me C7 4-5 — + ae 7 is Ld ¥ SE so +f ai hets = ee ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SHOWING y) THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR 'THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. WE BORE OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, IES Uas AN ACY PROVIDING FOR THE PUBLIC PRINTING AND BINDING, AND THE DISTRIBUTION i OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. ane Approved January 12, 1895. “Of the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, ten thousand copies; one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand for the House, five thousand for distribution | vie Smithsonian Institution, and two thousand for distribution by the Nation useum. Ree ORE feo NATIONAL MUSEUM, THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Ata) ye Atey ok INS OLING JUIN EH 30; 1901. REPORT OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. Se URS CaleS- I. Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with Appendices. Il. Papers describing and illustrating Collections in the U. 5. National Museum. = BE aot) Saavik EON ee oie tet ' so ee ee ae i Pe ee ee ee we tS 3°58 OR se te = “e S , . as y Unirep States Natronan Museum, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, October 1, 1901. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum, and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. Very respectfully, RicHarpd RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, in Charge of the U. S. National Museum. Mr. 8. P. Lanexey, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. . Nae ee vo ee. eal i Ss ~~ an . ee wa é west ied ae pil ons wa 26 Ld rn 7 aan rine i =i Las soe” At pee = we Seal! 5 Aoi sels: AE diese ip es Sane os a) =. pen a i? (CAO TASS INR bask SuBJECTS ESTSISES Tat OEUMM IMU ACN GNUDIUEUAU 200 one mea ie eh An ey a ee ee ee So ee \ CRORES "5 = aie i ad PR ys gos Son een er ee, eee oa LISA Oh lM STRA TIONS eee 2 2 <2cl Sas Ber emis ae oe ee eee Mica cee ace eos IP/NIRL IL REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. PAF AMTTNUISE UM 0 LOT CONC Wee tee a ear yee Sees eye ete re ING ARISE UMN OMNESCANC ety. se clasS s.- See eels ey ee see See = JAS RIN AC ee norne | STORE NN ees ee ie es ee ee a ee resem zcondionsiand meCdS 22-2 ai- os er so se ee ete eee SUMMARY OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE YEAR. EMG pROpEALOnG 4nd: eX PenditUres... 52.522 hess s-oete eee ee Bane Ui Pe ete yea eS open fa coche ic nie are, 5 Se, te mt ee arene eateries a are PvelenienSrtOnube COW CONS. 2252 cpa a tel gt mene eae eee e se sees tEAM CMC Sree Eel eager irs, cosa ie als oan 29 nnane Sisqo Sane sie a Progress in the installation of the exhibition collections. _..-..-..----- “OSTIICIS yd SRR ee See BSc aaiacce Cec se ace eno s Soe a eaaeeee oreiee (UES RBS SOREN G LENO ee ee OS RS re ee Mara GA COIS oo ae a ponents ya eet aye ease he, teeta site Siarm = ere os 0 STRELA) 2 ee ae eee ene Seu bap rn SMe ee Si eee ae eer “FL OVOLE CYA 0) 0 eo RE me a SN ap Sere ee Se eee eee Cooperation of the Executive Departments of the Government ....---- Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York .........---------- inoutsianayeurchase Hxposition, St. bouis..---5-.--+-----£.---=- Minow MMISeUIMAB bali s canoe Re nce cio pec eeie = ae ccm nerleie eee es miners aieteiee Ber Gn ete mes Ryan Sha is nos en ato eee meee ce ae eta e Seis Reports oF HEAD CURATORS. Report on the Department of Anthropology for the year 1900-1901 Callecteleionthe Museums - 245 22s Soe het ean ce Sees eseen cae ce sacss\ COLTS OEY GSTS ee ee a eS eee unchasedsbyathes Museum. <= 25sec sees asthe on weet ccascsss Giraimeduiironehexchantes- S—25 > eee oes oes Te eae oo cin ce ae Report on the Department of Biology for the year 1900-1901 ...--.-..--- Page. CONTENTS. xX Page. Mhevex hibitlon COUeCHONS 24 ses) saee mes === oe ee eee 3 ee, ame es = Explorations... .:..-...---22----s+2-+22- S22 =n <5 oe ae ACCESSIONS 252 = See eos Se oe eee eee os ete Oo eee ee Work on the study collections ..-.---.-------- © - <2 22-5. 72 Scientific researches and publications. -.......--------------------2-2----= 75 Loan of speciniens= 2. = 2. 2-2-2 2 eee a Distribution of duplicates... .....<.- 2.2 222 ease 2 eee Laboratory use of collections by investigators .....:..--.----2.--=---=-222== 79 Personnel... 2222.0.0 2 Sse cet ht ssid nace sees eee eee eon) Oo eee 80 Report on the Department of Geology for the year 1900-1901_.........------ 81 ACCESSIONS 's <=: ,2 22s cc sae 2 ose See ee oe ne te Se oe eee 81 pources olnew.material so soe Se ee es ase ee eee cE 83 Routine est Sees 565 Nas Se ek So eee econ ea 84 Jan American Pex poOsitionss2e54 2252.68 2% oe ss ee ee See 86 Presentstate‘of-theicollections\-—~ -<2..- $22 3256 i a eee 86 esearch and publication -\ 235 2/5... 4 22 Ja 87 ApAstance to, individuals'and institutions -y2.25 2222-22 2 ee 88 Pisnsyior the: futare-< . 2225022 O22) oes ee ee 89 Rerboumel..2> o08 Se boleh ae Bee ee ere ee 90 Concluding*remarks 2. 72% SE ee oe Sao 4) ae ee 90 APPENDICES. Phe Musenn statie soe ss 6 hist 1c ee eee ce 93 ET RAs OPACCERSIONS Some Soh ee oe ae a ee 95 LE Diguabulion Of epeckniens! <2, 91027 sake aa eee el eee 137 Py oibhopraphy
  • -scces5e<5--- Wwellinsteroupromtne diaidauindians)*s22.0 ecm sses eee eco Soe ss see 177 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 929 404 252 929 404 939 229 404 929 404 999 929 232 Hoo 232 999 204 929 XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Dwelling group of the Montagnais Indians -.-..--.-----------+-------+---- 232 Dwelling group of California Indians. --.----------------+----+++---++---- 232 Dwelling group of the Sioux Indians. --.------------------------------- 232 Dwelling group of the Wichita Indians. ....------------------+-----+----- 232 Dwelling group of the Pawnee Indians -.---.-----------------------+----- 232 Dwelling group of the Cliff Dwellers --..--.---------------------------- BBY, Dwelling group of the Papago Indians --------------------------------- 232 Dwelling group of Venezuela Indians... ----.---------------------------- 232k Dwelling group of Tehuelche Indians .....-.--------------------------- 232 Fire-making apparatus of the American Indians. -----------.------------ 232 Bows and arrows of the American Indians_...-.---.-----=--==-2-------= 232 Throwing sticks of the American Indians......--.---..----------------- 232, Harpoonsiof the American Imdians-2----=--------2--- ee 232 Water craitiot the American) Indians=222-522- 62 sce =.) eee 232 Textiles of the American! Indians; :.<<.5.2:.20tocss8.- thee eee eee 232 Pottery of the American Indians: . 23. .<---2 2520-055 1-222 =e 232 Sculpture of the American Indians=.. 1.22.2 32232 -22-- 6s) eee 232 Personal ornaments of the American Indians -.---..--..-.-------------- 232 Tobacco pipesiof the American) Indians2 == sseeece a=oe see eee eee 232 Pictography and writing of the American Indians-..---...-:--_--.1---:2 232 General view of exhibits, Department of Geology -..-.-.-------2-:-22c4- 232 General view of exhibits, Department of Geology .................-.---- 232 Coneretionary:structures! 2 s2s2-* 22 ee eon eee ee eee 232 GConcretionary: structures: sobs see ees oe ee ere ce ee 232 Crinoxdseries:: The Crowi2's- 22 a ee ee 232 a. .omnoid series: ‘Lhe DorsaliCup-s2 225. 32 J2c2 Sass nee se tee ee. ce 232 e Cninoid'series: The Tepiniein: #52 oe aes oo See aes ee ees 232 Crinoid'series: The Brachia andy Pinnules’-- 2222) 22225 "2) 2 ae 232 Crinoid seriess#The.AnalvArede = suerte ee en he 2 va eels ee 232 Crinoid: series: The Stemi 2 osseas ae ee at ee eg ns en 232 Crimojd:series:* The Roots: tetera quinn Here oe cee a tee men nee ce ene 232 Crinoid series: ‘Crinoid Parasites esse c= 2 vt ee ee ee ee 232 Hesperornis révaliig- 227 Sees oe cee ares cate ike kop 232 Model'oi, Pricerdtops prorsus =. 5 ee eat ee es ee 232 Fainting of Triceratops prorsus. {4.550 Soa) Ae ee 232 ANT IMPLEMENTS AND Fosst, REMAINS FROM A SULPHUR SPRING AT AFTON, INDIAN TERRITORY. By WiitirAm Henry Howmes. Bite or Afton sulphur springs.o2./-< 2 eae © oe eee ees 252 Discovery of a flint implement in the superficial sands _.__......-....__- 252 Difficulties met with in making excavations .-...._........-..._........ 252 Mammoth teeth ‘found in the gravels. s..--5-0) eee eee 252 Section of spring and associated geological formations 2-2.) 552s ees 252 Fragmentary condition of the fossil bones.....-......-.._.............. 252 Mastodopttecth: Wo 3 2 2.22). ck. io 252 Manimoth teeth <2. 2-204... Ja) 1 252 Mammoth teeth 2-01. os | 202, Arrow and Spear heads 2.1... .ii_ oe 252 Arrow-and spear heads”: ....:........; .¢ 0 SR a sectends eal Boe ene Bees ee pe Bam ialsin a! iaiaia te soins LSS te ee 252 ARCHEOLOGICAL Fretp Work 1N NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA. EXPEDITION oF 1901. ie bo Fetes 4 CO ve) 10. i _ 92 ae 13. = LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Mmpedrnead summa tere Lee vl Re roe ek ie Speanheaasees sit ae Sah oe eee sche tinjnts os Blunt-pombtedispearheads a=. eases ees e Wiel woman ecieec cose ae ates seer Sones IGMIVESNe ae scieso sa seo ece see eee anes nee Sym etricublad csiee = aaeee eee ee eee Roushed-outsoladesss= ees saa oo es eeee as oe Roughed-outiblades >: 52. 2282-225. 52.0 -t5eesc5- LEO TOYSl BYE%G ESCOY ii val 0 E270 (=< WSR pd oan ieee peers a Se Seem re ee a Freshly sharpened implements -...------------ Nile TaN ements ee eee eae ete ears sa sIRSS es atta a oY KENT Ov EY aT a ere a yan to a a IROLaKes iheahol Kona s a ee seo ees ere eae By Water Houan. Generalemapion unemecionuees see eeneee meee ae FORESTDALE. Sketch map of Forestdale ruins--..---.-------- lan ot bundastusamiuine sae ees sees aes oe General view of Tundastusa ruin .....-...-..--- AVL Ley cle ree ep nay eee ee Se ey ed Wien ink: eed} Oa S Se ose Aaor ae cere eee se eeee WiergOlawialluoheAcropolisnerses= seo) sass seer = Bird-form mortuary vase and bowl --...------- Pamt.cupiand double bowl--. 22. .--- 422-52 4=c- Bowl! of Gila type and handled vase -.--------- Mortuary vases of gray ware .....-.----------- Fetiches of pottery and stone, and scrapers - -- - - Rome wi plemtents = saree se = ee: Soe pee = cree INTERIOR SAWMILL. Stone and bone implements =o.) -ssss-sseo-25 2 lanwo tse otternyala ir ume see et oe Plan of smaller ruin near Linden .---...----.-- Circular portion of small ruin near Linden, Ariz (GIR \WEICh sear eG aes ocr ose Bee eee Sraeeeee Abbot Oe Te hvawhoye Tabi ~ A. Aone eee soca sa Se JOON abt ol ses ee eer ee ce Se okt Oe ee ee ee Jed ESOC) ier bil ays gah See Re SR RD ce he ee en Bowls iGitgray ware. nas sacccseuee aa ee cee ces. POWs OL CTAy WAlGs sa) sooo Se oe pee atas XITI Facing page. 252 252 252 252 252 OY-49) tS et 252 D9 tS ht 252 252 Oy-49) ave 252 252 THe MuseumM—GATES 279 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 358 358 XIV 26 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vases of pray warels. 2-2-2. 2-22; 2-2-2 3-2 3-9 i Rugose bowl, red ware, side and back. --.-------------------- Rugose bowl, side and backs. ieee ee See eee Canteen and handled vase: ..---.------------------+-+--+---= Scorsk Rancu, Le Roux Wasu. Sketch map of ruins ...-..------.-+-25---- 22 ---+25=--=== 5-5 --- Handled vases, gray ware ..-..------------------------------ Bird and other forms, gray ware- ---------------------------- Bowls of gray ware.-.------.------------+----+----+----5----- Bowls of etayware-+J--2 20-2 os se eine ale Bionwalh@eieol ay Pid eoners ouoseo oe soduaeaSoueroseuescmeescaoossc Vases, coiled and red ware ...----------=----------+-------=--- Stonelaxes, mmontarn and: pestle ase ase ee eels = Canyon Burre WasH, Perriviep Forest. Sketch miap Of repiOn a= eee e a eee ee eee Planot ruin sos. 2c. esses seek cece ee oe eee eee Planiot ruin 2) 223 Se Boe ee see ete eee oe aera eee Planvok rained oes s Poe ee i ae ee ee eo rare eae ee Polychrome bow] and painted stone tablet. .....--.-..-------- Outhtobmedicinetman:25-s9es oes ee aee eee ee eee ee Plan ofiniinid ~ See 22 a 8 4c ber eee are Rete oe een ty te es Coiled Ware. 2: co 8e [Se ee ets ne tera ets oe A Bowls of rugose and red ware, white exterior decoration ~.-.-- Bowl srObv onary: ware sre tee reve rs ere nee acne ee ee ee eee fee VASES OL STAY WALGy cath eaar rasa OR Rene ee eee ee 2, Pipes trom) ancient: pucblogee = ss5 ee =< aaa 5 eae ee Planjot Milky Hollow Rumah oi See as ae ene eee ee Stone Axe Ruri, Perririep Forest Reserve. Plan of ruin Bone, pottery, shell, and stone AGAR Large yase, polychrome ware Bowl and vase, yellow ware. Bowls, yellow ware 3IDDAHOOCHER, Corronwoop WaAsH. Sketch map of group of ruins Plan of ruin on bluff 1. Black Butte; 2. Ruin in front of Butte Bowls, yellow ware Bowls, yellow ware i Suone wmiplements:c-. 4 <5 5a ae See er ee ee ee Facing page. 308 308 358 358 358 398 308 © 398 358 358 308 358 358 308 308 358 358 358 308 398 308 308 398 308 308 358 358 358 358 308 308 358 358 308 358 358 308 358 358 358 358 308 358 358 70. male 72. 73. 74. TID ot sat ST SI I go Susie e 8. 9. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV Facing page. Dipper cup andenandled WOWiaee. 1 se eos ston = Soo oes cee s ee ee WHSeSEWab Le DIRORGCeCOrdlOn nr. sesre tes peeoe en Cpe k i Din cece le aye Wases of yellow-brown and lemon yellow :.-...--.....--.------------- Wasco MOralee COlOn = — aae set es epee cee Caos HE cate. ciao Bo wieeredawanevonee) CECcOraiOnme eer aes ame sae eee 2s ee ae seo Siinper andayase uetaK Wale ee. Goes nso nee oe tee Sein melee cm oa cle eicicss Small vessels poray-wane was se sree se sel eciae S amie see ss Ss are esis == cere Maia rOiy RUM Gs) sere ey ie ee ee Se fer eee ee Generaleniovco leo k-ojomy cmc sluts aime tare ees eyearer as pee eee CisiwM rocks: WOKOpMVAaM Ase tase eos tee eis Sete tie oie ce wee ane Pxcavatine inthe talus, Kokopnyama, ..22255. 5222-22 oes Sea ee Blane treelayaniorlarmin@ol, Ikolwoyomyeinie) = 6 2 Seo cena sere eaeonooeea se seae Coledsbasketrys oko pny aimaee ass eats as ee eee ee che arate = Genenalevaewelo mie eer rail o Kole se oe ere eine = ie ee Weeorawons ons walliohroonie Kaywalokumhy <2 S222. 52 2-2 sae esos Botterss kal neh wOnvMlews, (ec wal OU sae e te eave aera eer ere sere BS imialseinel Ousencemiete rays Kai yeul © Kavli arse et = ee re eters eer eee Janie tuavo kere tikevoxe Wr Teo foros INE Kye ito) abl oy ee See ee eae Small pottery vessels, Kawaiokuh -------- 5 ren Senet etre i= See eae Vase of parrot form (Gates collection), Kawaiokuh ............-.------ Vasesotcorayoware, Kawalokuh) .....2.222 42-22: 252-=5-- Be Cree Small ornaments and figurines, Kawaiokuh..........-.--.------------, haskeunmancwmattineg Wawalokull- .owihich: canoe isemeades- 252 -- Sane a ee re 386 If. Paumari Indian canoe sone. see ec aoe eee ee eee 387 15. Clothing of Paumari Indians Baio tart vols eae oe Eee Oe aoe 388 Brgy. ee 1d Dae a es Ri POR. UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR. ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. RICHARD RATHBUN, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, IN CHARGE OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. NAT Mus 1901——l1 ] et Si os a nina REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, L901. BY RicHarp RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Through the munificence of James Smithson, an Englishman, the United States came into possession in 1838 of about half a million dollars, to be used ** for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” The wise counsels that prevailed in interpreting the provisions of this bequest, a large one for that time, led to the employment of a portion of the fund for founding a museum for the nation, universal in its scope and usefulness. The authority for carrying out this purpose was embodied in the Congressional act of 1846 establishing the Smithsonian Institution, which directed that there be delivered to it, whenever suitable arrange- ments could be made from time to time for their reception, ‘‘all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging to the United States.” Provision was also made for the growth of the collections by exchange, donation, or otherwise, and for the arrangement and classification of the specimens in a manner best to facilitate their examination and study. The first Board of Regents, upon which devolved the task of effecting a definite plan of organization for the Institution, expressed its concurrence in this feature in the following resolution, passed in January, 1847: Resolved, That it is the intention of the act of Congress, and in accordance with the design of Mr. Smithson, as expressed in his will, that one of the principal modes of executing the act and the trust is the accumulation of collections of specimens and objects of natural history and of elegant art, and the gradual formation of a library of valuable works pertaining to all departments of human knowledge, to the end that a copious storehouse of materials of science, literature, and art may be provided, which shall excite and diffuse the love of learning among men, and shall assist the original investigations and efforts of those who may devote themselves to the pursuit of any branch of knowledge. 3 4 REPORT OF NATIONAZ MUSEUM, 1901. Thus were taken the initial steps that have resulted in the building up of the National Museum of to-day, the largest branch of the Smithsonian Institution, and already endowed with resources which ‘n extent. variety, and richness are surpassed, if at all, by only a very few of the older museums of the world. The actual nucleus of the Museum. however, was formed a few years earlier by a society first known as the National Institution and afterwards as the National Institute, organized for the avowed purpose of directing the Smithson bequest and of engaging in the pursuit of objects in consonance with the terms of that foundation. One of these objects was the gathering of historical and natural history specimens from both official and private sources, among the former haying been the important United States Exploring Expedi- tion around the world, from 1838 to 1842. The museum of the society, which occupied rooms in the Patent Office building, came virtually to be recognized as the proper place for the deposit and care of all Goy- ernment collections held in Washington. Another important service rendered by the society, as pointed out by Dr. Goode, was in the direction of educating public opinion ‘‘ to consider the establishment of such an institution worthy of the attention of the Government of the United States.” Failing, however, to secure the public recognition at which it aimed, the National Institute became inactive as early as 1846, though it was not until 1861 that it finally passed out of exist- ence. The Government collections in its possession, which were among those covered by the fundamental act of 1846, remained practi- cally in the custody of the Commissioner of Patents up to 1858, when they were turned over to the Smithsonian Institution. Other material directly under the control of the National Institute was retained at the Patent Office until 1862, and a portion of the historical collection until 1883. At the time of the foundation of the Institution probably not more than one or two universities or learned establishments in America had so large an endowment, and it was apparently the idea of Congress that the fund left by Smithson was ample to meet the needs of the multifarious operations then proposed. These included, besides the custody of the national and other collections confided to its care, whereby the Museum was made an integral part of the Institution, the accumulation and maintenance of a large library, the conduct of sci- entific investigations, and the dissemination of useful knowledge, for all of which purposes the construction of an adequate building was primarily required and immediately determined upon. Inthe absence of any stated limitations as to the time when the transfer of the Goy- ernment collections should take place, the date for accepting the obli- gation rested with the Regents, who, while confronted with the man- datory language of the law, were still forced to recognize the inadequacy REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 5 of the fund at their disposal for the support of so large an undertaking. The cost of the extensive and elaborate building, designed mainly for the accommodation of the Museum and Library, would have drawn heavily upon the principal of the fund, had nota policy of delay prevailed, nine years being allowed to elapse between the laying of the corner stone, in 1846, and the completion of the structure. This delay gave oppor- tunity for influencing a change of sentiment, so that when, in 1857, the necessary arrangement became possible, Congress was prepared to vote means for building cases, for transferring the specimens from the Patent Office, and, to a certain extent, for the care and preservation of the collections. So inadequate, however, were the sums granted that for many years the slender income of the Institution was heavily drawn upon to insure the maintenance of what was then called the Smithsonian Museum, and justly enough, since the building was paid for out of the Smithson fund, and considerable portions of the collee- tions were and still are the actual property of the Institution, through exploration, gift,and purchase, and a number of the officials in charge of the collections were employed at its expense. While the collections in the custody of the National Institute remained at the Patent Office, as before stated, until 1858, material for a museum was in the meantime being accumulated at the Smith- sonian Institution. The first scientific collection to come into its pos- session, and, in fact, it accompanied the bequest, was the small but valuable mineralogical cabinet of James Smithson, the founder, who was himself,a chemist and mineralogist of repute and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. This collection was unfortunately destroyed by fire in 1865. The personal bent of Professor Baird, who became an assistant secretary of the Institution in 1850, was toward the col- lection of natural-history specimens for purposes of study. With the approval of Secretary Henry he put into operation plans for accom- plishing this object, which, fostered and encouraged, were soon yield- ing regular and abundant returns. Professor Baird’s own vacations were spent in field work. Officers of the Army and Navy and of other branches of the Government service, fishermen, fur traders, private explorers, and such powerful commercial organizations as the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company were enlisted in the cause and rendered valuable assistance. The influence exerted by these beginnings has been lasting and widespread, as shown in the extensive natural-history operations of subsequent national and State surveys, the organization of the United States Fish Commission, and the support given to scientific collecting by many other bureaus of the Government. The title ** National Museum,” first recognized by Congress in 1875, came into general use through the display of the Government collec- tions at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. This was 6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. the first exposition in this country in which the Government partici- pated, and the first to make known to vast numbers of the people of the United States the existence of national collections at Washington, as well as new methods of installing and exhibiting museum materials, differing radically from the older cabinets of college or local museums which prevailed up to that time. After its close the material brought back belongine to the Government, together with the extensive gifts made to the United States by private persons and foreign govern- ments, forced the erection of a separate building, which brought the name ** National Museum” into greater prominence. Since that time Congress has in the main provided for the maintenance of the Museum, but its management remains, by the fundamental act, under the authority of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, administered through their Secretary, who is ex officio the keeper—a form of goy- ernment insuring a consistent and uniform policy and a nonpartisan administration of its affairs. The greater part of the Smithsonian building is still used for museum purposes, and the Institution, as well as all the scientific bureaus at Washington, cooperate, both through men and material, in enlarging and caring for the national collections. With the primary object of preserving the collections in anthro- pology, biology, and geology obtained by the national surveys, every effort is being made, through exchange, donation, purchase, and the encouragement of exploration, to so increase its possessions that the Museum of the Government may in time contain the fullest possible representation of all branches of science and the arts capable of being illustrated in a material way. The specimens are classified in two series, one comprising the bulk of the material, being arranged for the purposes of scientific research and reference in laboratories and storerooms, to which students are freely admitted; the other, selected with regard to their general educational value and popular interest, and accompanied by descriptive labels, being displayed in glass-coy- ered cases in the publie halls. The duplicate speciinens not required for exchanges are made up into sets for distribution to schools and colleges throughout the country. Papers descriptive of the collee- tions, both technical and popular, are published for gratuitous cireu- lation to the extent of three or more volumes yearly; and, finally, the Museum has come to be regarded as a sort of bureau of information in respect to all subjects with which it is concerned even in the remotest degree, the correspondence which this involves now consti- tuting one of its heaviest tasks. The history of the Museum, as pointed out by the late Dr. Goode, may be divided into three epochs, which he characterized as follows: First, the period from the foundation of the Smithsonian Institution to 1857, dur- ing which time specimens were collected solely to serve as materials for research. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 7 No special effort was made to exhibit them to the public or to utilize them, except as a foundation for scientific description and theory. Second, the period from 1857, when the Institution assumed the custody of the ‘‘National Cabinet of Curiosities,’ to 1876. During this period the Museum became a place of deposit for scientific collections which had already been studied, these col- lections, so far as convenient, being exhibited to the public and, so far as practicable, made to serve an educational purpose. Third, the present period (beginning in the year 1876), in which the Museum has undertaken more fully the additional task of gathering collections and exhibiting them on account of their value from an educational standpoint. During the first period the main object of the Museum was scientific research; in the second, the establishment became a museum of record as well as of research; while in the third period has been added the idea of public education. The three ideas—record, research, and education—cooperative and mutually helpful asthey are, are essential to the development of every great museum. The National Museum endeavors to promote them all. In the same connection, Dr. Goode also defined the scope and objects of the Museum in the following concise manner: It is a museum of record, in which are preseryed the material foundations of an enormous amount of scientific knowledge—the types of numerous past investigations. This is especially the case with those materials that have served as a foundation for the reports upon the resources of the United States. It is a museum of research, which aims to make its contents serve in the highest degree asa stimulus to inquiry and a foundation for scientific investigation. Research is necessary in order to identify and group the objects in the most philosophical and instructive relations, and its officers are therefore selected for their ability as investi- gators, as well as for their trustworthiness as custodians. It is an educational museum, through its policy of illustrating by specimens every kind of natural object and every manifestation of human thought and activity, of cisplaying descriptive labels adapted to the popular mind, and of distributing its publications and its named series of duplicates. AS A MUSEUM OF RECORD. Tn its function as a museum of record the growth of the National Museum has been unprecedented, due mainly to the rapid exploration and development of a rich and extensive country under the liberal and progressive policy of the Government. From scientific institu- tions throughout the world, from foreign governments, and from individuals abundant stores of great value have been received, either as gifts or through the medium of exchange of specimens, and a small fund in recent years has permitted of some purchases to supply desiderata. The principal sources of the collections may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The explorations carried on more or less directly under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, or by the Institution in con- nection with educational institutions or commercial establishments, and the efforts, since 1850, of its officers and correspondents toward the accumulation of natural history and anthropological material. S REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. The United States Exploring Expedition around the world from {838 to 1842. the North Pacific, or Perry, Exploring Expedition from 1853 to 1856, and many subsequent naval expeditions down to and including the recent operations in the West Indian and Philippine waters. The activities of members of the United States diplomatic and consular service abroad. The Government surveys at home, such as the Pacific Railroad survey, the Mexican and Canadian pier surveys, and the surveys carried on by the Engineer Corps of the U. . Army: and the activi- ties of officers of the “Signal Corps, and ane branches of the Army stationed in remote regions. The explorations of the United States Geological Survey, the United States Fish Commission, the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, and other scientific branches of the Government. 6. Donations and purchases in connection with the several exposi- tions at home and abroad in which the Museum and Fish Commission have participated, among these having been the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, the international fisheries exhibitions at Berlin in 1880 and at London in 1883, the New Orleans Cotton Centennial Exposition in 1884 and 1885, the Cincinnati Exposition of 1888, the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, and the expositions at Atlanta in 1895, at Nashville in 1897, and at Omaha in 1898. The returns from the World’s Fair in Philadelphia were of greatest extent, comprising, besides the collections displayed by the United States in illustration of the animal and mineral resources, the fisheries, and the ethnology of the native races of the country, valuable gifts from thirty of the foreign governments which participated, as well as the indus- trial collections of numerous manufacturing and commercial houses of Europe and America. 7. Exchanges with foreign and domestic museums and with indi- viduals. ; Immediately preceding the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, when the collections were entirely provided for in the Smithsonian building, the number of entries of specimens in the Museum record books was about 235,000, In 1884, when the additional room afforded by the new building gave opportunity for taking a provisional census of the large accessions received from Philadelphia, and from other sources, the number had grown to 1,471,000. Now, at the close of 1901, it amounts to nearly 5,000,000, While these figures convey no impression of the bulk of the collec- tions, when it is considered that in 1885 all of the space in both build- ings was completely filled, and in fact was so overcrowded that a third building was already being asked of Congress, some conception may be had of the conditions now existing. The storerooms are packed to REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 9 their utmost capacity, making it difficult to gain access to the speci- mens or to provide adequately for their safety. For many years most of the objects received have had to be stored in outside and unsafe structures where they are mainly piled up in the original packing boxes, and where has already accumulated enough material of great intrinsic and scientific value to fill an additional building as large as that now occupied by the main collections. AS A MUSEUM OF RESEARCH. In order to permit of their examination and study, as provided in the act of establishment, the collections of the Museum are, to the extent of its accommodations, arranged systematically and in a manner convenient for reference. Access to the reserve or study series, so called, consisting of the main body of the collections and as complete in all the groups as the accessions have made possible, is given to all properly qualified persons engaged in original research. The oppor- tunities thus afforded are widely availed of, the Museum being visited every year by many investigators, some of world-wide distinction, coming from the scientific centers of European and other foreign countries as well as from all parts of the United States. Material is also oceasionally sent out to representatives of other institutions having the means of providing for its safekeeping, when required in the working up of special subjects, or for comparison in connection with their own collections. . The custodianship of the collections being the first and most imperative duty devolving upon the scientific staff of the National Museum, its members find comparatively little time during office hours for advancing knowledge, though they are mostly well qualitied for such work, being selected with special reference to their ability to identify and classify the specimens under their charge in accordance with the latest researches. As a matter of fact, however, the staff does produce every year a large number of papers descriptive of the collections, which together constitute an important contribution to scientific literature. Among the honorary officers having their laboratories at the Museum are a number of assistants employed by other scientific bureaus to con- duct investigations on material kept here in their charge, and in whose results the Museum shares. Many collections have, from time to time, been transferred by the Geological Survey, the Fish Commission, the Department of Agricul- ture, and other branches of the Government to the custody of the Museum in advance of their final working up, in order to provide for their safe storage and to secure the better facilities for study here afforded. Under this arranvement the amount of research work car- ried on in the Museum building has been greatly increased. Though having little means to expend for field work, members of 10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. the Museum staff are occasionally given opportunities to participate in the explorations of other Government bureaus or of private expedi- tions, in connection with which special researches may be carried on, thoueh the chief advantage results from the acquisition of new ae valuable material and a knowledge of the conditions under which it occurred. AS AN EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM. The educational side of the Museum is intended to consist mainly of an exhibition of all the classes of objects which it represents, so mounted, installed, and labeled as to directly interest and instruct the general public. The principal difficulty incident to the proper installa- tion of such a collection, conceding all the space required, lies in the selection of its parts, so that while enough is displayed to convey the amount of information which it is intended to impart, the visitor shall not be overburdened or confused with details. While this policy is being followed in the National Museum so far as its means permit, the lack of room has always prevented a complete or satisfactory develop- ment of the plan, and every succeeding year the conditions in this respect grow worse instead of better inoretelh the increased crowding of the halls. The advances in recent years have been chiefly in the methods of display, in the character of individual and group mountings, and in the labeling, in all of which directions exceptional progress has been made. A year ago it was announced that all of the halls designed for pub- lic use were then for the first time permanently open, though none were above addition or improvement, while in some the arrangement was entirely provisional. This was only accomplished by the transfer of large quantities of material to outside storage, but during the past year it has unfortunately been again necessary to shut off one of the most attractive halls in order to furnish increased space for work- rooms. In this connection it seems appropriate to refer to the work of Dr. Goode, than whom no museum administrator ever had a better under- standing of the public needs. He labored earnestly and conscien- tiously to make this a museum for, as well as of, the people, and the plans now being carried out are, in all their essential features, of his making. While the assistants might be relied upon to arrange and maintain the study series in a manner accept ible to the specialist, the interests of the public always remained in his immediate charge. He was ever occupied in devising ways for so presenting the features of nature and the activities of mankind that by the very force of his sur- roundings the visitor was bound to receive and carry with him some definite impressions, some new bit of know ledge. Dr. Goode’s labors in this field ranged from the planning of the general scheme to the most REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 11 minute details of case architecture and fittings. His official connec- tion with nearly all the important expositions of the past quarter of a century and his exhaustive studies of all the principal museums of Europe and the United States gave him exceptional opportunities for observation and experiment. Though a young man when he died, none other had acquired so ripe an experience and none is more worthy of being followed. An incidental though very popular educational feature of the Museum, having for its purpose the promotion of scientific teaching throughout the country, has been the distribution to schools and col- leges of its duplicate specimens, properly identified and labeled, and put up in carefully selected sets. Inadequate means have prevented this measure from being carried out on the scale which the resources of the Museum would admit of, but many hundreds of such sets have already been given away. Searcely a year passes that some exposition, either at home or abroad, is not occupying the attention of the Museum, and through this means its existence and aims are brought constantly and promi- nently before the public. These expositions have of late followed one another so closely and have required so extensive preparations as to interfere greatly with the ordinary work of the Museum, but the practice of introducing new and varied features, of showing a fresh series of objects or improved groupings in connection with each one, insures a substantial gain, as the collections are returned to Wash- ington, besides fulfilling the important function of making museum methods known to the people of the United States and stimulating the growth of museums in many quarters. Though mainly technical and most useful to the investigator, the publications of the Museum can be classed, ina general way, as belong- ing to its educational side, being the medium through which the nature and extent of its collections are made known. The Annual Report, first printed as a separate volume of the Smithsonian Report in L884, and now in its eighteenth volume, consists, besides the administrative part, mainly of semipopular papers on interesting portions of the col- lections. The Proceedings and Bulletins are almost exclusively tech- nical, the shorter papers being assigned to the former and the larger and more exhaustive works to the latter. Of the Proceedings twenty- two complete volumes have been issued and of the Bulletins fifty numbers. PRESENT CONDITIONS AND NEEDS. Attention has repeatedly been called to the inadequacy of the pres- ent accommodations for the national collections. The Smithsonian building had become fully occupied some twenty-five years ago, when the large contributions to the Government from exhibitors at the 12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition led to the erection of the Museum building, completed in 1881. By 1885 this structure was also filled, and thoueh numerous efforts have since been made to secure more ample quarters, all have met with failure. In 1888, 1890, and 1892, the Senate yoted $500,000 for a new building, and in 1896, $250,000, but none of these measures was even considered in the House of Repre- sentatives. There has been no abatement in the number of collections received annually, but, in faet, a general increase from year to year, and a severe task has thus devolved upon the Museum authorities in arrang- ing for their disposition. New specimens have constantly been added to the exhibition halls and storage rooms until both are overcrowded to the extent that in the one the objects, as a rule, can not be properly viewed by visitors, and in the other their classification has become impossible, and they are for the most part practically inaccessible for study. But so extensive have been the accessions that only a part could be disposed of in this manner, and it became necessary, several years ago, to resort to outside storage, which is now provided for in an old wooden shed upon the Mall and in several rented buildings. None of these buildings is of fireproof construction, though they con- tain collections of great value and in large part not replaceable. They also lack facilities for the classification and arrangement of the speci- mens, Which are packed away in shipping boxes and, for the time, serve no purpose of any kind. The collections made by the Government surveys, of which the Museum is the legal custodian, can continue to be received and housed, as additional storage buildings may be leased, if necessary, though the further provision of the law to make them at all times available for study and examination can no longer be carried out. The same applies to specimens obtained by purchase or exchange and to such donations as are given without condition. The Museum is, in fact, being resolved into a mere storehouse of material which comes to it mainly without solicitation, and its larger purpose, while never lost sight of, is becoming more and more difficult to maintain. Its reserve or record collections in every branch should be so systematically ‘arranged that any specimens desired for study could immediately be round; the public exhibition should comprise the entire range of Museum subjects, and be installed effectively and without crowding, and there should be ample and well-appointed working quarters, in which all the activities of the establishment could be conveniently carried on. With the conditions as they now are, it is not to be wondered at that the National Museum lacks that character of support which has done so much for many other museums. Its donations are generally small and relatively unimportant. The possessors of large and valuable REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. LS collections will not present them where they can not be at once dis- played or well arranged. Such inducements can now rarely be offered here, but many of the larger museums elsewhere owe their principal growth to generous gifts from wealthy patrons of science and the arts. Specific mention could be made of several large collections which their owners would have preferred to place at the national capital, but which have been given to or deposited in other museums, because in Wash- ington they would have to be packed away for an indefinite period, at great risk of injury and destruction. The amount of floor space ocgupied by the national collections is very much smaller than would appear to the casual visitor” The two main buildings contain, in fact, only 195,486 square feet, to which the outside buildings, mostly rented, add 43,203 square feet, making a total of 238,689 square feet. The latter are partly occupied by work- shops, but are mainly used for the gross storage of specimens, and in no case for exhibition or for the arrangement in classified order of the reserve series. In London the subjects represented by the United States National Museum are distributed among several museums, such as the British Museum, leaving out the Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, andthe Museum of Practical Geology, which now have anageregate of 989,388 square feet of floor space, soon to be increased by 400,000 to 500,000 square feet in the new addition to the Victoria and Albert Museum. In Berlin seven of the national museums relating to natural history and the industrial arts possess some 575,000 square feet of area, and the new National History Museum of Vienna has over 350,000 square feet alone. In our own country, the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, which, when completed, will cover a ground area of over 53 acres, already has 356,800 square feet of floor space available. A study of the conditions in Washington has shown that to prop- erly arrange the national collections and provide for the growth of perhaps fifteen or twenty years would require additional floor space to the extent of something like 400,000 or 500,000 square feet. If this were obtained through the construction of a new building having that amount of room, it would still be necessary to utilize both of the pres- ent buildings, and this seems the preferable course to pursue. SUMMARY OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE YEAR. APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES. The total amount appropriated by Congress for the maintenance of the National Museum during the year ending June 30, 1901, was $263,540, that for the previous year having been $238,540. The prin- cipal changes as compared with 1900 were an increase of $10,000 for 14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. preservation of collections, an increase of $9,000 for repairs to build- ings, and a separate appropriation of $10,000 for the purchase of specimens. The appropriation for furniture and fixtures included $2,500 for furnishing a lecture hall, and that for heating, lighting, and electrical service $3,500 for beginning the installation of an electric-lighting system. The expenditures from the appropriations for 1900-1901 amounted to $246,824.67 up to the close of the year, leaving a balance of $16,715.33 to meet outstanding liabilities. During the same year $11,026.06 were disbursed from the balance of $11,400.81 of the appro- priations for 1899-1900 on hand June 30, 1900. The following tables show the expenditures during the year 1900- L901 under each item of the appropriations for the past two years: Appropriations and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. — Balances hy Amounts Amounts on hand Object. appropriated., expended. | June 30, 1901. Preservation.oficollections® cs 28.. caster ee enn ee eee eee eee $180, 000.00 | $173, 492.08 $6, 507. 92 Furniture and fixtures (including $2,500 for furnishing a * legture rOmmn ye. sct yeaa pe ee ae eee | 17,600.00 | 15,408.77 | 2,096.23 Heating, lighting, and electrical service, and installation of | electric-liehtine system. 2s eee ees eee eee | 17, 500. 00 15, 611. 91 1, 888. 09 BOOKS raha ta dotitis 5 keeps a os ey ee ae a at Bae 2, 000. 00 1,141. 96 | 858. 04 18 Sh = eee ae ee I IAT Gs FLOM FS A teed hues Set Aaa ag ue 500. 00 S002 00S eee Bullding repairsssiss = eee en eee ee PAS es ert a eee 15, 000. 00 14, 115. 07 | 884. 93 Rent of workshops =: i:<.2cnoy tee eee cae ee ete ae 4, 040. CO 4,039. 92 08 Purchase of speciinens:.<..<:. 52a Bae See ee 10,000.00 6,941.44 | 3,058.56 Printingsand. binding... 1. eae RS SA ert pve See 17, 000. 00 15, 578. 52 | 1, 421. 48 MOLL oa. foes cu pce sat Poser oe eee ae eae ae 263,540.00 | 246,824.67 | 16, 715.33 | Disbursements during 1901 from the unexpended balances of appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. | | Balances : Balances Amounts | Object. aie ; | June 30, ee 30, 1900. | expended. 1901. | een! oo) ee Preservation of collections... ..........-...2....-..-........... $9, 133. 82 $8, 802. 43 | $331. 39 Rurmitureand fixtures 2.2 24eo 255 ee ee | 975. 24 563. 39 | 11.85 Beane and lighting S202 os ae 561. 96 561.94 | - 02 BOORB ss Pei ete sco See ad eo a 878. 72 848.08 | 30. 64 Building re pairgs<-. fee oe, ee 251. 07 250. 22 | 85 INO) BR ee ee ee eee REE Rte i | | 11,400.81 | 11, 026. 06 | 374. 75 From the appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1899, dis- bursements were made under the item for the purchase of books to the amount of $17.25, leaving a balance of $7.83: and under the item for the erection of galleries to the amount of $205, 12, leaving a balance of 67 cents. Other balances remaining from the appropriations for the same year, which revert to the surplus fund of the Treasury, are REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 1S as follows: Preservation of collections, $1.53; furniture and fixtures, $1.35; heating and lighting, 1 cent; building repairs, 91 cents; rent of workshops, $110.08. Appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1902. ECCeRV AUOTLO IN COLLCCUOMS: oe kee eee ce ae or eee ee oe eee Ss $180, 000 MANGE Tan Cena GUIE CS eee sectors 2 etek ath ys See mn es 2 Py ee La 20, 000 Heating, lighting, and electrical service, including $5,000 for continuing the installation of an electric-lighting system -.-.--------------- See 2d O00 Purchase and installation of new heating boilers..........--..----. ------ 12, 500 LSE EL SSeS SUES] SST Se gn ge gh sa 9a a ee a 10, 000 nme a aMaApnlets, atl periodicals: 22 eels sme eset eens ee eto eet eee 2, 000 ROSTERS ae Se eet ea ae a gee or ee I A ee ee 500 Repair iopOUllGan OS J58 = Sb) a2. eee eet Rao eS eeeee toe Pe bteci cee 15, 000 GonctrUchlOnolaiwOrallenles 749 Geology: Biysicaland: GhemicaliGeolor yk cc = scsecee soc cele woplatine = cise eeaace 2,637 83; 330 RIVET ALOR Yao Sacer sa se sae eee ee ee Eis Nees I ee ae eR ee ae 116 35, 266 HIME Nue DIatere MLCOULOIOSY Haren ane acts oe Sees cee ee ee ee oat 28,577 | MERLE DrLenE al eOntOlogy 4 oc sae - ui sais te wie isan ok seeeee cela sec paren 160 | 415, 153 er CGDOLATLYeere ce on teeter | mnt ean ira ee ee uae EL Ns! 575 | Motel Soiree nos teen ais oes ape aha aia ne eee ee iopciien sabi gape oe as eee aes 178,987 | 4, 994, 672 1 a Number of catalogue entries. NoTe.—It is obviously impossible to make an actual count of the specimens in many of the col- lections, notably those of the lower invertebrates, where single bottles often contain hundreds of specimens, The number of entries made in the catalogues of the several divisions was 53,573. In Appendix II will be found a complete list of the accessions of the year. 22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. Accessions received annually since 1880. seein | Satta! Year. mane (in | inciae “hie elusive). year. | ion (elk ae RES ry el oN poe eR Ee ar nee Paha ncnoacHodnate~SUes<25 29: | 9890-11000 | isa Tees Oe Meh ee ls, 5 Fe ce ng eee 11001-12500 | 1,500 frame hel tee i oils aa ee ae eee 12501-13900 | 1, 400 CC oe OeP ae len ee ee eee E a Aa acer 2 ance ech mEada cu dsea sea pbhsoaccs 13901-15550 1, 650 1885 (January to! Jume) .22--- 22-22-25 eee = ee nie ne ee ee iw ae nln caine | 15551-16208 658 TSU ee eee oe ee GF 9 eld energie Roop aon Daa rnpae Wee ate 16209-17704 1,496 1G oe ee ei te A Oe Se or aD E CC ORAM SEA CSe oS Babine oan ct 17705-19350 1, 646 ISG: ee tea ale 2 a as oe ae te ani Oe eer aHe Mae SEE raGaeno 75S oc | 19351-20831 1,481 TRO te ps PL alien Byer eye me oe SY arssepet atts ey cee are ete Sete Steal eae oat 20832-22178 1,347 E22" Te a ey ere hes, Raa Mie 5 eee are wane Se Oona emcee aac> acide: 22179-23340 1, 162 12) Be i OA 2 EE Boe ee eI ORE em ecu koe a Eat S52: | 23341-24527 ; 1,187 GP ee eR ee oe ae ete Cee tiie Ue an crear eerricpuoomaacse edd 24528-25884 | TESy/ 18985-.--:- Se sg See Wee pee ee Le StS dati eee eo: Jen eoeeeee | 25885-27150 | 1, 266 13) Ree Ae een Soa ae BE Ae le SOS ee G Sete a acer ae t cadabprcosne S255 27151-28311 | 1,161 be a ees eee ee eee at en ave SERRE oe ere eee cetin orca atm re | 28812-29584 | 1, 223 1h ies Melha Se ee ene SP oho aware hans re CoE pete Ey a meaGuer an was abe: | 29535-30833 | 1,299 tty eee Ra as, ORR rye Re Amiens he Merce eh ROR et Sas _...-| 30834-32300 | 1, 467 SOS os ee ee eee Ea e Sng See els a ie eee eyee easier iets 32301-33741 | 1,441 Ce Re ee ree RRA Sa cr ie He mea riianare pute nocd cdoasp Scr eons | 33742-35288 | 1, 497 TOUR ek cori Sette: eee ease ae ates Sate aeons one cee ee ee | 35239-36705 1, 467 ThS°0) (ec ee | nwa S PRN eM e ASE Serr See ek Were ty or ac Megs es Hea ae | 36706-88175 1,470 EXPLORATIONS. The limited appropriations given the Museum have never permitted more than a very small amount of field work by the members of its staff, and their efforts in this respect have necessarily been restricted to expeditions undertaken with the object of securing additions to the collections or of further elucidating the materials already in its posses- sion. Most of these explorations have in fact only been rendered possible through cooperation with other scientific bureaus of the Goy- ernment or with private establishments and individuals. The extent of the field work during the past year was, however, above the average, and its results were of exceeding value. Mr. W. H. Holmes, under the auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and in company with Dr. W. A. Phillips, of the Field Columbian Museum, made a detailed examination of the extensive and important flint quarries in the vicinity of Mill Creek, Union County, Illinois, where prehistoric implements occur in great abundance. In June, 1901, ethnological investigations were begun in the pueblo coun- try by Dr. Walter Hough, in conjunction w ith Mr. Peter G. Gates, of Pasadena, California, and chiefly at the latter’s expense. The work was to be continued during the entire summer. In preparation primarily for the anthropological exhibit at the Pan-American Expo- sition, partly at the expense of the Exposition and partly at that of REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 23 the Museum, collecting trips were made to Sonora, Mexico, by Mr. W J McGee, of the Bureau of Ethnology; to the Philippine Islands by Col. F. F. Hilder, of the same Bureau; to the Indian tribes on the Upper Purus River, Brazil, by Prof. J. B. Steere, of Ann Arbor, Michigan; to the Bororo Indians, a’Tupian tribe dwelling near the he: ad- waters of the Paraguay River, Brazil, by the Rev. W illiam A. Cook, and to British Columbia and lasts by Lieut. G. T. Emmons, U. S. Navy. Dr. Roland Steiner, of Georgia, continued his investigations of the quarries, workshops, and village sites of his own neighbor- hood, near and at the mouth of Shoulderbone Creek and on Little Kiokee River, and the large collection made there during the year is now deposited in the Museum. Through the courtesy of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, Mr. W. H. Ashmead was detailed in the spring of 1901 to accompany an expedi- tion to the Hawaiian Islands, where at the close of the year he was engaged in making extensive entomological collections. Dr. J. E. Benedict was also permitted to join the Fish Commission steamer /7s/ Hawk during an exploration of the fishing banks in the Gulf of Mexico opposite Anclote River, Florida, for the purpose of making preparations of marine invertebrates. During November and December, 1900, Mr. J. B. Henderson, jr., of Washington, to whom the Museum is indebted for many previous favors, made in the interest of the Division of Mollusks and entirely at his own expense an important collecting trip to the islands of Haiti and Jamaica, lasting about six weeks. He was accompanied by Mr. C. T. Simpson. During the summer of 1900 Mr. M. W. Lyon, jr., participated with Capt. Wirt Robinson, U. 8. Army, in an expedition to Venezuela, with the principal object of securing specimens of the mammals and birds of that region, though attention was also given to other groups of animals. For collecting mammals, Mr. Dane Coolidge, by special arrangement, visited Italy, Sicily, and southern France, and Mr. Gerrit 5. Miller, jr., spent some time in the neighborhood of Peterboro, New York. Fishes were collected at Key West, Florida, by Mr. Barton A. Bean and Mr. William H. King. The expedition to Cuba for the Pan-American Exposition, begun by Messrs. Palmer and Riley in 1500 and re ferred to in the last report, was completed early in the yea The cae important botanical field work was conducted in the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee by Mr. C. L. Pollard and Mr. W. R. Maxon. Under the Department of Geology, Mr. Frederic A. Lucas and Mr. Alban Stewart visited several localities where mastodon bones had been reported, with the object of securing a skeleton for the Pan- American Exposition. A single fairly preserved one was obtained in a locality in southern Michigan. Mr. Charles Schuchert spent consid- 24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. erable time in collecting fossils in Canada, in the vicinity of Buffalo, New York, in Maryland, and in eastern Pennsylvania, his inquiries being specially directed toward fixing more definitely the line separating the Silurian and Devonian systems in America. Examinations of the Cambrian fossiliferous deposits of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Russia, and Sweden were conducted in the interest of the Museum by Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Director of the U. S. Geclogical Survey, and _ under his direction by Mr. S. Ward Loper and Mr. M. Schmalensee. Collecting outfits have been furnished to the following persons who have offered to collect material for the Museum: Commander Frederic Singer, U. 8. Navy, light-house inspector, Key West, Florida; Dr. 8. P. Craver, Montevideo, Uruguay; Mr. R. T. Young, Boulder, Colo- rado; Mr. Selwyn Branch, Roseau, Dominica, British West Indies; Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, Newport, Rhode Island; Mr. Leon J. Guthrie, United States weather observer, Willemstad, Curacao; Prof. J. B. Steere, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Mr. Perey W. Shufeldt, Wash- ington, District of Columbia; Mr. Frank E. Read, Newport News, Virginia; Mr. Howard W. North, Culver, Indiana; the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition; Mr. C. B. Adams, Macon, Georgia; Mr. William C. Peterson, Canaveral, Florida; Mr. M. L. Robb, Manila, Philippine Islands. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SPECIMENS. Ten thousand and sixty-five specimens have been sent out as gifts to educational establishments and in the conduct of exchanges, and 9,683 specimens have been lent for study. The gifts, which have been com- paratively few, as little material has been available for the purpose during the year, consisted mainly of marine invertebrates and casts of prehistoric implements. A new series of marine invertebrates and a series illustrating rock weathering and soil formation are in course of preparation. Appendix IIT contains a detailed statement of all the distributions. The number of lots sent to each State and foreign country are enumerated in the list below: State or country. No. State or country. | No. | CULV OS UTR Sea eirel Aun ah ak eR BENE a Ne ee i | IOWA (si oss.5n eco eho eee | B) Arkansas ..... Bee Perel ha ae 1 | KSMIS8S) 275 2.4235 as Seok aac ok ee 2 California . ae she ter oe OE 12) Kentucky ...25 2: 20te sea 2 Colorado .-. ot : : ese 4 | LOWISiana 2352.6 ieee eee eee eee 4 Connecticut . ; ey pk eee epee a 11. |); Maine 22 5 ee ss 1) ee ee DEIR WArBe eee rca wee ce Stata fh hee 3 | Maryland!.c. yoo oceeh eee aoe ee 3 District of Columbia) _.-.- 2.3 6.052<2; 28) || Massachusetts:..0. 52 5520- See 39 OOYEI ents 2 eee sce bo = l}) Michigan-s.2 32 3225.05 55.00 ee eee 2 LGBHOl sce se eS eS 1 |||, Minnesota. .525 220 Sey eee 3 Illinois .. sf a Re Re ee P 1 Missouthve2 oe Sek Seas: eo eee 7 Indiana Te NSE eee ey Mae 5 ll Nebraska: ..., 22.02 oo ee ee 1 ~~ REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 95 State or country. | No. | State or country. | No. WewsEampsbines..2-222 teacce.s ask oes aas | 4 | Foreign countries—Continued. | IVC WAUICTSC Von Seet ia as oteied eye Se Se oles a 5 || Canadae sss 450 ssentses es 58S So cts 7 News MERI COs2 enc ses -- cc cakes = Sates ; 4 | Wyo ea Ae oe ats | oe aoe eee See } 3 INEM gaY OLRM nee arars = = eae ene eicce a noe neal F 51 } I Dralfed (oh aNG ee ee a ee 7 NorthiCarolingre.=-s2ceeereee Bepe an eabepeaaotepsescsedersosugscs: 11, 756 7,965 Ni olin? Jee ae eb bp send eaben es oon demeDcen concen cnESaaesnaneconnonosccada 12, 901 10, 516 1 Bohl a Rae ee ee Pe ee aces iets ee et Pa ee 8 ANE Ia pm ee CQ am EDOSaaen ota 48, 280 38, 538 / THE a Ree eps ba soed Nea eabecl on aedescaanee Bearer sosneasacadsosecocoEass 23,784 15, 950 1 OBA aS es COSE Cot eeceTb opnn acdean ee cee enacts asucenmac ot ema sosooesne 18, 840 7,978 {eX Oe Been meee Sa Senta arbors asec coaches so sPrcaspaoconsEoomeqsdes 12, 128 6, 381 100) £2) ye seep cei codes packs Sasa sod aosHeoboe sino nor aneSngessercesnaess 216, 556 151, 563 Approximate daily average on a basis of 313 days in the year ......:...---- 692 484 Number of visitors to the Museum and Smithsonian buildings since the opening of the former in 1881. Waar Museum | Smithsonian building. pbuilding. Cj ee eee ee Neen Pe A I Pn ne SED 150, 000 100, 000 Rots a See Soe ea ee 4 ne ee en NE FE Te ostobcbamosecde 167, 455 152, 744 oo) Rese a an a ee eee ee re IES ae oma enon aneonor’ 202,188 104, 823 1884: (half-year)... 22 ns.ck lees a tke oe oe eee 97, 661 45, 565 5 IVEY ye eee ORL INL Saat YE Pn Sessa an 205, 026 105, 993 IBSH=S6E's. sto s sia. teens Hee ocean Se ene eae Sen Eee 174, 225 $8, 960 S862 878 tes ah cn Ma eet Sa eich Se pg 216, 562 98, 552 NSS 788 wks Soi Soc ie tetas Shoe rece ae 249, 665 102, 863 LEB B HS Oy eee oe ee siejenn cinreye wie ee we ie See ee eee 374, 843 149, 618 1889-90... .. Dard nic winieininislatase eiefalev aoa GTS ere Sis Sie Ge ere Sele ee ee ee 274, 324 120, 894 UO) eae ae a ater eae Ree OPE Oe Oe Ee ee ea ot Roo Sa ae 286, 426 111, 669 1 ES) ee oe ee ee See Se he ee ee anal wet ncuSeacer cae 269, 825 114, 817 b Re A ee ee a SED a Sesh STO es PM yl a 319, 930 174, 188 oS: ae ee eee ey Se Mr MARE ON Ne ae 195, 748 103, 910 IBOA—OD er orc Awa eh leeas se ee secs cance skate co Ure ee eee 201, 744 105, 658 | RBOD=O6 Fas Idem, p. 188. 46 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. In his quiet home life Lacoe was gentle, dignified, and somewhat diffident. He was thoughtful, often serious, yet sympathetic and keenly appreciative of the humorous. He was pure and upright in all his life. He was esteemed by the entire community and beloved by all who were so fortunate as to enjoy his acquaintance. “Though having but a common-school education in his youth, he later made himself well read, particularly in the general sciences. In the literature relating to fossil plants and insects his library has few equals in America. His knowledge of paleozoic plants was expert; yet he was so modest and so lacking the ambition of authorship that he preferred to have the materials of his collections described by others. His own writings are confined to several pamphlets, chiefly of the nature of catalogues. During the later years of Lacoe’s life the purpose to aid in the increase of knowledge by promoting the study of fossil plants and insects became more clearly defined, and found expression in more systematically and wisely directed efforts. In the field of fossil plants he sought to gain material from the paleobotanically less known for- mations whose fossils should throw greatest light on floras already known. In the insect world, instead of collecting fossils at random, and thus continuing the speculations as to the affinities of the older forms, he had engaged in methodically and extensively collecting insect remains from the later geological formations in order that they might be studied in connection with their survivors among living insects, his idea being that the insects of each successively earlier period should be mutually studied and interpreted in the light of the ascertained characters and relations of the later times, the result of such studies being a more satisfactory elaboration of a genetic and natural classification of both fossil and living types. Arrangements were being made by Lacoe for carrying out these broad and philosoph- ical plans when a brief but fatal illness cut short his great work. The Lacoe collections in the National Museum form a most appropri- ate and lasting monument to the memory of this noble and patriotic patron of the sciences for which they stand. Mr. George A. Boardman, for many years a correspondent of the Smithsonian Institution and an intimate friend of Professor Baird, died January 11, 1901, at his home in Calais, Maine, aged 83 years. Mr. Boardman was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on February 9, 1818, his ancestors having come to that locality on May 10, 1637, from Yorkshire, England. Removing to Calais, he became extensively engaged in the lumber business, from which he retired with a compe- tence in 1871, the subsequent years of his life being largely devoted to travel and to the more active pursuit of his favorite study, ornithology. From 1871 to about 1887, he spent the winters in Florida, voing and returning by way of Washington, and usually stopping, sometimes for REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 47 a week or more, in order to study the collections of the National Museum, where he formed the acquaintance of the scientific staff and preparators, to whom he was always a welcome visitor on account of his genial, friendly manner, and interest in their occupations. Mr. Boardman’s interest in ornithology was mainly from the point of view of asportsman and lover of nature. He did little in the way of collecting except to bring together a very complete and valuable series of the birds of Calais and vicinity, consisting of specimens chiefly mounted by himself, which is to be placed in one of the provincial government buildings at Fredericton, New Brunswick. His principal contribution to ornithological literature is his ‘* Catalogue of the birds found in the vicinity of Calais, Me., and about the islands at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy,” published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (1862); but he also wrote many minor articles on natural history for the American Naturalist, Forest and Stream, and other periodicals of like character. His relations to the Smithsonian Institution were rather as a correspondent and friend of Professor Baird than as an extensive contributor to its collections, though many interesting and valuable specimens were received from him at various times. = iy > = * . t , l , i - - 1 ar = a . y ps f ‘ 1 F \ at ‘ at aa : ‘ ’ . - . -. : * ayy A ~~ wif , ey . : ) a* . di af ; ie x PoiieOins OR Fh ADs CURATORS: REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY - - - -~ By WILLIAM H. HOLMEs. REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY = = - = = = By BEREDERICK W. TRUE. REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY - - - - - - ~ By GEORGE P. MERRILL. NAT Mus 1901 ——4 49 REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY FOR THE YEAR 1900-1901. By Wiutiam H. Hoimers, Flead Curator. The year has been one of unusual activity, the volume of business transacted by the Department far exceeding that of any previous year. This condition is due in part to the fact that exhibits were collected and prepared for the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. More than half the force of the Department were engaged upon this work almost exclusively for a period of six months. See Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines, J. D. McGuire, Annual Report, U. 8. National Museum, 1897, p. 378. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 317 ruins of Tusayan. Larger tubes of stone of similar forms to the pipes are supposed to have been used for blowing clouds of smoke on sacred meal and during the ceremonies to the cardinal points. This must have been attended with some difficulty in practice. The smaller pipes are undoubtedly designed for smoking. In many of those from the Petrified Forest region a definite bowl has been worked out (Plate 52, fig. 8); a number show an hour-glass section, caused by boring from either end, and in some the tube is smoothly bored. Forms of these pipes are shown in Plate 52, figs. 7, 8, and 9; figs. 1 and 2 are from Scorse Ranch. An interesting specimen from the Milky Wash ruin shows the application of a bone stem to a small lava pipe bowl (Plate 52, fig. 3). The stem fits snugly against a septum of baked clay inside the bore, and forms the bottom of the bowl, which has been cut out as in fig. 8. Attention is particularly called to this fea- ture, as the use of a stem with the ancient stone tubular pipe has not before been noted. Another specimen of unique form is from the Metate ruin (Plate 52, fig. 6). The material is of the fine-grained reddish sandstone of the region. The lower end of the pipe has been worked out as a stem or for the securing of a wooden stem, as in the pipes of the Hupa Indians of California. The Tusayan pottery pipes, from their material, offer much more latitude in construction and ornament than those of lava, the latter sometimes showing a pit-shape depression or a row of such pits as decoration. In general these pipes are fusiform, with bowl worked out in the end and a central bore opened through the tube with a slender stick while the clay is green. Frequently these pipes are dec- orated with dark-brown color. Occasionally the tube is bent slightly. The specimen (Plate 52, fig. 5) is of pottery, extremely well made, and polished, the color dark brown. It was found at Awatobi ina vase with a number of similar specimens, and was presented by Mr. Julius Wetzler, of Holbrook, Arizona. The squared stem and globu- lar bowl mark a greater differentiation than is observed in the more ancient tubular forms. The pipes of clay and stone used by the Hopi in their ceremonies at present show a variety of forms from the simple tube to shapes approximating the European pipe. Many of these pipes are curved or bent to as great an angle as would be consistent with punching the orifice through from both ends, and often they are modeled in the shape of animals. No pipes showing this degree of elaboration are found in the ancient pueblo ruins. ADAMANA. Near Adamana Station, on the Santa Fé Railroad, is a large stone ruin 150 feet square, two rooms deep, surrounding an open court hay- ing a single gateway to the north. The scanty débris and the almost 315 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. entire absence of pottery fragments indicate a short occupation of this pueblo. On the rocks under the mesa near by, however, is one of the most remarkable galleries of petroglyphs that it has been my good for- tune to see. The designs are mostly of animals, a bird with long bill occurring frequently. No familiar symbols were noted. METATHE. Across the wash from the Petrified Bridge is a ruin covering the apex and extending about halfway down the flanks of a conical hill. The houses were rectangular and were built of lava blocks. The hill bristles with oval inclosures and lines formed by setting on edge large slabs of stone, principally those worked out as metates, and from the number of these objects the site was given its name. The ruin is badly washed and blown out, and it was not thought profitable to work it, but a careful examination was made, a little excavation prosecuted, and a number of specimens gathered from the surface débris. The pottery is of coarse texture and undecorated except by lines scratched in the paste or by indentation in the coil, the colors gray-brown and black. The former inhabitants were workers in stone, as is evidenced by the pro- fusion of such relies in the great accumulations of débris and the numer- ous metates and stone battering hammers. Several axes, a digging stone of chert, and the half of a tubular pipe of curious form were picked up. The metate people were in touch with primitive com- merce, as fragments of wristlets cut from seashell manifest. It must be acknowledged that Metate ruin is an. archeological enigma in the light of present knowledge. It is possible, however, that a survey of the ruins in the Navaho Springs region, where pottery with scratched ornamentation occurs, would clear up the matter. On weathered sandstone rocks near Metate ruin faint petroglyphs may be traced. Three small ruins on the bluff above Metate ruin belong, from the character of the pottery fragments, with the Canyon Butte ruins north of the forest. WOODRUFF. The pyramidal lava-covered mass called Woodruff or Canyon Butte, the Mesa Prieta of the Mexicans, a prominent landmark over a wide region in northeastern Arizona, has on its southern terrace a remark- able series of circular remains. These circular platforms are from 50 to 75 feet in diameter, bordered with lava blocks. The platforms are level and smooth and have no traces of constructions upon them. Seventy circles were counted beginning about halfway down the butte and stretching both as connected and disconnected terraces to the edge of the bluff above the Lee farm house. Near the northeast end of the ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 819 terrace, judging from débris there, appear to have been habitations, but no walls could be distinguished. Building stones consisting of blocks of basalt are abundant. It is likely that the stone for the long wall built by Mr. Lee to inclose his goat range may have been in part taken from ruins. Pottery fragments are very scarce and those found are of the coarsest description of red and yellow brown, the latter with paste containing small pebbles resembling that of cooking ves- sels from Tanner Springs, on Le Roux Wash (see Map, Plate 1). A few hammers of fossil wood were seen. It is said that the numerous visitors to the butte are responsible for the paucity of surface relics, which is no doubt true. The conclusions as to the pottery, however, were drawn from an undisturbed section at the foot of the butte in the house yard of Mr. Lee where several skeletons had been found. On the summit of Canyon Butte are remains of stone houses, the point affording an extended and agreeable view, especially over the alfalfa fields of Woodruff. The small birds carved from dark-blue steatite, figured by Dr. Walter Fewkes,“ were found on Woodruff Butte. Speaking in the light of a superficial examination of these ruins, it seems that they are to be classed with the garden plots so common around ruins in the Southwest, and of which the gardens at Zuni and Walpi are familiar modern examples. It must be said, however, that the labor expended in grading and terracing on Woodruff Butte has been enormous for what at present seems a futile effort.’ MILKY HOLLOW. To the east of the Petrified Forest, about 9 miles, is a ruin located on the edge of Milky Hollow and extending in a narrow strip along the edge about three-quarters of a mile (Plate 53). The village is being swept down into the Bad Lands and much of it has disappeared, including the cemeteries. The houses were small and rudely built, stone being very scarce. Pottery fragments are scanty, the ware coarse and undecorated, red, gray, and black in color. Stone imple- ments, however, exhibiting excellent workmanship, are abundant, such as metates, small, neatly-finished mortars of granite, limestone, and quartzite; stone cups, scrapers, drills, stone balls, and a hoe of petrified wood among the rest. Some shell ornaments were found and two small lava pipes with bone stems or mouthpieces (Plate 52, tig. 3). These pipes and mouthpieces were found in place on the west side of the ruin, the stems with the bowls, but not fitted in them. On adjust- ing the stem it was found to fit accurately against a ridge of burnt >There is a tradition that when the Mormon colonists of Woodruff were putting in their first dam the remains of a former dam in the Little Colorado came to light. 320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. clay around the interior of the bowl. The pipe thus resembles in form the tubular pipes of the Hupa Indians of California.@ Strangely enough, the ancients of Milky Hollow possessed stoves, a number of which were seen near the house groups. They consist of two slabs of stone set up parallel in the ground about 8 inches apart, and across one end at right angles was a movable slab having a round hole 8 to 4 inches in diameter cut through it. No cover stone was seen in place, but such slab usually lay close by. The slabs were red- dened and smoked by the action of the fire. It is evident that the perforated slab was an arrangement for regulating the draft, an essential matter in open-air fires in this windy region, where on many days the camper has to dig a pit for his fire and throw up a mound of parth to the leeward in order to reduce the difficulties of cooking. The position of the stoves near the houses and their number indicate that they were for domestic purposes, either for cooking wafer bread, in the manner of the Hopi and Zufi, or as a primitive andiron on which the pots could be conveniently set. Mrs. M. C. Stevenson informs me that the Zuni have a similar device, which may be termed a fire altar. It does not seem possible to classify the people of Milky Wash ruin from the data at hand. It may be affirmed, however, that they were a people of low state of culture, not related to the tribes occupying the known pueblos of this region, unless it be the Metate ruin. STONE AXE. This ruin, so named from the number of actinolite axes found on the surface by cowboys, lies 45 miles east of the Central Petrified Forest, on the north slope, near the divide between the Puerco.and Little Colorado rivers, 30 miles east of Holbrook (see Map, Plate 38). The road from Adamana to Cart’s Tank and the Long H Ranch passes near the ruin, and the Black Knoll, a landscape feature of the region, stands a few miles from it to the north. The Milky Hollow ruin lies 45 miles to the east, and the Metate ruin, oppo- site the Petrified Bridge, an equal distance to the west. The country is high, rolling prairie, draining into washes leading to the Puerco. The elevations are sand ridges or low hills showing outcrop of Triassic fossils. There are no springs, permanent water being found only below the bed of the wash, near the Petrified Bridge. After a rain storm, water stands for a time in natural mud-lined reservoirs in the draws. The region of the Stone Axe is treeless, and there is little animal life. As there is no building stone, the ruin presents only mounds of ill-defined outline on the point of a ridge between two small washes. A survey of the ground shows four rectangular mounds facing “Q, T, Mason, The Ray Collection, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1886, pl. xvi. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. Be) 1k north, grouped around three sides of a plaza (Plate 54). Some dis- tance to the south on the sand ridge are evidences of detached houses. About 24 miles to the southwest, on the neighboring ridge, are three small village sites where artifacts are different from those in Stone Axe ruin. The winds have full sweep and power. The loose char- acter of the soil renders it easily displaced by the infrequent and often torrential rains, and by these agencies many of the ancient pueblos of this locality have been almost swept away. In some cases the obliteration has been thorough. Near Stone Axe large tanks with hardpan bottoms, seemingly excavated by human agency, were found to be a result of wind action. It appears that wind erosion is equal to the erosion by water in this region. Much of the surface of the former mound of Stone Axe has been swept away, but enough remains to render it probable that the houses were formed by sinking a square hole in the ground to the depth of 3 to 4 feet and throwing the earth up around it to make low walls. The roof covering was probably thatch of brush and grass. The roof in this region was required more for protection from ie sun’s rays than from the storm. The detached houses to the south of the pueblo show no ground plans. Their loca- tion was indicated by the presence of large coiled jars, ornamented vases, and pottery fragments exposed by the wind. These large jars had evidently been buried in the ground for storage of water as Castaneda relates of the Hopi.“ Great quantities of potshards are scattered over the ruin and number of stone hammers, metates, and hand stones lay about. Bits of copper paint stone, obsidian, flint, shell, and an occasional arrow point rewarded the search. The pottery fragments on the surface show ware of better quality y and decoration, on the whole, than that excavated in the cemeteries, but not different in character. The cemeteries, three in number, are on the glacis directly. in front of the main division of the ruin (see plan, Plate 54). A few sporadic burials exist on the east side. The burials were at length, with heads usually to the west, at a depth from 2 to 5 feet, in soil mainly of house refuse, and the skeletons were in rather good condition. From 150 to 200 burials, it is estimated, were made around this pueblo. It was customary here to place food bowls, vases, cups, and other articles of pottery in the grave near the head. Many of the graves contained no mortuary objects whatever, which is unusual. Shell beads, ornaments of shell, awls, and tubes of bone, arrow-smoothing stones, scrapers and knives of obsidian and chert, red, green, yellow, and black paint were commonly found, also fragments of mats, coiled basketry, and pahos. Clinging to one skull was a fragment of mosaic earring, formed of oblong, rectangular plates of turquoise set “Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bere of American Ethnology, p. 490. NAT MUS 322 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. on a tablet of wood; beyond this, very little turquoise came to light. The collection secured here was small, though varied. Of stone, there are axes of actinolite (Plate 55, fig. 8), a material prized by the ancient Hopi and Zuni; spherical battering hammers of fossil wood; rubbing stones like those from California (Plate 55, fig. 10); arrow smoothers of lava (Plate 55, fig. 9) and limestone (Plate 55, fig. 7); cylinders, disks, and spheres of sandstone (Plate 55, figs. 4, 5, and 6), probably used in games; drills, arrowheads, and knives of chalcedony and obsid- ian (Plate 55, figs. 1, 2, and 3); and tubular pipes of lava. Of shell there are gorgets of different shape cut from large shells or formed by merely polishing and perforating a sea shell (Plate 56, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6); a few olivella beads and small beads of cylindrical form. Of bone, there are awls, knives, tubes, and notably a whistle and a notched scapula, the former of eagle wing bone (Plate 56, fig. 2) with a hole cut through the wall near the middle where a small lump of pitch was inserted into the canal to produce a sound as in the whistles of the Kiowas and other plains’ tribes, and found also among the present Hopi. The notched scapula (Plate 56, fig. 11) is from the deer. The instrument is still in use for ceremonial music among vari- ous existing pueblos and tribes of northern Mexico, and is played by laying it across a gourd or jar and scraping the notches with a stick.¢ Some obsidian was found at Stone Axe, but no arrowheads or implements of this material were seen. Vesicular lava was worked into spheres, cylinders, and pipes. Fossil wood and limestone were emploved for hammers, scrapers, axes, arrowheads, etc. In this con- nection should be noticed a fragment of a limestone axe having scores on the side, which brings to mind similar specimens from Biddahoo- chee and Chevlon. Metates and hand stones were numerous and well worked out, the material being red and gray freestone. Green, red, yellow, and dark brown paint stones, the latter of spec- ular iron ore used by the Hopi in ceremonies, were collected. Remains of textiles were seen. Fragments of pahos were observed during the excavations, but they were not numerous. The pottery of this ruin proves very interesting and gives the most important indication that the former inhabitants of Stone Axe were related to the Hopi. This fact is an important contribution to our knowledge of the migration of this people, as it was not anticipated that traces of them would be found in this region. This ruin is about 70 miles east of Homolobi, a group of Hopi ruins near Winslow, explored by Dr. Fewkes and the writer in 1896, and 50 miles southeast of the new group of Hopi ruins near Biddahoochee, which were dis- covered by the writer during the autumn of 1901. (See p. 326.) The pottery presents greater variety than that of the ancient pueblos in the vicinity of the Hopi towns of Tusayan, which are characterized “Third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 394. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. ole by yellow ware of unmixed paste. About half of the ware is of the type mentioned, varying in shades from cream to orange, the decora- tion in geometric and geometric-symbolical or symbolism verging on geometricism, the color brown, the forms bowls, vases, and dippers, the bowls having exterior rim decorations. (Plates 58 and 62.) Among the minor articles of pottery collected are spiral relief orna- ments which had been used in decoration (Plate 56, figs. 7 and 9); disks ground from pottery, often perforated as in spindle whorls (Plate 56, fig. 8); a rectangular fragment, on the edge of which teeth like a comb have been cut (Plate 56, fig. 11); a fragment of a globular rattle, per- forated, of yellow ware; a dipper handle with rude attempt to repre- sent an animal; scrapers; oblong tablets ground from polychrome ware in shape like the stone ornaments, etc. From the small ruins 24 miles to the west are disks, canteen lugs, etc. It was observed here that cup-shaped depressions were made in large vessels to aid the grasp. This feature is found in many ruins along the White Mountains, almost always associated with gray ware. The collection shows a number of bowls of red ware of mixed paste, slipped on the interior with white, upon which are painted subgeo- metric designs in black; very few of these specimens have rim decora- tions. With this class are several polychrome vases, one quite large (Plate 57), the body of mixed paste burning light red. On this ground white is applied, outlining the portions of the design that are intended to be red. On the white areas portions of the design are painted black. In some instances the red areas are intensified with a wash of deeper red. The ware just described is of Gila type. Similar bowls have been found in the ruins north of the Petrified Forest, at Four- mile, Chaves Pass, Chevlon, and Homolobi,” being prevalent in the ruins along the White and Mogollon plateaux, where the Gila influ- ence is strong, and occurring sporadically along the Little Colorado and Puerco and to the north of these streams, except at Stone Axe, where the proportion is about that of Four Mile. The presence at Stone Axe of light red ware, characteristically decorated with narrow white lines breaking the field into irregular wedges, must be noted; also thin bowls of gray paste slipped all over with white and having sparse decoration in dark green or brown enamel. These types appear at Chevlon, Homolobi, and Biddahoochee, and W. H. Holmes informs me that the white ware occurs at Jemez, on the Rio Grande. The ware also has a vivid polychrome decoration of green, red, and white at Stone Axe; only fragments, however, were secured. (For remarks on distribution of pottery, see p. 354.) The accompanying plates give a good idea of the color, form, and - symbolism of the pottery from this important ruin. It will be seen that there is the same remarkable variety here that also characterizes «J, W. Fewkes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1896, 324 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. the Homolobi, Biddahoochee, and many of the groups south of the Little Colorado, in contrast with the uniformity of the Northern groups, where gray ware abounds. This feature goes to show that the clans coming from the South passed through regions inhabited by tribes of different culture or arts and in the course of the migration incorporated some of these arts with their own. This is readily accomplished by clan marriage, since most of the arts, notably pottery and basketry, are in the possession of the women and are therefore readily trans- ferred from clan to clan, provided that conservatism does not fix and require artifacts of a particular class within the clan into which the woman may be received. Of course in an orderly procedure the woman does not go to live with her husband’s clan, but the opposite; still at present it is known that there are exceptions to this rule. On the whole, the accessions by which arts are carried from one clan to another would be by families. Thus the pottery of Gila type, which is equal in amount here with that of the yellow or Tusayan type, might represent the artifacts of an element from the Upper Gila and the yellow that of the Asa clan, which migrated from the Rio Grande to Tusayan by way of Zuni. While this is conjectural, the symbolism on the yellow ware resembles that of the Jettyto Valley ruins, and the yellow ware alone bears symbolism of this character. Typical specimens of this class of pottery are shown in Plates 58 and 59, while brownish yellow, also of this class, is shown on Plate 60. The color of the decoration is dark brown, and only in the case of the bowl with symbolism (Plate 60, fig. 2) is red used in connection with the brown. Several vases of an ancient Hopi form were collected. The specimen figured (Plate 58, fig. 2) has a decoration in red-brown around the body. A bowl of fine yellow (Plate 58, fig. 1) is rudely decorated, having irregular patches of pigment applied with no system on the interior; it has an exterior rim decoration of unknown meaning. The bowl (Plate 59, fig. 1) bears a geometric decoration involving a number of bird forms; in the center is the familiar symbol of two birds with interlocking beaks adapted to a square figure. Another bowl of fine texture (Plate 59, fig. 2) bears on the interior a symbolic design sur- rounded with the ‘‘ life line.” The bowl (Plate 60, fig. 1) is decorated with a conventional bird, and the second figure on this plate bears a symbolic design representing a supernatural being in the style of the Katchina figures of the Hopi. The ware with wash of white and decoration in enamel (Plate 61, fig. |) bears a decoration on the interior of three interlocking hook forms which seemingly represent tails of snakes. A set of two zigzag lines extend around the exterior rim of the bowl; the space between these lines is often filled in with red. The second figure on this plate is a good example of the Gila type with geometric decoration. On the ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 325 edge of the rim are rows of small white marks, usually eight in each group; there is no decoration on the exterior. The specimen was up- turned when placed in the grave, hence it is well preserved. Moreover, it was perfectly new and unused when buried. A bowl (Plate 62, fig. 1) of yellow-brown ware shows « fine arrange- ment of a complicated geometric design in which there are numerous bird forms. These may be traced in the square in the center and in wedge-shaped sections above and below. ‘The rim decoration is a simple step design in an oblong frame. The second figure (Plate 62, fig. 2) is a perfect specimen of a rare decoration. The ware is light red, and the design on the exterior and interior is in narrow white lines. The home of this style of ware is not known to the writer, but examples resembling it were found at Biddahoochee. A small vase of good red ware (Plate 64, fig. 1) with handle, in the form of an animal looking into the vessel, a common conceit among the ancient pueblo potters, has a geometric decoration in hatched and solid areas in dark brown color. With this specimen was a bowl of fine yellow ware. (See Plate 58, fig. 1.) These specimens are not related. The vase should belong to the St. John-Zuni region, while the yellow piece belongs to the special area in Tusayan. SMALL SITES NEAR STONE AXE. Another vase of gray ware with conventional animal handle (Plate 64, fig. 2) was found together with an elegant canteen, now in the Gates collection, in a small ruin some miles to the west of Stone Axe. This vase is covered with a well-executed geometric decoration, the motive being terrace figures in the dual hatched and solid color. A red bowl from the same group (Plate 63, fig. 1) shows the same treatment. The specimen is quite similar to bowls found at Forestdale, Showlow, Scorse Ranch, and Canyon Butte. It has no exterior decoration in common with those mentioned; a bowl from the small ruins near Stone Axe, without interior decoration, has horizontal bands of white on the exte- rior. (Plate 63, fig. 2.) The white exterior decoration is also common to the ruins mentioned above. It will be seen that Stone Axe ruin presents a number of features of great interest to the student and some problems which may be solved when we come to know more of the ruined pueblos of the Southwest, multitudes of which await the explorer. The group of small ruins 3 miles southwest of Stone Axe furnished hard gray ware, with black geometric decoration, soft red ware, and coiled ware with patterns formed by punching the coil ridges. These data affiliate the ruins with the numerous small pueblos scattered along the northern side of the White Mountains, apparently belonging to 326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. the Upper Salt River or Zuni type. The forms in gray ware, with geometric decoration in black, are canteens with pierced lugs, handled vases with tubular necks, large flaring bowls, and a small trilobed cup. The red ware was found only in form of bowls of incurved or slightly curved wall form, the decoration in black sometimes outlined with white. Numerous pottery and stone disks were found on the surface, and some shell ornaments, a spindle whorl, arrow smoother, etc., were picked up. Fragments of large coiled vessels with ornamentation formed by indenting the coil ridges were common here. None of these ruins showed aboye ten rooms. Abundant somatological material was secured from Stone Axe, consisting of crania, skeletons, and parts of skeletons, numbering 30 entries. The skulls are brachycephalic and show in adults occipital flattening. The skulls of children do not present this feature. It is expected that this material will be described by a competent specialist when comparison may be had with the material collected by Dr. Fewkes and myself in 1896 and 1897 and reported on by Dr. Hrdlicka. Bones of animals brought up during excavation were carefully collected, no mammals larger than deer and antelope being noted. A portion of the skull of a dog was found. As mentioned, the affiliations by arts of the Stone Axe people seem to be with the clans migrating from the south to Tusayan, which form an important element in the Hopicomplex. The stations to the south in this case have not been located as yet. The next stopping place to the north, I believe, was Biddahoochee, and the route followed was by Carrizo Creek, which enters the Puerco a few miles west of Adamana, up this wash into the Le Roux Valley, and across into the valley of the Cottonwood, 8 miles southeast of Biddahoochee. (See map, Plate 1.) The large stone ruin at Adamana, 9 miles northwest of Stone Axe, does not seem to have been occupied by this clan (see p. 317); neither does the small ruin a short distance north of the Puerco, near Ada- mana. The distance to the Biddahoochee group is about 25 to 30 miles by the route indicated, not too great for a single move, longer migrations having been noted in the pueblo region. HOPI BUTTES AND MESAS. BIDDAHOOCHEE—CHA KPAHU—KOKOPNY AMA—KAWAIOKUH—PERIODS OF TUSAYAN WARE—AGE OF JETTYTO VALLEY RUINS. BIDDAHOOCHEE. For a number of years pottery has been coming into Holbrook from the north, and for the best of reasons the persons collecting pottery for gain were indefinite as to locations until the spoils had been gath- ered. The specimens brought in were usually mixed as to quality and ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. Bi te color of wares, due to careless methods of collection. The presence of fine yellow pottery of Hopi type in these mixed lots of gray, red, etc., led the writer to attempt to disentangle the problem in May, 1901, but sand storms prevented more than a glance at a few ruins on Le Roux Wash. In September, after the close of work with the Museum-Gates expedition, the thread was taken up again. The sery- ices of Juan Baca, the most assiduous ** pottery digger” of this region of the Southwest, were secured, and an extensive reconnoissance was sarried out, resulting in the mapping of the ruins to 40 miles north of Holbrook. (Plates 30 and 65.) Plans of the more important ruins were made (Plate 66), photographs taken, some pottery and pottery fragments and a few crania collected. The Cottonwood Wash ruins are scattered about in an area of per- haps 30 square miles, mostly along the north side of the stream east and west of the crossing of the Holbrook-Keams Canyon road, at 7 miles south of Biddahoochee. (See sketch map, Plate 65.) From this crossing the Cottonwood runs southwest, entering the Little Colorado near Winslow. The upper portion of the stream is indefinite on the maps, and it is only possible to say that the wash parallels Le Roux Wash and has important branches from the north among the Moki Buttes on the 6,000-foot contour. The first ruin examined lies on the level plain, 4 or 5 miles north- east of the buttes between which the Holbrook road passes. The location is at the head of a small, narrow canyon running north to the Cottonwood. The ruin is fairly large and is divided into two sections by the canyon; the part to the west is rectangular, and the eastern section is roughly circular. A seep spring, now dry, exists in the ‘anyon below the ruins. The labors of coyotes and other animals digging for water were evident here. The numerous potshards are mostly of fine yellow ware; some fragments of thin red, with enamel decoration, and of white, with green enamel decoration, were seen. Following down the canyon to the Cottonwood Wash and going west to the Navaho hogans, near where the Holbrook road crosses, a large ruin on the bluff was examined and sketched (Plate 66). The ruin consists of a quadrangle on the level at the top of the bluff and a pro- longation conforming to a promontory bounded on the west by a deep ravine. From the number of human bones scattered about it is evident that the cemeteries had contained many burials. The pottery fragments are abundant and of fine quality like those of the ruins just described. On the same bluff, not far away, is a small ruin belonging to this group. The Navahos in the valley have impounded the waters of the wash by means of a dam, thus securing enough water to last for several years. Several of the Indians told me that there is an ancient ruin on the summit of the large butte across the valley. Lack of time 328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. rendered it impossible to verify this story. There is every reason to believe that a ruin crowns a low, block-shaped butte (Plate 67, fig. 1) some miles to the west of the ruins just described. At the base of this butte, near a Navaho corral, the cemetery has been excavated (Plate 67, fig. 2). The ware is yellow, red, and gray and not of the finer class. Some few miles down the wash, on the southeast front of a large butte, are two ruins with a spring ina gulch between them. They also show ancient Hopi ware and were rifled several years ago. The remaining member of this group is a small site containing six rooms, lying one-half mile south of the first butte on the Holbrook and Keams Canyon road. As aresult of the researches in this locality the writer was able to identify the specimens in the Scorse collection at Holbrook, procured by Juan Baca. In view of the interest attaching to the group of ancient Hopi pueblos examined for the first time, the purchase of these excellent museum specimens was recommended, and they were acquired by the Bureau of American Ethnology. While the typical yellow ware characteristic of Tusayan makes up the bulk of the collection, there are several other kinds of ware that give the ruins additional interest as probably denoting the union of clans of differing culture. The yellow ware of Biddahoochee resembles that of Homolobi, collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the writer.” It has fine, homogeneous paste, varying in shade from cream color to orange. One specimen (see Plate 72, fig. 2) is of bright lemon color. It is necessary to class the earth color and salmon color ware with the yellow. The decoration is in dark brown, red brown, and light brown. ‘The designs are geometric, of great variety and bold- ness, as though not far removed from the original naturalistic concepts. Symbolism like that of the pottery found near Walpi is rare. Brief symbols are the arrow, feather, lightning, birds, corn, and the butterfly, a number of which will be noted in the plates of illustrations. The forms of yellow ware are bowls, cups, vases, and dippers, the latter often with animal handles. Four typical yellow bowls are shown on Plates 68 and 69. Plate 68, fir. 1, is of fine, clear, yellow paste, and the design incorporates several bird forms. The second figure is also of fine yellow paste; the design in red brown, apparently incorporates snakes or lightning. Another bowl (Plate 69, fig. 1) of ocher yellow has a geometric design in hachure and solid color, which is unusual in this locality. The remaining bowl (Plate 69, fig. 2), which is also of ocher yellow, has a geometric design in two sections. In the open area between the sections are two flying arrows. “In a forthcoming Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 329 A small dipper with animal handle (Plate 70, fig. 1) has a design on the interior representing corn. Another dipper with animal handle is shown (Plate 70, fig. 2). A cup of fine yellow ware (Plate 70, fig. 3) has an unskillfully drawn decoration on the body. The design seems to be the four-bird symbol arranged in a band. The small bowl with handle (Plate 70, fig. 4) is a fine specimen, exhibiting a geometric design margined with white. It has also marks in sets of three on the rim, a feature often seen on vessels from the southern side of the basin of the Little Colorado and in ruins in other localities yielding eray or red ware. Five interesting vases are shown on Plates 71, 72, and 73. Plate 69, fig. 1, is decorated with conventional birds, and the second figure bears the four-bird symbol. Vase (Plate 72, fig. 1), has a decoration of unknown meaning; the design is margined with white. The remain- ing vase (Plate 72, fig. 2) is a beautiful specimen of lemon-yellow color, with elegant geometric decoration. In shape this vase is like the best specimens from Sikyatkiand Jettyto Valley. The vases from these ruins are generally of inferior shape to those from the Hopi ruins to the north. A large vase (Plate 73), of rich orange color, from the Cottonwood ruins, bears a geometric design in which hachure is employed. Three unique bowls of red ware belong to this collection. The paste is dark on fractured edges, but where it is exposed to the fire it burns to a pure brick color. The largest bowl (Plate 74) is decorated on the interior, consisting of three segments outlining a trefoil area in the bottom of the bowl. The exterior walls of the bowl are decorated with frets of narrow white lines, as on the specimen from Stone Axe. (See Plate 62, fig. 2.) The interior decoration is in dark green enamel. Another bowl] (Plate 75, fig. 2) has the interior covered with white kaolin slip, and on this ground were painted interlocking frets in bright green enamel. The exterior is red, with a maze fret design in narrow white lines. In one section the space between the lines is filled with green enamel. The bowl isa brilliant specimen of poly- chrome ware. The third bowl (Plate 75, fig. 1) is one of the most artistic specimens of ancient American ceramics known to the writer. It shows remarkable taste in its design and execution. The bowl is bright red in color; the special feature of its decoration is a zone of white around the walls of the interior. On this band is painted a key design of serrated hooked figures (birds) in green enamel. The center of the bottom is a field of red. The exterior of the bowl also has lozenge designs in narrow lines of white. The field of the lozenge is crossed by vertical lines, in turn crossed by short bars. White ware.—Another remarkable group of ware was found in the Cottonwood ruins. This consists of two bowls and two vases of fine 330 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. white paste, well finished and of good form. (Plates 76 and 77.) The decoration is in enamel leaf green and dark green in color, except in the small vase, which is decorated in red. The enamel is like that on the polychrome ware. ‘The white ware resembles that from Stone Axe in the Petrified Forest Reserve, described on page 323, which also shows a similar enamel paint. The green color is due to the presence of iron, and it is evident that the pigment was applied in a pasty condition from the uneven lines. The enamel, on fusing, also spread and ran into lumps. In some cases the enamel has affected the ground, producing a delicate pink margin around the design. Iam not aware of the process employed in producing this enamel. It has been suggested that the ordinary iron pigment may have been mixed with pinyon gum. The inner wall of bowl No. 212,329 (Plate 76, fig. 1) is decorated with a zone of diagonal frets and oe lines, aaa in bands of horizontal lines, divided at intervals by square areas with a dot in the center. The exterior has two double rain-cloud designs and another figure of unknown meaning. The second bowl (Plate 76, fig. 2) has a zone of frets on the interior and on the exterior four equidistant groups of stepped lines in pairs. The texture of this bowl is fine. The unique vase (Plate 77, fig. 2) is also of fine texture. The design consists of three figures, representing four birds on the corners of a quadrangle, inclosing two diamond-shape figures. Around the neck are alternate pairs of vertical and horizontal short lines. The vase has had a short handle, probably an animal head, projecting from the neck. The color of the decoration is a clear, leaf-green enamel, with glazed surface. The remaining vase (Plate 77, fig. 1) has a simple design around the body and a od below the seek in soft red color. Gray ware.—Some of the specimens of gray ware resemble those of Scorse Ranch. In general, it may be said that the gray ware found in the ancient Hopi ruins is of finer quality and more accurate finish than that of the San Juan. The design and forms also render most of the ancient Hopi gray ware unmistakable. The casual observer will note that the food bowls, for instance, are rarely so distorted as those found on sites furnishing the gray and the red pottery alone. A dipper bowl (Plate 78, fig. 1) bears an effect- ive design in lustrous black. The vase (Plate 78, fig. 2) is remark- able both for its elegant form and the handle on which is represented a snake with head bent down toward the interior of the vase. This specimen has been overfired, darkening the ground and design, and rendering the paste hard as stoneware. It will be noted that the design is in hachure and solid black. (See page 354.) A number of small forms of gray ware shown are excellent examples of this type of pottery. The bird-form vase (Plate 79, fig. 6) oa ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA, 331 a conventional representation of the bird topography, with a realistic treatment in the modeling of the tail. The small cup, shaped like a teacup (Plate 79, fig. 3), is of thin ware, and the decoration blends with the background ina pleasing manner. Another cup (Plate 79, fig. 5) is of a form found over a wide range of territory in northern New Mexico and Arizona. Two almost identical specimens are found by Dr. Fewkes and the writer at Homolobi. The ware is fine, and the decoration blends softly into the ground. One of the finest pieces is the four-lobed vase (Plate 79, fig. +), with a pleasing design in deep polished black. A small vase (Plate 79, fig. 2) is also an artistic spee- imen, and the dipper (Plate 79, fig. 1) is of the customary form. Some of the finest examples of coiled ware also come from the Bid- dahoochee region. Plate 80, fig. 3, shows a vase of good workman- ship and a small vase of diversified pattern (Plate 80, figs. 1 and 2). This is the best piece of the kind that has come to my notice. The design is produced by alternate plain and pinched coils beginning at the center of the bottom and extending to the lip, and shows what may be done in the artistic treatment of the coiling. A number of stone implements are in this collection. These consist of grooved stone hammers, the material, quartzite (Plate 81, fig. 4), ground axes of basalt (Plate 81, figs. 1 and 2), and chert knives, drills, and arrowheads. Ax No. 212,407 (Plate 81, fig. 1) resembles the double-bitted axes from the Jettyto Valley ruins. Ax No. 212,413 (Plate 81, fig. 4) is of fine white crystalline limestone or marble. The specimen is carefully finished and polished. Four scores are cut on the surface near the groove and seven small pits are sunken on the ridge bounding the planes of the cutting end. There is every evidence that the unique specimen was ceremonial in character. The reader is referred to a double-bitted ax of white stone found by Dr. Fewkes and the writer at Chevlon, which also has four scores on the side.“ A bird carved from white stone is also a fine example of stone carving. Shell objects were quite scarce in the Cottonwood ruins, only a fragment of a pectunculus shell armlet being encountered. Objects of stone and pottery, apparently spindle whorls, are in the collection. A stone disk has pits on either side, showing that boring was in process. It is gratifying to be able to contribute one of the links in the chain of Hopi migrations from the Red land of the south and to add to one of the best pieces of archeological work ever done in the Southwest. Reference is here made to the explorations of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes in the years 1896 and 1897, when he excavated the sites of the ancient Raincloud and Lizard clans at Chaves Pass, in the Mogollon Moun- @ Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1896, p. 537, pl. xivu. Bol REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. tains, at Homolobi, on the Little Colorado River, near Winslow, Ari- zono, 2 degrees south of the present villages of the Hopi. It was the good fortune of the writer to be present during these epoch-marking investigations. In an important paper“ by Dr. Fewkes a new clew to the migra- tions of the Hopi clans, based on the ownership of eagle’s nests situ- ated near the ancient seats of the clans, has been presented. The researches of Dr. Fewkes show that the Lizard clan, who migrated with the Raincloud clan, claim the eagle nests at Biddahoochee. It has been conclusively shown that the Raincloud clan settled for a time at Homolobi and that the Lizard clan located near them. From the character of the artifacts, especially from the polychrome ware with green decoration like that on Plate 75, the large ruin at the mouth of Chevlon Creek, 12 miles east from the Homolobi group, was the pueblo of the Lizard clan, which, with the Raincloud clan, followed the nat- ural line of migration northeast along Cottonwood wash to Bidda- hoochee. Migration follows the water in this semiarid region and the great Cottonwood wash, which with greater precipitation would be a large river, offered abundant facilities for halting and putting in a erop of corn. Perhaps further investigations along the Cottonwood between Winslow and Biddahoochee will reveal halting places of the clans. To the Biddahoochee focus it is also believed that the clan from Stone Axe, east of the Petrified Forest, was drawn, and the proof also rests in the main on the ware mentioned. (Compare Plate 61 with Plate 76.) East and west along the Moki buttes are sites yielding gray ware, which was probably the kind of pottery made by the northern clans entering into the Hopi complex, the art having been submerged and lost under that brought from the south and east. The upper portion of the Jettyto Valley lies a few miles southeast of the first Hopi mesa. Its trend is southwest, paralleling Keams Can- yon, and its waters find their way into the Little Colorado near the Cascade. The valley is quite deep and wide, as travelers from Holbrook to Keams Canyon will testify from experiences in crossing it and climb- ing the Keam mesa. The north side of the valley here is walled by - a high, abrupt sandstone mesa; the south side presents gentler con- tours, except to the east, where the head branches run in canyons. Navahos off the reservation have undisputed possession of the valley and their hogans and corn fields are frequent along the wash. A num- ber of very large ruins are situated on promontories of the Keam mesa overlooking the valley. They begin at the Awatobi mesa, south- vast of Walpi, and extend to *‘ Mormon John’s” spring, 24 miles east “Property Right in Eagles among the Hopi, American Anthropologist (N. 8.), II, Oct.—Dec., 1900. Also Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 2. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. aeD of Keams Canyon School (Plate 82). Beginning on the west, the Hopi name the ruins Awatobi (Great and Little), Kawaiokuh, Chak- pahu, Nesheptanga, and Kokopnyama, and on the south side of the valley, opposite the latter, Lululongturqui. Several smaller ruins are interspersed among the larger ruins, principally on the mesa top some distance from the edge; a few lie on the southern side of the valley. The cultivable tracts along the wash are strewn with potsherds. Previous to 1901 the only Jettyto ruin scientifically explored was Awatobi, excavated by Dr. Fewkes,” and subsequently by Dr. Frank Russell, of Harvard University. Plans of the larger ruins on the northwest side of Jettyto Valley were made by Victor Mindeleff.’? His ‘*Mishiptonga” is Kawaiokuh; ‘* Bat House” is Chakpahu; ‘* Horn House” is Kokopnyama wrongly located; *‘a small ruin between Horn House and Bat House” is Nesheptanga. The ruin south of Kokopny- ama, called Lululongturqui, is not described. It may be said that the examination of most of these ruins is attended with hardships because of the lack of water. Awatobi still has fine springs, and this fact, coupled with its accessibility, would sooner or later have led to its excavation. Water can be had within 13 miles from Kokopnyama, also. The lack of water, however, has not prevented the Navaho tearing the Jettyto ruins to pieces in search of pottery for the trader. The first Jettyto ruin worked by the Museum-Gates expedition was Kokopnyama, a Hopi name meaning “‘‘firewood people.”° The Navaho name is Delcalsacat, ‘‘ wild gourd,” and the name given it by white people is *‘Cottonwood ruin,” from the trees, growing in one spot near by. It is located on a low, easily accessible mesa near Maupin’s store, at Mormon John’s spring, 23 miles east of Keams Can- yon School, and so far as known is the easternmost of the Jettyto Valley ruins and one of the largest.” The ruin is commandingly located on the mesa top, affording an extensive view over the valley below and over the country toward Keams Canyon (Plate 83). In the distance the Hopi Buttes fret the horizon with their remarkable outlines. Juniper and pinyon trees and an occasional oak clothe the top and flanks of the mesa. Large juni- pers grow near the ruins, but no trees occupy the zone of habitation. The location of the ancient spring is marked by four cottonwood trees growing close against the mesa; much digging near these trees has been done by Navaho ina futile search for water. Toward the val- ley the zone of pottery fragments extends for more than a mile, and «Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology; Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1895; American Anthropologist, Oct., 1895. >Highth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. ¢This name refers to the clans which lived here and is probably not the ancient designation of the village. @¥or Mindeleff’s plan see Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. vit, and brief description, p. 50. do4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. beneath the village, heaped up against the mesa, is a great talus of house refuse. To the east of the site are sand dunes from 10 to 30 feet high, among which fine specimens of juniper flourish. Vegetation is scanty on the mesa, Bigelovia graveolens protecting Tradescantia scopulorum and other small herbs from browsing animals. On the talus below the mesa the customary Hopi berry bushes, Lyciwm pallidum and Ribes cereum, thrive. An examination of Mindeleff’s plan will show the lack of order in the accretion of house groups going to make up this pueblo, due in great part to the configuration of the margin of the mesa. The rear wall is the only uniform feature; the intermediate area seems to have been built over in a haphazard manner. Portions of the pueblo were formerly.at least four stories in height above the spring and along that section. Below the mesa many houses were built among the rocks, where excavation exposed walls running irregularly on account of the nature of the ground. Places of burial were found in these houses and under the rocks and in crevices, as is now customary in the latter case at the Hopi pueblos. No walls remain standing on the ruin, and there are no traces of house beams.“ Excavation in the rooms showed walls rather poorly built of coarse soft sandstone laid in mud. Many of the rooms were plastered. A group of lower rooms 7 feet square on the edge of the mesa above the spring and having the mesa as a floor were excavated. The walls were chinked with small stones; the fire hole was on the floor at the southwest. Small, low doors or openings between the rooms were noticed. On the floor lay lumps of clay, paint, flat mealing stones, small mortars, etc. The pottery in these rooms was altogether gray and red, a fact to be noticed later. No subterranean kiva could be found here or in any of the Jettyto ruins examined. Such kivas existed at Awatobi, however. Scattered over the surface are vast numbers of potshards, almost invariably of yellow ware, many pieces showing interesting symbolism. At one spot near the edge of the mesa pottery was burned, leaving heaps of cinders and ashes. Lignite was used as fuel, the débris filling the houses and falling below the mesa, being largely composed of coal ashes derived from burning ‘‘ bony” lignite. At the foot of the mesa south of the wash is a vein of pure coal 7 feet thick, and at this point is abundant evidence of pottery burning. Some fragments of vessels picked up had clinkers fused to the surface, and specimens of pottery burned to the hardness of stoneware occurred in the débris. Ona bench of the mesa a fire box was seen near a series of ‘‘ gardens” “A number of beams from Awatobi are incorporated in the houses of Hano and Walpi. Some of these may be seen in Nampeo’s house at Hano. They were secured by her husband, Lesu. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 335 demarked with parallel lines of large stones. A small cist (Plate 84) was discovered in the cliff and photographed by Mr. Gates. This had been broken info, and there is now no means of ascertaining its pur- pose. The cist may have been made as a receptacle for cult objects. A single pictograph rewarded the search. This was on the face of an immense block of sandstone fallen from the rampart of the mesa. The pictograph, which apparently represents a mask, 1s obscured by weath- ering, and its preservation seems to be owing to a covering of lichen. The cliffs were searched for shrines without results. Some time was spent in the endeavor to locate the cemetery. The sand dunes 200 yards back of the pueblo seemed favorable from the number of potshards there, but nothing was found, and it was thought that this cemetery had been destroyed long ago by the moving sand. It appears that several parties of prospectors for pottery met with disappointment at this ruin. The main talus of village refuse had been untouched, and excavation here yielded a fair collection, which has the distinction of being all that remains to tell of the ancient inhabitants of the pueblo of the firewood people. The soil of the talus has been greatly solidified by pressure, the burials often showing as a mere narrow band of organic materials. Excavation was carried on by running a trench across the talus and carefully paring off the face, which was from 5 to 8 feet high. (Plate 85.) The bodies were placed with the head to the northwest, the face toward the mesa, the legs being flexed. Mats were wrapped around the body, and the remains of coiled and wicker baskets, cord of hair, cloth of animal fiber, and feather textile show a considerable variety in this class. Near the head were usually found lumps of gray and yellow clay, red and yellow paint, and a flake knife of flint; the pot- tery also was placed around the head. The bones were extremely decayed, and in most cases had so disintegrated that no specimens could be saved. In one burial at the moment of uncovering the body by the falling away of the earth a skull was found retaining the hair in excellent preservation, tied with a human hair cord at the sides of the head. (See Plate 86.) The skull, however, fell to pieces in a few minutes. Small balls of clay like marbles were found in the graves. Beads and ornaments were almost lacking, and only one small oblong of turquoise was encountered. Pahos also were not seen. Many of the burials were without mortuary offerings, and rarely more than three pottery vessels were taken from a single interment. The pottery is yellow and as a rule is inferior in quality to the frag- ments scattered over the ruin. In deep diggings at the bottom of the talus some burials had only gray and a little red ware. On the slope below the mesa at the east side of the pueblo in indurated sand at a depth of 3 feet were found four pieces of black and white ware, consisting of a vase with animal handle, a cooking vessel with handle, 336 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. a cup, and bowl. The vase contained black and white beads of stone and shell, tablets of red stone, and pottery ornaments all pierced for stringing. Parts of a child’s skull and femur were found near by, but no bones were directly associated with the pottery, and extensive diggings brought to light no other burials or remains at this place. Some work was done at Nesheptanga,” a ruin of fair size, in the neighborhood of Kokopnyama, situated on the mesa about 100 yards from Maupin’s store. The buildings conform to the mesa edge toward the west and the village terminates to the east in a wall crossing the mesa. Fragments of fine yellow pottery are scattered over the ruin. Burials were made among the rocks in débris from the village. The cemetery among the rocks below the mesa had been dug out by the Navaho, and few specimens remained. Several smaller ruins a few miles west of Nesheptanga were inspected. One of these of good size is located on the mesa at the head of along gulch leading into the Jettyto Valley. The ware here is yellow and of good quality. A smaller ruin in the same neighborhood showed fragments of large napiform vases characteristic of Tusayan. The small sites showing gray and red ware presented few features of interest. The ware is coarse, and it is apparent that the inhabitants were poor. The pres- ence of ruins of this class in Tusayan, however, is interesting. (See p. 332.) The ruin called Lululongturqui, located across the Jettyto Valley from Kokopnyama, was carefully examined, but not excavated. It is of medium size and has a commanding situation on the mesa. The mound stands high, and the village plan shows a rounded outline, reminding one of some of the Canyon Butte ruins. Adjoining the village in the north quarter are many oblong garden plots bounded with lines of stones. It is an interesting fact that the pottery of this ruin, while mostly gray and light red, has a fair proportion of fine yellow, either indicating that the people making the red and gray ware were contemporaneous with the makers of yellow ware or that the lat- ter supplanted the former. Unfortunately the evidence of the graves could not be obtained. The Hopi name of the ruin is worthy of remark. Some work had been done here by the Navaho, and it appears that burials had been disturbed close to the town walls. Two small ruins with coarse red and gray ware one-half mile east of this ruin ona branch of the Jettvto Wash were visited. These ruins had T ‘ been worked by the Navaho and a few pieces of pottery taken out. CHAKPAKU. About midway between Kokopnyama and Kawaiokuh lies a very large ruin called by the Hopi ‘‘Chakpahu,” Speaker Spring. It 1s located on a spur of the mesa and overlooks the Jettyto Valley and a « Mindeleff’s ‘‘small ruin between Horn House and Bat House.’’ ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 337 deep gorge to the west.. The ruin was surveyed by Victor Mindeleft in 1885.“ The prominent features of the ruin are the defensive wall and the great court or plaza which overlooks the gorge. No walls are standing, and the house plans can in few cases be traced among the mounds of rubbish. Vast quantities of potshards are mingled with the débris. The ware is of the finest quality, the best in texture and decoration to be seen on any ruin in Tusayan. The prevalence of frag- ments of large napiform vases at Chakpahu is noteworthy. The shards are bright and fresh looking as though recent. Many superb speci- mens from this ruin have gone into the various collections made by Mr. T. V. Keam. The cemeteries, which were in the débris between the houses and the mesa, have been rifled by Navaho. In 1893 the spring below the mesa was dug out by the Navaho, and many vases and vessels of various forms, like those found by the Museum-Gates expedition at Kawaiokuh, were encountered. A short account of this find, with illustration, was published by James Mooney.’ A ruin furnishing yellow ware is said to exist on the south side of the valley, nearly opposite Chakpahu, where Maupin’s new road descends the mesa. The ruin was not seen, but some specimens were bought of Navaho, one a canteen in yellow ware, with ancient deco- rations, and shaped like those used by the Hopi. KOKOPNYAMA. There is at Kokopnyama, as may be expected, a preponderance of useful forms in pottery, represented by bowls, vases, dippers, cups, and cooking utensils. Large water vases, with rugose surface, without decoration, are also represented here, but in limited numbers. The concave disks of pottery, with holes punched around the edge, are almost lacking at Kokopnyama. It is conjectured that these objects may have been used as revolving rests for ware during the process of manufacture, as are the tabipi or bottom forms, employed by the pot- ters of Hano at present. A portion of this customary imperforated disk, with clay still attached to the concave surface, was found in this ruin. A vessel of very thick ware, showing traces of fire, is believed to have been a brazier, in which coals were kept alight. I have observed such vessels in use among the Zuni. Small objects of pottery were somewhat numerous, such as toy cups and bowls, frequently unbaked and showing the touches of childish fingers; a rattle with perforated globe, clay balls, toy dippers, and a number of animal handles representing the wildcat, badger, mountain sheep, wolf, ete. One of these, probably a wolf, is covered with a @ Kighth Annual Report of the Bureau Ethnology, p. 52 (map faces p. 26). > American Anthropologist, July, 1898, p. 283, 22 NAT Mus 1901 338 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. thick enamel caused by fusing in the fire at great heat. A few disks worked from pottery fragments, and a fragment bearing the lug of a canteen reground in the shape of a frog, were encountered. Spiral appliqué ornaments for pottery, like those on Zuni cooking pots, were used here, as fragments attest. It is worthy of remark that the minor works of pottery mentioned are fewer and somewhat ruder than those found in the ruins to the west. Objects of shell are extremely rare in this ruin, a few unworked bits, a fragment of a large armlet, and a few conus and olivella beads ‘being the sum total secured. Worked bone is also scarce, with the exception of small awls. A few bone beads. small tubes, and a rib knife were taken from the excavations. Stone implements are numerous here. Flint cores, arrowheads, knives, scrapers, flakes, and drills represent objects and materials of chippable stone. The workmanship, however, ispoor. Spherical ham- mer stones, grooved hammers, an ax hammer, a simple grooved ax with poll, and a double-bitt ax were taken out. A sandstone upon which are grooves made in sharpening paho sticks, arrow smoothers, rubbing stones, small mortars and pestles, and pottery polishing stones were collected. Fragments of hand stones for grinding corn were seen, but no flat grinding stones were found in place in the rooms and very few were observed on the surface, though undoubtedly they were in con- stant use. The absence of surface relics of this character is due to the proximity of these ruins to the inhabited pueblos, who find use for many things abandoned by the ancients. Several stone spheres, of a size suitable for club heads and probably originally put to that use, were secured. Ironstone concretions of many interesting forms weathered out of the sandstone ledges are scattered in the débris of this ruin. A few in the collection have been worked in improvement of the suggestive natural form. These usually take the shape of miniature, well-finished cups. A curious toy grooved hammer of sandstone, painted red, was taken from the débris of a room. Ornaments were made from a white limestone and a fine-grained clay stone of good red color. Thin disks of the latter stone, with per- foration near the edge for suspension, are numerous. Turquoise was practically absent at Kokopnyama. Two fragments of tubular pipes were secured, one of beautifully banded stone and the other of pot- tery. Selenite fragments were scattered through the débris, also a few chips of obsidian and chalcedony like that of the Petrified Forest. Of pigments, numerous examples occur at Kokopnyama. The most abundant is a dark red derived from the ‘‘ bone” in burnt lig- nite and from the clay stone used for ornaments; yellow occurs as yellow ocher and ocherish clays, green as copper carbonate and arena- ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 339 ceous clay, and white from decomposed chalky limestone. Several fragments of dark brown iron ore showing marks of rubbing are examples of the stone used by potters for the brown pigment. Bones of small animals were very scarce in the débris. Those found were principally of the two species of rabbit. Bones of the dog, fox, eagle, and turkey were also observed. Numerous specimens of textiles were discovered in the cemetery during the excavations at Kokopnyama. Matting of twilled weaving was commonly employed to envelop the body preparatory to burial. In contact with the body also was found a very interesting textile, if so it may be called, but more resembling a rather thick felt of downy feathers, presumably of the eagle. This cloth was usually found on the face of the dead and is never of large extent. It may have been a mask of down for which cotton was substituted at a later period. Dr Fewkes mentions mortuary masks of cotton as having been tradi- tionally used by the Hopi. In one instance a twisted two-strand cord of hair still binding masses of hair was found. (Plate 86, figs. 1 and 2.) A number of specimens of coiled and wicker basketry were taken out. (Plate 87.) The coiled basket is of close, fine work, and will be described by Professor Mason in his forthcoming work on basketry. The wicker basketry is of the ordinary type at present made at Oraibi. Several knots tied in yucca-leaf strips are shown in Plate 97, fig. 2. A thick lock of hair bound with yucca and saturated at the basal end with red pigment is thought to have been a brush, perhaps a brush for producing spatter work on pottery. Beans of a long variety, corn, and squash seed and indistinguishable remains of food were found with the dead. The absence of fetishes of worked stone is not unusual in the ruins of northeastern Arizona, but the absence of pahos with the interments at Kokopnyama is remarkable. It must not be said, however, that the Kokop people did not employ pahos, for the most important ceme- tery, which has either been swept away or is yet undiscovered, may have contained them. Still, the lack of pahos with the burials in the extensive ash talus of the pueblos must be taken as positive evidence, proving a considerable variance from the neighboring pueblos to the west in this respect. KAWAIOKUH. This very large ruin is situated much as Chakpahu, on the top of the mesa between two gorges. It lies a short distance to the west of the Keams Canyon road, where it reaches the level of the mesa, 2 or 3 miles above Jettyto Spring at the ‘*Rock House.” (See Plate 82.) Communication is rather easy over the level mesa to Awatobi, near which is a Hopi settlement around a fine spring. Kawaiokuh has a commanding position, giving an extended view up 340 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. and down the Jettyto Valley. (Plate 88.) Juniper trees come close to the ruin and are abundant on the mesa, not having been consumed for fuel, as near the present Hopi towns. This is due, perhaps, to the use of lignite at Kawaiokuh. During the winter the Navaho move up from the valley to their hogans among the junipers, where fuel is con- venient and snow furnishes water. Many varieties of plants grow on the mesa, which at this elevation (6,200 feet) assumes the aspect of the White Mountain slopes. In the gorges below the ruin are seen springs which hold out for some time into the dry season. Jettyto spring issuing from the shales at the base of the mesa is permanent, and no doubt furnished water for Kawaiokuh, though at the cost of much labor in bringing it up to the pueblo. The front of the village was built close to the edge of the mesa, though enough space was left for passage around. The rear of the village is comparatively straight. The houses near the edge of the mesa were several stories in height, and some of the rooms were large and well plastered with red clay mixed with sand. The walls of a room excavated were covered with numerous coats of plaster, on the surface of which various designs had been painted in color. (Plate 89.) The floors were broad slabs of flagstone. The masonry is of small cubes of sandstone laid in mud and shows inferior workmanship like that of the present puebios. No scattering houses were to be seen around the pueblo nor were there traces of shrines or pictographs. On the bench below the cliff a pottery-burning place was discovered, and by carefully removing the layers of soil the bed on which the pot- tery was set up was exposed. (Plate 90, fig. 1.) This layer was made up of ashes mainly composed of the slaty portions of the lignite burn- ing white or red. There were bits of white sandstone also, and char- coal of twigs and stones. Near this spot was unearthed a heap of fragments of vessels broken in firing. (Plate 90, fig. 2.) Kawaiokuh has been devastated in a thorough manner by the Navaho, and there was grievous evidence that their wasteful methods had destroyed far more than was saved. The burials in which the finest ware had been placed were found in the débris among the rocks at the foot of the cliff and extended entirely around the front of the pueblo. The slope at the west side of the village above the gorge had also been an important cemetery. There is no cemetery at a distance from the pueblo, as at Awatobi, and it appears that the latter pueblo is unique in this respect among the related Jettyto ruins. After numerous trial excavations it was determined to clear out one of the higher house masses on the edge of the mesa. Very soon in the course of this work it was discovered that the front rooms had been devoted to burials and eventually a considerable collection of pot- “See Mindeleff’s plan, Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 341 tery, etc., was taken out. As many as eight interments had been made in one room at different levels. (Plate 91.) A large coiled jar, sealed with clay and haying the rim of a fine vase luted on, was unearthed beneath the stone floor of aroom. (Plate 92.) The jar contained only a quantity of clean sand in pellets, the grains loosely cohering in globular form as though arranged by some obscure natural process. This deposit was perhaps of sand for ceremonial purposes. Offerings of corn, beans, cotton seed, ete., accompanied these burials. The skeletons were decayed beyond preservation. The burials below the mesa held the ware of the finer class almost exclusively, so far as could be ascertained from the fragments of beautiful texture and design left by the Navaho around their excavations. A few interments that had escaped the Navaho were encountered during the work. Mats of yucca strips were wrapped around the bodies and these placed on wicker trays or constructions of small twigs. ood offerings of young corn ears and bread were placed on coiled baskets and numerous elab- orate pahos arranged around the body. It seems plain that the impor- tant cemetery was at this location, and it is regrettable that so little remained where there had been so much valuable scientific material. With the specimens from the house cemetery, however, and those from the excavations in the débris and from the surface of the ruin a considerable collection was formed, containing many interesting objects. In the neighborhood of Kawaiokuh are several small ruins yielding gray ware, a specimen of which is shown on Plate 95, fig. 1. While in camp here a Navaho brought in two fine pieces of this class from a ruin, described as large, in the Moki Buttes, about 25 miles distant. One of these pieces is a large globular vase well decorated. Artifacts, Kawaiokuh.—TVhe remark as to the useful forms of pot- tery vessels at Kokopnyama applies also to this ruin. A greater num- ber of specimens were collected at Kawaiokuh than at the former site, and as noted the zsthetic ware is more abundant; likewise, there are many small objects of different classes showing that the potters’ art was quite diversified in this pueblo. In detail, attention may be called to a small vessel in form of a frog; the ware is fine yellow, and the modeling is aided by decoration in dark brown (Plate 93, fig. 1). Another of this class is a vase in form of a parroquet, of excellent workmanship and decoration (Plate 94). A vase of gourd form also displays much taste, and a vase of the oriental ‘‘ pilgrims’ gourd” shape, a form rare in this region, is represented in the collection. An oblong canteen form, from which the handles have been broken, bears a symbolic decoration on the sides, and at the ends conventionalized faces. (Plate 93, fig. 3.) A well-formed dipper in perfect preservation is shown in Plate 93, fig. 2. A vase of gray ware with spiral decorations on the shoulder (Plate 342 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. 95, fig. 2) was taken from the house cemetery at Kawaiokuh. The ware is remarkably thin, so much so as to raise the question whether the vessel could have been made by coiling, and yet there seems to be no alternative. A bowl, one of several, of salmon color (see Plate 100, fig. 2) must be mentioned. The paste is dense and of the same fine character of the ware from this region; it is probable that to produce this color either a little yellow ocher was added to the clay or the clay was selected for the purpose. In either case the bowls have the look of strangers amidst the fine ceramics of Kawaiokuh; especially is this remarked when one considers the rudely drawn design in brown bordered with white, a style extremely rare in ancient Hopi pottery, where white is not a potter’s pigment. White-margined decoration is found at Hon- olobi, and in many of the ruins along the White Mountain plateau it is common. Possibly the woman who made these bowls was following the traditions of the potters of her clan, which may not have been represented at Kawaiokuh except by herself. The fancy of the potter was expressed in many small works, as in the handles of the cups and vases, which often represent animals with accuracy and again with grotesque or humorous treatment. The han- dle of a cup (Plate 93, fig. 4) is an example of the latter. By setting the mouth of the animal at an angle a peculiarly whimsical expression was produced by the artist. Figurines of a dog going on three legs (Plate 96, fig. 12) and of the same animal apparently curled up in sleeping posture were found. Ornaments in shape of birds perforated for wearing are frequent. (Plate 96, fig. 11.) One of these in the collection is a superior piece of modeling; the tail and extended wings are yaned by notches pressed in the clay and the body is decorated. (Plate 96, fig. 9.) Small ornaments in shape and decoration designed to imitate shells are also frequent. (Plate 96, figs. 7, 8, and 10.) Pottery bells like those found by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes at Awatobi@ and first described by him from this region are somewhat numerous here. They are hollow spheres, having a narrow aperture like the sleigh bell, and as to devices for fastening to a cord or to garments are of two classes; one with a perforated tang, and the other having a pair of holes opposite the aperture. One of these specimens retains the pellet of clay forming the sounder and on being shaken produces an agreeable tinkling sound. These bells are undoubtedly of aborigi- nal manufacture.? “Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 629. > During a meeting of the Anthropological Society of Washington, at which the results of the Museum-Gates expedition of 1901 were presented, the question of the aboriginal origin of the so-called hawkbell was canvassed, the evidence presented going to show that such bells are prehistoric on the American Continent, although at an early date bells of a similar fornt were articles of trade, being in universal demand by the native tribes and scarce with them at any period. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 3438 Toy pottery vessels are plentiful, representing vases, cups, dippers, and bowls; one in form of a gourd, and one miniature vase of gray ware of excellent form and finish should be mentioned. A pottery object in form of a hollow cone, with perforations around the base, is supposed to have been used as the nose of a mask. Several tubular pipes (see Plate 52, tig. 4) were taken out. Hundreds of fragments of the concave disks of rude pottery with perforations around the edge, indicating a diameter of from 8 to 12 inches, were seen in the débris. (See p. 337.) Among the pottery objects found at Kawaiokuh is a fragment of a thick rectangular slab, with two shallow saucers in the upper surface. From traces of adhering color, this was no doubt used for mixing paint. Stone working at Kawaiokuh had not reached by many degrees the perfection attained in clay working. This remark is true for the whole Pueblo region, where the worked stone is much inferior to that of the ancient inhabitants of Ohio. Still, in the Pueblo region, there was considerable variation in workmanship among the different tribes and also in some lines, as in mosaic and bead making there was great pro- ficiency. It must be said that for careless and crude manufacture of stone implements, the tribes going to form the Hopi complex were among the first, though on the other hand quite a variety of imple- ments, ornaments, etc., were fashioned of stone. The primitive spherical hand hammer is common at Kawaiokuh, where it was employed, no doubt, for battering corn mills, ete., as it is among the present pueblos, where the writer has observed it in use.“ Grooved hammers of different sizes are alsofound. The large grooved hammers seem to have been used in wood gathering; they are some- times met with among the juniper trees at a distance from villages. Axes, sometimes double-bitted, had their principal use also in getting out beams and chopping wood. Occasionally ceremonial implements in the form of highly polished axes and hammers of actinolite, a beau- tiful and much-prized stone, are picken up on the ruins. Two fine specimens of this character were secured from Sa-a-la-ko, the chief Snake woman of the Hopi, mother of the leader of the snake fraternity of Walpi. Aside from actinolite, the material of hammers and axes is chert, sandstone, and basalt of inferior quality. The arrow smoothers from this locality were made by securing a suitable piece of stone, dressing down a face, and making a groove across it. The materials are coarse and fine sandstone, claystone, and soapstone. This implement must be divided in two classes, one in which the arrow-shaft was smoothed by attrition, and the other in which when the stone was heated the shafts were straightened. In the latter class often a companion stone, also grooved, was placed over @ American Anthropologist, X, June, 1897, p. 191. 344 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. the shaft and the latter drawn to and fro through the channel. Small cup-shape mortars of coarse sandstone were found at Kawaiokuh and a slab of fine-grain sandstone with shallow cavity in which iron paint had been triturated. Pottery-smoothing stones are numerous, and small slabs of fine grit wood opal, used presumably in stone working, were picked up. There were also cylinders of coarse stone, probably employed as rasps. Ornaments in form of round and oblong tablets of red-clay stone like that used at Kokopnyama are shown (Plate 96, figs. 1-3). A drilled tablet of buff limestone is also shown (Plate 96, fig. 4). A small object of hematite, neatly carved to represent a wolf and having a hole drilled through it for suspension, is probably a fetish (Plate 96, fig. 6). The arrowheads at this site differ very much in size from slender specimens three-fourths of an inch in length to those 24 inches in length. Many of them are serrated; such arrowheads are common in northeastern Arizona. The materials are various—chert, quartzite, quartz, agate, jasper, obsidian, and chaleedony. A number of knives were collected, mostly rudely chipped, though some show rather good work. Serapers consisting of irregular spalls of chert, chalcedony, and obsidian worked on one edge are numerous. Obsidian is more plentiful at Kawaiokuh than at the neighboring ruins. Several per- fectly formed chips found in the débris are believed to have been used as minature mirrors. The Navaho are familiar with such use of obsidian flakes. No crystals of quartz commonly found in the pueblo ruins were observed at Kawaiokuh. ‘A few beads of fine turquoise were picked up in the débris, but no specimens were placed in the graves. Several chipped fragments of vitreous stone, some of which seem to have been fused, were thought to be artificial, or rather to have been produced by accident in burning pottery at a high heat.“ We have seen that fused masses of green enamel sometimes occur on fragments of pottery among the ashes at the pottery-burning places, and suggest that the people of Kawaiokuh were near to the independent discovery of glass. Objects of shell are comparatively few at Kawaiokuh, although there is much more here than at Kokopnyama. Among the specimens secured were a fragment of shell pendant, a fragment of amulet drilled for a pendant, conus and olivella tinklers, a small circlet cut from a pectunculus shell, and a circular ornament with scalloped edge having a hole cut through the center. Small bone awls like those used by the Hopi for basket work and sewing are common, ‘Tubes of bird bone and of a few deer bones cut off with flint were collected. One of these tubes has a hole cut through “This mass has been tested by Dr. George P. Merrill and is found to be a slag. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 345 the wall near one end and was probably made for a whistle. The tips of an antler and several other bones appear to have been employed in flint chipping. A circular ornament cut from the skull of some animal and having a hole near the edge for suspension was taken out. The pigments used for various purposes at Kawaiokuh were found to be similar to those collected at Kokopnyama. Wicker and coiled basketry like that described from Kokopnyama was made at Kawaiokuh (Plate 97, figs. 1, 2, and 4). The bed or mat of twigs often placed beneath the more important dead was, as far as the condition of the specimens allow to be made out, constructed of interlaced shoots of Rhus trilobata, the ends of the shoots turned in and thrust among the interlacings forming an edge. Matting of yucca, the making of which has been long discontinued among the Hopi, was also used to enwrap the dead, as shown (Plate 97, fig. 5), where remains of matting adhered to the lower jaw of the skeleton. Strips of the fibrous leaf of the yucca were used for tying. Specimens of the felt-like masks of the down of birds were also col- lected at Kawaiokuh, as at Kokopnyama. (See p. 339.) Squash seed, beans, corn, and cotton seed were found in the graves. Sometimes a bunch of ears of corn, probably roasted and secured together by the husks for hanging in the house as the Hopi do at present, were uncovered. The cotton seed resembles in size and appearance that still raised by the Oraibi at Moenkopi. The offerings of prepared food to the dead in the ancient ruins are rarely in such condition as to admit of identification. At Kawaiokuh, however, one of these offerings was plainly a round, thick tortilla, such as the Hopi call pilabaki. While at Kokopnyama pahos seem to be absent; at Kawaiokuh they are numerous in the graves and are the only wooden objects that have been preserved. It may be said that the cause of this is the carbonate of copper pigment with which the pahos were covered. Three kinds of pahos were noticed—one a short, slender stick sharpened at one end; another larger, with carved head, and still another a stout rod having a flat tablet fastened to the upper portion.” No traces of other colors than green are observable on these pahos. Remains of pine needles and feathers still adhere to the tablets, and in one case the small mass of meal (niisha, ‘‘sustenance”), customarily added by the Hopi to certain pahos, as those of the flute society, was preserved. In regard to the distribution of pahos in this region, it may be said that while they are sparsely represented in the ruins of the Little Colorado Valley and the north side of the White and Mogollon mountains, they are most numerous in the ruins around Hopi mesas, especially in the latter ruins. In the excavation of Old Wolpi, aSee Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 736— 739, for pahos found by Dr. Fewkes at Awatobi and Sikyatki. 346 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. Mr. ©. L. Owen, of the Field Columbian Museum exploring party, took out many hundreds of these interesting objects, proving that here is the center of greatest prevalence of pahos. The origin of the custom can not be ascertained as yet, nor is there data as to its extent in the Pueblo region. Presumably the elaborate pahos were an accession from the Rio Grande coming in with the complicated Katchina ceremonies. @ PERIODS OF TUSAYAN WARE. It may be well to notice here the characteristics of the ware of the_ different periods as marked by the incoming clans. The settlements of the first period are small and obscure and have not been excavated. From surface indications, however, it is found that the ware is rather coarse, and that there is a greater proportion of gray and red ware than in later ruins. The small sites showing only gray ware and red ware have been mentioned, and these may indicate early clans with the technic of the San Juan region. To the north and west of Tusayan such ruins are numerous, coming close down upon the area of the yel- low ware. The traditional Hopi ruins at Black Falls, discovered by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, are of this class.? The decoration of this ware is geometric, and animal forms or symbolic figures are almost lacking. The second period begins with the initial coming of the clans from the south. These people are well represented at Homolobi, near Wins- low, Arizona, where exist a group of ruins explored by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the writer in 1896, and the group near Biddahoochee, described in this paper (p. 326). Here we tind a considerable diversity of color and quality of ware. The fine yellow ware is well represented, but we have gray ware, red ware, polychrome ware, and coiled vessels with marked coiled decoration different from the obscure coiling of the ruins near the Hopi mesas. ° The decoration is geometric, but not derived from the same motives as in the gray ware of northern localities. There is more fertility of invention in handling motives which are in a transition from more com- plex symbolic subjects in the main primarily realistic. This gives, for example, the interior decoration of bowls a greater variety in the matter of placing the design over the whole area, whereas in the black- and-white northern ware the design is usually arranged in four areas between the arms of across, leaving a pouame sor CucuaE field in the “ Most of the traditions ascribe the paeedeecon of prayer ie to the Wares ielaaee people of the South. See Fewkes, Tusayan Migration Traditions, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. ®’American Anthropologist (n.’s.), I, July—Sept., 1900. ¢ The migration from the sanity, has also been in progress for a considerable period, extending up to comparatively recent times. It must be said, however, that these clans brought with them pottery that appears to be more ancient in type than that brought by the Rio Grande clans. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 347 middle of the bowl scarcely ever occupied by a symbolic design. The designs are almost invariably angular and rarely undertake the voluted or curved designs of other regions. Invariably, also, the ancient Hopi ruins are richer in shell, turquoise, and objects of aboriginal art than other ruins of the Southwest. The extent of the impress upon the Hopi of the art of the clans coming from the south is not clear at present, as the ancient sites have not been explored to any extent. In the summer of 1901 Dr. George A. Dorsey and Mr. C. L. Owen, of the Field Columbian Museum, excavated on the site of Old Walpi, the ‘‘Ash Heap,” as it is called, securing a large collection, which, when it is available, will probably throw light on the transition period. It appears that comparatively recently the potter’s art died out among the Hopi of the Middle and East Mesas and that by the law of village specialization of an art, Oraibi retained the making of pottery until shortly after 1872, when Dr. J. W. Powell visited the pueblo. The later Oraibi art shows marked Zuni influences. The Tewans, however, practiced the art uninterruptedly, and it has come to be that the people of Hano are the only potters remaining in Tusayan, and that finally, at the close of the fourth period, the pottery used by the Hopi is of Rio Grande extraction, even though it has become thoroughly debased, like many of the arts of the American Indians. Nampeo, an intelligent Tewan woman, however, is endeavoring to revive the glories of the former times. The third period, the golden age of Tusayan, begins with the great migration from the Rio Grande. To this period belongs the splendid ware procured by Dr. Fewkes at Sikyatki and Awatobi,“ the Keam collections at Peabody and Chicago, and the collection from Jettyto Valley by the Museum-Gates expedition. In texture and decoration this pottery is the best in North Americ: and ranks with the finest of Mexico and Peru. In decoration it is perhaps superior, for it must be remembered that the highest efforts» of the potter in those countries belong in the class of sculpture, which is hardly represented in Tusayan, nor indeed in the Pueblo region, except where it connects with the Mexican culture on the southern border. The ware of Jettyto Valley is preponderantly yellow, ranging from cream color to yellow ocher and occasionally reaching orange. Brown and salmon color also occur, with a few sporadic examples of gray and red. The texture of the ware is fine and homogeneous; the absence of sand or dégraissant is notable, which speaks well of the cretaceous clays that occur as partings in the sandstone rocks of the region. These clays also contain little iron and that is such chemical form as to «Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2. . 348 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. impart only a yellowish tint of great beauty to the burnt ware. The clay burns to remarkable density and stands a high heat in the kiln. Sometimes overburning produces a paste with the hardness of stone- ware, but high heat usually darkens the surface and obscures the design. A lively appreciation of symmetry of form is evident and the sur- face finish shows the greatest care, no part being slighted, differing in this respect from the gray ware of the north, in which the exterior surface and edge usually have not been treated with the polishing stone. On account of the careful finish of the Jettyto ware no traces of coiling or other processes may he seen; in fact, the potter was care- ful not to have even marks of the smoothing stone on her vessels, so that the surface is agreeable to the touch, like polished ivory. Not having received any surface wash of clay, the vessels are never crackled. There is no doubt, however, that the structural method of coiling was practiced and that the basal processes were similar to those employed by the potters of Hano at present. The pigments, also, were of iron ores and earths, like those used by Nampeo at Hano. These are té/o, or ironstone and s¢kydtoho, or yel- low ocher; in unskillful hands these produce, the former dark brown answering to black, and the latter dingy reds. Nampeo has in her recrudescence of the old art found it necessary to select these pigments for various qualities, depending on the purity or impurity of the material, or just as she also selects her clay. Her efforts, while com- mendable, serve to heighten our appreciation of the discrimination of the ancient potters in selecting and handling their materials. Their command of the resources of color may be observed in Plate 98, fig. 2, where on an old ivory ground may be counted seven graduations of yellow, red, and brown; fig. 1 of this plate is also a fine example of color and texture. These graduations are intentional and show a knowledge of the behavior in firing of these colors. Colors were not only put on in broad masses over portions of the design, but areas of the vessels were spattered with delicate tints of red, brown, and yellow, shaded from the edges toward the center with great taste. Areas of color were frequently stippled, apparently with the yucca brush, and sometimes color was applied using the end of the finger as a pounce. Masses of dark color were relieved or made more specific as to meaning by scratching away the color with a sharp point as in etching. In one example found at Kawaiokuh the repre- sentation of a mask is covered with raised work in color, the pigment having been thickened to form amass. These examples, which prob- ably do not comprise all the manipulations with which the Jettyto potters were familiar, are enough to place them in the category of the most advanced pueblo artists. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. B49 It must be said also that in drawing they take high rank in that they displayed an appreciation of the quality of lines and attacked complex subjects, which they rendered with accuracy, freedom, and boldness. Their colors were applied by means of a slender strip of yucca leaf, as a rule, where accurate work was sought. In some cases, however, there is evidence that a larger, soft-ended brush, possibly of hair, was used, and the design painted on hurriedly and roughly. It is true that the pottery of any one of these pueblos furnishes examples show- ing varying degrees of skill, though the average is high for pottery of the better class. AGE OF JETTYTO VALLEY RUINS. It is fortunate that the dates of the discovery (1540) and of the destruction of Awatobi (1700) are known. From these dates it is possible to approximate the age of the related pueblos and to get a clue as to the period of the migrations from the Rio Grande. These migrations extend over a considerable length of time, but there is traditional material relating to all the settlements, portions of which have been collected by J. Walter Fewkes” and A. M. Stephen.? Previous to the year 1700, when the last migration from the Rio Grande brought the Tewans of the present town of Hano, many clans from the east settled in Tusayan. One comparatively late migration was due to the unsettled conditions on the Rio Grande caused by the pueblo insurrection of 1680. These migrants founded the pueblos of Payupki and Tebungkihu, now in ruins near the East and Middle Mesas. They withdrew again to the Rio Grande at the instance of Padre Menchero when the trouble had passed. The settlements at Sikyatki, Awatobi, and the other great Jettyto towns were more permanent and endured to all appearances for sey- eral centuries. The first Rio Grande migration undoubtedly ante- dates the conquest (1540); it may not be possible, however, to deter- mine the length of time beyond that date that the Jettyto pueblos were occupied. In 1540, when Awatobi was visited by Tobar, it was a village of 800 souls, the only Hopi village besides Oraibi, then located on a mesa.¢ Later visitors to Awatobi were Espejo, 1583; Ofiate, 1598, and Vargas, 1692. In 1700 it was destroyed by Hopi from the pueblos a few miles to the north, having remained on its “Tn various reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, American Anthropologist, and Folk Lore Journal. Quite a full account may be found in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, to which I am indebted. See also the recent paper on Tusayan migration traditions, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1901. > Highth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1886-87. ¢J. W. Fewkes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1895. 350 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. location for one hundred and sixty years during the historic period, and inferentially having been built long before 1540. At that date, also, the three very large pueblos to the east of Awatobi, and also Sikyatki, had been abandoned, as Tobar makes no mention of them. This, of course, is negative evidence. It seems likely, therefore, that, as Dr. Fewkes has suggested, this migration probably occurred in the fifteenth century. The impression the writer received on the study of these ruins is that Kawaiokuh” and Chakpahu were contemporory with Awatobi. Like Sikyatki, they mark the period of the highest development of the potter’s art in Tusayan. Kokopnyama, however, seems older; the pottery is not so good and it is possible that it is the first settlement in this region from the Rio Grande. The important clan of the Fire or Firewood is known to have lived at Tebungkihu and Sikyatki;? it may be that Sikyatki was settled from Kokopnyama. The pottery of Chakpahu is the finest to be found in Tusayan. This pueblo was the center of the manufacture of the splendid napiform vases characteristic of this region, and innumerable beautiful fragments are to be seen in the débris. At Kokopnyama sherds of such vases are very few; at Kawaiokuh there are about as many as at Awatobi. The ruins of Sikyatki have furnished some fine examples, figured in Dr. Fewkes’s monograph.? One of the most beautiful specimens in existence, taken out by an Indian at Chakpahu, was secured by Mr. P. G. Gates in 1901. If there were no traditions among the Hopi relating to the five pueblos mentioned, comparative methods would show that the bold symbolism on the pottery relates them to the Keresan pueblos, which furnish the only ware among the present village dwellers that is similar in style of ornamentation. We may conclude, therefore, that superior ceramics, both in texture and decoration, were brought to the Hopi from the east as early as the fifteenth century. The main feature of interest in this connection is the extent to which the Hopi culture has been modified by that of the Rio Grande peoples. The region of the upper Rio Grande, with its superior advantages as to food supply, due to the abundant water, has been the cradle of pueblo culture, and to these favorable conditions, as well as its posi- tion on migration lines, it may have received the first settlements of hunter tribes forced into the pueblo region. Undoubtedly these con- ditions haye determined the perpetuation of the majority of the exist- ing pueblos. From this region we would expect various populations to swarm in search of new homes. The Navaho also were modified for their betterment by contact with the Rio Grande culture and by racial «Mr. F. W. Hodge informs me that this is also the Keresan or Queres name of the pueblo of Laguna >Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 2. ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 3d51 mixture with some of the clans, through whom, no doubt, they received sheep and their first lessons in pecudiculture. The original Hopi clans, the Snake and Bear, forming the nucleus of the settlement, traditionally came to Tusayan from the northwest and southwest at an early date, possibly as early as the fourteenth century. This marks the end of the wanderings of those clans, the location having many permanent springs and the stream beds giving fair opportunity for agriculture. It is not the country that civilized man would choose for a habitation, but to the Indian its isolation gave safety and the desert gave subsistance to those who knew the field craft for the desert. There can scarcely be more than conjecture as to the origin of these early clans. From the language they were of the great Uto-Aztecan stock, which forms at this day the largest linguistic family on the Western Hemisphere. The history of this family is comprised in less than four centuries since the conquest, and tradition in Mexico, where the tribes reached their greatest efflorescence, places their migration from the north at two centuries before the conquest. Cubas places the first “‘ king” at 1352. There is little doubt that before the date of the entrance of the Aztecs into Mexico the Pueblo region possessed its characteristic cul- ture. Whether this culture was environmental (Brinton) or an outer wave from the great ancient cultures of Central America, or both, is an open question. The Shoshoneans, like the Navaho, came in contact and union with pueblo tribes at one of the early centers of population, presumably in southeastern Utah or northern New Mexico. Here they received a modifying element assimilating them to pueblo culture. It might not be going too far to say that Nahuatl incursions into Mexico from the north were filtered through the Pueblo region; indeed it seems proba- ble. The Hopi, then in their beginnings, may be regarded as a product of pueblo environment and culture upon hunting tribes of Shoshoneans whose virility fitted them to move about in the Pueblo region, pre- serving their organization and language. If it be true that the early tribes did not possess corn, but depended upon the chase, the most important, in fact a well-nigh essential, need was supplied by this food of foods, and the modifying effect was like that-of the acquisition of sheep by the Navaho. Contact of the Hopi with cliff-dwelling tribes of Pueblo Indians is undoubted; the traditions hint at it, and the dis- coveries of George H. Pepper in northern New Mexico reveal basket- making tribes using symbolism familiar among the Hopi.’ In truth @¥, W. Hodge. The early Navajo and Apache, American Anthropologist, VIII, 1895, p. 223. bThe Ancient Basket-Makers of Southeastern Utah, G. H. Pepper, Journal of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, II, Supplement, April, 1902. © 352 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. it might be said that we have in the ancient inhabitants of Grand Gulch the Shoshonean prototype of the northern clans of the Hopi, or rather one of these clans in a state of modification as referred to. The subsequent history of the Hopi after the Snake and other early clans settled in Tusayan is marked by the arrival of many clans from rarious quarters, consolidating into the Hopi complex as we find it to-day. The more important of these superadded elements were the Rain, Lizard, and Rabbit groups of clans from the south, according to Dr. Fewkes, which have been traced at Homolobi and Biddahoochee, and the Badger, Horn, Tansy Mustard, and Katchina groups of clans from the east. Attention is called in this connection to an interesting environ- mental phase of the names of the clans, which seems to work out beautifully in determining the location from whence they came. This is that the clans coming from the north and northeast, from moun- tainous regions where game abounds, bear the names of animals; while those from the south, or from less rugged and more cultivable regions, bear the names of plants, minor animals, or of the beneficent powers of nature. The clans from the land of the agave and the yucca palms lived in a milder environment and by the nature of things were more civilized than the clans who were forced to depend largely on hunting for subsistence. It will be seen that those facts must be taken in account in the study of the composition of the Hopi. REMARKS. TYPES OF BUILDINGS. It was found that in few of the pueblos south of the Jettyto Valley examined by the Museum-Gates party of 1901 was there any care taken to locate inan inaccessible or defensible position. The care was rather to settle near the water supply, at a sufficient elevation merely to overlook the fields or to furnish a practicable site. Asa rule, the plans of the fifty-five ruins examined are of the ordi- nary rectangular type, offering little worthy of remark. The groups in the White Mountain region, however, which show in part circular plans, and some of the ruins of the Canyon Butte group, which approach this type, are interesting in connection with the range and affiliations of the widespread clans who employed a style of decoration on gray and red pottery that may be called the dual style, which will be dis- cussed later (p. 354). DISTRIBUTION OF PUEBLO CULTURE. Last winter the writer presented a paper before the Anthropolog- ical Society of Washington, giving a summary of the field work of the ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 300 Museum-Gates expedition of 1901. In discussing the paper Presi- dent W. H. Holmes characterized the Pueblo culture by saying that it was a great unit with much diversity in detail, fading off into but not connecting with the areas to the west, north, and east, save per- haps in case of a limited class of ancient earthenware decorated with color found in the States of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana; but on the south there is strong evidence that it connects with the art of northern Mexico and to some degree with the great culture centers of the southern plateau of Mexico. President Holmes said that the various ceramic groups were largely the result of local environment, and to some extent to the culture of peoples arriving in that environ- ment, but the culture over the whole Pueblo area has been to some extent unified. A few years ago the writer made a study of the art of pottery mak- ing carried on at the pueblo of Hano, on the first or east Hopi mesa. It was strikingly brought out in the course of this study that the environment for potter’s materials is quite extended. For instance, one desirable clay was brought from the ancient quarry of Sikyatki, about 5 miles away, another from 10 miles or so, common clay from the partings in the mesa just below the pueblo, another clay of dif- ferent character from some other place, and besides these four varie- ties, kaolin was brought from a long distance. Experiments were also made with clays encountered during journeys, and by mixtures clays were improved or regulated for certain classes of ware, as for the large water ollas which come from the primitive kiln a reddish- brown color. A similar discriminative selection was also observed in regard to the pottery pigments. It will be seen that the potter’s art at Hano is surprisingly complex in the matter of materials, not to speak of the other processes involved before the ware is finished. So far as has been observed by the writer, the clays of this region as a rule burn to light yellow, or, in other words, it is an environment that would determine yellow pottery. Without doubt the three great types of pottery of the Pueblo region as to color have their origin in the geological environment in localities where the respective conditions obtain, but the decorated ware such as is taken from the ruins and exhibited in our museums stands very far from the beginning. These types have been more or less widely spread over the whole Southwest through the migration of clans. Thus we find gray ware almost exclu- sively, for instance, at the Scorse Ranch, where the country clays burn from yellow brown to light yellow. Hence kaolinic clays were sought out for use here because gray pottery was the kind sanctioned by custom and must be made even though the end be attained by passing a wash of kaolin over a body of dark color. It seems, therefore, that there is evidence of strong conservatism in the potter’s art of the pueblos, NAT MUS 1901- 23 dd4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. one which peculiarly belongs to the woman, who Professor O. T. Mason has shown are the originators and zealous perpetuators of many of the primitive arts. While without the evidence of the decorative symbolism and forms of pottery and that of other artifacts found in a ruin, it might not be thought advisable to depend on the color of the ware alone; yet, bearing in mind the strong conservatism of custom, this feature has classificatory-value. Speaking now with regard 4 the art alone, we may provisionally class the pueblo culture in pre- sumable sequence of origin as that of the gray-ware people, the yellow- ware people, and the red-ware people. The region of gray ware is southern Utah, southern Colorado, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico, and its range is much more extensive than that of any other class. The surviving people making gray ware are the Zuni. The region of yellow ware embraces the Hopi Reservation and the country south to the Lower Gila in the former range of the Hopi; in the southern portion of the region it occurs sparingly and crosses areas of red and gray. Acoma, Sia, and perhaps some other Rio Grande pueblos make ware which falls in this class. Ancient sites furnishing red ware exclusively are rare. Red ware occurs in connection with gray, polyeéhrome, and other classes. In general, the region embraces the White and Mogollon mountains, portions of the Gila, and has its focus in the Pima-Papago- Mohave country in southern Arizona. RANGE OF DUAL DESIGN ON POTTERY. In this connection attention is called to a style of decoration found almost altogether on gray pottery. The design is drawn in hachure and solid color; these areas of decoration being very often comple- mentary, suggesting the idea of duality. (See Plate 31, figs. 3 and 4; Plate 32, figs. 5 and 6, Scorse Ranch ruins, and Plate 51, Canyon Butte Wash ruins.) This design may be seen on the palaces of Mitla, where it occurs in the frets figured by W. H. Holmes.“ It is believed that this style of decoration may be of importance in determining the range and affiliations of the tribes making use of it. An examination of the pot- tery of the existing pueblos shows that the dual or hachure design has been perpetuated only at Zuni, and here also on the surviving repre- sentative of the ancient gray ware, stil] the typical pottery at Zuni. The ruins of the Zuni pueblos which flourished at the time of the conquest and the Zuni ruin of Kintiel, so far as we have observations upon them, show this type of ware and decoration. The ruins south of Zuni to the Rito Quemado; soutliwest, emibnac) ing the St. Johns-Springerville a Are eioncal Seaaiest ee the Ae ient Cities of Rese 0, Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series, I, No. 1, Chicago, 1897, pp. 248-249, ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 355 region; Forestdale (see p. 289), in the Apache Reservation; the Tule- rosa and Upper San Francisco rivers, etc.; in general, the region south and southwest of Zufi, with as yet undefined boundaries but mani- festly an area of great extent, are of this class. As said by Cushing, the traditions clearly show that the Zuni stock is made up of two ele- ments, the one preponderating and more virile from the north, and the other from the south, which Cushing seems inclined to connect with the Yuman of the Lower Rio Colorado or the Piman stock.” It may be said in passing that a census of the immense collection of mod- ern Zuni pottery in the U. 8. National Museum includes a number of pieces of red ware, principally in form of bowls with polished surface, which remind one strongly of Pima pottery. Little work has been done on Zuni archeology, nor is the pueblo unique in this respect; so that the starting points, ancient migration lines, or stopping places on the way from the north or south are yet to be worked out. Perhaps this hint as to the dual and hachure design may serve as a clew in the further prosecution of this research, which presents only one of many problems that await elucidation in that fascinating field, the ancient Southwest. SYMBOLISM. There remains also much work to be done on the subject of symbol- ism, and like many other matters connected with the Indians, who are daily losing something of their old life, the time for this study is the present. A world of symbolism painted on pottery lies beneath the ancient ruins of Arizona, besides that which has already been taken out by responsible and irresponsible parties. Nowhere has symbolism played such important part as in the pueblos of the Hopi group, and nowhere is the study of them so interesting, both on account of the fullness of the material and the relationship to existing peoples who to-day have a living body of symbols. Here is an advantage presented in the study of pueblo archeology over that of other regions in the United States. Representatives of the prehistoric peoples are still living in the region where the ancient clans wandered, preserving in some degree the - ancient thought and in less degree the ancient arts. To them we may refer the finds taken from the ground with some reasonable hope of explaining obscure points or of finding clues that will lead to the explanation, whereas in other regions there are many problems that can receive no aid from living tribes. Nowhere on this continent is there found a greater wealth of sym- bolism than in the region of the Hopi mesas, among the living as well as among the dead. The expression of this symbolism is also of an @Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1891-92, p. 342. sy, >| 356 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. interesting stage, that of transition from the realistic to the idealistic, and various degrees of growth exhibiting examples of the origin of symbols and their submergence into conventional and geometric forms. The beginning, range, and decay of symbols, as well as the subjects involved, form a fascinating chapter in the history of this region, a history that gives, beyond all in importance, a clew to the thoughts of the pueblo dwellers. It is hoped in a future paper to present an account of the symbols occurring on objects collected in different localities by the Museum- Gates expedition of 1901, in order to illustrate some of the points mentioned above. The whole subject is too large for the efforts of one person, and perhaps rendering the material accessible to students may be the most valuable result accomplished in this instance. A few of the best specimens showing symbolism are figured on Plates 98 to LOL. DOMESTIC AND FOOD ANIMALS. A careful search for the bones of animals was maintained in the excavations made in and around the sites examined during the season of 1901. This inquiry was pursued in order to ascertain what ani- mals were used for food and what animals were domesticated by the ancient inhabitants of this region. As to the first item, the remains show that most of the animals of the region were consumed as food; but, as might be anticipated, bones of the carnivora are much rarer that those of the herbivora, the latter represented by deer and rabbit species, and the former by the fox, coyote, wolf, dog, raccoon, badger, wildcat, and puma, but no bones of the bear were observed. Remains of the beaver and small rodents, and bones of birds, especially the turkey, eagle, hawk, and owl, were noted. Remains of the dog and turkey were found in nearly every ruin, showing the extent of the domestication of these animals in this region. So far as can be determined, the dog and turkey were the only animals domesticated by the pueblo tribes. It was hoped that light might have been thrown upon the question of domestication of other animals, namely, the deer,’ and an auchenia (llama), as affirmed by Cushing from figurines found on the Rio Salado, in southern Arizona.“ The writer «Work of this character was begun in 1896, on the Homolobi ruins, and continued in 1897 in connection with environmental studies in the Southwest. See Hough, Environmental Interrelations in Arizona; American Anthropologist, XI, May, 1898, p. 183; and J. W. Fewkes, Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. bNadaillae, Prehistoric America, London, 1885, pp. 205, 219, affirms the domesti-- cation of the deer in Colorado and Arizona. ¢See Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A, in Land of Sunshine (now Out West), | XII, March, 1900, ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. ool has copied numerous pictographs in the valley of the Little Colorado River showing unmistakably the herding of turkeys and of deer by men. It is possible that the scene depicted in the bowl found at Linden (Plate 19) is of this character. In this connection the congeries of small cells adjoining the ruins at Pinedale, in the White Mountains of Arizona, is interesting. Still, the evidence presented so far as to the domestication of other animals than the dog and turkey is unsatisfactory. It is hoped that in future excavations in the Southwest all bones of animals may be carefully collected for the sake of the aid they afford to a fuller understanding of the life of the pueblo dwellers. PRESERVATION OF ANCIENT RUINS. One of the most depressing features connected with the work in the Pueblo region is the evidence of vandalism and unskilled exploration encountered on almost all of the prehistoric sites. The extent of this devastation can scarcely be realized. No ruin is so obscure or inacces- sible that some sheep herder or prospector has not put in some of his tedious hours digging in it. The settlers of the States and Territories in the Pueblo region from the first were alive to the wonders of the new country and were attracted by the evidences of the former inhabitants. Thus at that time, out of curiosity, many of the ruins were visited; axes, etc., were picked up from the surface, and perhaps a little cursory excavation done, the specimens secured forming household ornaments. Later, the various governmental explorations called widespread attention to the ruined pueblos of the Southwest, and soon it was found that relics from these pueblos had commercial value. With this enter- ing wedge, the collecting of ‘‘ relics” became a business, and men trav- ersed the region for the sole purpose of tearing up the ruins for their private gains. Almost every trader either employed Indians to dig or bought all the specimens that Indians brought in at a nominal price, and many were the men who had ‘‘ collections” for sale. A few of these individuals, profiting by the scientific methods of governmental and institutional explorations, were careful to catalogue and localize the specimens as far as possible at second hand, finding that such data increased the value. To give an idea of the extent of this vandalism and unscientific collection, it may be said that from one town alone during the past ten years about 20,000 specimens have been shipped; from other neighboring towns, about 7,000 specimens. From the same points during this period about 10,000 specimens have been shipped by scientific exploring parties. The speculative collecting was from Indian reservations, railroad and Government lands. 358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. These facts have been known for some time, and a bill for the pres- eryation of ancient ruins has been before Congress several terms, but the bill has not been enacted into law. Indirectly, however, Congress has worked for the preservation of the ruins by reservations of public domain, and in a notable instance has preserved the famous ruin called Casa Grande. In this connection the Interior Department has done yeoman service in hindering, if not preventing, further despoiling of the ruins on goy- ernmental lands by instructions to its agents and by sending inspectors into the field for the purpose of warning: offenders. That there was a sentiment among some of the people of the South- west in favor of the preservation of the ruins is shown by sundry actions taken by legiskative bodies and the formation of societies with such end in view. The legislature of Arizona took action some years ago without apparent success. The Arizona Antiquarian Society founded through the efforts of the late Dr. Joshua Miller, of Prescott, endeavors to preserve and to prevent the despoiling of sites of anti- quarian interest in the Territory. In New Mexico also the subject is receiving considerable attention. SUMMARY OF WORK. During the season over 55 ruins were visited, and 18 of these were excavated in aregion nearly 200 miles north and south by 70 miles east and west. Some idea of the difficulties encountered, aside from 800 miles of wagon travel, may be gathered when it is known that five of the groups required dry camps, water being hauled considerable distances. The work, however, was quite successful, 2,500 specimens having been collected. In connection with this work, ethnological photographs, data, and specimens were secured from the Apache, Navaho, and Hopi Indians. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. “Y S| PLATE 2. SKETCH MAP OF FORESTDALE RUINS. PLATE 3. Hougn Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. wan ae “BUOZILY ‘a[Bp soo NINY VSNLSVONNL JO NV1d PLATE 4. Hough Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. ‘BUOZILY ‘O[BpIsS91ION ‘"NINY VSNLSVONNL JO M3IA IVWY3AN3S5 PLATE 5. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. “BUOZILY ‘a[BpIsaoy “WAIN JO MSlA PLATE 6. 1901,—Hough. Report of U. S, National Museum, ‘BUOZILY ‘aT Bp solo, *SITOdOYOY NO MAalA PLATE 7. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. “RUOZILY ‘oO BP SAO ‘SI1OdOYOY JO TIVM SO MS3lA = oan Pid Pan Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 8 Length, 53 in.; width, 4: in.; height, 3 in. Cat. No. 212830. Diam., 53 in.; height, 22 in. Cat. No. 212831. BIRD-FORM MORTUARY VASE AND BOWL. Forestdale, Arizona. gaat OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I901. HOUGH. PLATE 9. LENGTH, 2°/g IN. WIOTH,!1%/ IN. HEIGHT, 1/4 IN. CAT. No. 212841 LENGTH, 934 IN. HEIGHT, 2/2 IN. CAT. No. 212837 PAINT CUP AND DOUBLE BOWL. Forestdale, Arizona. oe [ BeoRT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH DIAM. 5/2 IN. HEIGHT, 2% IN CAT No. 212834 DIAM. 5°/8 IN HEIGHT,5 IN CAT. No. 213094 BOWL OF GILA TYPE AND HANDLED VASE. Forestdale, Arizona. PLATE 1a Vel ay aT ILS oT Report of U. S. National Museum, 19 —Hough PLATE 11. Diam., 63 in.: height, 53 in. Cat. No. 212837. Diam., 10: in.; height, 73 in. Cat. No. 212828. MORTUARY VASES OF GRAY WARE. Forestdale, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE V2 FETICHES OF POTTERY AND STONE, AND SCRAPERS. Forestdale, Arizona. Report of U. S. Nationai Museum, 1901.—Hough, PLATE 13. BONE IMPLEMENTS. Forestdale, Arizona. PLATE 14. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. on # 7 i ypig |) Waar 6 STONE AND BONE IMPLEMENTS Interior Sawmill, Arizona. fs ion y) ais PLATE 15 Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. PLAN OF POTTERY HILL RUIN izona. \r Linden Report of U.S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 16. PLAN OF SMALLER RUIN NEAR LINDEN. Arizona. PAE wli/-< Hough. Report of U. S..National Museum, 1901. "NS0NI7 YVEN NINY TIVWS JO NOILYOd YVINOYID =P re 4 Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough PLATE 1 8. Diam., 53 in.; height, 5; in. Cat. No. 212978. Diam., 63 in.; height, 6in. Cat. No. 212977. Diam., 12 in.; height, 22 in. Cat. No. 212979. Diam., 51 in.; height, 42 in. Cat. No. 212891. Diam., 5: in.; height, 2? in. Cat. No. 212898. GRAY WARE. Linden, Arizona. 2 ' = on = 297 i Lid on f We som aay rae had? eee Te- pay ar Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Houcet PLATE 19 Diam., 9iin.; height, 51 in. Cat. No. 212988. Diam., 8 in.; height, 44 in. Cat. No. 212929. BOWLS OF GRAY WARE Linden, Arizona Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 21. ‘Ue eae daa =)» Phas an). Oey * tte je) FOrR re ZS ee wo Wl 00% Te see Ney on py) av ferley \ eZ ‘Hole. 4) Ns by 0 ANY in} PLAN OF HUNING RUIN. Showlow, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 22. PLAN OF SHUMWAY RUIN. Arizona. dlbip bee ahs ¥ i ie Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 23. 2 Scale of Miles, / ot JOSEPH. ia Srral/ Ruin Group or Ruins. Arizona. PLAN OF RUIN. MecDonald’s Canyc ve ae Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 24 Diam., 13 in.; height, 53 in. Cat. No. 211963. Diam., 13 in.; height, 6} in. Cat. No. 212260. BOWLS OF GRAY WARE McDonald’s Canyon, Arizona, Aen sr nome ret aa iail in Ave bik thoes Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 25 Diam., 103 in. height, 53 in. Cat. No. 212265. Diam., 114 in.; height, 6in. Cat. No. 212261. BOWLS OF GRAY WARE. MeDonald’s Canyon, Arizona te 2 PLATE 26. Length, 6in.; height, 53 in. Cat. No. 212297. Diam., 6in.; height, 5} in. Cat. No. 212282. VASES OF GRAY WARE. MeDonald’s Canyon, Arizona. 1 PAL ne An f D a a i j Hipp gS | Ho aes uN i es “a at ake ; oe ide ills i f rahe oy 4 Li Nin are ; Ny i iV rv Ie yeict i re in i Se ay ee igeita 4 ie i 4 Ly iA Nigel, : bite aya i i yi a a ; Vie. y Pua A wy y ha rit } aan Re yj ten mn 1 j I4 i i , Lene : if fey hl i j i i ra j Tei 1 ai nh a i) F i ; iy 1 f i me fh ij yates fr ) i ag ; i i ayes, an } i f a = ray on je) Sa nal Wil ty eh j a any, ; 4 { i ee y 1 : 7 fe tt ee 4 i , ‘oparita ‘i, Pah 7 Ort Whed Gd | , if Mt ™ Tt wah 1 i 1 i Lif * Pps, "eh : bly f i | ; is , f j i eh i i j i ere La a he t i y = : re ih a it 4 i ; fi, A A } hy wy ‘ a i\ Ib Baa ual vi , j ie , Bi if i , Vn Wer iy cia ri iim} : an f 1 i , , r ’ a J ’ iv é * 1 } 7 Mon : fl ths ' ‘ ‘bk ' i f : oy 4 —_— a ee Pe ee a Es ob owe. Ne el Be oi en REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90l. HOUGH. DIAM. 5¥e IN. HEIGHT, 4598 IN. CAT. No. 212280 DIAM. 35/8 IN. HEIGHT, 32 IN. CAT. 212279 : CANTEEN AND HANDLED VASE. Me Donalds Canyon, Arizona. PLATE 29 eae al Die ree sii} Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901,—Hough. PLATE 30. DmaleRiiing: w 7 SKETCH MAP oF ScoRSE RANCH RUINS. Le Roux Wash, Arizona. it a § fi Tata 1 i i sel) “a ie wu ca ae-4 | a ee wl ee Report f U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough PLATE 31. Cat. Nos. 212522 and 212529, Cat. Nos. 2125386 and 212523. NY NY \ ely YN | LI IN\ Cat. Nos. 212535 and 212538. HANDLED VASES, GRAY WARE. Scorse Ranch, Arizona. A efi i Report of U S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough PLATE See Cat. No. 212503. Cat. Nos. 212520 and 212531. Cat. Nos. 212423 and 212594 BIRD AND OTHER FORMS OF GRAY WARE. Seorse Ranch, Arizona. = 4 "i Sant “ ii a7 i] ares ‘SA cng ay) TCE hey Diam., 93 in.; height, 5: in. Cat. No. 212436. in. Cat No. 212441. Diam., 9 in.; height, 4 + BOWLS OF GRAY WARE Seorse Ranch, Arizona. lips iH J Mai . Pte Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hougt PLATE 2 Diam., 93 in.; height, 38 in. Cat. No. 212430. Diam., 91 in.; height, 5in. Cat. No. 212429 BOWLS OF GRAY WARE. Seorse Ranch, Arizona Repo 6 2EPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I901. HOUGH PLATE 36. CAT. No.212488 CAT. No. 212582 CAT. No. 212494 CAT. No.212508 CAT. No 212509 VASES, COILED AND RED WARE. Scorse Ranch, Arizona. Report of U, S. National Museum, 1901,—Hough SLAs 277. STONE AXES, MORTAR AND PESTLE. Scorse Ranch, Arizona. PLATE 38. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. “VNOZIYYW ‘LSSYO4 GalsI¥Lad JHL JO NOIDAY 4O dvi) HOLSYNS SS “09 x: Kc) a. SRL IE 711.1109 Ela iiendl ny Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough, PLATE 39. “\ (CEMETERY. Nu PLAN OF RUIN 1. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. ea Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 40 PLAN OF RUIN 2. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 41 PLAN OF RUIN 3. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901,—Hough. PLATE 42 Diam., 8£in.; height, 33in. Cat. No. 212108. Length, 12 in.; width, 7in.; height, 2in. Cat. No. 212066. POLYCHROME BOWL AND PAINTED STONE TABLET. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLaTE 43. A i a 9@ x Sea ‘ Ss 3 Y Bis iste OUTFIT OF MEDICINE MAN. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. Report of U. S, National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 44 PLAN OF RUIN 4. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. aw CUP re ae are ae < zi Ti hae Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901,—Hough. PLATE 45. Diam., 3; in.; height, 3; in. Cat. No. 212042. Diam., 4 in.; height, 24 in. Cat. No. 2122 Diam., 5 in.; height, 44 in. Cat. No. 212080. Diam., 42 in.; height, 3: in. Cat. No. 212163. COILED WARE. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. A ca hy Report Report / i as 7 pa P Wl - hd uf) REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH. PLATE 48. DIAM. IB IN. HEIGHT, 5 IN. CAT. No. 212074 SIDE AND INTERIOR VIEW OF SAME RED AND BROWN BOWL, EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DECORATION. Canyon Butte, Arizona. ar i it ‘ ey r eb é Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 50. << oe é Diam., 8 in.; height, 4in. Cat. No. 212056. Diam., 11: in.; height, 62 in. Cat. No. 212075. BOWLS OF GRAY WARE. Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona. Ae 7 Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 51. Diam., 74 in.; height, 7} in. Cat. No. 155128. Diam., 7 in.; height, 8: in. Cat. No. 68576. VASES OF GRAY WARE. Northeastern Arizona and New Mexico. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 52. PIPES FROM ANCIENT PUEBLOS. Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 53. Za pe wy ~ Gee PLAN OF MILKY HOLLOW RUIN, ARIZONA. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 .—Hough. PLaTe 54. NEIET Y v, NY Fast Cem elery a Black Knoll. Le) I. Ca rts Tank. oD a) earn cane iS PLAN OF STONE AXE RUIN, ARIZONA. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 55. STONE IMPLEMENTS. Stone Axe, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 .—Hough. BONE, POTTERY, SHELL, AND STONE OBJECTS. Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona. PLATE 56. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1I90I. HOUGH. PLATE 57 DIAM. [5% IN. HEIGHT, 10/2 IN. CAT. No. 212753 LARGE VASE, POLYCHROME WARE. Stone Axe, Arizona. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, |901. HOUGH DIAM. 9 IN. HEIGHT, 4 IN. CAT. No. 2 DIAM. 84 IN.-HEIGHT, 354 IN. CAT. No.2!1273 BOWLS, YELLOW WARE. pee + A : Stone Axe Arizona. -PORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, !901. HOUGH PLATE 60 DIAM. 8/4 IN. HEIGHT, 394 IN. CAT. No. 212718 DIAM. 8% IN. HEIGHT, 3° IN. CAT. No. 212746 BOWLS SHOWING SYMBOLISM. Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough PLATE 61. Diam., 8in.; height, 32in. Cat. No. 212742. Diam., 9in.: height, 32 in. Cat. No. 212741. BOWLS, WHITE AND GILA WARE. Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona JORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90!. HOUGH PLATE 62 DIAM. 8% IN. HEIGHT, 334 IN. CAT. No. 212751 DIAM. 9Y41N. HEIGHT, 3% IN. CAT. No. 212743 BOWLS, YELLOW-BROWN AND RED, WITH WHITE LINES Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona. PORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, (901. HOUGH PLATE 64. DIAM. 4¥e IN. HEIGHT, 3 IN. CAT. No. 212741 DIAM. 75%8 IN. HEIGHT 6 IN VASES WITH ANIMAL HANDLES. Stone axe ruin, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901,.—Hough. PLATE 65. y iAuin ies ay u Gesinall Ruin. > Castle Bulle, Aj oe ye pores \iteee! 2 Wye 47, Rae Wivewt ms 09 ie 4 Z le A ; . aes " SKETCH MAP OF BIDDAHOOCHEE GROUP OF RUINS, ARIZONA. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 66. : > Level Mesa PLAN OF RUIN ON BLUFF. Biddahoochee, Arizona. Report of U. S. Nationa! Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 67. 1, BLAck BUTTE; 2, RUIN IN FRONT OF BUTTE. Biddahoochee, Arizona. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90!. HOUGH DIAM. 9 IN. HEIGHT, 13 IN. CAT. No. 212322 > DIAM.8/2 IN. HE!IGHT,3 BOWLS, YELLOW WARE Biddahoochee, Ar | REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90!. HOUGH DIAM. 8 ¥% IN. HEIGHT,3 IN. CAT. No.2!12320 BOWLS, YELLOW WARE Biddahoochee, Arizona HOUGH >ORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90I CAT. No. 212381 CAT. No. 212354 DIPPERS. CUP AND HANDLED BOWL Biddahoochee, Arizona. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90I. HOUGH. PLATE 71. DIAM. 5/4 IN. HEIGHT, 454 IN. CAT. No. 212367 VASES WITH BIRD DECORATION. Biddahoochee, Arizona. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH PLATE 72 DIAM. 6/4 IN. HEIGHT, 444 IN. CAT. No. 2123¢ fo) 6 VASES OF YELLOW-BROWN, AND LEMON-YELLOW. . Biddahoochee, Arizona. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH DIAM. It¥2 IN. HEIGHT, 8/2 IN. CAT. No. 212334 VASE OF ORANGE COLOR. Biddanoochee, Arizona. PORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90!. HOUGH PLATE 74 DIAM. tO/¥4 IN. HEIGHT, 4 IN. CAT. No. 212330 BOWL, RED WARE, GREEN DECORATION. Biddahoochee, Arizona | EPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 190!. HOUGH BLATE Js DIAM. 7/4 IN HEIGHT, 334 IN. CAT. No. 212345 DIAM. 734 iN HEIGHT, 344 IN. CAT. No. AA 47 W BOWLS OF POLYCHROME WARE. Biddahoochee, Arizona Report ot U. S. National Museum, 1901.—'4ougt PLATE 76. Diam., 83 in.; height, 4in. Cat. No. 21 Diam., 82 in.; height, 4 in. Cat. No. 212328. BowLs OF WHITE WARE Biddahoochee, Arizona mei Tae 4 i - *) Hate gs a) iJ Tan =PORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH. DIAM. 45% IN. HEIGHT, 3% IN. CAT. NO. 212369 DIAM. 64% IN.HEIGHT, 5 IN. CAT. No. 212394 VASES OF WHITE WARE. Biddahoochee, Arizona. PLATE 77. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. Diam., 64 1in.; height, 2iin. Cat. No. 212390. Diam., 62 in.; height, 64in. Cat. No. 212371. DIPPER AND VASE, GRAY WARE. Biddahoochee, Arizona. PLATE 78. Report of U. S. National Museun Cat. Nos. 212392 and 212351. Cat. Nos. 212348 and 21238 Cat. Nos. 212355 and 2 SMALL VESSELS, GRAY WARE. Biddahoochee, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 80. Cat. No. 212375 (front view). Cat. No. 212373. COILED WARE. Biddahoochee, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. STONE IMPLEMENTS. Biddahoochee, Arizona. PLATE 81. PLATE 82. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. “"YNOZIYYW ‘SNINY ASTIVA OLALLAL JO dV) HOLANS Sin SS Dust PLATE 83. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. RILOZILY ‘AOTTRA OFADOL "NINY VANVANdONOY JO M3IA IVWYSNS9D A — = - - . _ 7 _ : = ' 7 = * ~ i pf n= a - ” = st vs. 7 2 € , f i F: p - ~ ; Z < E 3 as c _ = . ‘. x ¥ PLATE 84. Hough. 1901 seum, | Mu Report of U. S. Nationa “BULOZILY © foT[VA OVAPOL ‘BurvrAudoyzo xy ‘SHOOY NI LSIO PLATE 85. um, 1901.—Hough. e Report of U. S. National Mus MLOZLIY ‘XoOT[RA OJAVOL ‘BVUIRAUdOYOY ‘SNIV_L SHL NI ONILVAVOXA Report of US. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 86. HAIR TIED WITH HAIR CorRD. Kokopnyama, Jettyto Valley, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. COILED BASKETRY. Kokopnyama, Jettyto Valley, Arizona. PLATE 87. PLATE 88. Hough. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Lay ee “BUOZIAY ‘AO[[BA OFAWOL “HNMOIVMVYY WOYS MAIA 1VYHANSS) =n Os. he rong PORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90I. HOUGH AROLOKS Wrong 'S) Aw A'N'HLID OD 8 NZIie SNIINC “BuOozZIuY ‘YNYOIEMeY WOOY 40 TIVM NO SNOILVYOORG Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. PLATE 90. REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90I1. HOU‘ “eUOZlUY ‘UNYOIeEMeyY (NOILO31100 SS1V9) WHOS LOYYVd 40 ASVA che ihn et aR Miedo Report of U. S. National Museum 1901.—Hough. PL TE 95 Diam., 7? in.; height, 62in. Cat. No. 213084. Diarh., 82 in.; height, 64in. Cat. No. 213184. VASES OF GRAY WARE. Kawaiokuh, Arizona. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. SMALL ORNAMENTS AND FIGURINES. Kawaiokuh, Jettyto Valley, Arizona. PLATE 96. PLATE 97. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Hough. BASKETRY AND MATTING. Arizona. , Jettyto Valley, Kawaiokuh REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUN, I90I. HOUGH PLAT P| F DIAM, 9 IN. HEIGHT, 39/4 IN. CAT. No. 213136 BOWLS SHOWING SYMBOLISM AND COLO Kawaiokuh and Kokopnyama, Arizoné . re rae REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HO DIAM POTTERY SHOWING COLOR AND SYMBOLISM Kawaiokuh, Arizona REPORT OF U.S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, I90I. HOUGH FOOD BOWLS SHOWING BIRD SYMBOLISM NARRATIVE OF A VISIT TO INDIAN TRIBES OF THE PURUS, RIVER, BRAZIL. JOSEPH BEAL STEERE, Ann Arbor, Michigan. oo ho Fo Ga Step OES & — . SOMPNAMRRWN a — 12. 13. 14. 15. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. NWoodentbird fieures of Elypurina Indians... .2.--2.<-cce5--52-+ ---==- 394 Croupmorsamamadiclmdans.o-. 222-2 .-sscsccs soseeac cece eeeee= ar _. 9394 Grouproyamamachsindians= ccc 3.5 .s228 sce osk bes) Sess ooae= oe neeee eee 204 Onnannemis Ot Jarrell lmGlibnnge = $2655 soos gocc boc aonoesesacesscscesace 394 Objects used by Jamamadi Indians in snuff making, snuffing, and cooking. 394 ATROIS, Cie, Or Janne Inve liene) S226 -ooocoeccsceAcsaess SoeecuonosesSH 394 Objects of domestic use of Jamamadi Indians --......------------------- 394 Implements used in snuff making and snufting by the Paumari Indians-. 394 iParengval Ibnechignn Gamo = 2a Seas saces oncaueesesceceseenseeucossocses 394 TEXT FIGURES. Page Side elevation of Hypurina Indian house -.......----------------------- 375 End elevation of Hypurina Indian house......---.--------------------- 375 Ground plan of Hypurina house -......-:.----------------------------- 376 Fish trap of Hypurina Indians-............----------------------------- 377 Fish trap of Hypurina Indians. .........-------------------+------+----- 377 Hypurina Indian war song ..--.----------------------+--+-=--+----+------- 378 Hypurina Indian girls’ song ......--------------------+++-----+--+---2--- 378 Ground plan of Jamamadi Indian house. ---.--------------------------- 382 Section of Jamamadi Indian house__--.-------------------------------- 383 Cross section of Jamamadi Indian house. .--.---------------------------- 383 Detail of construction of Jamamadi Indian house ------.----------------- 384 Bark canoe of Jamamadi Indian ..-.----------------------------------- 386 Strip of bark from which canoe 1s made . -.-.-------------------+---+---- 386 Raumani Indiam boat sone)=..-----2-------=------- === = =-= === a= 387 Clothing of Paumari Indians ....------------------++--+--++-+7-------7>> 388 361 NARRATIVE OF A VISIT TO INDIAN TRIBES OF THE PURUS RIVER, BRAZIL. By Josepn Brat Srerrp, Ann Arbor, Michigan. ITINERARY. During a recent trip to Brazil I was commissioned by the United States National Museum to make collections in natural history and anthropology, with a view to completing certain series of exhibits for the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. The present paper relates to brief visits made to certain native tribes of the river Purfis, western Brazil, and the collections and data obtained. The Munduruets (Tupian family) of the river Taépajos had seemed the most interesting tribe within reach, but a conference with Dr. Goeldi, the director of the Paré Museum, led to a change of plans. He had made an extended study of the native tribes still existing in the Lower Amazon region, and informed me that the Munduruetis were spoiled for ethnological study by contact with the missionaries and civilization, having lost to a great extent their ancient arts, customs, and language. It seems probable that no wild tribe now lives on the Lower Amazon or its navigable branches. The ancient inhabitants have in most cases entirely disappeared, leaving nothing but their graves, kitchen mid- dens, and old village sites buried in the forest, and the names of their tribes and ancient territories preserved in the histories of the country and in local names. Most of these tribes have without doubt become extinct, though a few individuals may have merged with the hardier Tapuios (Tapuyan family), the civilized and Christian Indians of the Amazon. Great tracts of the country are entirely without human inhabitants, as the latter generally live in small villages and scattered cabins along the navigable streams only. Wild tribes still exist on the headwaters of the rivers, where impass- able forests and dangerous rapids separate them from the traders and rubber gatherers below. A great war canoe in the museum grounds at Pard and arms, clothing, and ornaments in the museum cases had been recently procured from the Timbyvas, a tribe living on the upper 363 364 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. Guama, a little river running into the bay on the west side of Para. These Indians are probably now living within 150 miles of the city, but a visit to them would require a strong party and several weeks’ time in ascending rapids and dragging canoes. In 1873 I had visited the wild tribes of the upper Purtis River and had found them within reach of steam navigation, so I deeided that this place, though so distant, was the most favorable for my work. After getting as much information as possible from Para merchants and residents who had visited the Purtis, I took passage up the Ama- zon on an English steamer, and after four days’ voyage reached Manios, at the mouth of the Rio Negro and 1,000 miles from the sea. Since my former visit Mandos had grown from an Indian village to a city of 30,000 people, the capital of the Brazilian State of Amazonas, with street cars and electric lights. Five ocean steamers were at anchor in the Rio Negro in front of the city, and a fleet of river steamers engaged in trade with the Madeira, Purfis, Rio Negro, Jurtia, ete. I was fortunate in getting passage on one of these, the Antonio Olyntho, which was about to sail for Acre, on the Bolivian frontier, and intermediate ports on the Purts. Two days’ steam up the Amazon brought us to the mouth of the Purts, now, the Ist of March, rapidly rising with the daily rains. The great sand bars had disappeared and the water was already setting back into the low timber behind. The Purts is noted for its crooked course, there being a decided bend at every 2 or 3 miles distance, and at every bend a great sand bar. These occur with such regularity that the inhabitants are accustomed to reckon distance by so many prayas (sand bars). The banks are generally low, at this season just above water, but now and then the river would strike the high land on one side or the other, this showing generally in bluffs of red clay, some of them 100 feet above the river. For several hundred miles of the Purts’ lower course the forests produce but little rubber and nuts, the staples of the country, and settlements are seen only at long intervals. These settlements consist usually of palm-thatched barracks occupied by fishermen, turtle hunt- ers, and wood choppers from Para and Manéos. At one of these the steamer drew near the bank, the landing plank was run out to the shore, and two or three cords of dried fish (piraruct), in great bundles, were brought on board and added to our means of subsistence. At another 50 great river turtles were purchased and the crew sent on shore to bring them from the turtle corral, a shallow pond surrounded by paling. The turtles were thrown on their backs along the sides of the deck, where they lay kicking and sprawling until they also were added to our limited bill of fare. As we approached the mouth of the Tapatié, though to the unprac- INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 5365 ticed eye there was no change in the character of the never-ending forest, the settlements of the rubber gatherers became frequent. The rubber station usually consists of a large building (the barracén) gen- erally built of wood or mud and roofed with tile. The lower story serves for a salesroom and for storage, and the upper story for a home for the proprietor (patr6n) and his family. Around the station are scattered rude palm-thatched cabins, the homes of the rubber gatherers. Though most of the settlements are of this kind, at Canutéma and Labria towns of several hundred inhabitants have sprung up. The rubber gatherers are a mixed population, chiefly Tapuio, gathered from all of the older settlements of the Amazon and led here by the hope of making money easily and quickly in the rubber busi- ness. Of late years large numbers of people have come up the river from the State of Ceara, on the seacoast, from which they were driven by famine caused by excessive drought. Near the mouth of the Ituchy the steamer stopped at the little sta- tion of San Luis de Cassyana, the property of Coronel Gomez, who has made his fortune in rubber and is called the king of the Ituchy. Two steam launches for navigating the Ituchy and numbers of smaller eraft anchored in front of his barracén, with $10,000 or $15,000 worth of rubber lying on the bank ready for shipment, were marks of his enterprise and prosperity. Several of the dugout canoes of the Paumari Indians (Arauan family) were drawn up on the bank (Plate 9), the first signs of aborigines we had seen, and as our freight was carried on shore a half dozen Paumari women came down and helped carry it to the storehouse. While among civilized people they were dressed like the poorer Tapuios, but were readily known by their small size and peculiar method of wearing their hair, which was cut straight across the forehead above the eyes and allowed to fall loose down the back. They were also marked by a peculiar skin disease, which leaves large white spots upon the hands and feet. The only man among them, after carrying a few loads up the slippery bank through the mud and ‘ain, with the promise of a drink of rum as pay, gave it up in disgust, and getting into his canoe drifted down astern of the steamer, where he sat slapping mosquitoes and watching us until we were ready to start. On my former trip I had visited these Indians in their villages. Anciently they were much more numerous and are said to have occu- pied the Purds down to near its mouth. They are now reduced to a few hundred, who are found during the dry season leading a wander- ing life along the river from the Ituchy to the Cashoeiras (rapids of the Puris). The Paumari are the best known of the Purds tribes. They are peculiarly river Indians, expert swimmers and boatmen, liv- ing almost entirely upon fish and turtles. During the dry season they wander in their little dugout canoes from one sand bar to another, liv- 366 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. ing in little oven-shaped huts made by laying narrow palm-leaf mats over frameworks of saplings bent and stuck into the sand. When they move the mats are carried in their canoes, so that they always have their houses with them. In the rainy season, when the sand bars are covered with water, they retire to the lakes, where they live on rafts of dead logs tied together and floored with strips of palm wood. Their clothing consists of the little apron (tanga) common to other Purts tribes. They paint their bodies and limbs in horizontal red stripes. In common with the neighboring tribes they cultivate a little tobacco, and make snuff, which they inhale through hollow bones placed in the nostrils. (Plate 8.) They are a humble, cowardly race, and live in deadly fear of their neighbors, the Hypurinas. Two days more of slow steaming brought us to Hyutanihan, just below the rapids, and to the end of my journey. This place is on the northwest or right bank of the river in ascending, and at a point where the stream strikes the high land. Part of the village stands on the low ground near the river, and along the water’s edge in front is a great pile of wood cut for the passing steamers. Y ee, ZF =" S iB h ——_ 7, Fic. 4.—Fish trap of Hypurina Indians. a, spring pole; D, fish basket; ¢, bait of fish basket; d, trig- ger; €, post planted in the water, /, g, supports tied to e under water to hold b. Fic. 5.—Fish trap of Hypurina Indians. For lettering, see fig. 4. 0, opening in which basket is secured and set. rude wooden figures of birds and other animals, and imitate their notes. (Plate 1.) Their musical instruments are wooden drums, and 378 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. horns and trumpets of bark and hollow cane. The songs procured were generally of war. The following are the text and translation of some of them. (For music see figs. 6 and 7,) Fig. 7,—Hypurina Indian girl’s song. SONGS OF THE HYPURINAS. jp Iwaha nisiping&é nipina puri pani’: I go down below (down the river), who knows whether I shall return—or die there. konai itikiiri mikokwaé/’ wichi mingini: When the macocaua sings it sings well. shimbana timbari kirapari hint shimbanani: The leaf that calls my lover when tied in my girdle. 4. marakumbi maktlina pongaté marakimbi hatiniri sawaki’ pongata: Bring your arrows, [ama warrior. I have my arrows ready and wish to kill you. 5. nawi mari konipi’ marutarl nawi marina pari’: Now no one can say I am nota warrior, I return victorious from the battle. 6. kakotiri napii kaidtipana’ periti: [am a serpent, when I bite my enemy dies. 7. waini kia kananipani yuima pani kanu: I go to die, my enemy shall eat me. 8. ki wirltt: koowarii kosinati wakiri shininé: I am wounded in the fight, but I shall not die. OS bo LIST OF WORDS FROM HYPURINA. The first column of names of parts of the body was taken while there were several of the tribe present to correct it. The second column was taken from a boy who could speak nothing else. The other Hypurinas said this list was from a dialect called (Singananér1’), that of the tou- can-clan or people. Both lists of parts of the body seem to have the personal pronoun (I or my) in composition, in the first prefixed ni’ or ni’u, in the sec- ond suflixed achi’ or anchi’. Thus: to hi(n) or tawan, the forehead, gives, first, nitohi’(n); second, tawanchi’. Poto or poti, the mouth, > gives, first, nipotii’; second, potonchi’. Kiti’, the foot, gives, first, nikiti’, and, second, kitinchi’, ete. head: ikiwi’ nose: nikiripi/—kirinchi/ hair of head: kiwishaiki’—kiwisikéchi’ | mouth: nipota’—potonchi’ forehead: nitoht’(n)—tawanchi’ inside of mouth: ninamaha/ ears: nikimbi/—kémbitaichi’ tongue: ninini/—inani’ eyes: nindki/—6ki’ teeth: nisérihy/ (n)—sériinchi’ INDIAN beard: shiwapato’/—shamboto/ neck: ninopi’ breast: nitorota’/—torotanchi’ shoulder: nisotarita’—sutaritanchi/ arm: nikanoki/—kanokinchi’ hand: niwa kunuta’/—wakunchi’ finger: bidkichi’ finger-nail: nisawata/—sa wataichi/ heart: nankipa/—ainktipaichi/’ stomach: nitarima—tiramanchi’ blood: nihiringé’—arankachi’ thigh: niporina’—porokanchy’ leg: nitaprki/—kapikanchi’ knee: nipotoriki/—potorakinchi’ foot: nikiti/—kitinchi/ toe: nikitiki/—kitiki’ toe nail: nisiwata’—sawataikichi/ God: ——— deyil: Kamiri/ man: kiki/ woman: situ’ husband: nudaniri’ wife: nindaniru’ boy: nata kuni’ wakuni’ girl: nata kuru’ wakuri/ father: niri/ mother: natu’ son: namari’ daughter: nihatiru’ brother: nipiri’ sister: nitart’ chief: tusha/wa dog: hangitiki’ hen: patari’ tapir: kiama/ fish: shimaki’ scale: otanta’ tail of fish: 6shita/ bird: k6ti piriki’ feather: tmingi/ wing: ikirita/ beak: Imingita” snake: imini/ frog: turuti’ turtle: kaimbiri/ turtle shell: kimbiri’ 6taha/(n) egg: niki’ deer: maniti’ otter: ényari/ paca: kaiaty’ duck: dpai’ toucan: singani’ tree: Imina/ vine: aha(n) pisa’ TRIBES OF BRAZIL. leaf: aha supa’ branch: aha pori’ root: aha kosa7 flower: ahawi/ fruit: karipinka/ tobacco: awiri/ banana: sipari’ sweet potato: chipali/ corn: kémi/ cotton: napoacha/ rum: kawi’ stone: kaiistini/ sand: kipachi’ bow:. tapuchi’ | arrows, war: makurina/’ arrows for fish: siri pichy/ bow-cord: taptr chicha’ blow gun: Ykana/ axe: kétail/ spear: kawada/ knife: Iwata’ pot: kopiti/ canoe: ahata/ paddle: mekuchi’ hammock: kik6ehi/ house: awiku/ mat: kochita/ water: Imboraha(n )/ river: weni’ rain: Imboraha(n )/ sun: atokachi/ moon: kasiri/ stars: Ywiriki’ night: mngiata’ dark: mapiaha/(n) morning: pakamara’ pisa/ day: pakamara/ fire: shamina/ smoke: shamina/ sini’ ashes: shamina’ ichiku’ bone: api’ large: nutahowiti’ small: washangitikika/ eold: kachingaré/ hot: kaputaka/ | good: harari’ bad: konahara’ sweet: pachua/li sour: kachiuri’ bitter: kYpishi/ | tall: Ytanu/ | short: konutanuri’ round: ipokita’ sick: Amianata’ 380 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. lame: mahituri’ to sing: nishipoata’ blind: kona kowkini/ to sleep: minapé/ asleep: Ima kapika/ | tosmoke: nawiri piha’ta distant: 6takuli’ one: hatika/ near: konaitiktli/ two: ipika/’ wet: ihanga’ three: Ypipakini/ dry: Ipipinga’ four: mapaka/ to kill: nokari/ many: ituri/ to cook: nashita/ mora to eat: ninika’ thou: pita’ to drink: nihata/ he: haitari/ to fish: nisapihata’ we: atanani’ to hunt: aidta’ no: kona’ to walk, to go: nisipinga’ yes: ari’ to die: wachanipé/mbi to-day: wachari’ to ery: nichihi/nta to-morrow: atana/ to laugh: nisiri’ | yesterday: kita’ to talk: nisangiré/ THE JAMAMADI. The Jamamadi are a small tribe of forest Indians, apparently lim- ited to the vicinity of the Marmorea Miri, a small stream entering the Purts from the southwest, at about latitude 8 south, longitude 67 west from Greenwich. A further study of the Indians of this region may prove them to be an isolated group of a more extended tribe. Their language is related to that of the Paumari (Arauan family). ‘Their name seems to be from the Paumari and to mean ‘‘ wild men” (juwa-mag?). In 1873 the pioneer rubber gatherers on the upper Purts had just come into contact with them. At this time (1901) they seem to be reduced to two small villages, one on the upper Marmorea and the other near its mouth, and they do not number probably more than 100 persons in all. The village visited had been so nearly destroyed recently by pesti- lence that but a faint idea could be gained of their normal condition. They had two chiefs or headmen, but these seemed to have little power over them. Like the neighboring tribes, they go naked but for the tanga, this being a little apron of cotton threads, colored red with anatto, and 3 by 4 inches in size for the men and 3 by 6 for the women (see fig. 15). It is supported by a bark cord around the loins. This cord is hidden by the women under a belt of cotton or bark cords as broad as the three fingers and colored red. Both sexes pierce the lobes of the ears and the septum of the nose. The men wear little plugs of reed or resin in the ears. The women use as ear ornaments little disks of mother-of-pearl fastened to smal! cords, which are drawn through the ears and secured behind the head, the disks thus showing in front of the lobe (Plate 4, fig. 4). Both sexes use little hollow pieces of wood in the nose. The younger chief — sl ee INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 381 had placed in this nose cylinder a long red macaw’s feather, which thus stood out at the side of his face (Plate 4, figs. 7 and 8). Their hair is allowed to fall down in front and is cut straight across the forehead about 2 inches above the eyes. The hair of the temples is allowed to fall to the level of the eyes, where it is cut straight to the ear. The hair behind is cut at the neck. The men have a narrow mustache and a few bristling hairs on the chin (Plates 2 and 3). The men generally wear a narrow belt of cords with a tassel of feathers or anta’s (tapir’s) hoofs at one side (Plate 4, fig. 3). The women wear necklaces of monkey’s teeth and bright shells (Plate 4, figs. 5 and 6) and armlets of white beads and bark. On feast days the men wear curious crowns, shaped like a hat brim. ‘These are about 2+ inches in width and made of palm leaf, with warp of bark cord. To the outer edge of this is attached a fringe of red and black toucan feathers (Plate 4, fig. 1). This is worn like a crownless hat, the top of the head standing up through it. The chiefs are distinguished from the others by wearing a crown made of numerous tassels of red and black toucan’s feathers fastened by short cords to a narrow band about the head (Plate 4, fig. 2). In common with the neighboring tribes they are snuff takers. This habit is general among them, the women using it also, but not so often nor so openly as the men. The green tobacco leaves are toasted upon the bottom of a clay pot (Plate 5, fig. 3) turned over the coals. They are then tentered out on sticks over the fire until they are per- fectly dry. The mortar is made of the shell of the Brazil nut (Plate 5, figs. 1, 2, and 8), the pestle of heavy wood. The mortar is partly filled with live coals, which are shaken in it to thoroughly heat it without burning. Then the leaves are pounded and ground into the finest dust, which is of a greenish color. The red bark of the root of a certain shrub is scraped to clean it of dead bark and earth and is then burned and the ashes carefully collected and mixed with the snuff in about equal parts. For taking the snuff they are each provided with a hollow bone of a bird’s leg, this being about 5 or 6 inches long and one-fourth inch thick (Plate 5, figs. 4, 6, and 7). One end is rounded with beeswax to make it fit the nostril. The snuff is carried in boxes made of river shells (Ampularia) (Plate 5, fig. 5), but several of the young men had procured percussion-cap boxes of the rubber gatherers. Snuff taking was a matter of importance with them, two persons being necessary for its proper performance. One of these put as much as a half or a fourth teaspoonful of the snuff into the palm of his hand and held it out to his neighbor, who placed the rounded end of the bone in his nostril and, stooping over, drew the other end slowly along the edge of the snuff, drawing it up with deep breaths, then changing to the other nostril. After he had finished he drew a long feather through the 382 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. bone, that nothing might be lost, and then offered his palm and snuff to his friend, who went through the same performance. The others who were near watched the performance with interest, making remarks as it proceeded. The one who holds out his palm stands perfectly motionless during the snuff taking. The permanent residence of the Jamamadi is a great conical, com- munal house, fitted with cells or rooms for all the families of the vil- lage. These are arranged in a circle within the outer wall of the building, leaving the center clear for dances and assemblies (fig. 8). ‘ELT 9°98 5 Fic. 8.—Ground plan of Jamamadi Indian house. a, outer posts; b, inner posts; c, room; d, inner open space. The building visited was about 130 feet in diameter and about 70 feet high. The framework consisted of 100 small posts, 4% feet high and about 4 feet apart. Near the top of these posts a strong hoop of poles was fastened, being tied with vines to each post. Inside of this outer circle of posts, at a distance of about 12 feet, a second circle of stronger posts was set, about 14 feet high and 12 feet apart. The tops of these posts were notched, and in ‘these notches a second hoop of poles, tied end to end, was placed. Long, slender poles, rafters, were now lashed at their larger ends to the bottom hoop about 2 feet apart and leaned INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 333 upon the inner hoop toward the peak of the building (fig. 9). A few of the longer ones reached the peak above, where they were fastened together (fig. 10). Upon this skeleton was tied a roof of thatch. This was made of strips 2 feet in width and 8 or 10 in leneth of the leaves of the caranai palm, split, and braided over a narrow piece of wood. \ \N ‘ ANY \ aN \ Mau Fie. 9,—Section of Jamamadi Indian house. d, lower hoop; e, upper hoop. The first course of thatch was laid upon the foot of the rafters, just over the lower posts, and carefully attached to each rafter, the strips being tied end to end so that they reached around the building. Another course was laid on above this, overlapping it about a foot, Fig. 10.—Cross section of Jamamadi Indian house. a, outer circle of posts; b, inner circle of posts; c, pole dividing the rooms; d, section of lower hoop; e, section of upper hoop; r, rafters. and so on till the peak was reached. There were no doors or win- dows, the spaces between the posts of the outer circle and below the lower layer of thatch serving for entrance and light and air. The space between the outer and inner circles of posts was divided into rooms by tying a pole from each inner post at about breast high to the 384 REFORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. top of an outer post opposite. This provided 25 cells or rooms about 12 feet square. The poles served for supporting the hammocks of the occupants. The whole building was most carefully made, even the vines used for holding it together being peeled and scraped (fig. 11). The Jamamadi had left this great building on account of the pesti- lence, and had erected several sheds 14 feet square, with thatched roofs. These were entirely open at the sides and had platforms of split palm oe r PRN DY 9 FD TI NDY, Fig. 11.—Detail of construction of Jamamadi Indian house. a, outer posts; b, inner posts; c, pole dividing the rooms; d, lower hoop; e, upper hoop; r, rafters. wood raised 2 feet from the ground to serve as floors. These were much like the poorer dwellings of the Tapuios, and probably made in imitation of them. The Jamamadi are agriculturists and hunters. Their method of cultivation is with fire. They cut the timber and burn the leaves and smaller brush during the dry season, thus clearing the surface of the soil, which they then plant among the logs and stumps. They get about two crops and then allow the Jand to grow up to forest again. i ll INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 385 The first civilized men to visit them say they were then girdling the trees with stone axes by pounding off the bark. Afterwards these were burned down by piling logs against them. They now have a few steel axes which they have procured from the rubber gatherers. They raise corn and manihot, pineapples, bananas, and plantains, the pupunya palm, tobacco, sugar cane, and a few other plants. Their corn is quite distinct from that cultivated by the Tapuios, being much taller and having a softer grain. They were found parching the ripe corn for food. They cultivate both species of manihot, but the more ordinary one seems to be the nonpoisonous, called maka-shé’/ra. This is cooked like potatoes, and a flour is also made from it, which is baked intc cakes (beju). In pressing the juice from the manihot they employ the ‘‘tipi-ti,” a long tube of woven rattan, common among the Tapuios for the same purpose. (Plate 7, fig. 1.) The only use I saw them make of the sugar cane was to chew it to get the sweet juice. The fruits of the pupunya palm are eaten and the old wood is made into bows. They are great hunters, the weapons being the blowgun and poisoned arrows, and the bow and arrows. (Plate 6, figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, etc.) The blowgun is a carefully made weapon of heavy wood, 10 or 12 feet long, round and tapering, and covered with rattan. It is in every respect like these of the tribes on the Peruvian Amazon. The arrows are needle-l:ke splinters of palm wood. The quiver is of palm leaf carried by a string around the neck. A small calabash with a hole in one side is also hung from the neck. (See Plate 6, fig. 13.) In this is carried the tree cotton for wrapping the end of the arrow to make it fit the bore of the gun. The poison, unlike that of the upper Amazon, is fluid, and is heated until it foams, when the points of the arrows are dipped into it and passed through the fire to dry. The poison is said to be made only by the chiefs, who keep the formula secret. They also prepare a counter poison, which consists largely of salt, with which they cure animals slightly wounded which they wish to tame. The» carry with them on the hunt a broad band of bark which is drawn abont the body beneath the ribs; when they are going to shoot they draw this tightly around them. (Plate 6, fig. 2.) The blowgun is used for birds and monkeys and game in the trees. For game on the eround they use the bow and arrows. The bow is short and stiff and made of black palm wood, the arrows are long and heavy, the shafts of reed and the points of palm wood. They are said to sometimes poison these. The Jamamadi use bark boats (fig. 12), made from a single piece’ (fio. 13), taken froma standing tree said to be the jutahy. The canoes aie about 16 feet long and 3 feet wide, flat on the bottom, and the ends are drawn up and tied, thus forming hollow beaks. They are lashed and braced into shape and are then turned over the fire and heated 25 NAT mus 1901 556 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. until they are dry and hard. They seem to be used as a means of con- veyance up and down the river rather than as fishing boats. The pad- dles are long and pointed. Fig. 12.—Bark canoe of Jamamadi Indians. These Indians make earthen pots of fire clay for holding water and for cooking purposes. No ornamentation or painting was seen upon any of them. They were once noted for making fine bark hammocks, Fic. 13.—Strip of bark from which canoe is made. (See fig. 12.) but they now prefer to trade tame monkeys to the rubber gatherers for cheap cotton hammocks from Para. (Plate 7, fig 5.) During the season they collect a few nuts and a little sarsaparilla for trade with the settlers. LIST OF WORDS OF JAMAMADI. head: ta ti/ hair: tati/-koné/ forehead: nokabako/ eyes: noko/ face: ébéte/ nose: widi/ upper lip: bono’ under lip: 1ft/ tongue: ébéné/ teeth: int’ chin: énédé koné/—perhaps beard neck: namidé/ shoulder: kardwi’ arm: manu’ hand: yéfé dabo’ fingers: yéfé kawi tarini’ finger nails: attrini’ breast: yuhari/ belly: dart’ leg: i/st/ foot: té7mé thigh: fanako’ toes: namidini’ ear: va/rabo man: ya/ra woman: fanawi’ boy: mada ha’ (n) baby: yauint’ fish: aba’ dog: jamai’ tapir: awi’ tobacco: cima’ corn: kimi/ sugar cane: cana’ cotton: moft’ pot: jiwaha/ (n) boat: kanawa/ paddle: ktyari’ blow gun: karaboha’ (n) belt for blow gun: kamata’ INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 387 mortar for snuff: moi maki’ | moon: kasiri/ bone tube for snuff: maupa/ | water: pa ha/ (n) shell for snuff: wahu/’ fire: himani/ snuff: atrini’ | one: tharini’ tanga: s1u’ two: famini/’ house: Ubé/ | three: Qharini’ famini’ bow: didisa’ four: famini’ famini’ string: madini/ _ ten: damini/ sun: lukati’ THE PAUMARI. The Paumari (Arauan family) are river Indians, strictly confined to the main stream of the Purts and the chains of lakes in immediate connection with it. They are said to have once inhabited the Purts to near its mouth, but appear to be limited at present to the territory between the Ituchy and the Rapids. They are unable to endure con- tact with the forms of civilization existing among the rude rubber gatherers of the river, and are rapidly diminishing in numbers. They exist in small communities of a few families each, every one of which has its own chief or headman, though this person seems to have no great authority over them. They belong to several clans or subtribes, of which the following names were given: The Otter people: Sabou ka Paumari. The Alligator people: Kasii ka Paumari. The Vulture people: Majuri ka Paumari. The Peccary people: Hirari ka Paumari. They are a humble, cowardly people, living in deadly fear of the Hypurinas, their neighbors on the upper river. They are so childish and simple that they are easily imposed upon by the settlers on the river, and are persuaded to undertake long and exhausting labor at the paddle for a few drinks of rum, of which they are inordinately fond. They love music and make Pan’s pipes of reeds, and rude trumpets of earthenware. While they are pulling at the paddle they are con- tinually singing (fig. 14). The following are translations of some of their boat songs: Fic, 14,—Paumari Indian canoe song. 1. My mother when I was little carried me with a strap on her back. But now I am aman and don’t need my mother any more (fig. 14). 2. The toucan eats fruit in the edge of my gardex. and after he eats he sings. 3. The jaguar fought with me, and I am weary, I am weary. 385 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. The following they call the song of the turtle: I wander, always wander, and when I get where I want to go I shall not stop, but still go on. They pass much of their time along the river, roaming from one sand bar to another in search of food, but have more permanent villages on the lakes inland, which they occupy during the rainy season. They are all marked with a peculiar skin disease which leaves large white spots on the hands and feet, and shows on the face and other parts of the body in dark, ashy blotches, which itch continually. One Fic. 15.—Clothing of Paumari Indians. a, woman’s apron (tanga); b, man’s apron (tanga); c, neck- lace of monkey’s teeth. old fellow, covered with this disease, was seen lying naked on a mat scraping himself with a clam shell. They make much greater use of paint than the other tribes of the Purtis, covering their bodies and limbs with broad, horizontal, red stripes. Their paint is made by mixing annatto with balsam copaiba. The painting is done by dip- ping the ends of the fingers in the paint and drawing them around the body and limbs. The face may be entirely covered or painted in fanci- fulstripes. They go bareheaded and barefooted, and dress in the tanga, a little apron 2 by 4 inches in size, made of cotton threads and colored red with annatto (fig. 15). The aprons of the women are a little larger INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. 8389 (fig. 15). The hair is cut square across the forehead and allowed to hang down the neck. They pierce the lips and the septum of the nose, ordinarily wearing plugs of wood in the orifices, but are said to don tusks of wild animals on feast days. When they were given rum they carefully pressed in the plugs so as to lose none of the drink. The average height of several men measured was 5 feet 24 inches. They with the other Purtis tribes cultivate a little tobacco, which they only use assnuff. The green leaves are toasted over the fire and powdered in little mortars made of the case of the Brazil nut (Plate 8, fig. 3) and then mixed with ashes. The ashes from the hulls of the fruit of the chocolate bean are used for this purpose. They inhale the snuff through a pair of hollow bones of a bird’s leg (Plate 8, fig. 1). These are fastened side by side with a braid of cotton thread, and the upper ends are rounded with beeswax to fit the nostrils. A quarter or half teaspoonful of snuff is placed in the palm of the hand or in a clam shell and drawn up with one or two long breaths. The snuff box is made of a river shell to which a neck formed of bone has been cemented (Plate 8, fig. 2). They are said to make a fermented drink from fruits, but this was not seen. They pass much of their lives in their canoes; these are narrow dug- outs 12 or 14 feet in length, and sharp at both ends (Plate 9). Their paddies, instead of being round-bladed like those of the Tapuios, are long and narrow. The great level sand bars along the river are made use of by them in towing their canoes on their voyages upstream. A Paumari would be frequently seen walking along the edge of the bar towing his canoe, holding his family and all his possessions, to new fishing grounds, his wife sitting in the stern witha steering paddle holding the canoe from the shore. They live in little oven-shaped huts, so low that they have to get on their hands and knees to enter them. These are made of long, narrow palm-leaf mats, spread over a framework of sticks bent and stuck into the ground at both ends. The mats are carried in their canoes, so that they always have their houses with them. Their more permanent villages on the inland lakes are made of houses of the same kind. When the water rises over the sand bars in the rainy season they move their villages upon large rafts anchored in the lakes. These rafts are made of logs of light timber on which a floor of strips of palm wood is tied with vines. On this they remain, rising and falling with the flood and its ebb until the dry season uncovers the sand bars again. They have a tradition accounting for this curious custom. Long ago the people of their tribe built their villages only on the land like the other tribes, but one year the flood rose to a much greater height than usual, covering the sand bars, and then the lowland, and finally the terra firma. The people climbed into the trees, and lived 390 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. for a time upon fruits and leaves, but finally all were drowned or died of hunger but two; these lived until the flood abated, when they descended and took possession of the earth again. These were the ancestors of the present tribe of the Paumari. At the beginning of the rainy season they built a raft and moved their hut upon it, that they might not be drowned with the flood, and their descendants have kept up the custom to this day. They are said to bury their dead in a sitting posture, breaking up the weapons and personal possessions of the deceased and burying them with the body, and building a cover of the same character as their houses over the grave. They live chiefly upon fish, turtles, and turtles’ eggs. They are said to be so expert in catching turtles, that they can dive to the bottom of the river and take them there. They capture large numbers as they come out to the sand bars to lay their eggs and keep them alive for future use in pens made of stakes placed in the lakes near their villages. They gather wild fruits and have small gardens. They keep a few dogs procured from the settlers, and some chickens which seem to accommodate themselves well to the wandering lives of their owners. They make a small amount of india rubber to trade with the settlers, and collect a little balsam copaiba, and in the season, make oil from tur- tles’ egos. This is the famed turtle butter (mante:ga de tartaruga) which is an article of commerce and made use of by the civilized Brazilians in cooking. They collect the eggs from the sand bars, using a sharp stick to find the deposits and their paddles as spades to dig them out. A canoe is filled half full of eggs and the owners get in and dance upon them with their bare feet. When all the eggs are crushed the oil rises to the surface and is skimmed off into pots. Their pottery is rude and unpainted, and the mats used in covering or flooring their houses are usually without colors or figures. = LIST OF WORDS OF THE PAUMARI. head: dadi/ | shoulder: mantosi’ hair: dadi’ kat6/ni | arm: wadi/ forehead: atai/ | hand: si ai’ kai di/ni (upper side) face: nokua/1 hand: sa ai’ kabodiny (under side) ears: morobu/i | finger: siiai/ eyes: noku/i pada/ni finger nail; sdai kina kodi/ni nose: wiridi/ heart: wal mouth: bodi’ blood: ama’ lip: 7 hi’ | Skin: asa fini’ tongue: a ba/ni thigh: kabahai/I teeth: Inv/i leg: & wai‘ chin: kanadaii | foot: dimai’ beard: nadai’ kit sauini’ big toe: dima’ nokt/nt neck: nabidi’ toe nail: damai’ kina kodi/ni breast: makoini’ devil: baiadi’ INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. man: make/ra woman: gam0o/ girl: gamo/’ paisi/ boy: make/ra paisi’ father: bi1’ mother: mia’ son: k6/di saii/ (my son) brother: k0/di kai (my brother) chief: kai’di tashau/a (my chief)? dog: jumahi’ jaguar—jumahi’ tapir: da’ma fish: abahisa/na bird: Tgita’ feather: bibi/ snake: maki’ turtle: siri/ egg: banatfa’ deer: Otairi/ duck: wadama/’ parrot: wilt’ toucan: jakwa kwa/ tree: awa’ leaf: afani/ root: awa’ dama/ni fruit: awa’ bonod/ni tobaceo: ajiri’ banana: sipati/ corn: jarwa’ cotton: wagani/ni mandioca: boda’ rubber: siriga’ chocolate bean: kanaka’ cacae tree: kanaka’ awa/ni stone: jadi’ sand: kasi’ bow: koda hi’ (n) arrow: abi ha/(n) cord: atu’(n) bléw gun: karaboha/(n) spear: jumidi’ knife: adv’ cup: wou’ pot: sia ha/(n) sanoe: kana/wa paddle: wanami/ cloth: makari/ hammock: si hn/na house: gura’ root: kutihi’(n) mat: kawasi’ water: pa(n)ha/(n) river: wai ni/ lake: daku’ rain: ba hi J | current: jura/ni sun: safi/ni moon: masiku’ | stars: bori/ | night: juma/ fire: si ht’ (n) smoke: kau ji/ni ashes: kan fa/ni large: karaho/ | small: p 1 si/ | cold: ka fui’ hot: ka f6/ni | good: jahama/ni bad: jahari/ sweet: chinaki’ sour: chikataki/ bitter: arapaki’ sick: kawamuniki/ lame: tonodrodhi’ blind: sakawani’ asleep: wadi/ fat: basina/ distant: nipai/ near: ma/kari wet: abaki’ dry: yanafora/ dead: abini/ VERBS | to kill: inabini/ to cook: isadomaha/ to eat: 1ha/ to drink: 1awi’ to fish: nabada/ to hunt: karaboha/(n) to run: kidarahai’ to ery: asara/ to laugh: oha/ni to talk: wariwari’ to sing: a hi/(n) to sleep: wadi’ to stand: ga’ to work: marini/’ to smoke: kasisi/ | to sit: Awiti’ one: warana’ two: bamiki’ three: awhaara bak6siki’ four: aka bamaha kamaki’ Je five: sdai-kai whaarani’ (once the fingers) six: shai ka whariha’ part: pitani/ many: {poiki’ T: owa/nt 392 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. thou: 1wa/ni | COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES the: ionya/ sweet: chinaki/ no: nya/ very sweet: chinaka/waki’ yes: ya’ “2 sour: chikataki’ to-day: idakabav’ _ very sour: chikataka/waky’ to-morrow: afi kaiima’ bitter: 4rapaki’ yesterday: idanija’ | very bitter, poison: arapaka/waki’ SENTENCES FROM THE PAUMARI. . Tam going with you: kadanya’ okakiho’ ‘ I am going to fish—I wish to go fishing: bahama’ okaburu’ kibanaho’ I am going hunting—I wish to hunt: okaraboa/(n) kibanaho’ 4. Yesterday I went hunting: idanija’ okaraboaja’ 5. To-morrow I go hunting: ifokaimi/’ Okaraboa/n kiana’ kibaniho/ 6. Iam going to sleep—I wish to sleep: Owadi’ kibanaho’ I did not sleep last might: hidanija’ juma’ wadirihi’ 8. Let us go to sleep: yabana/’ awadia’wa 9. Yesterday I killed a deer: hidanija’ onabini/ hotairi/ 10. The night is very dark: juma’ baki baki’ 11. I have two brothers: hidaho’ jamani’ a’ju bamiki’? 12. My father is dead: bii’ abini/ hidak: bai’ wani’ kbiiri’ kabai/ Ohd/ jakiho’.?— 13. My mother is dead: mia/ hidakibaii’ abini/ 14. Lam sick: Okowami/ni’ kiho’ 15. Yesterday I was sick a little: hidanija’ whariha’ dkowamuni paisi 16. I go to take a bath—I wish to bathe: okanaha’ kibanaho’ 17. I am very warm this evening: afaki’? juma’ wanikwa’ 18. The river has many fish: hihida’ waini’ kibaki’ 19. The river runs much: waini joraki’ kwana’ wanamini’ jahariki’ 20. The deer runs fast: nahina/ tihida/ otairi’ binaki’ daraha’(n) dindki’ 21. I have a good canoe: kinawa’ kajahaki’ kodianya/ hojaira’ 22. My canoe is old: kana/wa boda’ 23. My canoe is new: kodi kana/wa jadi/ni 24. Tam sick to-day: hidakabai/i dkowamt/ni 25. Ishall be sick to-morrow perhaps: hidikabai/i wabini’ fokaima’ Okowa-mi/ni?? 26. My brother is sick: kodi ajo kowami/ni kiada/ hidakabai/i 27. My brother will be sick to-morrow perhaps: hidanija’ waha’bini kowami/ni 28. My brother was sick yesterday: kodi a4/jo kowami/ni hidakAbaii’ biwa ha Ja’- wint? 29. My brothers are sick to-day: 4/ja kowama/ni dakabai? 30. My brothers were sick yesterday: hida anija’ wigami/ni kowa amu/ni 31. My brothers will be sick to-morrow: fOkaima wigami’/ni kowamd/ni wa/bini INDIAN TRIBES OF. BRAZIL. 393 PAUMARI SONGS. toucan my sing eat sings. Jakwakwia’ kodi/ sirtii dhiaii bihaki’ ahi’. The toucan eats fruit in the edge of my garden, and after he eats he sings Mia Oni jana rihi aii’ sati maha wajami/ rihi mia aii siti’, maha wajaima/’ ora a tirihi’ My mother carried me when I was young, with a strap on her back, with a strap she carried me on her back but now I am a man and I do not need her any more Jumahi’ wia hari bani hida awa kodi koja hari kaka barGht hida/ I did not call the onea (jaguar) to my house, but my good drink called him Hari ail banaho wajai yanahi aii sati maha koja haria Awa ka tirihi’ Good-by; you will give me nothing more; I am going Mia aii ho bastri kA pamwari’ hi kamia oho jaii O, my mother Iam living among the porpoise people (that is people colored like the porpoise-white people) ‘ eet Sea es ‘ ee se i ft ee bi Sane ae bere <> EX PE ANA MMOINS OFS PisAviiEsale WOooDEN BIRD FIGURES OF HYPURINA INDIANS, Figs. 1, 2, and 5. Toucans. Figs. 3 and 4. Guus. Y ud UR 3 Fic D) t DEN BIR i PLATE 2. Steere. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. er tee fim, Fear 3 ae,’ “SNVION| IGVWVYWYVf) SO dNOXu*) = a —s eas Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Steere. PLATE 3. GROUP OF JAMAMADI INDIANS. ers Nat Ld ass Ly EX PEANAG HON 20 EP Avih En: “J Bie ai ieet | | ORNAMENTS OF JAMAMADI INDIANS. Fig. 1. Crown or Toucan FEaTHERs. Fig, 2. Curer’s Coroner oF Torcan FEATHERS. Fig. 8. GirDLE ORNAMENT oF Tapir’s Hoors. Fig. 4. Peary Disks For THE Ears. Fig. 5. Curip’s GirpLE oF RIvER SHELLS. ‘Fig. 6. Neckiace or Monkey TrerH wirh Tassev or Toucan Frarierrs. PLATE 4. Steere. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. ORNAMENTS OF JAMAMADI INDIANS. EXPE ANAC OINSO;E eg eo OBJECTS USED BY JAMAMADI INDIANS IN SNUFF MAKING, SNUFFING, AND COOKING. Figs. 1, 2. PesrLe AnD Morrar (Hypurina). Fig. 3. Cuay Por ror CookIna. Figs. 4, 6, and 7. Bont Tuses ror SNUFFING. Fig. 5. SHELL SNUFFBOX. Fig. 8. Prsrte AND Morrar usED IN SNuFF MAKING. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Steere. Pate 5. OBJECTS USED BY JAMAMADI INDIANS IN SNUFF MAKING, SNUFFING, AND COOKING EXO PE AINGA a OING@) Ra eale AvipEee Gre | | | | | oes eee tec |e al | 10 13 | ee | a | ARMS, ETC., OF THE JAMAMADI INDIANS. Fig. 1. WoopEn Lance. Fig. 2. Bark Band worn WHILE SHooTing with THE BLoweGun. Fig. 3. Bow. Fig. 4. Woman’s Bark Basker. Figs. 5 and 9. Arrows IN LEAF Quiver. Figs. 6 and 8. SiInete ARRows. Fig. 10. Bark Baa. Fig. 11. Quiver or Porsonrp BuowGaun ARRows. Fig. 12. Bow. Fig. 13. CaLABAsH ror HoLpInc TREE Corron. Fig. 14. Bow. PLATE 6. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.—Steere. Dee BES om oo oe ae D. H HH g Ee stad 3°19) pave hi ARMS, ETC., OF JAMAMADI INDIANS. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. i ~ co t OU ENG ee CINTA UPA COVING Ole APE 7/7 OBJECTS OF DOMESTIC USE OF JAMAMADI INDIANS Cassava Press, tipiti. BuNpDLE OF LEAVES OF THE CARANAL PALM USED ror HATCHING. Fish NET USED WITH THE TRAP DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT. CARRYING BASKET. Bark Hammock. PLATE 7. Steere. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. OBJECTS OF DOMESTIC USE OF JAMAMADI INDIANS. ESXePHeAGNsAgialOINE OLE ses Agnes 9 t mel DousLE Bonrt Nose TuBE FOR TAKING SNUFF. . SHELL SNUFFBOX. Mortar AND Casr or BRAZILNUT AND PrsTLE ror MakInG SNUFF. bo Ww PLATE 8. Steere. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 “SNVIGN| INVANVd AHL Ad ONISSNNS GNV ONIXVIL S4SNNS NI Gas) SLNSWAIdW| PLATE 9. Steere. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. ‘SSONVO NVIGN] INVWNVd ~4 way a: ENE Dee: Page. Abbott James-Krancis: title;ofpaner Wyse sseaee ee satan eee eee ae ee 149 ANO OOH AWYo Ia, JOR Ibavclienn Colleen Ol sos5 scp ec sce cee con cose seosnouse Dil ethnolocgicaltobjecisienventhhyeee=eee ee. eee eee 52 insectsicollectedsbi vaste ees ete oe eee es Ne 70 mamimalstcollectedsbyieaaecs ase aoe ee eo ee eee ee 75 mollusksisentiby: > 24 -cnSu eee es eee soe eee etter 69 natural-history explorations of, continued .....-..----------- 67 treasures:deposited@h yin: See ee eee ee 18 zoological specimens contributed by -.---.-.---------.------ 67 PXCATY: CACHAN ec as SS Sse ace er EE TSE ce 199 | SEG (cKO Cn eee en he ee Berea cee Aaa ong yeas ose 199 PNGCERSIONS) GluniM eA year SEO fm ose sey ee Pee are ene 95 for the past and previous years, statistics of..-.....------..------ 21 received annually since 1880, table showing. -...-..---..-----.---- 22 by- Department ofAmthropolovyees ses = sae eee eee eee 51 toyDepantmientioieAmthropolocyeeeer eae e eae eee ae 51 Biolog y.s226 505s ances oe eee ee 67 Geologye at aa ioe ee ee 81 Act of Congress, 1846, establishing Smithsonian Institution. .....-.---------- 3 to encourage the holding of a Pan-American Exposition......----------- 229 Gamana-archeolovicalsieldiworksate=ss eee ee eee eee eee a ae eee 317 RUIN PEE Ae ee aes ee Sen En ae ORE has os 317 petrogly pls | 4. Sse as ees Se eee aoe taro ene 318 Station scc'hs ctelecs eae See ee ee et sree ene Sly) Adams. 1C:, B:,-collecting: outhtfurmished toy es. = so ase ete ere ee 24 Ndamss samuelate. iputtertives jpresentedsb yeee= === === ee see 70 Adler, Cyrus, assistant curator, Division of Historic Archeology, report by- -- 56 bibliography of assyriology beoun) bytes =.= ----==-=- === 57 custodian of the Division of Religions, report by ...-.--.-------- 56 joint paper by 25) ete eee ere ice Seen ies aera ee 152 title of'joint papertby.2 sae" sae oe Soeeeeee ees ee eee 149 ANGINA OM CHIE Bood ae aoon oS aeosooccos on ecuocnccemolsecoepecseec 94 SEO OGONAy LUC TS ears ee ea nee ee eee ee eel 199 Afton, Indian Territory, flint implements and fossil remains from a sulphur spring at, by William H. Holmes ....-.-..-..---- 233 ceolopictonmationsipe eee ee sae ea ee se eee 238 site or the Atton sulphur sprinesiess=—=s = see a 238 apring,-arrow and spear heads .-.-.-.-..--.----.... = 245 bone and antler implements-..--..-...-.---- 246 difficulties met with in making excavations... 241 discovery of a flint implement in the super- ficial samd ys 2 oes = Oe ere ee re 240 PALATE GT OT Spee ee 240 finshie] Camm SAO Ut Ole Ge ee ee 239 396 INDEX. Page Attony Indian LerriboOry,, (SpUUI SO Wn aL ON) Seen eee nn 24) fossil remiains.435 5S ee a eee 242 fragmentary condition of the fossil bones. --- 243 freshly sharpened implements ...........--- 245 KMTV@S a5 Stirs EE ee eee IE 245, 246 mammoth teeth encountered in the gravels. 241, 243 méastodon tecth. 2.225 eae ee 245 peoples concerned in the deposit..........-- 248 section of, and associated geological formations 241 significance of the deposit. = s2-5220-4--4e we 247 spearheads S525 seat.) See ce ee 245 stone imiplementss-— 2p. ess -& peepee he eee 244 tmaditions: résard img jtheco-2 esas oe ee 239 Springs, (the 2232 2a hs aa eee Re a eee 238 village: of; description <5 ees aor cae ee 238 LO @ablot tesa ea al ated ele Oe «eee 238 Agassiz, Alexander, expedition under direction.Ofs.. Y.2 241. se ae Se Fee 51 loan tore. aes BSS Sa ee Rep Ns Rg ene en ata ae ee 88 Specimiens\of rocks sentitos. see sa eee ee eee 32 Agriculture, Department:or, plants transiemrediby..c. -s2 220. 05) a eee eee 20 use of Herbarium made by officials of -.....-...- 80 Apallyay 2 2 o.oo Se ee ae Sa rn ee 199 Alaska moose 2 22. =2252 sce Stee ar eee ee ens neers 190 Alaskan Eskimo, deseription of figures of group of.....-.:-...:...-----.-..- 203 earth housesot thei lck Siena Ses A her ees eee ae 207 Albatross; collections; by. 2-2s—-s—e ens SSE Seay Deeb 1ksh ANS ls 70) al, Thay fly fasg 049) AJexander; W2;H:, reptilesipresented: byisc 5. seen et ea ee ee UB) Se) Algué, Father José, corals and sponges received in exchange from ......-.--- (i Allen,.J. -A.; sheep.deseribedsbymee sac ee ee ee et See eee 190 tithe-of paper Dye sass sce ae ees ee eee eee 149 Alligator snapper, 2-2 scene Se eee ee rer rere ee 196 7:41 owe (6), ) emai EMM aN ee teins rc SN Aimed: Ne ea on ote eee te Res Se 191 Altars obtained by Museum:throughvexchange)\. sos see S22 32s eee eee 54 Amazon River turtle ceas se seer i aaa a ahs pS RON Se Nga ae aaecetidy Sees 196 America, distributiom OF speciniena gina so 43 nei er oa ee ene eee 137 American arctic and subarcticsmamimals, ‘series Ole 5.2222. - 4.54622 5-2 eee 191 carnivora, relabelingy ok tincepe ss pening eae Bra eee = ee eee 34 Ethnology, Bureau of, pottery purchased by ------.-------------- 303 Institute of Electrical Engineers, specimens of electrical apparatus belonging: to .2/=23 226 (eee ee ee re ee eee 61 lizards! 0322. Soe Se See eee R= eon see ee ene 197 Ornithologists’ Union, work by committee on nomenclature of the.. 30,79 Aneient: ruins; preservation hyo es res eae pee eee 307 action taken by legislature of Arizona ......-- 398 archeological field work in Arizona...-------- 307 Arizona Antiquarian Society, endeavors of .... 358 bill before congress several times .......------ 398 New Mexicd aes e us aes eee eas sae 308 service of Interior Department -.-....-...---- 358 André, Ernest, collection received in exchange from..............---------- 25, 7 Angel fishes ;. - 22. 2p ce 5 Wee Oe ae a salt alee oa ae ee 198 INDEX. B97 Page. Animals, domestic and food, archeological field work in Arizona .....-..-.---- 356 Annual Report U.S. National Museum, scope of .......-.....-------------- 11 GL89 a) ebartell publisheds {sos se omos eee ernee ope. seca Se sn 147 (1898) , published. -....-.-.. Ee I Ie ee epee ee a 147 (S99) pulblishedaet. Gee sects. eta sent aeease ates ays 147 ENTIE-COLE Ie e resem ore oe ae oo eet See a reais Sree abe aye Aenbarsioere mE 191 ATipnTOnoloct cache ld esCOpe Ole ies aces Sate tee esses ae tess Sanam 255 museum, classification and arrangement of the exhibits of an, by, Walliam Henry Holmes =~ <== 52-555... 253 EulGuraledivisionisesse see hese ee ee see ee 256 classification of culture materials.. 257 culture—history arrangement. -- -- 264 history exhibit, example Ole ee ee Bee 274 geo-ethnic arrangement -.-------- 258 exhibit, example of.... 268 lalbelseene ass Sonos 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 limitations of culture materials --. 256 special culture series -...-.---.--- 267 scope of the anthropological field. ........-.------ 255 SomatolovreaeGuivistOneee ee eee een eae eee 255 Anthropology; Department of accessions tO 15>. -<2---- ==" =2- seer ee ae 51 throughecollections=s===—ss— essere 51 exchanges a= ea eene 54 oilts! aoe ee eee 52 purchase sess sssss eee ee 53 ald: given bDyq sees ea nescence esse oo eee eee 61 cataloguing and care of specimens received by - 55 concerning completeness of exhibits of, at Pan- American yh xpOsthlomeee ss -o een ase = =e Zale details with regard to progress made in presery- ing and installing collections of.......------ 55 exhibit shown through agency of-..-.-.-------- 183 exhibition halls of, overerowded.._..-..------ By exhibits prepared by, for other departments of exposition and lent to them during continu- ANC Otel alse eee eats Sn ee eee ee 217 exhibits prepared by, for Pan-American Expo- SitLOT sie ete a a ee aa eee ae in MeadkCunatOneess- peters = ee se a= eee labelimedones pyar erie tea een re objects lent by, to expositions. ....-....------ report of head curator/om 2=-------=2--=----2-- report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion, -by-Walliamy EH: Holmes: <=" =-2—- s-2—- report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—description of the groups. .-.-.-.------- report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—dwelling group models .....---------- report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—exhibits illustrating leading arts and industries of the native Americans. --------- 211 398 INDEX. Anthropology, Department of, report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—exhibits representing the art collec- LLORES oe Se NE ee report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—groups.of lay figures. --.2.-/.....2.~- research= works in 2 eee ta ee een re ee space meedediby 25. Wa sas oe vee eee special investigations conducted by members of Sails oes Ae pee Ay Ae) eat cpa ees total number of specimens received in .....--. W OPK leis ee he ketal ses es Sc ne in connection with Pan-American Ex po- SIthOM 2 = SS eae te i pe ee Apache? WiGkimps cic / Ss SRS See Ae te Sree Re pea yee Appendix Ll. 2. cee ese Se See Sec ees ee ee eee ge a ee eee ere iO Reap nae ees i MN een Bate See I ERI Ns AE ON Appropriations for fiseal! year ending June’30, 1901 222-2222 =. 52 eae ee year ending Jume:s0 1902 eae eer ae ie a eee Arachnida: removal of2ss< 55 ete eee es eee eae ees Archeological field work in northeastern Arizona. The Museum-Gates expe- dition-of-1901 “by, Waltertbloughte82 2-2 epee oes eae ens mere ete eee Hopi‘ buttes and:miesagrsea says? See ei ee yen kere ee eee ena ByeRe One dSisanianoy Welle? MINS) See oe aac scoscesdes = Biddahoochéescss 2-8 fe Sees OS ee eee Chraikepal lis se ee ae Ss eS aes ents Ka walo ku hws ce 25 eas oo ie ee ee eee Kokopnyamiaw 5554 S228 aot eee eee ene periods ol-Pusayanvwaner ce sss ee eens se eeeee introduction ‘3.2352 a ae ee en ee ee list of illustrations soe x Fee Ra Noes ee ee ee te ee ee Little Colorado: Walle yes es ee ee es ee A Gann aT a sees Se re eee en eee Canyone Buttes sessars ate se eee McDonalds) @anyoni220r.2 cece en se eee ee eee Metatey sie il tht i ese e's 5 te erate aa ee Malky-aollo wee 2 as Se ee noe ee ee ee eee Scorsese cn ree ee ea es Ne ele ee SGome Ase xe seh ew 2 i et ese ae ee eet small: sitesmearse = ee eres ==: Wicd: Sees Wa Raa so oo Seah ee Ne pao TOTAT CS hoo asi eS a Foes a Spa cua en oA Daye distributlonion eae blo) Guiltier ere ee dom esticram det oo Gleematined] seers eee ee ee ee ate preservation Of ancient mums ee ae rae eee range of-dual: design’ on pottery 22 =: Se oe Sate ses oe ones Summary of world “ase eek See ee ee a ees symbolism 2 s=ceen2 Lhe aed oe eo ae ae table of contents Page. 216 200 26 57 326 336 339 337 346 287 283 209 317 309 302 318 319 306 320 325 318 352 302 306 a7 dot 308 399 281 302 INDEX. 399 Page Archeological field work in northeastern Arizona—Continued. White Mountain region...........-_- oes bah aes ae is et 289 Honestdale:. sates ae ba = Sota eS 289 IMtSRiONGa wali ees sss weg es ere oe tae = 297 TSG eM apse ecilc ee ee ae ae Se eee See 297 SHOMOW Seon ce eee ane ee teen eyes Ss 301 la am alia Sees ee ee ee Se SI ete Sater 302 PAE COLCAO LEG Ses CRIT LUO lye, SABE ee Rad pe Seren payee emer tay e etasie eo 194 COUTENOUESHS, Uist a SR A 2 eo ee nage ies eee recs A roy ge ren eee 193 TaD OaY, elias Ub rallinnes: ((ebibOe eos tea ooabes cobnca ne sea eeeeenEcasscaoseec 207 legislature of, action taken by, to preserve ruins .--..--.----------- 398 Army and Navy, important contributions made by officers of.-.----- ------- 3s Arrangement and classification of the exhibits of an anthropological museum, bya Walliams lieminye le olanes Sasi sea a leer ee ee eee eae eee ea 253 Mine y ee as Ber hs ee meee Pe eure SaCMer eMaeaari Gemm nse BEC era 198 Oya RBG nes pOT)LOlP KO) Netw ke Pee ek i one AE eon ee AME Oe eae 324, 353 Nisa c levinn arid ere kl OTS =r ee ee ete eis ee eet 324 JONES) ie aees eee ee ER a is WARS Sec ae gh cea seem eee bor 324 Ashmead, W. H., detail of, to accompany expedition to Hawaiian Islands - -- 23 entomological collectionsmade Wy -22=—- >see - aa 66, 70 hymenoptera of Harriman expedition worked up by------ 28 much progress made on catalogue of hymenoptera by - ---- 29,00 report by, upon hymenoptera as a whole --.......--------- 76 upon hymenoptera from Galapagos Islands made by 28, 77 the hymenoptera parasiticaof Hawaiian Islands compl etedvhyee seer a aeees seers een eee 28, 77 researches upon exotic material from Africa, Siam, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, continued by-..---.-------- 28,77 studies upon the ichneumonoidea and bombidee conducted lO) ABER Oe eerr a tee een Doe eee re oer roar eerie tS oc 28, 77 titles.of paperds lyase 55 Sete 2 en eee 150 WORK OF, Inv G@ivisiOn OMINSCCLS a= see =a saree eee 74 Asia, distribution of specimens) Wm, 2=2 5 ae ae a see ete ee ee eae 144 Assistance to individuals and institutions through Department of Geology- - - - 88 Assistant Secretary of Smithsonian Institution placed in immediate charge of IG RU Eve\ bb 00 ese ane ree eR ie Se Coa sero onc He enede ce eoe aE omepecosS 41 Atlanta Exposition, donations and purchases from--...--------------------- 8 Australian Museum, collection of Australian shells sent by ----------------- 25, 69 Austria, distribution of specimens in... --. -- he RS Ae ae TS eS ee 144 Authors of papers in bibliography, list of ..-..--.-------------------------- 173 Asoien reine, Ose Ofsmuealll mioneIMeny = Gb eco 22 Soccer Se eae oso Seaccsasyeeseese 195 twat Dik eX Ca Valle Clie see ee ae ee ae eee ee 333 file SPLINES (Of: 35 5. ae ee ee eae tee tee ei 33% pipe specimen found at.....------------------------------+--+------ 317 Wearalsid0e 222.52 ics sae a= se nae See ee er ao 191 Baird, George W., bronze bust presented by .----.------------------------- 53 Baker, C. F., collection of fleas lent to .---.-------------------------------- 31, 78 Balch, F. N., Arctic shells compared by ---------------------------------+- 30, 80 Baldieagle 2-222 22 2-j-22 = see =e oe ie see a= eee ee oe 192 Breil b CROW? ae eae oe ata Ste ale eaten 195 Baldwin-Zeigler Polar expedition, collecting outfit furnished to. ---.----.------ 24 Ball, C. R., plants presented by ..--.--------------------------+------------ 71 Ball, E. D., insects lent to .....---------------+---------+--+-------------- 31, 78 400 INDEX. Page. Bandelier, A. F., attention called to rugose ware with white decoration by... 300 LUIS Ab SHO WiLO wy exceamnatn e Cl yy er 301 brought ito iro tere hoya 289 Banes! Outram. birds brouphitetromera namics Wye ee 30 compared byt asa seas ae ee a ee eee 79 title of joint paper Dyasseee aise Soeteces eee eee 152 titles of papers Dyenese pee eer cree Oe eee eee 151 Banks, Nathan, arachnida and neuroptera of Harriman expedition worked Up ‘DY. Sos Se ee es Stee i eee 28, 77 report by on arachnida collected at Galapagos Islands - - ---- 28, 77 titles Of papers: oiygaes eee See ee a ee ee 151 WOCK Of Ine Divisione lyn Se Cheese ee ere 74 Barn: OW sao 58 2.22 phenethyl ge 193 Barnes» Walliams mothssoresemtec foyer ee 70 Barracuda... 2. 52sec poate ee semas oo meso eee a eee ee ares enn eee 198 Barrott, A. F., collection of stone implements given by --...--..----.---.---- 52 IBArKOW Ss Wee Bing © EO) pu Cet Fecenetae ta Leo To es 81 Bartsch, Paul, papers by, publishedsm:the Osprey =2-2-. =- 7.) 2 eee 76 studies on the Pacific pyramidellidee continued by---.-------- 28, 76 titles; of paperstbyees ss sae ee ae eee Rey te ee mnt eee 152 ‘Basketry ~ <2 2s: co Sa aS pa a et oe See ee ee eer 339 exhibit illustrating ticity eee oe eee oe eee ne ee ee 214 Batrachians and! reptiles, Pan-American Hxposition= 5222825222255. 4- 6552525" 196 cases arrangedsioniesxdhiloitt Ofte = = ane oe Ae eae 33 method of representing unsatistactoryec2 2. -- 5 eos. eee oe 33 Bean, Barton A.., detail of; touey: West sh lonidsca = soe eens 185, 186 fishesicolllected iby atekey, Wiestase aa sean: aa eee 23, 67 preparation of labels for Pan-American Exposition by------ 18¢ 3eckwith, Paul, labors of, in Section of American History ----.-..-.-------- eS aah seehiler, Cs W:, explorations Dye ees ar ee eee eee 237 Belem, distributions ofS e Gin Cris ie ye eee 144 Beeld Nori asso a ola et ape age lp ggg pe 195 Bell, James M.;. ethnologicalobjects:piven by 2222222225255 ec ee ace eee 52 Bendire; Charlessreferencestodeathvotens= se eee eee eee ee 42 work on the Life Histories of North American Birds begun lbynthetlate ses Aas oe 2s ca ee ere ee Cee 38 Bendire’s Life Histories of North American Birds, work of completing taken WY Sd Pe sk Ee a Se ce ameter ng eee ee 27, 38, 75 Benedict, J. K., description of four new species of symmetrical pagurid crus- taceans:preparedsby.cae =a eee ee eee ae ees 28, 76 explorations offs22 S352. foe tee ee ee ee pane 23, 67 paper on hermit crab and its allies published by-.-.---------- 28, 76 report of, on anomouran crustaceans ..-.....--.--.-2..-.--- 28, 76 studies of, on crustacean family galatheide --........-.----- 28, 76 title iof paper iby s< cS ae es ee eens 152 Benguiat collection of objects of Jewish ceremonial, work on, published. . - --- 57 Benson, H. C., nest, egg, and bird collection presented by ...--------------- 68 Berliner, Emil, sift: byoi ces 2 eS ee ee eee ie ee ee ee 53 Berwerth; E.,ameteorite fracment tromip-se= see ee 26 Bibliography.of -National Museuni 22 ce) = ee ee eee 147 list-of authors of papers im ==----2--=s----- 173 Biddahoochee ruin, archeological field work at ............----------------- 326 Cemeteries: 22 Se a een oon INDEX. 401 Page. Riddahoochee mune Cottonwood Wash ruins = 22. .)seesese 225422522552. 5-5- - 327 examination of, attended with hardships---.-.----------- 333 CORI WERGs coneh Sebsoecsodsepsésocdosescs codeceeacescse 330 lhimestoneraxe nome see eee seers eeeee ee sar = 2 Se,se 322 JOULES OP ROS ee a eR ye Ame Se. Sea 327 POLLEY AMVEstICALIONS To. 3222 2. S28 seasons on ae ee 327 Reap Sisley abs Soe ee pees eee eee are Sin oto ooh 327 EU GCR WRN sete ote tee oe nce oe nen eae. See ee eee, 329 Shmun exdiscOvenc tates see mee ae eee are ae eine eee eee 316 Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, accessions derived from. ------ 17 collections transmitted by ---- 40 egg collections received from... 19,69 mammal collections of, trans- ferredizcwee sees ese ecsaee 72 use of collections in Museum maderby stall Olasseeeeseeee 79 Biology, Department of, accessions of insects -.----------------------------- 69 MOMSKS ise nee ose eee ease oe eee eee 69 CO ee nee eee eel ere ete eae oe Nee ce 67 bird specimens! purchased by------------:---------- 68 condition of exhibition series in ...-...-.-.--.-------- 33 cisimibutionioh duplicatess 2-6-2 -s 2-2 -- eee ae ae eee 79 exhieihonicollections esses sec ==oeeee == es eee 63 Expl oraWoOus =e eet sees ees eee ten ee ee 66 field parties sent out by, to gather material for Pan- (American ob apOsitlOn: se= ose ones a eee 186 fish specimens added to.......--------------------- 69 heatecuraton sees eee eas See ee 93 improvements in southeast range ----.-------------- 64 labels prepared by_22---2---- =< ------- === -- === 64, 66 laboratory use of collections by investigators -------- 79 loan of specimens {22=-22- -seees-- = 22-5 th number of specimens added to --.-..--------------- 18 of plants lent by, during year- - 79 PETSOMME] Ses ee ae ase ee a ow ae ee 80 report of head curator on ...--.-------------------- 63 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— JUVE Sa e eS ooeide Gua ea Ee ep Eeracs Seas 192 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition, by redeniCkaiW rein G eee eee =e eee 185 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— CASES amo sun stall atl OTe ss ese =e eae 188 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— lilies ses ees ae Gee eC Eso okemodaep cocasecesecesas 197 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Neha SS oko osede Soe She oe Sea opemoSsiaees se 190 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— reptiles and batrachians . ..-.-------------------- 196 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exhibition— {rb (0 (3g 00 hi hat a sl la ee a es Ree IT 187 reptiles received by .-.---------------------------- 69 TESCATC MYO TKS Tle ee ere ee eae 27 scientific researches and publications -.------.-.----- 75 402 INDEX. Page. Biology, Department of, specimens of exposition labels used in .............- 189 work-of; daring ay Cars 22 este ey apna eee 6: in’ Childrens uRoomsst=- eee ee eee 63 on'the’study.collections #22545540 22 = ee 72 sind; enry, hydrocecia, presented: lyase aera ee ee ee ee 70 Bird specimens purchased by Department of Biology ............-...-.-.... 68 Birds, Division:of, accessions tO 25 ees saa aes ators ee nee ee 18, 19 work done inisStws Wao eae re te ane 2a) eee ye ee i Birds’ epgs, accessionsOl: i225 ss5t Uae er eee OE ea i ence ene 19, 67 Birds, Pan-American: Expositiomiss52 esses cee cae ios se eee ee 192 Birtwell, Francis:J:;; bind skins emtiosaas. (eee ae pe ener rc 3178 papers! published yoy-s. = Cee cSs. Sls ee ee or eee 78 titlé VetSsvolltitoras sees one aise esos cee ee eee ee 89 Cock of: thet:ock#ss25-— eee So reee dd SOL aie eee a tee eee eek ct oe 195 Cockerell “a De-Ayoinsects: presentiedubyas nsec te tee ee ee oc ees 70 types of cambarus gallinus presented by..-...--.-.----- 71 Cocopa Indians, Sonora, Mexico, description of group of ...--.-.....-----.-- 205 Coe, Wesleyak=, specimens ob memerteansi lent tO. sss o> ss eee ee 31,78 Coinvcollectionyois Mise mmes seperate se eee Becnae sewer 33 Coleman Je: Wis sennp lowe mito batereysr ray aerate are etree ren, eee eee 90 stony meteorite obtained for Museum mainly through efforts Oe eee oe aoe ten pay ree epee Tn a a See ey eee a 83, 84 Coleoptera, rearrangement Of soe Sie eae Sts Sass ee a oe an See ee a See 73, 74 Collections; exhilbitionvot Department ot) Biolocyes= sss. sates s 4s eee 63 of Department of Geology, present state of .....-.-...-.--------- 86 USS Nationale Minse imines acl Gib ronson ssa en ee ee 16 PMINCH PA SOURCES Ole ee == ha aan 7 received annually by Museum, increase in number of -..--.--.---- 12 Collins; ‘G:-N.,: dragoumilies presented “by: =22c2 se sacie sce sln se es seem sess 7 Columibiar denis sa eee ae eee eee eae Aen et eae 191 Gomahella; se specimenstroityese-cor eee ee ee ae see ee ee a eee eee 26 blo} DoupoLONDeAM OT aA a OUI E eed AOU Oe Nepean Ree ei oe Sen Ie aaa ce 198 Comparative Anatomy, Divisions Of wou ketene ese see coal eee (i) CONDOR co eRe is ee en ee Ronee esha ee ae er 190, 192 Sonzatti; Cz plants frome sos ses se eae tec oe Boe io, leet oe eh eee 26 Cook, Orator: Fh areporteby,cuponmmyrigpodare asso 26 sae see ne eee ee 28, 77 titles of papers by -------- ne Ie eee eee eee e ate, See 153 WORK Oise ivislOneOtelnseCis sees se eee a oe ae 74 Cook, Walliam: Ac-acollectine- trip amadesypemesas eee a ae as ee 23 ethnological material received from.......------------ 18, 51, 60 Coolidze Dane=mamimaltcolleehoniote sess esses sea ae ee 18, 23, 66, 68 Cooperation of the Executive Departments of the Government -.------------ 39 Cope, E. D., paper by, on Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America. 37 Lible:OLepaperuyy a2 kee ae cee ease he ee hee see Soe crew eerie 153 Cope, Mrs. E. D., specimen of Philip Island parrot purchased from ---------- 68 Copperhead Snake soe 252s ge mmmee a terete oe ere Orcas wefan slap =r 196 Coquillett, D. W., diptera of Harriman expedition worked up by -.---------- 28, 76 NAT Mus 1901 27 406 INDEX. Page. Coquillett, D. W., report by, on diptera collected at Galapagos Islands ....... 28,17 titles of papers by.2- 2222S. Sees eee eee aoe ae 153 work of, in monographing certain families of ace Sees 77 Wworkslof in7Diyisionyolslnsecicn sere ee 74 Correspondence of, Museum, =. 22s: hess fesse ate cee a ee ee ee 37 @otheal, Mrs. Ei. Hi. ,. gilt. Dy oz sete eee a 52 Coting aa « saa 2 cere Se oe So oem rte oe ae eee Se eae ae 195 Cotton mouth snake: 2.0). 55200 Se Se sercretes ae ae wel tee ee 196 seeds Of. 25 wt wis sce ae Be eae ee oe en Ne 341, 345 Cottonwood Wash, group of ruins on, carefully platted and plan of sitemade.. 288 Coubeaux, Eugene, ‘birds’ skins/irom se. see. 2 Sete eee oe ee 26 Cougar cas 362 aio 2k Sse intersect ees eae oa 191 Coulter, J. M., monograph of North American umbelliferze, published jointly by. 29, 77 title of joint paperdby S502 secre ays son one aa ees 167 Coutiére, H., title of paper by..---.----- 6 Se Se ea ae ey Eee ee 154 Coville, F. V., honorary curator, Division of Plants, report by.........-.--.- 74 papers:publishedsbivs during syeare sa: ees ee ee eee 29,77 titles of papers: by ts so53 52 sk es eee eee ee ees 154 Cox, W. Y., designated chief special agent Smithsonian Institution and National Museum for Pan-American Exposition...........- 184 dutiesof, atWansAmerican< Ix position <2. =e) 65 ea ee 40 elected secretary-of Government Board... 2: =-..-.25.---2- 2-22 184 COY PU. 2 si seo 5 sie eee eet Reger Ca ae eer 191 Craver, 8. P;,:collecting outhitihurmished toe Seer. 2 ee ae ee 24 Crawford, Hosen investigationsjof, at the Herbarium +---<-- eee oe ee 30, 80 Croalker |= 2255 22 Fe Rss I tah) ace ae Bc enn sree US )7/ Crosby, F. W., geological specimens collected by!-=-2.2.-- 2... 22... 2./-22 81 Crowned tyrant. c 2 2c5 oes ie eat en eee ee cee 193 Cruikshank, ‘©: Ny, employméntiot soesene os nae eee eee eee 90 Cuba, expedition to, for Pan-American Exposition ...........-.....-------- 23 Cuban boas oe ope cee ee ae oe ee rege pe SR eee als sd a ae eee 196 Chameleons. 25a. 8 ea Cree eee a er re Oe he ee ae 197 Fa vrtiea Wav cee a ae ee cpg oR a 191 sTe UEC ot: Me Onanee ne he ome emer ae OE tn acne eel yate emmy tee emer ps A zac e 197 Wizards; 2S 7s als ns Sere ee See ee tc mage ee we geal cei Ee ee ea 197 COAG) 22.5 Sc eS ee reg oe ee 197 tree frog sale acee ee ee ee ae ees ea ee 197 tHOCOR ae SS art Ee soe es keene ae 195 Culin, Stewart, material relating to primitive games sent to ...-.-....------- 31, 60. Cultural. division. .2 2322.05 2fenns ee ee eee ena 256 Culture anthropology ccs sje = Ao ee ec eee 255 pueblo, distributions Ofy eee ae See ose ee ee ee 352 Currie, R. P., odonata of Harriman expedition worked up by ...-....-..--.- 28, 77 report by, on odonata collected at Galapagos Islands ......---- 28, 77 synonymical card catalogue of the North American neuropte- roid insects:being prepared bys. .-ee=. Sen ene ee eee 28, 77 titles: of: papersiby i. o522- dee oat So ee a ee ee 154 work of, in Division of Insects.....-- By 2 eon oe pele ae alae eee 74 upon myrmeleonide continued by.........------------- 28, 77 Cushing, F, H., ceremonial use of springs reported by -..---- auinat aoe oe ere 249 information from, regarding domestication of animals -..---- 356 traditions: soe Fo eae ete eet 355 Ouvier’s totlean. 22 Se Ee a re eae 192 INDEX. 407 Page Dakotas mbelvetrotssnes an cilia ps]0 cuitell Ors tere ae ee eee rere ae re er 248 Dall} Witltamakies beard esenibed sboyaes ces sean toe eee ae re so ae ace 191 eleven papers on mollusks published by.--...------------ 27 fifth part of a treatise on the tertiary mollusks of Florida Diyatapumeine meron ns) fee ee eh Ae ee ee beers beat 76 honorary curator, Division of Mollusks.........-.---.---- 69 macrunarcollectedsbya seeeer at woe eee eee eae eee eee 76 HU] cations tyes ee tee son ee a ae ae aer eres 76 report of, regarding important accessions of mollusks. ---- - 69 on mollusks collected in Porto Rico prepared jointly [Sy ee PASE ee re ae ce = ted BA BSS o ee eeeeES 27, 76 synopses of the molluscan families tellinidee, cardiidee, and lmemaceas published yeeseeneeen coer eae hea eee ae 21,16 titlesioigpapersib yee seen ae ae oee en aeale ae oe ese 154 Dall’ sisheep os eee stare ae a arene ae eee te ie eee enka Sea a eo ie aioee 190 Davenport.;Georgesh.. plantenlenttoss—-easee a eee nese e ee = ears = 32 Dawson, Dr., privilege of making excavations obtained from ........-------- 240 De Weese, Dall, specimen of Alaska moose obtained by -...----------------- 190 Dalize sheeprobtained | yess eee 190 Decoration of pottery: -pismentstusedin-— sess sss See ee seine Soe 348 PESOUNCESAM Ss Passe ees eee asian Se eNews ot cays ae 348 IDYeyevonkavaltc, Chisinall ominkora hi poVOUMNSMS| UN oo Cocca capes cosse es sseceeae= 144 Department of Agriculture, accessions derived from.......-.-.-------------- Seely] Biological Survey, use of collections in Museum Maden yaStatliOl sso ese career a 79 collections transferred by, tothe custody of National MCUSe Uinta ne ae a cbicte ste ee ree ee 9 IDivislongoly Soll ser cutt toes seein eee eee 89 ExplOratlOonsiObes 24. ssa ee ee eee eee 8 plants received through \- 255222. -¢2222.--2 s!522- 71 use of Herbarium made by officials of....-..----- 80 Department;of-Anthropology, accessions: 103 2252-2 eee o-oo 51 y BIG /IVEUNDYc ee cesses eens eset ete! 2 Beet 61 concerning completeness of exhibits of, at Pan- /NTADSNE AO JOS OMNI Seo osubooeede se cscese 217 exhibit shown through agency of --...-------- 183 exhibition halls of, overerowded.._.--.------- 32 exhibits prepared by, for Pan-American Exposi- GLOMG arene betes se ae See Saas eee aoe 33 exhibits prepared for other departments of expo- sition and lent to them during continuance of fairs, Sere ate eee oe ao = waa eae e eae 217 head’Guratorlss {assole ses = eee ee teases 93 iImvesticatlons carried Onimlss----2+-—--- 2-4. = 3 objects lent by, to expositions .......-.--.---- 61 reportio: head curator Onell +22. 25-302 s ook 51 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion. bys Wvillisn El. Alolmeg.. 2c... 25-2 200 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—description of the groups .-.---------- 202 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—dwelling group models ...------------ 207 408 INDEX. Page. Department of Anthropology, report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- Department of Biology, Department of Geology, tion—exhibits illustrating leading arts and industries of the native Americans -......-.- 211 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—exhibits representing the art collec- CONS Se pete se eee ee ete eae » 216 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- tion—eTOUpSs Olay eunes: =e See 200 research workameee 256 Si Se te eee 26 total number of specimens received in.....--.-- 17 work of the year upon exhibition series of-..-- 32 ACCESSIONS tOs ge fe Te a SION aS es ee 67 bird-specimens purchased by = =-2-o2 5 22-e2 ee eee 68 condition, of exhibitiom seriessin/e.52 See." eer aon 33 distribution; oLduplicatesie = oes o-oo 79 exhibition: collections 22 s-52=;--e 2 42 eee 63 explorations tse Sees ee ee ee ee 66 field parties sent out by, to gather material for Pan- Ameri canelhxp Ost] ON tansy eee ere eee 186 fish. specimens!add editor: Ss So. oe ae eee 69 head ‘Curators: aoe es oe Sat Se tee oe eee 93 improvements in southeast range ---..-..----------- 64 labelssprepared: bys 2426 Seo eee ees 54, 66 laboratory use of collections by investigators... ---.-.-- 79 loantofspeciorene sxe see sc oe ae ee eee eee Ba number of specimens added to....-........-..----- 18 of plants lent by, during year- - - 79 Persone lee es ee oa eee ete ee te 80 REPoOriOr MeaGdccnraron OMe ss = eer ee eae 63 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— | OSG 0 bs pepe ee reese ote aera ie ne ee ey Pn Pret 192 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition, by Frederick sWs. Driessen ass aa eae tee See 185 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— cases and installation 22% see ae ee ees 188 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— fishes ees ee EE ER ae a Ae ey mat Slo 197 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— mammals ..-.- Ee ae a eee iets Bee Serine 190 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— repiilesiandybatrachicin sees = seers eee eee eer 196 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— taxidern ys joc stan ee Swan cee aie 187 reptiles recelveduby-2 see mes sane eee eee eee 69 research works Tn soccer ee eet ee ee 27 scientific researches and publications.--...---.------ 75 specimens of exposition labels used in_.......------- 189 work of during ty eanon = 2 ee ee 63 in: childrenzs Too Ms === eee eee 63 on the study collections=-22-7 2c eee eee 12 ACCESSIONS GO 27s ke ee ee ee a et ee era 20, 81 assistance to individuals and institutions ....-------- 88 concluding remankess=5-e ee eee ee ee eee 90 exhibition -collections(Ob- oss -= = =e ee ee 35 INDEX. 409 Page. Departmentot Geolory,, head curators <- +o sBere eee see ee es c= ea oe 94 UVES PATON Ube ss oe eee Me eet Sess fe 29 IE OES bi oye ea he Es oe ae Seer 85 letra) Nimaneraeriion Ope eNO Seo oe ake one ooeeceSaeeee 86 personnel iss ces Seas Baan ee ose ee ee etek 90 plans ior thewutwne ise sess e e r e aae 89 present state of tbercollections===225--5- see eee e aoe 86 COA? INO CUEO GIN Sas-Soan5-sschoesoeesecces 81 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition, by Georve se Merrill 8 eos eset ene 3 Soe ae eee ree ee 218 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Dinisionto td G eolotyaesere ase eee eee ee 219 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— DivisrontoleViineralocveeaseeme a eee eee een 220 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology ...--...---- 222 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Section of Invertebrate Fossils. ---....---.--:----- 222 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— SectiontotViertebrateshossilsea== === se ee eee 228 necearchpandepulolication\==—=s-es- eee eee eee 87 TOLD CT OVS et ie pop etme Wee ee ern, oe eae Ceo deka eps 84 Sendines from ee taw eens, Ai eel sere pees oye 32 SOULGESIOMMe WalmM avers lease ae eee eae ee eee 8é time given by, to exposition work ...--.------.-; to5 SOL Sil work of, for Pan-American Exposition -........---- 85, 218 Department of mines and agriculture, Sydney, parasitic hymenoptera pre- Se mECE Diy petre Decree treet tema ears ye (8 RCE Mica Nin ee even tee by eaten 70 State, materials secured through representatives of..---------- 40 Derby, Orville A., ethnological material received through courtesy of... ----- 18, 51 Diamond-ratilesnakel soe sccm she ces Bo seen ee ae tes eae ee eee 196 Diptera, WiOT Kgl O11 GO Tees, sper pera eats ae ee re eR ra note are eo 74 Disbursements during 1901 from the unexpended balances of appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900 ..........------+--- 14 from appropriations for year ending June 30, 1899.......----- 14 Distributiontoteuebloreultnresesses eee eee see ee ee eee 352 Sspecimenss statementiOne sees asec neiee oes oe eee ane 137 Division of Birds, facilities afforded by, in determining status of birds ...---- 30 WOrksdOn Cyn aay yo weer oer ee eo mia aee se eratsajacsa ieee) (2 Botany collectonsitransmitte da byes eae eae 40 Comparativer anatomy wi0 ke cle ee ee ee ee ee (i) Entomolocya collections) trangmitteds byes-= =e eee seer ee ee 40 Ethnology and Archeology of Pan-American Exposition, plaster ustselembitorcs cee eee ee ee era ecye Se ee ese IS oer 217 Ethnology and Archeology of Pan-American Exposition, series of casts of type forms of Indian stone implements lent to...--.---- 217 Ethnology and Archeology of Pan-American Exposition, series of SkUlissembetOvss 2 es meee er eee nee cs rata Shad Py Spe cee ZA Wf hishessexhilbitionrcollections Olp ss weeeeeaee cs oe eee rieee ee 35 Geology, exhibit for, at Pan-American Exposition .....-...--.---- 219 specimens of exposition labels used in .......----.------ 219 Insects:-exhibitionsol specimens of: 2. < 2th esse noe es soe es 3 imvestications Conducted insta. Ceecce a hacen censss 3 410 INDEX. Page. Division of Insects, papers published by members of staff during year. ---.--- (i research work by: Meme rs 0 kee ee 28, 76 total number of papers by members of staff of, issued during YOar ous 2. so sea ss een eae eee eee eee ae 29 work done in; report: Ons eee ie Mamunails: ‘condition oicollechions as aes ee 72 Work nb 20 3 2 Sone ee ee ne oe rg oe (PA Marine Invertebrates, accessions 1Ojsss- -s-- 2-25 a2 Jee ee eee 67 scientific researches and publications in- ~~ - 76 Mineralogy, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition .........---- 220 specimens of exposition labels used in_..---.-------- 220 Mollusks; ‘collections!ot consultees ee ees 3 Works imo Seas ere. Les ee = oe ree a ee (5 Plantes publi eaitiors wire rate eee eae ee PAD TLE specimens lent by ssa ee Se eo ete 32 work done iit: 232 Ses oe Re eee ho eee eee ae 74 Reptiles, exhibition collections ioiiee. ams santas ase eee 33 work domeriik. eos Aes ee ee en ee eee 7: Soils, Department of Agriculture, gift of minerals to -.........--- 89 specimens of rocks sent to... --- 32 Stratigraphic Paleontology, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition. 222 specimens of exposition labels used in.. 222 Dixon, Dr:, spindle -whorlsjJlent- at-requestrot eee = ae eee ee 61 Doane; Ri /W:; title of paper bys sake ose eee ae eee ee ee eee 157 Dodge, William C.; collection purchased@tromises- 6 3. -e eee e ee 53 Dopsnap pers) 525s Ee ee ee ae eee 198 Domestic and food animals—archeological field work in Arizona_......------ 306 Dorsey, George A., excavation by, on’site.of Old Walpi_222-2--- 22 22-----o.- 347 Dorsey, J. Owen, information from, regarding Dakotas.-..---...--..--- Dee ToAS Drake, Francis E., specimens of electrical apparatus forwarded to .....-----. 61 Druery; ‘C.-M. tern from ds stir ores 2 sais ears see eee pee em 25 Dunbar, U.S. J., sculptor, skilful work of, in modeling life-size figures... -.- - PAT Dusky ‘shark’ so32 25 25 SS Re Ss Ae ae ee gave ee 197 Dwelling group models used at Pan-American Exposition..........-..------ 207 Dwellings of the Sierra (Digger) Indians, California, description of model of.. 209 Dwicht,-Jonathan$ jr skims! semtatoc: ae ae = sera ere ne eee eon ee Balla its) titles: of papers! by, 22 see ates eee eee ne poe Sen slom Dyar, Harrison G., lepidoptera of Harriman expedition worked up by-.----- 28, 76 much progress made on catalogue of lepidoptera by -.--- 29,77 report by, on lepidoptera collected at Galapagos Islands.. 28, 77 titles of papers:Dy:s Gs ee ee tee eee 157 work-of, in-Division\or Imsects< 22s ose eee 74 Earth house of the Alaskan Eskimo, description of model of ---.....-.------ 208 lodges of the Pawnee Indians, Dakota, description of model of ..-.-.-- 209 Eastern Eskimo, description of figures of group of:+.2-2.- 22.a.5--4-25-22 520" 202 Eastlake; W2, orientalishellstreceiveds inom. esas ae eee ee 19, 69 Eaton, -A.:A.,plantsslent tho s5. a ses inet ae eee 32 Educational side‘of: Museum (3225 230s 2 en os yee ee eee 10 Edwards,.Charles ‘L:;specimens sent +62. 2250 see ee eee ee 78 Work by,.on\ thesholothunianss. se eee 29 Kigenmann, C. H., leptocephalus forms of fishes and other material lent to... 32 Eldridge, George H., geological specimens collected by .........--.--------- 81 Electric eel INDEX. 411 Page. Ellicott, H. J., sculptor, skilful work of, in modeling life-size figures. ....-..-- PATE Emeus.crassus; skeleton oiessech hese oe ee ee eee eens eae: 20 Emmons} George®., bearnmamed- in honor-ots 2-2. eo-e6 4-se ese == 255-5. 191 collecting trip made by aise sake seen se ee 23 collecttonspurchasedtiromies= sae eee eee aoe 54 ethnological specimens collected by .......------------ 52, 60 Engineer Corps of the United States Army, surveys carried on by ......----- 8 England distributionvolsspecimen niin eee ea ee 144 Enteman, Miss M. M., specimens of hymenoptera sent to ..-----...--------- 31,79 WaspsMmvestiCatedtbyse. semen een sate certs steer 30, 80 Entomology, Division of, accessions derived from.--..-..-.---.-------------- 17 cCollecivons tram sminGve citys ses see 40 Eskimo family of Smith Sound, description of group of ...........---------- 202 CYOU PS ater ser es eas sete ee Se mia wee ese eae PR Cea etic WE sic Se 202 Hthnolovical materialtcollecteditorthe Mince = eee ee eee 51 Ethnology, Division of, specimens added to....-.-----.---------------- = 17 Europe; distributionrof specimens ings: 2202. fa. 4.) eas ees eee nae we 144 Huropeanslepidopteraycollectiony oles === aman ae ee 19 Evermann, Bartone Ween Ollibipa pe ta D yaaa a ee ete oe ee 165 LICLESO lay Olly PAE Dye meets Me ana hese pene seh he ees 159 Ewbank, Thomas, sacred spring near Zuni spoken of by ..--..-.-.----------- 249 Exhibit of Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Exposition—descrip- HIN OWNS MALO GOSS so aneanonsaerose 202 at Pan-American Exposition —dvwell- Ae? CARO WOOO poo onesesososckce 207 at Pan-American Exposition—exhibits illustrating leading arts and indus- tries of the native Americans. -..-- - 211 at Pan-American Exposition—exhibits representing the art collections -... 216 at Pan-American Exposition—groups oflay fioures 22252 ae 2 ee as 200 at Pan-American Exposition, report on, by William H. Holmes..------- 200 Biology at Pan-American Exposition—birds.....--- 192 at Pan-American Exposition—cases and in- START UVapols Seer Ss as eee i eee Sees 188 at Pan-American Exposition—fishes - ------ 197 at Pan-American Exposition—mammals -.. 190 at Pan-American Exposition—report on, by redenck Were ltuer-s= asses 5-- 40> Sees = 185 at Pan-American Exposition—reptiles and batmachtanis eet Se ene eee 196 at Pan-American Exposition—taxidermy .. 187 Geology at Pan-American Exposition—Division of (eC lames ser Sect ei pee thy to Nl 219 at Pan-American Exposition—Division of Mineralory fines seared cca tec eae aa 220 at Pan-American Exposition—Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology-...---.-.----- 222 at Pan-American Exposition—report on, by Georvesh Merit etesag- eo esee esas mee $218 4192 INDEX. Exhibit of Department of Geology, at Pan-American Exposition—Section of InvertebratesHossilse aes. nee =e eee at Pan-American Exposition—Section of Vertebrate Wossilss< ese ssa eee Division of Geology at Pan-American Exposition.................- Mineralogy at Pan-American Exposition..............- Stratigraphic Paleontology at Pan-American Ex position- Section of Invertebrate Fossils at Pan-American Exposition... .-- Vertebrate Fossils at Pan-American Exposition ......._- Exhibition collections of Departmentiof Biology ss 2 sae ee a eee eee Museum, progress in the installation of the halls of Museum overcrowded Exhibits illustrating leading arts and industries of the native Americans, used EN paler i nevayoovevnezhat Tepe ovovsMNOyMa aoe Se ese of an anthropological museum, classification and arrangement of the, by. William: Jenny qo mesg Scere eo ere aren a eee nice near of Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Exposition, con- cerning completeness of representing the art collections at Pan-American Exposition. ._....- Expedition, the Museum-Gates of 1901. Archeological field work in north- eastern Arizona; by Walter Hough ses Senne ee ees ee yeh ee ee Expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901 Explorations:by.Departimentiohds ol opiyps samme sae ae eee age eee of members of; Museum statin as see ee co ee ee Expositions Monisian ay ume hase ys tem 15 © U1 cies see ace ee ape appropriation made for erection of Government building at ......- Z Pan-American, amounts appropriated for Government exhibit and Lo a0U KO Wi Ws Se er See sepa tree ba dee cry Seer > an act to encourage the holding of a....-...-.--- BUT a OSAING ANG sess st aS arth cg oe apeiag hi rsplec tre yas Uae eee exhibit from National Museum provided for _.__- Smithsonian Institution provided for Ons TIGHO TCA Ses See ae ee Government building, description. ...........-.- report on exhibit of Department of Anthropology - Biology. ..--- Geology ....- U.S. National Museum at ~~ SUN MAT ya eee en Se ac ee oa eee sriAlay 2) alk ney UG freemen er raner een endo tne deg Lorene Ws Sree he ae aaa le ee ee work of preparing exhibits for, begun. .----..--- Expositions work necessary, Ingpreparcimg dois ea ace a ee a Family groups exhibited by Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Wx posithon. 262 soc ee oe See eee er ee ee Farmer, Miss Sarah J., specimens of electrical apparatus belonging to Fenyes, A., coleoptera investigated by Fernald, C. H., title of paper by Fernald, ‘M.:N:; plants lentstoee tes eee eee SSosnt Vewkes, J. Walter, archeological material collected by, in 1896 and 1897....- cups found by, at Homolobi OO. 228 63 181 229 40 181 181 185 181 200 185 218 181 181 181 181 184 30, 80 —" INDEX. Fewkes, J. Walter, double-bitted axe found by....- Soe aoe a AES ae ee example of ware of Navaho Springs region collected by_-- EXPLOTA ONS OMpne SIG TNO eae en eee re group of Hoprrums:explored by 2-2. .-=2s252-2-26--)--- mortuary, masks mentioned: by. .S------5 2.22205 52 s- teks) reportjot head curator, on 42222. = nea eee esa Fale 81 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American [exposition, by Georgesr SMennilss esses see eae ee see 218 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— DinistonsoinGecoloc yee eee ae a ee eee 219 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Division. ot Mineralosye seh oL eek ee ole et Ste ale 220 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology .......---- 222 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Section of Invertebrate Fossils. -.......-..---.---- 222 report on exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition— Section or Vertebrate Hossilses=--+.--=--4--->+e—- 228 416 INDEX. : Page. Geology, Department of, research and publication ...-....-......-------<.-- 87 TOUTING (352 Shs SSS aie ears eet mate oa eee 84 sources) ofsme ya me kere ieee ee ere 8: time given by, to exposition: work=.-.22-2.s25-22-2- 90, 91 work of, for Pan-American Exposition..........--- 85, 218 Division of, exhibit for, at Pan-American Exposition.............-- 219 specimens of exposition labels used in ...........----.- 219 Germany, distribution ol specimens ime ae mee aan se eee ae 144 Giamibrarmacdillo: 255. ats ee eee pre ae a eee 191 woodpecker = 2.2 Sah Meee ee ees ae ee ae era 194 Gidley, Ji: W .; loan, 026 (St eae ee eee ee er ers eee eee 2,88 Gila. monster. 2 55522555352 Se see Se ee ee re eee eee 197 Gill, De Lancey, aid given by, in the work of excavation. -._-.--..--..---.-- 240 Gall Theodore; title:of paper byace= seer te eee a eee eee 159 Girty, George H:;, zeologicalidescription) Diya. ee ee 82 title:of paper: Dy, assess eae a eee eee eee ee 159 Glacier bear’: 2s ja see Se Ss eee eee 190 Glagsemake: cs St PR es Re aE hl apa age a Cesc ae Ce yeaa 189, 197 Glenn be Cs mollinskicollectionsiconsullted| yee eee 0, 79 Goat. antelope j22s e625 Sere ape ere te Spee SS ree re ore 191 Goeldi ir; Conberem ce syst lies, 2s aces a ee em a 363 Goldén-eagle css s DaA eee a eS a a aot an erect eee 192 Gomez; Coronel Stoplatqpropentya leer eres ery eae epee 365 Goode, G. Brown, biographical account of, contained in Volume II of Report for di8O i. 5ee Ss Ose ee eee ee Soe Baoan ae 37 g sarnest and conscientious labor of, for Museum. ......----- 10 reprints of several important papers of, on museums and on the history of scientific progress in America ......---.--- 37 Gordon: FRO bent taCGESs! O10 iO nyse eee eae ae ee 82 Gores dis ES CO MMMMISSIO a Cre ete eee te eee ae ee re sn 59 Goyernment building, Pan-American Exposition, amount appropriated for.... 181 descriptionieee sass =e 181 inconvenience experienced by workmen in -.-.-..__- 182 space in, allotted to Smith- sonian Institution and National Museum-.-...-.- 182 Commission of Pan-American Exposition, lay figure of Filipino girl.demt t625 hes Be he ee ere 2 eee eee ee eee 217 exhibit at Pan-American Exposition, amount appropriated for... 181 Graham, A. R., paragraphs from letter from, regarding discovery of an offer- ibOreagS| 0) Ot e ee ORG AR a tS ES ere en Eee ee oreo S 250 Grand jacaman 25-255 Saga eee re re eee re Sree eee 195 1013) 01 0 EER RE PA MINER a dara Reo et ne Sees einer ne ER Re oe 194 Grass and adobe houses of the Papago Indians, old style, Arizona, description of'model of... eu ee a ee een ee 210 houses of the Wichita Indians, Indian Territory, description of model of. 209 Graves, Miss Lucy. M. appointed istenorraphers 25s —-- ee eee 90 Gray Herbarium, plants received in exchangesirome Sass29 5-2 oo te eee (il WATE, TECION ORs 5 foi SS Eek eee Tek arenes oe le Ue ee gene 354 WOlfs 22s. Sek cn etre See Saas ee oe 191 Grayling. 22.22 hen se. Ae ee ee re a 198 Gyréat ant-eatersi 022 ete Ree ae ee eee sa ae ee ne = 9H INDEX. 417 Page Great Britaimerdis tel uti ome ors e Cline m1 1 ieee eee ae ere 144 Pl aimswlen clita syscall Glo CS ott he eae eee een ee 207 white shark 2 S25 52" Sane ne ceet- One se os tiae Beste rs Sa See 197 Greene= tele shotanicalecollechonsrused aie] ae —ne ae ae ee 30, 32, 80 Greenland> skim Opes area oee aes coe see ne eon esis eee ee hee oe oe eesar 200 SO WehOUSESTOl bers Sect es eat a wae, = Setes = Seen eee eee 207 Gammel > Joseph stiles totapapersab yeseee sate eae eee = eee ee ee 159 Grote, A. R., lepidoptera collection purchased from -.-...--....------------ 69 (GrOUPetSys = So seh eee Cee ree eee are nie BE = Melee ee eta ala as a eee 198 Groups of lay figures at Pan-American Exposition, description of the .....--- 202 CTEM TALS fess Ne ee a AOE Biya Sh ee re, Teen eto ed, Spe eee 198 GulfolCaliformaspiral shell:ornament trom 222 522 so aen- 2k ee es eee 300 Ginther, Albert, cotype of bufo argillaceus lent to..............------------ 32 Guthries Leon: J:,,eollecting outtit furnished to= 22-25 2222-55 2258. sens an Soe 24 Haida, representing the Northwest Coast tribes, wooden dwellings of. ..------ 207 Hampson, Sir George, specimens of diptera and hemiptera lent to -...-...--- 31 Marlequincdckss sae ae sierra ene seams meee seme pean ae aeons 193 Harper, R. H., information furnished by, relating to fossil remains and flint itary erm CMs es Mere ae nee eee Ser eer ee eres eae eas 237 paragrapu-quoted-tromi letter tomes. se. soem eae ees 249 POLES SUN cer oye a AT LOI ope ee ay tne ere ork ee veces etre meee 24] report. bysas to sand and eravel atfAtton: 32 ee eee 242 Specimens.and fessil teeth obtained, by..-...2--2.-.------222 239 Harper. Roland’M: work of; int Division, ot Blanis2se 2-2 422252 atone 74 Barpoons,-ex hibit lustrating se. 2 pues seree Bane Sie opt ee atte eee 212 lary" Camere ieee areca here eee ree es eens rns ese Soe ar Om ciclo a aN ners 192 HarrimansAllaska nn bcpe ditt Olt ere ict setae ee ee eee etre ee ere ee 20 wormsicollected sbiyecer as ae tee ee eee 71 Harris; l-cH.,- collectioncotCincimmnatr fossils: 0282 <2 eo ae le ae ee 90 Hartley -"itranilx: ACCESS Ob a hOMN seme a oe eter erie eer ey eee eee 82 Hassler, Emil, collection exhibited by, at World’s Columbian Exposition - - -- 54 collections made by, obtained through exchange. -.------.----- 54 ethnological: collection: made by2-=-225 22-25-2222 2. s. ssn 18 Haswell, Charles H., bronze bust of, presented to Museum.-..-......-.------ 53 lah dios (Hae Rie Samo me OS ARO SNE ESM oe 54 = Sans nae Her Boe eR EE ea See coma 192 Hay ORs Oa tOe sae oe laser eee yore ere oot Bei See IRE Re 32, 88 Hay, Wee a OL keyg OM Cra yii ell CS yreee acters een eee ee 29, 71, 80 Hayden sunveyz0h ColoradGrees ses. sas seers eee anes Se eee riear ae 85 Hayford; Marke C-crocks:amdvones: sent tO) eee eee aie ae 88 Head: curators reponse Of ate eee eee ee rare ere ee ce eee 49 Eeatine system son Mi useunini ss see eee eee ener eae See eee 16 Heidemann, Otto, report by, on hemiptera collected at Galapagos Islands -.- 28, 77 of Harriman expedition ~~~ ------ v7 titlesioispapers by 4202s oe te ee ee tess Seen 159 WOLKKO Len ivislOnmOrlaSeC ise a=meee sees ae Se nee = 7 HlellertAse Asap lamba em tinier ee ee oe tne Orem ener aie eee oe 32 ‘Hemiptera espe clumens Qn smeec = reer ee en ae ee eee eee 25 Hemiptera-Heteroptera, work done on: -=--/.---2---------- +----2-5--=--==- 74 Hendersons de bya Ge COllechiiostni pn Ola ee ease re peer ee ener 19, 23 Concholoci¢aliexplorawonsiOl ers -seee es -ee== = = == 67 mollusk collection made by, in Haiti and Jamaica... --- 69 Hendley, H2W.,-work of, im building lay figures= <= =~ 2-3-5 22=232-- 2-2-2 - 217 418 INDEX. Page. Henshaw, H. W., crustaceans presented! by-2 2222. aa) eee ee eee 20, 71 hymenoptera:given by. 4325s op ea ee eee 70 titles of: papers: by: atoms mes Slee 5 ye ees eee 159 Le regalis, skeleton-ofi.¢ <_--2 a2 55) oes e eee yf return. of, from the Philippines#=+— 225.00. 35" = eee 58 Hine, J.'S., insects: lent Go! 2 Sas. See arcsec ere ee ee 31, 78, 79 History; Division of, donatione tors. mers seers a are een eee 18 Hitchcock; C:H.,-recks collected iby5s= > er eee eee 29, 87, 219 Hoatzint | 2252 toc ea Se ee wpa a ar 193 Hobart, Wise Ts gift by SSCS SO DOS Sao Sao SSS ad SUSE eas baa 52 Hodge; F: W..;, information; givenubiy 2 cas 55 Sek Gere eee rere Soren eere t erre Bese VISUU 60; Soe Se Secrets = cys ere ie ey ce ee 371 Mier) 010) Innere ee oes Sina Se ects o Se oes SE eee Loe eedeee ae 385 Wearing apparelssoa. uae ee Se a ee ee aoe ee 380, 381 Je U sees Eee ee a eo ce as nee 199 Jemez; white: wareoccurssats- -22-=.2 2222. 322 339 fetishes: ose see ae oe ey ee See ee ee 339 UROVOSOING COMERAMOING — Ho Soc ces canecouaneeueeseasuanscce 338 OLIVA TGS AS PR ee eee ee 338 | OL DCO fs Pere teerage nae ene Ale cael ear ee Menge ec tonaL Look bay LN et ie 339 PIP Nts SS hoe eee ee eo em erin On eee 338 POULSM Vice ee Ns Ss a Re arene aya 337 | Ve) NEKO) on eXCA Use re ene eee See ay Bee ec ibe Ud ce ee 338 stone Implements: oe ee ee ee ree Se ene 338 PED. he’ ei RP RENO ney Rey Ma at Mi ee Ae Seas) i Aw Pues Sr 339 Waller VAS OS ea seat ee me eee aie ee we ee Oey peer eye 337 Worked bomen ae peel eres yee eye ele tag 338 Kotehlibe, Toy -crtt Ol oc Sepa eee ee ee RE Aree ae ere Se nee 82 Krantziand: Sturtz;: purchase siromys 59> ees eis ot en ee Se eee 82 Label work in Department of Anthropology for Pan-American Exposition.... 217 Biology for Pan-American Exposition... .-.-.-.--- 189 Division of Geology for Pan-American Exposition .......----- 219 Mineralogy for Pan-American Exposition. --- ~~ -- 220, 221 Stratioraphicraleontolonye=asee == eee 222 Section of Invertebrate Fossils for Pan-American Exposition .. 222 Labeling, in-Departmentiof Geologivyas-s-ss2 See eee ee ee eee 85 Labels, preparation of, for Pan-American Exposition, by Department of Biology — 189 preparation of, for Pan-American Exposition, by Department of Biology, Specimens, ofS St eR ee _ Se eh a eS Sn ee Ser era 189 required in classification and arrangement of the exhibits of an anthro- POLO call ema ul ge aA es ae ea eee eee 21252105 20AN 2 Ont specimens of exposition, used by Department of Biology ---.-.------- 189 Divisions ofiGeolonyses 4.4. eee ae 219 Mineral aoe sae ee 220, 221 Stratigraphic Paleontol- OD stash here te nee Serie 222 Section of Invertebrate Fossils ---.- - 222 WE: 6) nt Rein Nein ce AG Kee eimai Virdee doy te ea! See Bele eo 365 Lacoe, Ralph Dupuy, gifts of, to U. S. National Museum ___........_.------- 45, 83 reference to deatheoti seat eae ae eee ce ares 44,91 sketchiob <<: Sear oS eee an a NE eg re ee 43 Lake; W.C:5 seologicallyenitt moira apse te aes ete ee ee 82 Lane snap per 3.522% eee ae ee ee 8 198 Langley, S. P., secretary of Smithsonian Institution .......2...--------.---- 93 Laville University, types of Chambers’s tineidee presented by ..-...--------- 70 INDEX. 425 Page. Lay figures exhibited by Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Expo- SIELOM ere eo ee oe ete oe aes Oe eee eee sens aii 202 groups of, at Pan-American Exposition -..........-------------- 200 description of the ...---- 202 Le Roux Wash, group of ruins on, carefully platted and plan of site made.... 288 TO GABIOTIR See oe pinta aero ns oe cea re etd o teio ny sem ete tempera 305 Ledyard, Hi. Bs, tgalyvanometer, presented: by. 2- #--------=2--2-22-----=--5--=- 53 IBevne: yamimlavolbicremet is Ae 0 aon ae ee Ae ee oer es Se cepa See nae 318 Thee Ma: lonist wal laoullby bye ee or aa See sas a erecta a eet 319 skeletons 1oundoin house yard Ol 42 ses snescse se se eee eee 319 bee, Mirs) Alexander MieD: cuties tomibstome SenibiiOs a= --e-i- 5 Leland Stanford Junior University, Japanese fishes presented by ...--------- 19, 69 Lemon, Frank, sculptor, skilful work of, in modeling life-size figures. _ ~~ ----- 217 He ocard ore lua Gams cui Cees ea ee eee ee atari ar 366 Gey oriGloyorac, Chagas mrs Oi As ocas a Souesoneee soot snonD asSosSecesedeEescses 73 card: catalosucol-prepaked = 05 wis 83 aoe ee eee tee 5 73 Tee wis. hls Me. punchaseieomiawe ce 2s see eto ase eet aoe erin eae 81 Libbey. William-sphotographs- presented. by 252 ==> 2-27.52 esses es 52 ibrarysot Muse aniae essere te eee eee yee a Ree Sele 2 apes larete 39 BLCCESSI OMSL Oe eee aed Fate eae en er ee en ee Praga Emcee cts 39 COME ELOTINO Les eieen reer oN ener te ein Haale oa oe ieee eee ise 39 facilities afforded by, to students. ...-. - Fa Se pa et eee aL 3f SWOT tO sr imrera tents sr Meena ere beg NDS Te De Stee tog A Seiya a eee eee 39 Life Histories of North American Birds, work on, continued .......---.----- 38 Lighting faenitiessot Wimime mines setae cee ats a Ot yee chert aera cane 15, 16 Bienitetusediass tes aces arta ph sate yerie tony sys actin ate eee cys Srvapere sie 334, 340 lemdensruims-ancheolocicaletieldtworkseatie ss se ee eee ea ee 297 Vora nave te cutee o mmr juin wey cre ie DNase ee Pee here eA Gh ee oa ete al he 300 UTM eal) See ae pc ae ve yaa ns es A a ee A oy Saas ete on 298 COMEbe Iai wae See eerie ae he eee Reger e Rie nah eee Aerie ee 298 deSeriptloles 2a a3 eso sen eee ems hand wee Sees 297, 298 CMVAINOMMNE I hese = aoe ee oe eta sey eee ws Sree ns lord claemrs ener 297 fi DEYSrOM eR Sean see Ae ee ee ee Sennen Rees 300 inn DLEnA eM tape oy yee eee, Sent ee rer ee Shee See 300 TG eats © TNR sh sey eee eo es ee ee are te nc sraaret Saree Seat 297 [HOMME Seconded ssces Soca cHsnes = ashen ee ae Bb aomeuce SuproooaHe 299 Sh hae pag Se siege Shee = ee Ng ea Poe ie ta ee series Sn oh Pe a 300 Fee ES POV OS ema eRe er A eS we ten een a ea eae te 299 Wiahe re esses cet ee Soe PA ee Ses Soe et Sas ees eatin cee tos 297 laippman> Go plotograpns presenueds Oye eas sam nee ates ee ain 52 Ihistrol accessions Gumineozy eames. see ee tae ene eee eee sate ae eae 95 ait hors. of papersuny bibliopraphya--s es -een se oat ~~ - ee 173 illustrations of U.S. National Museum exhibit at Pan-American Expo- SitloOnes Butta ope ee eee mae eee Rae eB NAR oe 179 used in Archeological field work in northeastern Arizona. The Museum-Gates expedition of 1901, by Wialtenvbioueht ess seeks sce aan 283 Flint implements and fossil remains from a sul- phur spring at Afton, Indian Territory... ------ 235 Little Colorado Valley, archeological field work in ..........-.-.-.--------- 302 Dearie Ga Tas ee we cae te oe em a ee ep Cotter epee ah SBE e aoa ete 316, 332 IA oot Peer Sem a nine Se OR a Oe eater To See en ae ic BORAT SES a coe aScmiae sere 191 Longchairedaspider monmkeyaseannsso5 to ask wena n ara tmemmeee eas Boon eae 191 426 INDEX. Page. Loper, 8S. Ward, collections of cambrian fossils made by-.----....------------ 82 examinations COndtuChe Os hiygae ee eee ae 24 Loubat;.Duc de, gift by - 22-20) ccc a Be eee peng ere ree 53 Louisiana Industrial Institute; pitt tos S22 se as sors ee ee 89 Purchase Expositions Stilton s Peers ey se ne ee eee 41 ; appropriation of $250,000 made for erection of a Government building Ale See bece ele eee ee CES Se eee 41 Loundsbury,. C. P., -diptera received trom. < sfc. 2 8=-oSse 2 eee ee 70 Lovett; Edward,:set of: Maundy: moneysirem 2222-22 25, 52 Lower :Ammsizem, swalidtraibes Of a5 Soros er ene Se ee eps eee 363 Lucas, F. A., assistant sent by, to investigate fossil remains and flint imple- MENS Sk bose SS ae ee pe 237 curator, of comparativejanatomiy =. cen eee a eee ee ee 42 designation of as acting curator of vertebrate fossils ...........- 42 efforts of, to obtain mastodon skeleton._._............-....-..-- 184 excursions made by, to investigate reported finds of mastodon TOMAS += S25 555.2 ee Sok eee ee ene Lae 218 exhibit for Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, prepared by.-.. 228 flightless birds and the osteology of the tile fish and its allies, investigated by wi 5.03 tps 22 pe ee a ee a eo pee eee Pega ie geolopical-explorations of [22522 eee eee ee eee 23 installatiomewor kota bel ute oye eee eee ere ee 86 mastodons of North America, studied by.--.-...-------------- 30 opinion expressed by, in regard to mammoth teeth........---- 244 of, regarding bones of animals.-....-..----.-------- 296, 300 paperon a description of skull of lepidosteus atrox, published by- 30, 88 new dinosaur from the lower cretaceous of South Da- kota; published :byce2.Divistomnol-aCCesslOMsstOn= = one ae ate mr ere resellers er 18 cConqditionomeollectionses 2 —saes es skee eee emane 2 WiC Ts Mepinnearate Sth ete ie Cpe Soyo e ee crake, sao Mea ere So Me Seats 5 72 exinbited-atban=Aimeni Gal xp OSItOM soca sass oe eee ae 190 LM CEASE NLT ae eis ates nie Le atte etn we ye Renee erne OM St eee ee ees 67 Ran AIMeriGanek xp OSLO Mess as eee sons oe eS ee eee Sas 190 UNS neyo 5) cece a a ie ia ie ten ie ee Ai en LS Al ei eee 197 Manzo Sweat nds esses eee se Cee serena. ye ee eae ere ae 5 Sans arate Beene oe 194 Mandos, orewyt holt eras sac ere is Sa eee tn aid ae wie nee 364 Mantledzhowilen esse eer ee wane ie ee ence On estes ho oe soe 191 Map of North America, indicating in a general way the geo-ethnic provinces. 269 Mia ea tie haste re a ey ae ete ae reise inno ee aa a ae 198 Marine dishesise2 seo pees Sep see ee oe eR te oe oe eee cae ees an seo a aes): invertebrates, collections of, transferred to the Museum. ........----- 70 Divison. Of aACCesslONS tO sen aee ae eee ee eee sore 19, 67 scientific researches and publications in......--------- 76 MarlattvCeb.iitles-of- papers Dy sao. se toe oe nee se le se ee ae a 163 Marmorea Mirf...---- CN aS nce pe nity SB Ba ee) i Se ae et ea 366, 37° Marsh collection ..-.-. Bede pen reat sap Raa mere Meee an ee eS Oi ee Pn RP 85 Marsh= Millard (2 omit paper-D yee son = oe oe eo on eae wie A See eae 163 title Of, jomate paper Dyaser oa Moe oe emcee ons Soe ee 159 Marsh O. C., volume on stegosaurs projected by the late -.......---.-------- 30, 87 Martin, G.-C, mollusk collections: consultedtye 2-22 -— =e >- -« eee 50, 79 Mason, Otis T., assistance of, as a member of the U.S. Board on Geographic SNGAATN St sar op ae tae rR nt nce ce ae a he ay ee are 58 coiled basketry to be described by..-...--.--------.-+----4& 3909 eollectionucatslogued’ Dy se tsoe sc tee aes ooe ese ae ce cee 58 curator Division of Ethnology, report by..--.:-.:--------4%. 55 exhibits arranged under supervision of.....-----.--------+-- 211 information from, regarding the originators of many of the primitive arts. 222.2245 22. aN eRe ene oe ts a eo 354 428 INDEX. Page. Mason, Otis T., investigations on the basketry technique of American Indians, continued, by. essen tata 26, 58 labels prepared by, for Pan-American Exposition.......-..-- 58 large Philippine collection arranged and labeled by.__-.----- Path much time given to the ethnology of the Philippine Islands by. 27,58 paper describing a primitive heddle frame for weaving narrow LAbTICS, PL|EpaTe dy yess eee a eh ee ea 60 paper embodying detailed instructions to collectors in the Philippines;compuled?joimtlyaby,< 5 s45 ens Soe ees 58 paper on American basketry technic, published by -.----.---- 27,58 paper on Traps of the Amerinds, prepared by .....-.-------- 60 paper relating to the pointed canoes of the Kootenai River, prepare duly ye sss eae esa ee es ee ee ee ee ee 60 paper relating to the pointed canoes used on the Amur, pre- PaPOG Dy sao ese AS ee Sr paca Ee Ng le Wt = et ee 60 study on American aboriginal harpoons completed by -.----- 27, 58 titles: of papers yoy 2s sen fae hs. eaters rer ae ge eee eae tea 163 translations by, tor-the Seeretary sc Mose see Se eee ee 58 work of, in selecting and arranging the ethnological material forgPan=Aum erlcan Hx positions] es es. sae 217 the preparation of labels for Pan-American Expo- STOMOM aah x tte axe elas ee ee mea Ne eae 117 Matasma tans icike sian aoe pines 5 RCTS RE ARR ia oe. Se ee a ats Rete RE 196 Micon We Rie 0 Leumi Cag ete caus xee pa ee ee ee 20; 23, 67; (1 ‘list of ferns of North America published by -.........------- 29 papers by, printed in publications other than those of Museum. 38 published by --.-.--- aL IAT ee rates Sia apa ea ape 29, 70 studies of ferns and their allies continued by .........------- Zoe titles: of papers: ive so oS oe ei So ee en ea ee 168 work of in. Division: of P lamtenes sm oe ere ae eee 74 Maya-Quiché Indians, Guatemala, description of group of.......------------ 205 Maynard, George C., advanced from aid to assistant curator in Division of TECH OG Gy. 2 ae ee ra sees eae me ee 42 specimens of submarine telegraph cables given by ----.- 53 Mearns, (H,-A;, -Aimericancatsstadiled=byso.- 2. -e cease ee enn eee Seno collecting outhttumishedstoie tae ace ee ee eee EA 24 explorations:ofyinseentral: Floridacca =: s52s6ecss saree ee ee 66, 68 pocket and white-footed mice studied by.-...-.--.---------- 30 work of, on zoology of Mexican boundary survey ..---------- 30, 79 zoological collections presented *by +2 os-s2-s2 8522 25- 2 a eee 18, 67 Medal ‘collection: Of Miusetarnr 5 co 5 a os iy eee ach i py eh 33 Mielam esi <2 55 252 2S ee ae ra ea aa epee Tne eee a 18 Members of scientific and administrative staffs, list of, where found .....-.-. 42 Menchero,;Padre; \visit.te oP usage oc o eee © ae eae ace eet 349 Mie mbiraa cle rics casera Re ae gee ei Sea a aR aR 197 Merriam, C. H., species of bear recently erected by....-.-..-----:---------- 190 WORMS SO LESS ILE Gath Up bn ay a ae eet ee ene nee 71 Merrill, George P., exhibit for Division of Geology prepared under direct SUPEKVISION CO he Hulse eae averted = Mace ye ee at eta 228 Guide to the study of the collections in the Section of Applied Geology of the National Museum, published .. 29, 87 head curator of Department of Geology.......--.-..---- 81, 94 report of 22 .--¢- 81 ¥ installation; work of ati Bititalosessenee ce feces 86 INDEX 499 Page. Merrill, George P., investigations of, upon a series of nepheline-melilite rocks. 29, 87 AGIM ER Dapper: Dyess Seat nae ate ae ee ae ara ese oa 169 localities visited by, for purpose of obtaining geological SPECIMENS Ys: ame ee ere mee te i eee ee eer ca, 184 paper on a stony meteorite which fell at Allegan, Michi- gan, in 1899, and an iron meteorite from Mart, Texas, Published yomltlys Dy sees sae ae aes eee ee 29, 87 report by, on the exhibit made by the Department of Geology at the Pan-American Exposition ........----- 218 sawing of fine specimens of orbicular granite in Baltimore, sIpPerintendedsby a seeee ot tes was Senate eo sae 184 study of the stony meteorite which fell in Felix, Ala- bama- sine! 00s completed ub yaess eee soe eee ae 29; 87 titlerol yomipppaAperAWynss ac eee ce sen seein ee ye 164 PR WOM Dye see coer eee Stein SIR Fee 16 Metatemuin-archeoloricalbirel deworkeatea=- seer a2 ee ee ee 318 MESERUptlOM reset es See ees RE ee silts Se gees tas 318 1 CNEL I eee eee eee tema ee a cs Penner. tenn ET eer hy ere Ne 318 PebLOr ly places map eee erie lau hee Salen aS a agen ee oe lak Bie ote 318 PiPeySPECIMEeM SEOMAA se ee eae 2st A hasan. e clonal ae 317 DOLE eaters RE SPR haloes Stn ke RO ae IE i ap 318 Meteonitercollechiona promtbcGhio- ~ Se = 1s collecting operations of, in vicinity of Peterboro, New York. 25, 66 collection of mammals made by, in Madison County, New EYCOT Keseset Soh aston ga tans ht cieemes LRA Dict oan ie site Nae Sia Ste vatars 68 pS ona revision of the red-backed mice of Europe, and a key to the land mammals of eastern North America ...--.------ 75 papers by, printed in publications other than those of Muse wine Se eRe ice eo ae ae a ois ee eae ech Bert 38 onanamm als, publishedsby 2s 2222 oe ete ee Sess 75 preparation of labels -for Pan-American Exposition by. ----- 189 researches of, on mammals have resulted in twenty pub- ishedemwpers: a: 271 Seater nen eas Rae eas we hays Dee te 27 TOS Of A OTS Dye ses ate ec oe ats baer wists Sets 164 Miller, Joshua, Arizona Antiquarian Society founded through efforts of. .~--- 358 Mindeleff, Victor, plans of old Zufii ruins figured by..-.---..-.-.-.----------- 296 PLANS GRUMMAN Oye oe Si ete as amie =o 333 99O> TUTMNSURVEV.EOe Dy gases cite e min Sa ce Ser Setaresan caer aserers 337 430 INDEX. Page Mineralogy, Division of, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition ...........- 220 specimens of exposition labels used in............-- 220 MiSSOUFI (SURVEY oo coe Soe kt ee a 85 Mitscher, O. A., paragraph quoted from letter from_...-.- ._._.._.__......_- 249 Mohr; Charles, plants lentitossa— sneer een ne ne 32 Molluske Divisions Of saeCesslons stom: seat ae eee eee eae yas tae 18, 19, 69 WOrk In’. Scat ee re eee a ee eh dis Monkey-faced ow! 5... si. cos Sts) tare starsat ea rer eg 193 Montagnais Indians, Labrador, skin and bark covered lodges of the ......__- 207 Moon, €y@. 22 cbc 2 eee Soe cee Se eee Se et 199 Mooney, James, statement published by, relating to pottery finds -._...--. 250, 537 Moore, -H. F.;ecrustaces ‘collecteds by =aeeeee an ae eee ee ee 19, 71 ethnological material collected: bys sae a 5 18, 51 onental:shelle receive distinct etiam arya era 69 Morgan; Mrs.George W "git ay 92s ocean enna et nal anes Cas 52 Mormon houses, remains Of Omid athlon sie fee ene se eee 291 Morris, E. L., botanical collections used by .---- Oe EN an, ee EE 30, 80 plants collectedtby= 2s oie cers 333 ruin at Showlow worked by ....----...---.------ 301 vases and’ vessels‘ fount: by 2222-2 ea see 307 of 1901, the. Archeological field work in northeast- ern Arizona, by Walter Hough..--.-.----.---- 219 Hopisbuttesiand anesase a see eee 326 age of Jettyto Valley PUIG he eee 349 ~ _ Museum-Gates expedition of 1901, the. INDEX. ern Arizona, by Walter Hough—Continued. Hopi buttes and mesas, Biddahoochee . ..---.------------ Chakpahus sees eee ae eee oe Kawai okouli seeps tenn KokopnyaMmae seen ote oem eee periods of Tusayan ware... --- Canyons Utte see eee eee nee NMeDonaldis'Canyonee st sec. Metatet ers sit oe eg ee Milky Elo llowererce mel psa e es Scorsese eee ete oe StOme pA Css eia teats eee ea ee as See: small sites near .......- EVV OOGUULES Reyacacaerasc ets oar one aise PETA Aig eee eens, ante a aa ey aie ars Sens Res mk eI distribution of Pueblo culture. -...-25.::-.22-:- domestic andstoodranimalsss—2-5- 52 ss "=e es preservation of ancient ruins..----..---.-:---..- range of dual design on pottery .......-.....---- SUNMMIMNENISVA @ LeaW OL Keene re ee ie aren S VIM OLS eee ee ne be en beeen eect eho HVPE Ol MULLINS 2 e552 Sane s a See eee fabblevolgcombenits ise space oo see ee en en nee eee Shum wayeree ss ee eee paper giving summary of field work of-........--.--.---- symulbolstcollecteds yee e aan tae ee ei a ee er party of 1901, pueblos examined by 2222-5 225-222-222. 2 PTO TU ys pert eae ors Ss re a ee ater eee eS een er en el okt eae ea facilites sattondede bie GO; Shue mits tare eee Spee ee ee WOK OL eee neha oe pea ie Sa erey aie Soha Sette ais ee publications, information furnished through..........------------- number of, distributed during the year_.........----- Senckenberg National Scientific Society, fossil plants received in Exchange trom so sece= sa aecaes ee re tiene Ae gates stereo kee SLICE ly Pa a Sa i he ce 1 ae a a Se ga eg HeLAMMVeStLoat ONS lp ae een seen ae meee re are listron publications oye mibersi Olesen ee publications by members of, classified by subjects .......----- Musicalentstruments sedan tellligtn atin osteo ne ee ee ero Soe ee Musk ox Myriapoda;remoy alot siesta aad oe tee os see mes ste aeeee se ae Archeological field work in northeast- 431 Page, 326 366 339 537 346 287 283 302 317 309 302 318 319 306 320 325 318 352 302 306 odo7 oot 308 30D 352 281 289 289 297 297 301 302 3D9 306 302 39 39 39 39 39 37 38 17 38, 147 38 216 191 74 432 INDEX. Page Myrmeléonide; work-doné ony i222. 25-2 ee ee ee eee 74 Nahuatlicontact walt te blo mle cies eee eae a 351 Nam peo; piements used. by 222. ise sees cee eee ae ere 348 denranyfau loveehavernkeroln yyyencey enol (oleisieretsy HE BE eo ee 347 Narbele Pal, mammals katong mols Kerli sitar rates ee eee 26 Narrative of a visit to Indian tribes of the Purus River, Brazil, by Joseph Beal Steere o Sercin je eis SE ee ee cre es aerate ee er 309 Ely purinas, the ~ 222332502 ee te eee ac a gee 374 WGIMOLary a. Loe sinc Sie See te ee eee Se ee a Pea eeets aces erate ae meer 363 Jamamadi thesis SSS ee a eee Sey ee, eR eg eee 380 listio€ ihuist ra Gho mse sey eee eee are ee 361 Paitinard, tli@ is 2 oes eee ae a eat am ep Pt ee oa 387 Nashville Exposition, donations and purchases from..-.......-------------- 8 Nassatt @rOUpers 55 he 58 ergo Oe ee ie ee oy pera tee oh age ar irc de ee ee ee ap 198 National: Institite: socket y,00 bce oti 9p ume ee ee eta ee Se ee 4 Institution society Ol 2s sa- sar See te tey l e 4 Museum, Montevideo, Uruguay, bats, from...............-.--.---- 25 U.S., accessions received annually since 1880, table showing D2, action of House of Representatives for new building. 12 Senate:tor new ibmilding sae gee see cee 12 additions torcollec irons oles pes =m see 16 NOTION HE MON KCI see a aS ed a se ees e 94 alterations and repairs to buildings of........------ 15 amount allotted for Pan-American Exposition. ---.- 181 Aswa Yo Orn Gaia DS i ees ees se eo eae en Rp 93 TD i 3 3 the ees ee age ema a high ee 95 iF 5) Rene a ates areal ogee ral Me pokey ar HY 137 DN eae ne che neh sh as ok eee ee ee 147 appropriations and expenditures ._._..........---- 13, 14 for fiscal year ending June 30, 1901-. 14 the year ending June 30, 1902 _-- 15 2S A MUSEUM Ole RECO EC eae yee te eer 7 mesearchs = sce nae eee 9 anvedueationealgmiseuiniy se ene 10 balances remaining from the appropriations for the Wea EMCO UME OLS OO kere tee een ep ee 14 bib liao nap hiya ae oe eee le te 147 lowildliinga= sce eS ee Se es er Boe ee ne ae 15 rentedaby, tGr StoTave-—= 4a se = oe ee 12 changes nin sclemtiiicrstallt Ol eee es ree 41 classification and arrangement of anthropological Esch outs aims ote ees 255 of publicahions: Olt 225522 e semen 11 SECU CHS NIN aera epee 6 coinandiniedalteollectionio tee se 33 collection of modern Zuni pottery in -......--.---- 355 collections in, referred to by scientific assistants of Various de par tmien te est eerste ee 30 CONE CEOS YO Le: see a a a eee 16 com pletionoicerechiOngoheer ae en eee 12 cooperation of the executive departments of the Grover nmiTe marty syplit loathe eee ee ee te 39 correspond en¢e johes aes ee eee aa ee eee 37 National Museum, U. >) 7) INDEX. 433 Page. disbursements during 1901 from the unexpended bal- ances of appropriations for fiscal year ending June 30, 1900 ..-.-.-.-- 14 from appropriations for year ending TUNE GOMUSOO Pease eee eae carters 14 display of, at Pan-American Exposition, when opened OIC Oey se ae Ae oes ees See 182 distribution and exchange of specimens. ----------- 24 Of SpeclMNensy ssa: See ae eee eee 137 to schools and colleges of duplicate speci- MENG: Diy eee ee ae eee See omens 11 effect on, of participating in expositions -....------ 40 ethnological material collected for.......---...---- 51 exhibit from, for Pan-American Exposition provided LOLS Sse eee Sees. rs ee SY eye ee ee ars 181 of, at Pan-American Exposition.....-..---- 41,183 reporton.-. 177 on view in halls of, portion of Pan-American. — 218 exhibition halls of, overcrowded ------------------ 1 expenditures for fiscal year ending June 30, 1901---- 14 Exp lOrati OS anes ee oes See leis eyes 22 IneArizOna TOME ae sees es see eee 287 made by members of staff of... ----- 59 exploring opportunities of staff of......-..--------- 10 SX POSILIO MI WOE Ke Olen ease te fa ena: 11 SXPOSIMOMGi ke Oe nee Se tewinc sel Somme Ser 40 floor space of, compared with other museums. ----.- 13 reneral WONsIGeTablONS == 5 ~ = ae fom ne ee 3 growth of number of entries of specimens on record books of, from 1876 to close of 1901.....-.--.---- 8 Heating Sy Sten Ole soa see ee = eee re ee 16 history of, as pointed out by the late Dr. Goode - --- 6 inadequate accommodations of, for national collec- BLOM Sete ees ee Br eee as ha eee eee ere iat increase in number of collections received annually by 12 initial steps toward building up- .---.-------------- 4 large number of loans made to specialists by - - -- - --- 31 papers produced by scientific staff of 9 Ino reUInyat @ hae fete ee erecta ine eae tee ae 39 Ihehitimoiaciiited: Ol ee eee es eames 15 NIStHRO lA CCESSIONS eee ele ere ee erate eas ee ies 95 authors of papers in bibliography... .-------- il7/e illustrations of exhibits of, at Pan-American UD) OO site GOR A 8 Se iene ee ie eee oe 179 publications by members of staff of ..---.--- 38, 147 material sent out to representatives ef other institu- (MOLIST | Oh stesOGe cette te SE ee ne er Re Set 9 matter of new site yielding fossil remains taken 101 On| ON Orlane ea te 237 Meteorite COMeChONIOl sees setae ee sae er oeae 83 THORTSOURTINE Ss el le eee nee me te Aa eS 93 MECKOLO SN es ee eee eee ee ea eee ers fanaa ee 42 no facilities had by, for making chemical analyses. - 37 434 National Museum, U. INDEX. Page. S., number of entries made in catalogues of several divi- SlonSiO hie cas a eee ae LES eh eee Zl publications of, including bound volumes and pamphlets, distributed during year- 38 specimens received in 1900-1901, and total number in the several divisions on June 50, VOOM 228) Ses Sees oe ae ee eee 21 opportunities afforded investigators by.......------ 9 OVercrowdedscondition: Of -eae=se> = ae ee eee 8 packed condition of storerooms of -.----.---------- 8 papers by officers of, and others, based wholly or in part upon the national collections .....--- 149 describing and illustrating collections in the. — 175 published in separate form during the year ending June 30> A901 2 oe ee eee 147 photography s3. saa See ses eae ee ane 3 present conditions and needs.....-..-.--.--------- 11 principal sources of collections in the .......------- th progress in the installation of the exhibition collec- HONS) 2s SG e ee ee ee ee ee eee a ene 32 publication of descriptive papers by ..-----.-------- 6 publicationsa:2 sveieeas seen Seem alae ee 37, 147 by members of staff of, classified by sub- JOGtISe. <4 Sst eee ree ee ere 38 issued by, during the year----.-----_- 37 repainting, etc., of southeast range in____.....--.-.- 3 report on, by assistant secretary of Smithsonian Institution. <<< 25 a ee eee re 3 Department of Anthropology .-.-.------ 51 Biologyt see ae eres 63 Geology. a. ae a ee 81 exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition. 181 the Department of Anthropol- ogy at Pan-American Expo- SitLOM ee ene ee ee ee 200 report on the exhibit of the Department of Biology at Pan-American HB xposibiOness sa. am 5 eee 185 report on the exhibit of the Department of Geology . at Pan-American lixpositiom 25> sees = vase eee 218 reports-of head®curators of 232-2 ee soe ee 49 represented on Government board of management at,Pan-A mericanc Hx position, 22. <2. sesso 40 research work by members of staff of......-.------ 26 sclentitic stalizss 2225 Se eine ee een a hee ee 41,93 of, find little time during office hours for advancing knowledge. --.--..--- y 9 scope and objects of, as defined by the late Dr. Goode. 7 space allotted to, at Pan-American Exposition... --. 182 stafftof the. Ue BA ee ee eee ail statistics of accessions for the past and previous years- 21 storage rooms of, overcrowded _.-..---.----------- 12 summary of the operations of the year..-....------ 13 table showing appropriations and expenditures for fiscal year ending June 30, 1901--- 14 INDEX. 435 Page. National Museum, U.S., table showing disbursements during 1901 from the unexpended balances of appropria- tions for the fiscal year ending June OR GOO ee ae Ree eek ee 14 number of visitors to, during fiscal years O00 19 0 eee ete sea See 36 number of visitors to, since 1881 __-- 36 title first recognized by congress In 1875 ......----- 5 total number of specimens in possession of......--- 16 NISUEOTS ILO mee erate ere era eee ieee ee or ee 30 work of preparing exhibits for Pan-American Expo- SitlONe DEO WMN «== 25s o— seos Sees eor 184 staff of, for Pan-American Exposition. ----- 183 required of employees of, in preparing for an GXPOSULOM Sats ier ole ee es clogs een 41 Navaho Indians, the arid region, description of group of........-----.------ 204 Necrologycl sis atest ciate eee ce Soe pean sates Sewn sesin cee taesmtie See 42 Nelson; Bliags title. ofpapersDy orcs chaise as Sees sae oto kw siceee eet cs sae 166 Nelson, E. W., ethnological and archeological collections given by .-.--.---- 52 mollusk, collections; made: byeao- 5 cae oo ace eee weet 69 sealsvobsaimedstor Museum bya sen ese seers pe eniee esete ae 191 species of sheep first: made known by.2-...2525--3-.--.52-- 190 titles ol papens: liaise eho me GS aoe ets ce oe teal = Sie ee 166 Neosho Valley, course of events witnessed by.the fleeting ages in the region of, Qutlinedey ses esee ee Be as teh ates Cai Oe eee ae eR OCIS SS eee ne eae 252 Nesheptancat work dome, 2 eens yy Sere ee aeeeere ci pe a aie 336 New Orleans Cotton Centennial Exposition, donations and purchases from. - - 8 New York Botanical Garden, plants received in exchange from......-------- ral New. Zealand distrib mtiansotaspecinn ems) trates = epee Sere ae eas ee 145 Newhall WeoHeewisitoletoyebomboinkocks Manylandessnes os. 925 92s e ee 184 SAR OTe Konia ae nme en SS ce eat aay IC Beeps ie eee res ee ee he 85 ING en Wike SAS iste ka Peeps eens Seek sepa nnes an nee ie ine eeaeis ek Be eps ioe 194 Nocleiray Seni ordiod 0s Sie os ee ee he ae Bye Sei eee 368, 370, 371, 372 Nonpoisonous snakes. ot tropicalAmerica 2525 seccsuse. 2. cs sec cosas seeen 196 North Amenica, distributionvofspecimensamse=--e-— eee se oes asec 137 map of, indicating in a general way the geo-ethnic provinces. 269 NorthyAmenicansceramby cide attansiem Olesen = eee ee a eee eee eee 73 Indians, ceremonial cannibalism among ._..............--- 313 Northy Garo limais talessunveyar see tere eee a eas acre seek Sie bree ome 85 North Greenland Eskimo, description of group of ........-..........------- 202 Norths Howard-We- collectinciouttit fumnishedtosss25--45- e252 42-2 eee 24 NortheRacitieyorsRenny exp lonimeyexp edit Om pe sane eee ee ee eee 8 Norton aAnthunsbeatitleioipaper Dyecere sas so-eeeaeaeaas as cee cee a ene 166 NorwayardistmibutionOlspecimensin oe seeeme ea ee sae nee See eee 145 Nutting Cis Cy hty cdrovdsvlemitgtopss se ener ese re tare te er Se ee 78 monograph of, on the plumularide .................-.------ 29 onuwihevAmentcanthiy dros iat seas oases 4 ee oe Se 38, 78 tes OLepapel Dyssesece opera se een iee seer scleeee es 166 work by, on the sertularian and campanularian hydroids. - - - - 29 @ceanubottoumespecimensko hase sec sete gee ee eee ae ince oe eee 20 Ocealilatdisimnbutiontohepecimiensany oo Ae ee og ae ee ce 145 Odonata-aworkadon elonesers enorme eo eee etek et insee eee ee emi eees 74 OT: Dita eee eer ict crat ya: fas ee US Sige ies ee ete gale a Sree Oe Koreas 194 OlisocheteswonmsaiyipesvO te eer ou ste Scns Se ee ee cee te 20 436 INDEX. Page. Omaha Exposition, donations and purchases from _..-.----..--......-2-2..- 8 Omahas, reference made to sacred spring or well of the ..............-...--. 248 Ordonez He. erup tive OCIS; SONIC UO eter eee psa ete a 88 Ornithology. acquisitions ‘W222. ee ane eee ra ee 19° Osage tribe, Indian agent for, facts brought out by correspondence with ~..-. 249 Osborn, Henry F., work of, upon the fossil titanotheres................-.--- 31 Osborn, Herbert, types of jassidee presented by--=. 5-22.-2. 55-2222 -= ee oe 70 Osgood, Wilfred Hi, titheoipaperibyeec=aa-e = see eee aes ee 166 Otfolemeuis Wrz iO Clas! wees e Tate Clea ky eee eae ee 70 Oussani, Gabriel, bowls and seals purchased from .............--.......---- 53 Ovenbird of Brazil 5 see a ey nT ta ee Se 195 Owen, (@./I:, archeological worksoites ss eee aete eee a eee a ee 346, 347 Pacific cable survey -------- A, Opie eebenpe et Gan a Sere ery te ms ee aaah oak of 71 pyramidellide, investigatiom\or- sacs = 2 es eee ae aon ee 28 Railroad! Suny. e yee eso aoa rete aa ete ence er a 8 Paddle fishy 2225S Ss PAS ee a ae a eae rn eee te er A 199 Pahos;> distribution:oh-s-S-sese esse ee eee a re ee a eee 345 Palache; ‘Charles clot sc cies ees oo a ee Parc re erage no pene 32, 88 Paleobotany, Section of, no exhibit made by, at Pan-American Exposition... 219 Palmer, Edward, pottery specimens collected by --------------.-----..----- 308 Palmer; William; collectionsaade by inc Cubase. eccs ase sane Se ceees 70, 186 expedition*of to! Gubaecn eo See ce eae at nae oe 23 explorationsvof,1im western: Cuba: csceac = eee ee eee 184, 186 return trom Cu bandeira wees ee meters pee a ee 67, 184 title-of paper by. os sae seen ere a orien ered 166 Pan-American Exposition, amounts appropriated for Government exhibit and puildiniess 2 222 Se cece Sars seme tee ene eee 181 an act to encourage the holding of a -........._-- 229 BintialoscINes Ness Soh ie 2 Seis Sar ertom sy aneenaras onetonsy = ee 40 exhibit from National Museum provided for~._--.- 181 Smithsonian Institution provided for. 181 exhilbitiom*cases|2228 sees cures cet ee ee tome 185 geological specimens purchased for......-.------- 81, 82 Government building, description ......---.----- 181 installation of large mammals prepared for the. --- 34 preparation for anthropological exhibit at... ---- 22 report on exhibit of Department of Anthropology. 200 Biology ------- — 185 Geology ------ 218 U.S. National Museum at.... 181 SUMMA fase as Seer eee oe 181 witen-heldiwiaact. + Soe eee Seo see See 181 WHETrE el Cer ie ee oe ae he eye ee ere 181 work of Department of Geology on....-.--.-.----- 86 preparing exhibits for, begun......------ 184 Papago Indians, old style, Arizona, grass and adobe houses of the ....-.----- 207 Papers by officers of the National Museum, and others, based wholly or in part upon the themationalicollectiongm.s=-s=ss" eee see == eee 149 describing and illustrating collections in the U. 8. National Museum... 175 published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1901_--.- 147 published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1901, Cir- Gulay BO 2. As SESE Ee eae a ee eee 149 published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1901, from the Report for-J898° 2. sc ee ee ees 147 Page, Pavers published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1901, from these pontiloryl S99 mis he eee oe ees Sena eee eee eee Pa 148 published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1901, from ; Violumemaroisunesbroceedin odes sees eee Se sae eee 148 Raraamerchantseimiornaatlonein Olesen ee ee 364 Rarogietsn @am olin aeyeretars ayes net ae ae ote eh mee ae nee ee fea 192 OLED raz elas Ree es ces Ses Ren ers Me ate eee Rae aater oars Simp enter he See ee ee 192 EEN ROL ishe iar AP tery Sys UE, Sees esto a Aes SR A nee PURE NAN 2 atin ne SN 192 Patagonian tee ae. pt net woe ee SUC ee an CL ae ar eet es a es ee 200 (Aas orc eI ORs ieee Te eT ee ee ee ii Patagonians, South America, skin shelters of the .....-...------.----------- 207 Faure mes boatison ces Seer sere” seen irene Cer als Reon aD. ewe Se Gee 387 louie Ke Us tom sae Secs ee oo ey are yore age, epee eB Ng ra 390 CAMO CSTR ree ersewes Sn Nn Syaiaye are Gale ee eee mien sa ayes estate oan 389 CE IRETALG GETS b1 CS ate ere tore ae ee ee are ree teh ey ee te I ar 387 Chicken seeae ees wae ow Seok oe ae tae ed oe an sree 390 Gla ef peeteet Se Meee eo nt pr pet oe CR, rents: ays RS 2a A re Mie 387 Glansiorgsullo thioester ten eect rarer ee papa 9 oe eee cern ee ee ee 387 GLO CHT Ee trae teeth peso a pe es ny Me Seie meubin a hoe Gaye led on wy peat aR PS 388 CLOG ea ee Re pee Nes SEN ae MED aw 2 sd Eo fee an el oe Wee Sou 390 fermented crim kee see eae ae ep as Same eee oe cas Stee eee nee 389 HOO dma CGO So eee hee sree Se WS ce er we en pad ele ie le a 389 INOXO Gee ee ee Soe - Fane SRE Eee ah ie eee eee Sen eee 389 TOO Ceaas ern ee eaten ey aire Ries a aap MO Rh re 2 aes ea NS ee ea ee 390 ENE ges Ace SS Ea eS ERS ce en rs SS a RC MOSES pee peter cd ees 389 JaCE9 Yad aN re he eo net rtp ee ep ee ey a RI ge ae Se SEs 389 RTOS os eye pers ten cael oh a tn eM tthe ne ret ol ae a ite h ee eee 389 Oks (oie CONT Pea e en ae See Meas CODED aCeS ear neces otcmedcoeee 389 Tira Gi aura -Vy OT CT ga rays eee ee ees eens lee cre pe ee ee Pe erage Penne ee 365 Taved Vash mre eerie Ee eee, tepid Rois ha tee See Sak 365, 366 ATG LETC Sos e ty a a et = IS Reena mye teen hey, Go ine n tet Ne 390 histiorawords olithes hese ete cee Se ya yee eee ee ae oe ee cay 390 LOGabTO Iams series farsi eee ae Se Se ae lee ee oe eran a ree 387 TAS ee resin see e Sa era ae Sie a eee See ae tie te eoae 390 TUNG T Ce here a es ee ara wy ey Nove pg ars meee sere 387° MOSO AN GRUP SEDIERCCOMO Viena ears ee tes eee oes th em oo aR 389 numbers. Guminishing 2: stores! Sher sashes asa e so nine ts ese cae 387 paint: Jnowamade seuss sere ae oo ie emote ee bisa oo sta cee ae 388 HSeLMIA Mer Of at Heke OS eee Bi ee hs Soh. Sees 388 permanent Wages tec. se sce ease aoa saan ooo aSeiecesacarmicn= 388 MOLE Ae coop OMe een SOR ACE ce Oo pen oC nooo orbe coeacececeaore 390 SOTA a Ob Nyse get A eS OR BRIAR ao BOS Oa EEC CORA e BURR ESrneeeserure 389 ACTILEN CESp OMG eases Serco ome aos eiclas Semis oe ser Sete reinmine 392 skims Gisease) Beak ce wees eee eee cece ean eeteeatesesseeeages 3888 STM UE Le rn aKa Pe ee ee rayne era pen ree ets eae erence olor alas ae 389 elm Grae ie eee aoe rey Maan ahs Ss ge Set Nore Sere ate a ale oe 389 HONG! Of MMmOKUr tLe pau sence oA eee eras mais So to Samra ac eee stecacls 388 MOM! bac oadauacenecads SoeL couse ne nodee Heo bedoceboseaeccobanooe o93 Ee ep ie are a eee etree ee Eo Oper a eter nerves sie iaqein = Sete iciere, cio arereiaaie 387 tobacco, cultivated sae fe see sae ee a Sasa ates StmieS ecrelece 389 Glare ew UGK Tokai eter pees Se tN etek tn ee eet oe ete Se res ee ene oro 390 CTH a NY a Bt cae Ai oo a LE ea he ee 390 Pawneermartanuss Dal ANG Ti ee rye 27, 38, 75 Randall, F. A., purchase of private fossil collection of ..--.-------------- 20, 82, 83 Range of dual design on pottery......--.-.--------------------------------- 354 Rathbun, Miss M. J., keys to the various groups of North American crabs Campleted eh yess > 2. Seme= a ee ance Bee ee ia 28, 76 MACKUIMARSLU CIE 6 Weare eee sae ee ee ee anne = 76 440 INDEX. Page. Rathbun, Miss M. J., report by, on the decapod crustaceans collected by Har- riman expedition sins 899 =. ase eee ree 28, 76 report on brachyuran and macruran crustaceans col- lected by expedition to Galapagos Islands, completed by 2422 Sieh ees giscti i cevssee ae se best aseees 28, 76 report on brachyuran and macruran crustaceans col- lected in Porto Rican waters, completed by..----.-- 28, 76 report on the decapod and stomatopod crustaceans of the Branner-Agassiz expedition, completed by------ 28, 76 review of the decapoda of the west coast of North Americas und ertakenioyeceee se sees =o ae eee 28, 76 synopsis of the grapsoid crabs of North America, pub- lished diy oe ie cee Soe era eee ns crear eee 28, 76 titles offpapers*byieao boc eee ao os cae eee ere 167 Rathbun, Richard, assistant secretary of Smithsonian Institution in charge of UniSeNationalaviigewin, yeaiasrmtole o 2ca-)sereree wine teeeyamny 3, 93 REPOUE OL ee te ohare eee res 3 title, of paper-DyGueec aes eases cae eee eee eee 167 Read, Frank: i., collecting outfit furnished: toe Saees oso. =e oe ee oe 24 Red-billed towean 2253. 286522 8 ae ie eee Stn ee eae eres erate a ey eee eS 192 blue-and= -yellow-miacaw=2= -Ce =a ee eee sane eeniac se ee eee 193 OYUN <2 2 Se ae SS Se ee Be ee trate evar een ame meee ee 198 Eagle, statement by, regarding spring at Afton -..........-..---------- 249 eared .calliste 2 <2 so Sasa eS ae ae an ee ee oe ere 195 PLOW PO) Sees slr aw eee ote ee re ee eer eee 198 horse mullet.22- 522 Sa oee See See Se see ee eee ee ee eee ee eeree 199 Ware, region Of, -2 .22 fh sass eeet sae see see tee Gace ee ae eee a eee 304 Rehn: James A.G:-batsilent to Se 2 ae se cee eee Reeee ee eaee SSL Tir investigations conducted by, in Division of Insects - .-.-- 30 orthopterasinvestigated by 2s-eec- -= sta seco eee ees 79, 80 Remains, fossil, and flint implements from a sulphur spring at Afton, Indian Territory, bye Wallliama wel. clon Gs eee ee ee are re eee er ee 233 Remarks, archeological field workam Arizond 2222-2 s2n.-- ens eee se eee 352 Remington: Arms Companys seult lyse a= sae ees re ee eee 53 LEAS) 00K) @ eRe e a A Ais ERT ell Be erate a oN Sate cand Gabor Sod Sea skesopesc 197 Report for 1897, Volume II, information contained in.........-------------- 37 1898s ap penGixato see) ae een ie nies ae ae arecne tele eee 37 S99 = COnbenGIO ieee eee eee sae r a ale eee ee ae eee 37 of Assistant Secretary cere see ee 2 cic ere tee ee ree i Asppendisc 1.3. on Soe bees eee eee ee 93 | WR ocean Sec Pe Pear in nee RL eS Bin Ec 95 IEE Ss pe ene ee eee eee 137 LV oe Se iets Se ore er een 147 report on Department of Anthropology --------- 51 BIOlOPY. sos seg 63 Geology aes se eees 81 on Department of Anthropology, by the head curator .....----------- 51 Biology,. by, the-head ‘curator ===. 2-4 -- =25-=—- 9-2 63 Geology; by the head! curator 222. 5-- == - 22 ee 81 the exhibit of the Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Exposition, by William H. Holmes -..2---.-----------=--- 200 description: of the Srouwpsa- 25-5428. See ae 202 dwelling erowpsmodels! 2342 265 eae eee ee eee 207 exhibits illustrating leading arts and industries of the native Americans < 252 Soe fee ian erm rere eae 211 INDEX. Report on the exhibit of the Department of Anthropology at Pan-American Exposition, exhibits representing the art collections .______- GUON PS OL NAVE ROUTCH mss Saree Sue ee eee ce A the exhibit of the Department of Biology at Pan-American Exposi- tion gloved Crick, Wane a5 52 .( Ss eeee ee e aee pinche ets eet see St Se ts SR aaa Sr eg we TITeATTATIN Ie eee rein ey AT tect or) Re ON By 2 SP aes a fae gate LEP iilec tan au naira Cnia naps a Saemese Le ee wey) Mak oe seer eee DeGRot Gl Enya re eeepc as tl 4 ee Ne eae eed oe the exhibit of the Department of Geology at Pan-American Exposi- GON dD ys GeOTpe db: Merino 21a eee Pree ek as ee eS DivisiomonGeolopy ens ssa see asec ere esate us aes ee ae, Division, ote Mineral omysss Hse -osee coe Os fee che Sire es Dn Divisionsot Stratigraphic Paleontology 2... -.-..5...-2----.-s25- Section: of lmvertebrate HL ossilstis aes sce es ese Ce eee Sechionioh Vertebrate: Hossil di Sao eee eee eee ee ee the exhibit of the United States National Museum at the Pan- American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, 1901, by Frederick W. True, William H. Holmes, and George P. Merrill .............- Re portsvatehendncna torso ease. enti near ie eo ten ce ree eee Be Reptiles and batrachians, Pan-American Exposition...............-.------.- casesrarran ee datos exci its Ole cee an sete een ot ern aye as eee Di VISUO ME Oia ACCESSIOUSICO ayaee = ee Re ee eee ot bene oa woos ee exhulgitiongcollectionsOless 2 = 2a sheen eset ne ce ve WOLKACON epimers pen Maren. TR Le Ree Gy FEcchVved. Dyce WeEpariMent, OfsbiOlOor yen.) ete ter fe coe ey ee eee ae Research and publication in Department of Biology...........:.....-------- Geolop years tee ers ae eas oe fagiuibies oiNVitise inns ee sae ee ta eterna ere Rend ee eee work.by.memibers.of Museum staif-3 24.2 eos. 252 2-2 e ante ee = Researches and publications, scientific, of the Department of Biology .._____- ) oN) soe os eee tere ets See A eee ies ae De PA ae ea eee ae Pas Richardson, Harriet, appointed collaborator in Division of Marine Inyerte- rates esa eerste te ee mee ise 2 ee ot ese key to the isopods of the east coast of North America, | oe] voto) UES] ovets beeen ey a eee ee re ge eee ee report on the isopods of the Branner-Agassiz expedition, [ares OL OV EST oVE%0 Meese a a SS ee in ae report on the isopods of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity expedition prepared by .....-...:..-..-.-.-- titles’oL papers, Dy< a2 setae ase ah eo Tees TS es Richmond CharlesswWierassistanb curator mwonks Olas sae sae ne large collections made by, in Porto Rico .......-2--- preparation of a card catalogue of the genera and species of recent and fossil birds, continwledGbyy senass os Sasa labels for Pan-American Exposition JEN er oe ee ene Ce enn pee eee TE LIURMKOLwIrOmMy bP OLLOen COM seas ae ee three papers on nomenclature of birds, published by- tbles Ora papers Dytas= ews aes COUN eee ee Oras 44] Page. 216 200 185 192 188 iS y7/ 190 218 219 220 222 9 » ») ann 228 Ss ee 27,75 189 184 21,79 167 AEM EG, Wor Letommia) INNO a een oo es Bee 184, 186 449? INDEX. Page. Ridgway, Robert, bird collection purchased from. -.-.-............-.-....--- 19, 68 first volume of work on Birds of North and Middle America, by, put imibype: jos 5ae 5 ae ee ee 27,75 manuscript of second volume of Birds of North and Middle America,-nearly completed Dy s-32 425562 eee 27 new genera and species of tanagers and orioles, described by. 27,75 progress of, on Birds of North and Middle America-------- 7 tithe ofspaper Dy i242 3 ee es See os eee 167 Ries, Heinrich, geological material collected by --=---:=:-.:-..------------- 81 Riley, J: H:;\expedition:o£ -toCabays sass sas. See ee ee eee 23 explorations of, in: western: Cibal 25222 2o2-5 osc Setee eee 184, 186 large collections made by, in western Cuba...........-.------ 70, 186 return’ ot tron Cubawe fase ae eae eee eee 67, 184 Robb, Me i 7collectineouthit furnished itor sss ss= sees eae ee ae = eee 24 Robinson: Be! aes plamtsalemtt iO sa es ore oe reper as are 32 Robinsons ae As, voleame mocks Sentitosss sass oe sees eee eee eee 32, 88 Robinson, Wirt, biologicaliaceessions throughs 22222 9025.56 soaeee- pone ee 18 expedition of, to Venezuela s22 23 362 ised eee eee nee 23 material collecteds by. im Vienezuelasssssssse2 sees ese eee 68, 75 Rock: harms s3o5 ss ae ae ae ee esr ee 198 Roebling; W.*A..}geolopieall ailtiofs 32 ase ree eee ne nee ee 82 Roon, van, .G.,:exotic.coleoptera trom so a5 sense eee eee eee 26 Rose: fish? 5.2, 54S Rs SSS RT Peet OO eee eeeek Les a em ee 198 Rose, J. N., monograph of North American umbelliferze published jointly by. 29, 77 paper by, printed in publication other than Museum -.-.-.--..--- 38 preparation of work on the flora of Mexico, by......-..-.------ 29,00 studies" of dloraofMexico;continuedsibya assesses a ee oO rikh title of joint paper byeessos4 0s 2 eo ee oe eee eee 167 Roseate spoonbill* 222 2.2 -+ Behe oat ae ee oe eee 194 Rosenstock; “Bdwardfermssirom a9 sean ee eee eee ee eee eee 25 Royal Botanical Gardens, Sibpur, India, plants from: ---..-...-..----------- 25 Geological Museum, Leiden, Holland, fossil corals from .......--.-..-- 25 Zoological and Anthropological-Ethnographical Museum, ethnological objects fromiss223 522 20R Se 2s os ere ee ae ee ee 25 Rubber patherers 27a he Site ae a ee rae er a fees ft ee 365 Ruins, ancient; preservation of oi652 see aan oases eee cee eee 307 unlawiul despoiline oF eo Sees SS e eeeeeeee 307 Russell; Frank, ‘ruinvexcavated. by cs-2 Sassoon ee eee ae 303 Rust, Horatio N., ethnological and archeological specimens collected by------ 52 Rydberg, P..A.; plants lent tol 222525 25525. soaee eee eae ee eee 32 St. Vincent parrot Suse ee aes Sra ees i eae eee ee een 192 Sa-a-la-ko, archeological specimens secured from........-.------------------ 343 Sail fish: 2.525 2s Sa Se eee ee ee te ee 198 San Jodo, :arrivaliates.< 222252525 ee a ee ee ee ee 368 station-Of 2250 220 Be Sas See eee ere 373 San Luis:de Cassyand4, stop at'2- 22h 36S Ges ee ee ee ee 365 Sargent, C.'S.,plants presented: by 2226 S23 oes Soe ee ee poe eee eee (if: Schau, Assis 22 specs 5 ee erg een ee ee ee 371 imitations of animals‘and ‘birdsiby 2222-5226 --ee sce eee 373 snuff-making. by: 3: 22a sya eee ee eee cee 371 Schellwien, E., ‘carboniferous brachiopods fromits-2-o-s-s4- ee eee == ee 26 Schmalensee, M., collections of cambrian fossils made by......-.------------ 82 examinations ‘conducted (byr.2s-ces 225 2452 eee 24 INDEX. Schott, Miaspotvery soldston as sate ae amie ee eee emcee en. fos ke Ss 2 Schuchert, Charles, carboniferous, silurian, and devonian collections made by- exhibit for Section of Invertebrate Fossils prepared by - - - - fossiaicollected! by ass. sssee hae ss ae ee eee ance e installation work of, at Pan-American Exposition Pee See onskany-tossilsicollected by Sous: 2/222 S92 a2 ae ae paper by, printed in publication other than Museum. - - - - on the helderbergian fossils near Montreal pub- lishedibya gee. * pas oboe Sa eee ease roars eee preparation of a monograph on the American fossil star- fishesycombinweds Diysstmaes: cea ase oo nclaco sae ea eee REPOLLID yas lO meatallatlony vest: se a eee tne ite eee eer reports the I. H. Harris collection of Cincinnati fossils as Next) to TECeLVe AblLENMOMG. 542 en 2 ioe 2 ee eies wae ee studies relative to the zones separating the upper silu- rian and lower devonian faunas in America continued |B gh ER RE pene a pL a A ee oer ee Re 29 time spent: by,.in collecting. fossils.. 2.2 2 2222+ 252 a= hiblerGiepaper Dyer aa eee soe Se a eee ae eae baa zeuglodon material obtained by, in Alabama... -------- -- Schwarz, E. A., reports by, upon coleoptera and psyllidee.......-....------- titles GE PAPEL Dy eee Sea ee eae Sea 2 See ae ees WOR Onion Ob Wnseris 2 == 6265s seo Sess eee eee Scientific researches and publications in Department of Biology. ----.---.------ SUA os ee ee Or) pee eh eet ee es Be Pe es no SS ees Or Miuseunt changes imate ee Sao. stk SoS eee see ee Ob whatsibiconsisis i! s.52 62.22 see ou ee ae ete See Scorce, Huet pottery purchusedtimamians=2 cs. ee se nee ae ae ee ee Scorse Ranch ruins, archeological field work at.........-...-.-------------- ; JOU 21 Sere lena ca een Se eds Te oe ae ee Ac CeSCHID EOD seta tate a em Soe ae ete ee Seat ese ee InOUSEs eee see ee Umass cece a eae AG CALTON See ee eS ee eae eres Sete e ane aS BOMerys2eee2 se. meee cect eas ae Sa eee se nt DEO WU WHrGc ear aee Pree cane eas aces PLAVWaLGmae ores ee eee note eee e et Rees TEC WATe see ee een a are he ins SSS Se oa Sculpture, exhibit allistrating, 231252 ee eee ee nae sao == a2 ea Rare Ot es a ea a a ea EO BE Rese Ee ore rare ee ee eee ae a Strath Un loli Oi Onset eR oe aie aoa s - Boma eso eee ee Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, direction of Museum rests with ..------ papers prepared by members of Museum staff, based on Museum material, printed in publications other than those of Museum, with permission of. Section of American History, crowded condition of .......--.-.-------------- Invertebrate Fossils, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition ....-- specimens of exposition labels used in... ..--- Paleobotany, no exhibit made by, at Pan-American Exposition. -- - Vertebrate Fossils, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition. ------- Seldon, Hy P= plant-collection made. by 2+ 2-:222-2-+-=--=-55-~22------=--- Sellards, E. H., fossil plants received through...........------------------- Senate, action ot for mew.Museum building-2-2_---.--2255-<--=------ =k 443 Page. 292 82 228 2B) 84, 86 88 2 Te 29, 87 29, 87 84, 87 84 168 228 28, 76 168 73, 74 444 INDEX. Page. Sessford, Joseph, clerk in Division of Reptiles and Batrachians...........-.- 42 reference to death-of. 2. S22 re ee eee eee 42, 80 Seton, Ernest Thompson, collection of American deer examined by......-.-- 79 examination of specimens of American deer by .... 30 mountain caribou first made known to science by.. 191 Seton-Karr, H. W., anthropological specimens presented by ..........------ 17, 52 Seven-colored callistes: she sreagee eee Fee Be ee Se rae emi 195 Sharp, J. H40portraits purchased trom se wee eee ee ee 54 Sharpe, David, hymenoptera donated through .-.........-....222222- sce 70 Sharpe, ks Wes COlleChOnmmoly OS tra cO Claes erat mts @ pee ee eee a ae ne ee 78 Sheepshead < s:26 -6as5 SSeS Sees ae ee eee ee Bee ee ee 197 Sheldon; EH: P= plantsecéllectedsby- 22 aasse se eee ae oe eee eee ee eee 71 Sheridan, P. H., Flemish tapestries deposited by.-.-.:-:.2:..-<.......2..-.- 15 Shovel-nose:shark. 224% 2b oes cates Cree ee a ae erg ee ae me 197 Showlow ruin, archeological field wore atte 20-2 2s ieee cee eee eens eee 301 artilacts!=-- =. - Sales SRE ass ee oe ee Sees eee we 301 bomes Pe r2/a25 Sas SSR eee oe eee ie cae eee ee ara 301 CEMOTENY ek 5 Bae IR ee eee eae ee Me alps eee ee mee 301 AesCription ae LP ee ae oe ee eee ae 301 LOCALIOM ee SPE iY Se a eae AR ee ene ee eee ed 301 potshards: 230 £28 5 ane eet as ee ee 301 DOUCET Yes Sass ee eee aces cre ene peace ay hepa age 301 skeleton 2:.-isc. 2 es ee eee a ee ee ee 301 Shufeldt, Miss M. A., ethnological objects purchased from ...............--- 54 Shufeldt, Percy W.; collecting outht fumished to2es 22 522 eee 24 Shuteldit RawWeeskeletons ote bimo.sel emntto meets i easy ae ee eee 32, 79 Shumway ruin, archeological field work at ...................-..... oe ee 302 COM CLOT yeep a ee oe et ne ay a ee 302 description 2.2 ots Ser eas ee a ee 302 lOCATON: yo 2EvE SS LESS Soe ae AO ee oe ae 302 spottery:2:25 sesame each n ee ee eee 302 Sierra (Digger) Indians, California, dwellings of the.................-.----- 207 SignaliCorps, activities/of officers ofthe S232 eee eee eee ee 8 Simpson; CTs ‘collecting trip Of.) 22.2 e se eee en ae ee 19, 23 conchologicalrexplorationsioteg-2 a0 ees seer os ste eer eee 67 mollusk collection made by, in Haiti and Jamaica........... 69 On synopsis: ofthe naiades a5: 3 fasta ese ee ae eee 38 papers on river mussels, published by ...........-.....-...- 76 report on mollusks collected in Porto Rico, prepared jointly by 27, 76 studies of the naiades, continued by =--22.-225222.<2-5-2 =e 28, 76 three short papers on naiades completed by -....----------- 28 titles of: papers by dese eon 2 eee ee eee 168 Singer, Frederic, collecting outht furnished tos. 2220 es.c lee sae oae eee 24 Sioux Indians, the Great Plains, description of group of ...........--------- 204 Skate lec 6 Soha h ie See ee eee ge ag hee 198 Skidi, cemetery rifled ‘by 722222: Soc ee ee ee 292 information-eathered* from, as to -bubialss.4-c-2s255.5ee= aeons 292 prominent; Apache). j27.¢5sey22 ese cee oe ee ee ee 290 Skin and bark-covered lodges of the Montagnais Indians, description of model OF» aa os SL SO ores a nea 208 lodges of the Great Plains Indians, description of model of..........-.- 209 shelters of the Patagonians, South America, description of model of .... 211 Slade, G. 'T., gift‘by ov. 2056S ee ae ee ee Bus 53 INDEX. 445 Page Snialla ahora planenclent COs 2-2 er ee eee San ee er. Eee tote ele Soe 32 Smillie, T. W., photographer of Smithsonian Institution and National Museum. — 218 photosraphrelaboratonyaund eres s— ee ee a ee 39 views of exhibits at Pan-American Exposition made by--- -- 217, 218 Smiths red sceolLooiealle cite leew tae as pe Pei eta a ete ere eee eee 81 Shaith,-Jamesh fossil sisentitose: ooecaaces: oe oto ae eee ae aoe 32, 88 Niitheds besinsecucolectlonsumvyesticateds py s----oeeeeeee ee ase es sees oe 30, 80 INSECISAeTIL: LOlaee ee aes eas ae aoe Sey ee ee eS eee 31,78 speciesio£ noctuidz presented. by: ..22.222.-2+---2-25-+2-s=---2 70 CiGleSfoipa perssD yas aseec a sce Sree one Sues eee nee ene 168 Swoawiul ators, dienes), Tessas Wo) LAOS Oloosagosscenooceossoenases SaSosctaSs 3 Smithsonian building, walls of entrance hall of, repainted.....-.-.----.----- 65 Eclipse Expedition of 1900, photographs presented by---------- 52 Institution, act of Congress, 1846, to establish............------ 3 amount allotted for Pan-American Exposition. - - --- 181 attention of, called to new site yielding fossil remains. — 237 building, table showing number of visitors to, during fiscal year 1900-1901 .....--.-. See Baa aeee 36 building, table showing number of visitors to, since SSI Seana errs oe ease eS os Seceece Pmasee 36 deposit of flint blades exhibited in.--.------..----- 251 exhibit from, for Pan-American Exposition provided POT er ee Se ere Ce ae Haney ee Cea 181 exhibits representing art collections of -......------ 216 explorations under auspices of......-...----------- 7 policysoiminylibraryamatiers|=s=e eee eee see eee 39 represented on Government Board of Management at iPan-AmericaneE xpositionsee= == sees a= e 40 space allotted to, at Pan-American Exposition - ---- - 182 Sra bo tre Sarat ates ro ee ar reece ee es Sarna hapa nes Re Fup Be Sr Sei pe 194 Snappine:tunrtle: sass ects ces sso ctes soa See eee eeceste esse cece onseece 196 Snoderass) Robertebedipvera presented bypee see eee ie ee ee ee 70 material collected at Galapagos Islands by---.-------- 28, 77 Snow houses of the Greenland Eskimo, description of model of......-..-.---- 207 Snowtlake scuinsaty examin 6 oli se eerees see ae eee eee ees Re eel ie eee 287 SHO Wi: OWL? 5. See sie ke Si ae te enone RO Saas oR oe ones sak 194 Snyder, John Otterbem, tithe.of joimtipaper by oa. 22 -— ek eeec ee oes os ee 162 Soft=shelledturtle ess. 2302-2. ee suet eee ace shen se. tees ose cce 196 Somatolocical-divisionce 426 14 aoe ot ee serene nish cae Bere okt Olin 255 Somth America, distribution-of Specimens ini. 522s ee eee ee eee ee 144 SOuGh Amst eri can div canehels 3 o- si srss Sts ae eee ars gee ee eae aseae ee 193 TAMA A S/o A See BA Sefer ts tanvee ete SieiAeei stew ards drole bie Sets ore 191 Spain distributionot.specimens irs. .2 se eeeaee sees a2 eine nee ee 145 Spanmishomackenelic 7 fe5ce eee. eee rks sites eater Bee) nee Sas. seca 197 Special Bulletin U. 8. National Museum, No. 4, Part I, published ......--.- 38, 147 Bulletins U. S. National Museum, Nos. | and 3, work of completing takenuip. 22 Sees s 2 ae ie ese See eines Sap pomine sa ree 75 Specimens in possession of Museum, total number of........---------------- 16 loansot,im.Department oP Biolopy ase os 2 S26 ice 2a ae 77 of National Museum, U. S., distribution and exchange of ...-..-.--- 24 received in 1900-1901, and total number in the several divisions on June sO} GOL mum ber Ofes. sssee = Sesseeee aA miss eco sean 21 sent to each State and foreign country, list of number of lots of ~~ - 24 StAtementtOmarsthnl OUiOM Olas o-- = more a ece aes eee Serele cleae cee 137 446 INDEX. Page epectacled eider' duck. 2... .222a22 i225 2232S ee ee 193 Springer,’ Frank,' geological giftof J... 2 eee eee ee 20, 82 Staff, administrative .-....-.--- Sees a Meee eS eh ee ae eee 94 Museum’... 25s 22's. SSS Set Fe i ere erate ea ere 41,93 scientific .... 2. 6.2.5y Sage 2225 Se ee ee eee ee 93 Stanford University expedition to the Galapagos Islands.....---.........--- 76 Stangl,.P. ., insects: presembed Wyse. os ote os oe oe ae 70 Starks; Hdwin Chapin jou pap ere boiygs ss ese eee a eee 168 titlevol joint paper yeseer Sse oe ee ae ee 162 Statistics of accessions for the past and previous years............-.-....-.-- 21 Steamer duck 23: 222.2282 2ecc5-5.-2- Ree aeeese 295 Stewart, Alban, employmentof =< 3)" = see eee 90 excavations made: by, at Aiton ieee ee ote 237, 239, 240 IMStallatLoms works Odereutoe bs Ute On eee ee eee ee 86 investigations of fossil animals by, at Afton...........--.--- 237 mammoth remains‘collected’ bye. 22235-2224 ssesee ee eee 86 search of, for mastodon remains for Pan-American Exposition — 23, 84, 218, 237 skeleton of female mastodon americanus secured by-..------- 84 Stillwell, L. W.; implements purchased drome. == e- = ee ene 54 INDEX. | 447 Page. Stin oranges soe os 6 eee eae a. SS ee ie ae seers oo a2 Sela 198 Stokes} Eien jolt, Papers DVessue sos - 5 aoc See Sees a emo tae She oo nem ane 169 meteorite paper published jointly by...---.----------------- 29, 87 titleok jome paper by! ae oss. 6 ae = ae eee ee cle ie ee ae 164 Stone Axe people, atiliations|by arts of thes. - - =... 20-25. -=_----<------ 326 PUM AActMG lite aed=a. 2h Mes oo. Set eel Belo eae 320 euriserty aia Arcee ere ee re en hye ere aor $20 archenlorical eld: works abs 2...<2-.-Sansas settee se semee se 320 aTbttae tae eee Aiae a Seo eee Eee cet Ne eS epee 321 Wanevcol lected ees ee ew el eee eae 322 bon esofeanimnal Stee sess a eee ee ae eee See ae eee 326 a AP RSGOTE =F s.,5 er a eee Sc sy oe ata as en mm eine 320 LUT eR ah eet reset nie eek as ee eee ae a crt ae ao cate eye 321 CEM@tER CSE 2 pare ura aoe Se tees Sete an ears roiciatclorsie See 321 collection: Secunedeahe menses sa Sheets oss oe tae 322 copper paint stone, obsidian, flint, shell, and arrow points.. 321 country description: 222 ai WS eer ees ao Nees 320 detaches houses-to the: south: 22es2 52 2325 = ese ee 321 elevations 455 -os ees sae ae sciielne a Sena ste Se is eee 320 fossil: wood sand Limestone ==22s5.c/ce2.- 52-5 22s aan ele oe 322 houses! Tormablonesn sa aeceeeee aoe tee ems ese ese e 321 interesting features presented to student by ....-.---------- 325 Torta Gisela yy el Gabor renin te ee tee oe 323 limestone: ax-) fragment Oia o5-2- ee. =- 3. see ene 322 NOSoNn ONE A etcoae sees Ss HOO ReE RUS a CORE NEAR AP eCoSSae 320 metatesrand handy stomes eee assess e= eee eas eee eee 322 migration of peoplesromisc = 22.2 s55- ce ee eas tees oon 326 ORSST CL aa pose ti See eens, SRN a em Ely eh Se 322 Pallas erty ae ee NZ ices SS Oe eer arsea en see Seeterae ee 322 Pat SLONn es Sese eae ea = a ae eeiee ise oe ee aicletiam 322 PCOUSI OTEK Sees sere ere RC eae BOO ANS eae oe eee 321 (NOLAN A peat a A Bod ape Senos athe Seed eee eso omiset = 322, 323, 324 clam Mariage ls. See ac sae ee nace lars aes 324 cup-shaped depressions made in large vessels... . - - - - 323 frAacMmen (seems s= Meme sae ee eee eon eae 321 IMCL CAtLON OUVeNND Vanesa eres aaa aes os Sees 322 plated si ishratine eee ns ysis oes Se ae oO eo ce ee 323 poly chrome ivasestae- sigs te eae == ten See 323 Te NU0 sy eS eS oe Sie ree Gr Ss Ses SOR Set eee ere Arras 321 shell collectedte At shea eer ne era oS 2 eee ee ES 322 BIKCLCLON Shas Aone Sa eee eens one eeeg ioe lair oem yaia ore 321 nee Sees Beene eens ea Sonate er SS MSse aes ee 326 small sites near, archeological fieldwork at ......------.----- 325 Canteenyera sacs aoe ace Ae leone eis sees = 325 fragments of large coiled vessels. -.-..------ 326 OTAYsWALCy oe =o en aa esas sears oie 325, 326 pottery: and’ stone diskss=- 22252 sec. 2526 326 NOG SWAT iat oe bere cls aa e ewe eee 325, 326 shell ornaments, spindle whorl, arrow SINOOUNEE Ss sakes es Seen noe e 326 SIZCiO fen Sies oni est ee eae eae 326 somatolosicallimateriall ieee - =e esa 326 WAS On playeWwale ee aaa eee eee eee sane 328 448 INDEX. Page. Stone -Aexe ruin small lvl aoe sSibes iin een ty ee eer 321 SOU 22226 SE See ae ee re A Cen eee ee ee 321 SPLINGS = sci icte ens oe eae ae ee te ee Ee ee 320 stone collected exci ee re re es ee ee 322 hammers, metates, and hand stones.._..........-.--- 321 survey ofground 2203s 2 eee ee 320 tanks nears 24 Saeco 2 eee eee eee 321 textiles :sas55. 55. Ss eee a el ee ee ee 322 thin bowlsiot gray pastes re eee ko Re eee eee 323 trecless22 22.520 cee AG Eee eee meee ee bee Sens aes eee 320 VASES) ao BIS Se eee co ere ee eh ae ee ee 324 vesicular lavarco.- ec. os neces aoe = eee Seas ee ae 322 WiNdBeO sc 2e Seek ee S55 = Se ee ee era ea area 321 Stone, H.A., sheep discovered iby a4. 2 ree one ee eee ee ere 190 Stonels sheep ce es se Sis See ARs see eed SR ceed ue 190 Storage rooms of Museum overcrowded --_.- St a LE Se EES ae ae eta 12 Stratigraphic Paleontology, Division of, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposi- LOM Se Lees ole wee eee 222 specimens of Exposition labelsusedin 222 SUrlped: Passes ek he Sees re ae ee 2 Seger re eee ates are a 197 Strong, «BR. MM, title:of paper by a=. ee Soa ee eee ee eee 169 Study collections of Department of Biology, work on ........-....---.------ 2 Sturtz-and’ Krantz, purchase trom sss soe a eee eee eae ye ee ee 82 Suekine: fig ha. A500 cis eS so ee teed a et ee ee Yo ee 197 Summary of Museum exhibit.at Pan-American Exposition ............-----. 181 the: operations! otthewyears: 2223 sae sete: oe rar 13 work, archeological fieldwork in Arizona..............:...----- 398 Sweden, distribution of specimensiam seo... ate Sse ea eee eee eee 145 Sweeny, T. W., competent service of, in arranging and mounting several series Of artifacts ses Shes ie Se Se ce ae re 217 Switzerland; distribution/ol specimens imes ss. >= Gasser es tee ee ane ee 145 Symbolism, archeological fieldwork im-Arizona. 2: 2-2. See 2 300 Panagers! 22s Loss Sa oe aa ae aa en as ee 195 Tapatia-River, approach to. mouthroier sales 2 he cee ee ee ee 364 Tarpon: | 22 r/o.c io crevare re seats rs Le ee ee es a ip a 197 Tassin, Wirt, exhibit for Division of Mineralogy, prepared by ....----------- 228 handbook on gem collection of Museum, completed by--------- 29, 87 installationiworkvol. cats uitall oper siya ies eee eee 86 visitzof “to "Philadelphia's. seas aoa see ree eee 184 work of, on analysis of a damourite from California. .-...------ 29, 87 the dehydration of metallic hydrates..-....--.---- 29, 87 Taxidermy, Pan-Americanelxposition: 22 25 seas ke ae eee see 187 Tehuelche Indians, Patagonia, description of group of ............------.--- 206 Thread fish 2.522275 2 ce Ghee eee ek re a are tg 198 Throwing sticks, exhibit allustratunge 22252 eee ee ee eee 212 Tiger salamander ?: 32.225 ye ee ee ee 197 Timbyras Indians = Fees ei Pe ie a a ee ee 363, 364 purchase from Si a a a ee eae nea 363 Titus, ES.aG. saise ete al em tithe eye eee eee ane es es eae eee ae ca 31, 78 Tobacco pipes, exhibit illustrating = 22-2524 eee ee ee eee 215 Tocard toucanse secs eee regenera ar en ee ee 192 TOCO sce os nccic oe eS Sere Tee 192 INDEX. 449 Page. Tompkins, A. D., investigations carried on in Department of Anthropology by - 31 Tower, W. L., investigations conducted by, in Division of Insects ........--- 30, 80 Tow ‘end: C. H., ethnological material collected by........-.----.--------- 18, 51 Townsend, C. H. T., Mexican diptera received from..........-....--------- 70 Townsendsshe.D > exploraw@ons by tsaces Se. soe =o = occa ase e eee oh see ee 237 release. Walliam-aplants*lentitowas say-5ssoscoe oes teases eee eee eee 32 Triceratops, model of, exhibited at Pan-American Exposition..........------ 181 I RTOR OIE 2 See ie eee eee ee OR a pee Sm it he AE ew. eee eae eee ate 195 Tropical Atlantic oe Syatenans Re reaten Soe ee ae o SIS ISe Se eee as ose ero 198 True, F. W., appointed representative of Smithsonian Institution and National Museum on Government Board for Pan-American Exposition. 40, 80 EXECULIVECUTATOD Stic s4et seein e oo oe OUT pean Se ee 93 head curator of Department of Biology................---..--- 63, 93 NE POLW Olwaeme eee ee 63 on Report on the Exhibit of the United States National Museum at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, 1901— SUTIN As yam reteset tare ee Save ete sree ays Sees Cae te Sn onan yon 181 report by, on the exhibit of the Department of Biology at the Pan-American -R xpositionse= sss ote ait eo ee ee ee 185 ime; ht, otanicalicollections usedubyrce <= 0 eee alae ee ee 31, 80 Tuchband, Adolph, expedition to the Upper Amazon River made by -.-.---- 185 obtaining of ethnological objects undertaken by~.-----.---- 185 Aukted? puttin ects 5 eats Me A ee ee bs ke 9 0D, Tepe ee ciate eee 194 SUT LAS US A 2 Shera Se ee eae ere Petr ra ae tu ey ys a I et ey 289 TMS O CARO Ms Ole Ae tees ey pa ares mei en eer re Ne es yeaah 290 J Bibl ayesha et aud hig cae sin Pace Vet ea, mec eater eae aT Nc OR EER a lee pe Once 363 ARE OS repay e2 Cosa ier eel hrs Wee ME eYt EOL OL SEpa ai res a eatin 196 Husayvanvware,-Perods Oh i: Fj sme oe week ie ae a eee A ee ee 346 HRS E SS Sew eree is Bees ear ors ot eA cia aL ee 346 SOCOM Gama ke Seyi eie ae a Oe yee ee ye eee 346 (OW 6 AS Regrets ee me te Reet ee ES le ee 347 Types of buildings, archeological field work in Arizona ........---.----.---- 302 ONC CAR= rae ie eee se os oe wie Sew eee eee eer eae nes emote Sscecs 206 Wim tacninus! socialise clit Oho seen. eee eee ae mde Sete est se 20 Wimilbrellai lon di ey ee es ee ee eae Se ee BE LI nL 195 Wnderwood.b eM, splantslentitonssseee sates ae se ean es ee 32 United States Army, surveys carried on by Engineer Corps of the .......---- 8 Department of Agriculture, plants received through -._..--.--- 71 diplomatic and consular service abroad _......-.....---------- 8 distribution. of specimiens)imia2 225/22 Sages Soe 2 ee sk 137 exploringyexpeditionieseccce= i.e ee ioe Some 8 Fishi@ommission; boatamodelsilentitos= sees. see eeeeeeee eee see 61 collections of marine invertebrates transferred to, Miuseumubya es oe ee wan oe secs = 70 exp lorations/Of2 =a maar nena one eee ee 8 fish collections consulted by ichthyologists of. 79 plants recetved: through <2 -..<5--- 25. sss8s<.: 71 steamer Albatross, reptiles obtained for Mu- seumsby naturalist of-2s2 22. 2+2=222252-5 69 types of new species of fish deposited by --.- 69 HoreawnuissHonaverr, (OWA Olosoocaccusbonoseuusceeeooscace 23 Geolosicalisunveys explorablong: Ol saseem sere ses = ae eee aeeeeee 8 450 INDEX. Page. United States Geological Survey, funds obtained for a model of a skeleton of 3 triceratops prorsus, through joint arrange- THe TRG Wits ba oe ee eee eee 218 geological specimens received from. ....- 81, 82, 83 transmitted through ~~ 81 loan-totsc Ue cas ee eee 88 topographic data available from records of- - 85 Life-Saving Service, loamtoeeece = sacs. ee ee ee 61 National Museum, report on, by assistant secretary of Smith- sonian Institution 222 02/260 78 Wo sete ne ee Ss et Aa a 3 University ofddaho:eiit toi 42s Sa soe ee ee eran Seep nee 89 Kansas, fossil plants received in exchange from._..........----- 83 Uruguay, distribution of spectinenstim (2 2e- cee here Stee ee eee 144 Vaughan, T. Wayland, corals from Albatross South Sea expedition, to be re- portedionj bye 2 Aue ae Cea es Serie ae ee 71 Porto Rican corals determined by......-.--.-.-----. 71 titles/of papers: by2s 2c eye ee cn cree Oe ee ees 169 work by, ‘on the trecenticorals ioe ee a ae 29 on West Indian corals continued by ......----- 80 Venezuela tribes, South America, pile dwellings of the. _......-......-..-.-- 207 Verrill, A. E., title of paper Dy 222545 2o ms ee era he Scns as a ae ee 170 Vertebrate: fossils, (exibition Ob eo ese oe ee eer = eae 35 Section of, exhibit of, at Pan-American Exposition. .._ ~~. - 228 Rate lat: pees eee a hole ie persed ea oe te i ee oe ala Seo See Se 191 Wirpinia Geer oo. ocr cee re tte teteeb ree lateral ee 191 WViscacha: ca oc ce Ga Scena aac gee Sete ear See rec 191 Visit to Indian tribes of the Purus River, Brazil, narrative of a, by Joseph Beal St@ere,