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PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 51.

ANNUAL REPORT

AG

Board of Cattle Commissioners

107^

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

In accordance with Section 51 of Chapter 491 of
the Acts of 1894.

January 11, 1897.

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1897.

A) 3 8

5 ? b

REPORT.

To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives.

In conformity to section 51 of chapter 491 of the Acts of
the year 1894, the Board of Cattle Commissioners presents
the following report of its work for the year 1896.

The law of 1894 has continued to be the basis of the work
of the Board during the year, except as it was modified by
the Legislature of 1896. The work has been continued
under the following heads : —

First. — The supervision and direction of the local inspec-
tors of animals and provisions, appointed by cities and towns
under the provisions of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894.

Second. — The examination of all animals quarantined by
local inspectors as suspected of being afflicted with con-
tagious disease.

Third. — The examination of cattle coming into the mar-

CD

kets at Brighton, Watertown and Somerville from without
the State for sale, and without certificates of having passed
the tuberculin test before entering the State.

Fourth. — The examination of cattle coming from without
the State upon special permit.

Fifth. — The examination of stables, etc., with a view to
secure better sanitary conditions, for the prevention of dis-
ease.

/Sixth. — The conduct of laboratory and stable experi-
ments, to determine various problems connected with the
work of the Board.

The work of the Board was quite thoroughly examined
during the last session of the Legislature by the joint com-
mittee on agriculture, in a hearing which occupied several
protracted sessions. The critics of the Board presented
statements and criticisms in support of bills which they pre-
sented, restricting the use of tuberculin, changinor the
methods of local inspection, and abolishing the commission

4 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

and transferring its duties to the State Board of Agriculture.
The only result was the continuance for another year of the
provision of the statute limiting the use of tuberculin to tests
of foreign cattle at the public markets, and of animals re-
ported as suspicious by local inspectors. The testing of
cattle in response to voluntary requests was forbidden. In
view of the conditions prevailing, the commission did not
seriously oppose the continuance of the restriction of the
use of tuberculin, although it did not meet their approval.
A large number of the leading farmers, cattle owners and
agricultural experts in the State testified their approval of
the methods of the commission and of their use of tuber-
culin ; and several leading veterinarians from other States
voluntarily appeared to urge the committee to sustain the
commission, they believing that its methods and plans were
wise and necessary, and for the public good.

For several months following the date of the last annual
report the work of the Board was hindered by lack of means
for testing and disposing of the cattle reported by the local
inspectors as suspected, on physical examination, of tuber-
culosis.

The fact of the rapid accumulation of this class of cases
was set forth in our last annual report, together with the
statute which prevented our prompt action upon them,
which is section 37 of chapter 16 of the Public Statutes,
as follows : —

No public officer shall make purchases or incur liabilities in the
name of the Commonwealth for a larger amount than that which
has been appropriated by law for the service or object for which
such purchases have been made or liabilities incurred ; and the
Commonwealth shall be subject to no responsibility for the acts
of its servants and officers beyond the several amounts duly appro-
priated by law.

As stated in our last report, ' ' The commission considered
it more desirable to incur the expense of making the exam-
inations as soon as possible after receipt of the notice, free-
ing such animals as were found not to be tuberculous, and
keeping the others in quarantine until, it became possible, by

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 5

means of a further appropriation, to compensate the owners
for their losses and destroy the animals."

To prevent as much as possible this unnecessary expense,
the Board adopted General Order No. 12, and forwarded it
to all the inspectors, in the following communication : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 52 Village Street, Boston, Feb. 3, 1896.

To Inspectors of Animals and Provisions.

The Board of Cattle Commissioners regrets having to inform
you that the appropriation of money for carrying out the provi-
sions of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, as amended by chapter
496 of the Acts of 1895, has become exhausted, and that because
of this fact the Board is compelled, under the provisions of the
statutes, to do everything in its power to stop further expenditures
under the said acts.

In accordance with these facts, at a meeting of the Board held
on Jan. 29, 1896, the following order was passed : —

General Order No. 12.

It is hereby ordered that the further inspection of animals directed to
be made by the inspectors of animals and provisions for the several
cities and towns of this Commonwealth, under section 4 of chapter 491
of the Acts of 1894, as amended by section 1 of chapter 496 of the Acts
of 1895, and in accordance with General Order No. 6 of this Board, com-
municated to you in a circular letter dated July 22, 1895, shall be stopped
until further notice from this Board.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman.

Charles P. Lyman, Secretary.

Maurice O'Connell,

Leander F. Herrick,

Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

In spite of these precautions, however, before the appro-
priation authorized by the Legislature was available there
were 1,043 such cattle in quarantine, scattered through all
parts of the State. These animals had been kept in quaran-
tine, awaiting the appropriation of funds by the Legislature,
at an expense to the State of $28,223.43. On June 5 the

6

CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.

[Jan.

work of cleaning up this accumulation was begun, and it
was completed as soon as possible.

Under the provisions of the statutes, the executive officials
of all cities and towns in the State are required to ap-
point inspectors of animals and provisions to have general
supervision of the inspection of domestic animals within the
limits of their respective cities and towns, acting under oath.
The duties of these inspectors are to examine, at the time of
slaughter, all neat stock, sheep and swine slaughtered at
slaughter houses licensed under the provision of law, to make
inspections of neat cattle, sheep and swine at such times as
this Board shall designate, and to make special inspection
from time to time of animals reported as suspected of having
any of the contagious diseases named in the act.

Under this provision the executives of the cities and towns
have reported to the Board the following list of inspectors
as serving during the year : —

Abington,

. John M. Chamberlain.

Acton, .

. Moses A. Reed.

Acusb.net,

. Philip A. Bradford.

Adams,

. Andrew G. Potter.

Agawam,

. Edwin Leonard.

Alford, .

. Samuel K. Williams.

Amesbury, .

. Edwin S. Worthen.

Amherst,

. Henry E. Paige.

Andover,

. Chas. H. Newton.

Arlington, ,

. H. L. Alderman.

Arlington, .

. Alonzo S. Harriman.

Asbburnham,

. Chas. W. Whitney, 2d.

Ashfield,

. Walter G. Lesure.

Ashfield,

. Homer S. Day.

Ashby, .

. Chas. C. Damon.

Ashland,

. Samuel D. Witt.

Ashland,

. Arthur E. White.

Ashland,

. Edmund A. Stone.

Athol, .

. Oscar F. Stearns.

Attleborough,

. T. L. Swift.

Avon, .

. Chas. E. May.

Ayer, .

. William N. Dudley.

Auburn,

. Emery Stone.

Barnstable, .

. Alfred Crocker.

Barnstable, .

. John J. Harlow.

Barre, .

. John L. Smith.

Becket, .

. Edwin Lee.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Bedford,

Belchertown

Bellingham,

Belmont,

Berkley,

Berkley,

Berlin, .

Bernardston,

Beverly,

Bill erica,

Blackstone,

Blackstone,

Blandford,

Blandford,

Blandford,

Bolton, .

Boston,

Boston,

Bourne,

Boxborough

Boylston,

Boxford,

Boxford,

Bradford,

Brain tree,

Brewster,

Bridgewater

Brimfield,

Brockton,

Brockton,

Brookfield,

Brookline,

Buckland,

Burlington,

Cambridge,

Canton,

Carlisle,

Carver,

Charlemont,

Charlton,

Chatham,

Chelmsford,

Chelsea,

Cheshire,

Chester,

Chester,

Chesterfield,

Chesterfield,

Chicopee,

Henry Wood.
Guy C. Allen.
Carroll E. White.
Benj. A. Harris.
Chas. F. Paull.
Eliphalet Terry.
Robert B. Wheeler.
Chas. Bowker.
Horace D. Lambert.
William H. Hutchins.
Daniel H. Cooney.
Elias M. Billings.
Janus W. Knox.
William H. Oatley.
E. B. Gibbs.
Henry F. Haynes.
Alexander Burr.
George W. Roberts.
Noble P. Swift.
P. W. Cunningham.
George E. Gleason.
George B. Killam.
Chas. A. Andrew.
Doane Coggswell.
James M. Cutting.
James S. Paine.
Calvin Pratt.
Porter A. Parker.
Simeon Mitchell.
Lucas W. Alden.
Lewis Thresher.
Alexander Marshall.
William R. Shaw.
A. S. Lamb.
Chas. E. Hadcock.
Patrick J. Cronan.
George P. Davis.
Fred A Ward.
Horace Temple.
Stephen Hammond.
Isaac B. Young.
E. C. Perham.
William Stinson.
William P. Bennett.
Daniel B. Holcomb.
Edward L. Higgins.
George W. Rogers.
Clayton N. Rhodes
Irving H. Elmer.

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Chicopee,

Chilniark,

Clarksburg

Clinton.

Cohasset,

Colrain,

Concord,

Conway,

Cottage City,

Cummington,

Cummington,

Cummington,

Dal ton, .

Dal ton,.

Dana, .

Dana, .

Dan vers,

Dartmouth,

Dartmouth,

Dedham,

Deerfield,

Deerfield,

Dennis,

Dennis,

Dighton,

Dighton,

Dighton,

Douglas,

Douglas,

Dover,

Dracut,

Dudley,

Dunstable,

Duxbury,

Duxbury,

East Bridgewater,

East Longmeadow,

Eastham,

Easthampton,

Easton,

Edgartown,

Egremont,

Enfield,

Enfield,

Erving,

Essex, .

Everett,

Fairhaven,

Fall River,

Thomas Goodwin.
Freeman Hancock.
James Mixer.
Chas. H. Laselle.
Caleb F. Nichols.
Hiram S. Meecham.
Horace Tuttle.
Gordon H. Johnson.
E. G. Beetle.
Edward F. Warner.
Myron D. Trow.
Finley V. Bates.
William C. Brague.
William Miller.
L. S. Blackmer.
Alfred E. Doane.
Chas. S. Moore.
Chas. W. Howland, 2d.
Chas. H. Negus.
Creighton Colburn.

D. A. Hawks.
Edward D. Jewett.
Chas. E. Baker.
Edwin Whittemore.
William H. Walker.
Edmund Hathaway.
George A. Clark.
James Dermody.

E. P. Heath.
S. O. Fowle.
Clement A. Hamblet.
Monroe W. Ide.
Franklin M. Tolles.
George Bradford.
John K. Parker.

W. T. Greene.
Edwin Indicott.
J. Bradley Steele.
Fordyce Whitmarsh.
E. R. Hayward.
Christopher R. Beetle.
Theodore S. Baldwin.
William H. Bush.
Albert R. House.
Frank W. Loveland.
Chas. A. Burnham.
George Peabody.
E. G. Grinnell.
Hilaire Bisaillon.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Falmouth,

Falmouth,

Falmouth,

Falmouth,

Falmouth,

Fitchburg,

Florida,

Foxborough,

Foxborough,

Framingham,

Franklin,

Freetown,

Freetown,

Gardner,

Gardner,

Gay Head,

Georgetown,

Georgetown,

Gill, .

Gloucester,

Goshen,

Gosnold,

Grafton,

Granby,

Granby,

Granby,

Granville,

Granville,

Great Barrin

Greenfield,

Greenwich,

Groton,

Groveland,

Hadley,

Hadley,

Halifax,

Hamilton,

Hampden,

Hancock,

Hanover,

Hanson,

Hardwick,

Harvard,

Harwich,

Hatfield,

Haverhill,

Hawley,

Heath, .

Hingham,

gton,

Francis A. Nye.
B. C. Cahoon.
Henry C. Lewis.
Asa P. Tobey.
T. Lawrence Swift.
Otis F. Lord.
Nathan W. Kemp.

A. W. Draper.

B. P. Crocker.
William R. Morrow.
Thomas L. Martin.
Palo Alto Pierce.
James Webb.
Frank B. Page.
Augustus S. Cleaves.
Samuel J. Haskins.
Samuel T. Poor.

J. Winfred Yeaton.
John L. S. Moore.
Daniel G. Cressy.
Willis A. Smith.
Joshua W. Tilton.
Perley Goddard.
George L. Witt.
Homer C. Taylor.
Samuel A. Taylor.
George W. Cone.
Cyrus W. Ives.
Edwin Hurlburt.
M. L. Miner.
Walter N. Glazier.
Samuel P. Williams.
Nathan Longfellow.
Homer L. Cowles.
Chas. H. Hunt.
Jabez P. Thompson.
George E. F. Dane.
M N. Warren.
James S. Goold.
Edwin B. Dwelley.
Ezra White.
John N. Hillman.
M. A. Farnsworth.
John A. Baker.
E. S. Warner.
Gi'antley Bickell.
L. W. Temple.
V. D. Thompson.
Robert F. Robinson.

10

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Hinsdale,

Holbrook,

Holden,

Holland,

Holliston,

Holyoke,

Hopedale,

Hopkinton,

Hubbardston,

Hudson,

Hull, .

Huntington,

Huntington,

Huntington,

Hyde Park,

Ipswich,

Kingston,

Lakeville,

Lancaster,

Lanesborough,

Lanesborough,

Lawrence,

Lawrence,

Lee,

Leicester,

Lenox, .

Leominster,

Leverett,

Lexington,

Leyden,

Lincoln,

Littleton,

Longmeadow,

Lowell,

Ludlow,

Lunenburg,

Lunenburg,

Lynn, .

Lynnfield,

Maiden,

Manchester,

Mansfield,

Marblehead,

Marion,

Marlborough,

Marshfield,

Mashpee,

Mattapoisett,

Maynard,

Frank C. Phillips.
Z. P. Jordan.
Edward W. Merrick.
A. J. Bagley,
I. A. Smith.
Bernard S. Bigelow.
Waldo Phipps.
W. W. Claflin.
John H. Burtch,
A. L. Cundall.
Harvey T. Litchfield.
Frank T. Clapp.
Herman Burr.
Chas. H. Strong.
Joseph M. Kiggen.
Edward Dole

E. Elbridge Atwood.
Isaac Sampson.
Henry H. Hosmer.

F. D. Deming.
William P. Talcott.
John F. Winchester.
Valentine Sellers.
John McAllister.
Edward Warren.
Chas. C. Flint.
George M. Kendall.
O. C. Marvell.
Chas. M. Parker.
Ezra Foster.

Chas. S. Smith.
J. H. Murray.
Jairus R. Kibbe.
W. A. Sherman.
A. L. Bennett.
Chas. E. Woods.
Micah M. Boutwell.
William E. Welts.
William R. Roundy.
George R. Frye.
H. D. Lambert.
Joseph N. Tibbetts.
Amos P. Alley.
George F. Richai-ds.
H. R. Stanhope.
F. W. Hatch.
Darius Coombs
David H. Cannon.
Joel F. Parmenter.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

11

Medfield, .

Medforcl,

Medway,

Melrose,

Mendon,

Merrimac, .

Methuen,

Middleborough,

Middlefield, .

Middleton, .

Milford,

Millbury,

Millis, .

Milton,

Monroe,

Monson,

Monson,

Montague, .

Montague, .

Monterey,

Montgomery,

Mount Washington,

Nahant,

Nantucket, .

Natick, .

Natick, .

Needham, .

New Ashford,

New Bedford,

New Braintree,

New Marlborough,

New Marlborough,

New Salem, .

Newbury,

Newburyport,

Newton,

Norfolk,

North Adams,

North Andover,

North Attleborough,

North Attleborough,

North Attleborough,

North Brookfield,

North Brookfield,

North Reading,

Northampton,

Northborough,

Northbridge,

Northbridge,

Francis D. Hamant,
Henry F. Moore.
Edward Whitney.
William H. Dole.
Albert W. Gaskill.
H. J. Cushing.
Edwin J. Castle.
James A. Burgess.
John P. Bryan.
Andrew W. Peabody.
Waldo Phipps.
Henry W. Carter.
Moses C. Adams.
James Spencer.
A. H. Goldthwaite.
W. H. Bugbee.
Hiram D. Osborne,
George H. Goddard.

F. H. Giles.
Chas. W. Gregory.
Samuel W. Coe.
Alfred S. Spurr.
Robert L. Cochran.
Albert Easton.
Walter P. Mayo.

C. A. Partridge.
S. O. Fowle.

Van Ness Mallery.

D. C. Ashley.
Chas. A. Felton.
George A. Stevens.
L. P. Keyes.
Willard Putnam.
Asa Pingree.
George W. Knight.
J. R McLaughlin.
Andrew R. Jones.
A. A. McDonnell.
George S. Fuller.
Asa A. Newell

G. B. Draper.
T. L. Swift.

A. O. Boyd

B. F. Barnes.

F. Howard Mosman.
Dwight A. Horton.
F. H. Atwood
George F. Nilsson.
John Gunn.

12

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Northbridge,

Northfield,

Northfield,

Norton,

Norton,

Norwell,

Norwell,

Norwell,

Norwood,

Oakham,

Orange,

Orleans,

Orleans,

Orleans,

Otis, .

Otis, .

Oxford,

Palmer,

Paxton,

Peabody,

Peabody,

Peabody,

Pelham,

Pembroke,

Pepperell,

Peru, .

Petersham,

Phillipston,

Pittsfield,

Plainfield,

Plainfield,

Plymouth,

Plymouth,

Plympton,

Prescott,

Prescott,

Princeton,

Provineetown,

Quincy,

Randolph,

Raynham,

Raynham,

Reading,

Rehoboth,

Rehoboth,

Rehoboth,

Revere,

Richmond,

Rochester,

W. A. Bean.
R. C. Ward.
Frank E. Heald.
Lester D. Blandin.
Owen E. Walker
J. Warren Foster.
Edwin C. Briggs.
Ashburton W. Pierson.
Albert Fales.
H. P. Austin.
Amos Blodgett.
F. W. Higgins.
Edmund Linnell.
Gilbert A. Dodge.
Edwin L. Downs.
Alfred D. Jones.
F. L. Snow.

E. W. Phinney.
H. P. Bemis.
John E. Herrick.
Cyrus T. Batchelder.
Chas. Davis.
Eugene P. Bartlett.
Clifford I. Rogers.
Samuel P. Bancroft.
King C. Phillips.

S. C. Goddard.

F. J. Kendall.
George N. Kinnell.
D. H. Gould.
Edwin A. Atkins.
Chas. B. Harlow.
William T. Pierce.
Howard O. Bonney.
Elmer M. Aiken.
James D. Barnes.
George Mason, Jr.
Daniel F. Lewis.
Timothy F. Ford.
A. L. Chase
James O. Sturtevant.
Cyrus Leonard.
Milton G. Parker.
Clarence J. Kingsbury.
John W. Chase.
Albert R. Lewis.
Edwin S. Plaisted.

W. H. Branch.
Allen G. Ashby.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

13

Rockland,

Rockport,

Rowe, .

Rowley,

Rowley,

Royalston,

Royal ston,

Royalston,

Russell,

Rutland,

Salisbury,

Salem,

Sandisfield,

Sandisfield,

Sandwich,

Saugus,

Savoy, .

Savoy, .

Scituate,

Seekonk,

Seekonk,

Seekonk,

Sharon,

Sheffield,

Sheffield,

Shelburne,

Shelburne,

Shelburne,

Sherborn,

Sherborn,

Shirley,

Shrewsbury,

Shrewsbury,

Shrewsbury,

Shutesbury, .

Somerset,

Somerville, .

South Hadley,

Southampton,

Southampton,

Southborough,

Southbridge,

Southwick, .

Spencer,

Springfield, .

Stei'ling,

Stockbridge,

Stockbridge,

Stoneham, .

Chas. Winslow.
Alvin Sanborn.

E. M. Upton.
Daniel H. Hale.
J. Scott Todd.
George E. Peirce.
Joseph Stewart-
Eugene Twitchell.
S. S. Shurtleff.

F. G. Bartlett.
Samuel P. Merrill.
Fred Saunders.
Chas. H. Callender.
H. S. Manley.
Samuel H. Nye.
Arthur W. Sawyer.
Linus E. Perry.
Milton A. Bliss.
Caleb L. Damon.
Olney Greene.
Lowell M. Cole.
Robert Woodward.
A. W. Draper.
Henry C. Clark.
Edwin L. Boardman.
Lewis T. Covell.
Alfred F. Skinner.
H. L. Warfield.
Jasper J. Smart.
William A. Adams.
Samuel B. Scott.
George L. Plynrpton,
Jubal A. Gleason.
David Barnes. '

. Oscar H. Shaw.
Thomas A. Francis.
Chas. M. Berry.
Horace W. Gaylord.
Henry E. Coleman.
Michael Norris.
William H. Buck.
Henry A. Morse.
Chas. W. Talmage.
Abraham Capen.
James Kimball.
W. S. Walker.
Marshall S. Heath.
John M. Buck.
George H. Allen.

14

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Stoughton,

Stow, .

Sturbridge,

Sudbury,

Sudbury,

Sudbury,

Sunderland,

Sutton, .

Sutton, .

Swampscott,

Swanzey,

Swanzey,

Swanzey,

Taunton,

Templeton,

Templeton,

Tewksbury,

Tisbury,

Tolland,

Tolland,

Topsfield,

Townsend,

Truro, .

Tyngsborough,

Tyringham,

Upton, .

Upton, .

Uxbridge,

Wakefield,

Wales, .

Walpole,

Waltham,

Ware, .

Wareham,

Wareham,

Warren,

Warwick,

Washington,

Watertown,

Wayland,

Wayland,

Webster,

Wellesley,

Wellfleet,

Wendell,

Wenham,

West Boylston,

West Bridgewater,

James Murphy.
Lewis Parks.
William Whittemore.
Nahum Goodnow.
George A. Haynes.
Hiram Haynes.
George P. Smith.
Edward A. Welch.
P. D. King.
Samuel A. Spaulding.
David B. Gardner.
Anson L. Bai'ney.
Arthur W. Weaver.
Walter H. Haskell.
S. E. Greenwood.
W. F. Robie.
George W. Trull.
Henry C. Norton.
Bentley Pratt.
C. N. Marshall.
Eugene L. Wilder.
John N. Going.
Josiah F. Rich.
Franklin N. Tolles.
Joseph Jones.
George D. Whitney.
Benj. A. Jourdan.
Chas. E. Seagrave.
Henry C. Perry.
W. W. Eager.
George S. Fuller.
William E. Peterson.
A. A. Etienne.
Samuel M. Crocker.
James W. Hurley.
Marcus Burroughs.
Gilbert Maynard.
Chas. E. Schultz.
George W. Pope.
Thomas W. Frost.
Thomas Bryant.
E. M. Frissell.
S. O. Fowle.
George W. Nickerson.
George A. Lewis.
Henry Alley.
John F. Knight.
David R. Simmons.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

15

West Brookfield, .

West Newbury, .

West Springfield,

West Springfield,

West Stockbridge,

West Tisbury,

West Tisbury,

Westborough,

Westfield, .

Westford,

Westford,

Westhampton,

Westhampton,

Westminster.

Westminster

Westminster

Weston,

Westport,

Westport,

Weymouth,

Weymouth,

Whately,

Whitman,

Wilbraham,

Williamsburg,

Williamstown,

Wilmington,

Winchendon

Winchester,

Windsor,

Windsor,

Winthrop,

Woburn,

Woburn,

Worcester,

Worcester,

Worcester,

Worthington

Worthington

Wrentham,

Wrentham,

Yarmouth,

Yarmouth,

Yarmouth,

E. B. Lynde.
Alfred L. Moore.
M. H. Bidwell.
Henry A. Sibley.
R. R. Bissell.
William Look.
William B. Luce.
Henry A. Gilmore.
William Arnold.
George T. Day.
A. P. Richardson.
William J. Lyman.
A. D. Montague, Jr.
M. D. Whitney.
E. L. Burnham.
A. E. Mossman.
E. O. Clark.
Edward S. Smith.
Theodore B. Peirce.
Hiram E. Raymond.
Chas. E. Bicknell.
Irving Allis.
Owen F. Bumpus.
Lyman Fiske.
George W. Lawley.
Joseph D. Patterson.
H. Allen Sheldon.
William A. Deland.
Wm. B. Simonds.
H. Ward Ford.
G. L. Miner.
C. Porter Tewksbury.
Edward P. McKenna.
James N. Stuart.
John P. Streeter.
J. Warren Ellsworth.
Thomas Monahan.
Albert J. Randall.
Horace F. Bartlett.
Elisha M. Brastow.
George B. Ware.
James Lack.
Isaiah Homer.
Isaiah Crowell.

The following are the orders relating to inspection of
animals issued by the Board during the current year : —

16 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. fJan.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 52 Village Street, Boston, Sept. 30, 1896.

To Inspectors of Animals and Provisions.

The Board of Cattle Commissioners beg to inform you that it
desires to have a complete general inspection of neat cattle at
once, and that such examination be completed soon enough to
enable it to publish a complete result of the same in the coming
annual report for 1896. In order to accomplish this, the follow-
ing order was passed at a meeting held on Sept. 29, 1896 : —

General Order No. 14.

In accordance with the authority conferred upon us by section 4 of
chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, as amended by section 1 of chapter 496
of the Acts of 1895, you are hereby ordered to make an inspection of
all neat cattle within your district. Such inspection is to be commenced
on October 1, or as soon thereafter as possible, and to be continued
with all possible despatch until finished, or until December 1, at which
time it is hereby ordered closed.

It is further ordered that the returns directed by law to be made to
this office shall be so made, on blank form No. 1, as often as once in
each week during the whole period of inspection, in order that a close
record may be kept of the number of animals that have been examined
in each town as the work progresses. All inspectors' reports must be
sent to the Boston office on or before Dec. 5, 1896.

We further beg leave to call your particular attention to that
provision of section 4 of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, as
amended by section 1 of chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895, which
requires that all inspectors of animals and provisions throughout
the Commonwealth " shall immediately inspect any and all
domestic animals and any barn, stable or premises where any
such animals are kept, whenever directed to do so by the Board
of Cattle Commissioners, or any of its members." In accordance
with this provision, this Board, at a meeting held on the twenty-
ninth day of September, 1896, passed the following order: —

General Order No. 15.

All inspectors throughout the Commonwealth are hereby directed to
make a thorough examination of all barns, stables and premises where
domestic animals are kept, and to report the results of these examina-
tions upon form No. 20. It is further directed that this examination
shall be made at the same time at which the regular general examina-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 17

tion of the neat stock is made ; and that the reports concerning the same
shall be forwarded to this office, together with the reports of the ex-
amination of neat stock, on or before Dec. 5, 1896.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman.

Charles P. Lyman, Secretary.

Maurice O'Connell,

Leander F. Herrick,

Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

Notice. — A book containing a number of the required forms will be
forwarded to you under separate cover. If more are required, they will
be sent upon application.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
52 Village Street, Boston, Dec. 2, 1896.

General Order No. 16.
To the Inspectors of Animals and Provisions.

Sir: — Inasmuch as the financial year closes on December 15,
and the report of the Board of Cattle Commissioners must be in
the hands of the Legislature on or before January 10, and you
have not stopped your inspection, in accordance with General Or-
der No. 14, sent you on September 30, which stated that such
inspection "is to be commenced on October 1, or as soon there-
after as possible, and to be continued with all possible despatch
until finished, or until December 1, at which time it is hereby
ordered closed," it was this day voted that no further inspection
of animals should be made by you, or any animals quarantined
except b}7 instruction from the Board of Health of your city or
town, as provided by section 30 of chapter 491 of the Acts of
1894, until the tenth day of January, 1897.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman.

L. F. Herrick, Secretary.

John M. Parker,

Maurice O'Connell,

C. A. Dennen.

The regular inspection was ordered by the Board Septem-
ber 30, to begin October 1 and to be closed on December 1.
Under this order the inspectors of the cities and towns have
reported 8,969 animals suspected of contagious disease, —
tuberculosis. These were subjected to the tuberculin test,
and 4,694 were condemned and destroyed.

18

CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.

[Jan.

The following table shows the number of animals quaran-
tined in the cities and towns ; it also shows the number con-
demned and the amounts paid, but it does not include 550
animals which have been condemned and warrants for which
are now in the piocess of settlement. The table also gives
the State tax and number of neat cattle over one year old,
as shown by the assessors' returns, May 1, 1896, in the re-
spective cities and towns.

Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

CITY OR TOWN.

Assessed.

Tested.

Condemned.

Awarded.

Tax.

Abington, .

272

2

_

_

$1,750 00

Acton, .

1,484

38

29

$1,011 15

1,050 00

Acushnet, .

437

_

-

-

437 50

Adams,

769

29

3

90 00

2,695 00

A<?awam,

1,308

22

12

402 50

945 00

Alford,

299

-

_

-

157 50

Amesbury, .

399

20

7

215 00

3,657 50

Amherst,

1,844

147

63

2,433 00

2,222 50

Andover,

1,018

69

26

955 00

3,430 00

Arlington, .

239

1

1

20 00

5,635 00

Ashburnham

,

454

55

16

414 50

752 50

Ashfield,

1,309

54

24

618 72

367 50

Ashby,

538

92

37

1,195 50

367 50

Ashland,

392

27

21

613 00

857 50

Athol, .

490

20

7

185 00

2,642 50

Attleborougl

i,

758

46

20

866 00

3,220 00

Avon, .

123

4

2

38 00

542 50

Auburn,

785

6

-

-

402 50

Ayer, .

135

-

-

-

962 50

Barnstable,

607

5

2

95 00

2,695 00

Barre, .

1,882

89

29

843 00

1,032 50

Becket,

634

_

-

-

332 50

Bedford,

594

25

20

615 00

682 50

Belchertown,

1,544

29

7

136 50

630 00

Bellingham,

520

48

28

723 00

490 00

Belmont,

185

_

-

-

2,642 50

Berkley,

381

1

1

10 00

315 00

Berlin,

590

3

3

62 00

350 00

Bernardston

728

9

1

18 00

297 50

Beverly,

628

4

1

45 00

10,132 50

Billerica,

916

216

103

4,122 00

1,382 50

Blackstone,

339

4

3

62 50

1,890 00

Blandford,

908

4

2

40 00

315 00

Bolton,

819

41

19

537 00

332 50

Boston,

820

119

41

1,388 00

628,740 00

Bourne,

161

_

-

—

1,172 50

Box borough

550

16

11

390 00

157 50

Hoxford,

617

19

11

352- 00

437 50

Boylston,

782

27

12

365 00

350 00

Bradford,

320

_

-

-

1,925 00

Braintree,

399

_

-

-

3,115 00

Brewster,

195

-

-

-

437 50

Bridgewater

493

40

18

708 00

1,767 50

Brirn field,

1,057

26

18

212 50

297 SO

Brockton,

694

12

5

165 00

15,085 00

Brookfield,

731

50

11

370 00

1,050 00

Brookline,

427

5

5

210 00

41,632 50

Buckland,

691

19

4

48 50

420 00

Burlington,

543

11

10

287 50

350 00

Cambridge,

322

1

-

-

54,600 00

Canton,

465

10

3

90 00

3,027 50

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

19

Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

CITY OR TOWN.

Assessed.

Tested.

Condemned.

Awarded.

Tax.

Carlisle,

630

83

30

$1,239 00

$245 00

Carver,

155

-

-

-

577 50

Charlernont,

724

2

-

-

280 00

Charlton,

1,603

29

17

447 00

682 50

Chatham,

187

-

-

-

665 00

Chelmsford,

1,087

79

51

1,661 50

1,452 50

Chelsea,

80

6

1

27 50

15,802 50

Cheshire,

960

24

1

30 00

525 00

Chester,

637

13

_

-

455 00

Chesterfield,

702

2

2

35 00

210 00

Chicopee,

574

1

1

19 00

5,810 00

Chilmark, .

141

-

-

-

157 50

Clarksburg,

345

-

-

-

175 00

Clinton,

170

8

5

170 00

4,865 00

Cohasset,

299

_

-

-

3,360 00

Colrain,

1,325

20

11

311 45

420 00

Concord,

1,419

93

29

786 50

2,940 00

Conway,

1,260

97

46

1,433 50

507 50

Cottage City,

120

-

-

-

980 00

Cummington,

593

5

-

-

227 50

Dalton,

416

26

6

175 00

2,047 50

Dana, .

234

_

-

-

210 00

Danvers,

774

55

44

1,847 00

3,150 00

Dartmouth, .

1,642

1

1

10 00

1,890 00

Dedham,

1,046

17

12

•247 00

4,602 50

Deerfield,

1,576

26

9

240 00

1,155 00

Dennis,

221

1

-

-

1,172 50

Dighton,

367

4

3

52 50

595 00

Douglas,

339

8

4

101 00

735 00

Dover, .

654

30

24

693 00

682 50

Dracut,

1,050

77

46

1,318 00

1,172 50

Dudley,

852

26

13

309 00

787 50

Dunstable, .

602

15

7

152 00

210 00

Duxbury, .

278

12

4

145 00

1,102 50

East Bridgewater,

529

29

13

261 00

1,155 00

East Longmeadow,

542

20

10

337 00

490 00

Eastham,

156

3

-

-

210 00

Easthampton,

705

10

5

144 00

1,750 00

Easton,

589

6

1.

15 00

3,552 50

Edgartown,

338

-

-

-

525 00

Egremont, .

908

3

1

25 00

332 50

Enfield,

455

5

_

-

560 00

Erving,

152

2

_

-

280 00

Essex, .

495

_

_

-

700 00

Everett,

131

3

1

45 00

8,610 00

Fairhaven, .

448

_

-

-

1,382 50

Fall River, .

547

10

4

70 00

43,540 00

Falmouth, .

424

2

-

-

4,287 50

Fitchburg, .

770

38

19

555 62

13,860 00

Florida,

377

-

-

-

122 50

Foxborough,

383

13

4

75 00

1,190 00

Framingham,

1,148

15

6

167 50

6,527 50

Franklin,

667

111

90

3,494 00

2,100 00

Freetown, .

306

9

4

90 00

630 00

Gardner,

543

96

32

1,254 50

3,552 50

Gay Head, .

55

-

-

-

17 50

Georgetown,

279

-

-

-

752 50

Gill, .

665

42

13

486 44

332 50

Gloucester, .

569

_

-

-

11,375 00

Goshen,

355

10

2

45 00

105 00

Gosnold,

41

_

-

-

140 00

Grafton,

1,172

23

10

307 00

1,732 50

Granby,

1,130

23

19

427 50

332 50

Granville, .

774

10

4

120 00

262 50

Great Barrington

1,434

15

7

154 00

2,572 50

Greenfield, .

919

98

53

1,783 20

3,727 50

Greenwich, .

318

2

1

35 00

192 50

20

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

CITY OR TOWS.

Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

Assessed.

Tested.

Condemned.

Awarded.

Tax.

Groton,

925

32

16

$530 00

$2,047 50

Groveland, .

222

1

-

-

700 00

Hadley,

1,381

53

17

523 00

735 00

Halifax,

143

_

-

_

192 50

Hamilton, .

388

_

_

_

752 50

Hampden, .

565

15

2

45 00

280 00

Hancock,

616

3

_

_

245 00

Hanover,

276

1

_

_

1,015 00

Hanson,

151

_

-

_

455 00

Hardwick, .

1,714

31

20

601 50

1,085 00

Harvard,

1,272

78

34

1,147 50

717 50

Harwich,

186

2

-

_

875 00

Hatfield,

382

3

1

28 00

735 00

Haverhill, .

902

46

19

657 00

14,735 00

Hawley,

583

-

-

_

122 50

Heath, .

704

2

1

10 00

140 00

Hingham, .

514

-

-

_

3,167 50

Hinsdale,

734

10

2

35 00

542 50

Hoi brook, .

140

_

_

945 00

Holden,

882

6

6

244 00

845 00

Holland,

149

10

3

135 00

70 00

Holliston, .

649

7

7

202 00

1,207 50

Holyoke,

.477

10

9

320 00

19,040 00

Hopedale, .

103

-

-

_

1,820 00

Hopkinton, .

801

77

42

1,396 50

1,470 00

Hubbardston ,

846

50

31

883 00

490 00

Hudson,

422

25

12

323 50

2,082 50

Hull, .

61

5

1

20 00

1,820 00

Huntington,

514

2

_

_

385 00

Hyde Park, .

126

_

_

_

5,932 50

Ipswich,

838

33

21

753 00

2,065 00

Kingston,

195

_

_

_

1,172 50

Lakeville, .

361

_

_

_

402 50

Lancaster, .

638

21

16

505 00

2,082 50

Lanesborough,

940

4

2

35 00

'367 50

Lawrence, .

198

6

3

140 00

23,240 00

Lee,

741

32

11

373 00

1,295 00

Leicester,

535

3

_

-

1,645 00

Lenox,

729

22

2

75 00

2,082 50

Leominster,

778

40

20

444 00

3,990 00

Leveret",

473

19

15

466 50

210 00

Lexington, .

1,013

55

25

761 50

2,852- 50

Leyden.

439

3

1

35 00

122 50

Lincoln,

823

104

84

3,625 00

1,610 00

Littleton,

1,265

56

23

904 00

612 50

Longmeadow,

300

9

7

237 00

437 50

Lowell,

331

9

4

90 00

49,000 00

Ludlow,

1,046

33

17

451 50

752 50

Lunenburg,

819

71

47

1,372 50

560 00

Lynn, .

307

150

30

1,134 00

34,667 50

Lynnfield, .

254

109

56

2,726 00

420 00

Maiden,

151

1

1

10 00

17,307 50

Manchester,

95

-

_

_

4,970 00

Mansfield, .

219

13

2

30 00

1,277 50

Marblehead,

266

14

2

80 00

4,042 50

Marion,

117

1

_

_

577 50

Marlborough,

998

20

9

180 00

5,792 50

Marshfield~ .

404

53

26

914 50

945 00

Mashpee, ,.

27

-

-

_

122 50

Mattapoiseit,

210

1

1

12 50

1,050 00

Maynard, .

312

8

3

95 00

1,470 00

Medfield, .

489

2

-

_

997 50

Medford,

294

26

-

_

10,902 50

Medway,

430

8

5

148 00

927 50

Melrose,

224

-

-

-

6,877 50

Mendon,

586

3

1

10 00

385 00

MeiTimac, .

256

-

-

-

945 00

18.97.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

21

Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

CITY OR TOWN.

Assessed

Tesied.

Condemned.

Awarded.

Tax.

Methuen,

1,345

30

7

$270 00

$2,467 50

Middleborough, .

751

1

1

10 00

2,975 00

Middlefield,

470

10

1

20 00

175 00

Middleton, .

247

42

41

1,470 00

367 50

Milford,

390

-

-

-

3,867 50

Milltrary, .

683

32

14

463 00

1.680 00

Millis, •...

440

8

2

53 00

'595 00

Milton,

768

42

9

350 00

13,737 50

Monroe,

153

_

-

-

105 00

Monson,

1,304

21

8

205 00

1,400 00

Montague, .

733

31

4

95 00

2,555 00

Monterey,

562

-

-

-

175 00

Montgomery,

339

1

-

-

105 00

Mount Washington, .

79

-

-

-

52 50

Nahant,

42

-

-

-

4,042 50

Nantucket, .

515

-

-

-

2,117 50

Natick,

587

36

16

479 50

3,990 00

Needham,

690

132

107

3,763 00

1,977 50

New Ashford,

143

_

_

-

52 50

New Bedford,

625

4

2

37 '00

36,067 50

New Braintree, .

1,240

6

2

30 00

297 50

New Marlborough,

1,607

53

4

119 50

402 50

New Salem,

362

16

5

147 00

227 50

Newbury,

1,116

1

1

30 00

752 50

Newburyport,

289

-

-

-

7,857 50

Newton,

1,100

89

52

1,873 00

32,077 50

Norfolk,

436

48

24

855 50

367 50

North Adams,

617

13

. 3

90 00

5,477 50

North Andover. .

1,277

91

56

2,127 00

2,362 50

North Attleborough, .

570

7

7

178 00

2,800 00

North Brookfield,

942

47

14

417 00

1,400 00

North Reading, .

364

24

3

132 50

367 50

Northampton,

977

39

5

175 50

7,315 00

Northborough,

768

234

106

3,349 00

892 50

Northbridge,

403

28

11

390 00

2,537 50

Northfield,

1,094

3

3

42 50

682 50

Norton,

336

4

_

-

577 50

Norwell,

272

1

1

18 00

670 00

Norwood, .

370

22

10

327 50

2,152 50

Oakham,

686

_

_

-

245 00

Orange,

737

44

29

878 00

2,817 50

Orleans,

212

1

-

-

490 00

Otis, .

413

2

1

30 00

157 50

Oxford, . ■ .

710

19

2

55 00

927 50

Palmer,

707

25

13

345 50

2,030 00

Paxton,

387 .

2

1

18 00

192 50

Peabody,

687

47

16

634 00

5,477 50

Pelham,

213

2

1

27 00

122 50

Pembroke, .

177

3

-

-

472 50

Pepperell, .

810

28

15

532 00

1,435 00

Peru, . . . .

379

3

1

30 00

87 50

Petersham, .

533

6

2

80 00

455 00

Phillipston, .

346

_

-

-

210 00

Pittsfield, .

1,124

135

19

610 00

9,415 00

Plainfield, .

572

8

-

-

122 50

Plymouth, .

461

3

2

100 00

4,620 00

Plympton, .

108

-

-

-

227 50

Prescott,

387

15

4

95 00

122 50

Princeton, .

1,153

139

73

2,231 00

577 50

Provi nee town,

54

-

-

-

1,592 .50

Quincy,

610

4

2

47 50

11,777 50

Randolph, .

202

-

-

-

1,645 00

Ray nh am, .

420

2

-

-

630 00

Reading,

325

j 17

14

418 00

2,450 00

Rehoboth, .

1,265

25

11

332 00

525 00

Revere,

145

_

_

-

4,585 00

Richmond, .

468

'

"

245 00

22

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

„,„,.. ^„ „„„,„ Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

CITY OR TOWN. Assessed.

Tested.

Condemned

Awarded.

Tax.

Rochester, .

288

1

_

$385 00

Rockland, .

232

-

-

-

2,170 00

Rockport, .

170

2

-

-

1,845 00

Rowe, .

417

1

-

-

175 00

Rowley,

593

99

15

$677 00

490 00

Royalston, .
Russell,

555
143

81
5

52

1,832 50

437 50
350 00

Rutland,

908

65

23

392 50

367 50

Salem, .

357

53

31

1,273 00

20.475 00

Salisbury, .

469

39

-

-

465 00

Sandisfield, .

880

47

18

517 00

245 00

Sandwich, .

233

-

-

-

682 50

Saugus,

603

150

35

1,494 00

2,065 00

Savoy, .

519

25

4

145 00

122 50

Scituate,

299

2

-

-

1,435 00

Seekonk,

909

26

9

325 00

612 50

Sharon,

362

19

8

240 00

1,137 50

Sheffield, .

2,075

15

8

208 50

630 00

Shelburne, .

1,214

88

24

796 61

647 50

Sherborn,

760

17

9

196 50

577 50

Shirley,

430

6

3

87 00

525 00

Shrewsbury,

1,277

5

-

-

700 00

Shutesbury,

131

-

-

-

122 50

Somerset, .

375

-

-

-

752 50

Somerville, .

275

4

1

25 00

30,205 00

South Hadley,

1,074

6

3

65 00

1,645 00

Southampton,

971

1

1

30 00

350 00

Southborough,

1,119

78

24

660 00

1,137 50

Southbridge,

770

58

-

-

2,852 50

South wick, .

833

2

2

30 00

385 00

Spencer,

1,226

5

4

79 50

2,922 50

Springfield, .

427

47

18

554 50

41,072 50

Sterling,

1,487

79

50

1,227 00

612 50

Stockbridge,

791

7

3

69 00

2,170 00

Stoneham, .

271

9

2

50 00

2,835 00

Stoughton, .

337

3

1

15 00

2,117 50

Stow, .

840

44

20

656 50

455 00

Sturbridge, .

815

6

2

52 50

682 50

Sudbury,

1,245

159

145

5,044 50

822 50

Sunderland,

784

119

20

637 50

297 50

Sutton,

950

128

66

2,202 00

945 00

Swampscott,

70

92

33

1,519 50

3,955 00

Swanzey,

888

-

-

-

612 50

Taunton,

796

8

2

45 00

13,965- 00

Templeton, .

524

21

10

321 00

980 00

Tewksbury,

546

112

74

2,544 00

1,050 00

Tisbury,

76

-

-

-

577 50

Tolland,

476

4

3

55 00

105 00

Topsfield, .

700

52

51

1,902 50

612 50

Townsend, .

427

17

8

228 00

840 00

Truro, .

221

-

-

-

262 50

Tyngsborough,

378

16

3

77 00

280 00

Tyringham, .

409

-

-

-

157 50

Upton, . . .

547

10

6

178 00

735 00

Uxbridge, .

710

-

-

-

1,592 50

Wakefield, .

293

-

-

-

4,095 00

Wales, .

228

-

-

-

210 00

Walpole,

627

28

12

321 00

1,452 50

Waltham, .

762

350

227

9,181 00

13,055 00

Ware, .

907

11

6

140 00

3,097 50

Wareham, .

241

-

*

-

1,470 00

Warren,

1,376

46

24

779 00

1,960 00

Warwick, .

274

15

6

170 00

227 50

Washington,

476

-

-

-

140 00

Water town,

283

28

-

-

5,705 00

Wayland, .

870

140

55

1,864 50

1,102 50

Webster,

258

24

17

393 50

2,695 00

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

23

Neat Cattle

Number

Number

Amount

State

CITY OR TOWN.

Assessed.

Tested.

Condemned.

Awarded.

Tax.

Wellesley, .

287

10

5

$96 50

$4,655 00

Wellfleet, .

202

-

-

-

542 50

Wendell, .

191

-

-

-

175 00

Wenham, .

368

1

1

15 00

472 50

West Boylston, .

697

14

6

124 00

962 50

West Bridgewater,

766

6

3

48 00

700 00

West Brookfield,

943

26

15

449 00

595 00

West Newbury, .

823

5

1

40 00

700 00

West Springfield,

656

4

3

125 00

2,887 50

West Stockbridge,

399

-

-

-

402 50

West Tisbury,

238

-

-

-

280 00

Westborough,

1,235

114

63

1,702 50

1,960 00

Westfield. .

976

3

2

20 00

5,547 50

Westt'ord, .

794

17

5

149 00

962 50

Westhampton,

469

-

-

-

175 00

Westminster,

612

42

32

1,038 50

542 50

Weston,

1,003

102

19

607 50

2,502 50

Westport, .

1,175

24

13

310 50

1,102 50

Weymouth,

530

2

2

15 00

4,777 50

Wh'ately, .

805

27

10

197 00

332 50

Whitman, .

333

8

5

81 00

2,555 00

Wilbraham,

750

72

21

640 00

595 00

Williamsburg,

720

14

5

145 00

665 00

Williamstown,

1,362

-

-

-

1,767 50

Wilmington,

245

48

40

1,473 86

630 00

Winchendon,

498

7

2

50 00

1,645 00

Winchester,

198

-

-

-

4,532 50

Windsor,

744

15

12

364 00

140 00

Winthrop, .

91

-

<

-

3,045 00

Woburn,

323

12

5

175 00

6,795 00

Worcester, .

2,038

38

26

835 50

63,507 50

Worthington,

854

43

13

391 00

227 50

Wrentham, .

552

22

13

315 00

1,067 50

Yarmouth, .

145

1

-

-

1,470 00

Total, .

212,601

8,969

J" 4,144
{ 550

$137,693 55 )
16,040 25 J

$1,750,000 00

List of Towns that have sent in no Returns of Herd Inspections,

Clarksburg,

Essex,

Florida,

Georgetown,

Gloucester,

Halifax,
Hoi brook,
Hyde Park,
Manchester,

Nahant,
Oakham,
Richmond,
Rockland.

The law further provides that all cattle slaughtered upon
the premises of the owner, other than a licensed slaughter
house, shall be inspected at the time of slaughter, by the
inspector, " unless said animal is less than six months old,
or has been duly inspected under the provision of this act
within six months prior to such slaughter, aud a certificate
of health has been delivered to the owner or person in
charge thereof."

24 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Under this provision the inspectors have reported the
following work : —

Number of cattle inspected at time of slaughter, under sec-
tion 21, 1,964

Number of sheep inspected at time of slaughter, under sec-
tion 21, . . . 855

Number of swine inspected at time of slaughter, under sec-
tion 21 3,050

Number of cattle inspected at licensed slaughter houses at

time of slaughter, . . . 102,693

Number of sheep inspected at licensed slaughter houses at
time of slaughter, . . . 301,939

Number of swine inspected at licensed slaughter houses at

time of slaughter, , . . . . 773,439

Total number of animals inspected at time of slaughter, in-
cluding those inspected at licensed slaughter houses and
also under section 21, . . . . . . . . 1,178,071

The following is the return by the inspectors of the num-
ber of carcasses condemned as diseased at the inspections at
slaughter houses and on private premises : —

Cattle destroyed as tuberculous,
Sheep destroyed as tuberculous,
Swine destroyed as tuberculous,
Percentage of cattle found infected,
Percentage of sheep found infected,
Percentage of swine found infected,

482
91

.46
.0117

Under the law for the licensing and inspection of slaugh-
ter houses the followino- circular was issued : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
52 Village Street, Boston, July 1, 1896.

Gentlemen: — I beg to call your attention to sections 17, 18
and 22 of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, as amended by sec-
tions 3, 4 and 8 respectively of chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895,
which are in general relation to the licensing of slaughter houses
and all similar establishments, the products of which are to be
sold or used for food. I will further call your attention to the
following paragraph, which is a portion of the said section 18, as
amended by the said section 4 : " The board or officer of every
city or town authorized to issue said licenses shall on or before
the first day of June in each year send to the Board of Cattle

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. ■ 51.

25

Commissioners a copy of every application made to them under
section seventeen of this act, and shall state the doings of said
board or officer upon said application ; and shall further send to
the Board of Cattle Commissioners the names and addresses of all
persons required to make application under section seventeen, who
were engaged in such business on the last day of the previous
April, and who failed to make application as provided in said
section."

I beg to state further that this Board has not, as yet, received
the required notices from you in this connection, and to ask that
they be sent without further delay. In answering, kindly give
not only the required copy of any " application" that may have
been made to you, together with a statement of your doings
thereon, but also and particularly " the names and addresses of all
persons in your town required to make application under section 1 7,
and wlio have failed to make application as provided in said section"

An early and full reply is earnestly desired.

Respectfully, Charles P. Lyman, Secretary.

The following is the form issued for reports from city and
town officials charged with the duty of licensing slaughter
houses : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Return of Licensed Slaughter-houses.

City or Toavn of Mat, 189 .

To the Board of Cattle Commissioners for the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts.

Gentlemen: — In accordance with the provisions of section 18
of chapter 491 of the Acts of the year 1894, as amended by sec-
tion 4 of chapter 496 of the Acts of the year 1895, we submit
the following statement in relation to slaughter-houses within the
limits of our city or town.

The names of all persons licensed to carry on the business of
slaughtering for the following year, a copy of whose application
for a license is sent herewith, are as follows : —

Name.

Address.

License
Issued.*

Application
Denied.*

* See note on page 26.

26

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

The names and address of all persons required to make applica-
tion, who were in business on the last day of April last past, fail-
ing to make application, are as follows : —

Name.

Address.

Licensed
Last Year?*

Remarks.

Board or Officer authorized to issue such licenses.

* Note. — Please fill up all blanks as far as possible, stating in each case "yes"
or " no " as to whether a license has issued, and as to whether the person was licensed
the previous year.

Inspection of Stables.

A large amount of work has been accomplished during the
year in the examinations of barns and stables in reference to
their sanitary conditions, and the Board is pleased to report
that, in response to its advice and suggestions in former re-
ports, there has been quite a marked improvement in this
respect. Especial attention has been paid to the relations of
manure in cellars, bad ventilation and impure water to the
health of animals and the purity of the milk supply.

In accordance with the demands of section 4, chapter 491,
Acts of 1894, as amended by section 1, chapter 496, Acts of
1895, the Board sent out the following blank for a return of
the inspection and examination of different premises through-
out the Commonwealth : —

Report of an Inspection and Examination of the Premises
in which the Animals belonging to Mr.
of are kept.

[Made in accordance with the demands of section 4 of chapter 491 of the Acts of
1894, as amended by section 1 of chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895.]

Material of building ? Length of stable ? Width of stable ?

Width from mangers or "tie.ups" to wall behind animals?
Height from floor to ceiling?

Number of windows facing north ? Size of sash ?

Number of windows facing east? Size of sash?

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

27

Number of windows facing south? Size of sash?

Number of windows facing west? Size of sash?

Is the stable open or closed in front of animals?

Is the stable well lighted?

Is the stable in a basement or cellar?

Is the stable kept clean ? What is clone with the manure ?

Is there a cellar under barn ?

Is the cellar open or closed ?

Does the air in the stable seem good, or is it heavy or bad

smelling ?
Is the stable warm or cold ? How is the stock watered ?

If from well, give its location in regard to barn cellar, manure

yard or any other source of possible contamination?
Is soil under building dry, or wet?
Is it gravel, sand, clay, or rock?
Are animals in a thrifty or unthrifty condition?
Is the stock kept well cleaned?

189 .

Inspector.

From the returns of the above inspection, sent to this
office, the following tables have been compiled : —

Total number of stables inspected,

of stables on the ground,

of stables over cellars, .

of stables in cellars,

of stables with good light,

of stables with bad light,

of stables with no light, .

of stables with good ventilation,

of stables with bad ventilation,

of stables with no ventilation,

of stables with good water supply,

of stables with fair water supply,

of stables with bad water supply,

24,1G1

9,358
12,594

2,209
15,371

6,590

2,200
19,981

3,217
963

9,083
12,511

2,567

Taking all these details into consideration, we classify the
barns and stables inspected as follows : —

In good condition,
In fair condition, .
In bad condition, .

Per Cent.
, 56
. 36

28

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

List of Towns that have sent in no Returns of Inspection of Stables.

Aniesbury,

Brookline,

Bradford,

Billerica,

Burlington,

Clarksburg,

Colrain,

Conway,

Dedham,

Dover,

Danvers,

East Longnieaclow,

East Bridgewater,

Erving,

Essex,

Florida,

Frammgham,

Freetown,

Gardner,

Georgetown,

Gloucester,

Gosnold,

Greenfield,

Greenwich,

Halifax,

Heath,

Holbrook,

Holden,

Hyde Park,

Holyoke,

Hampden,

Leverett,

Lincoln,

Littleton,

Manchester,

Marlborough,

Marshfield,

Montville,

Natick,

Needham,

New Ashford,

New Salem,

Newbury,

Newton,

Norfolk,

North Adams,

North Attleborough,

North Reading,

Northbridge,

Oakham,

Pittsfield,

Provincetown,

Richmond,

Rockland,

Russell,

Rutland,

Sandisfield,

Sheffield,

South Hadley,

Sherborn,

Springfield,

Wareham,

Ware,

Wellesley,

Winthrop,

Wilmington,

Woburn.

The laboratory work, in connection with reports on hygi-
enic conditions of barns, has been conducted similarly to
last year, with a few important exceptions, which it may be
well to note.

The carbonic acid determination was made a year ago, by
means of the apparatus devised by Professor Fitz of the
Lawrence Scientific School for testing air of school-rooms,
and, while of course not absolutely correct, yet approximate
results were easily obtained, comparable with one another
and accurate enough for all purposes of our investigation.
This has been omitted in this year's work, as, to obtain sat-
isfactory results, it was necessary for an agent of the Board
to spend a night in the town, and visit the barns by the
time they were first opened in the morning. This limited
the examinations which one man could make to about two per
day, and entailed comparatively heavy travelling expenses.
This year, also, a part of the investigation has been left
to the local inspectors, so that one agent can visit two or
three towns and make six or eight examinations per day.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 29

The estimation of bacteria in the air has likewise been left
out of this report, partly for reasons similar to those just
given under the carbonic-acid determination, and more par-
ticularly because the results were not satisfactory, and in
many cases we believe not reliable, as obtained by our
method of 1895.

During the year reports have been sent to the Board,
from various inspectors, as to the sanitary conditions exist-
ing in some places, which seemed to call for special investi-
gation. All such reports are looked into as soon as possible,
and, if found to be well grounded, the local boards of health
are notified, after which no further action has been taken, as
the intention is not to interfere in any way with any person
or public board, but simply to improve to a great extent
conditions which are recognized as dangerous not only to
the individuals using the impure water, but in some cases
to the entire community, as was case No. II., for the month
of October, 1895.

Figure No. 1.

This case is illustrated (Figure 1) where we see the well
at the end of the house (between two lower windows) ; the

30

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

privy between well and barn, and a large manure heap on
the extreme right, which has been thrown from the little

Figure No. 2.

square window appearing just above it in the side of the barn.
An additional source of contamination, which the picture

Figure No. 3.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51.

II

does not show, is a sink drain, which runs out on top of the
ground just under the back window. From the well to\ne
manure heap is perhaps forty feet.

Figure 2 shows the same house (on the left), the barn (on
the right) , and a view of the well with the milk cans drain-
ing behind it. The water from the well was found upon
analysis to be contaminated by a very large amount of or-
ganic impurity, the very high chlorine showing it to be of
animal origin.

Figure No. 4.

Figure No. 3 is of a well (directly before the horse)
which received the drainage of such buildings as the picture
shows, also a very filthy pig pen, concealed by the door of
the shed. The owner claims that a ledge runs a few feet
under the surface, in the direction of the arrow. This is
probably true, and the conditions give but very slight oppor-
tunity for filtration and consequent oxidation of sewage
before it reaches the well.

Figure 4 is another of the cases to which the attention of
the Board has been called by the local inspector. The barn,
forty by forty feet, is all open inside. No particular place

32

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

for animals, — one horse, three cows, two calves and thirty-
eight hogs have a picnic together. Situated on land under
water five months in the year. Sickness in the family with
typhoid fever existed during the year.

The well is a few rods distant on the other side of the
barn, and an analysis of the water, while showing contami-
nation, is far better than would at first be supposed. This
is due to the character of the soil through which the water

runs.

Figure No. 5.

Figure No. 5 shows another case in which the water was
found to be badly contaminated. The well (under tree in
foreground) is so situated that it receives the drainage from
the barn, which contains fourteen cattle. The water is ob-
tained from a pump in the barn behind the horse stall, the
pipe from which runs through the manure heap in the barn
cellar. This water comes from the well shown in the picture,
and contamination is present in a marked degree, as shown
by chemical analysis.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

33

Summary of Laboratory Reports on Hygienic Conditions of Barns
inspected during November and December, 1896.

The figures given for some of the barns in Billerica are
estimates made by the agent, as the inspector's returns were
not made in season for use in this report.

Work at the Public Markets.

The work of the Board at the public cattle markets at
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville has been constant
during the year, and has occupied much of the time of one
of its members. The work has included the identification

* Thirty-eight hogs.

34 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

and release of animals from without the State, that came in
with certificates of soundness from approved veterinarians
or that came in for immediate slaughter, and the testing of
such cattle as are brought from without the State without
certificates.

Besides this, the reception and slaughter and post-mortems
upon cattle sent from all over the State by local inspectors,
after condemnation by the Board, has consumed much time
and careful attention . It has been found advisable to have
nearly all this work done at Brighton, rather than to send
an agent to each farm where diseased cattle are found, kill
them and pay for their proper burial.

Under the present system all the work is superintended
by a member of the Board, and the carcasses bring a con-
siderable revenue from the rendering establishment. Dur-
ing the year this method has proved sufficient to pay all
expenses incident to shipping, driving and slaughtering the
cattle, cleaning and disinfecting the cars, etc., and have a
balance of $2,783.36, which has been turned into the State
treasury. A larger advantage is the fact that the Board is
certain as to the disposal of the infected carcasses. The
number of such cars arriving at Brighton during the year is
144, and at Watertown 83.

The work of cleaning and disinfecting these cars has
absorbed considerable time. A small boiler and steam
pump are used, and the disinfectant is heated and thrown
into each car with a jet of live steam, thus reaching every
part, and removing any germs that may be present.

Animals comino- without certificates have been held in
quarantine for at least six days, and then subjected to the
tuberculin test. The holding of these animals for at least
six days before testing, to allow of their return to a normal
condition after the fever-inciting experiences of travel, has
proved that the unfortunate experiences with the tuberculin
test at these markets earlier in the work of this Board were
almost wholly due to the application of the test immediately
after the arrival of the animals. Under the longer quaran-
tine before test the results have been quite satisfactory.

Under the arrangement entered into with the Cattle Com-
missioners of the adjoining States, nearly all the cattle sent
from without the State to the public markets at Brighton,

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

35

Watertown and Somerville have been tested by approved
veterinarians before entering the State. However, 501
animals have appeared at these markets without certificates
of test. Of these, 18 were found diseased with tuber-
culosis, and were destroyed, and 5 others were condemned
as affected with actinomycosis.

The details of the work at the several markets are as
follows : —

Report of Stock received at Brighton from Dec. 15, 1895, to

Dec. 15, 1896.

Maine cattle, ....... 7,951

New Hampshire cattle,

2,639

New York cattle, .

448

Massachusetts cattle, .

6,900

Western beef,

18,879

Sheep,

74,449

Calves,

18,510

Hogs,

43,068

Cattle released on certificates,

7,781

Cattle tested,

200

Cattle released after test, .

197

Cattle condemned after test,

3

Cattle retested at abattoir, .

395

Cattle condemned at abattoir after retest,

395

t of Stock received at Watertown from Dec. 15, 1895, to

Dec. 15, 1896.

Vermont and New Hampshire cattle,

7,487

Massachusetts cattle, .

1,793

New York cattle, .

675

Western beef,

139,285

Northern beef,

5,354

Sheep,

357,899

Calves,

47,079

Hogs, . . . ' .

1,340,939

Cattle released on certificates,

8,162

Cattle tested,

211

Cattle released after test,

199

Cattle condemned after test,

12

Report of Stock received at Somerville from Dec. 15, 1895, to
Dec. 15, 1896.

Western beef, ....
Vermont and New Hampshire cattle,
Massachusetts cattle, .
Sheep,

49,455

436

257

413,876

36

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Calves,

49,671

Hogs,

12,904

Cattle released on certificates,

436

Cattle tested, ....

90

Cattle tested and released, .

87

Cattle tested and condemned,

3

Cattle condemned, actinomycosis,

5

Recapitulation.

Total amount received at the three stations : —

Total number of cattle, 241,559

Total number of sheep, . . . . . 846,224

Total number of calves, 115,260

Total number of hogs, 1,396,911

Total number released on certificates, . . 16,379

Total number tested at stations, .... 501

Total number released at stations, . . . 483

Total number condemned at stations, . . 18

Total number condemned for actinomycosis, . 5

Aside from the stock brought into the State on veterina-
rians' certificates for the purpose of sale at the public
markets, permits were issued to parties desiring to import
animals to replenish their own stables, or to return animals
owned here but pastured without the State during the season.
The amount of this work has been as follows : —

Report of the Number of Cattle brought into the State on Permits,
from Dec. 15, 1895, to Dec. 15, 1896.

Dec. 15 to 31, 1895,
January, 1896,
February, 1896,
March, 1896,
April, 1896, .
May, 1896, .
June, 1896, .
July, 1896, .
August, 1896,
September, 1896,
October, 1896,
November, 1896,
December 15, 1896,

Total, .

390
532
302
359
313
203
411
407
411
825
945
1,681
409

7,218

The total number of permits for these cattle was 569.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Glanders.

37

During the past year the Board has had 384 horses reported
as suspected of being affected with glanders. The cases re-
ported and their location are as follows : —

TOWN

Number of
Animals.

TOWN.

Number of
Animals.

Arlington,

1

New Bedford, .

4

Beverly, .

1

Newton, .

5

Billerica, .

1

Northampton, .

2

Blandford,

1

North Andover,

1

Boston,

108

Northborough,

1

Brockton, .

1

North Brookfield,

1

Cambridge,

13

Quincy, .

3

Charlestown,

15

Rowe,

1

Chelsea, .

4

Randolph,

1

Clinton, .

1

Salem,

1

Cohasset, •.

1

Sandisfield,

1

Dartmouth,

1

Saugus, .

2

Dedham, .

5

Scituate, .

1

Easton,

2

Somerville,

9

Everett, .

2

Southampton, .

1

Fall River,

21

Southborough,

1

Framingham, .

1

Springfield,

4

Grafton, .

2

Stoneham,

3

Greenfield,

1

Taunton, .

4

Hard wick,

1

Upton,

1

Holyoke, .

8

Waltham,

1

Hyde Park,

2

Watertown,

1

Leicester, .

1

Webster, .

1

Lexington,

9

Wellesley,

1

Longmeaclow, .

1

Wenham,

2

Lowell,

2

Westborough, .

1

Lunenburg,

1

Westfield,

7

Lynn,

o

Westford,

1

Maiden, .

G

West Springfield,

1

Marlborough,

1

Winchester,

1

Medford, .

1

Worcester,

100

Millbury, .

1

Wrentham,

1

Milford, .

2

Yarmouth,

1

Needhani,

5

Not given,

4

38 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Of this number, 341 were either condemned as diseased,
or killed at the request of the owner.

The statistics show an increase in the disease in the State
the past year ; but this fact is probably practically due to a
better understanding of the law relating to it rather than to
any absolute increase in the number of cases. Formerly
many cases were handled by veterinarians or by owners, and
killed without any report being made. As the public has
become aware of the requirement of the statute, that all such
cases must be reported to this Board, the list of cases has
steadily increased.

In the opinion of the Board, it is quite practicable to
largely reduce the prevalence of this disease, as local in-
spectors and boards of health become better acquainted with
their duties, and come to a full appreciation of the impor-
tance of active observance of the law in regard to the re-
porting of cases. Much can also be done to restrict the
disease, if reasonable precautions are observed by owners.
The watering of horses at public troughs, the hitching to
public posts and stabling in places of doubtful safety are all
ready means for transmitting infection.

Rabies.

On or about Dec. 10, 1895, there were reports of the ap-
pearance of several dogs apparently affected with rabies in
the vicinity of Boston. Careful investigation was made of
the reported cases, and, it appearing that there was reason
to fear an extension of the trouble unless prompt measures
were taken, the Board issued the following order of quar-
antine : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
52 Village Street, Boston, Jan. 23, 1896.

To the Cities and Towns of Newton, Cambridge, Walertoivn, Belmont,
Somerville, Arlington, Medford, Maiden, Everett, Chelsea and Revere,
the Boards of Health ivithin the Same and All Persons whom it may
concern : —

WJiereas, Rabies, a contagious disease under section 37 of
chapter 491 of the Acts of the year 1894, has appeared among cer-
tain domestic animals, to wit, dogs, in certain portions of this
Commonwealth ; and

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 39

Wliereas, The Board of Cattle Commissioners of said Common-
wealth is authorized, under the provisions of sections 38, 39 and
40 of said chapter 491, to make orders and regulations concerning
the extirpation, prevention and suppression of contagious diseases
among domestic animals ; and

Whereas, The Board of Cattle Commissioners is of the opinion
that there is danger of the further extension of said disease, and
that the public exigency requires that steps be taken to prevent
the further spread of said disease and to suppress the same as far
as possible ;

Now, therefore, we, the Board of Cattle Commissioners for the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by virtue of the power and au-
thority in us vested by law, have adopted and do hereby issue the
following order : — -

General Order No. 11.

First. — The cities and towns of Newton, Cambridge, Watertown,
Belmont, Somerville, Arlington, Medford, Maiden, Everett, Chelsea and
Revere are hereby declared to be infected districts and are hereby made
subject to the regulations hereinafter imposed.

Second. — No dog shall be permitted to go at large within the limits
of any of said cities or towns unless such dog is securely muzzled with
a properly fitting wire muzzle. All said dogs shall remain so muzzled
for a period of ninety days from Jan. 23, 1896.

Third. — The boards of health of the cities and towns herein named
are hereby ordered and directed to see that this order is strictly com-
plied with within the limits of their respective cities and towns, and they
are hereby directed to cause every dog found at large, contrary to the
orders herein contained, to be seized and securely confined in some suit-
able place to be by them selected, and not to permit said animal to go at
large thereafter, except in compliance with this order. Each of said
boards is further ordered to safely quarantine all animals within the
limits of their city or town suspected of being affected with rabies, and
to immediately report the same to this Board, in accordance with said
chapter 491.

Fourth. — No person within the limits of said cities or towns shall,
during the continuance of this order, permit any dog owned by him, or
which is within his possession or control, to go at large within the limits
of any of said cities or towns, unless said dog is at all times securely
muzzled as hereinbefore provided. The leading of dogs through the
streets by a leash or chain, unless so properly muzzled, is hereby for-
bidden.

Fifth. — Every person who has knowledge of or has reason to suspect
that any clog within any of said cities or towns is affected with or has
been bitten by an animal affected with rabies, whether this knowledge
is obtained by personal examination or otherwise, shall immediately
give notice of the fact to the Board of Health of the city or town wdiere
such dog is kept.

40

CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.

[Jan.

Sixth. — Each, city and town herein mentioned shall cause a copy of
this order to be published once at least in a daily newspaper published
in said city or town. If no such paper is so published, then by posting
a copy of this order in two or more public places within the limits of
said city or town.

Seventh. — This order shall take effect upon the twenty-third day of
January, 1896.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,
Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Maurice O'Connell,
Leander F. Herrick,
Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

This action was criticised as arbitrary and unnecessary by
a portion of the community affected, but the result justified
the action, for, while isolated cases, fairly traceable to those
first reported, did appear, the public was on its guard, and
no generally serious consequences followed.

The following is the full list of cases reported to the Board
during the year : —

DATE.

Town.

Number
of Cases

January 6, .

AValtham,

1

January 21,

Revere,

1

February 21,

Hardwick,

1

February 29,

Chelsea, .

1

March 1,

Haverhill,

1

March 14,

Lowell,

1

March 18,

Salem,

1

April 1,

Boston,

1

April 14,

Haverhill,

1

May 16,

Cambridge,

1

June 12,

Lynnfield,

1

July 23,

Cambridge,

1

November 9,

South Hadley,

1

November 27,

South Hadley,

1

December 3, .

Haverhill,

1

December 18,

Boston,

1

Total,

16

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 41

Hog Cholera.

While this State has been comparatively free from hog
cholera and swine plague, diseases which resemble each other
so closely that only post-mortem examination and the use of
the microscope can be relied upon with certainty to deter-
mine their individual character, — they are in other sections
of this country the cause of the loss of millions of dollars
every year to the farmers.

The Bureau of Animal Industry, in charge of Dr. D. E.
Salmon, at Washington, has issued important bulletins, in
which it is stated that the symptoms of the two diseases and
their effect are quite similar, and that both are caused by
bacteria. They must, therefore, be met by preventing the
infection of the premises, the destruction of the germs
wherever they have found lodgement, the treatment of the
sick animals to reduce the fever, stopping the propagation
of the germs, and the careful disposition of the bodies of the
animals dying from the disease. The treatment of the two
diseases is essentially the same.

Young animals are especially susceptible to the diseases,
the older ones seeming to have a greater power of resisting
infection. It is also believed that animals once slightly af-
fected, and recovered, are, to a large extent, immuned from
subsequent infection, while fresh animals placed in the same
pens are infected by the germs remaining from the original
cases. The germs are tenacious of life, and infection may
result from their presence in food or drink, or in the air.
After infection the disease develops in from four to twenty
days. In acute cases animals die suddenly, often before their
illness has been observed, but more often there is a longer
period in which to observe the progress of the disease.

The usual symptoms are fever, shivering, torpidity, loss of
appetite, a temperature rising to 106° or 107° F., exhaust-
ing diarrhoea, an exudation of a thick secretion from the
eyes, quick, labored breathing, cough, a redness of the skinv
a crusty eruption, and loss of strength and of flesh until the
end.

The indications of hog cholera by post-mortem examina-
tion are : —

42

CATTLE COMMISSIONEBS.

[Jan.

1. Hemorrhages, particularly in the subcutaneous, sub-
mucous and subserous connective tissues ; in the lymphatic
glands and in the various organs of the body.

2. Ulcerations of the large intestines.

3. Collapse of lung tissue, and less frequently broncho-
pneumonia.

The most characteristic lesions of swine plague are : —

1. Inflammation of the lungs; numerous small necrotic
points in these organs, or a few large cheesy masses.

2. Inflammation of the serous membranes, with fibrinous
deposits.

3. Congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestine,
or inflammation of the same, with fibrinous deposits.

Experts do not yet agree as to the certainty of remedies,
but Dr. Salmon says : —

The most efficacious formula which has been tried is the follow-

Wood charcoal,

Sulphur, .

Sodium chloride,

Sodium bicarbonate,

Sodium hyposulphite.

Sodium sulphate,

Antiniony sulphide (black antimony),

Pounds.

1

1

2
2
2
1
1

These ingredients should be completely pulverized and thor-
oughly mixed. The dose is a large tablespoonful for each two
hundred pounds weight of hogs to be treated, and it should be
given only once a day. They should have at least once a day soft
feed, made of mixed bran and middlings, or middlings and corn
meal, or ground oats and corn, or crushed wheat with hot water,
and then stirring into this the proper quantity of medicine.
Animals that will not come to the feed should be drenched with
the medicine shaken up with water. Great care should be exer-
cised in drenching hogs, or they will be suffocated. Do not turn
the hog on its back to drench it, but pull the cheek away from the
teeth so as to form a pouch, into which the medicine may be slowly
poured. It will flow from the cheek into the mouth, and when the
hog finds out what it is, it will stop squealing and swallow.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 43

This medicine may also be used as a preventive of these dis-
eases, and for this purpose should be put in the feed of the whole
herd. Care should of course be observed to see that each animal
receives its proper share. The animals should be kept dry and
comfortable, and where draughts of air will not blow upon them.
The food must be such as can be digested by the irritated and
inflamed organs.

When the hogs are first found to be affected, the lot or the pens
should be disinfected by dusting plentifully with dry, air-slaked
lime, or by sprinkling with a five per cent, solution of crude car-
bolic acid. The animals should then be all removed to new
quarters. If possible, the sick and apparently well should be
separated before they are moved, and then put into different lots.
The hogs should be kept in dry lots or pens, where there is no
mud, and", above all, no stagnant water. It is well to keep these
lots disinfected by the free use of air-slaked lime or carbolic acid.

If any hogs die during the progress of the outbreak, their car-
casses should be immediately burned or deeply buried, and the
places where they have lain, or the ground over which they are
dragged, should he disinfected with carbolic acid or lime, accord-
ing to the method already mentioned.

When these diseases appear upon a neighboring farm, precautions
should be adopted to prevent the introduction of the contagion.
No one should go upon the fields or into the pens where the sick
animals are, and then go into another farm where the disease has
not appeared. Remember that a particle of manure or dirt the
size of a mustard-seed from an infected farm is sufficient to start
an outbreak that will destroy a herd of swine. A particle of that
size may be carried upon the shoes of a visitor, upon the foot of a
dog or other animal, upon a wagon wheel or in a multitude of other
ways. Non-intercourse at such times is, therefore, the safest rule.
It is advisable, when there is reason to fear this disease, to keep
the hogs in a small enclosure, which should be as dry as possible,
and disinfected once a week with air-slaked lime or a five per cent,
solution of carbolic acid. A small quantity of carbolic acid (three
to fifteen drops, according to age) in the drinking water tends to
prevent infection, and may have a beneficial influence upon the
course of the disease.

Hog cholera has been reported to the Board during the
year as follows : —

44

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

i Number
TOWN.

of Cases.

Number
of Animals.

Adams,

1

13

Billerica,

1

24

Dalton, .

2

8

Hanover,

1

1

Holyoke,

2

24

Ludlow,

2

12

Merrimac,

1

3

Plymouth,

1

1

Sherborn,

1

9

Westfield,

3

6

Westminster,

1

1

Total,

16

95

Laboeatoey Report.

The following is a report of the work in the laboratory
of the Board during the year : —

To the Board of Cattle Commissioners, Boston, Mass.

Gentlemen : — We herewith submit a report of the work done
in the laboratory under the direction of the Board for the year
1896. It has consisted of the examination of specimens, which
have been sent by inspectors and others, of doubtful cases of
disease, where a Careful and microscopic examination was needed ;
of experimental work and of the chemical analysis of water and
sanitary inspection of premises.

There have been about two hundred specimens examined, -which
are classified in Table I.

Tuberculosis shows the largest number, as the work has been
mainly directed to that during the year. The most interesting
cases were those where a very minute lesion was found in cattle
that had given a high reaction, and emphasizes the necessity of a
thorough examination of every gland before placing the case
among those in which the test failed. This confirms the experi-
ence of last year.

Swine are the next greatest sufferers from the disease ; while
the samples from sheep, hens or dogs have not shown any positive
evidences, and, although its existence among these animals is not
denied, its spontaneous occurrence must be regarded as a great

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 45

rarity in this State. On account of the tendency to early calcifi-
cation of the chessy masses, the bacilli are found with great diffi-
culty, and in all doubtful cases inoculation was resorted to as a
means of diagnosis.

Experiments were tried to inoculate hens with tuberculous mate-
rial from both cattle and swine, but there was not the slightest
evidence of infection after many months. This- is in accordance
with the observation of others, and is a strong argument in favor
of regarding the bacillus of avian tuberculosis as certainly a
variety, if not a distinct species, from that of the mammalian.
Its manner of growth in pure culture also confirms this view. Its
casual relation, therefore, to human tuberculosis, must still be
regarded as under judgment.

Experiments in the inoculation of calves with human tuberculous
sputa were carried out by Dr. Langdon Frothingham, who makes
a special report on this work.

The conditions which are the most frequently confounded with
tuberculosis are those due to actinomycosis, cesophagostoma and
fatty infiltration of the liver.

Actinomycosis (lump -jaw), a new growth due to a polymorphous
bacillus, is usually situated on the ramus of the lower jaw, but
occasionally attacks other parts of the head and the lungs. The
tissue to the eye appears of the uniform pale-grayish color, usually
dotted with small holes, from which pus can be squeezed, contain-
ing small yellowish granules (masses of the bacilli, actinomyces) .
When abscesses are formed in the lung, the pus is very tenacious
and stringy, looking more like very thick mucus, and has in it the
same little bodies.

(Esophagostoma Columbianum, a small round worm, produces a
nodular disease of the intestine in sheep and cattle. The little
tumors, which may be mistaken for tubercles, are situated in the
wall of the intestine, sometimes projecting into the gut and at
other times more prominent on the outside. They are gritty, and
when cut open are found to contain a dry, greenish material, which
at once distinguishes them from the products of the tubercle bacil-
lus, which are yellow, cheesy and calcified.

Fatty Infiltration of the Liver. — Often a small area of the liver
stands out in striking contrast to the dark-brown color of the rest
of the organ, by its opaque color. This is due to a local infiltra-
tion of the liver cells with fat. From early tuberculosis it is dis-
tinguished by the sharp outline against the neighboring tissue and
by the absence of any evidence of inflammatory action, in the way
of increased redness, about it, or of any tendency to calcification.

Experiments were carried on last year with Klebs' antiphthisin

46 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

as a curative agent, with negative results. Tests are now being
made with aseptolin (Edson), protouuclein, both hypodermically
administered; and guiacol carbonate, given internally; but as yet
it is too early to give the results.

Glanders. — As an aid to diagnosis in doubtful cases, the inocu-
lation of guinea pigs has been made. The discharge from a
suspicious ulceration was collected on a swab of absorbent cotton,
and this was then carefully washed out in a little distilled water
and injected into the peritoneal cavity with a subcutaneous
syringe. If the bacilli of the disease were present, an inflamma-
tion of the peritoneum was set up, characterized by the presence
of small granulations on the surface, with fibrinous exudation.
This readily extended to the tunica vaginalis in the males, causing
a marked swelling in the region of- the testicle that could be
readily recognized externally. The process required from three
to six clays for its development.

As can be readily understood, the bacilli may be absent in the
discharge, and therefore a negative result cannot be absolutely
relied upon to exclude the disease. But it is a distinct aid in
doubtful cases, and should always be employed. Six cases were
examined ; in two it gave a positive result, in three a negative
one, confirming the diagnosis, and in one it was at fault, as the
case was a clear one from the clinical side.

Rabies. — The existence of an epizootic of this disease was con-
firmed by the results of inoculations. As is well known, there are
no changes in the body by which the existence of this disease can
be absolutely shown, and, although the presence of foreign material
(straw, hair, bits of wood, etc.) in the otherwise empty intestine
of a dog that has acted strangely, or furiously, is strongly pre-
sumptive evidence, still it can only be surely established by the
transmission of the disease to some other animal. This was done
upon rabbits, after Pasteur's method.

Twenty-five suspected animals have been received during the
past year for examination : of these, thirteen gave a positive
result ; of the remaining twelve, one was too much decomposed to
be used, two showed evidence of other disease (broncho-pneumonia,
menigitis) , from two the rabbits died from sepsis, four gave clearly
a negative result and three are still under observation. The time
of incubation in the positive cases varied from six to ninety-one
days. The larger number showed symptoms between the four-
teenth and eighteenth day. The details are given in Table II.

From these observations, which are in accord with those the
the world over, a given case cannot be declared negative until at
least after three months have elapsed from the time of inoculation.
If any means can be devised by which a certain diagnosis can be

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 47

arrived at in a short time, it will be a great step in advance.
Keirle ("New York Medical Journal," Vol. 60, page 27) has sug-
gested the use of mice for this purpose, claiming, from the results
of his experiments, that a few drops of fluid, in which was sus-
pended a little of the brain of a rabid animal, inoculated at the
root of the tail, produced the disease in from seven to eleven days.
Upon study of his work it was found that he had only used ma-
terial coming from experimental animals, in which the virus was
tolerably constant. It was deemed advisable, therefore, to try it
in the ordinary cases of street rabies, as they came to the labora-
tory. In this work I was kindly assisted by Dr. Langdon
Frothingham. The results of our work can be briefly stated as
follows : —

As a rule, the mice died more quickly than the rabbits, but
there were marked exceptions to this. The symptoms were by no
means as clear, and were often only of a few hours' duration be-
fore death. When this is taken into account, with the liabilty of
such quick-moving little animals to escape, and the difficulty of
identification, they were found to be practically of no advantage
over rabbits.

Another series of experiments had in view the isolation of the
virus. It has never been clearly shown what this is, and, although
there are many reasons which render it probable that it depends
upon the action of the bacteria, still, none have ever been shown
that can reproduce the disease. It has, therefore, suggested itself
that the poison may be of the nature of a chemical ferment ; and
an attempt was made to obtain this by means which should ex-
clude the possible action of bacteria.

The brains of two rabbits which had died from rabies were
divided into four equal parts and allowed to macerate for about
four days in a cold place, as follows: No. I., in ether; No. II.,
in a mixture of ether 65, alcohol 15 and chloroform 20 parts ; No.
III., in benzole ; No. IV., in rhigolene. These extracts were then
passed through a Pasteur filter, to remove any bacteria that might
have been in the original brain substance ; the ethereal and other
solvents were removed by careful evaporation in vacuo at a low
temperature, and towards the end of the process a little sterilized
water was added, to prevent complete desiccation, .which it is well
known destroys the virus. From each of the four extracts a
considerable residue was thus obtained. Distilled water to the
amount of about 10 cubic centimeters was added to each, and the
substance, as finely divided as possible by breaking up with a
glass rod, was suspended in it.

Two rabbits were inoculated in the usual way from each of the
three mixtures, with the following results : No. I. A rabbit dies

48

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

at the end of the seventh week, with illy defined symptoms of par-
alytic rabies. The result of an inoculation from this rabbit is
doubtful. No. II. One rabbit died at the end of six and a half
and the other at seven weeks, with symptoms similar to paralytic
rabies. The rabbits inoculated from these have shown no symp-
toms. No. III. G-ave a negative result. No. IV. One rabbit
died after four and one-half weeks. Second inoculation negative.
These experiments are too few and imperfect, as yet, to be of
value beyond indicating a line upon which experiments may be
conducted during the coming year, but the work will necessarily
be very slow, as from two to three months is required to complete
a single series, and a most careful control will have to be exercised
to guard against possible sources of error.

Table I. — Specimens Examined.

Cattle :—
Abscess, .
Actinomysis,
Atalectasis,
Bronchitis,
Calculus, .
Cancer, .
Emphysema,
Fatty infiltrated liver,
OEsophagostoma,
Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis, .

Cats : —
Enteritis, .
Rabies,

Horses : —
Azoturia, .
Glanders, .
Pericarditis,
Pneumonia,
Rabies,
Osteo-sarcoma,

Sheep : —
(Esophagostoma,
Pneumonia,
Filaria, .

13
3

1
4
1
1
1
3
2
5
87

111

1
1

1
6
1
1
1
1

11

2
1
2

Dogs : —
Meningitis,
Pneumonia,
Poison,
Rabies,
Doubtful,

Swine : —
Bronchitis,
Emphysema, .
Fatty infiltrated liver,
Gangrene,
Hog cholera, ,
Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis, .

Hens : —
Filbroma,
Aborted eggs,
Pneumonia,
Doubtful, .

Normal organs,
Decomposed, .

1
2
1

12

7

23

1

2
1
1
2
3
10

20

22

Total examinations, .

206

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

49

Table II. — Inoculation for Rabies.

DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS.

Town.

Inoculated.

Rabies,

First

Symptom.

Days
Elapsed.

C. C. 432, Newfoundland dog, (a) .

Waltham,

1896.

Jan. 6,

1896.

Jan. 20,

14

455, poodle, ....

Revere, .

Jan. 21,

Feb. 4,

15

489, setter, ....

Hardwick, .

Feb. 21,

Mar. 11,

19

494, black and tan, .

Chelsea,

Feb. 29,

Mar. 15,

15

-

Haverhill,

Mar. 1,

Mar. 15,

14

503, collie,

Lowell, .

Mar. 14,

June 11,

89

509, spaniel,

Salem, .

Mar. 18,

April 2,

15

spaniel,

Boston, .

April 1,

July 1,

91

532, dog, .

Cambridge, .

May 16,

June 26,

41

horse,

Haverhill,

April 14,

June 19,

63

545, dog, .

Lynnfield,

June 12,

July 7,

25

565, cat, .

Cambridge, .

July 23,

Aug. 1,

7

611, whippet,

South Hadley,

Nov. 9,

Nov. 23,

14

631, mongrel,

South Hadley,

Nov. 27,

-

-

632, pug, .

Haverhill,

Dec. 3,

-

-

dog, .

Boston, .

Dec. 18,

-

-

Respectfully submitted,

Wm. F. Whitney, M.D.
H. Carlton Smith, Ph.Gr.

Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1896.
To the Board of Cattle Commissioners, Boston, Mass.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith a condensed
report on the experimental inoculation of calves with the human
tubercle bacillus. These experiments the commission was kind
enough to permit me to undertake in the winter of 1895 and the
spring of 1896. I assume the liberty of sending you a condensed
rather than a detailed report, as the latter can only interest the
scientists, and since it may be found in full elsewhere, should any
one wish to refer to it.

Yours respectfully,

Langdon Frothingham.

50 CATTLE COMMISSIONED. [Jan.

Experimental Inoculation of Calves with the Human
Tubercle Bacillus.

The opinion has often been advanced that cattle are much less
susceptible to the human tubercle bacillus than man is to the
bovine.* As far as I have at present examined the literature, I
have been unable to find any reference to works which might
throw light upon this subject, with the exception of a short re-
port by Smith;| hence it was that the following experiments
were begun, with the hope that some data might be obtained which
would tend to uphold, or reject, the above theory.

In the following experiments young calves were employed,
which were the offsprings of healthy cows. In most instances
the mother had been injected with tuberculin, to prove the pres-
ence or absence of tuberculosis. In cases where the mother was
not subjected to this test, she was, as far as clinical symptoms are
evidence of the non-existence of this disease, apparently free from
tuberculosis. In the first experiments the calves were also tested
with tuberculin. The experiment animals were kept in a building
which had never before been used for housing animals, and the
milk which these calves were fed upon came from tested cows.

Autopsies were made with the greatest care, that no tuberculous
lesion should escape detection ; and many suspicious bits of or-
gans were reserved for later microscopic examination, though,
as a rule, with negative results.

Experiment No. 1. — Inoculation of Calves with Pure Cultures of
the Human Tubercle Bacillus.

This bacillus was obtained directly from the liver of a child,
about one year previous to these experiments. The culture used
was one month old upon blood serum, and, as near as I was able
to ascertain, about the twentieth generation. A suspension of
this culture was made in boiled distilled water, and 1 cubic centi-
meter of this suspension was injected into the calves.

Calf I. (three months old ; from tested mother ; calf tested
with tuberculin one week previous to inoculation). — The inocu-
lation was made by injecting one cubic centimeter of the above
suspension of tubercle bacilli into the abdominal cavity. After
five weeks this calf was injected with tuberculin, and showed the
following reaction : —

* The terms human and bovine ttibercle bacillus are used in this article for the
sake of convenience, not because the two organisms are to be considered as abso-
lutely different bacteria, though they are, in all probability, varieties, according to
virulence of the same bacillus.

t Theo. Smith, " Transactions of Association of American Physicians," 1896.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 51

Time : 8 . 30 p.m. Normal temperature,

7.30 a.m. After injection, .

9.30 a.m. After injection, .

11.30 a.m. After injection, .

1.30 p.m. After injection, .

3.30 p.m. After injection, .

Degrees F.
101.1
102.2
105.0
104.1
102.2
101.3

Six weeks after inoculation this animal was killed, and the
autopsy was as follows : —

Autopsy. — Beneath the point of inoculation, upon the surface
of the rumen, was a firm nodule about the size of a pea, and in
the immediate neighborhood another similar but smaller nodule.
On the parietal surface of a portion of intestine a similar nodule,
about the size of a pea.

In the mesentery was a nodule about the size of a large brown
bean. This was irregular or rough in outline, and showed numer-
ous minute more or less elevated tubercles, in which calcification
was just beginning. This presented typical microscopic appear-
ances of a tuberculous lesion.

On the parietal surface of the peritoneum there were perhaps
twenty minute nodules, grayish-white in color, rounded in form,
firm to the touch, and varying in size from almost a pin point to
a fairly good-sized pin's head.

On the peritoneal surface of the spleen there were four or five
small circumscribed nodules, from the size of a pin's head to that
of a very small pea.

No other leisons were found, though a careful search was made,
cutting every organ into small pieces.

Microscopic Examination of Above Lesions. — Sections of the
nodules on the surface of the intestine and the nodule in the
mesentery showed the typical microscopic tubercle, with necrosis,
giant cells and bacilli. Although many sections of the other
lesions (nodule on rumen, nodules on the spleen and those on the
parietal surface of the peritoneum) were carefully studied, I was
unable to obtain absolute proof of their tuberculous nature.

Calf II. (about three weeks old ; tested with tuberculin one
week previous to inoculation ; mother not tested). — The inocula-
tion was made exactly as in the- case of Calf I. Five weeks after
inoculation the animal reacted to tuberculin as follows : —

Time: 8.30 p.m. Normal temperature,

7.30 a.m. After injection,

9.30 a.m. After injection,

11.30 a.m. After injection,

1.30 p.m. After injection,

3.30 p.m. After injection,

Degrees F.

. 101.4

. 103.3

. 103.3

. 104.0

. 103.0

. 103.0

52 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Five months after inoculation this calf was killed, and the re-
sult of the autopsy was as follows : —

An inguinal lymphatic gland, on the side corresponding to that
upon which the inoculation was made, was enlarged and contained
several well-marked caseous tubercles.

The omentum was studded with nodules of various sizes (from
scarcely visible dots to the size of a pin head), many of which
were isolated, again occurring as confluent masses. Some of
these nodules, when confluent, were the size of a brown bean, and
slightly calcified. Similar minute nodules were scattered here and
there through the mesentery, only when confluent reaching the
size of a pea.

Several mesenteric glands were ^enlarged, and contained small
caseous tubercles ; other organs were normal.

Microscopic examination of the nodules in the omentum proved
them to be tubercles.

Calf III. (three weeks old ; tested one week previous to inocu-
lation ; from tested mother) . — The inoculation was made by in-
jecting one cubic centimeter of the suspension of tubercle bacilli
above described into the trachea. Five weeks later this calf was
injected with tuberculin, and reacted as follows : —

Time: 8.30 pm. Normal temperature,

7.30 a.m. After injection, .

9.30 a.m. After injection, .

11 .30 A M. After injection, .

1.30 p.m. After injection, .

3.30 p.m. After injection, .

Degrees F

101. o
105.3

105.2
106.2
104.2
105.0

Six weeks after inoculation the animal was killed, and the au-
topsy was as follows : —

Subcutaneously at the point of inoculation was a tuberculous
lesion about the size of a nut, which showed several small centres
of caseation.

In the neighboring superficial muscles there were several small
nodules, showing beginning caseation, and evidently tuberculous
in nature.

Beneath the point of inoculation, in the deeper cervical muscles
to the right of the trachea, there was an enlargement the size of
a large hen's egg, reaching to the cervical vertebra?. It was fluc-
tuating to the touch, and contained a clear, watery fluid, in which
were numerous flat, yellowish-white flakes (later microscopic ex-
amination of these flakes showed numerous tubercle bacilli).
The wall of this cyst was thick and fibrous, its internal surface

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 53

pale and delicately honeycombed, the external irregularly nodu-
lated with small tubercles, undergoing caseation. This whole en-
largement contained five such cysts of different sizes.

The lymphatic glands on either side of the trachea, and espe-
cially those near the point of inoculation, were enlarged to the size
of a horse-chestnut, and upon section showed necrotic areas and
calcification.

In the lungs were several small, opal white nodules, scarcely
the size of a pin's head. These were mostly found in the ante-
rior lobe of the left lung.

In the liver were several (fifteen to twenty) small, well-defined,
yellowish spots, as a rule pin-head in size, and mostly just beneath
the capsule ; only three such were found in the deeper parenchyma
of the organ.

The microscopic examination of the above lesions showed them
all to be of a tuberculous nature. The tnbercules in the lungs and
liver were exceedingly small, but perfectly typical in structure,
though it was only after prolonged search that one or two tubercle
bacilli were discovered.

Calf IV. (two months old ; not tested ; not from tested
mother) . — The inoculation was made into the trachea, as in the
preceding case. Tested with tuberculin at the end of five weeks,
this animal reacted as follows : —

Time: 8.30 p.m. Normal temperature

7.30 a.m. After injection, .

9.30 a.m. After injection, .

11.30 a.m. After injection, .

1.30 p M. After injection, .

3.30 p.m. After injection, .

Degrees F.

102.0
104.2
105.0
104.3
104.0
104.1

Calf IV. was killed five months after inoculation, and the au-
topsy showed absolutely no lesions whatever. Nothing abnormal
could be found in the neighborhood of the point of inoculation,
and nothing suspicious was found elsewhere in the body, save a
very few yellow spots just beneath the capsule of the liver, and
two or three similar ones in the deeper tissue of this organ.
These were pin-head in size, and were thought to be tubercles
similar to those found in the liver of Calf III. ; but later micro-
scopic examination showed them to consist simply of an increase
in the connective tissue about some of the blood vessels and neigh-
boring bile-ducts, and in one instance a small abscess. (For the
possible explanation of the reaction of this calf to tuberculin, see
summary.)

54 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Control Experiments. — As control experiments of the above
four, two guinea pigs were inoculated, each with one-half cubic
centimeters of the same suspension of human tubercle bacilli that
was used to inoculate calves 1 to 4.

Guinea Pig 1 was inoculated by injecting the fluid into the
abdominal cavity. At the end of four weeks this pig was killed,
and the autopsy showed : —

Inguinal glands swollen, but not caseous.

Both testicles markedly tuberculous and caseous.

Tuberculosis of the penis with caseation (tubercle bacilli were
plenty in the caseous material of the testicles and penis) .

Guinea Pig 2. — One-half cubic centimeter of the above suspen-
sion of tubercle bacilli was injected into the trachea. Animal
killed at the end of three months.

Autopsy. — Tracheal and post-pharyngeal lymphatic glands en-
larged, and in one instance caseous (from this, tubercle bacilli
were demonstrated in cover-glass preparations).

The lungs, liver and spleen were studded with miliary tubercles.

Experiment II. — Inoculation of calves with human tuberculous
sputum.

The sputum used was rich in tubercle bacilli, and but few other
organisms were present. The sputum was mixed with boiled, dis-
tilled water, and inoculated by means of a hypodermic syringe.
A small drop of this mixture showed numerous tubercle bacilli
when examined with the microscope.

Calf V. (three weeks old ; from tested mother ; calf not tested) .
— Inoculation was made subcutaneously, with two cubic centime-
ters of the above mixture of sputum and water.

Time :

Degrees F.

8.30 p.m.

Normal temperature,

. 102.4

7.30 a.m.

After injectioD, .

. 103.3

9.30 a.m.

After injection, .

. 105.3

11.30am.

After injection, .

. 105.2

1.30 p.m.

After injection, .

. 104.2

3.30 p.m.

After injection, .

. 104.1

This animal was killed at the end of five and one-half months.
The autopsy was made by one of the Cattle Commissioners, and
he was unable to find any pathological changes, save a slight
enlargement of a mediastinal lymphatic gland and a small spot in
the liver, which he did not consider a tubercle. A guinea pig was
inoculated with pieces of this gland and the lesion in the liver, and
at the end of two and a half months this guinea pig was killed,
and I was unable to find anything abnormal at the autopsy.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

55

Calf VI. (three weeks old ; not tested ; from tested mother)-
— The inoculation was made by injecting two cubic centimeters of
the mixture of sputum and water in the trachea.

Time:

8.30 p.m.
7.30a.m.
9.30 a.m.
11.30 a.m.
1.30 p.m.
3.30 p.m.

Normal temperature,
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .

Degrees F.

101.4
104.2
106.0
106.2
105.0
105.0

The animal was killed four months and nine days after inocu-
lation.

Autopsy at the Point of Inoculation. — Just beneath the skin a
firm, partly calcified and partly caseous tubercular mass, the size
of a horse-chestnut. Beneath this in the muscles were numerous
small, firm, partly caseous and calcified tubercles, extending for
several inches in the long direction of the muscles. No other
lesions were found.

Microscopic Examination. — Cover-glass preparations from the
caseous material of the lesion at the point of inoculation and the
tubercles in the muscles showed numerous tubercle bacilli.

Calf VII. (two and a half weeks old ; not tested ; from tested
mother). — Inoculation the same as the preceding.

Time

8.30 p.m.
7.30 a.m.
9.30 a.m.
11.30 am.
1.30 p.m.
3.30 p.m.

Normal temperature
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .
After injection, .

Degrees F.

102.1
102.2
103.0
103.1
102.0
101.2

Killed four months and nine days after inoculation.

Autopsy. — Subcutaneously at the point of inoculation a typical
microscopic tubercle the size of a pea. The underlying muscles
contained a few small tubercles, mostly more or less calcified.
These lesions were similar, but by no means so extensive as in
the preceding case.

Liver. — Just beneath the capsule and close to the gall-bladder
was a yellowish nodule the size of a very small pea, with an ap-
parently caseous centre. A few other smaller yellowish spots
were also found, but all were just beneath the capsule of the
liver. No other lesions were found.

Microscopical examination of two of the nodules in the liver
showed them to be tubercles iu histological structure, though no

56 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

bacilli could be found. Sections were also made through other
similar-looking lesions, but they proved to be non-tubercular in
structure.

Control Experiments. — As control experiments of the pre-
ceding three, two guinea pigs were inoculated, each with one-half
cubic centimeter of the same sputum mixture which had been
used for the calves.

Guinea Pig 3 was inoculated subcutaneously. This animal
died five days after inoculation.

Autopsy. — Extensive fibrino-purulent inflammation, extending
over nearly the whole surface of the abdomen, both subcutane-
ously and between the abdominal muscles. Microscopic exam-
ination of the purulent material showed great numbers of pneumo-
cocci, and pure cultures of the same organisms were obtained from
the heart's blood. (Cause of death, infection with pneumococci.)

Guinea Pig 4. — Inoculation made into the trachea.

Killed at the end of five and a half weeks. '

Autopsy. — At the point of inoculation a tubercular abscess
the size of a horse-chestnut. The pus in this abscess contained
many tubercle bacilli.

Lungs, Liver and Spleen : milary tuberculosis.

Summary.

From so few experiments it is impossible to claim any absolute
scientific evidence that cattle are less susceptible to the human
tubercle bacillus than they are to the bovine. For such a state-
ment to be of scientific importance, many experiments in this line
must be made, and, at the same time, calves must be inoculated
with the bovine tubercle bacillus for comparison.

Reviewing the results of these few experiments upon calves, we
have the following : —

1. Of the four calves inoculated with a pure culture of the
human tubercle bacillus, only three showed any post-mortem
lesions of tuberculosis, and in no instance were these changes
extensive. The most marked lesions were in the immediate vicin-
ity of the point of inoculation (in abdominal inoculation, in the
omentum and peritoneum ; intratracheal inoculation, in the muscles
of the neck and the lymphatic glands of the same region. It is
possible that the needle did not enter the trachea in some of these
cases.) The lesions elsewhere in the body were very minute, and
only found by careful search. There was never anything approach-
ing a general infection, as was the case in one of the control ani-
mals (Guinea Pig No. 2). That the lesions in Guinea Pig 1
remain localized in the penis and testicles is inexplicable.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 57

That Calf IV. should have reacted to tuberculin may possibly
be explained in one of two ways, considering, of course, that the
tuberculin was good and the test properly performed : (a) That,
at the time of injection of tuberculin, tuberculosis really did
exist to some trifling extent, and that before death this or these
lesions had completely healed, or (b) that some small tuberculous
centre escaped detection at autopsy.

2. Of the three calves inoculated with human sputum, rich in
tubercle bacilli, one was free from tuberculosis, one showed nothing
but local lesions in the neighborhood of the point of inoculation,
while the third, besides minor local lesions, had only two to four
small tubercles in the liver. On the contrary, one of the control
guinea pigs was affeeted with general tuberculosis, which demon-
strates the virulence of the bacilli inoculated, while the other,
unfortunately, died of septicaemia.

From these facts we are certainly justified in concluding : —

That calves are apparently not particularly susceptible to the
human tubercle bacillus. But, whether this non-susceptibility is
due to a bacillus of diminished virulence for the bovine, or to the
age of the animals experimented upon, or to some other cause,
further experiment must demonstrate.

The work of this Board, in the control of animal disease,
has become an exceedingly important question, and the close
relationship between animal disease and public health is a
matter of serious importance. Care should be taken, how-
ever, that the important agricultural interests of the Com-
monwealth are not imperilled.

If it were not for the many interests involved, there would
be little question as to the proper method of handling them.
The study of the best methods for the control of tuberculosis,
fpr example, is a matter that has attracted a great deal of
attention, and in it the student of political economy will
find a subject that will tax his ingenuity to the utmost.

The agricultural aspect of the question is an important one.
Bang has suggested the possibility of raising a healthy herd
from a diseased one ; and, where the herd is valuable, his
suggestions are worthy of careful and extended experiment.

The advocates of extreme measures, on the other hand,
have claimed that, if all the animals in the State were tested
with tuberculin, the diseased animals killed, the barns dis-
infected, only such animals as pass the test allowed to mix

58 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

with the herd, and a strict quarantine observed, in a short
time the entire State would be cleared up, and that the herds
in the State would remain free from disease.

Those who object to this method say that the cost is too
great. While it might be possible in certain herds, yet in
many barns it is impossible to thoroughly disinfect and
renovate them without great expense to the owner. It is
difficult to pick out all the diseased animals in one test, and
if all animals that reacted to the test were condemned, many
of the best milking strains might be destroyed, and whole
families that it had taken years of labor to produce would be
wiped out of existence.

About a year ago a number of valuable herds in the State
were tested with tuberculin, under promise from the owners
to strictly observe certain conditions. Among those tested
was one belonging to Mr. A, consisting of 81 animals. This
herd was carefully tested, and the figures submitted to this
Board, and 28 animals considered certainly diseased by the
Board were condemned and destroyed, and a number were
held for retest. The animals held for retest were kept in a
separate pasture, and were not allowed to mingle with the
rest of the herd. Of these, 13 animals were retested, con-
demned by the Board and killed, the others passed as sound.
Before these cattle were allowed to join the herd the barn
had been thoroughly disinfected, in accordance with the fol-
lowing statement : —

Owner's Statement.

We disinfected the barns in the following manner, August 10,
11 and 12. They were thoroughly washed with soap and water,
the corners of cribs and stalls received cai'eful attention. The
floor of the stalls was relaid in new plank throughout. We then
used Labaraque's disinfecting chlorinated solution in full strength
as a disinfectant. We used 8 or 10 barrels of it, and every par-
ticle of wood received a generous quantity, after which the win-
dows and doors were stopped securely and chlorine gas was gen-
erated for five or sis hours. After this the stalls, sides and over-
head received a coat of paint or varnish. This barn, in which
are always kept the cows in milk, ties up 50 head. It is 101 feet
long by 46 wide, and 9 foot post. There are 9 windows on the
west side, and 8 on the east side, each 5 by 3 feet, besides win-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 59

clows in the double doors facing south. There is a ventilator in
the north end, 15 by 15 inches; two near the middle of the ceil-
ing, 2 by 3 feet; and 2 more, 15 by 15 inches. Besides, there is
a ventilating arrangement on each window.

In the original test 5 head were held for retest, only 1 respond-
ing. This retest was made Nov. 7, 1895. Four of the Holsteins
were slaughtered for beef at one time and another during the
winter, and passed inspection at the slaughter houses, and quite a
number of the grades have been fatted and killed, with the same
result. All of the cattle have been extremely well since the test,
and it was extremely satisfactory.

In October of this year, sixteen months after the first test,
the farm was again visited, and one lot (of 50 head) was
tested. These cattle were in the same barn. The animals
tested consisted of 29 of the original lot ; of the others, 18
were Vermont cattle, and these had been tested carefully
before being shipped, especial pains being taken to secure
only healthy animals. Three others, not tested, were intro-
duced into the herd on or about September 30, and at that
time Mr. A notified the Board that it was expected that the
entire herd would be re-tested immediately. However,
because of the difficulty in securing sufficient tuberculin, a
delay of a few weeks occurred, and it was not until October
that two members of the Board visited the herd and tested
the lot. Of the 50 animals tested, 27 reacted, were con-
demned and killed, 25 of which proved to be tuberculous
upon post-mortem examination.

The herd belonging to Mr. B, consisting of 37 animals,
was tested by a member of this Board Sept. 5 and 6, 1895.
Two animals which reacted were condemned and killed, and
proved to be tuberculous upon post-mortem examination.

On Dec. 22 and 23, 1896, the herd was again tested, num-
bering 25 animals, none of which reacted to the test.

Owner's Statement.

"We would say that the stable where our cattle were kept when
tested for tuberculosis in September, 1895, was 20 feet wide and
8 feet high. The stalls and mangers are 40 inches wide. The
cattle face the barn floor, which is 12 feet wide, with 15 feet space
above.

60 CATTLE COMMISSIONEKS. [Jan.

Cattle are fastened with chains when in stalls in the winter, and
in the summer by fixed stanchions ; mangers for feeding are open
directly onto the barn floor.

The front feet of cattle are designed to be three or four inches
lower than the manger and barn floor. Mangers are swept clean
twice a day.

The fronts of the stalls are provided with upper and lower fold-
ing lids, to provide for changes of temperature, ventilation and
light. The windows in the rear of the cattle are 30 inches square,
and placed on an average of not over 8 feet apart.

Running water in the barn and in the yard, available as weather
permits ; drainage all that could be desired, being on a side hill.

While the cattle have not been kept all the time in the stable
referred to in the data above, their general surroundings and con-
dition have been practically the same.

P.S. One question you ask, as to changes since being tested as
referred to. We answer none, with the exception that 2 of the
cows now present were bought at Brighton with certificate of
tuberculin test, — they were bought the day following the killing
of 2 condemned animals at Watertown.

The herd belonging to Mr. C, consisting of 27 animals,
was tested Aug. 25 and 26, 1895. Twenty animals reacted
to the test and were condemned and killed, post-mortem
examination revealing tuberculosis in every case.

On Dec. 21 and 22, 1896, the remainder of the herd, con-
sisting of 9 animals, 7 of which were in the original herd, 2
being tested animals that had been purchased after the test
of 1895, was again tested. One reacted and was killed, and
found to be tuberculous.

Owner's Statement.

I would say that the barn in which the cattle examined by Mr.
Dennen in the summer of 1895 were kept is 100 by 40 feet, with
L and lean-to.

The main barn has a driveway the whole length through the
middle, with large rolling doors at both ends. The cattle stood
on the north-west side, facing the driveway, and were thus in the
main barn.

The lean-to is in the rear of the cattle tie-up, and the portion
open toward the cattle is cut into open pens for cattle or horses.

There is a cellar under the main barn, open on the south-east
side, and into the cellar the manure from the cattle is dropped
through scuttles.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 61

There are long windows over the large doors at either end of
the driveway, and in the lean-to in the rear of the cattle three
double sash windows ; also windows at both ends of tie-up.

The cattle pass down to the cellar through a passageway in the
lean-to, which is cut off from the tie-up by a rolling door, and
from the cellar pass out into the yard on the south-east side of
the barn. There is running water in a trough in the yard, where
the cattle drink.

There is a small door from one end of the tie-up, leading di-
rectly out of doors.

The cattle are tied in stanchions and feed off the floor, with
standing partitions to keep each animal's feed separate from the
next one.

The sound animals were kept in the pasture after the examina-
tion until late in the fall, with the exception of one milch cow
bought after the examination, which was put in the barn a little
earlier in the fall, and kept at one end of the tie-up, by the open
door.

Very soon after the examination the barn was fumigated by our
veterinarian. I was not told what he used, but from the descrip-
tion of the way it was done, I think he used chlorine gas.

The barn had the large doors open all summer, and no cattle in
it. In the fall, just before the cattle (with the exception of the
one milch cow) were put in the barn, the standing partition and
floor on which the cattle feed were removed and the boards used
for fuel, and new floor and partitions built.

There were formerly doors on the south-east side of the cellar,
to close it in in the winter ; but during last winter, at least, they
were kept open. The barn has a ventilating cupola.

The herd belonging to Mr. D, consisting of 25 animals,
was tested Aug. 22 and 23, 1895 ; 6 animals were con-
demned and killed, and found to be tuberculous.

The herd was replenished with tested animals, and on
Dec. 24 and 25, 1896, was again tested, there being 28
animals on those dates, 5 of which reacted to the tuberculin
test.

Owner's Statement.

My stable is 80 feet long by 40 feet wide, with monitor roof.
The stables are 9 feet high, and the centre or monitor part is 15
feet high, which gives each cow (25 in number) 1,372 feet air
space, and it is lighted with 38 windows (6 lighted 9 by 15 glass),
and also 72 lights in doors. There are 3 large ventilators in the
monitor part that are never closed, and monitor windows are

62 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

arranged for ventilation. An air duct brings fresh air to each
manger from outside the barn.

I use the Buckley device for water ; two cows drink from each
bucket .

All liquid manure is conveyed to a large tank outside the barn,
and the manure cellar is well ventilated and well drained.

The herd belonging to Mr. E, after being tested and
cleaned up in October, 1894, was retested on March 17 and
18, 1896. There were 80 animals in the herd, 78 of which
were tested, 2 animals having a temperature too high at the
time to be injected. Fourteen animals reacted or showed a
suspicious rise in temperature ; they were immediately sepa-
rated from the remainder of the herd, were again retested June
19 and 20, at which time two were released, three were con-
demned and 9 were continued in quarantine. On Oct. 7, 8 and
9 these 9 quarantined animals were tested and condemned.

On Aug. 16 and 17 64 of the original herd and 1 animal
which had been introduced recently were tested. None of
the original animals reacted to the test, while the animal
which had been introduced from outside reacted and was
condemned, and upon post-mortem was found to be tuber-
culous.

From these records it will be seen that it requires not one
examination alone, but more than one test and most thorough
disinfection and renovation before a herd can be pronounced
free from disease.

It is, perhaps, not amiss at this time to call the attention
of your honorable body to the pamphlet issued jointly by
the Board of Agriculture and the Hatch experiment station,
on the work done by Professor Bang of Copenhagen.

A similar experiment is reported by Dr. Cooper Curtice
in the "Journal of Comparative Medicine" for August,
1896. He reports that a valuable herd of Guernseys, be-
longing to Mr. R. A. Bordon of Easton, N. Y., were badly
affected with tuberculosis. This herd was handled in the
manner recommended by Professor Bang, with successful
results. In referring to the matter Dr. Curtice says : —

The loss to Mr. Bordon and the State, through tuberculosis
causing death of cattle, through the slaughter and separation of

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 63

affected cattle, and the loss of milk, has been great, but has been
lessened by handling the herd in a conservative manner. The
preservation of the blood of the old stock and building of the
new herd on the same lines has been a positive saving of qualities
it has taken years to gain.

One important part of the work of this Board is that
which relates to the supervision of the large corps of inspec-
tors appointed by the various cities and towns, and also under
control of the local boards of health. This is the part of
the work which is so essential for the protection of the pub-
lic health. The members of the Board feel that steps should
be taken to bring this department up to the highest standard
possible.

The local authorities in cities and towns should be urged
to appoint men of experience and judgment to this position.
It does not do to appoint men who will cater for newspaper
notoriety, and it does not do to appoint men for this work
who know little and care less about it, or who are appointed
for political reasons only.

Under the law, inspectors must be present at the time of
slaughter, and inspect the carcasses of all animals slaughtered
in slaughter houses. It is their duty under the present law
to condemn to the rendering tank the carcass of any animal
showing any evidence of tuberculosis, no matter how slight
the lesion.

This is a question that should be considered most carefully.
The interests at stake are so great that no mere feeling of
sentiment should be allowed a place in the matter. The
whole question should be carefully weighed and looked at
from every possible point of view before deciding what
changes in the law, if am^, are necessary. The total con-
demnation of meat is not of so much importance, of course,
when only animals condemned by the local inspector are in-
volved, these being only exceptionally fit for beef; but when
one considers that a large percentage of valuable herds may
be condemned, each individual animal of which, to all ap-
pearances, is in perfect physical condition, and on autopsy a
number are found to be nearly free from disease, in the
opinion of the Board, under a proper system of inspection
the sale of such meat might be allowed.

64 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

Another important part of the work of the local inspectors
is the inspection of the milch herds. In this connection the
Board would specially call attention to the necessity of
making a careful examination of the udder, and the imme-
diate quarantining of the cow in which any abnormal con-
dition of this organ is found. Cows showing any physical
evidence of disease should immediately be quarantined, and
in questionable cases, tested with tuberculin. No cows in a
sickly or unhealthy condition are fit for dairy purposes, and
their use as dairy cows should be prohibited.

A great deal has been made of Ernst and Peters' experi-
ments at Mattapan, conducted under the auspices of the
Society for Promoting Agriculture. In these experiments
36 cows in all were experimented with, and the bacillus of
tuberculosis was found in the milk of 12 different animals.

Experiments were made by inoculating 88 guinea pigs with milk
from 15 of these tuberculous cows. The milk from 6 was found
capable of producing the disease, and 12 of these 88 guinea pigs
became infected.

In another series of experiments, 90 rabbits were inoculated
with milk from 19 different tuberculous cows. The milk of only
4 of the cows produced the disease, and only 6 of the 90 rabbits
became infected.

Again, 48 rabbits were fed with milk from 5 tuberculous cows,
and with milk known to be infected, and only 2 rabbits became
diseased ; both of these rabbits were fed on milk from the same
cow (cow E), which was badly diseased.

Twelve healthy pigs fed on milk from these same cows gave a
larger proportion of cases, 5 out of the 12 becoming tuberculous;
but it should be noticed that 3 of the 5 were fed on milk from one
cow (cow E). Further, it was milk from this same cow that in-
fected the rabbits in the last series of experiments referred to.

It should be remarked that these experiments were carried
on with the object of showing only that cow's milk may be
dangerous even when the udder is not affected. Now, it
must be remembered that at that time tuberculin was not
known as a diagnostic agent for the detection of tuberculosis,
and all of the cows used in these experiments were picked
out by physical examination alone, and nearly all were badly
diseased cows with generalized tuberculosis ; while a large

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 65

proportion of cases of tuberculosis picked out by tuberculin,
and showing no physical evidence of disease, are incipient
cases, and may not be a source of danger. Often a careful
examination has to be made before any pathological lesion
can be detected on post-mortem examination. It is a curious
fact that in a majority of cases where the reaction is high
and well marked only slight tubercular lesions are found,
while in such cases as are well advanced there is frequently
no apparently characteristic reaction from tuberculin, and
the examiner has to depend upon a physical examination
alone to detect the disease. It is in these latter cases that
the greater danger lies. If, then, care is taken to condemn
all such cases, and the milk supply is obtained only from
such animals as are in good general health and show no
physical evidence of disease, the danger is very much
reduced.

In taking this view of the matter, the Board does not wish
to be understood as meaning that no further advance can be
made in this direction ; but, realizing that pulmonary con-
sumption in the human family has steadily and uniformly
decreased during the past forty-live years, the maximum
and minimum death rates being 42.7 per ten thousand of the
population in 1853, and 22.7 in 1893, it believes that there
is no need for the adoption of more radical methods at the
present time ; and, further, it believes that advances can be
made in other directions which will give better protection to
the public, and result in great and immediate benefit to both
producer and consumer.

Tuberculosis is not by any means the only danger to
which the consumer is exposed through the use of impure
milk. For years past the most fatal disease among infants
has been milk diarrhoea, or cholera infantum. In this con-
nection it has been claimed by certain parties that cholera
infantum or milk diarrhoea is a disease of tubercular origin.
This is a fallacy, and is misleading. Cholera infantum, as it
is usually understood, refers to milk diarrhoea, or, more
properly, acute mycotic diarrhoea of bacterial origin. Milk
diarrhoea is not an inflammatory disease ; there is little or no
time for pathological changes to take place, and few patho-
logical changes are observed after death. It is an acute

66 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

ptomaine poisoning, caused by the absorption of the
products of fermentation, and due, as a rule, to improper
feeding, and the presence of impurities and immense num-
bers of bacteria in the milk. The symptoms of milk
diarrhoea are acute, and are not those of tuberculosis of the
intestines.

Milk diarrhoea is probably the most common disease to
which children are subject. In this connection we would
call your attention to the mortality report of the Massachu-
setts Board of Health for 1895.

In this report it is shown that there were 5,463 deaths from
phthisis at all ages, 2,676 deaths from cholera infantum, 1,801
deaths from diphtheria and croup, 748 deaths from typhoid fever,
649 deaths from scarlet-fever, and 98 deaths from measles.

In this report we see cholera infantum placed next to phthisis in
the death rate. Now, in considering this subject, it must be re-
membered that the latest statistics show that by far the largest
proportion of cases of phthisis occur in people who have recently
moved into houses previously occupied by consumptives ; while,
on the other hand, cholera infantum is due almost solely to the
ingestion of impure milk. Further, the deaths from phthisis in-
clude deaths at all ages, while cholera infantum occurs only in
children under five years and practically under one year old.

In New Hampshire the proportion of deaths from cholera infan-
tum is greater; for the year ending 1891 the report shows 695
deaths from consumption and 486 deaths from cholera infantum.
The report then remarks : ' ' Cholera infantum was the cause of
more than one-third of all the deaths from prominent zymotic
diseases in New Hampshire in 1891."

In Ontario, for the year ending 1892, in a population of over
2,000,000, phthisis caused 2,592 deaths and cholera infantum 670 ;
but among the 23,190 children under one year old cholera infan-
tum caused 600 deaths, while phthisis caused 283 deaths.

These figures are pregnant with meaning. Cholera infantum,
or milk diarrhoea, is purely a disease of infants, clue as a rule to
improper feeding with impure milk. In Massachusetts it was the
cause of 2,676 out of 11,435 deaths from the six most prominent
diseases ; the cause of one-fourth of all deaths from all zymotic
diseases in New Hampshire in 1891.

Milk diarrhoea is distinctly a preventable disease, and is
due to uncleanliness and filthy surroundings and to want of

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 67

attention in the care of milk. It is not enough to scald milk
cans and wipe them out with a wet cloth, as the cloth will
reinfect the cans, and destroy any good that might have re-
sulted from previous cleansing.

To understand this matter thoroughly, it is necessary to
recollect that the science of bacteriology has made wonderful
strides of recent years. The study of these minute organ-
isms is an important one. They are everywhere around us,
and play an unrecognized though important part in every-day
life.

The souring and curdling of milk is due to the develop-
ment of bacteria which find their way into milk, either during
or after milking ; not only that, but the pleasant flavor and
delicate aroma of good butter and cheese is due to the de-
velopment of certain varieties of these organisms. On the
other hand, other varieties, the bacillus Goli communis, for
example, which is present in large numbers in the fecal mat-
ter, will spoil both butter and cheese ; and it is probably this
same Coli bacillus that is mainly responsible for the large
proportion of cases of milk diarrhoea in infants, which occur
so frequently during the summer months.

There are many ways by which various kinds of bacteria
get into milk. A dairyman has only to look in the strainer,
after milking, to find hair, dirt, scurf, scabs from sores and
fecal matter in every pail, and all these are swarming with
bacteria. Then, again, the milker's hands are rarely washed
before milking ; his clothes are dirty ; greasy and soiled
overalls are worn while he is at work ; milk cans and milking
utensils are frequently washed with water far from clean ;
even if scalded, they are often rinsed with water from a
polluted well.

Then, after being shipped to Boston, the method of test-
ing milk is very unreliable. In cold weather bacteria in the
milk do not develop, and the milk tastes sweet ; but, if
the temperature is raised the bacteria will develop rapidly.
In this way, milk when first brought in may appear sweet,
but after it is mixed and the temperature raised, the bacteria
will develop, and the entire quantity will be contaminated.
This is a matter that ought to be taken up by the producer
himself, and it might well be attended to by the New Eng-

68 CATTLE COMMISSIQNEES. [Jan.

land Milk Producers' Union, and, as a step in this direction,
in a pamphlet issued by this union under the heading < ' What
milk producers want," we find, in Section V., among the ob-
jects of the union, it is proposed "to insure better care by
peddlers in the distribution of milk." This is the entering
wedge ; it is the recognition of the necessity for some action
in the matter. The interests of both the producer and the
consumer are identified in this matter, and the sooner both
parties realize this fact, and co-operate with one another, the
better it will be for both.

Among the many sources of contamination by which milk
may become infected, probably none is more serious than the
contamination of the water supply. In this connection, we
quote from the " Farmers' Bulletin," No. 43, from the
United States Department of Agriculture, on "The sewage
disposal on the farm."

The chief dangers which threaten rural inhabitants are those
arising from polluted drinking water. This is infected from the
household excrement and barn-yard drainings, as will be described
further on, and its use leads in the main to bowel disturbances,
typhoid fever and dysenteric affections. It might be claimed that
in an isolated homestead the danger is absent, because the night
soil from the healthy household cannot contain the germs of
typhoid fever, and therefore the well water cannot receive them
from leaky cesspools and surface drainage This would be true if
the family lived secluded from other human beings. As the case
stands, there is much more communication than is at first thought
supposed. There is more or less coming and going of farm hands
and other hired help, of tramps, peddlers, etc. The farmer
travels more than formerly. He frequently visits neighboring
communities. The children go to school. As it has been shown,
there may be mild cases of typhoid fever passing unnoticed,
perhaps, in a farm hand, for example, who leaves on account of
ill health, and who has meanwhile, in his discharges, deposited the
germs of this disease on the premises. It is evident that isolation
nowadays does not exist except in remote thinly settled regions,
and that disease germs may make themselves suddenly felt in an
unexpected manner in any farmhouse.

There are other important reasons, however, why rural sanita-
tion should not be neglected. The health of the large communi-
ties of people who draw their food supply from the country is in a

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 69

measure dependent on the health of the farming community.
There is scarely a city child who is not, in a degree, dependent for
its health on the sanitary conditions prevailing in the house of the
dairyman. Milk has been repeatedly shown to be the means of
distributing typhoid fever and other diseases. Any vegetable
foods from the farm, eaten raw, are liable to become carriers of
infection under unsanitary conditions.

In many parts of our country other causes operate in making
the health of many people depend on the proprieties of country
homes. The thousands of city people who flock every summer to
the country, and bring to the farming community considerable
sums of money, should be properly protected against the dangers
of polluted water and infected milk by the adoption of suitable
methods of sewage disposal. Too frequently those who left the
city for the purpose of gaining strength by breathing pure air,
drinking pure water and eating pure food, only return with the
germs of an often fatal disease within them, to swell the typhoid
statistics of our large cities.

The next subject to claim our attention is the protection of the
sources of drinking water. In the country water, as a rule, is
obtained from wells and springs. The important bearing upon
well water of soil purity demands a few explanatory remarks con-
cerning the origin of well water. Wells are excavations made
into the ground to a variable depth until water is reached . This
water is denominated ground and subsoil water. Its origin may
be better understood if for the moment we conceive the surface of
the earth as more or less irregular, and entirely impervious to
water. The rain would collect on this surface and form lakes,
ponds and streams, according to the configuration of the surface.
If, now, we conceive this surface covered with sand or other
porous earthy to a greater or lesser height, and the top of this be
considered the earth's surface, the water will remain in the same
position, but it will be buried within, and fill the pores of the over-
lying soil, as subterranean lakes, ponds and streams. In digging
a well we remove the porous layer of earth until we reach these
subterranean streams or reservoirs of ground water. If the above
description be thoroughly understood, the condition under which
well water may be obtained at different depths will become intelli-
gible, and it will also appear plain why ground water may flow at
any surface stream and pick up on its way various substances
which have percolated the ground.

Wells are exposed to contamination in two ways. The surface
water from rain, house slops and barn-yard drainage may find its

70 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

way into the well at or near the surface of the ground ; or, the
ground-water stream supplying the well with water may in its sub-
terranean movements, encounter cesspools or seepings from cess-
pools, and carry with it soluble and suspended particles, some of
which may enter the well. There can be no doubt that a large
percentage of the wells are exposed to contamination with refuse
matter in the manner described ; and it now remains to gauge the
danger to health and life which may be carried in the contam-
inating substance. The danger of typhoid fever bacteria entering
the water has already been mentioned. These may be washed in
from the surface, or they may pass from cesspools near by through
fissures in the ground, passages dug by rats, etc. Whether such
bacteria can pass through the pores of a compact, unbroken soil
from a cesspool to a well near it is a matter not fully settled.
Since, however, the actual condition of the deeper layers of the
soil between cesspool and well cannot be known, it becomes im-
perative to prevent all pollution of the ground-water current sup-
plying wells, by either abolishing the cesspools or else placing
them at a considerable distance from all sources of water.

Besides typhoid fever bacteria, those organisms which cause
digestive disturbances and severer troubles, such as diarrhoea,
dysentery and possibly other unknown diseases, may be carried
into well water. During cholera epidemics, polluted wells might
form centres of infection. Eggs of animal parasites may be
washed in from the surface. Again, the barn-yard manure, repre-
senting the mixed excrement of various animals, may, under cer-
tain conditions, be bearers of disease germs, and such excrement
should, under no condition, be looked upon as entirely harmless
to human beings.

Besides the protection of ground water near the well from pol-
lution emanating from cesspools, etc., the surface of the ground
about the well should be kept free from manure, slops and other
waste water ; hence the well should not be dug under or close by
the house, saturated with manure. It should be surrounded by
turf, and not by richly manured, cultivated or irrigated soil. The
ground immediately around it should slope gently away from it,
and be paved if possible. The waste water from the well should
not be allowed to soak into the ground, but should be collected in
water-tight receptacles, or else conducted at least twenty-five feet
away in open or closed channels which are water-tight.

It seems to us that this subject is important, and during
the past year considerable pains were taken to collect data
on this subject, etc. For the full report we must refer you

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 71

to pages 26-32. We would call your special attention, how-
ever, to one of these cases reported.

In this (Quincy) case it will be seen that the drain from
the kitchen sink, the privy vault and the manure pile are all
in the neighborhood of the well, and an analvsis of the water
shows it to contain a large amount of organic matter.
Your attention is called to the milk cans hanging to dry
and air at the end of the house. These cans are rinsed
daily, after washing, with water from the well. It can
easily be seen how dangerous this water would become in
case of sickness in the family. Many outbreaks of typhoid
fever can be traced to this source of infection.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, in a paper on the milk supply
problem, read before the Society of Arts, in Boston, notices
this same danger : —

In 1890 he made a careful bacteriological investigation of the
milk supply of Boston, which showed that much of the milk pub-
licly sold was far from fresh, and was subject to contamination by
the germs of disease. Since that time several serious epidemics
of typhoid fever in Massachusetts have been traced by him to the
use of infected milk, and grave suspicions, to say the least, of the
spread of tuberculosis by means of the milk supply, have been
raised and have not been allayed. . . .

As a matter of fact, within the last few years a number of epi-
demics have been traced to some man in the milk house who was
suffering from typhoid fever, while working over the milk, and it
is believed that slight infections of this kind occur oftener than
is generally supposed.

In the Journal of Comparative Medicine, for December,

1896 : —

Typhoid infection in a two and a half year old child from drink-
ing milk not thoroughly boiled. In May, 1892, a girl two and a
half years old became suddenly sick from symptoms of irritation of
the bowels, relieved by evacuations and emissions of urine. The
treatment adopted, in which other food replaced milk, quickly di-
minished the symptoms, which reappeared again as soon as milk
was given. Marked typhoid infection also developed, lasting for
some weeks. At the end of the fifth week the child was conva-
lescent. For the reason that the child had been fed exclusively
with milk, and because the symptoms after disappearing suddenly
reappeared when the milk diet was recommended, the physician

72 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

deemed himself justified in concluding that the milk contained the
injurious elements. A further reason was found in the fact that
the four-year-old sister of the patient, who had drunk of the same
milk, but not such a large quantity also suffered from diarrhoea at
the same time that her younger sister was sick. The bacteriologi-
cal investigation of the suspected milk and evacuations of the
patient gave the following results : in the milk a bacterium was
found in great quantity, which presented the morphological and
biological characteristics of the bacterium coli commune. In the
evacuations the same bacteria were found, as well as in the blood
of mice which had been infected with the fecal matter of the pa-
tient. It is a noteworthy fact that these bacteria have been found
in a virulent condition in milk which had been boiled. This can
only be explained on the ground that the milk had not been boiled
enough, or that the boiled milk after it had become cool had
been poured back into the can, which had not been cleansed
sufficiently.

Perhaps one of the most interesting cases of typhoid fever,
due to infection from milk, occurred in Plympton, England,
August, 1870. A certain milk dealer sold milk to one hun-
dred and forty-five families, and of the one hundred and
forty-five, seventy contracted the disease. The way the dis-
ease picked out the customers of the dairy in the various
streets was most striking. In one long street the milkman
supplied three families, and two of them were affected. In
a block of twenty-five houses he supplied four families, and
they were all attacked. In a new neighborhood, where there
were about seventy houses, he supplied four families, and
three had the disease. In a square of fifty-nine houses he
supplied four, and all had it, and so on. On the other
hand, there were scarcely any cases in those families sup-
plied from other sources,

The infection in this case was traced to an underground
tank in the cow house, which was contaminated from a leak-
ing sewer, and the water in the tank had been used to wash
the milk pails, and in this way the milk became infected.

Changes in the Board.

The term of Dr. Charles P. Lyman of Boston as a mem-
ber of this Board expired in September, and Acting Gov-
ernor Wolcott appointed Dr. John M. Parker of Haverhill

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 73

to the vacancy September 30. He was confirmed the Thurs-
day following and qualified October 26, attending a meeting
of the Board on that date for the first time.

The term of Mr. L. F. Herrick also expired in September,
and he was reappointed.

The office of secretary being vacated by Dr. Lyman's re-
tirement, Commissioner L. F. Herrick was elected to the
vacancy. Dr. Frederick H. Osgood of Brookline tendered
his resignation as a member of the Board November 30, and
it was accepted by the acting governor December 7.

The acting governor appointed Dr. Austin Peters of
Jamaica Plain a member of the Board, to fill the vacancy
thus caused, December 10. He was confirmed December
17 and qualified December 19. He attended a meeting of
the Board on that day.

Dr. Osgood's retirement leaving the chairmanship of the
Board vacant, Dr. Peters was elected chairman, and, Mr.
Herrick declining to continue in the position of secretary,
Dr. Parker was elected to that vacancy. Both these elec-
tions were unanimous.

At the beginning of the year the Board found itself with
several hundred animals in quarantine, at the expense of the
State, and without funds to defray the expense incident to
testing them and destroying those found diseased. While
the Legislature made an early appropriation of $50,000 for
these expenses, the inspectors throughout the State, who are
independent public officers, were constantly quarantining
more suspected animals ; so that, while the Board was able
to dispose of a considerable portion of the cases, it was not
until the regular appropriation was made, June 5, that it
was possible to entirely clear away this accumulation of
work. At this time the quarantine expense on animals thus
held amounted to $28,223.43.

To obviate the recurrence of this condition of affairs, the
Legislature passed the following, which was approved June
2, 1896: —

If the sum hereby appropriated shall be expended before the
first day of January in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-
seven, the auditor shall immediately certify that fact to the Board
of Cattle Commissioners. Upon receipt of such certification,

74 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan. '97.

said Board shall immediately notify each city and town and each
inspector throughout the Commonwealth that said appropriation is
exhausted, and thereafter no Massachusetts cattle shall be quar-
antined until a further appropriation is made, and all Massachu-
setts cattle quarantined at the time such notification is issued shall
be immediately released.

During the year ending Dec. 15, 1896, the Board had at
its disposal appropriations amounting to $300,000. There
has been paid for 5,198 head of cattle condemned as tuber-
culous the sum of $173,200.35; there are at the present
time 550 warrants for cattle which have been condemned
and killed, in process of approval, amounting to $16,-
040.25; there has been paid for quarantine expense on an-
imals $28,223.43, making a total of $217,470.03 which has
been returned to the cattle owners of the Commonwealth.

The Board has asked the Sergeant-at-Arms for quarters at
the State House, and have his assurance that at an early date
the request will be granted. It is believed that with this
change of location the work of the Board can be more satis-
factorily handled, and that its administrative expenses can
be materially reduced.

The Board is of the opinion that such laboratory work as
will be necessary in the future can be accomplished with
comparatively slight expense, and proposes to rearrange
this department with this view at an early date.

The Board is convinced that the restrictions against the
testing of herds upon the request of the owners, which was
a provision in the bill of last year making the appropriation
for the Board, should not be re-enacted. The Board should
have power to do this work wherever owners will bind them-
selves to follow it by a strict compliance with the sanitary
regulations of the Board.

Respectfully submitted,

AUSTIN PETERS, Chairman,
JOHN M. PARKER, Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONNELL,
LEANDER F. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DENNEN,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.