOL | Sa OHAtAaAs
= ean

Pin Soli isliei ste spi,

MILUE WEAS MSM MASSSOAONISN

Ozs.

wd COCO Aa St ar OI
*poolq pel Sih 6 re an
power oon Set tN St

; oe 4
‘yeom W109 = aN EOS =H 00 B= “Hirt E> 00
On Beas cisis intr

AVERAGE PKR CHICK DURING PERIOD.

A ae)
‘sy80 punoip Leh aga teres rai cae 4
SH RAAAN

pO 20 CO Gs HOD 99 C1 WED 4 00
ayeis pexlit | SSHHAMABHEOOWNS

sxomme jo enuny | ARRSRAAAAARAA

Number
of days in
period.

‘potted jo Zulu fe Bo BSC 09 09 HH Ht HH
-u1deq 38 SHOUD | ‘Hasdiscraace
jo 038 oStTIOAY vie>

| Dia hnet ess han ese ey fa ee 8) ae:
' ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ’ ' ' '
' ' ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ‘
' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ . ' ' ’
* Moke rere rere

565

566 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB

Foop EaTEN BY CuHicKs (Lot No. Il) FrEp WHOLE GRAIN.

"QU SOA UL
ujes punod ovo
IO0J poog Jo 4s09

Fe Cae ee Nt a) eo
BPwsidh wares ctesis ces 68

2

Jysfem 9AlT ‘SQ
toy ABD
iad pooj 9aaJ-1978 A\

OOT.

qowo

pos

ul UIe3d panod
9Uu0 10} pauinsu0d

poOoOjy oadj-laye My

qysiom

HO TE 9B 0 68 B= Oo NIG
Baca aa doiaicl ai aie

*‘porssd

Satnp

yoo sed yas

ur

aed

OsvIIAV

grt © Hs cs C2. t= Ht 11100 6
Ro anno 3d Hise oMa

-JAjng oyvuixoiddy

AVERAGE PER CHICK DURING PERIOD.

IO OD 69 GO SH M4 GO 69 69 I BO OD

191919 66 29 Hig Hig Hed
Se eee ee ee ee ee

‘O1IBI 8A) |
|
I

: ODE AMMHORADR
“kep 19d pooy sSSSsSSSRR 44S
JO 4woo [wI0], oS
‘£ep aod pooy 902 2 COIN WDI~$ DW OTNWO
901J-1098 M gS 5 neal oat OO
eo}. Bvuxo1ddy
MIORDOAHNAMAINOAN
*Poos [BIOL EN Grose et Sa ad
oO TANNA N OD OD
[INADA AAA HOS
ee Rev ed Wt co 0 aN
‘
gt ddA AHA NO
9uo0q Yysolq Ro aac
git tt itd TomonT
SPOOL RSIS |) oN caret sucon i an, eee eed
e t ‘ ‘ ‘
. . J . . . ‘ . . .
. Gini halikanl teauts dy See aeees es
Aapreg ste ace eerie time Oraec) Yh a0 Ane os
2) ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ‘ ’ ‘ ’
ZTE W1ND MM OMAD +H
U109 poyoviy Eo SRT a Ia OS
‘QeoyM pue yr DO H a MwOIN]19
yey payousy BSHAAAHAMBWOOSE
| . 8) 46.
‘[eeur 480 ons ee Eee ae re eee
go Fr OB inti
peyenueay Qealel sa etree
ARDBWAMMANAAAAA
AAANANANAANAN

‘syo qo JO 1oquinN

“pois t

yo Sala

-UId0q 98 SHOIGD

go

e3e

OSB1IAV

TBI 19 C19) seth eet tS
AAO ISOM OAS

Weeks
0.1

Number
of days in

period.

(noe eeeerce
Bhaeceoecces
Uteoocosuccod
US COREEE
Wasiseesinciiccs
Weecese.cmecten
is aersteens sissies
Wicrimasisrcine aie
Udace ADOOMSee
eect netic
| eee ee
Wace lem oneaisiciaie

Ts

567

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION.

NOWNANAIO
Wr DHOr

ie
5

‘0
‘pooy 103
yorgo s0d

4800 1830}
OBBIDAV

Achigia\e ayers ¢
nd Se eae || ST 9G
6°6 SLG EES 6G

6 097% vGL 8 T
68 Ga°G Sour CT
EL Gb TOL (6
959 gL 66 i
8g 0ST 68 8
Sar, af GL is)
LES T 8°9 v
8°G cL” T'9 §°
TG 0s” Ps G
aa Go" OP ls
0 (0) at) ¥ 0

S40 ‘sqT “890 ‘sqT
“UDAIS ‘019 ‘pooy
44 310M “yoryo IOJ uUdAls “yoyo
07 sory | 10d 4YsIOM |O8¥ 07 yOIYO| Jed WWSTIOM
aed pooy esBleaAy | Jed 4800 OZRIIAV
Jo 4809 OeZBIDAV

‘NIVUD HIOHM —'T] ‘ON LOT

Ort cred Hin Ok COD

—
’

a. fo) a0 (3) e3u
OSBIOAY

9°CT 6°6 § €or
6° FT 66 CLG era!
€ PL 9°8 0S °% 6I
L$ L G6°G SIT
&1 G0 G GOT
SIL 8) cL T v6
SOL 69 OST &°8
"6 6S Sak VL
68 g T yg)
EL 6G SL- 6S
(ous) ST 0S" ge
ey L0 SG 7
12 ended OT'0 v
$10 Te) ‘sq “890
210 “UdAIS ‘O10 ‘pooy
‘pooy 10 IGSIOM *yoryo IOJ WoAIZ
yorgo zed 0} yorqo | 19d 4ys10M | oSe 0} YoIYO
4ysoo 18404 aad pooy O3BIVAV dad 4so0
O3BIIAV JO 4809 OSRIOAYV

Se SSF ieioneaes

Bri CQ dO 00 C22900 HOOD
Si)

“oryo
dod 4q310m
ISBIOAY

‘NIVUH GNAOUH—'] ‘ON LOT

‘NIVUS) WIOHM INV NIVUH GNAOUDH A4q SHOIHD AO LHOIM AA GNV THY NHATD OL a00,7 a0 LSON

SANK HINO OHAOHNAC
anne

ce
.

“syoIgo o3B
OSBIIAV

568 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THD

Cost or Oru AND Foop.

The oil required by each brooder during the ten weeks that
they were heated amounted to 44 gallons. Considering only the
cost of oil and food, the cost of the gain in weight made by Lot
No. I during the three months would be 3.98 cents per pound.
The cost of the gain made by Lot No. II would be 4.5 cents per
pound.

RELATION OF Foop To GROWTH.

The food eaten during the three months by Lot No. I, having
the ground grain ration, contained 31.2 pounds more dry matter
than that eaten by Lot No. II and the gain in weight was 8.9
pounds greater. For every pound gain in weight made by Lot:
No. I there were 4.56 pounds of dry matter in the food consumed.
For every pound gain in weight made by Lot No. II ‘there were
4.4 pounds of dry matter in the food.

Cost or Foop ror GROWTH.

By Lot No. I one pound gain in weight was made for every 3.33
cents worth of food consumed. By Lot No. Il one pound gain was
made for every 3.76 cents worth of food.

At the average weight of one pound the food had cost per
chick for Lot No. I, 3 cents and for Lot No. II, 3.7 cents. At the.
average weight of 1.5 pounds the food had cost per chick 4.9
cents for Lot No. I and 5.8 cents for Lot No. II. At the average
weight of 2 pounds the cost per chick for Lot No. I was 7.2 cents
and for Lot No. 117.3 cents. At the average weight of 2.5 pounds
the cost per chick for Lot No. I was 8.6 cents and for Lot No. II,

9 cents.
RaAPIpITy OF GROWTH.

The chicks in Lot No. I averaged one pound in weight at six
weeks of age and in Lot No. II at seven weeks of age. In Lot
No. I at ten weeks of age the average weight was 2 pounds and
in Lot No. II, 1.8 pounds.

Cost oF PRODUCTION.

Rating the cost of hatching (including the cost of eggs, etc.)
at the average cost found in former experiments, and considering
the cost of food and of oil for brooders, gives as the total cost per

‘09 GHOIMVYD MORENATIVH dOONNAM

ee en ee ee er

iver

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STarion. 569

chick at twelve weeks of age 15.3 cents for Lot No. I and 15 cents
for Lot No. Il. The average weight per chick at this age for
Lot No. I was 2.9 pounds and for Lot No. II, 2.6 pounds. In
the-accompanying tables will be found stated the “ total cost ”
at different ages and weights. This total cost represents only the
cost of eggs, of hatching, of heating brooders and of food. It
does not account for labor or the rent of buildings or losses.
There was however in no lot during this experiment any loss from
disease. The chicks, and later the capons, remained in good
health throughout under either ration.

FIRST EXPERIMENT WITH CAPONS.

The cockerels from these two lots of chicks were caponized and
fed these same contrasted rations during the winter. The records
of feeding are given in the following tables calculated to the
average per fowl for periods of two weeks.

Loss DUE TO THE OPERATION.

During the first period recorded all the birds in each lot were
caponized; but notwithstanding this temporary disadvantage the
average gain made for the period was a good one and at little cost
for food. The average loss in weight per fowl caused by the
necessary fasting and the operation was a little less than 11 per
cent, not quite one-half pound each. The twelve capons in each
lot were kept in one pen until January 1, and eight were fed in
each lot for the rest of the winter.

RELATIVE Foop CONSUMPTION.

During the first few weeks the ground grain ration had some-
what the narrower nutritive ratio and for the remainder of the
feeding trial somewhat the wider ratio. The food eaten during
the six months by Lot No. I having the ground grain ration con-
tained 52 pounds more dry matter than that eaten by Lot No. I,
but almost exactly the same total gain in weight was made; the
gains being 81 pounds and 80.6 pounds respectively. After Janu-
ary 1 the gain in weight was slow and there was very little differ-
ence in the amount of food consumed. For the first 16 weeks

570 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB

from September 10 to December 31 most of the difference in food
consumption for the trial occurred. For this time the dry matter
in the food was about 50.5 pounds more for Lot No. I and the
gain made by this lot exceeded that made by the other by about
2.5 pounds.

GAIN IN Wnricut AND Foop REQUIRED.

From September 10 to December 31 Lot No. I having the
ground grain ration gained one pound in weight for every 6.5
pounds of water-free food consumed, and Lot No. II having the
whole grain ration, gained one pound for every 6.0 pounds of
water-free food. During the six months Lot No. I made a pound
gain for every 8.06 pounds of water-free food consumed and Lot
No. II one pound gain for every 7.45 pounds of water-free food.

Cost or Foop ror GAINS MADRE.

For the first four months the cost of food for each pound gain
in weight made by Lot No. I was about 7.2 cents and for each
pound gain made by Lot No. II 6.9 cents. For the six months
the food cost per pound gain made by Lot No. I was 8.6 cents and
for that made by Lot No. II was 8.3 cents.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Foop EATEN By Capons (Lot No. I) Fep GROUND GRAIN.

‘Qysiom Ul
ures punod youve
1OJ pooy yo 4soo

gyoOria. .

+a Cm ee

ost MOOR OOMON
Arar

aon dew

@AlT spunod got
yous soy Aep aod

\
“pay aysiom | s
pooy aeadj- “aay |

"3
-8
a5
aa)
2
a)
i
3.2
1
9
2 oa

“qu stoM
ur «ures punod
euO Oy petanzuod
poozy I91}-IAICE\

ARO Adigow
Bon ed HOI IG HOO > 69
se

eccece

BS ¢ 1IDI= W cm 6 CO
‘potied Suiinp Sante ae S. eager
prog dod 4qsteu SSL ea Ses Is Hip DOA AC
Ul Ul¥S 9SBIOAV
TCD IN CD CDAD Ht
Be bathed Satosttoegsoornhnr

“lyn ejeullxo1ddy

ee ee ee apieielie = Eure vere

SSS Se ee |

Aep red pooy
Jo ysoo [BjOL

FRAN ODSorEBHSAN
TN CO HH SH th HO 0 09 CD CD
en eeceead eins rinidieyiel vite’ or el ec i Tn) Vay Taree WiRTag
i=)

poos
eadJ-19}B AA

= fe.¢) on SCONCOL OS = cts

pp eOg THIOL maa
1
PSCC NSC CR GM) 9) 78 ay et
*poojq pend i Sate Oe 0 :
| 7
ag wt Ht Hac 6 OD UCN Hi ret Hirt 09 19
cic aie vehi ate hai ans :
‘euo0g YSoty Rs

“HPO UWA

ID HOO rt <O AAOmH
Sued dichis adn sa

AVERAGE PER Day PER FowLu.

*jwoul U10O

g OE A NAAN OF
SHH AM AHAN HAA

*syvo punoin

3 62 A 00 0910 P= I OHS (2 1g ei
N

ol rm

x UIBIS POX

pO AEH WO AAA AN O&O
SAanaatactanan

PERIOD.

Sisae
Geer
Dias

’ ‘ ‘ J a7 ' ’ : ' '
‘ ‘ ' ' t ' ' ' ' '
t ' ' ' ' ' . ' ' ‘
} ; t Sea heiegaie tecng £8
HONDO AM~MAHWHINS
a A A HOA NHAAH
=e rPPoOO 9° i)
BOS 65 S208 2508
BOOZ ZARABRR ERS
o° o°o°o
oe owe Ses Sas
CHONWDOMErH+H+0On
aN AN MoOnaAae
RO oS Rie ODAC CMa, Si pst aed
pa rroo oO fel
BaSssoessg soo
MROOZGZRAARRH AE

* Mixture No. 1 fed until November 10, No. 2 for remaining time.

571

572 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

Foop EATEN By Capons (Lor No. Il) FED WHOLE GRAIN.

“QU sI0oM UL
ured punod yore
OF pooy Jo ysopD

‘poy JUSloM

AATT Spunod
OOL Yove aoy Sep
dod Ppoos dds j-19}8 AA

Z@VAEAANWMH AOD

:
‘

Hil HORDOBHW AQ 119
= mes
'

penile Raior Cert 1Q CO benlicn)
BGG 1G =A HH CDOT HN

“VY S1OM
ul aivs punod
9uo0 JOJ pawnsuod
pooj Gedy -189 8 YW

JB HO rt HN 4 69 © 09
Bot 03 03 OI DOO TOD H
4 nano

—

ites}

‘poled Sarnp
[Moy aod 4yslom
UL UlVBd sVSeIOAY

FINS Nien Ga Ne)ele 3) eon epoey

NW O60 Gt GS) 00 i918 Sica
OU RAR

OIBL OAM
-WWynu oyBuxoiddy

CO HI CD Ht CO Be S269 10 C2 60 160
1G. 1G HAD 19.19.1919 © 19. 19 8

ee ee

ee

JO 4sO0 [BOL

eb

ANoONDW on
OD SH HOD be)

“poos
G01J-10} BM

yrtor DAWA OINWOmA
Go8 HS © 18 14.19 19.18 © 2919

GRID WARM NOC HOO
“poos 1830.L SSracsaaaacnor
yan oedaded Ce be Clacisc

‘POCIBER Gs ONS oe ay te) (per sienmie teen eae
‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘

| gett mM monaanoo

‘9u0q Ysoly 8c ‘ be tein r

“yy WETS

-£ep 10d poo 8

gto 19 1 00 SO CO IID?
Soo e865 09 19 09 08 GN.09 63 3 I

AVERAGE PER Day PER FOWL.

nn nnn EEE Enna

“$180

5 02 AV D209 IVT CO 6D SH SH HCO
ee
oh

yiran OD =H rq 69 SH C9) HI CD CVO C19
Se a

‘ul0d payovip

PO WO HED OO IN Ot
SS AAAI 09 69 09 09 0910 I

‘YOU

Polos Meryl salsa saioell ios eilisc)ic ole sr
Bae ddddddinee

PERIOD.

ry
'
'
.

Diem ==
Bee fae

idl wows ween

Cele neeee
Stasoeece:
wy

‘ @ <a 4 is Oe

' 69 ey eae ee eee

' Boe 0 ae RP EY we

: Or se py ae ee eae ee

' OY A ike Or Ge Vey aw

‘ Heeb metre Geet 0

' Or 0! 10 er ay ae

jor) west Ono

AO HORN AAS
sepepsdSacead
SSCS PPP a aoog
DOOZZRAAPSE ES
29 go
esgosesssseses
hod re
SHONOAPT BANA
Se surprddsades
DpDOoVDOSCVOVRSROO
RNOOAARAARH AS

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 573

AGE AND Sizk RELATED TO GAINS.

Although the birds in one lot were of the same age as those in
the other, the average size at the start was greater with Lot No. [,
for the chicks in Lot No. I had grown the faster. The average
weight of the cockerels at the start was about 3.9 pounds in Lot
No. I and 3.7 pounds in Lot No. Il. <A difference in weight was
generally maintained until the capons were fully grown, the
average weight of 10 pounds being attained much sooner by Lot
No. I, and also the average weight of 11 pounds several weeks
sooner than by Lot No. II.

While the gain was made much of this time at less cost by the
capons having the whole grain ration it was made by birds of
smaller size; and although by capons of the same age a gain was
made at less cost per pound under the whole grain ration it was
not the case with birds of equal size.

In this feeding experiment, as in others, the cost of any in
crease in weight was greater as the birds approached maturity,
the most profitable gains being made by the young birds under
four pounds in weight.

Cost At DIFFERENT AGES.

At five months of age the food from hatching for each bird in
Lot No. I having the ground grain had cost 35.5 cents and for
each bird in Lot No. II 34 cents; but the average weight was 8.1
pounds in Lot No. I and 7.5 pounds in Lot No. II. Up to 63
months of age the average cost for food was, for Lot No. I, 54
cents and for Lot No. I] 52.2 cents; but the average weight at this
age was 10 pounds in Lot No. I and 9.5 pounds in Lot No. IU.

In the accompanying tables will be found stated the cost of
food up to different ages and weights.

574 RepoRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB

Peis ee mene G18
6 L8 Ot SIT 6&8
GéL g8 II 6 6L
g9 LL GOL g°SL
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[MO] sod poo oSvraay aad yy Siem |[Moy ted pooy
JO 4809 [¥904 QBB1dAY | JO 1809 [8104
OSBIDAV BSBVIOAV

TOL

(OQN19 19 10
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OSBIBOAV

“NIVED HIOHM— I] ‘ON ‘LOT

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CO ed SHH 1D 1D OOF ODHAHSO

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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 50

SECOND EXPERIMENT WITH CAPONS.

Two other similar lots of capons were also fed these contrasted
rations for about five months. These were from a lot of young
birds that had been hatched under hens and grown by the ordi-
nary methods. The food and care had been alike for all until
after the cockerels were caponized and separated for this feeding
trial. The capons were of the same breeds used in the trials just
reported. Record of feeding was not begun until some days after
the cockerels were caponized. There were 12 capons in each lot
until January 30, and then 8 for the rest of the trial. At the
beginning of this trial the capons in the two lots averaged exactly .
alike in weight, a trifle less than 54 pounds each.

RATIONS.

Lot No. III was fed the ground grain ration like that fed to
Lot No. I, and Lot No. IV was fed the whole grain ration like that
fed to Lot No. II. With both rations the nutritive ratio was nar-
rower at the commencement of the feeding trial and wider toward
its close. The average nutritive ratio was the same for each lot.

RELATIVE Foop CONSUMPTION AND GAIN.

During the whole time of feeding, Lot No. III having the ground
grain ration consumed 13.4 pounds more water-free food than Lot
No. IV having the whole grain ration and gained 12 pounds more
in weight. Lot No. III made one pound gain for every 8.5 pounds
of water-free food consumed and Lot No. [V made one pound gain
for every 10.1 pounds of water-free food.

During the last 8 weeks there was very slow increase in weight
with both lots. During the first eleven weeks Lot No. III con-
sumed 15 pounds more water-free food and made 3 pounds more
gain in weight than Lot No. IV. One pound gain was made for
every 6.8 pounds of water-free food by Lot No. III and one pound
gain for every 6.9 pounds by Lot No. IV. The cost of food for
each pound gain made by Lot No. III was 7.2 cents and for Lot
No. IV, 7.8 cents.

576 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE

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578 RepPorRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

GENERAL REMARKS.

In these feeding trials all the fowls remained in good condition
throughout, the capons as well as the young chicks, and no differ-
ences were noticeable in the general vigor. The birds in the two
lots were fed from hatching up to weights of from 10 to 14 pounds
each at ten months of age, the one lot having had no whole grain
and the other lot no ground grain, without any difference being
apparent except in the amount of food eaten and rapidity of
growth.

At the prices of foods assumed for the season 1896 (mentioned
on page 564) the ground grain ration gave the greater profit in
general. There was a somewhat more profitable gain made for
several months by the one lot of capons with the whole grain
ration, but the birds were enough longer in reaching marketable
maturity to make the profit greater with the contrasted lot.

The rations which contained only the ordinary foods, showed
some of the usual differences in composition, but these differences
were much less than usually exist between rations of whole and
ground grain.

The capons marketed after the close of the feeding experiment
sold readily at retail in the local market for 20 cents per pound.
The loss of weight in dressing was small, being almost entirely
due to the fasting necessary to empty the crop. At this price
there was a good margin over the cost of food under either ration.
The accompanying illustration is from a photograph of a number
of these capons ready for market.

REPORT

OF THE

Department of Field Crops.

W. H. JORDAN, Sc. D., Director.
G. W. CHURCHILL, Agricunrturisr.

TasLe or Contents.

(I) The outlook for the sugar-beet industry.
(II) The Station experiments with sugar beets.

(III) Commercial fertilizers for potatoes.

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD
CROPS.

I THE OUTLOOK FOR THE SUGAR BEET
INDUSTRY.*+

W. H. JORDAN.

SUMMARY.

The following facts may be regarded as favorable to the sne-
cessful production of beet sugar:

(1) The experience of 1897, so far as a single season can show,
appears to demonstrate that our climatic and soil conditions are
adapted to the growth of beets which are satisfactory in quantity
and quality of yield.

(2) The cultivated lands of central and western New York may
be so managed as to compete with any in the United States in
those lines for which they are adapted.

(3) The ability of the American farmer to take up a new enter-
prise successfully is a helpful factor. American inventive genius
may also be relied upon to provide implements necessary to cheap
culture.

(4) At present there is an unlimited home market at good
prices for all the sugar that can be produced; but it cannot be
definitely known how long this condition may last.

(5) An added cash crop yielding fair returns is most desirable
for our farmers.

The following facts must also be considered in connection with
those preceding:

(1) To cultivate a plant so sensitive in regard to its content of
sugar as the sugar beet requires such careful attention to details
as is demanded by no other crop commonly grown on our farms.

A reprint, lar from an article in the Country Gentleman, Dec. 3), 1397.
7 Parte ethers e "Bulletin No. 1%.

582 RepPoRT OF THH DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THR

(2) There is danger of regarding exceptional yields as repre-
senting the average. An average of 12 tons of beets an acre for
the first few years may be regarded as a fair average, if we are to
judge by results secured in other places.

(3) There is danger that capital may be inefficiently directed
in the erection of factories, as this is a line in which our eastern
business men have had no experience. Beet-sugar manufacture
should be entered upon with great caution and only after exhaus-
tive study of the problems involved. Farmers should be cautious
about taking stock in factories, unless the men who control the
enterprises are personally known to and trusted by them.

(4) The question of home and foreign competition must not be
ignored. Strong competition will come from the Pacific States
until their soils become exhausted. We shall be brought into
competition with the lower wages paid in Europe, if at any time
the strong sentiment existing in favor of free sugar comes to find
expression in tariff regulations.

Taking all facts into consideration, farmers may not expect to
realize unusual profits for any long period of time from the grow-
ing of sugar beets. The crop promises to become one which will
give satisfactory returns to those who learn to grow it success-
fully.

FAVORABLE CONSIDERATIONS.

The forecasting of the future of any new industrial enterprise
is a difficult matter. This is so because the conditions affecting
production, manufacture, competition and market prices, which
are sure to prevail for any length of time, cannot be definitely
known; and the discussion now going on throughout the entire
State of New York relative to the establishment of beet sugar
factories in our midst deals with the usual number of indefinite
factors.

The situation is such, however, that all who attempt to influ-
ence the public opinion should take a conservative position in
this matter, one that will be justified by future events.

There are some facts which are regarded as favorable to a suc-
cessful production of beet sugar. The experience which has been

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5&3

gained in the season of 1897 certainly indicates that our soils and
climate are favorable to the growth of beets which are satisfac-
tory in quantity and quality. Of course figures in great variety
have been reported from a large number of experimental plais,
varying from very low yields to those which are suspiciousiy
high. The experience on the Station farm this year in the culture
of two acres of beets indicates that by proper methods the best
farmers may possibly produce in favorable seasons from 15 to 18
tons of high grade beets. The average crop will doubtless be
considerably below this. It must be confessed, however, that
one season’s experience is not enough upon which to base final
conclusions.

It is unquestionably true that the cultivated lands of central
and western New York are capable of a high rate of production
of almost anything which is adapted to the conditions there pre-
vailing. These lands, managed by intelligent farmers, may com-
pete with any in the United States, and this is entirely favorable
to success in growing sugar beets, after it is established that the
conditions are suitable to this crop.

The capacity of the American farmer is cited as an evidence of
his probable success in whatever he undertakes. This is, cer-
tainly, a strong argument. [In intelligence, industry and capacity
to master the details of new methods, even expert methods, he is
not excelled by the farmers of any civilized country. We may
expect, moreover, that the inventive genius of American manu-
facturers will meet the farmer half way in providing the imple-
ments necessary to cheap culture.

The enthusiastic advocate of this new enterprise claims the
certainty of an unlimited market for the sugar. It is true that
we now buy from eighty to a hundred million dollars’ worth of
beet sugar from France, Germany and other countries, and so
long as a protective tariff places the foreign producer at a disad-
vantage, we may reasonably expect to be able to sell at fair prices
all the sugar we can produce for some time to come. Regarded
with reference to the immediate future, this argument appears to
have weight. The doubt here lies with the continuation of exist-
ing conditions.

584 Reporr OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Fieutp Crops oF THR

It will be an undoubted gain, too, if we can add another cash
crop to those which we already regard as yielding fair returns for
the labor expended and a moderate rental for the land. Crops
which find a steady sale at living prices are needed by the Ameri-
can farmer. Every new, successful crop also tends to prevent
overproduction along other lines.

THE OTHER SIDE.

There are many facts to be considered on the other side of this
question, which, while not necessarily arguments against an at-
tempt to produce and manufacture beet sugar in this State, never-
theless are worthy of the most careful attention.

In the first place, the sugar beet is a highly bred plant, sensi-
tive, so far as content of sugar is concerned, to the conditions
under which it is grown. The farmers who cultivate it success-
fully must be those who are willing to adhere faithfully to defi-
nite, careful methods. This does not mean that a minority of our
farmers will not succeed, but that the average results are almost
sure for a time to be disappointing, and it is average results which
will determine the success of the business when broadly con-
sidered. Beet-sugar factories cannot be maintained unless the
average experience of farmers in the growth of this crop is satis-
factory. ‘

We are greatly elated over the high percentages of sugar which
have been found in New York beets this season, but we must
bear in mind that high quality and a large production, as some
regard production, are not consistent.

Some samples which have been sent to this Station for analy-
sis have been accompanied by a statement that the crop of beets
produced was at the rate of thirty tons per acre. It is probable,
either that the method of estimating these crops was not a safe
one, or that the beets were not properly grown. Erroneous and
greatly excessive figures are very likely to result from computa-
tions based upon the theoretical possibility of growing a certain
number of a certain size of beets per acre, or from the weight of
a short section of a row of beets. Nothing short of the weighing

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 585

of the entire actual product from a fairly extensive area will
give safe figures.

The yield this year on the Station farm from a two-acre field
was at the rate of sixteen and a quarter tons per acre, which
quantity, after cutting off the top of the beet in the manner re-
quired at the factory, and making due allowance for dirt, was
considerably reduced. This field of beets was on some of the best
land the Experiment Station farm contains, and was given thor-
ough cultivation and the best of care. The sugar content in this
crop was very satisfactory.

It is significant that during the past five years the average pro-
duction in Belgium, and also in Germany, has varied from about
eleven to approximately thirteen and a half tons per acre. To be
sure these are averages, and while averages are not a measure of
what the best farmers may do, they are the standards by which,
as before stated, the success of a business must be gauged. We
should not expect the American farmer to do much better than
the European farmer, where this industry has for a long time
existed, especially at first. New York farmers, if they enter upon
the production of sugar beets, will have occasion to congratulate
themselves, if, for the first two or three years they reach an aver-
age of twelve tons of high grade product per acre. This is not
necessarily a condemnation of the business.

We must remember still further that it is necessary for the
farmer and the manufacturer to be mutually prosperous, and
there certainly are some facts which seem to warrant careful
consideration, by the farmer, of the manufacturer’s side of the
business.

There is great danger that much of the capital which is likely
to be invested in this new enterprise will be inefficiently directed.
The manufacture of beet sugar is something with which eastern
business men have had no experience, and no careful study of
means and methods will take the place of the knowledge which
comes from experience. Disasters to capital which may cause
losses to farmers are to be feared. It behooves business men,
therefore, to proceed with the erection of beet-sugar factories

586 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

with great caution and only after the most exhaustive study of
the problems involved.

Doubtless farmers will be invited to invest in beet-sugar fac-
tory stock. They will be told not only that the stock will be
profitable, but also that it is their duty to share in the risks.
They should be very careful in this matter. If the professional
boomer appears among them, they should give him a wide berth.
He may be resourceful in plausible argument, and it may be hard
to resist the fascination of his apparently sound reasoning; but
unless the farmers resist his appeals, history will repeat itself,
and shares of worthless stock will be very widely distributed
among those who cannot afford to suffer the loss. This does not
mean that under certain other conditions farmers may not wisely
own a share of the factory. If local business men of unquestioned
integrity and sound business judgment take the lead in the new
enterprise—men who as the directors of banks and other financial
organizations have won the confidence of the community by their
successful and honorable methods—then perhaps the farmer may
as safely entrust his money to them in this enterprise as in some
others. :

In discussing this matter we should ignore neither home nor
foreign competition. The immense factory which Spreckels is
erecting in the West to be sustained from cheap western fertility,
is a significant beginning. Certainly if beet-sugar production and
manufacture are at first unusually profitable we may expect to
see this industry rapidly develop to a condition of the usual com-
petition.

Prof. Brooks, of Massachusetts, has recently pointed out the
fact that we can hardly compete with the lower wages paid in
foreign countries, but he failed to note that the necessary fuel
and limestone are much cheaper in the United States than in
France and Germany. Probably European producers will have
no advantage over us so long as we have a protective tariff, but
we know how strong a sentiment there is in this country in favor
of free sugar, and political revolutions are likely to make changes
in the tariff conditions affecting this commodity. It seems prob-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 587

able, though, that the existence of a new industry in the early
stages of successful development might modify or prevent legis-
lation that would otherwise take place.

There is, however, a law of compensation operating in the
world’s industries to which we must give proper weight. We
cannot safely leave out of account the rest of the world in esti-
mating what may be done through a period of years along any
line of production. It is a narrow view which only discovers that
we are not producing our own sugar.

CONCLUSIONS.

What conclusions, then, shall we draw from all these facts and
conditions? It seems very probable that farmers will not realize
unusual profits for any extended period of time from sugar-beet
growing. The facts appéar to justify the belief, however, that
this crop may come to rank among those which for some time
will be regarded as giving satisfactory returns. It will be a
business of moderate profits and one that will not spring into
uninterrupted success. If it is a success at all, it will become so
by growth. through education and experience. Above all, the
manufacturer must guard the interests of the farmer, and the
farmer must be able to have confidence in the manufacturer, and
both must have a patient faith in the final triumph of intelligent
means and reliable, conservative methods of management.

Il. THE STATION EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR
BEETS.*

Gs W. CHURCHIEE:

SUMMARY.

(1) Soil used. The soil was a heavy clay loans, in good condi-
tion of fertility and cultivation.

(2) Planting, cultivation and harvesting. The land was
ploughed and subsoiled 14 inches deep on May 7 and 8. Commer-
cial fertilizer was applied at the rate of 950 pounds an acre. The
surface was given careful preparation and the seed sown on May
17 at the rate of 15 pounds an acre. About June 1 the rows of
plants were distinguishable and a hand cultivator was run
through them, which was soon followed by hoeing and partial
thinning. On June 15 a horse cultivator was used and the final
thinning commenced. This was followed by two more cultiva-
tions. Harvesting began September 22.

(8) Cost of crop. Ona basis of wages commonly paid for labor,
the cost amounted to $75.80 an acre; on a basis of cheaper labor,
the cost was $54.30.

(4) Yield. The yield was 32,548 pounds an acre or about 164
tons. For 1,000 pounds of beets, the loss of weight caused by cut-
ting off the crowns was 73 pounds; and the loss of weight caused
by washing off the dirt was 49 pounds. This would make a yield
of marketable beets equal to 15.1 tons an acre.

(5) Size and composition. The average weight was 12 ounce.
The beets contained 15.2 per cent sugar, equivalent to 16 per cent
sugar in juice, having a coefficient of purity equai to 81.

(6) Influence of fertilizer. The yield was increased about 6
tons an acre by the use of fertilizer.

* Partial reprint of Bulletin No. 135.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 589

SOIL, PLANTING AND CULTIVATION.

The field selected for the experiment with sugar beets is a clay
joam bordering on what is usually termed heavy, having a ten-
dency to “puddle” when overcharged with moisture, and to
cake or crust over when quickly dried by a hot sun and wind.
If not disturbed in times of drought it will soon seam or crack
open.

These features are characteristic of a large portion of the farm
lands of this section, and render the growing of smail seed crops
more difficult and expensive than on sandy or porous loams.

From a farmer’s point of view, this soil would be considered to
be in a good state of cultivation and fertility. The crops in the
rotation that have been grown on it during che past ten years
have yielded fully up to, if not above, the average of the farm
lands in this section of the State.

The two-acre plat which was selected had been used for fertil-
izer experiments with potatoes in 1896.

On May 7 and & the land was ploughed and subsoiled to the
depth of fourteen inches, and the surface was worked down with
springtooth harrow, followed by a Thomas smoothing harrow,
and finished by rolling.

On May 11, after working down with the springtooth harrow,
and before smoothing, 950 pounds per acre of the following mix-
ture of commercial fertilizers was sown broadcast:

PUVA OL GUM ARIE oe ccis oboe ei pikailie vio.od 250 pounds, 50 per cent K,O

TGS UO ar es URE As te a ee 20”) pounds, 14 per centP20,

BIPICNEENOOR cis abd ei ss ots bdo sae bs ebcc-os 200 pounds, 10 per cent N.

TASC OL PSONA to AD oo Sra vie dis o Vlad oa 200 pounds, 15 per cent N.
OUAE GS Sao fie, a AA tod toto tie nd elae Sats Pooa doe 950 pounds,

After the fertilizer had been sown and thoronghly worked in,
the ground was smoothed and rolled. A marker to be drawn by
one horse was then constructed from an old corn marker so that
five rows could be lined out at one time, at a distance of twenty .
inches apart.

590 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

The teeth were fitted at the bottom with shoes about eighteen
inches in length and three inches deep, made from one and one-half
inch plank. These were fastened by cutting a notch out of the bot-
tom of the tooth one and one-half inches wide and about three
inches deep. Holes were bored through the teeth at right angles
to the shoes. Bolts passing through these holes and a correspond-
ing hole in the shoe fastened the latter and the tooth together.
The first plan for having the shoes work freely on the bolts as
pivots was modified by nailing beveled blocks or the back of the
teeth just above the shoes, making them stationary. The difficulty
encountered in the loose shoe was that when any resistance was
met by the forward part, it would tip down, and in digging into
the soil raise the rear end out of the ground, thus throwing the
whole marker out of line. After this change the marker, though
crude, worked to our entire satisfaction, making a mark about
one inch deep and two inches wide, which could be followed with
ease by the seeder.

After seeding six rows an unexpected and very heavy shower
of rain so saturated the ground that it was impossible to continue
the work until May 17.

It was a mistake to completely fit he entire plat before com-
mencing to sow the seed, for we were obliged to again harrow
and roll the ground before seeding could be resumed. The only
safe way is to prepare the ground as needed, thus avoiding the
extra expense of re-working after every rainfall.

Another mistake was made which was a source of annoyance
throughout the season. Because of haste to complete the seed-
ing as soon as possible, the small stones scattered over the plat
were not picked. While these did not affect the growth of the
beets, they were a hindrance in seeding, and, later, in the cultiva-
tion of the crop. It would have been economy in the end if they
had been removed. Any obstruction in the way of the seeder
will give it a jerky motion which will bunch the seed. The mo-
tion should be smooth and continuous in order to allow an even
distribution of seed. Later the stones interfered with hand and
horse cultivation and more or less with hoeing and thinning the
beets.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 59L

The seed was sown with an “Improved Model ” Mathews hand
drill. It was found that by attaching the ends of a rope to the
seeder, and fastening a short strap to this, making a device similar
to a “ breast collar” used in single harness, that two men, ome to
draw and the other to push-and guide the seeder, could accom-
plish more than double the work of one man alone, and with
greater ease and efficiency. Doubtless seeders will be used that
will sow several rows at one time.

With the exception of six rows sown at an earlier date, two
men sowed the two-acre plat in eight hours. The only fault that
could be found with the seeding was the bunching of the seed in
places where small stones or clods were encountered by the drill,
causing it to slacken motion or to stop altogether. When this
happened, several seeds were dropped within a very small com-
pass, and before the seed commenced flowing again the machine
had moved along, leaving a space without any seed.

Fifteen pounds of seed were sown to the acre. The ground was
moist and in good condition for promoting quick germination,
and vegetation commenced in about ten days from the time of
seeding. About June 1 the plants were large enough for the
rows to be easily distinguished and the hand cultivator was
started, the machine used being a “ Buckley,” having several
combinations of blades.

The arrangement that was found to work to the best advantage
at this time was a broad V-shaped blade set in the center of the
frame in front, and two smaller ones set on the right and left sides
of the frame well to the rear of the machine. These latter are flat
pieces of steel sharpened on the edges, and made to form a right-
angle turned so that the points extend toward the center of the
row, and as they are about eight inches in length they nearly meet
in the middle, forming what is commonly termed a “a scarifier.”
One advantage of this form of blade is that the crust can be
broken very near to the young plants without throwing the dirt
over them. Soon after this cultivation, hoeing and the first or
partial thinning were commenced. For the work of partial thin-
ning the blades of ordinary hoes were cut down to four inches.

592 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

By cutting across the row with such a hoe, bunches were left
which could be thinned, leaving the plants from six to nine inches
apart. At the same time the soil was loosened around the plants
and all of the weeds removed.

On June 15 the beets were cultivated with a one-horse Syracuse
harrow-tooth cultivator, and the final thinning commenced.

It was intended to have the beets left eight inches apart in the
rows. It was found necessary in some cases, however, to vary
these distances on account of the spaces left by the seeder, and in
order to preserve the strongest plants.

After the final thinning, the beets received another cultivation
to loosen the ground, as it had become more or less compacted by
rain and the passing of the men while thinning. After this but
one more cultivation with the horse cultivator was given, for the
beet tops covered the ground to such an extent that a horse could
not pass through without doing serious damage. The subsequent
hand labor was small, and would not have been considered
necessary by many growers, but in order to adhere to strictly
clean culture, men were sent through the field once to pull the
weeds that had escaped previous cultivation. This consumed
less than one day’s time for two men, and at the time of harvest-
ing the crop the field was entirely clear of weeds.

HARVESTING AND RESULTS.

The harvesting of the beets began on September 22. Two
methods were tried; first, plowing three furrows for each row,
the third furrow turning out the beets, and plowing two furrows
for each row, after which the beets were pulled by hand. The last
named method seems preferable where the beets do not have too
long tap roots, because in the first method the small beets are
covered by the furrow and it is more work to uncover them by
hand than it is to pull them out when they are standing upright
and in plain sight.

As the beets were pulled out they were thrown in heaps, and
men followed aud cut off the tops. The harvesting, which in-
cludes pulling, topping and hauling, was found to be the most
expensive operation connected with the growing of this crop.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 593

It should be borne in mind that the very best of culture was
given throughout the season and no expense spared in either
hand or team labor, and that a liberal allowance has been made
in all cases wherever estimates were necessary. Some mistakes
were also made which were costly, and which can be avoided in
the future. On the whole, therefore, it is probable that these
figures err on the side of too great cost, and that with the
experience gained in this season’s work, we can cheapen the cost
of growing an acre of beets quite materially.

In the table below we give the cost of growing one acre of
sugar beets, based on hand labor at $1.25 per day for hoeing and
thinning, and team at $3.50 per day; and on hand labor at $0.75
and team at $3.00:

Cost PER ACRE OF GROWING SUGAR BEETS.

Expensive Cheap

labor. labor.

MEU TOUT art ageed ees och de -1.eo Sha siay aha aad ami a Mere eind | $7 00 $6 00
SHO ALVES “LES OL (ES Deer hr ere as i by
SIO TATRES TSS ELSY0 Lia eas CR ET a 1 2 1 25
Eocing thinning and weeding..0...0 see cleeeee cee 23 43 13 88
EVEVTEV.OS G1T1 Sd eter tavasisteieteeucls) Sconsiie'a) fe 4 stale cra siereucie sented es 24 25 14 80
ELOESCRCUITVELLOM Ms peceebesh cree cieiesi c-aicich a aitnelareu aces rae 2 00 2 00
ELATOMCHIGIVATLON cease oo ces eis atdiege creed edee me 8 75 2 25
NGG! >. 62'S eS oS CREROR RCT ERORATT HORCRE ME NCE or TRE RCE Tr a 3 00 3 00
VST AACR Ne stacisnee wiaieiacid em ess.e & seisisee os siare avd. tiara lefties 10 00 10 00
BIRO Lien ey mrewers Wepre oes ccketiase Sror cys eusslsieasiece a ofes o Sacieiiodsualche lace $75 80 $54 30

Doubtless these figures will be criticised on the ground that
they are too high, but it is probable that, if careful accounts were
kept by one hundred farmers of the cost of everything connected
with the growing and delivery to the factory of one acre of
properly grown sugar beets, the average would not fall below
$90.00, with the present methods and machinery at the command
of the grower.

The yield per acre, as harvested, was 32,548 Ibs., or approxi-
mately 164 tons.

In order to determine the actual yield of perfectly clean beets,
topped as they would be when sent to the factory, a lot weighing

38

594 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THB

1,000 lbs. was thoroughly washed and dried, after which the
crowns were removed.

Wielehit ;Of. DECES AtaKOM Hey .i.052 che race tiecets atioteneleneie deraietececab sete eye eels 1000 pounds.
THOSSHDY? Wit SHIM Ghee, a5. sits, cigas'e aie lergioley one sue Sisie Wienemasiens weenie Rte 49 pounds.
WeilghtVotero wns rides id os Pieced ee OTA nce 73 pounds.
Weight of washed beets without crowns.................. 878 pounds.

At this rate the yield of topped, washed beets was 14 tons 577
Ibs.; of topped, unwashed beets 15 tons 200 lbs. At $4 per ton
the returns per acre would not be over $60.

The shape of these beets was very satisfactory. With but few
exceptions, they were symmetrical and sent down a tap root to a
good depth. ;

The average size was rather small, being not over three-fourths.
of a pound. This was the result of close planting, as the average
distance between the beets was probably less than eight inches.
The beets grew wholly in the ground, no special precautions
being necessary to secure this result excepting the subsoiling.
A careful chemical examination of these beets gave the following

results:

SUSU FTN DOGO ateirers o's fo: cilelel oray sey ete ad ee) ev eiis o,fe Snel eisnaveyiscares ey ara ae reterte 15.2 per cent.
SUDA ITD PULL EL, Shove. vey wieym oy eres ecayin yes settole ele) slices le myeren ons “epee motes tens 16 per cent.
COSMCTEMEF OLD ULL CY tore cone iateoiy smerere rene) er alec, ousieve) oie erenelsipeker Ren over $81

According to these figures about 12 lbs. of sugar could actually
be made from 100 Ibs. of washed topped beets. This shows that
the yield of manufactured sugar from the Station farm would be
3,429 lbs. per acre.

An observation was made on the value of an application of
commercial fertilizer in sugar beet growing. The plat from
which the two acres of ground was measured for the experiment
recorded contained an additional area of four-fifteenths of an
acre. This ground was prepared with the two-acre plat and re-
ceived the same treatment, except that it was not fertilized in
any way. The seed was sown at the same time and the crop re-
ceived the same treatment, only that it was the last to be reached
in thinning. From the start a marked difference was noticed

~

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 59>

in favor of the fertilized plants. The young plants did not vege-
tate so quickly on the unfertilized plat, and afterwards they were
not so vigorous as on the fertilized area.

The yield of beets on the unfertilized portion of the field was
between 74 and 8 tons per acre, which shows that the fertilizer
caused an increase of at least 6 tons of beets. At four dollars
per ton this increase would pay for at least twice the amount of
fertilizer used.

III. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR
POTATOES.*

W. H. JORDAN.

SUMMARY.

In experiments on four farms including eight acres of land and
eighty plats, the production of potatoes from the application of
500 pounds, 1,000 pounds, 1,500 pounds, and 2,000 pounds of com-
mercial fertilizer per acre was ascertained.

(1) The use of 1,000 pounds of fertilizer per acre gave the
greatest profit. The slightly larger yield caused by increasing
this application to 1,500 or 2,000 pounds, cost in fertilizer ex-
pense considerably more than the market value of the potatoes.

(2) The fertilizer cost of the increased yield of potatoes where
500 or 1,000 pounds of fertilizer was used per acre was 20 cents
per bushel in those experiments that proceeded without unfortu-
nate conditions.

(3) The yield of tubers from the L. I. formula was somewhat
larger than from a formula compounded with reference to the
composition of the potato plant. i

(4) The evidence obtained in these experiments concerning the
relative effect of the muriate and the sulphate of potash upon
the composition of the potato tuber is inconclusive.

(5) The proportions of the valuable plant-food compounds
found in the potato tubers were not influenced appreciably by
the amount or kind of fertilizer used.

INTRODUCTION.

The economical purchase and use of commercial plant food is
at present one of the very complex problems of Agriculture.
This is especially the case where intensive methods of culture are
followed and where the larger part of the materials needed for
the production of crops must be obtained from some source out-
side the soil.

*Reprint of Bulletin No. 187.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 597

There are at least three important factors which should be
considered in an attempt to buy and use commercial fertilizers
with profit. ‘

(1) The quantity of fertilizer to be applied should receive care-
ful consideration. Where a rapid rotation of crops is followed,
with severe cropping, this amount should not exceed that which
is necessary to secure the maximum profitable increase of the
immediate crop. The largest possible crop is not necessarily the
most profitable and a great excess of unused available plant
food, especially of nitrogen, at the end of the growing season
does not conduce to economy.

(2) The fertilizer should be purchased, so far as possible, with
reference to both soil deficiencies and the needs of the crop. As
a rule the soil is the controlling factor.

(3) The fertilizer applied should be one that will promote the
highest quality in the crop to be grown.

With our present knowledge it is easier to state these princi-

ples than to point out their application to specific cases, and
much of the experimental work now being conducted in the field
of plant nutrition is directed towards answering the questions
which relate to these fundamental considerations.

The farmers of Long Island are especially interested in all that
pertains to commercial fertilizers. In no part of New York are
these manures more largely purchased in proportion to the acre-
age of tilled land, and in but few localities do the conditions so
fully justify the very large money expenditure which this in-
volves. In the first place these farmers are in close proximity
to one of the world’s largest markets, requiring an enormous
supply of market-garden and forcing-house products. Land so
situated must be worked intensively, which requires a liberal
and continuous use of manures. In the second place, much of
the soil in this locality does not possess great original fertility.
Its natural supply of available plant food is small, even with the
best of culture. Long Island farmers are obliged, therefore, to
go to the markets for a large part of the plant food which they
need in such generous quantities. An outlay of $800 to $1,000

598 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

for commercial manures on a farm of forty or fifty acres is not
unusual. It is probable, therefore, that in this locality there is
no direction which offers so promising an opportunity for the
practice of economy.

THE QUANTITY OF FERTILIZER.

It is fair to inquire, first of all, whether the quantity of fertil-
izers which is used on Long Island farms is not often excessive.
In many instances as much as one ton of high grade superphos-
phate is used per acre. Potato growers often fertilize their land
at this rate. Is this profitable? The results of two years’ experi-
ments reported by Dr. Van Slyke, in Bulletins Nos. 93 and 112,
indicate that it is not, when only the immediate crops are con-
sidered. In these experiments three quantities of fertilizer were
applied, viz., 1,000 Ibs., 1,500 Ibs. and 2,000 Ibs. per acre and in
every instance the largest profits resulted from the use of 1,000
lbs. Slightly larger crops were obtained with 2,000 Ibs. than
with 1,000 lbs. of fertilizer, but the greater yield from the former
quantity did not equal the greater cost. Moreover, the second
year’s effect of the different quantities of fertilizer, although quite
marked, was practically the same with 1,000 Ibs. and with
2,000 Ibs. |

These facts are not surprising when we consider the quantities
of plant food which are applied to the soil in one ton of fertilizer
as compared with the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash actually removed by a fairly large potato crop. Assum-
ing that the tops are returned to the soil, the average of analyses
herewith reported shows that a potato crop of 200 bushels re-
moves from the soil about 36 Ibs. nitrogen, 13 lbs. phosphoric
acid and 60 Ibs. potash.

If the fertilizer used is made after the formula so commonly
in favor on Long Island, viz., 4 per cent N, 8 per cent P2 O; and
10 per cent Ke O, the needs of the crop and the plant food sup-
plied by 2,000 lbs. would compare as follows:

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 599

INGREDIENTS APPLIED IN FERTILIZER AND REMOVED BY TUBERS.

—_ Phoephori
| Nitrogen. ETE ~ Potash.

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
Coutssicd im fertilizer . 2-3 -2o55-+--------- #0 160 200
Bemoned Ps tiers 6220 o> see a et va 36 13 60
Deeee VEAPTMNGET. 2S oes ee eere ones 44 147 140

Of course much larger crops of potatoes are sometimes raised,
but it would seldom be the case that the increase of crop over
what the soil would produce with no fertilizer would exceed 200
bushels. In fact that is probably more nearly an average total
crop, and when we take into consideration what the soil itself
will furnish of plant food, it becomes a serious question, even if
considered wholly from the theoretical standpoint, without the
aid of experimental evidence, whether the constant addition to
the soil of such an excess of the valuable manurial ingredients is
profitable. It is certainly of the highest importance that farm-
ers shall learn the truth in regard to this matter.

EXPERIMENTS ON LONG ISLAND.

Tue EXPERIMENTS NOW IN PROGRESS.

The ultimate effect of any system of fertilizing the soil cannot
be ascertained without a long and continuous series of observa-
tions on the same piece of land. It is entirely possible that while
the application of a ton of fertilizer per acre would not be war-
ranted by the returns from a single crop, the larger returns
throughout an entire rotation might justify it. In view of these
facts, the present series of fertilizer experiments has been
planned with reference to their continuance for a period of years
sufficiently extended to form the basis of safe conclusions. The
possible large errors in plat experimentation are clearly recog-
nized, but it is believed that with the precautions which are
taken to minimize these errors they certainly cannot obscure any
important effect of a particular system of manuring the land.

600 Report oF THD DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

THE QUESTIONS ASKED OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The main object of this experiment is to get information in
regard to the profitable quantity of fertilizer to be used, but there
are certain incidental problems which may be studied in connec:
tion with the main one without diverting the work from its chief
purpose.

Three questions are asked, therefore:

(1) What is the profitable amount of commercial fertilizer to
apply in potato growing?

(2) Shall we apply plant food in the proportions used by the
potato plant or in some other?

(3) Is the sulphate of potash preferable to the muriate for use
in growing potatoes?

THe FERTILIZERS USED.

The purposes of this experiment require the use of four differ-
ent mixtures of fertilizing materials, the ingredients and actual
composition of which are given below.

Formula No. 1.—This formula is supposed to contain plant
food in nearly the proportions used by the entire potato plant
excepting that the phosphoric acid is in considerable excess; and
was mixed as follows:

PoTATO FORMULA A.

Ingredients. Composition.
Nitrate of soda....... 192 pounds. Nitrogen .......... 6.6 per cent.
High grade dried blood 800 pounds. Available phos. acid 4.75 per cept.
Acid phosphate....... 570 pounds. Potash < desea ovens LO TouuDeT Cente
Muriate of potash..... 400 pounds.
ANG AIASTER. Fel. cteccnene © 88 pounds.
2000 pounds.

Formula No. 2.—This formula was intended to contain the
same percentages of the three ingredients as Formula No. 1, the
only difference being that the potash is supplied as the sulphate
instead of the mutriate.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION. 601

POTATO FORMULA B.

Ingredients. Composition,
Nitrate of soda....... 192potnds. Nitrogen .......... 6.5 percent
High grade dried blood 800 pounds. Available phos. acid 4.9 percent.
Acid phosphate....... LO DOTMINIS. 9) | EVOLAS 2 2.45 rio at Ses 10.1 per cent.
Sulphate of potash.... 400 pounds.
TSM MASTCE . «<0 2.2 feta 38 pounds.
2000 pounds.

Formula No. 3.—This formula is an imitation of the one so
commonly followed by clubs of farmers on Long Island who pur-
chase their fertilizers on the codperative plan.

L. I. FORMULA A.

Ingredients. Composition.
Nitrate of soda....... 127 pounds, © Nitregen®—--i..- 5-5 3.8 per cent.
High grade dried blood 440 pounds. Available phos. acid 8.0 per cent.
Acid phosphate....... 1000 pounds, Potash .......:.%.- 10.4 per cent.
Muriate of potash..... 400 pounds.
Band plasters i222): '. 0) 33 pounds.
2000 pounds.

Formula No. 4.—This formula is similar to No. 3, except that
the potash is supplied as the sulphate instead of the muriate.

L. I. FORMULA B.

Ingredients. Composition.
Nitrate of soda....... 127 pounds. INITTLO LCM oy. 2.2 s7ah2-sfote,e 4 per cent.
High grade dried blood 440 pounds. Soluble phos. acid.. 8.4 percent.
AIG PHOSPHATE: <.- 021. 1000 Pounds...) PORAST rae lee -aiciean 9.2 per cent.
Sulphate of potash.... 400 pounds.
Wand) Plaster: 2. v.26 \60 « 33 pounds.
2000 pounds.

It was intended that approximately one-fourth of the nitrogen
furnished by these mixtures should be nitric, and three-fourths
organic nitrogen. The manufacturers who mixed the fertilizer
were also instructed that the phosphoric acid should be as largely
soluble as possible. The analyses of the fonr mixtures showed
that these conditions were secured.

602 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

Tub AREA AND ARRANGEMENT OF PLATS.

The total area under experimental treatment is eight acres,
divided into eighty plats of one-tenth acre in size.

This area is distributed equally on four farms, the arrangement
of the plats and amounts and kinds of fertilizers being the same
in each case.

FERTILIZERS APPLIED ON PLATS.

Plat No. 1, no fertilizer. Plat No. 11, no fertilizer.
Plat No. 2, 500 1bs., formula No. Plat No. 12, 500 lbs., formula No.
Plat No. 3, 1000 Ibs., formula No. Plat No. 18, 1000 lbs., formula No.
Plat No. 4, 1500 lbs., formula No. Plat No. 14, 1500 lbs., formula No.
Plat No. 5, 2000 lbs., formula No. Plat No. 15, 2000 lbs., formula No.
6
1

aise yee a
SS LY ~

Plat No. 6, no fertilizer. Plat No. 16, no fertilizer.

Plat No. 7, 500 Ibs., formula No. Plat No. 17, 500 1bs., formula No. 4.
Plat No. 8, 1000 Ibs., formula No. Plat No. 18, 1000 lbs., formula No. 4
Plat No. 9, 1500 lbs., formula No. Plat No. 19, 1500 lbs., formula No. 4.
Plat No. 10, 2000 lbs., formula No. °

DNNN

Plat No. 20, 2000 lbs., formula No. 4

LocaTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Land is leased of four farmers:

W. A. Fleet, Cutchogue; W. L. Jagger, Southampton; H. L.
Hallock, Jamesport; R. H. Robbins, East Williston.

Arrangements have been made with Mr. Fleet to give general
supervision to the experiments on all these farms; and with each
farmer, to do the necessary work.

The following directions for conducting the experiments were
placed in Mr. Fleet’s hands:

DIRECTIONS FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.

1. Select about two acres of land that is as uniform in character as pos-
sible, and which has received no manure for several years (run-out land if
you have it).

2. Before the plats are laid out plow the whole piece, and pulverize
thoroughly.

3. Make the size of each plat one-tenth of an acre.

4. Measure off the plats and drive permanent stakes at each corner,
leaving a strip of land two feet wide between the plats. If the land ig
inclined, the length of the plats should be up and down the slope.

5. Number the plats from 1 to 20.

6. Put no fertilizer on plats 1, 6, 11 and 16, and no fertilizer on any plat
except that contained in the bags.

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 603:

7. Put the fertilizers on the plats numbered to correspond to the num-
bers on the bags. Put bag No. 2 on plat No. 2, etc., ete.

8. Apply the fertilizers in the method which you have practiced.

9. Make the same number of rows on each plat, with the same number
of hills in each row if possible.

10. Put the same amount of the same kind of seed on each plat.

11. Plant the seed (or sow) on the same day on all the plats, if possible.

12. Cultivate the plats while the crop is growing, as nearly at the same
time as possible.

18. Spray the crop as needed to prevent insect and fungous pests.

14. Weigh the crop carefully on each plat—both grain and straw if
grain is sown, both corn and fodder if corn is planted (that is, find weight
of grain and straw separately) or both large and small potatoes.

15. Carefully report any misfortune to the crop on any plat, and keep a
record of the appearance of each plat.

CoNDITIONS AFFECTING THE EXPERIMENTS.

These experiments were subject to certain unfortunate con-
ditions which rendered the results on at least two farms of less
value than otherwise would have been the case. In the first
place the seed proved to be somewhat inferior and as a result the
plants were tardy in establishing vigorous growth, being some-
what sickly in appearance at first. Later the dry weather, early
blight and the rot also entered as disturbing factors. These
several conditions, one or all combined, greatly diminished the
accuracy of the data from the experiments on Mr. Robbins’ and
Mr. Jagger’s farms, so that conclusions derived from Mr. Fleet’s
and Mr. Hallock’s experiments are more reliable than the average
results from the four farms. The following data are important:

Crop preceding the experimental crop.— Experiment of W. A.
Fleet, corn stubble; H. L. Hallock, timothy sod; W. L. Jagger,
timothy sod; R. H. Robbins, corn stubble.

Care of crop.—W. A. Fleet sprayed six times, H. L. Hallock
five times, R. H. Robbins twice, and W. L. Jagger once. All the
fields were well cultivated and kept free from weeds.

Growth of vines.—Vines weak at first, some hills missing. On
July 3 vines green and healthy, excepting on farm of Mr. Robbins
where they seemed to have about finished growing and were
inclined to ripen.

August 7, vine growth improved, excepting on Robbins’ field
where the vines were about dead.

604 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF FInLD CROPS OF THR

The fertilizers had a marked effect on the size of the vines.
On the plats receiving 500 lbs. of fertilizer per acre they were 14
to 2 times larger than on the plats with no fertilizer. Those from
1,000 Ibs., 1,500 lbs. and 2,000 lbs. of fertilizers per acre did not
differ in sizes and were about three times as large as on the
unfertilized plats.

In one instance the vines from the “ potato formula” were
darker green than from the “L. I. formula” and in two other
cases the “L. I. formula” caused the vines to grow one-fourth
larger.

Prevalence of disease—On Mr. Fleet’s and Mr. Hallock’s farms
the vines were healthy with very little blight or rot. Either dry
weather caused premature ripening of Mr. Robbins’ potatoes or
else the early blight killed the vines. Mr. Jagger’s crop was
badly affected by rot.

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

In order to answer the questions asked of this experiment, both
the weight and composition of the product must be known. In
the several tables of figures given herewith can be found a state-
ment of the yield of potatoes from the different mixtures and
amounts of fertilizers and also the content in dry matter, starch
and the important plant food constituents of the potatoes grown
by Messrs. Fleet and Hallock.

Table I. Yield of potatoes on tenth acre plats.

Table II. Average yield of potatoes per acre from different
amounts of fertilizer.

Table III. Partial composition of potatoes.

605

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 609

RELATION OF YIELD OF POTATOES TO THE AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER
APPLIED.

The figures given below show the average results from all the
experiments, and also from the two experiments, that, because
of the freedom of the vines and tubers from disease, and other
favorable conditions, proceeded in the most satisfactory manner.

TABLE IV.—INCREASE OF YIELD FROM DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF FERTILIZERS.

NUMBER OF AVERAGE OF ALL AVERAGE OF
PLATS AVERAGED. EXPERIMENTS. FLEET AND HALLock.
Amount of
fertilizer

All experi- | Fleet and Dene aCle: yicreace Total mcresss Total
ments. Hallock. fates: increase. rc increase.
Pounds. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

14 8 500 27.5 28.2 34.1 31.6

14 8 1,000 48.1 46.9 69.1 62.3

14 8 1,500 5529 52.5 iso Oba

14 8 2,000 55.6 53 78.7 | Wiles

These figures show very plainly that an addition of fertilizers
above 1,000 lbs. per acre produced a very small increase of crop.

The first 500 lbs. caused a marked increase of yield, as also did
the second. Moreover, the rate of production was proportionate
to the quantity of fertilizer used up to 1,000 lbs. per acre. The
crop from 1,500 lbs. of fertilizer was somewhat larger than from
1,000 lbs., but not enough so to warrant the extra expenditure,
as will be seen later. The production of merchantable tubers
with 2,000 lbs. of fertilizer was practically the same as with
1,500 lbs.

RELATIVE YIELD FROM THE PoTATO FORMULA AND THE LONG
IsLAND FORMULA.

The “ potato ” formula is supposed to supply the important
elements of plant food in the proportions and amounts needed by
the entire plant for a profitably large crop. The Long Island
formula is the 4—8-10 fertilizer so largely in use by Long Island
farmers.

610 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

It is interesting to note the relative yields from these two
mixtures, the essential differences between which is that the
former contains much more nitrogen and much less phosphoric
acid than the latter, the potash being the same.

TABLE V.—RELATIVE YIELD FROM POTATO FORMULA AND LONG ISLAND
FORMULA.

AVERAGE OF THRKE EXPERIMENTS. AVERAGE OF FLEET AND HALLOCE.

xcess
PER ACRE. Potato ss from Long Potato Tae fram trte
formal | “rorimuas | ggSteutl «| Foramila, | soratatnt|: Sania
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.
None ests ios. 84.8 113.1
500 pounds.. 99.3 125.3 26. 125.5 163.8 38.3
1,000 pounds.. 126.1 143.9 17.8 166.2 184.7 18.5
1,500 pounds.. 133.8 147.9 14.1 166.8 189.5 22.7
2,000 pounds..}| 136. 150.4 14.4 178.4 190.4 12.
Average ....| 123.8 141.9 18.1 159.2 | 182.1 22.9

The foregoing table of averages shows that there was a uni-
form and material difference in favor of the Long Island formula.
Ass before noted the vines were reported as one-fourth larger from
this mixture than from the other. The excess of crop from the
Long Island formula seems to be greatest where the smallest
amounts of fertilizer were applied, which may indicate either that
the small application of the “ potato” formula did not furnish
the profitable maximum of phosphoric acid or that the large
applications contained an undesirable quantity of nitrogen com-
pounds. In either case, if future experiments substantiate the
results for 1897, the claim that the composition of a crop should
be the guide for mixing special fertilizers will be discredited.

THE FINANCIAL SIpE OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

The potatoes from these experimental fields were sold at 75°
cents per bushel for large (merchantable) and 25 cents for small,
and the money values found in the following table ‘are calculated
from these prices.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 611

TABLE VI.—FINANCIAL SIDE OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

Average of All.

Valueincrease|PUSHel cost of

Acre value | from each 500 potatoes from

. each 500
total crop. «| Pounds fortil’ | soundafertl
: izer added.

AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE.

Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
IN ON GMs ee hoiclo te Sa Sue aces ier oe wie neers Haa2O™ Will Rese eee wanll me teocicateaes
HOO MOUNd see ena paseo aes es ciataeee 75.00 20.80 0.22
PeCOMNe a te eRe cs era ae 89.97 14.97 0.33
OO og oe Hee eiaseetesacestecte es kets 95.27 5.30 1.12
2,000 SN. sce oes oe aie wre Se alone eer ewe QB AIDT pf lbaaweactosect |ietesetee meas

Average Hallock and Fleet Farms.

Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
IN GN Getter oe eis eeicie cide eco oes G8F82) 2, Stee ee eee eee
HOO MOUNA St ees = yee as aseeiace eee cie se 93.95 25.13 0.20
1,000 CE ee ees ee ee See ane moe ae 118.95 25.00 0.20
1,500 CU oe 3 SB BOARS ae Coe eee 123.85 4.90 2.23
2,000 SR Ma RN st ke tis ane Ss ieoce 125.75 1.90 1.01

NOTE.—The cost of the fertilizer is assumed to be $25,00 per ton,

It is evident that if we consider the first year’s crop only the
application of one ton of fertilizer per acre, or even 1,500 pounds,
was considerably less profitable than the use of 1,000 pounds.
The fertilizer cost of the small increase of product caused by
applying more than 1,000 pounds of fertilizer was much greater
than the market value of the potatoes, even in this year of good
prices.

On the other hand the use of 1,000 pounds was very profitable,
the fertilizer cost of the increased yield on the Fleet and Hallock
farms being only 20 cents per bushel. Even if the merchantable
potatoes had been sold at 40 cents per bushel, there would still
be a reasonable margin of profit. It should be kept in mind that
these figures refer to the light soils and market conditions of
Long Island. |

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PoTASH SALTS UPON THE COMPOSITION
OF THD POTATO.

Much investigation has been carried on to determine whether

a liberal application of muriate of potash has a depressing effect

upon the proportion of dry matter and starch in the potato. The

612 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THR

testimony so far secured is conflicting. In many cases the quality
of the tubers as expressed by the percentages of dry matter and
starch has been found to be lower with the use of the muriate
than where the sulphate was applied. Ina recent number of Die
landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen, Pfeiffer and others re-
view the data bearing upon this point and give results from well-
planned experiments of their own. Their conclusions are that
the muriate free from other compounds has no injurious effect
upon the composition of the potato tuber, but that the depression
in the proportion of starch which has been noticed is due to the
impurities in the commercial potash salts, notably magnesium
chloride. These authors even claim that the addition of chlorine
to the soil may under some circumstances be beneficial to the
quality of the tubers.

THE PROPORTION OF Dry MATTER AND STARCH.

About one bushel of potatoes was sent to the Station from each
one of the experimental plats on the Hallock and Fleet farms.
Tubers to the amount of about ten pounds were carefully selected
from each lot, were sliced and dried at a temperature between
50° and 60° C. Determinations were made in each sample of the
dry matter, starch, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. These
results are given in detail in Table III and are summarized in
the succeeding tables, Nos. VII, VIII and IX.

=

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 613

TABLE VII.—INFLUENCE OF THE POTASH COMPOUNDS UPON THE AMOUNT OF
Dry MATTER IN THE POTATO.

HAtuock’s Farm. FLEET’s FARM.

AMOUNT Average
OF FERTILIZER ee Aas | of both
P ° Potat Potato arms.

formule corm Sreree® torarule.| orm. |"

|

Potatoes grown with Muriate of Potash.—Plats 1-5 and 11-15.
Per cent. | Percent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent.
None ees. ses sees 18.87 19.15 19.01 19.83 20.05 19.94 19.47
500 pounds.-.---- 20-57 | 20.45 }) 20:51 | 19271, | 20.28 | © 19-99) |) 20225
1,000 pounds...--.. 19.75 19.17 19.46 20.02 20.50 20.26 19.86
1,500 pounds..---- L787 WO 17256 VTE 7T2 21 19.28 20.14 18.93
2,000 pounds..-.--- 19.03 ay (4ay/¢ 18.35 18.70 19.59 19.14 18.74

Averages fertil- | |
ized plats..-.| 19.35} 18.71 | 19 19286. | 19291 | 19-88%) 9245

Potatoes grown with Sulphate of Potash.—Plats 6-10 and 16-20

Woney- =. 2-2 1-22: | ETO | 21.47 | 20.61 | 20.73 | 21.24] 20.98 | 20.80

500 pounds..-.-- | 21.02 | 21.12 | 21.07 | 19.75 | 20.92 | 20.33 20.70
1,000 pounds...-.. 20.22 | 21.69! 20.95 | 19.96! 21.33 | 20.64! 20.80
1,500 pounds...... 19.99 | 20.86 | 20.42 | 19.71 | 21.25 | 20.48 | 20.46
2,000 pounds...... 19.55 | 20.42; 19.99 | 20.55} 21.36 | 20.95 | 20.47

Averages fertil-

ized plats....} 20.19 20 21.21 | 20.60 | 20.61

21.02 | 20.6

614 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE

TABLE VIII.—INFLUENCE OF THE POTASH COMPOUNDS UPON THE AMOUNT OF
STARCH IN THE POTATO.

HAuLiock Farm. FLEET Farm. &

°
ae fii, Oa
AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER = ad F | aa ; -o
PER ACRE. = 35 2 g as © De
of Cc de oe ae op Bs
5 g 3 a S| s aH

ie) On q me) oor q ra

pH =o} oO eH ao oD o

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Ay 4 <d | Ay 4 <q | <

Potatoes grown with Muriate of Potash.—Plats 1-5 and 11-15.

| | [ | |

Per ct.| Perct.| Perct.| Perct.| Perct.| Per ct.| Perct.

INONG fakes sees ye cl ie ce sare adie 3 ISESaleis22) | sed AS ess OR aloes
DOO POUNAS 2 ese wicis aos ie ese el 14.1 | 15.4 | 14.7 | 13.3 | 15 14.1 | 14.4
IAC OD) jovouinyels) SSeS soaess qeaoce 14 13.4 | 13.7 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 14.4
15500 poundsac--o-)-22e—- 2 on- - 2-1 1221 1058) 21-9) | 1428 | 4 14.4 | 13.1
AOOO;pouttd sea.n hassel ace eee 13.3 | 11.8 |} 12.6 | 12-9 | 14.5 | 1327) 13:1
Average fertilized plats ei 1324") 13-0) |) 13224) 14 14.7 | 14.3 | 13.7

Potatoes grown with Sulphate of Potash.—Plats 6-10 and 16-20.

INONO Meee cerses ciemsee loess kee 14.4 | 16.2.| 15.3 | 15 15.4 | 15.2 | 15.2
HVOMOUNAS sees a scsnewice mameee Ieper Pilyere | 70 pealayssy Wt altsjoalh }) als 15.3
LFOOOMOUNAS ec -cfoceee cass sie 14.9 | 16.3 | 15.6 | 14.7 | 16.4 | 15.5 | 15.5
SOO MOUNGSs- oe esc e es cee oe oe 14.6 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 14 16 15 14.9
2 OOORpOUMGS Bee aero oe eee 13297) 1453) V4.1 | 1429") 1622) | bby | a4aes

Average fertilized plats....| 14.8 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 15.3 | 15.2

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

615

TABLE IX— PROPORTIONS OF THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF PLANT-FOOD IN
THE FRESH TUBERS.

None
500 pounds
1,000 pounds
1,500 pounds
2,000 pounds

Averages

eee meee te tees

|

NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. PorTasH.
With With With With With With
KCl. K,SO,. KCl. K,S0,. KCl. K,SO,.

Per ct Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct. Per ct. Per ct.
0.31 0.30 0.116 | 0.116 0.47 0.47
.30 -30 -106 Ss -49 .48
.28 Bol -101 .109 -49 -48
sail -o2 .097 -107 54 -49
Soll! 32 -107 -104 -49 -52
-30 Sol! -105 -110 -50 .49

Ve, —-—(— + HS SY —

eo) -107 -49

A still briefer summary of the percentages of dry matter and

starch is the following:

Dry MATTER AND STARCH IN POTATOES DIFFERENTLY FERTILIZED.

Averages 16 plats-

PLAaTs WITH MuRIATE

PLATS WITH SULPHATE

Averages adjacent plats not fertilized -

oF POTASH. oF PoTAsH.
Dry Dry
matter. Starch. matter. Starch.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. | Percent,
19.45 IB 7/ 20.61 15.2
19.47 13.5 20.80 15.2

The potatoes produced where the sulphate of potash was
added contained both more dry matter and more starch than did
the potatoes grown where the muriate was used. Avs these figures
are an average of 16 plats for each manner of treatment they
would seem to be significant. Their force is diminished greatly,
however, by the fact that the adjacent plats receiving no fertilizer

differed in the same way and to the same extent.

It would not

be safe, therefore, to conclude from these data that the muriate is
inferior to the sulphate of potash for potato growing.

616 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS.

Tur UTILIZATION OF PLANT Foon.

It has been noticed in some cases that the percentages of cer-
tain plant food compounds taken up by a crop are increased by
liberal manuring. This does not seem to be the case in these
experiments as the figures in Table IX clearly show. Neither
the kind nor the amount of fertilizer applied caused noticeable
variation in the percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash found in the tubers.

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD

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SUMMARY OF DIRECTION OF WIND FOR 1897.

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PCCP ANU ERD Vaereyetctercters oreve ecelnieiavetataio aie tetetate ete leiclolete/oro\e'<'« 70 64 142 326 602
HWY cates Mie etetstera ctetarars’ avesa clateraccioie’e oi cietettetcie ian aletatere sieeve: ve 68 182 217 634
April. . oe 78 50 158 829 615
May.. a 79 52 139 315 585
RIAU OR esate starcicte wvelsteialciohetovetctoieterel oketersie BEAR 87 36 119 351 543
J ASa6 Bo oonodasdpoocdee poopeHoasdoodmonecoas 46 96 180 183 | 505
PAUP UB Us eters eleicieiets Melnisinintemaieeteiiaiieisicieisieisisieeisivisivicie 26 41 147 274 488
Deptom ber wecieccccmiectectelelee Meteteeieteleleletercieteteieiats 70 53 69 226 418
OGGOD ON ala eeeotactielalelelslcietnielase!eisic slejeleisisicle's Reteriets 40 39 239 180 498
INDVOUTDOR aneitemeicisieccceciels\e cle Ristouoeiate Sieieinre'eeieie 8 27 222 322 579
MIBCOHI DOM ereincrisitcistelsleiieteracisicicisteieisielensreicre Prctsarets 24 61 “179 302 566
Total hours of movement........ atodorton 565 601 1.979 8,529 6, 674
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SuMMARY OF MaxIMuM, MINIMUM AND STANDARD AIR THERMOMETERS.

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February...... 5 te 33.2 19 24 30 27.6
Marchinecaeneclecte sii cceti: 42.6 25 30.5 88 35.5
April.. 55.2 34.9 40.6 51.6 47.4
IMEWY so chose pad p0ods Dood nbobedaes 65.1 45.7 IR) 61.2 58.8
Unt onsnbccoqnueegds Sbbbopotendove sib) # etc!) 51.8 59.7 69.9 66.6
RU ULL ygetoseer te tieiera etatele ce iets cxslerotsieleicieio’sielais/eieis bait eB 63.9 68.9 79.7 76.4
PATI OUIS Ee ieeteleriniv(oleielp efole(ole(e sieleicis/s)eleielsielelsle/e(elsiaiste 78.8 56.4 61.6 74.7 val
SOplOM POM eieorei leis - oiere o leeielslein(aiciniais slels'» sie syojste 75.3 49.4 54.9 70.6 66.2
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INOVEDIDER sy srerctsisiniv cle ieloleielale cieielelateicie efelajareioleisiehe'e] 47.2 32.1 36.6 41.9 38.4
December.......... SOOCNOODIDaGNO DOONNOO 4005 36. 22.4 27.5 33.1 30.8

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reas & &T
61 & dt
0% IT 19°20
SG 8G |S 88
96 2°66 |9°8E
gor 8 2&
6L Gé—| 6
9% & ing
I€ 4G |S Eh
be $3 | 8&8
G26 4t | 96
Go P G6
SI g 8%
as 8 §T
OT It | &&
Ir Go| 28
SI TT |9°68
G9 Ot |9°88
&& Q'8i |9°18
ue OT | 8%
SI 9T |9°88
PL 0& | 8g
o'8T 98 | 9S
1G 4g | GP
or Se] IP
gg 6r | 68
sd Serle
5 P|
“AUVOUNAA HT | “AUVONVE

‘WW CY £ VY SHULUNOWNTEH YY, WOWINTIT GNV WOWIXVJT FO SONIGVAY

to) 93 eI9aAW

ANHMdSraa

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1897 oF THE

628

LOG |4°@o |9°es gg 19°89 |9°8S

G79 |Gars |S FS AS eGs gg

Se ae eae
Fee es = |

reeeeerees OBR IOAW

re eeeeeeTe

ee

BHRAHOSCrOS

“SHHON] NURLEDID “SHHONT ANIN

OF29" 18599" 19789 69 |6°49 j@ eS |6°09 (8°09 |9°8S |8°6S |§ 09 \9°eS
09 jg°2g cg S809 ~|9°09 gS TO) S579 cg 19 $9 fg
ag jg°S¢ |g" 6g 6S 8S |g°Ts 09 My ESPs 09 jG°T9 |S°Ig
8g |S° PS &S 6g gg 6g 09) | SraSealSalS 19569) Seto Saks

grog OS) S299 219599 9g ts} 4g |g°24g |9°§¢ 4g jg°24g |S°&S

SrO0) | Ss9Sis | Sess G9 |9°19' 1S°1S 19°29) 19°99) |G" Tg 69 OO Sa1g

ges jg°og |S°1¢ 19 |S°09 6P 69 99 6P 69 ¢9 OP

Sopcie GerGe\o5oo #S 6G |S°&S gg |G°& g°ég cg js°&$ &&
6S 8g 9g jg°s¢ |g°19 go |¢°6S |S°P9 |S°SS |S°6g p9 |G 99

G6g |9°99 i979 (9°09 |S'69 |G:sc [G'I9 69 |S°fS (G'°T9 “OO «|G PS

96g |¢°99 6g (9°19 |9°09 6F 69 |$°S9 |9°8h |¢g°ao G9 iS 8h

TDD SSIS MISE Se Usinteys gg CTS STATS MSI 9g d Sg 9¢
09 |S°8S 9S 19 09 jg°sg ig:e9 |g°S9 4g 69 g9 2g

g’6g jg°4g |S°fS 19 |G°19 |G°eg |¢°s9 99 6G |G°39 COEF sae

G09 |g°2¢ gg jg-o9 |S'19 PS $9 |S°S9 |IG‘F9 €9 Role Saks

g°6¢ 9g 6G |¢'T9 09 |G°0S 39 v9 |G°0S |G°29 |$°S9 Ig
09 9g eg |g’ 19 19 0g 69 |9°S9 ig°0S |S"I9 |$°€9 |$°09

SEPA) ISLS 6@ jg°8g 9°89 1g 09 19 Tg 69 09 Ig
8g |g°9S pS \S°6S 8g css 09 . |S°6S Po |G°6S |9°6S PS

g 4g S999 9S 8g ad: =|9°S¢ 6S 8g 9c 19°8S 8g 9S
6g |g°9S 9g 19 9°89 |G°9¢ &9 19 |G°2 @9 |$°09 |S°2¢
8g gg && 09 6S iG'T¢ |¢"19 G9 |S:ES i919 |$°19 6S

g°9g OS /S 7°89) 1@r8S" |9299) vig og 09 8S 8g 6g |S" 2S 8g

G-99° |S<s¢ 1S 19569) S195 29 6P |G 19 eo |S'6r |G 19 69 |G 6P
9S 6G 0S 8° |S7S9' — |S 97 09 6S 9F |S°6S 69 oF

guas PS |S°8g 8g 4g 1¢°0S 6S 6g |9°09 gg |g sg |S°0¢

G°ug ¥S sg 09 jg°4s Tg j¢°T9 09 Tg j¢°09 |S9°6S Tg
2g |S°@9 |9°0g |S°09 ag SP 69 |9°09 |c°6P 69 |9°69 |S 67

Shoo: |S ahs. 1S rs eg ig'tg |c'os $9 3G 1g- jg°8S |G°€9 |S°O¢
gg Gg 6G ag yg |g 0S gg |S°99 |S°0S d 9g |9°0S
po |S's9 |g°sg gg j9°So iG'sG jG:9¢ |G°L4G |G°Fe |g°9g PAS RAS

Sips 19°85 €g yg gg 9° G29 S929" |S "pS 4g ug Va
a Ee 2 for) ie - for) hs 3 or) = at
Sola Defer beet Ceti ieee eel loan feed er ei ear ae
ey ace at tenes eater Ie oleae aB

‘SUHONT XIS ‘SHHON] ZHU, “SHHONT OM], ‘HONT UNO

“SUMLANONWTAHY, TOS 40 SONTAVAY

629

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

9°69 | 2°6S | 2°69
"39 | 9°39 | 9°39
$69 £9 €9
G29 | $°39 | S's

°69 69 69

$°09 | 9°09 19
19 19 | g'T9
"19 69 | S19
ero! Sie hO) | acink9
19 19 19
19 19 19

G°9G -/-9°99¢' | S99
g-9¢ ) Gog | G°9g
Lg \ GL¢ 8g
gg | g¢ 8g
8g 8g 8g
gus 8g | 9°89

for] at ~

i] = ~

Bie ig
*SHHON] NUALHOIGQ

9°89 | 6°09 | 6°09
g9 v9 #9
b9 #9 #9
g°a9 | $°@9 69
"99 £9 69
9°99 | G°P9 99
89 99 | 9°99

g9 69 69
g9 9 | G19
G9 69 | 9°39
99° | Geo | 9°29
Gt9 £9 | $°39

G4g | Gg | g°8¢

09 | S’6S | S’6S
G19 | S°6S 63
S19 | 9°69 | S'6g
g°09 | S°6¢ 6S

gq} 9g | g-c¢
ah Sele
Be eed ee

“SHHON]T ANIN

—

2°99 g°e9 4°09 4°99 9°99 G'6¢ 9°19 1'02 3° 9 G19 8°02 €°09 eee ee "e889" OBBIOAV
89 | ¢°¢9 | ¢°g9 04 99 | $°¢9 Tk 249 | $°99 tL | 9°49 | S°99 |°°*
g°g9 | g°g9 | G’E9 g9 99 69 | G°S9 | S°L9 | G°39 | SSO | G'89 COD cue

69 ¢9 | 9°19 | S'OL 89 | 69} GIL | Gos 6g | GtZ PD (AEE ee
¢°39 ¢9 a8) 69 | $49 | S'6g | S69 197 09 OL qh ODS eer
¢°69 29 $9 89 69 | 69 | $'69 321 G'°39 | G69 | G’EL | G'S |’?

oh | $'69 | 9°99 Beh || Ginaes 99 4 | GOL 49 | Ghd AQ) po
GOL | G'S | 9°g9 £2) 9°82 | S°cg | G2 82 49 | G82 64 ag "°°
¢°89 cg 19 TZ | $°69 | S°09 4 |S Sh | S19 | Ses Grol Selo) ee

49 §9 | $'6¢ 69 | G29 d 2 a4 | G’G | GOL PD tell sew
g’°g9 | G°a 09 99 g9 4G | $°99 | G°89 4g |} $99 690 |GSPLGi8 liens
G29 99 | S'F9 | $°49 | S*69 69 | G29 | GEL | SPO 89 | G'SZ | G9 "°°

89 | S°S9 | G19 ps OL | G°09 GL | GPL 19 GL | GFL 19 |"°°
G69 | $°S¢ | G'I9 | SIZ GL 09 | G’°3Z 44 | 9°09 €l | $92 TOR |e

99 | S’§9 69 | $°99 | S$°89 09 49 64 09 49 GL ODE lee

69 99 | $09 | GOL |] SIZ | $'09 | SIZ | G92 | G19 “4 | GOL GO|
G19 | ¢°99 | G°a9 | G°89 | Gey 19 69 4h | 9°39 69 el Saco eee
g°89 | g°S9 8) yy 62 | $'09 4|\|9°92 | G19 | G4] 9°s2 ) 9°19 ;
G19 £9 19 -02 | $°69 | S°09 TZ 34 | S19 | S'0k Cee eSeOn | ee
g°99 P9 “@9 | 9°89 DK G19 | $°69 | $°69 | G°19 | $°69 69n 2S aon ee

69 | G°39 8S | 9°99 | G69 ph &9 Gu} 9°8S | G'4g | G’€2 | oss }°°°

19 | ¢’8g | G’4g €9 09 | $°9G | G°F9 | G°39 2G | S°F9 | 9°39 LAS PP
o’8¢ 8G | G'4g | G°Sg | e°gc | g'9g | G’Eg 09 2G | 9'6S 09 Gy |tass 6
8¢ 8¢ 24g | G°4g.| G°2 9g | ¢’8S } g'8g | g:9g gc | ¢°8g¢ OG mae ‘8
G19 | G9 09 | S°I9 | ¢°a9 6¢ | G°39 | G9 09 | G'69 | S°F9 (9) Ieee ear: w
$9 69 6g | ¢°¢9 g9 | Gc'lg | ¢°¢9 | 9°69 g¢ 99 OL t+ Bal eee ‘9
G9 oy | G' 6G | G°S9 | G'S9 | G'gg | G:99 OL 6S 29 | 9°69 6g ;"°° ¢
G’p9 | S’°@9 | G'09 | S'cy | g°cg 19 | $°99 89 | $'°@9 | 9°99 89 | g’°e@g |""" oe m2
ce 09 | g's ¢9 §9 4G 49 | $°99 | G°8c 29 99 | g°eg |""° Res ‘$s
enaelenege |-ea 2fo = opuliacda higian' | aeame area aie. [accor a-eg, |eseuseesaate ts taoccaeuveceeces seer mame
gee lesore gene: | eaguelh gets |G Galina. Leena aes f= oa (Oa ce, (Naseer |Ataaheneoeaaes cena ccc hresemeseercenatte ame
ror) be 2 o i ~ 7) i x i") ir 2

i) 5 pe | os 5 e | oo 5 » | 3 5 %

Beles = a Betlem Sian Se Wel = le B

*‘SUHON]T XIG ‘SHHON] SHU, “SHHONT OMY, ‘HONT FINO

‘panuyuog —SUALAWOWUAH], TIOG 40 SPNIGVAY

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1897 of THE

630

419 | 8°29 | 8°29 | 402
49 29 29 OL
99 99 | o°99 69

gc9 | ¢°99 99 99
99 | $°99 | 9:99 | 9°99

g 219 89 | 9°89 29
69 69 69 | Gls

¢°89 | 9°89 | $89 TL
69 | 9°89 | $°89 | $°0L
69 69 | 9°69 | $02
69 69 69 a

oD
i-

g’89 | $°89 |. 9°89 “Th
69 69 69 TL
g°89 | 9°89 | 9°89 | S°TL
g’°89 | $°89 89 | Gls
89 89 89 | S04
89 89 89 04

89 89 89
g°89 | 9°89 89 | G02
89) 9) 9289 | S989 | SOx
69 | 9°69 OL Hi
GOL | G04 | S04 | GZ
OL OL OL Gh
G69 | 9°69 | S°69 | SPL
69 69 69 | S°&s
89 89 89 &2
89 89 | S249 | Sok
49 29 249 | Bd
99 O97 /FS5c9 Td

¢9 G9 | S°#9 | $°69
#9 $9 b9 | S°249
£9 €9 £9 89
lor) _ ~ oO
eee |e ‘3
Bo] ° B | B

‘SHHON]T NHULHOSID

£°69

1°69
g°L9
g°s9
co
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G89
02
$°69
69
192
g°0L
69
02
02
69
¢°69
69
69
69
69
TL
&L
GGL
GL
gTh
$°04
TZ
OL
g°89
g°99
99
G49

*SHHON] ANIN

Gh | G02

GL 69 | $°S9
29 99
g°99 G9
g°99 29 | 9°89
GOL &4 | $04
4 Iz

4 | 4°69 | S°89
GL 6h | STL
Lh FL

gh a

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Gh GL
Ba 27 TZ | 9°69
€2 TZ

GL TZ | 9°89
GL | GOL | 9°89
GL TL | 9°69
6&4 | 04

TL TA | otk
$4 | GPL | GE
G64] G°9L | GEL
84 | gS
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Lh FL

94 | SSL

*SHHON] XIQ

GPL | bel | ¥°89
GL GL | 3°99
SL GL 99
29 99 #9
g°99 ¢9 69
g9 g9 | 9°99
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ge GL 69
| S04 29

GL 1k OL
G’6L | 9°84 | SOL
GLh | S92 89
G'éL PL 02
2h | G Sb 69

4 &L | 9°99
€L | S°6L | G99
3k GL | 9°89
G'bL GL 39
G04 | S02 | SOL
€L LL &L
cis 08 | S'&2
08 | S62 | G°&L
08 | 3°84 192
64.) Ge OL
CSL GL GL
C’s8h £u) STL
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94) SPL 99
Gel | S69 | $°S9

Get | STL | G°€9

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"SHHON] ADU,

Gch | 1°92
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89
g°L9
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*(panuyuog) SUALANOWYAHY, TIO 10 SYNIGVAY

631

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

9°99 | 4°99 | 4°99

g9 go g9
go g9 c9
g9 g9 G9
99 G9 G9
G9 99 go
9°99 | 9°99 | g°c9
g°g9 | g°c9 G9
99 99 G9
g9 g9 G9
go So | o°f9
S'P9 | S'f9 ¢9
g9 g9 G9
g9 | 9°99 | g°cg
¢°g9 99 99
g°99 49 29
29 29 49
49 49 249
49 49 49
& 49 19
G29 | 9°29 | G29
89 89 $9
9°89 | 9°89 | 9°89
89 89 | 9°89
69 69 69
69 69 69
$69 | S°69 | S°69
9°69 | 9°69 | 9°69
69 69 | 9°89
89 89 89
9°29 | $°29 | 9°49
49 249 A)
o = 2
So = iS)
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“SHHONT NUALHOIG

§°89 | 9°99 | 9°99
99 | S°P9 | G'h9
249 | $°S9 | 9°¢9
99 99 P9
49 g9 c9
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c9 | S'#9 | 9° B9
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g°29 99 99
69 29 ag
89 89 | 9°49
69 | 9°29 99
89 | 9°g9 | g°gg
9°89 249 49
69 89 89
9°69 69 | 9°69
TZ | 9°89 89
PF 69 69
Q°T2 69 69
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GGL Td Td
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G04 89 89
G69 89 89

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“SHHONT SNIN

6°04 | 3°89
9°89 99
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9°69 | 9°99
89 99
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79
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9°29
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89
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89
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6°89
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9°29

ba}

>
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‘SHHONT XIG

6'TL | 02 | 2°89
69} 89 | g'09
GOL 69 £9
g°69 | 69 | s'19
OL 69 a9
$°89 | 9°99 | 9°09
G02 89 19
9°69 49 | ObO
9°04 | 9°49 | G89
89 | 9°49 ra
Gh 69 | Q'T
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29 | 99! 09
g°¢9 99 | G19
89 | 9°S9 19
69 | S°249 | 9°39
G02 | G'oL | 9°S9
G02 69 249
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bin OF 89 | $°09
69 12 | 9°89
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G'3k 69 | 9°89
G94 | GFL 99
GL ty) 19
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PHA 91 69
g°8h 62 | 9°89
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9°82 | et | 2°89 | see | Stee | 2°89 eeeee see eeee siete es see GFR TOATY:
OL | 9°69 09 OL
TZ | QTL #9 Ta
90k | 2 Ts 69 | 9°04
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Td 02 19 Td
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Td 04 | 9°39 | STs
9°89 69 | 9°19 | 9°§9
SL eL | G19 SL
F4 | S'°89 | g'ag Td
9°29 49 09 | 9°49
99 | 9°49 | 9°19 99
9°89 | 9°99 19 89
69 | 9°89 of 69
QL 4 | S99 4
TZ 2, 89 &
g°oZ | 9°82 | Ged | g°qy
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69 | GOL $9 | ¢°89
Gd 84 | 9°99 | Gee
gh a, 69 “Sk
g'22 | 221 9°99 | oraz 6
92 | S°Sk | 9°29 92 8
G°L4 | 9°08 99) 9°22 2
64 | 821 S°b9 | ogy 9
84 | S82 | 9°89 ak “g
54 | 9°68 69 6L P
g'08 | 08] 29] 08 g
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PL $2, ¢°99 PL ee eae ON qsnsny
for} — “_ a _ a
alert wale 2 es
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“SHHONT OAV, ‘HONT HNO

‘(panuyuop) — SYaLUNONUAHT, 11OG AO SPNIavay

METEOROLOGICAL REcORD FoR 1897 oF THD

632

ee ee eee x *:

T's9 | &°&9 | €°§9 79 | P29 | $29 | 2°99 | 6°89 | 9°19 | 2°99 | T°S9 | S'sS | G29 | T°49 | LES | 9°49 | F249 | 68S
8g 8¢ 8g 09 4G | $°9S €9 8g 9¢ g9 19 ps | 3°99 %9 pg | 9°99 $9 | GES
8g 89 89 4g | ggg | g-g¢ 6g 9g $S | 9°69 4G | Gls 19 | 9°69 Tg | $09 | S°6S 1g

g°8g 69 6S 8g 8g 9¢ 6g 8g | SPS 8g 89 1g 8¢ 69 Ig | 9°8¢ 69 0g

G°69 6S 09 6S 9¢ | $°8¢ | G’6¢ | G’9G 2g | Gus 8g BS | Gag 09 | S'S | Gag 09 | ¢°8S
09 09 09 | 9°09 6S 6S 69 | S09 | S°89 | G19 | S*b9 | G'9S 69 gg | 99S 69 cg | 9°9S
69 6S 6S 19 | G°6S 2 g°s9 |} 9°69 | S'9g #9 | S39 ; GPS cg G9) S'S g9 g9 } 93S

G°6g c’6g | S°6S 89 |} Glg | G'2g 6S 4g 4G | 9°89 AS cg | S69 | S°Ag co | S69 | Gag g¢

"6S 09 | S°6S 6g 8g 8g 6g | 9°8g 4G | G2 g°8¢ gc 2g | S'6¢ gg Lg 09 | 9° FS

g’6S 09 09 69 PAS 4 G19 2g gg) o'19 |-9°89 | S'Ig 69 19 1g 69 69 | 9°09
09) | S509 19 69 4g Ag 09 9¢ gg 09 | $°99 1g 09 | g°8¢ | S°0S 09 | $°8S og

sa G) 69 9 | S69 | S°6S 09 6¢ | 9°89 6g 9¢ 9g 9g | ¢°S¢ 9¢ 9g | ogg 9S gg

G°39 &9 &6 19 | 9°09 19 | S'T9 09 09 19 | $°8G 4g | g°19 6S | S99 | S19 6g | $°9S
$9 #9 | S'P9 69 a9 §9 | G49 | S19 19 P9 OOF) soe28 #9 19 9g ¥9 19 9S
99 g°¢9 ¢9 49 | $'99 | S99 89) 9°29 | G2 g°99 | Gh 29 | ¢°99 | 9°89 | S49 | G°99 | g°89 | G2
r9 | G $9 $9 | 9°99 | G’&9 €9 04 | $9 | $°39 | Ges | G89 | G09 | Shs a4 1 G09 | Shy 6&2 | 9°09

gpg g9 g9 | S°9 | G°s9 69 49 | 9°89 19 £9 $9 8g | ¢°69 | 9°99 2g | $°69 | $°99 LG

gg9 99 99 99 cg | 9°99 89} 99 99 89 ds 69 89 89 69 89 89 | S19
99 99 99 249 99 | 991] S°69 | Gh g°99 | G'0x 89 | ¢°S9 GL 69 99 GL 69 99

g°99 49 29 49 99 98 69 | 29 |G *9 | 9°69 | G89 | S°T9 | G'os | S°0L | S09 | 9°02 GL 09
89 89 89 04 | $69 OL |G TL | Stl | G02 TL | G62 69 | Gt bL 69 | STs PL 69

g° 29 9°19 29 GL 69 69 | 9°92 GL 69 4 4h | G°89 | G’T8 18 69 | GIs 18 69

g°99 29 | 9°99 Z| 9°29 49 | SOL PA 2 Gus | 9° Sd co | g'6L | S62 cg 08 | S62 99
99 99 99 | 9°69 | $°29 249 62 04 | g°29 | Soe PL 99 ah & | $99 Lk 82 | 9°99

ggg } 9°99 | G°S9 | ¢°89 Zt g°99 4 69 249 PL Td | 9°99 | g°o2 “eh 99.) -S° Sh | SPL 99
c9 go | 9° F9 89 ¢9 go GL ra org 2 TL | G°e9 4h) 9 bL | 939 Lu) Gel | Seg
#9 i 2!) ¥9 99 | G°e9 | . 9 OL | S°S9 69 | 3s | S69 | S°6S | GFL 34 | 6S | SPS 2 | 96S
#9 G’P9 | S°P9 gg €9 &9 89 #9 19 69 49 8S OL i 4g 04 | GOL 2g
g9 g9 ¢9 99 #9 t9 69 | 9°S9 39 | $69 89 09 04 | GOL 6S 02.| 3°04 6g
c9 g9 cg 4 g9 99 69 29 | G49 Te. | 8269 69 Tk Ck 69 4 GL £9
g9 99 c9 99 | G'P9 | SFO | 9°49 99 | #9 | 9°29 89 69 89 | 9°69 G 89 02 69
lor) eS - lor} » = for) S “I for] = =I lor} S) =r for) Sj J
© 5 © S 5 © > 5 © > 3 © < 3 © > 5 ©
Eee ell oie ciltes| gee chee | Bo | SE le | Bee Bol Bit le

‘SHHON] NUALHDIQ | “SHHONT BNIN "SHHON] XIS ‘SHHON] JRUBY, ‘SHHONT OMI, HON] 3NO

Ce s8'*-OSRBIOAV

teeeerge
sees ge

azaqura3dag

‘(panuyuog)— SUALINONUTH], IO dO SONIGVaY

633

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

‘(papnjouog ) — SYUALANOWYAHY, TIOG JO SPNIGVaAY

6°SS | 8°FS | 8'FS | L’’4G | VGgG | SFG | 8°9G 99 | T°eS | €'4G | 4S | FSG | 6'°9G | yas | SIs FS feaes amas ey emt “8 -OSBIOAV
0s 6P 6h | SOS | S°Sh | S*2h | GOS | S'EP cP 6G | G'OS | S°6P Ig | G09 | GS‘ PhP “18
0g OP OS | S’6P 8b | GLb] GLb | GOP | SP | G'6P | G:2m | GC 2p LP OF ‘0&
eS so | g°€o | GIG | g°aG €¢ 6P Ig | ¢-0¢ 6P TS 0S 8h | G0 | S'6F “66
FG €¢ eg | g'¢¢ €&¢ | $°eG | G99 | G°FS | G'0S | G:2g 2g 1¢ 4G 4g | Gos “83
BS | SOG | Gog | S'eg | Gace 1g 9g | GPS 6P PAS 24g 6P | g'9¢ 2G | GSP “16
Fo | G'S €¢ g¢ | S°ac 6g | ¢°c¢ GS 0g 9¢ €¢ o¢ | g°g¢ €¢ | G’6F “96
Gps | gee | egg cc | g'esg 6g | o' fg bg | GiIg¢ gg | g'g¢g | G'Ig #G | ggg “cB
¥S 6S eg 9¢ €g¢ Tg 9G | ¢g°gg 8P 2g 8G | GLP} G'9¢ | G°z “kG
G' FS €¢ og g¢ | cag | Gog GG 6G SP | G°Sg | Gag 8F cg | gag "$6
eg 6s &G 8g | $°eg | gage 6S 6G Tg ‘eS | G'egG | SIs ecg | Gag | G’0G “GG
ec | °s¢ ¥G | g°ag €¢ | ¢°s¢ | Gig T¢ eG | S°I¢ 1g | 9°gS Tg 1g “13
PS | G&S | GES | G'fg | G:gc &¢ FG €¢ Tg | G'tg¢ FG Tg | G' PS FG | c'o¢ “03
ofS $S | GS’ tS 2G | $°gg §¢ PG | Gas og | S'#G | G’EsG OG | SFG | Ges | G’6P “6L
9g | GPS g¢ 4G FS 6G | G'9¢ | G’Fe 6P | G99 | GEG 6P 9g | ofS “St
6S 6S 09 | g’6¢ | G°g¢ 6S Lg 8g | g°Sg | g°9¢ 8¢ PG | g'gg 8S “LE
€9 e9 | G19 | g°99 g9 | G°€9 | G°89 | G29 v9 OL 04 99 04 | G02 “OL
69 6S 8S 99 69 6S | G89 | $°49 | g°8G 02 iZ | 9°6S 04 |} GOL | S°6S “GI
GLg cc | g°cg¢ 09 | S°9G | S°FG | S19 | S°8g | G'Ig §9 19 | G°Ig €9 | S'09 | g'0¢ a 7
8¢ 9¢ 9¢ 09 8g | g°gg¢ 09 | $°09 6¢ 09 €9 69 | S°6¢S 69 | ¢°Tg “$I
¢°8¢ 8S 2G T9 | S°6S | ©°6E | 8°09 09 | ¢°09 19 | $°09 | $°39 | $09 | S‘0G | G°zZ9 “OL
g:gg¢ GS 6G | o°24g g¢ €¢g | ¢°8¢ 4G Cd 09 69 $S 09 | G°6¢ | g's¢ “UT
ces 6g eg | SG fo | Gag og | g’e¢ $S | GOP PS | G°Ss | Gch | G'EG 9c | G'tP ‘Or
¢g°¢¢ $G FG | g°9g cc | g’g¢ gg 9¢ 6G | G'S 24g eo | G°é¢ 4g | GIs 6
FG gg eg | o’po | g°a¢ Tg TG eo | oLP FG | G't¢ | GSP $G | G'Pc |] sc ‘8
g’g¢ 9S | g'9g¢ gg 9g | g'9¢ | G°g¢ FG | G'ps eg | o°s¢ gc | gts 8g | G°fS “L
8S | G'A4g | S:4g | g'sc | g'gc 8g | g'4g | 3°8 2g 8¢ | G’°6¢ | Gus 8¢ | G’6S | g'2¢ 9
8¢ gg 99 | G°09 PAS cc | G°I19 | S°6S | G°gS | S'e9 | S"I19 6S | $39 | GIL | G'T¢ 'S
GL cg | g‘cg 09 9¢ $S 09 8S 1¢ T9 | S'09 1S 19 | S°09 oP.
8g | G°9¢ 2G BS | $'9g | G'gg | egg z GG 8¢ 8g | ¢°Tg 8S &¢ $s
G'6g | S’6c | G'6¢ 19 6¢ ¢ 19°09 | S69] G‘z ¢°09 63 4G | S°09 | S°6g ‘3
19 | G'6¢ 6S | $’°89 | S°19 | G‘6¢G 9 99 8g | S°f9 89 89 | ¢°f9 9 “ET 1aq0}90
oO — ~ for) i ~ for) Lom “I lor [oes cas) for) ~
ee esata = Pei See Wate ae = ep | oo 5 2
OI I fal | Pele Mics Ba Be - P| Oe eas eRe i feasiee| hoe 5
‘SHBONT UNIN “SHHONT XIS “‘SHHONT HUYA YT, “SHHONT OMY, “HONT UNO

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FoR 1897.

634

|

'
}
1
1

39S 9c |1€ 9c |€°9G |G CC |6°CS |8 FS |8 FE |G GG IT LS |e G¢ |G FE c¢ jg 9¢ 9G |1°2S |L°SG |G LS JE LG |F°GS |G°SS |6°9G j2°Lg |g 1S
G9 |L €9 |S €9 |§°€9 16°39 #9 |F'°C9 |E°29 |L°€9 |Z°99 |S €9 |9 TO |L°E9 |L°99 |T C9 |€°6S |9' F9 SLO |L-LO |T' 6S |9° #9 |9°LO |F°LO |6'°8S
Z 99 19°99 |L°99 |2°99 |IT-L9 |€ 89 |9°99 |S 99 16°89 |6 OL |Z 89 |8°¢9 |9°89 [6 TL |€ OL |L°€9 19°69 |9° CL \G°@L |L-E9 |8 69 |S ZL [ES |L-E9
8°L9 |L°L9 |8°L9 |8°L9 |2 69 |L°OL |€ 69 |T°69 |F TZ |P SL IS IL |F 69 |1°SL |S FL IP EL |F'89 IG°SL |S GL J1°9L |9 69 I8°EL |9-GL I8 OL 11°69
L-6S 19 6S |L°6S |L 6 |¢°T9 |9°Z9 6 09 |6°09 |€° 89 |L°¢9 |G°€9 |L 09 \E°F9 |L°99 |9 99 |S 6S 99 |9° 49 |T OL |2 09 99 |S LO |G°0L |€ 09
LGG |L GS |LGS |9°SS IL FS SC |9 €S |9'€S |G°cgG |9 LE [€ SG |9 ES |F 9G 6S 16° LS |G GS |6° LE |Z 09 18°09 |9° GS |9 LS 8° 6¢ |§°09 |9°sS
OAV |'OAV | OAV ‘OAW | OAV |'OaV OAV |eOAV|'OAW OAV |OAV| OAV ‘OAV OAV |'OAV ‘OAW| OAV | OAV
a _ x o “1 a ~ 1 =) 1 ~1 oa ee as) oO 1
A cs) y ~ a ro a » a gy 5 Fd A cI 5 ~ ej J = ~ A ww y »
3 § 4 ; es a : : 4 3 ‘ :
SMe Soe teiseee le Beet Selb eB Saag Meee meals eae | Boban |} Bilas
& : : 2 : : 2 : ene : ls : g : :
2 @ ® g e 2
‘SHHONT NUALHDIA ‘SHHONT ONIN ‘SHHON] XIQ ‘SHHON] AWUH, ‘SHHONT OM, ‘HONT JNO

sersereresss==) 19q0990
esicie: srainynicls s*---- -Jequieydeg
ee qsnsny
wee emt cee e ceesce ce woeee Aine
Selassie wereseeseees gap
Aqceisesteviceierererices = Ketan

‘SUALANOWUAHY, TIOG JO

AUVWWAS

lel BN wee @

A. PAGE
Atialtia bi-punctata attacking plant Vice... 5... cc cee cc cece cece cece 478
‘NG tohint@me: (ro) Siiiiees ob.ob code soo g oo pe ddan DOO boD NU bOOU CODD aDDOUOOn OOS 5
NGUltera One OLWEALISH SCE peyeraiccrousraioveeisie sieve tered ’o) a(oisi sissies! sie) cieiavesst setae 230
Sivanceusneny spun p.y CesGriMelomy 2205 cade else os, is sre-sr~ slate eteieelarsi 220
JNIRRITIED. o's oS Geg ARES BO COINS. Cb COO IO DLO RO TaODE Tn Dorr cd Cosco aes 551
AST A ESOL PUIMPTO VIEL si syecd susicuoiels eusvensvocs, else aieus wists: ete'e 6 ietehosars: 3) Mel eke tata 556
CHALACTETISHICS scraercitel sh veyccd s icvarsvelio: oe rajots leleveheraliaie sraie cs repehee sete 552
composition of fresh fodder........ wept pote ats os stets ‘sto fo'9, Ses hl, fee 555
SAT VGA LIN CM Gisctarerciche crs ys, euch e.cusievelscever asl scishcl ai cvolletiine ln aioversyeesteke 558
POS AMINE Sect rs icce er ascie «yes ere late teea Sie 6 oy eia ore Gays Wels uareuateustote st ocelteiereleretonsi oe 557
Hf OO Cae Viel IU Caeuey caseteced cckecatelous/.<)-sus sere obstoiezeluatte ols beey che uarauevens oh vonereteye 555
TN EM Vag oes be oles 6 ec RA ke ees eca OL uelte aot eMac ie STARS GO Sena bas eea a eee ope agape 560
ANTS COTY. arses cans helene ce ehane arailovellsvel laos I'S lena, ata ey ohah.0.8 Gos wane aS eperae tale 552
AS UEMEAS Coren tty ccs coords « visu arias haists io (ol ch onoccy omefe) oreten falar stslere eae eee: 559
PETMAN CN CY, elem etales ccieis, vic os oa's Sis se late = wel erevsueua sete, sue ereensnate te 559
LANE STOOME FE CULE Mie esi aie 1515 sbs stone ©: ale sie steustens ote lol wie releueia etenerenarene 556
PACOUU ERE sede totes ate ae seUie Ae miata ate satel a ts oho us /assileveyn''s WISH arene eaten: 558
TNO rarer ee ectere topes Tok cee bei ony del ole erste, cps’ cle.6, tus, ouethuelel euate oiehe love oeie ekotene 560
SOU epee donee te lacle er slsteratey afoisiodcleereieve s’charshe shainielerercene, choteraicre smmererene 556
BVA CLC ep ter certo chs tesees i eicacnone ete! c jor cr cise i aehaiie ss Sah ays a) cyaren sretel onetere tees 553
Analyses, fertilizer. (See Fertilizer analyses.)
Anatis ocellata attacking plant lice... ...........0220-seesccssccesees 478

Animal Husbandry, Department of, report... ............cc0csseccee 489

, SUVIOTKG LIN [alts v1 es. ovolefeve ohetaroi) cis cireieieee 22

MTN MMe tA DOLSM] MOTO LEM Sivas vale c/s era steve oisicisteiesio a. scious erece o/s cle crere 492
ATILHTACHOSE., Appearance! On! CUCTIMPETS:. cic. a0 sce ves dsenecsvrces 426
damier toaencunmibers gs 53,0 sce. 5. 0. sets « cys ne 350

raspberry. (See Raspberry anthracnose.)
Aphidius polygonaphia parasitic on plant lice................2ccceees 480
FAM IUSHD HIN Ae OTD LUT svete jatar ele eR ae Reid wetlor easter ol oie Goohdeiua ehdary Slavia oe ae 485

636 INDEX.
PAGE.
Applerscab) andy WOOGRASHES sy ctersc src tucrcnercstcichels tele ceraePetoyecnemetenaloncl stereierstcnerts 316
comparison of trees fertilized with ashes and untreated
LA EA RAE REE Metre a ee CU eo Ee 326, 327
Conditions fayvorablel to erowitleeey ciercicic aersieinchaeerioets 5 BULty
effect tof: Pertilizers -OM ss se ieoiate ae oie sess > 6, 5c, 8616 cxsteseenshareyetetene 318
WOO CASHES! ODE fie cietete ope re ie leone) epele ot omer che lkenebekotee it7f
OD) {LOWS rere Gravtere hs tolose ree revohaiela chenchSfoiemelatoaietaer ohare Peete 324
HUN, Beoiggacanoodccoaoaodcboocciddbobsoosceee 325
A PDLESs Elect .OL aShes OMy VILA. eioie orevevciaeus Wreleiemiey stoke cbestenMou eerste Patatens 3385
COLO Os ara/sereceltelosls pshoeie te terol cnehoreh col tele 331
SCAD-LESISTAMG VAIO ULES ages ores tole Iolo neue tol onetey clones cette nick ie terararats 338
SUSCED UL DIM by COS CAD. crs 1s heise © rete ars tauslaliet teat oR Neus emotesten toneropet ons SLT

Arsenite, green. (See Green arsenite.)

Ashes; CHect ON) APPle! SCAB. Gre sieve sarees elsie sia ae eee ODE ee 17
CoOlOnvor ‘applesian. ete te eienadsfobete te ater otehare oe Miaevots ehersrareas 331
Keeping, QualityeOk apPlesi cr. ci.tstereelererele oie lore) erste) sie = . 332
VACTO MOE DDDIES a cyetate xe cic tele steyrate tokens foie settee Cnomere Re tomate 335
ASMtQlOlussOnCyLUSMiMaiNG Ww WXOlKs «2 cracinns ale aisle aioe aiede nieces CE enti 458

perniciosus. (See San José scale.)

Asterodiaspis quercicola. (See Oak scale.)

B.
Bacterial disease of sweet corm: 22... 2 «06 less os Sate eke caver cnet terckertke 401
Chiseyimboehaterin oagigg ade coluc co coco bo 008 415
geographical distribution ............ 415
POTN eps neetsioeisierseraicre sicteseiersuote, elenerenerne 405
description ..... Sais hey g heat aRORe eee 408
inoculation, experiment sasese eters 406

pathological histology ................ 412

TEMEGICSH aieic- stirs gicieeve holisctacwe noite telekotenenets 415

symptoms ..... Strole aie wietieretetch ee leas eetrete 402

Wilt Gisease Of CUCUMIPES ii. «cus seneye che hel obels ole elev letoleleieletcveleten= 426
BACTEHIOIO LIS APPOIMEMENE he mye erciclele eieleleAclevate rail chenclenctoneneoleioye) ike Renctenee 6
Balaneevort nitrogen and fat in mileh cow... oe eee icici lee ee 509
Jey weal aleye) Cer-quyeiel Singer ooo ce Sbuecco AGO Oa SHS deo dcp cod joo Dc cbc’ 226
ES ALlSp sy COMPOSITIONS -<\- sxstoisys one's ae wile cher cusicie susie) elokole: Guctahsl eek ciel tiokeme len eer 564

Beetle, cottonwood leaf. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.)

INDEX. 637

PAGE.

Beetles, lady bird, attacking plant lice. ..........5.... ese eae ene 478, 479
Beets, sugar. (See Sugar beets.)

HRS CHIT MLO ALTOS! cyete reper sists ole 6) etetstoelo) crete alls al sto) olalsia\ 0/=)-h0\ oie + ahelsiiele\alelesoatel 248

Bibliography, partial, of Hyalopterus Pruni. ccc. cee ee cee eee e ee eeeeeee 48-4

WITS PUI). 7 6 arte as ten Oo QOD aa Ig 0 Sanco OF AST

Biological and dairy building, appropriation for..................... ff

THVT UW Godan oc ene. Socmuanoc os oon 6 8

Birch ments leaved. SDUAyINS TOL SCOTADS! eyelets sie eiersisels ini elec «12 ier 466

BIACKDELEIES, MOTCS OT, A SA WHM cicisyer scjsbics cls viclsahie oioistelell swiss a@es awe oe
Amcient: BHTOnC seek eos Nn ee or 292
DM OTCHESTCIY wesd oe eis Soe Neel ake rece sien cet meee eee

IDPidhye TeV Gg Ho cape canon on noceboa sas ogoc 292
IDRhdbMIRGINS Gan oudgnadoo coum ona dO OOOO bac 292
labile Wi Ghee Gononasae oben ashe houscoors.s 2a
1 Dig Cho oa AA OOH GEstO Ro OO Bron aa Aol. BO 4 o 292
INe@ waskvoChellemsrcnissise ache oe ee cetera wees
Sie) ISHNRIN Ae Gao aGud Ho Sebe b OOD GG OmodeCaadoS 292
SUCCESS Fay nai siccors evsionens chataeccle ee ema eucieactoter aitotel eleue 291
Wa TS OMY Jitey char clereucione claicash-Us lenciep house ou eteroyoneiel eratctonte 292
PECCUVE Melle SOM iectey sctoletteh spool ao) taped aie ocierer mi eiekst Peter tetetetede 293
VERT CU VSSUCS be te icc atlerens: Sotcisras cide wiiaa te logatny afeton ene oviole hap ou shale te yewenel 284.
BVA CL teres eat pe psvensicyioe at evcuchaieyavakoketiorcusleier sr oNehe sue lelteney cep sn ektiay = neeshakers 291
Blight, potato stem. (See Potato stem blight.)
LOCC MOTE COMP OSIELOM sect ctseersiclsy asauale cueiela!s)ie.s) c7s1 oi et evaletoncl cas si'ar siotehohe iolettens 564
EO Giyaeh ath OLMT ALOT 1 Ole ayer aeieter sia oolaye ere wife. elke, sasiensie: enatetenshos che ielettsleis) of oe 492
ON CMmELE SH aeCOMPOSTU OME weicge = sacnsyneheisiclo aiernlee c cus jolene serio ed aieeeebel sie oy elorele 564

Bordeaux mixture, amount required for spraying potatoes........... 384
and eau celeste soap mixture for plum leaf spot,

COMPAL SOM rece edpsrctercre Noe ees eee isiecer eens 208

beneficial influence on potato foliage............. 378

for plum and cherry leaf spot...............-207, 209

leaf spot, number of treatments........ 209

prevention of gooseberry mildew............. 308, 313
TASPDELUY, -ANUTULACMOSE) Seite cic siecs «cel «0 joletelejoye.elenenens 236
HOTU) ee pe ars rene okey eel sl mies eeiieice! aay sesso! ela) sey ajeheva vensieesuencie 227

large vs, small quantities for spraying potatoes... 397

638 INDEX.

Bordeaux mixture—(Continued). PAGE.
Lion brand, experiment. ..5....0. 265s es ees cee ene 391
not poisonous OM MANGAS Son cgdcdoctotccoanbooces 367
number of applications required on potatoes...... 395
potassium ferrocyanide test fOr............-eee ee 228
DLECAMTIONS TiN USES cies ccs oe oye: one tyeleere ole eueynheieyonalai 399
POY CPALA LOM eis cieuse se stay eretertelala cle nie eto Peielotarelecte 227, 367
(ye [bbTeMLoes da wcoodpcnod Un od CODD s0O0C 227
prevention of cucumber downy mildew by........ 356
late blight of potato by..........- 56 Bil
stock solution of copper sulphate for............. 228
strength required for spraying potatoes........... 394
\ LICY gon aboewos ab uOU A GsIod boo UoogConoDODE QOCDKD G 216
OLELS POMMIMULSCLYACSUOCKewrersieens <lich ale creretelsccere/elele/olle tolouot eels «t-okol -felctel- Motels 460
Brands of fertilizers, unnecessary nNumMber............ ee eee eee eeeee 13
Brewer’S Zrains in ration. ...... cece cece eee eect rete ect ee etter eees 46
Buckets PUMPS) CESCLIP LOM. os. Meio ere sc ener = wise weiss les) slaivieolelele) olelelo steyones 221
Bud moth, descriptions and life history........-...0. esse eee eee eeees 462
history, distribution and food plants............-+.--+--- 462
OUMMULSELY IStOCK seven ctor aloes cle) cee eins olcier oucieie eiiorsliol hella ei emeets 462
MEME CIA MIMEASUMESs raytlroene evelenetsaactiayiaita ey slcttohe le ee Topel eens (elements 463
Buttalo; glutemmfeed my ration ex. hyetopeeieie sie tote ere =) cin lelensie lel~ elle Wel olde. tovelenaleNats 546
jejuni ohbovAE VEN io on acide pen Obes Coo obs bOue ON dOnO oon KT Rie eens: Bes, Sm
SULT E GIMENO s CLG Us Clee efeeiealovsics siarienelerene eenete cust s isieetelakephoited cicWotMchoytckomt et ar-eee ns 207
Mb: ) an OnE hr the ena tid SEG One GCCe ecine 06 O0.G8-C 551
PAM: ray'e lotta balsen asta ce aro cvonler cis corel Bucnsve;e"efotetate eteRereneleaensMeemeremete 345
120, (See Annual Report 1896.)
PAR ernie NIE NSRNOIS Cree SOO ido BA GSu Odom Occad 50000000 215
122. (See Annual Report 1896.)
11s RS A Ae SIR Cin An AHEM OS DcrOb OG DOOKI0'0.C 376
17 rete a eens ao. Oe Solin GoM OOIOIOOCO DOO Dg adDOSOC 231
IPS er hee TAG niets Sinn iii AG MIO Oba quad 0 doc 245, 271
1D. eee a eT nee NP Aen i Oi cri Heme icud DOCG O DUO OC 561
MG IE Maivaitsns ve a eesetare ial alsreteus iohakoter else snl ovebatehateue tokens thet Ecketeds 272
1a ne ARO RO TOO OO ROO OM IMO OOOO UIT DOdOO Jac 6 284
DOM Rie Siesera Jorn sigvanabe clarsnacciiute:averousy Setceel tat or kote toy Retest ier ten casronatens 31

INDEX. 639

PAGE

EVniGyHMn ING, BT Goucc deo nooen ou anodes uo pGUdeo GDlnD GobNUauno46 ooGodt 204

IRD) His a5 OU BE code Coat Oc er Rice nbn Heath OHe Onn oscK 491

Te tie GOL CO.cLe IGG SIGNS CHO CIO APIO DCO InCe CEERI OOD 307

IBY) Ando COOOAR OD ODO GHb OUR ODOM Co DODO OO cb anOOOCOG oO OL 186

Bae Se dio Sa.c 4 COR ORCA Oalodicte Siete Hero CARRIES 188, 581, 588

DOG uy Ree eR Raia aieacanel one hci clenolens rete eharaierercl siausnchstohs iets 437

137 Se terol are seat e ara, scr sila acavelcte' er sievelcferelavohens 596

IBS Sb cc tadon ts old Domo OceOOatiadd UninGtcn DOGOcCoor Cor 417

G1). igo cig Geb ne MOO BICInInbU od bemieis Pod bots ENC OMIOOatZ SO 470

LAO Prepac tate crete nie teis ie rete tn at afele’ Rcyeueicyeferalsvels reveters (ope etenstors 316

IOV cute coc ob an oid Go dbo Collin GUUOOnOO Ore Ga OOOO 00 dmc 523

1 ORS EAS Cig BEO OOKLA ES Co GO OE OCISIIOn Hominy Oe Oo DERIG aS U.S oe 5

PS ULI @LITI Str ClASSESi 208 cies. orale esis ells ateiastta ansehen pronereue cape susteavatayeitch ole slaoke acl eze lal

PUSKAS Oils States sities oie. el ol lors evel ofoisvelele pole enereveveltorone 24.

VECO GUGES AMEE A IONS) its) s tech ase stehejaie s/sneielicts itis los) erey sh cforchor-eucuelet duckore wish ael sire 542
C.

OADOMUZITIOSB OSS} UC, COs so raters e crele ere; a) aco isis sidusle o/b chelele otssereuelautversveneere 569

Capons, cost at different ages on whole or ground grain.............. 573

MECHING OXP) STAM ETUES spec cia) creretel ol eke! shel cite ci etelelels) Sle e/elersiolavenaieite 22, 561

LAMCOM CLOUMASALATIN veer hectare ser aleis aie sic sisie eneversiere efsisieietsier ats 571, 576

VOLES TAT, WA ALS 5 ch eic evofa lek ches Sie/s ole ol Ore ane here aha rareteneO Ue

TVET GEG Oyatereter Posie oroie vine dite ona sista celehe ki aici Siete cians 578

LEMMON OLeaSerand SIZE LOGAN Mirae «ic ee: ove)cvaysicuevetele eueletcist ote che 573

relative food consumption and gain on whole or ground

OE ULTNS ce mreyepetcicctat s teiaia ai emcietrare teh ars) cccia taint ee: eye Svek vues shes taeustene cteustste nels ane 575

WHOLE Ser ound srain'=fOMs 2. Act ysis sic clas cieysterere ls se stioteysteiiens 561
Carbohydrates/assourceion mille fats =3).25 4.06. «ole decree she ee eee nein ee 518
GaArnanonerust, Cech OleSAll OW sero teriersc ert cvs siete esis ereiee es ee crehs 18, 423
WarnawWons; effect: Of SAlG ONY STOW: si eiicc cetae cleo shovels sinieicieces esis sie crs 423
Gase-bearing INSeCtS OM MULSEDY SLOCK. co... 6 cea clo cis dices alec cele + oid elec 460
CAswellespray PUMP (A ESCLIP LONE .c15 hers sielerew sie eieis cleietsc Sie es sew sycereiele 219
Ceres powder for prevention of oat SmMUt........... ccc eee 296, 300, 302
MhemcaeMepartim entire porter awwier scien emis et clara tveslalerwels bole sroctoverme 29
WVOMKs ies treicisie.s sxe cicis oysie.81s Sherdl a ateiets ate tia ongele ysis 13

Chemists, assistant, appointment ...................% Rabe yavncsrap sees eae t

GHELHESTSPOLLEG) Dyan SPU crave aoe cove cla oc eters weticlel srehe socials vwieyeis custovs ayste 214

640 INDEX.

PAGH
Gina iuo)Neerecew say oONeel Joy iON WNNS Bad ago base no dono bo Dood da dbine 56 213-
NOt MnjULed DyASMUAY IWS. wees. steele porte e ence ee eee . 214
leewe Shoeiey DEXoROSvo: iaUNb-qAbNe ROE Ao 5 GogcoaadoonuDodS sigs euckeraters (ol ae
HR SMONSIY GHEOB UA OA OmAd oes OAc boUdGb0D OU .. 16, 207, 213-
Chicks and capons, feeding experiments...............-. dietenieia ede ove 22, 561
(KOE (Oe imeXore! KONE Lahey ANOVAS pecabacoocodooodc eed ai Bey eae 568
gain on whole or ground grain........... sl anskaene see OO
production on whole and ground grain............... - 068.
PANY ON, STOUMG STAIN) f5: 7. 121s wiciaiaia ala; 0+ eaves « ores) toys) el mlvbeletvhs mi enelayale 565.
WOE: EVAIM 9 u.0 9 Fie vin bis. w adnan toi stelle erento sie tele rere claret eee 566:
rapidity of growth on whole and ground grain............... 568
ruelkeyakoyad (Cle IoyoYGl Iho) PAR AHNe neGooo ws lomo boGo Oooo oOo dso oss oOe 568
Vivo) GH ARolovovel: faba Cogan Ho nooane rh os ooo U0 UdOboI000 561
Chionaspis furfurus. (See Scurfy bark louse.)

Cidergandeyviltre Car MSU Y eae ciel asic, ee ciate epedersiiele/ eye eucienerors tevin ener men woretet Neve 15
Ciieqe CHEE) LENE WOKS OM ea omaues U6 db onde God adoduguodosin oooo0s 461
OMSMURSET ya StO CHWs rereiejeiccaevsr sist oyoirel chenok ate enotsloon tepe tote 461
Classesqot hertiliZers | COMECTOUE sssecssiet aime elere che ileeleletebeteveltehste cieetar clone 33, 133-
Olienehreevinemiates (iieehe Weldon Golo Aina on ooh OMe nctioudloo dolouod bool t 193
Gloversired! :FOOR AvialUG aie. siiee srtks wuthe tenets «1 cponeieucns veel cystevs sober sueredatap stale tee emeletets 555
Cocanella 9-noiate attacking plamt, Lice) ie. sei Joins cla sie else + ote eros sae
COSI CIENEVOLGDULIUVA cis ceereci7o Se ceed tel ah clans ster cy ekone of oreicrenetbelonehotere lekel ates 199
CONAITIONS ANAWEMCIM Shee se rele cio milcie ciekerepolehetaeteteren 199

Coleophora fletcherella. (See Cigar case bearer.)

malivorella. (See Pistol case bearer.)
Colletotrichum lagenariwm, damage to CUCUMDETLS...........0. cee ceeee 350
Colorto& apples elect. Of ASHES ai ac,.4 sso clelete ister ssielel efoleresctatecd sl sistoastrens 331
Commercial fertilizers for potatoes. ..........-+ sistirecaialewys Valele relste/eeahes 596:
Valuation of fertiliZerses a. crt weve etl le 1 fe slelel hereleteretakersial=f tele 36
rule for calculating ).). .\-1.. + chert me eh
Completes bulletins. character, ccc s: wee cleo elcletteteieberensiclcletevene ee DEAT O ye dist

Comparison of selling price and commercial valuation of fertilizers... 140:

Composition and yield or milkers <3 ss oes eset eter AM AB Cit tt nats .. 006
OFT ANP AEA cy ee es < Sevaar ere te aly eee eats cee one rer aye okedototere ae OO
COTTE SiS cele blacks oes aiden oto nie BES CaFy CRIP Oe okie cua dolishe, hreneulweireLenefeike 556

Composition of—(Continued). PAGH.

FESMIN SSUES Taetepcreiele ciaielclelaleloterolafetele) eleersiolsislelale re cfelereisie 534

PertiliZers| seas cists eveha's selevete A AOC aiisisle cis eeetsiscOo moe

INCOMIPLETAT RET UIZETS) foe.c ole oieveiche.e wie Ye cre s:lclelers\e16le-etelel eles < 140

potato, influence of potash salts. . sieFeirsysueel’siovoxsvetsherelovere 611

SUS HPCC tamer rerenerorere akerercletelictelteis(erctesstoierens’ o\ sitejeiceley cis) clei etels 191

DAVAO LO LALOCS Wateracielelctete cielo eneiarcis svoieleteisisieva cy steteicrs 607

urine, milk and feces.......... TIOODOSOOL 504

Concentrated extract of tobacco for plant lice........... Soteicisioreist(s eo. 475
Control of temperature in biological and dairy building..............

Copperaulphates saturated SOLU tl OM 1. oyeicle\ c/s celelsleleisicis: sis csicys ohelelelele e 228

stock solution for Bordeaux mixture............... 228

COLMMECOMIPOSIULOM crete cictete a coon ol eo ce es dNevarelohov'or 6 el boca a erleversiuraleverchorees 556, 564

POO MMV VNU Wer ace ciers chore eles s\cliciei ejevere eis, cleselele snsiei si exeleyelavlehsdereieve)ejeireis).e|siefells 555

stover. (See Maize stover.)

Corrosive sublimate treatment for potato scab, value............-+.- 420

Costiort plant foodvin Fertilizers 7 eioie s)he star otsici ore ase el ae cielohel slate eiolatetsiole 34

Production’ Of SULAT PECTS... ceo o.o a0 tele wie ele crecies veel e 189, 202

AL STMELOM Ms reratstereicl tetciel stalel slolajalatatcrete 593

Cottonwood leaf beetle, repression. .............. cece eee sievoletotelenatencte 22

Cucumber beetle, striped, damage to cucumbe?S. .........0.se00e0eee- 347

CLEOPAFLAUMULE CBUSCLOL Sf Acistess sic gels ostelete erst shete Oicteloerale sie rencieve 347

GOowalyemll dew tices cis ciece,oardcis tia povetate oi ebeia stele see ele elensiene onas 345

ADPCATANCE sess 5. Sleteaelateis cielo Saneoo ©2748)

botanical relationship ....... ste veretereccioie elojete . 354

climatic conditions favoring ............... 353

GAMACERDY Late eeciae eee Meiers ieee ieee toto

EXPCHASCSOMUTEHUMETI Ee selercterere sre clcleiels eleleresele 363

gain from prevention by Bordeaux mixture. 362

HIStory iii. feey ahotohofetere ale slejereleieieicteleletaieeteys -. 300

MOSEHDIATIES) Sraictereratete's ois tee e;hiciecsie'e st elete reece es 354

IVA UUTO MR cestcresersieiar ars eusiis so sielis olatevlow: sielialel atstess eley ele 351

prevention by Bordeaux mixture........ 22. O06

shade as a preventive. ...s:..6......- Slo.ah teens 432

LECAUIMEIN GM ia aistelalvelieiay eleveleliere ctelersiciote alee otctats 19

4 weather conditions affecting .............. 428
RC REPSELUCEUTE yee itloie(o ayer a¥alels 0s, slace,els.6: 3; 03> > eretaaras Sieis Sei stslelereiers 350

41

642 INDEX.

ve j ; PAGE.

Cucumbers, damage from downy mildew........... Weteteiie c sre otoheterstere - 346
damaged by lady bird beetle............ siakshensiste ore oiensivte noes 348
melon louse ......... nooodddocoousat Seveeels OEE
striped cucumber beetle ...........-.0-- coe BAT
Wilt Gise@As@ "i. siciec sisisis « SOOOHORTOS Ge anseoC 348
EAT] yA SPLAVIN Ge ayoieic. oa sis: cicleinier ve ereiecs sioteleo clatevel eonerekeneretehcts 425
LATE SDA IS os s)ccs [severe ere cese. ovviece)! srloreessy ole loveve oeeovnelenovemcrereteene 430
SPLAVINSHSXPSLUNMEMES pet leis ictelsteiole elehereretenctene bfocckavoleotererne 425
TIME, PEQUITCA! <ereyele eicievetere wisesy sraieiens a steaovaperehe eee. 366
yield on sprayed acre.............. eyaterstees sie ciate storeuenrerorsrene 431
and wnsprayed! plats!) jc: csieleiee vleleleeretel nema
Cultivation of sugar beets at the Station..... alerts or ole afe ans i ai Slavarateteoete 589
IMETNOUS Ware rere oceans Bod oddd JOGodo oe Gudor 197
Currants plant lice attackime a.m citer. eteisscrenele eleie else <elela olsNelolelsletateteherenetite 485
D.
Dairy building. (See Biological and dairy building.)

E)XMertapPOUMEMEM EG eracictel. cicrslicla cleisiotsla olepevelsiele otal ohotenclevetalictetamerne 6
Wefender Spray, DUMP, GESCrIP TION sie) «icici: eee avers) ss) svelelciic s/ elel alavoleloleyerelwicyc 221
Department of Animal Husbandry, report..........ceeesecccscees .. 489

Chemistry; TEP ONG cy jaers el epaceiae! cle ioleheleralcrok ove elenoconevenotoneres - 29
Entomology, report .......... Syacotelcuoleteratolevelotanreneronetertere 435
Mield Cropsy) VEPOLG ys. ce cece cclskercheveletchereroretelctercfericiererene 579
Vegetable Pathology, report ............ a%Gichetaioreloreterers 343
Second Judicial. (See Second Judicial Department.)
Dewberries; notes on Austin Improved. 2). 6 ..<. sic oe cis siecle) bisie tesuerereree 292
IMO KIEL Gooodoo colo Gbind OG OUD OD CHOU OO cc CKUNKC 292
VATIOCY LOSTs ov orccieysievetcvere io cicvevepmievsie tenets aise bis’ slelese, sve iets teheceredorene 284
VIM iors ate iotars Sroneretticve Seve chosseretele ahora syeveretavecoeusueverelodoretcherenetekele 292
Digestible matter eaten and milk solids produced............ 60 badoo? 549
Digestibility, calculated and actual of two rations. ............-.e+e6 533
of maize stover with and without pith................. 528
PAGIOWS | sivas d coistere ro ee eeotearevanechapteveleyate ou stcicterer retirees 08, 536, 538
Digestion and feeding experiments). i). <1. /.) aloft em eerel ole ele elelelele oe one) eienalels 523
Dipping nursery stock infested with plant lice............6..+++-e. 20, 463

InpEx. 643

PAGE.
Diseases of plants. (See Cucumber downy mildew, Oat smut, Potato

blight, Plum leaf spot, ete.)
experiments and observations ........e..e++e2++- 417
WOmHlerGischarce MOZTIE. jake ie cca sieieisisisyeiep dene svelsveleislavete slexele este eleise stalateamces

Downy mildew, cucumber. (See Cucumber downy mildew.)

NORIO OO BC ONIN OSLO ree yayereiel cielo sieishelelereteeiniclesetelers ele cieliete:eicherel ele aiete 564
Dryines eftect on -nitrogen! content Of FECES... icc as sis viele seis cee ale . 501
E.

Hau celeste for plum leaf spot................ Dickepelousletelats let evsners fe vere 209
Eclipse spray pump, description.............. Sr enecorayorareue ie wisnelavay chasers oe lS
Editor and Librarian, appointment........ aherekors svaketsvetexe) dase Sretel tecusers 5
Education in road DUUGINE, «cock cctede cnees a jtetotel suse aaltshioushene tere (eve BeiGo OP
Empire Queen spray pump, description................06. efasisuavshanaterel 220
ET STMMEN RO far LATNG MICO). crore. ciceysiicl eels eyes eke ohorreyster'e gare aver sefe level; eva rereyete te elses ei ACS
English Morello cherry, spraying experiments.............++-- senercrets 214
HMO MOLOSiCAl Departement, WiOLK [Mc crs eis cis isis. si scuetele) oa terononellevonsienersrsteuaicne 19

illustrations, preparation .......... evo esalctanetst eu ver over tslee le kD

Ethers, sulphuric and petroleum, comparison in fat extraction........ 500
Experiments, benefit from, in Second Judicial Department........ Aes tet es 14
with fertilizers, directions for........ Pecado evefes O02
SUPATDECUS: acl ereiecieierere Ee eRe t dard oenieieatehere epee tae OSS

Extraction of fats with sulphuric and petroleum ethers, comparison.. 500

EF.

Fat and nitrogen, balance sheet for milch cow...... slave at ete Aistessiojeererns 509
PIED len COM UMaeTVIn CHURCOWitesscvactoler cers Chereee eheiekeus whellele salsvnr ovate veneers craters 515, 516
OCU AMAC TINA OM rte tateetslexe, ohcriischortine « crsvesiietateletieietssnererstevelestane oraterns 492
milk. (See milk fat.)

=POOKMEO OMS: LED Alt] OM marescucrererd sharia ceteris eset en clove Wa. oeiderooaades 496
Fats, extraction with petroleum and sulphuric ether.......... Staey at Shei: 500
OL Loodsand, body casesounrces.of milkefaty. civ. ceissicetes ae ese elects 517
TEES @Oaa OOPS UAON UV Oy Bly Re A eco, o BIE GOOD ROE aee Eine aes 528, 535
effect of drying on nitrogen content............ Sralasishiaver ofave) aiey ate 501
DAMA COMPO SHEL OMUt ace eds terete tensions ors eee diorei ete ere eieleleie Oueeneieherene 504

HCCI SHOR PELINACTI CS che. michal Mathey arctets eoione @ a erorslerers Tercneie aie ccteverec.s ete cohelte sha 52

Wath Chicks and 'GAPONS. oc ciec « cae ctuc es vies oc oes OOL

644 InpEx.

PAGE.
TN Naohboyes iyolats, COTO Oe Soadoddoocaucdoduoonodocadeandododoc 534
Starchyand. SUPA imei ails: 6: sheieuiane rereate lereacteerslerororene DAZ

Hertilizer analyses; demands POM. 5 clas« ccm «se oles) eto sleleiele alsietorsversticyeielers 13
COMMENCIA]SVAlUAtiOM ecctaialc otclo'n is oi eleteleisl aeleraicietole pb dacoDDODCE 36
EXPELFIMENtS ON! SUSAT DECTS ee oem aieiciels « cterelslevarselcielal sielelelelaleielc 594

FOLMUMLAE LOL POUCATOES te .c.c1s chs cle iere.s ejoterese o isievel efouckaleletee eiovetetelers 600

SUPA! DECCS Ge sicreveieiorelsuelehovonctevcrepeveicieterenotonensistetoNene 196

ingredients, trade values in raw materials and chemicals... 35

QUANT ty TOMMPOCATOSS Wk iamiraciers yet slelrepeierel ot cmotetelelctererchelenelaterensrene 598
RUleMmoricalculatiney value! war tise. clelevereteceicisledelersretcienercuersrstenet ote 37
Fertilizers, analyses in 1897............... SNE o eA seers 44-135, 142-187
brands of, unnecessary number .......... Sicnclstelierey sitersven tens 13

Glasses Collected .sre. ce Kelas Sicie. sala lo unavenctivaioteval petanateleks 33, 138
commereial, for potatoes . .).°.). 2). <i. eke ole ole ole Jouoosbogo0oosc 596

comparison of selling price and cost of ingredients. .32, 34, 137

COTMPOSTELON ihe cio srcle We sistatev whe sie lovelie aire Rene) ake caver et oyctoteneietcrete 33, 138

field experiments with, directions for...............2.. Hoo (ol?

LOL SULA DEESTS; ACOSU a, ciate cerosstalers cvereie hats ster ssevchonercionenercicr skater 196
precautions in use ............ olefeletele aver steko

incomplete, composition ........... ihr oteneens aes ste sevcust svete . 140
IMAMULACEULEL SI Olu earatortclevateterelerorese cite sl oll velciel cxeliciehouchetclelvsionctene 37

DITTO SST sh saclalneiorape renters steers auerelere citerslle abeteletriefe seers 31, 136

PHOS PHOFIGMACTOHY AM yet yereiere ots eis. cheriete tol revere redleveNalonctetetateleneretens 32, 136

DOCTST a a ee eae ata one te Uaceh oiten erocenehiotoielenaietetetrone tenetanenerenee oa, lat,
samplescollectedityaiers cen ose ec acne es «oats 31, 33, 136

used on sugar beetsavsecmee ene cercrs etareihe Sie. aisienererd DotN era gehere 589

yield of potatoes swithis cc «s,s sters «e101 etensier slewie oie Rho arerete 605, 606
HertilizingeAnesredients: in pPOvatOes’s s .v1cictevevercrecl ch delelcvetoucyenclehotels aelcietenelens 599
Kield Crops; Department, TEPOLtic ¢ «1 seus .)c ccs eis webs ee ae syeseayeue areseroike Snee rei UD
FOI ROOUKEHKOIN Boog sabe a0 6 COD OuRORD OOS 5bonaconicaoccnudcKaDOG 23

Flea beetle, spraying nursery stock for....... aijsiistalieVorevel, sueheh dreteueveycueretetts .. 465
Hood for Ehickens) (COMPOSIGOINE .-percpalelcheloreipiel eneloi crouched siclietel tote’ slerverenatote 564
Plant Wcostuneterntilizerstaa acti eee eeeiaene erevaheus ashe toheysoehekene 34
Felavion: LOvqQualivy Of MILK is vets ecererer cre sielie lore lore rleueyoreleveneieneretiere o/s (Oo

VAlWS OL LOAMEL CLO PS) 0:2)24.10is sisleyors cpsiohoteiel slepatepeislislefetenod sieve srenolhetoners 555

Hoods) poor in) fat, preparation: ~ cis. s cies eleoccielcieleerrcieuelonelsieteleronetenstere 496

InpEx 645
| PAGH.
Forcing house, new Ly sg Ry CNA RR EO SEEN 9
TRAC TRS boos SoD 6 ONE On BE toe bos OmOn Dciorne OG Boor . 254
RNIN KOS) Gongs cocoodoocodeuoo0aNOuS ehevercieloperrorel clatatel arnt eteitshere 17, 245
Formalin for prevention of gooseberry mildew.............-..2 sees 313
OBTAIN Tater eytecueterelorcreicie leis aisle /evslersilerens 296, 300
PVGIINON OF LAG: 1T DOT Yan ctersioite cisieloss: oieiel clo iela sisi @rcaslarelecereicopsley sole cholensiens 492
MONAT ce Pee eteuet ee sote reeset cas tistajale foishsjausick sie Wteneraispst ste, svepeln cys wists’ aches 493
HULL Ee VAT IG CIO Sire) GH Lat Ll © Mines apa chlerera ciiecai'eis icvajeve'‘aloiols alone craievevenetecshekelensiejoterte ike
ARUN al Oe SOT yar StO CHa weirs, crore crcterev sysllcholieiel cis) olor sieve slerevoielovescncle css. steely 21, 467
Eber A ONRLOMN SAM ye) OSC) SCH] Cluster ereitelelisevateral shel cleleisre fe) efeilelei elec! stele eleysiane 457
Fungicides for prevention of gooseberry mildew, cost............... 3138
Oat SMU tela cl-1- SG oa DONC.O 0850600 298, 299
POT INP O LC ee XPT TN Us yy ll Miarey startet sis eietonel os olel eV elistcl ots) steleye/eis\eiaiereletele/aheleiteye) ote 390
Ga.

Gas, hydrocyanie acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid gas.)
Geiger spray PUMP, GeSscription. os 15... 0 ss cieivjele sisters sve eel efelislels) eieiel cieheiele 220
Gooseberries, susceptibility to mildew........... a -cloteicteis levarclave: sleretovene 315
Gooseberry mildew, experiments In prevention...... g sieteve chetshevere 1evaye) steve 309
fungicides for prevention ..........ee.e. satetod ene 307
general appearance ......... adudounwaosuddoco.s . 314
TO VETUGLOMN: fovere: sieves eres aiavele fetcyeisicralietollavecole’ereyerolenouateretovs 307
LOREENA op oo Dae 6 eo DROaUU DOE DONG OCKnGOaa.c 16, 314
Creme TOUNG coil OLiCAPDONS! Oilers + cieveis, s eaessveseie sie,lolel ele evel aie ete 571, 576
CHICKA Olea siete sie s-¢.< sa) S.6 as soDabadaD ao ogs -. 565
or whole, cost of gain of capons on......... sin evoiekelaye SOLE:
WHOLE SAME Ol cCADONSE OD she cis) sie sieve) so cies ore evel clotelseiatoterdicie lest 572, S77
CHICKS BOM! Frertolaiets scieletefe iol) elcieneierets ier ciate rovers elelcierers 566
or ground, cost of gainiof Chicks) ON.i6% << .60s.ccse. so OO
relative efficiency of whole and ground... .......sececeseeces 561
Green arsenite, spraying Withs.......0cec..cse00 Rislalicl she's eletels! eis ieserslec 21
Groundserain, COSt Of SAIN OL CAPONS, OM). ..chlsercpicite css ccs vieee siecle . 574
PF ALTIO LaCA DONS POM ater ctote ser nueiay clef Soxerelierenesoleioue\¢ iofsatele eve 571, 576
Chicksonte cytes. rasretclopetoticts ta/sticteyete lela aoa 565
vs. whole grain for chicks and Capons........ceseeees 561
Guilspluom spraying. OXPeCLiMOM trac c)/<.c) ate oj. tosuere ereyo eet sleteysenele cvs elses 8 . 209

646 InvEx.

H. PAGE
Harvesting SUSAT DECUS oi: clintaye mieten Grete ala era San Creer cone 198:
EVA yy LOM Balla Mate ths tec ae pare ercaallen crane a eee nerctey aniston een Baca 1)00)
HLOLSePOW.EL SPLAyers, (GeSCLIPtlONee ch cic sce eon enieiieeeaeee Pepa
MANULACTULELS Mateciels cisiseye Covel eecieral eect ore 224
Horticultural Departments report, +.cneee-ocoh eee eee eee 205
OL UIMGteyo) tava roievelehcrereln ctctchayelsncretereretencrncrste pene 15
Hotawater: for plant dice: tos. «ccxwtatiaciac Nes ee ork eee Ere een 476
prevention of oat.smut, results.................0.0..-. 802
treatment for oat smut, description........ ailslerevehsverateiel cystemente 304
Hudson spraying machine, description.................ccceccecs 224, 398
EET AK) DIG POLS COTO) OM TUNING SBoh ou ddboardoocauadobGnoobocoaCUbOOD 484
prumi, descriptions and life history............. de ees
history, distribution and food plants........ poodse 482
ONG PLUING Veyeise eae ct. he-cieetarer shal cianeteenciereteveeie srateveheemee 482
partial-bibliography” V3.024 ccc « vidas thelestom oss ate 484
Hydrocyanic acid: gas, fumigating with. ...0005... 005. 0..0 cause wees 21
fumigation for San José scale............ Precast 6

I.
Illustrations, entomological, preparation ...........0c.seccecceces ; vat bl
Improvement-of soil by alfalfa: 202 52 heik.s oa con tected stehoelvoteineeineiee 556
Industry, sugar beet. o1tlook fons. see oe oe See eee 581
Injury by plant lice, s Matures! cic ees ole a eines rele aie siehelete te ere 472
MTUSC CLAY TO Wik Cos Sasie cleo sonst ccs Sc oi aitrecetoee cist alone lee eee AP UBICD Git 19
insecticides used) in combating plant icerg ce... cise cicteneicleteetohereieions 473
Tnsects;:Collectlont (nai atel oe ae the oko ierhelelc eotete ole ra aie he axe enn eee ee ate ree 19.
found on nursery stock, classification. ..........cce.cescesee: 442
parasitic, affecting plantilicer yes ee ie. cists tie dose) okeve'e oieiee 480
predaceous, attacking plant lice............. sletetoctcle: cis atetetene 478
Inspection..Of MULSELieS” s 2's.2)5 sis ss 4g0k ses sass gos are oe atoraciinte Gheltalatetels lavctonetels 437
method: 7). jee so do: eet h itt al threes wise oa eet SeO
HuUrsery; Stock) NOCESMs ral wieinacelele seuareversa steperemenene elec rotehets 20
Isocratus vulgaris parasitic on plant lice. .......0. 0.0.0. cece eve ce ne 481
Italian Prune, increase of yield from spraying................. Mohs Sate 207

SPrayin’S experiment.) aneeoeecie oe cece eee hee 207, 209

InpEx. 647

J. PAGE.

Judicial Department, Second, (See Second Judicial Department.)

K.
Keeping qualities of apples, effect of asheS...........+...+.4+. seis sols OOO.
Kerosene emulsion for plant lice... 2... 22... e esse e es ss seer neces 473
ORONO GaaddosoGuoecocn OO000n Brel Nele ie cteveisiereretere 229
UE: aps op bade san oCe cams 6cIdd DOSS DOC UmU Onno DOOR Ose 217
OUPLOT SAN PTOSSUSCa Omer rele seis clerss eh eloneretier er elol ckelievel cyl ole ole\ stil efe'shelle 457
=water mixture for plamit Weer eae. oc ci) oe ore wince 00 echo si ojelale 473
Klein Wanzlebener sugar beet, composition.............. Sheeiae sistee OU
Knapsack sprayers, description ............. Siete tanetevoltisie rec chotedstene sie steel
URS. Gos ab dowaneanounomooomacDaOOSMC On ooDUdtndn.s 222
L.
Lady bird beetles attacking plant lice........... sees cece ee eeeee 478, 479
damage. tO CUCUMDETrS®. . 2. 6.6 e ec wee ce ccs cies nc 348
Leaf spot, cherry. (See Cherry leaf spot.)
plum. (See Plum leaf spot.)
Lecanium cerasifer. (See New York plum lecanium.)
Librarian, appointment .............ce cess cece cece cn cces eens eee: 3)
Thibrary, AdGitionS to, ... 2.62... cee cece sce ce seco vcccscccecsave sede LO
TRVInRHUO? Sandie gosateop ooo deo eCodmoo AIR OMEO TPO Bin heh C 10
Lice, plant. (See Plant lice.)
Lightning potato bug killer, description...........++-.-- die ete Clete a locke eee
Lime for Bordeaux mixture, preparation...........-.eeeeee- sayate fevered
AHP BU AT DCCUS 2 cee tos ayo) be ciel oles aielicrelcve.s eyeisieisy s/s wia\alnte wis oialatelanaiatials 195
Lombard plum, spraying experiment. ........-. eee sees cece eee ee eee 209
Long Island. (See also Second Judicial Department.)
fertilizer experiments on potatoes.........+-+0.+0-- A ae
formula for potato fertilizer. .........20--sssesceecees 601

yield from). 5.). 2s cms aes oue

MICKISAMAUSUEY, Ts <a). ere. 1a) oneh elo ool e¥0) «1n1 -ol'sjo: sioretone) ol e/o\ele) eke 13
WOtAtOMMGUStye WM aes =e = ale etal sletes=ievehe aeialees)+) esere oF eiehelm rere 13
Lorillard tomato, forcing experiment... ........ cece sees ee cerecees 248

Lucerne. (See Alfalfa.)
Lysol for prevention of gooseberry Mildew. ......-. esse eee rece eee 313
OPH, Soo codon albsi sila o (araiel efore eiletefeter crabetstters 296, 300

648 InDEx.

M. PAGE.
Macrosporium solani. (See Potato blight, early.)

COMALO TOTO OM ins diese etotecese a eialinte alefieke erence SOOO DOtO0.0 Oho 271

Maonesiaviny SU Same DCeLS ie cyan ai cicccs ers elle Toller netetere Ls: pate tevehareieleuelsuclelelcnerete 195

Mailing’ Tist® ClaSsifiCationls..c cic <<: sscstcre cise @ ere alte clareliereiisletevoneretoreters clone 11

MUU TOT) OD ssa ace varraret sta. aj oie) cue revetovotovel ey ollere wysite Pa aM see) iol

WENA SON Cre, Coyeahovosinon soaodeadaanocanscunde al sobaonoodec Hanon ae 526

GhikeeyiMOIbliny IG odedGccbgoooocdssoGdcGuonUDONOuO OC .. 629, 530

with and without pith..... saree eceveisienevevets .. 528

MIUCTOSEN-NES EXCL ACE Wl era etuevorclcteleielel ofeiersieterersuetoverene ab600 UPA!

relation in weight of different Parts. >... <0. co. sees cc . 526

ENS SOMONE) SH) TIENAONIS Ga Ga oh ooauomanmoedoo oo dn oc oocd Goode UDUOdaKC 546

Mam PelS LOOM Viele) Cecile cr eseiere levees ec teysteree WinRiver mantis Paar PN ah. 555

Mamita chirenrs Of, fertilizers ac’. -\cierue hr. lctols (clare cleielevarelereiiatenetel eyelefelcleloler= Ox

HOLSE OW ET SPEAVELS y= seieisist oteteteretetstelercrersieteretetencrens 224

Marker itor plantin& SUZAT WeECtS icy. = <<) atoretone ehoiele cleo oteisle cel ekelalelonoteletele 590

Market price: Of SUGAT DCCtS arc. are «Aer eie fers) c eiterci eels! ol olelle¥e) wi elelenelelctelciene 189, 203
Marsden’s stock food. (See New corn product.)

Maximum and minimum readings of thermometers.............. 626, 627

DTCC OWE MOLI tore. eis tie esi sislosiato ote iets ss oleieletarctoieratelerste Abd oODsInodig oO 6 . 226

Meogilia maculata attacking plant lie@e@. 2.00.68 wi. eee oe ve oe moc seieis 479

Melontlouse, damace: CO! CUCUMPERS so olaiais/ers lolol elaleleletelelofels) clelelstaretelaiels 347

Metabolism, animal, problems................ ae Saaielals. wi erecetevolistel staiele tote 492

Meteorolo sical records LOMAS Ta. cis crs aloliesetehe</e/ slolle/o}o) caveliolel!o) chelel slot oheletele fee OIG

Mildew, downy, on cucumbers. (See Cucumber downy mildew.)

gooseberry. (See Gooseberry mildew.)

Mii ee COMMPOSIDION tes. reciererele oi sleletete os lohcten ere) o1el oloraletlol cher) oloreietelenalekalaieleerekel ete 506
DATA eA; inate mies oiatetateieiers or stalerehen otehereke enatep tems .. 504

fat .CATDONYArATES AS *SOULCE Ofer cjeletsie:crcicle eer! «el el feKolls ayohe ote -- 518
TROP OAE KOLO iA ars MB recta OSG Ob OO ECO OO GOUUCOOG OO GC eee. 493

PLOtEIMe AS SOUNCE) Olam c cia isis eyerdels ole lolelofelelelle\erelsl eleletalcvarsielelelsre 518

SOULCOVOL Us oie ce crcicioe sisters Sore erareictel omiclerlote ticeterete ene Soe semepeson

VATIATLON =I PELCCMEAME ie i.1.la love's afore el aelels! sense ie UM icxccee moe

fats, food and body fat as source Of... 0... .0c.c6 0 se Seba bettas 517
production, Stimulus! Of PLOtel mei) <.cre cies sielele ciel ois olotecierate neler err 519
AKIMMEG! COMPOSI tiON! Weepes we cecal stelele si elel els clei sl slsiteler ee bee tars pere .- 564

solids produced from digestible matter eaten........ beidotoouTne 549

|

InpEx, 649

Milk, solids—(Continued). PAGE.
secretion, relation of protein supply.............se00008s 520
VATIATIONPINMDErCEMCtALCherstperanero ier cyeclsletens Gus\erscetc ciouels/epsustevetene 522

Cusglityeerelationxor OOd=tOen crseucie eke cxchele cic estore serele ie riche cle eve 521
VLCLA MOL TNS OLS rover sey statereiausre cee ericioleksttirsralayel chelolarscabaisiaie.crekataeterete 506

Minimum readings Of GChETMIOMETELSi). cocci vier co celsicle's c'scle e's cree 626, 627

Montmorency cherries, spraying experiments..........e.-ceceesce 207, 214

Muskmelons) and: watermelons, ‘Spraying ss icc ce ic ers oie © cree ols ve ete ves 366

Miycolocist; leaveror absence) Sramtedi: . <<a asc +l ce crocs cleo ence cio cicies 7
SY OL OE B KODE lary nat rh) CCCHOS Ch CuI CCR EEC RCLE ROR ACI MCC RIOR RESETS 345

Mytilaspis pomorum. (See Oyster shell bark louse.)

MACUS PUD ISTO CLACISIM Swf) VUE re sets cycr-ole soy eta: o/ei bits (e, ance) sora: sissevece'el elalefensvereev ete 485
GescriphionsMandelite WNistonyicees asec cfelcoieeieiele oe elec eects A485
history, G@istribution, and! food= plants. sc... ce cess eile 485
PAL al silo Sra pyar cue cies siarotereioleueiel aielete Porat sarstere tiers 487

N.
NCEE O tug Sheu Gl Ollnmwereuernds covatevarey ccclsvencecis g's Saisie & Cweveie gists! 4/sie/d ie eis ovale hieinteners 10
INE WACOLIUS DP LOGU CE) CHATA CLOTS ere cls eve eleneiel ele teteloyr,slepclorsieusieneie elelpuvolaieceheneiers 524
digestibility and feeding value .............-200. 523
letter from Hdward Atkinson concerning........ 524
WOLrkvatevianryland: Staton crerelete ster cicispeleusior cisions 524
New York plum lecanium, descriptions and life history.............. 448
history, distribution, food plants, ete..... 448
ODUNULSELY: StOCK Voice cis) dilccetevonaaver eer eer orere 447
TEMedial MeASULES Fe! eveiclicielel aleisrelensl ele ciel clete 448
Newspapers and periodicals presented to the Station................ 26
Nitrogen and fat, balance sheet for milch COW........e-cecceececces 509
AATCC MUTE T TT CH COWeretsiicm eietist-licinicisiclensie: stcllolere icuelevie eustotentteterletets 513
content of fecess effect Of, GrYiNg.). =< «ic sie e sles caclore as eialslele sisiele 501
SELee OXuEA Ct INE MIAIZEUSUOMETc ale jeysiel sraisiieteloisieisiem ie eyalersterets eietene 527
TS LET UIZETS ects cislopeie oi ecal/arskehoielie: veal siciiav tsi « hate etaten ciel cis deronere teks 31, 1386
ET SU LARD CCUG ieieds uc <cyssouevsheflies ih alanis ohelare ial otoverelafenekslejeietsia eter etate 195
INOZZACS GOD le: GISCHAT EE) Tay. ss8dye. eps sy abs fava dy ob lace el a\cr alavalerasl sisiavetcleycpeGievarhens 226
LOTAPLA VAN Shae ale ciyele cial sherad atcve ela cha oldachoveels) slats RST ICNIAIA OSC 225

INUIESELICS INSPEC HOM Sch Hotes cpataish elated <ye0) Shevs wraie elevate) ale) ojs''s sits loveiel syle etereleye 437
METHOGLOLANSPECU OME ocisre! ao1cisl oleh eieleletolcl cre cc cuclecciowelel tener 439

650 InpEx.

PAGE.
NULSeLy Anspectiony classes benetitedawia pence dees ein eee 440:
Gemand Plone a tlereier eet ee [od'c00oC0ab slolioretters) a0)

VMIUIC cic raicvorescdetieretetsharenenens tel Son0GConDODUOOKOOOuLS GEN)

StOCK eer urn Satin Serr. cer ieee eon avetoustereterexe 21, 467

infested, experiments in treating...........0..e2+e-- 463
LPEALIMEME LOL me ieicrelereletetokel els ietelerolecierenei kere 437

With plant lice; dipping... 2... sicllesleee 2600

ANSECLSLOUMANOM Ss paenee reletereletete feloretejelicteotenetateloners sabe save 0 44S

INSPEC CLLONAENOUES coe ayersraeracy crete eNelenonsretekelehereters Mievelavere cise 20

states requiring 2.30... cc 6. o slelevatezeielevsnsei toe

spraying for flea beetle........ Lueheletehene sae: Giestslenererepereke 465

TREES HV OUN SV SDrAV AMS ue iis eines els orvencre teres SO ODOMOO NOC « arehcioh oO).

INPUTS TIN HAN SA Sga os oabomboano deedboooddS Bos aocood ooaboD a6 .. O41

INUICEITION TOL LAMtS) WiOTKe TMs ayes ayeloiciiel oflelelleie) env olsteree sresekereyeus eR rokevelolemerencices 15

Nutritive effect of rations from unlike sources.............. i 2
O.

OaMksscale pm otesy OMS si ccisic cc o wiene) ore ene age « Gites uenere lens tetoh eel spetate sieiehs terete ene 451

ON MUESERY, STOCIG Ye Seleretnd-r eiensterte letter. gel div evsce oie slorstetero eI

Oatameal> COMpositiOmi. aciecis eis esis elaieleusiene business SHalel cise loteistaneietelatererscrete 564

SMU COStLOL LUNSICIGES MOMs cieteieeheucleitke ie cet tcrelcretotenarenots Soc. asd

GESCLIPTON). FAs alesis sacle clasiedeieeisl% bla loiale to0%s loxalleVahovete bras 305

experiments in prevention ..... Se ERA Oe ciel seis cls si hellleco Go OuE

FUMPICIGES OM: sec bce Gad eu celee arteite oe eal shslonerets axerel Ses eee 204

hotywater Treatment LOA sy jae orebe steel si sie) <9) 0 ckejekollel sla stellevebene nate 295

Methods OLMMLCCTIOM fastens <tots eicltele op eielel cies ovate aitchenverolon sci SOG

results of treatment by sprinkling with fungicide.......... 298

TPE ATNTOME! chs, 2) 2/5, shay dis releiietev since openauerars oka aletata oealstay anes teens 16, 294

Oartsrand speeds! pood, ValUe. a. << ccs oe sei cicicereleh-lielslercvolske Jule lelbtavelohafesareter OOO

CONMPOSIG OM sereyeterasverceciel svetsvoncis) oeiete Coreen cena elas dotaclace SS er Hie 564

STOMM A CONMPOSIELOMN ov epck vedere crcperemeteneielcenerel’eyouateee val ete leona tchatonerereite sores LOGS

AMT ECT ONG DY aSLOUC 5: oye Ya! sucisieic cra ors alsterolelevous orensker steven one tenorne ev odeiie satiate 306

Orange rust of raspberry, recognition............... Wali el gielevarele idcaliet Sete 232

Oyster shell bark louse, descriptions and life history os daharteltatsieete okatonerevers 443

history, distribution, food plants, etc........ 443
on nursery stock .......... al tAleratetetnid ders ioe 442

remedial measures ..... eid Sieveseconatere Stel thdrevs'e aren abo

InpEx. 651

P. PAGE.

Pachyneuron aphidivorus parasitic on plant lice..........c.sseccercee 491
Farasitie insects affecting plant lice... 2.-.......0-. ehelenetelaveters ste! sio.e re oer
PAnISeeLCeM) ACULCCRAULOMW cree ele iere lle. s cisisl<-is.e).e10)e) eel ete sfolalefe is/elolancterstepelets meee
FALCROLTA DD ICA TOM saetcecceieie sree Sc 6ncmnoOnD ophapnom 20)

USE: ja sieusrs cakes DOO ORE OR GOR ORO mn AD OO OROODOOC . 216, 230

PAStULAS CROP aAlPAli Ay sc vera se wis 2 +) sthieo, a0 mice eal ciel eve SHO OOOO AC Boooob.s aly)
Peachtree) Dorers; MOCES ON ease acca cencec atetete. on slafeusycieletstetels tise LOO!
on nursery stock.......... ais ahelol c/ale cveletele:s] s Teveveavelere oO)

Periodicals presented to the Station.................. sWejsucle! cious ehetel rotons O
EeErMaANnenGygorealtaltam eric ae aye cote see ieiovicre hele sieeleos ee ones 559
FE ROLOCONMUNLUL ONeDLUM San neiteie cei ails tiene ol cleioele tines Sob obcHnne “felt:
EHOSphorie acid im LeneiliZersy. 4. cece cee colnet ale Saodpooo ooops LAR
SUP AT MD CEES OF occ os =, c,< rattler icusyoves eioetele feu cveretsiere) leustolote oinis 195

Phytophthora infestans. (See Potato blight, late.)

iPicklesindustry in) Gone Tsland no... . ic. «chee cisee atoveletoracioretetorneyshe 13
TCE OS VO l ie steran staves aver etey cat oraceie a otalsse. cha ravalausedhaieiela aust st ohare) lanes poladcg soos GiBlt
PISTOMCA SCRATCH NOLES OM cicjecciepelca-io clave: slciel ore sps)eis) e/exevarieys e)< Snoadodacn. 461

ON SNULSEEV, SEOCK Rice ain cclercieiae els As sicteteloie hetelotererets 461

Plant diseases. (See under particular diseases.)

HEN HUTESY Col S.oro Sache EhOp ole icsaes CcInhe Opin SERB Oeone er chorcharaqeleus 232

LOOG RCOStMMeMIXeCMErertiliZeTSs 0s sei eicieicue loreieerecieieieeie a acetelere oe
LOT SUSALMDECLSSOUTCES « crccstercicierecreiereve etet ovens oretetarelereretoneione 196
required jbyealtaltiawmy cys cols cer sctoccrs coches ecto eeiete Soaicieleieies DOU
SUGATADECUS Gan cieensreteeionte et eaistels sietenetereNeretereie 194

tradesyaluesnota ing chemicalsiey. acmiciecsiet ei cicemeiter 35
UU ZA TONE Dy. DOLATOES ei sietehoeteie acy ele ere ares Siolele tens Srehee ROG
Iicesattiackin oy Currants. cscs cette celsieisiceiers cites ore spalsiatesoleie lev sreucven 485
Classifica tiompas ccs torte cn trace ae tiere onsite Scddactoqaocar 471
descriptions, enemies and treatment.............. secs iret 470

Of ‘species 3.55... . SSonocouopanctoc cocoons, Eses

dipping nursery stock infested with......... Widieiavajeicletets 20, 463
EXPCEIMENTSEASAINS tapan seteetetePy croncicin sisie ls alistat steveray ceereerecenerats 476
insecticides fised in combating. .........ssceeceeeceeecees 473
Invests ations ANG experiments... cil se cece eeleree ieleeler 21

bb Reval ISL RON EN 4 Soto Boe CROC OI eC OIE OO CIO HOLT E CA Domo ane = 472

MACUTAL ENeCHIMES melee ele aniiciere Sisyavalel overlerseuel ererecere 3010) ATES

652 InpDEx.

Plant lice—(Continued). ‘ PAGE.
NATUre OL WjULY Dynes ere cistoevene cere oe Seteitses MeN o's: sieves 472
ON. MULSELY: STOCK eine aeiiisseisss wale egos erase lea) oe sie s¥ecetenere coreteliciens 458
recommendations for repression 2.52. . 2%. 01s « oe se «icles aoislel 477
parasitic insects aMeChnge 3). cyaicterercteveie efercislereicterclarsiete eieteye . 480
predaceous insects attacking sieve cislercrovsissocesiovaietereicleletel cleteiens 478
TEPLESSIOM HL Aen ece G ee oe nee Hee Nee oe. CRE
Species sprevalenG any WSO cvsepelersierelehelshersta: selcioneterhel tetersroetate 482
MUG EL OM WORK: MII i cre sfeucietrnic cxereteteteretololeveiekoisieroieteperenetonsie ckeerrcten stele 15
Pathology, Department, work in .........+.se. Bidets alan cbstorereteveene 18
Planting and harvesting Sugar WEELS sey. ccleieia aicle cle) oelolcteleleye creielelcls .. 198
SULA Deets ab CHeRStablOMe ccicre cccrereelererelere els (ebay s elenethele Bieretotsts 589
PUBSMLODOTH:. CUDENSIS hs cicece nie ahaie aiia'ale's eisvaleis elaisile ere © wie! syaloreshers eel ohetenetoroleners 345
NHEWIe Mon CA pola dc dacooc siaNeloherteceereke Soo ooboitonn Gis
MO WallOS timo etaycterets sich eielais ere erenevottonel lnctoretenerencletetetare 433

(See also Cucumber downy mildew.)
Plowing under green rye to prevent potato SCAD.......cceeecceces 18, 418
Plum leaf spot, number of sprayings required...........ee.ce02% sesrsletemoUS:
ATP UITIV DY pics greats oc aire ks ete a tereve gue a ranehateh ete oienenelete re renetenerore 210
DIE VALON CO oe aia lecinte Hiale cre otbnalepenavavelers ate. vie vels lens evousneperele 208
TROATMENE fersichs royals sees dclonciebelslcversracele biesesrercrene 15, 207, 211
Plan Cea tbachkimMg, 7, iste sie woe eve ele arouwrs cong vahoueioi ere een e niche oReraietenere 482
Plums amount of injury from leat spoteee...s.s-ceeece cor Bisiroreregsi sien 210
POMONA SPrayae PUMP, GESCriptioMey.. mec mie cicte siciveersiereiniere sereieeta susie ROLO
Bopularsbulletins Chara@ters a .cveccevslecceter evi conereleeteronetoketoieiorereie teieioienete 11
Potash MN PLertiiZers 72% i <oleo ore sieve cts eae Sino oral dele elses oie e.cleraele oeele omits 32, 137
BUSALDECES! fii pore cisliacacersie: 0 orcteve ole eihere a eveteterone sé eye wae eis Stators 195
salts, influence upon composition of potatoO........cceeeceeee 611
Petassium ferrocyanide test for Bordeaux mixture.........ceeceeces 228
sulphide for prevention of gooseberry mildew......... 808, 313
OAtISDIUG ce oeeeeee -296, 300, 302
Potato blight, early, prevention by Bordeaux mixture..............0. 378
late, prevention by Bordeaux mixture.............2+- 377
composition, influence of potash salts...... we SOS cece eee cece 611
industry in” Bong lslamdi < cionwtiereee erorroleencreroerersrencterenerrete 13

scab, plowing under green rye to prevent...........eeeeee. 18,

INDEX. 653

Potato scab—(Continued). : PAGE.
value of corrosive sublimate treatment....... Bie sfoieie creel eAeA))

stem blight, not communicated........ Sisk ayerets aeteie is atenevetsten 18, 421
Potatoes, commercial fertilizers for............. Do bo DUO bE Gad¢ Saaodos 596
comparison of fungicides and insecticides.................. 393
directions for spraying ......... RsVesre ene ahujel che: skeleieereteteteretelene 400

SD.q Vanes Oe SOMALI CobooooocooUU UO COUOUGUCOD Gamo Do GOOD . 383

FEE CIIZET LOLMUMIMELL OTe acl ciel e-1elorelelelolereisisiels «1s,» bclalue vietsiay Notas 600
LELMLIZANS INSTEAIENES 1M! \.) sic «+ e's soles esos es) » mics at satote, ieloherenere 599

number of applications of Bordeaux mixture required...... 395
large vs. small amounts of Bordeaux mixture for........... 397
Dt COM POSTMOM ciel cist crsicl stele! aleisle’ efelcvere) © shatate sone elereronaneve te teleles 607

quantity of Bordeaux mixture required...........0-+.0+-2- oot

HELEMIZEL wer stelereee reine ete a ledetataie to eke siicvetsietorretehars 598

LEMMON TOh vel GatOnTeLulliZeles cine seis) slelelecvensrele slielsicreierereystererctets 609

SDL VAl INO aerecereyeterone ever cienera oucterelc caste velop scclisvetofetievere/ silo evel cis ote) orsbenoketens 376
EXPERIMENTS! casisie cunleveteeieiets Oolele vere oeeee0tD, 380, 390

strength of Bordeaux mixture required..... alclsters: sterensteter telets 394
utilization of plant food ......... AAO DO DOMED CE OOOGA 7s) GLE

yield from different amounts of fertilizer.................. 606

on sprayed and unsprayed plats..... es otote hexalster eters else ROS

Wathmdiffierent: TErtilizers! 1. 0.) sine ee) e's os) elel ciel sicleterclelelaie 605

E-GUREBV MOUSE ANE Weracrcticersie sielcinte's siesce oe sie eceleele levee eb s{aceue a uaciotsuome tent 9
ROWGeE cUuns ) CESCLIP LOM: ANG USC) ci 1o.2.6 ocsers ciel cfensls, clei sie’ sie slerelalelolsiche eee
ONVCTASDEA YA) CmTil CUTE papers cievere citerencls ale’ ee lolctefevel opetsl one stelorensrene sets Be 2
HZFECUD TCT OMA ECOL erie orroicin cicke cavers hel tesa. shove shoud’ =) als) ate) sierevereyeterelekenstons 619
ETedacCeousMNSeCtSsad tacking plantrli@@ 4 .:c:c 2 5 «icicle selols slots sole rote sislele 478
FALE SSBE WAC WS aml SOe aen-veta Scstat cronie. onersiel s spevslis volots. cla ionels elas! syaua aveuetereiavereyerev event 11
ET OMiSOL SUSATRDECELS). ccis cieterere s.cher cleus eveicieis cele eye ces ele ole) olsrs eeoncooued Al
PE LOLC IAS SOUTCE O Rim WCE LAE a, eis \eie sje «2104010 ee) 010,0 oiejerece HESROOOObNO00C 518
balance in milch cow........... male shaeans ejete, susiet eng stevayagetepalars vein ei
Stimulusom milix Productions ..ci,. 24s «0 00 v1 ess aslobelencitersuciees 519.

supply and secretion of milk solids, relation. ...........see++ O20

PUDIICAMONS! NOLES TOMe ae erate oe eis ecere ch wresarereie 5 Foca ob ead wats 10
FIELD YA COCMIECTOM GHO Carper cre canc ech ee no cia cloner a bial g alistule tol oleliola: evete Si areievetonels 199
Of isolidsinusugar pects. oscce es oes CROCCO ROC Mele eee Sone LoS

Pyrethrum for plant lice 476:

654 InpEx.

Q. PAGE

QOualityzor milks relavnonvsortoodmtoeermme cciiccctelceicelenreeieeirne create 621

SUSATIDECE SEO 15. iss cicdicce’s al clsvonesst a ole crave diel-o'e ohare cents. woke g cioie LOS
B.

Rainfall for growth of sugar beets.................- ictal ak stenersrsioheteters 193

PO COR eo loin ters osneie- o/s ciel se) tis cine the; sie wat ele/obs a ate) syoneraleral ve toieude eterna 619

Raspberries,” black, sCarly i ssa esse ose walks eveyersrereuetasoreretter here Oe 287

TUG 5 voi Bietny ccavocteaic o+hvaue oto; hohe tap wEeleecG oremedene tel dee een Ire 287

notes on Babcock No. 3........ oS .coctn donc KoDOL OL 285

BGUCOCK NON 5 inal! ae weir ete SieDOnOOGOO Mslt

BIB) aM ONG jerks cei eliclerteisaicterara etter . 285

HUTA ye raralcre anal cfereleleleroraletelererevclelelelolererebnets 285

EL OPIAMSs 215.0 oictepoyetateroharekerel ore lsterelene cisie ert ie LO

WaswLCI COW ne vepaielatetensrcteiovetusteneteonctel econ teiser 285

MUNI ©. iyactavceteie aie HOO OOO BE HO dn 0OHOOO OUT 286

OnON GAG aie. iiecs1t cere clershe ol ereustenete dexeveisioteketone 286

ledMboneye 6 Ao od nolonoo oOo Aoaodoi00 60 Cote doC 286

IPPOLTESS) (ss ierecaisya ie: stake stole erences tere ereieethete 286

Poscharsity S€€QUNGS) cols cieieiccietetelenelete ttre 286

Townsend No. &........0- SyeioterTaypevel coomerene 286

VOLO Beis as suosepeseteredoee ce sWale-/al site caver Grene opel ahoneverehelcnekevemerene 286

DULPLE NOLES ON VAC ALSO eon erclelels! ess eietalellcha ero -telenen tenants 290

Columb lamers =s1 iors etelerelelo crete p-lener snared 291

Shaler eerere er deredel eels ehoicloleierelereheetetaerletets 291

SWaolho JEWIB NY SggcoouuncoDdc alerelcrereher steno 290

METGCAU Secrets stejencielerelcleneraaiste seine) sNcieneens 291

VALI: GmesancowaeadosnpoUdqGgUdCoONOD0O dunn Goose 290

FECOLVEG HMSO ceerctets ioe er cvelen choot otcelenclefereotoncley<feueruatnerenatcls 293

PEGS LOCAL] Yo a ccsveveyo cisions cisecvel venerareleuersiere lovely aieisuctere eclemenetetckone ie 289

1 Wk Me eae AI rei oie ATMOS OOOO EU aoa. cu bo tO} 289

NOtesvONny Clinew acl cisleeiiere olelolerhoteheyclen rote tersiLe 289

Ut DerG Ayeie eveseieiale pet chelatslete vero fereronsenele eke . 290

GM YOM Go etesrsse cue) eierejereceye evelittss oxewe cv Menetvese eves 289

SGT orev erere potato ntevetoleiedoletel ouclolonVeieltetelel el tetas 290

INI Gomes oononoocoocoqurooddnomeocdc 290

OATH ES & s eiwiaicioneteyoreielererereyehorepe feiss Notarolsted olan oo wel,

Raspberries, red—(Continued). ; PAGE
Le Ue epee ripest tec te aiaymiaate a: « sire: ot 1% lave iojeviane Sie pros a(a@ 288

WIEN? UGE) Godgo 00 0n0b do 6b Co onpO oOo U OOS OUNOOO ODIO - 284

Raspberry anthracnose .........+-.eeeeeee cece picvele ciehetatevetorel slerarhcten te . 231
Bordeaux mixture for......... goaw Sonteeuke 236, 241

GHALRACTEL Me cicteye: -eneiclsiaire aisy svousievale, siaiets toyekers aon Pay

copper sulphate for ...... Siu ekarsorehoca peieie sh steus ener 241

MESCHIP LONE eericiieieleieldielecie.c aera Nieusib ne sd1d slave sesveeoe

experiments in treating ............ Roo iy, 24.3!

raha Toya SaaS miodao sievslalaienels/eturedersvere isteraienetels . 234

TLONSS UL ALE LOT crereicleotel s/o) clejefeleiciorsieiele lolol helols . 236

MELHOMOLAELCALING 1. cre ciiclstleicic clovetsleielsleTeleveleteleten See

AUP NUE Fa CLO LO a erereielslelersintelleretelelstoustetsielslelotelie 236

INUNGIANY SooGpouaecOOoddT pacoodsoancouoocce Ike

OLANCERTMUSE OL, TECOLNTLOM s qeicre ocfeloelclojellele e 1e.el'e aeveve ckeioneieke 232

INDO MOLI Soy 45 SoodeooacunS cuSoos Ho DdKc Codd 00 Bu ood Od door 541
Rations; calculated and actual digestibility 01. aac cc os mciesississ ce et 533
Onomlbynloiatot Wille Gos enue smon geod coupUmdo bono b On OoonOS 206 531

GHEE onlkhy Oils sodaloihdocamacesecusoUlUoSboomo Le noe 508, 536, 538

from unlike sources, nutritive effect.............. saa ceetorcTapete 542

MOLINA AN Ge POOLE LA ere ore) sissies iavexsilel eis erolevelstotiere eanecare averengehers 498

Reine Hortense cherries, spraying experiments..... erajarsies die) overerersnehepel LOS
RUG UIDIM Staeteterete vero vererereds chetetarc Ceromelsie\s svewevehocsleys: szsicsie F dersisyatsfotelercielelaneccrancten theta
Report of Chemical Department.......... Sle oeuenieie s eiecetetels Borel oretets 29
Department of Animal EPUSbaAmMd sry. -larelei viele elclcicle elelelelarele 489
EYINCOMTOLO Lyre reietes voretelsloiorersielciehelel evereyelerehe siseie ee ton

Hicld@. Crops) cs s.asie Spo dooddadba abadcnodscs, WHY)

Vegetable Pathology: 6. .c s\ csie ec scle s srelsersla cen Oe

DINE CLO Ptesayenersser aie steick atone) = jetn evcilehetes svoicls Jodo coueccoaro gp oot se 5
Horticultural Department ....... spohetazelelecate A SREY PPROANCER O 205

PPC ASULCT, 5). ates! «is sss of sits,5) 3) aloes. suedayoxe aus ievle Sudoo obo Boom 1
Rhopalosiphum ribis attacking currants............. SPetorsrsis eye e arceba eden 487
RoaGsbwsldin g< educa ions ey alo) cia iolaylolon-yaselalere ese: ie sia) stays oe o/s Res ese loleviets teres’ 23
ROtHuMonwInClIGINes SUCATO DEES epee aieteis cislarelecin asicicue cle ele rcla-ahe 197
Rule for calculating value of fertilizers........ stars ow sees aislibue ss Eathconoes 37

Rust of carnations. (See Carnation rust.)

UC AA el OO Me Viel ars rehticy teehee ass aia vaitanel-onanalareteteilers\ sial eral atc tonciaee terete wiclstonete 555
Rye, green, plowing in for potato scab..... Sisk nclatocer wisas ahebccseene ole aiereve 18, 418

656 InpDEx.

8. PAGE

Saltjrettect ion carnaviony lusts. ocean eee oe eee eee 18, 423.
LLOW LOL CALA LONS ore eyercisicicr areca a ieee eet 423.

Namplessor fertilizers collectedamesese eee eae eee 81, 33, 136
San José scale, descriptions and life history...........0..ccceeeccees 454
GIStributlom py, ciseusc sevenvenstoe steers PARE OS AGA aieterereteie she 453

fOOdIPIANtS aa cet onide ee aoe ee eee Le eden 453

ISTO Ys, oicherepeuctstepste sy srecsie les ef aiatte Shale TT Te ener 452

any New c¥ Oris (Stave oes s,ccaecace cores oo orto estar nee oes 438

Means; Of. CistribUtlomy «sain a's) oo aso evec cieictere eer erate 455

on nursery stock ...... Sst eyeye ovale tate etavslelelwressiyereleree aeieeee 452

Femedial MMeASULES 6/2. o:sire'sis 4:40 adele oie sislo eraserel omiarete ees 456

Sannina exitiosa. (See Peach tree borer.)

Saturated solution of copper sulphate..... aisuots etatoval el cuclejere etetererelicssete e+ 229
SCHDEreSiStanitnvaTrieciesnol appleseianies cae eee eee eee 338
SEalevinsects Oni MUrselLy StOCK ea ae. see cele ete nein nee eee 442

Schizoneura lanigera. (See Woolly louse of the apple.)

Scurfy bark louse, descriptions and life history..... BOO. 6 aisyeletencrelenetane 447
history, distribution, food plants, ete............. 446

OD MUTS CTY: ‘SEOCK. dic'ssre: oye, ais /ove oeiarsletereretoretereuee etoreienine 446.

remedial *MesSUGes'c.5 sss cre alesis aizlcle a) tel teralrete terete 447

Second Judicial Department, benefit from experiment............... Pp)
change in character of work .......... 12

; NUS <abtl Boone cddqodojoddes avalenolofelouelsictene 12

Seed sugars bect, qQuality..cccicess cence Heli cee ee een . 194

Scedingyalfalfay ss ais lai stels sense ecre eels Soe ee eee eee 557

Selling price and cost of ingredients of fertilizers.............. 82, 34, 137

OF Lertiliners: wise... ae se male me Seven ee eteeie ke Se ee 140

Pilazeyeromralla lla’. isc hccr, os vwieiieie eco wie Meets Cree SOC OOO OOCaGa DOC - 560

NIZEROLADECtSPLOLISUL ATs Production. se assent eee eee eee ee 198

Skimemilks COMpPOsition sh: tice: sokasela Mania aie ene eee 564

Smut, oat. (See Oat smut.)

SOUT LOR GRIMES Ae ci5aie dove vid ans.criclctecetoteteleh ee sie « Melereek eee ee ee 556
potting tomatoes ............. Gb olekevedslois Sis jotchwlsre lop opekeleleveesieuceete 255
BUSALIDCCIS i Siaiete sycwlarerca ain oe Stee oe tis arate ee tpntversrers averse 197

LINPLOVEMENtHDY Alcala eee ee ener eee si chedecelsvewereneleteteneiens 556
POMBE RAE UTC se asve a's ter one: ts eter Status ne oo cvan eee ORC teen ee 628, 634

Inppex. 657

PAGH.

Solids of milk, variation in percentage......... Sistienah clekstesenene ciatetats sictarns 522

SOULCEMOLMIII Ne: hivterteya sic epee cles) cls idiei seta came Sicieresg sie. alee alefelcichater cere 22, 491

Nouncesion plant, food tor sugar Meets. «... cs cc. c ca ciclle cercemeciocecdesien 196

Species on plant lice prevalent’ in 1897. .icn'c. cae cues scee cle sevalieiec --. 482

SPLAVEDUMP SHANG SPrAyIN Eas. oo a5 ce ee ceeicioce cteleiee om eicnie cee 215

Rakion ava6 delos aes pao os Sean Socgores Sacloa dé soon Zale

SSN AVES UEP) OUT CES: NOLES cysieh ciel ocya;aiovete cieiet-erohe preray temleiavsve olare ai etere see pal ALG,

conveniences, home’ made’ oo... Sos sc ccs cc ee SiahsraVeleter terete 225

cucumbers, time required ........ toi eve votes eel cic lets’ 0) siancier noe ON

Cutleaved birch tor thrips cones cccrecicecaioco ces i ereiaetelciero em OG

for flea’ beetle’ on nursery, StOCK.......<.045 00s Sood ad coee. 465

MLUINBLCAHES PO tsar eis cee ste hoe < Sienna : Syeneveratonetere 211

increase in yield of plums from........ eieherateis Jovabaauoogcog “ali

MACIINELY NOLES MOM Ma aetetie ces seeistetel via ciate) oetcene a alate aie taleena vets 370

INA CHINES OWI isi bevels-salavelevntevecycrlarievel caehenaveeie Se aaesiai 223

TMNDKGCULES OT OLE Siig ynearsps ate aie) shay st orerausve aise lle teial stoi chine eta ee Parad Ly

muskmelons and watermelons ................ Svetencvonerstte e... 366

MLOAZLES SB LO em Meter setae atedctolaysi clone slene ctor etsie, ) eksi2iejlalayeve ray Guido hoo Ha.6 225

IO LEDLORS ras torensrciic satay ch aya ates arslir erarievevavatlersieleyotel eiekover otis pouddondna ate

GIRECTONSRLOL, 6 .isy..'s clatsisy esis) evs) aiere SOHN HOO onIGbOD Cc 400

prevention, of insect injuries| DY...........ce.ses+s BIS

profitableness of ......... Ie ststeiisricveranetieve cis svsiteretoiekereve 3886

With SLEEMLATSENITS) ctejsie oiels wis ole heronctedey ane ataRSvevehaveyelslisfolsicvspalevenelciane shoo

PHiUlOSOpIy FOL) pore eect casen toler ouaiaverelav oysters atavoisterehok aniwie wrekeSulccetean 388

VO UMS: MULSCHYARULECS acy erercrstever kelley eterencicicter leh ef ahetclenclherene res clei 20

Paebitaw Ad GUGIONS COM sc. arleyuepac ai cistel oicreuleteclaters sveticieketoreis Teles enaete rere Sq0 0nd 5

Starch) and Sugar ini fEeGime) SUUPES ei.) cicieisis clore sie siers /aloheeileroieleleiha charsisete 542

SOAS DEA Y CLS! ove sine s sca stace el avaliorelistaleievaleackeysle clei ohcterelalle tofiercunteatene ekerene ccna 223
Stover, maize. (See Maize stover.)

Strawberries, early varieties on one year old bedS................... 279

LAO AVENE Coal Mook AR ood asc Baeon ell

late varieties on,one year Old beds. .. 025 si. cece ceo 279

two year old beds..... eyredalay okctiohelele etstetans 281

list of varieties received ....... 2.020. ccsccccccccrcace 282

methodvof Growth Bb STAvION |.) << leiecis occ «ole nlelnisiciaielereinie 272

42

658 InpEx.

Strawberries—(Continued).
notes on

eee ew ee cee eee ee ee ee ee reese ee ee see ee eeee eee
coe re eee ees ee ee ee ee ee eo eee eee ees
eee ee esos ee ee ese ee ee ee eee es

eee reer ere ee ee eo ee ee eeeee

Olaren Cesena ctilovtewicee ol cieiinieieree
Columbian ..... tee ee ceeee aceps¥oieis, leretererore

Eleanor

ee cose ee oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eeeseeoe
eee ee ee ee ee ee ee reese ee ee eeseve

eee ee eee ere reese rere se tees seseseoe
eee ee er ee ee roe eter ee Pere ee eeee eres

ecereeoe sre ee ee eres ese eee eee ee ee

Glen Mary

Greenville

eee ee ee ee er ee ee ee ee ee er tees ee
eee ee ee ee ee ee ee seer seer ee eees
Ce |
ey
ee)
|
Ce ec ry
|
ee

eee ee er ee ee ee ee ee ee sees tere seen s
eee ee ee ee ee eer se ee eo ee ee se sess se ee

eececers eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe ee

Thompson No. 100

Thompson

eee eee eee ee ee ees eee os eoe
eer eee eee ee ee cee ee eee tte reese seeeeee
eee reer ee ee ee oer ee recor eee ee sroee

Ce

yield on one year old beds
two year old beds

Sugar beet crop, educational value

eee ee eo ee ee ee ee eres eee
|

industry, conditions favoring, in New York State
OUTIOOR: fOr. eee esos oo ees
unfavorable conditions

Ce ey

eee ee eee eee ee ee eee eee eer eee ee ee ee ee eee

seed, quality
beets, analysis

ee

available sources of plant food

erecee

eeecece

ececee

eeecee

Ca at CS CTC Ya Cs Yt Sat Want Yt IC UR ee TeCOR T CLC Chi sy

eeecece

eeeee

eeecee

eoeee

INnpDEX. 659

Sugar beets—(Continued). . PAGE.
CONGIUONS EOL VETOW Lhe. secs oe fenctdae cee o lod seek heed Tn 188
COSTAOL SOI ZORA et ten sate cbe siemens core eeiice carumeenan ay 196

PLOUUCUHOMP preted se chew Sale seu cro be Le: tate oaks 189, 202
DEIFACLETATISLAMON RE a eiecice cae Lee ee eee 593
SSPE LUM CHES Me perth ies ious esas Sieleree ee ee oe Doe 588
PeriilizersCOnSrLUeNtS AM). 2's. .\se,ccs co e'eleis those tele ee eta ae 195
CXPCELMECH USK c.icisite cron teerem bee cid tachi Ree 594

LOTMUULAC PLOT eg. Acta aelesse San ce ie ee ee 196

HOD eave WE mrenta escieieeas ee ess hac ce tioh soe ae 555
grown ane different States, sugar dns. sos sce. ose osecene 193
HIVES UL Syria eveSe ite iaicre vers cochei wie 2) sia okerantye he ein dee eae eee 592
PHAE KEI LOM EO ATMS osc aratacacicehes- Se io N tian ccc cee 590

BN ATE CO ot valcstere 2. ches, Sy ie eiarcasia sal his hee ee 203
methods of cultivation : ehotisielel el sloelsieloneinerenalciaiotershat tote iereate 197
PRUE LOOM MEM UIT 2-5 wales electte: cheite cretion aes HAs ee ee 194

PSL SEDGE Be Las CA GEOTE 82 55, late Sygate arses deen Se ey ee ee 589
precaution im use! of ‘fertilizers... ..és.3..0i6 dc.cs Clee ee 197
PSTICHLLIS Bee petal sare ven yet ast sce teak cr ntsc aha at Tee ae oe 2038
PUTTY BOLUSOUOR Is 2i2id a1 Biste, etree clots a eat cei ee 188, 198
ECSULUS ARES CAUION i; 4 s'016 «53 Avie oe Oye noes Ree ee 592
IGUTIE SMM NWS ATs 3 Otias sch di tie ictare cavalo ten aay ean 188, 190

BO GAL OTA arata clay n ts 5) okahs, sisuots asv'sve's’ «ea icrak a eRe ae ne 197
soil, planting and cultivation at Station................ 589
COICO Shy eerie etoisyeeccrak sa) ates, ole ako mon Oe 197

imeoh plantingvand harvesting, ...«sserccue coe ee 198
MAELO LICH UD Steps, atecetaevs witic olives a8 goles ok, Dake cree ee 194

Ol CL ea ree mie lateorete trai eietcsgha a chs bole ahs Scie eee 189, 200

BUCS SUSU OMNG LC yates ale sig. & dace: fio malele ait ows cee ee 593

SHBDECES ACHMATE AMECHNE. .. i)... ccidsh codes eeltk fondcscsc ee 193
COMMEMGTIS Sat ENCING Wy.” ate <ctsccic'e = AS. eed oercineeae cele eee 193
grown in different States.............. eel oieis ievataleisiereists 193
PCCM EPS CUTTS ata teen ok i ctl dalac oa Sie dhe ne ioe Bee 543
Pace CON Size OL GDEEtS, LOLs occa >. o/clere'a Ges na dos cule OE 6 Stents Hae 198
EMME RS st CR MD OCS IS An eons Not 5 aide gS Vonca's ole cwnaae 188, 190

SPUGUE [Spa ORE RAE SOE ee ae aaa I Dea ge) 202

660 INDEX.

ff ihitaes ; PAGE.

Sunshine for’ growth’ of sugar beets . 3 <1.% cats cio t10:- wjsc ciere vistors « « stclele s 194

Sweet corn; bacterial Gisease: © «oe. 6s aie, cerve syspeneie shorts lois texe Giatete essere 18, 401

Syrphusiily larvae attacking plant lice ss. o:jictaroieelererels a/c e)e clelereieleleieierere 479

Systena hudsonias on Mursery. Stock. 5. cc cesiey ts o sisters ois eels) (se) eclsle eleleleersle 465-
T.

Temperature control in biological and dairy building.............. as, OF

LOL row th Of SUSAT WECESH core crore clevercol a crereicleltersiereieteleleratets 193.

OLGFOTCIN EG “NOMS ORE ise rare cote teisactaretere c, sieice thet ttoncto ter areleeeretete 254

TECOLGG ose vcterarcloialelelkereheraherelcrstoicl teusreNe ekeierorsieiielieletstaerenernetats 624

Thermometers, maximum and minimum readings..............6. 626, 627

SOIL LEA GENES. Fhetevars cisiees wii eteie evareverielere Siesetreve eiouelovetene 628, 634

SCAN GATE GAIT LCAGIMNAS wie eielorerstonetes tet cvonetcncheleleneiekatee 624, 626

Thrips on, cut leaved) birch, Sprayams LOLs cir «i cieiele ciate sterenersicns clare enereiere 466

Timothy yee OO Vall Wer sn). ae ere Aecael o Mevsiere sre seaile Cicisnsre, oMatelnetore ehcieheeusterereseretete 555

Tmetocera ocellana. (See Bud moth.)

Tobacco, concentrated extract for plant lice. ...........ceccccceccces 475

POT PTATIE TTC O Ns oy oieie o-gs oie ae. we l'a oeTo usc elie stave) Pov nyetete tetera lenetemetoiotenerene 475

IMOMATONCISEASE, MEW) cies 5 cicicrsvereis ereit'es sray avalon cis ele) teelclerere) sloleselarevereleletetoietene 201

EOI ALOCS oD CTC HUM Pas taps es ctateieters cher ocherceclorsiel clsiniocie yeneneteeyetatekciorete oie al oke! Srey eae

AOD CIE Secrreiexcterciliesnsversiciels iemiciot clonereicveueletchelojerseleletenatekeloncroke 17, 245

experimentayieldmurceeaeretiereie cere test eee 249

methods of benching, comparison. ............-seeeoes seeps

OLN SOM eee oe cc ctancie sr eacte eo .eucisl ser aie choral overs ierhevekeenereeatets 255

single stem vs. three stem training, test............... 247, 270

temperature LOT fLOLCIW Soi epaierele siere) stelerel ecto!) slevers/celelelelelslerelene . 254

transplanting to bench vs. keeping in pots........... Siexsratoks 262

Trade values of plant food in chemicals. ..............scccvccccceces 35

Training tomatoes, comparison of methods.............. bi ciatetare me (60)

single stem vs. three stem, teSt............e+2s0- 247

Mreasurer TEDOLE, Of) <s/-\- cele ste cies EHR sea cto SCIOTO CIGD. C CO OOO5 0 1
ue

Wrine partial COMPOSiGiOM Eie<je iene cic che olelel ie lols! ers lelel oletalele lelelelclelonetolieistarets 504
Wg

Valuation of fertilizers, commercial. .........6...00. +2 sececcceecues 140

Valuevot rations, calculation 25. .aee.s «6 ee ey Pepe crear on aac cnae ccs oe 531

|
|

PAGE
Wailiess on mgiils Gye SiewaGrle open cadodedd coggodon Dn oObo CoDa sao DU aGoT ily
SUSATBDCOES ct oieeieiercreievale eicielelasletslo'lefclcrciatalareleyereistersyeete ict afe 194
Variety tests with raspberries, blackberries and dewberries........ .. 284
SUA WDORRIES eteyeraisicscter sine icles ieteleicleleineneisfeleietolstoterstc 271
METMIONEIEN OZZICH cistsicts « s:cleyalein cia Vos cleieioiele e\e/ 1a “leiele) miele efelcieisieie'sieie/s/sfnleteleie 226
Vilmorin Improved sugar beet, composition. .............c.ccccceees 191
RUAN CORTES ULC cieielela. aici sve isis slejers) eis) «ci alolle e/e\s) e/eilelelelsiielele/sisi= (cis) els\/sis)s/sie)sfejels 5 als
Ww.

NVVLOT IO Cant OMe LAT tall CO sr cletereseiclelelere aferslaliaie) usirole! clelicis: eis) sislie’s) kale sfefelslelereie 476
Wien Oh Cyan nla? = O56 wooo. ceuo Ga Sua OB OOODd OD AOD GOOG OUOOOOON DOC 366
VN AICKOM SOD LO LAM ball CC cho crecieis ole cictele cieleic/ ee \clelsic e\siclelisic|sislelels elie 474, 476
Solution’ foriNan JosGiscale: wis cele elec ce © oie'ele cielo ile lolelers 456
BEE ot COMBOS ITION tcc: oiovecs aie a leleie.di esis sido so!» ovsleicls Aol esi Sailesate </etaraie woes B64
Whole grain, cost of gain Of CAPONS ON. ... 2... 0. cee ccc ce ne cccc cc cece 574
PAINPOLMEA POMS MOMs sictelelcrclolelos slole'eleiere(e) slcyinke) cloleleiie/=lciedslals 572, S17
CAML CauaissHON\ Gan ogo DS00 CUDGODOUONDD GOUSCo DO OOOGOC 566
vs. ground grain for chickS and CAPODS. ......cecececcccccsecce 561
Wilt disease of cucumbers, damage’ Dy... 2... 0.0... w ccc wesw cecee 348

Willow beetle. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.)
\AViNG) THAR), SoG bamoddou Go Guba Od Gabe OOGOHO OOD OOCOGDDO UO ad donoD6 CoC 620
WVOOUEASHES) ANG APE SCA << aie cis. crea. © ci oiecc/s.cue-c/ ic elec ele/elelelelslelalelolalaie 316
CMEC CEPOM TAP DIC USCA Diajac crevets els cisieleieleiers e/silerel olorel ef taletelel oferstans Ly (
NVoollivslouse Of therapple; NOLES/OM)..< <.c:<'s!s/ 01 s1c.c\<leiw eel ec civic elelersiejere ete she 458
on nursery stock ............ sfeiayeuste Levene euetets 458

me

Wieldvof plums Inereased Dy SPraylN ssc: os. cs ve clos eciceeieie wlole viele slens 211
SISA DCCL sieraiceteciclere cietelove Share: raters (eiete iellererntereievelevcley sreetole -189, 200
Che Stihl | haan ooonpumeooGoMone oo cHno OuddsoduC 593

tomatoes in forcing experiment... .249, 251, 252, 258, 259, 261, 262

fo Pe

Ps
pth

en

2
i
rs

beg

~

» ie

RARIES

|

78

l