‘4 ut ae if AY H ‘ ta 4 t Ax " y 9 i) t Oe ‘. ] 7] i : it. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PUBLICATION 4149 Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year Ended June 30 1953 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1954 LETTER OF TRANSMIPTAL SMITHSONIAN InstTITUTION, Washington, December 31, 1953. To the Congress of the United States: In accordance with section 5593 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, I have the honor, on behalf of the Board of Regents, to submit to Congress the annual report of the operations, expendi- tures, and condition of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended June 30, 1953. I have the honor to be, Respectfully, LronarD CARMICHAEL, Secretary. eS eS ES Se eS a For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price $3.75 (Cloth) CONTENTS iit of omeialssassten Oe 2b Aesead Fou. oeines BEEZ eae ee SSeS Generalistatement] 2225 23 2 Sa ae ae ee es - ee een pie Hatablishment.. =.= =o 0 ee! _ we eee et eee See The, Boardiof) Regentesis2.202 2. 25.220) Joo Sa- to ae alee anes See. Ss imuuctiOn Of New Secretary. o 5 ou eee ee eee EUS ea OS Sere eee as ees Appropriations_-_-.--------------------------------------------- WASIGOPS Ses oo eee ee Bees See eo ene eee eee Twentieth annual James Arthur lecture on the sun_---_--_------------- Tomned Shatin ine 0 ee ee eee ee oeeee eae Termination of the Institute of Social Anthropology------------------- Renovation of National Collection of Fine Arts_--...------------------ Summary of the year’s activities of the branches of the Institution______- NabRenye ne oe ne ns en ne en ee ana aa a PTICATIONES (ee a oe eee eee eee ence eee a Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum__-------__- 2. Report on the National Gallery of Art__.....------------- 3. Report on the National Collection of Fine Arts------------ w= Report om the Ureer Gallery Of Aree soso. sce ee ea 5. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology------------- 6. Report on the International Exchange Service___---------- 7. Report on the National Zoological Park___.--------------- 8. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory - ---------------- 9. Report on the National Air Museum----_---------------- 10. Report on the Canal Zone Biological Area____-_----------- dieeReport Oa the UDranys-- 2 eens teen een ea ee i2eshepore om PUDIICRUODS =. 8 - ns ee as. se— =e eee Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents__----------- GENERAL APPENDIX Science, art, and education, by R. E. Gibson__-_.--------------------- Recent progress in astronomical photography, by C. E. Kenneth Mees- -- Radioisotopes—New keys to knowledge, by Paul C. Aebersold - --------- The push-button factory, by Frank K. Shallenberger_--_---------------- The science of musical instruments, by E. G. Richardson_-_-_------------ Genetics and the world today, by Curt Stern..---_.------------------- Climate aud race, by Carleton Coon] 2 2225-1 - 2 2 .- Se Vegetation management for rights-of-way and roadsides, by Frank E. Helens = eee ee: 2) eee ree ee aoe oe eee eee eae Applied systematics: The usefulness of scientific names of animals and plantas by) Waldo i. Sehmitt. 222222222 Seea. 2-2-2 -- 2 -=--=- === The geological history and evolution of insects, by F. M. Carpenter-__---- sa] > ® ro) WOOMWIADAHP Hoe < 169 205 219 241 253 263 277 299 323 339 IV ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Page The coelacanth fishes, by Errol White__------------------------------ 351 Barro Colorado—Tropical island laboratory, by Lloyd Glenn Ingles__---- 361 Norsemen in North America before Columbus, by Johannes Brgndsted.-. 367 The mountain village of Dahr, Lebanon, by Raymond E. Crist_--------- 407 The problem of dating the Dead Sea Scrolls, by John Cx Trever-2- =.= 425 Kinreizuka—The “Golden Bells Tomb” of Japan, by Motosaburo Hirano and Hiroshi Takiguchi- ------------------------------------------ 437 The archeology of colonial Williamsburg, by Thomas J. Wertenbaker-- -- 447 The story of the Declaration of Independence desk and how it came to the National Museum, by Margaret W. Brown------------------------- 455 Charles Bird King, painter of Indian visitors to the nation’s capital, by John. C. Bwerse sunt ese these ed oe Sees ok eee ee 463 LIST OF PLATES Secretary’s Report: Plate Wee = 26 38 ee ee ee ee 6 Plates 2, 3._..-------------------------------------------=----- 54 Plates 4, 5._-_.--_-----------------=-- =< == =--= == === 3-2 =--— 70 Plates 6, 7.=2.--~--==+---=-==-==<22-- See a a 102 Astronomical photography (Mees): Plates 1-6------------------------ 214 Radioisotopes (Aebersold): Plates 1-4_--.---------------------------- 230 Science of musical instruments (Richardson): Plates 1-3__------------- 262 Vegetation management (Egler): Plates 1-6_------------------------- 310 Geological history and evolution of insects (Carpenter) : Plates 1-3_----- 342 Coelacanth fishes (White): Plate 1.-.-------------------------------- 358 Barro Colorado (Ingles): Plates 1-6--------------------------------- 366 Norsemen in North America before Columbus (Brgndsted): Plates 1-10-- 390 Dahr, Lebanon (Crist): Plates 1-8__--------------------------------- 422 Dead Sea Scrolls (Trever): Plates 1-8--_.---------------------------- 430 Kinreizuka (Hirano and Takiguchi): Plates 1-4_---------------------- 446 Colonial Williamsburg (Wertenbaker): Plates 1-4--------------------- 454 Declaration of Independence desk (Brown): Plates 1-5_---------------- 462 Charles Bird King (Ewers): Plates 1-8..-..-------------------------- 470 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION June 30, 1953 Presiding Officer ex officio —Dwiant D. E1sENHOWER, President of the United States. Chancellor—F rep M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: DwicuHt D. HiseNHOowER, President of the United States. RicwHarp M. NrxoNn, Vice President of the United States. Frep M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States. JoHn Foster DULLES, Secretary of State. Grorct M. HumpuHeey, Secretary of the Treasury. CHARLES BE. WILSON, Secretary of Defense. Herpsert Browne Lt, JR., Attorney General. Artuur E. SUMMERFIELD, Postmaster General. Douatas McK Ay, Secretary of the Interior. Ezra Tarr Benson, Secretary of Agriculture. SIncLair WEEKS, Secretary of Commerce. Martin P. DourkKIN, Secretary of Labor. Oveta Cup Hosey, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Regents of the Institution: Frep M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. RicHarp M. Nrxon, Vice President of the United States. Rosert A. Tart, Member of the Senate. CLiInton P. ANDERSON, Member of the Senate. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Member of the Senate. CLARENCE CANNON, Member of the House of Representatives. JOHN M. Vorys, Member of the House of Representatives. Leroy Jounson, Member of the House of Representatives. ARTHUR H. Compton, citizen of Missouri. VANNEVAR BusH, citizen of Washington, D. C. Rosert V. FLEMING, citizen of Washington, D. C. JEROME C. HUNSAKER, citizen of Massachusetts. Executive Committee.—Roberr V. FLEMING, chairman, VANNEVAR BusH, CLAR- ENCE CANNON. Secretary. LEONARD CARMICHAEL. Assistant Secretaries.—Joun BE. Grar, J. L. Keppy. Administrative assistant to the Secretary.—Mrs. Lou1srt M. PEARSON. Treasurer.—J. D. HOWARD. Chief, editorial division.—PatL H. O£HSER. Librarian.—Mrs. LetLa I’, CLARE. Chief, accounting division —THOMAS F. CLARK. Superintendent of buildings and labor.—lL. L. OLIVER. Assistant Superintendent of buildings and labor.—CHARLES C. SINCLAIR. Chief, personnel division.—JacK B. NEWMAN, Chief, publications division.—L. BH. COMMERFORD. Chief, supply division —ANTHONY W. WILDING. . Photographer.—¥. B. KESTNER. VI ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Director.—A. REMINGTON KELLOGG. Chief, office of correspondence and records.—HELENA M. WEISS. Editor—Joun S. Lea. SCIENTIFIC STAFF DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY : Frank M. Setzler, head curator; A. J. Andrews, J. E. Anglim, exhibits preparators; W. W. Taylor, Jr., collaborator in anthropology. Division of Archeology: Waldo R. Wedel, curator; Clifford Evans, Jr., asso- ciate curator. Division of Ethnology: H. W. Krieger, curator; J. O. Ewers, C. M. Watkins, associate curators; R. A. Elder, Jr., assistant curator. Division of Physical Anthropology: T. Dale Stewart, curator; M. T. Newman, associate curator. Associate in Anthropology: Neil M. Judd. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY : Waldo L. Schmitt, head curator; W. L. Brown, chief exhibits preparator ; C. H. Aschemeier, W. M. Perrygo, E. G. Laybourne, C. 8. East, J. D. Biggs, exhibits preparators; Mrs. Aime M. Awl, scientific illustrator. Division of Mammals: D. H. Johnson, H. W. Setzer, associate curators; Charles O. Handley, Jr., assistant curator; A. Brazier Howell, collaborator ; Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., associate. Division of Birds: Herbert Friedmann, curator; H. G. Deignan, associate curator; Samuel A. Arny, museum aide; Alexander Wetmore, research associate and custodian of alcoholic and skeleton collections; Arthur C. Bent, collaborator. Division of Reptiles and Amphibians: Doris M. Cochran, associate curator. Division of Fishes: Leonard P. Schultz, curator; EH. A. Lachner, associate curator; W. T. Leapley, Robert H. Kanazawa, museum aides. Division of Insects: Edward A. Chapin, curator; R. E. Blackwelder, W. D. Field, O. L. Cartwright, Grace E. Glance, associate curators ; Sophy Parfin, junior entomologist; W. L. Jellison and M. A. Carriker, collaborators. Section of Hymenoptera: W. M. Mann, Robert A. Cushman, assistant custodians. Section of Diptera: Charles T. Greene, assistant custodian. Section of Coleoptera: L. L. Buchanan, specialist for Casey collection. Division of Marine Invertebrates: F. A. Chace, Jr., curator; Frederick M. Bayer, associate curator; Mrs. L. W. Peterson, museum aide; Mrs. Harriet Richardson Searle, Max M. Ellis, J. Percy Moore, collaborators; Mrs. Mildred S. Wilson, collaborator in copepod Crustacea. Division of Mollusks: Harald A. Rehder, curator; Joseph P. E. Morrison, R. Tucker Abbott, associate curators; W. J. Byas, museum aide; Paul Bartsch, associate. Section of Helminthological Collections: Benjamin Schwartz, collabo- rator. Associates in Zoology: T. S. Palmer, W. B. Marshall, A. G. Béving, C. R. Shoemaker, W. K. Fisher, Austin H. Clark. Collaborator in Zoology: R. S. Clark. Collaborator in Biology: D. C. Graham. SECRETARY’S REPORT Vil DEPARTMENT or Borany (NATIONAL HERBARIUM) ; Jason R. Swallen, head curator. Division of Phanerogams: A. C. Smith, curator ; BE. OC. Leonard, E, H. Walker, Lyman B. Smith, associate curators; Velva EB. Rudd, assistant curator; FB. P. Killip, research associate. Division of Ferns: C. V. Morton, curator. Division of Grasses: Ernest R. Sobns, associate curator; Mrs. Agnes Chase, ¥. A. McClure, research associates. Division of Cryptogams: C. V. Morton, acting curator; Paul S. Conger, asso- ciate curator; John A. Stevenson, custodian of C. G. Lloyd mycological collections and honorary curator of Fungi; David G. Fairchild, custodian of Lower Fungi. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY : W. F. Foshag, head curator; J. H. Benn and Jessie G. Beach, museum aides. Division of Mineralogy and Petrology: W. F. Foshag, acting curator; E. P. Henderson, G. S. Switzer, associate curators; F. E. Holden, museum technician; Frank L. Hess, custodian of rare metals and rare earths. Division of Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany: Gustav A. Cooper, curator; A. R. Loeblich, Jr., David Nicol, Arthur L. Bowsher, associate curators; W. T. Allen, museum aide; J. Brookes Knight, research associate in paleontology. Section of Invertebrate Paleontology: T. W. Stanton, custodian of Mesozoic collection; J. B. Reeside, Jr., custodian of Mesozoic collec- tion; Preston Cloud, research associate. Section of Paleobotany: Roland W. Brown, research associate. Division of Vertebrate Paleontology: C. L. Gazin, curator; D. H. Dunkle, associate curator; F. L. Pearce, A. C. Murray, exhibits preparators. Associates in Mineralogy: W. T. Schaller, S. H. Perry, J. P. Marble. Associate in Paleontology: R. S. Bassler. DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIES ; Frank A. Taylor, head curator. Diwision of Engineering: Frank A. Taylor, acting curator. Section of Civil and Mechanical Engineering : Frank A. Taylor, in charge. Section of Marine Transporation: Frank A. Taylor, in charge. Section of Electricity : K. M. Perry, associate curator. Section of Physical Sciences and Measurement: Frank A. Taylor, in charge. Section of Land Transportation: 8. H. Oliver, associate curator. Division of Crafts and Industries: William N. Watkins, curator; Edward A. Avery, William E. Bridges, and Walter T. Marinetti, museum aides; F. L. Lewton, research associate. Section of Textiles: Grace L. Rogers, assistant curator, in charge. Section of Wood Technology: W. N. Watkins, in charge. Section of Manufactures: Edward C. Kendall, associate curator, in charge. Section of Agricultural Industries: Edward C. Kendall, associate cura- tor, in charge. Division of Medicine and Public Health: George B. Griffenhagen, associate curator; Alvin E. Goins, museum aide. Division of Graphic Arts: Jacob Kainen, curator; J. Harry Phillips, Jr., museum aide. Section of Photography: A. J. Wedderburn, Jr., associate curator. Vill ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: Mendel L. Peterson, acting head curator. Divisions of Military History and Naval History: M. L. Peterson, associate curator; J. R. Sirlouis, assistant curator; Craddock R. Goins, Jr., junior historian. Division of Civil History: Margaret W. Brown, associate curator; Robert Leroy Morris, museum aide. Division of Numismatics: 8. M. Mosher, associate curator. Division of Philately: Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., associate curator. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Trustees: F rep M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States, Chairman. Joun Foster Duttes, Secretary of State. Grorce M. Humpurey, Secretary of the Treasury. LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SAMUEL H. KRESS. FERDINAND LAMMOT BELIN. DUNCAN PHILLIPS. CHESTER DALE. PAUL MELLON. President —SAMUEL H. KRESS. Vice President.—FERDINAND LAMMor BELIN. Secretary-Treasurer.— HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Director.—Davip E. FINLEY. Administrator.—Hagry A. McBriDE. General Counsel.—_HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Chief Curator.—JOHN WALKER. Assistant Director.—MacGiLL JAMES. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Director.—THomMas M. Becas. Curator of ceramics.—P. V. GARDNER. Chief, Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service.—Mrs. JoHn A. POPE. Echibits preparator.—ROWLAND Lyon. FREER GALLERY OF ART Director.—A. G. WENLEY. Assistant Director.—JouN A. POPE. Assistant to the Director.——Burns A. STUBBS. Associate in Near Eastern art.—RIcHARD ETTINGHAUSEN. Associate in technical research.—RutTHERFORD J, GETTENS. Assistant in research.—HArRoLp P. STERN. Research associate—GracE DUNHAM GUEST. Honorary research associate.—Max Lorar. SECRETARY’S REPORT IX BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Director.—MaTTHEew W. STIRLING. Associate Director.—F RANK H. H. Roserrs, Jr. Anthropologists.—H. B. Cott1ns, Jr., PHILIP DRUCKER. Ethnologist.—JoHn P. HARRINGTON. Collaborators.—FRANCES DENsMORE, RALPH S. Soreckr, Joun R. Swanton, A. J. WARING, Jr. Scientific illustrator.—H. G. SCHUMACHER. River BASiIn SuRVEYS.—F'RANK H. H. Roserts, Jr., Director. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE Chief.—D. G. WILLIAMS. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director.—WILLIAM M. MANN. Assistant Director.—E8NEsT P. WALKER. Head Animal Keeper.—FRaNK O. LOWE. ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Director.—LoYAtL B. ALDRICH. DIVISION OF ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH : Chief.—WIiLL1AmM H. Hoover. Instrument makers.—ANbDREW KRAMER, D. G. TALBERT, J. H. HARRISON. Research associate.—CHARLES G. ABBOT. DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS: Chief.—R. B. WiTHROW. Plant Physiologists —WILLIAM H. Kirin, Leonarp Price, V. B. ELsrap, Mrs. Atice P. WITHROW. NATIONAL AIR MUSEUM Advisory Board: LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Chairman. Lr. GEN. LAURENCE C. Crataig, U. 8S. Air Force. Rear ApM. T. 8. Comps, U.S. Navy. GROVER LOENING. WILLIAM B. Strout. Head curator.—Pavt B. GARBER. Associate curator.—R. C. STROBELL. Manager, National Air Museum Facility —W. M. Mate. Museum aides.—STANIEY Potrer, WinTrRoP 8S. SHAW. CANAL ZONE BIOLOGICAL AREA Resident Manager.—JAMES ZETEK. Opty ey he . rf) ie. Ar d i yay naa ie ‘8. ie lige 4 4a oT ? 7 ig he fo tivo " he anise omy ie i } if vod sat nine " meh A lt Mee Fue Tal ae nas AAS ati! wiry erere: sa ; seen) A eA" ‘2 % oy a TA Yrs. aa ewe ab No - | fy | Nya vifw wre syd + ana i Vy oe es a es ss iP o raw di. ih ive ’ x at ' 4 } . 7, v ved ’ In eat ao nn fh tah hee ; - : 4‘ 4 TE L i, { » y if ory ; ’ sea te | PPPs T i a ad Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution LEONARD CARMICHAEL For the Year Ended June 30, 1953 To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: GenTLEMEN : I have the honor to submit a report showing the activi- ties and condition of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches for the fiscal year which ended on June 380, 1953. GENERAL STATEMENT My duties as the seventh Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution were assumed on January 2, 1953. Thus, during approximately half the year covered by the present report the Institution was under the able direction of its eminent former Secretary, Dr. Alexander Wet- more. Detailed statements covering the work of the several bureaus and divisions of the Smithsonian during the full year are presented elsewhere in this report. I should like first to express my deep appreciation to the Honorable Fred M. Vinson, Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, to the chairman of our executive committee, and individually to our regents, all of whom have most unselfishly performed many services essential to the effective operation and progress of the Institution during the year covered by this report. I wish also to thank Dr. Wetmore for the great assistance he has given me as his successor, and the entire Smithsonian staff for the cooperation they have extended to me as the new occupant of the office of Secretary. The Smithsonian has many pressing needs and unsolved problems, but it is fortunate in possessing a staff that is in an outstanding degree professionally qualified and is superlatively loyal to the best interests of the Institution. Many former employees, some long retired, return regularly to carry on research and follow the progress of the Institu- tion with keen interest. Ina striking way present and past staff mem- bers correctly feel that they truly belong to the old and distinguished Smithsonian family. In this respect and in many others I find the Institution similar to a great university. The Smithsonian is unique because it is the Nation’s principal re- search center in a number of basic scientific and cultural fields. Be- cause of its unequaled natural-science collections, which contain a vast number of “type specimens,” it is a continuing repository of standards 1 2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 for much work in biology and geology. In its collections of history and technology, of aviation, and of the fine arts the Smithsonian has special distinctions and responsibilities in maintaining a proper and complete record of our national achievements and of preserving in trust for the Nation valuable gifts from its citizens. Its expeditions and researches in anthropology in our own and other American coun- tries have brought to light much of the past that was hidden and have preserved much that would otherwise have been lost. Its researches in solar radiation continue to be a principal source of special information in a field of growing practical importance. Its library of more than a million and a half titles is one of the world’s great repositories of published scientific information and by far the greatest in the Western Hemisphere. Through its extensive publication program, its inter- national exchange service for scientific literature, its museum exhibits and traveling exhibitions, and in the answering of thousands of indi- vidual inquiries yearly the Smithsonian is surely a world center not only for the increase of knowledge but for the proper diffusion of exact information. ~ In some ways, this means that the Smithsonian may be thought of as a living encyclopedia that is always being kept up to date. Re- search workers connected with industrial development as well as scientific investigators all over the country continually call upon our expanding collections and records for the identification and descrip- tion of plants, animals, minerals, and unknown or puzzling objects of human workmanship, especially works of art, and for information pertaining to our other fields of scholarly interest. In these first months of my service as Secretary it has become clear to me that the Smithsonian has, through its more than a century of service, won a special place in the hearts and minds of American citi- zens from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Taking all our buildings to- gether, more than 8,200,000 visitors entered our various halls last year. It is reported at the USO information desk in Washington’s Union Station that 9 out of 10 members of the Armed Forces inquire for the Smithsonian Institution. A Gallup poll of last summer, at- tempting to sample the opinion of the estimated 35 million adult Americans who have visited Washington at least once, indicated that except for the Capitol and the White House, the Smithsonian Insti- tution is regarded as “the most interesting thing for a visitor to see in Washington.” Car and bus loads of individuals from the Pacific Coast States and from every other part of the Nation come day after day to the Smithsonian. These visitors are of all ages. Many of them are impressionable high-school seniors on what may well be their one trip to Washington. It is thus borne in upon everyone connected with the Smithsonian Institution that our exhibits must be prepared in such a way that they will most effectively tell these eager and SECRETARY’S REPORT 3 earnest visitors the story of America’s national history and of the rise of the industrial and scientific greatness of America. These fu- ture leaders of our Nation cannot help being wiser in all that they do concerning our country if they see in our halls examples of the ingenious productions of the great inventors and leaders of the past. The very fact that other countries of the world in recent years have voiced their pride in their eminent inventors indicates something of the importance of emphasizing America’s great inventive contri- butions of human society in building our own Nation’s morale. This year certain facts were presented to the Congress concerning the fundamental needs of the Smithsonian Institution. Without ex- ception, the press comments on these statements from all parts of the country agreed that the Smithsonian has a significant place in our Nation’s life and that its work should be adequately supported. The history of the Smithsonian makes clear how the present finan- cial situation of the Institution has arisen. Almost all our endow- ments were given for various specific purposes. ‘Therefore, little of the income from the invested funds of the Institution is available for alteration or growth from year to year. In this connection, it is a pleasure to report that a few small funds from bequests have come to the Smithsonian during the current year. Those who are con- nected with the administration of the Smithsonian are delighted at any time to discuss with prospective donors the means by which their gifts can support the general work of the Institution. The bureaus of the Smithsonian which are financed in varying degrees by congressional appropriations have developed through the years in an uneven way. In general, it may be said of the continuing activities of the Institution that instead of expanding in the last 20 years, which have seen so much growth in many activities of the Fed- eral Government, the Smithsonian has financially remained static or even in some respects has retrogressed. A comparison of the situation in 1934 and in the present year is illuminating. In the period since 1934 the national collections in charge of the Smithsonian have in- creased 130 percent. The number of visitors to our 5 exhibition buildings on the Mall have increased by more than 150 percent and our correspondence in answering scientific and other questions has grown several times that amount. In spite of this growth in work load, the total number of man- hours per week available at the Smithsonian has actually decreased during the past 20 years. In cash, the appropriations for functions other than personnel is $11,000 less than it was in 1933. This means that in purchasing power the Smithsonian has had its funds cut more than in half during this period. The Honorable Charles R. Jonas, Member of Congress from North Carolina, in a published news report to his constituents this year com- 4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 paring our national expenditures for military affairs with those at the Smithsonian, said in part, “So there are two of our outstanding national collections—the study at the Smithsonian of man’s construc- tive progress, and the study at Aberdeen of man’s destructive prog- ress. In both cases we can marvel at and feel proud of American ingenuity and energy ... But at Aberdeen, there is mixed with our pride a certain sadness and shame that American thought and wealth must of necessity be spent on a collection of terrible weapons to use against other men. Billions for war, pennies for cultural life . what a tragic arrangement of accounts.” The Smithsonian is not an “inflated agency,” but rather one that in recent decades has not been permitted to perform for the citizens of this country its many basic functions as well as it would have been able to do if it had been given more financial support. During this time, however, the loyal but numerically declining staff of the Insti- tution has carried on approximately 150 percent more work than was required of their more numerous predecessors. All who are interested in the welfare of the Smithsonian must, therefore, it seems, be prepared to explain its unique and fundamental place in American life to all responsible individuals, both inside and outside our Government, who can assist in its development. I am happy to report that appropriations made to the Smithsonian for the fiscal year 1954 will allow the Institution to take some first steps in the long-overdue rehabilitation of its exhibitions and in the needed renovations of certain of its buildings. Funds to continue modern- ization and renovation will be most urgently needed in the succeeding years. In the near future plans must also be made for new buildings to relieve the now almost intolerable overcrowding of our present structures. In its basic charter the Smithsonian was established, as Smithson its wise donor directed, to provide for “the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” The importance of these functions in the welfare of a nation becomes more clear with each passing year. Can anyone doubt that the sensible and constructive growth of our free institutions is based upon a clear knowledge by most of our citizens of the factors that have made our past achievements and activities possible? Our American conception of social progress is based on a realization that advancement is founded on a willingness to take advantage of improvements in the existing way of doing things. We do not intend to have here the destructive and self-defeating chaos produced by revolutionary upheavals. We must thus insure as wide a dissemination as possible of a knowledge of the past achievements of our Nation and of its natural resources. It is symbolic of the mission of the Smithsonian that what has been called “the No. 1 Museum Item of America,” the great flag Fran- SECRETARY’S REPORT 5 cis Scott Key watched as he wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner,” is proudly displayed in our halls. In this dangerous time of the world’s history, when free institutions continue to be challenged by totalitarian ideologies, a true knowledge on the part of our citizens of the story of our country’s rise to preeminence is important. This amazing na- tional growth is illustrated in many Smithsonian exhibits. Thus the honored old Smithsonian Institution provides today one of the means by which a forward-looking American can pass on to new generations a true understanding of our free heritage as a society that stands for liberty under law. THE ESTABLISHMENT The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846, in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson, of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” In receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress determined that the Federal Government was without authority to administer the trust directly, and, therefore, constituted an “establishment” whose statutory members are “the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.” THE BOARD OF REGENTS The Institution suffered a great loss during the year in the death of two of its most valued regents. Eugene E. Cox, member from the House of Representatives, died on December 24, 1952, and to fill the vacancy created the Speaker of the House appointed Representative Leroy Johnson, of California, to serve until the fourth Wednesday in December in the second year succeeding his appointment. The death of Harvey N. Davis, which occurred on December 3, 1952, created a vacancy in the class of citizen regents, but this had not been filled at the end of the year. When the opposite political party becomes the majority party, it is required that one of the members of the Board resign. Senator Walter F. George, therefore, submitted his resignation to the Vice President since he was the most recent Democrat to be appointed to the Board of Regents. This vacancy was filled by the appointment of Senator Robert A. Taft, of Ohio, on March 9, 1953. On January 20, 1958, Vice President Richard Nixon became an ex officio member of the Board to succeed the Honorable Alben W. Barkley. 6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The roll of regents at the close of the present fiscal year was as follows: Chief Justice of the United States Fred M. Vinson, Chan- cellor; Vice President Richard Nixon; members from the Senate: Clinton P. Anderson, Leverett Saltonstall, Robert A. Taft; members from the House of Representatives: Clarence Cannon, Leroy John- son, John M. Vorys; citizen members: Vannevar Bush, Arthur H. Compton, Robert V. Fleming, and Jerome C. Hunsaker. On the evening of January 15, 1953, preceding the annual meeting, an informal dinner meeting of the Board was held in the main hall of the Smithsonian Institution, with the Chancellor, Chief Justice Vinson, presiding. This followed a custom established in 1949 at the sugges- tion of Chancellor Vinson, who believed that an evening meeting each year would help the regents by further acquainting them with the scientific and scholarly work of the Institution. Several research workers representing different departments of the Institution were present and gave brief firsthand accounts of their recent studies to the Board members. The regular annual meeting of the Board was held on January 16 in the Regents Room. The Secretary gave his annual report covering the activities of the Institution and its bureaus. The financial report of the executive committee was presented for the fiscal year ended June 30, and this was accepted by the Board. The usual resolution was passed authorizing expenditures of the income of the Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1954. INDUCTION OF NEW SECRETARY Dr. Leonard Carmichael, psychologist and former president of Tufts College, who had been elected seventh Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution by the Board of Regents at its meeting on April 9, 1952, took office on January 2, 1953. Special induction ceremonies were held in the Regents Room, with the Honorable Harold M. Stephens, chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals, administering the oath of office. Dr. Carmichael succeeded Dr. Alexander Wetmore, biologist, who retired after serving 28 years with the Institution, since 1945 as Secretary. Dr. Wetmore, as research associate, is continuing his scientific work with the Smithsonian. FINANCES A statement on finances, dealing particularly with Smithsonian private funds, will be found in the report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, page 159. PLATE 1 Secretary's Report, 1953. *$9381S poIU() 2432 0} Jopessequiy ysiaug ‘suryeyy IaZOY MG pue feayuumoy Adyog yoivasay ssuajaq sUleiig Jo uewIeYyS 4yosyI0D uyof mg fuonnysuy UBIUOSYUWE IY} Jo AlejoI9ag “JavyswWIeD pieuosy “IC] :3Yy3l1 OJ YaT ,,"uatu Suowe a8pajmouy Jo vorsnyIp PUL ASPaIUL BY} JOJ,, UOIININsUT 9Y} papuNoy oSe sivaX FZ] Ysanbaq ssoym ‘uosyUIG sauef Jo quo, ay} Ie pedvjdsip aq 03 pojuesaid sem yoef uous) Yysiqig ve uaym “¢céy] “7 ouN[ ‘uoINIsU] UeIUOSYIUIG ay} Ie saTUOUTaIED Wi Lie -) 609192 SNMP ATWL! YONI Lv 0310 CHA NOLLOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS FHI 40 830NNO3 NOSHLINS S3W¥r Ca BLL Bie A At ae fe F ¢ ue uy a Pei hs PWoy SECRETARY’S REPORT 7 APPROPRIATIONS Funds appropriated to the Institution for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953, total $2,419,500, obligated as follows: Manacement 85.6 6can a ee a era aaa $57, 289 Wnited States National Museums.) ) o.oo ee ne 765, 514 JEURL REAL Ose Je Wwoa ted enCetey eked Oy Hab 0X0) OFA ee ee 59, 454 Astrophysical Observatory___-.--_--.----------------------------- 119, 840 National |}@olection sot eee AGG mee ee ee ee ee 43, 619 National PAIne \LUSCUMe: 9-5 2206... oe ae ee es 145, 242 CWundieZOne Ssi0lOS Cal eA Tea ees ee ee ee ee ee ee 7, 000 International Wxchange, ServiCelese sn. seen an eee 65, 664 Maintenance and operation of buildings-_____-____________--------_~ 864, 945 ENC CONETAP SCRVLCes ee ase ee eee a ae ee 290, 528 mobo) se eae ee ESS 405 AM OVC ee UR I eS a oe ee ee 2, 419, 500 In addition $1,428,050 (of which $13,825.80 was unobligated) was appropriated to the National Gallery of Art, and $615,000 was pro- vided in the District of Columbia appropriation act for the operation of the National Zoological Park. Besides these direct appropriations, the Institution received funds by transfer or grant from other Federal agencies, as follows: From the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, $24,287.37 for the operation of the Institute of Social Anthropology through December 31, 1953. From the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, $122,- 700 for archeological projects in connection with the River Basin Surveys. From the National Science Foundation, $6,000 to supplement Smith- sonian funds for the transportation of exchange publications through the International Exchange Service. VISITORS Visitors to the Smithsonian group of buildings during the year 1952-53 again topped all previous records, totaling 3,429,429, or 3,392 more than the previous year. April 1953 was the month of largest attendance, with 535,832; August 1952 was second, with 475,102. Largest attendance for one day was 44,583 for May 9, 1953. Table 1 gives a summary of the attendance records for the five buildings. These figures, when added to the 3,231,450 estimated visitors at the National Zoological Park and 1,647,470 at the National Gallery of Art, make a total number of visitors at the Smithsonian Institution of 8,308,349. 284725—54——_2 8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 TABLE 1.—Visitors to certain Smithsonian buildings during the year ended June 80, 1953 Smith- Arts and Natural : F Aircraft Freer Year and month sonian Industries | History : Total Building | Building | Building | Building | Building |W | | | — ]} - - ——- 1952 NE comer eee ROR EEE REC 73, 580 196, 035 83, 429 29, 122 7, 968 390, 134 PTS bee a eee 84, 587 245, 475 100, 092 35, 097 9, 851 475, 102 MeDLeM Denese seen aee ne ne eea= 45, 340 107, 327 53, 678 17, 755 6, 283 230, 383 @ctobera. cs: =o a=tssosaes = 37, 107 90, 921 60, 933 14, 494 5, 127 208, 582 NOVEM DOs sean eee ne nomen 30, 512 66, 385 45, 746 12, 482 3, 858 158, 983 Decamberss. -sec-n-s25 22-5 19, 479 42, 224 33, 076 8, 472 2, 623 105, 874 1958 LEE en ee eae ene eee 25, 555 59, 076 46, 302 11, 990 3, 182 146, 105 Mebrugnyen 2-20 25-------22==—— 29, 885 74, 429 43, 350 12, 386 3, 495 163, 545 Wrarchi-. sess snenne saan nee a= 35, 812 89, 224 53, 442 13, 557 4, 595 196, 630 ANDI Meet eee ee 92, 510 289, 714 113, 078 31, 568 8, 962 535, 832 NG eee Se ee 80, 047 222, 349 111, 340 25, 756 8, 247 447, 739 DUNG see aa eae 68, 855 183, 454 86, 309 24, 785 7,117 370, 520 Rotel esse oneness 623, 269 | 1, 666, 613 830, 775 237, 446 71, 308 3, 429, 429 A special record was kept of groups of school children visiting the Smithsonian. The count showed that 207,420 school children came in 5,041 groups, or about 40 toa group. These are enumerated by month in table 2. TABLE 2.—Groups of school children visiting the Smithsonian, 1952-63 Groups Children 1952: WG te eo A soe te ee as 91 2,188 ANN IS Se SS Te les yatta 94 2, 337 September :£ io Meee se AAW AA See 76 2, 066 Octobers 2426s ee ee cep lo TS ok ob bye lee te 210 6, 292 NOVEM Dens 22a oe see ees oa a en eee 276 7, 947 Decembers 222255205 55-2 -3..5 eee ee 77 1, 723 1953: January =<) ee eS eae 178 4,127 Webriary.2. 17s ne eee kk he 225 5, 658 Marcel) 4-220 RE Aa. aed Eee agp rato 426 14, 179 OT shi San eee ts ee 1, 393 76, 193 May bss ee aie fd aE SP eee 1, 414 61, 471 UNIO oS Sa es ee ee 581 23, 239 Totaliie. . poe ee eh eee ee 5, 041 207, 420 TWENTIETH ANNUAL JAMES ARTHUR LECTURE ON THE SUN In 1931 the Institution received a bequest from James Arthur, of New York, a part of the income from which was to be used for an annual lecture on some aspect of the study of the sun. The twentieth Arthur lecture was delivered in the auditorium of the Natural History Building on the evening of May 21, 1958, by Dr. C. E. Kenneth Mees, SECRETARY’S REPORT 9 director of the research laboratories of the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. The subject of Dr. Mees’s address was “Recent Ad- vances in Astronomical Photography.” This lecture will be published in full in the general appendix of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1953. JAMES SMITHSON’S TOMB Ceremonies were held on the afternoon of June 24, 1953, in con- nection with the rededication of the tomb of James Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institution, which is located in a small chapel near the north entrance of the Smithsonian Building. Speakers for the occasion, which marked the 124th anniversary of Smithson’s death in Genoa, Italy, were Sir Roger Makins, British Ambassador to the United States; Sir John Cockcroft, Chairman of the Defense Re- search Policy Committee of Great Britain; and Dr. Leonard Car- michael, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The Ambassador and Sir John, on behalf of the British people, presented a Union Jack to be displayed with the Stars and Stripes beside the tomb as a “symbol of international understanding.” The next day following the ceremonies William W. Johnson, of the Treasurer’s Office, was presented with a certificate of award for his original suggestion that Smithson’s crypt be redecorated. TERMINATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY At the end of the calendar year 1952, the activities of the Institute of Social Anthropology came to an end with the termination of grants from the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, under which the Institute had operated. This agency was created in 1943 as an autonomous unit of the Bureau of American Ethnology to carry out cooperative training in anthropological teaching and re- search with the other American republics as a part of the wartime program of the Interdepartmental Committee for Cooperation with the American Republics. Its first director and founder was Dr. Julian H. Steward, who was succeeded in 1946 by Dr. George M. Foster. Summaries of the work of the Institute have been included each year within the report of the director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology. One of the lasting monuments of the agency is the 16 mono- graphs in the Smithsonian series entitled “Publications of the Institute of Social Anthropology,” the final number of which appeared in 1953. Several anthropologists remaining on the Institute of Social Anthro- pology staff on December 31, 1952, were transferred to the Institute of Inter-American Affairs. 10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 RENOVATION OF NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS A complete rearrangement of the paintings and art objects in the National Collection of Fine Arts was completed in May under the supervision of its director, Thomas M. Beggs. The collection, housed in the Natural History Building, consists of several major bequests to the Nation through the Smithsonian. Terms of the bequests some- times require that the collections be preserved as entities, although they often consist of paintings quite miscellaneous, both in subject matter and style. Compliance with these terms sometimes has been difficult, especially with the limited space available for exhibition of constantly increasing material. This problem has been solved by the rearrangement in which paintings from the different collections repre- senting various nationalities are grouped in adjacent alcoves without breaking up the integrity of any collection. Nucleus of the rearrangement is the Harriet Lane Johnston collec- tion, bequeathed to the Nation by the niece of President James Buchanan and First Lady of the White House during his administra- tion. It was this bequest, quite typical of the Civil War period taste in art and containing such relics as the Bible used by President Buchanan at his inauguration, that started the original National Gal- lery of Art. This collection is maintained in its entirety in the new arrangement. ‘This is also true of the Ralph Cross Johnson, John Gellatly, and Alfred Duane Pell collections. Other large collections are represented by only a few examples. These include the William T. Evans collection, the Henry Ward Ranger bequest, and the A. R. and M. H. Eddy donation. SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S ACTIVITIES OF THE BRANCHES OF THE INSTITUTION National Museum.—The collections of the National Museum in- creased by more than 1,607,000 specimens during the year, a million more than the previous year, bringing the total catalog entries to 34,764,250. Some of the year’s outstanding accessions included: In anthropology, more than 300 chipped-stone artifacts from Dauphin County, Pa.; 2,000 potsherds from Transjordan and Palestine; and a fine collection of ceramic ware representing New England folk pot- tery ; in zoology, more than 1,000 mammals from South West Africa, about 2,400 bird skins and skeletons from Colombia, 14,000 fishes from Bermuda and the Caribbean, 14,000 ladybird beetles, and 3,200 iden- tified polychaete worms; in botany, 45,000 plant specimens from Ecuador and Colombia; in geology, an array of minerals, gems, and meteorites, 500,000 Arctic Foraminifera, and several excellent fossil vertebrate remains; in engineering and industries, about 500 radio and electronic devices and a collection of lithographic materials and equip- SECRETARY’S REPORT 11 ment; and in history, a fine lot of laces, linens, and jewelry from Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, a dress of Mrs. Harry S. Truman for the First Ladies collection of gowns, and 93 pistols for the modern firearms series. Members of the staff conducted fieldwork in Panama, British Guiana, South West Africa, Thailand, Tahiti, Mexico, Fiji Islands, and many parts of the United States. The Museum issued 18 publications. National Gallery of Art—The Gallery had 1,647,470 visitors dur- ing the year, an 8-percent increase over 1951-52. In all, 1,408 acces- sions were received, by gift, loan, or deposit. Works of art accepted included paintings by A. V. Tack, Manet, Berthe Morisot, Sir William Orpen, Leonid, John Kensett, Cranach, Van Dyck, P. Gertner, A. Benson, and B. Bruyn; a bust of Whistler by Sir Joseph Boehm; and several groups of prints and drawings. Nine special exhibitions were held. Traveling exhibitions of prints from the Rosenwald Collec- tion were circulated to 17 galleries and museums in this country and 1 in Canada. Exhibitions from the “Index of American Design” were given 58 bookings in 21 States and the District of Columbia and also in Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Palestine. Over 43,000 persons attended the Gallery’s special tours and the “Picture of the Week” talks, and 14,000 attended the 39 auditorium lectures on Sunday afternoons. The Sunday evening concerts in the west garden court were continued. National Collection of Fine Arts—The Smithsonian Art Commis- sion met on December 2, 1952, and accepted for the National Collec- tion 8 oil paintings, 1 sculpture, 5 pieces of modern glass, and 4 ceramic pieces. An addition of $5,000 was made to the Barney fund. The Gallery held 18 special exhibitions during the year. The Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service circulated 32 exhibitions, 20 in the United States and Canada and 12 abroad. Freer Gallery of Art-——Purchases for the collections of the Freer Gallery included Chinese painting, bronzes, metalwork, jade, lacquer, and pottery; Persian paintings, pottery, and manuscripts; Indian paintings; and Japanese pottery. More than 71,000 persons visited the Gallery. In May the Gallery adopted a new plan of keeping open to the public on Tuesday evenings, with occasional lectures. Bureau of American E'thnology.—The anthropologists of the Bu- reau staff continued their researches, Dr. Stirling on mid-American archeology, Dr. Collins on the Eskimo and Arctic anthropology, Dr. Harrington on Indian linguistics and the California Indians, and Dr. Drucker on the ethnology of Mexico and the northwest coast of North America. Dr. Roberts continued as Director of the River Basin Surveys, and Dr. Foster as Director of the Institute of Social Anthropology (to the time of its termination on December 31). 12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 International Exchange Service—As the official United States agency for the interchange of governmental, scientific, and literary publications between this country and other nations of the world, the International Exchange Service during the year handled 1,021,938 packages of such publications, weighing 855,102 pounds. This was 20,324 packages and 29,475 pounds more than the previous year. Con- signments were made to all countries except China, North Korea, and Rumania. Toward the end of the year, a grant of $6,000 was received from the National Science Foundation to supplement funds for the transportation of exchange publications that otherwise would have been delayed. National Zoological Park.—The Zoo received 810 accessions during the year, comprising 1,797 individual animals, and 1,731 were re- moved by death, exchange, et cetera. The net count of animals at the end of the year was 2,741. Noteworthy among the accessions were 2 Barbary apes, a Formosan civet never before exhibited in the Zoo, 3 East Indian monitor lizards, a young flat-tailed otter from Brazil, also the first of its kind to be exhibited here, and 2 of the rare Allen’s monkeys. In all, 247 creatures were born or hatched at the Zoo during the year—95 mammals, 119 birds, and 33 reptiles. Visitors totaled approximately 3,231,000. Astrophysical Observatory.—The manuscript of volume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory was completed and sent to the printer late in the year. Mr. Hoover completed a thorough study of the silver-disk pyrheliometer. Two of these instruments were built inthe APO shops for other institutions. Solar-radiation studies were continued at the Observatory’s two field stations—at Montezuma, Chile, and Table Mountain, Calif. Research carried on by the Divi- sion of Radiation and Organisms concerned mainly physiological and biochemical processes by which light regulates plant growth and the mechanisms of the action of the auxin-type growth hormones, and several scientific papers were published. National Air Museum.—Providing adequate storage facilities for the space-consuming material awaiting a National Air Museum build- ing continues to be a serious problem. Twenty loads of material were brought from Park Ridge, Ill., to the new storage facility provided at Suitland, Md. The Museum staff has helped in the celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Powered Flight, participated in many special aeronautical events and exhibits, and inspected material for possible accession, besides taking care of the collections. The Museum re- ceived 32 accessions (totaling 112 specimens) from 28 sources. Full- sized aircraft received included a Douglas DC-3 transport plane that had traveled 814 million air miles, the Hacalibur III in which a series of historic flights were made, the original Hiller-copter, and a German Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket interceptor. At the end of the year SECRETARY’S REPORT 13 manuscript of a new edition of the Handbook of the Aeronautical Col- lections was nearly completed. Canal Zone Biological Area.—New diesel generators installed at the station now insure an adequate supply of electric current. A number of other necessary improvements were made. During the year 700 visitors came to the islands, a hundred more than the previous year; 57 of these were scientists who used the facilities of the island to further their various researches, chiefly in biology and photography. LIBRARY Accessions to the Smithsonian library totaled more than 68,414 publications during the year, these coming from more than 100 foreign countries. One of the most notable gifts of the year was a large and valuable collection of books and periodicals on philately presented by Eugene N. Costales, of New York. At the close of the year the holdings of the Smithsonian library and all its branches aggregated 941,328 volumes including 584,295 in the Smithsonian Deposit at the Library of Congress but exclusive of incomplete volumes of serials and separates and reprints from serials. PUBLICATIONS Eighty-one publications were issued under the Smithsonian imprint during the year. (See Appendix 12 for complete list.) Outstanding among these were: “Primitive Fossil Gastropods and Their Bearing on Gastropod Classification,” by J. Brookes Knight; “Structure and Function of the Genitalia in Some American Agelenid Spiders,” by Robert L. Gering; “Dresses of the First Ladies of the White House,” by Margaret W. Brown; “The Generic Names of the Beetle Family Staphylinidae,” by Richard E. Blackwelder; “Life Histories of North American Wood Warblers,” by A. C. Bent; “Catalog of the Cycle Collection of the Division of Engineering, U. S. National Museum,” by Smith Hempstone Oliver; “The Indian Tribes of North America,” by John R. Swanton; “La Venta, Tabasco: A Study of Olmec Ceramics and Art,” by Philip Drucker; and “Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virt Valley, Peru,” by Gordon R. Willey. In all, 177,675 copies of Smithsonian publications were distributed during the year. The galley proof of the ninth edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables was being read by the compiler, Dr. W. E. Forsythe, at the end of the year. APPENDIX 1 Report on the United States National Museum Sm: I have the honor to submit the following report on the condition and operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953: COLLECTIONS Specimens incorporated into the national collections totaled 1,607,911 (more than twice the number received last year) and were distributed among the six departments as follows: Anthropology, 10,540; zoology, 211,677 ; botany, 82,984; geology, 1,275,140; engineering and industries, 2,008; and history, 25,562. The unusual increase is attributable chiefly to the accessioning of a large number of small fossils, including 750,000 Permian invertebrates and 500,000 Arctic Foraminifera. Most of the other accessions were acquired as gifts from individuals or as transfers from Government departments and agencies. The Annual Report of the Museum, published as a separate document, contains a detailed list of the year’s acquisitions, of which the more important are summarized below. Catalog entries in all departments now total 34,764,250. Anthropology.—A collection of 315 chipped-stone artifacts, includ- ing fluted projectile points and other man-made objects that suggest a Paleo-Indian culture, from the Shoop site, Dauphin County, Pa., is of particular interest. The Carnegie Institution of Washington, in continuation of their generous cooperation, donated a collection of potsherds representing type objects from excavated sites in the Maya area. Through an exchange with the Denver Art Museum, the division of ethnology acquired two ceremonial bundles that were formerly used by northern Blackfoot Indians in the rites for tobacco planting. A rare and valuable Chinese Lamaist robe, of dark blue silk and embel- lished with over-all couching of braided silk and embroidery in metal- lic gilt, was presented by Maj. Lee Hagood who had acquired it in Shanghai in 1918. Objects recovered from historical sites of villages, trading posts, and factories in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, and Massachusetts and other New England States were received from various donors. Of outstanding interest and usefulness to the collector and student of early American ceramics are 189 pieces of red- ware, stoneware, and other types of New England folk pottery pre- sented by Mrs. Lura Woodside Watkins. These pottery fragments excavated from sites of New England potteries in existence between 14 SECRETARY’S REPORT 15 1687 and 1880 were assembled by Mrs. Watkins as a study collection for use and illustration in her “New England Potters and Their Wares.” Another important addition, presented by Mrs. Florence Bushee of Newbury, comprises 320 fragments and whole specimens of glass and ceramics excavated by the late Charles H. Danforth at the site of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Co. factory at Sandwich, Mass. A cast of the Hotu IT skull excavated in Iran in 1951 was donated by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and the American Institute of Human Paleontology. Zoology.—More than 1,000 mammals collected by Charles O. Hand- ley, Jr., in the Kalahari Desert region of South West Africa, while serving as a member of the Peabody-Harvard expedition under the leadership of L. K. Marshall, were added to the collection. Nearly 500 small mammals were received from various units and members of the military services stationed in Korea and Japan. As transfers the Museum received 47 mammals of Madagascar from Lt. Vernon J. Tip- ton, United States Army Medical Service Graduate School; and a series of rodents from the Marshall, Gilbert, Phoenix, and Tahiti Islands from investigators working under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey and the Pacific Science Board of the Na- tional Research Council. Dr. Henry W. Setzer, while giving instruc- tion on the preparation of specimens for purposes of documentation to members of a U. S. Army medical unit, obtained 156 mammals in Panama. On the termination of fieldwork in Colombia by M. A. Carriker, Jr., whose collecting has been financed for several years by the income from the W. L. Abbott bequest, 2,174 skins and 225 skeletons of birds were forwarded to the Museum. The Abbott bequest also provided funds for the purchase of 349 skins of birds from Northern Rhodesia. Dr. Harry M. Smith presented 386 skins of birds taken in northern Burma. As transfers the Museum received 58 Alaskan bird skins from the Pub- lic Health Service’s Arctic Health Research Center at Anchorage and 49 skins and 20 skeletons of birds from the Office of Naval Research taken in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collecting on various islands in the Pacific Ocean, chiefly in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands and the Tuamotus, under the auspices of the Pacific Science Board by Joe T. Marshall, Edwin T. Moul, and J. P. E. Morrison, and of the United States Geological Survey by F. R. Fosberg, resulted in the transfer of 365 lizards to the Museum. More than 14,000 specimens of fishes obtained by Dr. William Beebe in Bermuda and the Caribbean area were presented by the New York Zoological Society. Other important accessions recorded were some 1,500 fishes from the Blue Dolphin North Atlantic expeditions under the leadership of Comdr. David C. Nutt; 528 fishes from the Gulf of Mexico and the coast of Washington transferred by the United 16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 States Fish and Wildlife Service; 67 paratypes of Mexican fishes from Dr. José Alvarez; and 582 fishes from the Red Sea collected by Dr. Eugenie Clark. As exchanges there were received 144 fishes, including 32 holotypes and paratypes, from the University of Hawaii, and 161 specimens, representing 100 species of Indian fishes, from the Zoologi- cal Survey of India. The Korschefsky collection of ladybird beetles, comprising over 14,000 specimens and containing 1,445 named species representing 206 genera, was acquired by purchase by the Smithsonian Institution, thus increasing the usefulness of the reference series for this family of beetles. As a result of the gift of 539 termites, comprising 96 species hitherto unrepresented in the collections, of which 65 were represented by type material, by Dr. Alfred Emerson, University of Chicago, the national collections now contain representatives of more than 1,000 of the 1,800 known species. Over 3,200 identified polychaete worms were presented by Dr. Marian H. Pettibone, of the University of New Hampshire. As transfers from the Pacific Science Board, the Division of Marine In- vertebrates received 3,412 forms of marine life found on Raroia Atoll in the ‘luamotus; 3,980 invertebrates collected on the northern Mar- shall and Gilbert Islands from the United States Geological Survey ; and more than 10,000 identified peneid shrimps and some 500 miscel- laneous crustaceans and other marine invertebrates of the Gulf of Mexico from the Fish and Wildlife Service. About 800 holotypes and paratypes were added to the marine-invertebrate collections by the donors who described the new species. Mollusks from atolls in the northern Marshall Islands, Onotoa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, Raroia in the Tuamotus, and localities in the Fiji, Cook, and Society Islands were transferred by the Pacific Science Board and the United States Geological Survey. Approximately 2,000 land, fresh-water, and marine mollusks from Stewart Island, New Zealand, were presented by Miss Olive Allan. A representation of almost all known races and colonies of the colorful tree snails (Liguus) of Florida, totaling 1,680 specimens, was received from Ralph H. Humes. Dr. George R. LaRue, University of Michigan, one of the leading American parasitologists, presented 1,200 lots of tapeworms and digenetic trematodes. Nearly 100 echinoderms from Onotoa Atoll collected by Dr. P. E. Cloud, Jr., and 707 from the Marshall Islands collected by F. S. MacNeil were transferred by the United States Geological Survey. Botany.—An important addition to the South American collections resulted from the transfer to the National Herbarium from the herb- arium of the National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, of 45,000 botanical specimens collected in Ecuador and Colombia by the staffs of the Cinchona missions. The Division of SECRETARY’S REPORT 7 Plant Introduction and Exploration, United States Department of Agriculture, transferred 704 specimens from Turkey and South Africa and 968 specimens from southern Brazil. Australian plants collected by L. R. Specht while participating in the National Geographic Society-Smithsonian Institution-Commonwealth of Australia expedi- tion to Arnhem Land were presented by the Australian Government. Gifts included 283 plants of the table mountains of Venezuela from the New York Botanical Garden; 1,693 Virginia plants from H. A. Allard; 498 specimens, mostly from the Amazon region, from the Instituto Agronomico do Norte, Belém, Para, Brazil; and 446 Colom- bian plants from the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogota. As exchanges, several large collections were received, of which refer- ence may be made to 2,070 specimens, mostly from Cuba, from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm; 1,312 specimens from the Komarov Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences, U. S. S. R.; and 579 specimens from the Belgian Congo from the Jardin Botanique de l’Etat, Brussels. E. P. Killip collected 2,281 plants for the Museum on Big Pine Key, Fla., and the Isle of Pines, Cuba. Fieldwork by Dr. Ernest R. Sohns in Guanajuato, Mexico, added 875 specimens to the herbarium. Geology.—Noteworthy gifts received include an exhibition group of datolite crystals from Joseph §. Rapalus; uranium minerals from Utah from George Dix; and a large polished slab of rhodocrosite of rich rose color obtained in Argentina from Ellis Clarke Soper. A fine crystal of gadolinite from Norway, an aquamarine (beryl) crystal from Russia, a large specimen of vanadinite from Mexico, sev- eral groups of unusual cyrtolite crystals from Colorado, and a milarite crystal from Switzerland were added to the Roebling Collection. Included among the additions to the Canfield Collection were a large and unusual cruciform twin crystal of quartz from Mexico, a group of quartz crystals from Madagascar, an emerald crystal from Austria, an opal from Australia, and a large green tourmaline crystal from Brazil. The Chamberlain bequest provided funds for the purchase of a 28.8- carat green apatite from Burma and a 17.3-carat pink scapolite cat’s- eye from Ceylon. A very unusual golden beryl cat’s-eye from Mada- gascar, weighing 43 carats, was acquired for the gem collection by exchange. Dr. Stuart H. Perry continued his interest in the meteorite collection by donating a sample of the unique Soroti, Uganda, meteor- ite; other meteorites, mostly from the United States, were acquired by gift or purchase. As gifts, the Museum received Permian gastropods from the Florida Mountains, N. Mex., Miocene mollusks from Bogachiel River, Wash., Cretaceous and Tertiary Foraminifera from Egypt, Cretaceous inver- tebrates from Texas, Permian invertebrates from Sicily, Devonian 18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 fossils from Iowa, Tertiary invertebrates from Trinidad, and Foram- inifera from the Gulf of Mexico. Through funds provided by the Springer bequest, the Museum ac- quired 11 type specimens of Carboniferous and Ordovician crinoids and 45 metatypes of other Ordovician crinoids from Oklahoma. The Museum purchased under the Walcott bequest Mesozoic invertebrates from the Austrian Alps and Tertiary and Mesozoic brachiopods from Sicily. Fieldwork financed by the same bequest resulted in the col- lection in Mexico of 900 rock samples containing Foraminifera by Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Dr. David H. Dunkle, and 10,000 invertebrates by Dr. G. A. Cooper, Arthur L. Bowsher, and William T. Allen in New Mexico, Texas, and Missouri. Six transfers were received from the United States Geological Sur- vey, among which were specimens sorted out from the deep-sea cores obtained in the North Atlantic. Another transfer, received from the Office of Naval Research, contains the type specimens of fossil woods from the Cretaceous of Alaska described by Dr. C. A. Arnold, of the University of Michigan. One of the largest accessions, 500,000 Arctic Foraminifera, includes materials obtained during cruises of the U. 8S. S. Albatross vessels under the command of Capt. R. A. Bartlett and Comdr. David C. Nutt, and specimens obtained by Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., under a grant from the Office of Naval Research. New and interesting specimens have been acquired by exchange, in- cluding many genera and species of Foraminifera not hitherto repre- sented in the collections, 158 invertebrates from the Triassic of Eng- land and the Tertiary of Germany, 355 Austrian Triassic brachiopods from the Naturhistorisches Museum, and 69 Paleozoic and Cenozoic brachiopods from Japan from the National University, Yokohama. Transfers from the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys include, among others, a nearly complete skeleton of the fossil reptile Champ- sosaurus from the Paleocene of North Dakota, a plesiosaur skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming, and some 70 specimens of mammals from Oligocene and Miocene strata of the Canyon Ferry Reservoir area in Montana, all collected by Dr. T. E. White. An im- portant assemblage of Paleocene mammalian jaws and teeth from the Bison basin in central Wyoming as well as several small collections of mammals from Kocene beds of the Powder River and Wind River basins in Wyoming and from the Eocene and Oligocene in Montana were transferred by the United States Geological Survey. Lower and Middle Cretaceous fishes were collected in Mexico by Dr. David H. Dunkle under the income of the Walcott bequest. An excellent col- lection of cetacean and other mammalian remains from the Miocene of the Chesapeake Bay region made by the late Dr. R. Lee Collins was presented to the Museum by his wife. SECRETARY’S REPORT 19 Engineering and industries.—Nearly 500 electronic and radio de- vices collected and preserved by the late L. C. F. Horle, radio pioneer and engineer, were presented by Mrs. Susan Horle. Of equal inter- est is a small planing machine reputed to have been used to plane bamboo for the filaments of early Edison lamps, presented by Dr. Vannevar Bush. Allen Pope presented a gasoline engine made about 1898 by his father, Harry Pope, to power an experimental] automo- bile. An apparatus for taking core samples of the ocean bottom, perfected by Dr. Charles S. Piggot and received from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, has considerable historical significance inasmuch as the subsequent development of this instrument has vastly extended knowledge of the ocean floor. From Dr. Selman A. Waksman the Museum received the original shaking machine and innoculating needle used by him in the experi- ments that resulted in the discovery of the antibiotic streptomycin. Another outstanding accession was the gift by the Lithographers National Association, Inc., of 142 lithographs, plates, and other tech- nical materials which will be used in preparing a display of the his- tory and techniques of offset lithography. José Ortiz Echagiie, a dis- tinguished Spanish pictorial photographer, presented 15 of his carbon fresson process prints. Six prints by the English pictorialist, the late Alexander Keighley, were received from his estate. A scale model of the Fourdrinier papermaking machine was pre- sented by the Hammermill Paper Co., and one of a modern cotton ginning mill constructed at the United States Cotton Laboratory, Stoneville, Miss., was transferred from the United States Department of Agriculture. A pictorial quilt of Fort Dearborn, made about 1815, was received from Mrs. John H. Snyder. As exchanges, the Museum acquired 20 specimens of woods of Thailand from the Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Study sets of the woods of New Zealand, Sarawak, and Iriomote Islands were also added to the collection. History.—Of particular interest among the accessions was the gift by Mrs. Woodrow Wilson of the laces, embroidered linens, and a large gold, diamond, and lalique glass brooch presented to her when she accompanied President Wilson to Europe in 1919. The collection of dresses of the First Ladies of the White House was augmented by the dress given by Mrs. Harry S. Truman to represent the administration of President Truman, 1945-1953. A black crepe dress worn by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom about 1880 was given to the costume collection by Mrs. Langley Moore, of the London Museum of Costume. The Department of Justice transferred 93 pistols needed to com- plete the series of modern firearms in the division of military history. Further additions to the Straub collection of gold and silver coins were made by Paul A. Straub. 20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The Post Office Department transferred to the division of philately 3,198 recently issued stamps which had been distributed by the Uni- versal Postal Union. Gifts of stamps also were received from the Governments of Monaco, Philippines, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Australia, and Norway, and from the United Nations Postal Administration. Outstanding additions to the phil- atelic collection were as follows: 12 volumes of stamps of Convention States of India from an anonymous donor; carrier stamps and rare foreign stamps from Philip H. Ward, Jr.; Nesbitt dies and postal fiscal stamps of Austria-Hungary from B. H. Homan; and United States precancels and Bureau print precancel errors from John R. Boker, Jr. EXPLORATION AND FIELDWORK At the invitation of Princeton University, Dr. Waldo R. Wedel, curator of archeology, participated from July until September 1952 as the representative of the Smithsonian Institution in the interpretation of the archeological aspects of a site near Cody, Wyo., occupied nearly 7,000 years ago by aboriginal hunters of buffalo. Ninety-five archeo- logical sites located in the Upper Essequibo, the Rupununi savannas, and the coastal area of the northwest district of British Guiana were surveyed and excavated in the interval between October 1952 and April 1953 by Dr. Clifford Evans, associate curator of archeology, under a Fulbright research grant, funds provided by the Smithsonian Institution, and grants from other sources to the coinvestigator, Dr. Betty J. Meggers. At the request of a field party of the United States Geological Survey working in the Monument Valley-Comb Ridge area of northeastern Arizona, Dr. Walter W. Taylor, collaborator in anthropology, visited 41 sites, from 17 of which sherd collections were assembled for subsequent study. At the close of the fiscal year John C. Ewers, associate curator of ethnology, was conducting field investi- gations of Assiniboin Indian arts and crafts on Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Reservations, Montana. During the last half of the year 1952, Charles O. Handley, Jr., assist- ant curator of mammals, observed and collected mammals in the Kalahari Desert region of northeastern South West Africa while assigned to the Peabody-Harvard ethnological expedition. Following arrival at Walvis Bay on July 1, 1953, the party, under the direction of L. K. Marshall, proceeded to Windhoek which served as a base for the 6-months investigation of the primitive Bushmen residing in the desert south of Okavongo River. Maun in Bechuanaland was the easternmost locality visited. In June 1953 Mr. Handley also made a short field trip to the Dismal Swamp of Virginia to obtain additional data for inclusion in a memoir on that swamp sponsored by the Vir- ginia Academy of Sciences. At the request of the Army Medical SECRETARY’S REPORT 21 Services, Dr. Henry W. Setzer, associate curator of mammals, was given a detail in January and February 1953 to proceed to the Canal Zone of Panama to give instruction to members of the 25th Preventive Medicine Survey Detachment on the collection and preparation of study specimens of mammals involved in the parasitological and epi- demiological investigations of tropical diseases, and on the comple- tion of this assignment he devoted a few days to the study of the fauna of Barro Colorado Island. During May and June, Dr. Alexander Wetmore, research associate, assisted by W. M. Perrygo of the National Museum, carried on field studies on the distribution of bird life in Panama in continuation of a program begun several years ago. The work this year covered an area in the southern part of the Province of Veraguas, extending from the National Highway that crosses western Panama down through the great tracts of swampy forest that le back of the southern coast. The series of specimens obtained give valuable comparative material from an area that previously had been poorly represented in the National Museum collections. Field observations were highly interesting, since the middle of May marked the beginning of the rains, whereas most of the earlier studies had been made during the dry season of the year. Many of the resident birds exhibit marked difference in habit between the two periods. Though most of the great host of migrant birds from North America that winter here leave for the north by May, numerous records were obtained of several species of which there are groups of younger individuals that have not yet attained breeding status but that remain in these tropical areas through the summer season when the older members are on their northern nesting grounds. Orni- thological fieldwork in Thailand by Herbert G. Deignan was made possible by grants from the Guggenheim Foundation and special research funds of the Smithsonian Institution. He arrived at Bangkok on October 8, 1952, and 12 days later departed for the hills west of that city accompanied by Robert E. Elbel, Mutual Security Agency, and three native assistants. Collections were made in Kanchanaburi province during October and November. Fieldwork in Prochnap Khiri Khan province, which is situated in southwestern Thailand between the Gulf of Siam and the Tenasserim Mountain range, was completed on December 31, 1952. The field party worked during January 1953 in the mountainous areas of western Nan and northern Lampang provinces on the Thailand-Laos frontier. On F ebruary 9, 1953, Deignan arrived at Chiang Rai, capital of the northernmost province, and from there proceeded to the Mekong River Valley and made collections at Chiang Saen Kao in the region where the bound- aries of Burma, Thailand, and Indo-China meet. After returning to Bangkok on March 20, Deignan devoted a week to fieldwork in Ratburi province, which is situated betwen the provinces of Kanchanaburi and 22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Prochnap Khiri Khan. The field party then proceeded late in March to the forested area near Ban Hua Thanon in Khlong Klung Valley, province of Nakhon Sawan, where fieldwork in Thailand was termi- nated on May 4, 1953. Traveling by air from Washington, D. C., Dr. Joseph P. E. Morri- son, associate curator of mollusks, arrived at Viti Levu, one of the Fiji Islands, on June 11, 1952, and continued the flight on the same day to Tahiti by way of the Cook Islands. Following 10 days of col- lecting on Tahiti, the team for the study of coral-atoll ecology or- ganized by the Pacific Science Board was transported, through the courtesy of the French Government, some 450 miles by schooner to Raroia Atoll, where field studies and collections were made from June 26 to September 7, 1952. Members of the field party were brought back to Tahiti by the same French schooner. Following another week of collecting on Tahiti, Dr. Morrison proceeded by air to Aitutaki in the Cook Islands and Viti Levu, the season’s work being completed on September 23 at that locality. Fieldwork by three parties engaged in search for invertebrate and vertebrate fossils was financed by the income from the Walcott bequest. Dr. G. A. Cooper, curator, Arthur L. Bowsher, associate curator, and W. T. Allen, aide, division of invertebrate paleontology and paleo- botany, commenced the season’s work on July 9, 1952, at Adair, Okla., where they spent 2 days collecting Mississippian fossils while en route to Pine Springs Camp in the Guadalupe Mountains of western Texas. Blocks of invertebrate fossils were quarried from the Permian reef limestone near Guadalupe Peak. On July 18 Cooper’s party pro- ceeded to Silver City, N. Mex., to obtain Devonian fossils and thence to other Devonian localities in the vicinity of Kingston, Mud Springs Mountains, Derry, the San Andreas and Sacramento Mountains near Alamogordo, and the Mimbres Mountains. Blocks of silicified upper Pennsylvanian limestone were also collected in the southern part of the Sacramento Mountains. On the return trip stops were made July 29 to August 2, at Ponca City and Tulsa, Okla., to collect Permian invertebrates, and in Missouri for Mississippian fossils. From the middle of September until mid-December, associate cura- tors Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Dr. David H. Dunkle searched for Jurassic and Cretaceous invertebrates and Mesozoic and Tertiary vertebrates in eastern and southern Mexico. They made initial col- lections in the extensive Cretaceous beds in Coahuila and Tamaulipas and later continued the fieldwork in Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. In the course of this trip, which traversed the Sierra Madre Oriental from the vicinity of Monterrey to beyond the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, they collected Foraminifera, mollusks, and brachiopods from the Mesozoic deposits and vertebrates from an Upper Cretaceous forma- SECRETARY’S REPORT 23 tion in Tamaulipas, Lower Cretaceous deposits near Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, and a Tertiary occurrence near Guanajuato. The recently discovered occurrence of Paleocene mammals in the Bison Basin near the divide between the Red Desert and the valley of the Sweetwater River in south-central Wyoming by a field party of the United States Geological Survey led Dr. C. L. Gazin, curator of vertebrate paleontology, with the assistance of F. L. Pearce, to com- mence an intensive search for additional materials. A grant from the National Science Foundation enabled Dr. A. C. Smith, curator of phanerogams, to proceed from Washington on March 6, 1953, to Fiji, where it is his intention to continue botanical] field studies until January 1954 on the upland regions on south-central Viti Levu as well as on Ovalau, Taveuni, and Ngan. Dr. Ernest R. Sohns, associate curator of grasses, devoted several weeks in October and November 1952 to collecting grasses in Mexico, mostly in the State of Guanajuato. K. P. Killip, research associate in botany, continued his critical studies of the plants of Big Pine Key, Fla., and was engaged also for several months in collecting plants on the Isle of Pines, Cuba. Mendel L. Peterson, acting head curator of the department of his- tory, participated in May 1953 in the underwater investigation of the site of a Spanish ship sunk off Plantation Key, Fla. Evidence found on the wreck proved this ship to have been one of a fleet com- manded by Admiral de Torres which, according to documents pre- served in the Casa Lonja in Seville, Spain, was wrecked on a nearby reef during a hurricane on July 15, 1733. Hand grenades, cannon balls, swords, flintlock muskets, silver coins, and pewter utensils were recovered at the site. This fieldwork is carried on under a grant of funds from E. A. Link, of the Link Aviation Corp. VISITORS During the fiscal year 1953 there were 3,120,657 visitors to the Museum buildings, an average daily attendance of 8,549. This is an increase of 17,006 over the total of 3,103,651 visitors in the previous fiscal year. ‘The 207,420 school children included in this total arrived in 5,041 separate groups. Most of them traveled by bus, and some came from localities as far distant as Montana, North and South Dakota, Texas, and Mississippi. Small groups of schoolchildren are not recorded. Almost two-thirds of all the visitors entered the Museum buildings during April to August, inclusive. April 1953 was the month of the largest attendance with 495,302 visitors; August 1952 was the next largest with 430,154; and May 1953 was third with 413,786. Attendance records for the buildings show the following numbers of visitors: Smithsonian Building, 623,269; Arts and Indus- tries Building, 1,666,613; and Natural History Building, 830,775. 284725548 24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT During the year five office rooms assigned to the division of crafts and industries in the Arts and Industries Building were reconditioned, the work involving the construction of concrete floors, the painting of the office rooms, and replastering of one wall. Steel racks were constructed for housing 1,170 drawers, which provided accessibility to 3,860 cubic feet of anthropological materials hitherto located in essen- tially dead storage. CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION AND STAFF The vacancy in the division of medicine and public health was filled on December 8, 1952, by the appointment of George B. Griffen- hagen as associate curator. Respectfully submitted. Remineron Kexroce, Director. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 2 Report on the National Gallery of Art Sm: I have the honor to submit, on behalf of the Board of Trus- tees, the Sixteenth Annual Report of the National Gallery of Art, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953. This report is made pursuant to the provisions of section 5 (d) of Public Resolution No. 14, 75th Congress, 1st session, approved March 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 51). ORGANIZATION The statutory members of the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery of Art are the Chief Justice of the United States, the Secre- tary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, ex officio. The five general trustees con- tinuing in office during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953, were Samuel H. Kress, Ferdinand Lammot Belin, Duncan Phillips, Chester Dale, and Paul Mellon. The Board of Trustees held its annual meet- ing on May 5, 1953. Samuel H. Kress was reelected President and Ferdinand Lammot Belin, Vice President, to serve for the ensuing year. Donald D. Shepard continued to serve during the year as adviser to the Board. All the executive officers of the Gallery continued in office during the year: Huntington Cairns, Secretary-Treasurer. David E. Finley, Director. Harry A. McBride, Administrator. Huntington Cairns, General Counsel. John Walker, Chief Curator. Macgill James, Assistant Director. The three standing committees of the Board, as constituted at the annual meeting May 5, 1953, were as follows: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chief Justice of the United States, Fred M. Vinson, chairman. Samuel H. Kress, vice chairman. Ferdinand Lammot Belin. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Leonard Carmichael. Paul Mellon. FINANCE COMMITTEE Secretary of the Treasury, George M. Humphrey, chairman. Samuel H. Kress, vice chairman. 25 26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Ferdinand Lammot Belin. Chester Dale. Paul Mellon. ACQUISITIONS COMMITTEE Ferdinand Lammot Belin, chairman. Duncan Phillips. Chester Dale. Paul Mellon. David E. Finley. PERSONNEL On June 30, 1953, full-time Government employees on the staff of the National Gallery of Art numbered 304, as compared with 301 employees as of June 30, 1952. The United States Civil Service regulations govern the appointment of employees paid from appro- priated public funds. APPROPRIATIONS For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953, the Congress of the United States appropriated for the National Gallery of Art $1,428,050, to be used for salaries and expenses in the operation and upkeep of the Gallery, the protection and care of works of art acquired by the Board of Trustees, and all administrative expenses incident thereto, as au- thorized by section 4 (a) of Public Resolution No. 14, 75th Congress, 1st session, approved March 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 51). This sum in- cludes the regular appropriation of $1,240,550 and a supplemental appropration of $187,500 for the replacement and repair of refrigera- tion equipment used in connection with the air conditioning. From the regular appropriation the following expenditures and encumbrances were incurred: Personal services_-__------------------------------~—---------- $1, 108, 950. 60 Printing and reproduction__----------------------------------- 5, 222. 31 Electricity, supplies, equipment, ete---------------------------- 126, 347. 59 Unobligated balance_---~------------------------------------- 30. 10 otal 22 le o be _2l + te eee ee eee 1, 240, 550. 00 From the supplemental appropriation the following expenditures and encumbrances were incurred : Replacement of 3 refrigeration machines! "2-22. ea $170, 398. 00 Repair of motors, etec-_----------------------------------------- 3, 806. 30 Unobligated balance__-_-----—---------------------------—------- 138, 795. 70 Mi We) Bi eee eee ee 187, 500. 00 SECRETARY'S REPORT Die. ATTENDANCE There were 1,647,470 visitors to the Gallery during the fiscal year 1953, an average daily attendance of about 4,538. This is an increase of 124,874 over the number for 1952. Since March 17, 1941, when the Gallery was opened to the public, to June 30, 1958, there have been 21,931,483 visitors. ACCESSIONS There were 1,408 accessions by the National Gallery of Art as gifts, loans, and deposits during the fiscal year 1953. Most of the paintings and a number of the prints were placed on exhibition. GIFTS PAINTINGS The Board of Trustees on July 21, 1952, accepted from Mrs. Augus- tus Vincent Tack the gift of a portrait of President Truman, painted by her husband, which will be held for a National Portrait Gallery. On October 21 the Gallery received the gift of a painting from Samuel L. Fuller, entitled “Portrait of a Lady,” by Salviati, which had been accepted by the Board of Trustees on December 6, 1950. On Novem- ber 8, the Board accepted the bequest by the late Mrs. Charles S. Carstairs of three paintings: “Head of a Woman,” by Manet; “The Sisters,” by Berthe Morisot; and a portrait of herself by Sir William Orpen. The gift of a painting by Leonid entitled “Faraduro,” from the Avalon Foundation, was accepted by the Board of Trustees on December 3, 1952. On February 9, 1953, the Board accepted from Frederick Sturges, Jr., the painting “Newport Harbor, 1857,” by John Kensett. On March 30, 1953, the Board accepted a bequest of the following seven paintings from the late Adolph Caspar Miller: Artist Title Grama Che So OE A en rete a ee ee Madonna and Child. Vial cles. 2 Os tr — Portrait of a Young Man. (POteriGertn erates pane reser eh tare ee Portrait of a Young Man. Peter: Gertner 222 eee owe a oe ee eee Portrait of a Lady. AMDFOSIUSHSENSONY Se) 2a ann on ee ee ee ey Portrait of a Man. AMDROS TUS DCN SO Meek. Ane ee ee ee Portrait of a Lady. Barthel Pruyne see eee att eee Ee oe mee oi Portrait of a Man. SCULPTURE On October 21, 1952, the Board accepted a bequest by the late Albert K. Gallatin of a bust of Whistler by Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm which will be held for a National Portrait Gallery. On December 3 the Board accepted a gift from the children of the late Mrs. Otto Kahn 28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 of a terra-cotta bust of an old man, Florentine School, second half of fifteenth century. PRINTS AND DRAWINGS On October 21, 1952, the Board of Trustees accepted 693 prints and drawings from Lessing J. Rosenwald to be added to his gift to the Gallery. On December 3 the Board approved the addition of 96 prints by Alphonse Legros to the gift of George Matthew Adams. On December 30 the Board accepted a gift from Rush H. Kress of an early sixteenth-century German manuscript choral in two volumes. EXCHANGE OF WORKS OF ART On October 21, 1952, the Board of Trustees accepted the offer of Lessing J. Rosenwald to exchange the following five prints by Van Meckenem for superior impressions of the same works : “Christ Before Caiphas,” “Scourged,” “Pilate Washing His Hands,” “Christ Shown to the People,” and “Crucifixion.” On May 5, 1953, the Board ap- proved Mr. Rosenwald’s offer to exchange the following three prints for superior impressions: “The Spinner,” by Van Meckenem ; “Vir- gin with the Pear,” by Durer; “Madonna and Child Standing on a Crescent Moon,” by Altdorfer. WORKS OF ART ON LOAN During the fiscal year 1953 the following works of art were received on loan by the National Gallery of Art: From Chester Dale, New York, N. Y.: Artist MeO NES Tei) Ce eee Bellows. Md OuUaA TCs ale eee Bazille. Me Pontuneutes.n. 2 te ee eee ee Marquet. These tienen eee ee oe oe ee eee eee ees Bonnard. Witoeitty ore ch (Olle ee ee ee Derain. MilesmorawMlagrise 2 == = eee Picasso. Dining in the Garden__-------.------------------ Vuillard. Jacques-Louis David______-_--------------------- Rouget. ING eee ee ee eee De la Fresnaye. SIT 2p ISAS a ee Modigliani. IMOnnIn Cara 7 C2 eee ee ee eee Monet. Woman with ao Urbane ee eer Matisse. Putnam Foundation, San Diego, Calif.: Sie, Den LAO TD Bae ee a et ere ee Rembrandt. Meath or che Virgin’ 2 se eee Petrus Christus. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C.: 16 objects of pre-Columbian art. LOANED WORKS OF ART RETURNED 'The following works of art on loan were returned during the fiscal year 1953: SECRETARY’S REPORT 29 T'o Chester Dale, New York, N. Y.: Artist BS Ce) VE OUTS) ea iy David. Housesiof. Parliaments =. 2322223520. eee Monet. MressChester, ales so-so ee Bellows. Mrs, Thomas Palmer (i?) ~~ + a ee Feke. Portrait of a Lady, in. Red=-.-- +. —.---2--=--=— === Theus. Black awk= s=-aa i= joa a ee eee King. Bortraitiol ayboyseh sa a ee, Rousseau. The Windmill]. 2 2 ae eee Ryder. Basquesuandscapest= 2 eee ee ee Oudot. Woman witha Turban == 2s eo ee eee Matisse. ALT SY SSC ETO} bt ep 102) enemas ees en Lo eee eee Picasso. Fernand Stuyck del Bruyére, Belgium: COR iis a ae ee oe Henri met de Bles. WORKS OF ART LENT During the fiscal year 1953, the Gallery lent the following works of art for exhibition purposes: To The Chattanooga Art Association, Chattanooga, Tenn. : Artist PIPAMEICAM PE POLELA (Sees ee a a ee ee Various. The Mint Museum, Charlotte, N. C.: QOMAMEeTI CAM POLELALES eee ae eee ope ee eee Sees Various. Randolph-Macon College, Lynchburg, Va.: SwAmericant porbeaits= e- e e e e eee Various. American Federation of Arts, New York, N. Y.: Mrsmevia tess. fox se Sian bae 2h meer PPAR le 2 ee Gilbert Stuart. Virginia Museum, Richmond, Va.: Bulls’ of Bordeaux (series of 4)—--=.-_---.-___._-_+__=.- Goya. The White House, Washington, D. C.: Arctic) Lnree-Loecdey O00 PCCKCR 2s sae ee eee J. J. Audubon. Orchard Oriol ea. ee ee ee ee J. J. Audubon. Aiiiess Days May el Odes eee ee Le Se Childe Hassam. Portraits wuinco ln ees eee Re eee Volk. Abraham uineollss 2 2226 ae Lambdin. Newportmelanbor Sofas ——e—— Mpa esi A Pine eave Kensett. Wandsceapes: 322.3. os ee ee Harpignies. Nathanielbiawthorne= = = 222 eee eee Emanuel Leutze. MewWitte Clmton==— 2-2 oo 28 ot es Dee eee ee eee John W. Jarvis. AMGTeW, OaCKSONe a2. 3 ae ee ee Ralph Earle. General Washington at Princeton_.—._______________--- Charles Polk. Mee a ese (SAT ViaALGCOsp VCTiCe)) meee oe ee E. Vail. Blair-Lee House, Washington, D. C.: lennya Clay. a eS ee es ee Healy. Wranictinweiereeec. 2 52 Soo ae eee ee ee Healy. \Wishbbehoy leavin leaky aay ee ee eee Lambdin. FL ACa 0b 0 VBA Oe Weds) 0NC3 1 PE RE Se pee age eee ee Lambdin. Allios Daya Mia yetON (2. 5 Ue oe Childe Hassam. 30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 EXHIBITIONS The following exhibitions were held at the National Gallery of Art during the fiscal year 1953: Lithographs by Toulouse-Lautrec. Selected from the Rosenwald Collection. Continued from previous fiscal year through August 3, 1952. American Portraits from the Collection of the National Gallery of Art. August 10 through September 28, 1952. Demonstration of Techniques. Watercolor renderings from the Index of American Design. October 5 through October 7, 1952. American Antiques. Watercolor renderings from the Index of American Design. October 9 through October 19, 1952. French Drawings, Masterpieces from Five Centuries. From the Louvre, other French museums and private collections. Sponsored by Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service. November 2 through November 30, 1952. Twentieth-Century French Paintings From the Chester Dale Collection. Opened November 22, 1952, to continue indefinitely. Japanese Painting and Sculpture, From the 6th Century A. D. to the 19th Century. Sponsored by the Government of Japan. January 25 through Febru- ary 25, 1953. Nuremberg and the German World, 1460-1530. Prints and books from the Kress and Rosenwald Collections. March 15 through July 12, 1953. 19th- and 20th-Century Paintings from the Edward G. Robinson Collection. May 10 through June 24, 1953. TRAVELING EXHIBITIONS Rosenwald Collection—Special exhibitions of prints from the Rosenwald Collection were circulated to the following places during the fiscal year 1953: Chattanooga Art Association, Chattanooga, Tenn. : Collection of Master Prints. July 12—-August 4, 1952. University of Alabama, University, Ala. ; Toulouse-Lautree Prints. August 1952. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Mich. : 18th-Century Venetian Art. September-October, 1952. Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Md.: “The World Encompassed”—4 maps. October 7—-November 23, 1952. Academy of Music, Philadelphia, Pa.: 3 Blake prints, to accompany premier of Virgil Thompson’s themes from Blake’s “Songs of Innocence and Experience.” October 10, 1952. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pa.: “Graphic Art by 20th-Century Sculptors”—12 drawings. October 11—December 7, 1952. Society of the Four Arts, Palm Springs, Fla. : 2 Oudry Drawings. November 15--December 12, 1952. SECRETARY’S REPORT 3l Religious Art Committee of Student Body, Union Theological Seminary, New York, N. Y.: 4 prints. November 30—December 16, 1952. John Herron Art Institute, Indianapolis, Ind.: 18th-Century Venetian Art. November 1952-—January 4, 1953. Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, Lynchburg, Va.: Collection of Master Prints. December 1952. Virginia Museum, Richmond, Va.: Goya-Tauromachia prints. January 1953. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio: Music Manuscripts. January 11—March 1, 1953. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, N. Y.: “Landscape Drawings and Water Colors; Breugel to Cezanne”’—7 drawings. January 30—April 11, 1953. Philadelphia Art Alliance, Philadelphia, Pa. : Selections from Recent French Acquisitions. February 9—March 1, 1953. Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colo.: “Art Tells the Story”—1 Blake print. March 1-April 28, 1953. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia : French Impressionism, Drawings and Watercolors. March 23-April 19, 1953. Tyler School of Art, Elkins Park, Pa.: Hobby Show for Abington Hospital Benefit. April 15, 1953. Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, Minn.: 19th-Century Monotypes—5. May 5-June 30, 1953. Index of American Design.—During the fiscal year 1953, 25 travel- ing exhibitions of original watercolor renderings of this collection, with 58 bookings, were sent to the following States and countries: Number 0; State or country exhibitions TV oF: 1 00 02 Be aay pe tae RE a Seed La a 3 PUP ATISRE: stp 2k ee eke Sena e i tL ee eRe 1 GOnneCHeUG= 2.2 ee ee ee ee 1 Distriet/of! Columbia s0i02 V1 Velvia. bij 9 Plinoig>: teh» te Tepe ae aad sees oebtroce 2 UG G5 01:5 1 en STIL SB o_o ae eee 1 Poweawies + Je epee eee een. Yes Want rey 6 RON Moyes. . ae eT ee ky Le Ree 1 Bowisiane Yt )t0 bie ave renee ae en AM e nara eo 1 Midine: Sila 3F MOV MEE VM tan Let 1 Marylarnd #1) «oer pregigectaieeel yw AF tien poe 3 Ri Chivari Soc ee PO Bo 1 BTU 7 6] 0) BE 2 oe eS a ae 1 IN GW UCrsey tec. ae ee ete oe ee 2 32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Number o; State or country exhibitions NeW York.) )J0be 3 Beeman Bie Ae 4 NortheCarolina@s: 2 - 22.0 ante en a ae 5 OHIO2 22. 25 eh 2 eee een ae een 4 Penns yl Vania. 5 2 ee eee Se eae pee ee 1 Souch, Caroling oe oe amet eee pe ee = 1 MBEMMCSSCO = a, Sie chs ae eee ee 2 PT oC RR pt cal re ep ep ae 1 WASCONBI 32 ane ae Ss ee ee 1 GreGOe ye oe mete Spee eee aa alee ae ee 1 D9 ae ee hy a rp 8 i A yo ah be 1 Palestine cn so kee er 1 NPA TRG yy Be i eta ae ca a ree ee ee i ‘Western’ Germany... 2-0 ce eee oe ee eee 1 Western Germany and Austria_______--_-_-- 1 CURATORIAL ACTIVITIES The Curatorial Department accessioned 927 gifts to the Gallery dur- ing the fiscal year 1953. Advice was given regarding 285 works of art brought to the Gallery for opinion, and 60 visits to other collections were made by members of the staff for either expert opinion or in con- nection with offers of gifts. About 1,200 inquiries requiring research were answered verbally and by letter. On August 10, 1952, John Walker, as representative of the United States Government on the occasion of the Centennial Celebration of the German National Mu- seum of Niiremberg, gave an address before a large audience. Charles M. Richards conducted two courses in art history under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture. Miss Elizabeth Mongan gave a series of lectures on prints at Beaver College, Swarthmore College, and the Tyler School of Art. Mr. Richards served as an “expert on art” and lecturer at the Career Conference held at George Washington Uni- versity. He also attended the annual meeting of the American Associ- ation of Museums at Buffalo, N. Y., and an organizational meeting of the Southern Conference of Museums at Raleigh, N. C. Miss Katharine Shepard was sent asa delegate from the Washington Society to the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America in Cleveland. Perry B. Cott was elected vice president of this Society. Mr. Cott served on the following committees: Fine Arts Committee, Washington Cathedral; Advisory Committee for Fulbright Awards in Fine Arts; Committee for the Inaugural Medal; Committee for the Protection of Cultural Property. Mr. Cott arranged a schedule of tours of United States museums for visiting foreigners under the International Exchange of Persons Division, Department of State. Erwin O. Christensen was one of five judges at the Army-Wide Li- brary Publicity Contest. Mr. Christensen was chairman of the session on “European and American Art” at the Howard University Festival of Fine Arts this spring, and he also made examinations and wrote SECRETARY’S REPORT ao reports on the Morosini and Negroli helmets in the Widener Collec- tion. William P. Campbell was one of three judges at the “Neigh- borhood Art Show” in Fauquier County, Va. Special installations were prepared for the French drawings exhibi- tion and the exhibition of Japanese paintings and sculpture under the direction of Mr. Cott. He also supervised the installation of new vitrines for the Robert Woods Bliss Collection of pre-Columbian art. RESTORATION AND REPAIR OF WORKS OF ART Necessary restoration and repair of paintings and sculpture in the Gallery’s collections were made by Francis Sullivan, resident restorer to the Gallery. Thirty-one pieces of furniture in the Widener Collec- tion were shipped to New York for repair and conditioning; these were returned to the Gallery in October. PUBLICATIONS During the year Huntington Cairns contributed an article on “Symbolism and the Language of Jurisprudence” to the forthcoming volume “In the Beginning Was the Word: An Inquiry into the Mean- ing and Function of Language,” and reviews of “The Theodosian Code and Novels” and “Law, the Science of Inefliciency,” by William Seagle, to the Library of Congress United States Quarterly Book Review; “The Note-Books of Matthew Arnold,” edited by Lowry, Young, and Dunn, to Poetry Magazine; and “Feeling and Form,” by Susanne Langer, to the Virginia Quarterly Review. He also delivered a series of lectures at the Johns Hopkins University on “The Theory of Criticism.” In November a new book, “Great Paintings from the National Gal- lery of Art,” by Huntington Cairns and John Walker, was published by the Macmillan Co. Nine articles by John Walker on paintings in the Chester Dale Collection appeared in the Ladies Home Journal. Mr. Christensen contributed an article, “A Page from the Sketch- book of Martin Van Heemkerck” for the Gazette des Beaux-Arts. Other publications by the staff during the fiscal year 1953 include the following: “Objects of Medieval Art,” Handbook No. 3 in the National Gallery of Art series by Erwin O. Christensen. A catalog entitled “Twentieth-Century French Paintings from the Chester Dale Collection” was prepared by William P. Campbell. A book for hobbyists entitled “Early American Design: Toleware” was written by Mr. Christensen. He also wrote the book “Early American Wood Carving.” A monograph on Giovanni Bellini’s “Feast of the Gods” is being ‘revised by Mr. Walker and a sixth edition of the catalog, “French 34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Paintings from the Chester Dale Collection,” is being prepared by Mr. Campbell. During the fiscal year 1953 the Publications Fund added four new color postcards and a new 11- by 14-inch color reproduction to the list available and 6 additional new 11- by 14-inch color prints were on order. Nineteen new monotone postcards and four new Christmas- card color plates were produced. At the time of the opening of the exhibition of 'wentieth-Century French Paintings from the Chester Dale Collection a stock of 18 color and monotone postcard subjects was also acquired from the Art Institute of Chicago and distributed here. Eleven more large collotype reproductions of paintings at the Gallery distributed by a New York publisher were placed on sale, and this company also produced the first 6 of a new series of 11- by 14-inch plate-size color reproductions of our works of art. A new set of playing cards, Wedgwood plates bearing a picture of the Gallery building, a stock of “Famous Paintings” calendars includ- ing many Gallery paintings, and the book, “Italian Painters of the Renaissance,” by Bernard Berenson, illustrated with numerous Gal- lery paintings, were also made available. The 1952 A. W. Mellon lectures of Jacques Maritain in published form were placed on sale as well as four other books by National Gallery of Art staff members. Exhibition catalogs of the French drawings, Robinson, and Japanese shows were distributed, and over 20,000 postcards of Japanese works of art were sold here during the latter exhibition. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM The attendance for the general, congressional, and special tours and the “Picture of the Week” totaled 43,544, while the attendance at 39 auditorium lectures on Sunday afternoons was approximately 13,068 during the fiscal year 19538. Tours, lectures, and conferences arranged by appointment were given 202 groups and individuals. The total number of people served in this manner was 4,701. ‘These special appointments were made for such groups as representatives from leading universities and museums, groups from other governmental departments, high schools, college students, women’s clubs, Sunday-school classes, and a number of for- eign visitors. This service also included the training of Junior League volunteers who thereafter conducted tours for art students in the Washington high schools and a training program for members of the Arlington American Association of University Women who served as volunteer docents and conducted tours in the Gallery for all the Arlington public-school children in grades 2 through 6. The staff of the Education Office delivered 17 lectures; 22 lectures were delivered by guest speakers. During March and April Sir Ken- neth Clark delivered the second annual series of the A. W. Mellon SECRETARY'S REPORT oo Lectures in the Fine Arts on the theme, “The Nude: A Study of Ideal Form.” During the past year, 113 persons borrowed 3,327 slides from the lending collection. Seven copies of the National Gallery film were cir- culated on itinerary with 106 bookings completed. In the coming year, 18 copies of the film will be placed in audiovisual libraries in as many different States so that they may have the maximum distribution with guaranteed good treatment. Kight more sets of the “Christmas Story,” a mimeographed lecture illustrated by 34 slides, were made up and circulated with approxi- mately 1,882 people viewing the slides. The printed Calendar of Events, announcing all Gallery activities and publications, is distributed monthly to a mailing list of 5,100 names, LIBRARY Books, pamphlets, periodicals, photographs, and subscriptions pur- chased out of the fund presented to the National Gallery of Art by Paul Mellon totaled 306 during the fiscal year 1953 ; 33 were purchased out of the fund given by Harold K. Hochschild. Gifts included 270 books and pamphlets, while 718 books, pamphlets, periodicals, and bulletins were received from other institutions. Outstanding among these gifts were 50 books presented by Lessing J. Rosenwald. Although the Library is not open to the public, it is possible for stu- dents of art and persons with art questions to use the services of the Library. During this fiscal year the Library staff handled 1,480 refer- ence questions, and there were 635 readers other than the Gallery staff who used the Library. The Library is the depository for photographs of the works of art in the collections of the National Gallery of Art. During the year 425 persons other than the Gallery staff came to purchase prints, and 215 mail orders were filled. INDEX OF AMERICAN DESIGN During the fiscal year 1953, a total of 7 new exhibits containing 304 renderings were completed. Index material was studied during the year by 572 persons representing special research interests, de- signers, groups interested in the material for publications, exhibitions, and slides, and to get a general idea of the collection as a whole. A total of 859 photographs of Index renderings were sent out of the Gallery on loan, for publicity, and purchase. A gift of seventy 2-x-2’ slides of Index material was made by Dr. Konrad Prothmann. Twenty-two sets (consisting of 1,435 slides) of 2-x-2’’ slides were circulated in 26 States, Italy, and England. 36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 ' MAINTENANCE OF THE BUILDING AND GROUNDS The usual work in connection with the care and maintenance of the building and its mechanical equipment and the grounds was continued throughout the year. Flowering and foliage plants grown in the moats were used in the garden courts. In order to provide additional storage space for the Publications Office, a new concrete floor was laid in an unfinished area at the west end of the ground floor. A partition, stainless steel sink, and print washer were installed in one of the darkrooms of the photographers’ laboratory in order to increase the efficiency of that department. The elevators were inspected by a representative of the District government, and also by a representative of the Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., and found to be in good mechanical condition. The high-tension switchgear, together with the safety relays and protective devices, was examined and tested by the Potomac Electric Power Co. Refrigeration machine No. 4 was thoroughly checked and the neces- sary adjustments made in order that it would be in first-class operating condition when the heavy summer load of air-conditioning would be placed upon it. With funds appropriated for the purpose, a contract was entered into with the Worthington Corp. for the replacement of three refrig- eration machines. Two of the machines were in operation by June 93, 1953, and the work of installing the third machine is now under way. OTHER ACTIVITIES A total of 38 Sunday evening concerts were given during the fiscal year 1953 in the West Garden Court. The National Gallery Or- chestra, conducted by Richard Bales, played nine concerts at the Gal- lery with additional performances at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., and in the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Two of the orchestral concerts at the National Gallery were made possible by the Music Performance Trust Fund of the American Fed- eration of Musicians. During April, May, and June, seven Sunday evenings were devoted to the Gallery’s Tenth American Music Festi- val. Thirty-two compositions by thirty-one American composers were played. Most of the concerts were broadcast in their entirety by Station WCFM, Washington, and the Continental Network. A new feature of the series was the addition of the Church of the Ref- ormation Cantata Choir to the National Gallery Orchestra at two concerts which presented both classical and contemporary composers. The photographic laboratory of the Gallery produced 14,013 prints, 402 black-and-white slides, 1,156 color slides, and 127 color trans- SECRETARY’S REPORT ot parencies, in addition to 2,130 negatives, X-rays, infrared and ultra- violet photographs. During the fiscal year, 2,358 press releases were issued in connection with Gallery activities, while 142 permits to copy paintings, and 224 permits to photograph in the Gallery were issued. OTHER GIFTS Gifts of books on works of art and related material were made to the Gallery by Paul Mellon and others. Gifts of money were made during the fiscal year 1953 by the Old Dominion Foundation, the Avalon Foundation, and Harold K. Hochschild. AUDIT OF PRIVATE FUNDS OF THE GALLERY An audit of the private funds of the Gallery has been made for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953, by Price, Waterhouse & Co., public accountants, and the certificate of that company on its examination of the accounting records maintained for such funds will be forwarded to the Gallery. Respectfully submitted. Hounrineron Cairns, Secretary. Dr. Lronarp CaRMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 3 Report on the National Collection of Fine Arts Sm: LI have the honor to submit the following report on the activities of the National Collection of Fine Arts for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953: THE SMITHSONIAN ART COMMISSION The 30th annual meeting of the Smithsonian Art Commission was held in the Regents Room of the Smithsonian Building on Tuesday, December 2, 1952. The members present were: Paul Manship, chair- man; Alexander Wetmore, secretary (member, ex officio) ; John Taylor Arms, Robert Woods Bliss, Gilmore D. Clarke, David E. Finley, Lloyd Goodrich, Walker Hancock, George Hewitt Myers, Archibald Wenley, Lawrence Grant White, Andrew Wyeth, and Mahonri Young. Thomas M. Beggs, Director, and Paul V. Gardner, curator of ceram- ics, National Collection of Fine Arts, were also present. The Commission recommended to the Board of Regents the reelec- tion of David E. Finley, Paul Manship, Eugene E. Speicher, and Archibald Wenley for the ensuing 4-year period. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Paul Manship, chairman; Robert Woods Bliss, vice chairman; and Leonard Carmichael, secretary. ‘The following were elected members of the executive committee for the ensuing year: David EK. Finley, chairman, Robert Woods Bliss, Gilmore D. Clarke, and George Hewitt Myers. Paul Manship, as chairman of the Commission, and Leonard Car- michael, as secretary of the Commission, are ex officio members of the executive committee. Dr. Alexander Wetmore, retiring Smithsonian Secretary, was added to the list of emeritus members of the Commis- sion. Dr. Wetmore reported to the Commission that a bill (H. R. 8216) had been introduced in the House of Representatives “to establish as a branch of the Smithsonian Institution an American Academy of Music, Drama, and Ballet, for the education of selected pupils in all the various phases of these arts, and for other purposes, as part of a National War Memorial (to include a theater and opera house).” A similar bill was introduced in the Senate (S. J. 105). Mr. Beggs presented his annual report to the Commission, and said that special emphasis had been given to exhibitions during the year. He reported the completion of the renovation of the first-floor galleries, 38 SECRETARY’S REPORT 39 the reorganization of the permanent exhibition of the Harriet Lane Johnston, Ralph Cross Johnson, John Gellatly, and Pell Collections, and the preparation in progress of a new catalog and handbooks of the collections. Responsibility for scheduling the monthly foyer exhibitions in the Natural History Building, including those of scien- tific materials, was transferred by the Secretary to the National Collection of Fine Arts. Mr. Beggs also described other activities of the National Collection of Fine Arts: The Third Annual Exhibit of the Kiln Club of Wash- ington, representing accomplishment by local craftsmen under Paul V. Gardner’s direction; the exhibits of paintings by Edwin Scott and Alice Pike Barney, indicating new uses of the Barney Fund; the Art and Magic in Arnhem Land Exhibit, shown first in the Natural His- tory Building and now being circulated by the Smithsonian Travel- ing Exhibition Service; the exhibition of “French Drawings of Five Centuries,” lent by the French Government, first shown at the Na- tional Gallery of Art by the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service, followed by showings at the Cleveland Museum of Art, the City Art Museum of St. Louis, the William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, before its return to France. Mr. Beggs reported that the contract with the Department of State for funds for the preparation of exhibitions to be sent abroad in 1953 and 1954 had been renewed. The following objects were accepted by the Commission for the National Collection of Fine Arts: Oil, The Stephen Children (Theodore Brower, Cornelia, John, and Esther Amelia), attributed to a brother of President Madison. Gift of Amelia R. Lowther. Oil, Man in White (Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker), by Cecilia Beaux, N. A. (1863-1942). Henry Ward Ranger bequest. Oil, Portrait of Dr. George F. Becker (1847-1919), geologist, by Fedor Encke (1851-7). Gift of Mrs. George F. Becker. Accepted for the National Portrait Gallery. Marble, General Philip H. Sheridan (1831-1888), by Thomas Buchanan Read (1822-1872). Gift of Benjamin Bell. Accepted for the National Portrait Gal- lery. Five pieces of modern glass: Gazelle bowl and base (crystal glass designed by Sidney Waugh and made by Steuben Glass, Inc., Corning, New York) ; vase (8 inches high), ashtray (smoke crystal glass with cut flutings), globular vase (614 inches high with crystal glass engraved fish decoration), all designed by Gerda Stromberg and made at Strombergshyttan, Sweden. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Hugh J. Smith, Jr. Ceramic, bottle, 14 inches high, St. Ives pottery, stoneware, Tenmoku glaze, designed by Bernard Howell Leach. Gift of the artist. Ceramic, bottle, 16 inches high, stoneware, Sgraffito decoration, designed by Paul D. Holleman, Roxbury, Mass. Gift of the Kiln Club. Two award-winning pieces from the Third Annual Exhibition of Ceramic Art, 1952: bottle, hand-modeled, ivory matt glaze, by Alta C. Fuller, winner 284725—54——4 40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 of the B. F. Drakenfeld award; and bowl, wine-red glaze, by Lisle Pursel, winner of Winthrop Ceramic Supply Company award. Gift of the Kiln Club. STUDY COLLECTION A ceramic sculpture, Toad, designed by Ollie Palmore Long, gift of the Kiln Club, was added to the study collection. TRANSFERS ACCEPTED Four watercolors were transferred from the division of birds on March 13, 1953: Cardinal, Towhee Bunting, and Purple Grackle, by John James Audubon; and Rose-breasted Grosbeak, by Joseph B. Kidd, after Audubon. Three oils were transferred from the division of graphic arts on March 25, 1953: Indian Summer, by Jaspar F. Cropsey, N. A.; Octo- ber, by Robert C. Minor; and November, by Jervis McEntee, N. A. LOANS ACCEPTED Miniature, James D. Simons, attributed to James Peale, was lent by Miss Henrietta Simons, Charleston, S. C., on July 19, 1952 (with- drawn by owner on September 5, 1952). Seventeen miniatures were lent by Mr. and Mrs. Ruel P. Tolman, Washington, D. C., as follows: Man with Red Hair, by Alvan Clark (1804-87). Unknown Gentleman, by Robert Field (ce. 1769-1819). Unknown Gentleman, by Thomas Flatman (1633/7-88). Unknown Gentleman, by Sarah Goodridge (1788-1853). John (or Uriah) Vaughan, by Christopher Greiner (fl. 1837-64). Robert Parker, attributed to Henry Inman (1801-46). Unknowu Young Lady, attributed to Henry Inman (1801-46). J. B., by Raphaelle Peale (1774-1825). Self Portrait, by Sarah Peale (1800-85). Unknown Lady, by John Ramage (1748-1802). Self Portrait, by Edward Savage (1761-1817). Unknown Man, by Richard M. Staigg (1820-81). Nancy de Villers, by Carolyn D. Tyler. Miss Mary Angell, by Carolyn D. Tyler. Klizabeth Moore, by Carolyn D. Tyler. Mr. W., by an undetermined artist. Unknown Man, by an undetermined artist. Six pieces of modern glass were lent by Mr. and Mrs. Hugh J. Smith, Jr., Scarsdale, N. Y., on April 11, 1953. LOANS TO OTHER MUSEUMS AND ORGANIZATIONS Table, French, 18th century (P. 220), was lent to the American Federation of Arts, Washington, D. C., on July 10, 1952, for an indefinite period. Venetian plate, of the Cozzi period, c. 1780 (P. 497), and a soup SECRETARY’S REPORT 41 tureen, dated Turin, c. 1775 (P. 801), were lent to the Detroit Institute of Arts for an exhibition of Arts of Venice in the 18th century, from September 28 to November 1, 1952. (Returned November 14, 1952.) Two portraits, by Charles Hopkinson—Nikola P. Pashitch and Prince Kimmochi Saionji—were lent to the Century Association, New York City, for an exhibition of work by Charles Hopkinson, from December 38, 1952, to January 4, 1953. (Returned January 22, 1953.) Oil, Caresse Enfantine, by Mary Cassatt, was lent to the Munson- Williams-Proctor Institute Art Gallery, Utica, N. Y., for an exhibi- tion of expatriates, Whistler, Cassatt, and Sargent, from January 4 through 25, 1953. (Returned January 30, 1953.) Oil, The Storm, by Ludwick Backhuysen (with seven oils by Edwin Scott from the Smithsonian Lending Collection), was lent to the United States District Court of the District of Columbia on December 15, 1952, for a period of 4 years. Two oils, Cliffs of the Upper Colorado River, Wyoming Territory, by Thomas Moran, and Moonlight, by Albert P. Ryder, were lent to the American Federation of Arts on January 12, 1953, for an exhibi- tion of 19th-century American paintings to be circulated in Germany. Two oils, An Abandoned Farm, by Ernest Lawson, and Laguna, New Mexico, by Albert L. Groll, were lent to The White House on February 6, 1953, for an indefinite period. Oil, Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way, by Emanuel Leutze, was lent to the Denver Art Museum for an exhibition, “Art Tells the Story,” from March 1 through April 26, 1953. (Returned May 6, 1953.) Oil, At Nature’s Mirror, by Ralph Blakelock, was lent to the American Federation of Arts on February 18, 1953, for their traveling show “American Tradition 1800-1900,” through May 1953. (Returned May 29, 1953.) Two oils, Roses, by Walter Shirlaw, and The Signing of the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814, by Sir Amedee Forestier (with 4 pastels by Alice Pike Barney, and 5 oils by Edwin Scott, from the Smith- sonian Lending Collection), were lent to the United States District Court of the District of Columbia on February 18, 1953, for a period of 4 years, Oil, Portrait of Wyatt Eaton, by J. Alden Weir (with 5 oils by Edwin Scott, from the Smithsonian Lending Collection), was lent to the Department of Justice on March 12, 1953, for a period of 4 years. Bronze, Bust of Hon. Elihu Root, by James Earle Fraser, was lent to the National War College on March 13, 19538, for a period of 4 years. Oil, Portrait of Dr. George F. Becker, by Fedor Encke, was lent to the National Academy of Sciences on April 17, 1953, for a period of 4 years. 42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Four oils, Sea and Rain, by George H. Bogert; Evening Glow, Mount McIntyre, by James Henry Moser; The Vintage, by Alexander Rene Veron; and Conway Hills, by Frederick B. Williams (with a watercolor, Hill and Lake, by James Henry Moser, from the Smith- sonian Lending Collection), were lent to the Department of State on April 23, 1958, for a period not to exceed 4 years. Oil, Portrait of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, by Seymour M. Stone (with 4 oils by Edwin Scott from the Smithsonian Lending Collection), was lent to the Bureau of the Budget on May 13, 1953, for a period not to exceed 4 years. Three oils, Col. William Shakespeare King, by George Catlin; Hon. Salmon P. Chase, by James Reid Lambdin; Rustic Dance, by Jean Antoine Watteau; and two marble busts, Hon. Charles Evans Hughes, by Moses W. Dykaar, and Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, by Thomas Buchanan Read, were lent to the United States Court of Military Appeals on June 11, 1953, for a period not to exceed 4 years. Four watercolors by William H. Holmes, My Old Mill, Holmes- croft, Near Rockville, Maryland; A Maryland Wheat Field; Over the Maryland Fields; and the Normal Rock Creek about 1910 (with 1 oil by Edwin Scott, from the Smithsonian Lending Collection), were lent to the Bureau of the Budget on June 25, 1953, for a period not to exceed 4 years. LOANS RETURNED Two oils, Portrait of George Washington, attributed to William Winstanley, after Gilbert Stuart, and The Signing of the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814, by Sir Amedee Forestier, lent March 22, 1949, to the Department of State, were returned January 19, 1953. Three oils, Conway Hills, by Frederick Ballard Williams; The Meadow Brook, by Charles P. Gruppe; and Sea and Rain, by George H. Bogert, lent March 14, 1946, to the Department of the Treasury, were returned February 12, 1953. Oil, December Uplands, by Bruce Crane, lent June 27, 1950, to the Executive Office, Council of Economic Advisers, was returned Febru- ary 26, 1953. SMITHSONIAN LENDING COLLECTION One oil painting, Paris, 1910, by Edwin Scott (1863-1929), was added to the Alice Pike Barney Memorial Collection on April 11, 1953. The following paintings were lent for varying periods: Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.: August 15, 1952: Old Man with Pipe, by O. W. Roederstein. Soldiers of the Empire, by Indoni. Tangier, by L. Garcia. SECRETARY’S REPORT 43 Ballerine, by Alice Pike Barney. Captain Wheeler, by Alice Pike Barney. Laura Alice in Big Hat, by Alice Pike Barney. Laura in Fichu, by Alice Pike Barney. Laura with Blue Scarf, by Alice Pike Barney. Marie Huet, the Painter, by Alice Pike Barney Martha, by Alice Pike Barney. Matsu and Puss, by Alice Pike Barney. Self Portrait in 1924, by Alice Pike Barney. Self Portrait with Palette, by Alice Pike Barney. The Brass Kettle, by Alice Pike Barney. Woodsprite, by Alice Pike Barney. Young Girl with Fichu, by Alice Pike Barney. Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.: September 25, 1952: Marie Huet, by Alice Pike Barney. R. D. Shepherd, by Alice Pike Barney. White Paradise, by Alice Pike Barney. Chambre des Députés Ne. 3, by Edwin Scott. Femmes prés des Escaliers No. 1, by Edwin Scott. Place de la Madeleine, by Edwin Scott. Quai de la Seine, Eglise St. Gervais, by Edwin Scott. Scene Italienne prés de la Fontaine, by Edwin Scott. March 12, 1953: La Madeleine No. 2, by Edwin Scott. Maison de Millet, by Edwin Scott. Notre Dame, by Edwin Scott. Place St. Germain-des-Prés, by Edwin Scott. Porte St. Martin No. 2, by Edwin Scott. United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C.: December 15, 1952: Bateau de Péche, by Edwin Scott. Eglise de Ville, by Edwin Scott. Homme au Chapeau Rouge, by Edwin Scott. Honfleur Fishing Boats No. 1, by Edwin Scott. Saint Roche, Rue St. Honore, by Edwin Scott. Téte de Femme, by Edwin Scott. The Seine at Paris (L’Institute), by Edwin Scctt. February 18, 1953: Ali Kuli Kahn, by Alice Pike Barney. Camille Gorde, by Alice Pike Barney. Jimmy Davis, by Alice Pike Barney. Old Actor, by Alice Pike Barney. Cote aux Environs de Cherbourg, by Edwin Scott. Porte de Cherbourg, by Edwin Scott. Porte St. Martin et Enterrement, by Edwin Scott. Ships at Anchor, Cherbourg, No. 1, by Edwin Scott. Ship at Anchor, Cherbourg, No. 2, by Edwin Scott. Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.: March 3, 1953: Chambre des Députés in a Mist, by Edwin Scott. Saint Roche Church, by Edwin Scott. The Madeleine at Dawn, by Edwin Scott. 44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Department of State, Washington, D. (OR April 23, 1953: Hill and Lake, by James Henry Moser. Bureau of the Budget, Washington, D. C.: May 18, 1953: Boulevard St. Germain (Prés St. Germain-des-Prés), by Edwin Scott. Chambre des Députés No. 1, by Edwin Scott. Place de la Concorde No. 1, by Edwin Scott. Saint Germaine des Prés No. 3, by Edwin Scott. June 25, 1953: Saint Germaine des Prés No. 2, by Edwin Scott. ALICE PIKE BARNEY MEMORIAL FUND An addition of $5,000 to the fund established in 1951 by Miss Natalie Clifford Barney and Mrs. Laura Dreyfus-Barney, in memory of their mother, for the purpose of encouraging the appreciation and creation of art in the United States, was received in January 1953. THE HENRY WARD RANGER FUND According to a provision in the Ranger bequest that paintings purchased by the Council of the National Academy of Design from the fund provided by the Henry Ward Ranger bequest, and assigned to American art institutions, may be claimed during the 5-year period beginning 10 years after the death of the artist represented, 2 paintings were recalled for action of the Smithsonian Art Commission at its meeting on December 2, 1952. No. 62. Manin White (Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker), by Cecilia Beaux, N. A. (1863-1942), was accepted by the Commission to become a permanent accession. No. 5. The Orange Bowl, by Anna §. Fisher, N. A. ( -1942), was returned to the Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, R. I., where it was originally assigned in 1921. The following paintings, purchased by the Council of the National Academy of Design in 1952, have been assigned as follows: 137. Title and Artist Yorktown Heights (watercolor), by Warren Baumgartner, N. A. (1895- Ne Assignment Suffolk Museum, Stone Brook, Long Island, N. Y. 138. Pirates Alley, New Orleans, by Guy Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa, Okla. Pene Du Bois, N. A. (1884- Ve 139. Night Fair, by Martin Jackson Mead Memorial Museum, Amherst (1871- Ne College, Amherst, Mass. 140. Tide Water Creek, Oreg. (water- William A. Farnsworth Library color), by Theodore Kautzky, and Art Museum, Rockland, N. A. Maine. 141. My Studio, by John Koch (1910- Society of Liberal Arts, Joslyn Art ). Museum, Omaha, Nebr. 142. Still Life with Leaves, by Roger Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Mass. Kuntz. SECRETARY’S REPORT 45 SMITHSONIAN TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Thirty-two exhibitions were circulated during the past season, 20 in the United States and Canada and 12 abroad, as follows: UNITED STATES AND CANADA Painting and Drawing Title Source Contemporary Swiss Paintings_-----_ Hidgenoessische Kunstkommission of Switzerland ; Dr. Heinz Keller, Curator of Kunstmuseum in Winterthur. Finnish Paintings and Seulpture___._ Fine Arts Academy and finnish-American Society in Helsinki; Finnish Legation (Heikki Reenpaa). French Drawings, Masterpieces from Mme. Jacqueline Bouchot-Saupique; M. Five Centuries. Georges Salles; French Embassy. German Drawings and Watercolors_._ Dr. Charlotte Weidler. Seven Cuban Painters___________-__- Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston; Pan American Union (José Gomez Sicre). Graphic Arts Children’s Books from Fifty Coun- tries IL. U. S. Office of Education and State Children’s Books from Fifty Coun- Department. tries IT. Modern Swedish Bookbindings___---_ Swedish Association of Master Book- binders; Swedish Institute in Stock- holm; Swedish Embassy. Woodcuts by Antonio Frasconi__-__- Print Club of Cleveland; Cleveland Mu- seum of Art; Weyne Gallery. Design Furniture, Costume, and Textiles____ Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art. Design trom britaina= 2222-2 ss Council of Industrial Design; Dollar Exports Council; British Embassy. Architecture Weywelibralics = ase ee eee The Re-union of Architecture and American Institute of Architects. Engineering. Textiles Swedish Textiles!) 2) bs _sh 22S Swedish Embassy; Swedish Homecraft League; Friends of Textile Art. Ceramics Artists and Potters of Vallauris I.___.}Rene Batigne, Director, Museum of Artists and Potters of Vallauris II__- Vallauris, France. 46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Folk Art Norwegian Decorative Painting_-_---_ Norwegian Artists Guild; Norwegian Hmbassy. Our Wide Land aa oe Index of American Design, National Pennsylvania German Arts and Gallery of Art Crafts. Ethnology Art and Magic in Arnhem Land_-__-_-- Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. ABROAD Influences on American Architecture (Gropius). American Wallpaper. Contemporary American Textiles. Containers and Packaging. The World of Paul Revere. The City of New York. Aspects of the American Film—Fourteen Directors. Mississippi Panorama. Fashion and Color Photography. Carl Schurz. These displays were scheduled as an integral part of the programs of 77 museums and galleries, located in 29 States, the District of Columbia, and Canada. Catalogs were published for each, including the exhibit of the “French Drawings of Five Centuries,” lent by the Government of France. This exhibit was first shown at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C., and then sent to Cleveland, St. Louis, Boston, and New York City, before its return to France. The catalog, prepared by Mme. Bouchot-Saupique, curator of drawings at the Louvre, was privately printed, with an introduction by Mrs. Anne- marie H. Pope, chief of the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service. INFORMATION SERVICE In addition to the many requests for information received by mail and telephone, inquiries made in person at the office numbered 1,432. Examination was made of %73 works of art submitted for identification. Washington art groups and local chapters of national civic organi- zations were served during the year by National Collection of Fine Arts staff members who judged art exhibitions and competitions, and addressed meetings on subjects in their special fields. Introductions also were written to catalogs of exhibitions published by organizations showing in the foyer gallery. SECRETARY’S REPORT 47 SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS Thirteen special exhibitions were held during the year: July 2 through 80, 1952.—An exhibition of Swedish textiles, arranged in co- operation with the Swedish Embassy by the Potomac Craftsmen, consisting of 195 ceramics, rugs, textiles, books, and paintings. August 7 through 27, 1952.—An exhibition of 55 oil paintings, “Reveries of Paris,” by Edwin Scott, from the Alice Pike Barney Memorial Collection. An illustrated catalog was printed with private funds. August 7 through 27, 1952.—An exhibition of 14 portraits in oil, “Citizens of Japan,” by Marguerite S. Hardesty. An illustrated catalog was privately printed. September 5 through 28, 1952.—The Third Annual Exhibition of Ceramic Art, sponsored by the Kiln Club of Washington, consisting of 225 pieces (117 by local artists, 39 by invited American artists, and 69 loaned by various Washington Embassies and Legations as representative of the work of their national artists). Demonstrations on the potter’s wheel were given twice a day four times a week. A catalog was privately printed. September 5 through 28, 1952.—The Second Regional Exhibition of the Wash- ington Sculptors Group, consisting of 50 pieces of sculpture. A catalog was privately printed. October 9 through 29, 1952.—Norwegian Decorative Painting through One Thousand Years, held under the patronage of His Excellency, the Ambassador from Norway, Wilhelm Munthe de Morgenstierne, consisting of 96 large mounted photographs, and 55 pieces of ceramics. et i ee et ee SECRETARY’S REPORT 101 RumANtA: Ministére de la Propagande Nationale, Service des Echanges Inter- nationaux, Bucharest.’ Soutn AvusTRALIA: South Australian Government Exchanges Bureau, Govern- ment Printing and Stationary Office, Adelaide. Spain: Junta de Intercambio y Adquisicién de Libros y Revistas para Bibliote- cas Publicas, Ministerio de Educacién Nacional, Avenida Calvo Sotelo 20, Madrid. Swepen: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. SWITZERLAND: Service Suisse des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Cen- trale Fédérale, Palais Fédéral, Berne. TASMANIA: Secretary of the Premier, Hobart. TurKEY: Ministry of Education, Department of Printing and Engraving, Istanbul. UnIon or SoutH AFrrica: Government Printing and Stationary Office, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. UNION or Soviet SoctaLtist REPUBLICS: Bureau of Book Exchange, State Lenin Library, Moscow 19. Vicroria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. YUGOSLAVIA: Bibliografski Institut FNRJ, Belgrade. Respectfully submitted. D. G. Wriu1aMs, Chief. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 7 Report on the National Zoological Park Sm: Transmitted herewith is a report on the operations of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953. This year showed a considerable increase over last in accessions to the Zoo. In all, 810 accessions, comprising 1,797 individual animals, were added to the collection during the year by gifts, deposits, pur- chases, exchanges, births, and hatchings. Among these were many rare specimens never before shown in this Zoo. The addition of new kinds of animals enhances the value of the collection, which is maintained not only for exhibition but also for research and education, thus foster- ing the Smithsonian’s established purpose of “the increase and diffu- sion of knowledge.” Opportunities for research are afforded students of biology, particularly vertebrate zoology, as well as artists, pho- tographers, and writers. Methods of study that do not endanger the welfare of animals or the safety of the public are encouraged. Services of the staff included answering in person or by phone, mail, or telegraph questions regarding animals and their care and transportation; furnishing to other zoos and other agencies, public and private, information regarding structures for housing animals; cooperating with other agencies of Federal, State, and municipal governments in research work; and preparing manuscripts for publication. The stone restaurant building, which was constructed in the Park in 1940, is leased at $46,212 a year. This money is deposited in the United States Treasury. The concessionaire serves meals and light refreshments and sells souvenirs. THE EXHIBITS Animals for exhibition are acquired by gift, deposit, purchase, exchange, birth, and hatching, and are removed by death, exchange, or return of those on deposit. Although depositors are at liberty to remove their specimens, many leave them permanently. As in any colony of living things, there is a steady turnover, and the exhibits are constantly changing. Thus, the inventory of speci- mens in the collection on June 30 of each year does not show all the kinds of animals that were exhibited during the year, for sometimes creatures of outstanding interest at the time they were shown are no longer in the collection at the time the inventory is made. 102 Secretary's Report, 1953.—Appendix 7 PLATE 6 Upper right: Allen’s monkeys. These two were the first specimens of their kind to be exhibited in the National Zoological Park and, with the exception of two others received at the San Diego Zoo at about the same time, the first to be exhibited in the United States. They are extremely rare, less than a dozen specimens having heretofore been in zoos or museums anywhere in the world. Lower left: Young Brazilian flat-tailed otter. This is the first one to be exhibited in the National Zoological Park, or, possibly, in the United States. These are large otters that inhabit streams of the Amazon Basin. ‘The feet are as fully webbed as the common river otter, and the tail is flattened in a peculiar manner. Photographs by Ernest P. Walker. Secretary's Report, 1953.—Appendix 7 PLATE 7 Right: Frilled lizard of Australia, in a defensive attitude but without its frill or ruff being fully extended as it is when the lizard is annoyed. This and another specimen were the first to be exhibited in the National Zoological Park. On the limb beneath, an Australian bearded lizard. On the throat are large folds of skin which the animal extends when angry to produce a threatening appearance. Lower left: European midwife toad. The female lays her eggs in a strand somewhat like beads strung on accord. The male then wraps them around his body in front of his hind legs and cares for them until they hatch. Photographs by Ernest P. Walker. SECRETARY’S REPORT 103 The United States National Museum is given first choice of all specimens that die in the Zoo. If they are not desired for the Museum they are then made available to other institutions or scien- tific workers. Thus the value of the specimen continues long after it is dead. ACCESSIONS GIFTS AND DEPOSITS The Zoo has been particularly fortunate in having friends who have showed their sincere interest by bringing in specimens, or arranging for acquisitions from foreign countries. During the year, the follow- ing have made valuable contributions to the collection : Lt. Col. Robert Traub, Chief, Department of Entomology, Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medica! Center, Wash- ington, D. C., supplied animals from Malaya, Borneo, and Korea. Thomas McKnew, of the National Geographic Society, interested Sir Gordon H. A. MacMillan of MacMillan, Governor and Com- mander in Chief of Gibraltar, in presenting two Barbary apes. Dr. Robert E. Kuntz, of the United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, and George Malakatis, gave reptiles that they had obtained in Egypt. Dr. Donald J. Pletsch, of the World Health Organization at Taipeh, Taiwan, sent a fine, tame civet (Paguma larvata taviana), a form found only on the island of Formosa. This was the first of its kind exhibited in the Zoo. Dr. Egberto Garcia S., Director of the Department of Public Health of Ecuador, sent two large Galapagos turtles. The Honorable Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam, gave three East Indian monitor lizards. Forest Bartl, of Edgewater, Md., presented a specimen of the beautiful eclectus parrot, a native of the Papuan Islands and rare in collections. Mrs. Helen B. Irwin, Washington, D. C., gave a beautiful sulphur- crested cockatoo. Paul M. Menendez and Bernard F. Salb, both of Washington, D. C., each presented a white-armed marmoset. The National Institutes of Health deposited a chimpanzee. The Round Table Kennels, of Middletown, Del., presented 12 young blue peafowl. Dorothy Schenck, Willimantic, Conn., gave a ball python. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service, through various mem- bers of its staff, continued to assist during the year in maintaining an interesting collection. 284725—54 8 104 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 J. E. Bannister, St. Leonards, Md., went to considerable effort to bring to the Zoo a scarlet king snake, one of the more beautifully marked of North American snakes, and very rare in this region. The Philadelphia Zoological Gardens gave two Arctic foxes. Dr. E. Raymond Hall and Richard P. Grossenheider, of the Uni- versity of Kansas, presented two Point Barrow lemmings; these are rare in collections because they do not ordinarily thrive in capitivity. W. W. Dornin, Phoenix, Ariz., personally collected and shipped to the Zoo representatives of 13 species of reptiles of the southwestern United States. Superintendent Curtis Reid, of the District of Columbia Jail, and William Stokes gave a Virginia deer that had been raised from a fawn at the jail. Mrs. Fred J. McKay, Arlington, Va., gave an American crocodile. This year, as in many years past, various individuals have deposited in the Zoo animals to which they desired to retain title. These specimens are most acceptable additions to the exhibits. Depositors are assured that the animals will receive routine care, but the Zoo assumes no responsibility for their return or no obligation to replace any that do not survive. This year a group of 42 mammals and reptiles was deposited by Gordon Gaver, who operates an animal exhibit at Thurmont, Md., during the summer. He deposited his specimens with the Zoo in the fall and removed them in the spring. A similar procedure has been adopted by M. A. Stroop, of New Market, Va., who deposited 68 specimens with us this year. There was a decided increase in the number of spectacled caimans (Caiman sclerops) received as gifts, due to the fact that Florida is now prohibiting exportation of baby alligators and so dealers are selling instead young spectacled caimans from Central and South America, and many of these eventually reach the zoos. DEPOSITORS AND DONORS AND THEIR GIFTS (Deposits are marked *; unless otherwise indicated, addresses of donors are Washington, D. C.) Aben, Jerry, 8 golden hamsters, *golden | Anderson, Mrs. M., 2 cardinals. hamster. Animal Rescue League, woodcock. Abramson, Karen, Alexandria, Va., 2 | Animal Welfare League, Arlington, Va., Pekin ducks. skunk. Adair, Ralph, Chevy Chase, Md.,| Army Medical Service, through Col. opossum. Robert Traub, *2 rajah tree rats, AAs, OPT, Arlington, Va., Pekin *2 wood rats, *2 Asiatic squirrels, : *2 southern Asiatic squirrels, *2 Allen, Ronald, 2 common newts. A Alsever, Mrs. Margery, opossum. Berduoe squirrels, *6 Siamese Alston, Hezekiah, Pekin duck. rats, *4 large spiny-backed tree Altman, Franklin O., Takoma Park, Md., rats, *1 lesser bandicoot rat, *4 2 domestic rabbits. Allegheny wood rats, *2 raccoon Alvard, Kathy, robin. dogs. SECRETARY’S REPORT Arons, Mrs. H. C., Silver Spring, Md., white rabbit. Ashton, Francis, 3 rabbits, 3 guinea pigs, hamster, painted turtle, opossum. Ayer, Lorraine, domestic rabbit. Baber, James M., squirrel monkey. Babst, Carol L., black rabbit. Baden, Mrs. G., robin. Bailey, George, Pekin duck. Baker, James, chain or king snake. Baker, Judd O., alligator. Baker, N. B., Alexandria, Va., 3 Pekin ducks. Bannister, J. E., St. Leonards, Md., scar- let king snake. Bargmann, Louis, Arlingten, Va., pilot black snake. Bartl, Forest F., Edgewater, Md., eclec- tus parrot. Belintende, S. J., Silver Spring, Md., Summer tanager. Benn, Mrs. W. G., Falls Church, Va., pine lizard, blue-tailed skink. Bennett, Mrs. Robert, Silver Spring, Md., 4 guinea pigs. Berliner, Steve, coot. Bernstein, Ed, *white-throated capu- chin. Berryman, Mrs. R. M., false map turtle. Berthold, Alfred, Chevy Chase, Md., Cumberland turtle. Betz, Thomas, black widow spider. Bigio, Fred, 3 tree frogs. Blackman, Robert, Arlington, Va., 4 false chameleons. Bond, Danny, 2 rabbits. Bower, Clayton, Fort Howard, fighting fowl. Brady, Thomas, timber rattlesnake. Breed, Harold A., Clifton, Va., copper- head. Breslin, G. L., 2 Cook’s tree boas. Brickham, Marguerite H., Annandale, Va., 2 hamsters. Brill, Mrs. Alice, Eastpine, Md., 5 gray squirrels. Broadhurst, Joe, and Kern, Gary, 2 water snakes, snapping turtle. Brockdorff, P. F., Silver Spring, Md., horned lizard. Broodwater, Bobby, Hyattsville, Md., pilot black snake. Brown, Mrs. Clark E., Chevy Chase, Md., robin. Brown, George Jr., Silver Spring, Md., rabbit. Brown, Lynn R., Bladensburg, Md., and McCrory, V. H., Alexandria, Va., *hawk-billed turtle. Brown, Mrs. Ray, *Pekin duck. Brucker, W. B., Long Beach, Calif, *Pacific rattler. Brunhouse, Mrs. Helen, 2 pickerel frogs, alligator, 3 red-lined turtles, 3 Cum- berland turtles, geographic turtle, 2 green frogs, 2 common newts, ham- ster. Ma., 105 Buck, Sally, Garrett Park, Md., alli- gator. Burgess, Pamela, Pekin duck. Burke, William L., Alexandria, Va., 16 opossums. Burrows, Mrs. Inez C., Takoma Park, Md., opossum. Bushnell, Guy, water snake, 8 bullfrogs. Caldwell, William Jr., 2 Pekin ducks. Calvert, Miss Ann, Pekin duck. Campbell, Harold F., Bethesda, Md., 5 fighting game chickens. Camp Detrick, Frederick, Md., copper- head. Cardozo High School, spectacled cai- man. Carew, H. E., Silver Spring, Md., cotton- tail rabbit. as J., Edgewater, Md., brown capu- chin. Carson, James, Arlington, Va., burrow- ing snake. Carter, C. Glen, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Cartner, Mrs. Helen, wood thrush. Castell, Bill, Arlington, Va., spectacled caiman, Charles, ‘rank, Takoma Park, M4d., domestic rabbit. Christel, Mrs. C. J., domestic rabbit. Clapp, Dr. Stewart, Kensington, Md., barred owl. Clark, Mrs. Austin, snapping turtle. Clarke, Mrs. Mary Hlizabeth, Silver Spring, Md., skunk. Clarke, Mrs. Peggy, Landover, Md., *2 Indian pythons, *3 Florida king snakes, *alligator, *Indian rock python. Cleary, Mrs. Mary D., domestic rabbit. Clow, Mrs. Kenneth A., Chevy Chase, Md., domestic pigeon. Coffin, David M., Silver Spring, Md., opossum. Coleman, Elizabeth Ann, *Pekin duck. Colison, C. W., domestic rabbit. Collady, 8. F., 2 white rabbits. Connelly, Mare, Falls Church, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Connett, Mrs. W. B., Fairfax, Va., South American turtle. Connolly, John Alfred, copperhead. Cook, Martin Thomas, ring-necked snake. Coray, Mrs. J. B., robin. Corbet, Pat, Silver Spring, Md., tree frog. Cordle, Farman H., Vienna, Va., *rhesus monkey. Covan, Mrs. W. C., Arlington, Va., white rabbit. Craig, Col. Malin, Jr., Chevy Chase, Md., mourning dove. Cramer, Corliss, Arlington, Va., sparrow hawk. Crawford, William E., East Riverdale, Md., king snake. 106 Cross, Miss Ann G., Sweet Briar, Va., ringed aracari toucan. Crowley, Mrs. H. G., blue jay. Crowley, Mrs. Thomas B., Kensington, Md., skunk. QOzizauskas, Hdward, domestic pigeon. Dale, C. K.., *wood turtle, *2 box turtles, *3 pilot black snakes, *water snake, *keeled green snake, *ringneck snake, *worm snake, *queen snake, *mole snake, *2 blue-tailed skinks. Daniel, Wayne L., Kensington, Md., 2 guinea pigs. Dann, Dougias B., Jr., Alexandria, Va., snapping turtle. Danneman, Eli, Silver Spring, Pekin duck. Dante, Robert, 2 golden hamsters. Darnell, Basil, opossum. Davis, Frank A., Silver Spring, Md., albino corn snake. Davis, Col. Homer, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Davis, Malcolm, painted bunting. Davis, Mrs. R. F., Takoma Park, Md., pilot black snake. Dawson, John Henry, Bethesda, Md., guinea pig. Deddo, Tony Nick, sooty mangabey. DePrato, Jack, Langley Park, Md., water snake. DePrato, Jack and Joe, Langley Park, Md., gopher tortoise, pygmy rattle- snake, *young anaconda, wood toad, ground skink. Dickson, J. T., horned lizard. Dillon, Tandy N., Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. DiMaggio, Andrea, pilot black snake. District of Columbia Jail, through Su- perintendent Curtis Reid and Wil- liam Stokes, Virginia deer. Dopp, H. G., Bladensburg, Md., red fox. Dornin, W. W., Phoenix, Ariz., 2 gila monsters, chuckwalla lizard, 3 Cali- fornia horned lizards, chain king snake, 3 bull snakes, LeConte’s snake, 2 garter snakes, ribbon snake, 18 rattlesnakes, including Western diamond-backed rattlers, red diamond-backed rattlers, side- winders, Mohave rattlers, Pacific rattlers. Dowad, Charles, alligator. Drumheller, Ralph P., District Heights, Md., opossum. Dunn, April, Pekin duck. sears D. M., Takoma Park, Md., guinea pig. Dunn, Mrs. H. H., Takoma Park, Md.., white-throated capuchin. Eeuador, Department of Public Health, through Dr. Egberto Garcia S., Di- rector, 2 Galfipagos turtles. Eddy, Chip, opossum. Edelon, Mrs. E. J., Jr., Port Tobacco, Md., barn owl. Edwards, Joan, 2 Pekin ducks. Md., ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Erwin, Mrs. Helen B., sulphur-crested cockatoo. Evans, Radie, Potomac, Md., *2 lions. Evans, S. W., *5 desert tortoises. Ewing, Mrs. F. W., Kenwood, Md., 2 Muscovy ducks. Faquih, Khaled, robin. Faust, Mrs. Mary D., domestic rabbit. Felix, Mary Katherine, Pekin duck. Ferguson, Robert, Chevy Chase, Md., Cumberland turtle. Ferguson, Mrs. Robert, *ferret. Finney, Mr. and Mrs. Edward G., Waynesboro, Pa., 2 red foxes. Fisher, Mrs. J., Alexandria, Va., red- bellied woodpecker. Fisher, Sydney N., gray squirrel. Flanagan, Mrs. Matthew, spectacled caiman. Ford, Douglas O., Kensington, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Woster, Bonnie, Pekin duck. Fowler, Mr. and Mrs. S. Robert, West Beach, Md., *alligator. Fratt, N. D., Arlington, Va., spectacled caiman. Freedenberg, Norman, Pekin duck. Friedman, Seymour, Mount Rainier, Md., Pekin duck. | Fruland, Roddy, Falis Church, Va., sereech owl. Gault, Albert, Paradise fish, 5 blue acaras. Gaver, Gordon, Thurmont, Md., *Javan macaque, *2 water snakes, *king cobra, *brown water snake, *2 regal pythons, *2 South American boa constrictors, *African python, *In- dian python, *ball python, *rain- bow boa, *king snake, *Indian cobra, *gray rat snake, *corn snake, *§ alligators, *2 eastern diamond- backed rattlesnakes, *2 timber rat- tlesnakes, *2 copperheads, *12 water moccasins. Geier, Mrs. John, 8 opossums. Gelwicks, Maj. Harold G., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Gibbs, Mary, 2 white mice. Gibson, Mrs. William, Bethesda, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Gideon, Bobby, Arlington, Va., boa con- strictor. Gilden, Mrs. J. E., Arlington, Va., com- mon pigeon. Gilpin, Kenneth B., Bethesda, Md., rac- coon. Ginsburg, Jerome, milk snake, garter snake, smooth-scaled green snake. Glazier, Dr. Manuel, Newton, Mass., 2 chameleons. Glenn, Mr. and Mrs. Robert A., squirrel monkey. Godfrey, H. R., Hyattsville, Md., spotted catfish, 40 flag-tailed guppies, four- horned snail, 12 Siamese fighting fish, 1 short-tailed shrew, 2 catfish. SECRETARY’S REPORT Goodnough, Mrs. C. W., Arlington, Va., robin. Gordon, Keith W., Pekin duck. Gottlieb, Mrs. Joanne, blue jay. Greco, Mrs. Joseph, Hyattsville, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Grieve, Wesley I., Vienna, Va., 4 bantam fowl. Griggs, John A., 8 painted turtles, spotted turtle, 2 musk turtles, queen snake. Grillo, Mrs. Berta J., 2 Pekin ducks. Groshon, E. N., Hyattsville, Md., Pekin duck. Grusd, Duley, domestie rabbit. Haennie, Carol Anne, Bethesda, Md., box turtle, Pekin duck. Hall, Dr. E. Raymond, and Grossen- heider, Richard P., Lawrence, Kans., 2 Point Barrow lemmings. Hall, M. W., barred owl. Hall, Tommie C., Arlington, Va., 2 barred owls. Hall, W. L., Pekin duck. Hanagon, John G., golden eagle. Handy, Benjamin H., III, Arlington, Va., horned lizard. Hansen, Mrs. Ira H., Arlington, Va., robin. Hansion, John, flicker. Hanson, Charles L., Alexandria, Va., *Central American boa. Harig, J. M., Arlington Va., monkey. Harry, Charles William, Arlington, Va., *broad-winged hawk. Hassett, B. C., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Hay, Michael, Pekin duck. Haynes, Mrs. Evan A., Pekin duck. Henderson, Mrs. Agnes, box turtle. Hendricks, Frankie, guinea pig. Herbert, Robert, red fox. Hewitt, Paul, Falls Church, Va., pilot black snake. Hogan, Bart, Bethesda, Md., Eastern rhesus skunk. Hogan, Mrs. Viola, Bethesda, Md., grass parakeet. Hohensee, B. G., Great Mills, Md., bar- red owl. Hoke, John, *2 common iguanas, *2 Central American boas. Horton, Ruth, red-lined turtle. Hough, Royce, 3 Cumberland turtles. Houston, Robert H., 2 Pekin ducks. Howard University, *9 pigeons. Hubert, Mabel, eastern skunk. Huff, Herbert, spotted salamander. Hughes, David, 2 horned lizards. Hutchins, Mrs. Dorothy, Alexandria, Va., 3 Pekin ducks. Hutchins, Trafton and Paula, Pekin duck. Hutchinson, Jim, Arlington, Va., Ameri- . @an crow. Traneta, Mrs. Pedro, Silver Spring, Md., cottontail rabbit. 107 Irons, Donald W., Lewisdale, Md., 3 Pekin ducks. Irwin, Mrs. Helen B., sulphur-crested cockatoo. Jacobs, Mrs. L. P., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Jani, Gary, horned lizard. Jenkins, Herschel, Mosley, Va., 5 cop- perheads. Johns, Mrs. Jerrold, Bethesda, Md., blue racer snake. Johnson, Eugene R., domestic rabbit. Johnstone, Delight and Kathy, white rabbit. Jones, Mrs. A., 2 ring-necked doves. Jones, Robert M., 2 Pekin ducks. Kahn, Hermine, Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Kane, Gerard J., Kensington, Md., Pekin duck. Karchner, Donald, green guenon. Karn, Norman, Arlington, Va., 2 hog- nosed snakes. Kefauver, David, blue jay. Keller, Gary, Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Kelley, Mike, Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Kenn, Gary, water snake. Kerkom, Mrs. William B., mourning dove. Ketchum, Harry W., Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Key, Mr., Bethesda, Md., copperhead. Kiger, Carol M., Westhaven, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Kilsheimer, Linda, 3 Pekin ducks. King, Francis, domestic rabbit. Klaben, Mrs. R., spectacled caiman. Klein, Barbara Ann, black rabbit. Klinger, R. L. raccoon. Knapp, Earl L., 2 domestic rabbits. Kneessi, John, South American caiman. Knott, John E., Arlington, Va., DeKay’s snake. Koff, Mrs. M. Polle, Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Krumke, Karl caiman. Kuntz, Dr. Robert BE. and Malakatis, George, Cairo, Egypt, 25 worm snakes, 3 sand boas, horned viper. Lacey, Dale, red-bellied turtle. Lamb, Mrs. Geo. P., 2 Pekin ducks. Langer, W. C., Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Large, Mrs. BE. E., yellow-naped parrot. Lawrence, Jane, *eastern mockingbird. Lawrence, Mrs. Jane, robin. Lawrence, Lt. Rex D., 2 spectacled caimans. Lee, Jackson D., Arlington, Va., rabbit. Leek, Jackie, Pekin duck. Lehman, J. W., Los Angeles, Calif,, *mole snake. Leva, Leo Marx, blue jay. Levin, Jerry, Pekin duck. E., II, spectacled 108 Liebert, Mrs. John, Bethesda, Md., 2 rabbits. Linkins, Bernard R., Silver Spring, Md., blue jay. Litoff, Louis, horned lizard. LoCastro, Frank J., alligator. Locke, Frederick W., robin. Lockhart, Lt. Col. Eugene E., Carlisle, Pa., 13-lined ground squirrel. Loftis, James Robert, Pekin duck. Long, Clifford E., Alexandria, Va., 3 Java finches. Long, Mr. and Mrs. M. G., McLean, Va., Chinese golden pheasant. LoPresti, Sammy Joe and Vinny, and Wilson, Harry and Kendall, red- bellied turtle. Lose, Mrs. W. C., Chevy Chase, Md., 4 domestic rabbits. Lucas, Ethel M., domestic rabbit. Lund, E. A., Ishpeming, Mich., raven. Lyle, Evelyn, Herndon, Va., opossum. Lynn, David, 2 Pekin ducks. MacMillan of MacMillan, Sir Gordon H. A., Governor and Commander in Chief, Gibraltar, 2 Barbary apes. Madden, Judge J. Warren, pilot black snake. Mainhart, Howard, Bethesda, Md., domestie rabbit. Malakoff, Leon, 2 Pekin ducks. Manning, Kenneth M., *Pekin duck. Marsh, Francis, alligator. Marshall, John G., anolis lizard. Marth, Leonard E., Silver Spring, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Martin, Mrs. R. B., Newport News, Va., 2 woodchucks. Mask, Dudley L., Hyattsville, Md., domestic rabbit. Master, Sieber F., Arlington, Va., Cum- berland turtle. Masters, Carl, Beltsville, Md., water snake. Matter, John M., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. McCorkle, Miss, 2 horned lizards. McCreight, William, College Park, Md., hog-nosed snake. McFarland, Mrs. Nina, robin. McGreevy, Leo, 5 domestic rabbits. McKay, Mrs. Fred J., Arlington, Va., American crocodile. McKeldin, Lt. Col. James R., opossum. McKenny, Mrs. W. E., Silver Spring, Md., 3 Pekin ducks. Meggers, John C., eastern skunk. Menendez, Paul M., white-armed mar- moset. Messenga, Missy, domestic rabbit. Meyer, Hanny, weasel. Meyer, Robert J., Silver Spring, Md., opossum. Miller, Mrs. Beatrice, hamster. Miller, C. R., Bethesda, Md., Pekin duck. Miller, Roger, Silver Spring, Md., spec- tacled caiman. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Miller, W. T., Ancon, Canal Zone, yel- low atelopus frog, small tree frog. Mills, Mrs. W. M., Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Monagan, Kathy, gray squirrel. Montgomery, C. R., Sarasota, *2 Indian rock pythons. Moore, Mrs. B. E., Pekin duck. Moore, Mrs. Bessie, 2 mockingbirds. Morris, Roland, ferret. Morrison, Mrs. James, 4 white rabbits. Muir, R. D., 2 Pekin ducks. Munday, Charles H., Sterling, Va., 3 gray foxes. Murpby, Carl D., Norbeck, Md., 2 garter snakes. Naber, R. H., 2 gopher tortoises. National Capital Parks, Superintend- ent, copperhead. National Institutes of Health, Be thesda, Md., *chimpanzee. Newton, J. O., Jr., 2 rabbits. Noble, Patricia, and Candee, Joan, wild rabbit. Novack, Mrs. W., Takoma Park, Md., 2 canaries. O’Brien, P. G., Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. O’Connor, Adele R., 19 canaries, 2 spice finches. O’Hare, Patty, Bethesda, Md., grass parakeet. Orrison, Mrs. A. B., rabbit. Oxenberg, Jerome, 2 domestic rabbits. Pantili, Mrs., Takoma Park, Md., east- Fla., ern skunk. Paranich, Mrs. J. A., Hyattsville, Md., Pekin duck. Paulin, W. B., Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Payne, L. E., Falls Church, Va., rac- coon. Pearson, Billy, Silver Spring, Md., white rabbit. Pemberton, Mrs. F. D., Alexandria, Va., Pekin duck. Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, Phila- delphia, Pa., 2 Arctic foxes. Pletsch, Dr. Donald J., Ping Yong, Tiawan, kitsume or civet. Porter, Mrs. Martha, domestic fowl. Potter, W. Taylor, Silver Spring, Md., screech owl. Powers, Patricia, alligator. Pratt, Richard A., Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Presley, T. W., Arlington, Va., hamster. Pryce, Wendy, Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Pumphrey, D., Bladensburg, Md., *2 black racers. Ragan, Rodney, Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Rauh, Carl, 4 American anolis. Raver, Dean, Bethesda, Md., Pekin duck. Ray, H. A., Arlington, Va., skunk. : | | SECRETARY’S REPORT Reinoehl, Mrs. Elmer S§8., domestic pigeon. Reiser, C. L., Cottage City, Md., horned lizard. Reutiman, EH. R., Arlington, Va., rabbit. Revelee, Robert and William, Canadian goose. Rhue, Bond, domestic pigeon. Robbins, Larry, Silver Spring, Md., 2 water snakes. Robinson, Mrs. Mark T., 2 Java spar- rows, grass parakeet. Roebuck, Marion C., Falls Church, Va., 3 Pekin ducks. Rogers, Mrs. Charles, Silver Spring, Md., Pekin duck. Rohwer, Dru, Arlington, Va., fish hawk. Ronnie, J. C., Silver Spring, Md., screech owl. Rothbard, Charles, Pekin duck. Rothrock, W. L., diamond-backed turtle. Round ‘Table Kennels, Middletown, Del., 12 blue peafowl. Royer, Jon, Bethesda, Md., *copper- head, 3 ferrets, 2 ring-necked doves. Russel, Robert, *Nias wattled mynah. Russel, W. F., Hyattsville, Md., white- nosed guenon. Russell, Warren H., Arlington, Va., domestic pigeon. Ryan, James T., Jr., 2 rabbits. Ryan, John E., Arlington, Va., *squirrel monkey. Salb, Bernard F., white-armed mar- moset. Sams, Mrs. Clifton, domestic rabbit. Sapp, Chris and Vincent, Bethesda, Md., opossum. Sargent, Virginia W., Garrett Park, Md., domestic pigeon. Satterfield, Mrs. W. J., Silver Spring, Md., yellow-bellied turtle. Sayre, Rev. Francis B., cacomistle. Schenck, Dorothy, Willimantic, Conn., ball python. Scher, Mrs. Irene, 2 Pekin ducks. Scherer, Charles, 8 hamsters. Scherer, James, Java finch, Chinese goose. Schmid, Paul, Bethesda, Md., *corn snake, *rat snake, *pilot black snake, *black racer, *2 garter snakes. Schriner, Frank, box turtle. Schrum, Ted, Mount Rainier, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Schuld, J. G., 2 Pekin ducks. Schwartz, Greta, spectacled caiman. Searls, Loyes, *2 white mice. Selby, William E., coatimundi. Self, Edward C., Glenwood, Ga., spec- tacled caiman. Sheas, James H., domestic pigeon. Shelldrake, T. W., 5 opossums. 109 Shipley, Carl, western porcupine. Shirey, William N., Frederick, Md., copperhead. Shoemaker, Mrs. Charles G., Bethesda, Md., 2 domestic rabbits. Siemel, Sasha, Green Lane, Pa., *2 jag- uars, *2 anacondas, Sills, Mrs. R., grass parakeet. Simpson, Mrs. Berry, Alexandria, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Sipes, Richard, Alexandria, Va., keeled green snake. Skelly, Mrs. Ed, Augusta, Ga., fox squirrel, pilot black snake, gopher tortoise. Skinner, Hon. Carlton, Governor of Guam, 3 Hast Indies monitor liz- ards. Smith, C. W., 2 domestic rabbits. Smith, Mrs. Paula, Falls Church, Va., robin. Smith, Ronald E., water snake. Souder, Virgil B., Deerwood, Md., 5 copperheads. Spears, Mrs. Loma, Takoma Park, Md., 10 Pekin ducks. Spirlet, Gilbert, Takoma Park, Md., sparrow hawk. Staight, David, Alexandria, Va., garter snake. Starkey, R. B., Bethesda, Md., alligator. Steadman, C. R., brown capuchin. Storitz, Ned, Silver Spring, Md., cotton- tail rabbit. Stroop, M. A., New Market, Va., 9 American alligators, *sulphur- breasted toucan, *2 red, blue, and yellow macaws, *17 alligators, *4 boa constrictors, *anaconda, *10 pilot black snakes, *10 water moc- casins, *timber rattlesnake, *2 eastern diamond-backed rattle snakes, *copperhead, *yellow bull snake, *indigo snake, *2 yellow chicken snakes, *milk snake, *3 water snakes, *pine snake, *king snake. Stroup, R. W., College Park, Md., Pekin duck. Stubbs, Lee, Bethesda, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Tackett, J. Anderson, green tree frog. Tansley, Doris, Takoma Park, Md., spec- tacled caiman, Taylor, Mrs. M. C., Falls Church, Va., alligator. Taylor, Robert, 2 Pekin ducks. Teagle, Roy, *10 bull frogs. Thomas, Mrs., Riverdale, Md., 2 Pekin ducks. Thomas, R. B., Jr., Sandy Spring, Md., 2 sparrow hawks. Thomas, Mrs. William R., Silver Spring, Md., domestic rabbit. Thompson, Loren L., Arlington, Va., 2 copperheads, box turtle. Thornton, Abigail, Pekin duck. 110 Tracewell, Mrs. C. E., Chevy Chase, Md., robin. Trimble, James L., Pekin duck. Triplet, William S., Arlington, Va., 2 Muscovy ducks. Troobnick, Doris, Burke, Va., pilot black snake. Trott, Fred P., Pekin duck. Twiford, Mrs. Nan B., 4 grass para- keets, 8 canaries. Tyler, E. D., Jr., Alexandria, Va., 2 barred owls. United States Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice: From Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Cambridge, Md., 1 red-headed duck, 2 ring-necked ducks, bald-pate duck, 2 pintail ducks, 2 blue-winged teal, green- winged teal, 2 black ducks, 2 blue geese. From Bluepoint, Long Is- land, N. Y., cardinal, 2 indigo bunt- ings. From Newburyport, Mass., golden-eyed duck. From Orlando, Fla., bald eagle. From Washing- ton, D. C., through Robert O. Hal- stead, 2 whistling swans. Through Mr. Seth Low, osprey. Uransky, Mrs. Gayna, Arlington, Va., spectacled caiman. Valore, Mrs. Patricia T., white rabbit. Vanchura, Samuel M., sparrow hawk. Van Eckhardt, Mrs. Greve W., wood- cock. Vasquez, Alberto, Arlington, Va., *go- pher snake, ‘California garter snake, *10 western swifts, *ground lizard, *3 alligator lizards, *3 pond turtles. Vieth, Janie, domestic goose. Voigt, Fred and Sally, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Votey, Charles H., tree boa, *2 red, blue, and yellow macaws. Wade, J. L., Bethesda, Md., domestic rabbit. Waldrop, Robert, Bethesda, Md., *king snake. Waldrop, Robert S., Jr., Bethesda Md., *black snake. Walker, H. P., Silver Spring, Md., 2 white rabbits. Walker, Lewis Wayne, Pacific Beach, Calif., 2 Tortuga rattlesnakes. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Walkup, Joe, Landover, Md., tarantula, brown scorpion, spiny-tailed iguana. Ward, Lt. Charles R., Hyattsville, Md., lesser scaup duck. Warner, Mrs. Sturgis, 3 Pekin ducks. Wasuta, F. R., Alexander, Va., Pekin duck. Watson, J. Harold, spectacled caiman. Weaver, L. B., red fox. Weckerly, Ida, hamster. West, David W., Chevy Chase, Md., domestic rabbit. White, E. J., Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. White, Richard O., Jr., Hyattsville, Md., brown king snake. Wiengen, Albin, Alexandria, Va., *skunk. Wilkerson, David R., rabbit. Wilkins, Mrs. John H., 3 grass para- keets. Willard, Mr., rabbit. Willey, Don, Arlington, Va., horned liz- ard. Williamson, Robert B., *blue jay. Willingham, Maurice, Alexandria, Va. 3 horned lizards. Wilson, Mrs. HW. R., Hyattsville, Md., Pekin duck. Wilson, Susan, Arlington, Va., Pekin duck. Wilt, J. Bernard, 4 ribbon snakes, garter snake, indigo snake, 2 Florida water snakes, Florida king snake, 3 racers. Withrow, Robert, skunk. Witt, Bill, Arlington, Va., black widow spider, DeKay’s snake. Wood, Col. Frank, Arlington, Va., 2 Pekin ducks. Wood, Glenn N., Mount Rainier, Md., horseshoe crab. Wrenn, Raymond, Wheaton, Md., tiger salamander. Xanten, Bill, 2 rabbits. Yatsevitch, Mrs. Gael, Chevy Chase, Md., garter snake, Yingling, Mrs. Milton L., Silver Spring, Md., 3 wild rabbits. Yokum, Otis, Pekin duck. Young, Teddy and Stephen, 2 Pekin ducks. Young, Tina, Takoma Park, Md., domes- tie rabbit. Zumstein, Mrs. Jessie S., crow. PURCHASES Among a number of interesting specimens obtained by purchase were: Two Allen’s monkeys (Adlenopithecus nigroviridis) , which were the prize acquisition of the year, as they are among the half dozen exceed- ingly rare primates of the world. They are not conspicuous animals, SECRETARY’S REPORT a. but are active and entertaining, and give scientists and others their first glimpse of this extremely rare form. A flat-tailed otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), the first of its kind to be exhibited in the Zoo. It was a young of the large river otter of Brazil that is fairly well known in its native habitat but so far as is known has not previously been exhibited in the United States. Two wombats had been ordered as a pair, but on arrival one was found to be the rare hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), an even more desirable specimen than the common wombat (Vombatus hirsutus) that accompanied it. This is the first hairy-nosed wombat exhibited in this Zoo. Two lesser pandas (Adlurus fulgens), the first in the collection for many years, were received in June. These relatives of the raccoons are uncommon in collections largely because of the difficulty of getting them to eat the food that can be provided. One of these has apparently adapted itself to conditions in the Zoo and appears to be thriving on its favorite food, bamboo leaves and shoots, plus pablum and eggs. Four young gibbons (Hylobates) constituted one of the most enter- taining exhibits in the park. All are still in their immature buff- colored coat but are gradually acquiring the markings char- acteristic of the adults so that definite identification can later be made. A fine pair of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) were received. These large, graceful, long-legged, spotted cats are the swiftest of all four- legged animals and are frequently tamed and trained for hunting. Their feet are unique among those of cats in that they resemble the feet of dogs in not having retractile claws. A choice pair of young tayras (Tayra barbara) are so active in their cage that they have greatly interested the public. These giant weasel-like creatures of South America are dark brown with gray heads and have a striking cream-colored marking on the throat. A pair of giant Indian squirrels (2atufa indica) also provide excel- lent entertainment by playing in their big wheel and displaying their brilliant coloration of rich reddish brown and buff. Three young South American tapirs (7 apirus terrestris) were pur- chased. The appearance of young tapirs in contrast to the adults is particularly interesting. The young are longitudinally striped with rows of whitish spots on a dull brownish-gray background, whereas the adults are almost black. A young female black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) was bought as a possible mate for the male which has been in the Zoo 114 years. A beautiful specimen of Wilson’s bird-of-paradise (Schlegelia 112 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 wilsoni) was secured through the kindly interest of W. J. C. Frost, of the Zoological Society of London. Two shipments of African sunbirds collected by John Seago were received. These little feathered jewels, representing three species, were the first ever exhibited in this Zoo. Three specimens of the showy Cuban trogon (Prinotelus temnurus) were obtained. A golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), which had been captured in the Tennessee region, was turned over to the Zoo by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Golden eagles are rather rare in the southeastern United States and so this specimen is of more than ordinary interest. Of particular interest in a shipment received from Australia were: Two examples of the very rare Australian frilled lizard (Chlamy- dosaurus kingii). These are the first ever exhibited in this Zoo. They are large lizards and unique in having around the neck a fold of skin that can be extended to project outward from the neck like a ruff when the animal is excited. The red coloration in the ruff makes a striking display. Six bearded lizards (Amphibolurus barbatus), so-called because of their peculiar habit of distending the loose skin of the throat to form what appears to be a beard. Three beautiful specimens of the poisonous banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) , relatives of the cobras, were received. A specimen of the false cobra (Phrynonaxz sulphureus), not pre- viously exhibited in this Zoo, was purchased. With the growth of the Washington metropolitan region there has been a constant increase in the number of local wild creatures found helpless and rescued by kind people, and turned over to the Zoo. Some of those that seem to have a fair chance of survival are liberated, and some are exchanged for material that is needed for the Zoo. During the past year there was a total of 191 such accessions. Also, ducks and rabbits given to children at Easter time that have outgrown their homes are turned over to the Zoo. This gives unduly large accession and removal lists, but to receive, care for, and place such creatures ap- pears to be a proper function of the Zoo. BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS Conditions under which animals are kept on exhibition are usually not favorable for breeding or raising young. However, occasionally young are born or hatched that are of outstanding interest to the pub- lic, and are valuable as additions to the group, or for exchange. SECRETARY'S REPORT 1138 The following were produced in the Zoo during the fiscal year : A baby female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) , the fifth born here, was a choice addition to the herd. A pygmy hippo (Choeropsis liberiensis), the thirteenth for this Zoo. A gaur calf (Bibos gaurus), the tenth of this species born in the Park. A vulpine phalanger (7'richosurus vulpecula) was born to one of the females in the group that were obtained from Sir Edward Halls- trom in November 1951. The pair of Kinabalu tree shrews (Z'wpai montana baluensis) that were deposited with us by Lt. Col. Robert Traub, gave birth to young three times during the year. Unfortunately the mother killed the young within a few hours or a few days. However, by these births the gestation period has been determined as not more than 21 days. Colonel Traub is much interested in the ability of these animals to produce young in captivity, as it indicates that the food mixture that was developed by the Assistant Director of the Zoo and which was described in the Annual Report of the Zoo for 1950 is satisfactory for tree shrews as well as other shrews and bats. Colonel Traub, who has been engaged in work concerning certain human diseases, thinks it possible that tree shrews, which are believed by some zoologists to be a primitive primate type, might be suitable animals for laboratory studies of the diseases of man. Therefore, the successful keeping and rearing of tree shrews in captivity might be of considerable importance, The little herd of Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) was increased by the birth of three sets of twins. These small deer are of particular interest because of their habit of living in swampy areas in their native haunts and because of the fact that the males lack horns but have considerably enlarged canine teeth. Another slender-tailed cloud rat (Phloeomys cumingi) has been born to augment the family group of this very rare Philippine high- altitude relative of the rat. This species has more the appearance of an opossum than of a rat. Another young was born to the group of pacas (Cuniculus paca). These are large, conspicuously marked rodents that are always a satis- factory exhibit. Twice during the year a pair of African porcupines (Hystria ga- leata) produced a single young. It was interesting to witness the remarkable maneuvers of the parents and the older young one to pro- tect the newborn. A pair of crested screamers (Chauna torquata) hatched and raised ohne young. 114 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Following is a complete list of the births and hatchings: MAMMALS Scientific name Common name Aipperilagepuss 282.2222 235-26 Anstietlor F215 050 saeco shee Ammotragus lervia._------------- (OURR 3 oe oo re Se te Se Ateles vellerosus__.......=..-=-==- Mexican spider monkey _---------- Pabas quuruss 262 2952 32 ae See Gaupts peepee 8 See eee ee ee {Watt Rarkeattiless2 =e ae an Sonse Sate - Saaopiper West Highland cattle__.......___- Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus X CAG... DUQETUUTUS =n aes oe Green guenon X vervet guenon_--- Cervus canadensis... == = --=--2=-- Bibs: . 223.2 Se eee Cereus winnent: 8 oo ee Japanese deen sf. toes ad Choeropsis liberiensis___---------- Pygmy hippopotamus-----..------ Choloepus didactylus____.--------- Two-toed slothez22 Se at ee Ourteulies MOn a. ay te Bee Haat SiuEt So wae rown fallow ‘deer. o -- e Dama dama___------------------ {Waite fallow/deer.( S22. Sa eae A ARGUES CAE CRON Ge Sao Be ek ee Granta aebra 35 264 See Erethizon epixanthum__....------- Western DOrcupine ==) ae eee Felis concolor X Felis patagonica._. Hybrid puma__-_---------------- 1 KASS OS ES ee ee WGNe fepe oF aie he Otte eke ee ee ee Henge teers. 2 sae! ee ene Giraffa camelopardalis__._-------- INubisn giraffe tes. mots: Bacar iuaronotes tnenmtisn=-- = Chinese water deers 2 se = ae IAT GTEC OT OCLEOLO Sete ne eee Airican pOrcup Ine eae ama games. 22a hen bo - eter fs Tlamats oe se ae es ee LEC A Cee A en ae eee PAs) ee aan ts oS ee SS Leontocebus rosalia____-._.-------- Sirlcy MarmMnosey. oe oe ee Mephitis mephitis nigra__.-------- Hastern:skunks245- 222 eee ee Mustela eversmannt__.----------- Hegre ts 0 ns ate soles ene no oe Majncastor Couns | te eee Coy DU nn oe Se eee Odocoileus virgintanus_.---------- Virginiaideer==-se= 2 SS oe PRON REACT UES Ee = ee eee Hamadryas| baboons --=-=2 = --- == Philoeomyscumingt. 22. 224 S202. Slender-tailed cloud rat__-_------- Procyontotor22) 223 222 2a See Raccoons Sean S22 Ee ee el ee ee ROUT OU OOUS) OLY Doe ee Wisnd f= 2 22 2 2a ee eee Thalarctos maritimus X Ursus Msldendorje set. £88 Ss oe es Ey brid |hears 922) e)t pe ee ee Trichosurus vulpecula___.----.=—=- Molpine phalanger- === Tupai moniana baluensis___.------ Kinabalu tree shrew.._------------ Dirsustnorsbsliss 2 obj sees ae Grizzly bear_-__--- pete te A Ny ce A BIRDS Mallard! dick} #ol: ste ees ee ee Anas platyrhynchos_-___~--------- {White malin een ees ee erNatty CONCUETES IS et Carns g00ses te ee eee Chawna forquata: 28-244 bee 8. Ss Crested sereamers (2225 oe 2 see Larus novaehollandiae_-__--------- Silver. @ill.s 2-8 = Base eS Lonchura leucogastroides__-------- Bengal neh o. eee ee Nycticorax nycticoraz hoatli__._.--- Black-crowned night heron-------- IPOGOICEISIGIUS Sa ee ete ee Pestowl = == see eee ee Streptopelia tranquebarica_-___----- Blue-headed ring dove-_----------- Taeniopygia castanotis.____.------- Zebra finch: 2222.62 ee ee ORTRGIE ORTRISON © 2 ao 5 White-winged dove_-------------- REPTILES inte Pear 3S EA ae SUGAR yO Se ee BOG tin Derutore = to ene eee oe Central American boa_.__---_----- MAINTENANCE AND IMPROVEMENTS Number bt et et ht Ope BND POR ROO RN HNN OR WWE RRR WR Maintenance and repair work at the Zoo suffered considerably dur- ing the fiscal year 1953 owing mainly to shortage of funds for the hire of personnel. Being forced to absorb the salary increases, the SECRETARY’S REPORT 115 Zoo had to reduce greatly the use of temporary labor and also had to leave vacant positions of personnel concerned with maintenance work. The installation of zone heat regulators in the small-mammal and reptile houses was completed. These provide even and adequate dis- tribution of heat, so necessary to the health and well-being of the animals housed in these buildings. In addition to the daily work of cleaning cages, buildings, and grounds and making minor repairs, the construction and maintenance department is constantly engaged in making necessary improvements for the proper care of the animals and the safety of visitors to the Park. The following are some of the more important projects under- taken during the year: In the bird house, glass was installed in the upper half of the fronts of 34 cages to replace wire that had deteriorated. Nine cages outside of the monkey house were extensively repaired and new partitions between the cages installed. A 2,000-gallon water tank was installed in the basement of the reptile house to supplement the 1,000-gallon tank, which has never been adequate. Concrete floors were laid in 6 cages in the antelope building and in the 3 buildings housing the zebras, wild horses, wild ass, and Scotch cattle. The series of cages between the reptile house and the small-mammal house were given an extensive overhauling, and five new cinder-block shelters for the ani- mals were built, replacing the old wooden ones no longer usable. Small concrete shelters were constructed in the American waterfowl pond to replace the decaying wooden ones. The slope of the moat back of the bears was faced with concrete to prevent erosion and the resultant stoppage of the drain. The fight to eradicate poison ivy in the Zoo grounds is being con- tinued. This plant pest has been almost completely eliminated in those parts most frequented by the public, and control measures are being extended to more remote sections to keep it from returning to areas used by visitors. Otherwise the long-established policy of leav- ing the woodlands undisturbed is being followed. Over a period of years there has been a gradual increase in the amount of trimming of trees necessary along the roads, walks, and paths, and in the exhibition area. Because of disease or age, some of the trees are dying and must be cut down. Others must be trimmed to remove dead or broken limbs which might fall and injure people or animals, or damage automobiles or structures. Temporary policemen were employed this year to assist the regular police during days of heaviest attendance or when the force was short- handed. This has been a highly satisfactory arrangement and much more economical than employing additional full-time policemen when the permanent personnel now authorized is adequate for a large proportion of the time. 116 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 As in previous years the Zoo received gifts of various kinds of food that could not be sold for human consumption but was suitable for animals. Some of this material was turned over to the Zoo at the suggestion of District of Columbia food inspectors. This helps con- siderably to hold purchases to a minimum. Through the office of United States Marshal W. Bruce Matthews, food that had been condemned by the courts was sent to the Zoo for the animals. This consisted of 1,544 pounds of frozen shrimp, 291 pounds of chickens, 170 pounds of peanut butter, and 570 pounds of pecan halves. In a few instances such materials as rice, flour, and beans unaccept- able for human use have been purchased at low prices from General Services Administration or commercial firms. The National Institutes of Health, Navy Medical Center, and Army Medical Center gave the Zoo mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and other animals no longer suitable for their purposes. The practice has been continued of picking up from grocery stores in the vicinity of the Zoo quantities of discarded green material such as beet tops, celery stalks, and the outer leaves of cabbage, cauliflower, and lettuce. This provides an abundance of greens for the animals and helps reduce purchase of such foods. COOPERATION At all times special efforts are made to maintain friendly contacts with other Government and State agencies, private concerns and individuals, and scientific workers for mutual assistance. As a result the Zoo receives much help and advice and many valuable specimens, and in turn the Zoo furnishes information and, whenever possible, specimens not needed. In 1950 Dr. Willard H. Eyestone, veterinary pathologist of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., requested permission to examine animals that died at the Zoo in order to obtain information regarding cancer and other diseases affecting human beings. Accord- ingly arrangements were made to notify Dr. Eyestone of all deaths of animals in the Zoo and give him an opportunity to perform autop- sies, if he desired. The following two paragraphs are from a brief report on the results of this work: Over 250 autopsies have been performed since 1950. Among them six cancers have been discovered. The most striking pathological change common to any group is found in the thyroid gland of carnivores, in which all gradations from the slightest proliferative growths to spreading cancer have been seen. Most deaths are caused by infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, and the animal parasites. Some deaths are the result of degenerative diseases of old age. A summary of the interesting highlights covering the Zoo autopsies was pre- sented before the Washington Society of Pathologists on October 8, 1952. Simi- lar reports are planned for the future, besides the publishing of scientific papers ee Saatones. aoe SECRETARY'S REPORT 117 in research journals concerning the pathologic data obtained from the examina- tion of the Zoo animals. Special acknowledgment is due to the United States Dispatch Agent in New York City, Howard Fyfe, an officer of the State Department, who has frequently been called upon to clear shipments of animals coming from abroad. This he has done, often at great personal in- convenience, and the animals have been forwarded to Washington without the loss of a single specimen. NEEDS OF THE ZOO Replacement of antiquated structures that have long since ceased to be suitable for the purposes for which they are used is still the prin- cipal need of the Zoo. The more urgently needed are: A building, to be situated in a central location, to have toilet facili- ties, a first-aid room, police headquarters, and, incidentally, with basement space for a gardener’s headquarters and storage for the gardener’s supplies and small equipment. The few old, dilapidated toilet facilities in the Park have not been adequate for many years and are now in such a deplorable state from normal deterioration and as a result of vandalism that it is difficult and unduly expensive to keep them in a sanitary condition. A new administration building to replace the 148-year-old historic Jandmark now in use as an office building but which is neither suitably located nor well adapted for the purpose. A building to house antelopes and other medium-sized hoofed ani- mals that require a heated building. A fireproof service building for receiving shipments of animals, quarantining them, and caring for those in ill health or those that cannot be placed on exhibition. A new ventilating system for the bird house. Lesser items of equipment that are needed are a vacuum pump for more efficient and economical operation of the heating system in the reptile house; a band saw to replace one that is more than 40 years old; and an air compressor for general use about the Park. The enclosures and pools for beavers, otters, seals, and nutrias, in the ravine, need to be reconstructed. Owing to lack of funds for upkeep and consequent deterioration, this area has become unsightly and inadequate for the proper care and exhibition of these animals. Experience with the young Indian elephants makes it appear prob- able that it will be necessary to construct an elephant-proof fence around the outdoor yard now occupied by these elephants. The job of cleaning up the grounds is a major undertaking. Using all available manpower, it usually takes 5 to 10 days to pick up the trash and restore the Park to a fair degree of presentability after 118 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Easter Sunday and Monday. Because of the shortage of help, clean- up work has of necessity been reduced to a minimum, with the result that the Zoo has been criticized by correspondents and the press for the condition of the grounds. 'Two permanent additional laborers are needed for proper maintenance, removal of broken or fallen tree limbs and other safety hazards, and repair of walks, guard rails, and other structures, for the protection of the public. In addition, temporary manpower is needed to supplement the regu- lar personnel at certain times of the year. These periods are during the summer, when vegetation is growing vigorously and must be kept under control, and when the greatest number of visitors are coming to the Park with a corresponding increase in trash left on the grounds; and in the fall and early winter, when leaf removal is necessary to keep the fire hazard at a minimum and prevent leaves from clogging drains. Also, additional help is needed during the summer, when certain con- struction and repair work can be carried on more advantageously than at other times. By employing men temporarily when actually needed to handle the peak workloads, work can be performed satisfactorily at considerably less cost than by increasing the permanent personnel. For several years this was done but the practice had to be abandoned during the past year as available funds had to be used to absorb the salary in- creases authorized by Congress, to pay for accumulated annual leave of retiring employees, and contribute to Federal social security for indefinite employees. For employment of temporary help an addi- tional appropriation of $9,000 is needed, to be allotted as follows: RCN CAN oe Cea TNT Gee ee cee ee $5, 000 CE Tico yu BOC 5} C6 Cy OF eh ES ON 3, 000 Policeidepartment¢22- .=-- 2222s 6S sous eee ee os Sees 1, 000 Also, $1,000 is needed for the Zoo’s contribution to the cost of social security for employees not under civil service. There is need for a veterinarian to assist the animal department in selecting suitable foods, presenting foods to the animals in a satisfac- tory manner, practicing preventive medicine, and performing autopsies to determine causes of death. The steadily increasing popularity of the Zoo, as a source of both entertainment and education, has developed such a volume of requests for information that there is now need for an additional scientist to share the load of answering queries and to assist in other administra- tive work so that the Director and Assistant Director can devote more time to general supervision of the Zoo. To comply with the requirements of keeping property and inventory records, in accordance with the program laid down by the General Services Administration, by authority of Federal Property and Ad- SECRETARY'S REPORT 119 ministrative Services Act of 1949 (Public Law 152, 81st Congress, approved June 30, 1949) General Regulation 100 of the General Ac- counting Office, and Budget-Treasury Regulation No. 1, there is need for three additional clerks. VISITORS The estimated number of visitors to the Zoo was 3,281,450, which was 63,119 less than for the year 1952, a decrease due mainly to several rainy or threatening weekends in the spring. HAstimated number of visitors for fiscal year 1958 DUEY Chop a ae ek ee S59; 000) PHeDTUATY onsen ee ee 101, 500 AUPUSt se eee en eee AN SU SOO Mar chise 22: ase ih owe 211, 600 September! 2G Stor gaa _ 25 S46) OOO) Apri fi 35. BO ie ee ae 353, 000 Octoberssetete DR iets oe iy) 246 (O00) Mayer Be a et te ibs see 467, 000 Novembers.— tao Ee ASGUGOOK| hi O tee ee oe ea 377, 300 December se te 2 eae 65, 800 od JANUATYA GOS) ea 73, 150 AUG i ate reared 3, 231, 450 Groups came to the Zoo from schools in Mexico, South America, Japan, and 30 States, some as far away as Maine, Florida, Kansas, and Wisconsin. There was an increase of 36 groups and 3,681 individuals in groups over last year. Number of groups from schools Number } Number Number | Number Locality of groups | in groups Locality of groups | in groups Alabama se. see ness eee 22 (080) Milssissip pists ae eee 2 158 Connecticut#2222 2s ei 12 GLOL Ie Mhissourd yee es eee 2 56 Delaware. 17 769 || New Hampshire..._..---.---- 3 120 District of Columbia. _-_.-__-- 114 Bi 837. \\, NOW, JOrsays.neseee aoe eed 1% 1, 210 (oF (0b? pi Re ek ae 7 D222 | IN@W: WOLKE. == ace ee ee Ee 72 5, 811 Georgia’ 232-4 a oe 61 7, 679: ||| North Caroling /22.9252- 28 213 9, 261 PTO teens Shee a Be 2 634 iO ee LE AT 53 2, 485 idl ania se eee es oe 13 729)|| Pennsylvania... 2-2 2 es 261 14, 159 FO wa vee Sees a be 2 1 16 || South America___....--..--.. 1 40 UL\o (eee ee See ee 1 29 || South Carolina......__-_...__- 53 1, 876 Bansag Sentry 21k ee ee 1 32 eimessen 2 Sto SFA ie 62 2, 864 Keantuok-y se iss ee 19 CALA Tg Ney at ee a ee 1 19 IVs InGaN e ee lene” 13 CES) /PVArelni ar se eee eee ee eink 516 27, 738 Miarvlands= se. ois aoe ao 611 36,001) | VVOSUAVInGitianee neon enes 45 3, 902 Massachusetts___._._......__- 19 7401 SWikcongin= aes oe UL ee 2 111 Mioxleos 3 2 e835. 1 28 ee Michigan ss saa ¥ ieee kh 2 7 470 od No} e) 5 2, 227 127, 553 Minniesotass =i 2 wr ie 3 132 About 2 p. m. each day the cars then parked in the Zoo are counted and listed according to the State, Territory, or country from which they came. This is, of course, not a census of the cars coming to the Zoo but is valuable in showing the percentage of attendance, by States, of people in private automobiles. Many of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia cars come to the Zoo to bring 284725—54——_9 120 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 guests from other States. The tabulation for the fiscal year 1953 is as follows: Percent Percent Marvland!= 2024 23525. = oso o 27 QOliios 2 soe eee 1.8 Wirginigio-- = 22-2. 22 O2 Gil NOW, Jd CPRCY ocean seseonet = eee 16 Washington, Di@2.- 20s e——=s=— JOSS West Virginiges—----.-— eee = 1.4 RPennsylvania==— 9S. Sees eSe 4-8 | Massachusetts==2 2-222 s = 225-2 — = sel New? Works sct222 bsu0 se eee 3 Mlorid aves eat ep Be i aa North. Carolina==——_ = 22 2. 2 iCalifornia=. 23253 ae a lal The cars that make up the remaining 12.1 percent came from every one of the remaining States, as well as from Alaska, Canada, Canal Zone, Cuba, England, Germany, Guam, Hawaii, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. On the days of small attendance there are cars parked in the Zoo from at least 15 States, Territories, the District, and foreign countries. On average days there are cars from about 22 States, Territories, the District, and foreign countries; and during the periods of greatest attendance the cars represent not less than 34 different States, Terri- tories, and countries. STATUS OF THE COLLECTION Species oe Species a Class or sub- Elves Class or sub- tndiy id; species species Mammals © 2 ee eee ae 210 699) wArachnidsten--ss-sses= =e oe 2 3 IB irdate ee eneste te sae 307 Titi} imsectsee errata caer ee ae 1 100 Reptiles. 24.2 ee as 129 BIS ily MolWesks! hoes ee ee. Se 1 2 ATM DMI DIAN Sis cee ee eee 23 87 fhe Bee aa hg eh aye Rea a 21 221 Total ce oe 694 2, 741 SUMMARY Animals on. hand July, 1.1952. sees ae ee ee eee 2, 675 Accessions: during, the’ yearso-- 2-32 244) eee BSAA WLC Ae Sk 1, 797 Total number of animals in collection during the year__________-- 4,472 Removals for various reasons such as death, exchanges, return of animals OT GCDOSIE, SCLC ce ee a ee eee iby el In. collection’ on-dune 80, 1993 2-22 ee ee ee 2, 741 Respectfully submitted. W. M. Mann, Director. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 8 Report on the Astrophysical Observatory Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the oper- ations of the Astrophysical Observatory for the fiscal year ended June 30, 19538. The Astrophysical Observatory comprises two divisions: the orig- inal division of astrophysical research devoted to solar radiation prob- lems, and the division of radiation and organisms established in 1929 to study the effects of radiation on organisms. Funds available for the Observatory included an allotment of $119,841.10 from “Salaries and expenses, Smithsonian Institution, 1953,” and $2,500 from private funds of the Institution. At the end of the fiscal year all equipment and buildings were in satisfactory condition. DIVISION OF ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH Two high-altitude observing stations, on Montezuma, Chile, and Table Mountain, Calif., have continued in operation. The goal of the two stations is to obtain complete solar-constant observations by the long or short method, or both, on each day presenting a sky suffi- ciently clear and uniform for satisfactory results. The principal and most time-consuming event of the year was the preparation of volume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observa- tory. The completed manuscript, covering the work of the division of astrophysical research during the years 1939 through 1952, was submitted to the editor on April 29, 1953. The following are the main subjects included: 1. Studies of the characteristics of the silver-disk pyrheliometer. . Recent tests of the Smithsonian standard water-flow pyrheli- ometer. . Ultraviolet and infrared corrections to the solar constant. . The scale of the solar-constant record. . Instrumental developments. Summaries of total sun and sky radiation, and the relative energy in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions, as meas- ured at Camp Lee, Va., Miami, Fla., and Montezuma, Chile. 7. Description of the method of Dr. Oliver R. Wulf, of the United States Weather Bureau, for determining the amount of ozone above Table Mountain, Calif., from regular solar-constant bolographs. bo > ore 121 122 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 8. Summary of 13 years of solar-constant determinations. This, added to 17 years published in volume 6 of the Annals, forms as nearly as possible a homogeneous record covering 30 years, based upon the scale of the original Mount Wilson work. Work in Washington.—William H. Hoover, chief of the division, in April 1953 completed a study of the silver-disk pyrheliometer under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, timing, shutter operation, and source of energy. ‘This important work, together with a report of new calibrations against the standard water-flow pyrheli- ometer which Mr. Hoover and Mr. Froiland made in September 1952 on Table Mountain, is described in a paper to be published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Preliminary to certain laboratory tests of new equipment, the ob- servatory siderostat was completely overhauled by Mr. Talbert and Mr. Harrison. This excellent instrument, built by Grubb of Dublin over 60 years ago, is now fitted with a synchronous motor instead of clock drive, new bearings have been installed, and the instrument carefully adjusted. A new sliding house of aluminum protects it from the weather. Inside the laboratory a light-tight housing has been built around the spectrometer to reduce stray light. Last year’s report referred to cooperative work with the United States Weather Bureau in an effort to improve the method of cali- brating the Eppley pyrheliometers in use by the Bureau. This co- operation has continued and the results will shortly be published un- der the auspices of the Weather Bureau. The Smithsonian standard scale of radiation, established in 1913 and widely adopted, has been further disseminated during the year by the sale, at cost, of two silver-disk pyrheliometers, built and cali- brated at the Institution, as follows: 8. L. 91 to the Observatory, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, India. 8. I. 92 to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. All the galley proof of the Ninth Revised Edition of the Smith- sonian Physical Tables has been received from the printer. An important paper by Dr. C. G. Abbot, research associate, sum- marizing all his findings concerning the effect of solar-radiation changes upon weather, was in press at the close of the year. Andrew Kramer, instrument maker of the Observatory for nearly 61 years, retired on June 30, at the age of 84. His record is unique. Not only was his work outstanding, but his kindliness and cooperative spirit endeared him to many Smithsonian employees. Work in the field—At Montezuma, Chile, the series of tape ex- posures made under contract with the Office of the Quartermaster General was continued during the year. Daily measurements are made of the total sun and sky radiation as received upon a horizontal SECRETARY’S REPORT 123 surface and as received upon the exposed tapes which are mounted at an angle of 45° facing north. After a predetermined quantity of solar radiation has fallen upon the tapes they are returned to the Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot for a study of the amount of de- terioration of the textiles due to humidity and to the amount of radi- ation received. Seismographic records have been maintained for some years at Montezuma for the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Survey recently sent to Montezuma a new modern seismometer, with accessories, which is now being installed. It is expected that greatly improved earthquake records will result. At Table Mountain, Calif., Hoover and Froiland obtained a very complete series of comparisons between the Smithsonian double-tube, water-flow, standard pyrheliometer and substandard silver-disk pyrheliometer S. 1.5. These comparisons confirm the results of three previous determinations made at Mount Wilson in the years 1932, 1934, and 1947. This confirmation of the permanence of the constants of the instruments is very gratifying since the 1952 comparisons are entirely independent, being made at a different station and by different observers. The filter form of pyranometer, mentioned in last year’s report as sent to Table Mountain for testing, proved to have a troublesome drift under field conditions. It was returned to Washington for altera- tions. At the close of the year a new series of tests was in progress at Table Mountain. The instrument installed last year by Mr. Hoover to measure the optical quality of the sky continues to serve as an independent means for judging the steadiness of the sky during observations. It has now been altered to register through a Beckman photopen recorder, thus eliminating the process of daily removing and developing a photo- graphic record. Owing to a temporary shortage of personnel, progress in the ozone studies referred to in last year’s report was somewhat delayed. This project is being resumed as rapidly as possible. DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS (Report prepared by Dr. R. B. WitHRow, chief of the division) The research of the Division has been concerned chiefly with in- vestigations of the physiclogical and biochemical processes by which light regulates plant growth and the mechanisms of the action of the auxin-type growth hormones. While most of the sunlight absorbed by plants is used in the production of food materials through the process of photosynthesis, a small part of the light energy is required for the production of chlorophyll and in the initiation of photochemi- 124 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 cal reactions which control the development of the various organs of the plant. In the absence of light and in the presence of adequate food reserves, higher plants fail to develop normal leaves and stems, and in the dicotyledonous plants the hook that forms in the stem of the germinating seed never completely disappears. Dr. W. H. Klein and V. Elstad have continued investigations of the effect of light intensity and various growth regulatory chemicals on the opening of the hypocotyl hook in Black Valentine bean. A new set of subirrigated growth chambers has been constructed which yield plant material of very great uniformity. By the use of a special green fluorescent safe light employing a filter transmitting light be- tween 520 and 610 millimicrons, it is possible to remove the hooks from the plants and make measurements on them without producing any detectable light effect. The hook sections are placed in petri dishes containing a small amount of water and exposed to various light and chemical treatments. A 24-hour exposure to very weak red light in the region of 650 millimicrons at an intensity of 0.01 micro- watt per square centimeter produces a 45° opening in a 24-hour period ; in the dark there is no significant opening of the hook in this period. The rate of opening of the hook is proportional to the logarithm of the light intensity. It appears that this organ is a very useful tool for the bioassay of photochemically synthesized growth factors. The auxin group of hormones such as indoleacetic acid opposes the effect of the light. The effect is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the auxin over a very wide range and the test appears to have a sensitivity nearly equal to the classical Avena test, but is a much simpler one to execute. Thus far no pigment system has been extracted from plants whose absorption spectrum can account for the regulatory effect of the longer wavelengths in the visible spectrum. In order to obtain information as to the absorption spectrum of the pigment system, work has been started by Dr. Withrow, Dr. Klein, and Mr. Elstad on determining the effectiveness spectrum of the stem-hook response and the synthesis of anthocyanin in bean stems. A system of 10 interference filter mono- chromator units has been constructed, each of which employs two interference filters in tandem for isolating a narrow band of wave- lengths about 20 millimicrons wide. Each monochromator unit has a separate source and cabinet, and the whole system is in a room maintained at constant humidity and temperature. Dr. W. D. Bonner and L. Price have initiated a systematic bio- chemical study of various fractions from dark-grown and far-red- irradiated bean seedlings with the objective of finding those biochemical systems that are associated with the light-initiated re- sponses. Estimations of the activities of various enzyme systems have shown no significant differences between the dark- and the light- 4 ee oe SECRETARY’S REPORT 125 treated seedlings. The systems that have been studied are the ascorbic acid and polyphenol oxidases involving the copper proteins; catalase and peroxidase involving the iron proteins; and various components of the cytochrome enzyme systems. Research by Dr. Alice P. Withrow on the effect of plant growth regulators on salt exchange of plants has indicated that high salt—low carbohydrate plants lose salt more rapidly when treated with ammo- nium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and that low salt-high carbohydrate plants absorb salts less rapidly under the influence of this growth regulator as compared with untreated plants. Studies have been initiated on the effect of plant-growth regulators on the respiratory processes in mitochondrial preparations of bean seedlings and rat livers. The following research papers by members of the staff have been published during the past year: Withrow, R. B., Klein, W. H., Price, L., and Elstad, V. Influence of visible and near infrared radiant energy on organ development and pigment synthesis in beanandcorn. Plant Physiol., vol. 28, pp. 1-14, 1953. Withrow, R. B., and Price, L. Filters for the isolation of narrow regions in the visible and near-visible spectrum. Plant Physiol., vol. 28, pp. 105-114, 1953. Withrow, R. B., and Elstad, V. Water-cooled lamp systems with refluxing aqueous filters. Plant Physiol., vol. 28, pp. 384-338, 1953. Withrow, R. B., and Withrow, Alice P. A linear recording ac conductance bridge for measuring salt exchange in plants. Physiol. Plantarum, vol. 6, pp. 444450, 1953. Respectfully submitted. L. B. Avpricu, Director. Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 9 Report on the National Air Museum Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activi- ties of the National Air Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953: GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONDITIONS The care of the stored material in the national aeronautical collec- tion continues to be the principal concern of the staff. Aircraft and components that are awaiting provision of an adequate building for the National Air Museum comprise more than two-thirds of the total collection, and although there are several renowned aircraft among the 35 exhibited in the Smithsonian buildings in Washington, there are a number that are regarded with near-equal esteem and are of great value in depicting aeronautical progress among the 74 being preserved at Park Ridge, Ill., and those others being retained for the Museum at naval bases and in scattered places. As stated in last year’s report, the Air Museum had been ordered to vacate the storage facility at the Air Force Base at Park Ridge. Therefore, at the beginning of the fiscal year, efforts were made to establish near Washington a storage base for the material to be moved. The urgency of this move was somewhat relaxed as the result of an inspection of the storage area by an official of the Budget Bureau who was so impressed by the efforts of the Museum personnel to preserve its material and at the same time comply with the requirements of the Air Force that he directed that more consideration be given the needs of the Museum. The Air Force finally agreed that the Museum could temporarily remain on the base. However, this does not solve the problem because the space assigned to the Museum—30,000 square feet in Building T-6—is inadequate, and most of the aircraft will still have to remain outdoors. A storage base was started at Suitland, Md., about a mile beyond the District of Columbia line, but lack of funds to complete the project still leaves the Museum with inadequate storage space. In spite of these difficulties progress has been made at Park Ridge in caring for the stored material there, and the facility at Suitland has been developed sufficiently to take care of 20 loads of material brought in from Park Ridge. Details of these operations are given in Jater portions of this report. 126 SECRETARY’S REPORT 127 Although every effort has been made to keep up the other functions of the Museum at the Washington office, the maintenance of exhibits, public services, research, and planning have reluctantly been given less attention owing to reduction in personnel and enforced priority of other projects. Normally the staff includes an administrative head, a curator, and two associate curators. With the retirement last year of the former head of the Museum and the addition of his adminis- trative duties to those of the curator, plus the continued absence on naval duty of one of the two associates, there are now only two persons to do the work previously assigned to four. Because the Fiftieth Anniversary of Powered Flight is being cele- brated during the calendar year 1953, the National Air Museum has experienced a very busy period, with many requests to assist the national anniversary committee, State organizations, industrial units, airlines, aeronautical groups, and others who have joined to mark the progress of a half century of human flight. This concentration of interest in past accomplishments since the marvelous flight by the Wright Brothers in 1903 has brought due recognition to the National Air Museum as the authoritative source of records of the past. The staff has frequently been called upon to furnish data on historic air- craft, biographies of noted airmen and engineers, photographs and descriptions of aeronautical events, drawings of airplanes, and other material. Authors have come to the Museum to consult the staff and to examine the library and reference files; teachers have requested assistance in planning courses; students have sought help in meeting assignments; and compilers of textbooks and pictorials have found much needed data. As opportunity permitted, the staff worked on the Museum’s own feature exhibit that is to further honor the Wright Brothers and mark the anniversary. This will be put on display dur- ing December 1953 and will emphasize the fact that the Wright Brothers not only invented the aeroplane but also developed it to a practical form and in addition taught others to fly. As part of its function in distributing aeronautical knowledge, the Museum issued a number of texts on airmen and aircraft for free dis- tribution to correspondents, students, and others, and as the fiscal year closed the ninth edition of the “Handbook of the National Aeronau- tical Collections” was being prepared. ADVISORY BOARD Although there were no formal meetings of the Advisory Board during the fiscal year, the Board members gave generously of their time to advance the projects of the Museum. Informal conferences were held at which the problems of the Museum were discussed, con- structive suggestions made, and progressive action planned. Dr. 128 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Leonard Carmichael, present Secretary of the Smithsonian, succeeded former Secretary Alexander Wetmore on the Advisory Board upon the latter’s retirement December 31, 1952. STEPHENSON BEQUEST The bequest of George H. Stephenson, of Philadelphia, provides for a sculptured figure of Gen. William Mitchell, as a gift to the National Air Museum. Arrangements for procurement of the statue have been in charge of the Director of the Smithsonian’s Na- tional Collection of Fine Arts and officials of the National Gallery of Art and the Fine Arts Commission. During the year a number of prominent sculptors were considered for this undertaking. SPECIAL EVENTS AND DISPLAYS Throughout the year the National Air Museum participated in many special events and exhibits and arranged several special dis- plays: Three occasions commemorative of the beginning of the airmail service—the forerunner of commercial aviation—are noteworthy. On August 12, 1952, the 34th anniversary of the date the Post Office Department took over operation of the airmail, All American Air- ways (now Allegheny Airlines) presented to the Air Museum a scale model of the Stinson SR-10 airplane used by that airline for airmail pickup service from 1939 to 1949. This took place at a luncheon given by that airline to several officials of the Post Office Department, the Smithsonian Institution, the Air Museum, and about 50 persons of prominence in aeronautics. Whereas August 12, 1918, was the date when the Post Office began operations with its own pilots and planes and assisting personnel, airmail service on a permanently scheduled basis had been inaugurated on May 15, 1918, by the Signal Corps Aviation Section as a military experiment. The anniversary of that date in 1953 was observed by the Aero Club of Washington. The head curator of the Air Museum, who had been present at the original occasion, pointed out to members of the Club the location from which the first mail planes took off; he also composed the text of a marker, which was turned over to the National Park and Plan- ning Commission, to commemorate that event and mark the location. On May 24, 1953, the Indiana State Society gave a luncheon at the National Airport in honor of Robert Shank, who was one of the original four pilots hired by the Post Office when that Department took over the airmail service from the military. Three weeks earlier Governor George N. Craig of Indiana, Representatives Charles A. Halleck and Charles B. Brownson, and E. C. Gaertner, a member of the Society, had visited the Museum in order to see the airmail exhibit SECRETARY’S REPORT 129 and better acquaint themselves with the personal story of Robert Shank. They were shown the Museum’s Curtiss JN-4 airplane, similar to one in which the early airmail was flown, and models of other types flown by Shank and his fellow mail pilots. Upon request, several of these models were shown at the Society’s luncheon, together with a series of photographs, taken in 1918, of airmail events. The head curator of the Air Museum described these models and photo- graphs and spoke from personal recollections of early airmail service. Another noted pilot, Roscoe Turner, was honored August 14, 1952, when he was presented with the Distinguished Flying Cross. The Air Museum assisted with an exhibit in the Pentagon Building of aircraft models representing types flown by Turner. At the annual banquet of the Aero Club of Washington on Decem- ber 17, to mark the anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ first flight, the Museum provided a Wright engine of 25 horsepower to serve as a contrast to a modern jet engine of about 5,000 pounds thrust. At this banquet the Museum also helped with preliminary arrangements for the presentation of the Robert J. Collier Trophy, symbolic of out- standing achievement, to John Stack, engineer of the National Ad- visory Committee for Aeronautics. At the meeting of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti- tution on January 16, 1953, the Air Museum exhibited the rocket en- gine popularly known as Black Betsy. This is the prototype of those that powered the first manned supersonic flight and established cur- rent records for altitude and speed. During February, in conjunction with the National Collection of Fine Arts, an exhibition of watercolors by Lt. Col. H. H. Sims of the Air Force was shown. These had been painted during visits to vari- ous interesting parts of the world, in connection with his assigned duties. At the end of March a special exhibit was held in the D. C. National Guard Armory illustrating the many uses of magnesium. One of the first aircraft to employ this remarkably light metal was the Northrop Black Bullet, XP-56, made for the Air Force in 1948, and now in the Air Museum collection. It was among those stored at Park Ridge but was brought to Washington for this showing and then placed in storage at Suitland. During April, by courtesy of the West- inghouse Electric Corporation and the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, a cutaway operating example of the J-34 jet engine was shown in the Aircraft Building. This type powers the Navy’s Douglas F3D Skyknight and the McDonnell F2H Banshee, used in Korea. The Museum participated in or assisted with several television pro- grams during the year. SURVEY In determining the whereabouts and suitability of material re- quired for the national collection, either as evidence of current prog- 130 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 ress or to fill in historical and technical gaps, most of the inquiries and negotiations can be conducted by mail, but in many cases personal visits by members of the staff are desirable to learn the story behind the material under consideration and attend to the many details in- volved in securing it for the Museum. The following trips were made in this connection. July 8, by the head curator, to the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Co. at Middle River, Md., to inspect models of the PBM and JRM aircraft. August 11-15, by the associate curator, Robert Strobell, to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, to determine progress being made on models of Wright Brothers’ aircraft and examine data on the aerial torpedo of World War I. October 5-7, by Mr. Strobell ,jto Great Neck, L. I., N. Y., and Wood-Ridge, N. J., to obtain data on guided missiles, determine progress on instrument exhibit, and examine and select photographs of Curtiss aircraft. May 4-6, by the head curator, to Langley Field, Va., to attend an inspection of the laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and de- termine the availability to the Museum of displayed material. June 26-27, by the senior exhibits worker, Stanley Potter, to Indianapolis, Ind., to discuss methods of delivering and disassembling the Boeing 247-D air- plane being considered for transfer to the Museum by the Civil Aeronautics Administration. ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF EXHIBITS New material received this year covers 2 wide range—from items representative of past accomplishments to objects showing recent de- velopments. These form a permanent record of progress and outstanding achievement. Of the full-sized aircraft received, an impressive gift is the Douglas DC-3 transport airplane presented by Eastern Air Lines through its president, Edward VY. Rickenbacker, with the helpful assistance of Beverly Griffith. Before World War II the DC-3 was used on airlines throughout the world. During that war this type, appropriately named the Sky Train and known as C-47 to the Air Force, R4D to the Navy, Dakota to the British, was used in every theater of opera- tions and is still giving the same reliable passenger service. The air- plane presented by Eastern Air Lines has flown 8,517,000 miles, and carried 213,000 passengers. Since its purchase in 1937 and until its retirement, it had been in operation on an average of 1014 hours per day. The Hacalibur IIT airplane in which a series of remarkable flights were made, was presented to the Museum by Pan American Airways. This is the P-51 Mustang, made by North American Aviation, Inc., and powered with a Packard Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. Trans- continental records were made in it by Paul Mantz in 1946 and 1947, and in 1951 Charles Blair flew it nonstop from New York to London at a record speed averaging 446 miles an hour, and made the first solo SECRETARY’S REPORT 131 flight across the North Pole from Bardufoss, Norway, to Fairbanks, Alaska, 3,260 miles in 101% hours. Another important accession was a German Me 163, known as a rocket interceptor, used by our adversaries in World War IL. The Museum was also fortunate in receiving as a gift from Hiller Helicopters the XH-44, the original Hiller-copter devised by Stanley Hiller in California in 1944, and one of the first successful types to use contrarotating blades. The control stick from a much earlier helicopter, the one designed by Dr. George DeBothezat and Ivan Jerome and constructed by the Engineering Division of the Army Aix Service at McCook Field in 1922, was presented by Mr. Jerome, to- gether with photographs, drawings, and other data. Many types of aircraft that cannot be represented in the Museum by full-sized examples are illustrated by scale models. Two models received this year are almost as large as some full-sized planes. These were received from the Glenn L. Martin Co., one being the quarter- sized PBM Naval Mariner patrol plane and the other a quarter-sized model of the JRM Mars long-range flying boat. The PBM model was made in 1987, as a flyable test unit to determine the characteristics and performance of the large craft which was then only on the draw- ing boards. It proved to be a very valuable and prophetic means of “working out the bugs” at reduced expense. The JRM model was made for testing in the large-scale wind tunnel at the Langley Me- morial Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aero- nautics, and through such testing revealed the probable performance of the type, again saving the time and cost of determining this infor- mation by full-scale experiments. Another acquisition is the original test model of the Northrop Flying Wing, a skillfully made light- weight miniature, about 3 feet in span, which was hand-launched and glided to test the lift and stability of a type from which developed the large B-35 and B-49 bombers of our Air Force. It is exhibited in the Museum beside photographs of its huge descendants. One of the earliest configurations of the delta design was devised by Michael E. Gluhareff of Sikorsky Aircraft in 1939, starting by experiments with light balsa-wood glider models which demonstrated the utility of the dartlike pattern. His tests the next year were even more convincing, and in 1941 he designed a pursuit interceptor for the Air Force of that delta-wing shape. That was before the current era of jet power, and he planned to use contrarotating pusher propellers. Concentra- tion by Sikorsky Aircraft upon the helicopter program prevented continuation of the experiments with this design at that time, but today delta-winged aircraft have been successfully flown in Germany, America, and England, and are recognized as especially adapted to salving the problems encountered at supersonic speeds. Other scale models of full-sized aircraft received this year represent 132 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 the Wright Brothers’ first glider of 1900, the Gallaudet D-4 of 1918 —one of the advanced types produced by the Gallaudet Aircraft Cor- poration for the United States Navy during the first World War—and the McDonnell Phantom FH-1, a current type of Navy fighter em- ployed in Korea. M. A. Krieger donated an excellent scale model of the V—1 German buzz bomb. A full-sized specimen of this weapon, which caused such destruction in England during World War II, is in the Museum’s collection, but is not exhibited for lack of space. The Army and Navy Club of Washington presented to the Museum an automatic pilot from an actual V-1 which fell in the vicinity of the United Service Club in London. The Navy has added this year to the Museum’s series of small airplane “recognition” models which show the characteristics of ex-enemy and other foreign aircraft, as well as current United States types. These are used in the Navy for training purposes, and are of value in the Museum for preserving the record of service types. Two very famous power units have been added to the Museum’s “Engine Row” this year: The Pratt and Whitney R-4360-35 Wasp Major engine, number 1 of the four which powered the United States Air Force Boeing B-50 bomber Lucky Lady IJ when it made the first nonstop world flight, taking off from Fort Worth, Tex., February 26, 1949; and the famous Black Betsy, a four-tube liquid-propellent rocket designed and built in 1940 by Reaction Motors, Inc. In great contrast to the complicated fuel system of these modern engines is a little “puddle carburetor” sent in by a friend of the Museum who had found it among some relics of pioneer flying. Several propellers were re- ceived; also a unique electric generator showing the application of the airplane type of propeller to power production. This wind-driven generator was developed by H. R. Stuart and E. N. Fales in 1922, and came into commercial use a year later. Mementos of famous flyers provide personal associations which in- crease interest in the collections. Two exhibits of this nature have been added to the group of World War I airplanes. One was prepared with the cooperation of Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker and includes his uniform, scale models of his Nieuport 28 and Spad 18 airplanes, records and photographs of the members of the 94th Squadron which he commanded, and photographs of enemy aircraft which they en- gaged. This has been placed near the Spad fighter. A panel record- ing some of the accomplishments of Col. Harold H. Hartney, who was commanding officer of the First Pursuit Group which captured the German Fokker D-7—now in the Museum—has been installed near that plane. The first world-flight flagplane, Douglas Cruiser Chicago, now has beside it, in a case containing a scale model of his Cloudster, a portrait sculpture of the aircraft designer, Donald Douglas. This was given by the artist, W. F. Engelman, of Florida, who also pre- SECRETARY’S REPORT 133 sented his sculpture of Admiral Richard E. Byrd, which has been placed with instruments and other material recalling the polar fights of that great explorer. Woodward Burke, famous pilot who test-flew some of the Brewster Naval fighters during World War II, was one of the first to develop a pressure-bearing garment for aviators which aided in controlling the abnormal passage of blood during aerial maneuvers at extreme speeds. This elementary “G-suit,” so named because it restricts the effects of gravity, has been given to the Museum by his widow. In the memorial exhibit to Amelia Earhart has been placed a small American flag, a gift from the family of ex-Mayor Malcolm E. Nichols of Boston, carried by Miss Earhart on her first flight across the Atlantic in the Fokker airplane Friendship, 1928. The Navy’s P2V Lockheed airplane, 7ruculent Turtle, which estab- lished the current nonstop distance record, flying from Perth, Aus- tralia, to Columbus, Ohio, about 11,822 miles in slightly over 55 hours, is being held for the Museum by the Department of the Navy until space can be provided for its display; in the meanwhile the “How- Goes-It-Board” used on that flight has been placed on exhibit. That is the navigator’s sheet on which the plan of the flight was drawn up, and which was consulted by pilot and navigator as the flight pro- gressed. The Navy has also presented parts of two historic wind tunnels, recently decommissioned at the Washington Naval Gun Fac- tory. In these tunnels scale models of many of the Navy’s earliest and most renowned aircraft were first tested. Individual listing of the year’s accessions is given in the final pages of this report. The two exhibits workers of the Museum, in addition to assisting with unloadings and other operations at the Suitland storage area, received and placed much of the material above described and in addi- tion made improvements in existing displays. The parts of the orig- inal John J. Montgomery gliders of 1905 and 1911 were mounted in new frames, thereby improving this exhibit. The Naval Curtiss F9C-2 Sparrowhawk fighter of 1935 was completed by addition of its over- head hook-on gear supplied by the Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics. The scale model of the U. S. S. Pennsylvania, which had been reconstructed to show the landing deck on which Eugene Ely made the first landing followed by a take-off on January 18, 1911, was provided with a more attractive base on which photographs of the event are mounted and in which a slide projector recounts the story of the evolution of aircraft carrier operations. The showing of scale models of aircraft used in World War II was improved; changes and additions were made in the impressive lineup of air- craft engines in the Aircraft Building. The famous aeronautical trophies were placed in larger cases, and material showing the his- tories of these trophies and their presentations was added, making the display more attractive and of greater educational value. 134 | ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 STORAGE The difficulties experienced during the year in operating the Park Ridge, Il., storage facility and in establishing the one at Suitland, Md., have been reviewed in the general statement. In spite of these problems, considerable progress was made in the operations at Park Ridge. Because the shipment of the stored material to Washington is the final objective of the storage facility, the principal project at Park Ridge is the disassembly, preservation, and boxing of aircraft, en- gines, and other materials. During the year 9 full-sized airplanes were taken apart to their major components, given preservative treat- ment, and boxed, bringing the total of airplanes so prepared to 72 and leaving but 10 presently scheduled for such treatment. Several of these, however, are large aircraft and will present serious problems in disassembly because they are foreign types for which little or no breakdown data exists, and, having been constructed for immediate and nearby combat operations they do not have the disassembly fea- tures common to American aircraft. Of the aircraft boxes formerly built, 17 were repaired and weatherproofed, 100 were sprayed with protective material, 4 were provided with new skids, and all were weighed to obtain data for final shipment. In the latter operation, the assistance of the State of Illinois Traffic Police, who lent their large scales, was particularly appreciated. Of the engines, 140 were given cleaning and preservative treatment, and boxes were constructed for 8, while all the engine boxes were checked for ventilation and a number of new lids constructed. In the final weeks of the fiscal year, when 20 truckloads of boxes containing components were shipped to Suitland, all those boxes were examined, repaired, their contents given cleaning and preservation treatment where necessary, the closed boxes banded, the material prearranged in load lots, and finally loaded on the trucks. In addition there were times when the two carpenters were required to construct office space or enclosures and shelves for tools, supplies, and equipment, and when the three mechanics had to stop their aircraft work in order to repair the crane, forklifts, and other handling equipment and vehicles. The guards frequently vol- unteered a helpful hand, and the manager, Walter Male, to whom much credit for the efficient operation at Park Ridge is due, appor- tioned his time so that he was able to visit the plant of Airwork Cor- poration at Millville, N. J., where they kindly explained to him their techniques for preserving aircraft, enabling these methods to be added to our processing. Mr. Male also visited Wright-Patterson Field at Dayton, where he searched for data on foreign aircraft in order to better care for those in the Museum collection; and, at the Naval Base in Mechanicsburg and other places, learned about their methods of storing aircraft, and related operations. SECRETARY’S REPORT 135 At Suitland, continuing with the erection of the prefabricated But- ler buildings, the remaining 4 of the 6 purchased last year were assem- bled on concrete bases by late November. The 6 buildings provide a total of 24,000 square feet and enabled the Museum to accept custody of 3 of the 4 full-sized airplanes received this year and of the 2 large Martin models; but of very great assistance was the storage of the 20 loads of components shipped from Park Ridge. This operation saved double handling of those 3,000 boxes which, had Suitland been unavail- able, would have had to be moved again from one building to another at Park Ridge, stacked in vitally needed space, and otherwise cared for. As it is, they are now near their final destination, some have been inspected, and a few of the more interesting specimens that can be accommodated are being prepared for exhibition. Within the Smithsonian buildings in Washington where there have been two rooms devoted to aeronautical storage, the congestion has been greatly relieved by transferring material to Suitland; these rooms are being prepared as extensions of the reference-file space, and for keeping handling equipment and exhibition supplies. ASSISTANCE TO OTHER AGENCIES A large portion of the time of the staff is required in answering requests for information. During this anniversary year this public service has increased greatly in volume and variety, and many projects that are part of the general effort to make this an outstanding year in aeronautical progress have been aided by the Museum. One under- taking that will be of great permanent value is the compilation by the Division of Aeronautics of the Library of Congress of two volumes intended to be a complete record of the work by the Wright Brothers. The Museum made available its exhibits and files to the staff of that division. Other departments of the Government have their Anniver- sary projects: the Civil Aeronautics Administration is preparing ex- hibits featuring famous flights, the Office of Education is compiling lists of aeronautical material for distribution to schools, the Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics assembled several displays showing historic and current developments, and the Air Force for Armed Forces Day prepared impressive shows. All these projects received help from the Museum. Some units of the Government in need of assistance in connection with current work were the Department of Justice, wishing construction details on cockpit harnesses, parachute hardware, and engine starters; the Air Force, asking for the loan of ex-enemy aircraft in order that the crews who were to examine the shot-down planes of our adversaries in Korea could be indoctrinated in foreign techniques, and requesting help in preparing educational and historical displays for student airmen. The Navy received descriptions of helicopter 284725—64——_10 136 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 developments; the State Department asked for help in preparing articles on aeronautical subjects for use in foreign broadcasts and papers; and the Weather Bureau was supplied with photographs of famous flights for which that Bureau had supplied vital meteorologi- cal information. The artist Allyn Cox required accurate details of the Wright Brothers’ first aeroplane and facts about the air pioneers Langley and Chanute for incorporation in the frieze which he is completing on the rotunda wall of the United States Capitol. Several schools, including the Northrop Aero Institute and the School of Aeronautics in Denver, requested and received help from this Museum. The Institute of Aeronautical Sciences sent its curator to the National Air Museum to study exhibition procedures and methods of recording material; and drawings, photographs, and data on aircraft were ex- changed to mutual advantage with museums in California, France, Holland, and England. Slides for lectures were supplied to B. L. Whelan of Sikorsky Aircraft recalling early days in aviation, and to Capt. Ralph Barnaby, USN Ret., describing the gliders of the Wright Brothers. The head curator gave 11 lectures during the year on vari- ous phases of aeronautics and the work of the National Air Museum, speaking to Reserve units of the Navy and Air Force, airline groups, and to the American Society of Civil Engineers at their national meeting in Chicago, September 5. IMPROVEMENTS IN REFERENCE MATERIAL The documentation of the aeronautical collection is an important phase of museum work and must be maintained together with the preservation of the specimens. Without such documents as original correspondence records, descriptions of technical details and perform- ance, drawings, photographs, and related texts, the labeling of speci- mens and the furnishing of information about them would be difficult and perhaps inaccurate. With each accession the Museum endeavors to obtain such data as opportunity permits, and seeks to procure books, magazines, catalogs, and other literature pertinent to the general history of aeronautics. Frequently other persons studying the history and development of aircraft and patriotically interested in improving the national collections will give or exchange with the Museum from their collections. Some material has been received from bequests. From the Air Force, 170 boxes of technical orders were received. These cover such subjects as maintenance of aircraft, instructions for disassembly and overhaul, pilot’s operating instructions and other operational data, and area very valuable source of information. These documents are being screened in order to extract data relative to the collection. The General Services Administration, Department of Archives, has generously supplied from its files a number of photo- SECRETARY’S REPORT 137 eraphs of aircraft, and many aircraft manufacturers have responded to requests for photographs of their current and earlier types. Having established a periodical library during the previous fiscal year, the Museum has endeavored to maintain these aeronautical publications current and to add missing issues. To assist the Museum in filling requests for information on current aircraft the magazine Aero Digest very generously gave 500 reprints of their March 1953 Directory num- ber which featured a complete listing of types now in production. Maj. Kimbrough Brown of the Air Force, during his recent duty in Europe, collected much valuable information for the Museum and as- sisted with its incorporation into the files upon his return to this coun- try. Bell Aircraft supplied material for the improvement of the Mu- seum exhibition of the supersonic X-1 and another local exhibit. The Air Force Association assisted in supplying a catalog of the paintings by Col. H. H. Sims exhibited during February. The Museum is par- ticularly indebted to Charles Taylor, the mechanic associated with the Wright Brothers, who worked on the construction of the engine for their first airplane and helped to build and repair many of their aircraft. From his recollections he has been most helpful in answer- ing questions about the engine, construction details of Wright aircraft, and events of those wonderful days. The following lots of reference material have been separately acknowledged and entered: Mrs. Gretchen Schneider Black, Fort Worth, Tex.: The Eddie A. Schneider Memorial Library consisting of 67 books, 35 pamphlets, and a painting. Division of Military and Naval History, U. S. National Museum: A collection of 18 books from the Gen. John J. Pershing Library. Mrs. M. S. Gilpatric, New York, N. Y.: Four scrapbooks, a poster, an insignia of the First Aero Squadron, photographs, ete., collected by her son, Guy Gil- patric, renowned pioneer flier and World War I aviator. These are largely descriptive of the aircraft flown by him, and his piloting experiences. J. C. MacCartee, Sr., Osteen, Fla.: A collection of 64 photographs taken by him at College Park, Md., during 1911 and 1912, showing early aircraft and flights, principally those in Wright Brothers’ airplanes, and by notable military pilots of that era. Joseph Nieto, San Antonio, Tex.: Four 3-view scale-dimensioned drawings of famous aircraft, drawn by himself. North American Aviation, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.: A collection of 36 photo- graphs, enlarged and framed, of types produced by this company. James J. Sloan, Aero Historical Society, Van Nuys, Calif.: A group of 11 3-view scale-dimensioned drawings of aircraft, including several unique types of World War I. Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.: A collection of 60 bound volumes of aviation periodicals. RESEARCH The quantity of work involved in other phases of the Museum pro- gram limits the amount of time that can be devoted to personal re- 138 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 search by the staff, but as opportunity permitted, several projects were advanced. Anticipating that the Fiftieth Anniversary of Powered Flight would be celebrated during 1953, the Museum intensified the collect- ing of photographs and other material relative to the Wright Broth- ers. Persons who had taken pictures of the Wrights and their air- craft and pupils in America were generous in sharing them with the Museum, but it was difficult to find photographs taken when the brothers were in Europe. Persistent correspondence by the associate curator finally located several helpful sources in England, France, Germany, and Holland and, thanks to such cooperation, the Museum’s collection is now one of the most complete. This material has been of great service to many publishers, writers, artists, modelmakers, and others, and selections will form part of the special Wright dis- play being planned for December of 1953. Efforts were continued throughout the year to procure authentic documents and drawings about America’s early work in the guided- missile field. Extensive material was obtained describing the Dayton- Kettering developments during the First World War, but little has been received about the Long Island-Sperry efforts. ACCESSIONS This year the National Air Museum received 32 accessions from 28 sources totaling 112 specimens. Those from Government departments are recorded as transfers; others were received as gifts except as noted. Arr Force, DEPARTMENT OF, Washington, D. C.: German Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket interceptor, used in World War II to oppose operations of American and English bombers (N. A. M. 763). (Through Pratt & Whitney Aircraft) The Pratt & Whitney R-4860-35 Wasp Major aircraft engine, Serial No. P-675, from the B-50-A bomber Lucky Lady II which made the first nonstop flight around the world, February 26—March 2, 1949 (N, A. M. 753). ALLEGHENY AIRLINES, Washington, D. C.: Scale exhibition model 1:16 of Stinson SR-10 airplane of type used by the predecessor company, All American Air- ways, from 1939 to 1949 for airmail service, featuring a unique pickup-in- flight system (N. A. M. 758). ArMy AND Navy CLug, Washington, D. C.: An automatic pilot from a German V-1 flying bomb which came down in the vicinity of the United Service Club, London, England, World War II (N. A. M. 757). Avuaustine, David, Landover, Md.: An airplane propeller of Micarta, a com- pressed resinous material, in use about 1928 (N. A. M. 782). Burkes, Mrs. OLiviA BENDELARI, New Hope, Pa.: An aviator’s restrictive garment for maintaining pressure on parts of the body to reduce effects of inertia during extreme maneuvers at high speeds. Devised by her husband, Wood- ward Burke, test pilot, who gave his life in 1945 during development of a Navy jet fighter (N. A. M. 765). Bastern Arm Lines, New York, N. Y.: Douglas DC-3 airplane No. 164, con- structed 1937, and veteran of over 814 million air miles (N. A. M. 766). SECRETARY’S REPORT 139 EMSCHWILLER, LT. WILLIAM M., U. S. M. C., Hyattsville, Md.: Scale exhibition model 1:24 of the McDonnell FH-1 Phantom, a current type of Naval jet- powered airplane (N. A. M. 752, loan). ENGLEMAN, WILLIAM F., Miami, Fla.: Two portrait busts, one of Adm. Richard E. Byrd, Naval pilot and polar explorer, and one of Donald W. Douglas, noted aircraft designer and manufacturer (N. A. M. 755). GARBER, PAUL Epwagrp, Washington, D. C.: Five kites, one a reproduction of that used by Benjamin Franklin 200 years ago in his experiments with lightning, and four of Chinese origin in outlines of a butterfly, fish, bat, and bird (N. A. M. 761). HarTney, Mrs. Harorp, Washington, D. C.: Material associated with the military and aeronautical accomplishments of her husband, the late Col. Harold Hartney, commander of the First Pursuit Group, World War I (N. A. M. 767). HeEkgRING, M. G., Washington, D. C.: An aircraft propeller, wooden, two-bladed, from an Aeromarine—40 flying boat, about 1921 (N. A. M. 779). Hitter Heticorrers, Palo Alto, Calif.: The XH-44, origina! Hiiler-copter de- signed and constructed by Stanley Hiller in 1944; it has two 2-bladed conitra- rotating rotors (N. A. M. 769). HUBBELL, CHARLES, Cleveland, Ohio: Scale exhibition model 1:16 of the Wright Brothers’ first glider, 1900 (N. A. M. 771, purchase). HUNDEMER, CHARLES, Baton Rouge, La.: A mixing valve or “puddle carburetor” used on an airplane engine of the period 1908-1910 (N. A. M. 780). JEROME, IvAN, Massapequa, L. I., N. Y.: Original control stick from the helicopter constructed by the Engineering Division of the U. S. Army Air Service, McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, 1922, designed by Dr. George DeBothezat and Mr. Jerome (N. A. M. 768). KicKkert, Howarp, Arlington, Va.: An aircraft propeller, wooden, 2-bladed, of early design, used with a low-horsepower engine (N. A. M. 772, loan). Krixcer, M. A., Dallas, Tex.: Scale exhibition model 1: 24 of transparent mate- rials showing construction of a German V-1 buzz bomb as used against Eng- land, World War II; with associated data (N. A. M. 781). Martin, GLENN L., Co., Middle River, Md.: Two quarter-sized models of Martin flying boats, one being the flying model with which characteristics of the Navy PBM Mariner were predetermined; the other the wind-tunnel model of the Navy JRM Mars, long-range patrol and cargo plane (N. A. M. 774). Mopet Buiupers, Inc., William Chaffee, President, Chicago, Ill.: Two scale ex- hibition models, 1: 16, illustrating the Nieuport 28 and Spad 13 airplanes flown in World War I by Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker (N. A. M. 760, purchase). Navy, DEPARTMENT or, Washington, D. C.: Parts of two wind tunnels recently decommissioned at the Naval Gun Factory in Washington; the earlier was the 8-foot square-throat wooden tunnel built in 1914; the other circular, of metal, was constructed about 15 years later (N. A. M. 776). The “How-Goes-It- Board” used by pilot and navigator of the Navy’s Lockheed Truculent Turtie which established the world record for nonstop distance, 11,822 miles, October 1, 1946 (N. A. M. 777). (Through Reaction Motors, Inc., Rockaway, N. J.) The original Black Betsy rocket engine which served as prototype for the engines that powered the first manned supersonic flight by the Air Force’s Bell X-1 and the Navy’s Douglas D-558-2, which has flown higher and faster than any other manned aircraft (N. A. M. 754). A collection of 48 aircraft models, scale 1: 72, of recent and current types; used for training in aircraft recognition (N. A. M. 751). NicHoLs, Matcorm E., THe Faminy or, Boston, Mass.: A small American flag, -carried by Amelia Earhart on her first flight across the Atlantic Ocean, with 140 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 Wilmer Stultz, pilot, and Lew Gordon, mechanic, in the Fokker seaplane Friendship, June 17-18, 1928 (N. A. M. 762). NortTHRop AIRCRAFT, INc., Hawthorne, Calif.: Experimental glide model of the flying wing, used for the original test of this configuration (N. A. M. 778). Pan AMERICAN AIRWAYS, New York, N. Y.: The airplane Hzcalibur III in which Capt. Charles Blair made a transatlantic record flight and the first nonstop solo flight over the North Pole, 1951 (N. A. M. 775). RICKENBACKER, CAPT. Epwarp V., New York, N. Y.: The uniform worn by him in World War I with records and photographs of members of the 94th Squad- ron which he commanded (N. A. M. 759). Roperick, Harry M., Oakland, Calif.: Compressed-air-powered experimental model airplane, 1909 (N. A. M. 778). SHort, Roxor V., Madison, Conn.: Seale exhibition model, 1: 16, of the Gallaudet D-4 Navy seaplane, 1918, an advanced pusher biplane design (N. A. M. 756, purchase). Sikorsky AircraFt, Division of the United Aircraft Corp., Bridgeport, Conn.: Scale exhibition model, 1: 16, of the proposed delta-winged fighter designed by M. E. Gluhareff in 1941 (N. A. M. 770). Sruart, H. R., and Fauss, E. N., Washington, D. C.: Original wind-driven electric generator, equipped with a propeller similar to the airplane type, developed jointly by the donors in 1922 (N. A. M. 764). Respectfully submitted. Paut E. Garner, Head Curator. Dr. Leonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 10 Report on the Canal Zone Biological Area Sir: It gives me pleasure to present herewith the annual report of the Canal Zone Biological Area for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT The major accomplishment at Barro Colorado Island during the year was the installation of two 15-KVA Diesel-driven generators. This required the construction of a concrete foundation, to which the generators had to be anchored, and a well-ventilated building to house the units; the installation of large instrument panels and insulated pipes for overhead distribution; and procurement of necessary acces- sories for operation. Although the annual operating cost of the generators amounts to about $1,650, the benefits to be derived from a constant flow of current are inestimable; and being able to operate the refrigerator, deep freeze, dry cabinets, and dehumidifiers 24 hours a day, thereby eliminating spoilage, will result in considerable sav- ings. Also, an adequate and uninterrupted supply of electricity should attract many more investigators who need current at all hours. The pit for the rainwater reservoir, west of the new laboratory building, was completed, and the reinforcing steel and form lumber were cut to size. Because of deficient rainfall, there was not enough water to mix the concrete, and so this project was not finished. Shelving was added to the large (original) laboratory building for a collection of reptiles and amphibians, largely from the island, and for the extensive collection of Central American fruits, mostly from Panama, obtained by the resident manager during his years of study of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha. Dr. and Mrs. E. R. Dunn, of Haverford College, put most of the reptile and amphibian specimens in new jars and relabeled them. An electrically heated plant drier was built and has already been put to good use by scientists. It was necessary to build an extension to the dock at the island, and also to the covered area for the launches. Both launches required minor repairs to the hulls, and the engine of one needed replacement, of parts. A large, well-built cayuco was obtained, for use with an outboard motor, in order to police the island more adequately. The trails are in good condition, but some of the markers need to be replaced. 141 142 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The Fuertes house and the houses at the end of Drayton trail are in excellent condition. The old main laboratory is in good shape, except for minor repairs, and can accommodate at least 20 scientists a day. The Chapman house can still be used as a laboratory building, and with a minimum of repairs should serve well for 5 years or more. The buildings occupied by the warden-caretaker and the cook are in good condition; the one used by the laborers needs some repairs. The plywood building at the tower was primarily a test for termites and resin glues, and can still be used as a shelter. MOST URGENT NEEDS Most urgently needed is the rainwater reservoir. It is hoped that the concrete for this can be poured early in the next fiscal year and that funds will be available to cover it with concrete slabs, add the necessary pipes, and divert the runoff from the aluminum roof into the tank. Also, a new 2-horsepower electric motor to run the pump must be purchased. With this reservoir we should have adequate “safe” water to last through even a dry season. Next in importance is the need for electric wiring in the new build- ing, water service for the lower floor, the installation of sinks, tables, and shelves, so that at least the two main laboratory rooms (each ac- commodating four persons) can be made available to scientists; and the installation of exhaust fans, shelves, and other equipment in the photographic dark room. Dehumidifiers will have to be purchased; these are very necessary to prevent deterioration and corrosion from the high humidity. With these things accomplished, the library, herbarium, and index cabinets can be transferred from the Haskins building to the new building, and the kitchens moved to the fireproof Haskins building. Purchase of an electric water heater for the kitchen, an urgent need, has been approved. SCIENTISTS AND THEIR STUDIES The primary purpose of the Canal Zone Biological Area is to pro- vide a safe and accessible area for scientific research in the lower humid tropics in the Americas. Probably nowhere else in the world can be found the combination of unspoiled tropical jungle and health- ful laboratory surroundings. Here scientists find a profusion of plants and animals and are able to carry on a wide variety of special studies. During the 1953 fiscal year, 57 scientists came to the island. The high cost of transportation prevents many from coming and also, in SECRETARY’S REPORT 143 many cases, curtails the length of stay. A list of the season’s in- vestigators, with a brief summary of their interests, follows: investigator Ajello, Dr. Libero, U. 8. Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga. Anderberg, T., Sweden. Andrew, Dr. Warren, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N. C. Ansley, Dr. Hudson R., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Bloedel, Prentiss, Berkeley, Calif. Blomberg, Dr. Rolf, Sweden and Eeuador. University of California, Boberg, Walter, Sweden. Bradley, John ©. Waterbury, Conn. Bromfield, Louis, Malabar Farm, Lucas, Ohio. Buchanan, Charles, Puerto Rico. Burk, Gordan, Scripps Institution of Oceanog- raphy, La Jolla, Calif. Chamberlain, Mrs. Florence, Des Moines, Iowa. Clark, Dr. Walter, Hastman Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, N. Y. Crookchewit, Hans, Amsterdam, Holland. Drury, Dr, William, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass. Dunn, Dr. and Mrs. HE. R., Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. Hisenmann, Dr. Eugene, New York, N. Y. Erickson, Clarence O., Paramount Pictures, Hollywood, Calif. Geysa, Vanita yon, Illinois. Goelet, Dr. Robert, New York Zoological Society, New York, N. Y. Goodale, Dr. Robert L., Boston, Mass. Graham, Dr. H. H., U. S. Soil Conservation Serv- ice, Washington, D. C. Griffin, Dr. Donald R., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Hartman, Dr. Frank M., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Heim, Roger, Paris, France. Museum of Natural History, Principal interest or special study Environmental factors. Member of Blomberg expedi- tion. (See Dr. Rolf Blom- berg.) Land mollusks. Sex determination in centi- pedes, Orientation in bats. Color photography, stills, and sound recordings; intensive study of tropical wildlife. Member of Blomberg expedi- tion. (See Dr. Rolf Blom- berg. ) Mollusks. Tropical flora and birds. Bird survey and habitats. Mammals and birds. Bird survey and nests. Review of Hastman Kodak ex- posure tests; color photog- raphy and sound recordings. Birds. Forest topography as affecting bird life. Amphibians and reptiles and rearrangement of island col- lection. Continuation bird studies. Appraisal of island for motion film of army ants. Continuation of her painting. Birds, mammals, and flora. of long-range Bird studies. Wildlife and flora. Orientation in bats. Continuation of studies on adrenals of birds and mam- mals, Fungi and environment. 144 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 | Investigator Henry, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas R., Washington Star, Washington, D.C. Hiestand, Dr. Norman T., Los Alamos, N. Mex. Hodgson, Dr. Edward §., Barnard College, Co- lumbia University, New York, N. Y. Kelly, Dr. Junea, Alameda, Calif. Kerr, Miss Charlotte, U. S. Embassy, Panama. Koronda, John, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich. Loegering, William I., IICA Turrialba, Costa Rica. Lundy, William E., Assistant Paymaster, Panama Canal. MacLeish, Kenneth, Life Magazine, New York, INST RY: Martin, Dr. George W., State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. McGinty, Thomas, Florida. Miller, Melville W., Vermillion, 8S. Dak. Monros, Dr. and Mrs. F., Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumdn, Argentina. Morris, Robert C., U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Gulfport, Miss. Murie, Dr. Olaus J., Wilderness Society, Moose, Wyo. Nadler, Aaron M., Brooklyn, N. Y. Olsson, Dr. A. A., Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Parsons, Dr. James J., University of California, Berkeley, Calif. Perrygo, Watson M., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Prescott, Dr. George W., Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich. Rimmer, David, Malabar Farm, Lucas, Ohio. Scattergood, Dr. Leslie, U. S. Legation Mission. Setzer, Dr. Henry W., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Soper, Dr. Cleveland C., Tropical Research Lab- oratory, Eastman Kodak Co., Panama City, Panama. Steward, Richard, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. Stirling, Dr. and Mrs. M. W., Smithsonian Insti- tution. Principal interest or special study To collect data on plants and animals for press releases, General biology, color photog- raphy, and sound recordings. Behavior of leaf-cutting ants. Continuation of bird studies. Observations on birds and mammals, Algae. Plants and ecology. Continuation of studies on birds and mammals. Appraisal of animal life in rain forest of American Tropics. Fungi. Mollusks. Birds, mammals, and flora. Coleoptera. Termites. Animal footprints. Intensive collecting and study of Psocidae. Paleontology. Grasses. Birds. Algae. Birds and plants. Tropical flora. Mammals. Deterioration and corrosion of photographic equipment and supplies. Gave technical ad- vice and help on Diesel gen- erators. Photography. General biology and reconnais- sance. SECRETARY’S REPORT 145 Principal interest or special Investigator study Swift, Lloyd W., U. S. Forest Service, Washing- | Wildlife and flora. ton, D. C. Weber, Dr. Jay A., Miami, Fla. Mollusks. Weldon, A. L., State University of Iowa, Iowa | Fungi. City, Iowa. Wetmore, Dr. Alexander, Smithsonian Institu- | Birds, and general inspection tion. of the plant. VISITORS There were about 700 visitors to the island during the year. Most of them came in small groups, and quite a number stayed overnight or for a few days. Among these were Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and photography clubs; groups from schools in Panama City, Colon, and elsewhere; from colleges, and from the University of Panama. There were also a number of groups from the Armed Forces, the United States Embassy in Panama, many technical and specialized missions, and branches of the Point-4 Program. DONATIONS The resident manager donated to the library a complete series of bound volumes of the Journal of Agricultural Research; a series of Natural History magazines, complete to date; many miscellaneous pub- lications; and a quantity of laboratory glassware, chemicals, and other supplies. RAINFALL In 1952, during the dry season (January to April) rains of 0.01 inch or more fell on 36 days (98 hours), and on 203 days (744) hours during the 8 months of the wet season. Rainfall was 9.26 inches below the station average for 28 years—an excess of 1.09 inches during the dry season and a deficiency of 10.35 inches during the wet season. March was the driest month, 0.11 inch, and October the wettest, 16.96 inches. TABLE 1.—Annual rainfall, Barro Colorado Island, 0. Z. Total Station Total Station Year inches average | Year inches average [OQ base ees MOAT SS Tihs wpelee ee NGS Oi oes 115. 47 110. 94 UC es a tela 118. 22 HTS. SGM O4OL ess 86. 51 109. 43 BLS Ae (meted Sea Dg ae 116. 36 T4568) OA 91. 82 108. 41 [9Q8 eer en Sey 101. 52 PO SS OAD Aerie 111. 10 108. 55 1G 20s cee ae 87. 84 LOGT5GIRIO4S 2s oo 120. 29 109. 20 UOSO0S Se ee Les 76. 57 TOL oO Osa ees 111. 96 109. 30 POST Fe 2 Spe ere 123. 30 NO4SG6ONMOA He. ee Ue 3 120. 42 109. 84 LO ee aa MR a LOS VGN MO4G see a ee 87. 38 108. 81 L933 Beare ees 101. 73 I UCG HS Pt PES fea st atl 77. 92 107. 49 BOS4 yo. Tatas 122. 42 LO 7AO4 | MOAS illness 83. 16 106. 43 OS at ad oe ae ie 143. 42 TVORSHi 19402) & a ey 114. 86 106. 76 OS Glee see 93. 88 1OSPOSMOD0ne A= ae 114. 51 107. 07 ih oy ee aS 124. 13 VETO}, S12 | C0 G51 a a ae 112. 72 107. 28 $Ras <4 202222507 117. 09 $1OsG2)ROG2Z.. 22 se 5255 97. 68 106. 94 146 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 TasLE 2.—Comparison of 1951 and 1952 rainfull, Barro Colorado Isiand, C. Z. (inches Total Accumu- Month SPS eee) ini Years of | Excess or | lated excess average record deficiency or defi- 1951 1952 cisncy Januaryoe< 22th Ph te 2.21 2. 40 19% 27 +0. 63 +0. 63 MGDIUALY cae oe eee 3. 76 .39 1, 26 27 —. 87 - arcs see aren .3 Sue 1. 20 27 —1.09 —1.3 9.3) 0) | eS 2 ee A 2 Pe es, 8. 53 5.46 3.04 28 +2, 42 +1. 09 DY cos ke een ee. Poe 12.19 12.39 10.89 28 +1. 50 +2. 59 DUNG oo oe 2 ee ed a ee 10. 94 11. 76 11, 40 28 +. 36 +2. 95 Ub Ges en ees ee es 5.37 6.01 11. 28 28 —5. 27 —2.3 AUSTISES tt retain phe eS 11,29 9.1 12.16 28 —3.05 —5. 37 Sentemier:< "5 eee 22 Ne | 11.13 10. 06 28 +1. 07 —4.30 ctoberss rere areas. 19. 43 16. 96 13. 52 28 +3. 44 —. 86 November2..- 7.225 sa2e 16.15 9. 50 19.10 28 —9. 60 —10. 46 December! rat te} 12. 93 12. 46 11. 26 28 +1. 20 —9, 26 Wear:c» 3... <4". 3 am 112. 72 97. 68 106945 a sen eed 5 eee eee —9. 26 Dryjseason =e vet ech) be 14. 80 8. 36 IID: | Re Aa be TAF le | iat eo oe +1.09 WOU ROASON oso ee eee 97. 92 89. 32 £27 1 ye PS eed | erigarteaeec VE Bu) —10.35 The maximum yearly rainfall of record on the island was 143.42 inches, and the minimum 76.57 inches. The maximums of record for short periods were as follows: 5 minutes, 1.30 inches ( a new record) ; 10 minutes, 1.65 inches (a new record) ; 1 hour, 4.11 inches; 2 hours, 4.81 inches; 24 hours, 10.48 inches. During 1952 the maximums were: 5 minutes, 1.30 inches; 10 minutes, 1.65 inches; 15 minutes, 1.71 inches; 30 minutes, 2.15 inches; 1 hour, 2.86 inches; 2 hours, 3.43 inches; 24 hours, 4.48 inches. FISCAL REPORT Trust funds during the 1953 fiscal year amounted to $11,255.03, as follows: Balance from fiscal year 1952, $264.03; fees from scientists, $2,501.16; fees from visitors, $2,177; table subscriptions, $1,900; Smithsonian Institution private funds, $2,800; donations, $1,180; miscellaneous, $482.84. Items paid from trust funds are: Wages of warden-caretaker and laborers, food, office expenses, and miscellaneous items for upkeep and repairs. Wages amounted to 58.2 percent of the expenditures, and food and kitchen needs 35.8 percent, a total of 94 percent. At the close of the 1953 fiscal year there remained a balance of $437.74 in the trust funds. The Smithsonian Institution allotted $7,033.29 from Government- appropriated funds. Approximately 60 percent of this was expended for supplies from Panama Canal Storehouses, the major items being $614.63 for lumber; $198.98 for gravel; $490.88 for cement; $192.94 for water lines and toilets; $390.77 for reinforcing steel, pipe, etc., for the water reservoir; $550.90 for the overhead installation of the Diesel generators; $493.66 for Diesel fuel; $72.08 for lubricating oil; SECRETARY’S REPORT 147 $114.64 for the dock extension ; $846.62 for the extension of the sheds for the launches; and $60.78 for materials for the launches. The other 40 percent covered such items as gasoline, ice, freight, telephone, and rentals; repairs to launches ($214.74) ; transportation of the two Diesels to the Isthmus ($190.74) ; parts, filters, repairs, and maintenance inspections for the generators ($370.96) ; and shelv- ing ($255.86). The rates for scientists and visitors now in effect are $3 a day per person for 1-day visitors, $4 a full day for scientists from institutions that support the laboratory through table subscriptions, and $5 a full day for all others. A 1-day visit includes the use of the launch to and from the island, the noon meal, and the guide in the morning. A full day for scientists includes three meals and lodging. The following institutions continued their support to the laboratory through the payment of table subscriptions: ASIN AMIN OUL Sl Kee Oe tee ee tec Cette ete een eee ee oe $1, 000 New SVork, Zoological’ Society22282 e217) 255) 2b) ee 2 Pea 300 American Museumof:Naturall Jdistorys2) eee eee eee 300 Smithsoniany, nstitution=<=2 2% 300 It is gratifying to record again donations from Dr. Eugene Eisen- mann of New York, Dr. Robert L. Goodale of Boston, and Dr. Robert Goelet of New York. Those contemplating a visit to this unique spot of the Americas should communicate with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington 25, D. C., or with the Resident Manager of the Canal Zone Biological Area, Drawer C, Balboa, Canal Zone. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due to the Panama Canal Company, particularly the Dredging and Commissary Divisions and the Storehouses; the Canal Zone Government, especially the Police Division; and the officials and employees of the Panama Railroad for their wholehearted cooperation. Without their generous and unfailing assistance, the Area could not function so successfully. Respectfully submitted. Jamus Zurex, Resident Manager. Dr. Leonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 11 Report on the Library Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activi- ties of the Smithsonian library for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953: More than 100 foreign countries, including dominions, colonies, and protectorates, were represented among the 68,414 publications that came to the Smithsonian library, many of them through the International Exchange Service, during the past year. Of these pub- lications, all except 734 books which were purchased, and the serial parts of the 430 journals for which the library subscribed, came either in exchange for Smithsonian publications or as gifts. The acquisiiton by exchange or gift of so large a proportion of the im- portant additions, mostly serials, to the library each year is made possible by the cordial cooperation of issuing agencies all over the world and by the generosity of many friends. The constant inflow of these records of scientific and cultural advance is the lifeblood of research, and the library is the pipeline through which this indispen- sable material is channeled to all parts of the Institution. The postwar years have seen many changes among scientific and other journals, but “births” continue to outnumber “deaths”; and in spite of wars and other vicissitudes the continuity of a surprising number of the series of publications issued by long-established insti- tutions and learned societies has been unbroken. So eternal vigi- lance is necessary not only to see that important new serials are ob- tained but also that missing parts of old ones are procured as promptly as possible. This is especially true of complicated irregularly issued foreign serials, often published in very small editions which quickly go out of print. To meet the larger number of these needs, 573 new exchanges were arranged during the year, and 7,073 volumes and parts were obtained by exchange to fill gaps in existing sets or to sup- ply individual publications on special subjects. Of the many gifts presented to the library by generous friends, the Eugene N. Costales philatelic library was one of the largest. Together with the many rare nineteenth-century publications on philately that Malcom MacGregor added to his previously reported gifts, these were especially important additions to the library’s fast- growing collection of philatelic literature. Extensive as are the exchange relations of the Institution, there are many books and periodicals in its subject fields that can be ob- 148 SECRETARY’S REPORT 149 tained only by purchase. In the face of limited funds, rising prices, and the unceasing and increasing output of scientific and technical literature, careful screening is imperative. Of the many books re- quested during the year only 734 could be bought. About half the allotment of funds had to be earmarked for subscriptions to periodi- cals; and as usual allowance had to be made for the purchase of the annual volumes of reference books on special subjects. The library has no interest in acquiring rare books as such, but occa- sionally it is possible through one of the Institution’s special funds to acquire a much-needed rare work. Notable among such during the year was the purchase out of the Frances Lee Chamberlain fund of the extremely rare Gastropoda parts, by W. Wenz, of the “Handbuch der Palaozoologie,” for the division of mollusks. At present, this is the only complete and original copy of this very important work, pub- lished in seven parts in Berlin in 1938-44, known to be in this country. The stock of some of the parts was almost completely destroyed during the war. Additions to the Smithsonian Deposit at the Library of Congress, mostly parts of serial publications, numbered 5,840, of which 261 went to the Langley Aeronautical Library. Other publications sent to the Library of Congress, counted but not individually cataloged or entered here in the serial records, were 2,250 doctoral dissertations, chiefly from European universities, 5,507 documents, mostly from foreign govern- ments, and 14,231 miscellaneous pieces of literature, from all over the world, on subjects of little or no immediate interest to the Institution. Many publications on subjects in the special fields of other Govern- ment agencies were transferred to those agencies, the largest number being 4,104 pieces sent to the Armed Forces Medical Library, 881 of which were medical dissertations. Every effort was made to keep additions to the library’s collection of duplicates to a minimum; 14,326 pieces sent to the United States Book Exchange for exchange credit reduced the collection somewhat but still made no appreciable visible impression on the whole. Statistics of the catalog section show that 3,185 books were cataloged, 22,625 periodicals entered, and 31,761 new cards added to the catalog and shelf lists and that more than 110,000 cards were handled in the task of merging the two formerly separately maintained main catalogs. This merging of records points continually to the large amount of greatly needed cataloging or recataloging to be done, notably of special collections, which have previously been sketchily recorded, or not cata- loged at all. Funds for binding permitted only 700 volumes to be sent to the Government Printing Office bindery, and so the large backlog of bind- ing continued to increase. In the library, 1,527 books were expertly repaired. 150 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The 8,641 loans recorded during the year show only a fraction of the use of the library’s collections. Many more than this number of books were consulted in the reference room and in the stacks of the main and branch libraries, while the annual use of publications on the highly specialized subjects of the different divisions of the Museum, shelved in their sectional liabraries, could certainly be counted well up in the thousands. Intramural circulation of the 3,370 publications, mostly parts of periodicals, assigned to the sectional libraries for fil- ing this past year, would alone, in terms of use, need to be multiplied by several times that number. Beside the use of books within the Institution, the library serves, and is in turn served by, outside libraries through interlibrary loans. During the year, 82 different libraries throughout the country bor- rowed 965 books from us for the use of local scientists and other serious students. In addition to the many books borrowed from the Library of Congress, a large number of which were Smithsonian De- posit copies, 891 were borrowed from other libraries, chiefly from the library of the Department of Agriculture. The reference and informational use of the library was especially heavy, and more than 27,000 questions, many of them in response to letters and telephone calls from outside the Institution, were answered in the reference and circulation section. The virtual closing of the branch libraries because of understafling made it extremely difficult to give more than token service from them to the staff of the Institution; and special arrangements had to be made to serve the visiting scholars who needed to have access to the material housed in them. The scattered, inconveniently arranged, and overcrowded housing of the library throughout the Institution, worsened by the hundreds of volumes needing binding or repair, has long since become a chronic and increasinly serious condition, for the full relief of which a practical solution is yet to be found. SUMMARIZED STATISTICS ACCESSIONS vernon | Tele Smithsonian Deposit at the Library of Congress - - ~~~ 82 584, 295 Smithsonian main library (includes former Office and MiusemmMpranches) ae ee eee ee eee eee 2, 142 289, 787 Astrophysical Observatory (includes Radiation OPPADISINE eo. 5 See ee oe er 62 14, 102 Bureau of American Ethnology -...----------- 282 35, 350 NationalpAir Museums) 62 seer oes eee 18 306 National Collection of Fine Arts_._.._.__--------- 599 13, 284 National Zooldgical Park. 2 See. los. sees ee ee sine 4, 204 gO 5 a Bp OR ES 3, 185 941, 328 SECRETARY’S REPORT 151 Cataloged volumes only have been counted in the records of current accessions, and no incomplete volumes of serial publications or sepa- rates and reprints from serial publications are included in any of the totals. EXCHANGES NGWiExGhangesia rian 9 ibe 2 ee eh ae OR ee a 573 189 of these were for the Smithsonian Deposit. Specially, requested! publications receitved2e2 =) ae eee 7, O73 999 of these were obtained to fill gaps in Smithsonian Deposit sets. CATALOGING NOULINES Meat alo Zed sae eee air AA eae ee) ey Pt a Ae 8, 185 Cardsiadded to catalogs and shelfilists 22 2o so tr ee I 31, 761 PERIODICALS Periodical parts entered _.-----.__ ee peter a ee ee 3 ete 22, 625 5,758 were for the Smithsonian Deposit. CIRCULATION oanstotibooks/and period calsssaesae 2 eh ee ee a ee 8, 641 Circulation of books and periodicals in sectional libraries is not counted, except in the division of insects. BINDING Volumes sent to the Government Printing Office bindery___..._____ 700 Volumes HepaAiTed tn ch evi ra reyes es eee ee Ce ae ee ee ee 15527 Respectfully submitted. Lema F. Cuarn, Librarian. Dr. Leonarp CarMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 284725—54-——-11 APPENDIX 12 Report on Publications Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the publica- tions of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches for the year ended June 30, 1953: The publications of the Smithsonian Institution are in two cate- gories—those issued from federally appropriated funds (particularly the publications of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Smithsonian Report) and those issued under in- come from the Institution’s various endowment funds (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, publications of the Freer Gallery of Art, and special publications). Eight regular series are issued, plus six others that appear less frequently. Publications are distributed free to more than a thousand libraries, both in this country and abroad, as well as to a large list of educational and scientific organizations and specialists in various fields. ‘The Smithsonian publications program is a major part in the Institution’s endeavor to fulfill the diffusion-of- knowledge function prescribed by its founder. During 1952-53 the Institution published 23 papers in the Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections and title page and table of contents for 1 volume in this series; 1 Annual Report of the Board of Regents and pamphlet copies of 20 articles in the Report appendix, 1 Annual Report of the Secretary, and 1 special publication. The United States National Museum issued 1 Annual Report of the Director, 13 Proceedings papers, 3 Bulletins, and 1 paper in the series Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. The Bureau of Amercan Ethnology issued 1 Annual Report, 5 Bulletins, and 3 papers in the series Publications of the Institute of Social Anthropology. The National Collection of Fine Arts issued 6 catalogs; and the Freer Gallery of Art published 1 paper in the Occasional Papers series. At the end of the year practically all the galley proofs of the tables in the ninth revised edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables had been received from the printer. Of the publications there were distributed 177,675 copies, which in- cluded 11 volumes and separates of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 50,185 volumes and separates of Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collections, 31,317 volumes and separates of Smithsonian Annual Reports, 1,988 War Background Studies, 4,582 Smithsonian 152 SECRETARY’S REPORT 153 special publications, 49 reports and 142 sets of pictures of the Harri- man Alaska Expedition, 41,111 volumes and separates of National Museum publications, 30,281 publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 8,315 publications of the Institute of Social Anthropology, 2,817 catalogs of the National Collection of Fine Arts, 588 volumes and pamphlets of the Freer Gallery of Art, 9 Annals of the Astro- physical Observatory, 2,554 reports of the American Historical Asso- ciation, and 3,731 miscellaneous publications not published by the Smithsonian Institution (mostly Survival Manuals). In addition, 22,851 picture pamphlets, 97,922 guide books, 119,881 natural-history, Smithsonian buildings, and art postcards, 14,825 sets of photo cards and picture postcards, 18 sets and § prints of North American Wild Flowers, and 4 volumes of Pitcher Plants were distributed. The 1953 allotment from Government funds of $92,320 for printing and binding was entirely obligated at the close of the year. SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 117 No. 12. Two aboriginal works of art from the Veracruz coast, by Philip Drucker. 7 pp.,3 pls., 1 fig. (Publ. 4091.) Aug. 26,1952. (20 cents.) No. 13. Primitive fossil gastropods and their bearing on gastropod classification, by J. Brookes Knight. 56 pp., 2 pls., 10 figs. (Publ. 4092.) Oct. 29, 1952. (60 cents.) No. 14. New and unusual species of brachiopods from the Arbuckle group in Oklahoma, by G. Arthur Cooper. 35 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. 4093.) Sept. 23, 1952. (50 cents.) No. 15. The foraminiferal genus Triplasia Reuss, 1854, by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan. 61 pp., 8 pls., 11 figs. (Publ. 4094.) Sept. 9, 1952. (60 cents.) No. 16. Solar variation and precipitation at Peoria, Illinois, by C. G. Abbot, 18 pp., 8 figs. (Publ. 4095.) Sept.3,1952. (30 cents.) No. 17. A generic synopsis of the lizards of the subfamily Lygosominae, by M. B. Mittleman. 385 pp. (Publ. 4096.) Nov. 4, 1952. (50 cents.) No. 18. The lower Eocene Knight formation of western Wyoming and its mam- malian fauna, by C. Lewis Gazin. 82 pp., 11 pls., 6 figs. (Publ. 4097.) Dee. 9, 1952. ($1.00.) Title page and table of contents. (Publ. 4134.) [May 27] 1953. VOLUME 119 No. 1. Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology near Caborca, northwestern Sonora, Mexico, by G. Arthur Cooper et al. 184 pp., 31 pls., 9 figs., 2 charts. (Publ. 4085.) Aug. 6, 1952. ($3.00.) No. 2. Permian fauna at El Antimonio, western Sonora, Mexico, by G. Arthur Cooper et al. 111 pp., 25 pls., 3 figs. (Publ. 4108.) June 25, 1953. ($2.50.) 154 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 VOLUME 121 No. 1. Geology of the San Jon site, eastern New Mexico, by Sheldon 8. Judson. 70 pp., 5 pls., 22 figs. (Publ.4098.) Mar.5,19538. ($1.15.) No. 2. The birds of the Islands of Taboga, Taboguilla, and UravA, Panama, by Alexander Wetmore. 32 pp., 3 pls. (Publ. 4099.) Dec. 2, 1952. (35 cents.) No. 3. A revision of the Colombian species of Monnina, by Ramon Ferreyra. 59 pp., 7 figs. (Publ. 4100.) Feb.3,1953. (50 cents.) No. 4. Structure and function of the genitalia in some American agelenid spiders, by Robert L. Gering. 84pp.,72figs. (Pubi.4101.) Mar.17,1953. (80 cents.) No. 5. Solar variation and precipitation at Albany, N .Y., by C. G. Abbot. 16 pp., 6 figs. (Publ. 4103.) Jan. 27,1958. (380 cents.) No. 6. Sponges of the Alaskan Arctic, by M. W. de Laubenfels. 22 pp., 12 figs. (Publ. 4104.) Mar. 19,1953. (30 cents.) No. 7. Some Recent Arctic Foraminifera, by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan. 150 pp., 24 pls., 1 fig. (Publ. 4105.) Apr. 2, 1958. ($2.00.) No. 8. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes, by Isaac Ginsburg. 103 pp.,6 figs. (Publ. 4106.) May 28, 1953. ($1.10.) No. 9. A new Devonian crinoid from western Maryland, by Arthur L. Bowsher. 8 pp., 1 pl., 1 fig. (Publ. 4107.) Apr. 16,1953. (20 cents.) No. 10. The Tillodontia: An early Tertiary order of mammals, by C. Lewis Gazin. 110 pp., 16 pls., 38 figs. (Publ. 4109.) June 23, 1953. ($1.50.) No. 11. Geologic background of Iyatayet archeological site, Cape Denbigh, Alaska, by D. M. Hopkins and J. L. Giddings, Jr. 33 pp., 4 pls., 7 figs. (Publ. 4110.) June 11, 1953. (50 cents.) No. 18. Regarding Washington, D. C., precipitation and temperature, 1952 and 1953, by C. G. Abbot. 7 pp., 2 figs. (Publ. 4130.) Mar. 3, 1953. (10 cents.) VOLUME 122 No.1. Long-range effects of the sun’s variation on the temperature of Washington, D.C. 14 pp.,5 figs. (Publ. 4131.) May 12, 1953. (25 cents.) No. 3. The metamorphosis of a fly’s head, by R. E. Snodgrass. 25 pp., 7 figs. (Publ. 4138.) June 25, 1858. (30 cents.) ANNUAL REPORTS Report for 1951.—The complete volume of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1951 was received from the printer October 7, 1952: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year ended June 30, 1951. ix + 449 pp., 69 pls., 16 figs. (Publ. 4062.) 1952. The general appendix contained the following papers (Publs. 4063- 4082) : Stormy weather on the sun, by Walter Orr Roberts. An appraisal of cloud seeding as a means of increasing precipitation, by Henry G. Houghton. On Hinstein’s new theory, by Leopold Infeld. Some results in the field of high-pressure physics, by P. W. Bridgman. Ultrasonics, by Arthur R. Laufer. The industrial applications of atomic energy, by M. L. Oliphant. Some prospects in the field of electronics, by V. K. Zworykin. The new chemical elements, by Saul Dushman. SECRETARY'S REPORT LHS The insides of metals, by Carl A. Zapffe. Atomic weapons against cancer, by Wi. N. Lockard. Enzymes: Machine tools of the cellular factory, by B. A. Kilby. The fauna of America, by Austin H. Clark. The mechanics of snakes, by Alfred Leutscher. Hormones and the metamorphosis of insects, by V. B. Wigglesworth. Utilizing our soil resources for greater production, by Robert M. Salter. The carbon—14 method of age determination, by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. River Basin Surveys: The first five years of the Inter-Agency Archeological and Paleontological Salvage Program, by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. Artificial lighting in America: 1830-1860, by C. Malcolm Watkins. The development of the halftone screen, by Jacob Kainen. The artist and the atom, by Peter Blanc. Report for 1952.—The Report of the Secretary, which will form part of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents to Congress, was issued January 8, 1953: Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents for the year ended June 30, 1952. ix + 175 pp., 3 pls., 1 fig. (Publ. 4102.) 1953. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dresses of the First Ladies of the White House, by Margaret W. Brown. 149 pp., 70 pls. (85 in color). (Publ. 4060.) [Aug. 19] 1952. ($6.00.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The editorial work of the National Museum continued under the immediate direction of the editor, John S. Lea. Ernest EK. Biebig- hauser was added to the editorial staff on January 5, 1953, by transfer from the Public Health Service. The Museum issued during the year 1 Annual Report, 18 Proceedings papers, 3 Bulletins, and 1 paper in the series Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, as follows: ANNUAL REPORT Annual Report for the year ended June 80,1952. iv + 103 pp. [Jan. 15, 1953.) PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 102 No. 3306. The sipunculid worms of California and Baja California, by Walter Kenrick Fisher. Pp. 371-450, pls. 18-39. July 8, 1952. VOLUME 108 No. 3311. Two new naucorid bugs of the genus Ambrysus, by Ira La Rivers. Pp. 1-7, fig. 1. Feb. 12, 1953. No. 8312. Two new scale-mite parasites of lizards, by R. F. Lawrence. Pp. 9-18, figs. 2-7. Mar. 10, 1953. No. 8213. Notes on the biology and immature stages of a cricket parasite of the genus Rhopalosoma, by Ashley B. Gurney. Pp. 19-34, pl. 1, figs. 8 and 9. * Mar. 10, 1953. 156 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 No. 3314. Photuris bethaniensis, a new lampyrid firefly, by Frank A. McDermott. Pp. 35-37. Feb. 26, 1953. No. 3315. Distribution, general bionomics, and recognition characters of two cockroaches recently established in the United States, by Ashley B. Gurney. Pp. 39-56, pl. 2, fig. 10. Mar. 10, 1953. No. 3316. Biting midges of the heleid genus Stilobezzia in North America, by Willis W. Wirth. Pp. 57-85, figs. ll and12. May 15, 1953. No. 3317. Beetles of oedemerid genus Vasaces Champion, by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. Pp. 87-94, fig. 18. . Apr. 30, 1958. No. 3318. Scarabaeid beetles of the genus Bradycinetulus and closely related genera in the United States, by O. L. Cartwright. Pp. 95-120, pls. 3 and 4, figs. 14-16. June 5, 1953. No. 3319. The chrysomelid beetles of the genus Strabala Chevrolat, by Doris Holmes Blake. Pp. 121-134, fig. 17. June 5, 1958. No. 3320. American biting midges of the heleid genus Monohelea, by Willis W. Wirth. Pp. 185-154, figs. 18 and 19. June 17, 1953. No. 3321. A review of the beetle family Cephaloidae, by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. Pp. 155-161, pl. 5, fig. 20. May 15, 1953. No. 3322. The fresh-water triclads (Turbellaria) of Alaska, by Roman Kenk. Pp. 163-186, pls. 6-8, figs. 21-25. June 5, 19538. BULLETINS 200. The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae, by Richard HE. Black- welder. iv -+ 483 pp. July 21, 1952. 203. Life histories of North American wood warblers, by Arthur Cleveland Bent. Pp. xi + 734, 83 pls. June 15, 1953. 204. Catalog of the cycle collection of the Division of Engineering, United States National Museum, by Smith Hempstone Oliver. Pp. vi 4+ 40, 24 pls., 1 fig. May 26, 1953. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME 30 Part 5. Studies of Pacific Island plants, XV. The genus Hlaeocarpus in the New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga, by A. C. Smith. Pp. i-v + 523-575. [May 8] 1953. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY During the year the Bureau issued 1 Annual Report, 5 Bulletins, and 3 papers in the series Publications of the Institute of Social Anthro- pology, as follows: ANNUAL REPORT Sixty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1951-1952. ii + 30 pp. [Feb. 6] 19538. BULLETINS 145. The Indian tribes of North America, by John R. Swanton. Pp. i-vi + 1-726, 5 maps. [Nov. 10] 1952. 150. The modal personality structure of the Tuscarora Indians, as revealed by the Rorschach test, by Anthony F. C. Wallace. Pp. i-viii + 1-120, 1 pl. 8 figs. [Oct. 9] 1952. 151. Anthropological Papers, Nos. 38-42. Pp. i-ix + 1-507, 37 pls., 25 figs., 7 maps. [Mar. 16] 1953. SECRETARY’S REPORT 157 No. 33. “Of the Crow Nation,” by Edwin Thompson Denig, edited, with bio- graphical sketch and footnotes, by John C. Ewers. No. 34. The water lily in Maya art: A complex of alleged Asiatic origin, by Robert L. Rands. No. 35. The Medicine Bundies of the Florida Seminole and the Green Corn Dance, by Louis Capron. No. 36. Technique in the music of the American Indian, by Frances Densmore. No. 37. The belief of the Indian in a connection between song and the super- natural, by Frances Densmore. No. 38. Aboriginal fish poisons, by Robert F. Heizer. No. 39. Aboriginal navigation off the coasts of Upper and Baja California, by Robert F’. Heizer and William C. Massey. No. 40. Exploration of an Adena mound at Natrium, West Virginia, by Ralph 8. Solecki. No. 41. The Wind River Shoshone Sun Dance, by D. B. Shimkin. No. 42. Current trends in the Wind River Shoshone Sun Dance, by Fred W. Voget. 153. La Venta, Tabasco: A study of Olmec ceramics and art, by Philip Drucker. Pp. i-x-+1-257, 66 pls., 64 figs. [Dec. 17] 1952. 155. Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Vira Valley, Pert, by Gordon R. Willey. Pp. i-xxii + 1-453, 60 pls., 88 figs. [Apr. 10] 1953. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. 13. The Tajin Totonac. Part 1. History, subsistence, shelter, and tech- nology, by Isabel Kelly and Angel Palerm. Pp. i-xiv + 1-869, 33 pls., 69 figs., 18 maps. [Sept. 22] 1952. No. 15. Indian tribes of northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, by Kalervo Oberg. Pp. i-vii+1-144, 10 pls., 2 figs., 3 maps, 14 charts. [Apr. 2] 1953. No. 16. Penny Capitalism: A Guatemalan Indian economy, by Sol Tax. Pp. i-x + 1-230, 6 maps, 19 charts. [June 16] 1953. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Contemporary Swiss paintings. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service). Illustrated. [July 1952.] Reveries of Paris, by Edwin Scott (18638-1929). Illustrated. [August 1952.] French drawings. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Hxhibition Service.) Illustrated. [November 1952.] Pastel portraits by Alice Pike Barney, and Paintings of Paris by Edwin Scott. Illustrated. [November 1952.] Art and magic in Arnhem Land. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.) Illustrated. [November 1952.] Design from Britain. (Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.) Illustrated. [May 1953.] PUBLICATIONS OF THE FREER GALLERY OF ART OCCASIONAL PAPERS VOLUME 2 No. 1. Fourteenth-century blue-and-white: A group of Chinese porcelains in the Topkapu Sarayi Miizesi, Istanbul, by John Alexander Pope. 85 pp., 44 pls. [July 1] 1952. 158 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION The annual reports of the American Historical Association are transmitted by the Association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and are by him communicated to Congress, as provided by the act of incorporation of the Association. The following report volumes were issued during the year: Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1950. Vol. 2. Writings on American history, 1948. xxxiii + 462 pp. [Oct. 31] 1952. Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1951. Vol. 1. Proceed- ings and list of members. 207 pp. [Apr. 14] 1953. REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The manuscript of the Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, was transmitted to Congress, in accordance with law, on January 28, 1953. Respectfully submitted. Paux H. Oruser, Chief, Editorial Division. Dr. Leonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution For the Year Ended June 30, 1953 To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: Your executive committee respectfully submits the following report in relation to the funds of the Smithsonian Institution, together with a statement of the appropriations by Congress for the Government bureaus in the administrative charge of the Institution. SMITHSONIAN ENDOWMENT FUND The original bequest of James Smithson was £104,960 8s. 6d.— $508,318.46. Refunds of money expended in prosecution of the claim, freights, insurance, and other incidental expenses, together with pay- ment into the fund of the sum of £5,015, which had been withheld during the lifetime of Madame de la Batut, brought the fund to the amount of $550,000. Since the original bequest, the Institution has received gifts from various sources, the income from which may be used for the general work of the Institution. These, including the original bequest, plus savings, are listed below, together with the income for the present year. ENDOWMENT FUNDS (Income for the unrestricted use of the Institution) Partly deposited in the United States Treasury at 6 percent and partly invested in stocks, bonds, and other holdings Income Fund Investment present year Parent fund (original Smithson bequest, plus accumulated savings) ----_-____- $728, 977. 24 $43, 726. 13 Subsequent bequests, gifts, and other funds, partly deposited in the U. S. Treasury and partly invested in the consolidated fund: AD bOttss Wie la.. SDOCIAl fit di ee Poe totic ee Sey Rt) a Lae ye Tare) 5, 270. 00 52. 00 Avery, Robert 8..and Lydia, bequest fund__.....-..-......_../.-- 57, 267. 18 3, 031. 80 Mndow ment fan =. set Se ee ae a la eh a 387, 154. 40 19, 612. 18 Habelebra seibeduest funds... 2222-8 72 es ed 500. 00 30.00 Hachenberg, George P. and Caroline, bequest fund___.__________________ 4, 405. 40 223. 12 Hamilton, ames) pequestfunGg... oo) es ee ee 2, 942. 20 172. 42 Henry, Caroline, bequest fund____-.___-- ee See ee at Rae eee 1, 324. 81 67. 09 Hodgkins) \Thomss'G; (general) gift). 2 22. ee ee Fgh Bs 149, 182. 04 8, 640. 91 Porter, Henry Karke Memorial ftir dee ee cree tee ee ee a 313, 713. 17 15, 891. 75 Hhees; WilliamiJiones: bequest funds see se Lee pee me elbela Ie ae t 1, 108. 21 61. 67 Sanford; GeorgesH..smemorial fund= 2-220. oe 2, 075. 12 115. 37 Witherspoon, Thomas A., memorial fund___..-.._._____________ Sera Seale 141, 360. 51 7, 160. 86 Dotalssateececsees. cs /eseee bh! EE YAC Shomer tame es oe ey een eh Oe 1, 066, 303. 04 55, 059. 17 Granditotaliestes4: 2-5 ste 2 a En eevee Ai Mealy de ete Ue 1, 795, 280. 28 $8, 785. 30 —_—_—— rr 159 160 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The Institution holds also a number of endowment gifts, the income of each being restricted to specific use. These, plus accretions to date, are listed below, together with income for the present year. Fund Investment iceenee a Abbot, William L., fund, for investigations in biology .---------------------- $114, 655, 51 $5, 786. 26 Arthur, James, fund, for investigations and study of the sun and annual lec- turelonisames 725 Jt £3 = Ee Pee TOC ee eT A ee ec ee 43, 808. 44 2, 219. 20 Bacon, Virginia Purdy, fund, for traveling scholarship to investigate fauna of countries'other thanvthe Unibed SUAveS sone anne een ae ae eee nearer 54, 880. 05 2, 779. 99 Baird, Lucy H., fund, for creating a memorial to Secretary Baird_---.-------- 26, 373. 56 1, 335. 98 Barney, Alice Pike, memorial fund, for collecting of paintings and pastels and for encouragement of American artistic endeavor-_---.---------------------- 26, 477. 87 1, 341, 25 Barstow, Frederick D., fund, for purchase of animals for Zoological Park- - -- 1, 095. 17 55. 49 Canfield Collection fund, for increase and care of the Canfield collection of minerals: sah cee SV AEE Ae a fe ee poe ae ene See eee 41, 895. 57 2, 122. 29 Casey, Thomas L., fund, for maintenance of the Casey collection and pro- motion of researches relating to Coleoptera. __..--------------------------- 13, 730. 13 695. 53 Chamberlain, Francis Lea, fund, for increase and promotion of Isaac Lea collectionvofcemsiand-mollusks== 229) eee ee 30, 846. 83 1, 562. 61 Dykes, Charles, bequest fund, for support in financial research -------------- 47, 166. 59 2, 388. 99 Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort, fund, for preservation and exhibition of the ™ photographic collection of Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr-_----------------------- 11, 906. 67 603. 17 Hillyer, Virgil, fund, for increase and care of Virgil Hillyer collection of light- ine Objects esas. eae sea tee Seen sae See oe eaten Se ere ee ee Ee eee 7, 199. 12 364. 67 Hitchcock, Albert S., library fund, for care of the Hitchcock Agrostological LIDTEry costae pan nae cont eas sean caso teat canes cee eee nee eee mene eee 1, 728. 46 87. 56 Hodgkins fund, specific, for increase and diffusion of more exact knowledge in regard to nature and properties of atmospheric air___---------------------- 100, 000. 00 6, 000. 00 Hrdlitka, Ale§ and Marie, fund, to further researches in physical anthro- pology and publication in connection therewith___.....---..--------------- 34, 747. 61 1, 675. 31 Hughes, Bruce, fund, to found Hughes alcove-__.--.--.---------------------- 20, 967. 27 1, 062 16 Long, Annette and Edith C., fund, for upkeep and preservation of Long col- lection of embroideries, laces, and. textiles............-.......-.-....<---.-. 594. 78 30. 12 Maxwell, Mary E., fund, for care and exhibition of Maxwell collection -_-___- 21, 485. 60 1, 088. 36 Myer, Catherine Walden, fund, for purchase of first-class works of art for use and benefit of the National Collection of Fine Arts_...__......-------_--_- 20, 763. 96 1, 051. 81 Nelson, Edward W., fund, for support of biological studies._...__.._.______- 5, 290. 60 147. 43 Noyes, Frank B., fund, for use in connection with the collection of dolls placed in the U. 8S. National Museum through the interest of Mr. and Mrs. INO VOS ess Sree eed ee ee ie ee ks ed 1, 052. 40 53.33 Pell, Cornelia Livingston, fund, for maintenance of Alfred Duane Pell collec- PLOT aire ee me AE ee Rane Se eR A RS Dee oy 21h ell De Spee ieee en 8, 119. 55 411.31 Poore, Lucy T. and George W., fund, for general use of the Institution when PIN CIDA AITO UES EO. gy OU ae cee a er ee 155, 971. 69 7, 757. 27 Rathbun, Richard, memorial fund, for use of division of U. S. National Museum ‘containing’ Crustacea.-2 2-2 eee eee 11, 650. 56 590. 19 Reid, Addison T., fund, for founding chair in biology, in memory of Asher AM nise . - = ete See eo ts OS ee eo Ee ee 31, 440.75 1, 692. 52 Roebling Collection fund, for care, improvement, and increase of Roebling collectionof minerals). ba Ses eed a eee 132, 200. 95 6, 696. 88 Rollins, Miriam and William, fund, for investigations in physics and chem- NS trys Ta Ss Re eke ee pee et ee 102, 854. 58 5, 210. 36 Smithsonian employees’ retirement fund............-..-.--------.---------- 30, 221. 14 1, 590. 59 Springer, Frank, fund, for care and increase of the Springer collection and libranye 202 ieee Bee eh ee le east OR oR 19, 643, 49 995. 06 Strong, Julia D., bequest fund, for benefit of the National Collection of Fine SATUS 5 che 6 RE Re be Fe cee cee ee ee eee er re ee 10, 952, 22 554. 79 Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, research fund, for development of geological and paleontological studies and publishing results thereof_.__.__- 486, 060. 81 21, 419. 18 Walcott, Mary Vaux, fund, for publications in botany__--_.____------_------ 63, 407. 02 3, 212.10 Younger, Helen Walcott, fund, held in trust................._.________-_-___ 69, 077. 72 3, 120. 88 Zerbee, Frances Brincklé, fund, for endowment of aquaria_______._-_-----__- 1, 039. 05 52.65 US NX) 2 |e Ee hE le A I rae MeL Puan PN J Jamey UE End et 1, 749, 305. 72 86, 162. 30 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE REPORT 161 FREER GALLERY OF ART FUND Early in 1906, by deed of gift, Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, gave to the Institution his collection of Chinese and other Oriental objects of art, as well as paintings, etchings, and other works of art by Whistler, Thayer, Dewing, and other artists. Later he also gave funds for construction of a building to house the collection, and finally in his will, probated November 6, 1919, he provided stock and securities to the estimated value of $1,958,591.42, as an endowment fund for the operation of the Gallery. The above fund of Mr. Freer was almost entirely represented by 20,465 shares of stock in Parke, Davis & Co. As this stock advanced in value, much of it was sold and the proceeds reinvested so that the fund now amounts to $6,951,703.80 in selected securities. SUMMARY OF ENDOWMENTS Invested endowment for general purposes__..___.___._._--____- $1, 795, 280. 28 Invested endowment for specific purposes other than Freer endow- XE TG ee ee a a a Na OU IRC YL ac LI ea 1, 749, 305. 72 Total invested endowment other than Freer endow- VG OYA 0 ORS ah hep Rs S29 an 3, 544, 586. 00 Freer invested endowment for specific purposes___..______-___-_ 6, 951, 703. 80 Total invested endowment for all purposes____________ 10, 496, 289. 80 CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENTS Deposited in the U. S. Treasury at 6 percent per annum, as authorized in the U. S. Revised Statutes, sec. 5591____._____- 1, 000, 000. 00 Investments other than Freer endowment (cost or market value at date acquired): Bones = me Se eM eer ee see $873, 194. 93 DUOCKS=- ee ee Bee Ree 1, 558, 447. 71 Real estate and first-mortgage notes_______ 6, 071. 00 Wninvested Ganitalese. .. 22 ok kat 106, 872. 36 2, 544, 586. 00 Total investments other than Freer endowment__-_____ 3, 544, 586. 00 Investments of Freer endowment (cost or market value at date acquired): BESO CS cm as VE a cre ee $4, 012, 1380. 08 SOON crete Me se hs i a 2, 925, 890. 21 Unisvested capitals: 2s 2s ee 13, 6838. 51 6, 951, 703. 80 Potalinvestmonts. <2 2. ee eee et OA GE 2ROn SO 162 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 CASH BALANCES, RECEIPTS, AND DISBURSEMENTS DURING FISCAL YEAR 1953? Cash. balance on band June30, 1952 2s ee ee $511, 063. 79 Receipts, other than Freer endowment: Income from investments—=-------22_2-=-22- $207, 174. 39 Giftsiandicontributions =]: =e eee 120, 932. 05 Booksiand! publications) - 25. 522) =e 42, 325. 07 Miscellanecouse o>) 2~ see Bie Se 30, 612, 65 Proceeds fromrealiestate=2 52-4 = Sa ee 8, 643. 96 Payroll withholdings and refund of advances CEG) ee ee orn Eee te ne eee re ee 375. 05 Proceeds from other stocks and bonds (net)____ 102, 912. 53 Total receipts other then Freer endowment------------ 512, 975. 70 Receipts from Freer endowment: Interestiand dividends=22e2se see 7b see ata es $326, 453. 31 Proceeds from sales and purchases (net) _~___-_- 138, 477. 04 Total receipts from Freer endowment---_-------------- 339, 930. 35 DOtale eae OT, ae ee es alle a ee 1, 363, 969. 84 Disbursements other than Freer endowment: AGIMINIStraAtlon? 25.2222 2e eens ween eae $95, 643. 45 TER GUS) BUCY A 10) 0 f= pene Nana ie het ie Sy wes a es ea ee 28, 196. 50 WPT area ee So ee oe en eee 855. 51 Custodian fees and servicing securities_______- 1, 260. 72 Miscellaneous: i a= 134, 955. 00 Custodian fees and servicing securities _ ___---- 10, 494, 99 IMiscéllaneoug eye ot SS a ee ee Sy Se 20, 041. 87 Total disbursements from Freer endowment-_-_-_-___---- 273, 977. 45 Disbursements of current funds for investments in U.S. Government bonds: PIT CWA SCS ae ea las Mg Eel oi lpn a $798, 746. 76 Soldionredeemed a ith hs st) eed yee ee 699, 406. 13 Total disbursements of current funds for investments in U.S. Government bonds (net)) 22-022) ee 99, 340. 63 ‘[Lotaldisbursementsseas2 2-22 ee ene 2 ee eee 830, 139. 50 Gashipalances une oU; Lode. 2 2 eee Set ee eee 533, 830. 34 Gta he Ae NE i eo ee ree 1, 363, 969. 84 1 This statement does not include Government appropriations under the admin- istrative charge of the Institution. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE REPORT ASSETS Cash: United States Treasury cur- rent account= ass ee = $369, 195. 19 In banks and on hand___-_-_-_ 164, 665. 15 533, 860. 34 Less uninvested endowment PUGS ee ee Se Pein Sh 120, 555. 87 eee NSS cy Gravelvand other advances. 22. = Soe. 6 ee Ae 16, 252. 81 Cash invested (U. S. Treasury rioters) Fafa craic wh pepe lT ih Ad peel pe way yey 699, 594. 60 Investments—at book value: Endowment funds: Freer Gallery of Art: Stocks and bonds_______- $6, 938, 020. 29 Uninvested, cash) secu aun 13, 683. 51 6, 951, 703. 80 Investments at book value other than Freer: Stocks and bonds________ 2, 431, 642. 64 Real-estate and mortgage v0) te). aad a ee OAT 6, 071. 00 Uninvested cash________- 106, 872. 36 Special deposit in U. S. Treasury at 6 percent INGETES tse ee oe 1, 000, 000. 00 ——_—_—————_ 3, 544, 586. 00 163 $1, 129, 151. 88 10, 496, 289. 80 11, 625, 441. 68 UNEXPENDED FUNDS AND ENDOWMENTS Unexpended funds: Income from Freer Gallery of Art endowment_____________ Income from other endowments: LETT g TC] O26 IRB em Ae 12/4 me ea IOLA $246, 696. 79 (ESHER a A OIE HV RL OP LS 126, 323. 90 $477, 020. 89 373, 020. 69 279, 110. 30 1, 129, 151, 88 Endowment funds: Hreen Gallery jofArto. 2. lotta ule es $6, 951, 7038. 80 Other: TRepericbed see) a. 1 le $1, 749, 305. 72 General. eee a ok ee 1, 795, 280. 28 ae Oss 0S0700 10, 496, 289. 80 11, 625, 441. 68 The practice of maintaining savings accounts in several of the Washington banks and trust companies has been continued during the past year, and interest on these deposits amounted to $871.17. 164 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 In many instances, deposits are made in banks for convenience in collection of checks, and later such funds are withdrawn and deposited in the United States Treasury. Disbursement of funds is made by check signed by the Secretary of the Institution and drawn on the United States Treasury. The foregoing report relates only to the private funds of the Institution. The Institution gratefully acknowledges gifts from the following: Brittain Thompson. Laura D. Barney, additional gift for the Alice Pike Barney memorial fund. Rose Banon. Robert M. de Calry. Guggenheim Foundation, grant for Honey Guide Bird Publication. E. A. Link, Link Aviation Corporation, additional gift for historical research (marine archeology). Dr. R. C. Moore, for illustrations fund for Foraminifera. National Science Foundation, for research, Descriptive Flora of the Fiji Islands. National Science Foundation, grant for foreign exchanges. Edward W. Nelson, for biological studies. National Geographic Society, for archeological work in Panama. Research Corporation, for Canal Zone Biological Area. The following appropriations were made by Congress for the Gov- ernment bureaus under the administrative charge of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year 1953: Salaries and (expel SCs mee eee a eee eee ee reer ea seh ee ne $2, 419, 500. 00 Nationale zoological Parke = sss 22 ee we ee ae ee 615, 000. 00 In addition, funds were transferred from other departments of the Government for expenditure under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution as follows: Working fund (transferred to the Smithsonian Institution by the IMsStinte of Inter-American wAtralrs)) ese ee re er $24, 287. 37 Working funds, transferred from the National Park Service, Interior Department, for archeological investigations in river basins throughout. the United :States- 2255 ls sets ee 122, 700. 00 The Institution also administers a trust fund for partial support of the Canal Zone Biological Area, located on Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone. The report of the audit of the Smithsonian private funds follows: WASHINGTON, D. C., September 8, 1953. To THE BOARD OF REGENTS, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.: We have examined the accounts of the Smithsonian Institution relative to its private endowment funds and gifts (but excluding the National Gallery of Art and other departments, bureaus, or operations administered by the Institution under Federal appropriations) for the year ended June 30, 1953. Our examina- EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE REPORT 165 tion was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. The Institution maintains its accounts on a cash basis and does not accrue income and expenses. Land, buildings, furniture, equipment, works of art, living and other specimens and certain sundry property are not included in the accounts of the Institution. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly the posi- tion of the private funds and the cash and investments thereof of the Smith- sonian Institution at June 30, 1953 (excluding the National Gallery of Art and other departments, bureaus, or operations administered by the Institution under Federal appropriations) and the cash receipts and disbursements for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. PEAT, MARWICK, MrTcuHeELy & Co. Respectfully submitted. Rosert V. FLemine, VaANNEVAR Bus, CLARENCE CANNON, Executive Committee. GENERAL APPENDIX to the SMITHSONIAN REPORT FOR 1953 284725—54-—--12 ADVERTISEMENT The object of the Gznrrat AprEenprx to the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution is to furnish brief accounts of scientific dis- covery in particular directions; reports of investigations made by staff members and collaborators of the Institution; and memoirs of a general character or on special topics that are of interest or value to the numerous correspondents of the Institution. It has been a prominent object of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution from a very early date to enrich the annual report required of them by law with memoirs illustrating the more remarkable and important developments in physical and biological discovery, as well as showing the general character of the operations of the Institution; and, during the greater part of its history, this purpose has been carried out largely by the publication of such papers as would possess an interest to all attracted by scientific progress. In 1880, induced in part by the discontinuance of an annual sum- mary of progress which for 30 years previously had been issued by well-known private publishing firms, the Secretary had a series of abstracts prepared by competent collaborators, showing concisely the prominent features of recent scientific progress in astronomy, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, botany, zoology, and anthropology. This latter plan was continued, though not altogether satisfactorily, down to and including the year 1888. In the report of 1889, a return was made to the earlier method of presenting a miscellaneous selection of papers (some of them original) embracing a considerable range of scientific investigation and discus- sion. This method has been continued in the present report for 1953. Reprints of the various papers in the General Appendix may be obtained, as long as the supply lasts, on request addressed to the Edi- torial and Publications Division, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton 25, DiC: 168 Science, Art, and Education’ By R. E. Gipson Director, Applied Physics Laboratory The Johns Hopkins University “The old order changeth, yielding place to new, And God fulfills Himself in many ways, Lest one good custom should corrupt the world.” Tennyson—WMorte d@’ Arthur. Extensive changes in the scope and character of scientific research have taken place during the past 75 years. Scientific research began as a private activity of interest to a few inquiring minds, pursuing knowledge for its own sake and their own esthetic satisfaction. It has grown to be an activity of widespread public interest cultivated for results that have an immediate and far-reaching effect on eco- nomic, social, political, and military thought and action. This change has proceeded at an ever-increasing rate. Its extent may be appreci- ated when we consider the large sums of money now devoted by the industries and government of this country to the support of scientific research, and remember that only 40 years ago Moseley thanked another college at Oxford for the loan of a vacuum pump that made possible his classical experiments in the X-ray spectra of the elements. For reasons we shall explore later, it was inevitable that science and scientific research should emerge into a dominant role in modern technology and that concomitant changes should occur in the outlook of educational and research institutions. The enrichening effect of technology on our material civilization is unquestionable, and the continued extension of the role of science in technology is imperative, if we are to preserve ascendancy in a world of keen economic and military competition. We may, however, wonder about the increasing involvement of universities, of centers of original scientific thought, and of individual scientists in the maelstrom of practical affairs through the magnetic effect of the large financial support available from industrial and governmental sources. The study of science 1This paper is based on articles that appeared in the American Scientist, vol. 41, pp. 389-409, 1953, and the Armed Forces Chemical Journal for July 1953, and other unpublished lectures given by the author. 169 170 § ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 started as an intellectual pursuit, and it still offers to mankind con- tributions that transcend purely materialistic considerations. Herein lie its points of contact with the other esthetic and intellectual activi- ties, and its disciplines and methods, whose value in cultivating dis- crimination and judgment in the average citizen constitutes one of the strongest educational assets of our time. It is possible that this side of science is being neglected and depleted by excessive preoccupation with material advances. This is one of the problems arising from the accelerating growth of scientific technology, and its solution demands the establishment of a balanced perspective in which to view the kaleidoscopic scene presented by our times. In order to develop a background for considering the delicate bal- ance between material progress on the one hand, and the search for new truths on the other, I propose to look again at the incentives and objectives of science and the useful arts and to sketch a simple pattern by which we may trace fundamentals through the maze of modern technology. To achieve this balanced perspective, we shall attempt to bring out resemblances and differences that exist between the sciences and the arts, and consider human attributes and relationships involved in their cultivation. This will lead us to the implications of the growth of scientific technology in education, and consequent ex- pansion in the scope of universities and colleges. Finally, we shall note that the meager influence of scientific thought on the intellectual outlook of society at large suggests that there are ideas arising in the field of natural philosophy which might be profitably transplanted into the field of moral philosophy. THE USEFUL ARTS From earliest times, man has sought by the use of his intelligence and skill to adapt the resources of the physical world to the enhance- ment of his own welfare, comfort, and security. Thanks to his capac- ity for conceptual thought and his ability to communicate thought through true speech, man has been able to preserve the results of his efforts in a cumulative tradition. Thus, there arose over the centuries the practice of the “useful arts,” an activity that has supplied all the material benefits which mankind has enjoyed and on which its very existence depends. “Art” is a word used in a variety of senses, but I suggest that in its principal connotation it refers to the reduction of a complex of ideas to a form that appeals directly to the emotions of man. This is a definition that covers the art of the painter, the musician, the actor, and the poet, as well as that of the weaver or designer, the silversmith, the engineer, and the physician. The in- centives of the useful arts lay in a realization of the needs or wants of society, of possible markets, and of military or economic problems. The methods used by artists and artisans were purely empirical, based SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION—GIBSON (7a on individual training, skill, ingenuity, or experience. Imaginative ability to perceive, weigh, and integrate intuitively the many ele- ments of a complex phenomenon and to express the results of this intuition in tangible form or communicable pattern is an essential trait of the successful artist. By these attributes, artists through the centuries have been able to reduce to readily apprehended or useful forms complexes of ideas they did not understand explicitly, by rules or practices learned by empirical cut-and-try methods. Thus, the useful arts and industries were founded on complex rules and procedures of purely local or specific application which were often the result of years of patient and groping search. Frequently these rules and procedures were so specific in their application that a slight departure from standard practice resulted in failure. It is not sur- prising, therefore, that trade secrets were one of the most highly valued possessions of each art or craft. Teamwork was not a char- acteristic of the arts. Departures from standard practice were dis- couraged, and the extension of an art or the creation of a new one depended on chance or on individual intuition. In the intensely competitive atmosphere of the modern world, the traditional methods of the arts with their reliance on the expert and his rules have proved to be inadequate and uncertain. Industries have turned more and more to science for assistance in advancing the arts on which they depend. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY “Science,” says C. N. Hinshelwood, “is not the mere collection of facts, which are infinitely numerous and mostly uninteresting, but the attempt of the human mind to order these facts into satisfying patterns ... The imposition of design on nature is in fact an act of artistic creation on the part of the man of science, though it is subject to a discipline more exacting than of poetry or painting.”? I sub- seribe without reservation to this statement, which places as the principal objectives of science the study of human experience, the establishment of the validity of this experience, and the fitting of valid experiences into satisfying patterns or structures, which can be communicated unambiguously to others. The great contribution of Newton was not the observation that apples fall, but the fitting of this fact into the same pattern that describes the motion of the planets in their orbits and the expression of this pattern by a general formula. Thus, while the byproducts of scientific research may be items of such importance as new instruments, new materials, new machines, the amassing of data—or even the creation of new sciences such as electronics or nucleonics—its unique objective is the systematization ? Hinshelwood, C. N., The structure of physical chemistry. Oxford, 1951. 172 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 of valid human experience in satisfying patterns that can be described exactly. This attempt to fit valid experiences or facts into satisfying patterns with the help of the cohesive bond of a system of logic is important from three points of view. In the first place, it facilitates comprehension. An established pattern is an excellent aid to memory ; we can carry around a great deal of knowledge merely by remembering the pattern and not overburdening ourselves with isolated facts. This increases the power of the human mind to comprehend its cumu- lative experience; I need hardly remind you that such a pattern is exemplified by the laws of thermodynamics and the theory that makes possible rigorous deductions from them. This pattern embraces a large fraction of the experience of chemistry and engineering. In the second place, a pattern gives us a basis for understanding by bring- ing out relationships among isolated facts or events. We understand new experiences when we can express them in terms of experiences already familiar tous. In the third place, a satisfying pattern always suggests extensions of itself and, thereby, gives a sound and fertile foundation for the prediction of new facts or events. In short, a satisfying pattern (or theory) enables us to mobilize knowledge for immediate use, not only in the domain of pure science but also in the domain of applied science. Over the course of three centuries this quest for understanding has developed a natural philosophy whose foundations have become pro- gressively simpler and whose logic has grown more powerful. The elements of the satisfying pattern have become simpler, its design more apparent. Its realm of application has broadened from the simple mechanics of Newton to cover the various branches of modern physics, chemistry, and engineering, and it is rapidly embracing the more chaotic experience of biology and medicine. Indeed, the pattern has become more than satisfying; it has become compelling. When our experience does not fit the pattern, our first reaction is to make sure that the experience is valid and not vitiated by some instrumental error or oversimplification of the conditions of observation. Some- times the pattern itself must be changed radically, as occurred with the introduction of the relativity theories and quantum mechanics, but these changes merely enlarged the whole pattern, requiring the rearrangement but not the abandonment of the existing elements of design. Like a piece of fine tapestry, the pattern of natural philos- ophy is made up of numerous smaller patterns, each of which has an artistic consistency in itself and in its relation to others. As scientific knowledge has grown, broader patterns have become apparent; the detailed design has merged into a consistent whole without loss of individual] identity. SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION—GIBSON-) ~ 173 The foregoing discussion is summarized graphically in figure 1, where the incentives and objectives of the sciences and the arts are given. The right-hand column represents the useful arts, whose in- centives are the realization of a need or a market, the desirability of a new luxury, or the urgency of a new weapon of defense. Its methods are purely empirical, the work of the expert and the inventor. Its objectives are commodities or other tangible products for use or orna- ment that appeal directly to the emotions. The byproducts of the arts are new facts, new materials or techniques, or new problems. The practice of useful arts is a clear-cut human activity whose utility S apparent and whose definition is relatively easy. On the left-hand side is a column representing pure science, a private activity whose P ERIE ETE TIT SENN SEE aE ES he = is ee OBSERVATIONS OF NEEDS OF SociETY, [% NEEDS OF SOCIETY, | (co nr NATURAL, LABORATORY MARKETS, MILITARY MARKETS, MILITARY |] INCENTIVES { OR INDUSTRIAL : AND ECONOMIC AND ECONOMIC PHENOMENA 3 PROBLEMS PROBLEMS , Add) \ QQ MMe Willy MM MMM LLY PURE RESEARCH APPLIED SCIENCE R Y EMPIRICAL oe R2 RTS YY egos EMPIRICISM, A Z inGueten ENB INDUCTION AND A Z DEDUCTION DEDUCTION Y AN NEW MATERIALS, ¥ i NEW MATERIALS [qd AND SYSTEMS. Ey ano systems. Kj NEW i | NEW PHENOMENA $ PHENOMENA H NEW MATERIALS, AEE] TECHNIQUES, [4 DATA, NEW Ss MATERIALS, 4 GaoceTs EP ALIS TD MW FIL ANS; BY-PRODUCTS p AM AEPLETE ERE LUEAG SLLSSSSSESASSSSSE SE het PRINCIPAL oBJectives | UNOERSTANDING COMMODITIES, TOOLS, WEAPONS, GADGETS RAMS SN Ficure 1.—Relationship between pure and applied science and the arts. incentives lie in the desires of individuals to widen human experience by the collection of new facts or in the curiosity of individuals to explain new phenomena. Its chief product is understanding. The methods of pure scientific research involve, first, the establishment of the validity of the experience involved, i. e., the establishment of scientific facts, and second, the fitting of these facts into satisfying patterns (theories) to achieve comprehension, understanding, and power of prediction. Although I have labeled new substances, new instruments, new techniques, etc., as “byproducts” in order to simplify our definitions, I do not underestimate their importance. Indeed, they are part of a very important closed circuit. In order to extend and integrate their patterns, to make them more and more satisfying, scientists have 174. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 found it necessary to explore into every region susceptible to precise observation. The history of natural philosophy has been marked by milestones, each indicating the discovery of a new device or tech- nique which opened up to human experience regions that were hitherto inaccessible. ‘These devices were means to an end, but the end would never have been achieved without the means. Telescopes, microscopes, X-ray diffraction apparatus, chemical analysis, cyclotrons, and rockets have all been means of opening up new areas for valid experiences— there are more to come. APPLIED SCIENCE About one hundred years ago, natural philosophy reached a stage where it could make significant contributions to the useful arts by providing for them a broader basis for understanding and conse- quently making predictions about the processes and products that are the business of the useful arts. In other words, the satisfying patterns had been extended so far that they now began to accom- modate the experiences already gained in the useful arts and to pre- dict new possibilities for application in the production of commod- ities. The industrial uses of electricity and the application of organic chemistry to the manufacture of synthetic dyes ushered in an era characterized by the increasing use of the discipline and understand- ing of science to supplement the empirical knowledge and intuitive skill characteristic of the useful arts. This has resulted in an accel- eration of the development of the new technologies on which modern life depends. Practical technologists have sought more and more to broaden the basis of their operations by drawing on the power of the satisfying patterns of human experience to predict promising directions for advancement of their arts and for the cure of the in- evitable troubles associated with new advances. This admixture of thought and action, of understanding and practical knowledge, known as applied research, is now the basis of all progressive technology either in peace or in war; however, its organization, direction, ob- jectives, and even its meaning are subject to considerable argument. In figure 1, I have indicated applied research in the center column as having the same incentives and objectives as the useful arts; how- ever, the methods are different. In figure 2, an attempt is made to illustrate in more detail the place of applied research in the over-all scientific and technological scheme of things. The realism of this diagram depends on the use of closed loops or circuits, rather than straight-line flow patterns, to depict the interrelationships. The idea of closed-loop relations is borrowed from the technical fields of elec- tronics and automatic control (although it dates far back in organic evolution). It requires little imagination to see that any organiza- tion designed to make the best use of collective human intelligence SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION—GIBSON 175 must involve a complex network of feedback loops in which ideas are generated and regenerated by their transfer from one field to another. On the left side of figure 2 we see a “red” circuit involving pure research—the step between curiosity and understanding. Since un- derstanding leads to keener, more intelligent, and more powerful ob- servations, a positive feedback exists in this circuit and ideas build up rapidly. The growth of centers of research and the tremendous increase in the size and number of scientific journals bears eloquent testimony to the effectiveness of this feedback. On the right, the useful arts are represented by their modern counterpart, development | OBSERVATION | OF NATURE §f g y Y aay. Pues j | PROBLEMS ffs : Gag TG |< : WAZ, GREEN iY APPLIED RESEARCH CIRCUITS \| TECHNIQUES § AND = MATERIALS commopities LY ~ PRODUCTS = |anp IMPLEMENTS I~ AU gre PE cee ATA RTT eg . Ficure 2.—Regenerative circuits in science and technology. and engineering, the step leading from the awareness of a need or market to a commodity to supply the need. New products stimulate the desire for newer products and a positive feedback exists in this circuit also—a feedback fortified by competition and profit motives. In the military field, this positive feedback is particularly pronounced. The development of a new weapon of offense demands immediate advances in weapons of defense and vice versa. We can expect the amplitude of the current in this circuit to build up at ever-increasing rates, and the history of technological output of this country in the past 20 years is ample evidence of this buildup. In between the two extremes, represented by the red circuits, lies the region of applied 176 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 research, the region in which most of our larger research institutions now operate. I have purposely refrained from representing applied research by a block with special incentives and objectives but have used, instead, two circuits to typify its functions. The “blue” arrow indicates the demands of development and engi- neering for understanding. In the course of a development, new phenomena may be encountered or problems arise that require elucida- tion from a broad point of view. If brought to his attention, these stimulate the interest of the scientist, and the understanding resulting from his researches feeds back to broaden the basis on which the de- velopment rests, to predict promising modifications, or suggest reme- dies for troubles. The development of high-performance jet engines furnishes an excellent example of the working of the “blue” circuit. These engines depend on combustion reactions in gases moving at relatively high speeds, and in the course of their development many significant problems have been brought to light in chemical kinetics, fluid dynamics, and thermodynamics—the need for a fundamental theory of flames has been accentuated. These problems have chal- lenged the research physicists and chemists to develop understanding, and already their results are being fed back into the design of practical engines. The “green” arrow indicates a circuit energized by what are essen- tially byproducts in the quest for understanding, new substances, techniques, or principles. The outstanding example of this circuit is the use of atomic energy, which applies on a large scale substances and techniques that were completely in the domain of pure research only a few years ago. Another current example is a byproduct of solid-state physics (one of the more academic subjects in modern physics), namely, transistors. The “green” circuit has already started to oscillate in the transistor field, and a revolution in electronics is in process. Figure 2 presents a simplified and unified picture of modern tech- nology, the interlocking world of technical thought and action in which the professional scientist works and for which he must be educated. It suggests several interesting points: (1) The intrinsic place of pure research as a necessity and not a luxury in the integral scheme of technology is brought out; pure research is the source of understanding, the catalyst of technological progress. (2) The dia- gram is noteworthy for the absence of any mechanism for negative feedback or automatic volume control in any of the circuits. In the long run negative feedback may be needed for stability, but in the meantime explosive buildup in any of the circuits is inhibited by such attenuation or friction-damping factors as the shortage of well- SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION—GIBSON LZ trained, imaginative men, impedances in communications, or limita- tions on capital for extension of facilities. (3) The diagram empha- sizes the need for good communications between fundamental research and engineering if we are to realize and use most effectively the cata- lytic effect of understanding so necessary in a world dominated by intense economic and military competition. This part will be enlarged upon later. Figure 2 also suggests a reason why it is so difficult to define or classify applied research in terms of conventional organizational con- cepts. The incentives of applied research are varied, for they may be either the realization of a need or a market, or the conviction that a new idea may, upon conversion to practice, create a need or a market. The chief products of applied research are commodities, but under- standing is a byproduct. Applied research bridges the gap between activities carried out for intellectual satisfaction and those whose aims are materialistic. Nor is it remarkable that such an activity eludes simple definition and organization; applied research can per- haps best be described as teamwork between those who think and those who do. Perhaps the outstanding contribution of the Western nations to civilization is the application of natural philosophy to accelerate and extend the progress of the useful arts. The increase in the productive capacity of the individual worker, achieved in these nations through technology, has made possible for the majority of their populations a standard of material welfare unequaled in the history of man. SCIENCE AND CREATIVE ART Art and science have come to be regarded as entirely separate and even antagonistic human activities. Indeed, there has grown up a legend which represents the scientist as a cold-blooded, objective dealer in facts and figures, whose imagination, if any, is narrow and distorted, a man with whom esthetic sensibilities are not associated, and who possesses a “scientific mind,’ a relentless logical machine endowed with undefined mental characteristics beyond the reach of ordinary humanity. At the same time, the artist is associated with loose living and looser thinking, a genius dealing with abstractions from the penumbra of human experience, whose creations are entirely subjective in meaning, luxuries rather than necessities in the world of reality. I need hardly add that both these legends are quite misleading. A very significant change is in progress; the kinship between the creative artist and the scientist is being rediscovered and reaffirmed, and scientists, it seems, are taking the initiative in this movement. 178 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1953 The quotation I made from Hinshelwood’s “Structure of Physical Chemistry” is an example. I should like to quote two other passages expressing the same thought: We have a paradox in the method of science. The research man may often think and work like an artist, but he has to talk like a bookkeeper in terms of facts, figures and logical sequence of thought. [H. D. Smyth, quoted by Gerald Nolton in American Scientist, vol. 41, p. 93, 1953.] The great scientist must be regarded as a creative artist and it is quite false to think of the scientist as a man who merely follows rules of logic and experi- ment. [W. I. B. Beveridge, “The Art of Scientific Investigation,” 1952.] It has been realized for a long time that the choice of a fruitful research problem, the selection of a fertile hypothesis, and the genesis of a brilliant theory are decisions whose quality differentiates the greater scientist from the lesser. They are decisions for which no rules of logic exist but in which the imagination and the intuition of the investigator play the dominant part. In this sense the great scientist is also an artist, and his imposing of a pattern on nature is definitely an artistic creation. However, we may go further in establishing an aflinity between art and science along lines that were laid down by Martin Johnson a few years ago in an interesting book entitled “Art and Scientific Thought—Historical Studies Toward a Modern Revision of Their Antagonism.” The creative artist is one whose imagination gives him a penetrating insight into the significance of human experience, and whose craftsmanship enables him to build this insight into a pattern or structure by which it is communicated to sophisticated observers. Ina disciplined art imagination does not become fantastic but weaves ideas into a pattern that awakens the observer to a tran- scending realization of some truth or experience. The actual ideas conjured up in the mind of one observer may, however, differ in detail from those of the artist or those of some other observer, de- pending on their past experiences. Compare this with the work of the creative scientist whose imagination sees the significant facts in certain phenomena and leads him to weave these facts into a satisfying pattern that he can communicate to others. The resemblance is obvious, but there is one important difference; the patterns (theories) of the scientist must be communicable to his audience in such a way that formal deductions and interpretations made by each individual agree exactly with those of any other individual and with those of the author. This quantitative communicability of patterns of fact is the characteristic that differentiates science from art and, even more, that provides the only criterion for the validity of the scientist’s facts and patterns. As Martin Johnson remarks,’ 2 Art and scientific thought, p. 42. New York, 1949. SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION—-GIBSON 179 . . . the work of scientist and artist alike is the presentation of Form, Pattern, Structure, in material or in mental images. For the work of either to fulfill its function it must be communicable; the hearer, reader, or beholder of the work of art must in the end find coherence and feeling from the images aroused in his own mind, and the verifier of the scientific theory must be able to reproduce in his own mathematics and experiments the measurable facts communicated. The most obvious divergence between art and science is that any number of responding personalities to a work of art will find themselves creating any number of differing emotional patterns: on the other hand, the numerical veri- fication of a scientific theory is unique, all the different scientific minds con- verging upon identity. They invoke this identity as the only test that the communication of the pattern of electrons or atoms or time and space measure- ments is valid. The identity is possible because the subject of physical science is confined to the measurable, whereas the subject of the arts is quali- tative, not quantitative. With this distinction guarded, the physicist and the imaginative artist might learn to see in one another the reflection each of his own aim, discipline, and method. Aside from establishing a basis for interaction between two great human activities, and thereby strengthening both, the foregoing considerations have implications of great interest in science. In the first place, they point up the need for a constant flow of imaginative workers into the fields of basic and creative research.